StivenLancheros/all_datasets_wikis · Datasets at Hugging Face

src_title stringlengths 1 140 ⌀	tgt_title stringlengths 1 140 ⌀	src_summary stringlengths 41 2.74k ⌀	tgt_summary stringlengths 41 2.64k ⌀	input_ids sequence	attention_mask sequence	labels sequence	text stringlengths 946 37.7k ⌀	summary stringlengths 29 3.02k ⌀	gem_id stringlengths 10 19 ⌀	gem_parent_id stringlengths 10 19 ⌀	id stringlengths 1 7 ⌀	src_document sequence
Schneider Electric	Schneider Electric	Schneider Electric is a European multinational company providing energy and automation digital solutions for efficiency and sustainability. It addresses homes, buildings, data centers, infrastructure and industries, by combining energy technologies, real-time automation, software and services. The company has operations in over 100 countries and employs 135,000+ people.	Schneider Electric SE est un groupe industriel français à dimension internationale, qui fabrique et propose des produits de gestion d'électricité, des automatismes et des solutions adaptées à ces métiers. Son siège social se situe à Rueil-Malmaison dans les Hauts-de-Seine et la direction est répartie en trois pôles, le siège de Rueil, à Boston aux États-Unis, et un en cours de montage à Hong Kong.	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Horse	Cheval	The horse ("Equus ferus caballus") is one of two extant subspecies of "Equus ferus". It is an odd-toed ungulate mammal belonging to the taxonomic family Equidae. The horse has evolved over the past 45 to 55 million years from a small multi-toed creature, "Eohippus", into the large, single-toed animal of today. Humans began domesticating horses around 4000 BC, and their domestication is believed to have been widespread by 3000 BC. Horses in the subspecies "caballus" are domesticated, although some domesticated populations live in the wild as feral horses. These feral populations are not true wild horses, as this term is used to describe horses that have never been domesticated, such as the endangered Przewalski's horse, a separate subspecies, and the only remaining true wild horse. There is an extensive, specialized vocabulary used to describe equine-related concepts, covering everything from anatomy to life stages, size, colors, markings, breeds, locomotion, and behavior.	Le cheval (Equus ferus caballus ou Equus caballus) est un grand mammifère herbivore et ongulé à sabot unique ; c'est l'une des espèces de la famille des Équidés ("Equidae"), lesquelles ont évolué, au cours des derniers 45 à 55 millions d'années, à partir d'un petit mammifère possédant plusieurs doigts. À l'état naturel, les chevaux vivent en troupeaux, généralement sous la conduite d'un unique étalon reproducteur. Ils entretiennent des rapports sociaux et comptent sur leur vitesse pour échapper à leurs prédateurs. Dotés d'un bon sens de l'équilibre, d'un fort instinct de fuite et de grandes aptitudes de visualisation spatiale, ils possèdent un trait inhabituel dans le règne animal, étant capables d'entrer en sommeil léger tout en restant debout. Les femelles, nommées juments, mettent bas après onze mois de gestation un petit appelé poulain, capable de se lever et de courir peu de temps après sa naissance.	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Noise	Bruit	Noise is unwanted sound considered unpleasant, loud or disruptive to hearing. From a physics standpoint, noise is indistinguishable from sound, as both are vibrations through a medium, such as air or water. The difference arises when the brain receives and perceives a sound.	Du point de vue de l'environnement, le bruit est une nuisance. La gêne qu'il suscite, souvent à l'origine de litiges, est difficile à évaluer objectivement. Le niveau sonore mesuré en décibels par rapport à une ambiance sonore de référence donne une première indication.	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Infantry	Infanterie	The Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) is a supporting protocol in the Internet protocol suite. It is used by network devices, including routers, to send error messages and operational information indicating success or failure when communicating with another IP address, for example, an error is indicated when a requested service is not available or that a host or router could not be reached. ICMP differs from transport protocols such as TCP and UDP in that it is not typically used to exchange data between systems, nor is it regularly employed by end-user network applications (with the exception of some diagnostic tools like ping and traceroute).	L'infanterie est l'ensemble des unités militaires qui combattent à pied, le soldat étant appelé fantassin. Le mot est emprunté de l'italien ', dérivé de'(« enfant ») qui prit au le sens de « jeune soldat, fantassin ».	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Jean-François Revel	Jean-François Revel	Jean-François Revel (born Jean-François Ricard; 19 January 192430 April 2006) was a French journalist, philosopher, and a member of the Académie française from June 1998 onwards. A socialist in his youth, Revel later became a prominent European proponent of classical liberalism and free market economics.	Jean-François Revel, né Ricard le à Marseille et mort le au Kremlin-Bicêtre (Val-de-Marne), est un philosophe, écrivain et journaliste français.	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Ink	Encre	Ink is a liquid or paste that contain pigments or dyes and is used to color a surface to produce an image, text, or design. Ink is used for drawing or writing with a pen, brush, or quill. Thicker inks, in paste form, are used extensively in letterpress and lithographic printing.	Une encre est une substance liquide ou pâteuse fortement teintée qui sert à marquer le papier ou d'autres matériaux imprimables.	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Torus	Tore	In geometry, a torus (plural tori) is a surface of revolution generated by revolving a circle in three-dimensional space about an axis that is coplanar with the circle.	Un tore est un solide géométrique représentant un tube courbé refermé sur lui-même. Le terme « tore » comporte différentes acceptions plus spécifiques selon le contexte :	[ 250004, 250054, 62, 47, 6563, 831, 186, 61924, 71, 39850, 71407, 390, 12, 7440, 893, 165164, 28, 5490, 2320, 23, 106274, 39209, 176866, 90, 100, 10, 47, 6563, 4567, 25958, 6, 230612, 238, 1672, 70, 20, 11, 33102, 83, 707, 70, 29806, 111, 4, 7440, 884, 429, 2844, 71407, 27169, 1916, 70, 6, 108047, 74855, 76199, 10, 70801, 1771, 28, 5490, 2320, 4, 581, 17262, 61112, 111, 5570, 6, 3826, 42518, 47, 70, 17262, 7722, 43585, 70460, 7, 17721, 136, 152, 14847, 4, 70, 14566, 111, 903, 47, 6563, 83, 45, 16670, 31, 178851, 1771, 15, 2940, 4, 8311, 329, 4, 5368, 31, 178851, 1771, 16, 47, 10, 12996, 111, 10, 5177, 34937, 130265, 9803, 28338, 136, 10, 42154, 133, 5, 581, 21950, 111, 903, 18652, 47, 6563, 136, 70, 71579, 16128, 111, 6863, 47, 6563, 621, 72546, 375, 7077, 297, 17368, 151862, 223, 25, 7, 5863, 532, 70, 58391, 4, 68772, 12, 32255, 26168, 7, 621, 70, 5701, 237, 100, 10, 19932, 104532, 111, 140909, 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Mary, Crown Princess of Denmark	Mary Donaldson	Mary, Crown Princess of Denmark, Countess of Monpezat, (Mary Elizabeth; "née" Donaldson; born 5 February 1972) is the wife of Frederik, Crown Prince of Denmark. Frederik is the heir apparent to the throne, which means that should Frederik succeed, she will automatically become Queen of Denmark.	La princesse Mary de Danemark, comtesse de Monpezat (en danois : "Kronprinsesse Mary Elizabeth, kronprinsesse af Danmark, grevinde af Monpezat"), née le à Hobart (Australie), est depuis 2004 princesse danoise, comtesse de Monpezat, épouse du prince héritier Frederik de Danemark.	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Politics of Europe	Organisations internationales en Europe	The politics of Europe deals with the continually evolving politics within the continent of Europe. It is a topic far more detailed than other continents due to a number of factors including the long history of nation states in the region as well as the modern day trend towards increased political unity amongst the European states.	Les principales organisations internationales en Europe ont été établies dans la période faisant suite à la Seconde Guerre mondiale afin d'accroitre les coopérations, notamment politiques, des États européens qui les composent. Le Conseil de l'Europe et l'Union européenne sont ainsi les deux principales organisations régionales sur le continent européen.	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Slipware	Engobe	Slipware is pottery identified by its primary decorating process where slip is placed onto the leather-hard clay body surface before firing by dipping, painting or splashing. Slip is an aqueous suspension of a clay body, which is a mixture of clays and other minerals such as quartz, feldspar and mica. The slip placed onto a wet or leather-hard clay body surface by a variety of techniques including dipping, painting, piping or splashing.	L'engobe est un revêtement mince à base d'argile délayée (colorée ou non), appliqué sur une pièce céramique (tesson) pour modifier sa couleur naturelle, pour lui donner un aspect lisse ou pour obtenir une couche de base aux propriétés physico-chimiques spécifiques réagissant avec l'émail.	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Software configuration management	Gestion de configuration logicielle	In software engineering, software configuration management (SCM or S/W CM) is the task of tracking and controlling changes in the software, part of the larger cross-disciplinary field of configuration management. SCM practices include revision control and the establishment of baselines. If something goes wrong, SCM can determine what was changed and who changed it. If a configuration is working well, SCM can determine how to replicate it across many hosts.	La gestion de configuration logicielle est une discipline du génie logiciel ayant pour objet de répondre à la question : "quelqu'un a obtenu un résultat. Comment le reproduire?" Le plus souvent, il ne s'agit pas de reproduire "à l'identique", mais de reproduire avec des modifications incrémentales. La question est donc de comparer des résultats et d'analyser leurs différences.	[ 250004, 250054, 581, 109458, 111, 159, 36498, 621, 137567, 12, 17106, 70, 39864, 1363, 111, 76746, 242122, 70, 60042, 7, 111, 159, 36498, 72977, 765, 24209, 42564, 71, 23, 3060, 50218, 5, 581, 159, 36498, 72977, 61261, 765, 24209, 20513, 4027, 87587, 7, 450, 831, 186, 34648, 14, 27686, 237, 20513, 116491, 136, 57, 4126, 678, 11341, 136, 11389, 5, 581, 72977, 831, 3299, 136, 111240, 76746, 9, 77007, 20513, 65514, 4, 26719, 20513, 4027, 87587, 7, 4, 132096, 25072, 7, 4, 136, 10975, 57134, 1577, 5, 581, 31486, 7, 136, 6, 240906, 111, 70, 39329, 7, 765, 24209, 42564, 71, 237, 5299, 678, 106001, 7, 5036, 8035, 19048, 47, 84079, 25958, 34648, 101426, 20513, 10723, 7, 136, 62548, 65514, 5, 581, 32692, 111, 10975, 180346, 24365, 15, 14495, 594, 16, 23, 242122, 831, 186, 144851, 71, 4420, 237, 39395, 237, 70, 27631, 7, 4, 3229, 44932, 15, 2472, 1657, 59994, 2320, 25924, 247, 7311, 538, 100, 76407, 34754, 136, 36049, 6226, 4, 509, 8035, 190659, 47, 10975, 34754, 5, 241, 147, 538, 10975, 1902, 10, 72761, 57616, 35662, 4, 6044, 237, 126381, 4, 62690, 7, 4, 136, 3789, 2450, 5, 581, 5117, 10975, 180346, 24365, 509, 10, 23009, 41018, 5, 17106, 70, 129745, 7, 23, 46876, 136, 27140, 2481, 4, 10975, 177907, 4, 23, 3784, 6496, 180346, 24365, 136, 3789, 150624, 4, 100512, 10, 13036, 50509, 4743, 47, 37348, 1884, 80889, 4, 20334, 4, 136, 31897, 5, 109613, 289, 182417, 4, 645, 70, 5369, 4, 1902, 12441, 47, 70, 80934, 4, 136, 137633, 674, 4, 111, 50491, 7, 136, 72977, 5, 215100, 538, 4, 70, 72977, 100512, 76519, 47, 111240, 10975, 65572, 5, 164254, 9, 113458, 41361, 7, 3542, 122399, 237, 51347, 4, 40101, 23, 142, 9803, 707, 180639, 53, 144996, 15, 7, 12665, 237, 853, 25826, 27131, 12353, 194, 17106, 70, 105925, 4527, 111, 13909, 7, 4, 76519, 74216, 71, 450, 34831, 71, 10, 134744, 56, 6, 70820, 4, 26719, 96679, 24365, 4, 4331, 30700, 7, 4, 31897, 6226, 4, 136, 1286, 74, 14432, 72977, 134629, 70, 226829, 111, 53702, 7, 4, 6044, 237, 70, 14304, 41159, 911, 987, 2481, 13293, 111, 70, 23752, 123470, 43975, 5, 2 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	[ 250008, 239, 41384, 8, 180346, 103645, 133, 437, 773, 80244, 115, 45447, 701, 103645, 62117, 578, 6, 74204, 8, 62223, 253, 21, 9655, 152, 44, 37631, 5490, 25, 309, 10, 175681, 51, 103717, 5, 16277, 95, 61307, 111156, 2953, 636, 1001, 29239, 4, 211, 108, 91, 25, 30235, 452, 8, 61307, 111156, 44, 1298, 96, 25, 6382, 20873, 830, 732, 8, 61307, 111156, 1609, 224, 129344, 7, 23, 58503, 52796, 90, 5, 239, 9655, 437, 8843, 8, 37397, 56, 224, 67311, 82, 104, 25, 58345, 42, 14723, 123683, 7, 5, 2 ]	null	null	null	null	null	null
Anglo-Saxons	Anglo-Saxons	The Anglo-Saxons were a cultural group who inhabited England from the 5th century. They comprised people from Germanic tribes who migrated to the island from continental Europe, their descendants, and indigenous British groups who adopted many aspects of Anglo-Saxon culture and language. The Anglo-Saxons established the Kingdom of England, and the modern English language owes almost half of its words – including the most common words of everyday speech – to their language.	Les Anglo-Saxons sont un peuple d'origine germanique qui s'installe en Grande-Bretagne à partir du. La période anglo-saxonne de l'histoire de l'Angleterre s'étend traditionnellement jusqu'à la conquête normande, en 1066. Elle voit la christianisation des Anglo-Saxons à partir du et l'émergence progressive du royaume d'Angleterre. En quelques décennies, ils se mêlèrent aux indigènes brittoniques ou les repoussèrent vers l'ouest, amorçant une migration sur plusieurs siècles vers la péninsule armoricaine, d'où le nom de Bretons donné aux nouveaux venus en Armorique.	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Metathesis (linguistics)	Métathèse (linguistique)	Metathesis (; from Greek, from "I put in a different order"; Latin: "trānspositiō") is the transposition of sounds or syllables in a word or of words in a sentence. Most commonly, it refers to the interchange of two or more contiguous sounds, known as adjacent metathesis or local metathesis:	En linguistique, le terme métathèse (du grec ancien μετάθεσις "metáthêsis" « déplacement, permutation »), pris à la rhétorique, est une modification phonétique. Elle consiste en le changement de la place d’un phone (son) ou d’un groupe de phones dans un mot, parfois deux de ces segments changeant de place entre eux, y compris d’un mot à un autre.	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Kevin Moore	Kevin Moore	Kevin Moore (born May 26, 1967) is an American keyboardist, vocalist, composer, and founder of the Chroma Key music project. He is also a former member of the American progressive metal/rock band Dream Theater, co-founder of the progressive rock supergroup O.S.I., and has composed film soundtracks. Throughout his career, he has become known for his emotional music and lyrics, nomadic lifestyle and use of spoken word samples.	Kevin Moore est un claviériste faisant ou ayant fait partie des groupes Dream Theater, Chroma Key, Fates Warning, On et OSI.	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Axle	Axe (mécanique)	An axle is a central shaft for a rotating wheel or gear. On wheeled vehicles, the axle may be fixed to the wheels, rotating with them, or fixed to the vehicle, with the wheels rotating around the axle. In the former case, bearings or bushings are provided at the mounting points where the axle is supported. In the latter case, a bearing or bushing sits inside a central hole in the wheel to allow the wheel or gear to rotate around the axle. Sometimes, especially on bicycles, the latter type axle is referred to as a "spindle".	Un axe est une pièce mécanique rectiligne autour de laquelle tourne une ou plusieurs autres pièces. Par exemple, une roue de véhicule tourne autour d'un axe qui est lui-même solidaire du véhicule.	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Liquid Tension Experiment	Liquid Tension Experiment	Liquid Tension Experiment (LTE) was an instrumental progressive metal band founded by Mike Portnoy, then Dream Theater's drummer, in 1997. The band has released two albums through Magna Carta Records. A third album, with the absence of John Petrucci was released in 2007 under the name "Liquid Trio Experiment". A live album with the absence of Jordan Rudess (mostly) was released in 2009 under the name "Liquid Trio Experiment 2". Three live albums and two videos were released in 2009 by the complete band.	Liquid Tension Experiment est un supergroupe de metal progressif instrumental américain. Il est formé en 1998 par Tony Levin (basse, "chapman stick"), John Petrucci (guitare), Mike Portnoy (batterie) et Jordan Rudess (synthétiseur) à l'initiative de la compagnie de disque américaine Magna Carta.	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Psilosis	Psilose	Psilosis () is the sound change in which Greek lost the consonant sound /h/ during antiquity. The term comes from the Greek "psílōsis" ("smoothing, thinning out") and is related to the name of the smooth breathing (ψιλή "psilḗ"), the sign for the absence of initial in a word. Dialects that have lost are called psilotic.	La psilose (du grec ψίλωσις "psílôsis", « retour à l'état nu ») est une modification phonétique consistant en l'amuïssement du son [h], le plus souvent en début de mot, c'est-à-dire une perte d'aspiration, initiale ou non. Ce terme décrit principalement trois réalités :	[ 250004, 250054, 581, 86669, 111, 248, 127, 64, 73659, 99, 12921, 20028, 23, 12921, 220734, 7, 111, 160600, 5, 581, 8394, 48850, 37859, 1771, 220734, 7, 4, 70, 62, 20756, 9120, 220734, 111, 1734, 16091, 4, 237, 5299, 237, 70, 984, 12259, 220734, 7, 111, 15678, 67, 136, 540, 164, 4, 3542, 21771, 20764, 365, 9523, 99, 70, 86595, 111, 2363, 59121, 17164, 5, 360, 9208, 1771, 4, 2685, 509, 38134, 21329, 712, 143834, 23, 5700, 116483, 20271, 70, 54704, 289, 14922, 4, 1284, 70, 23113, 5570, 46876, 10267, 122009, 248, 127, 64, 5, 3293, 143834, 136475, 3934, 70, 43153, 33, 48242, 1204, 1212, 5, 99737, 1212, 122092, 147, 72004, 2750, 27044, 47314, 160600, 707, 927, 87168, 20271, 70, 17932, 136, 5117, 202032, 90, 77269, 4, 136, 2750, 4, 54940, 3789, 8966, 4, 65508, 71, 70, 24092, 7, 100, 70, 166904, 136, 156100, 71191, 5180, 4, 3542, 7464, 17368, 70, 149067, 19, 17721, 34153, 678, 136, 15490, 61475, 248, 127, 64, 4, 1284, 3542, 36875, 538, 32562, 99, 10, 1733, 3229, 903, 149067, 19, 509, 110, 51713, 24, 4935, 538, 31347, 297, 390, 5941, 119578, 7, 5, 3311, 70, 72399, 12610, 136, 39395, 3311, 5935, 10325, 14922, 4, 248, 127, 64, 1902, 2809, 72856, 23, 756, 3173, 7, 111, 70, 46876, 5, 581, 86669, 111, 70, 248, 127, 64, 83, 44961, 297, 23, 70, 34754, 111, 70, 160600, 6, 229231, 390, 70, 15549, 23, 70, 32354, 111, 70, 31330, 522, 15, 11293, 247, 3129, 5117, 149976, 237, 70, 24092, 111, 248, 127, 64, 24073, 1448, 11, 18939, 1284, 7068, 4, 23, 70, 20764, 365, 9523, 220734, 7, 4, 509, 456, 33740, 237, 70, 24092, 111, 70, 4989, 2244, 8420, 248, 171522, 233844, 64, 5, 360, 70, 35874, 188, 6402, 707, 927, 87168, 450, 26859, 23, 70, 43153, 33, 48242, 14922, 111, 893, 45964, 160600, 4, 70, 7311, 248, 127, 64, 45730, 4, 7440, 442, 11814, 47, 74918, 4, 83, 33636, 297, 390, 10, 879, 59869, 1771, 4, 70, 166904, 71191, 214, 707, 44, 154336, 223, 10, 20595, 740, 3293, 24092, 83, 2843, 101805, 25958, 11814, 23, 60223, 53, 47, 70, 9208, 1771, 127689, 3229, 89159, 214, 7986, 7, 1295, 70, 37859, 1771, 220734, 4, 3129, 509, 21771, 20764, 365, 9523, 390, 70, 1733, 70, 7986, 7, 3542, 59121, 5, 1326, 62, 20756, 9120, 7986, 7, 4, 49903, 4, 70, 101805, 83, 47, 16188, 756, 34153, 237, 351, 9, 11, 54547, 3674, 5, 2 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	[ 250008, 239, 20764, 59453, 15, 693, 125567, 37378, 93354, 52037, 77647, 44, 6423, 35323, 4470, 6023, 830, 94, 38451, 253, 96, 25, 106485, 315, 340, 16, 437, 773, 129344, 6, 75189, 76572, 58055, 1236, 22, 96, 25, 20883, 9392, 2619, 674, 115, 775, 378, 127, 268, 4, 95, 1001, 29239, 22, 30708, 8, 2080, 4, 501, 25, 525, 9, 1298, 9, 48254, 773, 117, 67, 104, 25, 11, 54547, 1363, 4, 61475, 13, 628, 351, 5, 1845, 24117, 27441, 2783, 177526, 29866, 94158, 7, 152, 2 ]	null	null	null	null	null	null
Vincent Auriol	Vincent Auriol	Vincent Jules Auriol (; 27 August 1884 – 1 January 1966) was a French politician who served as President of France from 1947 to 1954.	Vincent Auriol, né le à Revel (Haute-Garonne) et mort le à Paris, est un homme d'État français. Il est président de la République du au.	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Golden Globe Awards	Golden Globes	The Golden Globe Awards are accolades bestowed by the 93 members of the Hollywood Foreign Press Association beginning in January 1944, recognizing excellence in film, both American and International, and American television.	Les'(officiellement intitulés ') sont des récompenses de cinéma et de télévision américaines décernées chaque année depuis 1944 par la ().	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Heitor Villa-Lobos	Heitor Villa-Lobos	Heitor Villa-Lobos (,, ; March 5, 1887November 17, 1959) was a Brazilian composer, conductor, cellist, and guitarist described as "the single most significant creative figure in 20th-century Brazilian art music". Villa-Lobos has become the best-known South American composer of all time. A prolific composer, he wrote numerous orchestral, chamber, instrumental and vocal works, totaling over 2000 works by his death in 1959. His music was influenced by both Brazilian folk music and by stylistic elements from the European classical tradition, as exemplified by his "Bachianas Brasileiras" (Brazilian Bachian-pieces). His Etudes for guitar (1929) were dedicated to Andrés Segovia, while his 5 Preludes (1940) were dedicated to his spouse Arminda Neves d’Almeida, a.k.a. "Mindinha." Both are important works in the guitar repertory.	Heitor Villa-Lobos est un compositeur brésilien né à Rio de Janeiro le et mort dans la même ville le.	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Pyrrole	Pyrrole	Pyrrole is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound, a five-membered ring with the formula CHNH. It is a colorless volatile liquid that darkens readily upon exposure to air. Substituted derivatives are also called pyrroles, e.g., "N"-methylpyrrole, CHNCH. Porphobilinogen, a trisubstituted pyrrole, is the biosynthetic precursor to many natural products such as heme.	Le pyrrole ou azole, de formule brute, est un composé hétérocyclique simple et fondamental de la classe des métalloles, constitué d'un cycle aromatique de 5 atomes dont un atome d'azote. Le pyrrole est un composé aromatique qui possède une réactivité différente du benzène. Il est utilisé en tant que réactif ou précurseur en chimie organique. Il fut découvert par Runge dans les huiles empyreumatiques issues de la distillation sèche des os. On peut aussi l'extraire de l'huile animale de Dippel.	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Eurovision (network)	Eurovision (réseau)	Eurovision, founded 1954 in Geneva, Switzerland, is a television network that is part of the European Broadcasting Union. Eurovision was set up for the purpose of exchanging TV programmes and, subsequently, TV news footage (via the daily Eurovision news exchange - EVN). The first official Eurovision transmission took place on 6 June 1954. It showed the Narcissus Festival in Montreux, Switzerland.	Le réseau Eurovision est un important réseau multi-service d'échange entre différentes chaines télévisions, membres de l'Union européenne de radio-télévision (UER). Le, la première émission officielle est diffusée depuis Montreux en Suisse, les téléspectateurs de huit pays d'Europe pouvant suivre en direct sur leur écran le reportage réalisé pour la Fête des Narcisses.	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Oubapo	Ouvroir de bande dessinée potentielle	Oubapo (, short for ; roughly translated: ""workshop of potential comic book art"") is a comics movement which believes in the use of formal constraints to push the boundaries of the medium. OuBaPo is styled after the French literary movement Oulipo ("Ouvroir de Littérature Potentielle"), founded by Raymond Queneau and Georges Perec. Oubapo was founded in November 1992 in the Ou-X-Po and announced in L'Association's French comics edition.	L'Ouvroir de bande dessinée potentielle (OuBaPo) a été fondé en novembre 1992 au sein de l'Ou-X-Po et à travers la maison d'édition L'Association. Ce comité crée des bandes dessinées sous contrainte artistique volontaire à la manière de l'Ouvroir de littérature potentielle (OuLiPo) créé par Raymond Queneau. Six "OuPus" ont été publiés parcourant les diverses recherches, auxquels s'ajoutent les œuvres individuelles de ses membres et sympathisants. L'OuBaPo a tenu sa première séance de travail dans les locaux de l'atelier Nawak, le.	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Rocket engine	Moteur-fusée	A rocket engine uses stored rocket propellants as the reaction mass for forming a high-speed propulsive jet of fluid, usually high-temperature gas. Rocket engines are reaction engines, producing thrust by ejecting mass rearward, in accordance with Newton's third law. Most rocket engines use the combustion of reactive chemicals to supply the necessary energy, but non-combusting forms such as cold gas thrusters and nuclear thermal rockets also exist. Vehicles propelled by rocket engines are commonly called rockets. Rocket vehicles carry their own oxidizer, unlike most combustion engines, so rocket engines can be used in a vacuum to propel spacecraft and ballistic missiles.	Le moteur-fusée est un type de moteurs à réaction, c'est-à-dire un engin qui projette un fluide (gaz ou liquide) vers l'arrière, ce qui transmet par réaction une poussée au véhicule solidaire du moteur, de force égale et de direction opposée, vers l'avant. Le moteur-fusée présente la particularité d'expulser une matière qui est entièrement stockée dans le corps du véhicule. Ce type de moteur est en particulier utilisé par les fusées car, étant autosuffisant, il peut fonctionner dans un milieu dépourvu d'atmosphère, mais également par les missiles car il permet d'atteindre des vitesses très importantes.	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René Coty	René Coty	Jules Gustave René Coty (; 20 March 188222 November 1962) was President of France from 1954 to 1959. He was the second and last president of the Fourth French Republic.	René Coty, né le au Havre et mort le dans la même ville, est un homme d'État français. Il est président de la République du au.	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Submarine	Sous-marin	A submarine (or sub) is a watercraft capable of independent operation underwater. It differs from a submersible, which has more limited underwater capability. It is also sometimes used historically or colloquially to refer to remotely operated vehicles and robots, as well as medium-sized or smaller vessels, such as the midget submarine and the wet sub. Submarines are referred to as "boats" rather than "ships" irrespective of their size.	Un sous-marin est un navire submersible capable de se déplacer en surface et sous l'eau ; il se distingue ainsi des autres bateaux et navires qui se déplacent uniquement à la surface, et des bathyscaphes qui se déplacent principalement selon l'axe vertical.	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Ramjet	Statoréacteur	A ramjet, sometimes referred to as a flying stovepipe or an athodyd (aero thermodynamic duct), is a form of airbreathing jet engine that uses the engine's forward motion to compress incoming air without an axial compressor or a centrifugal compressor. Because ramjets cannot produce thrust at zero airspeed, they cannot move an aircraft from a standstill. A ramjet-powered vehicle, therefore, requires an assisted take-off like a rocket assist to accelerate it to a speed where it begins to produce thrust. Ramjets work most efficiently at supersonic speeds around. This type of engine can operate up to speeds of.	