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Les Rougon-Macquart | Les Rougon-Macquart | Les Rougon-Macquart is the collective title given to a cycle of twenty novels by French writer Émile Zola. Subtitled Histoire naturelle et sociale d'une famille sous le Second Empire ("Natural and social history of a family under the Second Empire"), it follows the lives of the members of the two titular branches of a fictional family living during the Second French Empire (1852–1870) and is one of the most prominent works of the French naturalism literary movement. | Le titre générique Les Rougon-Macquart regroupe un ensemble de 20 romans écrits par Émile Zola entre 1870 et 1893. Il porte comme sous-titre Histoire naturelle et sociale d'une famille sous le Second Empire, rappelant ainsi les ambitions de Zola : Inspiré de "La Comédie humaine" de Balzac, l'ouvrage a notamment pour but d'étudier l'influence du milieu sur l'Homme et les tares héréditaires d'une famille, originaire de Plassans, sur cinq générations depuis l'ancêtre, Adélaïde Fouque (née en 1768), jusqu'à un enfant à naître, fruit de la liaison incestueuse entre Pascal Rougon et sa nièce Clotilde (1874). Il veut aussi dépeindre la société du Second Empire de la façon la plus exhaustive possible, en n'oubliant aucune des composantes de cette société et en faisant une large place aux grandes transformations qui se produisent à cette époque (urbanisme parisien, grands magasins, développement du chemin de fer, apparition du syndicalisme moderne, etc.). Cet ensemble de romans marque le triomphe du mouvement littéraire appelé naturalisme, dont Zola est, avec Edmond et Jules de Goncourt, puis Guy de Maupassant, le principal représentant. | [
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Pope Leo X | Léon X | Pope Leo X (born Giovanni di Lorenzo de' Medici, 11 December 14751 December 1521) was pope and ruler of the Papal States from 9 March 1513 to his death on 1 December 1521. | Jean de Médicis () naît le à Florence et meurt à Rome le. Il fut le de l’Église catholique sous le nom de (en latin ', en italien ', ou "") de 1513 à 1521. Il est le second fils de Laurent "le Magnifique" et de Clarisse Orsini. | [
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León, Spain | León (Espagne) | León (, ; ; ) is the capital of the province of León, located in the northwest of Spain. Its city population of 127,817 (2015) makes it the largest municipality in the province, accounting for more than one quarter of the province's population. Including the metropolitan area, the population is estimated at 202,793 (2015). | León est une ville espagnole de la comarque de Tierra de León. C'est la capitale de la province de León, dans la communauté autonome de Castille-et-León. La ville comptait 125 317 habitants en 2017. | [
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Antigen | Antigène | In immunology, an antigen (Ag) is a molecule or molecular structure, such as may be present at the outside of a pathogen, that can be bound to by an antigen-specific antibody (Ab) or B cell antigen receptor (BCR). The presence of antigens in the body normally triggers an immune response. The term "antigen" originally described a structural molecule that binds specifically to an antibody only in the form of native antigen. It was expanded later to refer to any molecule or a linear molecular fragment after processing the native antigen that can be recognized by T-cell receptor (TCR). BCR and TCR are both highly variable antigen receptors diversified by somatic V(D)J recombination. Both T cells and B cells are cellular components of adaptive immunity. The Ag abbreviation stands for an "antibody generator". | Un antigène est une macromolécule naturelle ou synthétique qui, reconnue par des anticorps ou des cellules du système immunitaire d’un organisme, est capable de déclencher chez celui-ci une réponse immunitaire. Les antigènes sont généralement des protéines, des polysaccharides et leurs dérivés lipidiques. Des fragments d'antigènes appelés haptènes peuvent aussi induire une allergie. | [
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Tom Bombadil | Tom Bombadil | Tom Bombadil is a character in J. R. R. Tolkien's legendarium. He first appeared in print in a 1934 poem called "The Adventures of Tom Bombadil", which also included the "Lord of the Rings" characters Goldberry - Tom's wife, Old Man Willow - an evil tree in Tom's forest, and the Barrow-wight, who Tom rescues the hobbits from. They were not then explicitly part of the older legends that became "The Silmarillion", and are not mentioned in "The Hobbit". | Tom Bombadil est un personnage de l'œuvre de, qui apparaît dans le premier tome du "Seigneur des anneaux", "La Communauté de l'anneau". Il est également le personnage principal de deux poèmes des "Aventures de Tom Bombadil", « Les Aventures de Tom Bombadil » et « Bombadil en bateau », et d'un troisième poème, « "" », jamais publié en français. | [
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Microsoft PowerPoint | Microsoft PowerPoint | Microsoft PowerPoint is a presentation program, created by Robert Gaskins and Dennis Austin at a software company named Forethought, Inc. It was released on April 20, 1987, initially for Macintosh computers only. Microsoft acquired PowerPoint for $14 million three months after it appeared. This was Microsoft's first significant acquisition, and Microsoft set up a new business unit for PowerPoint in Silicon Valley where Forethought had been located. Microsoft PowerPoint is one of many programs run by the company Microsoft and can be identified by its trademark orange, and P initial on the logo. It offers users many ways to display information from simple presentations to complex multimedia presentations. | Microsoft PowerPoint est un logiciel de présentation édité par Microsoft. Il fait partie de la suite Microsoft Office. Microsoft PowerPoint fonctionne sous Windows et Mac OS. | [
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Bewitched | Ma sorcière bien-aimée | Bewitched is an American television sitcom fantasy series, originally broadcast for eight seasons on ABC from September 17, 1964, to March 25, 1972. It is about a witch who marries an ordinary mortal man and vows to lead the life of a typical suburban housewife. The show was popular, finishing as the second-rated show in America during its debut season, staying in the top ten for its first three seasons, and ranking in eleventh place for both seasons four and five. The show continues to be seen throughout the world in syndication and on recorded media. | Ma sorcière bien-aimée ("") est une série télévisée américaine en 254 épisodes de 25 minutes, dont 74 en noir et blanc (puis colorisés), créée par Sol Saks et diffusée du au sur le réseau ABC. | [
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Decimal | Système décimal | The decimal numeral system (also called base-ten positional numeral system, and occasionally called denary or decanary) is the standard system for denoting integer and non-integer numbers. It is the extension to non-integer numbers of the Hindu–Arabic numeral system. The way of denoting numbers in the decimal system is often referred to as "decimal notation". | Le système décimal est un système de numération utilisant la base dix. Dans ce système, les puissances de dix et leurs multiples bénéficient d'une représentation privilégiée. | [
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Universal Decimal Classification | Classification décimale universelle | The Universal Decimal Classification (UDC) is a bibliographic and library classification representing the systematic arrangement of all branches of human knowledge organized as a coherent system in which knowledge fields are related and inter-linked. The UDC is an analytico-synthetic and faceted classification system featuring detailed vocabulary and syntax that enables powerful content indexing and information retrieval in large collections. Since 1991, the UDC has been owned and managed by the UDC Consortium, a non-profit international association of publishers with headquarters in The Hague (Netherlands). | La classification décimale universelle (CDU) est un système de classification de bibliothèque développé par Paul Otlet et Henri La Fontaine, deux juristes belges fondateurs de l’Institut international de bibliographie en 1895, à partir de la classification décimale de Dewey (CDD), et avec l’autorisation de Melvil Dewey. Elle a connu plusieurs éditions depuis 1905. Elle a été traduite en. | [
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Immunology | Immunologie | Immunology is a branch of biology that covers the study of immune systems in all organisms. Immunology charts, measures, and contextualizes the physiological functioning of the immune system in states of both health and diseases; malfunctions of the immune system in immunological disorders (such as autoimmune diseases, hypersensitivities, immune deficiency, and transplant rejection); and the physical, chemical, and physiological characteristics of the components of the immune system "in vitro", "in situ", and "in vivo". Immunology has applications in numerous disciplines of medicine, particularly in the fields of organ transplantation, oncology, rheumatology, virology, bacteriology, parasitology, psychiatry, and dermatology. | L'immunologie est la branche de la biologie qui s'occupe de l'étude du système immunitaire. Apparu très tôt au cours de l'évolution, ce système a évolué pour distinguer le non-soi du soi. Les réactions de défense de l'organisme face à un organisme pathogène - quelle que soit la nature de celui-ci, virus, bactérie, champignon ou protozoaires. Les maladies auto-immunes, les allergies et le rejet des greffes forment l'aspect médical de cette science. Les mécanismes de synthèse et de maturation des anticorps, d'activation du système du complément, la mobilisation et la coordination des cellules de défense, en forment l'aspect fondamental et mécanistique. | [
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La Curée | La Curée | La Curée (1871–72; English: "The Kill") is the 2nd novel in Émile Zola's 20-volume series Les Rougon-Macquart. It deals with property speculation and the lives of the extremely wealthy Nouveau riche of the Second French Empire, against the backdrop of Baron Haussmann's reconstruction of Paris in the 1850s and 1860s. | La Curée est un roman d’Émile Zola paru en 1871. Deuxième volume de la série "Les Rougon-Macquart", il a pour thème la vie débauchée de Paris au Second Empire, que Zola résume en ce groupe binaire « l’or et la chair ». | [
