StivenLancheros/all_datasets_wikis · Datasets at Hugging Face

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On the Road	Sur la route	On the Road is a 1957 novel by American writer Jack Kerouac, based on the travels of Kerouac and his friends across the United States. It is considered a defining work of the postwar Beat and Counterculture generations, with its protagonists living life against a backdrop of jazz, poetry, and drug use. The novel is a roman à clef, with many key figures of the Beat movement, such as William S. Burroughs (Old Bull Lee), Allen Ginsberg (Carlo Marx), and Neal Cassady (Dean Moriarty) represented by characters in the book, including Kerouac himself as the narrator Sal Paradise.	Sur la route (titre original : "On the Road") est le plus connu des romans de Jack Kerouac, publié en 1957.	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Abu Bakr	Abou Bakr As-Siddiq	Abu Bakr Abdullah ibn Uthman (; 573 CE23 August 634 CE), was a companion and, through his daughter Aisha, a father-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, as well as the first of the Rashidun Caliphs.	Abou Bakr As-Siddiq (, "Abdu Llâh (ou 'Atîq) Ibn Abî Quhâfah" () ; né vers 573 et mort le ) ou Abubecer, surnommé « al-Siddîq » (, « le Véridique »), est un compagnon de Mahomet, devenu ensuite dirigeant religieux, politique et militaire. Il fut le successeur du prophète et premier calife de l'islam, de l'an 10 à 12 après l'Hégire c'est-à-dire de 632 à 634 en datation grégorienne.	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Viverridae	Viverridae	Viverridae is a family of small to medium-sized mammals, the viverrids (), comprising 15 genera, which are subdivided into 38 species. This family was named and first described by John Edward Gray in 1821. Viverrids are found in South and Southeast Asia, across the Wallace Line, all over Africa, and into southern Europe. Their occurrence in Sulawesi and in some of the adjoining islands shows them to be ancient inhabitants of the Old World tropics.	Les Viverridés (Viverridae) sont une famille de mammifères carnivores féliformes. Ils sont arboricoles, plutôt nocturnes et ne dédaignent pas de compléter leur régime carné par des fruits.	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Romain Duris	Romain Duris	Romain Duris (; born 28 May 1974) is a French actor, best known for his role in Cédric Klapisch's Spanish Apartment trilogy, which consists of "L'Auberge Espagnole" (2002), "Russian Dolls" (2005) and "Chinese Puzzle" (2013). He also appeared in the 2017 film "All the Money in the World".	Romain Duris, né le à Paris, est un acteur français. Il a tourné sept fois avec Cédric Klapisch. Il est ainsi surtout connu pour le rôle de Xavier Rousseau, héros de la trilogie "L'Auberge Espagnole" (1999-2013). Tony Gatlif l'a aussi dirigé dans "Gadjo dilo" (1997) et "Exils" (2004). Au début des années 2010, il est la tête d'affiche des comédies romantiques à succès "L'Arnacœur" (2010), de Pascal Chaumeil et de "Populaire" (2012), de Régis Roinsard. Il partage aussi l'affiche de l'adaptation "L'Écume des jours" (2013), de Michel Gondry avec Audrey Tautou.	[ 250004, 250054, 786, 3679, 83, 2965, 51529, 100, 1919, 31486, 237, 70, 92265, 121122, 9836, 118759, 56709, 2619, 916, 23, 44, 866, 25, 67362, 4969, 13, 75760, 11137, 133, 58, 136, 44, 3957, 102374, 984, 42458, 1242, 1529, 1556, 10, 216473, 100, 153450, 2481, 4, 19441, 112730, 10, 68180, 23, 44, 3957, 33424, 9925, 2646, 60861, 20491, 48398, 740, 1529, 1556, 112730, 10, 96551, 111, 31486, 7, 17163, 214, 1295, 4642, 37499, 237, 23, 984, 1297, 5761, 8305, 79880, 37105, 7, 4, 44, 13025, 3960, 70751, 56, 58, 47, 22631, 40814, 90, 23, 44, 7614, 7, 78387, 104702, 73, 740, 7422, 19, 23, 7270, 4, 775, 111, 142, 185118, 9, 54689, 14656, 18, 67373, 62548, 47, 1172, 12018, 9, 17067, 19386, 10071, 223, 4, 70, 92265, 98834, 1419, 136, 479, 86927, 42, 111, 70, 27608, 40567, 7, 4, 136, 10, 123, 3443, 42732, 4, 2750, 164055, 60887, 7, 1295, 70, 187951, 249, 10433, 42814, 12015, 2397, 4, 786, 3679, 22282, 71, 81693, 99, 152363, 1284, 68872, 47, 28960, 10, 80997, 23, 19612, 3173, 214, 10, 39644, 9, 54881, 8753, 5, 13703, 47143, 7, 10, 13036, 33946, 5, 1529, 509, 156672, 23, 70, 48800, 390, 10, 176050, 14364, 217982, 89289, 23, 10, 41, 13388, 23, 13867, 136, 509, 122399, 10, 2831, 23, 70, 13211, 53285, 71, 12259, 341, 104486, 206, 1346, 44, 5267, 155019, 141, 48375, 740, 1529, 1556, 16792, 79786, 678, 341, 104486, 206, 186085, 5, 18763, 5117, 31486, 49903, 509, 23, 10, 7426, 1202, 100, 108405, 27303, 11, 4, 44, 17647, 1003, 1103, 25, 170, 25, 1517, 330, 2186, 58, 15, 568, 52889, 717, 27985, 247, 23, 3129, 764, 11301, 7, 70, 31486, 111, 10, 19336, 9, 6032, 4642, 1515, 5, 18763, 114015, 83, 139356, 117619, 786, 3679, 4, 2750, 51339, 7, 98, 70, 217148, 111, 70, 4078, 1346, 44, 3957, 33424, 9925, 2646, 60861, 20491, 48398, 740, 117371, 7730, 3934, 1030, 1916, 4, 764, 26859, 142, 43840, 9, 145, 13894, 8753, 7440, 764, 509, 10, 47617, 1991, 5, 786, 3679, 60742, 23, 7270, 43573, 239, 1853, 92450, 678, 1919, 215542, 169713, 179818, 80469, 1176, 678, 136565, 764, 1556, 10, 775, 4, 183964, 4, 103122, 209, 22482, 20938, 2 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	[ 250008, 8321, 73, 786, 3679, 4, 18673, 95, 253, 7270, 4, 437, 51, 6, 132987, 43054, 5, 891, 10, 9742, 733, 61433, 10326, 1609, 53285, 71, 12259, 341, 104486, 206, 5, 891, 437, 14185, 30160, 70561, 578, 95, 76733, 8, 118759, 56709, 2619, 916, 4, 10128, 232, 8, 21, 1927, 103679, 44, 866, 25, 67362, 4969, 13, 75760, 11137, 133, 58, 15, 55157, 74790, 194, 59689, 79785, 28574, 96, 25, 11, 5206, 5121, 17995, 807, 44, 724, 712, 513, 45, 365, 58, 163992, 82, 44, 19279, 7870, 58, 105498, 5, 5655, 30708, 224, 24881, 36404, 211, 437, 21, 42369, 104, 25, 120197, 224, 375, 31571, 90, 6315, 36806, 253, 111701, 44, 866, 25, 7614, 48308, 52908, 474, 58, 71189, 4, 8, 167599, 133271, 282, 379, 82, 8, 2 ]	null	null	null	null	null	null
Medina	Médine	Medina, also transliterated as Madīnah (), is the capital of the Al-Madinah Region in Saudi Arabia. At the city's heart is "al-Masjid an-Nabawi" ('The Prophet's Mosque'), which is the burial place of the Islamic prophet, Muhammad. Medina is one of the three holiest cities in Islam, the other two being Mecca and Jerusalem.	Médine, anciennement Yathrib, est une ville d'Arabie saoudite, capitale de la province de Médine, située dans le Hedjaz. Elle a plusieurs noms en arabe : "Al-Madīna" () « la ville » ; "Al-Madīna al-Munawwara" (), son nom officiel et qui se traduit par « la ville illuminée », "Madīnatu an-Nabî" () « la ville du prophète », ou "Madīnatu Rasûl Allah" () « la ville du messager d'Allah »).	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Airbus A321	Airbus A321	The Airbus A321 is a member of the Airbus A320 family of short to medium range, narrow-body, commercial passenger twin engine jet airliners and carries 185 to 236 passengers. It has a stretched fuselage which was the first derivative of the baseline A320 and entered service in 1994 about six years after the original A320. The aircraft shares a common type rating with all other Airbus A320-family variants, allowing previous A320-family pilots to fly the aircraft without the need for further training.	L'Airbus A321 est une version allongée de l'Airbus A320. Construit par Airbus Commercial Aircraft, cet avion biréacteur à fuselage étroit est le plus grand de la gamme A320.	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Polydipsia	Polydipsie	Polydipsia is excessive thirst or excess drinking. The word derives from the Greek () "very thirsty", which is derived from (, "much, many") + (, "thirst"). Polydipsia is a nonspecific symptom in various medical disorders. It also occurs as an abnormal behaviour in some non-human animals, such as in birds.	La polydipsie est un symptôme rencontré le plus souvent en endocrinologie et caractérisé par une soif excessive avec augmentation de l'absorption de liquide, causée par la polyurie dans le cas du diabète, qu'il soit de type insipide (par diminution de la sécrétion de la HAD) ou sucré (augmentation de l'osmolarité due à l'augmentation de la concentration en glucose), ou dans certains cas de diabète sucré, par un dérèglement du centre hypothalamique de la soif.	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Polyuria	Polyurie	Polyuria () is excessive or an abnormally large production or passage of urine (greater than 2.5 L or 3 L over 24 hours in adults). Increased production and passage of urine may also be termed diuresis. Polyuria often appears in conjunction with polydipsia (increased thirst), though it is possible to have one without the other, and the latter may be a cause or an effect. Psychogenic polydipsia may lead to polyuria. Polyuria is usually viewed as a symptom or sign of another disorder (not a disease by itself), but it can be classed as a disorder, at least when its underlying causes are not clear.	La polyurie est un symptôme ou une maladie caractérisée par des urines abondantes, fréquemment rencontrée dans le cas du diabète insipide et du diabète sucré.	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Concerto	Concerto	A concerto (; plural "concertos", or "concerti" from the Italian plural) is, from the late Baroque era, mostly understood as an instrumental composition, written for one or more soloists accompanied by an orchestra. The typical three-movement structure, a slow movement (e.g., lento or adagio) preceded and followed by fast movements (e.g. presto or allegro), became a standard from the early 18th century.	Le concerto (pluriel : concertos ou concerti), mot français d'origine italienne, est une forme musicale composée généralement de trois mouvements (un rapide, un lent, un rapide), où un ou plusieurs solistes dialoguent avec un orchestre. D'origine italienne, il se développa pendant la période baroque et fut une des formes musicales les plus prisées pendant les périodes classiques et romantiques.	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Machine tool	Machine-outil	A machine tool is a machine for handling or machining metal or other rigid materials, usually by cutting, boring, grinding, shearing, or other forms of deformation. Machine tools employ some sort of tool that does the cutting or shaping. All machine tools have some means of constraining the workpiece and provide a guided movement of the parts of the machine. Thus the relative movement between the workpiece and the cutting tool (which is called the toolpath) is controlled or constrained by the machine to at least some extent, rather than being entirely "offhand" or "freehand". It is a power driven metal cutting machine which assists in managing the needed relative motion between cutting tool and the job that changes the size and shape of the job material.	Une machine-outil est un équipement mécanique destiné à exécuter un usinage, ou autre tâche répétitive, avec une précision et une puissance adaptées. C'est un moyen de production destiné à maintenir un outil fixe, mobile, ou tournant, et à lui imprimer un mouvement afin d'usiner ou déformer une pièce ou un ensemble fixé sur une table fixe ou mobile.	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Mozilla Thunderbird	Mozilla Thunderbird	Mozilla Thunderbird is a free and open-source cross-platform email client, news client, RSS, and chat client developed by the Mozilla Foundation. The project strategy was modeled after that of the Mozilla Firefox web browser.	Mozilla Thunderbird (prononciation : ) est un client de messagerie, libre, distribué gratuitement par la fondation Mozilla et issu du projet Mozilla. Consacré à l'origine au courrier électronique, aux groupes de discussion et aux flux RSS et Atom, il s'est au fil du temps équipé de fonctionnalités supplémentaires tels qu'agenda, de gestionnaire de tâches et de messagerie instantanée, lui conférant désormais le titre de collecticiel.	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Sharm El Sheikh	Charm el-Cheikh	Sharm El Sheikh (, ) is an Egyptian city on the southern tip of the Sinai Peninsula, in South Sinai Governorate, on the coastal strip along the Red Sea. Its population is approximately 73,000. Sharm El Sheikh is the administrative hub of Egypt's South Sinai Governorate, which includes the smaller coastal towns of Dahab and Nuweiba as well as the mountainous interior, St. Catherine and Mount Sinai. The city and holiday resort is a significant centre for tourism in Egypt, while also attracting many international conferences and diplomatic meetings.	Charm el-Cheikh (, "Sharm al-Shaykh", prononcé ˈʃɑɾm eʃˈʃeːx, littéralement la "Baie du Cheikh") est une ville d’Égypte et un important port de commerce et de tourisme à la pointe sud du désert du Sinaï. Elle fait partie du Gouvernorat du Sinaï Sud.	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Battle of Puebla	Bataille de Puebla	The Battle of Puebla (; ) took place on 5 May 1862, near Puebla City during the Second French intervention in Mexico. The battle ended in a victory for the Mexican Army over the French Army. The French eventually overran the Mexicans in subsequent battles, but the Mexican victory at Puebla against a much better equipped and larger French army provided a significant morale boost to the Mexicans and also helped slow the French advance towards Mexico City.	La bataille de Puebla est un combat qui s’est déroulé le autour de la ville de Puebla de los Angeles, entre les armées mexicaines, dirigées par Ignacio Zaragoza, et celles du Second Empire français, dirigées par Charles Ferdinand Latrille, comte de Lorencez, pendant l’expédition au Mexique. Malgré une armée considérée comme inférieure, les Mexicains ont gagné la bataille contre l’une des armées les plus expérimentées et respectées de son époque.	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Machine	Machine	A machine (or mechanical device) is a mechanical structure that uses power to apply forces and control movement to perform an intended action. Machines can be driven by animals and people, by natural forces such as wind and water, and by chemical, thermal, or electrical power, and include a system of mechanisms that shape the actuator input to achieve a specific application of output forces and movement. They can also include computers and sensors that monitor performance and plan movement, often called mechanical systems.	Une machine est un produit fini mécanique capable d'utiliser une source d'énergie communément disponible pour effectuer par elle-même, sous la conduite ou non d'un opérateur, une ou plusieurs tâches spécifiques, en exerçant un travail mécanique sur un outil, la charge à déplacer ou la matière à façonner. Une machine peut être fixe (machine-outil, machine à laver, etc.) ou mobile (locomotive, tondeuse à gazon, etc.).	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Nick Drake	Nick Drake	Nicholas Rodney "Nick" Drake (19 June 1948 – 25 November 1974) was an English singer-songwriter and musician known for his acoustic guitar-based songs. He failed to find a wide audience during his lifetime but his work has gradually achieved wider notice and recognition. Drake signed to Island Records when he was 20 years old and a student at the University of Cambridge. He released his debut album, "Five Leaves Left", in 1969. By 1972, he had recorded two more albums—"Bryter Layter" and "Pink Moon". Neither sold more than 5,000 copies on initial release. His reluctance to perform live, or be interviewed, contributed to his lack of commercial success. There is no known footage of the adult Drake; he was only ever captured in still photographs and in home footage from his childhood.	Nick Drake est un auteur-compositeur-interprète et musicien britannique né le à Rangoun, en Birmanie, et mort le à Tanworth-in-Arden, dans le Warwickshire.	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Umayyad Caliphate	Califat omeyyade	The Umayyad Caliphate (661–750 CE;, ; ) was the second of the four major caliphates established after the death of Muhammad. The caliphate was ruled by the Umayyad dynasty (, "al-ʾUmawīyūn", or, "Banū ʾUmayyah", "Sons of Umayyah"). The third Caliph, Uthman ibn Affan (r. 644–656), was a member of the Umayyad clan. The family established dynastic, hereditary rule with Muawiya ibn Abi Sufyan, long-time governor of Syria, who became the sixth Caliph after the end of the First Muslim Civil War in 661. After Mu'awiyah's death in 680, conflicts over the succession resulted in a Second Civil War and power eventually fell into the hands of Marwan I from another branch of the clan. Syria remained the Umayyads' main power base thereafter, and Damascus was their capital.	Le Califat omeyyade (en ) est un Califat fondé par la dynastie arabe des Omeyyades, qui gouverne le monde musulman de 661 à 750. Les Omeyyades sont originaires de la tribu de Qurayš, qui domine la Mecque au temps du prophète Mahomet. À la suite de la guerre civile ayant opposé principalement Muʿāwiyah ibn ʾAbī Sufyān, gouverneur de Syrie, au calife ʿAlī ibn ʾAbī Ṭalib, et après l'assassinat de ce dernier, Muʿāwiyah fonde le Califat omeyyade en prenant Damas comme capitale, faisant de la Syrie la base d'un Califat qui fait suite au Califat bien guidé et qui devient, au fil des conquêtes, le plus grand État musulman de l'Histoire. Ainsi, les successeurs de Muʿāwiyah étendent les frontières du Califat de l'Indus jusqu'à la péninsule Ibérique, entrant en guerre à plusieurs reprises notamment avec l'Empire byzantin et l'Empire khazar, et faisant disparaître le Royaume wisigoth. Le Califat omeyyade s'étend même au-delà des Pyrénées avant d'être arrêté par Charles Martel à la bataille de Poitiers.	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Altingiaceae	Altingiaceae	Altingiaceae is a small family of flowering plants in the order Saxifragales, consisting of wind-pollinated trees that produce hard, woody fruits containing numerous seeds. The fruits have been studied in considerable detail. They naturally occur in Central America, Mexico, eastern North America, the eastern Mediterranean, China, and tropical Asia. They are often cultivated as ornamentals and many produce valuable wood.	La famille des Altingiaceae (Altingiacées) regroupe des plantes dicotylédones. Ce sont des arbres ou des arbustes, à feuilles persistantes ou caduques, alternes, des régions tempérées à tropicales tels que, par exemple, le copalme d'Amérique "(Liquidambar styraciflua)", un arbre au feuillage vert devenant rouge flamboyant en automne.	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Henri Cartier-Bresson	Henri Cartier-Bresson	Henri Cartier-Bresson (; August 22, 1908 – August 3, 2004) was a French humanist photographer considered a master of candid photography, and an early user of 35 mm film. He pioneered the genre of street photography, and viewed photography as capturing a "decisive moment."	Henri Cartier-Bresson (né le à Chanteloup-en-Brie et mort le à Montjustin dans les Alpes-de-Haute-Provence) est un photographe, photojournaliste et dessinateur français. Connu pour la précision et le graphisme de ses compositions (jamais recadrées au tirage), il s'est surtout illustré dans la photographie de rue, la représentation des aspects pittoresques ou signifiants de la vie quotidienne ("Les Européens"). Avec Robert Capa, David Seymour, William Vandivert et George Rodger, ils fondent en 1947 l'agence coopérative Magnum Photos.	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Qadi	Cadi	A Qadi (; also Qazi, cadi, kadi or kazi) is the magistrate or judge of a Shariʿa court, who also exercises extrajudicial functions, such as mediation, guardianship over orphans and minors, and supervision and auditing of public works.	Un cadi (arabe: قاضي [qāḍī], « juge ») est un juge musulman remplissant des fonctions civiles, judiciaires et religieuses. Le cadi est un juge de paix et un notaire, réglant les problèmes de vie quotidienne : mariages, divorces, répudiations, successions, héritages, etc. Le mot « cadi » vient d'un verbe signifiant « juger », « décider ». 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Danny Elfman	Danny Elfman	Daniel Robert Elfman (born May 29, 1953) is an American composer, singer, songwriter, record producer, actor, and voice actor. He first became well known as the singer-songwriter for the new wave band Oingo Boingo in the early 1980s, and has since garnered international recognition for writing over 100 feature film scores, as well as compositions for television, stage productions, and the concert hall.	Daniel Robert Elfman, dit Danny Elfman, né le à Los Angeles, est un compositeur américain de musique de films, ancien meneur du groupe de new wave Oingo Boingo. Il compose la musique de la plupart des films de Tim Burton, de plusieurs films de Sam Raimi ainsi que les thèmes musicaux des génériques des séries télévisées "Les Simpson", "Les Contes de la crypte", "Flash" et "Desperate Housewives". Il reçoit de nombreuses récompenses pour ses compositions originales et est nommé quatre fois pour l'Oscar de la meilleure musique de film.	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Diabetes	Diabète sucré	Diabetes mellitus (DM), commonly known as diabetes, is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by a high blood sugar level over a prolonged period of time. Symptoms often include frequent urination, increased thirst, and increased appetite. If left untreated, diabetes can cause many complications. Acute complications can include diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state, or death. Serious long-term complications include cardiovascular disease, stroke, chronic kidney disease, foot ulcers, damage to the nerves, damage to the eyes and cognitive impairment. Diabetes is due to either the pancreas not producing enough insulin, or the cells of the body not responding properly to the insulin produced. There are three main types of diabetes mellitus: Type 1 diabetes must be managed with insulin injections. Prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes involves maintaining a healthy diet, regular physical exercise, a normal body weight, and avoiding use of tobacco. Type 2 diabetes may be treated with medications such as insulin sensitizers with or without insulin. Control of blood pressure and maintaining proper foot and eye care are important for people with the disease. Insulin and some oral medications can cause low blood sugar. Weight loss surgery in those with obesity is sometimes an effective measure in those with type 2 diabetes. Gestational diabetes usually resolves after the birth of the baby., an estimated 463 million people had diabetes worldwide (8.8% of the adult population), with type 2 diabetes making up about 90% of the cases. Rates are similar in women and men. Trends suggest that rates will continue to rise. Diabetes at least doubles a person's risk of early death. In 2019, diabetes resulted in approximately 4.2 million deaths. It is the 7th leading cause of death both globally and in the US. The global economic cost of diabetes related health expenditure in 2017 was estimated at billion. In the United States, diabetes cost nearly US$327 billion in 2017. Average medical expenditures among people with diabetes are about 2.3 times higher.	Le diabète sucré (ou "diabète" par abus de langage) est une maladie liée à une défaillance des mécanismes biologiques de régulation de la glycémie (concentration de glucose dans le sang) menant à une hyperglycémie chronique.	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Adamastor	Adamastor	Adamastor is a mythological character created by the Portuguese poet Luís de Camões in his epic poem "Os Lusíadas" (first printed in 1572), as a personification of the Cape of Good Hope, symbolizing the dangers of the sea and the formidable forces of nature challenged and ultimately overcome by the Portuguese during the Discovery Age. Adamastor manifests itself out of a storm.	Adamastor ou le géant des Tempêtes est l'esprit du Cap des Orages (Cap de Bonne-Espérance), cité par Claudien dans sa "Gigantomachie", puis popularisé par Luís de Camões (1524-1580) dans "Les Lusiades".	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El Cid	Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar	Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar ( 10 July 1099) was a Castilian knight and warlord in medieval Spain. The Moors called him El Cid (), which meant "the Lord" (probably from the original Arabic al-sayyid, السَّيِّد), and the Christians, El Campeador, which means "the Champion" in modern Spanish, but is literally translated as "the Master of the Battlefield" in Old Spanish. He was born in Vivar del Cid, a village near the city of Burgos. Díaz de Vivar became well known for his service in the armies of both Christian and Muslim rulers, his exile, and his temporary conquest of Valencia, which became independent for a brief period in the Reconquista. After his death, El Cid became Spain's celebrated national hero and the protagonist of the most significant medieval Spanish epic poem, "El Cantar de Mio Cid."	