Le statoréacteur est un système de propulsion par réaction des aéronefs, dont la poussée est produite par éjection de gaz issus de la combustion d'un carburant, généralement le kérosène. Il n'est constitué que d'un tube et ne comporte aucune pièce mobile, d'où le terme « stato » pour statique.	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Heme	Hème	Heme (American English) or haem (British English) is a coordination complex "consisting of an iron ion coordinated to a porphyrin acting as a tetradentate ligand, and to one or two axial ligands." The definition is loose, and many depictions omit the axial ligands. Many porphyrin-containing metalloproteins have heme as their prosthetic group; these are known as hemoproteins. Hemes are most commonly recognized as components of hemoglobin, the red pigment in blood, but are also found in a number of other biologically important hemoproteins such as myoglobin, cytochromes, catalases, heme peroxidase, and endothelial nitric oxide synthase.	L’hème est un cofacteur contenant un atome de métal, souvent du fer, servant à accueillir un gaz diatomique (par exemple du dioxygène ) au centre d’un large anneau organique appelé porphyrine. Toutes les porphyrines ne contiennent pas nécessairement un atome de fer mais la majorité des métalloprotéines qui contiennent des porphyrines ont en fait l’hème comme sous-unité prosthétique.	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Jean Baudrillard	Jean Baudrillard	Jean Baudrillard (,, ; 27 July 1929 – 6 March 2007) was a French sociologist, philosopher and cultural theorist. He is best known for his analyses of media, contemporary culture, and technological communication, as well as his formulation of concepts such as simulation and hyperreality. He wrote about diverse subjects, including consumerism, gender relations, economics, social history, art, Western foreign policy, and popular culture. Among his best known works are "Simulacra and Simulation" (1981), "America" (1986), and "The Gulf War Did Not Take Place" (1991). His work is frequently associated with postmodernism and specifically post-structuralism.	Jean Baudrillard, né le à Reims et mort le à Paris, est un philosophe français théoricien de la société contemporaine, connu surtout pour ses analyses des modes de médiation et de communication de la postmodernité.	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Mimosa	Mimosa (genre)	Mimosa is a genus of about 400 species of herbs and shrubs, in the mimosoid clade of the legume family Fabaceae. The generic name is derived from the Greek word ("mimos"), an "actor" or "mime", and the feminine suffix -"osa", "resembling", suggesting its'sensitive leaves' which seem to'mimic conscious life'.	Mimosa est un genre d'arbres de la famille des "Mimosaceae" selon la ou de la grande famille des "Fabaceae" et de la sous-famille des "Mimosoideae" selon la classification phylogénétique. Il comprend près de.	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World's fair	Exposition internationale	A world's fair or world fair is a large international exhibition designed to showcase achievements of nations. These exhibitions vary in character and are held in different parts of the world at a specific site for a period of time, ranging usually from three to six months.	Les expositions internationales, souvent confondues avec les expositions universelles (qui en sont seulement le type le plus connu), et fréquemment appelées tout simplement expo, sont de grandes expositions publiques tenues régulièrement à travers le monde depuis le milieu du. Les expositions internationales doivent être distinguées entre celles qui sont antérieures à la création du Bureau international des Expositions (BIE) en 1928 et celles qui, postérieures à cette création, ont été réglementées par les normes de cet organisme à partir de 1931.	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Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau	Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau	Pierre Marie René Ernest Waldeck-Rousseau (; 2 December 184610 August 1904) was a French Republican politician who served as the 29th Prime Minister of France.	Pierre Marie René Ernest Waldeck-Rousseau dit Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau, né à Nantes (Loire-Atlantique) le et mort à Corbeil-Essonnes le, est un homme d'État républicain et libéral français. Il est célèbre pour avoir participé à la légalisation des syndicats (loi Waldeck-Rousseau de 1884) ainsi que pour la loi de 1901 sur les associations.	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John II of France	Jean II le Bon	John II (; 26 April 1319 – 8 April 1364), called John the Good (French: "Jean le Bon"), was King of France from 1350 until his death.	Jean, dit « le Bon », né le au château du Gué de Maulny du Mans et mort à Londres le, fils du roi et de son épouse Jeanne de Bourgogne, est roi de France de 1350 à 1364, le deuxième souverain issu de la maison capétienne de Valois.	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Free as a Bird	Free as a Bird	"Free as a Bird" is a song originally written and recorded in 1977 as a home demo by John Lennon, formerly of the Beatles. In 1995, 25 years after their break-up and 15 years after Lennon was murdered, the band released a studio version incorporating contributions from his surviving bandmates Paul McCartney, George Harrison and Ringo Starr.	Free as a Bird est une chanson des Beatles, enregistrée et publiée après la mort de son auteur originel, John Lennon. Parue en single le 4 décembre 1995, elle fait partie de la promotion du documentaire télévisé "The Beatles Anthology" et de la compilation "Anthology 1". Ce vaste projet vise à revenir sur l'histoire des Beatles, en proposant une série d'interviews avec les trois membres du groupe encore en vie accompagnés des principaux acteurs de l'aventure, et des enregistrements inédits.	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Jean-Christophe Averty	Jean-Christophe Averty	Jean-Christophe Averty (6 August 1928 – 4 March 2017) was a French television and radio director, and Satrap of the College of 'Pataphysique.	Jean-Christophe Averty, né le à Paris et mort le à Beaumont-sur-Oise, est un animateur et réalisateur de radio et de télévision français.	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Saint Boniface	Boniface de Mayence	Boniface (; 675 – 5 June 754 AD), born Winfrid (also spelled Winifred, Wynfrith, Winfrith or Wynfryth) in the Devon town of Crediton in Anglo-Saxon England, was a leading figure in the Anglo-Saxon mission to the Germanic parts of the Frankish Empire during the 8th century. He organised significant foundations of the church in Germany and was made archbishop of Mainz by Pope Gregory III. He was martyred in Frisia in 754, along with 52 others, and his remains were returned to Fulda, where they rest in a sarcophagus which became a site of pilgrimage. Boniface's life and death as well as his work became widely known, there being a wealth of material available—a number of "vitae", especially the near-contemporary "Vita Bonifatii auctore Willibaldi", legal documents, possibly some sermons, and above all his correspondence. He is venerated as a saint in the Christian church and became the patron saint of Germania, known as the "Apostle of the Germans".	Saint Boniface de Mayence (également connu comme Wynfrid de Wessex), né à Crediton dans le Devon vers 675 et mort (assassiné) le à Dokkum (dans l'actuelle commune de Dongeradeel), en Frise (Pays-Bas), est un moine missionnaire d’origine anglaise, envoyé en Frise pour y convertir les païens. Fait évêque puis archevêque par le pape Grégoire II, il fut tué, avec d'autres, en haine de la foi chrétienne.	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Myoglobin	Myoglobine	Myoglobin (symbol Mb or MB) is an iron- and oxygen-binding protein found in the muscle tissue of vertebrates in general and in almost all mammals. It is distantly related to hemoglobin which is the iron- and oxygen-binding protein in blood, specifically in the red blood cells. In humans, myoglobin is only found in the bloodstream after muscle injury. It is an abnormal finding, and can be diagnostically relevant when found in blood.	La myoglobine, couramment symbolisée par Mb, est une métalloprotéine contenant du fer présente dans les muscles des vertébrés, et particulièrement des mammifères. Elle est apparentée structurellement à l'hémoglobine, mais a pour fonction de stocker l'oxygène plutôt que de le transporter. Comme l'hémoglobine, elle utilise l'hème comme groupe prosthétique, et est donc une hémoprotéine ; contrairement à l'hémoglobine, en revanche, la myoglobine est une protéine monomérique, c'est-à-dire qu'elle n'est formée que d'une seule sous-unité globine. Elle ne possède donc qu'un seul site de liaison au dioxygène par molécule, et ne présente pas d'effet coopératif par allostérie.	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Saxons	Saxons	The Saxons (,,,,, ) were a group of early Germanic peoples whose name was given in the early Middle Ages to a large country (Old Saxony, ) near the North Sea coast of what is now Germany. In the late Roman Empire, the name was used to refer to Germanic coastal raiders, and also as a word something like the later "Viking". Their origins appear to be mainly somewhere in or near the above-mentioned German North Sea coast where they are found later, in Carolingian times. In Merovingian times, continental Saxons had also been associated with the activity and settlements on the coast of what later became Normandy. Their precise origins are uncertain, and they are sometimes described as fighting inland, coming into conflict with the Franks and Thuringians. There is possibly a single classical reference to a smaller homeland of an early Saxon tribe, but its interpretation is disputed (see below). According to this proposal, the Saxons' earliest area of settlement is believed to have been Northern Albingia. This general area is close to the probable homeland of the Angles.	Les Saxons sont un peuple germanique, rattaché sur le plan ethnolinguistique au rameau occidental. Ils sont mentionnés pour la première fois par le grec Ptolémée sur la carte "Germania Magna" au de l'ère chrétienne. Il situe alors leurs terres au sud-ouest du Jutland, ce qui correspond à peu près à l'actuel Holstein, d'où ils semblent s'être étendus au sud et à l'ouest.	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John Doe	John Doe	"John Doe" (for males) and "Jane Doe" (for females) are multiple-use names that are used when the true name of a person is unknown or is being intentionally concealed. In the context of law enforcement in the United States, such names are often used to refer to a corpse whose identity is unknown or unconfirmed. Secondly, such names are also often used to refer to a hypothetical "everyman" in other contexts, in a manner similar to "John Q. Public" or "Joe Public". There are many variants to the above names, including "John Roe", "Richard Roe", "Jane Roe" and "Baby Doe", "Janie Doe" or "Johnny Doe" (for children).	En anglais, John Doe (version féminine : Jane Doe) est une expression qui désigne une personne non identifiée ou un homme de la rue : « Monsieur X », « Monsieur Untel », « Monsieur Durand », « Monsieur Dupont », « Monsieur Tout-le-monde », « un citoyen Lambda », « Tartempion ». Pour les très jeunes enfants, l'équivalent est « Baby Doe », ou encore « Jonnie Doe » ou « Janie Doe » quand on précise le sexe.	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Nim	Jeux de Nim	Nim is a mathematical game of strategy in which two players take turns removing (or "nimming") objects from distinct heaps or piles. On each turn, a player must remove at least one object, and may remove any number of objects provided they all come from the same heap or pile. Depending on the version being played, the goal of the game is either to avoid taking the last object, or to take the last object.	Les jeux de Nim sont des jeux de stratégie pure, à deux joueurs. Il en existe plusieurs variantes. Ils se jouent avec des graines, des billes, des jetons, des allumettes ou tout autre objet facilement manipulable.	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Arundhati Roy	Arundhati Roy	Suzanna Arundhati Roy (born 24 November 1961) is an Indian author best known for her novel "The God of Small Things" (1997), which won the Man Booker Prize for Fiction in 1997 and became the best-selling book by a non-expatriate Indian author. She is also a political activist involved in human rights and environmental causes.	Arundhati Roy (née le à Shillong en Inde) est une écrivaine et militante indienne. Elle est notamment connue pour son roman "Le Dieu des Petits Riens", qui lui a valu le prix Booker en 1997 et a été cité par le New York Times et le Guardian comme l'un des livres les plus remarquables de l'année, ainsi que pour son engagement en faveur de l'écologie, des droits humains, de l'altermondialisme, de la réduction des inégalités et de la dignité humaine. D'inspiration chrétienne, sa réflexion littéraire s'interroge notamment sur les questions de l'amour universel et de la justice sociale.	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Les Indes galantes	Les Indes galantes	The premiere, including only the prologue and the first two of its four "entrées" (acts), was staged by the Académie Royale de Musique at its theatre in the Palais-Royal in Paris on 23 August 1735, starring the leading singers of the Opéra: Marie Antier, Marie Pélissier, Mlle Errémans, Mlle Petitpas, Denis-François Tribou, Pierre Jélyotte, and Claude-Louis-Dominique Chassé de Chinais, and the dancers Marie Sallé and Louis Dupré. Michel Blondy provided the choreography. The ballet's Premier Menuet was used in the soundtrack of the 2006 film "Marie Antoinette".	Les Indes galantes (« ballet héroïque ») est le premier en date des six opéra-ballets de Jean-Philippe Rameau. Il est composé d'un prologue et de quatre entrées, sur un livret de Louis Fuzelier. Cette œuvre est généralement considérée comme la plus représentative et le chef-d'œuvre du genre de l'opéra-ballet. C'est aussi celle qui aujourd'hui est la plus représentée parmi les œuvres lyriques de Rameau.	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Hans Christian Andersen	Hans Christian Andersen	Hans Christian Andersen (, ; 2 April 1805 – 4 August 1875), in Denmark usually called H.C. Andersen, was a Danish author. Although a prolific writer of plays, travelogues, novels, and poems, he is best remembered for his fairy tales.	Hans Christian Andersen (Odense, - Copenhague, ) est un romancier, dramaturge, conteur et poète danois, célèbre pour ses nouvelles et ses « contes de fées ».	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Gamebook	Livre-jeu	A gamebook is a work of printed fiction that allows the reader to participate in the story by making choices. The narrative branches along various paths, typically through the use of numbered paragraphs or pages. Each narrative typically does not follow paragraphs in a linear or ordered fashion. Gamebooks are sometimes called choose your own adventure books or CYOA after the influential "Choose Your Own Adventure" series originally published by US company Bantam Books. Gamebooks influenced hypertext fiction.	Les livres-jeux (), souvent appelés livres dont vous êtes le héros en France et au Québec, sont un genre de romans ayant pour caractéristique d'être interactifs, le déroulement de l'histoire dépendant des choix du lecteur.	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Draughts	Dames	Draughts (British English) or checkers (American English) is a group of strategy board games for two players which involve diagonal moves of uniform game pieces and mandatory captures by jumping over opponent pieces. Draughts developed from alquerque. The name derives from the verb to draw or to move.	Les dames ou le jeu de dames est un jeu de société combinatoire abstrait pour deux joueurs. Le terme désigne en fait plusieurs jeux comme le jeu de dames international ou bien le jeu de dames anglaises.	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Denial-of-service attack	Attaque par déni de service	In computing, a denial-of-service attack (DoS attack) is a cyber-attack in which the perpetrator seeks to make a machine or network resource unavailable to its intended users by temporarily or indefinitely disrupting services of a host connected to the Internet. Denial of service is typically accomplished by flooding the targeted machine or resource with superfluous requests in an attempt to overload systems and prevent some or all legitimate requests from being fulfilled.	Une attaque par déni de service (abr. DoS attack pour'en anglais) est une attaque informatique ayant pour but de rendre indisponible un service, d'empêcher les utilisateurs légitimes d'un service de l'utiliser. À l’heure actuelle la grande majorité de ces attaques se font à partir de plusieurs sources, on parle alors d'attaque par déni de service distribuée (abr. DDoS attack pour '). 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Iris (plant)	Iris (genre végétal)	Iris is a genus of 260–300 species of flowering plants with showy flowers. It takes its name from the Greek word for a rainbow, which is also the name for the Greek goddess of the rainbow, Iris. Some authors state that the name refers to the wide variety of flower colors found among the many species. As well as being the scientific name, "iris" is also widely used as a common name for all "Iris" species, as well as some belonging to other closely related genera. A common name for some species is 'flags', while the plants of the subgenus "Scorpiris" are widely known as 'junos', particularly in horticulture. It is a popular garden flower.	L’Iris ("nom masculin") est un genre de plantes vivaces à rhizomes ou à bulbes de la famille des Iridacées. Le genre "Iris" contient 210 espèces et d'innombrables variétés horticoles. On trouve souvent dans les jardins des Iris hybrides horticoles appelés à tort Iris germaniques.	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Transgene	Transgène	A transgene is a gene that has been transferred naturally, or by any of a number of genetic engineering techniques from one organism to another. The introduction of a transgene, in a process known as transgenesis, has the potential to change the phenotype of an organism. "Transgene" describes a segment of DNA containing a gene sequence that has been isolated from one organism and is introduced into a different organism. This non-native segment of DNA may either retain the ability to produce RNA or protein in the transgenic organism or alter the normal function of the transgenic organism's genetic code. In general, the DNA is incorporated into the organism's germ line. For example, in higher vertebrates this can be accomplished by injecting the foreign DNA into the nucleus of a fertilized ovum. This technique is routinely used to introduce human disease genes or other genes of interest into strains of laboratory mice to study the function or pathology involved with that particular gene.	Un transgène est la séquence isolée d'un gène, transférée d'un organisme à un autre, lors de la mise en œuvre de la transgenèse. Cette modification peut altérer le comportement génétique de l'organisme (p. ex. production d'une nouvelle protéine). En agronomie, on parle de gène d’intérêt permettant de faire exprimer à un organisme un caractère choisi ; par exemple, on peut chercher à rendre une plante résistante à un antibiotique ou à augmenter sa teneur en vitamines.	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Robert Crumb	Robert Crumb	Robert Dennis Crumb (; born August 30, 1943) is an American cartoonist and musician who often signs his work R. Crumb. His work displays a nostalgia for American folk culture of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and satire of contemporary American culture.	Robert Crumb est un auteur de bande dessinée américain, et un musicien compositeur, né à Philadelphie le. C'est l'une des figures de proue du comix "underground" d'inspiration libertaire, bande dessinée alternative plutôt destinée aux jeunes adultes qu'aux enfants, depuis la fin des années 1960 et ses premières publications dans "Zap Comix".	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Paris Basin	Bassin parisien	The Paris Basin is one of the major geological regions of France having developed since the Triassic on a basement formed by the Variscan orogeny. The sedimentary basin is a large sag in the craton, bordered by the Armorican Massif to the west, the Ardennes-Brabant axis to the north, the Massif des Vosges to the east, and the Massif Central to the south.	Le Bassin parisien est, au sens restreint, une région non précisément délimitée qui entoure Paris. Au sens large et le plus couramment admis, c'est une région géologique, un ancien bassin sédimentaire, comprenant une grande partie de la moitié nord de la France, et débordant très peu sur la Belgique, le Luxembourg et l'Ouest de l'Allemagne.	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The Munsters	Les Monstres (série télévisée)	The Munsters is an American sitcom depicting the home life of a family of benign monsters starring Fred Gwynne as Frankenstein's monster-type head-of-the-household Herman Munster; Yvonne De Carlo as his vampire wife, Lily Munster; Al Lewis as Grandpa, the over-the-hill vampire who relishes talking about the "good old days"; Beverley Owen (later replaced by Pat Priest) as their teenage niece Marilyn Munster, whose non-monster persona made her the family outcast; and Butch Patrick as their half-vampire, half-werewolf son Eddie Munster. The series was a satire of both traditional monster movies and the wholesome family fare of the era, and was produced by the creators of "Leave It to Beaver". It ran concurrently with the similarly macabre themed "The Addams Family" (which aired on ABC) and achieved higher figures in the Nielsen ratings.	Les Monstres ("The Munsters") est une série télévisée américaine en 70 épisodes de 25 minutes, créée par Joe Connelly et Bob Mosher et diffusée entre le et le sur le réseau CBS.	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Frank Ténot	Frank Ténot	Frank Ténot (31 October 1925 – 8 January 2004) was a press agent, pataphysician and jazz critic. He managed a number of publications over the course of his long association with Daniel Filipacchi. He is best remembered as one of the founders of the influential radio show and magazine Salut les copains.	Frank Ténot, né à Mulhouse le et mort à Paris le, est un responsable de presse, pataphysicien et critique de jazz français. Il dirigea de nombreuses publications au cours de sa longue association avec Daniel Filipacchi.	[ 250004, 250054, 1529, 134053, 39644, 23, 164298, 23, 26748, 4, 7440, 764, 100512, 13918, 111, 70, 9903, 7687, 111, 9942, 5, 44978, 71, 23, 7270, 7103, 6661, 5550, 1995, 4, 764, 509, 6, 212423, 99, 70, 63871, 100, 69728, 1771, 67005, 4, 136, 43658, 30391, 99, 70, 41260, 44, 6979, 13894, 9903, 830, 33233, 8752, 67151, 582, 66, 678, 136565, 764, 103882, 7, 242, 8335, 102, 34053, 27744, 7, 5, 360, 70, 27631, 7, 4, 764, 79786, 99, 70, 92265, 7687, 67967, 4, 678, 11555, 41670, 11, 14047, 4, 7068, 24234, 81828, 56, 4, 136, 678, 4049, 54940, 70, 41260, 44, 6979, 13894, 57832, 740, 992, 3675, 1919, 47219, 4, 764, 16401, 7, 10, 20324, 3365, 316, 19, 23, 44, 6979, 13894, 669, 58, 136, 44, 6979, 13894, 57832, 740, 10660, 7068, 27980, 10, 5977, 7639, 98, 14713, 106, 4, 100, 8382, 2750, 5161, 39644, 100, 37195, 8927, 5369, 4, 1295, 47114, 47, 32158, 5, 360, 41722, 4, 9842, 7, 31089, 214, 44, 20861, 101469, 830, 124901, 6782, 36272, 678, 156206, 37105, 7, 70, 104345, 111, 70, 41260, 111, 70, 5701, 9351, 136, 114864, 70, 6626, 89543, 47, 28282, 10, 2450, 21115, 3129, 99201, 44, 21086, 14, 4, 51536, 70820, 4, 32528, 58, 136, 44, 100208, 740, 10660, 123997, 44, 28636, 164, 67407, 58, 23, 28506, 8108, 33284, 214, 84616, 678, 911, 1517, 136, 5646, 6226, 111, 105233, 70, 1391, 142190, 41670, 11, 14047, 131902, 7, 5, 3311, 21735, 4, 35841, 10869, 42938, 297, 23, 70, 166635, 111, 70, 14713, 787, 360, 8272, 4, 764, 83, 70, 552, 9, 151645, 56, 111, 384, 38406, 47807, 678, 16162, 9, 919, 1603, 8250, 164, 8981, 818, 5, 17106, 1919, 4755, 11555, 41670, 11, 14047, 4, 764, 2843, 37842, 237, 16500, 56623, 271, 5, 10660, 54397, 756, 70, 7986, 390, 30666, 214, 70, 74189, 5264, 11555, 17819, 4, 44028, 390, 80640, 61356, 98, 1831, 339, 379, 242, 62051, 2397, 25, 390, 6, 108210, 100944, 13, 5, 10660, 2843, 181653, 70, 11531, 44, 55956, 86, 104, 25, 37720, 329, 58, 100, 100973, 478, 3323, 1076, 4, 1379, 70, 74189, 5264, 2290, 17819, 5, 10660, 181653, 20428, 7, 111, 52999, 7, 104125, 4, 37405, 191011, 4, 136, 100973, 478, 3323, 1076, 23, 142297, 5, 1529, 65903, 48141, 645, 10, 24365, 14380, 4, 14037, 297, 3050, 428, 5256, 115, 239, 53, 7745, 136, 509, 24, 4806, 44, 177997, 71252, 7535, 58, 29693, 57407, 34053, 7, 11503, 5, 28090, 11857, 47, 103844, 764, 509, 15333, 111, 70, 59444, 111, 1784, 13650, 9, 7102, 9, 4233, 1212, 5, 581, 32807, 35841, 10869, 75412, 23, 8060, 214, 84172, 166635, 678, 70, 4927, 27585, 106468, 15012, 23, 1784, 13650, 9, 7102, 9, 4233, 1212, 5, 2 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	[ 250008, 17819, 35841, 10869, 4, 18673, 253, 21442, 23923, 95, 82, 17904, 253, 7270, 95, 4, 437, 51, 28022, 8, 30501, 4, 33156, 34053, 7, 2624, 33, 82, 127472, 8, 39644, 43054, 5, 891, 59275, 11, 8, 63961, 104345, 7, 531, 23156, 8, 57, 78544, 125413, 1609, 11555, 41670, 11, 14047, 5, 2 ]	null	null	null	null	null	null
