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Kjell Magne Bondevik | Kjell Magne Bondevik | Kjell Magne Bondevik (; born 3 September 1947) is a Norwegian Lutheran minister and politician. As leader of the Christian Democratic Party, he served as Prime Minister of Norway from 1997 to 2000, and from 2001 to 2005, making him Norway's longest serving non-Labour Party prime minister since World War II. Currently, Bondevik is president of the Oslo Centre for Peace and Human Rights. | Kjell Magne Bondevik, né le à Molde, est un homme d'État norvégien membre du Parti populaire chrétien (KrF) et actuellement envoyé humanitaire spécial du secrétaire général de l'ONU pour la corne de l'Afrique. | [
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Phylogenetic nomenclature | Classification phylogénétique | Phylogenetic nomenclature, often called cladistic nomenclature, is a method of nomenclature for taxa in biology that uses phylogenetic definitions for taxon names as explained below. This contrasts with the traditional approach, in which taxon names are defined by a "type", which can be a specimen or a taxon of lower rank, and a description in words. Phylogenetic nomenclature is currently not regulated, but the "International Code of Phylogenetic Nomenclature" ("PhyloCode") is intended to regulate it once it is ratified. | La classification phylogénétique ou classification cladistique est un système de classification des êtres vivants qui repose sur la phylogénie, issu d'une école de taxonomie appelée systématique phylogénétique ou systématique cladistique ou cladisme, qui a pour objectif de rendre compte des relations de parenté (l'apparentement seulement, c'est-à-dire les relations de groupes frères, et non les relations généalogiques d'ancêtres à descendants) entre les taxons (groupe d'organismes de n'importe quel rang taxonomique). Elle reconnaît uniquement des groupes monophylétiques (clades, groupes qui contiennent "tous" les descendants de leur dernier ancêtre commun) comme les mammifères et les oiseaux et ne reconnaît pas les groupes paraphylétiques comme les reptiles ou les poissons (qui ne contiennent pas "tous" les descendants de leur dernier ancêtre commun), contrairement à la systématique évolutionniste. Aujourd'hui, le cladisme est l'école de pensée dominante (mais non consensuelle) dans le domaine académique et la classification phylogénétique a remplacé en grande partie les classifications traditionnelles dans la plupart des milieux scientifiques et universitaires, ainsi que dans l'enseignement secondaire en France, et même dans l'enseignement primaire. | [
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Friedrich Bessel | Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel | Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel (; 22 July 1784 – 17 March 1846) was a German astronomer, mathematician, physicist and geodesist. He was the first astronomer who determined reliable values for the distance from the sun to another star by the method of parallax. A special type of mathematical functions were named Bessel functions after Bessel's death, though they had originally been discovered by Daniel Bernoulli and then generalised by Bessel. | Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel (, Minden —, Königsberg) est un astronome, mathématicien, géodésien et physicien allemand, connu principalement pour avoir effectué en 1838 les premières mesures précises de la distance d'une étoile et pour être le fondateur de l'école allemande d'astronomie d'observation. | [
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Terrestrial planet | Planète tellurique | A terrestrial planet, telluric planet, or rocky planet is a planet that is composed primarily of silicate rocks or metals. Within the Solar System, the terrestrial planets are the inner planets closest to the Sun, i.e. Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. The terms "terrestrial planet" and "telluric planet" are derived from Latin words for Earth ("Terra" and "Tellus"), as these planets are, in terms of structure, "Earth-like". These planets are located between the Sun and the asteroid belt. | Une planète tellurique (du latin "", « la terre, le sol »), en opposition aux planètes gazeuses, est une planète composée essentiellement de roches et de métal qui possède en général trois enveloppes concentriques (noyau, manteau et croûte). Sa surface est solide et composée principalement de matériaux non volatils, généralement des roches silicatées et du fer métallique. Sa densité est donc relativement élevée, comprise entre 4 et 5,7. | [
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Cell junction | Jonctions intercellulaires | Cell junctions (or intercellular bridges) are a class of cellular structures consisting of multiprotein complexes that provide contact or adhesion between neighboring cells or between a cell and the extracellular matrix in animals. They also maintain the paracellular barrier of epithelia and control paracellular transport. Cell junctions are especially abundant in epithelial tissues. Combined with cell adhesion molecules and extracellular matrix, cell junctions help hold animal cells together. | Dans les tissus animaux, les cellules voisines sont reliées entre elles par diverses structures qui assurent une cohérence de l'ensemble du tissu. Ces structures qui mettent en jeu deux cellules ou plus sont regroupées sous le terme générique de jonctions intercellulaires. Elles peuvent être ponctuelles (dispositif ), ou former une ceinture autour de la cellule (dispositif ). Tout ce qui n'est pas bande ou cercle est le complexe FASCIA. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Jean-Baptiste Biot | Jean-Baptiste Biot | Jean-Baptiste Biot (; ; 21 April 1774 – 3 February 1862) was a French physicist, astronomer, and mathematician who co-discovered the Biot-Savart law of magnetostatics, established the reality of meteorites, made an early balloon flight, and studied the polarization of light. | Jean-Baptiste Biot (, Paris –, Paris ) est un physicien, astronome et mathématicien français, pionnier de l'utilisation de la lumière polarisée pour l'étude des solutions. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Gap junction | Jonction communicante | Gap junctions are a specialized intercellular connection between a multitude of animal cell-types. They directly connect the cytoplasm of two cells, which allows various molecules, ions and electrical impulses to directly pass through a regulated gate between cells. | Les jonctions communicantes, aussi appelées jonctions " ou ou " ou jonctions lacunaires ou encore jonctions perméables, sont des jonctions intercellulaires mettant en relation le cytoplasme de deux cellules voisines. Chez l'être humain, les jonctions communicantes se situent principalement dans le système nerveux central (SNC), le cœur, le foie, la rétine, les vaisseaux sanguins et les muscles lisses. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Work (physics) | Travail d'une force | In physics, work is the product of force and displacement. A force is said to do positive work if (when applied) the force has a component in the direction of the displacement of the point of application. A force does negative work if the force has a component opposite to the direction of the displacement at the point of application of the force. | Le travail d'une force est l'énergie fournie par cette force lorsque son point d'application se déplace (l'objet subissant la force se déplace ou se déforme). Il est responsable de la variation de l'énergie cinétique du système qui subit cette force. Si par exemple on pousse une bicyclette, le travail de la poussée est l'énergie produite par cette poussée. Cette notion avec ce nom fut introduite par Gaspard-Gustave Coriolis. | [
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Sven Hedin | Sven Hedin | Sven Anders Hedin, KNO1kl RVO, (19 February 1865 – 26 November 1952) was a Swedish geographer, topographer, explorer, photographer, travel writer and illustrator of his own works. During four expeditions to Central Asia, he made the Transhimalaya known in the West and located sources of the Brahmaputra, Indus and Sutlej Rivers. He also mapped lake Lop Nur, and the remains of cities, grave sites and the Great Wall of China in the deserts of the Tarim Basin. In his book "Från pol till pol" ("From Pole to Pole"), Hedin describes a journey through Asia and Europe between the late 1880s and the early 1900s. While traveling, Hedin visited Turkey, the Caucasus, Tehran, Iraq, lands of the Kyrgyz people and the Russian Far East, India, China and Japan. The posthumous publication of his "Central Asia Atlas" marked the conclusion of his life's work. | Sven Anders von Hedin, né le à Stockholm et mort le dans la même ville, est un géographe, topographe, explorateur et photographe suédois, auteur de récits de voyage et illustrateur de ses propres ouvrages. Au nombre de ses réalisations, figurent la production des premières cartes détaillées de vastes parties du Pamir, du désert du Taklamakan, du Tibet, de l'ancienne route de la Soie, et des Himalayas. Il semble avoir été le premier explorateur à se rendre compte que les Himalayas constituent une seule étendue de montagne. | [
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Saint Eligius | Éloi de Noyon | Saint Eligius (also Eloy, Eloi or Loye; ; 11 June 588 – 1 December 660 AD) is the patron saint of goldsmiths, other metalworkers, and coin collectors. He is also the patron saint of veterinarians, the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (REME), a corps of the British Army, but he is best known for being the patron saint of horses and those who work with them. Eligius was chief counsellor to Dagobert I, Merovingian king of France. Appointed the bishop of Noyon-Tournai three years after the king's death in 642, Eligius worked for twenty years to convert the pagan population of Flanders to Christianity. | Éloi de Noyon ("Eligius" en latin, l'« élu », "Noviomensis") (v. 588 - ), évêque de Noyon, orfèvre et monnayeur, il eut une fonction de ministre des Finances auprès de Dagobert. "Saint Éloi" pour les catholiques est fêté le. À Paris, on commémore le 25 juin la translation d'un de ses bras en la cathédrale Notre-Dame de Paris en 1212. | [