Rodrigo, ou Ruy, Díaz de Vivar (parfois écrit ), né vers à Vivar (), près de Burgos, et mort le à Valence est un chevalier mercenaire chrétien, héros de la Reconquista.	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Y	Y (lettre)	Y or y is the 25th and penultimate letter of the ISO basic Latin alphabet and the sixth vowel letter of the modern English alphabet. In the English writing system, it sometimes represents a vowel and sometimes a consonant, and in other orthographies it may represent a vowel or a consonant. Its name in English is "wye" (pronounced ), plural "wyes".	Y (la lettre se nomme « "i" grec » et se prononce isolée ) est la lettre de l'alphabet latin moderne.	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Canche	Canche (fleuve)	The river Canche () is one of the rivers that flow from the plateau of southern Boulonnais and Picardy, into the English Channel, of which the Somme is the largest example. The basin of the Canche extends to and lies in the south of the département of Pas-de-Calais. Forming an alluvial valley from wide, the Canche valley also contains marshes, meadows and small woods. The gentle gradient, averaging 1.5 percent, gives the river a meandering course.	La Canche est un fleuve côtier français du Pas-de-Calais, long de. Bien que la longueur de son cours soit relativement modeste, la Canche bénéficie de l'apport de nombreux affluents et d'un débit élevé. Sa vallée est le témoignage, depuis le Moyen Âge, de la mise en valeur par les hommes d'un milieu humide. Son estuaire, typiquement picard avec son poulier et son musoir, a été transformé, après avoir échappé à l'artificialisation, en milieu protégé, recelant une flore et une faune variées. L'estuaire de la Canche et la baie de Canche pourraient bientôt faire partie d'un des nouveaux Parcs naturels marins de France (projet de Parc naturel marin des estuaires picards et de la côte d'Opale (qui inclut en fait sept estuaires en comptant les estuaires picards, soumis à enquête publique en 2011).	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Chamber music	Musique de chambre	Chamber music is a form of classical music that is composed for a small group of instruments—traditionally a group that could fit in a palace chamber or a large room. Most broadly, it includes any art music that is performed by a small number of performers, with one performer to a part (in contrast to orchestral music, in which each string part is played by a number of performers). However, by convention, it usually does not include solo instrument performances.	Une œuvre de musique de chambre est une composition musicale dédiée à un petit ensemble de cordes, bois, cuivres ou percussions dont chaque partie est écrite pour un seul instrumentiste. Si certaines voix sont doublées ou triplées, particulièrement dans les cordes, on parle d'orchestre de chambre ; au-delà, on parle d'orchestre, avec le qualificatif de sa composition instrumentale (symphonique, à cordes, d'harmonie, de fanfare...).	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Abbasid Caliphate	Califat abbasside	The Abbasid Caliphate ( or, "") was the third caliphate to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad. It was founded by a dynasty descended from Muhammad's uncle, Abbas ibn Abdul-Muttalib (566–653 CE), from whom the dynasty takes its name. They ruled as caliphs for most of the caliphate from their capital in Baghdad in modern-day Iraq, after having overthrown the Umayyad Caliphate in the Abbasid Revolution of 750 CE (132 AH).	Le califat abbasside (arabe : / "al-ḵilāfa al-ʿabbāsiyya") est un califat sunnite qui gouverne le monde musulman de 750 à 1258.	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The Nightmare Before Christmas	L'Étrange Noël de monsieur Jack	The Nightmare Before Christmas (also known as Tim Burton's The Nightmare Before Christmas) is a 1993 American stop-motion animated musical Halloween-Christmas fantasy film directed by Henry Selick, and produced and conceived by Tim Burton. It tells the story of Jack Skellington, the King of "Halloween Town" who stumbles through a portal to "Christmas Town" and decides to celebrate the holiday. Danny Elfman wrote the songs and score, and provided the singing voice of Jack. The principal voice cast also includes Chris Sarandon, Catherine O'Hara, William Hickey, Ken Page, Paul Reubens, Glenn Shadix, and Ed Ivory.	L'Étrange Noël de monsieur Jack (titre original ː ') est le quarante-et-unième long-métrage d'animation des studios Disney, sorti en 1993.	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Gestapo	Gestapo	The Geheime Staatspolizei (Secret State Police), abbreviated Gestapo (; ), was the official secret police of Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe.	La Gestapo, acronyme tiré de l'allemand "Geheime Staatspolizei" signifiant « Police secrète d'État », était la police politique du Troisième Reich. Fondée en Prusse par Hermann Göring, son pouvoir s'étendit ensuite, sous l'impulsion de Heinrich Himmler, à l'ensemble du Reich et des territoires envahis par ce dernier au cours de la Seconde Guerre mondiale.	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Habib Bourguiba	Habib Bourguiba	Habib Bourguiba (; ; 3 August 1903 – 6 April 2000) was a Tunisian lawyer, nationalist leader and statesman who served as the country's leader from independence in 1956-1987. He first served as the second Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Tunisia before proclaiming the Republic of Tunisia in 1957 and thus becoming the first President of Tunisia. Prior to that, he played a major role in obtaining independence from France, ending the 75 year-old protectorate and earning the title of "Supreme Combatant".	Habib Bourguiba (), de son nom complet Habib Ben Ali Bourguiba, né probablement le à Monastir et mort le dans la même ville, est un homme d'État tunisien, président de la République entre 1957 et 1987.	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Gorgon	Gorgones	In Greek mythology, a Gorgon (; plural: Gorgons, "Gorgon"/"Gorgo") is a mythical creature portrayed in ancient literature. While descriptions of Gorgons vary and occur in the earliest examples of Greek literature, the term commonly refers to any of three sisters who had hair made of living, venomous snakes, as well as a horrifying visage that turned those who beheld her to stone.	Les Gorgones (en grec ancien ou ), au singulier Gorgone ou Gorgo (), sont, dans la mythologie grecque, des créatures fantastiques malfaisantes dont le regard a le pouvoir de pétrifier les personnes qui les regardent.	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Inertia	Inertie	Inertia is the resistance of any physical object to any change in its velocity. This includes changes to the object's speed, or direction of motion. An aspect of this property is the tendency of objects to keep moving in a straight line at a constant speed, when no forces act upon them.	En physique, l'inertie d'un corps, dans un référentiel galiléen (dit "inertiel"), est sa tendance à conserver sa vitesse : en l'absence d'influence extérieure, tout corps ponctuel perdure dans un mouvement rectiligne uniforme. L'inertie est aussi appelée principe d'inertie, ou loi d'inertie, et, depuis Newton, première loi de Newton.	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Aegukga	Aegukga	"Aegukga" (, Hanja:, ; ), often translated as "The Patriotic Song", is the national anthem of South Korea. It was adopted in 1948, the year the country was founded. Its music was composed in the 1930s and its lyrics date back to the 1890s. The lyrics of "Aegukga" were originally set to the music of the Scottish song "Auld Lang Syne" before Ahn Eak-tai composed a unique melody specifically for it in 1936. Before the founding of South Korea, the song's lyrics, set to the music of "Auld Lang Syne", was sung, as well as during Korea under Japanese rule by dissidents. The version set to the melody composed by Ahn Eak-tai was adopted as the national anthem of the Korean exile government, which existed during Korea's occupation by Japan from the early 1910s to the mid-1940s.	Aegukga ( en hangeul ou en hanja) est l'hymne national de la Corée du Sud. Le titre signifie littéralement « Chanson de l'amour pour le pays ». Les paroles ont été écrites vers la fin du par Yun Chi-ho, un politicien, ou par An Chang-ho, un leader indépendantiste. Au début, "Aegukga" a été chantée sur l'air populaire écossais Auld Lang Syne. Pendant le règne colonial japonais (1910-1945), la chanson a été interdite, mais les Coréens d'outre-mer continuèrent à la chanter, exprimant leur désir d'indépendance nationale.	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Hegira	Hégire	The Hegira (medieval Latin transliteration, also, Hijra or Hijrah, meaning "departure") is the migration or journey of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his followers from Mecca to Yathrib, later renamed by him Medina, in the year 622. In May 622, after being warned of a plot to assassinate him, Muhammad secretly left his home in Mecca to emigrate to Yathrib, north of Mecca, along with his companion Abu Bakr. Yathrib was soon renamed "Madīnat an-Nabī" (, literally "City of the Prophet"), but "an-Nabī" was soon dropped, so its name is "Medina", meaning "the city".	L'hégire (arabe : [hiǧrah], « immigration » du point de vue de la première congrégation religieuse à Médine ; « exil » ; « rupture » ; « séparation ») désigne le départ de Mahomet et de plusieurs de ses compagnons de La Mecque vers l'oasis de Yathrib, ancien nom de Médine, en 622.	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Cucumber	Concombre	Cucumber ("Cucumis sativus") is a widely-cultivated creeping vine plant in the "Cucurbitaceae" gourd family that bears cucumiform fruits, which are used as vegetables. There are three main varieties of cucumber—slicing, pickling, and burpless/seedless—within which several cultivars have been created. The cucumber originates from South Asia, but now grows on most continents, as many different types of cucumber are traded on the global market. In North America, the term "wild cucumber" refers to plants in the genera "Echinocystis" and "Marah", though the two are not closely related.	Le concombre ("Cucumis sativus") est une plante potagère herbacée, rampante, de la même famille que la calebasse africaine, le melon ou la courge (famille des Cucurbitacées). C'est botaniquement un fruit qui est consommé comme un légume. Il est de la même espèce "(Cucumis sativus") que le cornichon, consommé lui comme condiment. La plante, qui poussait naturellement au pied de l'Himalaya, aurait été domestiquée pour la première fois en Inde il y a au moins.	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River delta	Delta (hydrologie)	A river delta is a landform created by deposition of sediment that is carried by a river as the flow leaves its mouth and enters slower-moving or stagnant water. This occurs where a river enters an ocean, sea, estuary, lake, reservoir, or (more rarely) another river that cannot carry away the supplied sediment. The size and shape of a delta is controlled by the balance between watershed processes that supply sediment, and receiving basin processes that redistribute, sequester, and export that sediment. The size, geometry, and location of the receiving basin also plays an important role in delta evolution. River deltas are important in human civilization, as they are major agricultural production centers and population centers. They can provide coastline defense and can impact drinking water supply. They are also ecologically important, with different species' assemblages depending on their landscape position.	Un delta est un type d'embouchure qu'un cours d'eau peut former à l'endroit où il se jette dans un océan, une mer ou un lac.	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Internal rate of return	Taux de rentabilité interne	The internal rate of return (IRR) is a measure of an investment’s expected future rate of return. As the IRR is an estimate of a future annual rate of return, IRR should not be confused with the actual achieved investment return of an historical investment. The term "internal" refers to the fact that the calculation excludes external factors, such as the risk-free rate, inflation, the cost of capital, or various financial risks.	Le taux de rentabilité interne (TRI) est un taux d'actualisation qui annule la valeur actuelle nette d'une série de flux financiers (en général relatifs à un projet avec un investissement initial suivi de flux de trésorerie positifs).	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Ogre	Ogre	An ogre (feminine: ogress) is a legendary monster usually depicted as a large, hideous, man-like being that eats ordinary human beings, especially infants and children. Ogres frequently feature in mythology, folklore, and fiction throughout the world. They appear in many classic works of literature, and are most often associated in fairy tales and legend with a taste for infants.	Un ogre (du latin "orcus", « enfer », fém. "ogresse") est un personnage de contes et traditions populaires, sorte de géant se nourrissant de chair fraîche et dévorant les petits enfants.	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Paul Simon	Paul Simon (chanteur)	Paul Frederic Simon (born October 13, 1941) is an American musician, singer, songwriter and actor. Simon's musical career has spanned over six decades. He reached fame and commercial success as half of the duo Simon & Garfunkel, formed in 1956 with Art Garfunkel. Simon wrote nearly all of their songs, including US number-one singles "The Sound of Silence", "Mrs. Robinson", and "Bridge over Troubled Water".	Paul Frederic Simon, né le à Newark (New Jersey), est un auteur-compositeur-interprète et musicien américain. Il forme d'abord un duo avec Arthur Garfunkel (Simon and Garfunkel), puis continue une carrière soliste.	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S. R. Nathan	Sellapan Ramanathan	Sellapan Ramanathan (; 3 July 1924 – 22 August 2016), usually referred to as S. R. Nathan, was a Singaporean politician who was the sixth President of Singapore & the commander-in-chief of the Singapore Armed Forces serving a twelve-year term from 1 September 1999 to 31 August 2011, having been elected in uncontested elections in the 1999 Singaporean presidential election and in the 2005 Singaporean presidential election when former president Ong Teng Cheong stepped down from the position. In 2009, he surpassed Benjamin Sheares to become Singapore's longest-serving President. He was reportedly considering re-election, but announced on 2 July 2011 that he would not run for re-election.	Sellapan Rama Nathan, couramment appelé "S.R. Nathan", né le à Singapour et mort le dans la même ville, est un homme d'État singapourien. Il est président de la République de 1999 à 2011.	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Newspaper	Journal	A newspaper is a periodical publication containing written information about current events and is often typed in black ink with a white or gray background.	Un journal est une publication périodique recensant un certain nombre d'événements présentés sous la forme d'articles relatifs à une période donnée, généralement une journée, d'où son nom. Par métonymie, ce terme peut désigner des périodiques imprimés des fréquences de parution différentes et un certain type de formats audiovisuels.	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Évian Accords	Accords d'Évian	The Évian Accords comprise a treaty signed on 18 March 1962 in Évian-les-Bains, France, by France and the Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic, the government-in-exile of FLN ("Front de Libération Nationale"), which sought Algeria's independence from France. The Accords ended the 1954–1962 Algerian War with a formal cease-fire proclaimed for 19 March and formalized the idea of a cooperative exchange between the two countries.	Les accords d'Évian sont le résultat de négociations entre les représentants du Gouvernement de la République française et du Gouvernement provisoire de la République algérienne (GPRA) pour mettre fin à la guerre d'Algérie. Ces accords, secrètement négociés les semaines précédentes aux Rousses, près de la frontière suisse, sont signés le à l'Hôtel du Parc, à Évian-les-Bains et se traduisent immédiatement par un cessez-le-feu applicable sur tout le territoire algérien dès le lendemain à midi. Ils sont ratifiés, côté français, par le référendum du 8 avril 1962 organisé en France métropolitaine, donnant au gouvernement par 91 % des votes les pleins pouvoirs pour appliquer les accords, et côté algérien, par le référendum d'autodétermination du.	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Guru	Guru (maître spirituel)	Guru (, ;, IAST: "guru") is a Sanskrit term for a "teacher, guide, expert, or master" of certain knowledge or field. In pan-Indian traditions, "guru" is more than a teacher, in Sanskrit "guru" means the one who dispels the darkness and takes towards light, traditionally a reverential figure to the student, with the "guru" serving as a "counselor, who helps mold values, shares experiential knowledge as much as literal knowledge, an exemplar in life, an inspirational source and who helps in the spiritual evolution of a student". A "guru" is also one's spiritual guide, who helps one to discover the same potentialities that the "guru" has already realized. In the Tagalog language, Indonesian and Malay the word means teacher.	Guru (), ou gourou, (devanāgarī : गुरु, "guru" ) est un terme sanskrit qui signifie « précepteur », « guide spirituel », « maître ». Il désigne, en Inde, un enseignant reconnu de la religion, de la spiritualité, de la danse, de la musique ou de tout autre domaine de connaissance. Dans le domaine spirituel, le guru est l'initiateur ou le leader d'une école de pensée autoproclamée ou traditionnelle dans le cadre d'un âshram ou "gurukula". Les rapports entre le guru et le disciple ("chela") sont ceux qui existent entre un patriarche et un jeune enfant, ce dernier devant libérer son maître des tâches du quotidien (lessive, cuisine, ménage) en échange de l'enseignement qu'il reçoit, ce contrat étant considéré, en Inde, comme faisant partie de l'apprentissage.	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Georges Clemenceau	Georges Clemenceau	Georges Eugène Benjamin Clemenceau (,, ; 28 September 1841 – 24 November 1929) was a French statesman who served as Prime Minister of France from 1906 to 1909 and again from 1917 until 1920. A popular figure of the Independent Radicals, he played a central role in the politics of the Third Republic, most notably successfully leading the country through the end of the First World War; about 1,400,000 French soldiers were killed between the German invasion and Armistice.	Georges Clemenceau (prononcé ) né le à Mouilleron-en-Pareds (Vendée) et mort le à Paris, est un homme d'État français, président du Conseil de 1906 à 1909 puis de 1917 à 1920.	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Composite material	Matériau composite	A composite material (also called a composition material or shortened to composite, which is the common name) is a material made from two or more constituent materials with significantly different physical or chemical properties that, when combined, produce a material with characteristics different from the individual components. The individual components remain separate and distinct within the finished structure, differentiating composites from mixtures and solid solutions.	Un matériau composite est un assemblage d'au moins deux composants non miscibles (mais ayant une forte capacité de pénétration) dont les propriétés se complètent. Le nouveau matériau ainsi constitué, hétérogène, possède des propriétés que les composants seuls ne possèdent pas.	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Weapon	Arme	A weapon, arm or armament is any implement or device that can be used with intent to inflict damage or harm. Weapons are used to increase the efficacy and efficiency of activities such as hunting, crime, law enforcement, self-defense, and warfare. In broader context, weapons may be construed to include anything used to gain a tactical, strategic, material or mental advantage over an adversary or enemy target.	Une arme est un outil (physique ou numérique) ou un dispositif autonome (un piège, une mine...) ou un organisme (arme biologique) destiné dans sa conception ou dans son utilisation à neutraliser, à blesser ou à tuer un être vivant, ou à causer une destruction matérielle.	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Sinai Peninsula	Sinaï	The Sinai Peninsula or simply Sinai (, ) is a peninsula in Egypt, and the only part of the country located in Asia. It is situated between the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Red Sea to the south, and is a land bridge between Asia and Africa. Sinai has a land area of about (6 percent of Egypt's total area) and a population of approximately 600,000 people. Administratively, the vast majority of the area of the Sinai Peninsula is divided into two governorates: the South Sinai Governorate and the North Sinai Governorate. Three other governorates span the Suez Canal, crossing into African Egypt: Suez Governorate on the southern end of the Suez Canal, Ismailia Governorate in the center, and Port Said Governorate in the north.	Le Sinaï est une péninsule égyptienne d'environ, à la forme triangulaire et située entre la mer Méditerranée (au nord) et la mer Rouge (au sud). Elle est géographiquement située en Asie du Sud-Ouest. Sa frontière terrestre longe le canal de Suez à l'ouest et la frontière entre l'Égypte et Israël et la bande de Gaza au nord-est. La limite orientale de la péninsule est marquée par une faille tectonique qui écarte, année après année, la mer Rouge. Des gisements de pétrole, de fer et de manganèse sont exploités dans le nord et dans le centre-sud. D'anciennes mines existent depuis des millénaires.	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Witch-hunt	Chasse aux sorcières	A witch-hunt or a witch purge is a search for people who have been labelled "witches" or a search for evidence of witchcraft, and it often involves a moral panic or mass hysteria. The classical period of witch-hunts in Early Modern Europe and Colonial America took place in the Early Modern period or about 1450 to 1750, spanning the upheavals of the Reformation and the Thirty Years' War, resulting in an estimated 35,000 to 100,000 executions, with the most recent estimate at 40,000. The last executions of people convicted as witches in Europe took place in the 18th century. In other regions, like Africa and Asia, contemporary witch-hunts have been reported from Sub-Saharan Africa and Papua New Guinea, and official legislation against witchcraft is still found in Saudi Arabia and Cameroon today.	La chasse aux sorcières est la poursuite, la persécution et la condamnation systématique et en masse de personnes accusées de pratiquer la sorcellerie. Si la condamnation des pratiques de sorcellerie se rencontre à toutes les époques et dans toutes les civilisations, cette chasse aux sorcières du Moyen Âge tardif et surtout de la Renaissance est particulière par la croyance en un complot organisé de sorcières se réunissant en sabbat pour détruire la chrétienté en faisant un pacte avec le diable, et par la persécution et la traque massive de ces prétendues sorcières.	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Henri Verneuil	Henri Verneuil	Henri Verneuil, born Ashot Malakian (15 October 1920 – 11 January 2002), was a French-Armenian playwright and filmmaker, who made a successful career in France. He was nominated for Oscar and Palme d'Or awards, and won Locarno International Film Festival, Edgar Allan Poe Awards, French Legion of Honor, Golden Globe Award, French National Academy of Cinema and Honorary Cesar awards.	Henri Verneuil, de son vrai nom Achod Malakian (en ), né le à Rodosto (auj. Tekirdağ, en Turquie) et mort le à Bagnolet, est un réalisateur et scénariste de cinéma français d'origine arménienne. Il a raconté son enfance dans ses deux derniers films formant un diptyque : "Mayrig" et "588, rue Paradis".	