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Tamazight NLP 24

Evidence of perchlorates have been found throughout the solar system, and specifically on Mars.

ⵜⵢⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵥⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵔⴽⵍⵓⵕⴰⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵢⵜ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ, ⴷ ⵙ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵥⵓⵢⵖ.

Improved detection methods and increased observation time will undoubtedly discover more planetary systems, and possibly some more like ours.

ⵇⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⴼ ⵜⵉⴱⵔⵉⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵖⵓⴷⴰⵏ; ⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵔⵏⴰⵏ ⴱⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰ, ⴳ ⵉⵏⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ, ⵉⵖⵢ ⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⵙⵓⵍⵏ ⵉⵜⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ.

The aim is to detect those organisms that are able to survive space travel conditions and to maintain the proliferating capacity.

ⴰⵙⴰⵖⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵏⴰⵢⴰ; ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⴷⵔⵏ ⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵜⵓⵎ, ⴷ ⵓⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵉⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴳⵉⴷⵉⵜ.

These stress responses could also allow them to survive in harsh space conditions, although evolution also puts some restrictions on their use as analogues to extraterrestrial life.

ⵖⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴷⵊⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⴷⵎⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵏⴰ; ⵙ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⵜⵓⵎ ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰⵏ, ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵓⵣⵣⵉⴳⵣ ⵉⵜⵙⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⵔⵉⴼⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵎ ⵉⵎⵏⵉⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ.

The formation of spores allows for it to survive extreme environments while still being able to restart cellular growth.

ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⴷⵊⴰ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⴳ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⴽⵜⵉⵔⵢⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴷⴷⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵏⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰⵏ, ⵜⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⴳⵎ ⵜⵉⵍⵎⵉⴽⵜ.

The two landers were identical, so the same tests were carried out at two places on Mars' surface; Viking 1 near the equator and Viking 2 further north.

ⵉⵙⵜⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏ ⵙⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⵙⵓⵍⵏ, ⴰⵢⴰ ⴰⵖⴼ ⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴳⴳⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⵉⵡⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵓⵢⵖⵏ Viking 1 ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴱⴳⵙ, ⴷ Viking 2 ⴳ ⵢⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ.

In astronomy, extinction is the absorption and scattering of electromagnetic radiation by dust and gas between an emitting astronomical object and the observer.

ⴳ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵉⵜⵔⴰⵏ, ⵓⴼⵓⴹ ⵉⴳⴰⵜ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⵎ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵜⵜⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵣⵏⵥⵕ ⵉⵍⵉⴽⵜⵔⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜⵉⴽ ⵙ ⵉⵔⵓⴳⴳⵯⴰ ⴷ ⵍⴳⴰⵣ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵉⵜ ⴷⴰⴷ ⴷⵉⴽⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴼⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵃⴹⵓ.

For stars that lie near the plane of the Milky Way and are within a few thousand parsecs of the Earth, extinction in the visual band of frequencies (photometric system) is roughly 1.8 magnitudes per kiloparsec.

ⵉⴷ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵊⴽⵔⵉⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵉⴱⴹⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴽⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⴽⵉⵍⵓⵎⵉⵟⵕ, ⴰⵢⴰ ⴰⵖⴼ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⵓⴼⵓⴹ ⵓⴼⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵍⵓⴳⵓⵍⵏ ( ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⴷⴷ), ⴷⵉⴽⵙ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 1.8 ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴳⵯⵔ ⵉ ⴽⵓ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⴱⴰⵔⵙⴽ.

Reddening occurs due to the light scattering off dust and other matter in the interstellar medium.

ⴷⴰ ⵜⵊⵕⵓ ⵜⵣⵓⵖⵉ ⵉⴳ ⵉⵣⵍⵍⵄ ⵓⵙⵉⴷⴷ ⴳ ⵉⵔⵓⴳⴳⵯⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵔⵉ.

In most photometric systems filters (passbands) are used from which readings of magnitude of light may take account of latitude and humidity among terrestrial factors.

ⴳ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⴷⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⴽⵉⴷⵉⵏ ( ⵉⴼⵓⵖⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵔⵔⵓⵢ), ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵙⵢ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵜⵉⵖⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵙⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⴷⴷ ⴷⵉⴽⵙ ⵜⴰⵡⵏⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵍⵓⵖⵉ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵎⴳⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ.

Broadly speaking, interstellar extinction is strongest at short wavelengths, generally observed by using techniques from spectroscopy.

ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵇⵙⴰⵃ ⵓⵏⵜⴰⵍ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵏ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵢⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵇⵏⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼ.

