source_sentence
stringlengths 23
473
| target_sentence
stringlengths 17
439
|
|---|---|
According to James Warren, the distinction between the pre-Socratic philosophers and philosophers of the classical era is demarcated not so much by Socrates, but by geography and what texts survived. | ⵙ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵊⵉⵎⵙ ⵡⴰⵢⵏ, ⴰⵙⵎⵣⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵏ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵙⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵜⵊⵓⵖⵔⴰⴼⵉⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ. |
Scholar André Laks distinguishes two traditions of separating pre-Socratics from Socratics, dating back to the classical era and running through current times. | ⴷⴰ ⵉⴱⴹⴹⵓ ⵓⵎⵔⵣⵓ ⴰⵏⴷⵔⵉ ⵍⴰⴽⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵣⵉⵔⵉⵢ ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⵙⵓⵇⵔⴰⵟⵉⵢ ⴷ ⵓⵔⵉⵙⵜⵓⵇⵔⴰⵟⵢ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵖⵓⵍ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ ⵉⴽⴽ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵖⵉⵍⴰ. |
Many of the works are titled Peri Physeos, or On Nature, a title probably attributed later by other authors. | ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵃⵉⵔⵉ ⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵙ, ⵓⵕ ⵏⴰⵜⵓⵖ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⴽⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴳⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ. |
Adding more difficulty to their interpretation is the obscure language they used. | ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵎⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ. |
Theophrastus, Aristotle's successor, wrote an encyclopedic book Opinion of the Physicists that was the standard work about the pre-Socratics in ancient times. | ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴰⵙⵜⵓⵙ, ⴰⵎⴽⴽⴰⵙⵙⵓ ⵏ ⴰⵕⵉⵙⵟ, ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⵣⵉⴽⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⴱⴷⴰⴷⵜ ⵅⴼ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵢⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵉⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜⵏ. |
Scholars now use this book to reference the fragments using a coding scheme called Diels–Kranz numbering. | ⴰⵔ ⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴷⴷⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵎⵍⵏ ⵉⴼⵟⵟⴰⵡⵊⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵏⴰⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⵏⵇⴹ ⴷⵉⵍⵣ-ⴽⵔⴰⵏⵣ. |
"After that is a code regarding whether the fragment is a testimonia, coded as ""A"", or ""B"" if is a direct quote from the philosopher." | "ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⴰⵖ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴼⵟⵟⴰⵡⵊⵏ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⵓⵔⴰⴳⵉⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵏⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ‘’ⴰ’’ ⵏⵖ ‘’ⴱ’’ ⵎⴽ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⵙⵙⵓⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴼⴰⵢⵍⴰⵙⵓⴼ." |
The pre-Socratic era lasted about two centuries, during which the expanding Persian Achaemenid Empire was stretching to the west, while the Greeks were advancing in trade and sea routes, reaching Cyprus and Syria. | ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵉⵜⵉⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⴷⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵔⵉⵙⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵛⵓⵔⵉⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵅⵉⵜⵉⵔⵏ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵍⴽⵎⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ, ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⴽⴰ ⵍⵢⵓⵏⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ ⴷ ⵉⴱⵔⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍ, ⴰⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⵇⵓⴱⵕⵓⵚ ⴷ ⵙⵓⵔⵉⵢⴰ. |
The Greeks revolted in 499 BCE, but ultimately were defeated in 494 BCE. | ⵊⵄⵔⵏ ⵉⵢⵓⵏⴰⵏⵢⵢⵉⵏ ⴳ 499 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵎⵖⵜ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵔⵏⴰⵏ ⴳ 494 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. |
Several factors contributed to the birth of pre-Socratic philosophy in Ancient Greece. | ⵉⴱⵣⵔ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟ ⴳ ⵍⵢⵓⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓ. |
Another factor was the ease and frequency of intra-Greek travel, which led to the blending and comparison of ideas. | ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴰⵡⵀⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵣⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵍⵢⵓⵏⴰⵏ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⴷⵊⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵃⵢⵓ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. |
The democratic political system of independent poleis also contributed to the rise of philosophy. | ⵎⴽⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵉⵡⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵜⵉⵢ ⵉ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⴰⵡ ⵉⵏⵏⴱⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ. |
The philosophers' ideas, were, to a certain extent, answers to questions that were subtly present in the work of Homer and Hesiod. | ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵢⵍⴰⵙⵓⴼⵏ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ, ⵜⵉⵎⵔⴰⵔⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵙⵇⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽ ⵉⵛⵡⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵀⵓⵎⵔ ⴷ ⵀⵉⵙⵓⴷ. |