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Oil	Huile	An oil is any nonpolar chemical substance that is a viscous liquid at ambient temperatures and is both hydrophobic (does not mix with water, literally "water fearing") and lipophilic (mixes with other oils, literally "fat loving"). Oils have a high carbon and hydrogen content and are usually flammable and surface active. Most oils are unsaturated lipids that are liquid at room temperature.	Une huile est un corps gras qui est à l'état liquide à température ambiante et qui ne se mélange pas à l'eau.	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Victoria, British Columbia	Victoria (Colombie-Britannique)	Victoria (Saanich: METULIYE "mətúliyə") is the capital city of the Canadian province of British Columbia, located on the southern tip of Vancouver Island off Canada's Pacific coast. The city has a population of 85,792, and the Greater Victoria Area has a population of 367,770. Victoria is the 7th most densely populated city in Canada with 4,405.8 people per square kilometre.	Victoria est la capitale provinciale de la Colombie-Britannique au Canada, ainsi qu'une cité ("city"). La capitale se trouve à la pointe sud de l'île de Vancouver et a été fondée par la Compagnie de la Baie d'Hudson. La cité est nommée ainsi du nom de la reine Victoria.	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Euripides	Euripide	Euripides (; "Eurīpídēs", ; ) was a tragedian of classical Athens. Along with Aeschylus and Sophocles, he is one of the three ancient Greek tragedians for whom any plays have survived in full. Some ancient scholars attributed 95 plays to him but, according to the "Suda", it was 92 at most. Of these, 18 or 19 have survived more or less complete (there has been debate about his authorship of "Rhesus", largely on stylistic grounds) and there are also fragments, some substantial, of most of the other plays. More of his plays have survived intact than those of Aeschylus and Sophocles together, partly because his popularity grew as theirs declinedhe became, in the Hellenistic Age, a cornerstone of ancient literary education, along with Homer, Demosthenes, and Menander.	Euripide, en grec ancien / (Salamine vers 480 - Macédoine en 406) est un des trois grands tragiques de l'Athènes classique, avec Eschyle et Sophocle. Certains auteurs antiques lui attribuent 95 pièces, mais selon la "Souda", il n'en écrivit pas plus de 92, dont 18 ou 19 conservées dans leur intégralité ; il existe des fragments, certains de longueur importante, de la plupart des autres pièces. Il reste d'Euripide plus de pièces que d'Eschyle et Sophocle réunis, parce que sa popularité augmentait tandis que la leur déclinait. Il connut un immense succès durant l'époque hellénistique. Connu parmi les écrivains de l'Athènes classique pour sa sympathie sans égale envers toutes les victimes de la société, femmes incluses, ses contemporains l'ont associé à Socrate, et en ont fait le porte-parole d'un intellectualisme décadent. Les deux personnages se trouvent fréquemment raillés par des poètes comiques comme Aristophane. Alors que Socrate fut traîné en justice pour être finalement exécuté au motif d'une « corruption des mœurs », Euripide a choisi l'exil volontaire à un âge avancé, en Macédoine, où il meurt.	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Hectare	Hectare	The hectare (; SI symbol: ha) is a non-SI metric unit of area equal to a square with 100-metre sides (1 hm), or 10,000 m, and is primarily used in the measurement of land. There are 100 hectares in one square kilometre. An acre is about 0.405 hectare and one hectare contains about 2.47 acres.	L’hectare (symbole : ha) est une unité de mesure de superficie. Un hectare correspond à soit l'équivalent d'une surface carrée de de côté. Il y a dans un hectare. C’est une unité en dehors du Système international d'unités (SI) mais toujours en usage. Elle est strictement égale à un hectomètre carré. Un kilomètre carré contient cent hectares.	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Culture of South Korea	Culture de la Corée du Sud	The contemporary culture of South Korea developed from the traditional culture of Korea which was prevalent in the early Korean nomadic tribes. By maintaining thousands of years of ancient Korean culture, with influence from ancient Chinese culture, South Korea split on its own path of cultural development away from North Korean culture since the division of Korea in 1948. The industrialization, urbanization and westernization of South Korea, especially Seoul, have brought many changes to the way Korean people live. Changing economics and lifestyles have led to a concentration of population in major cities (and depopulation of the rural countryside), with multi-generational households separating into nuclear family living arrangements. Today, many Korean cultural elements, especially popular culture, have spread across the globe and have become some of the most prominent cultural forces in the world.	La Corée du Sud partage sa culture traditionnelle avec celle de la Corée du Nord. La culture coréenne est influencée par celle de la Chine mais est essentiellement distincte. La culture traditionnelle a été également influencée par le bouddhisme et le confucianisme et a elle-même influencé la culture japonaise.	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Impalement	Supplice du pal	Impalement, as a method of torture and execution, is the penetration of a human by an object such as a stake, pole, spear, or hook, often by the complete or partial perforation of the torso. It was particularly used in response to "crimes against the state" and regarded across a number of cultures as a very harsh form of capital punishment and recorded in myth and art. Impalement was also used during times of war to suppress rebellions, punish traitors or collaborators, and punish breaches of military discipline.	Le supplice du pal, appelé aussi empalement, est une méthode d'exécution passive, réputée pour être particulièrement douloureuse et spectaculaire, à l'instar du crucifiement.	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Magnificat	Magnificat	The Magnificat (Latin for "[My soul] magnifies [the Lord]") is a canticle, also known as the Song of Mary, the Canticle of Mary and, in the Byzantine tradition, the Ode of the Theotokos (). It is traditionally incorporated into the liturgical services of the Catholic Church (at vespers) and of the Eastern Orthodox churches (at the morning services). It is one of the eight most ancient Christian hymns and perhaps the earliest Marian hymn. Its name comes from the incipit of the Latin version of the canticle's text.	Le Magnificat est le cantique chanté par la Vierge Marie après l'Annonciation, lors de la visite qu'elle rend à sa cousine Élisabeth, plus âgée qu'elle et enceinte. Cet épisode est couramment appelé la Visitation. Également intitulé Cantique de Marie, ainsi que Cantique de la Vierge, le Magnificat est tiré de l'Évangile de Luc, 1, 46-56.	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Panama Canal	Canal de Panama	The Panama Canal () is an artificial waterway in Panama that connects the Atlantic Ocean with the Pacific Ocean. The canal cuts across the Isthmus of Panama and is a conduit for maritime trade. Canal locks are at each end to lift ships up to Gatun Lake, an artificial lake created to reduce the amount of excavation work required for the canal, 26 m (85 ft) above sea level, and then lower the ships at the other end. The original locks are 32.5 m (110 ft) wide. A third, wider lane of locks was constructed between September 2007 and May 2016. The expanded canal began commercial operation on June 26, 2016. The new locks allow transit of larger, neo-Panamax ships, capable of handling more cargo.	Le canal de Panama () est un canal maritime de de long, qui traverse l’isthme de Panama en Amérique centrale, reliant l’océan Pacifique et l’océan Atlantique. Sa construction a été l'un des projets d’ingénierie les plus difficiles jamais entrepris. Son influence sur le commerce maritime a été considérable, puisque les navires n’ont plus eu besoin de faire route par le cap Horn et le passage de Drake, à la pointe australe de l’Amérique du Sud. Un navire allant de New York à San Francisco par le canal parcourt, moins de la moitié des du voyage par le cap Horn.	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Genetic algorithm	Algorithme génétique	In computer science and operations research, a genetic algorithm (GA) is a metaheuristic inspired by the process of natural selection that belongs to the larger class of evolutionary algorithms (EA). Genetic algorithms are commonly used to generate high-quality solutions to optimization and search problems by relying on biologically inspired operators such as mutation, crossover and selection. John Holland introduced genetic algorithms in 1960 based on the concept of Darwin’s theory of evolution, and his student David E. Goldberg further extended GA in 1989.	Les algorithmes génétiques appartiennent à la famille des algorithmes évolutionnistes. Leur but est d'obtenir une solution approchée à un problème d'optimisation, lorsqu'il n'existe pas de méthode exacte (ou que la solution est inconnue) pour le résoudre en un temps raisonnable. Les algorithmes génétiques utilisent la notion de sélection naturelle et l'appliquent à une population de solutions potentielles au problème donné. La solution est approchée par « bonds » successifs, comme dans une procédure de séparation et évaluation (), à ceci près que ce sont des formules qui sont recherchées et non plus directement des valeurs.	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Luke the Evangelist	Luc (évangéliste)	Luke the Evangelist (Latin: "Lūcās",, "Loukâs",, "Lūqās",, "Lūqā'") is one of the Four Evangelists—the four traditionally ascribed authors of the canonical Gospels. The Early Church Fathers ascribed to him authorship of both the Gospel of Luke and the Acts of the Apostles, which would mean Luke contributed over a quarter of the text of the New Testament, more than any other author. Prominent figures in early Christianity such as Jerome and Eusebius later reaffirmed his authorship, although a lack of conclusive evidence as to the identity of the author of the works has led to discussion in scholarly circles, both secular and religious.	Luc l'évangéliste ou saint Luc, du grec ancien Λουκᾶς, Loukas (Lucas), est un personnage dont on sait peu de chose mais qui a rédigé une partie du Nouveau Testament. La tradition chrétienne le considère comme l'auteur de l'évangile qui porte son nom, ainsi que des Actes des Apôtres. Cette hypothèse est admise par le consensus historien.	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John I of France	Jean Ier le Posthume	John I (15–20 November 1316), called the Posthumous (, ), was king of France and Navarre, as the posthumous son and successor of Louis X, for the five days he lived in 1316. He is the youngest person to be king of France, the only one to have borne that title from birth, and the only one to hold the title for his entire life. His reign is the shortest of any French king. Although considered a king today, his status was not recognized until chroniclers and historians in later centuries began numbering John II, thereby acknowledging John I's brief reign.	Jean, dit « le Posthume », roi de France et roi de Navarre, est le fils posthume de et de Clémence de Hongrie. Né le, il ne vécut que quatre jours. Il est enterré dans la basilique Saint-Denis. Le comte de Poitiers, alors régent, fut proclamé roi de France sous le nom de.	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Matthew the Apostle	Matthieu (apôtre)	Matthew the Apostle, also known as Saint Matthew and as Levi, was, according to the New Testament, one of the twelve apostles of Jesus. According to Christian tradition, he was also one of the four Evangelists and thus is also known as Matthew the Evangelist.	Matthieu, du grec, transcrit de l'hébreu "Mattai" ou "Mattay", abréviation de "Mattithyahû" ("Mattith" = don et "Yâhû" = YHWH), ou Matthieu-Lévi ou saint Matthieu, est un personnage juif lié à la Galilée qui apparaît pour la première fois dans les Évangiles synoptiques, où il est appelé soit Matthieu, soit Lévi. Il y est décrit comme un publicain percepteur d'impôts, que Jésus appelle pour devenir un de ses douze apôtres.	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Agen	Agen	The commune of Agen (, ) is the prefecture of the Lot-et-Garonne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France. It lies on the river Garonne southeast of Bordeaux.	Agen ( en français standard et localement) est une commune du Sud-Ouest de la France, préfecture du département de Lot-et-Garonne, en région Nouvelle-Aquitaine. Ses habitants sont appelés les Agenais. Le pays qui l'entoure, sur les deux rives de la Garonne, est l'Agenais.	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Master System	Master System	The is a third-generation 8-bit home video game console manufactured by Sega. It was originally a remodeled export version of the Sega Mark III, the third iteration of the SG-1000 series of consoles, which was released in Japan in 1985 and featured enhanced graphical capabilities over its predecessors. The Master System launched in North America in 1986, followed by Europe in 1987, and Brazil in 1989. A Japanese version of the Master System was also launched in 1987, which features a few enhancements over the export models (and by proxy the original Mark III): a built-in FM audio chip, a rapid-fire switch, and a dedicated port for the 3D glasses. A cost-reduced model known as the Master System II was released in 1990 in North America and Europe.	La ou Sega Master System (aussi abrégé SMS) est une console de jeux vidéo de troisième génération, conçue et commercialisée par le constructeur japonais Sega Enterprises, Ltd. Elle est sortie en 1985, sous le nom Sega Mark III au Japon. La console est redessinée et rebaptisée Master System avant son lancement en 1986 en Amérique du Nord. Elle sort sous ce nom dans la plupart des autres territoires, dont l'Europe en 1986 et le Brésil en 1987. Le modèle remanié de la Master System sort également en 1987 au Japon.	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Johann Jakob Griesbach	Johann Jakob Griesbach	Johann Jakob Griesbach (4 January 1745 – 24 March 1812) was a German biblical textual critic. Griesbach's fame rests upon his work in New Testament criticism, in which he inaugurated a new epoch. His solution to the synoptic problem bears his name, but the Griesbach hypothesis has become, in modern times, known as the Two-Gospel hypothesis.	Johann Jakob Griesbach ( – ), exégète biblique allemand, né à Butzbach, une petite ville dans le landgraviat de Hesse-Darmstadt, où son père, Konrad Kaspar (1705 -1777), était pasteur. Griesbach est surtout célèbre pour son édition critique du Nouveau Testament et ses recherches sur le problème synoptique. On appelle aujourd'hui hypothèse de Griesbach l'hypothèse selon laquelle l’Évangile selon Matthieu serait le plus ancien des trois évangiles synoptiques.	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Crop circle	Cercle de culture	A crop circle, crop formation, or corn circle is a pattern created by flattening a crop, usually a cereal. The term was first coined in the early 1980s by Colin Andrews. Crop circles have been described as all falling "within the range of the sort of thing done in hoaxes" by Taner Edis, professor of physics at Truman State University. Although obscure natural causes or alien origins of crop circles are suggested by fringe theorists, there is no scientific evidence for such explanations, and all crop circles are consistent with human causation.	Un cercle de culture (traduction de la dénomination anglaise « "" »), ou parfois « agrogramme » ou « agroglyphe », est un vaste motif ou ensemble de motifs géométriques réalisé dans un champ de céréales (généralement de blé) par flexion et couchage des épis. Visibles depuis le ciel, ces réalisations peuvent aller d'un simple cercle de quelques mètres de diamètre à des compositions de plusieurs hectares comportant de nombreuses figures disposées géométriquement.	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International Fixed Calendar	Calendrier fixe	The International Fixed Calendar (also known as the Cotsworth plan, the Cotsworth calendar and the Eastman plan) is a solar calendar proposal for calendar reform designed by Moses B. Cotsworth, who presented it in 1902. It divides the solar year into 13 months of 28 days each. It is therefore a perennial calendar, with every date fixed to the same weekday every year. Though it was never officially adopted in any country, entrepreneur George Eastman adopted it for use in his Eastman Kodak Company, where it was used from 1928 to 1989. It is sometimes also called "the" 13-month calendar or "the" equal-month calendar, but there are multiple alternative calendar designs that these descriptive labels apply to as well.	Le calendrier fixe comporte treize mois de vingt-huit jours. Un mois supplémentaire, nommé "sol", est donc intercalé entre juin et juillet, et un trois cent soixante-cinquième jour est ajouté après le 28 décembre.	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Exegesis	Exégèse	Exegesis (; from the Greek from, "to lead out") is a critical explanation or interpretation of a text, particularly a religious text. Traditionally the term was used primarily for work with the Bible; however, in modern usage "biblical exegesis" is used for greater specificity to distinguish it from any other broader critical text explanation.	L'exégèse (en grec ancien (« explication ») est, en philologie, une étude approfondie et critique d'un texte. La lecture exégètique consiste donc en un travail préalable à l'édition sur les travaux de tous les auteurs, anciens comme contemporains.	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Catapult	Catapulte	A catapult is a ballistic device used to launch a projectile a great distance without the aid of gunpowder or other propellants – particularly various types of ancient and medieval siege engines. A catapult uses the sudden release of stored potential energy to propel its payload. Most convert tension or torsion energy that was more slowly and manually built up within the device before release, via springs, bows, twisted rope, elastic, or any of numerous other materials and mechanisms. The counterweight trebuchet is a type of catapult that uses gravity.	La catapulte est une machine de guerre utilisée pour lancer des projectiles à grande distance, sans emploi d'aucun explosif ; elle est comparable sur ce point à d'autres engins de siège en usage pendant l'Antiquité et au Moyen Âge. Apparentée à la baliste qui, elle, projetait des lances, la catapulte est capable de projeter de lourdes pierres ou, parfois même, des cadavres ou diverses déjections, ceci afin de saper fortement le moral de l'ennemi, lui faire peur, voire propager des infections. La force de propulsion a d'abord été donnée par la flexion d'un arc géant puis, dans les engins plus perfectionnés, par la torsion d'un « ressort » constitué d'un faisceau de fibres.	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Glashtyn	Alastyn	Glashtyn (, glashan, glaistyn, glastyn; pronounced ) is a legendary creature from Manx folklore. The word "glashtin" is thought to derive from Celtic, meaning "stream", or sometimes even the sea.	L’Alastyn, aussi connu sous les noms de Glashtyn et de Cabyll-ushtey, est, dans le folklore de l'île de Man, une créature humanoïde qui sort régulièrement de l'eau et peut prendre l'apparence d'un poulain gris. Il ne sort que la nuit. Sous sa forme humaine, il apparait comme un très beau jeune homme avec des yeux brillants, une peau sombre et des cheveux bouclés. Il ne peut être distingué des êtres humains que par ses oreilles, qui restent pointues comme celles d'un cheval.	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Integration by parts	Intégration par parties	In calculus, and more generally in mathematical analysis, integration by parts or partial integration is a process that finds the integral of a product of functions in terms of the integral of the product of their derivative and antiderivative. It is frequently used to transform the antiderivative of a product of functions into an antiderivative for which a solution can be more easily found. The rule can be thought of as an integral version of the product rule of differentiation.	En mathématiques, l'intégration par parties (parfois abrégée en IPP) est une méthode qui permet de transformer l'intégrale d'un produit de fonctions en d'autres intégrales. Elle est fréquemment utilisée pour calculer une intégrale (ou une primitive) d'un produit de fonctions en une intégrale (ou primitive). Cette formule peut être considérée comme une version intégrale de la règle du produit.	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Tool	Outil	A tool is an object used to extend the ability of an individual to modify features of the surrounding environment. Although many animals use simple tools, only human beings, whose use of stone tools dates back hundreds of millennia, have been observed using tools to make other tools. The set of tools required to perform different tasks that are part of the same activity is called gear or equipment.	Un outil est un objet physique utilisé par un être vivant directement, ou par l'intermédiaire d'une machine, afin d'exercer une action le plus souvent mécanique, ou thermique, sur un élément d'environnement à traiter (matière brute, objet fini ou semi-fini, être vivant, etc). Il améliore l'efficacité des actions entreprises ou donne accès à des actions impossibles autrement. Beaucoup procurent un avantage mécanique en fonctionnant selon le principe d'une machine simple, comme la pince-monseigneur, qui exploite le principe du levier.	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81P/Wild	81P/Wild	Comet 81P/Wild, also known as Wild 2 (pronounced "vilt two") ( ), is a comet named after Swiss astronomer Paul Wild, who discovered it on January 6, 1978, using a 40-cm Schmidt telescope at Zimmerwald, Switzerland.	81P/Wild ou Wild 2 est une comète périodique, découverte par l'astronome suisse Paul Wild en 1978. Elle a la particularité d'être l'une des rares comètes à avoir été approchée par une sonde spatiale à fins d'analyse. Elle a un diamètre d'environ 5 kilomètres.	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Signal-to-noise ratio	Rapport signal sur bruit	Signal-to-noise ratio (abbreviated SNR or S/N) is a measure used in science and engineering that compares the level of a desired signal to the level of background noise. SNR is defined as the ratio of signal power to the noise power, often expressed in decibels. A ratio higher than 1:1 (greater than 0 dB) indicates more signal than noise.	Le rapport signal sur bruit est un indicateur de la qualité de la transmission d'une information. C'est le rapport des puissances entre : Il s'exprime généralement en décibels (dB).	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Brahma	Brahmā	Brahma (Sanskrit: ब्रह्मा, IAST: "Brahmā") is the creator god in Hinduism. He is also known as "Svayambhu" (self-born) or the creative aspect of Vishnu, "Vāgīśa" (Lord of Speech), and the creator of the four Vedas, one from each of his mouths. Brahma is consort of Saraswati and he is the father of Four Kumaras, Narada, Daksha, Marichi and many more. Brahma is synonymous with the Vedic god Prajapati, he is also known as Vedanatha (god of Vedas), Gyaneshwara (god of Knowledge), Chaturmukha (having Four Faces) Svayambhu (self born), etc, as well as linked to Kama and Hiranyagarbha (the cosmic egg). He is more prominently mentioned in the post-Vedic Hindu epics and the mythologies in the Puranas. In the epics, he is conflated with Purusha. Although Brahma is part of the Brahma-Vishnu-Shiva Trimurti, ancient Hindu scriptures mention multiple other trinities of gods or goddesses which do not include Brahma.	Brahmā (devanāgarī : ब्रह्मा) est le dieu créateur-démiurge de l'hindouisme, le premier membre de la Trimūrti, la trinité des déités hindoues majeures. Les autres membres sont Vishnou et Shiva. Sarasvatī est sa shakti, son énergie, son épouse. Sa monture vāhana est un hamsa, une oie ou un cygne. Sa couleur est le rouge. Il n'est pas mentionné dans les Veda, mais seulement à partir des Brāhmaṇa, et il est très présent dans le Mahābhārata, le Rāmāyaṇa et les Purāṇa. C'est une personnification de la notion abstraite de brahman.	