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Antibody | Anticorps | An antibody (Ab), also known as an immunoglobulin (Ig), is a large, Y-shaped protein produced mainly by plasma cells that is used by the immune system to neutralize pathogens such as pathogenic bacteria and viruses. The antibody recognizes a unique molecule of the pathogen, called an antigen, via the fragment antigen-binding (Fab) variable region. Each tip of the "Y" of an antibody contains a paratope (analogous to a lock) that is specific for one particular epitope (analogous to a key) on an antigen, allowing these two structures to bind together with precision. Using this binding mechanism, an antibody can "tag" a microbe or an infected cell for attack by other parts of the immune system, or can neutralize its target directly (for example, by inhibiting a part of a microbe that is essential for its invasion and survival). Depending on the antigen, the binding may impede the biological process causing the disease or may activate macrophages to destroy the foreign substance. The ability of an antibody to communicate with the other components of the immune system is mediated via its Fc region (located at the base of the "Y"), which contains a conserved glycosylation site involved in these interactions. The production of antibodies is the main function of the humoral immune system. | Un anticorps est une glycoprotéine complexe utilisée par le système immunitaire adaptatif pour détecter et neutraliser les agents pathogènes de manière spécifique. Les anticorps sont sécrétés par des cellules dérivées des lymphocytes B : les plasmocytes. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Groningen (province) | Groningue (province) | Groningen (; Gronings: "Grunn"; ) is the northeasternmost province of the Netherlands. It borders on Friesland to the west, Drenthe to the south, the German state of Lower Saxony to the east, and the Wadden Sea to the north. As of November 2019, Groningen had a population of 585,881 and a total area of. | La Groningue (, en groningois : ) est une province située au nord-est des Pays-Bas. Elle est bordée par les provinces néerlandaises de la Frise à l'ouest et de la Drenthe au sud, par le littoral de la mer du Nord, et par le Land allemand de Basse-Saxe à l'est, dont le dialecte local est d'ailleurs très proche de celui de la Groningue. | [
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Constitutional Cabinet of Louis XVI | Monarchie constitutionnelle française | The Kingdom of France as remnant of the preceding absolute Kingdom of France, was a constitutional monarchy that governed France from 3 September 1791 until 21 September 1792, when this constitutional monarchy was succeeded by the First Republic. | La monarchie constitutionnelle est une brève période des institutions de l'histoire de France et de la Révolution française. Étape entre la monarchie absolue et la république, elle dure du au. | [
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Pokémon | Pokémon | The franchise began as "Pokémon Red" and "Green" (later released outside of Japan as "Pokémon Red" and "Blue"), a pair of video games for the original Game Boy handheld system that were developed by Game Freak and published by Nintendo in February 1996. It soon became a media mix franchise adapted into various different media. "Pokémon" has since become the highest-grossing media franchise of all time, with in total franchise revenue. The original video game series is the second-best-selling video game franchise (behind Nintendo's "Mario" franchise) with more than 346million copies sold and onebillion mobile downloads, and it spawned a hit anime television series that has become the most successful video game adaptation with over 20 seasons and 1,000 episodes in 169 countries. In addition, the "Pokémon" franchise includes the world's top-selling toy brand, the top-selling trading card game with over 28.8billion cards sold, an anime film series, a live-action film, books, manga comics, music, merchandise, and a theme park. The franchise is also represented in other Nintendo media, such as the "Super Smash Bros." series. | Pokémon (prononcé ; en japonais,, prononcé ) est une franchise créée par Satoshi Tajiri en 1996, présente en particulier en jeu vidéo, dans des séries éditées par Nintendo. Selon les statistiques de Nintendo en 2010, les jeux Pokémon se sont vendus à environ 250 millions d’unités. Le jeu vidéo "Pokémon Rouge" et "Bleu" s’est vendu à plus de 30 millions d’exemplaires, ce qui en fait un record des ventes dans l’histoire du jeu vidéo. | [
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Jacques Rueff | Jacques Rueff | Jacques Léon Rueff (23 August 1896 – 23 April 1978) was a French economist and adviser to the French government. | Jacques Léon Rueff, né le à Paris et mort le dans la même ville, est un haut fonctionnaire et économiste français, qui a joué un rôle majeur dans les politiques économiques menées dans les années 1930 et surtout à partir de 1958. | [
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NBC | National Broadcasting Company | The National Broadcasting Company (NBC) is an American English-language commercial terrestrial radio and television network that is the flagship property of the NBCUniversal Television and Streaming division of NBCUniversal, a subsidiary of Comcast. The network is headquartered at 30 Rockefeller Plaza in New York City, with additional major offices near Los Angeles (at 10 Universal City Plaza), Chicago (at the NBC Tower) and Philadelphia (at the Comcast Technology Center). The network is one of the Big Three television networks. NBC is sometimes referred to as the "Peacock Network", in reference to its stylized peacock logo, introduced in 1956 to promote the company's innovations in early color broadcasting. It became the network's official emblem in 1979. | La National Broadcasting Company (NBC) est un groupe audiovisuel américain, qui se bâtit autour du réseau hertzien NBC Television. Le groupe comprend en outre les chaînes câblées CNBC, MSNBC et Bravo, les chaînes hertziennes de langue espagnole Telemundo, ainsi que diverses autres chaînes. | [
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Prince of Wales | Prince de Galles | Prince of Wales (, ) was a title held by native Welsh princes before the 12th century; the term replaced the use of the word "king". One of the last Welsh princes, Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, was killed at the Battle of Orewin Bridge in 1282. Edward I, King of England, invested his son Edward (born in Caernarfon Castle in 1284) as the first English Prince of Wales in 1301. | Le titre de prince de Galles est, traditionnellement, le titre attribué au fils aîné du monarque du Royaume-Uni. Le titre de comte de Chester est attaché à celui de prince de Galles depuis le. Les "regalia" du prince de Galles sont connus sous le nom « d'honneurs de la principauté de Galles ». | [
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Derek Sherinian | Derek Sherinian | Derek Sherinian (born August 25, 1966) is an American keyboardist who has toured and recorded for Alice Cooper, Billy Idol, Yngwie Malmsteen, Steve Vai, and Joe Bonamassa. He was also a member of Dream Theater from 1994 to 1999, is the founder of Planet X and also one of the founding members of Black Country Communion and Sons of Apollo. He has released seven solo albums that have featured a variety of prominent guest musicians, including guitarists Slash, Yngwie Malmsteen, Allan Holdsworth, Steve Lukather, Joe Bonamassa, Billy Sheehan, Zakk Wylde and Al Di Meola. | Derek Sherinian est un claviériste américain né le à Laguna Beach en Californie. Il a été membre, entre autres, de Dream Theater, et est actuellement membre permanent de Planet X. Il était aussi membre de Black Country Communion. | [
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Base (chemistry) | Base (chimie) | In chemistry, bases are substances that, in aqueous solution, release hydroxide (OH) ions, are slippery to the touch, can taste bitter if an alkali, change the color of indicators (e.g., turn red litmus paper blue), react with acids to form salts, promote certain chemical reactions (base catalysis), accept protons from any proton donor or contain completely or partially displaceable OH ions. Examples of bases are the hydroxides of the alkali metals and the alkaline earth metals (NaOH, Ca(OH), etc.—see alkali hydroxide and alkaline earth hydroxide). | Une base est un produit chimique qui, à l'inverse d'un acide, est capable de capturer un ou plusieurs protons ou, réciproquement, de fournir des électrons. Un milieu riche en bases est dit basique ou alcalin. Il existe différents modèles chimiques pour expliquer le comportement des bases. La réaction chimique d'un acide et d'une base donne un sel et de l'eau. C'est un produit caustique, qui peut provoquer des brûlures. Les bases les plus connues sont la chaux vive, l'ammoniaque et la soude. | [
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The Battle for Wesnoth | La Bataille pour Wesnoth | The Battle for Wesnoth is a turn-based strategy video game with a fantasy setting, designed by Australian developer David White and first released in June 2003. In "Wesnoth", the player attempts to build a powerful army by controlling villages and defeating enemies for experience. The game is loosely based on the Sega Genesis games "Master of Monsters" and "Warsong". | La Bataille pour Wesnoth ("The Battle for Wesnoth") est un jeu vidéo de stratégie au tour par tour en 2D sur plateau découpé en cases hexagonales. C'est un jeu libre sous licence GNU GPL, disponible pour plusieurs plates-formes dont GNU/Linux, Windows, AmigaOS, Mac OS X et iOS. | [
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Édith Cresson | Édith Cresson | Édith Cresson (; née Campion; born 27 January 1934) is a French politician. She is the first, and so far only, woman to have held the office of Prime Minister of France. Other than her breakthrough gender role, her term was uneventful. Her political career ended in scandal from corruption charges while she was the European Commissioner for Research, Science and Technology. | Édith Cresson, née Campion le à Boulogne-Billancourt, est une femme d'État française. Première ministre de François Mitterrand du au, elle est la première femme à avoir accédé à la fonction de chef de gouvernement en France. | [
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Belvédère | Belvédère (Alpes-Maritimes) | Belvédère () is a commune in the Vesubie valley north of Nice in the Alpes-Maritimes department in southeastern France. The village of Belvédère is an attractive village sitting at the entrance of the Gordolasque valley on the edge of the Mercantour National Park. | Belvédère est une commune française située dans le département des Alpes-Maritimes en région Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur. Ses habitants sont appelés les "Belvédérois". | [