They are considered predecessors of the pre-Socratics since they seek to address the origin of the world and to organize traditional folklore and legends systematically. | ⴳⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵉⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵓⵙⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵢ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴷⴰ ⴽⴽⴰⵜⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵓⵖⴷⵏ ⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵃⵢⵢⵍ ⵏ ⵍⴼⵓⵍⴽⵍⵓⵕ ⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵇⵇⵉⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵔⴰⵢⵜ. |
The first pre-Socratic philosophers also traveled extensively to other lands, meaning that pre-Socratic thought had roots abroad as well as domestically. | ⵙⴳ ⵉⴼⴰⵢⵍⴰⵙⵓⴼⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴱⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵉⴽⴰⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⴷ ⴰⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵇⵕⴰⵜ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵥⵕⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⴰⵎⵓⵔⴰⵏ. |
The pre-Socratic philosophers shared the intuition that there was a single explanation that could explain both the plurality and the singularity of the whole – and that explanation would not be direct actions of the gods. | ⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵢⵍⴰⵙⵓⴼⵏ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵙⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟ ⵜⴰⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⵎⴰⵙⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⴼⵙⵔ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⵎⵔⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ- ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵏⵏⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵉⴳⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵓⵙⵔⵉⴷⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛⵏ. |
Many sought the material principle (arche) of things, and the method of their origin and disappearance. | ⵡⵜⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵏⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵍⴰⵃ ⵏⵏⵙ. |
In their effort to make sense of the cosmos they coined new terms and concepts such as rhythm, symmetry, analogy, deductionism, reductionism, mathematicazion of nature and others. | ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵔⵎⵙⵏ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⴰⴷ ⵃⵢⵢⵍⵏ ⵉⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⵏⵢⴰ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵜⵔⴰ, ⴷ ⵡⵓⴽⵓⵙ, ⴷ ⵓⵣⴳⵣⵍ, ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ. |
It could mean the beginning or origin with the undertone that there is an effect on the things to follow. | ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏⵖ ⵓⵥⵓⵕ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵎⵔⴽⵓⵍ ⵎⴰⵙⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵜⴼⴰⵔⵏ. |
This may have been because of a lack of instruments, or because of a tendency to view the world as a unity, undeconstructable, so it would be impossible for an external eye to observe tiny fractions of nature under experimental control. | ⵄⵏⵉⵖ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⴰⵖ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵔⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ, ⵏⵖ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⵔⵓⵖ ⵙ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⴰⵇⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵏ, ⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⴰ ⵇⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵢⵓⴳⵓⵎ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵟⵟ ⵏ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵥⵕ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵟⵓⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴰⵔⴰⵎⵜ. |
Systematic because they tried to universalize their findings. | ⴷ ⴰⵏⴱⵔⵉⴷ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵎⵎⴰⵖⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵡⵛⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ. |
The pre-Socratics were not atheists; however, they minimized the extent of the gods' involvement in natural phenomena such as thunder or totally eliminated the gods from the natural world. | ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵢⵏ ⵓⵔ ⴳⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴽⴰⴼⵔⵏ, ⵅⵙ ⵜⴷⴷⴰ ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⴳ ⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⴽⵓⵛⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⴳⴳⵉⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵜⴽⴽⵙ ⵉⴽⵓⵛⵏ ⵇⵇⴰⵃ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏ. |
The first phase of pre-Socratic philosophy, mainly the Milesians, Xenophanes, and Heraclitus, consisted of rejecting traditional cosmogony and attempting to explain nature based on empirical observations and interpretations. | ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵙⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵍⵎⵉⵍⵉⵙⵉⵢⵢⵉⵏ, ⵣⵉⵏⵓⴼⴰⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵀⵉⵔⴰⴽⵍⵉⵜⵓⵙ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵚⵚⴽⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⴳⵉ ⴰⵖⵣⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵔⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵔⴰⵎⵏ. |
The Eleatics were also monists (believing that only one thing exists and everything else is just a transformation of it). | ⵎⴽⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⵍⵢⴰⵜⵉⴽⵢⵓⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵡⴰⵃⵃⴷⵏ (ⵖⴰⵍⵏ ⵏⵉⵜⵏⵉ ⵎⴰⵙⴷ ⵅⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⴰⵖ ⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵅⵙ ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴷⴰⵢ). |