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Siege engine	Engin de siège	A siege engine is a device that is designed to break or circumvent heavy castle doors, thick city walls and other fortifications in siege warfare. Some are immobile, constructed in place to attack enemy fortifications from a distance, while others have wheels to enable advancing up to the enemy fortification. There are many distinct types, such as siege towers to allow attacking soldiers to scale walls and attack the defenders, battering rams to break walls or gates, and catapults (such as ballistae, trebuchets and other similar constructions) used to attack from a distance and fire a projectile. Some complex siege engines were combinations of these types.	Un engin de siège est un dispositif conçu pour ouvrir des brèches dans les murailles ou contourner les fortifications au cours d’une guerre de siège, afin d'envahir une place forte.	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Pilgrimage	Pèlerinage	A pilgrimage is a journey, often into an unknown or foreign place, where a person goes in search of new or expanded meaning about their self, others, nature, or a higher good, through the experience. It can lead to a personal transformation, after which the pilgrim returns to their daily life.	Un pèlerinage (du latin "", « étranger ») est un voyage effectué par un croyant, le pèlerin, vers un lieu de, vers un endroit circonscrit tenu pour sacré selon sa religion car supposé contenir une communication directe avec une divinité grâce à une relique, un légendaire (récit d'apparitions, de miracles), une source, un arbre.	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SUSE	SUSE	SUSE ( ) is a German-based, multinational, open-source software company that develops and sells Linux products to business customers. Founded in 1992, it was the first company to market Linux for the enterprise. It is the developer of SUSE Linux Enterprise and the primary sponsor of the community-supported openSUSE Project, which develops the openSUSE Linux distribution. While the openSUSE "Tumbleweed" variation is an upstream distribution for both the "Leap" variation and SUSE Linux Enterprise distribution, its branded "Leap" variation is part of a direct upgrade path to the enterprise version, which effectively makes openSUSE Leap a non-commercial version of its enterprise product.	SUSE (prononciation : en anglais, ou, respectivement « sousseu » ou « souzeu » en français ; en allemand,, soit « zouzeu ») est une société allemande appartenant au fonds d’investissement EQT Partners. Elle est connue pour sa distribution Linux destinée à l'utilisation en entreprise.	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Pope Agatho	Agathon (pape)	Pope Agatho (died January 681) served as the bishop of Rome from 27 June 678 until his death. He heard the appeal of Wilfrid of York, who had been displaced from his See by the division of the Archdiocese ordered by Theodore of Canterbury. During Agatho's tenure, the Sixth Ecumenical Council was convened which dealt with the monothelitism controversy. He is venerated as a saint by both the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches.	Agathon (mort le ) fut le pape de 678 à 681. Sans doute d'origine orientale, il vécut longtemps à Palerme (Sicile) avant de venir à Rome. Il est surtout connu pour avoir fait condamner le monothélisme au concile de Constantinople (680-681), et pour avoir soustrait l'Église de Rome aux impôts de l'empereur. Il fit également reconnaître l'autorité du siège de Rome par l'archevêque de Ravenne et accrut l'influence romaine sur le clergé d'Occident.	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Cricket	Cricket	Cricket is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of eleven players on a field at the centre of which is a pitch with a wicket at each end, each comprising two bails balanced on three stumps. The batting side scores runs by striking the ball bowled at the wicket with the bat, while the bowling and fielding side tries to prevent this and dismiss each player (so they are "out"). Means of dismissal include being bowled, when the ball hits the stumps and dislodges the bails, and by the fielding side catching the ball after it is hit by the bat, but before it hits the ground. When ten players have been dismissed, the innings ends and the teams swap roles. The game is adjudicated by two umpires, aided by a third umpire and match referee in international matches. They communicate with two off-field scorers who record the match's statistical information.	Le cricket est un sport collectif de balle et de batte opposant deux équipes composées normalement de onze joueurs chacune. Il se joue généralement sur un terrain de forme ovale, en herbe, au centre duquel se trouve une zone d'une vingtaine de mètres de longueur, à chaque extrémité de laquelle on trouve une structure de bois, le guichet. Une rencontre est divisée en plusieurs manches. Au cours de chacune d'entre elles, l'une des équipes essaye de marquer des points (courses), et possède simultanément deux batteurs sur le terrain, chacun devant l'un des guichets. Un point est notamment marqué à chaque échange de position de ces deux joueurs lorsque la balle est en jeu. Leurs onze adversaires sont également présents sur l'aire de jeu. La balle est lancée par l'un de ceux-ci en direction du guichet d'un des deux batteurs. L'objectif de la seconde équipe est d'empêcher la première de marquer, principalement en éliminant les batteurs adverses, par exemple en détruisant le guichet avec la balle sur le lancer.	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Charlie Hebdo	Charlie Hebdo	Charlie Hebdo (; French for "Charlie Weekly") is a French satirical weekly magazine, featuring cartoons, reports, polemics, and jokes. Irreverent and stridently non-conformist in tone, the publication describes itself as above all secular, skeptic, and atheist, far-left-wing, and anti-racist publishing articles about the extreme right (especially the French nationalist National Front party), religion (Catholicism, Islam, Judaism), politics and culture.	Charlie Hebdo est un journal hebdomadaire satirique français fondé en 1970 par François Cavanna et le professeur Choron. Il fait une large place aux illustrations, notamment aux caricatures politiques, et il pratique aussi le journalisme d'investigation en publiant des reportages à l'étranger ou sur les domaines les plus divers : les sectes, les religions, l'extrême droite, l'islamisme, la politique, la culture. Le journal paraît tous les mercredis. Il a publié également des hors-séries à périodicité variable.	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Gaza City	Gaza	Gaza (; ', ; "Ġāzā"), also referred to as Gaza City, is a Palestinian city in the Gaza Strip, with a population of 590,481 (in 2017), making it the largest city in the State of Palestine. Inhabited since at least the 15th century BCE, Gaza has been dominated by several different peoples and empires throughout its history.	Gaza (en arabe : غزة () ; parfois appelée en anglais "" pour la distinguer de la bande de Gaza qui désigne la région dans son ensemble) est la ville qui donne son nom à ce territoire longiligne appelé « bande de Gaza ». Le terme " Gaza city " en français est un abus de langage pour "la ville de Gaza". Après avoir été mise sous l'autorité civile et militaire de l'Autorité palestinienne dès l'application des accords de Jéricho et Gaza de 1994 avec Israël, elle est depuis juin 2007 la ville la plus importante sous l'autorité du Hamas.	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1930 FIFA World Cup	Coupe du monde de football 1930	The 1930 FIFA World Cup was the inaugural FIFA World Cup, the world championship for men's national association football teams. It took place in Uruguay from 13 to 30 July 1930. FIFA, football's international governing body, selected Uruguay as host nation, as the country would be celebrating the centenary of its first constitution, and the Uruguay national football team had successfully retained their football title at the 1928 Summer Olympics. All matches were played in the Uruguayan capital, Montevideo, the majority at the Estadio Centenario, which was built for the tournament.	La Coupe du monde de football 1930 est la première édition de la Coupe du monde de football de la Fédération internationale de football association (FIFA). Elle se déroule en Uruguay du au et voit la victoire de l'Uruguay en finale contre l'Argentine.	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Santiago de Compostela	Saint-Jacques-de-Compostelle	Santiago de Compostela (or Saint James of Compostella in English) is the capital of the autonomous community of Galicia, in northwestern Spain. The city has its origin in the shrine of Saint James the Great, now the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela, as the destination of the Way of St. James, a leading Catholic pilgrimage route since the 9th century. In 1985, the city's Old Town was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site.	Saint-Jacques-de-Compostelle (en galicien et en ) est une commune ("concello") située dans la province de La Corogne, en communauté autonome de Galice (Espagne), à mi-chemin entre La Corogne, la ville la plus importante de Galice et Pontevedra, la ville où le piéton est roi. C'est la capitale de la comarque du même nom et de la communauté autonome. À ce dernier titre, elle héberge le domaine du gouvernement ("Xunta de Galicia") et du Parlement de la communauté. Elle comptait en 2012.	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Geography of Israel	Géographie d'Israël	The geography of Israel is very diverse, with desert conditions in the south, and snow-capped mountains in the north. Israel is located at the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea in Western Asia. It is bounded to the north by Lebanon, the northeast by Syria, the east by Jordan and the West Bank, and to the southwest by Egypt. To the west of Israel is the Mediterranean Sea, which makes up the majority of Israel's coastline, and the Gaza Strip. Israel has a small coastline on the Red Sea in the south.	Israël a une superficie de (dont d'eau), le territoire est délimité à l'ouest par la mer Méditerranée ( de littoral), au nord par le Liban ( de frontière), au nord-est par la Syrie (), à l'est par la Jordanie () et la Cisjordanie (), au sud par le golfe d'Aqaba et au sud-ouest par l'Égypte () et la bande de Gaza ().	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Charles Manson	Charles Manson	Charles Milles Manson ( Maddox, November 12, 1934November 19, 2017) was an American criminal and cult leader. In mid-1967, he formed what became known as the "Manson Family", a quasi-commune based in California. His followers committed a series of nine murders at four locations in July and August 1969. Although the motive for the murders was disputed by Manson, Los Angeles County district attorney believed that Manson intended to start a race war. In 1971, he was convicted of first-degree murder and conspiracy to commit murder for the deaths of seven people, including the film actress Sharon Tate. The prosecution conceded that Manson never literally ordered the murders, but they contended that his ideology constituted an overt act of conspiracy. Manson was also convicted of first-degree murder for the deaths of Gary Hinman and Donald Shea.	Charles Manson (né Maddox), né le à Cincinnati dans l'Ohio aux États-Unis et mort le à Bakersfield en Californie, est un criminel américain.	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Giant panda	Panda géant	The giant panda ("Ailuropoda melanoleuca"; ), also known as the panda bear or simply the panda, is a bear native to south central China. It is characterised by large, black patches around its eyes, over the ears, and across its round body. The name "giant panda" is sometimes used to distinguish it from the red panda, a neighboring musteloid. Though it belongs to the order Carnivora, the giant panda is a folivore, with bamboo shoots and leaves making up more than 99% of its diet. Giant pandas in the wild will occasionally eat other grasses, wild tubers, or even meat in the form of birds, rodents, or carrion. In captivity, they may receive honey, eggs, fish, yams, shrub leaves, oranges, or bananas along with specially prepared food.	Le panda géant (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) est une espèce de mammifères, habituellement classée dans la famille des ursidés (Ursidae), endémique de la Chine centrale. Il fait partie de l'ordre des Carnivores, même si son régime alimentaire est constitué à 99 % de végétaux, principalement du bambou.	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World Calendar	Calendrier universel	The World Calendar is a proposed reform of the Gregorian calendar created by Elisabeth Achelis of Brooklyn, New York in 1930.	Le calendrier universel est une proposition de réforme du calendrier grégorien. Il comporte répartis en identiques de. Il est également nommé calendrier du Monde ou par abus de langage calendrier perpétuel.	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Hymn	Hymne religieux	A hymn is a type of song, usually religious, specifically written for the purpose of adoration or prayer, and typically addressed to a deity or deities, or to a prominent figure or personification. The word "hymn" derives from Greek ("hymnos"), which means "a song of praise". A writer of hymns is known as a hymnist. The singing or composition of hymns is called hymnody. Collections of hymns are known as hymnals or hymn books. Hymns may or may not include instrumental accompaniment.	Une ou un hymne (nom féminin ou masculin) est généralement, dans le domaine religieux, un chant, un poème à la gloire des dieux ou des héros, souvent associé à un rituel.	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Quest for the historical Jesus	Quête du Jésus historique	The quest for the historical Jesus consists of academic efforts to determine what words and actions, if any, may be attributed to Jesus, and to use the findings to provide portraits of the historical Jesus. Since the 18th century, three scholarly quests for the historical Jesus have taken place, each with distinct characteristics and based on different research criteria, which were often developed during each specific phase. These quests are distinguished from earlier approaches because they rely on the historical method to study biblical narratives. While textual analysis of biblical sources had taken place for centuries, these quests introduced new methods and specific techniques to establish the historical validity of their conclusions.	La quête du Jésus historique est une recherche historiographique qui étudie la vie de Jésus de Nazareth en tant que personnage historique.	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Red panda	Ailurus fulgens	The red panda ("Ailurus fulgens") is a mammal species native to the eastern Himalayas and southwestern China. It is listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List because the wild population is estimated at fewer than 10,000 mature individuals and continues to decline due to habitat loss and fragmentation, poaching, and inbreeding depression. Despite its name, it is not closely related to the giant panda.	Le Petit panda, Panda roux ou Panda éclatant (Ailurus fulgens) est un mammifère de la famille des Ailuridés. Il a un régime alimentaire omnivore, essentiellement végétarien, bien qu'appartenant à l'ordre des carnivores. Le panda roux est originaire de l'Himalaya et du Sud-Ouest de la Chine. C'est une espèce protégée car elle est en danger de disparition.	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Khawarij	Kharidjisme	The Khawarij (, "al-Khawārij", singular, "khāriji"), Kharijites, or the ash-Shurah ( "the Exchangers") were a sect that appeared in the first century of Islam during the First Fitna, the crisis of leadership after the death of Muhammad. It broke into revolt against the authority of the Caliph Ali after he agreed to arbitration with his rival, Muawiyah I, to decide the succession to the Caliphate following the Battle of Siffin (657). A Kharijite later assassinated Ali, and for hundreds of years, the Khawarij were a source of insurrection against the Caliphate.	Le kharidjisme ou kharijisme est une branche de l'Islam apparue lors de l'arbitrage entre Ali et Mu'awiya à l'issue de la bataille de Siffin qui les avaient opposés en 657. Il s'agit de la troisième branche, à côté du sunnisme, majoritaire, et du chiisme. Ses adeptes sont les khāridjites (en arabe : khawāridj,, sortants, dissidents).	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Bignoniaceae	Bignoniaceae	Bignoniaceae is a family of flowering plants in the order Lamiales commonly known as the bignonias. It is not known to which of the other families in the order it is most closely related.	Les Bignoniaceae (Bignoniacées) sont une famille de plantes dicotylédones ; elle comprend 650 espèces réparties en plus de 100 genres.	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Textual criticism	Critique textuelle	Textual criticism is a branch of textual scholarship, philology, and of literary criticism that is concerned with the identification of textual variants, or different versions, of either manuscripts or of printed books. Such texts may range in dates from the earliest writing in cuneiform, impressed on clay, for example, to multiple unpublished versions of a 21st-century author's work. Historically, scribes who were paid to copy documents may have been literate, but many were simply copyists, mimicking the shapes of letters without necessarily understanding what they meant. This means that unintentional alterations were common when copying manuscripts by hand. Intentional alterations may have been made as well, for example the censoring of printed work for political, religious or cultural reasons.	La critique textuelle est une science, à l’intersection de l’histoire, de la critique littéraire et de la littérature, qui étudie la rédaction et les circonstances de rédaction, ainsi que la tradition de textes anciens jusqu’à nous.	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Augusto Pinochet	Augusto Pinochet	Augusto José Ramón Pinochet Ugarte (,,, ; 25 November 1915 – 10 December 2006) was a Chilean general and politician who ruled Chile from 1973 to 1990, first as the President of the Military Junta of Chile from 1973 to 1981, before being automatically declared President of the Republic by the junta in 1974. Pinochet assumed power in Chile following a United States-backed coup d'état on 11 September 1973 that overthrew the democratically elected socialist Unidad Popular government of President Salvador Allende and ended civilian rule. The support of the United States was crucial to the coup and the consolidation of power afterward. Pinochet had been promoted to Commander-in-Chief of the Chilean Army by Allende on 23 August 1973, having been its General Chief of Staff since early 1972. In December 1974, the ruling military junta appointed Pinochet Supreme Head of the nation by joint decree, although without the support of one of the coup's instigators, Air Force General Gustavo Leigh. Following his rise to power, Pinochet persecuted leftists, socialists, and political critics, resulting in the executions of from 1,200 to 3,200 people, the internment of as many as 80,000 people and the torture of tens of thousands. According to the Chilean government, the number of executions and forced disappearances was 3,095. Operation Condor was founded at the behest of the Pinochet regime in late November 1975, his 60th birthday.	Augusto Pinochet (), né le à Valparaíso (Chili) et mort le à Santiago (Chili), est un militaire et homme d'État chilien, président de la République du au.	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Barometer	Baromètre	A barometer is a scientific instrument that is used to measure air pressure in a certain environment. Pressure tendency can forecast short term changes in the weather. Many measurements of air pressure are used within surface weather analysis to help find surface troughs, pressure systems and frontal boundaries.	Le baromètre est un instrument de mesure, utilisé en physique et en météorologie, qui sert à mesurer la pression atmosphérique. Il peut, de façon secondaire, servir d'altimètre pour déterminer, de manière approximative, l'altitude.	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Flight recorder	Enregistreur de vol	A flight recorder is an electronic recording device placed in an aircraft for the purpose of facilitating the investigation of aviation accidents and incidents. Flight recorders are also known by the misnomer black box—they are in fact bright orange to aid in their recovery after accidents.	En aéronautique, un enregistreur de vol (souvent appelé boîte noire) est un enregistreur de données à bord d'un aéronef et destiné à restituer les paramètres de vol et les conversations des pilotes pour l’analyse des circonstances d’un accident. Les enregistreurs de vol sont protégés par une enveloppe résistant au choc, à l'incendie et à l'immersion. Comme leur nom ne l'indique pas, les boîtes noires sont aujourd'hui de couleur orange ou rouge, avec des bandes blanches réfléchissantes, pour faciliter leur repérage parmi les débris d'un avion.	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Ingrid Bergman	Ingrid Bergman	Ingrid Bergman (29 August 1915 – 29 August 1982) was a Swedish actress who starred in a variety of European and American films, television movies, and plays. She won many accolades, including three Academy Awards, two Primetime Emmy Awards, a Tony Award, four Golden Globe Awards, and a BAFTA Award.	Ingrid Bergman, née le à Stockholm, Suède, et morte le à Londres, Royaume-Uni, est une actrice suédoise. Elle avait déjà tourné quelques films en Suède lorsque le producteur David O. Selznick lui propose en 1939 de reprendre le rôle principal de l'adaptation américaine d"'Intermezzo", ce qui la fait connaître dans son pays. Sa carrière internationale est lancée et sa popularité s'accroît de films en films : "Casablanca", "Pour qui sonne le glas", "Hantise" (1944), qui lui vaut l’Oscar de la meilleure actrice, puis "Jeanne d'Arc" en font la star mondiale la plus désirée et la mieux rémunérée.	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Prisoner's dilemma	Dilemme du prisonnier	The prisoner's dilemma is a standard example of a game analyzed in game theory that shows why two completely rational individuals might not cooperate, even if it appears that it is in their best interests to do so. It was originally framed by Merrill Flood and Melvin Dresher while working at RAND in 1950. Albert W. Tucker formalized the game with prison sentence rewards and named it "prisoner's dilemma", presenting it as follows:	Le dilemme du prisonnier, énoncé en 1950 par Albert W. Tucker à Princeton, caractérise en théorie des jeux une situation où deux joueurs auraient intérêt à coopérer, mais où, en l'absence de communication entre les deux joueurs, chacun choisira de trahir l'autre si le jeu n'est joué qu'une fois. La raison est que si l'un coopère et que l'autre trahit, le coopérateur est fortement pénalisé. Pourtant, si les deux joueurs trahissent, le résultat leur est moins favorable que si les deux avaient choisi de coopérer.	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Nitrogen cycle	Cycle de l'azote	The nitrogen cycle is the biogeochemical cycle by which nitrogen is converted into multiple chemical forms as it circulates among atmosphere, terrestrial, and marine ecosystems. The conversion of nitrogen can be carried out through both biological and physical processes. Important processes in the nitrogen cycle include fixation, ammonification, nitrification, and denitrification. The majority of Earth's atmosphere (78%) is atmosphere nitrogen, making it the largest source of nitrogen. However, atmospheric nitrogen has limited availability for biological use, leading to a scarcity of usable nitrogen in many types of ecosystems.	Le cycle de l'azote est un cycle biogéochimique qui décrit la succession des modifications subies par les différentes formes de l'azote neutre en formes réactives (diazote, nitrate, nitrite, ammoniac, azote organique) et vice-versa.	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Marnie (film)	Pas de printemps pour Marnie	Marnie is a 1964 American psychological thriller film directed by Alfred Hitchcock. The screenplay by Jay Presson Allen was based on the 1961 novel of the same name by Winston Graham. The film stars Tippi Hedren and Sean Connery.	Pas de printemps pour Marnie ("Marnie") est un thriller film américain réalisé par Alfred Hitchcock, sorti en 1964. Quarante-cinquième long métrage d'Hitchcock, il est inspiré d'un roman de Winston Graham, "Marnie", adapté par la scénariste Jay Presson Allen.	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On the Road

