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StivenLancheros
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all_datasets_wikis

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Wireless Application Protocol
Protocole WAP
Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) is a technical standard for accessing information over a mobile wireless network. A WAP browser is a web browser for mobile devices such as mobile phones that uses the protocol. Introduced in 1999, WAP achieved some popularity in the early 2000s, but by the 2010s it had been largely superseded by more modern standards. Most modern handset internet browsers now fully support HTML, so they do not need to use WAP markup for web page compatibility, and therefore, most are no longer able to render and display pages written in WML, WAP's markup language.
Le protocole WAP (en anglais : ) est un protocole de communication apparu en France en 1999 qui permettait d'accéder à Internet à partir d'un appareil de transmission sans fil, comme un téléphone mobile ou un assistant personnel.
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Bactria
Bactriane
Bactria (Bactrian:, ) (), or Bactriana, was an ancient region in Central Asia. Bactria proper was north of the Hindu Kush mountain range and south of the Amu Darya river, covering the flat region that straddles modern-day Afghanistan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. More broadly Bactria was the area north of the Hindu Kush, west of the Pamirs and south of the Tian Shan, with the Amu Darya flowing west through the center.
La Bactriane ou Bactrie (du grec ancien Βακτριανὴ / "Baktrianê") est une région à cheval sur les États actuels d'Afghanistan, du Tadjikistan, et de l'Ouzbékistan, située entre les montagnes de l'Hindou Kouch et le fleuve Amou-Daria. C'est un État fondé autour de la cité de Bactres (l'actuel Balkh, ville du Nord de l'actuel Afghanistan) qui a été sa capitale administrative et centre du pouvoir, d'où elle tire aussi son appellation de la "Bactriane", en particulier à l'époque du royaume gréco-bactrien () et des royaumes indo-grecs ().
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Wireless Markup Language
Wireless Markup Language
Wireless Markup Language (WML), based on XML, is a now-obsolete markup language intended for devices that implement the Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) specification, such as mobile phones. It provides navigational support, data input, hyperlinks, text and image presentation, and forms, much like HTML (HyperText Markup Language). It preceded the use of other markup languages now used with WAP, such as HTML itself, and XHTML (which are gaining in popularity as processing power in mobile devices increases).
Le Wireless Markup Language (WML) est un langage à balises conçu spécifiquement pour le WAP, de manière à pouvoir s'afficher sur un écran de téléphone mobile. Il est basé sur XML. Sa syntaxe est proche de HTML.
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Terrain park
Snowpark
A terrain park is an outdoor recreation area containing terrain that allows skiers, snowboarders and snowbikers to perform tricks. Terrain parks have their roots in skateparks and many of the features are common to both.
Un snowpark ou parc à neige est une zone enneigée aménagée pour la pratique du snowtrott, snowboard et du ski freestyle.
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Arabic diacritics
Diacritiques de l'alphabet arabe
The Arabic script has numerous diacritics, including i'jam (, '), consonant pointing, and tashkil (, '), supplementary diacritics. The latter include the () vowel marks - singular: " ().
L'alphabet arabe n'utilise habituellement pas de diacritiques, hormis les points souscrits ou suscrits obligatoires pour distinguer des lettres ambiguës. Cependant, dans un cadre didactique ou religieux, de nombreux signes auxiliaires peuvent rendre le texte moins ambigu. L'arabe ne notant normalement pas les voyelles brèves, par exemple, ni les géminations ou encore les assimilations, il n'est pas possible à un lecteur débutant de lire à voix haute un texte sans l'aide de ces signes, ou sans une bonne connaissance de la langue.
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Gaspar Noé
Gaspar Noé
Gaspar Noé (; ; born 27 December 1963) is an Argentine filmmaker based in Paris, France. He is the son of Argentine painter, writer and intellectual Luis Felipe Noé. He has directed five feature films: "I Stand Alone" (1998), "Irréversible" (2002), "Enter the Void" (2009), "Love" (2015), and "Climax" (2018).
Gaspar Noé, né le à Buenos Aires en Argentine, est un scénariste, producteur et réalisateur argentin vivant en France depuis l'âge de 12 ans.
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Circulade
Circulade
In the Languedoc-Roussillon region of the south of France, a circulade is a traditional village that has been built in concentric circles. The center, which one might expect to be the site of a "château-fort" or a parish church, is as often as not, empty, as air photography demonstrates.
Une circulade est un village du Gard, de l'Hérault ou de l'Aude qui est bâti en cercle autour d'une église ou d'un château fort. L'invention du nom et du concept est due à l'architecte-urbaniste Krzysztof Pawlowski en 1992. La dénomination employée par les géographes est celle de village rond. Les agglomérations de ce type sont médiatisées à des fins touristico-économiques par l'Association des villages circulaires du Languedoc.
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The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion
The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion
The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion is an open-world action role-playing video game developed by Bethesda Game Studios and published by Bethesda Softworks and the Take-Two Interactive division 2K Games. It is the fourth installment in "The Elder Scrolls" action fantasy series, following "" and preceding "". The game was released for Microsoft Windows and Xbox 360 in March 2006, and on PlayStation 3 in March 2007, with a mobile version of the game released on May 2, 2006. Taking place within the fictional province of Cyrodiil, "Oblivion"s main story revolves around the player character's efforts to thwart a fanatical cult known as the "Mythic Dawn" that plans to open portal gates to a demonic realm known as "Oblivion". The game continues the open-world tradition of its predecessors by allowing the player to travel anywhere in the game world at any time and to ignore or postpone the main storyline indefinitely. A perpetual objective for players is to improve their character's skills, which are numerical representations of certain abilities. Early in the game, seven skills are selected by the player as major skills for their character, with those remaining termed as minor skills.
"" (du nom du monde parallèle habité par les Daedras, qui s'ouvrira au joueur au cours de la quête principale) se déroule dans la province de Cyrodiil, le cœur politique de l'empire de Tamriel qui est principalement habité par les "impériaux".
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AVUS
Automobil-Verkehrs- und Übungs-Straße GmbH
The Automobil-Verkehrs- und Übungsstraße ('Automobile traffic and training road'), known as AVUS, is a public road in Berlin, Germany. Opened in 1921, it is the oldest controlled-access highway in Europe. Until 1998, it was also used as a motor racing circuit. Today, the AVUS forms the northern part of the Bundesautobahn 115.
L'Automobil-Verkehrs- und Übungs-Straße GmbH ou AVUS (acronyme traduisible par « circulation automobile et formation routière ») était une société de capitaux allemande constituée en 1909, dans le but de stimuler le développement de la construction automobile. En 1913 on commença les travaux d'une piste de course et d'essai à l'ouest de Berlin, lors de l'ouverture en 1921 la première route pour automobiles construite au monde. L'ancien circuit de Formule 1 fait maintenant partie de la Bundesautobahn 115.
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Nephilim (role-playing game)
Nephilim (jeu de rôle)
Nephilim is a role-playing game about powerful elemental entities reincarnating into human beings. The players take the roles of these beings as they adapt to their newly symbiotic existence and learn the secrets hidden behind veils of obscurity and mysticism, seeking the path toward enlightenment, Agartha. The game contains much symbolism, primarily related to the Hermetic tradition.
Nephilim est un jeu de rôle français édité par Multisim. Sa première édition est sortie en 1992 et sa cinquième et dernière édition, (Nephilim Légende), date de 2019.
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Diego de Almagro
Diego de Almagro
Diego de Almagro (; – July 8, 1538), also known as El Adelantado and El Viejo, was a Spanish conquistador known for his exploits in western South America. He participated with Francisco Pizarro in the Spanish conquest of Peru. While subduing the Inca Empire he laid the foundation for Quito and Trujillo as Spanish cities in present-day Ecuador and Peru respectively. From Peru Almagro led the first Spanish military expedition to central Chile. Back in Peru, a longstanding conflict with Pizarro over the control of the former Inca capital of Cuzco erupted into a civil war between the two bands of conquistadores. In the battle of Las Salinas in 1538 Almagro was defeated by the Pizarro brothers and months later he was executed.
Diego de Almagro est un conquistador espagnol né vers 1475 à Almagro, et mort en 1538 à Cuzco. Il a notamment participé à la conquête de l'empire Inca en association avec Francisco Pizarro, avant d'entrer en conflit avec lui.
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High-frequency Active Auroral Research Program
High frequency active auroral research program
The High-frequency Active Auroral Research Program (HAARP) was initiated as an ionospheric research program jointly funded by the U.S. Air Force, the U.S. Navy, the University of Alaska Fairbanks, and the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). It was designed and built by BAE Advanced Technologies. Its original purpose was to analyze the ionosphere and investigate the potential for developing ionospheric enhancement technology for radio communications and surveillance. As a university-owned facility, HAARP is a high-power, high-frequency transmitter used for study of the ionosphere.
, généralement désigné par son acronyme HAARP, est un observatoire de recherche américain voué à l'étude de l’ionosphère. Son objectif est d'étudier les propriétés et le comportement de cette couche de l'atmosphère, située à une altitude comprise généralement entre 70 et km, aux caractéristiques à la fois complexes et très variables car sous l'influence de l'activité solaire et de l'éclairement. Les retombées du projet sont scientifiques (modélisation des processus atmosphériques) et pratiques car l'ionosphère joue un rôle important dans la propagation des ondes radio. Le projet utilise un émetteur radio à haute fréquence qui permet de sonder de manière active et dirigée des endroits précis de l'ionosphère. Cet équipement, avec les instruments d'observation qui l'accompagne, devient opérationnel en 1993 dans une version réduite et atteint sa puissance actuelle en 2006. Il est financé initialement par les militaires pour des applications pratiques dans le domaine des télécommunications (Armée de l'Air américaine et Marine de guerre américaine). Les militaires décident d'arrêter ces recherches en 2014 et l'observatoire est repris en 2015 par l'Institut géophysique de l'Université d'Alaska.