The amount of extinction can be significantly higher than this in specific directions.

ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵍⵢ ⵓⵙⵓⴳⵯⵔ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴼⵓⴹ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵏⵉⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ.

As a result, when computing cosmic distances it can be advantageous to move to star data from the near-infared (of which the filter or passband Ks is quite standard) where the variations and amount of extinction are significantly less, and similar ratios as to R(Ks): 0.49±0.02 and 0.528±0.015 were found respectively by independent groups.

ⵜⴰⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵢⴰ, ⴳ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⵟⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵜⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵣⵡⵔ, ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⴼ ⵓⵎⵎⵓⵜⵢ ⵖⵔ ⵉⵏⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵢⵜ ⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ (ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵜⴳⴳⴰ ⵓⵎⵏⴽⴰⴷ ⵏⵖⴷ ⴰⴼⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵔⵔⵓⵢ Ks ⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢ ⴷⵉⴽⵙ), ⴰⵔⴷ ⴷⵉⴽⵙ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵉⵔⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵜⴰⵍ, ⵉⵙⵖⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴽⵙⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ R(Ks): 0.49±0.02 ⴷ 0.528±0.015 ⵙ ⵓⵎⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ.

This feature was first observed in the 1960s, but its origin is still not well understood.

ⵜⵢⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⵜⴱⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⴽⵍⵜ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ 1960, ⵎⴰⴽⴰ ⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵔⵜⴰ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵔⵎⴰⵙ.

In the SMC, more extreme variation is seen with no 2175 Å and very strong far-UV extinction in the star forming Bar and fairly normal ultraviolet extinction seen in the more quiescent Wing.

ⴳ SMC ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⴽⵣ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵔ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ 2175 Å, ⴷ ⵓⵏⵜⴰⵍ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵏⵥⴰⵕ ⵏⵏⵉⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵙⴰⵢⵜ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵔⵉⴳ ⴳ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵡⵓⴼⵓⴹ ⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵏⵥⴰⵕ ⵏⵏⵉⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⴳ ⵉⴼⵔ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴰ.

Finding extinction curves in both the LMC and SMC which are similar to those found in the Milky Way and finding extinction curves in the Milky Way that look more like those found in the LMC2 supershell of the LMC and in the SMC Bar has given rise to a new interpretation.

ⵢⵓⵡⵉⴷ ⵢⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴼⵔⵖⵏ ⵉⵏⵜⵍⵏ ⴳ LMC ⴷ SMC ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵖⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵊⴽⵔⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴱⴰⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵢⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴼⵔⵖⵏ ⵢⴰⴼⵓⴷⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵊⴽⵔⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴱⴰⵏⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⴰⵖⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ LMC2 supershell, ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ LMC ⴷ ⵓⵣⵔⵉⵔⵉⴳ SMC, ⴰⵔⴷ ⵉⴱⴰⵢⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ.

This extinction has three main components: Rayleigh scattering by air molecules, scattering by particulates, and molecular absorption.

ⵓⴼⵓⴹ ⴰⴷ ⴷⵉⴽⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⴼⵕⴹⵉⵚⵏ ⵉⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⴻⵏ: ⴰⴼⵣⵣⵄ ⵏ ⵔⴰⵢⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵓ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵣⵣⵄ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵉⵜⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⵎ ⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ.

The amount of such extinction is lowest at the observer's zenith and highest near the horizon.

ⴰⵙⵓⴳⵯⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵜⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⴰⵔ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵓⵎⵃⴷⵓ ⴷ ⵉⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵎⵉⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵍⵍⴰ.

The Drake equation speculates about the existence of sapient life elsewhere in the universe.

ⵜⵓⵡⵉⴷ ⵜⴳⴷⴰⵣⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⴷⵔⴰⴽ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵉⵥⵉⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵖⵣⵡⵔ.

This encompasses a search for current and historic extraterrestrial life, and a narrower search for extraterrestrial intelligent life.

ⴰⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵡⵉⴷ ⵖⵉⵍⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ, ⴷ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⴰⵏⵢⵉⵎⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵖⵉⵙⵜ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ.

Over the years, science fiction communicated scientific ideas, imagined a wide range of possibilities, and influenced public interest in and perspectives of extraterrestrial life.

ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵢ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵏⴳⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵖⵉⵢⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵏⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ.

According to this argument, made by scientists such as Carl Sagan and Stephen Hawking, as well as notable personalities such as Winston Churchill, it would be improbable for life not to exist somewhere other than Earth.

ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⵥⴰ ⴰⴷ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⴽⴰⵕⵍ ⵙⴰⵊⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵙⵜⵉⴼⵏ ⵀⵓⴽⵉⵏⴳ, ⴷ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵣⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵕⴰⵏ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵡⵉⵏⵙⵜⵓⵏ ⵜⵛⵔⵛⵍ, ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⴱⵍⴰ ⴰⴽⴰⵍ.

Life may have emerged independently at many places throughout the universe.

ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵕⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵖⵣⵡⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ.

At each level of the organism there will be mechanisms in place to eliminate conflict, maintain cooperation, and keep the organism functioning.

ⴳ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵡⵉⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⴷⵔ, ⵇⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⴽⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴽⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵃⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵜⵡⵉⵣⵉ, ⴷ ⵓⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⴷⵔ .

Life based on ammonia (rather than water) has been suggested as an alternative, though this solvent appears less suitable than water.

ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵓⵎⵔ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵖⴼ ⴰⵎⵓⵏⵢⴰ ( ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ), ⴷ ⵉⵎⴽⵉⵙⵙⵉ, ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⵉⵍⴰ ⵡⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵙ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ.

About 95% of living matter is built upon only six elements: carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus and sulfur.

ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 95% ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴰ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵙⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵕⴹⵉⵚⵏ ⴷⴰⵢ: ⴽⴰⵔⴱⵓ, ⵀⵉⴷⵕⵓⵊⵉⵏ, ⵏⵉⵟⵕⵓⵊⵉⵏ, ⵓⴽⵙⵉⵊⵉⵏ, ⴼⵓⵚⴼⵓⵕ ⴷ ⵜⵣⴼⵔⵉⵜ.

The carbon atom has the unique ability to make four strong chemical bonds with other atoms, including other carbon atoms.

ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴱⵍⴽⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵍⴽⴰⵕⴱⵓⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⴳ ⵏ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵍⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵍⴽⵉⵎⵢⴰ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵉⴱⵍⴽⵉⵎⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ, ⴳ ⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⴱⵍⴽⵉⵎⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵍⴽⴰⵕⴱⵓⵏ.

"According to NASA's 2015 Astrobiology Strategy, ""Life on other worlds is most likely to include microbes, and any complex living system elsewhere is likely to have arisen from and be founded upon microbial life."

ⵙ ⵜⵙⵜⵔⴰⵊⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2015, ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵏⴰⵣⴰ, “ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵥ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵎⵉⴽⵔⵓⴱⴰⵜ, ⴷ ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵜ ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⴰⵎⵎⵔⵡⵉ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⴽⵔⵓⴱⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ.

"Rick Colwell, a member of the Deep Carbon Observatory team from Oregon State University, told the BBC: ""I think it’s probably reasonable to assume that the subsurface of other planets and their moons are habitable, especially since we’ve seen here on Earth that organisms can function far away from sunlight using the energy provided directly from the rocks deep underground""."

ⵔⵉⴽ ⴽⵓⵍⵡⵉⵍ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵔⴱⵉⵄⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⴽⴰⵕⴱⵓⵏ ⵉⵖⴱⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵉⴳⵓⵏ, ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉ BBC; ⵖⴰⵍⵖ ⵉⴷ ⵙ ⵏⵏⵉⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵏⵉⵏⵉ ⵎⴰⵙⴷ ⴰⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴼⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵏⵏⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⵓⴼⵔⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵣⴷⴷⵓⵖ, ⵏⵓⵎⵕ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵉⴷⵔⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵄⵔⴰⵇ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⴷⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵢⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵙ ⵡⵓⵙⵔⵉⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵥⵕⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵖⴱⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ.

The panspermia hypothesis proposes that life elsewhere in the Solar System may have a common origin.

ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⵎⵓⵔ ⵜⵉⵖⵉⵢⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⵙⴱⵉⵔⵎⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⵉⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵢⵜ ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵖⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵥⵓⵕ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔ.

In the 19th century it was again revived in modern form by several scientists, including Jöns Jacob Berzelius (1834), Kelvin (1871), Hermann von Helmholtz (1879) and, somewhat later, by Svante Arrhenius (1903).

ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ 19, ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔ ⵜⵉⴽⵍⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵔⴰⵔ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵡⵏ, ⴳ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵊⵓⵏ ⵊⴰⴽⵓⴱ ⴱⵔⵣⵍⵢⵓⵙ (1834), ⴽⵉⵍⴼⵉⵏ (1871), ⵀⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴼⵓⵏ ⵀⵉⵍⵎⵀⵓⵍⵜⵣ (1879) ⴷ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⴰⵖ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵀⵍⵉ ⵙⴳ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵙⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵔⵀⵓⵏⵢⵓⵙ (1903).