Bergen-Belsen concentration camp	Bergen-Belsen	Bergen-Belsen, or Belsen, was a Nazi concentration camp in what is today Lower Saxony in northern Germany, southwest of the town of Bergen near Celle. Originally established as a prisoner of war camp, in 1943, parts of it became a concentration camp. Initially this was an "exchange camp", where Jewish hostages were held with the intention of exchanging them for German prisoners of war held overseas. The camp was later expanded to accommodate Jews from other concentration camps.	Bergen-Belsen, parfois appelé Belsen, était un camp de concentration nazi situé au sud-ouest de la ville de Bergen, près de la localité de Belsen, à une dizaine de kilomètres au nord-ouest de la ville de Celle, en Basse-Saxe (Allemagne), dans la lande de Lunebourg. Il est ouvert en 1940 pour interner les prisonniers de guerre français et belges mais accueille à partir de l'été 1941 plus de soviétiques.	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French Second Republic	Deuxième République (France)	The French Second Republic was a short-lived republican government of France under President Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte. It lasted from the 1848 Revolution to the 1851 coup by which the president made himself Emperor Napoleon III and initiated the Second Empire. It officially adopted the motto of the First Republic, "Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité". The Second Republic witnessed the tension between the "Social and Democratic Republic" () and a Radical form of republicanism, which exploded during the June Days uprising of 1848.	La Deuxième République, ou Seconde République, est le régime républicain de la France du, date de la proclamation provisoire de la République à Paris, jusqu’à la proclamation de Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte comme empereur le. Elle fait suite à la monarchie de Juillet et est remplacée par le Second Empire, amorcé — jour pour jour l’année précédente — par un coup d’État de Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte. La Deuxième République se distingue des autres régimes politiques de l’histoire de France d’abord par sa brièveté, ensuite parce que c’est le dernier régime à avoir été institué à la suite d’une révolution. C’est enfin le régime qui applique pour la première fois le suffrage universel masculin en France et abolit définitivement l’esclavage dans les colonies françaises. Après une période transitoire où un gouvernement relativement unanime prend des mesures sociales demandées par la frange ouvrière des révolutionnaires, le régime se stabilise et évince les socialistes, puis se dote d’une constitution.	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Jean-Antoine Watteau	Antoine Watteau	Jean-Antoine Watteau (,, ; baptised October 10, 1684died July 18, 1721), commonly referred to as Antoine Watteau, was a French painter whose brief career spurred the revival of interest in colour and movement, as seen in the tradition of Correggio and Rubens. He revitalized the waning Baroque style, shifting it to the less severe, more naturalistic, less formally classical, Rococo. Watteau is credited with inventing the genre of "fêtes galantes", scenes of bucolic and idyllic charm, suffused with a theatrical air. Some of his best known subjects were drawn from the world of Italian comedy and ballet.	Jean-Antoine Watteau, plus connu sous le nom d’Antoine Watteau, né à Valenciennes le et mort à Nogent-sur-Marne le, est un peintre français devenu célèbre par ses représentations de « fêtes galantes ».	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Crossbow	Arbalète	A crossbow is a ranged weapon using an elastic launching device similar to a bow; it consists of a bow-like assembly called a "prod", mounted horizontally on a main frame called a "tiller", which is hand-held in a similar fashion to the stock of a long gun. Crossbows shoot arrow-like projectiles called "bolts" or "quarrels". A person who shoots crossbow is called a "crossbowman" or an "arbalist" (after the arbalest, an European crossbow variant used during the 12th century).	L'arbalète (du latin "arcuballista") est une arme de trait, constituée d'un arc monté sur un fût et lançant des projectiles appelés « carreaux ».	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Claude Berri	Claude Berri	Claude Berri (; 1 July 1934 – 12 January 2009) was a French film director, writer, producer, actor and distributor.	Claude Langmann, dit Claude Berri, est un réalisateur, scénariste, producteur et acteur français, né à Paris le et mort le dans cette même ville.	[ 250004, 250054, 7422, 19, 6, 101956, 2076, 583, 15786, 5761, 23, 7270, 4, 104778, 509, 70, 775, 111, 845, 114686, 177705, 27863, 5, 18763, 42732, 4, 7473, 143, 15, 40062, 2076, 1010, 247, 509, 1295, 16554, 4, 136, 1919, 67373, 4, 39406, 3232, 15786, 5761, 4, 509, 10, 16387, 25388, 1295, 164111, 5, 18763, 114015, 509, 70, 49119, 70035, 136, 30391, 1172, 36711, 15786, 5761, 5, 104778, 23742, 70, 44, 110601, 3847, 58, 8678, 95976, 100, 44, 11670, 66, 8, 49506, 8676, 830, 136, 509, 2843, 27154, 3674, 100, 77488, 76456, 195828, 54530, 4, 21208, 764, 8306, 23742, 5, 104778, 2843, 23742, 70, 33598, 100, 11345, 82990, 3847, 100, 44, 5267, 663, 113647, 58, 99, 70, 4520, 927, 62903, 54530, 23, 36236, 4, 136, 181653, 12610, 35843, 32673, 25, 7, 44, 618, 90, 7, 58, 3129, 509, 27154, 3674, 100, 11345, 158656, 23, 26771, 5, 8357, 538, 4, 49903, 4, 6626, 54180, 23, 21735, 645, 2420, 24293, 756, 1919, 3789, 69307, 9035, 5, 44, 11670, 66, 8, 49506, 8676, 58, 136, 6863, 40, 37631, 44, 12662, 191, 224, 77641, 7, 58, 3542, 58696, 5962, 7, 5, 360, 12898, 4, 1919, 1346, 44, 1062, 1603, 223, 58, 509, 30957, 297, 3934, 70, 6478, 271, 10271, 8357, 3847, 8129, 5, 84247, 5369, 14432, 4, 1919, 1346, 44, 21086, 1474, 5655, 2844, 238, 58, 509, 30957, 297, 3934, 70, 7657, 927, 10271, 8357, 3847, 8129, 5, 360, 88847, 764, 509, 3163, 89829, 34202, 111, 70, 2079, 733, 192, 226298, 88162, 13, 7440, 764, 113054, 297, 20174, 11341, 57527, 90, 47, 29256, 70, 84458, 111, 6863, 3332, 148791, 99, 6863, 3525, 1764, 23, 70, 60221, 8, 2076, 2408, 5, 104778, 25, 7, 58386, 4, 14245, 9, 63344, 13, 22071, 3306, 4, 174176, 193341, 23, 10586, 4, 88203, 214, 1295, 70, 127451, 111, 55496, 133, 3145, 45946, 25, 7, 42732, 5, 104778, 136, 22071, 3306, 1902, 6626, 20020, 12, 39329, 19838, 33, 22071, 3306, 136, 39329, 136, 1346, 108558, 14978, 15786, 5761, 5, 104778, 68, 71, 111, 10, 120472, 4, 23, 7270, 4, 10, 17704, 15124, 5, 24372, 1919, 47219, 4, 10, 21115, 111, 300, 86, 43240, 390, 12452, 12563, 669, 4, 3145, 51661, 25612, 18, 4, 154855, 5919, 8915, 4, 22758, 54911, 136, 51181, 31, 40788, 1500, 509, 103036, 71, 47, 70, 18222, 103598, 3911, 34, 23, 7270, 23, 23414, 111, 24643, 5, 4966, 70, 6, 150621, 7, 111, 70, 1346, 14364, 77681, 54324, 2856, 8305, 92265, 4927, 117058, 143464, 36166, 2870, 818, 100, 1672, 2505, 2525, 19879, 47, 94403, 5, 2 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	[ 250008, 6, 101956, 15786, 5761, 4, 854, 6, 101956, 104778, 4, 437, 51, 3537, 10836, 64631, 4, 88497, 147, 4435, 4, 138398, 474, 82, 6, 132987, 43054, 4, 18673, 253, 7270, 95, 82, 17904, 95, 807, 3393, 4360, 5054, 5, 2 ]	null	null	null	null	null	null
Anne Frank	Anne Frank	Annelies Marie "Anne" Frank (, ; 12 June 1929 – February or March 1945) was a German-Dutch diarist of Jewish origin. One of the most discussed Jewish victims of the Holocaust, she gained fame posthumously with the publication of "The Diary of a Young Girl" (originally in Dutch; ), in which she documents her life in hiding from 1942 to 1944, during the German occupation of the Netherlands in World War II. It is one of the world's best known books and has been the basis for several plays and films.	Annelies Marie Frank, plus connue sous le nom d’Anne Frank, née le à Francfort-sur-le-Main en Allemagne, sous la République de Weimar, et morte en ou à Bergen-Belsen en Allemagne nazie, est une adolescente allemande, connue pour avoir écrit un journal intime. Celui-ci est rapporté dans le livre "Le Journal d'Anne Frank", écrit pendant les deux années où elle se cachait avec sa famille à Amsterdam, aux Pays-Bas, alors sous occupation allemande, afin d'éviter la Shoah.	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Barley	Orge commune	Barley ("Hordeum vulgare"), a member of the grass family, is a major cereal grain grown in temperate climates globally. It was one of the first cultivated grains, particularly in Eurasia as early as 10,000 years ago. Barley has been used as animal fodder, as a source of fermentable material for beer and certain distilled beverages, and as a component of various health foods. It is used in soups and stews, and in barley bread of various cultures. Barley grains are commonly made into malt in a traditional and ancient method of preparation.	L’orge commune "(Hordeum vulgare)" est une céréale à paille, plante herbacée annuelle de la famille des "Poaceae", sous-famille des "Pooideae". Elle fait partie des plus anciennes céréales cultivées. Bien adaptée au climat méditerranéen du fait de sa rusticité, elle constituait ainsi la principale céréale cultivée dans l'Antiquité grecque et était consommée sous forme de galette ou de bouillie ("maza"). L'orge pousse aussi bien sous les tropiques qu’à d’altitude au Tibet.	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Lucky Luke	Lucky Luke	Lucky Luke is a Western bande dessinée series created by Belgian cartoonist Morris in 1946. Morris wrote and drew the series single-handedly until 1955, after which he started collaborating with French writer René Goscinny, who also created the "Astérix" series. Their partnership lasted until Goscinny's death in 1977. Afterwards, Morris collaborated with several other writers, until his own death, in 2001. Since Morris's death, French artist Achdé has drawn the series, aided by the work of other writers.	Lucky Luke (, ) est une série de bande dessinée belge de western humoristique créée par le dessinateur belge Morris dans l"'Almanach 1947", un hors-série du journal "Spirou" publié en 1946. Morris est aidé, à partir de la neuvième histoire, par plusieurs scénaristes, dont le plus fameux est René Goscinny. Depuis la mort de Morris en 2001, le dessin est assuré par Achdé.	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Quenching	Trempe (métallurgie)	In materials science, quenching is the rapid cooling of a workpiece in water, oil or air to obtain certain material properties. A type of heat treating, quenching prevents undesired low-temperature processes, such as phase transformations, from occurring. It does this by reducing the window of time during which these undesired reactions are both thermodynamically favorable, and kinetically accessible; for instance, quenching can reduce the crystal grain size of both metallic and plastic materials, increasing their hardness.	La trempe est une opération métallurgique qui fait partie des traitements thermiques. Elle consiste à chauffer un matériau à une température dite de changement de phase ou bien de mise en solution de composés chimiques, selon l'objet de la trempe, pendant le temps nécessaire à la transformation de toute la masse chauffée puis à refroidir toute cette masse à une vitesse suffisante pour emprisonner des éléments chimiques qui ont pu se diffuser dans le solide cristallin à haute température lors de la transformation inverse. Les éléments chimiques se retrouvant prisonniers dans la phase de température basse créent alors des tensions dans les mailles cristallines qui contribuent à l'augmentation de certaines caractéristiques mécaniques de la pièce trempée.	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Private equity	Capital-investissement	Private equity (PE) typically refers to investment funds, generally organized as limited partnerships, that buy and restructure companies that are not publicly traded.	Le capital-investissement est une forme très ancienne d'investissement par laquelle un investisseur consacre une partie de ses capitaux propres ou sous gestion au développement ou rachat d'une société (ou d'une division) ayant des besoins de croissance, de transmission ou de redressement. En contrepartie de son risque d'investissement et de l'immobilisation de son capital sur une longue période (coût d'opportunité), il attend un rendement sur le capital investi, généralement supérieur à celui du marché des actions cotées, compte tenu de la non-liquidité de son investissement pendant parfois plusieurs années. Il ne se contente pas d'investir mais accompagne généralement la société en portefeuille par des conseils pratiques (stratégiques, financiers, juridiques, etc.) lui permettant d'accélérer son développement et d'optimiser sa gestion.	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Laplace transform	Transformation de Laplace	In mathematics, the Laplace transform, named after its inventor Pierre-Simon Laplace (), is an integral transform that converts a function of a real variable formula_1 (often time) to a function of a complex variable formula_2 (complex frequency). The transform has many applications in science and engineering because it is a tool for solving differential equations. In particular, it transforms differential equations into algebraic equations and convolution into multiplication.	En mathématiques, la transformation de Laplace est une transformation intégrale, c'est-à-dire une opération associant à une fonction "ƒ" (définie sur les réels positifs et à valeurs réelles) une nouvelle fonction dite transformée de Laplace de "ƒ ("notée traditionnellement F et définie et à valeurs complexes), via une intégrale.	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Contraction mapping	Application contractante	The smallest such value of "k" is called the Lipschitz constant of "f". Contractive maps are sometimes called Lipschitzian maps. If the above condition is instead satisfied for "k" ≤ 1, then the mapping is said to be a non-expansive map.	En mathématiques et plus particulièrement en analyse, une application contractante, ou contraction, est une application qui « rapproche les images » ou, plus précisément, une application -lipschitzienne avec. Le théorème de point fixe le plus simple et le plus utilisé concerne les applications contractantes.	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Ultima Online	Ultima Online	Ultima Online (UO) is a massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG) released on September 24, 1997 by Origin Systems. "Ultima Online" is a fantasy role-playing game set in the "Ultima" universe. It is known for its extensive player versus player combat system. Since its release, it has added eight expansion packs, a booster pack and dozens of free content updates. The release of "" in 2007 brought a new game engine with upgraded visuals.	Ultima Online (abrégé en UO) est un jeu de rôle en ligne massivement multijoueur publié le par la société Origin Systems. Il est souvent considéré comme le premier MMORPG populaire. Le jeu nécessite d'être connecté via Internet à un serveur de jeu et immerge les joueurs dans un univers médiéval fantastique.	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Phytosanitary certification	Certificat phytosanitaire	Phytosanitary certification is used to attest that consignments meet phytosanitary (regarding plants) import requirements and is undertaken by an NPPO (National Plant Protection Organization). A phytosanitary certificate for export or for re-export can be issued only by a public officer who is technically qualified and duly authorized by an NPPO (ISPM 12).	Un certificat phytosanitaire est un certificat relatif à l'état phytosanitaire de végétaux ou produits végétaux destinés à l'exportation ou la réexportation.	[ 250004, 250054, 7082, 4331, 27686, 6, 28814, 9698, 20, 75628, 124550, 136, 19559, 1603, 10325, 76104, 7, 70, 31255, 1528, 100, 70, 14098, 46684, 31255, 1314, 111, 14098, 46684, 136, 110613, 9, 3929, 6820, 120767, 141, 123633, 2449, 5, 581, 31255, 1528, 14602, 959, 64209, 219508, 111, 2499, 31255, 7, 4, 1284, 14602, 22691, 219508, 111, 123633, 2449, 237, 10, 4516, 47, 14098, 46684, 31255, 1314, 5, 82821, 136, 75628, 19102, 360, 16711, 1363, 12349, 15, 15383, 21159, 294, 16, 136, 75628, 124550, 136, 19559, 1603, 10325, 15, 17487, 2737, 16, 621, 102778, 100, 46002, 32116, 214, 6, 177849, 136, 6083, 65514, 1295, 70, 10512, 7, 137272, 678, 70, 42805, 4, 137633, 674, 4, 707, 93403, 111, 26249, 136, 18153, 64428, 7, 136, 110, 78697, 223, 642, 297, 7, 5, 13000, 20191, 26830, 913, 1294, 219508, 83, 62952, 237, 10, 4516, 47, 345, 5, 294, 5, 41816, 16037, 35509, 98, 70, 6, 34053, 1952, 66, 913, 1294, 96679, 111, 110613, 76726, 5, 24372, 202120, 214, 70, 6, 34053, 1952, 66, 913, 1294, 35431, 111, 70, 123633, 2449, 179140, 100, 31255, 4, 142, 62, 9688, 15, 284, 1003, 5922, 29367, 83991, 1363, 90512, 16, 37348, 6097, 21640, 538, 125296, 71, 6, 34053, 1952, 66, 913, 1294, 163769, 7, 12, 62, 3835, 93324, 2750, 83, 42179, 29367, 390, 70, 9907, 75628, 124550, 53702, 15, 28814, 9698, 16, 136, 1030, 45639, 297, 100, 70, 1144, 592, 111, 6, 34053, 1952, 66, 913, 1294, 163769, 7, 4, 2750, 4879, 158566, 90, 70, 56065, 53019, 4, 16981, 4, 136, 23189, 74, 136, 4958, 1556, 59121, 169935, 111, 19441, 115081, 142, 190238, 96730, 1363, 5, 15, 15396, 20266, 438, 5, 382, 4, 9852, 45639, 2320, 16, 378, 101306, 9698, 4, 4821, 268, 5, 581, 19052, 284, 62, 54259, 9956, 12211, 2737, 134456, 83991, 1363, 171322, 7, 621, 102778, 100, 76104, 214, 70, 31897, 136, 144189, 2481, 111, 70, 345, 5, 294, 5, 134456, 7663, 5, 581, 19052, 284, 62, 54259, 9956, 12211, 2737, 37348, 13000, 20191, 26830, 913, 1294, 83991, 1636, 100, 31255, 1829, 70, 6107, 6371, 5426, 5, 6107, 6371, 28560, 7, 70, 134071, 1830, 111, 38742, 136, 66792, 1029, 90, 225932, 678, 18153, 16227, 5570, 7, 111, 24927, 214, 76726, 5, 3293, 3540, 41159, 87344, 70, 19052, 284, 64, 15383, 21159, 294, 64, 17487, 2737, 678, 117396, 160459, 479, 57241, 4, 13416, 214, 32354, 7, 4, 136, 97204, 130732, 31075, 5, 2 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	[ 250008, 992, 70943, 6, 34053, 1952, 2628, 44386, 437, 51, 70943, 98499, 253, 96, 25, 106485, 6, 34053, 1952, 2628, 44386, 8, 159446, 10442, 628, 24558, 159446, 10442, 137168, 7, 253, 96, 25, 180758, 2320, 628, 21, 3537, 180758, 2320, 5, 2 ]	null	null	null	null	null	null
Singing	Chant	Singing is the act of producing musical sounds with the voice and augments regular speech by the use of sustained tonality, rhythm, and a variety of vocal techniques. A person who sings is called a singer or vocalist (in jazz and popular music). Singers perform music (arias, recitatives, songs, etc.) that can be sung with or without accompaniment by musical instruments. Singing is often done in an ensemble of musicians, such as a choir of singers or a band of instrumentalists. Singers may perform as soloists or accompanied by anything from a single instrument (as in art song or some jazz styles) up to a symphony orchestra or big band. Different singing styles include art music such as opera and Chinese opera, Indian music and religious music styles such as gospel, traditional music styles, world music, jazz, blues, ghazal and popular music styles such as pop, rock and electronic dance music.	Le chant représente l'ensemble de la production de sons musicaux à l'aide de la voix humaine. La personne qui produit le chant est appelée chanteur. Le terme s'étend cependant aussi aux vocalisations et plus généralement aux signaux sonores émis par certains animaux dans un contexte de parade nuptiale ou non (chant des cigales, vocalisation des oiseaux, chant des baleines).	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Venture capital	Capital risque	Venture capital (VC) is a form of private equity financing that is provided by venture capital firms or funds to startups, early-stage, and emerging companies that have been deemed to have high growth potential or which have demonstrated high growth (in terms of number of employees, annual revenue, or both). Venture capital firms or funds invest in these early-stage companies in exchange for equity, or an ownership stake, in those companies. Venture capitalists take on the risk of financing risky start-ups in the hopes that some of the firms they support will become successful. Because startups face high uncertainty, VC investments have high rates of failure. The start-ups are usually based on an innovative technology or business model and they are usually from the high technology industries, such as information technology (IT), clean technology or biotechnology. The typical venture capital investment occurs after an initial "seed funding" round. The first round of institutional venture capital to fund growth is called the Series A round. Venture capitalists provide this financing in the interest of generating a return through an eventual "exit" event, such as the company selling shares to the public for the first time in an initial public offering (IPO) or doing a merger and acquisition (also known as a "trade sale") of the company. Alternatively, an exit may come about via the private equity secondary market.	Le capital risque est la branche du capital investissement consistant à prendre des participations (généralement minoritaires) dans des sociétés non cotées n'ayant pas encore trouvé leur point d'équilibre.	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Tourrettes-sur-Loup	Tourrettes-sur-Loup	Tourrettes-sur-Loup is a commune in the Alpes-Maritimes department in southeastern France. It has been called Tourrettes-sur-Loup ever since the early twentieth century although prior to that it was known as "Tourrettes-les-Vence", that occurred in the sixteenth century and lasted until the French revolution. This is an artisan's village situated near Vence. It features medieval and Romanesque buildings.	Tourrettes-sur-Loup est une commune française située dans le département des Alpes-Maritimes en région Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur. Elle porta le nom de Tourrettes-lès-Vence du à la Révolution. Au début du et jusque dans les années 1970, elle s'appelait Tourette-sur-Loup. Ses habitants sont appelés les "Tourrettans".	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Antonio Meucci	Antonio Meucci	Antonio Santi Giuseppe Meucci (, ; 13 April 1808 – 18 October 1889) was an Italian inventor and an associate of Giuseppe Garibaldi, a major political figure in the history of Italy. Meucci is best known for developing a voice-communication apparatus that several sources credit as the first telephone. Meucci set up a form of voice-communication link in his Staten Island, New York, home that connected the second-floor bedroom to his laboratory. He submitted a patent caveat for his telephonic device to the U.S. Patent Office in 1871, but there was no mention of electromagnetic transmission of vocal sound in his caveat. In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell was granted a patent for the electromagnetic transmission of vocal sound by undulatory electric current. Despite the longstanding general crediting of Bell with the accomplishment, the Italian Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Activities supported celebrations of Meucci's 200th birthday in 2008 using the title "Inventore del telefono" (Inventor of the telephone). The U.S. House of Representatives also honored Meucci in a resolution in 2002 for having had some role in the development of the telephone, although the U.S. Senate did not join the resolution and the interpretation of the resolution is disputed.	Antonio Meucci (né le à San Frediano, un quartier de la commune de Florence en Toscane et mort le à Staten Island, aux États-Unis) est un inventeur italo-américain, notamment connu pour sa contribution à l'invention du téléphone, quoique controversée.	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Guy Mollet	Guy Mollet	Guy Alcide Mollet (; 31 December 1905 – 3 October 1975) was a French politician. He led the socialist French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO) from 1946 to 1969 and was the French Prime Minister from 1956 to 1957.	Alcide Guy Mollet, dit Guy Mollet, né officiellement le à Flers (Orne) et mort le à Paris, est un homme d'État français, secrétaire général de la SFIO de 1946 à 1969, président du Conseil sous la IV République de février 1956 à juin 1957.	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Évreux	Évreux	Évreux () is a commune in and the capital of the department of Eure, in the French region of Normandy.	Évreux est une commune française, préfecture du département de l’Eure en Normandie, arrosée par l'Iton. Antique siège épiscopal (Ve siècle), capitale du comté d'Évreux (vers 990), pairie (1316 et 1427) et duché-pairie (1569-1584), confié notamment aux ducs de Bouillon (1651-1802), sa proximité avec Paris en a toujours fait un site stratégique. La ville donna son nom à une branche capétienne ayant régné en Navarre espagnole : les Évreux-Navarre.	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Zadig	Zadig	Zadig ou la Destinée (Zadig, or The Book of Fate; 1747) is a novella and work of philosophical fiction by the Enlightenment writer Voltaire. It tells the story of Zadig, a philosopher in ancient Babylonia. The author does not attempt any historical accuracy, and some of the problems Zadig faces are thinly disguised references to social and political problems of Voltaire's own day.	Zadig ou la Destinée est un conte philosophique de Voltaire, publié pour la première fois en 1747 sous le nom de "Memnon". Allongé de quelques chapitres, il fut publié une nouvelle fois en 1748 sous son titre actuel.	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Alain Mimoun	Alain Mimoun	Alain Mimoun (1 January 1921 – 27 June 2013) was an Algerian-born French long-distance runner who competed in track events, cross-country running and the marathon. He was the 1956 Olympic champion in the marathon. He is the most bemedalled French athletics sportsperson in history. In 1999, readers of the French athletics magazine "Athlétisme Magazine" voted him as the “French Athlete of the 20th Century”.	Alain Mimoun, né Ali Mimoun Ould Kacha le à Maïder, dans l'arrondissement du Telagh, dans le département d'Oran, en Algérie française et mort le à Saint-Mandé, dans le Val-de-Marne, est un athlète français ayant eu de champion de France et porté à le maillot tricolore dans des compétitions internationales, ce qui en fait l'athlète français le plus titré. Il est devenu légendaire dans sa discipline pour avoir gagné, entre autres titres, le marathon des Jeux olympiques d'été de 1956 à Melbourne.	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Abdellatif Kechiche	Abdellatif Kechiche	Abdellatif Kechiche (;, born 7 December 1960) is a Tunisian-French actor, film director and screenwriter. He made his directorial debut in 2000 with "La Faute à Voltaire", which he also wrote. His film "Blue Is the Warmest Colour" won the "Palme d'Or" at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival.	Abdellatif Kechiche (en ), parfois appelé Abdel Kechiche, né le à Tunis, est un réalisateur, scénariste et acteur franco-tunisien. Connu pour ses réalisations au style naturaliste, il a été récompensé plusieurs fois aux César du cinéma et a remporté la Palme d'or lors du Festival de Cannes 2013.	[ 250004, 250054, 7422, 19, 23, 139327, 4, 764, 109133, 678, 1919, 27863, 47, 73398, 99, 70, 32070, 111, 37195, 5, 1529, 8951, 297, 44, 107576, 7, 111, 11954, 136, 76710, 830, 51529, 237, 44, 866, 25, 90, 3181, 272, 830, 3129, 23742, 10, 195828, 60992, 100, 11345, 3847, 136, 11345, 31068, 5, 1529, 8121, 71, 44, 3957, 39008, 111, 70, 6524, 73, 58, 99, 70, 7911, 927, 102963, 146, 40572, 23, 2609, 3466, 100, 3129, 764, 509, 70318, 297, 70, 25132, 29629, 53, 2319, 731, 5, 581, 1346, 2843, 75204, 70, 32983, 108057, 17304, 2319, 731, 4, 70, 37405, 8901, 52081, 2319, 731, 136, 70, 195828, 54530, 100, 11345, 3847, 136, 11345, 31068, 5, 1301, 142, 39329, 4, 1919, 39864, 1363, 47, 2684, 14941, 9, 9217, 11, 6048, 95771, 7, 509, 6057, 2852, 237, 71637, 112, 70, 39856, 27941, 23, 70, 4078, 55182, 21533, 133995, 44, 158240, 1294, 4, 17354, 1314, 830, 142, 44, 161818, 132216, 58, 23, 15044, 70, 90915, 8357, 136, 15672, 3847, 43975, 25, 7, 1346, 8395, 7, 5, 1529, 509, 122329, 297, 390, 70, 27759, 111, 40392, 13, 540, 155699, 1212, 3419, 2132, 23, 4078, 136, 23, 20907, 18763, 1210, 1346, 44, 114567, 2071, 70, 5550, 39, 525, 196431, 58, 23742, 70, 44, 81841, 282, 104, 25, 19060, 58, 136, 70, 32983, 108057, 17304, 2319, 731, 99, 70, 1210, 113501, 3847, 8129, 5, 48752, 289, 13312, 14432, 10, 17340, 7864, 53, 72, 2037, 3674, 1672, 1345, 206, 9034, 25, 7, 4488, 150624, 74, 6, 55875, 72004, 98, 70, 1346, 61689, 5281, 4049, 111, 182, 162, 7, 674, 4, 51, 138925, 645, 6032, 136, 200265, 7, 111, 150385, 131703, 5, 581, 6626, 5201, 215542, 90, 4, 36060, 11, 74583, 246, 6077, 136, 3145, 1934, 133, 5443, 147, 82335, 796, 2400, 4, 2750, 3542, 2843, 70318, 297, 70, 44, 81841, 282, 104, 25, 19060, 830, 1902, 186992, 297, 1672, 1345, 206, 9034, 25, 7, 224833, 20271, 70, 162049, 1284, 14432, 4, 23, 142, 1119, 41745, 272, 33683, 4, 63043, 297, 450, 102971, 764, 509, 34844, 47, 4488, 678, 442, 1902, 2809, 41965, 442, 4, 237, 764, 509, 10, 6782, 1346, 55474, 5, 581, 1346, 2843, 23742, 11345, 8357, 115769, 3847, 99, 70, 56101, 115769, 3847, 54530, 23, 10520, 2 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	[ 250008, 3157, 56580, 7737, 1345, 206, 9034, 15, 33, 6, 247, 58472, 163396, 3157, 1743, 1345, 206, 9034, 4, 18673, 95, 253, 139327, 4, 437, 51, 3537, 10836, 64631, 4, 88497, 147, 4435, 82, 6, 132987, 55788, 9, 8627, 2726, 33, 5, 1657, 539, 578, 3401, 109473, 7, 531, 20623, 6083, 4435, 4, 211, 10, 5325, 3537, 277, 58102, 446, 20269, 10326, 2970, 195828, 115, 140625, 82, 10, 14194, 6982, 446, 21, 39287, 13, 104, 25, 748, 26510, 115, 8129, 8, 113501, 10520, 2 ]	null	null	null	null	null	null