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Dragoon
Dragon (militaire)
Dragoons originally were a class of mounted infantry, who used horses for mobility, but dismounted to fight on foot. From the early 17th century onward, dragoons were increasingly also employed as conventional cavalry, trained for combat with swords from horseback.
Le terme dragon désigne des militaires se déplaçant à cheval mais combattant à pied, bien que certaines périodes de l'histoire aient fait déroger à cette règle dans leur attitude de combat. Les premiers exemples de telles unités remontent à l'Antiquité avec les dimaques d'Alexandre le Grand ou les Alamans. On sait aussi que la plupart des samouraïs japonais avaient tendance à se battre de cette façon, utilisant leurs chevaux moins pour les charges que pour le transport et arriver frais sur le champ de bataille.
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Member states of the United Nations
Liste des États membres de l'Organisation des Nations unies
The United Nations member states are the sovereign states that are members of the United Nations (UN) and have equal representation in the UN General Assembly. The UN is the world's largest intergovernmental organization. The criteria for admission of new members to the UN are set out in Chapter II, Article 4 of the UN Charter:
La liste des États membres de l'Organisation des Nations unies recense les 193 États membres, soit la quasi-totalité des 197 États actuellement reconnus par l'Organisation des Nations unies (ONU).
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Francisco Pizarro
Francisco Pizarro
Francisco Pizarro González (; ; – 26 June 1541) was a Spanish conquistador, best known for his expeditions that led to the Spanish conquest of Peru.
Francisco Pizarro González, marqués de los Atabillos (également appelé François Pizarre en français), né à Trujillo en Espagne le et assassiné à Lima le, fut un conquistador espagnol. Il conquit l'Empire inca et fut aussi gouverneur de l'actuel Pérou (Nueva Castilla).
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Java
Java (île)
Java (Indonesian: "Jawa"; Javanese: ꦗꦮ; Sundanese: ) is an island of Indonesia, bordered by the Indian Ocean on the south and the Java Sea on the north. With a population of over 141 million (Java only) or 145 million (including the inhabitants of its surrounding islands), Java has 56.7 percent of the Indonesian population and is the world's most populous island. The Indonesian capital city, Jakarta, is located on its northwestern coast. Much of the well-known part of Indonesian history took place on Java. It was the centre of powerful Hindu-Buddhist empires, the Islamic sultanates, and the core of the colonial Dutch East Indies. Java was also the center of the Indonesian struggle for independence during the 1930s and 1940s. Java dominates Indonesia politically, economically and culturally. Four of Indonesia's eight UNESCO world heritage sites are located in Java: Ujung Kulon National Park, Borobudur Temple, Prambanan Temple, and Sangiran Early Man Site.
Java, en indonésien ','jusqu'à la réforme orthographique de 1972, est une île du sud-ouest de l’Indonésie faisant partie de l'Insulinde, baignée au sud par l'océan Indien et au nord par la mer de Java et entourée par Sumatra au nord-ouest, Bali à l'est et Bornéo au nord.
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RGB color model
Rouge vert bleu
The RGB color model is an additive color model in which red, green, and blue light are added together in various ways to reproduce a broad array of colors. The name of the model comes from the initials of the three additive primary colors, red, green, and blue.
Rouge, vert, bleu, abrégé en RVB ou en RGB (de l'anglais ) est un système de codage informatique des couleurs, le plus proche du matériel. Les écrans d'ordinateurs reconstituent une couleur par synthèse additive à partir de trois couleurs primaires, un rouge, un vert et un bleu, formant sur l'écran une mosaïque trop petite pour être aperçue. Le codage RVB indique une valeur pour chacune de ces couleurs primaires.
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Ferdinand Foch
Ferdinand Foch
Ferdinand Foch (; 2 October 1851 – 20 March 1929) was a French general and military theorist who served as the Supreme Allied Commander during the First World War. An aggressive, even reckless commander at the First Marne, Flanders, and Artois campaigns of 1914–1916, Foch became the Allied Commander-in-Chief in late March 1918 in the face of the all-out German spring offensive, which pushed the Allies back using fresh soldiers and new tactics that trenches could not contain. He successfully coordinated the French, British and American efforts into a coherent whole, deftly handling his strategic reserves. He stopped the German offensive and launched a war-winning counterattack. In November 1918, Marshal Foch accepted the German cessation of hostilities and was present at the armistice of 11 November 1918.
Ferdinand Foch est un général, maréchal de France et membre de l’Académie française, né le à Tarbes, dans les Hautes-Pyrénées, et mort le à Paris.
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null
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Matrilineality
Famille matrilinéaire
Matrilineality is the tracing of kinship through the female line. It may also correlate with a social system in which each person is identified with their matriline – their mother's lineage – and which can involve the inheritance of property and/or titles. A matriline is a line of descent from a female ancestor to a descendant (of either sex) in which the individuals in all intervening generations are mothersin other words, a "mother line". In a matrilineal descent system, an individual is considered to belong to the same descent group as their mother. This matrilineal descent pattern is in contrast to the more common pattern of patrilineal descent from which a family name is usually derived. The "matriline" of historical nobility was also called their enatic or uterine ancestry, corresponding to the patrilineal or "agnatic" ancestry.
La famille matrilinéaire est un système de filiation dans lequel chacun relève du lignage de sa mère. Cela signifie que la transmission, par héritage, du prestige et des biens matériels, des noms de famille et titres se succède suivant le lignage féminin. Dans la filiation matrilinéaire, la transmission masculine passe de l'oncle (le frère de la mère) au neveu (le fils de sa sœur).
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Color blindness
Daltonisme
Color blindness, also known as color vision deficiency, is the decreased ability to see color or differences in color. Simple tasks such as selecting ripe fruit, choosing clothing, and reading traffic lights can be more challenging. Color blindness may also make some educational activities more difficult. However, problems are generally minor, and most people find that they can adapt. People with total color blindness (achromatopsia) may also have decreased visual acuity and be uncomfortable in bright environments. The most common cause of color blindness is an inherited problem in the development of one or more of the three sets of color-sensing cones in the eye. Males are more likely to be color blind than females, as the genes responsible for the most common forms of color blindness are on the X chromosome. As females have two X chromosomes, a defect in one is typically compensated for by the other, therefore females can be carriers. Males only have one X chromosome and therefore express the genetic disorder. Color blindness can also result from physical or chemical damage to the eye, optic nerve or parts of the brain. Diagnosis is typically with the Ishihara color test; however, a number of other testing methods, including genetic testing, also exist. There is no cure for color blindness. Diagnosis may allow a person's teacher to change their method of teaching to accommodate the decreased ability to recognize colors. Special lenses may help people with red–green color blindness when under bright conditions. There are also mobile apps that can help people identify colors. Red–green color blindness is the most common form, followed by blue–yellow color blindness and total color blindness. Red–green color blindness affects up to 8% of males and 0.5% of females of Northern European descent. The ability to see color also decreases in old age. Being color blind may make people ineligible for certain jobs in certain countries. This may include being a pilot, train driver, crane operator, and working in the armed forces. The effect of color blindness on artistic ability, however, is controversial. The ability to draw appears to be unchanged, and a number of famous artists are believed to have been color blind.
Le daltonisme (ou dyschromatopsie) est une anomalie de la vision affectant la perception des couleurs. D'origine généralement génétique elle a alors pour cause une déficience d'un ou plusieurs des trois types de cônes de la rétine oculaire.
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Television set
Téléviseur
A television set or television receiver, more commonly called a television, TV, TV set, telly, or tele, is a device that combines a tuner, display, and loudspeakers, for the purpose of viewing and hearing television broadcasting through satellites or cables, or viewing and hearing a computer. Introduced in the late 1920s in mechanical form, television sets became a popular consumer product after World War II in electronic form, using cathode ray tube (CRT) technology. The addition of color to broadcast television after 1953 further increased the popularity of television sets in the 1960s, and an outdoor antenna became a common feature of suburban homes. The ubiquitous television set became the display device for the first recorded media in the 1970s, such as Betamax, VHS and later DVD. It has been used as a display device since the first generation of home computers (e.g. Timex Sinclair 1000) and dedicated video game consoles (e.g. Atari) in the 1980s. By the early 2010s, flat-panel television incorporating liquid-crystal display (LCD) technology, especially LED-backlit LCD technology, largely replaced CRT and other display technologies.
Un téléviseur, par métonymie une télévision, ou encore par apocope une télé, est un appareil affichant sur un écran des émissions de télévision. Il contient pour cela un décodeur de signaux qui accepte un ou plusieurs formats de diffusion de télévision, qui peuvent être analogiques ou numériques. Un téléviseur fonctionne généralement avec une télécommande.
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Cycling infrastructure
Aménagement cyclable
Cycling infrastructure refers to all infrastructure which may be used by cyclists. This includes the same network of roads and streets used by motorists, except those roads from which cyclists have been banned (e.g., many freeways/motorways), plus additional bikeways that are not available to motor vehicles, such as bike paths, bike lanes, cycle tracks and, where permitted, sidewalks, plus amenities like bike racks for parking and specialized traffic signs and signals. Cycling modal share is strongly associated with the size of local cycling infrastructure.
Un aménagement cyclable est un dispositif de voirie destiné à organiser la circulation des cycles non motorisés. Ces aménagements peuvent prendre la forme de chaussées dédiées aux cyclistes, restreintes à certains usagers dont les cyclistes, de panneaux indicateurs spécifiques ou de facilités de circulation.
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Video
Vidéo
Video is an electronic medium for the recording, copying, playback, broadcasting, and display of moving visual media. Video was first developed for mechanical television systems, which were quickly replaced by cathode ray tube (CRT) systems which were later replaced by flat panel displays of several types.
La vidéo regroupe l'ensemble des techniques permettant l'enregistrement ainsi que la restitution d'images animées, accompagnées ou non de son, sur un support électronique et non de type photochimique.