"One of the early scientific inquires into the topic appeared in an 1878 Scientific American article entitled ""Is the Moon Inhabited?"""

ⵉⴱⴰⵢⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⴼⵙⵔⵜ ⵜⵙⵖⵓⵏⵜ Scientific American ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1878 ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ “ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵖⵢⵜ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ?”.

Warm and pressurized regions in the Moon's interior might still contain liquid water.

ⵉⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵇⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⵉⵡⵏ ⵉⵔⵖⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵢⴰⴽⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⴷⵉⴽⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⴱⵍⵓⵍⵍⵉⵏ.

There is evidence that Mars had a warmer and wetter past: dried-up riverbeds, polar ice caps, volcanoes, and minerals that form in the presence of water have all been found.

ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵥⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵉⵔⵖⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵍⴳⴳⴰⵖⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵓⵎⵣⵓⵢⵖ, ⵜⵜⵓⵢⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⴼⴼⵏ ⵉⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵍⵇⵣⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⵉⵙ ⴰⵙⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ, ⴷ ⵉⴽⵙⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵣⵓⵖⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⴳ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ.

The vapor could have been produced by ice volcanoes or by ice near the surface sublimating (transforming from solid to gas).

ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⵔ ⵓⵔⴰⴳⴳⵓ ⵙⴳ ⵉⴽⵙⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⵉⵙ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵙ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵍⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴼⴰⴼ (ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵖⵔ ⵍⴳⴰⵣ).

It is also possible that Europa could support aerobic macrofauna using oxygen created by cosmic rays impacting its surface ice.

ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵙ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵓ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵙⵉⵊⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⵏⵥⴰⵕ ⵉⵖⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴼⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⴳⵔⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⴼⴰⴼ.

"On 11 December 2013, NASA reported the detection of ""clay-like minerals"" (specifically, phyllosilicates), often associated with organic materials, on the icy crust of Europa."

ⴳ 11 ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2013, “ⵜⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵏⴰⵣⴰ ⵎⴰⵙⴷ ⵜⵓⴼⴰ ⵉⵣⵓⵖⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵖⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵍⵓⴹ (ⵙ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ phyllosilicates), ⵇⴰⴷ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⵙⵍⵖ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴳⵎⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵇⵛⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ.

Some claim to have identified evidence that microbial life has existed on Mars.

ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⴷⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵙ ⵓⴼⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵥⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⴽⵔⵓⴱⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵓⵢⵖ.

In 1996, a controversial report stated that structures resembling nanobacteria were discovered in a meteorite, ALH84001, formed of rock ejected from Mars.

ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1996 ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵇⵇⵉⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵎⵔⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⵙⴷ ⵢⵓⴼⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵖⵏ ⴳ ⵍⴱⴰⴽⵜⵉⵔⵢⴰ ⵏⴰⵏⴰⵡⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵏⴰⵢⵣⴰⴽ ALH84001, ⴳ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵥⵕⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴳⵔⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵓⵢⵖ.

NASA officials soon distanced NASA from the scientists' claims, and Stoker herself backed off from her initial assertions.

ⵉⵏⴱⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵏⴰⵣⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵏⴰⵣⴰ; ⵄⵔⵇⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵡⵏ, ⵜⵓⵖⵓⵍ ⵙⵜⵓⴽⵔ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵙⴷⴷⵉⴷⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ.

It is designed to assess the past and present habitability on Mars using a variety of scientific instruments.

ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵀⵢⵢⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵓⵢⵖ ⴳⵔ ⵡⴰⵙⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰ, ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ.

However, significant advances in the ability to find and resolve light from smaller rocky worlds near their stars are necessary before such spectroscopic methods can be used to analyze extrasolar planets.

ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⵀⴰⴽⴽⴰⴽ, ⴰⵣⵣⵉⴳⵣ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵙⵙⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⴷⴷ ⴳ ⵉⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵥⵕⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵇⵏⴻⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⴽⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵏⵥⴰⵕ ⵎⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵏⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵏ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵢⵜ.

In August 2011, findings by NASA, based on studies of meteorites found on Earth, suggest DNA and RNA components (adenine, guanine and related organic molecules), building blocks for life as we know it, may be formed extraterrestrially in outer space.

ⴳ ⵖⵓⵛⵜ 2011, ⵏⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵓⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵏⴰⵥⴰ, ⵙⴳ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵏⴰⵢⴰⵥⵉⴽ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ, ⵖⵔ ⵉⴼⵕⴹⵉⵚⵏ ⵏ DNA ⴷ RNA (ⴰⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ, ⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ), ⵉⴼⴳⴳⴰⴳⵏ ⵉⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵉⵎⴽ ⵜⵜ ⵏⵙⵙⵏ, ⵜⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵏⵏⴰ.