He is considered the first western philosopher since he was the first to use reason, to use proof, and to generalize. | ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⴰⵙⵓⴼ ⵓⴷⵔⵉⵎ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵙⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⵏⵍⵍⵉ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵎⵎⴰⵍ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵜⴰ. |
Thales may have been of Phoenician ancestry. | ⵄⵏⵉⵖ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵟⴰⵍⵉⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴷⴼⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵙⵜⵔⵉ. |
Thales, though, advanced geometry with his abstract deductive reasoning reaching universal generalizations. | ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵙ, ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵣⴳⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴼⵍⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⴰⵙⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ. |
Thales visited Sardis, as many Greeks then, where astronomical records were kept and used astronomical observations for practical matters (oil harvesting). | ⵉⵔⵣⴼ ⵟⴰⵍⵉⵙ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ ⵙⴰⵔⴷⵉⵙ, ⵎⴽⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵔⵣⴼ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵢⵓⵏⴰⵢⵉⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰⵖ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⵃⴹⴰ ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ (ⴰⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵉⵜⵔⵓⵍ). |
He attributed the origin of the world to an element instead of a divine being. | ⵉⴷⵡⵍ ⵓⵥⵓⵚ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵖⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⴽⵓⵛⴰⵏ. |
He was a member of the elite of Miletus, wealthy and a statesman. | ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵍⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵜⴷⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵍⵉⵜⵓⵙ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⴱⴰⵖⵓⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ. |
In response to Thales, he postulated as the first principle an undefined, unlimited substance without qualities (apeiron), out of which the primary opposites, hot and cold, moist and dry, became differentiated. | ⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵟⴰⵍⵉⵙ, ⵉⵖⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⵙⴷ ⴰⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⵡⵓⵜⵜⵓ ⴷ ⴱⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵣⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵊⴷⴰⵏⵜ, ⵉⵔⵖⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵇⵔⴼⵏ, ⵉⵍⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖⵏ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵏ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ. |
He is also known for speculating on the origin of mankind. | ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴰⵏⵉⵜ. |
He also wrote a book on nature in prose. | ⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵅⴼ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵔⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ. |
He was a well-traveled poet whose primary interests were theology and epistemology. | ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓ ⵉⵖⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵡⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵍⵍⴰⵀⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⴷⵔⵉⵣⵏ. |
He famously said that if oxen, horses, or lions could draw, they would draw their gods as oxen, horses, or lions. | ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ, ⵉⵢⵙⴰⵏ, ⵏⵖ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵣⵎⵔⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵓⵏⵖⵏ, ⵀⴰⵜ ⵇⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⵖⵏⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ, ⵉⵢⵙⴰⵏ, ⵏⵖ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵡⵏ. |
Xenophanes also offered naturalistic explanations for phenomena such as the sun, the rainbow and St. Elmo's fire. | ⵎⴽⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵡⵛⴰ ⵣⵉⵏⵓⴼⴰⵏⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴳⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⴰⵕ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵓⵙⴼⵉⵔ. |
While Xenophanes was a pessimist about the capability of humans to reach knowledge, he also believed in gradual progress through critical thinking. | ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵇⵜ ⵣⵉⵏⵓⴼⴰⵏⵙ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⵙ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⴰ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⴰⵏⴼⴰⵔⴰⵏ. |
Heraclitus posited that all things in nature are in a state of perpetual flux. | ⵉⴷⵎⴰ ⵀⵉⵔⴰⴽⵍⵉⵜⵓⵙ ⵎⴰⵙⴷ ⵇⵇⴰⵃ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵓⵖⵍⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⴷⴰ. |
Fire becomes water and earth and vice versa. | ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⴷⵡⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵙⵎⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ. |
There, Heraclitus claims we can not step into the same river twice, a position summarized with the slogan ta panta rhei (everything flows). | ⵖⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵀⵉⵔⴰⴽⵍⵉⵜⵓⵙ ⵎⴰⵙⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵏⵣⵎⵉⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵏⴽⵛⵎ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ, ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⵣⵍ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ : (ⵇⵇⴰⵃ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓⵏⵜ). |
Another key concept of Heraclitus is that opposites somehow mirror each other, a doctrine called unity of opposites. | ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⴰⴳⵊⴷⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵀⵉⵔⴰⴽⵍⵉⵜⵓⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵍⴰⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵔ ⴰⵜⵙⵏ ⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵣⵍⵜ. |