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null
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Tensor
Tenseur
In mathematics, a tensor is an algebraic object that describes a (multilinear) relationship between sets of algebraic objects related to a vector space. Objects that tensors may map between include vectors and scalars, and, recursively, even other tensors. Tensors can take several different forms – for example: scalars and vectors (which are the simplest tensors), dual vectors, multi-linear maps between vector spaces, and even some operations such as the dot product. Tensors are defined independent of any basis, although they are often referred to by their components in a basis related to a particular coordinate system.
En mathématiques, plus précisément en algèbre multilinéaire et en géométrie différentielle, un tenseur désigne un objet très général, dont la valeur s'exprime dans un espace vectoriel. On peut l'utiliser entre autres pour représenter des applications multilinéaires ou des multivecteurs. On pourrait abusivement considérer qu'un tenseur est une généralisation à "n" indices du concept de matrice carrée (la matrice possède un indice ligne et un indice colonne — un tenseur peut posséder un nombre arbitraire d'indices inférieurs, covariants, et d'indices supérieurs, contravariants, à ne pas confondre avec des exposants), mais la comparaison s'arrête là car une matrice n'est qu'un simple tableau de nombres qui peut être utilisé pour représenter des objets abstraits, alors que le tenseur est, comme les vecteurs et les applications multilinéaires, un objet abstrait dont les coordonnées changent lorsqu'on passe d'une représentation dans une base donnée à celle dans une autre base.
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Heterosexuality
Hétérosexualité
Heterosexuality is romantic attraction, sexual attraction or sexual behavior between persons of the opposite sex or gender. As a sexual orientation, heterosexuality is "an enduring pattern of emotional, romantic, and/or sexual attractions" to persons of the opposite sex; it "also refers to a person's sense of identity based on those attractions, related behaviors, and membership in a community of others who share those attractions." Someone who is heterosexual is commonly referred to as "straight."
L'hétérosexualité est une attirance romantique, une attirance sexuelle ou un comportement sexuel entre des personnes du sexe ou du genre opposé. En tant qu'orientation sexuelle, l'hétérosexualité est un « modèle durable d'attirances émotionnelles, romantiques et/ou sexuelles » pour les personnes du sexe opposé ; elle fait également « référence au sentiment d'identité d'une personne basé sur ces attirances, les comportements qui s'y rapportent et l'appartenance à une communauté d'autres personnes qui partagent ces attirances ». Une personne hétérosexuelle est communément appelée hétéro.
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Atherospermataceae
Atherospermataceae
The Atherospermataceae, commonly known as the southern sassafrases, are a family of broadleaf evergreen trees and shrubs. The family includes 14 species in seven genera. The atherosperms are today mostly distributed in the Southern Hemisphere, with two species native to southern Chile and 12 species native to Australasia. Wood is commercially harvested from rainforest species of this family, and is used both in construction and in fine cabinet making.
La famille des Athérospermatacées se compose de plantes angiospermes de divergence ancienne. Ce sont des arbres ou des arbustes, des régions tempérées à tropicales de l'hémisphère sud. On les rencontre en Australie, Nouvelle-Guinée, Nouvelle-Calédonie, Nouvelle-Zélande, Chili.
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Video game programming
Programmation de jeux vidéo
Game programming, a subset of game development, is the software development of video games. Game programming requires substantial skill in software engineering and computer programming in a given language, as well as specialization in one or more of the following areas: simulation, computer graphics, artificial intelligence, physics, audio programming, and input. For massively multiplayer online games (MMOGs), knowledge of additional areas such as network programming and database programming are required. Though often engaged in by professional game programmers, some may program games as a hobby.
La programmation de jeux vidéo est un processus entrant dans la création d'un jeu vidéo. Ce processus est effectué par un développeur de jeux vidéo via la programmation informatique.
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Zoroastrianism
Zoroastrisme
Zoroastrianism or Mazdayasna is one of the world's oldest continuously practiced religions. It is a multi-tendency faith centered on a dualistic cosmology of good and evil and an eschatology predicting the ultimate conquest of evil with theological elements of henotheism, monotheism/monism, and polytheism. Ascribed to the teachings of the Iranian-speaking spiritual leader Zoroaster (also known as Zarathushtra), it exalts an uncreated and benevolent deity of wisdom, Ahura Mazda ("Wise Lord"), as its supreme being. Major features of Zoroastrianism, such as messianism, judgment after death, heaven and hell, and free will may have influenced other religious and philosophical systems, including Second Temple Judaism, Gnosticism, Greek philosophy, Christianity, Islam, the Bahá'í Faith, and Buddhism.
Le zoroastrisme est une religion née sur le territoire de l'actuel Iran. Elle tire son nom de son « prophète » ou fondateur Zarathoustra, dont le nom a été transcrit en "Zoroastre" par les Grecs (Ζωροάστρης, Zōroastrēs). Cette réforme est intervenue au cours du Ses tenants s'appellent des zoroastriens ou, en français du, des guèbres. Elle est aussi couramment dénommée mazdéisme, du nom de sa divinité principale, Ahura Mazda.
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Greg (cartoonist)
Michel Greg
Michel Régnier (5 May 1931 – 29 October 1999), best known by his pseudonym Greg, was a Belgian cartoonist best known for "Achille Talon", and later became editor of "Tintin" magazine.
Michel Greg dit Greg, pseudonyme de Michel Louis Albert Regnier, est un dessinateur, scénariste, rédacteur en chef et directeur littéraire de bande dessinée belge naturalisé français, né le à Ixelles et mort le à Paris.
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Bicycle
Bicyclette
A bicycle, also called a bike or cycle, is a human-powered or motor-powered, pedal-driven, single-track vehicle, having two wheels attached to a frame, one behind the other. A is called a cyclist, or bicyclist.
Une bicyclette (aussi appelée bicycle en Amérique du Nord), ou un vélo (abréviation du mot "vélocipède"), est un véhicule terrestre à propulsion humaine entrant dans la catégorie des cycles et composé de deux roues alignées, qui lui donnent son nom. La force motrice est fournie par son conducteur (appelé « cycliste »), en position le plus souvent assise, par l'intermédiaire de deux pédales entraînant la roue arrière par une chaîne à rouleaux.
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Cornice
Corniche
In architecture, a cornice (from the Italian "cornice" meaning "ledge") is generally any horizontal decorative molding that crowns a building or furniture element – the cornice over a door or window, for instance, or the cornice around the top edge of a pedestal or along the top of an interior wall. A simple cornice may be formed just with a crown, as in crown molding atop an interior wall or above kitchen cabinets or a bookcase.
Une corniche est un couronnement continu en saillie d'un élément, d'un meuble (armoire par exemple) ou d'une construction. La fonction principale en est de rejeter les eaux de pluie loin de la façade.
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New Testament
Nouveau Testament
The New Testament (, transl. ; ) is the second part of the Christian biblical canon, the first being the Old Testament. The New Testament discusses the teachings and person of Jesus, as well as events in first-century Christianity. Christians regard both the Old and New Testaments together as sacred scripture.
Le Nouveau Testament (en grec ancien : Ἡ Καινὴ Διαθήκη / ) est l'ensemble des écrits relatifs à la vie de Jésus et à l'enseignement de ses premiers disciples qui ont été reconnus comme « canoniques » par les autorités chrétiennes au terme d'un processus de plusieurs siècles. La liste des textes retenus par l'Église pour former le Nouveau Testament a été fixée en 363 lors du Concile de Laodicée ; cependant, elle ne comprenait pas encore le texte de l'Apocalypse.
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Materials science
Science des matériaux
The interdisciplinary field of materials science, also commonly termed materials science and engineering, is the design and discovery of new materials, particularly solids. The intellectual origins of materials science stem from the Enlightenment, when researchers began to use analytical thinking from chemistry, physics, and engineering to understand ancient, phenomenological observations in metallurgy and mineralogy. Materials science still incorporates elements of physics, chemistry, and engineering. As such, the field was long considered by academic institutions as a sub-field of these related fields. Beginning in the 1940s, materials science began to be more widely recognized as a specific and distinct field of science and engineering, and major technical universities around the world created dedicated schools for its study. Many of the most pressing scientific problems humans currently face are due to the limits of available materials and how they are used. Thus, breakthroughs in materials science are likely to affect the future of technology significantly.
La science des matériaux repose sur la relation entre les propriétés, la morphologie structurale et la mise en œuvre des matériaux qui constituent les objets qui nous entourent (métaux, polymères, semi-conducteurs, céramiques, composites, etc.). Elle se focalise sur l'étude des principales caractéristiques des matériaux, ainsi que leurs propriétés mécaniques chimiques, électriques, thermiques, optiques et magnétiques.
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Mangrove
Mangrove
A mangrove is a shrub or small tree that grows in coastal saline or brackish water. The term is also used for tropical coastal vegetation consisting of such species. Mangroves occur worldwide in the tropics and subtropics, mainly between latitudes 25° N and 25° S. The total mangrove forest area of the world in 2000 was, spanning 118 countries and territories.
La mangrove est un écosystème de marais maritime incluant un groupement de végétaux spécifiques principalement ligneux, ne se développant que dans la zone de balancement des marées, appelée estran, des côtes basses des régions tropicales. (L'Europe est, par conséquent, le seul continent où il n'y a pas de mangrove.) On trouve aussi des marais à mangroves à l'embouchure de certains fleuves. Elle constitue l'un des 14 grands biomes terrestres définis par le WWF.
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Corrosion
Corrosion
Corrosion is a natural process that converts a refined metal into a more chemically-stable form such as oxide, hydroxide, or sulfide. It is the gradual destruction of materials (usually a metal) by chemical and/or electrochemical reaction with their environment. Corrosion engineering is the field dedicated to controlling and preventing corrosion.
La corrosion désigne l'altération d'un matériau par réaction chimique avec un oxydant (le dioxygène et le cation H en majorité). Il faut en exclure les effets purement mécaniques (cela ne concerne pas, par exemple, la rupture sous l'effet de chocs), mais la corrosion peut se combiner avec les effets mécaniques et donner de la corrosion sous contrainte et de la fatigue-corrosion ; de même, elle intervient dans certaines formes d' dont les causes sont à la fois physicochimiques et mécaniques.