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Unicycle | Monocycle | A unicycle is a vehicle that touches the ground with only one wheel. The most common variation has a frame with a saddle, and has a pedal-driven direct drive. A two speed hub is commercially available for faster unicycling. Unicycling is practiced professionally in circuses, by street performers, in festivals, and as a hobby. Unicycles have also been used to create new sports such as unicycle hockey. In recent years, unicycles have also been used in mountain unicycling, an activity similar to mountain biking or trials. | Le monocycle est un véhicule qui touche le sol avec une seule roue. Le modèle le plus courant se compose d'un pédalier, sans chaîne et dont les manivelles directement fixées sur l'axe de la roue, et d'une selle, plus longue et plus étroite à l'avant qu'à l'arrière afin de permettre un meilleur maintien. Inventé dans les années 1850, sans doute à partir du grand-bi, son utilisation difficile l'a associé au monde du cirque. Aujourd'hui, il s'est quelque peu démocratisé et est devenu un loisir à travers de nouveaux sports tels que le monocycle trial, aussi appelé tout-terrain, le monocycle street, qui tente des figures techniques. Des sports collectifs sont aussi pratiqués, comme le mono-basket ou le hockey sur monocycle. Les monocyclistes se retrouvent lors de compétitions nationales et internationales, notamment aux UNICON organisés par la Fédération internationale de monocycle. | [
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Grammy Award | Grammy Awards | A Grammy Award (stylized as GRAMMY, originally called Gramophone Award), or Grammy, is an award presented by The Recording Academy to recognize achievements in the music industry. The trophy depicts a gilded gramophone. The annual presentation ceremony features performances by prominent artists, and the presentation of those awards that have a more popular interest. The Grammys are the first and biggest award of the Big Three networks' major music awards held annually (between the American Music Awards in fall, and Billboard Music Awards in summer). | Les'ou'(initialement intitulées les ) sont des récompenses créées en 1958 décernées chaque année aux États-Unis par la afin d'honorer les meilleurs artistes et les meilleurs techniciens dans le domaine de la musique. | [
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House of Medici | Maison de Médicis | The House of Medici (, ) was an Italian banking family and political dynasty that first began to gather prominence under Cosimo de' Medici in the Republic of Florence during the first half of the 15th century. The family originated in the Mugello region of Tuscany, and prospered gradually until it was able to fund the Medici Bank. This bank was the largest in Europe during the 15th century, and it facilitated the Medicis' rise to political power in Florence, although they officially remained citizens rather than monarchs until the 16th century. | La maison de Médicis ("Medici" en italien) est une famille patricienne de Florence, dont la puissance commence à l'époque de la Renaissance italienne entre le Moyen Âge et les "Quattrocento" et "Cinquecento" ( et s italiens). | [
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Tomato | Tomate | The tomato is the edible, often red, berry of the plant "Solanum lycopersicum", commonly known as a tomato plant. The species originated in western South America and Central America. The Nahuatl (the language used by the Aztecs) word "tomatl" gave rise to the Spanish word "tomate", from which the English word "tomato" derived. Its domestication and use as a cultivated food may have originated with the indigenous peoples of Mexico. The Aztecs used tomatoes in their cooking at the time of the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire, and after the Spanish encountered the tomato for the first time after their contact with the Aztecs, they brought the plant to Europe. From there, the tomato was introduced to other parts of the European-colonized world during the 16th century. | La Tomate (Solanum lycopersicum L.) est une espèce de plantes herbacées du genre "Solanum" de la famille des Solanacées, originaire du Nord-Ouest de l'Amérique du Sud, largement cultivée pour son fruit. Le terme désigne aussi ce fruit charnu. La tomate se consomme comme un légume-fruit, crue ou cuite. Elle est devenue un élément incontournable de la gastronomie dans de nombreux pays, et tout particulièrement dans le bassin méditerranéen. | [
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Meridiani Planum | Meridiani Planum | Meridiani Planum is a plain located 2 degrees south of Mars's equator (centered at ), in the westernmost portion of Terra Meridiani. It hosts a rare occurrence of gray crystalline hematite. On Earth, hematite is often formed in hot springs or in standing pools of water; therefore, many scientists believe that the hematite at Meridiani Planum may be indicative of ancient hot springs or that the environment contained liquid water. The hematite is part of a layered sedimentary rock formation about 200 to 800 meters thick. Other features of Meridiani Planum include volcanic basalt and impact craters. | Meridiani Planum (la plaine du Méridien) est une plaine de la planète Mars s'étendant sur et localisée dans la région d'Arabia Terra par, dans les quadrangles d'Oxia Palus, d'Arabia, de Margaritifer Sinus et de Sinus Sabaeus. Son nom vient de sa position sur Mars, car le premier méridien passe par le cratère Airy-0, qui se trouve dans Meridiani Planum. | [
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Euclidean geometry | Géométrie euclidienne | Euclidean geometry is a mathematical system attributed to Alexandrian Greek mathematician Euclid, which he described in his textbook on geometry: the "Elements". Euclid's method consists in assuming a small set of intuitively appealing axioms, and deducing many other propositions (theorems) from these. Although many of Euclid's results had been stated by earlier mathematicians, Euclid was the first to show how these propositions could fit into a comprehensive deductive and logical system. The "Elements" begins with plane geometry, still taught in secondary school (high school) as the first axiomatic system and the first examples of formal proof. It goes on to the solid geometry of three dimensions. Much of the "Elements" states results of what are now called algebra and number theory, explained in geometrical language. | La géométrie euclidienne commence avec les "Éléments d'Euclide", qui est à la fois une somme des connaissances géométriques de l'époque et une tentative de formalisation mathématique de ces connaissances. Les notions de droite, de plan, de longueur, d'aire y sont exposées et forment le support des cours de géométrie élémentaire. La conception de la géométrie est intimement liée à la vision de l'espace physique ambiant au sens classique du terme. | [
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Gaullism | Gaullisme | Gaullism () is a French political stance based on the thought and action of World War II French Resistance leader General Charles de Gaulle, who would become the founding President of the Fifth French Republic. | Le gaullisme est la pensée politique inspirée des idées et de l'action de Charles de Gaulle, même si lui-même refusait le terme. Plus qu'un corps de doctrine, il s'agit avant tout d'un état d'esprit. L'adjectif pour qualifier les réflexions du général de Gaulle, ses prises de position, ses décisions, etc., mais aussi les démarches en vue de les prolonger, est « gaullien ». Le sens du mot gaullisme a évolué dans le temps. | [
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Orbital period | Période de révolution | The orbital period is the time a given astronomical object takes to complete one orbit around another object, and applies in astronomy usually to planets or asteroids orbiting the Sun, moons orbiting planets, exoplanets orbiting other stars, or binary stars. | La révolution ou mouvement de révolution est, en mécanique céleste, un mouvement de translation périodique, circulaire ou elliptique. La période de révolution, aussi appelée période orbitale, est la durée mise par un astre pour accomplir une révolution complète autour d’un autre astre (par exemple une planète autour du Soleil ou un satellite autour d’une planète). | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Euclid's Elements | Éléments (Euclide) | The Elements ( "Stoicheia") is a mathematical treatise consisting of 13 books attributed to the ancient Greek mathematician Euclid in Alexandria, Ptolemaic Egypt c. 300 BC. It is a collection of definitions, postulates, propositions (theorems and constructions), and mathematical proofs of the propositions. The books cover plane and solid Euclidean geometry, elementary number theory, and incommensurable lines. "Elements" is the oldest extant large-scale deductive treatment of mathematics. It has proven instrumental in the development of logic and modern science, and its logical rigor was not surpassed until the 19th century. | Les Éléments (en grec ancien / ) est un traité mathématique et géométrique, constitué de 13 livres organisés thématiquement, probablement écrit par le mathématicien grec Euclide vers 300 av. J.-C. Il comprend une collection de définitions, axiomes, théorèmes et leur démonstration sur les sujets de la géométrie euclidienne et de la théorie des nombres primitifs. | [
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Islam and other religions | Dialogue interreligieux dans l'islam | Over the centuries of Islamic history, Muslim rulers, Islamic scholars, and ordinary Muslims have held many different attitudes towards other religions. Attitudes have varied according to time, place and circumstance. | Le Dialogue interreligieux dans l'islam se déroule à plusieurs niveaux. C'est d'abord le dialogue avec les religions monothéistes, notamment les religions abrahamiques, les religions polythéistes et panthéistes, mais aussi les croyances animistes, à l'autre côté le dialogue des trois grandes divisions de l'islam, les sunnites, chiites et aux kharidjites. | [
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Air France | Air France | Air France (; formally "Société Air France, S.A."), stylised as AIRFRANCE, is the flag carrier of France headquartered in Tremblay-en-France. It is a subsidiary of the Air France–KLM Group and a founding member of the SkyTeam global airline alliance. As of 2013 Air France serves 36 destinations in France and operates worldwide scheduled passenger and cargo services to 175 destinations in 78 countries (93 including overseas departments and territories of France) and also carried 46,803,000 passengers in 2019. The airline's global hub is at Charles de Gaulle Airport with Orly Airport as the primary domestic hub. Air France's corporate headquarters, previously in Montparnasse, Paris, are located on the grounds of Charles de Gaulle Airport, north of Paris. | Air France (Code AITA : AF ; code OACI : AFR) est la compagnie aérienne nationale française, fondée le. Ses activités principales sont le transport de passagers, de fret ainsi que la maintenance et l'entretien des avions. | [