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Polyculture | Polyculture | Polyculture is a form of agriculture in which more than one species is grown at the same time and place in imitation of the diversity of natural ecosystems. Polyculture is the opposite of monoculture, in which only members of one plant or animal species are cultivated together. Polyculture has traditionally been the most prevalent form of agriculture in most parts of the world and is growing in popularity today due to its environmental and health benefits. There are many types of polyculture including annual polycultures such as intercropping and cover cropping, permaculture, and integrated aquaculture. Polyculture is advantageous because of its ability to control pests, weeds, and disease without major chemical inputs. As such, polyculture is considered a sustainable form of agriculture. However, issues with crop yield and biological competition have caused many modern major industrial food producers to continue to rely on monoculture instead. | En agriculture, la polyculture est le fait de cultiver plusieurs espèces végétales au sein d'une même ferme, ou plus largement dans une région naturelle. Son association à l'élevage, la polyculture élevage, est la norme dans de nombreuses régions du monde. | [
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Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac | Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac | Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac (,, ; 6 December 1778 – 9 May 1850) was a French chemist and physicist. He is known mostly for his discovery that water is made of two parts hydrogen and one part oxygen (with Alexander von Humboldt), for two laws related to gases, and for his work on alcohol-water mixtures, which led to the degrees Gay-Lussac used to measure alcoholic beverages in many countries. | Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac, né à Saint-Léonard-de-Noblat le et mort à Paris le, est un chimiste et physicien français, connu pour ses études sur les propriétés des gaz. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Parallax | Parallaxe | Parallax () is a displacement or difference in the apparent position of an object viewed along two different lines of sight, and is measured by the angle or semi-angle of inclination between those two lines. Due to foreshortening, nearby objects show a larger parallax than farther objects when observed from different positions, so parallax can be used to determine distances. | La parallaxe est l’impact d'un changement d'incidence d'observation, c'est-à-dire du changement de position de l'observateur sur l'observation d'un objet. En d'autres termes, la parallaxe est l'effet du changement de position de l'observateur sur ce qu'il perçoit. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Pierre Louis Dulong | Pierre Louis Dulong | Pierre Louis Dulong FRS FRSE (; ; 12 February 1785 – 19 July 1838) was a French physicist and chemist. He is remembered today largely for the law of Dulong and Petit, although he was much-lauded by his contemporaries for his studies into the elasticity of steam, conduction of heat, and specific heats of gases. He worked most extensively on the specific heat capacity and the expansion and refractive indices of gases. He collaborated several times with fellow scientist Alexis Petit, the co-creator of the Dulong–Petit law. | Pierre Louis Dulong, né à Rouen le et mort à Paris le, est un chimiste et physicien français, auteur de travaux sur la chaleur spécifique, la dilatation et l’indice de réfraction des gaz. | [
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Giovanni Domenico Cassini | Giovanni Domenico Cassini | Giovanni Domenico Cassini, also known as Jean-Dominique Cassini (8 June 1625 – 14 September 1712) was an Italian (naturalised French) mathematician, astronomer and engineer. Cassini was born in Perinaldo, near Imperia, at that time in the County of Nice, part of the Savoyard state. Cassini is known for his work in the fields of astronomy and engineering. Cassini discovered four satellites of the planet Saturn and noted the division of the rings of Saturn; the Cassini Division was named after him. Giovanni Domenico Cassini was also the first of his family to begin work on the project of creating a topographic map of France. | Giovanni Domenico Cassini, connu en France sous le nom Jean-Dominique Cassini, dit (, Perinaldo, comté de Nice, Savoie –, Paris, France) est un astronome et ingénieur savoisien, naturalisé français en 1673. | [
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Jamestown, Virginia | Jamestown (Virginie) | The Jamestown settlement in the Colony of Virginia was the first permanent English settlement in the Americas. It was located on the northeast bank of the James (Powhatan) River about southwest of the center of modern Williamsburg. It was established by the Virginia Company of London as "James Fort" on May 4, 1607 O.S.; (May 14, 1607 N.S.), and was considered permanent after a brief abandonment in 1610. It followed several failed attempts, including the Lost Colony of Roanoke, established in 1585 on Roanoke Island. Jamestown served as the colonial capital from 1616 until 1699. | Jamestown était un village de Virginie fondé le sur une île de la rive gauche de la James River, située à une cinquantaine de kilomètres de la baie de Chesapeake, au niveau de l'actuelle ville de Williamsburg, sur la côte est des États-Unis. | [
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Martin of Tours | Martin de Tours | Martin of Tours (; 316 – 8 November 397) was the third bishop of Tours. He has become one of the most familiar and recognizable Christian saints in Western tradition. A native of Pannonia, he converted to Christianity at a young age. He served in the Roman cavalry in Gaul, but left military service at some point prior to 361, when he became a disciple of Hilary of Poitiers, establishing the monastery at Ligugé. He was consecrated as Bishop of Caesarodunum (Tours) in 371. As bishop, he was active in the suppression of the remnants of Gallo-Roman religion, but he opposed the violent persecution of the Priscillianist sect of ascetics. | Saint Martin de Tours, aussi nommé Martin le Miséricordieux, ou encore saint Martin des Champs (qui a donné lieu à appellation de différents édifices religieux), né dans l'Empire romain, plus précisément à Savaria, dans la province romaine de Pannonie (actuelle Hongrie), en 316, et mort à Candes, en Gaule, le, est l'un des principaux saints de la chrétienté et le plus célèbre des évêques de Tours avec Grégoire de Tours. | [
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Irish cuisine | Cuisine irlandaise | Irish cuisine is the style of cooking that originated from Ireland, an island in the North Atlantic; or was developed by the Irish people. It has evolved from centuries of social and political change, and the mixing of the different cultures in Ireland, predominantly the English and Irish (and, in Ulster, the Scottish). The cuisine is founded upon the crops and animals farmed in its temperate climate and the abundance of fresh fish and seafood from the surrounding clean waters of the Atlantic Ocean. | La cuisine irlandaise peut être divisée en deux ensembles distincts : la cuisine traditionnelle, faite de plats simples et roboratifs, et la cuisine moderne servie dans les hôtels et les restaurants. | [
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William Wordsworth | William Wordsworth | William Wordsworth (7 April 177023 April 1850) was an English Romantic poet who, with Samuel Taylor Coleridge, helped to launch the Romantic Age in English literature with their joint publication "Lyrical Ballads" (1798). | William Wordsworth, né le à Cockermouth (Cumberland), mort le à, près d'Ambleside (Westmorland), est un poète anglais. Il inaugure, avec Samuel Taylor Coleridge, la période romantique de la littérature anglaise lors de la publication de "Lyrical Ballads" (1798). Son œuvre maîtresse est "Le Prélude", poème autobiographique consacré aux expériences fondatrices de sa jeunesse. | [
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The Yardbirds | The Yardbirds | The Yardbirds are an English rock band, formed in London in 1963. The band's core lineup featured vocalist and harmonica player Keith Relf, drummer Jim McCarty, rhythm guitarist/bassist Chris Dreja and bassist/producer Paul Samwell-Smith. The band is known for starting the careers of three of rock's most famous guitarists, Eric Clapton, Jimmy Page and Jeff Beck, all of whom ranked in the top five of "Rolling Stone" magazine's list of 100 greatest guitarists. The band had a string of hits throughout the mid-1960s, including "For Your Love", "Heart Full of Soul", "Shapes of Things" and "Over Under Sideways Down". | The Yardbirds est un groupe de rock britannique, originaire de Londres, en Angleterre. Issu des années 1960, il est formé en. Anthony « Top » Topham, Eric Clapton, Jeff Beck puis Jimmy Page se succèdent à la guitare au sein du groupe ; en 1966, Beck et Page y jouent simultanément. Eric Clapton rejoint ensuite John Mayall puis co-fonde le supergroupe Cream, Jeff Beck poursuit une carrière solo, tandis qu'à leur dissolution en 1968, reprenant au départ un contrat d'engagement des Yardbirds pour des concerts en Scandinavie, Jimmy Page fonde Led Zeppelin. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Liquefied petroleum gas | Gaz de pétrole liquéfié | Liquefied petroleum gas or liquid petroleum gas (LPG or LP gas), is a flammable mixture of hydrocarbon gases used as fuel in heating appliances, cooking equipment, and vehicles. | Le gaz de pétrole liquéfié, abrégé en GPL (appellation utilisée en France) ou LPG (dans les autres pays francophones, tels que la Belgique et le Luxembourg), est un mélange d'hydrocarbures légers, stocké à l'état liquide et issu du raffinage du pétrole pour 40 % et de traitement du gaz naturel pour 60 %. Les hydrocarbures constituant le GPL, dans son appellation officielle, sont essentiellement le propane et le butane ; le mélange peut contenir jusqu'à 0,5 % d'autres hydrocarbures légers tels que le butadiène. | [
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B | B (lettre) | B or b is the second letter of the Latin-script alphabet. Its name in English is "bee" (pronounced ), plural "bees". It represents the voiced bilabial stop in many languages, including English. In some other languages, it is used to represent other bilabial consonants. | B est la deuxième lettre de l'alphabet latin et sa première consonne. Il s'agit également de l'écriture capitale du "bêta" de l'alphabet grec et du "ve" de l'alphabet cyrillique. | [
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Zoroaster | Zoroastre | Zoroaster (, ;, "Zōroastrēs"), also known as Zarathustra (, ;, "Zaraθuštra"), Zarathushtra Spitama or Asho Zarathushtra (), was an ancient Iranian prophet, religious reformer and spiritual leader who founded what is now known as Zoroastrianism. | Zoroastre, Zarathushtra ou Zarathoustra (en persan : زرتشت ; en avestique : Zaraθuštra ; en grec : Ζωροάστρης, en kurde "Zerdest") est un « prophète », fondateur du zoroastrisme. Il est difficile, étant donné l'époque et l'importance du personnage, sources de nombreuses affabulations, de donner des dates et des lieux précis à son sujet. Il serait né dans le Nord ou l'Est de l'actuel Iran. Traditionnellement, l'histoire de sa vie est présentée comme se déroulant entre les mais de nouvelles études tendent aujourd'hui à repousser cette estimation pour finalement situer sa vie entre les. | [