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Papaveraceae
Papaveraceae
The Papaveraceae are an economically important family of about 42 genera and approximately 775 known species of flowering plants in the order Ranunculales, informally known as the poppy family. The family is cosmopolitan, occurring in temperate and subtropical climates (mostly in the northern hemisphere), but almost unknown in the tropics. Most are herbaceous plants, but a few are shrubs and small trees. The family currently includes two groups that have been considered to be separate families: Fumariaceae and Pteridophyllaceae.
La famille des Papaveraceae (Papavéracées) regroupe des plantes dicotylédones ; elle est universellement reconnue par les taxonomistes. Ses représentants les plus connus sont les pavots (en particulier les coquelicots, le pavot à opium et le pavot de Californie). C'est une famille cosmopolite, répandue sous les climats tempérés et subtropicaux. Les Papavéracées contiennent presque toutes des alcaloïdes qui peuvent être toxiques, avoir des propriétés sédatives ou analgésiques, voire être utilisés comme produits stupéfiants. Leurs graines, utilisées dans l'alimentation ne contiennent qu'une très faible quantité d'alcaloïdes.
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Abimael Guzmán
Abimael Guzmán
Manuel Rubén Abimael Guzmán Reynoso (; born 3 December 1934), also known by the nom de guerre Chairman Gonzalo (), is the former leader of the Shining Path during the Maoist insurgency known as the internal conflict in Peru. He was captured by the Peruvian government in 1992 and sentenced to life imprisonment for terrorism and treason.
Manuel Rubén Abimael Guzmán Reynoso, alias "Président Gonzalo" (né le à Mollendo, province d'Islay, région d'Arequipa, dans le sud du Pérou) est le fondateur du Sentier lumineux (PCP-SL).
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List (abstract data type)
Liste (informatique)
In computer science, a list or sequence is an abstract data type that represents a countable number of ordered values, where the same value may occur more than once. An instance of a list is a computer representation of the mathematical concept of a tuple or finite sequence; the (potentially) infinite analog of a list is a stream. Lists are a basic example of containers, as they contain other values. If the same value occurs multiple times, each occurrence is considered a distinct item. The name list is also used for several concrete data structures that can be used to implement abstract lists, especially linked lists and arrays. In some contexts, such as in Lisp programming, the term list may refer specifically to a linked list rather than an array. In class-based programming, lists are usually provided as instances of subclasses of a generic "list" class, and traversed via separate iterators.
En informatique, une liste est une structure de données permettant de regrouper des données de manière à pouvoir y accéder librement (contrairement aux files et aux piles, dont l'accès se fait respectivement en mode FIFO et LIFO).
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Gyalrong languages
Langues rGyalrong
Gyalrong (Tibetan: ), also rendered Jiarong, rGyalrong or sometimes Gyarung, is a subbranch of the Gyalrongic languages spoken by the Gyalrong people in Western Sichuan, China.
Les langues rGyalrong appartiennent à la branche qianguique des langues birmano-qianguique ( des langues tibéto-birmanes, famille des langues sino-tibétaines). Elles sont apparentées au tangoute et au qiang, et plus lointainement au birman, au tibétain et au chinois.
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The gospel
Évangile
In Christianity, the gospel (; ;, ), or the Good News, is the news of the coming of the Kingdom of God (Mark 1,Mark 1:14-15). The message of good news is described as a narrative in the four canonical gospels.
Un évangile (du latin "evangelium", lui-même emprunté au grec ancien /, ) est un écrit en langue grecque qui relate la vie et l'enseignement de Jésus de Nazareth, appelé par les chrétiens Jésus-Christ. De nombreux évangiles ont circulé pendant les premiers siècles du christianisme.
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Kindergarten
École maternelle
Kindergarten (, ; from German ) is a preschool educational approach based on playing, singing, practical activities such as drawing, and social interaction as part of the transition from home to school. Such institutions were originally made in the late 18th century in Bavaria and Alsace to serve children whose parents both worked outside home. The term was coined by the German Friedrich Fröbel, whose approach globally influenced early-years education. Today, the term is used in many countries to describe a variety of educational institutions and learning spaces for children ranging from 2 to 6 or 7 years of age, based on a variety of teaching methods.
L'école maternelle est une école qui accueille de très jeunes enfants pour les préparer aux apprentissages fondamentaux de la lecture, de l'écriture et du calcul. C'est une période préparatoire à l'enseignement élémentaire: les objectifs essentiels sont la socialisation, la mise en place du langage, du nombre et du geste graphique.
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Tangut language
Tangoute
Tangut (Tangut: ; ) is an ancient northeastern Tibeto-Burman language once spoken in the Western Xia, also known as the Tangut Empire. It is classified by some linguists as a Qiangic language, which includes the Northern and Southern Qiang languages and the Rgyalrong languages, among others.
Le tangoute est une ancienne langue tibéto-birmane. Elle appartient au groupe qianguique, qui n'est que lointainement apparenté au chinois, au tibétain ou au birman. Parmi les langues qianguiques, on trouve notamment le rGyalrong et le qiang. La plus ancienne trace connue à ce jour de cette langue est datée de 1042.
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Meitei language
Meitei
Meitei, or Meetei (also Manipuri ; Meitheilon, Meeteilon, Meeʁteilon, from "Meithei" + "-lon" 'language'; Kathe) is a Sino-Tibetan language and the predominant language and lingua franca in the southeastern Himalayan state of Manipur, in northeastern India. It is the one of the official languages of the Government of India.
Le meitei ou meithei (, ou ) est la langue officielle du Manipur, un État du nord-est de l'Inde. On le parle aussi en Birmanie et au Bangladesh. C'est une langue tibéto-birmane dont l'affiliation précise est encore peu claire.
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Newar language
Nepalbhasha
Newar () or Newari, known officially in Nepal as Nepal Bhasa, is a Sino-Tibetan language spoken by the Newar people, the indigenous inhabitants of Nepal Mandala, which consists of the Kathmandu Valley and surrounding regions in Nepal.
Le nepālbhāsha, également appelé newari ou néwar, était la langue officielle du Népal sous la dynastie des Malla jusqu'au, lorsque les Gurkha dirigés par Prithivî Nârâyan Shâh ont envahi la vallée de Katmandou.
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Alternating current
Courant alternatif
Alternating current (AC) is an electric current which periodically reverses direction, in contrast to direct current (DC) which flows only in one direction. Alternating current is the form in which electric power is delivered to businesses and residences, and it is the form of electrical energy that consumers typically use when they plug kitchen appliances, televisions, fans and electric lamps into a wall socket. A common source of DC power is a battery cell in a flashlight. The abbreviations "AC" and "DC" are often used to mean simply "alternating" and "direct", as when they modify "current" or "voltage".
Le courant alternatif (qui peut être abrégé par CA) est un courant électrique périodique qui change de sens deux fois par période et qui transporte des quantités d'électricité alternativement égales dans un sens et dans l'autre. Un courant alternatif a donc une composante continue (valeur moyenne) nulle.
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Haskell (programming language)
Haskell
Haskell is a general-purpose, statically typed, purely functional programming language with type inference and lazy evaluation. Developed to be suitable for teaching, research and industrial application, Haskell has pioneered a number of advanced programming language features such as type classes, which enable type-safe operator overloading. Haskell's main implementation is the Glasgow Haskell Compiler (GHC). It is named after logician Haskell Curry.
Haskell est un langage de programmation fonctionnel. Il est fondé sur le lambda-calcul et la logique combinatoire. Son nom vient du mathématicien et logicien Haskell Brooks Curry. Il a été créé en 1990 par un comité de chercheurs en théorie des langages intéressés par les langages fonctionnels et l'évaluation paresseuse. Le dernier standard est "Haskell 2010" : c'est une version minimale et portable du langage conçue à des fins pédagogiques et pratiques, dans un souci d'interopérabilité entre les implémentations du langage et comme base de futures extensions. Le langage continue d'évoluer rapidement, principalement avec GHC, constituant ainsi un standard "de facto" comprenant de nombreuses extensions.
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Old Chinese
Chinois archaïque
Old Chinese, also called Archaic Chinese in older works, is the oldest attested stage of Chinese, and the ancestor of all modern varieties of Chinese. The earliest examples of Chinese are divinatory inscriptions on oracle bones from around 1250 BC, in the late Shang dynasty. Bronze inscriptions became plentiful during the following Zhou dynasty. The latter part of the Zhou period saw a flowering of literature, including classical works such as the "Analects", the "Mencius", and the "Zuo zhuan". These works served as models for Literary Chinese (or Classical Chinese), which remained the written standard until the early twentieth century, thus preserving the vocabulary and grammar of late Old Chinese.
Le chinois archaïque () est une des langues parlées en Chine avant la dynastie Han. Comme l'écriture chinoise n'indique pas directement la prononciation, il est nécessaire pour la reconstruire d'effectuer une recherche spécifique. Le premier à avoir tenté de reconstituer ces états anciens de la langue chinoise est le sinologue suédois Bernhard Karlgren.
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Antonio José de Sucre
Antonio José de Sucre
Antonio José de Sucre y Alcalá (; 1795–1830), known as the "Gran Mariscal de Ayacucho" (), was a Venezuelan independence leader who served as the fourth President of Peru and as President of Bolivia. Sucre was one of Simón Bolívar's closest friends, generals and statesmen.
Antonio José de Sucre y Alcala « Grand maréchal d'Ayacucho », né le à Cumaná au Venezuela et mort le à Berruecos en Colombie, est un dirigeant indépendantiste et homme d'État sud-américain, proche de Simón Bolívar.
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Shining Path
Sentier lumineux
The Communist Party of Peru – Shining Path (), more commonly known as the Shining Path (), is a revolutionary communist party and political organization in Peru espousing Marxism–Leninism–Maoism and Marxism–Leninism–Maoism–Gonzalo Thought.