Heraclitus' doctrine on the unity of opposites suggests that unity of the world and its various parts is kept through the tension produced by the opposites. | ⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵀⵉⵔⴰⴽⵍⵉⵜⵓⵙ ⵙ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵣⵓⵍⵜ ⵎⴰⵙⴷ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⵍ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴱⴷⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵅⴼ ⴳⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵣⵍⵜ. |
A fundamental idea in Heraclitus is logos, an ancient Greek word with a variety of meanings; Heraclitus might have used a different meaning of the word with each usage in his book. | ⵜⴰⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵊⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵀⵉⵔⴰⴽⵍⵉⵜⵓⵙ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴳⵣⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵢⵓⵏⴰⵏⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ ⵢⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ; (ⵀⵉⵔⴰⴽⵍⵉⵜⵓⵙ) ⵄⵏⵉⵖ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ. |
Some decades later he had to flee Croton and relocate to Metapontum. | ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵔⵡⵍ ⵙⴳ ⴽⴰⵔⵜⵓⵏ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵙ ⵎⵉⵜⴰⵃⵓⵏⵜⵓⵎ. |
They advanced his ideas, reaching the claim that everything consists of numbers, the universe is made by numbers and everything is a reflection of analogies and geometrical relations. | ⵀⴰⵜ ⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵍⵉⴳ ⵍⴽⵎⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⴷ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏⵏ, ⴰⵎⵖⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰ ⵙ ⵡⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵇⵇⴰⵃ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⵖⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵣⴷⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵣⴳⴰⵏⵉ. |
Their way of life was ascetic, restraining themselves from various pleasures and food. | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉ, ⴷⴰ ⵙⴱⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⵅⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⴼⵊⵊⵉⵊⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵓⵜⵜⵛⵉ. |
Other pre-Socratic philosophers mocked Pythagoras for his belief in reincarnation. | ⵟⵏⵣⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵢⵍⴰⵙⵓⴼⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟ ⵙⴳ ⴱⵉⵜⴰⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⴰⵢⴷⴷⵖ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵍ. |
Pythagoreanism influenced later Christian currents as Neoplatonism, and its pedagogical methods were adapted by Plato. | ⵜⴹⵉⵚ ⵜⴼⵉⵜⴰⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵣⵏ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴰⵢⴷⴷⵖ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵏⵢⵓⴱⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵢⵢⴰ, ⵉⵙⵉⵎⴽ ⴰⴼⵍⴰⵟⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⴽⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ. |
According to Aristotle and Diogenes Laertius, Xenophanes was Parmenides' teacher, and it is debated whether Xenophanes should also be considered an Eleatic. | ⵙⵓⵙⵓⵍⴼ ⵏ ⴰⵕⵙⵟⵓ ⴷ ⴷⵢⵓⵊⵉⵏⵙ ⵍⴰⵢⵔⵜⵢⵓⵙ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵣⵉⵏⵓⴼⴰⵏⵙ ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵃⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏⴷⵉⵙ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵉⵙ ⵏⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵣⵉⵏⵓⴼⴰⵏⵙ ⵉⵍⵢⴰⵜⵉⴽⵉ. |
He was the first to deduce that the earth is spherical. | ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴼⵍⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴰⵇⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢ. |
Parmenides wrote a hard to interpret poem, named On Nature or On What-is, that substantially influenced later Greek philosophy. | ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⴱⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏⴷⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰ ⵓⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴹⵉⵚⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⵓⵏⴰⵏⵉⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⵏ. |
The poem consists of three parts, the proem (i.e., preface), the Way of Truth and the Way of Opinion. | ⵜⴱⴹⴰ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵅⴼ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵏ, ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵓⵔⵉ, ⴷ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ. |
The Way of Truth was then, and is still today, considered of much more importance. | ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰⵖ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⵓⵍ ⵙ ⴷⵖⵉ, ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵊⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ. |
Hence, all the things that we think to be true, even ourselves, are false representations. | ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵀⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵙ ⵏⵜⵜⵉⵖⵉⵍ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵖ, ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳ ⵉⵖⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵖ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵅⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⴷⵢⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵄⵏⵡⴰ. |