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Aruna (Hinduism) | Aruna | Aruna (IAST: Aruṇa) literally means "red, ruddy, tawny", and is also the name of the charioteer of Surya (Sun god) in Hinduism. He is the personification of the reddish glow of the rising Sun. | Aruna ou Arun - "rose" ou "aurore" -, (en sanskrit : ), est le nom donné au conducteur du char de Sūrya, le dieu soleil de la mythologie indienne. | [
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Jingpho language | Jinghpo | Jingpho ("Jinghpaw", "Chingp'o") or Kachin (, ), is a Tibeto-Burman language of the Sal branch mainly spoken in Kachin State, Burma and Yunnan, China. There are many meanings for Jingpho. In the Jingpho language, Jingpho means people or Jinghpho tribe. The term "Kachin language" can refer either to the Jingpho language or to a group of languages spoken by various ethnic groups in the same region as Jingpo: Lisu, Lashi, Rawang, Zaiwa, Lhao Vo, Achang and Jingpho. These languages are from distinct branches of the highest level of the Tibeto-Burman family. The Jingpho alphabet is based on the Latin script. | Le jinghpo (ou kachin) est une langue tibéto-birmane appartenant à la sous-famille jinghpo-bodo-konyak "(kachinique)". C'est une langue à tons. L'ethnie Jingpo, ou Kachin ("ka khrang" en birman) est écartelée entre le Yunnan en Chine, l'état Kachin de la Birmanie et la Thaïlande. Elle contient outre les locuteurs du jinghpo, des locuteurs de langues lolo-birmanes ayant adopté la structure sociale des Jinghpo. | [
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Bay of Pigs | Baie des Cochons | The Bay of Pigs () is an inlet of the Gulf of Cazones located on the southern coast of Cuba. By 1910, it was included in Santa Clara Province, and then instead to Las Villas Province by 1961, but in 1976, it was reassigned to Matanzas Province, when the original six provinces of Cuba were re-organized into 14 new Provinces of Cuba. | La baie des Cochons (en espagnol : "Bahía de Cochinos") fait partie de la côte méridionale de l’île de Cuba, dans la mer des Caraïbes. Elle est bordée par une zone marécageuse de la province de Matanzas, à l’ouest de la ville de Cienfuegos. | [
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Ratatouille | Ratatouille | Ratatouille (, ; ) is a French Provençal stewed vegetable dish, originating in Nice, and sometimes referred to as "ratatouille niçoise" (). Recipes and cooking times differ widely, but common ingredients include tomato, garlic, onion, courgette (zucchini), aubergine (eggplant), bell pepper, and some combination of leafy green herbs common to the region. | La ratatouille (de l'occitan ") est une spécialité culinaire traditionnelle des cuisines niçoise, provençale, occitane et méditerranéenne, à base de ragoût mijoté de légumes méditerranéens, et d'huile d'olive. | [
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Tibeto-Burman languages | Langues tibéto-birmanes | The Tibeto-Burman languages are the non-Sinitic members of the Sino-Tibetan language family, over 400 of which are spoken throughout the highlands of Southeast Asia as well as certain parts of East Asia and South Asia. Around 60 million people speak Tibeto-Burman languages, around half of whom speak Burmese, and 13% of whom speak Tibetic languages. The name derives from the most widely spoken of these languages, namely Burmese (over 35 million speakers) and the Tibetic languages (over 8 million). These languages also have extensive literary traditions, dating from the 12th and 7th centuries respectively. Most of the other languages are spoken by much smaller communities, and many of them have not been described in detail. | Le groupe tibéto-birman est un de la famille des langues sino-tibétaines très diversifié. Les locuteurs de ces langues sont principalement répartis entre la Chine (dont la Région autonome du Tibet et du Guangxi, ainsi que les provinces du Gansu, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Qinghai, Sichuan, Yunnan, avec des langues comme le tujia), l'Inde, le Népal, le Bhoutan, la Birmanie et dans quelques régions du Pakistan, du Bangladesh, de la Thaïlande, du Laos et même du Viêt Nam. Ces 330 langues sont parlées en 2001 par environ 70 millions de locuteurs. | [
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Phototypesetting | Photocomposition | Phototypesetting is a method of setting type, rendered obsolete with the popularity of the personal computer and desktop publishing software, that uses a photographic process to generate columns of type on a scroll of photographic paper. | La photocomposition est un procédé de composition de lignes de texte en qualité typographique par un principe photographique, et non, comme depuis les débuts de l’imprimerie, par des caractères en plomb assemblés manuellement ou mécaniquement. Assis devant le clavier d'une machine imposante, un opérateur peut ainsi produire des colonnes de texte sur des films, qui sont ensuite découpés et assemblés pour réaliser les maquettes transparentes des pages de journal, brochures, livres, etc. au travers desquelles on « flashe » (sensibilise) les plaques de l'imprimerie offset. | [
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Augusto Boal | Augusto Boal | Augusto Boal (16 March 1931 – 2 May 2009) was a Brazilian theatre practitioner, drama theorist, and political activist. He was the founder of Theatre of the Oppressed, a theatrical form originally used in radical left popular education movements. Boal served one term as a "Vereador" (the Brazilian equivalent of a city councillor) in Rio de Janeiro from 1993 to 1997, where he developed legislative theatre. | Augusto Pinto Boal ou Augusto Boal ( à Rio de Janeiro au Brésil - à Rio de Janeiro) est un écrivain, dramaturge, metteur en scène, théoricien, homme de théâtre, et homme politique brésilien contemporain, qui est l'une des figures majeures du théâtre brésilien de la seconde moitié du. Il a notamment créé la méthode du Théâtre de l'Opprimé. | [
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Dirty Harry (character) | Harry Callahan (cinéma) | Inspector Harold Francis Callahan (born October 24, 1928), also known as Dirty Harry, is a fictional character in the "Dirty Harry" film series, which consists of "Dirty Harry" (1971), "Magnum Force" (1973), "The Enforcer" (1976), "Sudden Impact" (1983) and "The Dead Pool" (1988). Callahan is portrayed by Clint Eastwood in each film. | Harold Francis Callahan est un inspecteur fictif de la police de San Francisco dans les films de la saga "L'Inspecteur Harry". | [
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Eric Clapton | Eric Clapton | Eric Patrick Clapton, (born 1945) is an English rock and blues guitarist, singer, and songwriter. He is the only three-time inductee to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame: once as a solo artist and separately as a member of the Yardbirds and of Cream. Clapton has been referred to as one of the most important and influential guitarists of all time. Clapton ranked second in "Rolling Stone"s list of the "100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time" and fourth in Gibsons "Top 50 Guitarists of All Time". He was also named number five in "Time" magazine's list of "The 10 Best Electric Guitar Players" in 2009. | Eric Patrick Clapton, né le à Ripley, près de Guildford, est un musicien britannique, guitariste, chanteur et compositeur de blues rock. | [
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Immanuel Kant | Emmanuel Kant | Immanuel Kant (, ; ; 22 April 1724 – 12 February 1804) was an influential German philosopher in the Age of Enlightenment. In his doctrine of transcendental idealism, he argued that space, time, and causation are mere sensibilities; "things-in-themselves" exist, but their nature is unknowable. In his view, the mind shapes and structures experience, with all human experience sharing certain structural features. In one of his major works, the "Critique of Pure Reason" (1781; second edition 1787), he drew a parallel to the Copernican revolution in his proposition that worldly objects can be intuited "a priori" ('beforehand'), and that intuition is therefore independent from objective reality. | Emmanuel Kant ( ), né le à Königsberg, capitale de la Prusse-Orientale, et mort dans cette même ville le, est un philosophe allemand, fondateur du criticisme et de la doctrine dite « idéalisme transcendantal ». | [
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Michael Myers (Halloween) | Michael Myers | Michael Myers is a fictional character from the "Halloween" series of slasher films. He first appears in 1978 in John Carpenter's "Halloween" as a young boy who murders his sister, Judith Myers, and then, fifteen years later, returns home to Haddonfield to murder more teenagers. In the original "Halloween", the adult Michael Myers, referred to as The Shape in the closing credits, was portrayed by Nick Castle for most of the film, with Tony Moran and Tommy Lee Wallace substituting in the final scenes. The character was created by Debra Hill and John Carpenter and has appeared in ten films, as well as novels, multiple video games, and several comic books. | Michael Myers est un personnage central de la série de films "Halloween". Il fut scénarisé pour la première fois dans le film "Halloween, La Nuit des masques". Le film raconte l'histoire d'un jeune garçon psychopathe qui fit sa première victime à l'âge de six ans. Le personnage apparaît dans neuf films, ainsi que des romans, des jeux vidéos et dans plusieurs bandes dessinées. | [
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Strength of materials | Résistance des matériaux | Strength of materials, also called mechanics of materials, deals with the behavior of solid objects subject to stresses and strains. The complete theory began with the consideration of the behavior of one and two dimensional members of structures, whose states of stress can be approximated as two dimensional, and was then generalized to three dimensions to develop a more complete theory of the elastic and plastic behavior of materials. An important founding pioneer in mechanics of materials was Stephen Timoshenko. | La résistance des matériaux (RDM) est une discipline particulière de la mécanique des milieux continus permettant le calcul des contraintes et déformations dans les structures des différents matériaux (machines, génie mécanique, bâtiment et génie civil). | [