École hôtelière de Lausanne	École hôtelière de Lausanne	École hôtelière de Lausanne (EHL) is a hospitality management school in Switzerland. The school is consistently regarded as the best hospitality school in the world. It trains students whose goals are to obtain managerial careers in the hotel and hospitality industries.	L'École hôtelière de Lausanne (EHL) est un établissement de management hôtelier en Suisse. L'École est régulièrement classée première parmi les meilleures écoles hôtelières au monde. Elle forme des étudiants qui souhaitent accéder à des carrières managériales dans l’hôtellerie et les professions de l'accueil.	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Gone with the Wind (film)	Autant en emporte le vent (film)	Gone with the Wind is a 1939 American epic historical romance film adapted from the 1936 novel by Margaret Mitchell. The film was produced by David O. Selznick of Selznick International Pictures and directed by Victor Fleming. Set in the American South against the backdrop of the American Civil War and the Reconstruction era, the film tells the story of Scarlett O'Hara, the strong-willed daughter of a Georgia plantation owner. It follows her romantic pursuit of Ashley Wilkes, who is married to his cousin, Melanie Hamilton, and her subsequent marriage to Rhett Butler. The leading roles are played by Vivien Leigh (Scarlett), Clark Gable (Rhett), Leslie Howard (Ashley), and Olivia de Havilland (Melanie).	Autant en emporte le vent ("") est un film américain de Victor Fleming réalisé en 1939, adapté du roman du même nom de Margaret Mitchell paru en 1936. Il sort en salles en 1939 aux États-Unis, et au cours des deux décennies suivantes dans le reste du monde, sa sortie en Europe ayant été retardée par la Seconde Guerre mondiale.	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Inverse transform sampling	Méthode de la transformée inverse	Inverse transform sampling (also known as inversion sampling, the inverse probability integral transform, the inverse transformation method, Smirnov transform, or the golden rule) is a basic method for pseudo-random number sampling, i.e., for generating sample numbers at random from any probability distribution given its cumulative distribution function.	La méthode de la transformée inverse est une méthode informatique pour produire une suite de nombres aléatoires de distribution donnée, à partir de l'expression de sa fonction de répartition.	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Henry III of England	Henri III (roi d'Angleterre)	Henry III (1 October 1207 – 16 November 1272), also known as Henry of Winchester, was King of England, Lord of Ireland, and Duke of Aquitaine from 1216 until his death. The son of King John and Isabella of Angoulême, Henry assumed the throne when he was only nine in the middle of the First Barons' War. Cardinal Guala declared the war against the rebel barons to be a religious crusade and Henry's forces, led by William Marshal, defeated the rebels at the battles of Lincoln and Sandwich in 1217. Henry promised to abide by the Great Charter of 1225, which limited royal power and protected the rights of the major barons. His early rule was dominated first by Hubert de Burgh and then Peter des Roches, who re-established royal authority after the war. In 1230, the King attempted to reconquer the provinces of France that had once belonged to his father, but the invasion was a debacle. A revolt led by William Marshal's son, Richard Marshal, broke out in 1232, ending in a peace settlement negotiated by the Church.	Henri ( - ) fut roi d'Angleterre, seigneur d'Irlande et duc d'Aquitaine de 1216 à sa mort. Fils du roi Jean d'Angleterre et d'Isabelle d'Angoulême, monta sur le trône à l'âge de neuf ans alors que la première Guerre des barons faisait rage. La mort de son père apaisa néanmoins les tensions et les forces royales, menées par Guillaume le Maréchal, battirent les rebelles soutenus par les Français à Lincoln et à Sandwich en 1217. promit de respecter la Grande Charte limitant les pouvoirs royaux et garantissant les droits des nobles que son père avait tenté d'abroger. Le début de son règne fut dominé par ses conseillers Hubert de Burgh et Pierre des Roches qui restaurèrent l'autorité du roi après la guerre. En 1230, il tenta de reprendre la Normandie perdue par son père mais l'invasion fut un échec et une révolte menée par Richard le Maréchal l'obligea à signer un traité de paix avec le roi.	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County of Nice	Comté de Nice	The County of Nice (,, Niçard ) is a historical region of France located around the south-eastern city of Nice, and roughly equivalent to the modern arrondissement of Nice.	Le comté de Nice ( en italien, en niçois) est un ancien État de Savoie. Créé en 1388 par la dédition de Nice à la Savoie, dans le cadre de la guerre de succession de Provence, sa cession à la maison de Savoie est ratifiée en 1419, comme fief impérial du Saint-Empire. Jusqu'en 1526, cette acquisition territoriale est désignée sous le nom de « Terres neuves de Provence » qui comprennent les vigueries de Nice, du val de Lantosque, du comté de Vintimille, de la viguerie de Puget-Théniers, outre la baillie de Barcelonnette et la baronnie de Beuil. Au, s’y ajoutent la seigneurie de Dolceacqua (1524) et le comté de Tende (1581). En 1793, le comté occupé devient partie intégrante de la République française comme, dénommé Alpes-Maritimes. Redevenu sarde en 1814, le comté devient la division de Nice en 1818, dans le cadre de la réorganisation du royaume de Sardaigne, puis en 1860, la majeure partie de son territoire est annexée à la France, après plébiscite.	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Prison	Prison	A prison, also known as a jail or gaol (dated, British and Australian English), penitentiary (American English), detention center (or centre if outside the US), correction center (American English), correctional facility, lock-up or remand center, is a facility in which inmates (or prisoners) are forcibly confined and denied a variety of freedoms under the authority of the state. Prisons are most commonly used within a criminal justice system: people charged with crimes may be imprisoned until their trial; those pleading or being found guilty of crimes at trial may be sentenced to a specified period of imprisonment. In simplest terms, a prison can also be described as a building in which people are legally held as a punishment for a crime they have committed.	Une prison, centre de détention ou pénitencier est un lieu où sont enfermés certaines personnes condamnées appelées prisonniers. Par extension, le terme « prison » désigne également la peine d'incarcération.	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Hispaniola	Hispaniola	Hispaniola (, ; ; Latin and ; ; ) is an island in the Caribbean archipelago known as the Greater Antilles. It is the most populous island in the West Indies and the region's second largest after Cuba.	Hispaniola (en espagnol : "La Española"; en latin : "Hispaniola") ou Haïti (en taíno : "Ahatti"), aussi appelée jadis Saint-Domingue, est une île des Caraïbes, la plus peuplée des Antilles avec 21 millions d'habitants en 2015, et avec la deuxième en superficie après l'île de Cuba (, soit 37 % de plus). C'est en outre la plus grande île du monde. Elle est partagée entre deux pays : Haïti (onze millions d'habitants pour 36 % de la superficie) et la République dominicaine (dix millions d'habitants pour 64 % de la superficie).	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Angelman syndrome	Syndrome d'Angelman	Angelman syndrome or Angelman's syndrome (AS) is a genetic disorder that mainly affects the nervous system. Symptoms include a small head and a specific facial appearance, severe intellectual disability, developmental disability, speaking problems, balance and movement problems, seizures, and sleep problems. Children usually have a happy personality and have a particular interest in water. The symptoms generally become noticeable by one year of age. Angelman syndrome is due to a lack of function of part of chromosome 15 inherited from a person's mother. Most of the time, it is due to a deletion or mutation of the UBE3A gene on that chromosome. Occasionally, it is due to inheriting two copies of chromosome 15 from a person's father and none from their mother. As the father's versions are inactivated by a process known as genomic imprinting, no functional version of the gene remains. Angelman syndrome is typically due to a new mutation rather than one inherited from a person's parents. Diagnosis is based on symptoms and possibly genetic testing. No cure is available. Treatment is generally supportive in nature. Anti-seizure medications are used in those with seizures. Physical therapy and bracing may help with walking. Those affected have a nearly normal life expectancy. AS affects 1 in 12,000 to 20,000 people. Males and females are affected with equal frequency. It is named after British pediatrician Harry Angelman, who first described the syndrome in 1965. An older term, "happy puppet syndrome", is generally considered pejorative. Prader–Willi syndrome is a separate condition, caused by a similar loss of the father's chromosome 15.	Le syndrome d'Angelman est un trouble grave du développement neurologique dont l'origine est génétique. Il est caractérisé par un retard sévère du développement avec déficience intellectuelle sévère, une absence de langage oral, des troubles de la motricité, de l'équilibre et de la sensorialité. Les personnes atteintes de ce syndrome sont souvent joyeuses, mais s'excitent à la moindre stimulation avec des rires fréquents.	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Naguib Mahfouz	Naguib Mahfouz	Naguib Mahfouz (, ; 11 December 1911 – 30 August 2006) was an Egyptian writer who won the 1988 Nobel Prize for Literature. He is regarded as one of the first contemporary writers of Arabic literature, along with Taha Hussein, to explore themes of existentialism. He published 34 novels, over 350 short stories, dozens of movie scripts, hundreds of op-ed columns for Egyptian newspapers, and five plays over a 70-year career. Many of his works have been made into Egyptian and foreign films.	Najib Mahfouz (, Naǧīb Maḥfūẓ), né le et mort le, est un écrivain égyptien contemporain de langue arabe et un intellectuel réputé d’Égypte, ayant reçu le prix Nobel de littérature en 1988.	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Fabienne Keller	Fabienne Keller	Fabienne Keller (born 20 October 1959 in Sélestat, Bas-Rhin) is a French politician who has been serving as a Member of the European Parliament since 2019. She previously was the mayor (UDF) of Strasbourg, France, from March 2001 to March 2008.	Fabienne Keller, née le à Sélestat (Bas-Rhin), est une femme politique française. Membre de l'UDF puis de l'UMP et de LR, elle est maire de Strasbourg de 2001 à 2008 et sénatrice du Bas-Rhin entre 2004 et 2019.	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Penny-farthing	Grand-bi	The penny-farthing, also known as a high wheel, high wheeler and ordinary, was the first machine to be called a "bicycle". It was popular in the 1870s and 1880s, with its large front wheel providing high speeds (owing to it travelling a large distance for every rotation of the legs) and comfort (the large wheel provides greater shock absorption). It became obsolete from the late 1880s with the development of modern bicycles, which provided similar speed amplification via chain-driven gear trains and comfort through pneumatic tires, and were marketed in comparison to penny-farthings as "safety bicycles" because of the reduced danger of falling and the reduced height to fall from.	Le grand-bi est un type de bicyclette qui possède une roue avant d'un très grand diamètre et une roue arrière beaucoup plus petite. L'intérêt de la grande roue avant est d'augmenter la distance parcourue pour un tour de pédale. Le grand-bi apparaît au début des années 1870 et connaît une grande popularité parmi les sportifs pendant les années 1870 et 1880, mais est relativement peu utilisé par les amateurs et le public à cause de sa dangerosité. Il est supplanté à partir de 1890 par la bicyclette de sécurité, ancêtre de la bicyclette moderne.	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Louis Althusser	Louis Althusser	Louis Pierre Althusser (, ; ; 16 October 1918 – 22 October 1990) was a French Marxist philosopher. He was born in Algeria and studied at the École normale supérieure in Paris, where he eventually became Professor of Philosophy.	Louis Althusser, né le à Birmandreis, aujourd'hui Bir Mourad Raïs (Algérie), mort le à La Verrière (Yvelines), est un philosophe français.	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HD 209458 b	HD 209458 b	HD 209458 b, also given the nickname Osiris, is an exoplanet that orbits the solar analog HD 209458 in the constellation Pegasus, some 159 light-years from the Solar System. The radius of the planet's orbit is 7 million kilometres, about 0.047 astronomical units, or one eighth the radius of Mercury's orbit. This small radius results in a year that is 3.5 Earth days long and an estimated surface temperature of about 1,000 °C (about 1,800 °F). Its mass is 220 times that of Earth (0.69 Jupiter masses) and its volume is some 2.5 times greater than that of Jupiter. The high mass and volume of HD 209458 b indicate that it is a gas giant.	, également appelée Osiris de façon informelle, est une planète, la seule connue à ce jour en orbite autour de l'étoile, située à () du Soleil, dans la constellation de Pégase.	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The Horla	Le Horla	"The Horla" (French: "Le Horla") is an 1887 short horror story written in the style of a journal by the French writer Guy de Maupassant, after an initial, much shorter version published in the newspaper "Gil Blas", October 26, 1886.	Le Horla est une nouvelle fantastique de Guy de Maupassant parue en 1886, puis dans une seconde version en 1887.	[ 250004, 250054, 360, 70, 3173, 111, 10, 68828, 4, 70, 29718, 1290, 4, 142, 1407, 56, 9, 67413, 4, 51, 1727, 46572, 4, 6, 168519, 20756, 164, 332, 4, 158, 67709, 7, 1919, 63134, 71, 38514, 136, 34698, 7, 111, 348, 34, 4745, 5, 3293, 348, 34, 4745, 74918, 7, 100, 22759, 13312, 7103, 764, 40, 90, 10, 44, 59104, 275, 17262, 9, 72000, 58, 30089, 3378, 109923, 136, 50159, 5844, 538, 259, 3132, 47, 442, 4, 51, 144729, 538, 44854, 214, 70, 1601, 84832, 8035, 10, 24351, 70, 139098, 47, 256, 9109, 1919, 5368, 5, 3164, 10932, 4049, 4, 764, 10422, 7, 70, 169424, 111, 10, 8035, 450, 764, 11782, 7, 70, 44, 91658, 143, 740, 581, 9983, 674, 450, 70, 7974, 143, 113660, 83, 5117, 24874, 297, 72761, 538, 12, 581, 29718, 1290, 186992, 7, 450, 764, 134729, 7, 1295, 44, 66, 10, 2955, 60744, 3820, 814, 830, 136, 450, 764, 1556, 63134, 198465, 5, 1529, 9908, 7, 1257, 1295, 17431, 1727, 90, 678, 70, 149031, 214, 34698, 450, 22008, 83, 100244, 4049, 136, 44, 39111, 60096, 98, 378, 31047, 268, 290, 271, 1242, 194397, 6056, 70, 16610, 13765, 4, 70, 5201, 62816, 25, 7, 112243, 53, 4, 707, 43257, 4, 1919, 34698, 7, 111, 66961, 2320, 4, 621, 3884, 3934, 9655, 237, 70, 7974, 143, 161838, 538, 35462, 1636, 1919, 38514, 5, 360, 1890, 25958, 4, 70, 29718, 1290, 66570, 17582, 1919, 112243, 53, 4, 1119, 164779, 214, 44, 23135, 87, 7730, 17946, 2953, 7103, 19441, 14037, 1919, 47589, 111, 7401, 201505, 4, 8, 61518, 959, 19441, 104, 79099, 1295, 442, 5, 1529, 14432, 28288, 7, 450, 764, 83, 959, 4, 23, 15824, 4, 7730, 17946, 4, 16792, 764, 83, 89554, 44, 144729, 58, 111, 1919, 44, 61340, 58, 136, 450, 764, 5809, 160463, 44, 1500, 538, 731, 442, 678, 70, 2684, 28484, 191755, 2481, 1242, 581, 169424, 111, 70, 7974, 143, 24209, 7, 1286, 136, 1286, 3934, 603, 2886, 47, 70, 72745, 4, 237, 442, 83, 44, 35414, 214, 27, 64747, 214, 99, 56842, 2940, 268, 35462, 1916, 58, 4049, 5, 24372, 16454, 1672, 10, 21334, 14012, 111, 30089, 72004, 2750, 18738, 71, 2363, 44556, 4, 186, 432, 11, 592, 70, 15824, 450, 44, 2347, 53, 621, 237360, 71, 4, 158566, 297, 4, 23131, 297, 1884, 14135, 377, 46401, 390, 27, 11, 114149, 111, 121000, 13, 4, 3129, 61590, 7, 98, 2363, 6897, 12960, 1836, 621, 10, 170572, 56842, 2940, 268, 23417, 7, 7401, 4, 58, 70, 29718, 1290, 33662, 92154, 7, 70, 7974, 143, 509, 10, 24351, 70, 30089, 3378, 17262, 9, 72000, 139098, 450, 764, 1902, 198395, 3514, 126, 297, 5, 1529, 12319, 7, 221, 44, 45014, 58, 136, 44, 771, 43576, 5281, 58, 47, 70, 6275, 450, 764, 83, 43542, 47, 67153, 40101, 70, 7974, 143, 4, 707, 66570, 5, 2 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	[ 250008, 636, 7974, 143, 437, 773, 24164, 79638, 11503, 8, 71263, 8, 23788, 13409, 1236, 80762, 13, 22, 145769, 4, 22790, 807, 773, 88042, 11389, 22, 158972, 5, 2 ]	null	null	null	null	null	null
Shia Islam	Chiisme	Shia Islam or Shi'ism is one of the two main branches of Islam. It holds that the Islamic prophet Muhammad designated Ali ibn Abi Talib as his successor and the Imam (leader) after him, most notably at the event of Ghadir Khumm, but was prevented from the caliphate as a result of the incident of Saqifah. This view primarily contrasts with that of Sunni Islam, whose adherents believe that Muhammad did not appoint a successor and consider Abu Bakr, who was appointed caliph by a group of Muslims at Saqifah, to be the first rightful caliph after Muhammad. A person observing Shia Islam is called a Shi'ite.	Le chiisme (ou shî'isme) constitue l'une des deux principales branches de l’islam, l'autre étant le sunnisme. Il regroupe environ 10 à 15 % des musulmans. La première communauté chiite vit en Iran, où elle constitue 90 % de la population du pays, et environ 40 % de la population chiite mondiale. Le reste des musulmans chiites se répartit principalement en Irak, en Azerbaïdjan, au Pakistan, en Inde, à Bahreïn et au Liban.	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Haute-Provence Observatory	Observatoire de Haute-Provence	The Haute-Provence Observatory (OHP, ) is an astronomical observatory in the southeast of France, about 90 km east of Avignon and 100 km north of Marseille. It was established in 1937 as a national facility for French astronomers. Astronomical observations began in 1943 using the 1.20 m telescope, and the first research papers based on observations made at the observatory were published in 1944. Foreign observers first used the observatory in 1949, when Geoffrey and Margaret Burbidge visited.	L'observatoire de Haute-Provence (OHP) est un observatoire astronomique situé à Saint-Michel-l'Observatoire, près de Forcalquier et Manosque, dans les Alpes-de-Haute-Provence (France). 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Jacques Deray	Jacques Deray	Jacques Deray (19 February 1929 in Lyon – 9 August 2003 in Boulogne-Billancourt) was a French film director and screenwriter. Deray is prominently known for directing many crime and thriller films.	Jacques Deray, né Jacques Desrayaud le à Lyon, et mort le à Boulogne-Billancourt, est un réalisateur de cinéma français. Spécialiste des films policiers, il connut son âge d'or dans les années 1970 en faisant tourner Alain Delon ou Jean-Paul Belmondo.	[ 250004, 250054, 7422, 19, 117085, 5581, 32197, 1674, 23, 99839, 4, 9942, 23, 54566, 47, 10, 14449, 111, 99839, 25297, 64370, 5, 1913, 70, 32070, 111, 953, 764, 23409, 47, 7270, 47, 35187, 23134, 1379, 157370, 26328, 5, 262, 7092, 112730, 43967, 31486, 7, 98, 70, 36541, 136, 23, 54180, 1295, 70, 32070, 111, 6529, 28090, 50940, 4, 262, 7092, 79786, 237, 195644, 47, 10, 14012, 111, 14364, 7, 4, 26719, 27669, 667, 9461, 20129, 4, 110226, 90, 14091, 65699, 4, 112876, 7, 1858, 1596, 4, 136, 16162, 29642, 56, 5, 262, 7092, 25, 7, 5117, 1346, 509, 70, 23134, 44, 5267, 5174, 519, 365, 58, 121447, 23, 23936, 5, 262, 7092, 509, 102919, 3674, 390, 15672, 1346, 86494, 136, 80723, 47, 32153, 98, 46824, 43515, 5, 262, 7092, 25, 7, 39395, 4488, 96853, 44, 17726, 66360, 27430, 253, 71667, 830, 142, 7622, 4588, 47, 112876, 7, 1858, 1596, 25, 7, 44, 23267, 1029, 1029, 740, 262, 7092, 25, 7, 216473, 509, 170920, 678, 70, 31060, 1346, 44, 2729, 32542, 33647, 58, 3129, 6057, 2822, 15594, 53, 181747, 136, 62, 16442, 262, 4759, 5, 44, 2729, 32542, 33647, 58, 509, 959, 15917, 3674, 38134, 538, 50782, 9942, 4, 1284, 70, 28960, 9, 2037, 26038, 262, 7092, 1919, 129058, 21640, 5962, 678, 44, 113469, 58368, 157, 830, 10, 1346, 6057, 2852, 262, 4759, 136, 16162, 9, 115043, 12628, 432, 557, 1672, 6626, 19336, 9, 6032, 4642, 37499, 2750, 162882, 2363, 3917, 47, 70, 2663, 23, 373, 271, 2069, 28730, 7, 185918, 7, 5, 262, 7092, 100512, 171332, 47, 70, 30773, 450, 23742, 4049, 10862, 678, 95771, 7, 136, 136475, 47, 3249, 133995, 7, 4, 22631, 54180, 4, 136, 57491, 54180, 87420, 70, 10588, 111, 1919, 80997, 39908, 214, 43240, 111, 15044, 92265, 136, 14941, 42179, 7, 26719, 14787, 7, 13207, 33, 191, 4, 16162, 9, 222071, 2594, 1572, 142190, 4, 136, 1310, 343, 161597, 5, 262, 7092, 25, 7, 4568, 163198, 21533, 54452, 509, 44, 866, 25, 670, 12824, 22, 4203, 34, 1430, 58, 23, 103709, 262, 7092, 79786, 23182, 538, 23, 113976, 24189, 1919, 47219, 23, 46730, 2161, 1919, 47219, 4, 92265, 34202, 117085, 5585, 20251, 1645, 52021, 262, 7092, 4, 959, 214, 1919, 44, 2230, 2182, 10422, 111, 13765, 113965, 136, 22631, 58, 136, 154107, 450, 44, 160392, 1556, 72856, 1632, 111, 6863, 2684, 12348, 297, 1346, 114014, 1242, 2 ]	[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ]	[ 250008, 117085, 262, 7092, 4, 18673, 117085, 5581, 32197, 1674, 95, 253, 99839, 4, 82, 17904, 95, 253, 31649, 4867, 86, 9, 192948, 66, 118383, 4, 437, 51, 3537, 10836, 64631, 8, 140625, 43054, 5, 159, 11870, 1883, 12897, 224, 54180, 65216, 1314, 4, 211, 158, 3609, 775, 6, 74549, 104, 25, 748, 807, 199, 24881, 19340, 22, 122327, 9742, 1679, 62, 16442, 262, 4759, 628, 16162, 9, 115043, 12628, 432, 557, 5, 2 ]	null	null	null	null	null	null
Berenice Abbott	Berenice Abbott	Berenice Abbott (July 17, 1898 – December 9, 1991), née Bernice Alice Abbott, was an American photographer best known for her portraits of between-the-wars 20th century cultural figures, New York City photographs of architecture and urban design of the 1930s, and science interpretation in the 1940s to 1960s.	Berenice Abbott, née le à Springfield (Ohio) et morte le à Monson (Maine), est une photographe portraitiste puis scientifique américaine.	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Urban agriculture	Agriculture urbaine	Urban agriculture, urban farming, or urban gardening is the practice of cultivating, processing, and distributing food in or around urban areas. Urban agriculture can also involve animal husbandry, aquaculture, agroforestry, urban beekeeping, and horticulture. These activities occur in peri-urban areas as well, and peri-urban agriculture may have different characteristics. Urban agriculture can reflect varying levels of economic and social development. It may be a social movement for sustainable communities, where organic growers, "foodies," and "locavores" form social networks founded on a shared ethos of nature and community holism. These networks can evolve when receiving formal institutional support, becoming integrated into local town planning as a "transition town" movement for sustainable urban development. For others, food security, nutrition, and income generation are key motivations for the practice. In either case, more direct access to fresh vegetables, fruits, and meat products through urban agriculture can improve food security and food safety.	L’ et par extension, urbaine et périurbaine (AUP) est une forme émergente ou réémergente de pratiques agricoles effectuées en ville.	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Rainbow flag	Drapeau arc-en-ciel	A rainbow flag is a multicolored flag consisting of the colors of the rainbow. The designs differ, but many of the colors are based on the seven spectral colors of red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet that compose the visible light spectrum. The actual color attributed as "blue" is cyan.	Le drapeau arc-en-ciel est un drapeau représentant des bandes aux couleurs d'un arc-en-ciel. L'usage du drapeau arc-en-ciel est une tradition ancienne commune à de nombreuses cultures. Il évoque généralement la paix, la diversité et l'harmonie.	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George Lucas	George Lucas	George Walton Lucas Jr. (born May 14, 1944) is an American film director, producer, screenwriter, and entrepreneur. Lucas is best known for creating the "Star Wars" and "Indiana Jones" franchises and founding Lucasfilm, LucasArts, and Industrial Light & Magic. He served as chairman of Lucasfilm before selling it to The Walt Disney Company in 2012.	George Lucas est un réalisateur, scénariste et producteur américain né le à Modesto en Californie. Issu de l'école de cinéma de l'université de Californie du Sud à Los Angeles, il cofonde avec son ami Francis Ford Coppola le studio puis crée sa propre société de production : Lucasfilm. Il commence sa carrière de réalisateur avec les films "THX 1138" en 1971 et "American Graffiti" en 1973. Il connaît ensuite la consécration avec les deux premières trilogies cinématographiques "Star Wars". Énorme succès au box-office, la saga galactique fait de lui un des cinéastes les plus reconnus et fortunés du cinéma américain mais aussi complique sa vie, notamment à cause de ses relations parfois difficiles avec les fans.	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Role-playing game system	Mécanisme de simulation dans les jeux de rôle	A role-playing game system is a set of game mechanics used in a tabletop role-playing game (TTRPG) to determine the outcome of a character's in-game actions.	Un jeu de rôle est un jeu de société consistant à jouer un rôle au sein d'un univers imaginaire. Les joueurs interprètent un personnage dans un environnement fictif — ou « fictionnel », puisque c'est le cadre de la fiction — : un monde imaginaire, qui peut être notre monde réel ou bien un univers plus ou moins fantastique. Le tout est souvent arbitré par un joueur ayant un statut particulier, le meneur de jeu.	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Groupe Union Défense	Groupe union défense	Groupe Union Défense (originally named "Groupe Union Droit"), better known as GUD, was a French far-right students' union. The GUD was based in Panthéon-Assas University, a renowned law school in Paris.	Le Groupe union défense (plus connu sous l'acronyme GUD) est une organisation étudiante française d'extrême droite réputée pour ses actions violentes, et très active dans les années 1970.	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Pope Leo XI	Léon XI	Pope Leo XI (2 June 153527 April 1605), born Alessandro Ottaviano de' Medici, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 1 to 27 April 1605. His pontificate is one of the briefest in history having lasted under a month. He was from the prominent House of Medici originating from Florence. Medici's mother opposed his entering the priesthood and sought to prevent it by having him given secular honours, but after her death he eventually was ordained a priest in 1567. In his career he served as Florence's ambassador to the pope, Bishop of Pistoia, Archbishop of Florence, papal legate to France, and as the cardinal Prefect for the Congregation of the Bishops and Religious. He was elected to the papacy in the March 1605 papal conclave and served as pope for 27 days.	Alexandre de Médicis, né à Florence le et mort à Rome le, devient le de l’Église catholique le sous le nom de (en latin ', en italien ').	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Dalit	Intouchables (Inde)	Dalit, meaning "broken/scattered" in Sanskrit and Hindi, is a term mostly used for the lower caste members in India. The term is used for those who have been subjected to untouchability. Dalits were excluded from the four-fold varna system of Hinduism and were seen as forming a fifth varna, also known by the name of "Panchama". Dalits now profess various religious beliefs, including Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, Christianity, Islam and various folk religions.	Les Dalits, encore appelés Intouchables ou Harijans (« Fils de Dieu », par Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi), sont des groupes d'individus considérés, du point de vue du système des castes, comme hors castes et affectés à des fonctions ou métiers jugés impurs. Présents en Inde, mais également dans toute l'Asie du Sud, les Dalits sont victimes de nombreuses discriminations.	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Schneider Electric