Sur la route

On the Road is a 1957 novel by American writer Jack Kerouac, based on the travels of Kerouac and his friends across the United States. It is considered a defining work of the postwar Beat and Counterculture generations, with its protagonists living life against a backdrop of jazz, poetry, and drug use. The novel is a roman à clef, with many key figures of the Beat movement, such as William S. Burroughs (Old Bull Lee), Allen Ginsberg (Carlo Marx), and Neal Cassady (Dean Moriarty) represented by characters in the book, including Kerouac himself as the narrator Sal Paradise.

Sur la route (titre original : "On the Road") est le plus connu des romans de Jack Kerouac, publié en 1957.

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Abu Bakr

Abou Bakr As-Siddiq

Abu Bakr Abdullah ibn Uthman (; 573 CE23 August 634 CE), was a companion and, through his daughter Aisha, a father-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, as well as the first of the Rashidun Caliphs.

Abou Bakr As-Siddiq (, "Abdu Llâh (ou 'Atîq) Ibn Abî Quhâfah" () ; né vers 573 et mort le ) ou Abubecer, surnommé « al-Siddîq » (, « le Véridique »), est un compagnon de Mahomet, devenu ensuite dirigeant religieux, politique et militaire. Il fut le successeur du prophète et premier calife de l'islam, de l'an 10 à 12 après l'Hégire c'est-à-dire de 632 à 634 en datation grégorienne.

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Viverridae

Viverridae is a family of small to medium-sized mammals, the viverrids (), comprising 15 genera, which are subdivided into 38 species. This family was named and first described by John Edward Gray in 1821. Viverrids are found in South and Southeast Asia, across the Wallace Line, all over Africa, and into southern Europe. Their occurrence in Sulawesi and in some of the adjoining islands shows them to be ancient inhabitants of the Old World tropics.

Les Viverridés (Viverridae) sont une famille de mammifères carnivores féliformes. Ils sont arboricoles, plutôt nocturnes et ne dédaignent pas de compléter leur régime carné par des fruits.

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Romain Duris

Romain Duris (; born 28 May 1974) is a French actor, best known for his role in Cédric Klapisch's Spanish Apartment trilogy, which consists of "L'Auberge Espagnole" (2002), "Russian Dolls" (2005) and "Chinese Puzzle" (2013). He also appeared in the 2017 film "All the Money in the World".

Romain Duris, né le à Paris, est un acteur français. Il a tourné sept fois avec Cédric Klapisch. Il est ainsi surtout connu pour le rôle de Xavier Rousseau, héros de la trilogie "L'Auberge Espagnole" (1999-2013). Tony Gatlif l'a aussi dirigé dans "Gadjo dilo" (1997) et "Exils" (2004). Au début des années 2010, il est la tête d'affiche des comédies romantiques à succès "L'Arnacœur" (2010), de Pascal Chaumeil et de "Populaire" (2012), de Régis Roinsard. Il partage aussi l'affiche de l'adaptation "L'Écume des jours" (2013), de Michel Gondry avec Audrey Tautou.

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Medina

Médine

Medina, also transliterated as Madīnah (), is the capital of the Al-Madinah Region in Saudi Arabia. At the city's heart is "al-Masjid an-Nabawi" ('The Prophet's Mosque'), which is the burial place of the Islamic prophet, Muhammad. Medina is one of the three holiest cities in Islam, the other two being Mecca and Jerusalem.

Médine, anciennement Yathrib, est une ville d'Arabie saoudite, capitale de la province de Médine, située dans le Hedjaz. Elle a plusieurs noms en arabe : "Al-Madīna" () « la ville » ; "Al-Madīna al-Munawwara" (), son nom officiel et qui se traduit par « la ville illuminée », "Madīnatu an-Nabî" () « la ville du prophète », ou "Madīnatu Rasûl Allah" () « la ville du messager d'Allah »).

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Airbus A321

The Airbus A321 is a member of the Airbus A320 family of short to medium range, narrow-body, commercial passenger twin engine jet airliners and carries 185 to 236 passengers. It has a stretched fuselage which was the first derivative of the baseline A320 and entered service in 1994 about six years after the original A320. The aircraft shares a common type rating with all other Airbus A320-family variants, allowing previous A320-family pilots to fly the aircraft without the need for further training.

L'Airbus A321 est une version allongée de l'Airbus A320. Construit par Airbus Commercial Aircraft, cet avion biréacteur à fuselage étroit est le plus grand de la gamme A320.

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Polydipsia

Polydipsie

Polydipsia is excessive thirst or excess drinking. The word derives from the Greek () "very thirsty", which is derived from (, "much, many") + (, "thirst"). Polydipsia is a nonspecific symptom in various medical disorders. It also occurs as an abnormal behaviour in some non-human animals, such as in birds.

La polydipsie est un symptôme rencontré le plus souvent en endocrinologie et caractérisé par une soif excessive avec augmentation de l'absorption de liquide, causée par la polyurie dans le cas du diabète, qu'il soit de type insipide (par diminution de la sécrétion de la HAD) ou sucré (augmentation de l'osmolarité due à l'augmentation de la concentration en glucose), ou dans certains cas de diabète sucré, par un dérèglement du centre hypothalamique de la soif.

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Polyuria

Polyurie

Polyuria () is excessive or an abnormally large production or passage of urine (greater than 2.5 L or 3 L over 24 hours in adults). Increased production and passage of urine may also be termed diuresis. Polyuria often appears in conjunction with polydipsia (increased thirst), though it is possible to have one without the other, and the latter may be a cause or an effect. Psychogenic polydipsia may lead to polyuria. Polyuria is usually viewed as a symptom or sign of another disorder (not a disease by itself), but it can be classed as a disorder, at least when its underlying causes are not clear.

La polyurie est un symptôme ou une maladie caractérisée par des urines abondantes, fréquemment rencontrée dans le cas du diabète insipide et du diabète sucré.

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Concerto

A concerto (; plural "concertos", or "concerti" from the Italian plural) is, from the late Baroque era, mostly understood as an instrumental composition, written for one or more soloists accompanied by an orchestra. The typical three-movement structure, a slow movement (e.g., lento or adagio) preceded and followed by fast movements (e.g. presto or allegro), became a standard from the early 18th century.

Le concerto (pluriel : concertos ou concerti), mot français d'origine italienne, est une forme musicale composée généralement de trois mouvements (un rapide, un lent, un rapide), où un ou plusieurs solistes dialoguent avec un orchestre. D'origine italienne, il se développa pendant la période baroque et fut une des formes musicales les plus prisées pendant les périodes classiques et romantiques.

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Machine tool

Machine-outil

A machine tool is a machine for handling or machining metal or other rigid materials, usually by cutting, boring, grinding, shearing, or other forms of deformation. Machine tools employ some sort of tool that does the cutting or shaping. All machine tools have some means of constraining the workpiece and provide a guided movement of the parts of the machine. Thus the relative movement between the workpiece and the cutting tool (which is called the toolpath) is controlled or constrained by the machine to at least some extent, rather than being entirely "offhand" or "freehand". It is a power driven metal cutting machine which assists in managing the needed relative motion between cutting tool and the job that changes the size and shape of the job material.

Une machine-outil est un équipement mécanique destiné à exécuter un usinage, ou autre tâche répétitive, avec une précision et une puissance adaptées. C'est un moyen de production destiné à maintenir un outil fixe, mobile, ou tournant, et à lui imprimer un mouvement afin d'usiner ou déformer une pièce ou un ensemble fixé sur une table fixe ou mobile.

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Mozilla Thunderbird

Mozilla Thunderbird is a free and open-source cross-platform email client, news client, RSS, and chat client developed by the Mozilla Foundation. The project strategy was modeled after that of the Mozilla Firefox web browser.

Mozilla Thunderbird (prononciation : ) est un client de messagerie, libre, distribué gratuitement par la fondation Mozilla et issu du projet Mozilla. Consacré à l'origine au courrier électronique, aux groupes de discussion et aux flux RSS et Atom, il s'est au fil du temps équipé de fonctionnalités supplémentaires tels qu'agenda, de gestionnaire de tâches et de messagerie instantanée, lui conférant désormais le titre de collecticiel.

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Sharm El Sheikh

Charm el-Cheikh

Sharm El Sheikh (, ) is an Egyptian city on the southern tip of the Sinai Peninsula, in South Sinai Governorate, on the coastal strip along the Red Sea. Its population is approximately 73,000. Sharm El Sheikh is the administrative hub of Egypt's South Sinai Governorate, which includes the smaller coastal towns of Dahab and Nuweiba as well as the mountainous interior, St. Catherine and Mount Sinai. The city and holiday resort is a significant centre for tourism in Egypt, while also attracting many international conferences and diplomatic meetings.

Charm el-Cheikh (, "Sharm al-Shaykh", prononcé ˈʃɑɾm eʃˈʃeːx, littéralement la "Baie du Cheikh") est une ville d’Égypte et un important port de commerce et de tourisme à la pointe sud du désert du Sinaï. Elle fait partie du Gouvernorat du Sinaï Sud.

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Battle of Puebla

Bataille de Puebla

The Battle of Puebla (; ) took place on 5 May 1862, near Puebla City during the Second French intervention in Mexico. The battle ended in a victory for the Mexican Army over the French Army. The French eventually overran the Mexicans in subsequent battles, but the Mexican victory at Puebla against a much better equipped and larger French army provided a significant morale boost to the Mexicans and also helped slow the French advance towards Mexico City.

La bataille de Puebla est un combat qui s’est déroulé le autour de la ville de Puebla de los Angeles, entre les armées mexicaines, dirigées par Ignacio Zaragoza, et celles du Second Empire français, dirigées par Charles Ferdinand Latrille, comte de Lorencez, pendant l’expédition au Mexique. Malgré une armée considérée comme inférieure, les Mexicains ont gagné la bataille contre l’une des armées les plus expérimentées et respectées de son époque.

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Machine

A machine (or mechanical device) is a mechanical structure that uses power to apply forces and control movement to perform an intended action. Machines can be driven by animals and people, by natural forces such as wind and water, and by chemical, thermal, or electrical power, and include a system of mechanisms that shape the actuator input to achieve a specific application of output forces and movement. They can also include computers and sensors that monitor performance and plan movement, often called mechanical systems.

Une machine est un produit fini mécanique capable d'utiliser une source d'énergie communément disponible pour effectuer par elle-même, sous la conduite ou non d'un opérateur, une ou plusieurs tâches spécifiques, en exerçant un travail mécanique sur un outil, la charge à déplacer ou la matière à façonner. Une machine peut être fixe (machine-outil, machine à laver, etc.) ou mobile (locomotive, tondeuse à gazon, etc.).

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Nick Drake

Nicholas Rodney "Nick" Drake (19 June 1948 – 25 November 1974) was an English singer-songwriter and musician known for his acoustic guitar-based songs. He failed to find a wide audience during his lifetime but his work has gradually achieved wider notice and recognition. Drake signed to Island Records when he was 20 years old and a student at the University of Cambridge. He released his debut album, "Five Leaves Left", in 1969. By 1972, he had recorded two more albums—"Bryter Layter" and "Pink Moon". Neither sold more than 5,000 copies on initial release. His reluctance to perform live, or be interviewed, contributed to his lack of commercial success. There is no known footage of the adult Drake; he was only ever captured in still photographs and in home footage from his childhood.

Nick Drake est un auteur-compositeur-interprète et musicien britannique né le à Rangoun, en Birmanie, et mort le à Tanworth-in-Arden, dans le Warwickshire.

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Umayyad Caliphate

Califat omeyyade

The Umayyad Caliphate (661–750 CE;, ; ) was the second of the four major caliphates established after the death of Muhammad. The caliphate was ruled by the Umayyad dynasty (, "al-ʾUmawīyūn", or, "Banū ʾUmayyah", "Sons of Umayyah"). The third Caliph, Uthman ibn Affan (r. 644–656), was a member of the Umayyad clan. The family established dynastic, hereditary rule with Muawiya ibn Abi Sufyan, long-time governor of Syria, who became the sixth Caliph after the end of the First Muslim Civil War in 661. After Mu'awiyah's death in 680, conflicts over the succession resulted in a Second Civil War and power eventually fell into the hands of Marwan I from another branch of the clan. Syria remained the Umayyads' main power base thereafter, and Damascus was their capital.

Le Califat omeyyade (en ) est un Califat fondé par la dynastie arabe des Omeyyades, qui gouverne le monde musulman de 661 à 750. Les Omeyyades sont originaires de la tribu de Qurayš, qui domine la Mecque au temps du prophète Mahomet. À la suite de la guerre civile ayant opposé principalement Muʿāwiyah ibn ʾAbī Sufyān, gouverneur de Syrie, au calife ʿAlī ibn ʾAbī Ṭalib, et après l'assassinat de ce dernier, Muʿāwiyah fonde le Califat omeyyade en prenant Damas comme capitale, faisant de la Syrie la base d'un Califat qui fait suite au Califat bien guidé et qui devient, au fil des conquêtes, le plus grand État musulman de l'Histoire. Ainsi, les successeurs de Muʿāwiyah étendent les frontières du Califat de l'Indus jusqu'à la péninsule Ibérique, entrant en guerre à plusieurs reprises notamment avec l'Empire byzantin et l'Empire khazar, et faisant disparaître le Royaume wisigoth. Le Califat omeyyade s'étend même au-delà des Pyrénées avant d'être arrêté par Charles Martel à la bataille de Poitiers.

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Altingiaceae

Altingiaceae is a small family of flowering plants in the order Saxifragales, consisting of wind-pollinated trees that produce hard, woody fruits containing numerous seeds. The fruits have been studied in considerable detail. They naturally occur in Central America, Mexico, eastern North America, the eastern Mediterranean, China, and tropical Asia. They are often cultivated as ornamentals and many produce valuable wood.

La famille des Altingiaceae (Altingiacées) regroupe des plantes dicotylédones. Ce sont des arbres ou des arbustes, à feuilles persistantes ou caduques, alternes, des régions tempérées à tropicales tels que, par exemple, le copalme d'Amérique "(Liquidambar styraciflua)", un arbre au feuillage vert devenant rouge flamboyant en automne.

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Henri Cartier-Bresson

Henri Cartier-Bresson (; August 22, 1908 – August 3, 2004) was a French humanist photographer considered a master of candid photography, and an early user of 35 mm film. He pioneered the genre of street photography, and viewed photography as capturing a "decisive moment."

Henri Cartier-Bresson (né le à Chanteloup-en-Brie et mort le à Montjustin dans les Alpes-de-Haute-Provence) est un photographe, photojournaliste et dessinateur français. Connu pour la précision et le graphisme de ses compositions (jamais recadrées au tirage), il s'est surtout illustré dans la photographie de rue, la représentation des aspects pittoresques ou signifiants de la vie quotidienne ("Les Européens"). Avec Robert Capa, David Seymour, William Vandivert et George Rodger, ils fondent en 1947 l'agence coopérative Magnum Photos.

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null

Qadi

Cadi

A Qadi (; also Qazi, cadi, kadi or kazi) is the magistrate or judge of a Shariʿa court, who also exercises extrajudicial functions, such as mediation, guardianship over orphans and minors, and supervision and auditing of public works.

Un cadi (arabe: قاضي [qāḍī], « juge ») est un juge musulman remplissant des fonctions civiles, judiciaires et religieuses. Le cadi est un juge de paix et un notaire, réglant les problèmes de vie quotidienne : mariages, divorces, répudiations, successions, héritages, etc. Le mot « cadi » vient d'un verbe signifiant « juger », « décider ». Il est à l'origine de l'arabe du mot القضاء qui veux dire jugement

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Danny Elfman

Daniel Robert Elfman (born May 29, 1953) is an American composer, singer, songwriter, record producer, actor, and voice actor. He first became well known as the singer-songwriter for the new wave band Oingo Boingo in the early 1980s, and has since garnered international recognition for writing over 100 feature film scores, as well as compositions for television, stage productions, and the concert hall.

Daniel Robert Elfman, dit Danny Elfman, né le à Los Angeles, est un compositeur américain de musique de films, ancien meneur du groupe de new wave Oingo Boingo. Il compose la musique de la plupart des films de Tim Burton, de plusieurs films de Sam Raimi ainsi que les thèmes musicaux des génériques des séries télévisées "Les Simpson", "Les Contes de la crypte", "Flash" et "Desperate Housewives". Il reçoit de nombreuses récompenses pour ses compositions originales et est nommé quatre fois pour l'Oscar de la meilleure musique de film.

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Diabetes

Diabète sucré

Diabetes mellitus (DM), commonly known as diabetes, is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by a high blood sugar level over a prolonged period of time. Symptoms often include frequent urination, increased thirst, and increased appetite. If left untreated, diabetes can cause many complications. Acute complications can include diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state, or death. Serious long-term complications include cardiovascular disease, stroke, chronic kidney disease, foot ulcers, damage to the nerves, damage to the eyes and cognitive impairment. Diabetes is due to either the pancreas not producing enough insulin, or the cells of the body not responding properly to the insulin produced. There are three main types of diabetes mellitus: Type 1 diabetes must be managed with insulin injections. Prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes involves maintaining a healthy diet, regular physical exercise, a normal body weight, and avoiding use of tobacco. Type 2 diabetes may be treated with medications such as insulin sensitizers with or without insulin. Control of blood pressure and maintaining proper foot and eye care are important for people with the disease. Insulin and some oral medications can cause low blood sugar. Weight loss surgery in those with obesity is sometimes an effective measure in those with type 2 diabetes. Gestational diabetes usually resolves after the birth of the baby., an estimated 463 million people had diabetes worldwide (8.8% of the adult population), with type 2 diabetes making up about 90% of the cases. Rates are similar in women and men. Trends suggest that rates will continue to rise. Diabetes at least doubles a person's risk of early death. In 2019, diabetes resulted in approximately 4.2 million deaths. It is the 7th leading cause of death both globally and in the US. The global economic cost of diabetes related health expenditure in 2017 was estimated at billion. In the United States, diabetes cost nearly US$327 billion in 2017. Average medical expenditures among people with diabetes are about 2.3 times higher.

Le diabète sucré (ou "diabète" par abus de langage) est une maladie liée à une défaillance des mécanismes biologiques de régulation de la glycémie (concentration de glucose dans le sang) menant à une hyperglycémie chronique.

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Adamastor

Adamastor is a mythological character created by the Portuguese poet Luís de Camões in his epic poem "Os Lusíadas" (first printed in 1572), as a personification of the Cape of Good Hope, symbolizing the dangers of the sea and the formidable forces of nature challenged and ultimately overcome by the Portuguese during the Discovery Age. Adamastor manifests itself out of a storm.

Adamastor ou le géant des Tempêtes est l'esprit du Cap des Orages (Cap de Bonne-Espérance), cité par Claudien dans sa "Gigantomachie", puis popularisé par Luís de Camões (1524-1580) dans "Les Lusiades".