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Pixar | Pixar Animation Studios | Pixar Animation Studios, sometimes shortened to Pixar (), is an American computer animation studio based in Emeryville, California, a subsidiary of The Walt Disney Studios owned by The Walt Disney Company. Pixar began in 1979 as part of the Lucasfilm computer division, known as the Graphics Group, before its spin-off as a corporation on February 3, 1986, with funding from Apple co-founder Steve Jobs, who became its majority shareholder. Disney purchased Pixar in 2006 at a valuation of $7.4 billion by converting each share of Pixar stock to 2.3 shares of Disney stock, a transaction that resulted in Jobs becoming Disney's largest single shareholder at the time. Pixar is best known for its feature films technologically powered by RenderMan, the company's own implementation of the industry-standard RenderMan Interface Specification image-rendering application programming interface. Luxo Jr., a character from the studio's 1986 short film of the same name, is the studio's mascot. | Pixar Animation Studios est une société américaine de production de films en images tridimensionnelles de synthèse. Elle a acquis sa notoriété grâce à "Toy Story", premier long métrage de ce type, sorti aux États-Unis en 1995. À ce jour, le studio d'animation a remporté dix-neuf Oscars, quatre Golden Globes et trois Grammy Awards ainsi que de nombreuses autres récompenses. Le studio travaille avec PhotoRealistic RenderMan, sa propre version de l'interface de programmation de rendu RenderMan utilisée pour créer des images de haute qualité. Ses studios de production et son siège social se trouvent au Pixar Campus situé à Emeryville près de San Francisco en Californie. | [
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Microsoft Excel | Microsoft Excel | Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet developed by Microsoft for Windows, macOS, Android and iOS. It features calculation, graphing tools, pivot tables, and a macro programming language called Visual Basic for Applications. It has been a very widely applied spreadsheet for these platforms, especially since version 5 in 1993, and it has replaced Lotus 1-2-3 as the industry standard for spreadsheets. Excel forms part of the Microsoft Office suite of software. | Microsoft Excel est un logiciel tableur de la suite bureautique Microsoft Office développé et distribué par l'éditeur Microsoft. La version la plus récente est Excel 2019. | [
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Baños de Agua Santa | Baños | Baños de Agua Santa (), commonly referred to as Baños, is a city in eastern Tungurahua Province of Ecuador. Baños is the second most populous city in Tungurahua, after the capital Ambato, and is a major tourist center. Baños is known as the "Gateway to the Amazon," as it is the last city still located in the mountain region before reaching the jungle and other towns that are located in the Amazon River basin. | Baños de Agua Santa ou Baños, ville d'Équateur, située dans la province du Tungurahua, au pied du volcan du même nom, le long du fleuve Pastaza, à d'altitude. Elle compte habitants. Elle fut fondée par les dominicains et son église est consacrée à la "Virgen del Agua Santa" (« Vierge de l'eau sainte »). | [
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Ambato, Ecuador | Ambato | Ambato (; full form, San Juan de Ambato; Quechua: Ampatu Llaqta) is a city located in the central Andean valley of Ecuador. Lying on the banks of the Ambato River, the city also sits beneath several tall mountains. It is the capital of the province of Tungurahua, at an elevation of 2,577 meters above sea level. It is variously nicknamed "City of Flowers and Fruit", "Cradle of the Three Juans", and "Garden of Ecuador." Inhabitants of Ambato are called Ambateños or Guaytambos (after a type of native peach that the valley is famous for producing). The current mayor of Ambato is Javier Altamirano. | Ambato (originellement San Juan de Ambato) est une ville du centre de l'Équateur, et la capitale de la province du Tungurahua. Elle est aussi connue sous les noms de "Ville des Fleurs, des Fruits, et du Pain", "Berceau des trois Juan", "Jardin de l'Équateur", "Terre de Tendresse", "Cité Cosmopolite"... Située sur le río Ambato à au sud de Quito, la cité est placée au cœur de la Cordillère des Andes équatorienne, à mètres d'altitude. Ambato comptait habitants en 2001, ce qui en fait la neuvième ville du pays en nombre d'habitants. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Y-Δ transform | Théorème de Kennelly | The Y-Δ transform, also written wye-delta and also known by many other names, is a mathematical technique to simplify the analysis of an electrical network. The name derives from the shapes of the circuit diagrams, which look respectively like the letter Y and the Greek capital letter Δ. This circuit transformation theory was published by Arthur Edwin Kennelly in 1899. It is widely used in analysis of three-phase electric power circuits. | Le théorème de Kennelly, ou transformation triangle-étoile, ou transformation Y-Δ, ou encore transformation T-Π, est une technique mathématique qui permet de simplifier l'étude de certains réseaux électriques. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Tungurahua | Tungurahua | Tungurahua, (; from Quichua "tunguri" (throat) and "rahua" (fire), "Throat of Fire") is an active stratovolcano located in the Cordillera Oriental of Ecuador. The volcano gives its name to the province of Tungurahua. Volcanic activity restarted on August 19, 1999, and is ongoing, with several major eruptions since then, the last starting on 1 February 2014. | Le Tungurahua est un stratovolcan équatorien en activité de d'altitude, situé à cheval entre les provinces de Chimborazo et Tungurahua. En éruption depuis le, son activité éruptive a repris le et connaît à partir du une nouvelle phase explosive. | [
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Key signature | Armure (musique) | In musical notation, a key signature is a set of sharp (), flat (), and rarely, natural () symbols placed together on the staff. Key signatures are generally written immediately after the clef at the beginning of a line of musical notation, although they can appear in other parts of a score, notably after a double barline. | Dans le solfège, l'armure — ou l'armature — est un ensemble d'altérations réunies à la clé. Elle est composée soit exclusivement de dièses, soit exclusivement de bémols — en dehors du cas particulier constitué par le changement d'armure. Ces altérations correspondent à la tonalité principale des mesures suivant la clé. | [
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Quito | Quito | Quito (; ; ; formally San Francisco de Quito) is the capital of Ecuador, the country's most populous city, and at an elevation of above sea level, it is the second-highest official capital city in the world, after La Paz, and the closest to the equator. It is located in the Guayllabamba river basin, on the eastern slopes of Pichincha, an active stratovolcano in the Andes Mountains. | Quito (officiellement San Francisco de Quito) est la capitale et la ville plus peuplée de l'Équateur et de la province de Pichincha. Le Grand Quito du District métropolitain comptait environ 3,1 millions d'habitants en 2018 et continue de s'accroître rapidement. | [
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Steven Soderbergh | Steven Soderbergh | Steven Andrew Soderbergh (; born January 14, 1963) is an American film director, producer, screenwriter, cinematographer, and editor. An early pioneer of modern independent cinema, Soderbergh is an acclaimed and prolific filmmaker. | Steven Andrew Soderbergh est un réalisateur, scénariste et producteur de cinéma américain, né le à Atlanta (Géorgie). En 1989, il devient le deuxième plus jeune réalisateur, après Louis Malle, à recevoir la Palme d'or, pour "Sexe, Mensonges et Vidéo". Soderbergh est un réalisateur prolifique et éclectique par le choix des sujets qu'il aborde dans ses films. Comme il est monteur de formation, un certain nombre de ses films ont une structure narrative non-linéaire. L'alternance de films commerciaux et de projets plus personnels semble caractériser sa trajectoire filmographique. | [
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Biafra | Biafra | Biafra, officially the Republic of Biafra, was a state in West Africa that existed from May 1967 to January 1970. It was made up of the states in the Eastern Region of Nigeria. | La république du Biafra (Bịafra en alphabet pan-nigérian) était, entre les années 1967 et 1970, un État sécessionniste situé dans la partie sud-est du Nigeria, la plus riche en réserves de pétrole. Le nom Biafra vient du golfe du Biafra situé au sud, sur la côte atlantique, lui-même nommé d’après le nom de la capitale d'un État resté mystérieux mais localisé par les marins portugais au en retrait de la côte, entre l'ancien royaume du Bénin et le Loango. | [
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Wall Street | Wall Street | Wall Street is an eight-block-long street in the Financial District of New York City. It runs crosstown between Broadway on the west to South Street, at the East River, on the east. The term has become a metonym for the financial markets of the United States as a whole, the American financial services industry, or New York–based financial interests. | Wall Street est le nom d'une rue située dans le sud de l'arrondissement de Manhattan à New York (États-Unis). Wall Street part à l'Est de Broadway en direction de l'East River jusqu’à South Street, en traversant une partie du Financial District, un quartier d'affaires. | [
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Gus Van Sant | Gus Van Sant | Gus Green Van Sant Jr. (born July 24, 1952) is an American film director, screenwriter, painter, photographer, musician, and author who has earned acclaim as both an independent and mainstream filmmaker. His films typically deal with themes of marginalized subcultures, in particular homosexuality; as a result, Van Sant is considered one of the most prominent auteurs of the New Queer Cinema movement. | Gus Van Sant, né le à Louisville (Kentucky), est un réalisateur, scénariste, producteur, monteur, photographe et musicien américain. Il a longtemps vécu à Portland dans l'Orégon, ville qui sert de cadre à nombre de ses films. Après des débuts comme cinéaste indépendant avec notamment le film "", il se rapproche de l'industrie hollywoodienne avec des films de commande comme "Prête à tout" ou "Will Hunting", récompensé aux Oscars. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Dilbert | Dilbert | Dilbert is an American comic strip written and illustrated by Scott Adams, first published on April 16, 1989. The strip is known for its satirical office humor about a white-collar, micromanaged office featuring engineer Dilbert as the title character. The strip has spawned dozens of books, an animated television series, a video game, and hundreds of Dilbert-themed merchandise items. "Dilbert Future" and "The Joy of Work" are among the most read books in the series. Adams received the National Cartoonists Society Reuben Award in 1997 and the Newspaper Comic Strip Award in the same year for his work on the strip. "Dilbert" appears online and in 2,000 newspapers worldwide in 65 countries and 25 languages. | Dilbert est un comic strip satirique américain qui met en scène le monde de l'entreprise au travers de son personnage principal, Dilbert, un ingénieur informaticien. | [