Le Sentier Lumineux (, abrégé en PCP-SL), est un parti communiste péruvien fondé dans les années 1970 par Abimael Guzmán, alors professeur de philosophie à l'université d'Ayacucho. Celui-ci prit en 1980 la tête de l'insurrection armée issue d'une dissidence du Parti communiste péruvien, sous le nom de "camarade Gonzalo".
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Sabiaceae
Sabiaceae
Sabiaceae is a family of flowering plants that were placed in the order Proteales according to the APG IV system. It comprises three genera, "Meliosma", "Ophiocaryon" and "Sabia", with 66 known species, native to tropical to warm temperate regions of southern Asia and the Americas. The family has also been called Meliosmaceae Endl., 1841, nom. rej.
Les Sabiacées ("Sabiaceae") sont une famille de plantes dicotylédones dont la classification et la composition sont souvent remises en question. La rattache cette famille à l'ordre des "Proteales" et trois genres sont le plus souvent distingués. Les plantes du genre "Sabia" sont des lianes ou des arbustes, des régions sub-tropicales à tropicales, originaires de l'Inde, de l'Extrême-Orient ou des Îles Salomon. Les centaines d'espèces des genres "Meliosma" et "Ophiocaryon" sont des arbres et des arbustes à feuilles persistantes des régions sub-tropicales d'Amérique et d'Asie.
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Franglais
Franglais
Franglais (; also Frenglish ) is a French blend which referred first to the overuse of English words by French-speakers, and later to diglossia or the macaronic mixture of French () and English ().
Le franglais, mot-valise formé des mots « français » et « anglais », désigne une langue française fortement anglicisée, dans l'expression écrite comme orale. Il s'agit d'un ensemble de mots empruntés à l'anglais et de tournures syntaxiques calquées sur l'anglais, introduits dans la langue française. Il est fréquemment évoqué comme repoussoir par les tenants de la pureté de la langue française, contre l'invasion des anglicismes
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Biotechnology
Biotechnologie
Biotechnology is a broad area of biology, involving the use of living systems and organisms to develop or make products. Depending on the tools and applications, it often overlaps with related scientific fields. In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, biotechnology has expanded to include new and diverse sciences, such as genomics, recombinant gene techniques, applied immunology, and development of pharmaceutical therapies and diagnostic tests.
L’OCDE définit la biotechnologie comme. La biotechnologie, ou « technologie de bioconversion » résulte, comme son nom l'indique, d'un mariage entre la science des êtres vivants – la biologie – et un ensemble de techniques nouvelles issues d'autres disciplines telles que la microbiologie, la biochimie, la biophysique, la génétique, la biologie moléculaire, l'informatique...
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Charles VII of France
Charles VII (roi de France)
Charles VII (22 February 1403 – 22 July 1461), called the Victorious () or the Well-Served (), was King of France from 1422 to his death in 1461.
, dit « le Victorieux » ou « le Bien Servi », né à l'hôtel Saint-Pol à Paris le et mort au château de Mehun-sur-Yèvre, résidence royale située à Mehun-sur-Yèvre, entre Bourges et Vierzon, le, est roi de France de 1422 à 1461. Il est le cinquième roi de la branche dite de Valois de la dynastie capétienne.
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Parsley
Persil
Parsley or garden parsley ("Petroselinum crispum") is a species of flowering plant in the family Apiaceae that is native to the central and eastern Mediterranean region (Lebanon, Israel, Cyprus, Turkey, southern Italy, Greece, Portugal, Spain, Malta, Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia), but has naturalized elsewhere in Europe, and is widely cultivated as an herb, and a vegetable.
Le persil (Petroselinum crispum) (prononciation /pɛʁ.si/ ou /pɛʁ.sil/) est une espèce de plante herbacée de la famille des Apiacées (Ombellifères) et du genre "Petroselinum". Le persil est couramment utilisé en cuisine pour ses feuilles très divisées, et en Europe centrale pour sa racine pivot. C'est également une plante médicinale.
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Gruyère cheese
Gruyère suisse
Gruyère ( or ;, German: "Greyerzer") is a hard yellow Swiss cheese that originated in the cantons of Fribourg, Vaud, Neuchâtel, Jura, and Berne in Switzerland. It is named after the town of Gruyères. In 2001, Gruyère gained the "appellation d'origine contrôlée" (AOC, now AOP).
Le gruyère est un fromage suisse qui tire son nom de la Gruyère, région du canton de Fribourg, d’où il provient originellement. Il bénéficie d'une appellation d'origine protégée, qui a remplacé le l'appellation d'origine contrôlée instaurée le. Sa zone de production s'étend aux cantons de Fribourg, Vaud, Neuchâtel, Jura, à l'arrondissement du Jura bernois, ainsi qu'aux communes de Ferenbalm, Guggisberg, Mühleberg, Villars-les-Moines, Rüschegg et Schwarzenburg dans le canton de Berne.
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Onion
Oignon
The onion ("Allium cepa" L., from Latin "cepa" "onion"), also known as the bulb onion or common onion, is a vegetable that is the most widely cultivated species of the genus "Allium". Its close relatives include the garlic, scallion, shallot, leek, chive, and Chinese onion.
L'oignon ou ognon (Allium cepa), prononcé //, est une espèce de plantes herbacées bisannuelles de la famille des "Amaryllidaceae", largement et depuis longtemps cultivée comme plante potagère pour ses bulbes de saveur et d'odeur fortes ou pour ses feuilles. Le terme désigne aussi le bulbe de cette plante récolté comme légume. Par extension, il désigne parfois familièrement en jardinage les bulbes d'autres plantes, généralement non comestibles (par exemple : oignon de tulipe).
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Norwegian language
Norvégien
Norwegian () is a North Germanic language spoken mainly in Norway, where it is the official language. Along with Swedish and Danish, Norwegian forms a dialect continuum of more or less mutually intelligible local and regional varieties; some Norwegian and Swedish dialects, in particular, are very close. These Scandinavian languages, together with Faroese and Icelandic as well as some extinct languages, constitute the North Germanic languages. Faroese and Icelandic are not mutually intelligible with Norwegian in their spoken form because continental Scandinavian has diverged from them. While the two Germanic languages with the greatest numbers of speakers, English and German, have close similarities with Norwegian, neither is mutually intelligible with it. Norwegian is a descendant of Old Norse, the common language of the Germanic peoples living in Scandinavia during the Viking Era.
Le norvégien ("" en norvégien) est une langue germanique parlée en Norvège qui a pour racine historique le vieux norrois, utilisé depuis le Moyen Âge en Scandinavie. Le vieux norrois est aussi l'ancêtre direct du danois et du suédois modernes et a exercé une influence sensible sur le vieil anglais pour former l'anglais ; en France, il a fourni à l'ancien normand certains éléments de vocabulaire.
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Benjamin Britten
Benjamin Britten
Edward Benjamin Britten, Baron Britten (22 November 1913 – 4 December 1976) was an English composer, conductor, and pianist. He was a central figure of 20th-century British music, with a range of works including opera, other vocal music, orchestral and chamber pieces. His best-known works include the opera "Peter Grimes" (1945), the "War Requiem" (1962) and the orchestral showpiece "The Young Person's Guide to the Orchestra" (1945).
Edward Benjamin Britten, né le à Lowestoft dans le Suffolk, et mort le à Aldeburgh, est un compositeur, chef d'orchestre, altiste et pianiste britannique.
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Brie de Meaux
Brie de Meaux
Brie de Meaux is a French brie cheese of the Brie region and a designated AOC product since 1980. Its name comes from the town of Meaux in the Brie region. As of 2003, 6,774 tonnes (-13.4% since 1998) were produced annually.
Le brie de Meaux est un fromage au lait cru dont l'appellation d'origine est préservée commercialement via une AOC depuis 1980. Son aire de production s'étend des plaines briardes jusqu'à la Meuse. Son appellation vient de la région de la Brie et de la commune de Meaux en France.
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Bleu des Causses
Bleu des Causses
Bleu des Causses is a French blue cheese made from cow's milk. It is considered a mild variant of Roquefort. The cheese has a fat content of 45% and is aged for 3–6 months in Gorges du Tarn's natural limestone caves. The ripening process involving naturally temperature-controlled cellars is the major element that gives it its special aroma.
Bleu des Causses (anciennement bleu de l'Aveyron) est une appellation d'origine désignant un fromage français de lait de vache à pâte persillée du centre-sud du Massif central.Il a une longue histoire commune avec le roquefort, avant que l'instauration des AOC ne les sépare. L'affinage dans des caves naturellement thermorégulées est l'élément majeur qui lui donne son arôme particulier.
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Époisses de Bourgogne
Époisses (fromage)
Époisses de Bourgogne is a legally demarcated cheese made in the village Époisses and its environs, in the département of Côte-d'Or, about halfway between Dijon and Auxerre, in the former duchy of Burgundy, France, from agricultural processes and resources traditionally found in that region.
L'époisses est un fromage français de la région Bourgogne, bénéficiant d'une AOC depuis 1991 et d'une AOP depuis 1996. Son aire d'appellation couvre environ la moitié nord-ouest de la Côte-d'Or, deux cantons de la Haute-Marne et trois cantons de l'Yonne. Son nom est celui du village d'Époisses, situé dans l'ouest de ce territoire.
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Garlic
Ail cultivé
Garlic ("Allium sativum") is a species in the onion genus, "Allium". Its close relatives include the onion, shallot, leek, chive, and Chinese onion. It is native to Central Asia and northeastern Iran, and has long been a common seasoning worldwide, with a history of several thousand years of human consumption and use. It was known to ancient Egyptians, and has been used both as a food flavoring and as a traditional medicine. China produces some 80% of the world's supply of garlic.
L'ail (pluriel : ails ou aulx), ail commun ou ail cultivé "(Allium sativum)" est une espèce de plante potagère vivace monocotylédone dont les bulbes, à l'odeur et au goût forts, sont souvent employés comme condiment en cuisine. La partie consommée la "tête d'ail" se compose de plusieurs caïeux ou « gousses » d'ail.