In August 2012, and in a world first, astronomers at Copenhagen University reported the detection of a specific sugar molecule, glycolaldehyde, in a distant star system.

ⴳ ⵖⵓⵛⵜ 2012, ⴳ ⵜⵉⴽⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ, ⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵜⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴽⵓⴱⵏⵀⴰⴳⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⴷ ⵓⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ ⵏ ⵙⴽⴽⴰⵔ ⴳⵍⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰⵍⴷⵀⵉⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵏ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵄⵕⵇⵏ.

The Kepler space telescope has also detected a few thousand candidate planets, of which about 11% may be false positives.

ⵢⴰⴼ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵙⴽⵓⴱ ⴽⵉⴱⵍⵔ ⴰⵙⵜⵓⵎ ⵉⵜⵙⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵏⵏⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⴽⴰⴷⵉⵏ, ⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ 11% ⴷⵉⴽⵙ ⵓⵎⵏⵉⴳⵏ ⵉⵣⴳⵍⵏ.

The most massive planet listed on the NASA Exoplanet Archive is DENIS-P J082303.1-491201 b, about 29 times the mass of Jupiter, although according to most definitions of a planet, it is too massive to be a planet and may be a brown dwarf instead.

ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵉⵏⵏⵉⵜ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵢⴷⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵏⴰⵥⴰ, ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵢⵜ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ DENIS-P J082303.1-491201 b, ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 29 ⴰⵢⵓⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵏⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵓⵛⵜⴰⵔⵉ, ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵏⵏⵉⵜ, ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵖⵉⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵉⵏⵏⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵉⵏⵏⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⵏⵉⵡⴰⵢ ⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⴰⵢⴰ.

One sign that a planet probably already contains life is the presence of an atmosphere with significant amounts of oxygen, since that gas is highly reactive and generally would not last long without constant replenishment.

ⵢⴰⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵉⵜⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⵄⴰⵜⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵏⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⵖⵢ ⵉⵙ ⴷⵉⴽⵙ ⵏⵏⵉⴽ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ; ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⴳ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⵓⴷⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵙⵉⵊⵉⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵍⴳⴰⵣ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵎⵔⴰⵔ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵏⵏⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⴷⵉ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵣⴰⴼⵜ ⴱⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⴰⵎⴹⴼⴰⵕ.

Even if it is assumed that only one out of a billion of these stars has planets supporting life, there would be some 6.25 billion life-supporting planetary systems in the observable universe.

ⵎⴽ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵏⴻⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵢ ⴳ ⴽⵓ ⵉⴼⴹⵉⴳⵏⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵏ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵉⵏⵏⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔ, ⵇⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 6.25 ⵏ ⵉⴼⴹⵉⴳⵏⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵏⵏⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⵢⵉⵡⴰⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵖⵣⵡⵔ ⵉⵜⵢⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵏ.

The earliest recorded assertion of extraterrestrial human life is found in ancient scriptures of Jainism.

ⵜⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵓⵣⵎⵎⴻⵣ ⵉⵡⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵡⵉⵏⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⴼⵓⵣⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵊⴰⵢⵏⵉⵣⵎ.

Medieval Muslim writers like Fakhr al-Din al-Razi and Muhammad al-Baqir supported cosmic pluralism on the basis of the Qur'an.

ⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵍⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴰⵜⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵏ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⴼⴰⵅⵔ ⴷⴷⵉⵏ ⵕⵕⴰⵣⵉ ⴷ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵍⴱⴰⵇⵕ; ⵜⵉⴳⴳⵉⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵡⵉⵏⵏⵉⵜⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵇⵕⴰⵏ.

Once it became clear that Earth was merely one planet amongst countless bodies in the universe, the theory of extraterrestrial life started to become a topic in the scientific community.

ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⵉⵜⵢⴰⴽⵣ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⵡⵉⵏⵏⵉ ⴳ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵣⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵖⵣⵡⵔ, ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⴰⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵖⵔⴼ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ.

The possibility of extraterrestrials remained a widespread speculation as scientific discovery accelerated.

ⵜⵇⵉⵎⴰ ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵙⵔⴱⵢ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ.

The idea of life on Mars led British writer H. G. Wells to write the novel The War of the Worlds in 1897, telling of an invasion by aliens from Mars who were fleeing the planet's desiccation.

ⵜⴰⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵓⵢⵖ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⴱⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵉ ⵉⵜⵛ ⵊⵉ ⵡⵉⵍⵣ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1897, ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵕⵕⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵓⵢⵖ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵔⵓⵍⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵏⵏⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ.