Schneider Electric is a European multinational company providing energy and automation digital solutions for efficiency and sustainability. It addresses homes, buildings, data centers, infrastructure and industries, by combining energy technologies, real-time automation, software and services. The company has operations in over 100 countries and employs 135,000+ people.

Schneider Electric SE est un groupe industriel français à dimension internationale, qui fabrique et propose des produits de gestion d'électricité, des automatismes et des solutions adaptées à ces métiers. Son siège social se situe à Rueil-Malmaison dans les Hauts-de-Seine et la direction est répartie en trois pôles, le siège de Rueil, à Boston aux États-Unis, et un en cours de montage à Hong Kong.

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null

Horse

Cheval

The horse ("Equus ferus caballus") is one of two extant subspecies of "Equus ferus". It is an odd-toed ungulate mammal belonging to the taxonomic family Equidae. The horse has evolved over the past 45 to 55 million years from a small multi-toed creature, "Eohippus", into the large, single-toed animal of today. Humans began domesticating horses around 4000 BC, and their domestication is believed to have been widespread by 3000 BC. Horses in the subspecies "caballus" are domesticated, although some domesticated populations live in the wild as feral horses. These feral populations are not true wild horses, as this term is used to describe horses that have never been domesticated, such as the endangered Przewalski's horse, a separate subspecies, and the only remaining true wild horse. There is an extensive, specialized vocabulary used to describe equine-related concepts, covering everything from anatomy to life stages, size, colors, markings, breeds, locomotion, and behavior.

Le cheval (Equus ferus caballus ou Equus caballus) est un grand mammifère herbivore et ongulé à sabot unique ; c'est l'une des espèces de la famille des Équidés ("Equidae"), lesquelles ont évolué, au cours des derniers 45 à 55 millions d'années, à partir d'un petit mammifère possédant plusieurs doigts. À l'état naturel, les chevaux vivent en troupeaux, généralement sous la conduite d'un unique étalon reproducteur. Ils entretiennent des rapports sociaux et comptent sur leur vitesse pour échapper à leurs prédateurs. Dotés d'un bon sens de l'équilibre, d'un fort instinct de fuite et de grandes aptitudes de visualisation spatiale, ils possèdent un trait inhabituel dans le règne animal, étant capables d'entrer en sommeil léger tout en restant debout. Les femelles, nommées juments, mettent bas après onze mois de gestation un petit appelé poulain, capable de se lever et de courir peu de temps après sa naissance.

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Noise

Bruit

Noise is unwanted sound considered unpleasant, loud or disruptive to hearing. From a physics standpoint, noise is indistinguishable from sound, as both are vibrations through a medium, such as air or water. The difference arises when the brain receives and perceives a sound.

Du point de vue de l'environnement, le bruit est une nuisance. La gêne qu'il suscite, souvent à l'origine de litiges, est difficile à évaluer objectivement. Le niveau sonore mesuré en décibels par rapport à une ambiance sonore de référence donne une première indication.

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null

Infantry

Infanterie

The Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) is a supporting protocol in the Internet protocol suite. It is used by network devices, including routers, to send error messages and operational information indicating success or failure when communicating with another IP address, for example, an error is indicated when a requested service is not available or that a host or router could not be reached. ICMP differs from transport protocols such as TCP and UDP in that it is not typically used to exchange data between systems, nor is it regularly employed by end-user network applications (with the exception of some diagnostic tools like ping and traceroute).

L'infanterie est l'ensemble des unités militaires qui combattent à pied, le soldat étant appelé fantassin. Le mot est emprunté de l'italien ', dérivé de'(« enfant ») qui prit au le sens de « jeune soldat, fantassin ».

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null

Jean-François Revel

Jean-François Revel (born Jean-François Ricard; 19 January 192430 April 2006) was a French journalist, philosopher, and a member of the Académie française from June 1998 onwards. A socialist in his youth, Revel later became a prominent European proponent of classical liberalism and free market economics.

Jean-François Revel, né Ricard le à Marseille et mort le au Kremlin-Bicêtre (Val-de-Marne), est un philosophe, écrivain et journaliste français.

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null

Ink

Encre

Ink is a liquid or paste that contain pigments or dyes and is used to color a surface to produce an image, text, or design. Ink is used for drawing or writing with a pen, brush, or quill. Thicker inks, in paste form, are used extensively in letterpress and lithographic printing.

Une encre est une substance liquide ou pâteuse fortement teintée qui sert à marquer le papier ou d'autres matériaux imprimables.

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null

Torus

Tore

In geometry, a torus (plural tori) is a surface of revolution generated by revolving a circle in three-dimensional space about an axis that is coplanar with the circle.

Un tore est un solide géométrique représentant un tube courbé refermé sur lui-même. Le terme « tore » comporte différentes acceptions plus spécifiques selon le contexte :

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Mary, Crown Princess of Denmark

Mary Donaldson

Mary, Crown Princess of Denmark, Countess of Monpezat, (Mary Elizabeth; "née" Donaldson; born 5 February 1972) is the wife of Frederik, Crown Prince of Denmark. Frederik is the heir apparent to the throne, which means that should Frederik succeed, she will automatically become Queen of Denmark.

La princesse Mary de Danemark, comtesse de Monpezat (en danois : "Kronprinsesse Mary Elizabeth, kronprinsesse af Danmark, grevinde af Monpezat"), née le à Hobart (Australie), est depuis 2004 princesse danoise, comtesse de Monpezat, épouse du prince héritier Frederik de Danemark.

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Politics of Europe

Organisations internationales en Europe

The politics of Europe deals with the continually evolving politics within the continent of Europe. It is a topic far more detailed than other continents due to a number of factors including the long history of nation states in the region as well as the modern day trend towards increased political unity amongst the European states.