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Plastic | Matière plastique | Plastics are a wide range of synthetic or semi-synthetic organic compounds that are malleable and so can be molded into solid objects. | Une matière plastique ou en langage courant un plastique, est un mélange contenant une matière de base (un polymère) qui est susceptible d'être moulé, façonné, en général à chaud et sous pression, afin de conduire à un semi-produit ou à un objet. | [
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Émile Gallé | Émile Gallé | Émile Gallé (8 May 1846 in Nancy – 23 September 1904 in Nancy) was a French artist and designer who worked in glass, and is considered to be one of the major innovators in the French Art Nouveau movement. He was noted for his designs of Art Nouveau glass art and Art Nouveau furniture, and was a founder of the École de Nancy or Nancy School, a movement of design in the city of Nancy, France. | Émile Gallé né à Nancy le et mort dans la même ville le est un industriel, maître verrier, ébéniste et céramiste français. | [
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British Isles | Îles Britanniques | The British Isles are a group of islands in the North Atlantic off the north-western coast of continental Europe, consisting of the islands of Great Britain, Ireland, the Isle of Man, the Hebrides and over six thousand smaller isles. They have a total area of about and a combined population of almost 72 million, and include two sovereign states, the Republic of Ireland (which covers roughly five-sixths of Ireland), and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The islands of Alderney, Jersey, Guernsey, and Sark, and their neighbouring smaller islands, are sometimes also taken to be part of the British Isles, even though, as islands off the coast of France, they do not form part of the archipelago. | Les îles Britanniques (ou la Grande-Bretagne et l’Irlande ou les îles Anglo-Celtes en Irlande où le terme "îles Britanniques" n’est pas reconnu) forment un archipel de l'océan Atlantique situé au nord-ouest de l’Europe continentale comprenant principalement la Grande-Bretagne et l’Irlande ainsi que de nombreuses îles plus petites situées à proximité telles que l’île de Man, les îles Scilly, les Hébrides, les Shetland et les Orcades, pour un total de plus de îles soit une superficie de. | [
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Cotopaxi | Cotopaxi | Cotopaxi is an active stratovolcano in the Andes Mountains, located in the Latacunga canton of Cotopaxi Province, about south of Quito, and northeast of the city of Latacunga, Ecuador, in South America. It is the second highest summit in Ecuador, reaching a height of. It is one of the world's highest volcanoes. | Le Cotopaxi est un volcan d'Équateur culminant à d'altitude, situé au sud de Quito, la capitale du pays. Il est le plus haut volcan actif de ce pays. Il représente un cône parfait dont le cratère principal mesure environ 550 à de diamètre. Son éruption la plus importante date de 1877, lorsqu'il détruisit plusieurs villes et vallées. Il est protégé dans le parc national du Cotopaxi. | [
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Saint Pierre and Miquelon | Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon | Saint Pierre and Miquelon, officially the Overseas Collectivity of Saint Pierre and Miquelon (, ), is a self-governing territorial overseas collectivity of France, situated in the northwestern Atlantic Ocean near the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. It is the only part of New France that remains under French control, with an area of and a population of 6,008 at the March 2016 census. | Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon est un archipel français d'Amérique du Nord situé dans le golfe du Saint-Laurent, au sud de l’île canadienne de Terre-Neuve. Saint-Pierre se trouve à au sud-ouest de l'extrémité occidentale de la péninsule de Burin, dans la partie méridionale de Terre-Neuve, l'île Miquelon étant à à l'ouest-sud-ouest de cette même pointe. Ancien département d'outre-mer, puis collectivité territoriale à statut particulier, c'est aujourd'hui une collectivité d'outre-mer. | [
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Galápagos Islands | Îles Galápagos | The Galápagos Islands (official name:, other Spanish name:,, ), part of the Republic of Ecuador, are an archipelago of volcanic islands distributed on either side of the equator in the Pacific Ocean surrounding the centre of the Western Hemisphere. Located west of continental Ecuador, the islands are known for their large number of endemic species that were studied by Charles Darwin during the second voyage of HMS "Beagle". His observations and collections contributed to the inception of Darwin's theory of evolution by means of natural selection. | Les îles Galápagos sont un archipel et une province de l'Équateur situé dans le Nord-Est de l'océan Pacifique sud, à la latitude de l'équateur. | [
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Guayaquil | Guayaquil | Guayaquil (; Aymara & Quechua: Wayakil), officially Santiago de Guayaquil, is a city in Ecuador. It is also the nation's main port. The city is the capital of Guayas Province and the seat of Guayaquil canton. | Guayaquil, surnommée la « Perle du Pacifique » est la deuxième ville de la République d'Équateur, après Quito, la capitale, sa capitale économique et le plus important port de la côte ouest de l'Amérique latine. Depuis le, Guayaquil est aussi le siège temporaire du gouvernement équatorien. Guayaquil est fondé en 1537 par Francisco de Orellana. En 2015, elle comptait et la population métropolitaine était estimée à habitants. | [
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Bus | Autobus | A bus (contracted from omnibus, with variants multibus, motorbus, autobus, etc.) is a road vehicle designed to carry many passengers. Buses can have a capacity as high as 300 passengers. The most common type is the single-deck rigid bus, with larger loads carried by double-decker and articulated buses, and smaller loads carried by midibuses and minibuses while coaches are used for longer-distance services. Many types of buses, such as city transit buses and inter-city coaches, charge a fare. Other types, such as elementary or secondary school buses or shuttle buses within a post-secondary education campus do not charge a fare. In many jurisdictions, bus drivers require a special licence above and beyond a regular driver's licence. | Un autobus est un véhicule de transport routier de voyageurs en milieux urbain/périurbain et suburbain. C'est l'un des principaux types de véhicules employé dans les transports en commun. | [
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The Twilight Zone (1959 TV series) | La Quatrième Dimension (série télévisée) | The Twilight Zone (marketed as Twilight Zone for its final two seasons) is an American anthology television series created and presented by Rod Serling, which ran for five seasons on CBS from 1959 to 1964. Each episode presents a stand-alone story in which characters find themselves dealing with often disturbing or unusual events, an experience described as entering "the Twilight Zone," often with a surprise ending and a moral. Although predominantly science-fiction, the show's paranormal and Kafkaesque events leaned the show towards fantasy and horror. The phrase “twilight zone,” inspired by the series, is used to describe surreal experiences. | La Quatrième Dimension ("") est une série télévisée américaine de science-fiction, en 138 épisodes de 25 minutes et 18 épisodes de 50 minutes, créée par Rod Serling et diffusée entre le et le sur le réseau CBS, occupant le créneau horaire d’"Alfred Hitchcock présente" passé sur une chaine concurrente. Cette série est considérée comme l'un des plus beaux exemples de créativité de la télévision américaine, toujours célébrée des décennies après sa création. | [
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Trolleybus | Trolleybus | A trolleybus (also known as trolley bus, trolley coach, trackless trolley, trackless tram [in early years] or trolley) is an electric bus that draws power from dual overhead wires (generally suspended from roadside posts) using spring-loaded trolley poles. Two wires, and two trolley poles, are required to complete the electrical circuit. This differs from a tram or streetcar, which normally uses the track as the return path, needing only one wire and one pole (or pantograph). They are also distinct from other kinds of electric buses, which usually rely on batteries. Power is most commonly supplied as 600-volt direct current, but there are exceptions. | Le ou, est un véhicule électrique de transport en commun de voyageurs. Monté comme un autobus, il n'est pas propulsé par un moteur thermique mais par un moteur électrique. Son courant lui est fourni par deux caténaires, généralement appelées « lignes aériennes de contact » (LAC pour les spécialistes) ou encore bifilaires. Ils sont ainsi à distinguer des bus électriques, qui fonctionnent avec des batteries. | [
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Symphytum officinale | Consoude officinale | Symphytum officinale is a perennial flowering plant in the family Boraginaceae. Along with thirty four other species of "Symphytum", it is known as comfrey. To differentiate it from other members of the genus "Symphytum", this species is known as common comfrey or true comfrey. Other English names include Quaker comfrey, cultivated comfrey, boneset, knitbone, consound, and slippery-root. It is native to Europe, growing in damp, grassy places. It is locally frequent throughout Ireland and Britain on river banks and ditches. It occurs elsewhere, including North America, as an introduced species and sometimes a weed. The flowers are mostly visited by bumblebees. Internal or long-term topical use of comfrey is discouraged due to its strong potential to cause liver toxicity. | La Consoude officinale ("Symphytum officinale") est l'espèce caractéristique du genre "Symphytum". Elle présente de nombreuses variétés et s'hybride facilement, cette dernière caractéristique ayant été utilisée en agronomie comme en horticulture. Les limites de définition de l'espèce ne sont d'ailleurs pas fixées de manière définitive (voir l'article sur les consoudes). C'est une plante utile et utilisée depuis longtemps, à la fois pour la production agricole, pour ses vertus thérapeutiques et pour l'agrément des jardins. | [