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El Cid

Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar

Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar ( 10 July 1099) was a Castilian knight and warlord in medieval Spain. The Moors called him El Cid (), which meant "the Lord" (probably from the original Arabic al-sayyid, السَّيِّد), and the Christians, El Campeador, which means "the Champion" in modern Spanish, but is literally translated as "the Master of the Battlefield" in Old Spanish. He was born in Vivar del Cid, a village near the city of Burgos. Díaz de Vivar became well known for his service in the armies of both Christian and Muslim rulers, his exile, and his temporary conquest of Valencia, which became independent for a brief period in the Reconquista. After his death, El Cid became Spain's celebrated national hero and the protagonist of the most significant medieval Spanish epic poem, "El Cantar de Mio Cid."

Rodrigo, ou Ruy, Díaz de Vivar (parfois écrit ), né vers à Vivar (), près de Burgos, et mort le à Valence est un chevalier mercenaire chrétien, héros de la Reconquista.

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Y

Y (lettre)

Y or y is the 25th and penultimate letter of the ISO basic Latin alphabet and the sixth vowel letter of the modern English alphabet. In the English writing system, it sometimes represents a vowel and sometimes a consonant, and in other orthographies it may represent a vowel or a consonant. Its name in English is "wye" (pronounced ), plural "wyes".

Y (la lettre se nomme « "i" grec » et se prononce isolée ) est la lettre de l'alphabet latin moderne.

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Canche

Canche (fleuve)

The river Canche () is one of the rivers that flow from the plateau of southern Boulonnais and Picardy, into the English Channel, of which the Somme is the largest example. The basin of the Canche extends to and lies in the south of the département of Pas-de-Calais. Forming an alluvial valley from wide, the Canche valley also contains marshes, meadows and small woods. The gentle gradient, averaging 1.5 percent, gives the river a meandering course.

La Canche est un fleuve côtier français du Pas-de-Calais, long de. Bien que la longueur de son cours soit relativement modeste, la Canche bénéficie de l'apport de nombreux affluents et d'un débit élevé. Sa vallée est le témoignage, depuis le Moyen Âge, de la mise en valeur par les hommes d'un milieu humide. Son estuaire, typiquement picard avec son poulier et son musoir, a été transformé, après avoir échappé à l'artificialisation, en milieu protégé, recelant une flore et une faune variées. L'estuaire de la Canche et la baie de Canche pourraient bientôt faire partie d'un des nouveaux Parcs naturels marins de France (projet de Parc naturel marin des estuaires picards et de la côte d'Opale (qui inclut en fait sept estuaires en comptant les estuaires picards, soumis à enquête publique en 2011).

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Chamber music

Musique de chambre

Chamber music is a form of classical music that is composed for a small group of instruments—traditionally a group that could fit in a palace chamber or a large room. Most broadly, it includes any art music that is performed by a small number of performers, with one performer to a part (in contrast to orchestral music, in which each string part is played by a number of performers). However, by convention, it usually does not include solo instrument performances.

Une œuvre de musique de chambre est une composition musicale dédiée à un petit ensemble de cordes, bois, cuivres ou percussions dont chaque partie est écrite pour un seul instrumentiste. Si certaines voix sont doublées ou triplées, particulièrement dans les cordes, on parle d'orchestre de chambre ; au-delà, on parle d'orchestre, avec le qualificatif de sa composition instrumentale (symphonique, à cordes, d'harmonie, de fanfare...).

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Abbasid Caliphate

Califat abbasside

The Abbasid Caliphate ( or, "") was the third caliphate to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad. It was founded by a dynasty descended from Muhammad's uncle, Abbas ibn Abdul-Muttalib (566–653 CE), from whom the dynasty takes its name. They ruled as caliphs for most of the caliphate from their capital in Baghdad in modern-day Iraq, after having overthrown the Umayyad Caliphate in the Abbasid Revolution of 750 CE (132 AH).

Le califat abbasside (arabe : / "al-ḵilāfa al-ʿabbāsiyya") est un califat sunnite qui gouverne le monde musulman de 750 à 1258.

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The Nightmare Before Christmas

L'Étrange Noël de monsieur Jack

The Nightmare Before Christmas (also known as Tim Burton's The Nightmare Before Christmas) is a 1993 American stop-motion animated musical Halloween-Christmas fantasy film directed by Henry Selick, and produced and conceived by Tim Burton. It tells the story of Jack Skellington, the King of "Halloween Town" who stumbles through a portal to "Christmas Town" and decides to celebrate the holiday. Danny Elfman wrote the songs and score, and provided the singing voice of Jack. The principal voice cast also includes Chris Sarandon, Catherine O'Hara, William Hickey, Ken Page, Paul Reubens, Glenn Shadix, and Ed Ivory.

L'Étrange Noël de monsieur Jack (titre original ː ') est le quarante-et-unième long-métrage d'animation des studios Disney, sorti en 1993.

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Gestapo

The Geheime Staatspolizei (Secret State Police), abbreviated Gestapo (; ), was the official secret police of Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe.

La Gestapo, acronyme tiré de l'allemand "Geheime Staatspolizei" signifiant « Police secrète d'État », était la police politique du Troisième Reich. Fondée en Prusse par Hermann Göring, son pouvoir s'étendit ensuite, sous l'impulsion de Heinrich Himmler, à l'ensemble du Reich et des territoires envahis par ce dernier au cours de la Seconde Guerre mondiale.

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Habib Bourguiba

Habib Bourguiba (; ; 3 August 1903 – 6 April 2000) was a Tunisian lawyer, nationalist leader and statesman who served as the country's leader from independence in 1956-1987. He first served as the second Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Tunisia before proclaiming the Republic of Tunisia in 1957 and thus becoming the first President of Tunisia. Prior to that, he played a major role in obtaining independence from France, ending the 75 year-old protectorate and earning the title of "Supreme Combatant".

Habib Bourguiba (), de son nom complet Habib Ben Ali Bourguiba, né probablement le à Monastir et mort le dans la même ville, est un homme d'État tunisien, président de la République entre 1957 et 1987.

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Gorgon

Gorgones

In Greek mythology, a Gorgon (; plural: Gorgons, "Gorgon"/"Gorgo") is a mythical creature portrayed in ancient literature. While descriptions of Gorgons vary and occur in the earliest examples of Greek literature, the term commonly refers to any of three sisters who had hair made of living, venomous snakes, as well as a horrifying visage that turned those who beheld her to stone.

Les Gorgones (en grec ancien ou ), au singulier Gorgone ou Gorgo (), sont, dans la mythologie grecque, des créatures fantastiques malfaisantes dont le regard a le pouvoir de pétrifier les personnes qui les regardent.

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Inertia

Inertie

Inertia is the resistance of any physical object to any change in its velocity. This includes changes to the object's speed, or direction of motion. An aspect of this property is the tendency of objects to keep moving in a straight line at a constant speed, when no forces act upon them.

En physique, l'inertie d'un corps, dans un référentiel galiléen (dit "inertiel"), est sa tendance à conserver sa vitesse : en l'absence d'influence extérieure, tout corps ponctuel perdure dans un mouvement rectiligne uniforme. L'inertie est aussi appelée principe d'inertie, ou loi d'inertie, et, depuis Newton, première loi de Newton.

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Aegukga

"Aegukga" (, Hanja:, ; ), often translated as "The Patriotic Song", is the national anthem of South Korea. It was adopted in 1948, the year the country was founded. Its music was composed in the 1930s and its lyrics date back to the 1890s. The lyrics of "Aegukga" were originally set to the music of the Scottish song "Auld Lang Syne" before Ahn Eak-tai composed a unique melody specifically for it in 1936. Before the founding of South Korea, the song's lyrics, set to the music of "Auld Lang Syne", was sung, as well as during Korea under Japanese rule by dissidents. The version set to the melody composed by Ahn Eak-tai was adopted as the national anthem of the Korean exile government, which existed during Korea's occupation by Japan from the early 1910s to the mid-1940s.

Aegukga ( en hangeul ou en hanja) est l'hymne national de la Corée du Sud. Le titre signifie littéralement « Chanson de l'amour pour le pays ». Les paroles ont été écrites vers la fin du par Yun Chi-ho, un politicien, ou par An Chang-ho, un leader indépendantiste. Au début, "Aegukga" a été chantée sur l'air populaire écossais Auld Lang Syne. Pendant le règne colonial japonais (1910-1945), la chanson a été interdite, mais les Coréens d'outre-mer continuèrent à la chanter, exprimant leur désir d'indépendance nationale.

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Hegira

Hégire

The Hegira (medieval Latin transliteration, also, Hijra or Hijrah, meaning "departure") is the migration or journey of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his followers from Mecca to Yathrib, later renamed by him Medina, in the year 622. In May 622, after being warned of a plot to assassinate him, Muhammad secretly left his home in Mecca to emigrate to Yathrib, north of Mecca, along with his companion Abu Bakr. Yathrib was soon renamed "Madīnat an-Nabī" (, literally "City of the Prophet"), but "an-Nabī" was soon dropped, so its name is "Medina", meaning "the city".

L'hégire (arabe : [hiǧrah], « immigration » du point de vue de la première congrégation religieuse à Médine ; « exil » ; « rupture » ; « séparation ») désigne le départ de Mahomet et de plusieurs de ses compagnons de La Mecque vers l'oasis de Yathrib, ancien nom de Médine, en 622.

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Cucumber

Concombre

Cucumber ("Cucumis sativus") is a widely-cultivated creeping vine plant in the "Cucurbitaceae" gourd family that bears cucumiform fruits, which are used as vegetables. There are three main varieties of cucumber—slicing, pickling, and burpless/seedless—within which several cultivars have been created. The cucumber originates from South Asia, but now grows on most continents, as many different types of cucumber are traded on the global market. In North America, the term "wild cucumber" refers to plants in the genera "Echinocystis" and "Marah", though the two are not closely related.

Le concombre ("Cucumis sativus") est une plante potagère herbacée, rampante, de la même famille que la calebasse africaine, le melon ou la courge (famille des Cucurbitacées). C'est botaniquement un fruit qui est consommé comme un légume. Il est de la même espèce "(Cucumis sativus") que le cornichon, consommé lui comme condiment. La plante, qui poussait naturellement au pied de l'Himalaya, aurait été domestiquée pour la première fois en Inde il y a au moins.

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null

River delta

Delta (hydrologie)

A river delta is a landform created by deposition of sediment that is carried by a river as the flow leaves its mouth and enters slower-moving or stagnant water. This occurs where a river enters an ocean, sea, estuary, lake, reservoir, or (more rarely) another river that cannot carry away the supplied sediment. The size and shape of a delta is controlled by the balance between watershed processes that supply sediment, and receiving basin processes that redistribute, sequester, and export that sediment. The size, geometry, and location of the receiving basin also plays an important role in delta evolution. River deltas are important in human civilization, as they are major agricultural production centers and population centers. They can provide coastline defense and can impact drinking water supply. They are also ecologically important, with different species' assemblages depending on their landscape position.

Un delta est un type d'embouchure qu'un cours d'eau peut former à l'endroit où il se jette dans un océan, une mer ou un lac.

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null

Internal rate of return

Taux de rentabilité interne

The internal rate of return (IRR) is a measure of an investment’s expected future rate of return. As the IRR is an estimate of a future annual rate of return, IRR should not be confused with the actual achieved investment return of an historical investment. The term "internal" refers to the fact that the calculation excludes external factors, such as the risk-free rate, inflation, the cost of capital, or various financial risks.

Le taux de rentabilité interne (TRI) est un taux d'actualisation qui annule la valeur actuelle nette d'une série de flux financiers (en général relatifs à un projet avec un investissement initial suivi de flux de trésorerie positifs).

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Ogre

An ogre (feminine: ogress) is a legendary monster usually depicted as a large, hideous, man-like being that eats ordinary human beings, especially infants and children. Ogres frequently feature in mythology, folklore, and fiction throughout the world. They appear in many classic works of literature, and are most often associated in fairy tales and legend with a taste for infants.

Un ogre (du latin "orcus", « enfer », fém. "ogresse") est un personnage de contes et traditions populaires, sorte de géant se nourrissant de chair fraîche et dévorant les petits enfants.

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Paul Simon

Paul Simon (chanteur)

Paul Frederic Simon (born October 13, 1941) is an American musician, singer, songwriter and actor. Simon's musical career has spanned over six decades. He reached fame and commercial success as half of the duo Simon & Garfunkel, formed in 1956 with Art Garfunkel. Simon wrote nearly all of their songs, including US number-one singles "The Sound of Silence", "Mrs. Robinson", and "Bridge over Troubled Water".

Paul Frederic Simon, né le à Newark (New Jersey), est un auteur-compositeur-interprète et musicien américain. Il forme d'abord un duo avec Arthur Garfunkel (Simon and Garfunkel), puis continue une carrière soliste.

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S. R. Nathan

Sellapan Ramanathan

Sellapan Ramanathan (; 3 July 1924 – 22 August 2016), usually referred to as S. R. Nathan, was a Singaporean politician who was the sixth President of Singapore & the commander-in-chief of the Singapore Armed Forces serving a twelve-year term from 1 September 1999 to 31 August 2011, having been elected in uncontested elections in the 1999 Singaporean presidential election and in the 2005 Singaporean presidential election when former president Ong Teng Cheong stepped down from the position. In 2009, he surpassed Benjamin Sheares to become Singapore's longest-serving President. He was reportedly considering re-election, but announced on 2 July 2011 that he would not run for re-election.

Sellapan Rama Nathan, couramment appelé "S.R. Nathan", né le à Singapour et mort le dans la même ville, est un homme d'État singapourien. Il est président de la République de 1999 à 2011.

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Newspaper

Journal

A newspaper is a periodical publication containing written information about current events and is often typed in black ink with a white or gray background.

Un journal est une publication périodique recensant un certain nombre d'événements présentés sous la forme d'articles relatifs à une période donnée, généralement une journée, d'où son nom. Par métonymie, ce terme peut désigner des périodiques imprimés des fréquences de parution différentes et un certain type de formats audiovisuels.

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Évian Accords

Accords d'Évian

The Évian Accords comprise a treaty signed on 18 March 1962 in Évian-les-Bains, France, by France and the Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic, the government-in-exile of FLN ("Front de Libération Nationale"), which sought Algeria's independence from France. The Accords ended the 1954–1962 Algerian War with a formal cease-fire proclaimed for 19 March and formalized the idea of a cooperative exchange between the two countries.

Les accords d'Évian sont le résultat de négociations entre les représentants du Gouvernement de la République française et du Gouvernement provisoire de la République algérienne (GPRA) pour mettre fin à la guerre d'Algérie. Ces accords, secrètement négociés les semaines précédentes aux Rousses, près de la frontière suisse, sont signés le à l'Hôtel du Parc, à Évian-les-Bains et se traduisent immédiatement par un cessez-le-feu applicable sur tout le territoire algérien dès le lendemain à midi. Ils sont ratifiés, côté français, par le référendum du 8 avril 1962 organisé en France métropolitaine, donnant au gouvernement par 91 % des votes les pleins pouvoirs pour appliquer les accords, et côté algérien, par le référendum d'autodétermination du.

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Guru

Guru (maître spirituel)

Guru (, ;, IAST: "guru") is a Sanskrit term for a "teacher, guide, expert, or master" of certain knowledge or field. In pan-Indian traditions, "guru" is more than a teacher, in Sanskrit "guru" means the one who dispels the darkness and takes towards light, traditionally a reverential figure to the student, with the "guru" serving as a "counselor, who helps mold values, shares experiential knowledge as much as literal knowledge, an exemplar in life, an inspirational source and who helps in the spiritual evolution of a student". A "guru" is also one's spiritual guide, who helps one to discover the same potentialities that the "guru" has already realized. In the Tagalog language, Indonesian and Malay the word means teacher.

Guru (), ou gourou, (devanāgarī : गुरु, "guru" ) est un terme sanskrit qui signifie « précepteur », « guide spirituel », « maître ». Il désigne, en Inde, un enseignant reconnu de la religion, de la spiritualité, de la danse, de la musique ou de tout autre domaine de connaissance. Dans le domaine spirituel, le guru est l'initiateur ou le leader d'une école de pensée autoproclamée ou traditionnelle dans le cadre d'un âshram ou "gurukula". Les rapports entre le guru et le disciple ("chela") sont ceux qui existent entre un patriarche et un jeune enfant, ce dernier devant libérer son maître des tâches du quotidien (lessive, cuisine, ménage) en échange de l'enseignement qu'il reçoit, ce contrat étant considéré, en Inde, comme faisant partie de l'apprentissage.

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Georges Clemenceau

Georges Eugène Benjamin Clemenceau (,, ; 28 September 1841 – 24 November 1929) was a French statesman who served as Prime Minister of France from 1906 to 1909 and again from 1917 until 1920. A popular figure of the Independent Radicals, he played a central role in the politics of the Third Republic, most notably successfully leading the country through the end of the First World War; about 1,400,000 French soldiers were killed between the German invasion and Armistice.

Georges Clemenceau (prononcé ) né le à Mouilleron-en-Pareds (Vendée) et mort le à Paris, est un homme d'État français, président du Conseil de 1906 à 1909 puis de 1917 à 1920.

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Composite material

Matériau composite

A composite material (also called a composition material or shortened to composite, which is the common name) is a material made from two or more constituent materials with significantly different physical or chemical properties that, when combined, produce a material with characteristics different from the individual components. The individual components remain separate and distinct within the finished structure, differentiating composites from mixtures and solid solutions.

Un matériau composite est un assemblage d'au moins deux composants non miscibles (mais ayant une forte capacité de pénétration) dont les propriétés se complètent. Le nouveau matériau ainsi constitué, hétérogène, possède des propriétés que les composants seuls ne possèdent pas.

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null

Weapon

Arme

A weapon, arm or armament is any implement or device that can be used with intent to inflict damage or harm. Weapons are used to increase the efficacy and efficiency of activities such as hunting, crime, law enforcement, self-defense, and warfare. In broader context, weapons may be construed to include anything used to gain a tactical, strategic, material or mental advantage over an adversary or enemy target.

Une arme est un outil (physique ou numérique) ou un dispositif autonome (un piège, une mine...) ou un organisme (arme biologique) destiné dans sa conception ou dans son utilisation à neutraliser, à blesser ou à tuer un être vivant, ou à causer une destruction matérielle.

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Sinai Peninsula

Sinaï

The Sinai Peninsula or simply Sinai (, ) is a peninsula in Egypt, and the only part of the country located in Asia. It is situated between the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Red Sea to the south, and is a land bridge between Asia and Africa. Sinai has a land area of about (6 percent of Egypt's total area) and a population of approximately 600,000 people. Administratively, the vast majority of the area of the Sinai Peninsula is divided into two governorates: the South Sinai Governorate and the North Sinai Governorate. Three other governorates span the Suez Canal, crossing into African Egypt: Suez Governorate on the southern end of the Suez Canal, Ismailia Governorate in the center, and Port Said Governorate in the north.

Le Sinaï est une péninsule égyptienne d'environ, à la forme triangulaire et située entre la mer Méditerranée (au nord) et la mer Rouge (au sud). Elle est géographiquement située en Asie du Sud-Ouest. Sa frontière terrestre longe le canal de Suez à l'ouest et la frontière entre l'Égypte et Israël et la bande de Gaza au nord-est. La limite orientale de la péninsule est marquée par une faille tectonique qui écarte, année après année, la mer Rouge. Des gisements de pétrole, de fer et de manganèse sont exploités dans le nord et dans le centre-sud. D'anciennes mines existent depuis des millénaires.

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Witch-hunt

Chasse aux sorcières

A witch-hunt or a witch purge is a search for people who have been labelled "witches" or a search for evidence of witchcraft, and it often involves a moral panic or mass hysteria. The classical period of witch-hunts in Early Modern Europe and Colonial America took place in the Early Modern period or about 1450 to 1750, spanning the upheavals of the Reformation and the Thirty Years' War, resulting in an estimated 35,000 to 100,000 executions, with the most recent estimate at 40,000. The last executions of people convicted as witches in Europe took place in the 18th century. In other regions, like Africa and Asia, contemporary witch-hunts have been reported from Sub-Saharan Africa and Papua New Guinea, and official legislation against witchcraft is still found in Saudi Arabia and Cameroon today.

La chasse aux sorcières est la poursuite, la persécution et la condamnation systématique et en masse de personnes accusées de pratiquer la sorcellerie. Si la condamnation des pratiques de sorcellerie se rencontre à toutes les époques et dans toutes les civilisations, cette chasse aux sorcières du Moyen Âge tardif et surtout de la Renaissance est particulière par la croyance en un complot organisé de sorcières se réunissant en sabbat pour détruire la chrétienté en faisant un pacte avec le diable, et par la persécution et la traque massive de ces prétendues sorcières.

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Henri Verneuil

Henri Verneuil, born Ashot Malakian (15 October 1920 – 11 January 2002), was a French-Armenian playwright and filmmaker, who made a successful career in France. He was nominated for Oscar and Palme d'Or awards, and won Locarno International Film Festival, Edgar Allan Poe Awards, French Legion of Honor, Golden Globe Award, French National Academy of Cinema and Honorary Cesar awards.