Les principales organisations internationales en Europe ont été établies dans la période faisant suite à la Seconde Guerre mondiale afin d'accroitre les coopérations, notamment politiques, des États européens qui les composent. Le Conseil de l'Europe et l'Union européenne sont ainsi les deux principales organisations régionales sur le continent européen.

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Slipware

Engobe

Slipware is pottery identified by its primary decorating process where slip is placed onto the leather-hard clay body surface before firing by dipping, painting or splashing. Slip is an aqueous suspension of a clay body, which is a mixture of clays and other minerals such as quartz, feldspar and mica. The slip placed onto a wet or leather-hard clay body surface by a variety of techniques including dipping, painting, piping or splashing.

L'engobe est un revêtement mince à base d'argile délayée (colorée ou non), appliqué sur une pièce céramique (tesson) pour modifier sa couleur naturelle, pour lui donner un aspect lisse ou pour obtenir une couche de base aux propriétés physico-chimiques spécifiques réagissant avec l'émail.

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Software configuration management

Gestion de configuration logicielle

In software engineering, software configuration management (SCM or S/W CM) is the task of tracking and controlling changes in the software, part of the larger cross-disciplinary field of configuration management. SCM practices include revision control and the establishment of baselines. If something goes wrong, SCM can determine what was changed and who changed it. If a configuration is working well, SCM can determine how to replicate it across many hosts.

La gestion de configuration logicielle est une discipline du génie logiciel ayant pour objet de répondre à la question : "quelqu'un a obtenu un résultat. Comment le reproduire?" Le plus souvent, il ne s'agit pas de reproduire "à l'identique", mais de reproduire avec des modifications incrémentales. La question est donc de comparer des résultats et d'analyser leurs différences.

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Anglo-Saxons

The Anglo-Saxons were a cultural group who inhabited England from the 5th century. They comprised people from Germanic tribes who migrated to the island from continental Europe, their descendants, and indigenous British groups who adopted many aspects of Anglo-Saxon culture and language. The Anglo-Saxons established the Kingdom of England, and the modern English language owes almost half of its words – including the most common words of everyday speech – to their language.

Les Anglo-Saxons sont un peuple d'origine germanique qui s'installe en Grande-Bretagne à partir du. La période anglo-saxonne de l'histoire de l'Angleterre s'étend traditionnellement jusqu'à la conquête normande, en 1066. Elle voit la christianisation des Anglo-Saxons à partir du et l'émergence progressive du royaume d'Angleterre. En quelques décennies, ils se mêlèrent aux indigènes brittoniques ou les repoussèrent vers l'ouest, amorçant une migration sur plusieurs siècles vers la péninsule armoricaine, d'où le nom de Bretons donné aux nouveaux venus en Armorique.

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Metathesis (linguistics)

Métathèse (linguistique)

Metathesis (; from Greek, from "I put in a different order"; Latin: "trānspositiō") is the transposition of sounds or syllables in a word or of words in a sentence. Most commonly, it refers to the interchange of two or more contiguous sounds, known as adjacent metathesis or local metathesis:

En linguistique, le terme métathèse (du grec ancien μετάθεσις "metáthêsis" « déplacement, permutation »), pris à la rhétorique, est une modification phonétique. Elle consiste en le changement de la place d’un phone (son) ou d’un groupe de phones dans un mot, parfois deux de ces segments changeant de place entre eux, y compris d’un mot à un autre.

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Kevin Moore

Kevin Moore (born May 26, 1967) is an American keyboardist, vocalist, composer, and founder of the Chroma Key music project. He is also a former member of the American progressive metal/rock band Dream Theater, co-founder of the progressive rock supergroup O.S.I., and has composed film soundtracks. Throughout his career, he has become known for his emotional music and lyrics, nomadic lifestyle and use of spoken word samples.

Kevin Moore est un claviériste faisant ou ayant fait partie des groupes Dream Theater, Chroma Key, Fates Warning, On et OSI.

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Axle

Axe (mécanique)

An axle is a central shaft for a rotating wheel or gear. On wheeled vehicles, the axle may be fixed to the wheels, rotating with them, or fixed to the vehicle, with the wheels rotating around the axle. In the former case, bearings or bushings are provided at the mounting points where the axle is supported. In the latter case, a bearing or bushing sits inside a central hole in the wheel to allow the wheel or gear to rotate around the axle. Sometimes, especially on bicycles, the latter type axle is referred to as a "spindle".

Un axe est une pièce mécanique rectiligne autour de laquelle tourne une ou plusieurs autres pièces. Par exemple, une roue de véhicule tourne autour d'un axe qui est lui-même solidaire du véhicule.

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Liquid Tension Experiment

Liquid Tension Experiment (LTE) was an instrumental progressive metal band founded by Mike Portnoy, then Dream Theater's drummer, in 1997. The band has released two albums through Magna Carta Records. A third album, with the absence of John Petrucci was released in 2007 under the name "Liquid Trio Experiment". A live album with the absence of Jordan Rudess (mostly) was released in 2009 under the name "Liquid Trio Experiment 2". Three live albums and two videos were released in 2009 by the complete band.

Liquid Tension Experiment est un supergroupe de metal progressif instrumental américain. Il est formé en 1998 par Tony Levin (basse, "chapman stick"), John Petrucci (guitare), Mike Portnoy (batterie) et Jordan Rudess (synthétiseur) à l'initiative de la compagnie de disque américaine Magna Carta.

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Psilosis

Psilose

Psilosis () is the sound change in which Greek lost the consonant sound /h/ during antiquity. The term comes from the Greek "psílōsis" ("smoothing, thinning out") and is related to the name of the smooth breathing (ψιλή "psilḗ"), the sign for the absence of initial in a word. Dialects that have lost are called psilotic.

La psilose (du grec ψίλωσις "psílôsis", « retour à l'état nu ») est une modification phonétique consistant en l'amuïssement du son [h], le plus souvent en début de mot, c'est-à-dire une perte d'aspiration, initiale ou non. Ce terme décrit principalement trois réalités :

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Vincent Auriol

Vincent Jules Auriol (; 27 August 1884 – 1 January 1966) was a French politician who served as President of France from 1947 to 1954.

Vincent Auriol, né le à Revel (Haute-Garonne) et mort le à Paris, est un homme d'État français. Il est président de la République du au.

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Golden Globe Awards

Golden Globes

The Golden Globe Awards are accolades bestowed by the 93 members of the Hollywood Foreign Press Association beginning in January 1944, recognizing excellence in film, both American and International, and American television.

Les'(officiellement intitulés ') sont des récompenses de cinéma et de télévision américaines décernées chaque année depuis 1944 par la ().

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Heitor Villa-Lobos

Heitor Villa-Lobos (,, ; March 5, 1887November 17, 1959) was a Brazilian composer, conductor, cellist, and guitarist described as "the single most significant creative figure in 20th-century Brazilian art music". Villa-Lobos has become the best-known South American composer of all time. A prolific composer, he wrote numerous orchestral, chamber, instrumental and vocal works, totaling over 2000 works by his death in 1959. His music was influenced by both Brazilian folk music and by stylistic elements from the European classical tradition, as exemplified by his "Bachianas Brasileiras" (Brazilian Bachian-pieces). His Etudes for guitar (1929) were dedicated to Andrés Segovia, while his 5 Preludes (1940) were dedicated to his spouse Arminda Neves d’Almeida, a.k.a. "Mindinha." Both are important works in the guitar repertory.

Heitor Villa-Lobos est un compositeur brésilien né à Rio de Janeiro le et mort dans la même ville le.

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Pyrrole

Pyrrole is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound, a five-membered ring with the formula CHNH. It is a colorless volatile liquid that darkens readily upon exposure to air. Substituted derivatives are also called pyrroles, e.g., "N"-methylpyrrole, CHNCH. Porphobilinogen, a trisubstituted pyrrole, is the biosynthetic precursor to many natural products such as heme.

Le pyrrole ou azole, de formule brute, est un composé hétérocyclique simple et fondamental de la classe des métalloles, constitué d'un cycle aromatique de 5 atomes dont un atome d'azote. Le pyrrole est un composé aromatique qui possède une réactivité différente du benzène. Il est utilisé en tant que réactif ou précurseur en chimie organique. Il fut découvert par Runge dans les huiles empyreumatiques issues de la distillation sèche des os. On peut aussi l'extraire de l'huile animale de Dippel.

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Eurovision (network)

Eurovision (réseau)

Eurovision, founded 1954 in Geneva, Switzerland, is a television network that is part of the European Broadcasting Union. Eurovision was set up for the purpose of exchanging TV programmes and, subsequently, TV news footage (via the daily Eurovision news exchange - EVN). The first official Eurovision transmission took place on 6 June 1954. It showed the Narcissus Festival in Montreux, Switzerland.

Le réseau Eurovision est un important réseau multi-service d'échange entre différentes chaines télévisions, membres de l'Union européenne de radio-télévision (UER). Le, la première émission officielle est diffusée depuis Montreux en Suisse, les téléspectateurs de huit pays d'Europe pouvant suivre en direct sur leur écran le reportage réalisé pour la Fête des Narcisses.

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Oubapo

Ouvroir de bande dessinée potentielle

Oubapo (, short for ; roughly translated: ""workshop of potential comic book art"") is a comics movement which believes in the use of formal constraints to push the boundaries of the medium. OuBaPo is styled after the French literary movement Oulipo ("Ouvroir de Littérature Potentielle"), founded by Raymond Queneau and Georges Perec. Oubapo was founded in November 1992 in the Ou-X-Po and announced in L'Association's French comics edition.

L'Ouvroir de bande dessinée potentielle (OuBaPo) a été fondé en novembre 1992 au sein de l'Ou-X-Po et à travers la maison d'édition L'Association. Ce comité crée des bandes dessinées sous contrainte artistique volontaire à la manière de l'Ouvroir de littérature potentielle (OuLiPo) créé par Raymond Queneau. Six "OuPus" ont été publiés parcourant les diverses recherches, auxquels s'ajoutent les œuvres individuelles de ses membres et sympathisants. L'OuBaPo a tenu sa première séance de travail dans les locaux de l'atelier Nawak, le.

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Rocket engine

Moteur-fusée

A rocket engine uses stored rocket propellants as the reaction mass for forming a high-speed propulsive jet of fluid, usually high-temperature gas. Rocket engines are reaction engines, producing thrust by ejecting mass rearward, in accordance with Newton's third law. Most rocket engines use the combustion of reactive chemicals to supply the necessary energy, but non-combusting forms such as cold gas thrusters and nuclear thermal rockets also exist. Vehicles propelled by rocket engines are commonly called rockets. Rocket vehicles carry their own oxidizer, unlike most combustion engines, so rocket engines can be used in a vacuum to propel spacecraft and ballistic missiles.

Le moteur-fusée est un type de moteurs à réaction, c'est-à-dire un engin qui projette un fluide (gaz ou liquide) vers l'arrière, ce qui transmet par réaction une poussée au véhicule solidaire du moteur, de force égale et de direction opposée, vers l'avant. Le moteur-fusée présente la particularité d'expulser une matière qui est entièrement stockée dans le corps du véhicule. Ce type de moteur est en particulier utilisé par les fusées car, étant autosuffisant, il peut fonctionner dans un milieu dépourvu d'atmosphère, mais également par les missiles car il permet d'atteindre des vitesses très importantes.

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René Coty

Jules Gustave René Coty (; 20 March 188222 November 1962) was President of France from 1954 to 1959. He was the second and last president of the Fourth French Republic.

René Coty, né le au Havre et mort le dans la même ville, est un homme d'État français. Il est président de la République du au.

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Submarine

Sous-marin

A submarine (or sub) is a watercraft capable of independent operation underwater. It differs from a submersible, which has more limited underwater capability. It is also sometimes used historically or colloquially to refer to remotely operated vehicles and robots, as well as medium-sized or smaller vessels, such as the midget submarine and the wet sub. Submarines are referred to as "boats" rather than "ships" irrespective of their size.

Un sous-marin est un navire submersible capable de se déplacer en surface et sous l'eau ; il se distingue ainsi des autres bateaux et navires qui se déplacent uniquement à la surface, et des bathyscaphes qui se déplacent principalement selon l'axe vertical.

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null

Ramjet

Statoréacteur

A ramjet, sometimes referred to as a flying stovepipe or an athodyd (aero thermodynamic duct), is a form of airbreathing jet engine that uses the engine's forward motion to compress incoming air without an axial compressor or a centrifugal compressor. Because ramjets cannot produce thrust at zero airspeed, they cannot move an aircraft from a standstill. A ramjet-powered vehicle, therefore, requires an assisted take-off like a rocket assist to accelerate it to a speed where it begins to produce thrust. Ramjets work most efficiently at supersonic speeds around. This type of engine can operate up to speeds of.

Le statoréacteur est un système de propulsion par réaction des aéronefs, dont la poussée est produite par éjection de gaz issus de la combustion d'un carburant, généralement le kérosène. Il n'est constitué que d'un tube et ne comporte aucune pièce mobile, d'où le terme « stato » pour statique.

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null

Heme

Hème

Heme (American English) or haem (British English) is a coordination complex "consisting of an iron ion coordinated to a porphyrin acting as a tetradentate ligand, and to one or two axial ligands." The definition is loose, and many depictions omit the axial ligands. Many porphyrin-containing metalloproteins have heme as their prosthetic group; these are known as hemoproteins. Hemes are most commonly recognized as components of hemoglobin, the red pigment in blood, but are also found in a number of other biologically important hemoproteins such as myoglobin, cytochromes, catalases, heme peroxidase, and endothelial nitric oxide synthase.

L’hème est un cofacteur contenant un atome de métal, souvent du fer, servant à accueillir un gaz diatomique (par exemple du dioxygène ) au centre d’un large anneau organique appelé porphyrine. Toutes les porphyrines ne contiennent pas nécessairement un atome de fer mais la majorité des métalloprotéines qui contiennent des porphyrines ont en fait l’hème comme sous-unité prosthétique.

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Jean Baudrillard

Jean Baudrillard (,, ; 27 July 1929 – 6 March 2007) was a French sociologist, philosopher and cultural theorist. He is best known for his analyses of media, contemporary culture, and technological communication, as well as his formulation of concepts such as simulation and hyperreality. He wrote about diverse subjects, including consumerism, gender relations, economics, social history, art, Western foreign policy, and popular culture. Among his best known works are "Simulacra and Simulation" (1981), "America" (1986), and "The Gulf War Did Not Take Place" (1991). His work is frequently associated with postmodernism and specifically post-structuralism.

Jean Baudrillard, né le à Reims et mort le à Paris, est un philosophe français théoricien de la société contemporaine, connu surtout pour ses analyses des modes de médiation et de communication de la postmodernité.

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Mimosa

Mimosa (genre)

Mimosa is a genus of about 400 species of herbs and shrubs, in the mimosoid clade of the legume family Fabaceae. The generic name is derived from the Greek word ("mimos"), an "actor" or "mime", and the feminine suffix -"osa", "resembling", suggesting its'sensitive leaves' which seem to'mimic conscious life'.

Mimosa est un genre d'arbres de la famille des "Mimosaceae" selon la ou de la grande famille des "Fabaceae" et de la sous-famille des "Mimosoideae" selon la classification phylogénétique. Il comprend près de.

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World's fair

Exposition internationale

A world's fair or world fair is a large international exhibition designed to showcase achievements of nations. These exhibitions vary in character and are held in different parts of the world at a specific site for a period of time, ranging usually from three to six months.

Les expositions internationales, souvent confondues avec les expositions universelles (qui en sont seulement le type le plus connu), et fréquemment appelées tout simplement expo, sont de grandes expositions publiques tenues régulièrement à travers le monde depuis le milieu du. Les expositions internationales doivent être distinguées entre celles qui sont antérieures à la création du Bureau international des Expositions (BIE) en 1928 et celles qui, postérieures à cette création, ont été réglementées par les normes de cet organisme à partir de 1931.

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Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau

Pierre Marie René Ernest Waldeck-Rousseau (; 2 December 184610 August 1904) was a French Republican politician who served as the 29th Prime Minister of France.

Pierre Marie René Ernest Waldeck-Rousseau dit Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau, né à Nantes (Loire-Atlantique) le et mort à Corbeil-Essonnes le, est un homme d'État républicain et libéral français. Il est célèbre pour avoir participé à la légalisation des syndicats (loi Waldeck-Rousseau de 1884) ainsi que pour la loi de 1901 sur les associations.

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John II of France

Jean II le Bon

John II (; 26 April 1319 – 8 April 1364), called John the Good (French: "Jean le Bon"), was King of France from 1350 until his death.

Jean, dit « le Bon », né le au château du Gué de Maulny du Mans et mort à Londres le, fils du roi et de son épouse Jeanne de Bourgogne, est roi de France de 1350 à 1364, le deuxième souverain issu de la maison capétienne de Valois.

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Free as a Bird

"Free as a Bird" is a song originally written and recorded in 1977 as a home demo by John Lennon, formerly of the Beatles. In 1995, 25 years after their break-up and 15 years after Lennon was murdered, the band released a studio version incorporating contributions from his surviving bandmates Paul McCartney, George Harrison and Ringo Starr.

Free as a Bird est une chanson des Beatles, enregistrée et publiée après la mort de son auteur originel, John Lennon. Parue en single le 4 décembre 1995, elle fait partie de la promotion du documentaire télévisé "The Beatles Anthology" et de la compilation "Anthology 1". Ce vaste projet vise à revenir sur l'histoire des Beatles, en proposant une série d'interviews avec les trois membres du groupe encore en vie accompagnés des principaux acteurs de l'aventure, et des enregistrements inédits.

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Jean-Christophe Averty

Jean-Christophe Averty (6 August 1928 – 4 March 2017) was a French television and radio director, and Satrap of the College of 'Pataphysique.

Jean-Christophe Averty, né le à Paris et mort le à Beaumont-sur-Oise, est un animateur et réalisateur de radio et de télévision français.

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Saint Boniface

Boniface de Mayence

Boniface (; 675 – 5 June 754 AD), born Winfrid (also spelled Winifred, Wynfrith, Winfrith or Wynfryth) in the Devon town of Crediton in Anglo-Saxon England, was a leading figure in the Anglo-Saxon mission to the Germanic parts of the Frankish Empire during the 8th century. He organised significant foundations of the church in Germany and was made archbishop of Mainz by Pope Gregory III. He was martyred in Frisia in 754, along with 52 others, and his remains were returned to Fulda, where they rest in a sarcophagus which became a site of pilgrimage. Boniface's life and death as well as his work became widely known, there being a wealth of material available—a number of "vitae", especially the near-contemporary "Vita Bonifatii auctore Willibaldi", legal documents, possibly some sermons, and above all his correspondence. He is venerated as a saint in the Christian church and became the patron saint of Germania, known as the "Apostle of the Germans".

Saint Boniface de Mayence (également connu comme Wynfrid de Wessex), né à Crediton dans le Devon vers 675 et mort (assassiné) le à Dokkum (dans l'actuelle commune de Dongeradeel), en Frise (Pays-Bas), est un moine missionnaire d’origine anglaise, envoyé en Frise pour y convertir les païens. Fait évêque puis archevêque par le pape Grégoire II, il fut tué, avec d'autres, en haine de la foi chrétienne.

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null

Myoglobin

Myoglobine

Myoglobin (symbol Mb or MB) is an iron- and oxygen-binding protein found in the muscle tissue of vertebrates in general and in almost all mammals. It is distantly related to hemoglobin which is the iron- and oxygen-binding protein in blood, specifically in the red blood cells. In humans, myoglobin is only found in the bloodstream after muscle injury. It is an abnormal finding, and can be diagnostically relevant when found in blood.

La myoglobine, couramment symbolisée par Mb, est une métalloprotéine contenant du fer présente dans les muscles des vertébrés, et particulièrement des mammifères. Elle est apparentée structurellement à l'hémoglobine, mais a pour fonction de stocker l'oxygène plutôt que de le transporter. Comme l'hémoglobine, elle utilise l'hème comme groupe prosthétique, et est donc une hémoprotéine ; contrairement à l'hémoglobine, en revanche, la myoglobine est une protéine monomérique, c'est-à-dire qu'elle n'est formée que d'une seule sous-unité globine. Elle ne possède donc qu'un seul site de liaison au dioxygène par molécule, et ne présente pas d'effet coopératif par allostérie.

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Saxons

The Saxons (,,,,, ) were a group of early Germanic peoples whose name was given in the early Middle Ages to a large country (Old Saxony, ) near the North Sea coast of what is now Germany. In the late Roman Empire, the name was used to refer to Germanic coastal raiders, and also as a word something like the later "Viking". Their origins appear to be mainly somewhere in or near the above-mentioned German North Sea coast where they are found later, in Carolingian times. In Merovingian times, continental Saxons had also been associated with the activity and settlements on the coast of what later became Normandy. Their precise origins are uncertain, and they are sometimes described as fighting inland, coming into conflict with the Franks and Thuringians. There is possibly a single classical reference to a smaller homeland of an early Saxon tribe, but its interpretation is disputed (see below). According to this proposal, the Saxons' earliest area of settlement is believed to have been Northern Albingia. This general area is close to the probable homeland of the Angles.

Les Saxons sont un peuple germanique, rattaché sur le plan ethnolinguistique au rameau occidental. Ils sont mentionnés pour la première fois par le grec Ptolémée sur la carte "Germania Magna" au de l'ère chrétienne. Il situe alors leurs terres au sud-ouest du Jutland, ce qui correspond à peu près à l'actuel Holstein, d'où ils semblent s'être étendus au sud et à l'ouest.

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John Doe

"John Doe" (for males) and "Jane Doe" (for females) are multiple-use names that are used when the true name of a person is unknown or is being intentionally concealed. In the context of law enforcement in the United States, such names are often used to refer to a corpse whose identity is unknown or unconfirmed. Secondly, such names are also often used to refer to a hypothetical "everyman" in other contexts, in a manner similar to "John Q. Public" or "Joe Public". There are many variants to the above names, including "John Roe", "Richard Roe", "Jane Roe" and "Baby Doe", "Janie Doe" or "Johnny Doe" (for children).

En anglais, John Doe (version féminine : Jane Doe) est une expression qui désigne une personne non identifiée ou un homme de la rue : « Monsieur X », « Monsieur Untel », « Monsieur Durand », « Monsieur Dupont », « Monsieur Tout-le-monde », « un citoyen Lambda », « Tartempion ». Pour les très jeunes enfants, l'équivalent est « Baby Doe », ou encore « Jonnie Doe » ou « Janie Doe » quand on précise le sexe.

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Nim

Jeux de Nim

Nim is a mathematical game of strategy in which two players take turns removing (or "nimming") objects from distinct heaps or piles. On each turn, a player must remove at least one object, and may remove any number of objects provided they all come from the same heap or pile. Depending on the version being played, the goal of the game is either to avoid taking the last object, or to take the last object.

Les jeux de Nim sont des jeux de stratégie pure, à deux joueurs. Il en existe plusieurs variantes. Ils se jouent avec des graines, des billes, des jetons, des allumettes ou tout autre objet facilement manipulable.

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Arundhati Roy

Suzanna Arundhati Roy (born 24 November 1961) is an Indian author best known for her novel "The God of Small Things" (1997), which won the Man Booker Prize for Fiction in 1997 and became the best-selling book by a non-expatriate Indian author. She is also a political activist involved in human rights and environmental causes.

