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Whisky | Whisky | Whisky or whiskey is a type of distilled alcoholic beverage made from fermented grain mash. Various grains (which may be malted) are used for different varieties, including barley, corn, rye, and wheat. Whisky is typically aged in wooden casks, generally made of charred white oak. | Whisky ou whiskey est le nom générique d'un ensemble d'eaux-de-vie fabriquées par distillation de céréales maltées ou non maltées. L'origine du whisky est encore aujourd'hui sujette à controverses entre Écossais et Irlandais, chacun y allant de sa preuve la plus ancienne. Par la suite, le whisky a été exporté vers le Nouveau Monde (notamment aux États-Unis et au Canada). Depuis le début du, des distilleries se sont développées au Japon, puis dans le reste du monde plus récemment. | [
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Automated external defibrillator | Défibrillateur automatique | An automated external defibrillator (AED) is a portable electronic device that automatically diagnoses the life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias of ventricular fibrillation (VF) and pulseless ventricular tachycardia, and is able to treat them through defibrillation, the application of electricity which stops the arrhythmia, allowing the heart to re-establish an effective rhythm. | Le terme défibrillateur automatique regroupe aussi bien le défibrillateur externe que le défibrillateur implantable, mais seul le premier sera traité dans cet article, bien que les fonctionnalités soient assez souvent les mêmes. | [
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Congregation of the Feuillants | Feuillants | The Feuillants were a Catholic congregation originating in the 1570s as a reform group within the Cistercians in its namesake Les Feuillants Abbey in France, which declared itself an independent order. | Les Feuillants, "Folietani", sont les membres d'un ordre monastique bernardin de la règle de Cîteaux, issu de l'ordre des Cisterciens. L'ordre tenait son nom de l'abbaye cistercienne de Notre-Dame de Feuillant dans l'ancien diocèse de Rieux près de Toulouse (Haute-Garonne). | [
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Wetware computer | Ordinateur neuronal | A wetware computer is an organic computer (which can also be known as an artificial organic brain or a neurocomputer) composed of organic material such as living neurons. Wetware computers composed of neurons are different than conventional computers because they are thought to be capable in a way of "thinking for themselves", because of the dynamic nature of neurons. While wetware is still largely conceptual, there has been limited success with construction and prototyping, which has acted as a proof of the concept's realistic application to computing in the future. The most notable prototypes have stemmed from the research completed by biological engineer William Ditto during his time at the Georgia Institute of Technology. His work constructing a simple neurocomputer capable of basic addition from leech neurons in 1999 was a significant discovery for the concept. This research acted as a primary example driving interest in the creation of these artificially constructed, but still organic brains. | Un ordinateur neuronal est un ordinateur dans lequel le processeur est constitué d'un ensemble de neurones biologiques ou imitant son fonctionnement. | [
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Miami | Miami | Miami (), officially the City of Miami, is the seat of Miami-Dade County, and the cultural, economic and financial center of South Florida in the United States. The city covers an area of about between the Everglades to the west and Biscayne Bay to the east. Miami is the sixth most densely populated major city in the United States with an estimated 2019 population of 467,963. The Miami metropolitan area is home to 6.1 million people, the second-most populous in the southeastern United States and the seventh-largest in the nation. The city has the third tallest skyline in the U.S. with over 300 high-rises, 55 of which exceed. | Miami ( ; ) est une ville des États-Unis, centre financier et culturel de niveau international, située dans le Sud-Est de l'État de Floride, sur la côte de l'océan Atlantique. Elle est le siège du comté de Miami-Dade. | [
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Tristan und Isolde | Tristan und Isolde | Tristan und Isolde ("Tristan and Isolde"), WWV 90, is an opera in three acts by Richard Wagner to a German libretto by the composer, based largely on the 12th-century romance "Tristan" by Gottfried von Strassburg. It was composed between 1857 and 1859 and premiered at the Königliches Hof- und Nationaltheater in Munich on 10 June 1865 with Hans von Bülow conducting. Wagner referred to the work not as an opera, but called it "" (literally "a drama", "a plot" or "an action"). | Cette « action en trois actes » est la mise en musique d'un poème que Wagner avait lui-même écrit d'après la légende médiévale celtique de Tristan et Iseut. Composée entre 1857 et 1859, l'œuvre est souvent considérée comme l'une des plus importantes du théâtre lyrique occidental. Selon les interprétations, sa durée peut varier entre 3 heures 40 minutes et 4 heures 30 minutes. | [
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Motto | Devise (phrase) | A motto (derived from the Latin "muttum",'mutter', by way of Italian "motto", 'word','sentence') is the general motivation or intention of an individual, family, social group or organization. Mottos are usually found predominantly in written form (unlike slogans, which may also be expressed orally), and may stem from long traditions of social foundations, or from significant events, such as a civil war or a revolution. A motto may be in any language, but Latin has been widely used, especially in the Western world. | Une devise est une phrase courte ou une expression symbolique décrivant les motivations ou les intentions d'un individu, d'un groupe social, d'une organisation ou d'une institution, qui la choisit pour suggérer un idéal, comme règle de conduite ou pour rappeler un passé glorieux. | [
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Emmanuel Larcenet | Manu Larcenet | Emmanuel Larcenet, known as Manu Larcenet (born May 6, 1969) is a French cartoonist. He worked with Fluide Glacial magazine from 1995 to 2006 and with "Spirou" magazine from 1997 to 2004. He has also founded the French publisher Les Rêveurs in 1998. Since 2000, he mostly works with Dargaud. | Emmanuel Larcenet, dit Manu Larcenet ou simplement Larcenet, est un auteur de bande dessinée français, né le à Issy-les-Moulineaux. De 1994 à 2006, il collabore au magazine "Fluide glacial", pour lequel il réalise essentiellement des récits humoristiques, tout en publiant des œuvres plus intimes aux Rêveurs, maison d'édition qu'il crée en 1998, avec Nicolas Lebedel. | [
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Connie Willis | Connie Willis | Constance Elaine Trimmer Willis (born December 31, 1945), commonly known as Connie Willis, is an American science fiction and fantasy writer. She has won eleven Hugo Awards and seven Nebula Awards for particular works—more major SF awards than any other writer—most recently the "Best Novel" Hugo and Nebula Awards for "Blackout/All Clear" (2010). She was inducted by the Science Fiction Hall of Fame in 2009 and the Science Fiction Writers of America named her its 28th SFWA Grand Master in 2011. | Constance Elaine Trimmer Willis plus connue comme Connie Willis, née le à Denver dans le Colorado, est une romancière américaine de science-fiction qui a été primée plusieurs fois pour ses ouvrages. | [
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Hatshepsut | Hatchepsout | Hatshepsut (; also Hatchepsut; Egyptian: "ḥꜣt-šps.wt" "Foremost of Noble Ladies"; 1507–1458 BC) was the fifth pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt. She was the second historically-confirmed female pharaoh, the first being Sobekneferu. (Various other women may have also ruled as pharaohs regnant or at least regents before Hatshepsut, as early as Neithhotep around 1600 years prior.) | Hatchepsout est une reine de l'Égypte antique qui deviendra pharaon, cinquième souveraine de la. Hatchepsout est la fille du pharaon et de la Grande épouse royale Ahmès. Son époux est, fils de et d'une épouse secondaire,. Le couple a une fille, Néférourê. | [
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Crystallite | Cristallite | A crystallite is a small or even microscopic crystal which forms, for example, during the cooling of many materials. The orientation of crystallites can be random with no preferred direction, called random texture, or directed, possibly due to growth and processing conditions. Fiber texture is an example of the latter. Crystallites are also referred to as grains. The areas where crystallites meet are known as grain boundaries. Polycrystalline materials, or polycrystals, are solids that are composed of many crystallites of varying size and orientation. | Un (ou une) cristallite ("crystallite" en anglais) est un domaine de matière ayant la même structure qu'un monocristal. En effet, la matière cristalline est rarement présente à l'état de monocristaux, à quelques exceptions près (pierres précieuses, monocristaux de silicium pour l'industrie électronique, monocristaux d'alliages pour les aubes de turbine des moteurs d'avions militaires). | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Cantata | Cantate | A cantata (; ) (literally "sung", past participle feminine singular of the Italian verb "cantare", "to sing") is a vocal composition with an instrumental accompaniment, typically in several movements, often involving a choir. | Une cantate (du, ) est une composition vocale avec accompagnement instrumental, requérant parfois un chœur, qui comporte plusieurs mouvements. La cantate se développe et se partage en deux catégories : elle peut être basée sur un texte au thème profane ("cantata da camera") ou sacré ("cantata da chiesa"). À la différence de l'opéra, la cantate ne comporte aucun aspect théâtral ni dramatique : la priorité est donnée à l'expression mise en musique. | [
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Bread | Pain | Bread is a staple food prepared from a dough of flour and water, usually by baking. Throughout recorded history it has been a prominent food in large parts of the world; it is one of the oldest man-made foods, having been of significant importance since the dawn of agriculture; and plays an essential role in religious rituals and secular culture. | Le pain est l'aliment de base traditionnel de nombreuses cultures. Il est fabriqué à partir des ingrédients qui sont la farine et l'eau. Il contient généralement du sel. D'autres ingrédients s'ajoutent selon le type de pain et la manière dont il est préparé culturellement. Lorsqu'on ajoute le levain ou la levure, la pâte du pain est soumise à un gonflement dû à la fermentation. | [