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Nostradamus | Nostradamus | Michel de Nostredame (depending on the source, 14 or 21 December 1503 – 1 or 2 July 1566), usually Latinised as Nostradamus, was a French astrologer, physician and reputed seer, who is best known for his book "Les Prophéties", a collection of 942 poetic quatrains allegedly predicting future events. The book was first published in 1555 and has rarely been out of print since his death. | Michel de Nostredame, dit Nostradamus, né le à Saint-Rémy-de-Provence et mort le à Salon-de-Provence, est un apothicaire et auteur français. Pratiquant l'astrologie, il est surtout connu pour ses prédictions sur la marche du monde. | [
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Gusev (Martian crater) | Goussev (cratère) | Gusev is a crater on the planet Mars and is located at and is in the Aeolis quadrangle. The crater is about 166 kilometers in diameter and formed approximately three to four billion years ago. It was named after Russian astronomer Matvey Gusev (1826–1866) in 1976. | Gusev est un cratère météoritique martien situé par d'environ 166 kilomètres de diamètre, vieux d'environ trois à quatre milliards d'années. Il a été baptisé en 1976 du nom de l'astronome russe, Matveï Goussev. | [
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Battle of Ivry | Bataille d'Ivry | The Battle of Ivry was fought on 14 March 1590, during the French Wars of Religion. The battle was a decisive victory for Henry IV of France, leading Huguenot and English forces against the Catholic League by the Duc de Mayenne and Spanish forces under the Count of Egmont. Henry's forces were victorious and he went on to lay siege to Paris. | La bataille d'Ivry est une bataille, qui se déroula le à Ivry-la-Bataille. Cette bataille des guerres de Religion, qui ensanglantèrent ponctuellement le royaume de France entre 1562 et 1598, oppose l’armée royale commandée par à l’armée ligueuse, renforcée de contingents espagnols, commandée par le duc de Mayenne. Elle se déroule dans la plaine de Saint-André entre la ville de Nonancourt et la ville d'Ivry, ensuite renommée Ivry-la-Bataille en souvenir du combat. Malgré leur supériorité numérique, les ligueurs sont mis en déroute. L'arme de combat la plus utilisée lors de la bataille est l'arquebuse. | [
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Clock | Horloge (horologium) | A clock is a device used to measure, keep, and indicate time. The clock is one of the oldest human inventions, meeting the need to measure intervals of time shorter than the natural units: the day, the lunar month, and the year. Devices operating on several physical processes have been used over the millennia. | Une horloge est un instrument conventionnel de mesure du temps qui généralement indique l'heure en continu ; étymologiquement, le terme vient du mot latin "" « qui dit l’heure », lui-même dérivé du mot grec ὡρολόγιον [formé à partir de oρα, l'heure et de λέγειν, dire, λόγιον, le dire ]. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Moselotte | Moselotte | The Moselotte is a river in Lorraine, in the French department of Vosges. It is a direct right tributary of the Moselle, and thus a sub-tributary of the Rhine. | La Moselotte est une rivière française du département des Vosges, dans l'ancienne région Lorraine, dans la nouvelle région Grand Est. C'est un affluent droit direct de la Moselle, donc un sous-affluent du Rhin. | [
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Forest | Forêt | A forest is a large area of land dominated by trees. Hundreds of more precise definitions of forest are used throughout the world, incorporating factors such as tree density, tree height, land use, legal standing and ecological function. According to the widely used Food and Agriculture Organization definition, forests covered (15 million square miles) or approximately 30 percent of the world's land area in 2006. | Une forêt ou un massif forestier est une étendue boisée, relativement grande, constituée d'un ou plusieurs s d'arbres, arbustes et arbrisseaux (fruticée), et aussi d'autres plantes indigènes associées. Les définitions du terme « forêt » sont nombreuses en fonction des latitudes et des usages. | [
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Military aircraft | Avion militaire | A military aircraft is any fixed-wing or rotary-wing aircraft that is operated by a legal or insurrectionary armed service of any type. Military aircraft can be either combat or non-combat: | Un avion militaire est un avion développé pour répondre aux besoins des forces armées d'un pays. Il existe deux catégories principales, en fonction des missions : les avions de combat dotés d'armements offensifs ; les avions de soutien, non armés ou dotés d'armes de défense (ou de radars). | [
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Total S.A. | Total (entreprise) | Total S.A. (; or ) is a French multinational integrated oil and gas company founded in 1924 and one of the seven "Supermajor" oil companies in the world. Its businesses cover the entire oil and gas chain, from crude oil and natural gas exploration and production to power generation, transportation, refining, petroleum product marketing, and international crude oil and product trading. Total is also a large scale chemicals manufacturer. | Total SA (le plus souvent nommée Total) est une entreprise pétrolière et gazière française privée. Elle fait partie des six « supermajors » : elle est la cinquième des six plus grosses entreprises du secteur à l'échelle mondiale, derrière ExxonMobil, Shell, BP, et Chevron, et avant ConocoPhillips. C'est la française en termes de chiffre d'affaires en 2015, la et la mondiale, ainsi que la boursière de la zone euro. Ses activités couvrent l'ensemble de la chaîne de production, de l'extraction du pétrole brut et du gaz naturel à la création d'énergie, cela incluant notamment les activités de raffinage et de distribution commerciale. | [
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Rajput | Rajput | Rajput (from Sanskrit "raja-putra", "son of a king") is a large multi-component cluster of castes, kin bodies, and local groups, sharing social status and ideology of genealogical descent originating from the Indian subcontinent. The term Rajput covers various patrilineal clans historically associated with warriorhood: several clans claim Rajput status, although not all claims are universally accepted. | Les Rajputs ( de "raja", prince, et "putra", fils) forment la majorité des habitants du Rajasthan, autrefois le Rajputana, et une partie de celle du Gujarat et du Penjab. | [
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Universal Television | Universal Television Group | Universal Television LLC is an American television production company and subsidiary of NBCUniversal Content Studios. A substantial portion of the company's shows air on NBC. It was formerly known as Revue Studios, MCA/Universal, NBC Productions, NBC Studios, Universal Network Television, NBC Universal Television Studio, and Universal Media Studios. Both NBC Studios and Universal Network Television are predecessors of Universal Media Studios. | Universal Television Group est un groupe télévisuel américain. MCA racheta Universal Studios en 1962. MCA était alors propriétaire de Revue Studios, l'une des principales sociétés de télévisions américaine ("Leave It to Beaver", "Alfred Hitchcock présente" et "La Grande Caravane") qu'elle rebaptisa Universal Television. | [
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NBCUniversal | NBCUniversal | NBCUniversal Media, LLC is an American mass media conglomerate owned by Comcast and headquartered at 30 Rockefeller Plaza in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. | NBCUniversal Media, LLC (anciennement connu sous NBC Universal, Inc.) est un conglomérat de médias américain filiale de Comcast. Initialement créé en mai 2004, NBCUniversal est le regroupement des activités de Vivendi Universal Entertainment au sein du groupe NBC. Les 20 % détenus par Vivendi ont été cédés en deux temps à General Electric, fin 2010 et en janvier 2011. GE a ensuite revendu 51 % de NBCUniversal au câblo-opérateur américain, Comcast, qui y intégrera ses propres chaines de télévision. En, General Electric revend pour 18 milliards de dollars ses 49% à Comcast. | [
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Peace of Westphalia | Traités de Westphalie | The Peace of Westphalia () was a series of peace treaties that were signed between May and October 1648 in the Westphalian cities of Osnabrück and Münster. They largely ended the European wars of religion, including the Thirty Years' War. They closed a calamitous period of European history that killed approximately eight million people. Scholars have identified Westphalia as the beginning of the modern international system, based on the concept of Westphalian sovereignty, though this interpretation has been challenged. | Les traités de Westphalie (ou paix de Westphalie) signés le concluent simultanément deux séries de conflits en Europe : Modifiant profondément les équilibres politique et religieux en Europe et dans le Saint-Empire, ils sont aussi à la base du « système westphalien », expression utilisée "a posteriori" pour désigner le système international spécifique mis en place, de façon durable, par ces traités. | [
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Donkey Kong (character) | Donkey Kong (personnage) | Donkey Kong (DK) is a fictional character who appears in games belonging to the "Donkey Kong" and "Mario" video game franchises. He is a gorilla and Mario's friendly rival. A popular character, DK has appeared in many video games, along with his friend Diddy Kong. Donkey Kong appeared as Mario's first opponent in the game bearing the ape's name, Nintendo's popular 1981 arcade game, "Donkey Kong". Since then he has starred in his own series of games, starting with sequels of the arcade game and, later, 1994's "Donkey Kong Country" for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System (SNES). He remains an important character in the "Mario" series, such as the "Mario Kart" games. DK debuted at the same time as Mario, and he still appears with the plumber on occasion, appearing as a playable character in the "Mario Kart" and "Super Smash Bros." series, and is the primary antagonist in the "Mario vs. Donkey Kong" games that started in 2004. | Donkey Kong devient ensuite, entre autres grâce aux "Donkey Kong Country", un sympathique gorille costaud dans la moyenne qui, pour le prix de quelques bananes, poursuivra, à l'aide de son meilleur ami, un petit singe agile et rapide nommé Diddy Kong, un gros et cruel crocodile balourd nommé King K. Rool. Lors du jeu suivant, c'est la petite Dixie Kong qui prend la relève lorsque Donkey Kong se fait enlever. Elle terminera ensuite la mission à l'aide de son cousin le gros bébé Kiddy Kong. | [