Arundhati Roy (née le à Shillong en Inde) est une écrivaine et militante indienne. Elle est notamment connue pour son roman "Le Dieu des Petits Riens", qui lui a valu le prix Booker en 1997 et a été cité par le New York Times et le Guardian comme l'un des livres les plus remarquables de l'année, ainsi que pour son engagement en faveur de l'écologie, des droits humains, de l'altermondialisme, de la réduction des inégalités et de la dignité humaine. D'inspiration chrétienne, sa réflexion littéraire s'interroge notamment sur les questions de l'amour universel et de la justice sociale.

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Les Indes galantes

The premiere, including only the prologue and the first two of its four "entrées" (acts), was staged by the Académie Royale de Musique at its theatre in the Palais-Royal in Paris on 23 August 1735, starring the leading singers of the Opéra: Marie Antier, Marie Pélissier, Mlle Errémans, Mlle Petitpas, Denis-François Tribou, Pierre Jélyotte, and Claude-Louis-Dominique Chassé de Chinais, and the dancers Marie Sallé and Louis Dupré. Michel Blondy provided the choreography. The ballet's Premier Menuet was used in the soundtrack of the 2006 film "Marie Antoinette".

Les Indes galantes (« ballet héroïque ») est le premier en date des six opéra-ballets de Jean-Philippe Rameau. Il est composé d'un prologue et de quatre entrées, sur un livret de Louis Fuzelier. Cette œuvre est généralement considérée comme la plus représentative et le chef-d'œuvre du genre de l'opéra-ballet. C'est aussi celle qui aujourd'hui est la plus représentée parmi les œuvres lyriques de Rameau.

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Hans Christian Andersen

Hans Christian Andersen (, ; 2 April 1805 – 4 August 1875), in Denmark usually called H.C. Andersen, was a Danish author. Although a prolific writer of plays, travelogues, novels, and poems, he is best remembered for his fairy tales.

Hans Christian Andersen (Odense, - Copenhague, ) est un romancier, dramaturge, conteur et poète danois, célèbre pour ses nouvelles et ses « contes de fées ».

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Gamebook

Livre-jeu

A gamebook is a work of printed fiction that allows the reader to participate in the story by making choices. The narrative branches along various paths, typically through the use of numbered paragraphs or pages. Each narrative typically does not follow paragraphs in a linear or ordered fashion. Gamebooks are sometimes called choose your own adventure books or CYOA after the influential "Choose Your Own Adventure" series originally published by US company Bantam Books. Gamebooks influenced hypertext fiction.

Les livres-jeux (), souvent appelés livres dont vous êtes le héros en France et au Québec, sont un genre de romans ayant pour caractéristique d'être interactifs, le déroulement de l'histoire dépendant des choix du lecteur.

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Draughts

Dames

Draughts (British English) or checkers (American English) is a group of strategy board games for two players which involve diagonal moves of uniform game pieces and mandatory captures by jumping over opponent pieces. Draughts developed from alquerque. The name derives from the verb to draw or to move.

Les dames ou le jeu de dames est un jeu de société combinatoire abstrait pour deux joueurs. Le terme désigne en fait plusieurs jeux comme le jeu de dames international ou bien le jeu de dames anglaises.

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Denial-of-service attack

Attaque par déni de service

In computing, a denial-of-service attack (DoS attack) is a cyber-attack in which the perpetrator seeks to make a machine or network resource unavailable to its intended users by temporarily or indefinitely disrupting services of a host connected to the Internet. Denial of service is typically accomplished by flooding the targeted machine or resource with superfluous requests in an attempt to overload systems and prevent some or all legitimate requests from being fulfilled.

Une attaque par déni de service (abr. DoS attack pour'en anglais) est une attaque informatique ayant pour but de rendre indisponible un service, d'empêcher les utilisateurs légitimes d'un service de l'utiliser. À l’heure actuelle la grande majorité de ces attaques se font à partir de plusieurs sources, on parle alors d'attaque par déni de service distribuée (abr. DDoS attack pour '). Il peut s'agir de :

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Iris (plant)

Iris (genre végétal)

Iris is a genus of 260–300 species of flowering plants with showy flowers. It takes its name from the Greek word for a rainbow, which is also the name for the Greek goddess of the rainbow, Iris. Some authors state that the name refers to the wide variety of flower colors found among the many species. As well as being the scientific name, "iris" is also widely used as a common name for all "Iris" species, as well as some belonging to other closely related genera. A common name for some species is 'flags', while the plants of the subgenus "Scorpiris" are widely known as 'junos', particularly in horticulture. It is a popular garden flower.

L’Iris ("nom masculin") est un genre de plantes vivaces à rhizomes ou à bulbes de la famille des Iridacées. Le genre "Iris" contient 210 espèces et d'innombrables variétés horticoles. On trouve souvent dans les jardins des Iris hybrides horticoles appelés à tort Iris germaniques.

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Transgene

Transgène

A transgene is a gene that has been transferred naturally, or by any of a number of genetic engineering techniques from one organism to another. The introduction of a transgene, in a process known as transgenesis, has the potential to change the phenotype of an organism. "Transgene" describes a segment of DNA containing a gene sequence that has been isolated from one organism and is introduced into a different organism. This non-native segment of DNA may either retain the ability to produce RNA or protein in the transgenic organism or alter the normal function of the transgenic organism's genetic code. In general, the DNA is incorporated into the organism's germ line. For example, in higher vertebrates this can be accomplished by injecting the foreign DNA into the nucleus of a fertilized ovum. This technique is routinely used to introduce human disease genes or other genes of interest into strains of laboratory mice to study the function or pathology involved with that particular gene.

Un transgène est la séquence isolée d'un gène, transférée d'un organisme à un autre, lors de la mise en œuvre de la transgenèse. Cette modification peut altérer le comportement génétique de l'organisme (p. ex. production d'une nouvelle protéine). En agronomie, on parle de gène d’intérêt permettant de faire exprimer à un organisme un caractère choisi ; par exemple, on peut chercher à rendre une plante résistante à un antibiotique ou à augmenter sa teneur en vitamines.

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Robert Crumb

Robert Dennis Crumb (; born August 30, 1943) is an American cartoonist and musician who often signs his work R. Crumb. His work displays a nostalgia for American folk culture of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and satire of contemporary American culture.

Robert Crumb est un auteur de bande dessinée américain, et un musicien compositeur, né à Philadelphie le. C'est l'une des figures de proue du comix "underground" d'inspiration libertaire, bande dessinée alternative plutôt destinée aux jeunes adultes qu'aux enfants, depuis la fin des années 1960 et ses premières publications dans "Zap Comix".

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Paris Basin

Bassin parisien

The Paris Basin is one of the major geological regions of France having developed since the Triassic on a basement formed by the Variscan orogeny. The sedimentary basin is a large sag in the craton, bordered by the Armorican Massif to the west, the Ardennes-Brabant axis to the north, the Massif des Vosges to the east, and the Massif Central to the south.

Le Bassin parisien est, au sens restreint, une région non précisément délimitée qui entoure Paris. Au sens large et le plus couramment admis, c'est une région géologique, un ancien bassin sédimentaire, comprenant une grande partie de la moitié nord de la France, et débordant très peu sur la Belgique, le Luxembourg et l'Ouest de l'Allemagne.

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The Munsters

Les Monstres (série télévisée)

The Munsters is an American sitcom depicting the home life of a family of benign monsters starring Fred Gwynne as Frankenstein's monster-type head-of-the-household Herman Munster; Yvonne De Carlo as his vampire wife, Lily Munster; Al Lewis as Grandpa, the over-the-hill vampire who relishes talking about the "good old days"; Beverley Owen (later replaced by Pat Priest) as their teenage niece Marilyn Munster, whose non-monster persona made her the family outcast; and Butch Patrick as their half-vampire, half-werewolf son Eddie Munster. The series was a satire of both traditional monster movies and the wholesome family fare of the era, and was produced by the creators of "Leave It to Beaver". It ran concurrently with the similarly macabre themed "The Addams Family" (which aired on ABC) and achieved higher figures in the Nielsen ratings.

Les Monstres ("The Munsters") est une série télévisée américaine en 70 épisodes de 25 minutes, créée par Joe Connelly et Bob Mosher et diffusée entre le et le sur le réseau CBS.

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Frank Ténot

Frank Ténot (31 October 1925 – 8 January 2004) was a press agent, pataphysician and jazz critic. He managed a number of publications over the course of his long association with Daniel Filipacchi. He is best remembered as one of the founders of the influential radio show and magazine Salut les copains.

Frank Ténot, né à Mulhouse le et mort à Paris le, est un responsable de presse, pataphysicien et critique de jazz français. Il dirigea de nombreuses publications au cours de sa longue association avec Daniel Filipacchi.

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Bergen-Belsen concentration camp

Bergen-Belsen

Bergen-Belsen, or Belsen, was a Nazi concentration camp in what is today Lower Saxony in northern Germany, southwest of the town of Bergen near Celle. Originally established as a prisoner of war camp, in 1943, parts of it became a concentration camp. Initially this was an "exchange camp", where Jewish hostages were held with the intention of exchanging them for German prisoners of war held overseas. The camp was later expanded to accommodate Jews from other concentration camps.

Bergen-Belsen, parfois appelé Belsen, était un camp de concentration nazi situé au sud-ouest de la ville de Bergen, près de la localité de Belsen, à une dizaine de kilomètres au nord-ouest de la ville de Celle, en Basse-Saxe (Allemagne), dans la lande de Lunebourg. Il est ouvert en 1940 pour interner les prisonniers de guerre français et belges mais accueille à partir de l'été 1941 plus de soviétiques.

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French Second Republic

Deuxième République (France)

The French Second Republic was a short-lived republican government of France under President Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte. It lasted from the 1848 Revolution to the 1851 coup by which the president made himself Emperor Napoleon III and initiated the Second Empire. It officially adopted the motto of the First Republic, "Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité". The Second Republic witnessed the tension between the "Social and Democratic Republic" () and a Radical form of republicanism, which exploded during the June Days uprising of 1848.

La Deuxième République, ou Seconde République, est le régime républicain de la France du, date de la proclamation provisoire de la République à Paris, jusqu’à la proclamation de Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte comme empereur le. Elle fait suite à la monarchie de Juillet et est remplacée par le Second Empire, amorcé — jour pour jour l’année précédente — par un coup d’État de Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte. La Deuxième République se distingue des autres régimes politiques de l’histoire de France d’abord par sa brièveté, ensuite parce que c’est le dernier régime à avoir été institué à la suite d’une révolution. C’est enfin le régime qui applique pour la première fois le suffrage universel masculin en France et abolit définitivement l’esclavage dans les colonies françaises. Après une période transitoire où un gouvernement relativement unanime prend des mesures sociales demandées par la frange ouvrière des révolutionnaires, le régime se stabilise et évince les socialistes, puis se dote d’une constitution.

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Jean-Antoine Watteau

Antoine Watteau

Jean-Antoine Watteau (,, ; baptised October 10, 1684died July 18, 1721), commonly referred to as Antoine Watteau, was a French painter whose brief career spurred the revival of interest in colour and movement, as seen in the tradition of Correggio and Rubens. He revitalized the waning Baroque style, shifting it to the less severe, more naturalistic, less formally classical, Rococo. Watteau is credited with inventing the genre of "fêtes galantes", scenes of bucolic and idyllic charm, suffused with a theatrical air. Some of his best known subjects were drawn from the world of Italian comedy and ballet.

Jean-Antoine Watteau, plus connu sous le nom d’Antoine Watteau, né à Valenciennes le et mort à Nogent-sur-Marne le, est un peintre français devenu célèbre par ses représentations de « fêtes galantes ».

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Crossbow

Arbalète

A crossbow is a ranged weapon using an elastic launching device similar to a bow; it consists of a bow-like assembly called a "prod", mounted horizontally on a main frame called a "tiller", which is hand-held in a similar fashion to the stock of a long gun. Crossbows shoot arrow-like projectiles called "bolts" or "quarrels". A person who shoots crossbow is called a "crossbowman" or an "arbalist" (after the arbalest, an European crossbow variant used during the 12th century).

L'arbalète (du latin "arcuballista") est une arme de trait, constituée d'un arc monté sur un fût et lançant des projectiles appelés « carreaux ».

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Claude Berri

Claude Berri (; 1 July 1934 – 12 January 2009) was a French film director, writer, producer, actor and distributor.

Claude Langmann, dit Claude Berri, est un réalisateur, scénariste, producteur et acteur français, né à Paris le et mort le dans cette même ville.

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Anne Frank

Annelies Marie "Anne" Frank (, ; 12 June 1929 – February or March 1945) was a German-Dutch diarist of Jewish origin. One of the most discussed Jewish victims of the Holocaust, she gained fame posthumously with the publication of "The Diary of a Young Girl" (originally in Dutch; ), in which she documents her life in hiding from 1942 to 1944, during the German occupation of the Netherlands in World War II. It is one of the world's best known books and has been the basis for several plays and films.

Annelies Marie Frank, plus connue sous le nom d’Anne Frank, née le à Francfort-sur-le-Main en Allemagne, sous la République de Weimar, et morte en ou à Bergen-Belsen en Allemagne nazie, est une adolescente allemande, connue pour avoir écrit un journal intime. Celui-ci est rapporté dans le livre "Le Journal d'Anne Frank", écrit pendant les deux années où elle se cachait avec sa famille à Amsterdam, aux Pays-Bas, alors sous occupation allemande, afin d'éviter la Shoah.

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Barley

Orge commune

Barley ("Hordeum vulgare"), a member of the grass family, is a major cereal grain grown in temperate climates globally. It was one of the first cultivated grains, particularly in Eurasia as early as 10,000 years ago. Barley has been used as animal fodder, as a source of fermentable material for beer and certain distilled beverages, and as a component of various health foods. It is used in soups and stews, and in barley bread of various cultures. Barley grains are commonly made into malt in a traditional and ancient method of preparation.

L’orge commune "(Hordeum vulgare)" est une céréale à paille, plante herbacée annuelle de la famille des "Poaceae", sous-famille des "Pooideae". Elle fait partie des plus anciennes céréales cultivées. Bien adaptée au climat méditerranéen du fait de sa rusticité, elle constituait ainsi la principale céréale cultivée dans l'Antiquité grecque et était consommée sous forme de galette ou de bouillie ("maza"). L'orge pousse aussi bien sous les tropiques qu’à d’altitude au Tibet.

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Lucky Luke

Lucky Luke is a Western bande dessinée series created by Belgian cartoonist Morris in 1946. Morris wrote and drew the series single-handedly until 1955, after which he started collaborating with French writer René Goscinny, who also created the "Astérix" series. Their partnership lasted until Goscinny's death in 1977. Afterwards, Morris collaborated with several other writers, until his own death, in 2001. Since Morris's death, French artist Achdé has drawn the series, aided by the work of other writers.

Lucky Luke (, ) est une série de bande dessinée belge de western humoristique créée par le dessinateur belge Morris dans l"'Almanach 1947", un hors-série du journal "Spirou" publié en 1946. Morris est aidé, à partir de la neuvième histoire, par plusieurs scénaristes, dont le plus fameux est René Goscinny. Depuis la mort de Morris en 2001, le dessin est assuré par Achdé.

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Quenching

Trempe (métallurgie)

In materials science, quenching is the rapid cooling of a workpiece in water, oil or air to obtain certain material properties. A type of heat treating, quenching prevents undesired low-temperature processes, such as phase transformations, from occurring. It does this by reducing the window of time during which these undesired reactions are both thermodynamically favorable, and kinetically accessible; for instance, quenching can reduce the crystal grain size of both metallic and plastic materials, increasing their hardness.

La trempe est une opération métallurgique qui fait partie des traitements thermiques. Elle consiste à chauffer un matériau à une température dite de changement de phase ou bien de mise en solution de composés chimiques, selon l'objet de la trempe, pendant le temps nécessaire à la transformation de toute la masse chauffée puis à refroidir toute cette masse à une vitesse suffisante pour emprisonner des éléments chimiques qui ont pu se diffuser dans le solide cristallin à haute température lors de la transformation inverse. Les éléments chimiques se retrouvant prisonniers dans la phase de température basse créent alors des tensions dans les mailles cristallines qui contribuent à l'augmentation de certaines caractéristiques mécaniques de la pièce trempée.

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Private equity

Capital-investissement

Private equity (PE) typically refers to investment funds, generally organized as limited partnerships, that buy and restructure companies that are not publicly traded.

Le capital-investissement est une forme très ancienne d'investissement par laquelle un investisseur consacre une partie de ses capitaux propres ou sous gestion au développement ou rachat d'une société (ou d'une division) ayant des besoins de croissance, de transmission ou de redressement. En contrepartie de son risque d'investissement et de l'immobilisation de son capital sur une longue période (coût d'opportunité), il attend un rendement sur le capital investi, généralement supérieur à celui du marché des actions cotées, compte tenu de la non-liquidité de son investissement pendant parfois plusieurs années. Il ne se contente pas d'investir mais accompagne généralement la société en portefeuille par des conseils pratiques (stratégiques, financiers, juridiques, etc.) lui permettant d'accélérer son développement et d'optimiser sa gestion.

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Laplace transform

Transformation de Laplace

In mathematics, the Laplace transform, named after its inventor Pierre-Simon Laplace (), is an integral transform that converts a function of a real variable formula_1 (often time) to a function of a complex variable formula_2 (complex frequency). The transform has many applications in science and engineering because it is a tool for solving differential equations. In particular, it transforms differential equations into algebraic equations and convolution into multiplication.

En mathématiques, la transformation de Laplace est une transformation intégrale, c'est-à-dire une opération associant à une fonction "ƒ" (définie sur les réels positifs et à valeurs réelles) une nouvelle fonction dite transformée de Laplace de "ƒ ("notée traditionnellement F et définie et à valeurs complexes), via une intégrale.

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null

Contraction mapping

Application contractante

The smallest such value of "k" is called the Lipschitz constant of "f". Contractive maps are sometimes called Lipschitzian maps. If the above condition is instead satisfied for "k" ≤ 1, then the mapping is said to be a non-expansive map.

En mathématiques et plus particulièrement en analyse, une application contractante, ou contraction, est une application qui « rapproche les images » ou, plus précisément, une application -lipschitzienne avec. Le théorème de point fixe le plus simple et le plus utilisé concerne les applications contractantes.

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null

Ultima Online

Ultima Online (UO) is a massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG) released on September 24, 1997 by Origin Systems. "Ultima Online" is a fantasy role-playing game set in the "Ultima" universe. It is known for its extensive player versus player combat system. Since its release, it has added eight expansion packs, a booster pack and dozens of free content updates. The release of "" in 2007 brought a new game engine with upgraded visuals.

Ultima Online (abrégé en UO) est un jeu de rôle en ligne massivement multijoueur publié le par la société Origin Systems. Il est souvent considéré comme le premier MMORPG populaire. Le jeu nécessite d'être connecté via Internet à un serveur de jeu et immerge les joueurs dans un univers médiéval fantastique.

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Phytosanitary certification

Certificat phytosanitaire

Phytosanitary certification is used to attest that consignments meet phytosanitary (regarding plants) import requirements and is undertaken by an NPPO (National Plant Protection Organization). A phytosanitary certificate for export or for re-export can be issued only by a public officer who is technically qualified and duly authorized by an NPPO (ISPM 12).

Un certificat phytosanitaire est un certificat relatif à l'état phytosanitaire de végétaux ou produits végétaux destinés à l'exportation ou la réexportation.

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Singing

Chant

Singing is the act of producing musical sounds with the voice and augments regular speech by the use of sustained tonality, rhythm, and a variety of vocal techniques. A person who sings is called a singer or vocalist (in jazz and popular music). Singers perform music (arias, recitatives, songs, etc.) that can be sung with or without accompaniment by musical instruments. Singing is often done in an ensemble of musicians, such as a choir of singers or a band of instrumentalists. Singers may perform as soloists or accompanied by anything from a single instrument (as in art song or some jazz styles) up to a symphony orchestra or big band. Different singing styles include art music such as opera and Chinese opera, Indian music and religious music styles such as gospel, traditional music styles, world music, jazz, blues, ghazal and popular music styles such as pop, rock and electronic dance music.

Le chant représente l'ensemble de la production de sons musicaux à l'aide de la voix humaine. La personne qui produit le chant est appelée chanteur. Le terme s'étend cependant aussi aux vocalisations et plus généralement aux signaux sonores émis par certains animaux dans un contexte de parade nuptiale ou non (chant des cigales, vocalisation des oiseaux, chant des baleines).

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Venture capital

Capital risque

Venture capital (VC) is a form of private equity financing that is provided by venture capital firms or funds to startups, early-stage, and emerging companies that have been deemed to have high growth potential or which have demonstrated high growth (in terms of number of employees, annual revenue, or both). Venture capital firms or funds invest in these early-stage companies in exchange for equity, or an ownership stake, in those companies. Venture capitalists take on the risk of financing risky start-ups in the hopes that some of the firms they support will become successful. Because startups face high uncertainty, VC investments have high rates of failure. The start-ups are usually based on an innovative technology or business model and they are usually from the high technology industries, such as information technology (IT), clean technology or biotechnology. The typical venture capital investment occurs after an initial "seed funding" round. The first round of institutional venture capital to fund growth is called the Series A round. Venture capitalists provide this financing in the interest of generating a return through an eventual "exit" event, such as the company selling shares to the public for the first time in an initial public offering (IPO) or doing a merger and acquisition (also known as a "trade sale") of the company. Alternatively, an exit may come about via the private equity secondary market.

Le capital risque est la branche du capital investissement consistant à prendre des participations (généralement minoritaires) dans des sociétés non cotées n'ayant pas encore trouvé leur point d'équilibre.

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Tourrettes-sur-Loup

Tourrettes-sur-Loup is a commune in the Alpes-Maritimes department in southeastern France. It has been called Tourrettes-sur-Loup ever since the early twentieth century although prior to that it was known as "Tourrettes-les-Vence", that occurred in the sixteenth century and lasted until the French revolution. This is an artisan's village situated near Vence. It features medieval and Romanesque buildings.

Tourrettes-sur-Loup est une commune française située dans le département des Alpes-Maritimes en région Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur. Elle porta le nom de Tourrettes-lès-Vence du à la Révolution. Au début du et jusque dans les années 1970, elle s'appelait Tourette-sur-Loup. Ses habitants sont appelés les "Tourrettans".

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Antonio Meucci

Antonio Santi Giuseppe Meucci (, ; 13 April 1808 – 18 October 1889) was an Italian inventor and an associate of Giuseppe Garibaldi, a major political figure in the history of Italy. Meucci is best known for developing a voice-communication apparatus that several sources credit as the first telephone. Meucci set up a form of voice-communication link in his Staten Island, New York, home that connected the second-floor bedroom to his laboratory. He submitted a patent caveat for his telephonic device to the U.S. Patent Office in 1871, but there was no mention of electromagnetic transmission of vocal sound in his caveat. In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell was granted a patent for the electromagnetic transmission of vocal sound by undulatory electric current. Despite the longstanding general crediting of Bell with the accomplishment, the Italian Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Activities supported celebrations of Meucci's 200th birthday in 2008 using the title "Inventore del telefono" (Inventor of the telephone). The U.S. House of Representatives also honored Meucci in a resolution in 2002 for having had some role in the development of the telephone, although the U.S. Senate did not join the resolution and the interpretation of the resolution is disputed.