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Classe préparatoire aux grandes écoles | Classe préparatoire aux grandes écoles | The classes préparatoires aux grandes écoles (CPGE) (English: Higher School Preparatory Classes), commonly called classes prépas or prépas, are part of the French post-secondary education system. They consist of two years of study (extendable to three or exceptionally four years) which act as a preparatory course (or cram school) with the main goal of training students for enrolment in one of the "grandes écoles". The workload is one of the highest in Europe (29 to 45 contact hours a week, with up to 10 hours of guided tutorials and oral exam sessions). | En France, les classes préparatoires aux grandes écoles (CPGE) sont des filières d'enseignement supérieur sélectives hébergées généralement dans les lycées. Communément appelées classes prépas ou prépas et pour la plupart publiques, elles sélectionnent sur dossier après le baccalauréat et préparent en un à trois ans les étudiants aux concours d'admission à certaines grandes écoles (écoles normales supérieures (ENS), écoles de commerce, écoles d'ingénieurs et écoles vétérinaires, notamment). | [
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Concerto grosso | Concerto grosso | The concerto grosso (; Italian for "big concert(o)", plural "concerti grossi" ) is a form of baroque music in which the musical material is passed between a small group of soloists (the "concertino") and full orchestra (the "ripieno" or "concerto grosso"). This is in contrast to the solo concerto which features a single solo instrument with the melody line, accompanied by the orchestra. | Pendant la période baroque, un concerto grosso est une forme musicale concertante pour ensemble instrumental important, relevant de la tradition italienne. | [
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DNA computing | Ordinateur à ADN | DNA computing is an emerging branch of computing which uses DNA, biochemistry, and molecular biology hardware, instead of the traditional silicon-based computer technologies. Research and development in this area concerns theory, experiments, and applications of DNA computing. Although the field originally started with the demonstration of a computing application by Len Adleman in 1994, it has now been expanded to several other avenues such as the development of storage technologies, nanoscale imaging modalities, synthetic controllers and reaction networks, etc. | L'ordinateur à ADN est une des voies non électroniques actuellement explorées pour résoudre des problèmes combinatoires. Il ne prétend pas à la généralité et à la flexibilité d'un ordinateur général. Il s'agit plutôt d'un dispositif spécialisé comme peut l'être un processeur graphique, une carte son ou un convolveur. Son principe, énoncé par Leonard Adleman en 1994, « consiste à coder une instance du problème avec des brins d'ADN et à les manipuler par les outils classiques de la biologie moléculaire pour simuler les opérations qui isoleront la solution du problème, si celle-ci existe. » | [
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Yukon | Yukon | Yukon (; ; also commonly called the Yukon) is the smallest and westernmost of Canada's three territories. It has the second-smallest (ahead of Nunavut) population of any province or territory in Canada, with a population of 41,078 people. Whitehorse, the territorial capital and Yukon's only city, is the largest settlement in any of the three territories. | Le Yukon ( ; ) est un territoire fédéral du Nord du Canada, bordé à l'est par les Territoires du Nord-Ouest, au sud par la Colombie-Britannique et à l'ouest par l'État américain de l'Alaska. Tirant son nom du fleuve Yukon, c'est le plus petit des trois territoires canadiens, avec une superficie de ; il possède une ouverture sur l'océan Arctique au nord. On appelle ses habitants les Yukonnais (anglais : "Yukoners") et sa capitale est Whitehorse. | [
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Andorra la Vella | Andorre-la-Vieille | Andorra la Vella (, ;,, ) is the capital of the Principality of Andorra. It is located high in the east Pyrenees, between France and Spain. It is also the name of the parish that surrounds the capital. | Andorre-la-Vieille () est le nom de l'une des sept paroisses ("parròquia") et la capitale de la Principauté d'Andorre. La paroisse compte de nos jours un peu plus de, pour la ville elle-même. Elle se situe sur la rivière Valira (ou "Gran Valira"), peu après la confluence du Valira d'Orient et du Valira del Nord (située dans la paroisse d'Escaldes-Engordany), à environ d'altitude, ce qui en fait la plus haute capitale nationale d'Europe. | [
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Tequila | Tequila | Tequila () is a distilled beverage made from the blue agave plant, primarily in the area surrounding the city of Tequila northwest of Guadalajara, and in the Jaliscan Highlands ("Los Altos de Jalisco") of the central western Mexican state of Jalisco. | La (ou le) tequila est une boisson alcoolisée produite au Mexique à partir d'une plante nommée "Agave tequilana" (à l'instar du Mezcal). | [
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Marantaceae | Marantaceae | The Marantaceae are a family, the arrowroot family, of flowering plants consisting of 31 genera and around 530 species, defining it as one of the most species rich families in its order. Species of this family are found in lowland tropical forests of Africa, Asia, and the Americas. The majority (80%) of the species are found in the American tropics, followed by Asian (11%) and African (9%) tropics. They are commonly called the prayer-plant family and are also known for their unique secondary pollination presentation. | La famille des Marantaceae (Marantacées) regroupe des plantes monocotylédones ; elle comprend 400 espèces réparties en 30 genres. Ce sont des plantes herbacées ou des lianes, rhizomateuses, parfois épiphytes, des régions sub-tropicales à tropicales. | [
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Electron microscope | Microscope électronique | An electron microscope is a microscope that uses a beam of accelerated electrons as a source of illumination. As the wavelength of an electron can be up to 100,000 times shorter than that of visible light photons, electron microscopes have a higher resolving power than light microscopes and can reveal the structure of smaller objects. A scanning transmission electron microscope has achieved better than 50 pm resolution in annular dark-field imaging mode and magnifications of up to about 10,000,000× whereas most light microscopes are limited by diffraction to about 200 nm resolution and useful magnifications below 2000×. | Un microscope électronique (ME) est un type de microscope qui utilise un faisceau d'électrons pour illuminer un échantillon et en créer une image très agrandie. Il est inventé en 1931 par des ingénieurs allemands. Les microscopes électroniques ont un pouvoir de résolution supérieur aux microscopes optiques qui utilisent des rayonnements électromagnétiques visibles. Ils peuvent obtenir des grossissements beaucoup plus élevés allant jusqu'à 5 millions de fois, alors que les meilleurs microscopes optiques sont limités à un grossissement de 2000 fois. Ces deux types de microscopes ont une résolution limitée, imposée par la longueur d'onde du rayonnement qu'ils utilisent. La résolution et le grossissement plus grands du microscope électronique sont dus au fait que la longueur d'onde de De Broglie d’un électron est beaucoup plus petite que la longueur d’onde d'un photon de lumière visible. | [
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Conservation law | Loi de conservation | In physics, a conservation law states that a particular measurable property of an isolated physical system does not change as the system evolves over time. Exact conservation laws include conservation of energy, conservation of linear momentum, conservation of angular momentum, and conservation of electric charge. There are also many approximate conservation laws, which apply to such quantities as mass, parity, lepton number, baryon number, strangeness, hypercharge, etc. These quantities are conserved in certain classes of physics processes, but not in all. | En physique, une loi de conservation exprime qu'une propriété mesurable particulière d'un système physique reste constante au cours de l'évolution de ce système. Certaines lois de conservation n'ont jamais été mises en défaut : | [
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Sápmi | Laponie | The region stretches over four countries: Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Russia. On the north it is bounded by the Barents Sea, on the west by the Norwegian Sea and on the east by the White Sea. The area is historically referred to as Lapland () in English, although the term "Lapp" for its inhabitants is now often discouraged. | La Laponie ( — — ) est une région transnationale située dans le nord de la Fennoscandie, à cheval sur les territoires norvégien, suédois, finlandais et russe, dont le peuple autochtone sont les Samis. | [
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Noosphere | Noosphère | The noosphere is a philosophical concept developed and popularized by the French philosopher and Jesuit priest Pierre Teilhard de Chardin and the biogeochemist Vladimir Vernadsky. Vernadsky defined the noosphere as the new state of the biosphere and described as the planetary "sphere of reason". The noosphere represents the highest stage of biospheric development, its defining factor being the development of humankind's rational activities. | La noosphère, selon la pensée de Vladimir Vernadsky et Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, désigne la « sphère de la pensée humaine ». | [
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Least squares | Méthode des moindres carrés | The method of least squares is a standard approach in regression analysis to approximate the solution of overdetermined systems (sets of equations in which there are more equations than unknowns) by minimizing the sum of the squares of the residuals made in the results of every single equation. | La méthode des moindres carrés, indépendamment élaborée par Legendre et Gauss au début du, permet de comparer des données expérimentales, généralement entachées d’erreurs de mesure, à un modèle mathématique censé décrire ces données. | [