"Belief in extraterrestrial beings continues to be voiced in pseudoscience, conspiracy theories, and popular folklore, notably ""Area 51"" and legends."

ⵉⵙⵙⴰⴷⴰ ⵓⵙⵉⵡⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴼⴼⵓⵍⵙ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵖⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵄⵏⵡⴰ, ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴳⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵓⵣ, ⴷ ⵍⴼⵓⵍⴽⵍⵓⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵏⵓⵎⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ 51, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵉⵢ.

Ward and Brownlee are open to the idea of evolution on other planets that is not based on essential Earth-like characteristics (such as DNA and carbon).

ⵡⴰⵔⴷ ⴷ ⴱⵔⵓⵡⵏⵍⵉ ⵔⵣⵎⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵏⵏⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵖⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ (ⵣⵓⵏⴷ DNA ⴷ ⴽⴰⵕⴱⵓⵏ).

"If aliens visit us, the outcome would be much as when Columbus landed in America, which didn't turn out well for the Native Americans"", he said."

ⵉⵏⵏⴰ “ⵉⴳⵏⵏ ⵖⵓⵔⵏⵖ ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⴱⵕⵕⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ, ⵇⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵉⵎⴽⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⵣ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵓⵙ ⴳ ⴰⵎⵔⵉⴽⴰ, ⴷ ⴰⵢⴰ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵃⵍⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⵥⵖⵓⵕⴰⵏ.

COSPAR also provides guidelines for planetary protection.

ⴷⴰ ⵜⴳⴳⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴽⵓⵙⴱⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵉⵙⴼⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵏⵏⵉⵜ.

"Also, according to the response, there is ""no credible information to suggest that any evidence is being hidden from the public's eye."""

ⴰⵡⴷ, ⴳ ⵓⵎⵔⴰⵔⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵣⵣⴳⴰⵏ, ⵉⵙⵏⵄⴰⵜⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⵓⵔⵜ ⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵜ ⴰⵏⵥⴰ ⵏⵉⵍ ⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ.

Top: Light sources of different magnitudes.

ⴳ ⵓⴼⵍⵍⴰ, ⵉⵙⵓⴳⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⴷⴷ ⵉⵙⴳⵯⵔ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ.

Comet Borrelly, the colors show its brightness over the range of three orders of magnitude (right).

ⴽⵓⵎⵉⵜ ⴱⵓⵔⵍⵉ, ⴷⴰ ⵙⴱⴰⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⴼⵓ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵖⴼ ⴽⵔⴰⴹ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴽⵙⴰⵢ (ⴰⵢⴼⴼⴰⵙ).

The scale is logarithmic and defined such that each step of one magnitude changes the brightness by a factor of the fifth root of 100, or approximately 2.512.

ⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵍ ⵍⵓⴳⴰⵔⵉⵜⵎ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⵙ ⵓⴽⵙⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⴼⵓ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵥⵓⵕ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵉ 100, ⵏⵖⴷ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 2.512.

Astronomers use two different definitions of magnitude: apparent magnitude and absolute magnitude.

ⴷⴰ ⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵉⵜⵔⴰⵏ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⵙⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴽⵙⴰⵢ: ⴰⵙⴳⵯⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ, ⴷ ⵓⴽⵙⴰⵢ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴰⵔⵉⴼ.

The absolute magnitude describes the intrinsic luminosity emitted by an object and is defined to be equal to the apparent magnitude that the object would have if it were placed at a certain distance from Earth, 10 parsecs for stars.

ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵎⵎⵓⵍ ⴰⴽⵙⴰⵢ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴼⵍⵉⵍⵍⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵏⵙ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴼⴽⴽⴰ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵙⵙⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⴽⵙⴰⵢ ⵉⵜⵢⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵏ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⴳ ⵓⴼⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⴳ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵔⵙ ⵖⴼ ⴽⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵜⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ, 10 ⴼⵔⵙⴽ ⵏ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵏ.

The development of the telescope showed that these large sizes were illusory—stars appeared much smaller through the telescope.

ⵉⵙⴱⴰⵢⵏⴷ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵙⴽⵓⴱ ⵉⴷ ⵉⴽⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵏⴷⴰⵡⵜ-ⴰⴳⴷ ⴱⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵏ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵙⴽⵓⴱ.

The more negative the value, the brighter the object.

ⴽⵓ ⵉⴳ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵔⵏⵓ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵓⵣⴷⵉⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵔⵏⵓ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵖⵏⴰⵡ.