Antonio Meucci (né le à San Frediano, un quartier de la commune de Florence en Toscane et mort le à Staten Island, aux États-Unis) est un inventeur italo-américain, notamment connu pour sa contribution à l'invention du téléphone, quoique controversée.

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Guy Mollet

Guy Alcide Mollet (; 31 December 1905 – 3 October 1975) was a French politician. He led the socialist French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO) from 1946 to 1969 and was the French Prime Minister from 1956 to 1957.

Alcide Guy Mollet, dit Guy Mollet, né officiellement le à Flers (Orne) et mort le à Paris, est un homme d'État français, secrétaire général de la SFIO de 1946 à 1969, président du Conseil sous la IV République de février 1956 à juin 1957.

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Évreux

Évreux () is a commune in and the capital of the department of Eure, in the French region of Normandy.

Évreux est une commune française, préfecture du département de l’Eure en Normandie, arrosée par l'Iton. Antique siège épiscopal (Ve siècle), capitale du comté d'Évreux (vers 990), pairie (1316 et 1427) et duché-pairie (1569-1584), confié notamment aux ducs de Bouillon (1651-1802), sa proximité avec Paris en a toujours fait un site stratégique. La ville donna son nom à une branche capétienne ayant régné en Navarre espagnole : les Évreux-Navarre.

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Zadig

Zadig ou la Destinée (Zadig, or The Book of Fate; 1747) is a novella and work of philosophical fiction by the Enlightenment writer Voltaire. It tells the story of Zadig, a philosopher in ancient Babylonia. The author does not attempt any historical accuracy, and some of the problems Zadig faces are thinly disguised references to social and political problems of Voltaire's own day.

Zadig ou la Destinée est un conte philosophique de Voltaire, publié pour la première fois en 1747 sous le nom de "Memnon". Allongé de quelques chapitres, il fut publié une nouvelle fois en 1748 sous son titre actuel.

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Alain Mimoun

Alain Mimoun (1 January 1921 – 27 June 2013) was an Algerian-born French long-distance runner who competed in track events, cross-country running and the marathon. He was the 1956 Olympic champion in the marathon. He is the most bemedalled French athletics sportsperson in history. In 1999, readers of the French athletics magazine "Athlétisme Magazine" voted him as the “French Athlete of the 20th Century”.

Alain Mimoun, né Ali Mimoun Ould Kacha le à Maïder, dans l'arrondissement du Telagh, dans le département d'Oran, en Algérie française et mort le à Saint-Mandé, dans le Val-de-Marne, est un athlète français ayant eu de champion de France et porté à le maillot tricolore dans des compétitions internationales, ce qui en fait l'athlète français le plus titré. Il est devenu légendaire dans sa discipline pour avoir gagné, entre autres titres, le marathon des Jeux olympiques d'été de 1956 à Melbourne.

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Abdellatif Kechiche

Abdellatif Kechiche (;, born 7 December 1960) is a Tunisian-French actor, film director and screenwriter. He made his directorial debut in 2000 with "La Faute à Voltaire", which he also wrote. His film "Blue Is the Warmest Colour" won the "Palme d'Or" at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival.

Abdellatif Kechiche (en ), parfois appelé Abdel Kechiche, né le à Tunis, est un réalisateur, scénariste et acteur franco-tunisien. Connu pour ses réalisations au style naturaliste, il a été récompensé plusieurs fois aux César du cinéma et a remporté la Palme d'or lors du Festival de Cannes 2013.

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École hôtelière de Lausanne

École hôtelière de Lausanne (EHL) is a hospitality management school in Switzerland. The school is consistently regarded as the best hospitality school in the world. It trains students whose goals are to obtain managerial careers in the hotel and hospitality industries.

L'École hôtelière de Lausanne (EHL) est un établissement de management hôtelier en Suisse. L'École est régulièrement classée première parmi les meilleures écoles hôtelières au monde. Elle forme des étudiants qui souhaitent accéder à des carrières managériales dans l’hôtellerie et les professions de l'accueil.

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Gone with the Wind (film)

Autant en emporte le vent (film)

Gone with the Wind is a 1939 American epic historical romance film adapted from the 1936 novel by Margaret Mitchell. The film was produced by David O. Selznick of Selznick International Pictures and directed by Victor Fleming. Set in the American South against the backdrop of the American Civil War and the Reconstruction era, the film tells the story of Scarlett O'Hara, the strong-willed daughter of a Georgia plantation owner. It follows her romantic pursuit of Ashley Wilkes, who is married to his cousin, Melanie Hamilton, and her subsequent marriage to Rhett Butler. The leading roles are played by Vivien Leigh (Scarlett), Clark Gable (Rhett), Leslie Howard (Ashley), and Olivia de Havilland (Melanie).

Autant en emporte le vent ("") est un film américain de Victor Fleming réalisé en 1939, adapté du roman du même nom de Margaret Mitchell paru en 1936. Il sort en salles en 1939 aux États-Unis, et au cours des deux décennies suivantes dans le reste du monde, sa sortie en Europe ayant été retardée par la Seconde Guerre mondiale.

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Inverse transform sampling

Méthode de la transformée inverse

Inverse transform sampling (also known as inversion sampling, the inverse probability integral transform, the inverse transformation method, Smirnov transform, or the golden rule) is a basic method for pseudo-random number sampling, i.e., for generating sample numbers at random from any probability distribution given its cumulative distribution function.

La méthode de la transformée inverse est une méthode informatique pour produire une suite de nombres aléatoires de distribution donnée, à partir de l'expression de sa fonction de répartition.

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Henry III of England

Henri III (roi d'Angleterre)

Henry III (1 October 1207 – 16 November 1272), also known as Henry of Winchester, was King of England, Lord of Ireland, and Duke of Aquitaine from 1216 until his death. The son of King John and Isabella of Angoulême, Henry assumed the throne when he was only nine in the middle of the First Barons' War. Cardinal Guala declared the war against the rebel barons to be a religious crusade and Henry's forces, led by William Marshal, defeated the rebels at the battles of Lincoln and Sandwich in 1217. Henry promised to abide by the Great Charter of 1225, which limited royal power and protected the rights of the major barons. His early rule was dominated first by Hubert de Burgh and then Peter des Roches, who re-established royal authority after the war. In 1230, the King attempted to reconquer the provinces of France that had once belonged to his father, but the invasion was a debacle. A revolt led by William Marshal's son, Richard Marshal, broke out in 1232, ending in a peace settlement negotiated by the Church.

Henri ( - ) fut roi d'Angleterre, seigneur d'Irlande et duc d'Aquitaine de 1216 à sa mort. Fils du roi Jean d'Angleterre et d'Isabelle d'Angoulême, monta sur le trône à l'âge de neuf ans alors que la première Guerre des barons faisait rage. La mort de son père apaisa néanmoins les tensions et les forces royales, menées par Guillaume le Maréchal, battirent les rebelles soutenus par les Français à Lincoln et à Sandwich en 1217. promit de respecter la Grande Charte limitant les pouvoirs royaux et garantissant les droits des nobles que son père avait tenté d'abroger. Le début de son règne fut dominé par ses conseillers Hubert de Burgh et Pierre des Roches qui restaurèrent l'autorité du roi après la guerre. En 1230, il tenta de reprendre la Normandie perdue par son père mais l'invasion fut un échec et une révolte menée par Richard le Maréchal l'obligea à signer un traité de paix avec le roi.

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County of Nice

Comté de Nice

The County of Nice (,, Niçard ) is a historical region of France located around the south-eastern city of Nice, and roughly equivalent to the modern arrondissement of Nice.

Le comté de Nice ( en italien, en niçois) est un ancien État de Savoie. Créé en 1388 par la dédition de Nice à la Savoie, dans le cadre de la guerre de succession de Provence, sa cession à la maison de Savoie est ratifiée en 1419, comme fief impérial du Saint-Empire. Jusqu'en 1526, cette acquisition territoriale est désignée sous le nom de « Terres neuves de Provence » qui comprennent les vigueries de Nice, du val de Lantosque, du comté de Vintimille, de la viguerie de Puget-Théniers, outre la baillie de Barcelonnette et la baronnie de Beuil. Au, s’y ajoutent la seigneurie de Dolceacqua (1524) et le comté de Tende (1581). En 1793, le comté occupé devient partie intégrante de la République française comme, dénommé Alpes-Maritimes. Redevenu sarde en 1814, le comté devient la division de Nice en 1818, dans le cadre de la réorganisation du royaume de Sardaigne, puis en 1860, la majeure partie de son territoire est annexée à la France, après plébiscite.

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Prison

A prison, also known as a jail or gaol (dated, British and Australian English), penitentiary (American English), detention center (or centre if outside the US), correction center (American English), correctional facility, lock-up or remand center, is a facility in which inmates (or prisoners) are forcibly confined and denied a variety of freedoms under the authority of the state. Prisons are most commonly used within a criminal justice system: people charged with crimes may be imprisoned until their trial; those pleading or being found guilty of crimes at trial may be sentenced to a specified period of imprisonment. In simplest terms, a prison can also be described as a building in which people are legally held as a punishment for a crime they have committed.

Une prison, centre de détention ou pénitencier est un lieu où sont enfermés certaines personnes condamnées appelées prisonniers. Par extension, le terme « prison » désigne également la peine d'incarcération.

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Hispaniola

Hispaniola (, ; ; Latin and ; ; ) is an island in the Caribbean archipelago known as the Greater Antilles. It is the most populous island in the West Indies and the region's second largest after Cuba.

Hispaniola (en espagnol : "La Española"; en latin : "Hispaniola") ou Haïti (en taíno : "Ahatti"), aussi appelée jadis Saint-Domingue, est une île des Caraïbes, la plus peuplée des Antilles avec 21 millions d'habitants en 2015, et avec la deuxième en superficie après l'île de Cuba (, soit 37 % de plus). C'est en outre la plus grande île du monde. Elle est partagée entre deux pays : Haïti (onze millions d'habitants pour 36 % de la superficie) et la République dominicaine (dix millions d'habitants pour 64 % de la superficie).

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Angelman syndrome

Syndrome d'Angelman

Angelman syndrome or Angelman's syndrome (AS) is a genetic disorder that mainly affects the nervous system. Symptoms include a small head and a specific facial appearance, severe intellectual disability, developmental disability, speaking problems, balance and movement problems, seizures, and sleep problems. Children usually have a happy personality and have a particular interest in water. The symptoms generally become noticeable by one year of age. Angelman syndrome is due to a lack of function of part of chromosome 15 inherited from a person's mother. Most of the time, it is due to a deletion or mutation of the UBE3A gene on that chromosome. Occasionally, it is due to inheriting two copies of chromosome 15 from a person's father and none from their mother. As the father's versions are inactivated by a process known as genomic imprinting, no functional version of the gene remains. Angelman syndrome is typically due to a new mutation rather than one inherited from a person's parents. Diagnosis is based on symptoms and possibly genetic testing. No cure is available. Treatment is generally supportive in nature. Anti-seizure medications are used in those with seizures. Physical therapy and bracing may help with walking. Those affected have a nearly normal life expectancy. AS affects 1 in 12,000 to 20,000 people. Males and females are affected with equal frequency. It is named after British pediatrician Harry Angelman, who first described the syndrome in 1965. An older term, "happy puppet syndrome", is generally considered pejorative. Prader–Willi syndrome is a separate condition, caused by a similar loss of the father's chromosome 15.

Le syndrome d'Angelman est un trouble grave du développement neurologique dont l'origine est génétique. Il est caractérisé par un retard sévère du développement avec déficience intellectuelle sévère, une absence de langage oral, des troubles de la motricité, de l'équilibre et de la sensorialité. Les personnes atteintes de ce syndrome sont souvent joyeuses, mais s'excitent à la moindre stimulation avec des rires fréquents.

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Naguib Mahfouz

Naguib Mahfouz (, ; 11 December 1911 – 30 August 2006) was an Egyptian writer who won the 1988 Nobel Prize for Literature. He is regarded as one of the first contemporary writers of Arabic literature, along with Taha Hussein, to explore themes of existentialism. He published 34 novels, over 350 short stories, dozens of movie scripts, hundreds of op-ed columns for Egyptian newspapers, and five plays over a 70-year career. Many of his works have been made into Egyptian and foreign films.

Najib Mahfouz (, Naǧīb Maḥfūẓ), né le et mort le, est un écrivain égyptien contemporain de langue arabe et un intellectuel réputé d’Égypte, ayant reçu le prix Nobel de littérature en 1988.

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Fabienne Keller

Fabienne Keller (born 20 October 1959 in Sélestat, Bas-Rhin) is a French politician who has been serving as a Member of the European Parliament since 2019. She previously was the mayor (UDF) of Strasbourg, France, from March 2001 to March 2008.

Fabienne Keller, née le à Sélestat (Bas-Rhin), est une femme politique française. Membre de l'UDF puis de l'UMP et de LR, elle est maire de Strasbourg de 2001 à 2008 et sénatrice du Bas-Rhin entre 2004 et 2019.

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Penny-farthing

Grand-bi

The penny-farthing, also known as a high wheel, high wheeler and ordinary, was the first machine to be called a "bicycle". It was popular in the 1870s and 1880s, with its large front wheel providing high speeds (owing to it travelling a large distance for every rotation of the legs) and comfort (the large wheel provides greater shock absorption). It became obsolete from the late 1880s with the development of modern bicycles, which provided similar speed amplification via chain-driven gear trains and comfort through pneumatic tires, and were marketed in comparison to penny-farthings as "safety bicycles" because of the reduced danger of falling and the reduced height to fall from.

Le grand-bi est un type de bicyclette qui possède une roue avant d'un très grand diamètre et une roue arrière beaucoup plus petite. L'intérêt de la grande roue avant est d'augmenter la distance parcourue pour un tour de pédale. Le grand-bi apparaît au début des années 1870 et connaît une grande popularité parmi les sportifs pendant les années 1870 et 1880, mais est relativement peu utilisé par les amateurs et le public à cause de sa dangerosité. Il est supplanté à partir de 1890 par la bicyclette de sécurité, ancêtre de la bicyclette moderne.

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Louis Althusser

Louis Pierre Althusser (, ; ; 16 October 1918 – 22 October 1990) was a French Marxist philosopher. He was born in Algeria and studied at the École normale supérieure in Paris, where he eventually became Professor of Philosophy.

Louis Althusser, né le à Birmandreis, aujourd'hui Bir Mourad Raïs (Algérie), mort le à La Verrière (Yvelines), est un philosophe français.

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null

HD 209458 b

HD 209458 b, also given the nickname Osiris, is an exoplanet that orbits the solar analog HD 209458 in the constellation Pegasus, some 159 light-years from the Solar System. The radius of the planet's orbit is 7 million kilometres, about 0.047 astronomical units, or one eighth the radius of Mercury's orbit. This small radius results in a year that is 3.5 Earth days long and an estimated surface temperature of about 1,000 °C (about 1,800 °F). Its mass is 220 times that of Earth (0.69 Jupiter masses) and its volume is some 2.5 times greater than that of Jupiter. The high mass and volume of HD 209458 b indicate that it is a gas giant.

, également appelée Osiris de façon informelle, est une planète, la seule connue à ce jour en orbite autour de l'étoile, située à () du Soleil, dans la constellation de Pégase.

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null

The Horla

Le Horla

"The Horla" (French: "Le Horla") is an 1887 short horror story written in the style of a journal by the French writer Guy de Maupassant, after an initial, much shorter version published in the newspaper "Gil Blas", October 26, 1886.

Le Horla est une nouvelle fantastique de Guy de Maupassant parue en 1886, puis dans une seconde version en 1887.

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Shia Islam

Chiisme

Shia Islam or Shi'ism is one of the two main branches of Islam. It holds that the Islamic prophet Muhammad designated Ali ibn Abi Talib as his successor and the Imam (leader) after him, most notably at the event of Ghadir Khumm, but was prevented from the caliphate as a result of the incident of Saqifah. This view primarily contrasts with that of Sunni Islam, whose adherents believe that Muhammad did not appoint a successor and consider Abu Bakr, who was appointed caliph by a group of Muslims at Saqifah, to be the first rightful caliph after Muhammad. A person observing Shia Islam is called a Shi'ite.

Le chiisme (ou shî'isme) constitue l'une des deux principales branches de l’islam, l'autre étant le sunnisme. Il regroupe environ 10 à 15 % des musulmans. La première communauté chiite vit en Iran, où elle constitue 90 % de la population du pays, et environ 40 % de la population chiite mondiale. Le reste des musulmans chiites se répartit principalement en Irak, en Azerbaïdjan, au Pakistan, en Inde, à Bahreïn et au Liban.

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Haute-Provence Observatory

Observatoire de Haute-Provence

The Haute-Provence Observatory (OHP, ) is an astronomical observatory in the southeast of France, about 90 km east of Avignon and 100 km north of Marseille. It was established in 1937 as a national facility for French astronomers. Astronomical observations began in 1943 using the 1.20 m telescope, and the first research papers based on observations made at the observatory were published in 1944. Foreign observers first used the observatory in 1949, when Geoffrey and Margaret Burbidge visited.

L'observatoire de Haute-Provence (OHP) est un observatoire astronomique situé à Saint-Michel-l'Observatoire, près de Forcalquier et Manosque, dans les Alpes-de-Haute-Provence (France). Depuis le, il est inscrit aux titres des monuments historiques

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Jacques Deray

Jacques Deray (19 February 1929 in Lyon – 9 August 2003 in Boulogne-Billancourt) was a French film director and screenwriter. Deray is prominently known for directing many crime and thriller films.

Jacques Deray, né Jacques Desrayaud le à Lyon, et mort le à Boulogne-Billancourt, est un réalisateur de cinéma français. Spécialiste des films policiers, il connut son âge d'or dans les années 1970 en faisant tourner Alain Delon ou Jean-Paul Belmondo.

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Berenice Abbott

Berenice Abbott (July 17, 1898 – December 9, 1991), née Bernice Alice Abbott, was an American photographer best known for her portraits of between-the-wars 20th century cultural figures, New York City photographs of architecture and urban design of the 1930s, and science interpretation in the 1940s to 1960s.

Berenice Abbott, née le à Springfield (Ohio) et morte le à Monson (Maine), est une photographe portraitiste puis scientifique américaine.

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Urban agriculture

Agriculture urbaine

Urban agriculture, urban farming, or urban gardening is the practice of cultivating, processing, and distributing food in or around urban areas. Urban agriculture can also involve animal husbandry, aquaculture, agroforestry, urban beekeeping, and horticulture. These activities occur in peri-urban areas as well, and peri-urban agriculture may have different characteristics. Urban agriculture can reflect varying levels of economic and social development. It may be a social movement for sustainable communities, where organic growers, "foodies," and "locavores" form social networks founded on a shared ethos of nature and community holism. These networks can evolve when receiving formal institutional support, becoming integrated into local town planning as a "transition town" movement for sustainable urban development. For others, food security, nutrition, and income generation are key motivations for the practice. In either case, more direct access to fresh vegetables, fruits, and meat products through urban agriculture can improve food security and food safety.

L’ et par extension, urbaine et périurbaine (AUP) est une forme émergente ou réémergente de pratiques agricoles effectuées en ville.

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Rainbow flag

Drapeau arc-en-ciel

A rainbow flag is a multicolored flag consisting of the colors of the rainbow. The designs differ, but many of the colors are based on the seven spectral colors of red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet that compose the visible light spectrum. The actual color attributed as "blue" is cyan.

Le drapeau arc-en-ciel est un drapeau représentant des bandes aux couleurs d'un arc-en-ciel. L'usage du drapeau arc-en-ciel est une tradition ancienne commune à de nombreuses cultures. Il évoque généralement la paix, la diversité et l'harmonie.

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George Lucas

George Walton Lucas Jr. (born May 14, 1944) is an American film director, producer, screenwriter, and entrepreneur. Lucas is best known for creating the "Star Wars" and "Indiana Jones" franchises and founding Lucasfilm, LucasArts, and Industrial Light & Magic. He served as chairman of Lucasfilm before selling it to The Walt Disney Company in 2012.

George Lucas est un réalisateur, scénariste et producteur américain né le à Modesto en Californie. Issu de l'école de cinéma de l'université de Californie du Sud à Los Angeles, il cofonde avec son ami Francis Ford Coppola le studio puis crée sa propre société de production : Lucasfilm. Il commence sa carrière de réalisateur avec les films "THX 1138" en 1971 et "American Graffiti" en 1973. Il connaît ensuite la consécration avec les deux premières trilogies cinématographiques "Star Wars". Énorme succès au box-office, la saga galactique fait de lui un des cinéastes les plus reconnus et fortunés du cinéma américain mais aussi complique sa vie, notamment à cause de ses relations parfois difficiles avec les fans.

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Role-playing game system

Mécanisme de simulation dans les jeux de rôle

A role-playing game system is a set of game mechanics used in a tabletop role-playing game (TTRPG) to determine the outcome of a character's in-game actions.

Un jeu de rôle est un jeu de société consistant à jouer un rôle au sein d'un univers imaginaire. Les joueurs interprètent un personnage dans un environnement fictif — ou « fictionnel », puisque c'est le cadre de la fiction — : un monde imaginaire, qui peut être notre monde réel ou bien un univers plus ou moins fantastique. Le tout est souvent arbitré par un joueur ayant un statut particulier, le meneur de jeu.

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Groupe Union Défense

Groupe union défense

Groupe Union Défense (originally named "Groupe Union Droit"), better known as GUD, was a French far-right students' union. The GUD was based in Panthéon-Assas University, a renowned law school in Paris.

Le Groupe union défense (plus connu sous l'acronyme GUD) est une organisation étudiante française d'extrême droite réputée pour ses actions violentes, et très active dans les années 1970.

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Pope Leo XI

Léon XI

Pope Leo XI (2 June 153527 April 1605), born Alessandro Ottaviano de' Medici, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 1 to 27 April 1605. His pontificate is one of the briefest in history having lasted under a month. He was from the prominent House of Medici originating from Florence. Medici's mother opposed his entering the priesthood and sought to prevent it by having him given secular honours, but after her death he eventually was ordained a priest in 1567. In his career he served as Florence's ambassador to the pope, Bishop of Pistoia, Archbishop of Florence, papal legate to France, and as the cardinal Prefect for the Congregation of the Bishops and Religious. He was elected to the papacy in the March 1605 papal conclave and served as pope for 27 days.

Alexandre de Médicis, né à Florence le et mort à Rome le, devient le de l’Église catholique le sous le nom de (en latin ', en italien ').

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Dalit

Intouchables (Inde)

Dalit, meaning "broken/scattered" in Sanskrit and Hindi, is a term mostly used for the lower caste members in India. The term is used for those who have been subjected to untouchability. Dalits were excluded from the four-fold varna system of Hinduism and were seen as forming a fifth varna, also known by the name of "Panchama". Dalits now profess various religious beliefs, including Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, Christianity, Islam and various folk religions.

Les Dalits, encore appelés Intouchables ou Harijans (« Fils de Dieu », par Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi), sont des groupes d'individus considérés, du point de vue du système des castes, comme hors castes et affectés à des fonctions ou métiers jugés impurs. Présents en Inde, mais également dans toute l'Asie du Sud, les Dalits sont victimes de nombreuses discriminations.

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