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Modal logic | Logique modale | Modal logic is a type of formal logic primarily developed in the 1960s that extends classical propositional and predicate logic to include operators expressing modality. A modal—a word that expresses a modality—qualifies a statement. For example, the statement "John is happy" might be qualified by saying that John is "usually" happy, in which case the term "usually" is functioning as a modal. The traditional alethic modalities, or modalities of truth, include possibility ("Possibly, "p"", "It is possible that "p""), necessity ("Necessarily, "p"", "It is necessary that "p""), and impossibility ("Impossibly, "p"", "It is impossible that "p""). Other modalities that have been formalized in modal logic include temporal modalities, or modalities of time (notably, "It was the case that "p"", "It has always been that "p"", "It will be that "p"", "It will always be that "p""), deontic modalities (notably, "It is obligatory that "p"", and "It is permissible that "p""), epistemic modalities, or modalities of knowledge ("It is known that "p"") and doxastic modalities, or modalities of belief ("It is believed that "p""). | En logique mathématique, une logique modale est un type de logique formelle qui étend la logique propositionnelle, la logique du premier ordre ou la logique d'ordre supérieur avec des modalités. Une modalité spécifie des qualités du vrai. Par exemple, une proposition comme « il pleut » peut être précédée d'une modalité ː | [
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Rum | Rhum | Rum is a liquor made by fermenting then distilling sugarcane molasses or sugarcane juice. The distillate, a clear liquid, is usually aged in oak barrels. Most rums are produced in Caribbean and American countries, but also in other sugar producing countries, such as the Philippines and India. | Le rhum (, ) est une eau-de-vie originaire des Amériques, transformée à partir de la canne à sucre ou de sous-produits de l'industrie sucrière. Il est consommé blanc, vieilli en fût (rhum vieux) ou épicé. Il prend alors une coloration ambrée plus ou moins foncée. En fonction des produits utilisés lors de sa préparation, il peut être appelé agricole ou industriel. | [
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Atos | Atos | Atos is a European multinational information technology (IT) service and consulting company headquartered in Bezons, France and offices worldwide. It specialises in hi-tech transactional services, unified communications, cloud, big data and cybersecurity services. Atos operates worldwide under the brands Atos, Atos-Syntel, Atos Consulting, Atos Healthcare, Atos Worldgrid, Bull, Canopy and Unify. | Atos est une entreprise de services du numérique (ESN) française, créée en 1997. Elle fait partie des 10 plus grandes ESN au niveau mondial, avec un chiffre d'affaires annuel de près de 11 milliards d'euros en 2019 et environ répartis dans. Le groupe, leader européen du cloud, de la cybersécurité et du supercalcul depuis son rachat de Bull, est coté au CAC 40. Atos est depuis 2001 le partenaire informatique mondial des Jeux olympiques et paralympiques. | [
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Quake III Arena | Quake III Arena | Quake III Arena is a 1999 multiplayer-focused first-person shooter developed by id Software. It is the third game in the "Quake" series; it differs from previous games by excluding a story-based single-player mode and highly focusing on multiplayer gameplay. The single-player mode is played against computer-controlled bots. It features music composed by Sonic Mayhem and Front Line Assembly founder Bill Leeb. | ' se déroule dans un univers de science-fiction dans lequel le joueur incarne un combattant participant à un tournoi de combats à mort. Comme ', il se distingue des jeux de tir classiques en proposant un mode solo centré sur des affrontements contre des bots et en proposant un système de jeu se focalisant sur le multijoueur. | [
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Hobbit | Hobbit | Hobbits are a fictional human-like race in the novels of J. R. R. Tolkien. About half the height of humans, they are also referred to as Halflings. They live barefooted, and live in underground houses which have windows, as they are typically built into the sides of hills. | Les Hobbits, également appelés Semis-hommes ou Periannath, forment un des peuples d'Hommes vivant en Terre du Milieu, dans le légendaire de l'écrivain britannique. Ils apparaissent pour la première fois dans le roman "Le Hobbit" et sont mentionnés dans "Le Silmarillion", mais leur histoire est principalement racontée dans le roman "Le Seigneur des anneaux", et plus particulièrement dans le prologue consacré aux Hobbits et à leur pays, La Comté. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Diffraction | Diffraction | Diffraction refers to various phenomena that occur when a wave encounters an obstacle or a slit. It is defined as the bending of waves around the corners of an obstacle or through an aperture into the region of geometrical shadow of the obstacle/aperture. The diffracting object or aperture effectively becomes a secondary source of the propagating wave. Italian scientist Francesco Maria Grimaldi coined the word "diffraction" and was the first to record accurate observations of the phenomenon in 1660. | La diffraction est le comportement des ondes lorsqu’elles rencontrent un obstacle ou une ouverture ; le phénomène peut être interprété par la diffusion d’une onde par les points de l'objet. La diffraction se manifeste par le fait qu'après la rencontre d’un objet, la densité de l'onde n’est pas conservée contrairement aux lois de l’optique géométrique. | [
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Scanning electron microscope | Microscopie électronique à balayage | A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is a type of electron microscope that produces images of a sample by scanning the surface with a focused beam of electrons. The electrons interact with atoms in the sample, producing various signals that contain information about the surface topography and composition of the sample. The electron beam is scanned in a raster scan pattern, and the position of the beam is combined with the intensity of the detected signal to produce an image. In the most common SEM mode, secondary electrons emitted by atoms excited by the electron beam are detected using a secondary electron detector (Everhart-Thornley detector). The number of secondary electrons that can be detected, and thus the signal intensity, depends, among other things, on specimen topography. SEM can achieve resolution better than 1 nanometer. | La microscopie électronique à balayage (MEB) ou "Scanning Electron Microscopy" ("SEM") en anglais est une technique de microscopie électronique capable de produire des images en haute résolution de la surface d’un échantillon en utilisant le principe des interactions électrons-matière. | [
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Kuril Islands | Îles Kouriles | The Kuril Islands or Kurile Islands (; or ; Japanese: or ) is a volcanic archipelago in Russia's Sakhalin Oblast that stretches approximately northeast from Hokkaido, Japan to Kamchatka, Russia, separating the Sea of Okhotsk from the north Pacific Ocean. There are 56 islands and many minor rocks. It consists of the Greater Kuril Chain and the Lesser Kuril Chain. The total land area is, and the total population is 19,434. | Les îles Kouriles (en, ) sont un archipel d'îles volcaniques formant sur une ligne discontinue débutant au large de la ville de Shibetsu, à l'extrémité est de l'île japonaise d'Hokkaidō, et s'achevant non loin de la pointe sud de la péninsule du Kamtchatka. Cette suite insulaire située en mer d'Okhotsk borde l'océan Pacifique au sud-est. L'archipel a changé plusieurs fois de statut par le passé et est aujourd'hui administré par la Russie, mais certaines îles sont revendiquées par le Japon. | [
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Wave interference | Interférence | In physics, interference is a phenomenon in which two waves superpose to form a resultant wave of greater, lower, or the same amplitude. Constructive and destructive interference result from the interaction of waves that are correlated or coherent with each other, either because they come from the same source or because they have the same or nearly the same frequency. Interference effects can be observed with all types of waves, for example, light, radio, acoustic, surface water waves, gravity waves, or matter waves. The resulting images or graphs are called interferograms. | En mécanique ondulatoire, les interférences sont la combinaison de deux ondes susceptibles d'interagir. Ce phénomène apparaît souvent en optique avec les ondes lumineuses, mais il s'obtient également avec des ondes électromagnétiques d'autres longueurs d'onde, ou avec d'autres types d'ondes comme des ondes sonores. À savoir aussi, le phénomène d'interférence ne se produit uniquement lors de la combinaison de deux ondes de même fréquence. | [
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Gulf of Finland | Golfe de Finlande | The Gulf of Finland (; ; ; ) is the easternmost arm of the Baltic Sea. It extends between Finland (to the north) and Estonia (to the south) all the way to Saint Petersburg in Russia, where the river Neva drains into it. Other major cities around the gulf include Helsinki and Tallinn. The eastern parts of the Gulf of Finland belong to Russia, and some of Russia's most important oil harbours are located farthest in, near Saint Petersburg (including Primorsk). As the seaway to Saint Petersburg, the Gulf of Finland has been and continues to be of considerable strategic importance to Russia. Some of the environmental problems affecting the Baltic Sea are at their most pronounced in the shallow gulf. | Le golfe de Finlande (en, en, en, en ) est un bras oriental de la mer Baltique séparant la Finlande (au nord) de l'Estonie (au sud). Le delta de la Neva, au fond de ce golfe à l'est, offre une ouverture maritime à la Russie. Plusieurs grandes villes sont en bordure du golfe : Tallinn, Helsinki et Saint-Pétersbourg. | [
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Mach (kernel) | Mach (noyau) | Mach () is a kernel developed at Carnegie Mellon University to support operating system research, primarily distributed and parallel computing. Mach is often mentioned as one of the earliest examples of a microkernel. However, not all versions of Mach are microkernels. Mach's derivatives are the basis of the operating system kernel in GNU Hurd and of Apple's XNU kernel used in macOS, iOS, iPadOS, tvOS, and watchOS. | Mach (prononcé ) est un noyau de système d'exploitation libre et gratuit écrit en langage C tout en étant orienté objet. Il est portable, temps réel et satisfait le niveau B3 des critères de sécurité du standard TCSEC. | [