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Hero (2002 film)
Hero (film, 2002)
Hero is a 2002 Chinese "wuxia" film directed by Zhang Yimou. Starring Jet Li as the nameless protagonist, the film is based on the story of Jing Ke's assassination attempt on the King of Qin in 227 BC.
Hero (英雄, "Ying xiong") est un film de sabre chinois (Wu Xia Pian) réalisé par Zhang Yimou, sorti en 2002.
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World Bank
Banque mondiale
The World Bank is an international financial institution that provides loans and grants to the governments of poorer countries for the purpose of pursuing capital projects. It comprises two institutions: the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), and the International Development Association (IDA). The World Bank is a component of the World Bank Group.
La Banque mondiale (parfois abrégée BM) est une institution financière internationale qui accorde des prêts à effet de levier à des pays en développement pour des projets d'investissement.
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Crottin de Chavignol
Crottin de Chavignol
Crottin de Chavignol is the most famous goat cheese of the many varieties produced in the Loire Valley. This cheese is the claim to fame for the village of Chavignol, France, which has only two hundred inhabitants.
Le crottin de Chavignol est un fromage de chèvre français originaire du village berrichon de Chavignol situé dans le département du Cher, la région Centre-Val de Loire et la région naturelle du Sancerrois.
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Saint-Nectaire
Saint-nectaire
Saint-Nectaire is a French cheese made in the Auvergne region of central France. The cheese has been made in Auvergne since at least the 17th century.
Saint-nectaire est une appellation d'origine désignant un fromage français de lait de vache fabriqué dans la micro-région des Monts Dore, pays à cheval sur les départements du Cantal et du Puy-de-Dôme en France. Le savoir-faire des artisans du Saint-Nectaire a été reconnu par le ministère de la Culture est inscrit à l'inventaire du patrimoine culturel immatériel en France en 2019.
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Turn-based strategy
Jeu de stratégie au tour par tour
A turn-based strategy (TBS) game is a strategy game (usually some type of wargame, especially a strategic-level wargame) where players take turns when playing. This is distinguished from real-time strategy (RTS), in which all players play simultaneously.
Le jeu de stratégie au tour par tour est un genre de jeu vidéo de stratégie. Comme son nom l’indique, l’action s’y déroule au tour par tour et le joueur doit donc pour jouer. Cela implique, par opposition avec un jeu de stratégie en temps réel, que le jeu se focalise moins sur l’action et plus sur la prise de décision. Ils se caractérisent également par la gestion des ressources. Les joueurs disposent en effet d’une quantité limitée de ressources ce qui les pousse à réfléchir à la manière optimale de les utiliser. Enfin, les déplacements des unités y sont généralement restreints, ce qui met l’accent sur l’optimisation de leur positionnement.
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Zhuang languages
Zhuang (langue)
The Zhuang languages (autonym:, pre-1982:, Sawndip: 話僮, from "vah", 'language' and "Cuengh", 'Zhuang'; ) are any of more than a dozen Tai languages spoken by the Zhuang people of Southern China in the province of Guangxi and adjacent parts of Yunnan and Guangdong. The Zhuang languages do not form a monophyletic linguistic unit, as northern and southern Zhuang languages are more closely related to other Tai languages than to each other. Northern Zhuang languages form a dialect continuum with Northern Tai varieties across the provincial border in Guizhou, which are designated as Bouyei, whereas Southern Zhuang languages form another dialect continuum with Central Tai varieties such as Nung, Tay and Caolan in Vietnam. Standard Zhuang is based on the Northern Zhuang dialect of Wuming.
Le zhuang () est la langue du peuple Zhuang et est langue officielle au Guangxi, une région autonome du Sud de la Chine. C'est la langue non chinoise la plus parlée en République populaire de Chine. Elle appartient au groupe dit taï de la branche « kam-taï » de la famille des langues taï-kadaï. Cette langue recule rapidement au profit du chinois, avec l'assimilation des Zhuang par les Han.
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Default (finance)
Défaut de paiement
In finance, default is failure to meet the legal obligations (or conditions) of a loan, for example when a home buyer fails to make a mortgage payment, or when a corporation or government fails to pay a bond which has reached maturity. A national or sovereign default is the failure or refusal of a government to repay its national debt.
Le défaut de paiement désigne le fait qu'une entreprise ou un pays ne soit pas en mesure d'honorer une partie ou la totalité de ses engagements envers un tiers.
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Ductility
Ductilité
Ductility is a measure of a material's ability to undergo significant plastic deformation before rupture or breaking, which may be expressed as percent elongation or percent area reduction from a tensile test. According to Shigley's Mechanical Engineering Design (10th Ed.) "significant" denotes about 5.0 percent elongation (Section 5.3, p. 233). See also Eq. 2–12, p. 50 for definitions of percent elongation and percent area reduction. Ductility is often characterized by a material's ability to be stretched into a wire.
La ductilité désigne la capacité d'un matériau à se déformer plastiquement sans se rompre. La rupture se fait lorsqu'un défaut (fissure ou cavité) devient critique et se propage. Un matériau qui présente une grande déformation plastique à rupture est dit ductile, sinon il est dit fragile. C'est une propriété dite "purement géométrique": elle ne caractérise qu'un allongement à la rupture (sans unité, ou l'allongement en mètre si la longueur pour l'essai de ductilité est normalisée), indépendamment de l'énergie ou de la contrainte nécessaire à cette rupture.
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Aristophanes
Aristophane
Aristophanes (;, ; c. 446 – c. 386 BC), son of Philippus, of the deme Kydathenaion (), was a comic playwright of ancient Athens and a poet of Old Attic Comedy. Eleven of his forty plays survive virtually complete. These provide the most valuable examples of a genre of comic drama known as Old Comedy and are used to define it, along with fragments from dozens of lost plays by Aristophanes and his contemporaries.
Aristophane (en grec ancien / ) est un poète comique grec du, né dans le dème de Cydathénéon vers 445 et mort entre 385 et 375. Son œuvre à elle seule représente ce qui nous reste de l'Ancienne Comédie, et coïncide avec les années glorieuses d'Athènes sous l'administration de Périclès et la longue et sombre période de la Guerre du Péloponnèse. Au tournant du et du, alors qu'Athènes voit éclore des modes de pensée nouveaux dans tous les domaines, et que les mœurs politiques et sociales se transforment ou se dégradent, Aristophane cloue au pilori par de grands éclats de rire les politiciens démagogues et va-t-en-guerre, les citoyens en proie à une « judicardite » aiguë, cette pernicieuse manie des procès, ou les maîtres d'incivisme et de décadence.
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Skyscraper
Gratte-ciel
A skyscraper is a continuously habitable high-rise building that has over 40 floors and is taller than. Historically, the term first referred to buildings with 10 to 20 floors in the 1880s. The definition shifted with advancing construction technology during the 20th century. Skyscrapers may host offices, hotels, residential spaces, and retail spaces. For buildings above a height of, the term supertall skyscrapers can be used, while skyscrapers reaching beyond are classified as megatall skyscrapers.
Un gratte-ciel (calque de l'anglais "skyscraper") ou tour est un bâtiment de très grande hauteur. Il n'existe pas de définition officielle ni de hauteur minimale à partir de laquelle un immeuble est qualifié de gratte-ciel, cette dernière notion étant essentiellement relative : ce qui est perçu comme gratte-ciel peut varier fortement en fonction de l’époque ou du lieu. Toutefois, la société allemande Emporis qui recense les gratte-ciels de la planète considère qu'un gratte-ciel est un édifice composé de plusieurs étages et qui mesure au moins de hauteur. Pour les gratte-ciels d'au moins de hauteur, les Anglo-saxons utilisent le terme de « "supertall" » et de « "megatall" » pour les gratte-ciels d'au moins de hauteur.
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null
null
null
null
null
null
Bisexuality
Bisexualité
Bisexuality is romantic attraction, sexual attraction, or sexual behavior toward both males and females, or to more than one sex or gender. It may also be defined as romantic or sexual attraction to people of any sex or gender identity, which is also known as "pansexuality."
La bisexualité est le fait d'éprouver de l'attirance sexuelle ou des sentiments amoureux pour plus d'un sexe ou genre. Plus largement, la bisexualité est le fait d'avoir des relations amoureuses ou sexuelles aussi bien avec des personnes du même genre qu'avec des personnes d'un autre genre.
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Firefighter
Pompier
A firefighter (also known as a fireman or firewoman) is a rescuer extensively trained in firefighting, primarily to extinguish hazardous fires that threaten life, property and the environment as well as to rescue people and animals from dangerous situations.
Un pompier est une personne principalement entraînée à combattre le feu, mais qui est aussi apte à offrir une gamme de secours de diverses natures (inondations, accidents, sauvetages, secours et assistance à personnes). Sa mission principale est de protéger les personnes, les biens et l'environnement.
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Hydroponics
Hydroponie
Hydroponics is a subset of hydroculture, which is a method of growing plants without soil, by using mineral nutrient solutions in a water solvent. Terrestrial plants may be grown with only their roots exposed to the nutritious liquid, or the roots may be physically supported by an inert medium such as perlite, gravel, or other substrates. Despite inert media, roots can cause changes of the rhizosphere pH and root exudates can impact the rhizosphere biology.
L’hydroponie ou culture hydroponique (ou agriculture hors-sol ou aéroponie), du grec "πονος" (ponos, « le travail » ou « l’effort ») et "ὕδωρ" (hudōr, « l’eau »), est la culture de plantes réalisée sur un substrat neutre et inerte (de type sable, pouzzolane, billes d'argile, laine de roche etc.). Ce substrat est régulièrement irrigué d’un courant de solution qui apporte des sels minéraux et des nutriments essentiels à la plante.
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Peptide bond
Liaison peptidique
A peptide bond is an amide type of covalent chemical bond linking two consecutive alpha-amino acids from C1 (carbon number one) of one alpha-amino acid and N2 (nitrogen number two) of another, along a peptide or protein chain.