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Leontopodium nivale | Edelweiss | Leontopodium nivale, commonly called edelweiss (German: "Alpen-Edelweiß", English pronunciation ), is a mountain flower belonging to the daisy or sunflower family Asteraceae. The plant prefers rocky limestone places at about altitude. It is non-toxic and has been used in traditional medicine as a remedy against abdominal and respiratory diseases. The dense hair appears to protect the plant from cold, aridity, and ultraviolet radiation. It is a scarce, short-lived flower found in remote mountain areas and has been used as a symbol for alpinism, for rugged beauty and purity associated with the Alps and Carpathians, and as a national symbol, especially of Romania, Austria, Bulgaria, Slovenia, and Switzerland. According to folk tradition, giving this flower to a loved one is a promise of dedication. | L'edelweiss ou édelweiss ("Leontopodium nivale" subsp. "alpinum", Syn.: "Leontopodium alpinum"), pied-de-lion, Gnaphale à pied de lion, étoile d'argent ou encore étoile des glaciers est une espèce de plantes de la famille des Astéracées (anciennes Composées). C'est une des plus célèbres plantes de montagne, en partie en raison de sa rareté. Son nom provient de l'allemand "edel", « noble », et "weiß", « blanc ». En Suisse, l'edelweiss est souvent utilisé comme un véritable emblème national, il figure notamment sur la pièce de 5 francs suisses. | [
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Orobanchaceae | Orobanchaceae | Orobanchaceae, the broomrapes, is a family of mostly parasitic plants of the order Lamiales, with about 90 genera and more than 2000 species. Many of these genera (e.g., "Pedicularis", "Rhinanthus", "Striga") were formerly included in the family Scrophulariaceae "sensu lato". With its new circumscription, Orobanchaceae forms a distinct, monophyletic family. From a phylogenetic perspective, it is defined as the largest crown clade containing "Orobanche major" and relatives, but neither "Paulownia tomentosa" nor "Phryma leptostachya" nor "Mazus japonicus". | Les Orobanchacées (Orobanchaceae) sont une famille de plantes dicotylédones qui comprend notamment les orobanches qui parasitent de façon quasi spécifique d'autres plantes. Ce sont des plantes herbacées, à feuilles simples, alternes, plus ou moins parasites, des régions tempérées à subtropicales, surtout dans l'hémisphère nord. | [
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Rapid transit | Métro | Rapid transit or mass rapid transit (MRT), also known as heavy rail, metro, subway, tube, U-Bahn, metropolitana or underground, is a type of high-capacity public transport generally found in urban areas. Unlike buses or trams, rapid transit systems are electric railways that operate on an exclusive right-of-way, which cannot be accessed by pedestrians or other vehicles of any sort, and which is often grade-separated in tunnels or on elevated railways. | Le métro, apocope de métropolitain, pour « chemin de fer métropolitain », est un moyen de transport en commun urbain. Dans différentes parties du monde, les systèmes de métro sont également connus sous le nom de "heavy rail" (États-Unis), "rapid transit, mass transit, underground" (Londres), "subway" (New York) ou "tube, light rail transit" (en Asie) sans que cette liste soit exhaustive. Les premiers véhicules voyageurs de métro (Londres, New York,...) furent tirés par des locomotives à vapeur. La traction électrique s'imposera partout dès les toutes premières années du. | [
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Pope Pius II | Pie II | Pope Pius II (, ), born Enea Silvio Bartolomeo Piccolomini (; 18 October 1405 – 14 August 1464) was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 19 August 1458 to his death. He was born at Corsignano in the Sienese territory of a noble but impoverished family. His longest and most enduring work is the story of his life, the "Commentaries", which is the only revealed autobiography ever to have been written by a reigning pope. | , de son nom de naissance Enea Silvio Piccolomini, et généralement connu dans la littérature sous son nom latin Æneas Sylvius (né le à Corsignano, dans la République de Sienne et mort le à Ancône), fut le de l'Église catholique (du au ). | [
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Melvil Dewey | Melvil Dewey | Melville Louis Kossuth "Melvil" Dewey (December 10, 1851 – December 26, 1931) was an American librarian and educator, inventor of the Dewey Decimal system of library classification, and a founder of the Lake Placid Club. | Melvil Dewey (Melville Louis Kossuth Dewey) est né le à, dans l'État de New York et mort après avoir subi un accident vasculaire cérébral le à l'âge de 80 ans, à Lake Placid, en Floride. Originaire d'une famille modeste, il est le dernier des cinq enfants de Joel et Eliza Greene Dewey. Il était bibliothécaire et a écrit un système de classement des livres qui porte son nom : la classification décimale de Dewey. | [
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Library | Bibliothèque | A library is a curated collection of sources of information and similar resources, selected by experts and made accessible to a defined community for reference or borrowing, often in a quiet environment conducive to study. It provides physical or digital access to material, and may be a physical location or a virtual space, or both. A library's collection can include books, periodicals, newspapers, manuscripts, films, maps, prints, documents, microform, CDs, cassettes, videotapes, DVDs, Blu-ray Discs, e-books, audiobooks, databases, and other formats. Libraries range widely in size up to millions of items. In Latin and Greek, the idea of a bookcase is represented by "Bibliotheca" and "Bibliothēkē" (Greek: βιβλιοθήκη): derivatives of these mean "library" in many modern languages, e.g. French "bibliothèque". | Une bibliothèque (du grec ancien "βιβλιοθήκη" : "biblio", « livre » ; "thêkê", « dépôt ») est le lieu où est conservée et lue une collection organisée de livres. Il existe des bibliothèques privées (y compris de riches bibliothèques ouvertes au public) et des bibliothèques publiques. Les bibliothèques proposent souvent d'autres documents (journaux, périodiques, enregistrements sonores, enregistrements vidéo, cartes et plans, partitions) ainsi que des accès à internet et sont parfois appelées médiathèques ou informathèques. | [
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Wold Newton family | Wold Newton | The Wold Newton family is a literary concept derived from a form of crossover fiction developed by the American science fiction writer Philip José Farmer. | Wold Newton est un principe littéraire développé par l'auteur de science-fiction Philip José Farmer. Dans les pseudo-biographies de deux personnages de fiction ("Tarzan vous salue bien" et "Doc Savage : His Apocalyptic Life"), Farmer imagine que la météorite qui est tombée à Wold Newton en Angleterre le était radioactive et a provoqué la mutation génétique des occupants d'une diligence qui passait à proximité. Les descendants de ces passagers sont des personnages aux talents exceptionnels, dont les aventures ont été par la suite romancées tels que Sherlock Holmes, Tarzan, Doc Savage, Lord Peter Wimsey ou Fu Manchu. | [
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Tarzan | Tarzan | Tarzan (John Clayton II, Viscount Greystoke) is a fictional character, an archetypal feral child raised in the African jungle by the "Mangani" great apes; he later experiences civilization only to reject it and return to the wild as a heroic adventurer. Created by Edgar Rice Burroughs, Tarzan first appeared in the novel "Tarzan of the Apes" (magazine publication 1912, book publication 1914), and subsequently in 25 sequels, several authorized books by other authors, and innumerable works in other media, both authorized and unauthorized. The film version of Tarzan as the noble savage (""Me Tarzan, You Jane""), as acted by Johnny Weissmuller, does not reflect the original character in the novels, who is gracious and highly sophisticated. | Tarzan est un personnage de fiction représentant l’enfant sauvage archétypal élevé par les Grands Singes dans la jungle africaine. Ce personnage a été créé par Edgar Rice Burroughs en 1912 dans le roman "Tarzan seigneur de la jungle", publié pour la première fois en France en 1926 chez Fayard sous le titre "Tarzan chez les singes". 26 volumes sont sortis entre 1912 et 1995. | [
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Paneer | Panir | Paneer () is a fresh cheese common in the Indian subcontinent. It is an unaged, non-melting soft cheese made by curdling milk with a fruit- or vegetable-derived acid, such as lemon juice. Its acid-set form, (cheese curd) before pressing, is called chhena. | Panir ou paneer est une appellation désignant originellement un fromage indien et pakistanais obtenu à partir de lait de bufflonne. Le panir est un produit important de la cuisine indienne et représente une importante source de protéines pour cette population majoritairement végétarienne. Il se consomme tel quel mais entre aussi dans la composition d'un grand nombre de plats chauds. | [
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Tight junction | Jonction serrée | Tight junctions, also known as occluding junctions or zonulae occludentes (singular, zonula occludens) are multiprotein junctional complexes whose general function is to prevent leakage of transported solutes and water and seals the paracellular pathway. Tight junctions may also serve as leaky pathways by forming selective channels for small cations, anions, or water. Tight junctions are present mostly in vertebrates (with the exeption of Tunicates). The corresponding junctions that occur in invertebrates are septate junctions. | Les jonctions serrées ou étanches ou imperméables ou occlusives (dites ) sont caractéristiques des tissus épithéliaux du taxon des chordés. Elles bloquent la circulation de fluides entre les cellules (voie "paracellulaire") et assurent ainsi l'étanchéité entre deux compartiments tissulaires. Cependant, elle peut laisser passer certains peptides, plutôt hydrophiles de petite taille (< 15 nm), notamment au niveau du tube digestif lors de la digestion. Les éléments principaux contribuant à la formation de cette jonction sont deux protéines nommées claudine (du, fermer) et occludine. "Les" zonula occludens "se nomment tight junction en Anglais." Sans ces barrières paracellulaires, il ne serait pas possible de maintenir les propriétés du milieu au sein de compartiments donnés, comme la grande acidité (pH de 1 à 2) de l’intérieur de l’estomac. | [