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Outlook Express | Outlook Express | Outlook Express, formerly known as Microsoft Internet Mail and News, is a discontinued email and news client included with Internet Explorer versions 3.0 through to 6.0. As such, it was bundled with several versions of Microsoft Windows, from Windows 98 to Windows Server 2003, and was available for Windows 3.x, Windows NT 3.51, Windows 95, Mac System 7, Mac OS 8, and Mac OS 9. In Windows Vista, Outlook Express was superseded by Windows Mail. | Outlook Express est devenu un client de courriel largement utilisé dans le monde Windows (bien que concurrencé par le logiciel libre Thunderbird), notamment en raison de son inclusion dans Microsoft Windows de Windows 95 OSR 2 à Windows XP, ceci malgré la présence de failles de sécurité que Microsoft a partiellement comblées au fil des années. | [
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Game Boy Advance SP | Game Boy Advance SP | The Game Boy Advance SP (GBA SP), released in February 2003, is an upgraded version of Nintendo's 32-bit Game Boy Advance sixth-generation handheld game console. The "SP" in the name stands for "Special". It was followed by the Nintendo DS (released in November 2004) and the Game Boy Micro (released in September 2005). | La Game Boy Advance SP (SP pour SPecial ) est une console de jeux vidéo portable lancée par Nintendo en mars 2003. Cette console possède les mêmes caractéristiques techniques que la Game Boy Advance mais dispose d'un nouveau design et intègre plusieurs changements. | [
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United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon | Force intérimaire des Nations unies au Liban | The United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (, ), or UNIFIL (, ), is a UN-NATO peacekeeping mission established on 19 March 1978 by United Nations Security Council Resolutions 425 and 426, to confirm Israeli withdrawal from Lebanon which Israel had invaded five days prior, in order to ensure that the government of Lebanon would restore its effective authority in the area. The 1978 South Lebanon conflict came in the context of Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon and the Lebanese Civil War | La Force intérimaire des Nations unies au Liban (ou FINUL) (en anglais : United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon ou UNIFIL) a été mise en place par les et des Nations unies du 19 mars 1978 à l'initiative du général français Jean Cuq, à la suite de l'escalade de la violence le long de la frontière israélo-libanaise qui avait culminé avec une incursion israélienne dans le Sud-Liban sur une profondeur d'environ 40km, l'Opération Litani, du 14 au 21 mars 1978. La FINUL fut déployée à l'origine avec hommes sur. | [
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Linear map | Application linéaire | In mathematics, a linear map (also called a linear mapping, linear transformation or, in some contexts, linear function) is a mapping between two modules (for example, two vector spaces) that preserves (in the sense defined below) the operations of addition and scalar multiplication. If a linear map is a bijection then it is called a linear isomorphism. | En mathématiques, une application linéaire (aussi appelée opérateur linéaire ou transformation linéaire) est une application entre deux espaces vectoriels sur un corps "K" (ou entre deux modules sur un anneau "A") qui respecte l'addition des vecteurs et la multiplication scalaire définies dans ces espaces vectoriels ou modules. De façon intuitive, une application linéaire « préserve les combinaisons linéaires ». | [
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Jack Kirby | Jack Kirby | Jacob "Kirby" Kurtzberg (; August 28, 1917 – February 6, 1994) was an American comic book artist, writer and editor, widely regarded as one of the medium's major innovators and one of its most prolific and influential creators. He grew up in New York City and learned to draw cartoon figures by tracing characters from comic strips and editorial cartoons. He entered the nascent comics industry in the 1930s, drawing various comics features under different pen names, including Jack Curtiss, before ultimately settling on Jack Kirby. In 1940, he and writer-editor Joe Simon created the highly successful superhero character Captain America for Timely Comics, predecessor of Marvel Comics. During the 1940s, Kirby regularly teamed with Simon, creating numerous characters for that company and for National Comics Publications, later to become DC Comics. | Jack Kirby, né Jacob Kurtzberg le dans le Lower East Side à New York et mort le à Thousand Oaks en Californie, est un dessinateur de bande dessinée et l'un des artistes les plus influents, célèbres et prolifiques de la bande dessinée américaine. Surnommé « " » (« le Roi de la bande dessinée »), il est à l'origine de nombreuses séries qui marquent l'histoire des comics américains. | [
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Glasgow | Glasgow | Glasgow (,, ; ; ) is the most populous city in Scotland, and the third most populous city in the United Kingdom, as of the 2019 estimated city population of 611,748. Historically part of Lanarkshire, the city now forms the Glasgow City council area, one of the 32 council areas of Scotland; the local authority is Glasgow City Council. Glasgow is situated on the River Clyde in the country's West Central Lowlands. It is the fifth most visited city in the UK. | Glasgow ( : ; ; ; ) est la métropole d’Écosse et la troisième ville du Royaume-Uni. Elle a aussi le statut de council area et de région de lieutenance, après avoir eu celui de district au sein de la région du Strathclyde (du au ) dont elle est le siège. Elle est située dans l'ouest de la partie centrale des "lowlands" écossaises. Le gentilé Glaswégien désigne aussi, au singulier, le dialecte local. | [
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MONUSCO | Mission de l'Organisation des Nations unies en république démocratique du Congo | The United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo or MONUSCO, an acronym based on its French name (), is a United Nations peacekeeping force in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) which was established by the United Nations Security Council in resolutions 1279 (1999) and 1291 (2000) of the United Nations Security Council to monitor the peace process of the Second Congo War, though much of its focus subsequently turned to the Ituri conflict, the Kivu conflict and the Dongo conflict. The mission was known as the United Nations Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo or MONUC, an acronym of its French name "Mission de l'Organisation des Nations Unies en République démocratique du Congo", until 2010. | La Mission de l'Organisation des Nations unies en république démocratique du Congo (Monuc), devenue la Mission de l'Organisation des Nations unies pour la stabilisation en république démocratique du Congo (Monusco) le, est une mission de maintien de la paix en république démocratique du Congo de l’ONU. Elle a été créée par la résolution 1279 du Conseil de sécurité en date du. | [
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Marc-Antoine Charpentier | Marc-Antoine Charpentier | Marc-Antoine Charpentier (; 1643 – 24 February 1704) was a French composer of the Baroque era. Exceptionally prolific and versatile, Charpentier produced compositions of the highest quality in several genres. His mastery in writing sacred vocal music, above all, was recognized and hailed by his contemporaries. | Marc-Antoine Charpentier, né en Île-de-France en 1643 et mort à Paris le, est un compositeur et chanteur baroque français. | [
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Charles II of England | Charles II (roi d'Angleterre) | Charles II (29 May 1630 – 6 February 1685) was king of England, Scotland, and Ireland. He was king of Scotland from 1649 until his deposition in 1651, and king of England, Scotland and Ireland from the 1660 Restoration of the monarchy until his death in 1685. | Charles II (né le au palais St. James à Londres – mort le au palais de Whitehall à Londres) est roi d'Angleterre, d'Écosse et d'Irlande de 1660 à sa mort. | [
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Fault tolerance | Tolérance aux pannes | Fault tolerance is the property that enables a system to continue operating properly in the event of the failure of (or one or more faults within) some of its components. If its operating quality decreases at all, the decrease is proportional to the severity of the failure, as compared to a naively designed system, in which even a small failure can cause total breakdown. Fault tolerance is particularly sought after in high-availability or life-critical systems. The ability of maintaining functionality when portions of a system break down is referred to as graceful degradation. | La tolérance aux pannes (ou « insensibilité aux pannes ») désigne une méthode de conception permettant à un système de continuer à fonctionner, éventuellement de manière réduite (on dit aussi en « mode dégradé »), au lieu de tomber complètement en panne, lorsque l'un de ses composants ne fonctionne plus correctement. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Borknagar | Borknagar | Borknagar is a progressive black metal band from Bergen, Norway, founded in 1995 by Øystein Garnes Brun. The band's style combines black metal and folk metal with progressive and melodic elements. Borknagar's lyrics often deal with philosophy, paganism, nature, and the cosmos. | Borknagar est un groupe de metal progressif norvégien, originaire de Bergen, fondé en 1995 par Øystein Garnes Brun. Le style du groupe mélange black metal et folk metal avec des éléments sonores progressifs et mélodieux. Les paroles du groupe présentent souvent la philosophie, la nature, et le cosmos. | [
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Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay | Oscar du meilleur scénario original | The Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay is the Academy Award for the best screenplay not based upon previously published material. It was created in 1940 as a separate writing award from the Academy Award for Best Story. Beginning with the Oscars for 1957, the two categories were combined to honor only the screenplay. | L’Oscar du meilleur scénario original ("") est une récompense cinématographique américaine décernée chaque année, depuis 1941 par l'Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), laquelle décerne également tous les autres Oscars. | [