Henri Verneuil, de son vrai nom Achod Malakian (en ), né le à Rodosto (auj. Tekirdağ, en Turquie) et mort le à Bagnolet, est un réalisateur et scénariste de cinéma français d'origine arménienne. Il a raconté son enfance dans ses deux derniers films formant un diptyque : "Mayrig" et "588, rue Paradis".

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Oil

Huile

An oil is any nonpolar chemical substance that is a viscous liquid at ambient temperatures and is both hydrophobic (does not mix with water, literally "water fearing") and lipophilic (mixes with other oils, literally "fat loving"). Oils have a high carbon and hydrogen content and are usually flammable and surface active. Most oils are unsaturated lipids that are liquid at room temperature.

Une huile est un corps gras qui est à l'état liquide à température ambiante et qui ne se mélange pas à l'eau.

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Victoria, British Columbia

Victoria (Colombie-Britannique)

Victoria (Saanich: METULIYE "mətúliyə") is the capital city of the Canadian province of British Columbia, located on the southern tip of Vancouver Island off Canada's Pacific coast. The city has a population of 85,792, and the Greater Victoria Area has a population of 367,770. Victoria is the 7th most densely populated city in Canada with 4,405.8 people per square kilometre.

Victoria est la capitale provinciale de la Colombie-Britannique au Canada, ainsi qu'une cité ("city"). La capitale se trouve à la pointe sud de l'île de Vancouver et a été fondée par la Compagnie de la Baie d'Hudson. La cité est nommée ainsi du nom de la reine Victoria.

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Euripides

Euripide

Euripides (; "Eurīpídēs", ; ) was a tragedian of classical Athens. Along with Aeschylus and Sophocles, he is one of the three ancient Greek tragedians for whom any plays have survived in full. Some ancient scholars attributed 95 plays to him but, according to the "Suda", it was 92 at most. Of these, 18 or 19 have survived more or less complete (there has been debate about his authorship of "Rhesus", largely on stylistic grounds) and there are also fragments, some substantial, of most of the other plays. More of his plays have survived intact than those of Aeschylus and Sophocles together, partly because his popularity grew as theirs declinedhe became, in the Hellenistic Age, a cornerstone of ancient literary education, along with Homer, Demosthenes, and Menander.

Euripide, en grec ancien / (Salamine vers 480 - Macédoine en 406) est un des trois grands tragiques de l'Athènes classique, avec Eschyle et Sophocle. Certains auteurs antiques lui attribuent 95 pièces, mais selon la "Souda", il n'en écrivit pas plus de 92, dont 18 ou 19 conservées dans leur intégralité ; il existe des fragments, certains de longueur importante, de la plupart des autres pièces. Il reste d'Euripide plus de pièces que d'Eschyle et Sophocle réunis, parce que sa popularité augmentait tandis que la leur déclinait. Il connut un immense succès durant l'époque hellénistique. Connu parmi les écrivains de l'Athènes classique pour sa sympathie sans égale envers toutes les victimes de la société, femmes incluses, ses contemporains l'ont associé à Socrate, et en ont fait le porte-parole d'un intellectualisme décadent. Les deux personnages se trouvent fréquemment raillés par des poètes comiques comme Aristophane. Alors que Socrate fut traîné en justice pour être finalement exécuté au motif d'une « corruption des mœurs », Euripide a choisi l'exil volontaire à un âge avancé, en Macédoine, où il meurt.

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Hectare

The hectare (; SI symbol: ha) is a non-SI metric unit of area equal to a square with 100-metre sides (1 hm), or 10,000 m, and is primarily used in the measurement of land. There are 100 hectares in one square kilometre. An acre is about 0.405 hectare and one hectare contains about 2.47 acres.

L’hectare (symbole : ha) est une unité de mesure de superficie. Un hectare correspond à soit l'équivalent d'une surface carrée de de côté. Il y a dans un hectare. C’est une unité en dehors du Système international d'unités (SI) mais toujours en usage. Elle est strictement égale à un hectomètre carré. Un kilomètre carré contient cent hectares.

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Culture of South Korea

Culture de la Corée du Sud

The contemporary culture of South Korea developed from the traditional culture of Korea which was prevalent in the early Korean nomadic tribes. By maintaining thousands of years of ancient Korean culture, with influence from ancient Chinese culture, South Korea split on its own path of cultural development away from North Korean culture since the division of Korea in 1948. The industrialization, urbanization and westernization of South Korea, especially Seoul, have brought many changes to the way Korean people live. Changing economics and lifestyles have led to a concentration of population in major cities (and depopulation of the rural countryside), with multi-generational households separating into nuclear family living arrangements. Today, many Korean cultural elements, especially popular culture, have spread across the globe and have become some of the most prominent cultural forces in the world.

La Corée du Sud partage sa culture traditionnelle avec celle de la Corée du Nord. La culture coréenne est influencée par celle de la Chine mais est essentiellement distincte. La culture traditionnelle a été également influencée par le bouddhisme et le confucianisme et a elle-même influencé la culture japonaise.

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Impalement

Supplice du pal

Impalement, as a method of torture and execution, is the penetration of a human by an object such as a stake, pole, spear, or hook, often by the complete or partial perforation of the torso. It was particularly used in response to "crimes against the state" and regarded across a number of cultures as a very harsh form of capital punishment and recorded in myth and art. Impalement was also used during times of war to suppress rebellions, punish traitors or collaborators, and punish breaches of military discipline.

Le supplice du pal, appelé aussi empalement, est une méthode d'exécution passive, réputée pour être particulièrement douloureuse et spectaculaire, à l'instar du crucifiement.

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Magnificat

The Magnificat (Latin for "[My soul] magnifies [the Lord]") is a canticle, also known as the Song of Mary, the Canticle of Mary and, in the Byzantine tradition, the Ode of the Theotokos (). It is traditionally incorporated into the liturgical services of the Catholic Church (at vespers) and of the Eastern Orthodox churches (at the morning services). It is one of the eight most ancient Christian hymns and perhaps the earliest Marian hymn. Its name comes from the incipit of the Latin version of the canticle's text.

Le Magnificat est le cantique chanté par la Vierge Marie après l'Annonciation, lors de la visite qu'elle rend à sa cousine Élisabeth, plus âgée qu'elle et enceinte. Cet épisode est couramment appelé la Visitation. Également intitulé Cantique de Marie, ainsi que Cantique de la Vierge, le Magnificat est tiré de l'Évangile de Luc, 1, 46-56.

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Panama Canal

Canal de Panama

The Panama Canal () is an artificial waterway in Panama that connects the Atlantic Ocean with the Pacific Ocean. The canal cuts across the Isthmus of Panama and is a conduit for maritime trade. Canal locks are at each end to lift ships up to Gatun Lake, an artificial lake created to reduce the amount of excavation work required for the canal, 26 m (85 ft) above sea level, and then lower the ships at the other end. The original locks are 32.5 m (110 ft) wide. A third, wider lane of locks was constructed between September 2007 and May 2016. The expanded canal began commercial operation on June 26, 2016. The new locks allow transit of larger, neo-Panamax ships, capable of handling more cargo.

Le canal de Panama () est un canal maritime de de long, qui traverse l’isthme de Panama en Amérique centrale, reliant l’océan Pacifique et l’océan Atlantique. Sa construction a été l'un des projets d’ingénierie les plus difficiles jamais entrepris. Son influence sur le commerce maritime a été considérable, puisque les navires n’ont plus eu besoin de faire route par le cap Horn et le passage de Drake, à la pointe australe de l’Amérique du Sud. Un navire allant de New York à San Francisco par le canal parcourt, moins de la moitié des du voyage par le cap Horn.

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Genetic algorithm

Algorithme génétique

In computer science and operations research, a genetic algorithm (GA) is a metaheuristic inspired by the process of natural selection that belongs to the larger class of evolutionary algorithms (EA). Genetic algorithms are commonly used to generate high-quality solutions to optimization and search problems by relying on biologically inspired operators such as mutation, crossover and selection. John Holland introduced genetic algorithms in 1960 based on the concept of Darwin’s theory of evolution, and his student David E. Goldberg further extended GA in 1989.

Les algorithmes génétiques appartiennent à la famille des algorithmes évolutionnistes. Leur but est d'obtenir une solution approchée à un problème d'optimisation, lorsqu'il n'existe pas de méthode exacte (ou que la solution est inconnue) pour le résoudre en un temps raisonnable. Les algorithmes génétiques utilisent la notion de sélection naturelle et l'appliquent à une population de solutions potentielles au problème donné. La solution est approchée par « bonds » successifs, comme dans une procédure de séparation et évaluation (), à ceci près que ce sont des formules qui sont recherchées et non plus directement des valeurs.

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Luke the Evangelist

Luc (évangéliste)

Luke the Evangelist (Latin: "Lūcās",, "Loukâs",, "Lūqās",, "Lūqā'") is one of the Four Evangelists—the four traditionally ascribed authors of the canonical Gospels. The Early Church Fathers ascribed to him authorship of both the Gospel of Luke and the Acts of the Apostles, which would mean Luke contributed over a quarter of the text of the New Testament, more than any other author. Prominent figures in early Christianity such as Jerome and Eusebius later reaffirmed his authorship, although a lack of conclusive evidence as to the identity of the author of the works has led to discussion in scholarly circles, both secular and religious.

Luc l'évangéliste ou saint Luc, du grec ancien Λουκᾶς, Loukas (Lucas), est un personnage dont on sait peu de chose mais qui a rédigé une partie du Nouveau Testament. La tradition chrétienne le considère comme l'auteur de l'évangile qui porte son nom, ainsi que des Actes des Apôtres. Cette hypothèse est admise par le consensus historien.

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John I of France

Jean Ier le Posthume

John I (15–20 November 1316), called the Posthumous (, ), was king of France and Navarre, as the posthumous son and successor of Louis X, for the five days he lived in 1316. He is the youngest person to be king of France, the only one to have borne that title from birth, and the only one to hold the title for his entire life. His reign is the shortest of any French king. Although considered a king today, his status was not recognized until chroniclers and historians in later centuries began numbering John II, thereby acknowledging John I's brief reign.

Jean, dit « le Posthume », roi de France et roi de Navarre, est le fils posthume de et de Clémence de Hongrie. Né le, il ne vécut que quatre jours. Il est enterré dans la basilique Saint-Denis. Le comte de Poitiers, alors régent, fut proclamé roi de France sous le nom de.

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Matthew the Apostle

Matthieu (apôtre)

Matthew the Apostle, also known as Saint Matthew and as Levi, was, according to the New Testament, one of the twelve apostles of Jesus. According to Christian tradition, he was also one of the four Evangelists and thus is also known as Matthew the Evangelist.

Matthieu, du grec, transcrit de l'hébreu "Mattai" ou "Mattay", abréviation de "Mattithyahû" ("Mattith" = don et "Yâhû" = YHWH), ou Matthieu-Lévi ou saint Matthieu, est un personnage juif lié à la Galilée qui apparaît pour la première fois dans les Évangiles synoptiques, où il est appelé soit Matthieu, soit Lévi. Il y est décrit comme un publicain percepteur d'impôts, que Jésus appelle pour devenir un de ses douze apôtres.

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Agen

The commune of Agen (, ) is the prefecture of the Lot-et-Garonne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France. It lies on the river Garonne southeast of Bordeaux.

Agen ( en français standard et localement) est une commune du Sud-Ouest de la France, préfecture du département de Lot-et-Garonne, en région Nouvelle-Aquitaine. Ses habitants sont appelés les Agenais. Le pays qui l'entoure, sur les deux rives de la Garonne, est l'Agenais.

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Master System

The is a third-generation 8-bit home video game console manufactured by Sega. It was originally a remodeled export version of the Sega Mark III, the third iteration of the SG-1000 series of consoles, which was released in Japan in 1985 and featured enhanced graphical capabilities over its predecessors. The Master System launched in North America in 1986, followed by Europe in 1987, and Brazil in 1989. A Japanese version of the Master System was also launched in 1987, which features a few enhancements over the export models (and by proxy the original Mark III): a built-in FM audio chip, a rapid-fire switch, and a dedicated port for the 3D glasses. A cost-reduced model known as the Master System II was released in 1990 in North America and Europe.

La ou Sega Master System (aussi abrégé SMS) est une console de jeux vidéo de troisième génération, conçue et commercialisée par le constructeur japonais Sega Enterprises, Ltd. Elle est sortie en 1985, sous le nom Sega Mark III au Japon. La console est redessinée et rebaptisée Master System avant son lancement en 1986 en Amérique du Nord. Elle sort sous ce nom dans la plupart des autres territoires, dont l'Europe en 1986 et le Brésil en 1987. Le modèle remanié de la Master System sort également en 1987 au Japon.

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Johann Jakob Griesbach

Johann Jakob Griesbach (4 January 1745 – 24 March 1812) was a German biblical textual critic. Griesbach's fame rests upon his work in New Testament criticism, in which he inaugurated a new epoch. His solution to the synoptic problem bears his name, but the Griesbach hypothesis has become, in modern times, known as the Two-Gospel hypothesis.

Johann Jakob Griesbach ( – ), exégète biblique allemand, né à Butzbach, une petite ville dans le landgraviat de Hesse-Darmstadt, où son père, Konrad Kaspar (1705 -1777), était pasteur. Griesbach est surtout célèbre pour son édition critique du Nouveau Testament et ses recherches sur le problème synoptique. On appelle aujourd'hui hypothèse de Griesbach l'hypothèse selon laquelle l’Évangile selon Matthieu serait le plus ancien des trois évangiles synoptiques.

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Crop circle

Cercle de culture

A crop circle, crop formation, or corn circle is a pattern created by flattening a crop, usually a cereal. The term was first coined in the early 1980s by Colin Andrews. Crop circles have been described as all falling "within the range of the sort of thing done in hoaxes" by Taner Edis, professor of physics at Truman State University. Although obscure natural causes or alien origins of crop circles are suggested by fringe theorists, there is no scientific evidence for such explanations, and all crop circles are consistent with human causation.

Un cercle de culture (traduction de la dénomination anglaise « "" »), ou parfois « agrogramme » ou « agroglyphe », est un vaste motif ou ensemble de motifs géométriques réalisé dans un champ de céréales (généralement de blé) par flexion et couchage des épis. Visibles depuis le ciel, ces réalisations peuvent aller d'un simple cercle de quelques mètres de diamètre à des compositions de plusieurs hectares comportant de nombreuses figures disposées géométriquement.

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International Fixed Calendar

Calendrier fixe

The International Fixed Calendar (also known as the Cotsworth plan, the Cotsworth calendar and the Eastman plan) is a solar calendar proposal for calendar reform designed by Moses B. Cotsworth, who presented it in 1902. It divides the solar year into 13 months of 28 days each. It is therefore a perennial calendar, with every date fixed to the same weekday every year. Though it was never officially adopted in any country, entrepreneur George Eastman adopted it for use in his Eastman Kodak Company, where it was used from 1928 to 1989. It is sometimes also called "the" 13-month calendar or "the" equal-month calendar, but there are multiple alternative calendar designs that these descriptive labels apply to as well.

Le calendrier fixe comporte treize mois de vingt-huit jours. Un mois supplémentaire, nommé "sol", est donc intercalé entre juin et juillet, et un trois cent soixante-cinquième jour est ajouté après le 28 décembre.

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null

Exegesis

Exégèse

Exegesis (; from the Greek from, "to lead out") is a critical explanation or interpretation of a text, particularly a religious text. Traditionally the term was used primarily for work with the Bible; however, in modern usage "biblical exegesis" is used for greater specificity to distinguish it from any other broader critical text explanation.

L'exégèse (en grec ancien (« explication ») est, en philologie, une étude approfondie et critique d'un texte. La lecture exégètique consiste donc en un travail préalable à l'édition sur les travaux de tous les auteurs, anciens comme contemporains.

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null

Catapult

Catapulte

A catapult is a ballistic device used to launch a projectile a great distance without the aid of gunpowder or other propellants – particularly various types of ancient and medieval siege engines. A catapult uses the sudden release of stored potential energy to propel its payload. Most convert tension or torsion energy that was more slowly and manually built up within the device before release, via springs, bows, twisted rope, elastic, or any of numerous other materials and mechanisms. The counterweight trebuchet is a type of catapult that uses gravity.

La catapulte est une machine de guerre utilisée pour lancer des projectiles à grande distance, sans emploi d'aucun explosif ; elle est comparable sur ce point à d'autres engins de siège en usage pendant l'Antiquité et au Moyen Âge. Apparentée à la baliste qui, elle, projetait des lances, la catapulte est capable de projeter de lourdes pierres ou, parfois même, des cadavres ou diverses déjections, ceci afin de saper fortement le moral de l'ennemi, lui faire peur, voire propager des infections. La force de propulsion a d'abord été donnée par la flexion d'un arc géant puis, dans les engins plus perfectionnés, par la torsion d'un « ressort » constitué d'un faisceau de fibres.

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Glashtyn

Alastyn

Glashtyn (, glashan, glaistyn, glastyn; pronounced ) is a legendary creature from Manx folklore. The word "glashtin" is thought to derive from Celtic, meaning "stream", or sometimes even the sea.

L’Alastyn, aussi connu sous les noms de Glashtyn et de Cabyll-ushtey, est, dans le folklore de l'île de Man, une créature humanoïde qui sort régulièrement de l'eau et peut prendre l'apparence d'un poulain gris. Il ne sort que la nuit. Sous sa forme humaine, il apparait comme un très beau jeune homme avec des yeux brillants, une peau sombre et des cheveux bouclés. Il ne peut être distingué des êtres humains que par ses oreilles, qui restent pointues comme celles d'un cheval.

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null

Integration by parts

Intégration par parties

In calculus, and more generally in mathematical analysis, integration by parts or partial integration is a process that finds the integral of a product of functions in terms of the integral of the product of their derivative and antiderivative. It is frequently used to transform the antiderivative of a product of functions into an antiderivative for which a solution can be more easily found. The rule can be thought of as an integral version of the product rule of differentiation.

En mathématiques, l'intégration par parties (parfois abrégée en IPP) est une méthode qui permet de transformer l'intégrale d'un produit de fonctions en d'autres intégrales. Elle est fréquemment utilisée pour calculer une intégrale (ou une primitive) d'un produit de fonctions en une intégrale (ou primitive). Cette formule peut être considérée comme une version intégrale de la règle du produit.

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null

Tool

Outil

A tool is an object used to extend the ability of an individual to modify features of the surrounding environment. Although many animals use simple tools, only human beings, whose use of stone tools dates back hundreds of millennia, have been observed using tools to make other tools. The set of tools required to perform different tasks that are part of the same activity is called gear or equipment.

Un outil est un objet physique utilisé par un être vivant directement, ou par l'intermédiaire d'une machine, afin d'exercer une action le plus souvent mécanique, ou thermique, sur un élément d'environnement à traiter (matière brute, objet fini ou semi-fini, être vivant, etc). Il améliore l'efficacité des actions entreprises ou donne accès à des actions impossibles autrement. Beaucoup procurent un avantage mécanique en fonctionnant selon le principe d'une machine simple, comme la pince-monseigneur, qui exploite le principe du levier.

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null

81P/Wild

Comet 81P/Wild, also known as Wild 2 (pronounced "vilt two") ( ), is a comet named after Swiss astronomer Paul Wild, who discovered it on January 6, 1978, using a 40-cm Schmidt telescope at Zimmerwald, Switzerland.

81P/Wild ou Wild 2 est une comète périodique, découverte par l'astronome suisse Paul Wild en 1978. Elle a la particularité d'être l'une des rares comètes à avoir été approchée par une sonde spatiale à fins d'analyse. Elle a un diamètre d'environ 5 kilomètres.

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null

Signal-to-noise ratio

Rapport signal sur bruit

Signal-to-noise ratio (abbreviated SNR or S/N) is a measure used in science and engineering that compares the level of a desired signal to the level of background noise. SNR is defined as the ratio of signal power to the noise power, often expressed in decibels. A ratio higher than 1:1 (greater than 0 dB) indicates more signal than noise.

Le rapport signal sur bruit est un indicateur de la qualité de la transmission d'une information. C'est le rapport des puissances entre : Il s'exprime généralement en décibels (dB).

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Brahma

Brahmā

Brahma (Sanskrit: ब्रह्मा, IAST: "Brahmā") is the creator god in Hinduism. He is also known as "Svayambhu" (self-born) or the creative aspect of Vishnu, "Vāgīśa" (Lord of Speech), and the creator of the four Vedas, one from each of his mouths. Brahma is consort of Saraswati and he is the father of Four Kumaras, Narada, Daksha, Marichi and many more. Brahma is synonymous with the Vedic god Prajapati, he is also known as Vedanatha (god of Vedas), Gyaneshwara (god of Knowledge), Chaturmukha (having Four Faces) Svayambhu (self born), etc, as well as linked to Kama and Hiranyagarbha (the cosmic egg). He is more prominently mentioned in the post-Vedic Hindu epics and the mythologies in the Puranas. In the epics, he is conflated with Purusha. Although Brahma is part of the Brahma-Vishnu-Shiva Trimurti, ancient Hindu scriptures mention multiple other trinities of gods or goddesses which do not include Brahma.