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Electrohydrodynamics | Électrocinétique | Electrohydrodynamics (EHD), also known as electro-fluid-dynamics (EFD) or electrokinetics, is the study of the dynamics of electrically charged fluids. It is the study of the motions of ionized particles or molecules and their interactions with electric fields and the surrounding fluid. The term may be considered to be synonymous with the rather elaborate electrostrictive hydrodynamics. ESHD covers the following types of particle and fluid transport mechanisms: electrophoresis, electrokinesis, dielectrophoresis, electro-osmosis, and electrorotation. In general, the phenomena relate to the direct conversion of electrical energy into kinetic energy, and "vice versa". | Le terme électrocinétique peut désigner, soit l'ensemble des phénomènes et des lois relatifs aux charges électriques en mouvement, soit leur étude, et plus particulièrement celle du déplacement de l'électricité dans les milieux matériels, notamment les circuits électriques. L'électrocinétique s'oppose à l'électrostatique, ensemble ou étude des phénomènes et des lois relatifs à l'électricité immobile. | [
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Transmission electron microscopy | Microscopie électronique en transmission | Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a microscopy technique in which a beam of electrons is transmitted through a specimen to form an image. The specimen is most often an ultrathin section less than 100 nm thick or a suspension on a grid. An image is formed from the interaction of the electrons with the sample as the beam is transmitted through the specimen. The image is then magnified and focused onto an imaging device, such as a fluorescent screen, a layer of photographic film, or a sensor such as a scintillator attached to a charge-coupled device. | La microscopie électronique en transmission (MET, ou TEM pour "Transmission Electron Microscopy") est une technique de microscopie où un faisceau d'électrons est « transmis » à travers un échantillon très mince. Les effets d'interaction entre les électrons et l'échantillon donnent naissance à une image, dont la résolution peut atteindre 0,08 nanomètre (voire ). Les images obtenues ne sont généralement pas explicites, et doivent être interprétées à l'aide d'un support théorique. L'intérêt principal de ce microscope est de pouvoir combiner cette grande résolution avec les informations de l'espace de Fourier, c'est-à-dire la diffraction. Il est aussi possible d'identifier la composition chimique de l'échantillon en étudiant le rayonnement X provoqué par le faisceau électronique. Contrairement aux microscopes optiques, la résolution n'est pas limitée par la longueur d'onde des électrons, mais par les aberrations dues aux lentilles magnétiques. | [
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Thermal energy | Énergie thermique | Thermal energy refers to several distinct physical concepts, such as the internal energy of a system; heat or sensible heat, which are defined as types of energy transfer (as is work); or for the characteristic energy of a degree of freedom in a thermal system formula_1, where formula_2 is temperature and formula_3 is the Boltzmann constant. | L'énergie thermique est l'énergie cinétique d'agitation microscopique d'un objet, qui est due à une agitation désordonnée de ses molécules et de ses atomes. L'énergie thermique est une partie de l'énergie interne d'un corps. Les transferts d'énergie thermique entre corps sont appelés transferts thermiques et jouent un rôle essentiel en thermodynamique. Ils atteignent un équilibre lorsque la température des corps est égale. | [
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Noboru Takeshita | Noboru Takeshita | Takeshita led the largest faction at the time in the Liberal Democratic Party, which he inherited from Kakuei Tanaka, from the 1980s until his death in 2000. He was dubbed the "last shadow shogun" for his behind-the-scenes influence in Japanese politics. He was the last prime minister to serve during the long rule of Emperor Hirohito. | , né le à Kakeya, dans la préfecture de Shimane et mort le à Minato-ku, à Tokyo, est un homme d'État japonais. Il fut le ministre du Japon entre le et le. | [
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Solid angle | Angle solide | In geometry, a solid angle (symbol: ) is a measure of the amount of the field of view from some particular point that a given object covers. That is, it is a measure of how large the object appears to an observer looking from that point. The point from which the object is viewed is called the "apex" of the solid angle, and the object is said to "subtend" its solid angle from that point. | En mathématiques, en géométrie et en physique, un angle solide est l'analogue tridimensionnel de l'angle plan ou bidimensionnel. Il désigne d'abord une portion de l’espace délimitée par un cône non nécessairement circulaire. Le sommet du cône est le sommet de l’angle solide. L'angle solide désigne également, dans son sens le plus commun, la mesure de cette portion de l'espace. Son unité est le stéradian, noté sr, unité dérivée du Système international d'unités. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Georg Ohm | Georg Ohm | Georg Simon Ohm (, ; 16 March 1789 – 6 July 1854) was a German physicist and mathematician. As a school teacher, Ohm began his research with the new electrochemical cell, invented by Italian scientist Alessandro Volta. Using equipment of his own creation, Ohm found that there is a direct proportionality between the potential difference (voltage) applied across a conductor and the resultant electric current. This relationship is known as Ohm's law. | Georg Simon Ohm, né le à Erlangen et mort à 65 ans le à Munich, est un physicien allemand ayant étudié à l'université d'Erlangen. | [
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Autrans | Autrans | Autrans is a former commune in the Isère department in the Rhône-Alpes region of south-eastern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Autrans-Méaudre-en-Vercors. | Autrans est une ancienne commune française située dans le département de l'Isère en région Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, devenue, le, une commune déléguée de la commune nouvelle de Autrans-Méaudre en Vercors. | [
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Jacques Dutronc | Jacques Dutronc | Jacques Dutronc (born 28 April 1943) is a French singer, songwriter, guitarist, composer, and actor. He has been married to singer Françoise Hardy since 30 March 1981 and the two have a son (jazz guitarist Thomas Dutronc, born 1973). He also has been a longtime songwriting collaborator with Jacques Lanzmann. Some of Dutronc's best-known hits include "Il est cinq heures, Paris s'éveille" (a song akin to "Waterloo Sunset" by The Kinks that All Music Guide has called "his finest hour"), "Le Responsable", and "Les Cactus". | Jacques Dutronc, né le à Paris, est un chanteur, auteur-compositeur et acteur français. Comme chanteur, avec le parolier Jacques Lanzmann, il a interprété les tubes "Et moi, et moi, et moi", "Les playboys, Les Cactus", "J'aime les filles," "Il est cinq heures, Paris s'éveille", "L'Hôtesse de l'Air" et "Gentleman Cambrioleur", entre autres. | [
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Serial ATA | Serial ATA | Serial ATA (SATA, abbreviated from Serial AT Attachment) is a computer bus interface that connects host bus adapters to mass storage devices such as hard disk drives, optical drives, and solid-state drives. Serial ATA succeeded the earlier Parallel ATA (PATA) standard to become the predominant interface for storage devices. | La norme ou SATA (de l'anglais ", ou S-ATA), permet de connecter à une carte mère tout périphérique compatible avec cette norme (disque dur, lecteur de DVD). Elle spécifie notamment un format de transfert de données ainsi qu'un format de câble d'alimentation. | [
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Certified First Responder in France | Secourisme en France | See also : Certified First Responder and Emergency medical responder In France, the pre-hospital care is either performed by first responders from the fire department ("sapeurs-pompiers", most emergency situations) or from a private ambulance company (relative emergency at home), or by a medical team that includes a physician, a nurse and an ambulance technician (called "smur"). The intermediate scale, the firefighter nurse ("infirmier sapeur-pompier", ISP), is only a recent evolution and is performed by nurses specially trained acting with emergency protocols; these nurses are the French equivalent of the paramedics. The first responders are thus the most frequent answer to emergency calls. | En France, le secourisme est cadré par les lois et règlements. Le contenu des formations officielles et la formation des formateurs est définie de manière nationale, indépendamment de l'organisme formateur (association ou établissement public). La pratique des prompts secours (c'est-à-dire équipe constituée avec matériel intervenant spécifiquement sur du secours à personne) est également cadrée par les lois et règlements. | [
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Bibracte | Bibracte | Bibracte, a Gallic "oppidum" or fortified settlement, was the capital of the Aedui and one of the most important hillforts in Gaul. It was situated near modern Autun in Burgundy, France. The material culture of the Aedui corresponded to the Late Iron Age La Tène culture. | Bibracte était la capitale du peuple celte des Éduens, développé surtout au. Centre névralgique du pouvoir de l'aristocratie éduenne, c'était aussi un important lieu d'artisanat et de commerces où se côtoyaient mineurs, forgerons et frappeurs de monnaies sur une superficie de près de. | [
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History of the Jews in India | Histoire des Juifs en Inde | The history of the Jews in India reaches back to ancient times. Judaism was one of the first foreign religions to arrive in India in recorded history. Indian Jews are a religious minority of India, but, unlike many parts of the world, have historically lived in India without any instances of anti-Semitism from the local majority populace. The better-established ancient communities have assimilated many local traditions through cultural diffusion. While some Jews state their ancestors arrived in India during the time of the Kingdom of Judah, others identify themselves as descendants of Israel's Ten Lost Tribes. It is estimated that India's Jewish population peaked at around 20,000 in the mid-1940s, and began to rapidly decline due to their emigration to Israel after its creation in 1948. | Lhistoire des Juifs en Inde recouvre celle de trois communautés juives historiques totalisant six mille membres (1997), chacune dans une aire géographique très déterminée : la communauté de Cochin dans le Sud du sous-continent, les Bene Israël dans les environs de Bombay et la communauté "Baghdadi" (« ceux de Bagdad ») aux alentours de Calcutta et de Bombay. La communauté de Cochin est elle-même divisée en deux groupes : les « Juifs noirs », plus anciens, et les « Juifs blancs », d'origine plus récente. | [