Une liaison peptidique est une liaison covalente qui s'établit entre la fonction carboxyle portée par le carbone α d'un acide aminé et la fonction amine portée par le carbone α de l'acide aminé suivant dans la chaîne peptidique. La liaison peptidique correspond à une fonction amide dans le cas particulier de certaines molécules biologiques. La liaison peptidique est une liaison plane et rigide.
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Finnish markka
Mark finlandais
The Finnish markka (; ; sign: mk; ISO code: FIM) was the currency of Finland from 1860 until 28 February 2002, when it ceased to be legal tender. The markka was divided into 100 pennies (; ), abbreviated as "p". At the point of conversion, the rate was fixed at €1 = 5.94573 mk.
Le mark finlandais (, ) a été la monnaie de la Finlande du au, date à laquelle il est remplacé par l'euro. Sa subdivision est le, un mark valant cent. Son abréviation courante est mk ou Smk et son code selon la norme ISO 4217 est FIM.
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null
null
null
null
null
null
Peptide
Peptide
Peptides (from Greek language πεπτός, "peptós" "digested"; derived from πέσσειν, "péssein" "to digest") are short chains of between two and fifty amino acids, linked by peptide bonds. Chains of less than ten or fifteen amino acids are called oligopeptides, and include dipeptides, tripeptides, and tetrapeptides.
Un peptide est un polymère d’acides aminés reliés entre eux par des liaisons peptidiques. Il existe une énorme variété de peptides différents. Par exemple, sachant qu'il existe distincts chez les mammifères, le nombre de peptides différents formés de seulement dix d'acides aminés vaut un peu moins de 1,668, soit près de.
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null
null
null
null
null
null
Le Vernet, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence
Le Vernet (Alpes-de-Haute-Provence)
Le Vernet is a commune in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department, and in the region of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, in southeastern France. The name of its inhabitants is Vernetois or Vernetiers.
Le Vernet est une commune française, située dans le département des Alpes-de-Haute-Provence en région Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur. Le nom de ses habitants est Vernetois ou Vernetiers.
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Matti Vanhanen
Matti Vanhanen
Matti Taneli Vanhanen () (born 4 November 1955) is a Finnish politician who was Prime Minister of Finland from 2003 to 2010. He was also Chairman of the Centre Party, and in the second half of 2006 he was President of the European Council. In his earlier career he was a journalist. Vanhanen is the son of professor Tatu Vanhanen and Anni Tiihonen. As of June 9th 2020 Matti Vanhanen became the Minister of Finance.
Matti Taneli Vanhanen, né le à Jyväskylä, est un homme d'État finlandais, membre du Parti du centre (Kesk). Président des Jeunes centristes au début des années 1980, il exerce ensuite le métier de journaliste local. En, il est élu député à l'Eduskunta. Il y sera notamment vice-président du groupe parlementaire Kesk et président de la grande commission.
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Alcohol by volume
Degré d'alcool
Alcohol by volume (abbreviated as ABV, abv, or alc/vol) is a standard measure of how much alcohol (ethanol) is contained in a given volume of an alcoholic beverage (expressed as a volume percent). It is defined as the number of millilitres (mL) of pure ethanol present in 100 mL (3.4 fl. oz) of solution at. The number of millilitres of pure ethanol is the mass of the ethanol divided by its density at 20 °C, which is 0.78924 g/mL (105.3 fl oz/gallon). The ABV standard is used worldwide. The International Organization of Legal Metrology has tables of density of water–ethanol mixtures at different concentrations and temperatures.
Le titre alcoométrique volumique (TAV), aussi appelé degré alcoolique ou degré d'alcool, est la proportion d'alcool dans une boisson. Ce titre est le rapport entre le volume d'alcool (éthanol) contenu dans le mélange et le volume total de ce mélange, à la température de.
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Vowel harmony
Harmonie vocalique
In phonology, vowel harmony is an assimilatory process in which the vowels of a word have to be members of the same class (thus "in harmony"). In languages with vowel harmony, there are constraints on which vowels may be found near each other. Vowel harmony is found in many agglutinative languages. Suffixes and prefixes will usually follow vowel harmony rules.
L'harmonie vocalique est une modification phonétique concernant les voyelles d'un même mot ou syntagme ; il s'agit d'un type d'assimilation à distance (ou dilation) des timbres vocaliques entre eux : les syllabes d'une même unité (comme le mot ou le syntagme) doivent toutes présenter à la suite des voyelles « compatibles » et appartiennent donc à la même « classe » que celle de la voyelle précédente, la classe variant selon les langues.
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Tampere
Tampere
Tampere (, ; ;, ) is a city in Pirkanmaa, southern Finland. It is the most populous inland city in the Nordic countries. Tampere has often been rated as the most popular city in Finland.
Tampere (, ) est une ville de Pirkanmaa, dans le Sud-Ouest de la Finlande. Avec intra-muros, et plus de en comptant les municipalités attenantes, elle est la seconde agglomération de Finlande après celle d'Helsinki. Elle est également la plus grande ville non-littorale des pays nordiques. C'est aussi la ville finlandaise la plus peuplée en dehors de la région du Grand Helsinki et un important centre urbain, économique et culturel pour le centre du pays.
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Champs-Élysées
Avenue des Champs-Élysées
The Avenue des Champs-Élysées (,, ) is an avenue in the 8th arrondissement of Paris, France, long and wide, running between the Place de la Concorde and the Place Charles de Gaulle, where the Arc de Triomphe is located. It is known for its theatres, cafés, and luxury shops, for the annual Bastille Day military parade, and as the finish of the Tour de France cycle race.
L’avenue des Champs-Élysées (souvent abrégé les Champs-Élysées, parfois les Champs) est une voie de Paris. Longue de près de deux kilomètres et suivant l'axe historique de la ville, elle est une voie de circulation centrale reliant la place de la Concorde à la place Charles-de-Gaulle dans le. Site touristique majeur, elle a souvent passé pour la plus belle avenue de la capitale, et est connue en France comme la.
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Helsinki
Helsinki
Helsinki ( ; ;, ) is the capital, primate and most populous city of Finland. Located on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, it is the seat of the region of Uusimaa in southern Finland, and has a population of. The city's urban area has a population of, making it by far the most populous urban area in Finland as well as the country's most important center for politics, education, finance, culture, and research; while Tampere in the Pirkanmaa region, located to the north from Helsinki, is the second largest urban area in Finland. Helsinki is located north of Tallinn, Estonia, east of Stockholm, Sweden, and west of Saint Petersburg, Russia. It has close historical ties with these three cities.
Helsinki ( ;'en finnois et'en suédois), est la capitale et la plus grande ville de la Finlande avec dans la commune et dans le Grand Helsinki. Helsinki est la capitale la plus septentrionale du monde après Reykjavik, capitale de l'Islande. La ville a la plus forte population immigrée de tout le pays. Il y a plus de 130 nationalités résidant dans la ville d'Helsinki. Elle s'étale sur une presqu'île entourée d'un grand nombre d'îles et est fortement caractérisée par la présence de l'eau. Helsinki est un port marchand ouvert sur le golfe de Finlande.
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Turku
Turku
Turku ( ; ;, ) is a city on the southwest coast of Finland at the mouth of the Aura River, in the region of Finland Proper (Varsinais-Suomi). The region was originally called Suomi (Finland), which later became the name for the whole country.
Turku (, ) par le passé Aboen en français est une ville de Finlande de située dans le Sud-Ouest du pays à l’embouchure du fleuve côtier Aura. C’est la sixième ville du pays après (dans l’ordre) Helsinki, Espoo, Tampere, Vantaa et Oulu. L’agglomération, la troisième du pays, compte avec comme principales villes Raisio (), Kaarina (), Lieto () et Naantali (). Administrativement, c’est la capitale de la région de Finlande propre ("Varsinais-Suomi") et de la province de Finlande occidentale.
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SkyOS
SkyOS
SkyOS ("Sky Operating System") is a discontinued prototype commercial, proprietary, graphical desktop operating system written for the x86 computer architecture. As of January 30, 2009 development was halted with no plans to resume its development. In August 2013, developer Robert Szeleney announced the release of a public beta on the SkyOS website. This allows public users to download a Live CD of the SkyOS operating system, for testing and to optionally install the system.
SkyOS est un système d'exploitation graphique conçu à partir de zéro et destiné aux plates-formes x86. Il est commercialisé par son auteur, Robert Szeleney, et ses sources ne sont pas publiées. Sans être un Unix, il adopte la norme POSIX, et se donne comme objectif d'être aussi convivial que possible. SkyOS est disponible en téléchargement gratuit.
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Fort-de-France
Fort-de-France
Fort-de-France (, also ; ; French Antillean Creole: Fodfwans) is the capital of Martinique, an overseas department of France located in the Caribbean. It is also one of the major cities in the Caribbean.
Fort-de-France (, en créole : "Fodfwans") est une commune française située dans la collectivité territoriale de Martinique. Ses habitants sont appelés les "Foyalais". En tant que chef-lieu de la Martinique, la ville qui a en 2015, concentre d'importantes fonctions administratives, militaires et culturelles. C'est aussi un pôle économique, commercial et portuaire majeur de l'archipel des Petites Antilles. L'unité urbaine, c'est-à-dire l'agglomération au sens statistique et morphologique tel que l'Insee l'a défini, comprend en 2014. Cependant, Fort-de-France est au cœur d'une conurbation de, incluant la commune limitrophe du Lamentin où se situent d'importantes zones d'activités et l'aéroport international Martinique Aimé Césaire, la commune de Schœlcher, ville universitaire, et les communes de Saint-Joseph et de Case-Pilote.