The goddess teaches Kouros to use his reasoning to understand whether various claims are true or false, discarding senses as fallacious. | ⵉⵙⵙⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ ⵏ ⴽⵔⵓⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵜⴰⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵔⵎⵙ ⵉⵙ ⵙⵙⴰⵖⵏ ⵉⵖⵉⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵉⵙ ⵣⴳⵍⵏ, ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵜⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴰⵢⴷⴷⵖ ⵓⵔ ⵖⵣⴰⵏⵜ. |
Zeno and Melissus continued Parmenides' thought on cosmology. | ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵣⵉⵏⵓ ⴷ ⵎⵉⵍⵓⵙⵉⵣ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⵔⴰⴷⵉⵏ. |
He tried to explain why we think various non-existent objects exist. | ⵢⵓⵔⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓ ⵎⴰⵅ ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⵉⵖⵉⵍ ⵉⵙ ⵖⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵓⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵍⵍⵉⵏ. |
Anaxagoras was born in Ionia, but was the first major philosopher to emigrate to Athens. | ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴰⵏⴰⴽⴰⵊⵓⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵡⵏⵢⴰ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⴰⵙⵓⴼ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴰⵎⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵃⵜⴰⵍⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵜⵉⵏⴰ. |
Anaxagoras was also a major influence on Socrates. | ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⴰⴽⴰⵊⵓⵔⴰⵙ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵉⴹⵉⵕⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵙⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟ. |
Interpretations differ as to what he meant. | ⴷ ⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵣⴰⵔⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ. |
All objects were mixtures of various elements, such as air, water, and others. | ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵇⵇⴰⵃ ⵓⵔⴽⵉⵙⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ, ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⵣⵡⵓ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ. |
Nous was also considered a building block of the cosmos, but it exists only in living objects. | ⵎⴽⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ‘’ⵏⵓⵙ’’ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵚⵚⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵖⵔⴰⴷ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵅⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵉⴷⵔⵏ. |
Anaxagoras advanced Milesian thought on epistemology, striving to establish an explanation that could be valid for all natural phenomena. | ⵉⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰ ⵓⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⴰⵍⴰⵏⵅⴰⵖⵓⵔⵉⵢ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴷⴰ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⵎⵔⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⴰⵇ ⵉ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ. |
According to Diogenes Laertius, Empedocles wrote two books in the form of poems: Peri Physeos (On nature) and the Katharmoi (Purifications). | ⵙ ⵓⵏⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵢ ⴷ ⴷⵢⵓⵊⵉⵏⵙ ⵍⴰⵢⵜⵢⵓⵙ, ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵉⵎⵉⴷⵓⴽⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ: ⴱⵉⵔⵉ ⴼⵢⵓⵙ (ⵅⴼ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ) ⴷ ⵡⵉⴽⴰⵜⴰⵕⵎⵓⵕⵉ (ⵉⵎⵕⴼⵉ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ). |
"He also continues Anaxagoras' thought on the four ""roots"" (i.e., classical elements), that by intermixing, they create all things around us." | ⵎⴽⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⵎⴰⴷ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⴽⴰⵊⵓⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ‘’ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ’’ ⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ (ⴷ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵔⵏ) ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵖ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏ’’. |
These two forces are opposite and by acting upon the material of the four roots unite in harmony or tear apart the four roots, with the resulting mixture being all things that exist. | ⵜⵉⴷⵓⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵏⴳⴳⵓ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⴰ, ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⴰⴽⵣ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⵏⵖ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⴱⴱⵉ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ, ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵔⴽⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ. |
They are most famous for their atomic cosmology even though their thought included many other fields of philosophy, such as ethics, mathematics, aesthetics, politics, and even embryology. | ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵖⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴼⴰⵏⵓⵣ ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵢⵓⵙⵉ ⵓⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ, ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵏⵜ, ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ, ⵜⵉⵎⵃⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵊⵉⵏⴰⵜ. |
Democritus and Leucippus were skeptics regarding the reliability of our senses, but they were confident that motion exists. | ⵉⴳⴰ ⴷⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵜⵙ ⴷ ⵍⵓⵙⵉⴱ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵖⵣⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴼⵓⵍⵙⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ. |
Atoms move within the void, interact with each other, and form the plurality of the world we live in, in a purely mechanical manner. | ⴷⴰ ⵜⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵏⵉⴼⵏⵓⵣⵏ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵉⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵎⵔⴰⵔⴰ ⵉⵏⴳ ⴰⵙⵏⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⴳⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⵉⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵏⴷⴷⵔ, ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⴽⵉⵢⵜ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⵉⴳⵏ. |