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Equinox | Équinoxe | An equinox is commonly regarded as the instant of time when the plane (extended indefinitely in all directions) of Earth's equator passes through the center of the Sun. This occurs twice each year, around 20 March and 23 September. In other words, it is the moment at which the center of the visible Sun is directly above the equator. | Un équinoxe est un instant de l'année où le Soleil traverse le plan équatorial terrestre, changeant ainsi d'hémisphère céleste. Cette définition astronomique précise la conception pré-scientifique selon laquelle l'équinoxe est le moment où la durée du jour est égale à celle de la nuit. Étymologiquement, le terme "équinoxe" provient du latin ', de'(égal) et "" (nuit). | [
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Passerine | Passeriformes | A passerine is any bird of the order Passeriformes, which includes more than half of all bird species. Sometimes known as perching birds or songbirds, passerines are distinguished from other orders of birds by the arrangement of their toes (three pointing forward and one back), which facilitates perching, amongst other features specific to their evolutionary history in Australaves. | Les Passeriformes (ou passériformes) sont le plus grand ordre de la classe des oiseaux. Le taxon regroupe en effet plus de la moitié des espèces d'oiseaux. La classification est sujette à une révision permanente mais, les passereaux, parmi les oiseaux modernes, sont généralement distingués des perroquets, des colious, des rapaces nocturnes, des faucons, des pics, des colombes, des grues, des flamants, des cigognes, des grèbes, des plongeons, des manchots et autres clades moins familiers, au sein desquels les regroupements sont eux mêmes sans cesse remis en cause. Autrefois appelés "oiseaux percheurs", ils sont qualifiés en anglais de « "" », oiseaux chanteurs. | [
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Northern Territory | Territoire du Nord | The Northern Territory (NT; formally the Northern Territory of Australia) is an Australian territory in the central and central northern regions of Australia. It shares borders with Western Australia to the west (129th meridian east), South Australia to the south (26th parallel south), and Queensland to the east (138th meridian east). To the north, the territory looks out to the Timor Sea, the Arafura Sea and the Gulf of Carpentaria, including Western New Guinea and other islands of the Indonesian archaepeligo. The NT covers, making it the third-largest Australian federal division, and the 11th-largest country subdivision in the world. It is sparsely populated, with a population of only 244,761, fewer than half as many people as Tasmania. | Le Territoire du Nord (en ) est un territoire d'Australie. Il occupe une partie importante du centre et du Nord de l'île principale. Malgré sa grande taille (plus de ), la troisième plus grande subdivision australienne, il est le moins peuplé avec. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Ochratoxin A | Ochratoxine A | Ochratoxin A—a toxin produced by different "Aspergillus" and "Penicillium" species — is one of the most-abundant food-contaminating mycotoxins. It is also a frequent contaminant of water-damaged houses and of heating ducts. Human exposure can occur through consumption of contaminated food products, particularly contaminated grain and pork products, as well as coffee, wine grapes, and dried grapes. The toxin has been found in the tissues and organs of animals, including human blood and breast milk. Ochratoxin A, like most toxic substances, has large species- and sex-specific toxicological differences. | L'ochratoxine A est une mycotoxine produite par plusieurs champignons microscopiques (genres "Penicillium" et "Aspergillus") et naturellement présente dans de nombreux produits végétaux du monde entier, tels que les céréales, les grains de café, le cacao et les fruits séchés. Les champignons en question se développent principalement aux champs et non pendant le stockage. | [
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Reservoir Dogs | Reservoir Dogs | Reservoir Dogs is a 1992 American independent crime film written and directed by Quentin Tarantino in his feature-length debut. It stars Harvey Keitel, Tim Roth, Chris Penn, Steve Buscemi, Lawrence Tierney, Michael Madsen, Quentin Tarantino, and Edward Bunker as diamond thieves whose planned heist of a jewelry store goes terribly wrong. The film depicts the events before and after the heist. Kirk Baltz, Randy Brooks, and Steven Wright also play supporting roles. It incorporates many motifs that have become Tarantino's hallmarks: violent crime, pop culture references, profanity, and nonlinear storytelling. | , ou Les Enragés au Québec, est un film américain écrit et réalisé par Quentin Tarantino, sorti en 1992. Il décrit une bande de truands et les événements qui surviennent avant et après un braquage raté. Première réalisation de Quentin Tarantino, ce film indépendant compte notamment Harvey Keitel, Tim Roth, Michael Madsen et Steve Buscemi dans sa distribution et introduit dans ses thèmes et son esthétique ce qui deviendra la marque de fabrique Tarantino : dialogues stylisés, narration non linéaire, références à la culture populaire, violence et langage vulgaire. | [
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Western Australia | Australie-Occidentale | Western Australia (abbreviated as WA) is a state occupying the entire western third of Australia. It is bounded by the Indian Ocean to the north and west, and the Southern Ocean to the south, the Northern Territory to the north-east, and South Australia to the south-east. Western Australia is Australia's largest state, with a total land area of 2,529,875 square kilometres (976,790 sq mi), and the second-largest country subdivision in the world, surpassed only by Russia's Sakha Republic. The state has about 2.6 million inhabitants around 11 percent of the national total of whom the vast majority (92 percent) live in the south-west corner, 79 percent of the population living in the Perth area, leaving the remainder of the state sparsely populated. | L'Australie-Occidentale (, WA) est le plus vaste État d'Australie qui avec représente environ un tiers de la superficie de l'île principale. Occupant tout l'ouest du pays, il est bordé à l'ouest et au nord par l'océan Indien, à l'est par le Territoire du Nord et l'Australie-Méridionale et au sud par la Grande Baie australienne. | [
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Frédéric Mistral | Frédéric Mistral | Frederic Mistral (;, 8 September 1830 – 25 March 1914) was an Occitan writer and lexicographer of the Occitan language. Mistral received the 1904 Nobel Prize in Literature "in recognition of the fresh originality and true inspiration of his poetic production, which faithfully reflects the natural scenery and native spirit of his people, and, in addition, his significant work as a Provençal philologist". He was a founding member of Félibrige and a member of l'Académie de Marseille. | Frédéric Mistral ou "Frederi Mistral" en provençal est un écrivain et lexicographe français de langue occitane, né le à Maillane (Bouches-du-Rhône), où il est mort le, et où il est inhumé. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Henri Lebesgue | Henri-Léon Lebesgue | Henri Léon Lebesgue (; June 28, 1875 – July 26, 1941) was a French mathematician known for his theory of integration, which was a generalization of the 17th-century concept of integration—summing the area between an axis and the curve of a function defined for that axis. His theory was published originally in his dissertation "Intégrale, longueur, aire" ("Integral, length, area") at the University of Nancy during 1902. | Henri-Léon Lebesgue (1875-1941), plus connu sous le nom de Henri Lebesgue, est l'un des grands mathématiciens français de la première moitié du. Il est reconnu pour sa théorie d'intégration publiée initialement dans sa dissertation "Intégrale, longueur, aire" à l'université de Nancy en 1902. | [
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Plague (disease) | Peste | Plague is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium "Yersinia pestis". Symptoms include fever, weakness and headache. Usually this begins one to seven days after exposure. In the bubonic form there is also swelling of lymph nodes, while in the septicemic form tissues may turn black and die, and in the pneumonic form shortness of breath, cough and chest pain may occur. Bubonic and septicemic plague are generally spread by flea bites or handling an infected animal. The pneumonic form is generally spread between people through the air via infectious droplets. Diagnosis is typically by finding the bacterium in fluid from a lymph node, blood or sputum. Those at high risk may be vaccinated. Those exposed to a case of pneumonic plague may be treated with preventive medication. If infected, treatment is with antibiotics and supportive care. Typically antibiotics include a combination of gentamicin and a fluoroquinolone. The risk of death with treatment is about 10% while without it is about 70%. Globally, about 600 cases are reported a year. In 2017, the countries with the most cases include the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Madagascar and Peru. In the United States, infections occasionally occur in rural areas, where the bacteria are believed to circulate among rodents. It has historically occurred in large outbreaks, with the best known being the Black Death in the 14th century, which resulted in more than 50 million deaths. | La peste est une anthropozoonose, c'est-à-dire une maladie commune à l'homme et à l'animal. Elle est causée par le bacille "Yersinia pestis", découvert par Alexandre Yersin de l'Institut Pasteur en 1894. Ce bacille est aussi responsable de pathologies pulmonaires de moindre gravité chez certains petits mammifères et animaux de compagnie (on parle dans ce cas de peste sauvage). | [