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Camille Pissarro | Camille Pissarro | Camille Pissarro (, ; 10 July 1830 – 13 November 1903) was a Danish-French Impressionist and Neo-Impressionist painter born on the island of St Thomas (now in the US Virgin Islands, but then in the Danish West Indies). His importance resides in his contributions to both Impressionism and Post-Impressionism. Pissarro studied from great forerunners, including Gustave Courbet and Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot. He later studied and worked alongside Georges Seurat and Paul Signac when he took on the Neo-Impressionist style at the age of 54. | Jacob Abraham Camille Pissarro, dit Camille Pissarro, né à Charlotte-Amélie, sur l'île de Saint-Thomas, dans les Antilles danoises, le et mort à Paris le, est un peintre impressionniste puis néo-impressionniste franco-danois. | [
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Assisi | Assise (Italie) | Assisi (,, ; from ) is a town and "comune" of Italy in the Province of Perugia in the Umbria region, on the western flank of Monte Subasio. | Assise (en italien "Assisi") est une ville italienne d'environ, située dans la province de Pérouse (Perugia) en Ombrie (Umbria). | [
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German Confederation | Confédération germanique | The German Confederation () was an association of 39 German-speaking states in Central Europe (adding the mainly non-German speaking Kingdom of Bohemia and Duchy of Carniola), created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 as a replacement of the former Holy Roman Empire, which had been dissolved in 1806. The German Confederation did not include some German-speaking lands in the eastern portion of the Kingdom of Prussia (East Prussia, West Prussia and Posen), the German-speaking cantons of Switzerland, and the French region of Alsace, which was predominantly German speaking. | La Confédération germanique ( ; nom officiel en français, langue du Congrès de Vienne) est une confédération européenne ayant existé de 1815 à 1866. Elle est formée lors du congrès de Vienne, en remplacement de la Confédération du Rhin sous protectorat de Napoléon. La Confédération germanique reprend en grande partie les limites du Saint-Empire romain germanique, incluant donc des populations non germanophones (notamment en Bohême et en Moravie). Restent hors de la Confédération les territoires autrichiens relevant du royaume de Hongrie et les territoires prussiens à l'est du Brandebourg (notamment la Prusse orientale). | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
5th millennium BC | Ve millénaire av. J.-C. | The 5th millennium BC spanned the years 5000 BC to 4001 BC (c. 7 ka to c. 6 ka). It is impossible to precisely date events that happened around the time of this millennium and all dates mentioned here are estimates mostly based on geological and anthropological analysis. | Liste des millénaires | Liste des siècles Le a débuté le 5000 et s’est achevé le 31 décembre 4001 dans le calendrier julien proleptique. | [
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Noddy (character) | Oui-Oui | Noddy is a fictional character created by English children's author Enid Blyton, originally published between 1949 and 1963. Noddy was illustrated by the Dutch artist Eelco Martinus ten Harmsen van der Beek from 1949 until his death in 1953, after which the work was continued by Peter Wienk. Television shows based on the character have run on British television since 1955 and continue to appear to this day. | Oui-Oui ("Noddy") est un personnage fictif de livres et de dessin animés pour enfants créé par la romancière britannique Enid Blyton en 1949 avec l'aide de l'illustrateur néerlandais Harmsen van der Beek (1897-1953). Le personnage s'appelle originellement Noddy, inspiré de la phrase en anglais : "" signifiant. Il paraît pour la première fois en français en 1962 dans la collection Bibliothèque rose, avec des illustrations de Jeanne Hives. | [
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] | [
250008,
59235,
9,
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2
] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
10th millennium BC | Xe millénaire av. J.-C. | The 10th millennium BC spanned the years 10,000 BC to 9001 BC (c. 12 ka to c. 11 ka). It marks the beginning of the transition from the Palaeolithic to the Neolithic via the interim Mesolithic (Northern Europe and Western Europe) and Epipaleolithic (Levant and Near East) periods, which together form the first part of the Holocene epoch that is generally reckoned to have begun c. 9700 BC (c. 11.7 ka) and is the current geological epoch. It is impossible to precisely date events that happened around the time of this millennium and all dates mentioned here are estimates mostly based on geological and anthropological analysis. | 17 à 15 millénaires AP | Liste des millénaires | Chiffres romains Liste des millénaires | Chiffres romains Liste des millénaires | Chiffres romains | [
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250054,
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212010,
316,
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108336,
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] | [
250008,
729,
253,
423,
48137,
2746,
19027,
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6,
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2109,
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2
] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
9th millennium BC | IXe millénaire av. J.-C. | The 9th millennium BC spanned the years 9000 BC to 8001 BC (11 to 10 thousand years ago). In chronological terms, it is the first full millennium of the current Holocene epoch that is generally reckoned to have begun by 9700 BC (11.7 thousand years ago). It is impossible to precisely date events that happened around the time of this millennium and all dates mentioned here are estimates mostly based on geological and anthropological analysis. | 17 à 15 millénaires AP | <br> | Liste des millénaires | Chiffres romains Liste des millénaires | Chiffres romains | [
250004,
250054,
360,
70,
700,
60920,
1733,
105994,
4,
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5117,
48358,
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390,
70,
94995,
5380,
29394,
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2
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] | [
250008,
729,
253,
423,
48137,
2746,
19027,
16885,
6,
58745,
4426,
3267,
2740,
6,
58745,
47969,
224,
48137,
2746,
19027,
6,
58745,
5585,
4902,
2109,
72851,
5425,
47969,
224,
48137,
2746,
19027,
6,
58745,
5585,
4902,
2109,
72851,
5425,
2
] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
8th millennium BC | VIIIe millénaire av. J.-C. | The 8th millennium BC spanned the years 8000 BC to 7001 BC (c. 10 ka to c. 9 ka). It is impossible to precisely date events that happened around the time of this millennium and all dates mentioned here are estimates mostly based on geological and anthropological analysis. | Liste des millénaires | Liste des siècles | Chiffres romains Le couvre la période allant de l’an 8000 à l’an 7001 compris. | [
250004,
250054,
54311,
4353,
75708,
29394,
136,
55556,
1902,
24209,
38134,
21329,
712,
23,
70,
799,
147,
24453,
390,
81821,
77269,
5,
1650,
509,
128839,
538,
93403,
214,
65272,
19364,
1284,
83,
959,
18822,
71,
47,
765,
157578,
14713,
4,
7464,
17743,
13,
929,
25320,
238,
4,
24189,
1672,
70,
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7th millennium BC | VIIe millénaire av. J.-C. | The 7th millennium BC spanned the years 7000 BC to 6001 BC (c. 9 ka to c. 8 ka). It is impossible to precisely date events that happened around the time of this millennium and all dates mentioned here are estimates mostly based on geological and anthropological analysis. Towards the end of this millennium, the islands of Great Britain and Ireland were severed from continental Europe by rising sea water. | ../.. |../.. Liste des millénaires | Liste des siècles Le millénaire av. J.-C. couvre la période allant de l’an 7000 à l’an 6001 compris. | [
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Bonnie and Clyde | Bonnie et Clyde | Bonnie Elizabeth Parker (October 1, 1910May 23, 1934) and Clyde Chestnut Barrow (March 24, 1909May 23, 1934) were an American criminal couple who traveled the Central United States with their gang during the Great Depression, known for their bank robberies, although they preferred to rob small stores or rural gas stations. Their exploits captured the attention of the American press and its readership during what is occasionally referred to as the "public enemy era" between 1931 and 1934. They are believed to have murdered at least nine police officers and four civilians. They were killed in May 1934 during an ambush by police near Gibsland, Louisiana. | Bonnie et Clyde (Bonnie Parker et Clyde Barrow) sont deux criminels américains, membres du gang Barrow constitué entre autres de Raymond Hamilton, Ralph Fults, Joe Palmer, Buck Barrow (le frère de Clyde) et sa femme, Blanche Barrow, qui ont perpétré leurs méfaits dans le Sud-Central des États-Unis pendant la Grande Dépression. Ils étaient spécialisés dans l'attaque à main armée de banques et on estime qu'ils ont tué quatorze personnes en trente mois. Ils finissent par se faire tuer par la police américaine près de Gibsland, en Louisiane. | [
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Biomass | Biomasse (énergie) | Biomass is plant or animal material used for energy production (electricity or heat), or in various industrial processes as raw substance for a range of products. It can be purposely grown energy crops (e.g. miscanthus, switchgrass), wood or forest residues, waste from food crops (wheat straw, bagasse), horticulture (yard waste), food processing (corn cobs), animal farming (manure, rich in nitrogen and phosphorus), or human waste from sewage plants. | Dans le domaine de l'énergie, la biomasse est la matière organique d'origine végétale (microalgues incluses), animale, bactérienne ou fongique (champignons), utilisable comme source d'énergie (bioénergies). Cette énergie peut en être extraite par combustion directe (ex : bois énergie), ou par combustion après un processus de transformation de la matière première, par exemple la méthanisation (biogaz, ou sa version épurée le biométhane) ou d'autres transformations chimiques (dont la pyrolyse, la carbonisation hydrothermale et les méthodes de production de biocarburants ou « agrocarburants »). Trois modes de valorisations de la biomasse (co)existent : thermique, chimique et biochimique. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