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Johann Gottlieb Fichte | Johann Gottlieb Fichte | Johann Gottlieb Fichte (; ; 19 May 1762 – 29 January 1814) was a German philosopher who became a founding figure of the philosophical movement known as German idealism, which developed from the theoretical and ethical writings of Immanuel Kant. Recently, philosophers and scholars have begun to appreciate Fichte as an important philosopher in his own right due to his original insights into the nature of self-consciousness or self-awareness. Fichte was also the originator of "thesis–antithesis–synthesis", an idea that is often erroneously attributed to Hegel. Like Descartes and Kant before him, Fichte was motivated by the problem of subjectivity and consciousness. Fichte also wrote works of political philosophy; he has a reputation as one of the fathers of German nationalism. | Johann Gottlieb Fichte (, Rammenau en Lusace -, Berlin) est un philosophe allemand du. Il fut un des fondateurs du mouvement philosophique connu sous le nom d'idéalisme allemand, qui tira son origine des écrits théoriques et éthiques d'Emmanuel Kant. | [
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Koine Greek | Koinè (grec) | Koine Greek (, ;,, ), also known as Alexandrian dialect, common Attic, Hellenistic or Biblical Greek, was the common supra-regional form of Greek spoken and written during the Hellenistic period, the Roman Empire, and the early Byzantine Empire, or late antiquity. It evolved from the spread of Greek following the conquests of Alexander the Great in the fourth century BC, and served as the lingua franca of much of the Mediterranean region and the Middle East during the following centuries. It was based mainly on Attic and related Ionic speech forms, with various admixtures brought about through dialect levelling with other varieties. | La koinè ou koinê (en grec ancien /, le « commun », l'appellation complète étant /, le « dialecte commun ») est une forme de grec ancien qui servit de langue commune au monde hellénique et fut normalisée à l'époque hellénistique. | [
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House of Plantagenet | Maison Plantagenêt | The House of Plantagenet () was a royal house which originated from the lands of Anjou in France. The name Plantagenet is used by modern historians to identify four distinct royal houses: the Angevins, who were also counts of Anjou; the main body of the Plantagenets following the loss of Anjou; and the Plantagenets' two cadet branches, the houses of Lancaster and York. The family held the English throne from 1154, with the accession of Henry II, until 1485, when Richard III died in battle. | Plantegenêt (ou Plantagenet selon la graphie anglaise) est le nom d'une maison royale issue des comtes d'Anjou et du Maine. Ses membres devinrent rois de Jérusalem de 1131 à 1205, puis rois d'Angleterre de 1154 à 1485. Ils furent également ducs de Normandie et d'Aquitaine, comtes du Poitou et de Nantes, seigneurs d'Irlande (très brièvement ducs de Bretagne), rois de Germanie, seigneurs de Chypre, etc. | [
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Kirk Douglas | Kirk Douglas | Kirk Douglas (born Issur Danielovitch; December 9, 1916 – February 5, 2020) was an American actor, producer, director, philanthropist, and writer. After an impoverished childhood with immigrant parents and six sisters, he made his film debut in "The Strange Love of Martha Ivers" (1946) with Barbara Stanwyck. Douglas soon developed into a leading box-office star throughout the 1950s, known for serious dramas, including westerns and war films. During his career, he appeared in more than 90 films. Douglas was known for his explosive acting style, which he displayed as a criminal defense attorney in "Town Without Pity" (1961). | Kirk Douglas, né Issur Danielovitch Demsky le à Amsterdam dans l'État de New York et mort le à Beverly Hills en Californie, est un acteur, producteur, réalisateur et écrivain américain. Il est le père de l'acteur et producteur Michael Douglas. | [
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Paris–Roubaix | Paris-Roubaix | The Paris–Roubaix is a one-day professional men's bicycle road race in northern France, starting north of Paris and finishing in Roubaix, at the border with Belgium. It is one of cycling's oldest races, and is one of the 'Monuments' or classics of the European calendar, and contributes points towards the UCI World Ranking. | Paris-Roubaix est l'une des plus anciennes courses cyclistes, créée en 1896 par Théodore Vienne après l'ouverture du nouveau vélodrome de Roubaix. Cette classique flandrienne s'est disputée tous les ans jusqu'à nos jours, en mars ou en avril, interrompue seulement par les deux guerres mondiales. Depuis 1966, elle ne part plus de la région parisienne mais de Picardie : de Chantilly de 1966 à 1976 et de Compiègne, depuis 1977, avant de parcourir plus de vers le nord. | [
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Operation Compass | Opération Compass | Operation Compass (also ) was the first large British military operation of the Western Desert Campaign (1940–1943) during the Second World War. British, Indian, Commonwealth and Allied forces attacked Italian forces of the 10th Army (Marshal Rodolfo Graziani) in western Egypt and Cyrenaica, the eastern province of Libya, from December 1940 to February 1941. | L'opération Compass est le nom de code de la première opération militaire d'envergure conduite par les Britanniques contre les troupes italiennes dans le désert de Libye durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale. | [
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Camera obscura | Chambre noire | Camera obscura (plural "camerae obscurae" or "camera obscuras", from Latin, “dark chamber”), also referred to as pinhole image, is the natural optical phenomenon that occurs when an image of a scene at the other side of a screen (or, for instance, a wall) is projected through a small hole in that screen as a reversed and inverted image (left to right and upside down) on a surface opposite to the opening. The surroundings of the projected image have to be relatively dark for the image to be clear, so many historical camera obscura experiments were performed in dark rooms. | Une chambre noire (en latin « "camera obscura" ») est un instrument optique objectif qui permet d'obtenir une projection de la lumière sur une surface plane, c'est-à-dire d'obtenir une vue en deux dimensions très proche de la vision humaine. Elle servait aux peintres avant que la découverte des procédés de fixation de l'image conduise à l'invention de la photographie. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Consonant | Consonne | In articulatory phonetics, a consonant is a speech sound that is articulated with complete or partial closure of the vocal tract. Examples are, pronounced with the lips;, pronounced with the front of the tongue;, pronounced with the back of the tongue;, pronounced in the throat; and, pronounced by forcing air through a narrow channel (fricatives); and and, which have air flowing through the nose (nasals). Contrasting with consonants are vowels. | Une consonne est un type de son que l'on trouve dans les langues naturelles orales. Le mot peut également renvoyer à une lettre de qui sert à noter un son consonne. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Copenhagen interpretation | École de Copenhague (physique) | The Copenhagen interpretation is an expression of the meaning of quantum mechanics that was largely devised from 1925 to 1927 by Niels Bohr and Werner Heisenberg. It is one of the oldest of numerous proposed interpretations of quantum mechanics, and remains one of the most commonly taught. | L’école de Copenhague ou interprétation de Copenhague est un courant de pensée qui donne une interprétation cohérente de la mécanique quantique. Elle considère que le caractère probabiliste de la mécanique quantique et que les relations d’incertitude de Heisenberg proviennent de l’interaction entre l’appareil de mesure et ce qui est mesuré, c’est-à-dire du fait que, au niveau atomique, l’effet de l’appareil de mesure sur son objet ne peut pas être négligé. D’autre part, elle considère que parler d’objets indépendamment de toute mesure n’a pas de sens ; en particulier, il est impossible de connaître l’évolution d’un système entre deux mesures. | [
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Mensheviks | Mencheviks | The Mensheviks () were one dominant faction in the Russian socialist movement, the others being the Bolsheviks and Socialist Revolutionaries. | Les mencheviks ( « minoritaire ») sont un courant socialiste russe se réclamant du marxisme, initialement formé par la fraction minoritaire du Parti ouvrier social-démocrate de Russie (POSDR) lors de la division de ce parti au de Londres en 1903. | [
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Peace of Vervins | Paix de Vervins | The Peace of Vervins or Treaty of Vervins was signed between the representatives of Henry IV of France and Philip II of Spain under the auspices of the papal legates of Clement VIII, on 2 May 1598 at the small town of Vervins in Picardy, northern France, close to the territory of the Habsburg Netherlands. | La paix de Vervins, qui met fin à la guerre franco-espagnole de 1595-1598, est signée le à Vervins (actuellement situé dans l'Aisne) entre les rois Henri IV de France et Philippe II d'Espagne. | [
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Dover | Douvres | Dover () is a town and major ferry port in Kent, South East England. It faces France across the Strait of Dover, the narrowest part of the English Channel, and lies south-east of Canterbury and east of Maidstone. The town is the administrative centre of the Dover District and home of the Port of Dover. The surrounding chalk cliffs are known as the White Cliffs of Dover. | Douvres (anglais : "Dover") est une ville côtière et portuaire du comté du Kent, dans le Sud-Est de l'Angleterre. Elle est située au bord de la Manche, à 35 km des côtes françaises et du cap Gris-Nez. C'est donc la ville du Royaume-Uni la plus proche de la France | [
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Serena Williams | Serena Williams | Serena Jameka Williams (born September 26, 1981) is an American professional tennis player and former world No. 1 in women's single tennis. She has won 23 Grand Slam singles titles, the most by any player in the Open Era, and the second-most of all time behind Margaret Court (24). The Women's Tennis Association (WTA) ranked her world No. 1 in singles on eight separate occasions between 2002 and 2017. She reached the No. 1 ranking for the first time on July 8, 2002. On her sixth occasion, she held the ranking for 186 consecutive weeks, tying the record set by Steffi Graf. In total, she has been No. 1 for 319 weeks, which ranks third in the Open Era among female players behind Graf and Martina Navratilova. | Serena Jameka Williams est une joueuse de tennis américaine née le à Saginaw. Considérée comme l'une des plus grandes joueuses de tous les temps, elle a, à ce jour, remporté 39 titres du Grand Chelem en simple et en double, soit 7 Open d'Australie, 3 Roland-Garros, 7 Wimbledon et 6 US Open en simple ; 4 Open d'Australie, 2 Roland-Garros, 6 Wimbledon et 2 US Open en double dames avec sa sœur Venus Williams et 1 Wimbledon et 1 US Open en double mixte. | [