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Diamond | Diamant | Diamond is a solid form of the element carbon with its atoms arranged in a crystal structure called diamond cubic. At room temperature and pressure, another solid form of carbon known as graphite is the chemically stable form, but diamond almost never converts to it. Diamond has the highest hardness and thermal conductivity of any natural material, properties that are utilized in major industrial applications such as cutting and polishing tools. They are also the reason that diamond anvil cells can subject materials to pressures found deep in the Earth. | Le diamant (\dja.mã\) est l'allotrope de haute pression du carbone, métastable à basses température et pression. Moins stable que le graphite et la lonsdaléite qui sont les deux autres formes de cristallisation du carbone, sa renommée en tant que minéral lui vient de ses propriétés physiques et des fortes liaisons covalentes entre ses atomes arrangés selon un système cristallin cubique. En particulier, le diamant est le matériau naturel le plus dur (avec l'indice maximal (10) sur l'échelle de Mohs) et il possède une très forte conductivité thermique. Ses propriétés font que le diamant trouve de nombreuses applications dans l'industrie comme outils de coupe et d'usinage, dans les sciences comme bistouris ou enclumes à diamant et dans la joaillerie pour ses propriétés optiques. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Superposition principle | Principe de superposition | The superposition principle, also known as superposition property, states that, for all linear systems, the net response caused by two or more stimuli is the sum of the responses that would have been caused by each stimulus individually. So that if input "A" produces response "X" and input "B" produces response "Y" then input ("A" + "B") produces response ("X" + "Y"). | On dit qu'un système de type entrée-sortie est linéaire ou relève du principe de superposition si: Dans le domaine des systèmes physiques et mécaniques, on appelle souvent l'entrée "excitation" et la sortie "réponse". | [
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Censorship | Censure | Censorship is the suppression of speech, public communication, or other information, on the basis that such material is considered objectionable, harmful, sensitive, or "inconvenient." Censorship can be conducted by governments, private institutions, and other controlling bodies. | La censure est la limitation arbitraire ou doctrinale de la liberté d'expression de chacun. Elle passe par l'examen du détenteur d'un pouvoir (étatique ou religieux par exemple) sur des publications, des pièces de théâtre, des films ou diverses œuvres d'art, avant d'en permettre la production et la diffusion au public. Par extension, la censure désigne différentes formes d'atteintes à la liberté d'expression et de création, avant et/ou après leur diffusion (censure "a priori" et "a posteriori"). La censure politique (limitation par le gouvernement de la liberté d'expression) est différente de la censure indirecte, non officielle, mais sous forme de pression, en particulier une forme de censure économique (due notamment à la concentration des médias, etc.) ; les phénomènes d'autocensure peuvent également être ajoutés. | [
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Battle of Sluys | Bataille de L'Écluse (1340) | The Battle of Sluys (; ), also called the Battle of l'Ecluse, was a naval battle fought on 24 June 1340 between England and France. It took place in the roadstead of the port of Sluys (French "Écluse"), on a since silted-up inlet between Zeeland and West Flanders. The English fleet of 120–150 ships was led by Edward III of England and the 230-strong French fleet by the Breton knight Hugues Quiéret, Admiral of France, and Nicolas Béhuchet, Constable of France. The battle was one of the opening engagements of the Hundred Years' War. | Le, lors de la bataille navale de L'Écluse ("Sluis" en Flandre zélandaise), le roi anglais Édouard III, prétendant à la couronne de France, anéantit la flotte de son rival, le roi de France Philippe VI de Valois, devant l'estuaire du Zwin, ce bras de mer (de nos jours ensablé) qui mène à Bruges. | [
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Icelandic language | Islandais | Icelandic (; ) is a North Germanic language spoken by about 314,000 people, the vast majority of whom live in Iceland where it is the national language. It is most closely related to Faroese and Western Norwegian. | L'islandais (") est une langue germanique parlée principalement en Islande, dont elle est la langue officielle. L'islandais fait partie de la branche occidentale des langues nord-germaniques, et possède à ce titre des similarités avec le féroïen. Elle est issue, comme les autres langues scandinaves, du vieux norrois. | [
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Mycotoxin | Mycotoxine | A mycotoxin (from the Greek μύκης, "fungus" and τοξίνη, "toxin") is a toxic secondary metabolite produced by organisms of the fungus kingdom and is capable of causing disease and death in both humans and other animals. The term'mycotoxin' is usually reserved for the toxic chemical products produced by fungi that readily colonize crops. | Les mycotoxines (du grec ancien μύκης : « champignon » ; et toxine) sont des toxines élaborées par diverses espèces de champignons microscopiques telles que les moisissures ("Aspergillus" sp., "Fusarium" sp., "Stachybotrys" sp., "Penicillium" sp.) | [
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El Pas de la Casa | Le Pas de la Case | El Pas de la Casa (; ) is a ski resort (part of the Grandvalira resort), town, and mountain pass in the Encamp parish of Andorra, lying on the border with France. | Le Pas de la Case () est une agglomération de la paroisse andorrane d'Encamp jouxtant la frontière entre l'Andorre et la France. Station de ski (Grandvalira) et centre de commerce transfrontalier, c'est l'unique point de passage routier entre les deux États. | [
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Stylidiaceae | Stylidiaceae | The family Stylidiaceae is a taxon of dicotyledonous flowering plants. It consists of five genera with over 240 species, most of which are endemic to Australia and New Zealand. Members of Stylidiaceae are typically grass-like herbs or small shrubs and can be perennials or annuals. Most species are free standing or self-supporting, though a few can be climbing or scrambling ("Stylidium scandens" uses leaf tips recurved into hooks to climb). | La famille des Stylidiacées regroupe des plantes dicotylédones. En circonscription classique et dans la elle comprend 155 espèces réparties en 5 genres. | [
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Common linnet | Linotte mélodieuse | The common linnet ("Linaria cannabina") is a small passerine bird of the finch family, Fringillidae. It derives its scientific name from its fondness for hemp seeds and flax seeds—flax being the English name for the plant from which linen is made. | La Linotte mélodieuse ("Linaria cannabina", anciennement "Carduelis cannabina") est une petite espèce de passereaux bruns, à la poitrine rosée de la famille des fringillidés. Son gazouillis est agréable et doux, son vol vif et léger. | [
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Tsar | Tsar | Tsar ( or ), also spelled czar, or tzar or csar, is a title used to designate East and South Slavic monarchs or supreme rulers of Eastern Europe, originally the Bulgarian monarchs from 10th century onwards, much later a title for two rulers of the Serbian State, and from 1547 the supreme ruler of the Tsardom of Russia and the Russian Empire. In this last capacity it lends its name to a system of government, tsarist autocracy or tsarism. The term is derived from the Latin word "caesar", which was intended to mean "emperor" in the European medieval sense of the term—a ruler with the same rank as a Roman emperor, holding it by the approval of another emperor or a supreme ecclesiastical official (the Pope or the Ecumenical Patriarch)—but was usually considered by western Europeans to be equivalent to king, or to be somewhat in between a royal and imperial rank. | Le tsar est le souverain de la Russie (de 1547 à 1917), de la Bulgarie (de 917 à 1018, de 1185 à 1422 et de 1908 à 1946) ou de la Serbie (de 1346 à 1371). Le tsarisme est une forme d'autocratie (plus tard de l'absolutisme) spécifique à la grande-principauté de Moscou (devenu par la suite le tsarat de Russie, puis l'Empire russe). | [
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Genevieve | Geneviève de Paris | Genevieve (; ; from Gaullish "geno" "race, lineage" and "uida" "sage") (Nanterre, 419/422 AD – Paris 502/512 AD), is the patron saint of Paris in the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox traditions. Her feast day is kept on 3 January. | Geneviève (née à Nanterre vers 420, morte à Paris vers 500) est une sainte française, patronne de la ville de Paris, du diocèse de Nanterre et des gendarmes. La forme issue du latin Genovefa est également employée et a donné le nom "Génovéfain" (religieux). | [
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Via Campesina | Via Campesina | La Vía Campesina (from Spanish "la vía campesina", the peasants' way) is an international farmers organization founded in 1993 in Mons, Belgium, formed by 182 organisations in 81 countries, and describing itself as "an international movement which coordinates peasant organizations of small and middle-scale producers, agricultural workers, rural women, and indigenous communities from Asia, Africa, America, and Europe". | La Via Campesina (La Voie paysanne » en espagnol) est un mouvement international qui coordonne des organisations de petits et moyens paysans, de travailleurs agricoles, de fermes rurales, de communautés indigènes d'Asie, des Amériques, d'Europe et d'Afrique. Ce réseau a vu le jour en 1993. | [
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Woodrow Wilson | Woodrow Wilson | Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856February 3, 1924) was an American politician, lawyer, and academic who served as the 28th president of the United States from 1913 to 1921. A member of the Democratic Party, Wilson served as the president of Princeton University and as the 34th governor of New Jersey before winning the 1912 presidential election. As president, he oversaw the passage of progressive legislative policies unparalleled until the New Deal in 1933. He also led the United States into World War I in 1917, establishing an activist foreign policy known as "Wilsonianism." He was the leading architect of the League of Nations. | Thomas Woodrow Wilson, né à Staunton (Virginie) le et mort à Washington, D.C. le, est le vingt-huitième président des États-Unis. Il est élu pour deux mandats consécutifs de 1913 à 1921. | [
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Anno Domini | Anno Domini | The terms (AD) and before Christ (BC) are used to label or number years in the Julian and Gregorian calendars. The term "" is Medieval Latin and means "in the year of the Lord", but is often presented using "our Lord" instead of "the Lord", taken from the full original phrase ""anno Domini nostri Jesu Christi"", which translates to "in the year of our Lord Jesus Christ". | Anno Domini (en latin « en l'année du Seigneur », abrégé en « AD »), ou plus exactement Anno Domini Nostri Iesu Christi, signifie littéralement « en l'année de notre Seigneur Jésus-Christ ». Cette expression est formée du mot "annus" (« année ») au cas ablatif "anno", suivi du mot "Dominus" (« Seigneur ») au cas génitif "Domini". Elle se réfère à l’année de la naissance de Jésus-Christ telle qu'elle fut évaluée au. | [