Stars that have magnitudes between 1.5 and 2.5 are called second-magnitude; there are some 20 stars brighter than 1.5, which are first-magnitude stars (see the list of brightest stars).

ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵏ ⵎⵉⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴳⵔ 1.5 ⴷ 2.5 ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⴼⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ, ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 20 ⵏ ⵉⵜⵔⵉ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴳ 1.5 ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⴷⴷ, ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵙⴽⴼⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ( ⵥⵕ ⵜⴰⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴷⴷⴰⵏ).

Absolute magnitudes for solar system objects are frequently quoted based on a distance of 1 AU.

ⴷⴰⴷ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⵯⴰⵔⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⵔⵉⴼⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵢⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵜⵓⵎ 1 AU.

The simplest form of technology is the development and use of basic tools.

ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵜ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵉⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ.

It has helped develop more advanced economies (including today's global economy) and has allowed the rise of a leisure class.

ⵢⵓⵡⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ( ⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⵓ ⵜⴷⵎⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵙⵙⴰ), ⵢⴰⵡⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎⵙⵓⵜ.

Examples include the rise of the notion of efficiency in terms of human productivity, and the challenges of bioethics.

ⴷ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵜⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏ, ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵏⵥⵕⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵉⵏ.

"The term's meanings changed in the early 20th century when American social scientists, beginning with Thorstein Veblen, translated ideas from the German concept of Technik into ""technology."""

ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⴽⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⵙⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ 20, ⴷⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ, ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵓⵔⵙⵜⵉⵏ ⴼⵉⴱⵍⵏ, ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⵙⵙⵏ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵏⵉⴽ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵢⴰ.

"In 1937, the American sociologist Read Bain wrote that ""technology includes all tools, machines, utensils, weapons, instruments, housing, clothing, communicating and transporting devices and the skills by which we produce and use them."""

ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1937, ⵢⴰⵔⵓ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ ⵔⵉⴷ ⴱⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⵏ; ⵜⴰⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⵜⵙⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵓⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵇⵛⵓⵛⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵔⵉⴳⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵓⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵣⴷⴷⵓⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵍⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵍ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵓⴽⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜ ⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ.

"More recently, scholars have borrowed from European philosophers of ""technique"" to extend the meaning of technology to various forms of instrumental reason, as in Foucault's work on technologies of the self (techniques de soi)."

ⴳ ⵜⵢⵉⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ, ⵓⵎⵥⵏⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵉⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵏ ⵉⵔⵓⴱⴱⵉⵢⵉⵏ, ⵜⴰⵜⵉⵇⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵔⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵖ ⴰⵏⴽⴽⵉⵏ, ⵉⵎⴽ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⴼⵓⴽⵓ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵉⵇⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵎⴰⵙ.

"to invent useful things or to solve problems"" and ""a machine, piece of equipment, method, etc.,"

ⵉ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴱⵖⵓⵔⵜ, ⵏⵖⴷ ⴰⴼⵙⵙⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⵙ, ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉⵡ, ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵢⵉⵔⴰ.

The term is often used to imply a specific field of technology, or to refer to high technology or just consumer electronics, rather than technology as a whole.

ⴷⴰ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵎⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏⵄⵜ ⵖⵔ ⴽⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ, ⵏⵖⴷ ⵜⴰⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ, ⵏⵖⴷ ⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⵉⴽⵜⵔⵓⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰ, ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵉⵎⴽⴽⵉⵙⵉ ⵉ ⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ.

In this usage, technology refers to tools and machines that may be used to solve real-world problems.

ⴳ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⵏⵄⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⵖⵔ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵓⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵉⴳⵏ ⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴷⵜⵏ ⵜⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙⴷ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵙⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ.

"W. Brian Arthur defines technology in a similarly broad way as ""a means to fulfill a human purpose."""

ⴷ ⵉⵙⵉⵙⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⴱⵔⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵜⵓⵔ ⵜⴰⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⵙ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⵡⵜ ⵢⴰⴽⵙⵓⵍⵏ, ⵉⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⴽ ⵎⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵡⴹ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ.

"When combined with another term, such as ""medical technology"" or ""space technology,"" it refers to the state of the respective field's knowledge and tools. """

ⵉⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵓⵜⵜⵓⵣⵎⵣⴰⵣⵍ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ “ⵜⴰⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼⵜ”, ⵏⵖⴷ “ⵜⴰⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵜⵓⵎ”, ⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵓⵔⵏ ⵉⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣⵏ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ.

Additionally, technology is the application of mathematics, science, and the arts for the benefit of life as it is known.

ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵏⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵏⴰⵢⴰ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵉⵎⴽ ⵜⵢⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ.