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Giovanni Battista Tiepolo | Giambattista Tiepolo | Giovanni Battista Tiepolo (, ; March 5, 1696 – March 27, 1770), also known as Giambattista (or Gianbattista) Tiepolo, was an Italian painter and printmaker from the Republic of Venice who painted in the Rococo style, considered important member of the 18th-century Venetian school. He was prolific, and worked not only in Italy, but also in Germany and Spain. | Giovanni Battista Tiepolo ou Giambattista Tiepolo (francisé "Jean-Baptiste Tiépolo"), né à Venise le et mort à Madrid le, est un peintre rococo et un graveur italien ayant travaillé dans plusieurs cours européennes, fait caractéristique de la circulation des artistes dans l'Europe des Lumières. | [
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La Faute de l'Abbé Mouret | La Faute de l'abbé Mouret | La Faute de l'Abbé Mouret (1875) is the fifth novel in Émile Zola's twenty-volume series "Les Rougon-Macquart". Viciously anticlerical in tone, it follows on from the horrific events at the end of "La Conquête de Plassans", focussing this time on a remote Provençal backwater village. | La Faute de l’abbé Mouret est un roman d’Émile Zola paru en 1875, le cinquième volume de la série "Les Rougon-Macquart". Faisant suite à "La Conquête de Plassans", c’est le second ouvrage de la série qui traite du catholicisme. Le thème en est la vie d'un prêtre déchiré entre sa vocation religieuse et l'amour d'une femme. | [
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Theory of relativity | Théorie de la relativité | The theory of relativity usually encompasses two interrelated theories by Albert Einstein: special relativity and general relativity. Special relativity applies to all physical phenomena in the absence of gravity. General relativity explains the law of gravitation and its relation to other forces of nature. It applies to the cosmological and astrophysical realm, including astronomy. | L'expression théorie de la relativité renvoie le plus souvent à deux théories complémentaires élaborées par Albert Einstein : la relativité restreinte et la relativité générale. Ce terme peut aussi renvoyer à une idée plus ancienne, la relativité galiléenne, qui s'applique à la mécanique newtonienne. | [
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Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor | Frédéric Barberousse | Frederick Barbarossa (, ; 1122 – 10 June 1190), also known as Frederick I, was the Holy Roman Emperor from 2 January 1155 until his death 35 years later. He was elected King of Germany at Frankfurt on 4 March 1152 and crowned in Aachen on 9 March 1152. He was crowned King of Italy on 24 April 1155 in Pavia and emperor by Pope Adrian IV on 18 June 1155 in Rome. Two years later, the term'("holy") first appeared in a document in connection with his empire. He was later formally crowned King of Burgundy, at Arles on 30 June 1178. He was named'by the northern Italian cities which he attempted to rule: Barbarossa means "red beard" in Italian; in German, he was known as ", which has the same meaning. The fact of the Italian version of the nickname becoming prevalent, even in later German usage, reflects the centrality of the Italian campaigns to his career. | Frédéric de Hohenstaufen, dit Frédéric "Barberousse" (en allemand : "Friedrich I., Barbarossa", 1122 – ), fut empereur romain germanique, roi des Romains, roi d'Italie, duc de Souabe et duc d'Alsace, comte palatin de Bourgogne. | [
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Divisibility rule | Critère de divisibilité | A divisibility rule is a shorthand way of determining whether a given integer is divisible by a fixed divisor without performing the division, usually by examining its digits. Although there are divisibility tests for numbers in any radix, or base, and they are all different, this article presents rules and examples only for decimal, or base 10, numbers. Martin Gardner explained and popularized these rules in his September 1962 "Mathematical Games" column in "Scientific American". | En mathématiques et plus précisément en arithmétique modulaire, un critère de divisibilité est une particularité d'un entier permettant de déterminer si ce nombre est divisible par un autre. Malgré leur apparence de « recette de cuisine » (voir la liste de critères de divisibilité), les critères de divisibilité sont basés sur des démonstrations mathématiques ; il est possible d'en trouver pour n'importe quel nombre grâce aux congruences. | [
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Bharat Ratna | Bharat Ratna | The Bharat Ratna (; "Jewel of India") is the highest civilian award of the Republic of India. Instituted on 2 January 1954, the award is conferred in recognition of "exceptional service/performance of the highest order", without distinction of race, occupation, position, or sex. The award was originally limited to achievements in the arts, literature, science, and public services, but the government expanded the criteria to include "any field of human endeavour" in December 2011. The recommendations for the Bharat Ratna are made by the Prime Minister to the President, with a maximum of three nominees being awarded per year. The recipients receive a "Sanad" (certificate) signed by the President and a peepal leaf-shaped medallion. There is no monetary grant associated with the award. Bharat Ratna recipients rank seventh in the Indian order of precedence. | La Bharat Ratna (, « Joyau de l'Inde ») est la décoration civile la plus prestigieuse d'Inde, récompensant une réussite exemplaire dans n'importe quel domaine. | [
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Low German | Bas allemand | Low German or Low Saxon is a West Germanic language spoken mainly in Northern Germany and the northeastern part of the Netherlands. It is also spoken to a lesser extent in the German diaspora worldwide (e.g. Plautdietsch). | Le bas allemand (en allemand : "Niederdeutsch" ou "Plattdeutsch") est un groupe de dialectes germaniques. Il se distingue du groupe haut allemand par l'absence de la seconde mutation consonantique. Le bas saxon, parlé surtout en Allemagne du Nord (mais aussi dans une grande partie des Pays-Bas, zone sur la carte ci-contre), comprend le plus grand nombre de locuteurs. Le bas francique parlé dans le Sud et l'Ouest des Pays-Bas, dans le Nord de la Belgique et dans la région allemande de Basse-Rhénanie ("Niederrhein"), se rattache aussi à un sous-groupe du bas allemand ; si le néerlandais, les parlers flamands et l’afrikaans y sont linguistiquement rattachés, on considère conventionnellement pour des raisons socio-historiques que leur rameau s'est différencié de la souche-mère. | [
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Volkswagen Group | Volkswagen (entreprise) | Volkswagen AG (), known internationally as the Volkswagen Group, is a German multinational automotive manufacturing company headquartered in Wolfsburg, Lower Saxony, Germany and indirectly majority owned by Austrian-German Porsche and Piëch families. It designs, manufactures and distributes passenger and commercial vehicles, motorcycles, engines, and turbomachinery and offers related services including financing, leasing and fleet management. In 2016, it was the world's largest automaker by sales, overtaking Toyota and keeping this title in 2017, 2018 and 2019 selling 10.9 million vehicles. It has maintained the largest market share in Europe for over two decades. It ranked seventh in the 2018 Fortune Global 500 list of the world's largest companies. Volkswagen Group sells passenger cars under the Audi, Bentley, Bugatti, Lamborghini, Porsche, SEAT, Škoda and the flagship Volkswagen marques; motorcycles under the Ducati brand; and TRATON (commercial vehicles, trucks, and buses) under the marques MAN, Scania, and Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles. It is divided into two primary divisions, the Automotive Division and the Financial Services Division, and as of 2008 had approximately 342 subsidiary companies. Volkswagen also has two major joint-ventures in China (FAW-Volkswagen and SAIC Volkswagen). The company has operations in approximately 150 countries and operates 100 production facilities across 27 countries. | Volkswagen AG est un constructeur automobile allemand fondé en 1937 et basé à Wolfsburg en Basse-Saxe. Il commercialise de nombreux types de véhicules à travers ses marques Volkswagen, Audi, Bugatti, Seat, Cupra, Škoda, Porsche, Lamborghini, Bentley, Ducati, Scania et MAN et JETTA (Chine). Le groupe offre également des services de financement, de crédit-bail et de gestion de flotte automobile. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Percentage | Pourcentage | In mathematics, a percentage (from Latin "per centum" "by a hundred") is a number or ratio expressed as a fraction of 100. It is often denoted using the percent sign, "%", or the abbreviations "pct.", "pct"; sometimes the abbreviation "pc" is also used. A percentage is a dimensionless number (pure number). | Le pourcentage d'une partie d'un ensemble, ou d'un système physique, est le rapport d'une mesure (effectif ou grandeur extensive) de cette partie à la mesure correspondante de l'ensemble total (ou du système physique), exprimé sous la forme d'une fraction de cent. | [
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Plagiarism | Plagiat | Plagiarism is the representation of another author's language, thoughts, ideas, or expressions as one's own original work. Plagiarism is considered academic dishonesty and a breach of journalistic ethics. It is subject to sanctions such as penalties, suspension, expulsion from school or work, substantial fines and even incarceration. Recently, cases of "extreme plagiarism" have been identified in academia. The modern concept of plagiarism as immoral and originality as an ideal emerged in Europe in the 18th century, particularly with the Romantic movement. | Le plagiat est une faute d'ordre moral, civil ou commercial, qui peut être sanctionnée au pénal, elle consiste à copier un auteur ou accaparer l'œuvre d'un créateur dans le domaine des arts sans le citer ou le dire, ainsi qu'à fortement s'inspirer d'un modèle que l'on omet, délibérément ou par négligence, de désigner. Il est souvent assimilé à un vol immatériel. | [