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Philip II of France | Philippe II Auguste | Philip II (21 August 1165 – 14 July 1223), known as Philip Augustus (), was King of France from 1180 to 1223. His predecessors had been known as kings of the Franks, but from 1190 onward, Philip became the first French monarch to style himself "King of France". The son of King Louis VII and his third wife, Adela of Champagne, he was originally nicknamed "Dieudonné" (God-given) because he was a first son and born late in his father's life. Philip was given the epithet "Augustus" by the chronicler Rigord for having extended the crown lands of France so remarkably. | Philippe dit « Auguste », né le à Paris et mort à Mantes le, est le septième roi (1180-1223) de la dynastie des Capétiens. Il est le fils héritier de et d'Adèle de Champagne. | [
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Sées | Sées | Sées is a commune in the Orne department in north-western France. It lies on the Orne River from its source and north-by-northeast of Alençon. | Sées est une commune française située dans le département de l’Orne, en région Normandie, peuplée de. Sées est le siège de l’évêché de Séez. | [
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Tabula Peutingeriana | Table de Peutinger | The map is a 13th-century parchment copy of a possible Roman original. It covers Europe (without the Iberian Peninsula and the British Isles), North Africa, and parts of Asia, including the Middle East, Persia, and India. According to one hypothesis, the existing map is based on a document of the 4th or 5th century that contained a copy of the world map originally prepared by Agrippa during the reign of the emperor Augustus (27 BC – AD 14). However, Emily Albu has suggested that the existing map could instead be based on an original from the Carolingian period. | La table de Peutinger ( ou ), appelée aussi carte des étapes de Castorius, est une copie du d'une ancienne carte romaine où figurent les routes et les villes principales de l'Empire romain qui constituaient le "cursus publicus". Ce document était également connu autrefois sous le nom de « table théodosienne » (ou "tabula theodosiana"), nom qui fait référence à l'empereur Théodose car, selon d'Aigueperse, une copie affiche des vers écrits sous cet empereur. Elle est conservée à la Bibliothèque nationale autrichienne de Vienne (Autriche). | [
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Konrad Peutinger | Konrad Peutinger | Conrad Peutinger (14 October 1465 – 28 December 1547) was a German humanist, jurist, diplomat, politician, and economist. A senior official in the municipal government of the Imperial City of Augsburg, he served as a counselor to Emperor Maximilian I and his successor Charles V. Also known as a passionate antiquarian, he collected, with the help of his wife Margareta Welser (1481–1552), one of the largest private libraries north of the Alps. | Konrad ou Conrad Peutinger ( ; Augsbourg, - Augsbourg, ), était un humaniste, juriste et amateur d'antiquités allemand. Peutinger est un intime de l'empereur Maximilien d'Autriche. Il est aussi l'un des premiers à publier des inscriptions romaines. Son nom reste associé principalement à la Table de Peutinger, copie d'une carte ancienne montrant l'Empire romain et les routes militaires qui le traversent. Il avait hérité la carte au décès de son ami Conrad Celtes (Konrad Bickel, 1459-1508), le bibliothécaire de Maximilien, qui prétendait l'avoir découverte dans la bibliothèque en 1494. Peutinger aurait voulu publier cette carte, mais il mourut avant de mener cette tâche à bien. La "Table de Peutinger" fut finalement publiée en 1753 par Franz Christoph von Scheyb. Peutinger a aussi publié la "Historia Gothorum" de Jordanes, et la "Historia gentis Langobardorum" de Paul Diacre. | [
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Tofu | Tofu | Tofu, also known as bean curd, is a food prepared by coagulating soy milk and then pressing the resulting curds into solid white blocks of varying softness; it can be "silken", "soft", "firm", or "extra firm". Beyond these broad categories, there are many varieties of tofu. It has a subtle flavor, so it can be used in savory and sweet dishes. It is often seasoned or marinated to suit the dish and its flavors, and due to its spongy texture it absorbs flavors well. It is most often treated as a meat substitute. It is a traditional component of East Asian and Southeast Asian cuisines, and has been consumed in China for over 2,000 years. | Le tofu (prononciation : /tɔ.fy/ au Québec ou /tɔ.fu/ ) ou fromage de soja est un aliment d'origine chinoise, issu du caillage du lait de soja. C'est une pâte blanche, molle, peu odorante et au goût plutôt neutre, constituant une base importante de l'alimentation asiatique. Il est aussi consommé par des végétariens et végétaliens parce qu'il peut être utilisé comme ingrédient dans de nombreuses recettes de cuisine. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Thévenin's theorem | Théorème de Thévenin | As originally stated in terms of DC resistive circuits only, Thévenin's theorem (aka Helmholtz–Thévenin theorem) holds that: In circuit theory terms, the theorem allows any one-port network to be reduced to a single voltage source and a single impedance. | Le théorème de Thévenin a été d'abord démontré par le scientifique allemand Hermann von Helmholtz en 1853, puis en 1883 par l'ingénieur télégraphe français Léon Charles Thévenin. Ce théorème se déduit principalement des propriétés de linéarité et du principe de superposition qui en découle. Il s'utilise pour convertir une partie d'un réseau complexe en un dipôle plus simple. | [
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Léon Charles Thévenin | Léon Charles Thévenin | Léon Charles Thévenin (; 30 March 1857, Meaux, Seine-et-Marne – 21 September 1926, Paris) was a French telegraph engineer who extended Ohm's law to the analysis of complex electrical circuits. | Léon Charles Thévenin ( à Meaux - à Paris) est un ingénieur en télégraphie français. Il est l'auteur du théorème de Thévenin. | [
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Phrymaceae | Phrymaceae | Phrymaceae, also known as the lopseed family, is a small family of flowering plants in the order Lamiales. It has a nearly cosmopolitan distribution, but is concentrated in two centers of diversity, one in Australia, the other in western North America. Members of this family occur in diverse habitats, including deserts, river banks and mountains. | Les Phrymacées "(Phrymaceae)" sont une famille des plantes dicotylédones. En, les "Mazaceae" (genres "Dodartia", "Lancea" et "Mazus") sont une famille distincte. | [
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Space elevator | Ascenseur spatial | A space elevator is a proposed type of planet-to-space transportation system. The main component would be a cable (also called a tether) anchored to the surface and extending into space. The design would permit vehicles to travel along the cable from a planetary surface, such as the Earth's, directly into space or orbit, without the use of large rockets. An Earth-based space elevator would consist of a cable with one end attached to the surface near the equator and the other end in space beyond geostationary orbit (35,786 km altitude). The competing forces of gravity, which is stronger at the lower end, and the outward/upward centrifugal force, which is stronger at the upper end, would result in the cable being held up, under tension, and stationary over a single position on Earth. With the tether deployed, climbers could repeatedly climb the tether to space by mechanical means, releasing their cargo to orbit. Climbers could also descend the tether to return cargo to the surface from orbit. | L’ascenseur spatial est un type de transport spatial entre la surface et une orbite autour de la Terre (ou d'un autre astre : lune (ascenseur spatial lunaire), autre planète). | [
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Sakhalin | Sakhaline | Sakhalin ( or ; ; "Karafuto") is the largest island of the Russian Federation, situated in the North Pacific Ocean between 45°50' and 54°24' N. It is administered as part of Sakhalin Oblast. Sakhalin, which is about one third the size of Honshu, is just off the Russian Pacific coast (Khabarovsk Krai), and just north of the Japanese island of Hokkaido. The population of Sakhalin island was 497,973 as of the 2010 census, made up of mostly ethnic Russians and a smaller Korean community. The indigenous peoples of the island are the Ainu, Oroks and Nivkhs. | Sakhaline (en ; en ; en, ) est une île russe située dans le nord-ouest de l'océan Pacifique, au large de la Sibérie, à environ (orthodromie) de Moscou. Si l'on voyage par train la distance totale parcourue depuis Moscou jusqu'à Ioujno-Sakhalinsk sera de, dont par voie ferrée de Moscou à Vanino. | [
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Don Rosa | Don Rosa | Keno Don Hugo Rosa (), known simply as Don Rosa (born June 29, 1951), is an American comic book writer and illustrator known for his Disney comics stories about Scrooge McDuck, Donald Duck, and other characters that Carl Barks created for Disney-licensed comic books, first published in America by Dell Comics. Many of his stories are built on characters and locations created by Carl Barks; among these was his very first Duck story, "The Son of the Sun" (1987), which was nominated for a Harvey Award in the "Best Story of the Year" category. | Keno Don Hugo Rosa (né le à Louisville, dans le Kentucky) est un auteur américain de comics. Il s'est spécialisé dans les aventures des personnages de Donald Duck et de son univers : Donaldville, en portant une attention toute particulière au personnage de Balthazar Picsou. Il a créé une série retraçant sa jeunesse, qui lui a valu plusieurs récompenses et une reconnaissance importante dans le monde de la bande dessinée, au-delà du simple label Disney : "La Jeunesse de Picsou" ("The Life and Times of Scrooge McDuck"). | [
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Malthusian catastrophe | Catastrophe malthusienne | A Malthusian catastrophe (also known as Malthusian check, Malthusian crisis, Malthusian spectre or Malthusian crunch) occurs when population growth outpaces agricultural production. | Une catastrophe malthusienne désigne un effondrement démographique qui suit une croissance exponentielle de la population. Cette baisse drastique de la population est due à l'épuisement des ressources consécutif à cette croissance et/ou à la pollution engendrée (par extension). | [