Democritus concluded that since everything is atoms and void, several of our senses are not real but conventional. | ⵉⵟⵟⴰⵢ ⴷⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵇⵇⴰⵃ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⴼⵏⵓⵣⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵍⵏ, ⵓⵔ ⵏⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵖ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵇⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵏ ⵉⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜⵏ. |
They attacked traditional thinking, from gods to morality, paving the way for further advances of philosophy and other disciplines such as drama, social sciences, mathematics, and history. | ⵜⴰⵏⵟⴰⴳⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓ, ⵙⴳ ⵉⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⴷⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵉ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⴹⴹⵕⴰⵎⴰ, ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ. |
The sophists taught rhetoric and how to address issues from multiple viewpoints. | ⵍⵎⴷⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⴷⵙⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵏⵏⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ. |
Gorgias wrote a book named On Nature, in which he attacked the Eleatics' concepts of What-is and What-is-not. | ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⴳⵓⵔⵊⵢⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ‘’ ⵅⴼⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰ’’ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴽⵢⴰ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵢⴰⵜⵉⴽⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⵉⵏ. |
Antiphon placed natural law against the law of the city. | ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴰⵏⵜⵉⴼⵓⵏ ⴰⵙⵏⴰⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴳⴳⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴰⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ. |
He attempted to explain both the variety and unity of the cosmos. | ⵢⵓⵔⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓ ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵖⵔⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. |
Diogenes of Apollonia returned to Milesian monism, but with a rather more elegant thought. | ⵉⴷⵡⵍ ⴷⵢⵓⵊⵉⵏⵉⵙ ⴰⴱⵓⵍⵓⵏⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵣⵣⵓⵖ ⴰⵎⵢⵉⵡⵏ ⴰⵎⵉⵍⵉⵣⵉⵢ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ. |
While Pythagoras and Empedocles linked their self-proclaimed wisdom to their divinely inspired status, they tried to teach or urge mortals to seek the truth about the natural realm—Pythagoras by means of mathematics and geometry and Empedocles by exposure to experiences. | ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵣⴷⵢ ⴼⵉⵜⴰⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵉⴷⵓⵍⵉⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⵥⴻⵥⴷⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵛ, ⵓⵔⵎⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵎⴷⵏ ⵉ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⵏⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏ ⴰⵊⵊⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵏⵓⴱⴱⵓⵛⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴼⵉⵜⴰⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⵣⴳⵉ ⵙ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵣⴰⵢⵉⵏ. |
They attacked the traditional representations of gods that Homer and Hesiod had established and put Greek popular religion under scrutiny, initiating the schism between natural philosophy and theology. | ⴳⴳⵣⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵡⵓⴹⵓⴹⵏ ⵉⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⵀⵓⵎⵉⵔⵓⵙ ⴷ ⵡⵀⵉⵙⵢⵓⴷ ⵙⵔⵙⵏ ⴰⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴰⴰⵎⴷⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⵓⵏⴰⵏⵉⵢ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵓⵃⵟⵟⵓ, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵓⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⴳⵔ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵍⵍⴰⵀⵓⵜ. |
The theological thought starts with the Milesian philosophers. | ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⴼⴰⵍ ⵓⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⴰⵍⴰⵀⵓⵜⵉⵢ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵉⴼⴰⵢⵍⴰⵙⵓⴼⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵍⵉⵣⵉⵢⵏ. |
Xenophanes set three preconditions for God: he had to be all good, immortal and not resembling humans in appearance, which had a major impact on western religious thought. | ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴳⵣⵏⵓⴼⴰⵏ ⴽⵔⴰⴹ ⵉⴼⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵣⵡⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ: ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵥⵉⵍ, ⴷ ⴰⵎⵖⵍⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵉⵔⴰⵙ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⵉⵎ. |
Anaxagoras asserted that cosmic intelligence (nous) gives life to things. | ⵉⵙⵍⴽⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⴽⴰⵊⵓⵔⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⵙⴷ ⵜⵉⴳⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵣⵡⵔ, ⴷⴰ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵉ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ. |
It was Hippocrates (often hailed as the father of medicine) who separated – but not completely – the two domains. | ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴱⵓⵇⵔⴰⵟ ( ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵙⵙⵍⵖⵏ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⴼⵔ) ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵣⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵢⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⴷⵏ. |