6th millennium BC | VIe millénaire av. J.-C. | The 6th millennium BC spanned the years 6000 BC to 5001 BC (c. 8 ka to c. 7 ka). It is impossible to precisely date events that happened around the time of this millennium and all dates mentioned here are estimates mostly based on geological and anthropological analysis. This millennium is reckoned to mark the end of the global deglaciation which had followed the Last Glacial Maximum and caused sea levels to rise by some over a period of about 5,000 years. | ../.. |../.. Liste des millénaires | Liste des siècles Le a débuté le 6000 et s’est achevé le 31 décembre 5001 dans le calendrier julien proleptique. | [
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Mer Hayrenik | Mer Hayrenik | "Mer Hayrenik" (, ; 'Our Fatherland') is the national anthem of Armenia. Barsegh Kanachyan composed the music, while the lyrics were authored by Mikayel Nalbandian. First adopted in 1918 as the anthem of the short-lived First Republic of Armenia, it was subsequently banned after the country was invaded and incorporated into the Soviet Union. Following the dissolution of the USSR and the restoration of sovereignty in 1991, the song was re-adopted as the national anthem of the newly-independent state, albeit with slightly modified lyrics. | Mer Hayrenik (en arménien "" ; en français "Notre Patrie") est le nom de l'hymne national de l'Arménie. Adopté le, il est directement inspiré de l'hymne de la Première République d'Arménie, avec cependant des paroles différentes. Les paroles ont été écrites par Mikaël Nalbandian et ont été mises en musique par Barsegh Kanachyan. | [
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Rosa pendulina | Rosier des Alpes | Rosa pendulina, (syn. "Rosa alpina"), the Alpine rose or mountain rose, is a species of wild rose found in the mountains of central and southern Europe. It appears to have survived in glacial refugia in the Alps and Carpathians, and spread out from there. It prefers to grow in relatively warmer, shadier, and wetter areas alongside streams, in openings in forests, or on rock piles, between 350 and 2,500m above sea level. It has been introduced to New England and can be found growing as a garden escapee elsewhere. | La Mission interministérielle de vigilance et de lutte contre les dérives sectaires (Miviludes) est un organisme de l'État français, créé en 2002. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Ja, vi elsker dette landet | Ja, vi elsker dette landet | "Ja, vi elsker dette landet" (; ) is the Norwegian national anthem. Originally a patriotic song, it came to be commonly regarded as the "de facto" national anthem of Norway since the early 20th century, after being used alongside "" since the 1860s. It was officially adopted in 2019. The lyrics were written by Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson between 1859 and 1868, and the melody was written by his cousin Rikard Nordraak sometime during the winter of 1863 and 1864. It was first performed publicly on 17 May 1864 in connection with the 50th anniversary of the constitution. Usually only the first and the last two verses are sung. | Les paroles ont été écrites par Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson entre 1859 et 1868 et la musique par son cousin Rikard Nordraak en 1863-1864 pour le cinquantième anniversaire de la constitution norvégienne, le à Eidsvoll. Seuls les premier, septième et huitième couplets sont habituellement joués (en italique). | [
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Valley of the Kings | Vallée des Rois | The Valley of the Kings ( ; ), also known as the Valley of the Gates of the Kings ( ), is a valley in Egypt where, for a period of nearly 500 years from the 16th to 11th century BC, rock cut tombs were excavated for the pharaohs and powerful nobles of the New Kingdom (the Eighteenth to the Twentieth Dynasties of Ancient Egypt). | La vallée des Rois est une région d'Égypte située sur la rive occidentale du Nil à hauteur de Thèbes (aujourd'hui Louxor). La vallée est formée d'une faille dans la chaîne Libyque qui débouche sur la vallée du Nil. Son nom arabe ( / "wādī bībān al-mulūk") signifie « vallée des deux portes des rois », en référence aux portes qui fermaient jadis les tombeaux. | [
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Theosophy | Théosophie | Theosophy is a religion established in the United States during the late nineteenth century. It was founded primarily by the Russian immigrant Helena Blavatsky and draws its beliefs predominantly from Blavatsky's writings. Categorized by scholars of religion as both a new religious movement and as part of the occultist stream of Western esotericism, it draws upon both older European philosophies such as Neoplatonism and Asian religions such as Hinduism and Buddhism. | La théosophie est une attitude philosophique et religieuse, et une forme spécifique de recherche spirituelle, qui signifie étymologiquement « sagesse de Dieu ». Le terme « théosophie » revêt néanmoins deux significations distinctes. La première fait référence à un ensemble de doctrines ésotériques qui auraient traversé l'Antiquité et se seraient continuées en Occident, à travers notamment la théosophie chrétienne allemande représentée par Jakob Böhme au. La seconde désigne la « théosophie moderne », ou « théosophisme », se référant alors à la Société théosophique. | [
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MIVILUDES | Mission interministérielle de vigilance et de lutte contre les dérives sectaires | The MIVILUDES (a French acronym for Mission interministérielle de vigilance et de lutte contre les dérives sectaires, i.e. Interministerial Mission of Vigilance and Combat against Sectarian Aberrations) is a French government agency, created by Presidential decree in 2002. It is charged with observing and analyzing the phenomenon of sectarian movements (cults), coordinating the government response, informing the public about the risks arising from sectarian aberrations and facilitating the implementation of actions to aid the victims. | Le rosier des Alpes ("Rosa pendulina" L.), également appelé « églantier à fruits pendants », « églantier des Alpes » ou « rosier sans épines », est un arbrisseau du genre "Rosa" classé dans la section des "Cinnamomeae", de la famille des "Rosaceae", originaire d'Europe centrale et méridionale. | [
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Mayotte | Mayotte | Mayotte (, ; Shimaore: "Maore", ; ) is an overseas department and region of France officially named the Department of Mayotte (French: "Département de Mayotte"). It consists of a main island, Grande-Terre (or Maore), a smaller island, Petite-Terre (or Pamanzi), and several islets around these two. Mayotte is part of the Comoros archipelago, located in the northern Mozambique Channel in the Indian Ocean off the coast of Southeast Africa, between northwestern Madagascar and northeastern Mozambique. The department status of Mayotte is recent and the region remains, by a significant margin, the poorest in France. Mayotte is nevertheless much more prosperous than the other countries of the Mozambique Channel, making it a major destination for illegal immigration. | Mayotte (en mahorais : "Maoré"), officiellement nommée département de Mayotte, est à la fois une région insulaire française et un département de France d'outre-mer qui sont administrés dans le cadre d’une collectivité territoriale unique dirigée par le conseil départemental de Mayotte. | [
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Anatolia | Anatolie | Anatolia (from Greek:, ', ’east’ or ’[sun]rise’; ), also known as Asia Minor (Medieval and Modern Greek:, ', ’small Asia’; ), Asian Turkey, the Anatolian peninsula or the Anatolian plateau, is a large peninsula in West Asia and the westernmost protrusion of the Asian continent. It makes up the majority of modern-day Turkey. The region is bounded by the Black Sea to the north, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, the Armenian Highlands to the east and the Aegean Sea to the west. The Sea of Marmara forms a connection between the Black and Aegean seas through the Bosphorus and Dardanelles straits and separates Anatolia from Thrace on the Balkan peninsula of Europe. | L'Anatolie ou Asie Mineure ("Anadolu" en turc ; Ανατολία, "Anatolia", en grec moderne ; Անատոլիա, "Anatolia", en arménien) est un vaste bloc de territoires situé à l'extrémité occidentale de l'Asie. Dans le sens géographique strict, elle regroupe les terres placées à l'ouest d'une ligne Tchorokhi-Oronte, qui va de la Méditerranée à la mer Noire, et est séparée de l'Europe au nord-ouest par la mer de Marmara. Dans le sens politique donné par les autorités turques, elle désigne toute la partie asiatique de la Turquie (97 % du territoire du pays, les 3 % restants étant situés en Europe, en Thrace orientale). | [
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EBCDIC | Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code | Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code (EBCDIC; ) is an eight-bit character encoding used mainly on IBM mainframe and IBM midrange computer operating systems. It descended from the code used with punched cards and the corresponding six-bit binary-coded decimal code used with most of IBM's computer peripherals of the late 1950s and early 1960s. It is supported by various non-IBM platforms, such as Fujitsu-Siemens' BS2000/OSD, OS-IV, MSP, and MSP-EX, the SDS Sigma series, Unisys VS/9, Burroughs MCP and ICL VME. | L’ (EBCDIC) est un mode de codage des caractères sur créé par IBM à l'époque des cartes perforées. Il existe au moins différentes bien documentées (et de nombreuses variantes parfois créées par des concurrents d’IBM), incompatibles entre elles. Ce mode de codage a été critiqué pour cette raison, mais aussi parce que certains caractères de ponctuation ne sont pas disponibles dans certaines versions. Ces disparités ont parfois été interprétées comme un moyen pour IBM de conserver ses clients captifs. | [
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Rubber-tyred tram | Tramway sur pneumatiques | A rubber-tyred tram (also known as tramway on tyres, ) is a development of the guided bus in which a vehicle is guided by a fixed rail in the road surface and draws current from overhead electric wires (either via pantograph or trolley poles). | Le tramway sur pneumatiques, appelé également transport routier guidé (TRG) ou trolleybus guidé (souvent abrégé en trogui), est un véhicule de transport en commun sur pneumatiques mais guidé sur une partie ou la totalité de son parcours. Il fait partie de la famille des nouveaux systèmes intermédiaires. | [
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