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Brigid of Kildare | Brigitte d'Irlande | Saint Brigid of Kildare or Brigid of Ireland (; ; 525) is one of Ireland's patron saints, along with Patrick and Columba. Irish hagiography makes her an early Irish Christian nun, abbess, and foundress of several monasteries of nuns, including that of Kildare in Ireland, which was famous and was revered. Her feast day is 1 February, which was originally a pagan festival called Imbolc, marking the beginning of spring. Her feast day is shared by Dar Lugdach, who tradition says was her student, close companion, and the woman who succeeded her. | Sainte Brigitte d'Irlande ou Brigitte de Kildare (ou en breton santez Berc'hed ou Berhet ou Perhet), est née en 451 à Faughart près de Dundalk, dans le comté de Louth, en Irlande. Elle est morte vers 525 à Kil Dara (Kildare) étymologiquement interprété comme la « cellule du chêne » (lire ici "cellule monastique"). C'est une sainte des Églises catholique et orthodoxe. Les fidèles l’honorent le. | [
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The Prince | Le Prince | The Prince (, ) is a 16th-century political treatise by the Italian diplomat and political theorist Niccolò Machiavelli. From his correspondence, a version appears to have been distributed in 1513, using a Latin title, "De Principatibus" ("Of Principalities"). However, the printed version was not published until 1532, five years after Machiavelli's death. This was carried out with the permission of the Medici pope Clement VII, but "long before then, in fact since the first appearance of "The Prince" in manuscript, controversy had swirled about his writings". | Le Prince, traduction française de l'ouvrage Il Principe" ou "De Principatibus est un traité politique écrit au début du par Nicolas Machiavel, homme politique et écrivain florentin, qui montre comment devenir prince et le rester, analysant des exemples de l'histoire antique et de l'histoire italienne de l'époque. Parce que l'ouvrage ne donnait pas de conseils moraux au prince comme les traités classiques adressés à des rois, et qu'au contraire il conseillait dans certains cas des actions contraires aux bonnes mœurs, il a été souvent accusé d'immoralisme, donnant lieu à l'épithète machiavélique. Cependant, l'ouvrage a connu une grande postérité et a été loué et analysé par de nombreux penseurs. | [
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National Front (Belgium) | Agir (Belgique) | The National Democratie () was a francophone Belgian far-right political party. The party advocated a strong unitary Belgian nationalism, strongly opposed immigration, and reached out to Flemish voters. | L'Alliance générale d'initiative régionale, abrégée en Agir, dénommée Front national belge jusqu'en 2016, est un parti politique belge francophone d'extrême droite, fondé en 1985 par Daniel Féret. Il est présidé par Salvatore Nicotra. Ce parti est issu de trois groupuscules : le Mouvement social nationaliste, l'Union pour une nouvelle démocratie et le groupe Delta. Entre 1989 et 1991, il est rejoint par la majorité des dirigeants du Front de la jeunesse et du Parti des forces nouvelles. | [
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Island | Île | An island or isle is any piece of sub-continental land that is surrounded by water. Very small islands such as emergent land features on atolls can be called islets, skerries, cays or keys. An island in a river or a lake island may be called an eyot or ait, and a small island off the coast may be called a holm. Sedimentary islands in the Ganges delta are called chars. A grouping of geographically or geologically related islands, such as the Philippines, is referred to as an archipelago. | Une île (anciennement "isle", ile depuis la réforme de 1990) est une masse de terre entourée d'eau de manière permanente ou parfois de manière temporaire en fonction des marées. L'eau baignant les îles peut être celle d'un océan, d'une mer, d'un lac ou d'un cours d'eau. Les îles peuvent être temporaires (banc de sable, volcans, etc.) ou permanentes, isolées ou groupées avec d'autres îles et peuvent alors former un archipel. Une petite île est parfois désignée sous les termes d'îlet ou d'îlot. | [
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Microsoft Word | Microsoft Word | Microsoft Word, also referred to as simply Word, is a word processor developed by Microsoft. It was first released on October 25, 1983 under the name "Multi-Tool Word" for Xenix systems. Subsequent versions were later written for several other platforms including IBM PCs running DOS (1983), Apple Macintosh running the Classic Mac OS (1985), AT&T Unix PC (1985), Atari ST (1988), OS/2 (1989), Microsoft Windows (1989), SCO Unix (1994), and macOS (formerly OS X; 2001). | Sa première version a été distribuée en 1983 sous le nom de (« Multi-Outil de traitement de texte ») pour le système d'exploitation Xenix qui était une version du système Unix à la fin des années 1970. | [
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Charles, Prince of Wales | Charles de Galles | Charles, Prince of Wales (Charles Philip Arthur George; born 14 November 1948), is the heir apparent to the British throne as the eldest son of Queen Elizabeth II. He has been Duke of Cornwall and Duke of Rothesay since 1952, and he is the oldest and longest-serving heir apparent in British history. He is also the longest-serving Prince of Wales, having held that title since 1958. | Le prince Charles, prince de Galles, né le à Londres, est un membre de la famille royale britannique, de la maison Windsor. | [
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The Fountains of Paradise | Les Fontaines du paradis | The Fountains of Paradise is a science fiction novel by British writer Arthur C. Clarke. Set in the 22nd century, it describes the construction of a space elevator. This "orbital tower" is a giant structure rising from the ground and linking with a satellite in geostationary orbit at the height of approximately 36,000 kilometers (approx. 22,300 miles). Such a structure would be used to raise payloads to orbit without the expense of using rockets. The novel won both the Hugo and Nebula Awards for Best Novel. | Les Fontaines du paradis ("") est un roman de science-fiction britannique d'Arthur C. Clarke paru en 1979 par l'éditeur Victor Gollancz Ltd au Royaume-Uni. En France, il est publié en 1980 par Albin Michel dans la collection "Super+Fiction". Il est connu pour avoir popularisé le concept d'ascenseur spatial. | [
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Shintaro Ishihara | Shintarō Ishihara | His arts career included a prize-winning novel, best-sellers and work also in theater, film and journalism. His 1989 book, "The Japan That Can Say No", co-authored with Sony chairman Akio Morita (released in 1991 in English), called on the authors' countrymen to stand up to the United States. | , né le à Kobe, est un écrivain et homme politique japonais. Il est gouverneur de la préfecture de Tōkyō du au, ayant annoncé sa démission le 25 octobre précédent afin de former son nouveau parti politique et de participer aux élections législatives suivantes. Il s'associe alors avec des parlementaires du Parti de l'aube du Japon, situé à la droite de l'échiquier politique, avant de rejoindre l'Association pour la restauration du Japon (ARJ) d'une autre personnalité locale, le maire d'Osaka Tōru Hashimoto, et en prend la présidence. Il a également eu une carrière parlementaire sous les couleurs du Parti libéral-démocrate (PLD) : d'abord membre de la Chambre des conseillers, la chambre haute de la Diète du Japon, pour la préfecture nationale de 1968 à 1972, puis est député à la Chambre des représentants, la chambre basse, pour l'ancien de Tōkyō de 1972 à 1995. Il est de nouveau député, élu à la proportionnelle dans un bloc législatif correspondant à Tōkyō, pour l'ARJ depuis 2012. | [
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John Neumann | Jean Népomucène Neumann | John Nepomucene Neumann (, ; March 28, 1811 – January 5, 1860) was a Catholic priest from Bohemia. He immigrated to the United States in 1836, where he was ordained and later joined the Redemptorist order and became the fourth Bishop of Philadelphia (1852–1860). He is the first United States bishop (and to date the only male U.S. citizen) to be canonized. While Bishop of Philadelphia, Neumann founded the first Catholic diocesan school system in the United States. He is a Roman Catholic saint, canonized in 1977. | Saint John Népomucène Neumann, né le à Prachatice (Royaume de Bohême qui faisait partie de l'Empire d'Autriche) et décédé le à Philadelphie (États-Unis), est un prêtre rédemptoriste, missionnaire aux États-Unis et quatrième évêque de Philadelphie de 1852 à 1860. Canonisé en 1977, il est le premier évêque américain à être porté sur les autels. Liturgiquement, il est commémoré le. | [
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Sutra | Sutra | Sutra () in Indian literary traditions refers to an aphorism or a collection of aphorisms in the form of a manual or, more broadly, a condensed manual or text. Sutras are a genre of ancient and medieval Indian texts found in Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism. | Un sutra (sanskrit IAST : "sūtra" ; devanagari सूत्र ; pali : "sutta" ; signifiant « fil ; aphorisme ; traité de rituel ou canonique ») est ce qu'on nomme en Occident un « classique », un « canon » voire, simplement, un « livre ». Le terme s'applique à des écrits spéculatifs ou philosophiques rédigés sous forme d'aphorismes. Soit l'appellation est métaphorique (ce sont les « fils de la pensée », la « trame des idées »), soit elle est métonymique (on entend : « les fils qui servent à coudre les pages ensemble »). Par métonymie, on nomme aussi "sūtra" les livres contenant de tels écrits. | [
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Roguelike | Roguelike | Roguelike (or rogue-like) is a subgenre of role-playing video games characterized by a dungeon crawl through procedurally generated levels, turn-based gameplay, tile-based graphics, and permanent death of the player character. Most roguelikes are based on a high fantasy narrative, reflecting their influence from tabletop role playing games such as "Dungeons & Dragons". | Le'(ou ') est un sous-genre de jeu vidéo de rôle dans lequel le joueur explore un donjon infesté de monstres qu’il doit combattre pour gagner de l’expérience et des trésors. Le genre se caractérise notamment par la génération procédurale de ses niveaux, son système de mort permanente, son'au tour par tour et la représentation des éléments qui le compose par des symboles ASCII sur une carte constituées de tuiles. La plupart des'se déroule dans un univers de fantasy qui reflète l’influence du jeu de rôle sur table "Donjons et Dragons" sur le genre. | [
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