Ever-transforming nature is summarized by Heraclitus' axiom panta rhei (everything is in a state of flux). | ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵉⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⵣⴰⵍⵏⵜ ⵜⴱⴰⴷⵉⵀⵢⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ‘’ⵀⵉⵔⴰⴽⵍⵉⵟⵙ ⴱⴰⵏⵜⴰ ⵖⵢⵉ’’ - ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵉⵍⵏ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ). |
The pre-Socratics sought to understand the various aspects of nature by means of rationalism, observations, and offering explanations that could be deemed as scientific, giving birth to what became Western rationalism. | ⵎⵎⴰⵖⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵙⵓⵇⵔⴰⵟ ⴰⴷ ⵔⵎⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵍⵍⵉ, ⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ, ⴼⴽⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⵎⵔⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⵓⵏ ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⴷⵔⵉⵎ. |
Anaximander offered the principle of sufficient reason, a revolutionary argument that would also yield the principle that nothing comes out of nothing. | ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴰⵏⴰⵛⵉⵎⴰⵏⴷⵔ ⴰⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵉⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⵎⵔⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵉ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵃⴰⵃ ⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴼⵖ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵎⵢⴰ. |
Xenophanes also advanced a critique of anthropomorphic religion by highlighting in a rational way the inconsistency of depictions of the gods in Greek popular religion. | ⵎⴽⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵣⵉⵏⵓⴱⵀⴰⵏⵉⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵏⵇⴰⵔⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴳ ⵥⴰⵕⵙ ⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⵙⵉⴷⴷ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵣⴰⵏⵜ ⵅⴼ ⴳⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵍⴼ ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵢⵓⵛ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴰⵢⵓⵏⴰⵏⵉⵢ ⴰⵎⴷⵏⴰⵏ. |
Other pre-Socratics also sought to answer the question of arche, offering various answers, but the first step towards scientific thought was already taken. | ⵎⴽⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⴰ ⴽⴽⴰⵜⵏⵜ ⵜⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵔⴰⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵇⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵕⵕⴰⴱⵓ, ⵡⵛⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⴰⵔⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⵓⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ. |
The philosophic thought produced by the pre-Socratics heavily influenced later philosophers, historians and playwrights. | ⵉⴹⵉⵚⵓⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵉⵢ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵔⵙ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵍⵙⴻⵙⵙⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵉⴼⴰⵢⵍⴰⵙⵓⴼⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵎⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵉⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣⵏ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ. |
The naturalists impressed young Socrates and he was interested in the quest for the substance of the cosmos, but his interest waned as he became steadily more focused on epistemology, virtue, and ethics rather than the natural world. | ⵜⵙⵙⴹⵀⵔ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⵟⵟ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⴰⴳⴰⵔⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵄⵔⵔⵉⵎ ⵙⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟ ⵢⴰⵙⵢ ⴰⵏⵣⴳⵓⵎ ⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵎⵓⵎⵎⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵖⵔⴰⴷ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⵜⵉⵡⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⵖⴹⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴷⴷⵓⵀⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴷⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵓⵖⵍⴰⵏ. |
"Cicero analyzed his views on the pre-Socratics in his Tusculanae Disputationes, as he distinguished the theoretical nature of pre-Socratic thought from previous ""sages"" who were interested in more practical issues." | ‘’ⵉⵙⴼⵙⵉ ⵙⵉⵙⵉⵔⵓ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵍⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ‘’ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵎⵙⴽⵉⵍⵏ’’, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⴱⴹⴰ ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟ ⵅⴼ ‘’ⵉⵏⴼⵍⵓⵙⵏ’’ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏⵏ ⵜⵜ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ’’. |
Aristotle discussed the pre-Socratics in the first book of Metaphysics, as an introduction to his own philosophy and the quest for arche. | ⵉⵎⵔⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵔⵉⵙⵟⵓ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵉⵡⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵉⵜⴰⴼⵉⵣⵉⵇⵢⴰ, ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⵔⴰⴱⵓ. |
Francis Bacon, a 16th-century philosopher known for advancing the scientific method, was probably the first philosopher of the modern era to use pre-Socratic axioms extensively in his texts. | ⵄⵏⵉⵖ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙ ⴱⵉⴽⵓⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⴰⵙⵓⴼ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ (16) ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ, ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⴰⵙⵓⴼ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⴷⵉⵀⵢⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ. |