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Tarja Halonen
Tarja Halonen
Tarja Kaarina Halonen (; born 24 December 1943) is a Finnish politician who served as the 11th President of Finland, and the first woman to hold the position, from 2000 to 2012. She first rose to prominence as a lawyer with the Central Organisation of Finnish Trade Unions (SAK), and as the Prime Minister's parliamentary secretary (1974–1975) and a member of the City Council of Helsinki (1977–1996). Halonen was a Social Democratic Party member of parliament from 1979 until her election to the presidency in 2000. She also served as a minister at the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health from 1987 to 1990, as Minister of Justice from 1990 to 1991, and as Minister for Foreign Affairs from 1995 to 2000.
Tarja Kaarina Halonen, née le à Helsinki, est une femme d'État finlandaise. Diplômée de droit à l'université d'Helsinki, Tarja Halonen adhéra au Parti social-démocrate (SDP) et travailla comme juriste à l'organisation centrale des syndicats finnois jusqu'en 1979, date à laquelle elle fut élue députée à la Diète nationale.
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null
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Menispermaceae
Menispermaceae
Menispermaceae ( Botanical Latin : 'Moonseed Family' from Greek "mene" 'crescent moon' and "sperma"'seed' ) is a family of flowering plants. The alkaloid Tubocurarine, a neuromuscular blocker and the active ingredient in the 'tube curare' form of the dart poison curare, is derived from the South American liana Chondrodendron tomentosum. Several other South American genera belonging to the family have been used to prepare the 'pot' and calabash' forms of curare. The family contains 68 genera with some 440 species, which are distributed throughout low-lying tropical areas with some species present in temperate and arid regions.
La famille des Ménispermacées est une famille de plantes dicotylédones. Selon Watson & Dallwitz, elle comprend 520 espèces réparties en 75 genres.
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Canton of Bern
Canton de Berne
The canton of Bern or Berne (; ) is the second-largest of the 26 Swiss cantons by both surface area and population. Located in west-central Switzerland, it borders the canton of Jura and the canton of Solothurn to the north. To the west lie the canton of Neuchâtel, the canton of Fribourg and canton of Vaud. To the south lies the canton of Valais. East of the canton of Bern lie the cantons of Uri, Nidwalden, Obwalden, Lucerne and Aargau.
Le canton de Berne (BE, en allemand : ""; en italien : "Canton Berna" ; en romanche : "Chantun Berna") est un canton de Suisse bilingue, dont le chef-lieu et la ville fédérale, capitale "de facto" de la confédération, est Berne.
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Tuning fork
Diapason
A tuning fork is an acoustic resonator in the form of a two-pronged fork with the prongs (tines) formed from a U-shaped bar of elastic metal (usually steel). It resonates at a specific constant pitch when set vibrating by striking it against a surface or with an object, and emits a pure musical tone once the high overtones fade out. A tuning fork's pitch depends on the length and mass of the two prongs. They are traditional sources of standard pitch for tuning musical instruments.
En musique, le diapason est un outil produisant un son dont la hauteur est fixe dans le but d'obtenir une note de référence, typiquement un "la". Cette référence permet aux musiciens d'accorder leurs instruments de musique. Par extension, le diapason désigne la note de référence elle même. La note de référence standard est le "la" 440 fixant "la" à 440 Hertz. Il existe également des diapasons soufflés à plusieurs tubes, pour les instruments à cordes. À 4 tubes pour les violons et 6 pour les guitares.
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Brie
Brie (fromage)
Brie (; ) is a soft cow's-milk cheese named after Brie, the French region from which it originated (roughly corresponding to the modern "département" of Seine-et-Marne). It is pale in color with a slight grayish tinge under a rind of white mould. The rind is typically eaten, with its flavor depending largely upon the ingredients used and its manufacturing environment. It is similar to Camembert, which is native to a different region of France.
Les bries sont une importante famille de fromages à pâte molle à croûte fleurie, originaire de la région française de Brie.
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Roubaix
Roubaix
Roubaix (; ) is a city in northern France, located in the Lille metropolitan area on the Belgian border. It is a historically mono-industrial commune in the Nord department, which grew rapidly in the 19th century from its textile industries, with most of the same characteristic features as those of English and American boom towns. This former new town has faced many challenges linked to deindustrialisation such as urban decay, with their related economic and social implications, since its major industries fell into decline by the middle of the 1970s. Located to the northeast of Lille, adjacent to Tourcoing, Roubaix is the chef-lieu of two cantons and the third largest city in the French region of Hauts-de-France ranked by population with nearly 96,000 inhabitants.
Roubaix () est une commune française située dans le département du Nord, en région Hauts-de-France. Elle est le chef-lieu de deux cantons. Autrefois appelée "Robacum" (vers 863 selon la carte de Nicaise Fabius) ensuite au XI nommée "Rubaix" et plus fréquemment au XIIe "Rosbais" et "Rosbacum".
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Bretton Woods system
Accords de Bretton Woods
The Bretton Woods system of monetary management established the rules for commercial and financial relations among the United States, Canada, Western European countries, Australia, and Japan after the 1944 Bretton Woods Agreement. The Bretton Woods system was the first example of a fully negotiated monetary order intended to govern monetary relations among independent states. The chief features of the Bretton Woods system were an obligation for each country to adopt a monetary policy that maintained its external exchange rates within 1 percent by tying its currency to gold and the ability of the IMF to bridge temporary imbalances of payments. Also, there was a need to address the lack of cooperation among other countries and to prevent competitive devaluation of the currencies as well.
Les accords de Bretton Woods, issus de la conférence de Bretton Woods qui s'est tenue au Mount Washington Hotel, à Bretton Woods, dans le New Hampshire, du 1 au, sont des accords économiques ayant dessiné les grandes lignes du système financier international mis en place après 1944.
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Richard Wagner
Richard Wagner
Wilhelm Richard Wagner (, ; 22 May 181313 February 1883) was a German composer, theatre director, polemicist, and conductor who is chiefly known for his operas (or, as some of his mature works were later known, "music dramas"). Unlike most opera composers, Wagner wrote both the libretto and the music for each of his stage works. Initially establishing his reputation as a composer of works in the romantic vein of Carl Maria von Weber and Giacomo Meyerbeer, Wagner revolutionised opera through his concept of the "Gesamtkunstwerk" ("total work of art"), by which he sought to synthesise the poetic, visual, musical and dramatic arts, with music subsidiary to drama. He described this vision in a series of essays published between 1849 and 1852. Wagner realised these ideas most fully in the first half of the four-opera cycle "Der Ring des Nibelungen" ("The Ring of the Nibelung").
Wilhelm Richard Wagner, né le à Leipzig et mort le à Venise, est un compositeur, directeur de théâtre, écrivain, chef d'orchestre et polémiste allemand de la période romantique, particulièrement connu pour ses quatorze opéras et drames lyriques, dont les dix principaux sont régulièrement joués lors du Festival annuel qu'il a créé en 1876 et qui se déroule chaque été dans l'opéra de Bayreuth, conçu par lui-même pour l'exécution de ses œuvres. Il est aussi l'auteur de plus d'une vingtaine d'ouvrages philosophiques et théoriques.
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Altitude
Altitude
Altitude or height (sometimes known as 'depth') is defined based on the context in which it is used (aviation, geometry, geographical survey, sport, atmospheric pressure, and many more). As a general definition, altitude is a distance measurement, usually in the vertical or "up" direction, between a reference datum and a point or object. The reference datum also often varies according to the context. Although the term altitude is commonly used to mean the height above sea level of a location, in geography the term elevation is often preferred for this usage.
L'altitude est l'élévation verticale d'un lieu ou d'un objet par rapport à un niveau de base. C'est une des composantes géographique et biogéographique qui explique la répartition de la vie sur Terre.
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Oxidizing agent
Oxydant
In chemistry, an oxidizing agent (oxidant, oxidizer) is a substance that has the ability to oxidize other substances — in other words to accept their electrons. Common oxidizing agents are oxygen, hydrogen peroxide and the halogens.
Un oxydant ou agent oxydant ou agent d'oxydation est un corps simple, un composé ou un ion qui reçoit au moins un électron d'une autre espèce chimique lors d'une réaction d'oxydoréduction. L'oxydant ayant accepté au moins un électron au cours de cette réaction est dit "réduit", tandis que l'espèce chimique qui a cédé au moins un électron est dite "oxydée". Un oxydant est généralement proche de son état d'oxydation le plus élevé et se comporte par conséquent comme un accepteur d'électron.
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Trackball
Trackball
A trackball is a pointing device consisting of a ball held by a socket containing sensors to detect a rotation of the ball about two axes—like an upside-down mouse with an exposed protruding ball. Users roll the ball to position the on-screen pointer, using their thumb, fingers, or commonly the palm of the hand while using the fingertips to press the mouse buttons.
Un trackball, ou boule de commande, est un dispositif de pointage permettant de déplacer des objets virtuels sur un écran d'ordinateur au travers de mouvements exercés sur une sphère intégrée au périphérique.
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Aurangzeb
Aurangzeb
Muhi-ud-Din Muhammad (3 November 16183 March 1707), commonly known by the sobriquet (Persian: "Ornament of the Throne") or by his regnal title (Persian: "Conqueror of the World"), was the sixth Mughal emperor, who ruled over almost the entire Indian subcontinent for a period of 49 years. Widely considered to be the last effective ruler of the Mughal Empire, Aurangzeb compiled the Fatawa-e-Alamgiri, and was among the few monarchs to have fully established Sharia law and Islamic economics throughout the Indian subcontinent. He was an accomplished military leader whose rule has been the subject of praise, though he has also been described as the most controversial ruler in Indian history.
Abu Muzaffar Muhiuddin Muhammad Aurangzeb Âlamgir (né le à Dahod - mort le à Ahmadnagar), connu usuellement sous le nom d'Aurangzeb ("ornement du trône" en persan), ou aussi sous le nom d' ("Conquérant du monde") qu'il s'était choisi pour régner, est le souverain de l'Empire moghol de 1658 à 1707, le dernier des Grands Moghols. C'est une figure très controversée de l'histoire de l'Inde. Sous son règne, l'Empire moghol aura atteint son apogée territoriale, devenant la première économie du monde en détenant un quart du PIB mondial.
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