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Electrochemistry | Électrochimie | Electrochemistry is the branch of physical chemistry that studies the relationship between electricity, as a measurable and quantitative phenomenon, and identifiable chemical change, with either electricity considered an outcome of a particular chemical change or vice versa. These reactions involve electric charges moving between electrodes and an electrolyte (or ionic species in a solution). Thus electrochemistry deals with the interaction between electrical energy and chemical change. | L’électrochimie est la discipline scientifique qui s’intéresse aux relations entre la chimie et l’électricité. Elle décrit les phénomènes chimiques couplés à des échanges réciproques d’énergie électrique. L'électrochimie comprend toutes technologies et techniques issues de ses travaux scientifiques, comme les travaux concernant l'électrolyse, la corrosion, les piles, les piles à combustibles, les accumulateurs, et l'électrodéposition. | [
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Swabia | Souabe | Swabia ( ;, colloquially "Schwabenland" or "Ländle"; archaic English also Suabia or Svebia) is a cultural, historic and linguistic region in southwestern Germany. The name is ultimately derived from the medieval Duchy of Swabia, one of the German stem duchies, representing the territory of Alemannia, whose inhabitants interchangeably were called "Alemanni" or "Suebi". | La Souabe (en, en ou "Suevia") est une région historique d'Allemagne. Le même mot désigne aussi en français les habitants et le dialecte de la région, le souabe. Le district de Souabe est aussi le nom d'une des sept régions administratives () de l'État libre de Bavière. | [
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Conga | Conga | The conga, also known as tumbadora, is a tall, narrow, single-headed drum from Cuba. Congas are staved like barrels and classified into three types: quinto (lead drum, highest), tres dos or tres golpes (middle), and tumba or salidor (lowest). Congas were originally used in Afro-Cuban music genres such as conga (hence their name) and rumba, where each drummer would play a single drum. Following numerous innovations in conga drumming and construction during the mid-20th century, as well as its internationalization, it became increasingly common for drummers to play two or three drums. Congas have become a popular instrument in many forms of Latin music such as son (when played by conjuntos), descarga, Afro-Cuban jazz, salsa, songo, merengue and Latin rock. | La conga, également appelée tambour congo, tumba ou tumbadora, désigne plusieurs éléments musicaux cubains ou latins : un instrument de musique, un rythme, une formation musicale ou une danse. Le percussionniste jouant des congas s'appelle un "congacero ".ou aussi conguera | [
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Quartz | Quartz (minéral) | Quartz is a hard, crystalline mineral composed of silicon and oxygen atoms. The atoms are linked in a continuous framework of SiO silicon–oxygen tetrahedra, with each oxygen being shared between two tetrahedra, giving an overall chemical formula of SiO. Quartz is the second most abundant mineral in Earth's continental crust, behind feldspar. | Le quartz est une espèce minérale du groupe des silicates, sous-groupe des tectosilicates, composé de dioxyde de silicium, ou silice, de formule chimique, avec des traces de différents éléments tels que Al, Li, B, Fe, Mg, Ca, Ti, Rb, Na, OH. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
IChat | IChat | iChat (previously iChat AV) is a discontinued instant messaging software application developed by Apple Inc. for use on its Mac OS X operating system. It supported instant text messaging over XMPP/Jingle or OSCAR (AIM) protocol, audio and video calling, and screen-sharing capabilities. It also allowed for local network discussion with users discovered through Bonjour protocols. | iChat est un logiciel de messagerie instantanée pour Mac OS X, lancé par Apple en 2002. et remplacé par Messages depuis OS X 10.8 en 2012. Il utilise le protocole AIM et permet de ce fait de communiquer avec les utilisateurs d'AOL Instant Messenger et d'ICQ. Il est également compatible avec le protocole ouvert Jabber. | [
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Cantilever | Porte-à-faux | A cantilever is a rigid structural element which extends horizontally and is supported at only one end. Typically it extends from a flat, vertical surface such as a wall, to which it must be firmly attached. Like other structural elements, a cantilever can be formed as a beam, plate, truss or slab. | Une installation est dite en porte-à-faux lorsqu'un élément est soutenu par une partie qui est elle-même au-dessus du vide, c'est-à-dire sans support immédiat en dessous de l'élément en « porte-à-faux ». Dans le langage courant, une installation en porte à faux évoque un risque de déséquilibre ou de rupture si elle est trop chargée, comme elle repose sur la solidité des supports qui la retiennent et que l'ensemble de l'installation n'est pas à l’aplomb de son point d’appui. | [
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Mauthausen concentration camp | Camp de concentration de Mauthausen | Mauthausen was a Nazi concentration camp on a hill above the market town of Mauthausen (roughly east of Linz), Upper Austria. It was the main camp of a group with nearly 100 further subcamps located throughout Austria and southern Germany. The three Gusen concentration camps in and around the village of St Georgen/Gusen, just a few kilometres from Mauthausen, held a significant proportion of prisoners within the camp complex, at times exceeding the number of prisoners at the Mauthausen main camp. | Le camp de Mauthausen (ou Mauthausen-Gusen après l'été 1940) était un camp de concentration (KZ ou KL) instauré par le régime nazi du Troisième Reich autour des villages de Mauthausen et de St. Georgen/Gusen en Haute-Autriche à environ de Linz. | [
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Lighting | Éclairage | Lighting or illumination is the deliberate use of light to achieve practical or aesthetic effects. Lighting includes the use of both artificial light sources like lamps and light fixtures, as well as natural illumination by capturing daylight. Daylighting (using windows, skylights, or light shelves) is sometimes used as the main source of light during daytime in buildings. This can save energy in place of using artificial lighting, which represents a major component of energy consumption in buildings. Proper lighting can enhance task performance, improve the appearance of an area, or have positive psychological effects on occupants. | Léclairage est l'ensemble des moyens qui permettent à l'homme de doter son environnement des conditions de luminosité qu'il estime nécessaires à son activité ou son agrément. L'éclairage associe une source lumineuse (naturelle ou artificielle, fixe ou mobile) et d'éventuels dispositifs de type batteries, luminaires ou miroir/puits de lumière. | [
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] | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Rural flight | Exode rural | Rural flight (or rural exodus) is the migratory pattern of peoples from rural areas into urban areas. It is urbanization seen from the rural perspective. | L’exode rural, appelé aussi migrations rurales (expression moins connotée privilégiée par les historiens et les géographes), désigne le déplacement durable de populations quittant les zones rurales pour aller s'implanter dans des zones urbaines. | [
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Occitania | Occitanie (région culturelle) | Occitania (,,, ) is the historical region in southern Europe where Occitan was historically the main language spoken, and where it is sometimes still used, for the most part as a second language. This cultural area roughly encompasses the southern third of France, as well as part of Spain (Aran Valley), Monaco, and smaller parts of Italy (Occitan Valleys, Guardia Piemontese). Occitania has been recognized as a linguistic and cultural concept since the Middle Ages, but has never been a legal nor a political entity under this name, although the territory was united in Roman times as the "Seven Provinces" () and in the Early Middle Ages ("Aquitanica" or the Visigothic Kingdom of Toulouse, or the share of Louis the Pious following Thionville "divisio regnorum" in 806). | L’Occitanie ("Occitània" ou "Óucitanìo" en occitan) est une région culturelle et historique du sud-ouest de l’Europe. Les principaux éléments qui la caractérisent sont sa culture et sa langue, la langue d'oc qui lui a donné son nom. L’espace occitan est identifié dès l’Empire romain sous le nom de Viennoise ou de Sept-Provinces (latin : "Septem Provinciæ"), et au début du Moyen Âge sous le nom d’Aquitaine ("Aquitanica", royaume wisigoth de Toulouse, avant la conquête franque). Il retrouve une certaine unité à l'époque carolingienne sous le nom de royaume d'Aquitaine (aussi dénommé royaume de Toulouse) dont les délimitations territoriales correspondent "grosso modo" à l'espace linguistique de l'ancien occitan et de la Viennoise romaine. L’Occitanie a connu différents noms au cours de son histoire. La plus grande partie de l’Occitanie est aujourd’hui située en France où, depuis 2016, une région administrative de moindre étendue porte le même nom. | [
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Battle of Wagram | Bataille de Wagram | The Battle of Wagram (; 5–6 July 1809) was a military engagement of the Napoleonic Wars that ended in a costly but decisive victory for Emperor Napoleon I's French and allied army against the Austrian army under the command of Archduke Charles of Austria-Teschen. The battle led to the breakup of the Fifth Coalition, the Austrian and British-led alliance against France. | La bataille de Wagram (5-) est une bataille de la guerre de la Cinquième Coalition, qui fut décisive pour son issue. Elle a eu lieu dans les, sur la rive nord du Danube, la principale zone de combats se localisant aux environs du village de Deutsch-Wagram, à au nord-est de Vienne. Les deux jours de lutte ont vu s'imposer l'armée impériale française, sous le commandement de Napoléon face à l'armée impériale autrichienne commandée par l'archiduc Charles d'Autriche-Teschen. La bataille de Wagram fut la plus meurtrière des batailles qui avaient eu lieu jusqu'alors, et ne sera égalée ou dépassée que par les batailles de la Moskova et Leipzig. Après le combat, épuisées et ayant subi de très lourdes pertes, les forces françaises ne peuvent poursuivre leur ennemi. Néanmoins, la situation des Autrichiens, déjà très difficile avant le combat, devient alors désespérée après la défaite. | [
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