"Friedrich Nietzsche admired the pre-Socratics deeply, calling them ""tyrants of the spirit"" to mark their antithesis and his preference against Socrates and his successors." | ‘’ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⴼⵔⵉⴷⵉⵔⵉⴽ ⵏⵉⵜⵛ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⵓⵙⵎ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴱⴷⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵙⵙⵓⵇⵔⴰⵟⵢⵢⵉⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ‘’ⵉⵥⴰⵛⵛⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⴰⵏ’’ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵏⵎⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴳⴳⵓ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ. |
According to his narrative, limned in many of his books, the pre-Socratic era was the glorious era of Greece, while the so-called Golden Age that followed was an age of decay, according to Nietzsche. | ⵙ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵀⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵢⵓⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵎⵙⵖⵓⴷⵓ, ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴳ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⵖ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴹⴼⵓⵕⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵇⵔⵢⴰⵏⵜ, ⵎⴽⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵉⵜⵛ. |
Even though this period – known in its earlier part as the Spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period – in its latter part was fraught with chaos and bloody battles, it is also known as the Golden Age of Chinese philosophy because a broad range of thoughts and ideas were developed and discussed freely. | ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵇⵇⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵙⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵙⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵓⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⴰⵖⵏ-ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵅⵙ ⵉⵔⵡⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵖⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵎⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⵖ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵉⵏⵉⵢⵜ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵜⴻⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ. |
Taoism (also called Daoism), a philosophy which emphasizes the Three Jewels of the Tao: compassion, moderation, and humility, while Taoist thought generally focuses on nature, the relationship between humanity and the cosmos; health and longevity; and wu wei (action through inaction). | ⵜⴰⵟⴰⵡⵉⵢⵜ (ⵜⴳⴰ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵔⵉ) ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ: ⴰⴼⵛⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵍⴷⵓⴷⵉ ⴷ ⵡⵓⵏⵏⵓⵣ, ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵉⴽⵉⵍ ⵓⵡⴳⵎ ⴰⵟⴰⵡⵉⵢ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵣⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⴳⵔ ⵜⴼⴳⴰⵏⵉⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵖⵔⴰⴷ; ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵎⵓⴷ;ⴷ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ (ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ). |
Agrarianism, or the School of Agrarianism, which advocated peasant utopian communalism and egalitarianism. | ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵏⵉⵢⵜ, ⵏⵖ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵏⵉⵢ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵇⵇⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵉⵎⴽⵔⴰⵣⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵍⵉⴱⵉⵔⴰⵍⵉⵢⵏ. |
Scholars from this school were good orators, debaters and tacticians. | ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⵣⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⴽⵓⵛⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵣⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵃⵢⵢⵍ. |
"The School of ""Minor-talks"", which was not a unique school of thought, but a philosophy constructed of all the thoughts which were discussed by and originated from normal people on the street." | ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ‘ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵏⴰⵡⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏⵉⵏ’’, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⵅⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⵡⴰⵍⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵚⵚⴽⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⵇⵇⴰⵃ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵔⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵡⴷⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵉⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵓⴽ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴼⴼⵖ’’. |
Confucianism was particularly strong during the Han Dynasty, whose greatest thinker was Dong Zhongshu, who integrated Confucianism with the thoughts of the Zhongshu School and the theory of the Five Elements. | ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴽⵓⵏⴼⵓⵛⵢⵓⵙⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⴷⵓⵙ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴼⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵀⴰⵏ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴷⵓⵏⴳ ⵣⵓⵏⵛⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ, ⵉⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵏⴼⵓⵛⵢⵓⵙⵉⵢⵜ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵣⵓⵏⵖⵛⵓ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⴽⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ. |