Brahmā (devanāgarī : ब्रह्मा) est le dieu créateur-démiurge de l'hindouisme, le premier membre de la Trimūrti, la trinité des déités hindoues majeures. Les autres membres sont Vishnou et Shiva. Sarasvatī est sa shakti, son énergie, son épouse. Sa monture vāhana est un hamsa, une oie ou un cygne. Sa couleur est le rouge. Il n'est pas mentionné dans les Veda, mais seulement à partir des Brāhmaṇa, et il est très présent dans le Mahābhārata, le Rāmāyaṇa et les Purāṇa. C'est une personnification de la notion abstraite de brahman.

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Siege engine

Engin de siège

A siege engine is a device that is designed to break or circumvent heavy castle doors, thick city walls and other fortifications in siege warfare. Some are immobile, constructed in place to attack enemy fortifications from a distance, while others have wheels to enable advancing up to the enemy fortification. There are many distinct types, such as siege towers to allow attacking soldiers to scale walls and attack the defenders, battering rams to break walls or gates, and catapults (such as ballistae, trebuchets and other similar constructions) used to attack from a distance and fire a projectile. Some complex siege engines were combinations of these types.

Un engin de siège est un dispositif conçu pour ouvrir des brèches dans les murailles ou contourner les fortifications au cours d’une guerre de siège, afin d'envahir une place forte.

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Pilgrimage

Pèlerinage

A pilgrimage is a journey, often into an unknown or foreign place, where a person goes in search of new or expanded meaning about their self, others, nature, or a higher good, through the experience. It can lead to a personal transformation, after which the pilgrim returns to their daily life.

Un pèlerinage (du latin "", « étranger ») est un voyage effectué par un croyant, le pèlerin, vers un lieu de, vers un endroit circonscrit tenu pour sacré selon sa religion car supposé contenir une communication directe avec une divinité grâce à une relique, un légendaire (récit d'apparitions, de miracles), une source, un arbre.

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SUSE

SUSE ( ) is a German-based, multinational, open-source software company that develops and sells Linux products to business customers. Founded in 1992, it was the first company to market Linux for the enterprise. It is the developer of SUSE Linux Enterprise and the primary sponsor of the community-supported openSUSE Project, which develops the openSUSE Linux distribution. While the openSUSE "Tumbleweed" variation is an upstream distribution for both the "Leap" variation and SUSE Linux Enterprise distribution, its branded "Leap" variation is part of a direct upgrade path to the enterprise version, which effectively makes openSUSE Leap a non-commercial version of its enterprise product.

SUSE (prononciation : en anglais, ou, respectivement « sousseu » ou « souzeu » en français ; en allemand,, soit « zouzeu ») est une société allemande appartenant au fonds d’investissement EQT Partners. Elle est connue pour sa distribution Linux destinée à l'utilisation en entreprise.

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Pope Agatho

Agathon (pape)

Pope Agatho (died January 681) served as the bishop of Rome from 27 June 678 until his death. He heard the appeal of Wilfrid of York, who had been displaced from his See by the division of the Archdiocese ordered by Theodore of Canterbury. During Agatho's tenure, the Sixth Ecumenical Council was convened which dealt with the monothelitism controversy. He is venerated as a saint by both the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches.

Agathon (mort le ) fut le pape de 678 à 681. Sans doute d'origine orientale, il vécut longtemps à Palerme (Sicile) avant de venir à Rome. Il est surtout connu pour avoir fait condamner le monothélisme au concile de Constantinople (680-681), et pour avoir soustrait l'Église de Rome aux impôts de l'empereur. Il fit également reconnaître l'autorité du siège de Rome par l'archevêque de Ravenne et accrut l'influence romaine sur le clergé d'Occident.

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Cricket

Cricket is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of eleven players on a field at the centre of which is a pitch with a wicket at each end, each comprising two bails balanced on three stumps. The batting side scores runs by striking the ball bowled at the wicket with the bat, while the bowling and fielding side tries to prevent this and dismiss each player (so they are "out"). Means of dismissal include being bowled, when the ball hits the stumps and dislodges the bails, and by the fielding side catching the ball after it is hit by the bat, but before it hits the ground. When ten players have been dismissed, the innings ends and the teams swap roles. The game is adjudicated by two umpires, aided by a third umpire and match referee in international matches. They communicate with two off-field scorers who record the match's statistical information.

Le cricket est un sport collectif de balle et de batte opposant deux équipes composées normalement de onze joueurs chacune. Il se joue généralement sur un terrain de forme ovale, en herbe, au centre duquel se trouve une zone d'une vingtaine de mètres de longueur, à chaque extrémité de laquelle on trouve une structure de bois, le guichet. Une rencontre est divisée en plusieurs manches. Au cours de chacune d'entre elles, l'une des équipes essaye de marquer des points (courses), et possède simultanément deux batteurs sur le terrain, chacun devant l'un des guichets. Un point est notamment marqué à chaque échange de position de ces deux joueurs lorsque la balle est en jeu. Leurs onze adversaires sont également présents sur l'aire de jeu. La balle est lancée par l'un de ceux-ci en direction du guichet d'un des deux batteurs. L'objectif de la seconde équipe est d'empêcher la première de marquer, principalement en éliminant les batteurs adverses, par exemple en détruisant le guichet avec la balle sur le lancer.

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Charlie Hebdo

Charlie Hebdo (; French for "Charlie Weekly") is a French satirical weekly magazine, featuring cartoons, reports, polemics, and jokes. Irreverent and stridently non-conformist in tone, the publication describes itself as above all secular, skeptic, and atheist, far-left-wing, and anti-racist publishing articles about the extreme right (especially the French nationalist National Front party), religion (Catholicism, Islam, Judaism), politics and culture.

Charlie Hebdo est un journal hebdomadaire satirique français fondé en 1970 par François Cavanna et le professeur Choron. Il fait une large place aux illustrations, notamment aux caricatures politiques, et il pratique aussi le journalisme d'investigation en publiant des reportages à l'étranger ou sur les domaines les plus divers : les sectes, les religions, l'extrême droite, l'islamisme, la politique, la culture. Le journal paraît tous les mercredis. Il a publié également des hors-séries à périodicité variable.

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Gaza City

Gaza

Gaza (; ', ; "Ġāzā"), also referred to as Gaza City, is a Palestinian city in the Gaza Strip, with a population of 590,481 (in 2017), making it the largest city in the State of Palestine. Inhabited since at least the 15th century BCE, Gaza has been dominated by several different peoples and empires throughout its history.

Gaza (en arabe : غزة () ; parfois appelée en anglais "" pour la distinguer de la bande de Gaza qui désigne la région dans son ensemble) est la ville qui donne son nom à ce territoire longiligne appelé « bande de Gaza ». Le terme " Gaza city " en français est un abus de langage pour "la ville de Gaza". Après avoir été mise sous l'autorité civile et militaire de l'Autorité palestinienne dès l'application des accords de Jéricho et Gaza de 1994 avec Israël, elle est depuis juin 2007 la ville la plus importante sous l'autorité du Hamas.

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1930 FIFA World Cup

Coupe du monde de football 1930

The 1930 FIFA World Cup was the inaugural FIFA World Cup, the world championship for men's national association football teams. It took place in Uruguay from 13 to 30 July 1930. FIFA, football's international governing body, selected Uruguay as host nation, as the country would be celebrating the centenary of its first constitution, and the Uruguay national football team had successfully retained their football title at the 1928 Summer Olympics. All matches were played in the Uruguayan capital, Montevideo, the majority at the Estadio Centenario, which was built for the tournament.

La Coupe du monde de football 1930 est la première édition de la Coupe du monde de football de la Fédération internationale de football association (FIFA). Elle se déroule en Uruguay du au et voit la victoire de l'Uruguay en finale contre l'Argentine.

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Santiago de Compostela

Saint-Jacques-de-Compostelle

Santiago de Compostela (or Saint James of Compostella in English) is the capital of the autonomous community of Galicia, in northwestern Spain. The city has its origin in the shrine of Saint James the Great, now the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela, as the destination of the Way of St. James, a leading Catholic pilgrimage route since the 9th century. In 1985, the city's Old Town was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Saint-Jacques-de-Compostelle (en galicien et en ) est une commune ("concello") située dans la province de La Corogne, en communauté autonome de Galice (Espagne), à mi-chemin entre La Corogne, la ville la plus importante de Galice et Pontevedra, la ville où le piéton est roi. C'est la capitale de la comarque du même nom et de la communauté autonome. À ce dernier titre, elle héberge le domaine du gouvernement ("Xunta de Galicia") et du Parlement de la communauté. Elle comptait en 2012.

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Geography of Israel

Géographie d'Israël

The geography of Israel is very diverse, with desert conditions in the south, and snow-capped mountains in the north. Israel is located at the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea in Western Asia. It is bounded to the north by Lebanon, the northeast by Syria, the east by Jordan and the West Bank, and to the southwest by Egypt. To the west of Israel is the Mediterranean Sea, which makes up the majority of Israel's coastline, and the Gaza Strip. Israel has a small coastline on the Red Sea in the south.

Israël a une superficie de (dont d'eau), le territoire est délimité à l'ouest par la mer Méditerranée ( de littoral), au nord par le Liban ( de frontière), au nord-est par la Syrie (), à l'est par la Jordanie () et la Cisjordanie (), au sud par le golfe d'Aqaba et au sud-ouest par l'Égypte () et la bande de Gaza ().

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Charles Manson

Charles Milles Manson ( Maddox, November 12, 1934November 19, 2017) was an American criminal and cult leader. In mid-1967, he formed what became known as the "Manson Family", a quasi-commune based in California. His followers committed a series of nine murders at four locations in July and August 1969. Although the motive for the murders was disputed by Manson, Los Angeles County district attorney believed that Manson intended to start a race war. In 1971, he was convicted of first-degree murder and conspiracy to commit murder for the deaths of seven people, including the film actress Sharon Tate. The prosecution conceded that Manson never literally ordered the murders, but they contended that his ideology constituted an overt act of conspiracy. Manson was also convicted of first-degree murder for the deaths of Gary Hinman and Donald Shea.

Charles Manson (né Maddox), né le à Cincinnati dans l'Ohio aux États-Unis et mort le à Bakersfield en Californie, est un criminel américain.

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Giant panda

Panda géant

The giant panda ("Ailuropoda melanoleuca"; ), also known as the panda bear or simply the panda, is a bear native to south central China. It is characterised by large, black patches around its eyes, over the ears, and across its round body. The name "giant panda" is sometimes used to distinguish it from the red panda, a neighboring musteloid. Though it belongs to the order Carnivora, the giant panda is a folivore, with bamboo shoots and leaves making up more than 99% of its diet. Giant pandas in the wild will occasionally eat other grasses, wild tubers, or even meat in the form of birds, rodents, or carrion. In captivity, they may receive honey, eggs, fish, yams, shrub leaves, oranges, or bananas along with specially prepared food.

Le panda géant (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) est une espèce de mammifères, habituellement classée dans la famille des ursidés (Ursidae), endémique de la Chine centrale. Il fait partie de l'ordre des Carnivores, même si son régime alimentaire est constitué à 99 % de végétaux, principalement du bambou.

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World Calendar

Calendrier universel

The World Calendar is a proposed reform of the Gregorian calendar created by Elisabeth Achelis of Brooklyn, New York in 1930.

Le calendrier universel est une proposition de réforme du calendrier grégorien. Il comporte répartis en identiques de. Il est également nommé calendrier du Monde ou par abus de langage calendrier perpétuel.

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Hymn

Hymne religieux

A hymn is a type of song, usually religious, specifically written for the purpose of adoration or prayer, and typically addressed to a deity or deities, or to a prominent figure or personification. The word "hymn" derives from Greek ("hymnos"), which means "a song of praise". A writer of hymns is known as a hymnist. The singing or composition of hymns is called hymnody. Collections of hymns are known as hymnals or hymn books. Hymns may or may not include instrumental accompaniment.

Une ou un hymne (nom féminin ou masculin) est généralement, dans le domaine religieux, un chant, un poème à la gloire des dieux ou des héros, souvent associé à un rituel.

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Quest for the historical Jesus

Quête du Jésus historique

The quest for the historical Jesus consists of academic efforts to determine what words and actions, if any, may be attributed to Jesus, and to use the findings to provide portraits of the historical Jesus. Since the 18th century, three scholarly quests for the historical Jesus have taken place, each with distinct characteristics and based on different research criteria, which were often developed during each specific phase. These quests are distinguished from earlier approaches because they rely on the historical method to study biblical narratives. While textual analysis of biblical sources had taken place for centuries, these quests introduced new methods and specific techniques to establish the historical validity of their conclusions.

La quête du Jésus historique est une recherche historiographique qui étudie la vie de Jésus de Nazareth en tant que personnage historique.

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Red panda

Ailurus fulgens

The red panda ("Ailurus fulgens") is a mammal species native to the eastern Himalayas and southwestern China. It is listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List because the wild population is estimated at fewer than 10,000 mature individuals and continues to decline due to habitat loss and fragmentation, poaching, and inbreeding depression. Despite its name, it is not closely related to the giant panda.

Le Petit panda, Panda roux ou Panda éclatant (Ailurus fulgens) est un mammifère de la famille des Ailuridés. Il a un régime alimentaire omnivore, essentiellement végétarien, bien qu'appartenant à l'ordre des carnivores. Le panda roux est originaire de l'Himalaya et du Sud-Ouest de la Chine. C'est une espèce protégée car elle est en danger de disparition.

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Khawarij

Kharidjisme

The Khawarij (, "al-Khawārij", singular, "khāriji"), Kharijites, or the ash-Shurah ( "the Exchangers") were a sect that appeared in the first century of Islam during the First Fitna, the crisis of leadership after the death of Muhammad. It broke into revolt against the authority of the Caliph Ali after he agreed to arbitration with his rival, Muawiyah I, to decide the succession to the Caliphate following the Battle of Siffin (657). A Kharijite later assassinated Ali, and for hundreds of years, the Khawarij were a source of insurrection against the Caliphate.

Le kharidjisme ou kharijisme est une branche de l'Islam apparue lors de l'arbitrage entre Ali et Mu'awiya à l'issue de la bataille de Siffin qui les avaient opposés en 657. Il s'agit de la troisième branche, à côté du sunnisme, majoritaire, et du chiisme. Ses adeptes sont les khāridjites (en arabe : khawāridj,, sortants, dissidents).

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Bignoniaceae

Bignoniaceae is a family of flowering plants in the order Lamiales commonly known as the bignonias. It is not known to which of the other families in the order it is most closely related.

Les Bignoniaceae (Bignoniacées) sont une famille de plantes dicotylédones ; elle comprend 650 espèces réparties en plus de 100 genres.

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Textual criticism

Critique textuelle

Textual criticism is a branch of textual scholarship, philology, and of literary criticism that is concerned with the identification of textual variants, or different versions, of either manuscripts or of printed books. Such texts may range in dates from the earliest writing in cuneiform, impressed on clay, for example, to multiple unpublished versions of a 21st-century author's work. Historically, scribes who were paid to copy documents may have been literate, but many were simply copyists, mimicking the shapes of letters without necessarily understanding what they meant. This means that unintentional alterations were common when copying manuscripts by hand. Intentional alterations may have been made as well, for example the censoring of printed work for political, religious or cultural reasons.

La critique textuelle est une science, à l’intersection de l’histoire, de la critique littéraire et de la littérature, qui étudie la rédaction et les circonstances de rédaction, ainsi que la tradition de textes anciens jusqu’à nous.

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Augusto Pinochet

Augusto José Ramón Pinochet Ugarte (,,, ; 25 November 1915 – 10 December 2006) was a Chilean general and politician who ruled Chile from 1973 to 1990, first as the President of the Military Junta of Chile from 1973 to 1981, before being automatically declared President of the Republic by the junta in 1974. Pinochet assumed power in Chile following a United States-backed coup d'état on 11 September 1973 that overthrew the democratically elected socialist Unidad Popular government of President Salvador Allende and ended civilian rule. The support of the United States was crucial to the coup and the consolidation of power afterward. Pinochet had been promoted to Commander-in-Chief of the Chilean Army by Allende on 23 August 1973, having been its General Chief of Staff since early 1972. In December 1974, the ruling military junta appointed Pinochet Supreme Head of the nation by joint decree, although without the support of one of the coup's instigators, Air Force General Gustavo Leigh. Following his rise to power, Pinochet persecuted leftists, socialists, and political critics, resulting in the executions of from 1,200 to 3,200 people, the internment of as many as 80,000 people and the torture of tens of thousands. According to the Chilean government, the number of executions and forced disappearances was 3,095. Operation Condor was founded at the behest of the Pinochet regime in late November 1975, his 60th birthday.

Augusto Pinochet (), né le à Valparaíso (Chili) et mort le à Santiago (Chili), est un militaire et homme d'État chilien, président de la République du au.

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Barometer

Baromètre

A barometer is a scientific instrument that is used to measure air pressure in a certain environment. Pressure tendency can forecast short term changes in the weather. Many measurements of air pressure are used within surface weather analysis to help find surface troughs, pressure systems and frontal boundaries.

Le baromètre est un instrument de mesure, utilisé en physique et en météorologie, qui sert à mesurer la pression atmosphérique. Il peut, de façon secondaire, servir d'altimètre pour déterminer, de manière approximative, l'altitude.

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Flight recorder

Enregistreur de vol

A flight recorder is an electronic recording device placed in an aircraft for the purpose of facilitating the investigation of aviation accidents and incidents. Flight recorders are also known by the misnomer black box—they are in fact bright orange to aid in their recovery after accidents.

En aéronautique, un enregistreur de vol (souvent appelé boîte noire) est un enregistreur de données à bord d'un aéronef et destiné à restituer les paramètres de vol et les conversations des pilotes pour l’analyse des circonstances d’un accident. Les enregistreurs de vol sont protégés par une enveloppe résistant au choc, à l'incendie et à l'immersion. Comme leur nom ne l'indique pas, les boîtes noires sont aujourd'hui de couleur orange ou rouge, avec des bandes blanches réfléchissantes, pour faciliter leur repérage parmi les débris d'un avion.

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Ingrid Bergman

Ingrid Bergman (29 August 1915 – 29 August 1982) was a Swedish actress who starred in a variety of European and American films, television movies, and plays. She won many accolades, including three Academy Awards, two Primetime Emmy Awards, a Tony Award, four Golden Globe Awards, and a BAFTA Award.

Ingrid Bergman, née le à Stockholm, Suède, et morte le à Londres, Royaume-Uni, est une actrice suédoise. Elle avait déjà tourné quelques films en Suède lorsque le producteur David O. Selznick lui propose en 1939 de reprendre le rôle principal de l'adaptation américaine d"'Intermezzo", ce qui la fait connaître dans son pays. Sa carrière internationale est lancée et sa popularité s'accroît de films en films : "Casablanca", "Pour qui sonne le glas", "Hantise" (1944), qui lui vaut l’Oscar de la meilleure actrice, puis "Jeanne d'Arc" en font la star mondiale la plus désirée et la mieux rémunérée.

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Prisoner's dilemma

Dilemme du prisonnier

The prisoner's dilemma is a standard example of a game analyzed in game theory that shows why two completely rational individuals might not cooperate, even if it appears that it is in their best interests to do so. It was originally framed by Merrill Flood and Melvin Dresher while working at RAND in 1950. Albert W. Tucker formalized the game with prison sentence rewards and named it "prisoner's dilemma", presenting it as follows:

Le dilemme du prisonnier, énoncé en 1950 par Albert W. Tucker à Princeton, caractérise en théorie des jeux une situation où deux joueurs auraient intérêt à coopérer, mais où, en l'absence de communication entre les deux joueurs, chacun choisira de trahir l'autre si le jeu n'est joué qu'une fois. La raison est que si l'un coopère et que l'autre trahit, le coopérateur est fortement pénalisé. Pourtant, si les deux joueurs trahissent, le résultat leur est moins favorable que si les deux avaient choisi de coopérer.

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Nitrogen cycle

Cycle de l'azote

The nitrogen cycle is the biogeochemical cycle by which nitrogen is converted into multiple chemical forms as it circulates among atmosphere, terrestrial, and marine ecosystems. The conversion of nitrogen can be carried out through both biological and physical processes. Important processes in the nitrogen cycle include fixation, ammonification, nitrification, and denitrification. The majority of Earth's atmosphere (78%) is atmosphere nitrogen, making it the largest source of nitrogen. However, atmospheric nitrogen has limited availability for biological use, leading to a scarcity of usable nitrogen in many types of ecosystems.

Le cycle de l'azote est un cycle biogéochimique qui décrit la succession des modifications subies par les différentes formes de l'azote neutre en formes réactives (diazote, nitrate, nitrite, ammoniac, azote organique) et vice-versa.

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Marnie (film)

Pas de printemps pour Marnie

Marnie is a 1964 American psychological thriller film directed by Alfred Hitchcock. The screenplay by Jay Presson Allen was based on the 1961 novel of the same name by Winston Graham. The film stars Tippi Hedren and Sean Connery.

Pas de printemps pour Marnie ("Marnie") est un thriller film américain réalisé par Alfred Hitchcock, sorti en 1964. Quarante-cinquième long métrage d'Hitchcock, il est inspiré d'un roman de Winston Graham, "Marnie", adapté par la scénariste Jay Presson Allen.

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