Engineering is the goal-oriented process of designing and making tools and systems to exploit natural phenomena for practical human means, often (but not always) using results and techniques from science.

ⴰⵜⵡⴰⵍ ⵜⴳⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴳⴳⵉⵜ ⵉⵏⵎⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⴷ ⵉ ⵓⵎⵎⴰⴽ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵓⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵔⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⴻⵏ, ⴷ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ (ⵎⴰⴽⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴷ ⴰⵀⴰ) ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵇⵏⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ.

For example, science might study the flow of electrons in electrical conductors by using already-existing tools and knowledge.

ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ, ⵜⵖⵉⵢ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⴰⵏⵖⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵉⴽⵟⵕⵓⵏⴰⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵣⴷⴷⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵓⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴽ.

The exact relations between science and technology, in particular, have been debated by scientists, historians, and policymakers in the late 20th century, in part because the debate can inform the funding of basic and applied science.

ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰ ⵓⵎⵔⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵣⵍⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵖⵉⴷⵉⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ, ⵙ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ, ⵙⴳ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵎⵣⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵔⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵢⵉⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ 20, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵖⵓⵍ ⵎⴰⵏⴰⵢⴰ ⵖⵔ ⴰⵎⵔⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⵎ ⴰⵙⵉⵥⵕⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴳⴳⵉⵜⵉⵏ.

Early humans evolved from a species of foraging hominids which were already bipedal, with a brain mass approximately one third of modern humans.

ⴰⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵉⵜⴷⴷⵓⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴹⴰⵕⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵛ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵔⵏ.

The invention of polished stone axes was a major advance that allowed forest clearance on a large scale to create farms.

ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵛⵓⵇⵇⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵕⴰⵏ ⵉⵀⵢⵢⴰⵏ, ⴰⵣⵣⵉⴳⵣ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⴽⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⴰⵡ ⵎⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⴳⵔⵣⴰ.

The earliest known use of wind power is the sailing ship; the earliest record of a ship under sail is that of a Nile boat dating to the 8th-millennium BCE.

ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵉ ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵓ ⵜⴳⴰⵜ “ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⵜ”, ⴰⵔⵔⴰ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵜ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴼⵍⵓⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ 8 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃ.

According to archaeologists, the wheel was invented around 4000 BCE probably independently and nearly simultaneously in Mesopotamia (in present-day Iraq), the Northern Caucasus (Maykop culture) and Central Europe.

ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⵉⵣ, ⵉⵙ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⵖⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 4000 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃ, ⵙ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⴳ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰⵖ ⵏⵏⵉⴽ ⴳ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⴼⴼⵏ ( ⵍⵄⵉⵕⴰⵇ ⴷⵖⵉ), ⴷ ⵉⵣⵣⵍⵎⴹ ⵏ ⵍⵇⵓⵇⴰⵣ ( ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵢⴽⵓⴱ), ⴷ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ.

More recently, the oldest-known wooden wheel in the world was found in the Ljubljana marshes of Slovenia.

ⴳ ⵜⵢⵉⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷⵖ, ⵜⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵜⵙⵖⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⴹ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ, ⴳ ⵉⵏⴰⵣⵓⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵢⵓⴱⵍⵢⴰⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵙⵍⵓⴼⵉⵏⵢⴰ.

The ancient Sumerians used the potter's wheel and may have invented it.

ⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙⵏ ⵙⵓⵎⵉⵔⵢⵢⵓⵏ ⵉⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵖⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵇⵇⵉ, ⴷ ⵉⵖⵢ ⵉⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵙⵙⴽⵔⵏ.

The first two-wheeled carts were derived from travois and were first used in Mesopotamia and Iran in around 3000 BCE.

ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖⵏⴷ ⵜⵓⵍⴷⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵉⴷ ⵎⵎ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵖⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ travois, ⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⴽⵍⵜ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⴳⵔ-ⵉⵙⴰⴼⴼⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵕⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 3000 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃ.

A bathtub virtually identical to modern ones was unearthed at the Palace of Knossos.

ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵓⴳⵔⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵛⵓⴼ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵖⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵔⵔⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵏⵓⵙⵓⵙ.

The primary sewer in Rome was the Cloaca Maxima; construction began on it in the sixth century BCE and it is still in use today.

ⴰⵇⵇⴰ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ Cloaca Maxima, ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴷⵉⴽⵙ ⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃ, ⵉⵙⴰⵍ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⵙⵙⴰ.

Medieval technology saw the use of simple machines (such as the lever, the screw, and the pulley) being combined to form more complicated tools, such as the wheelbarrow, windmills and clocks, and a system of universities developed and spread scientific ideas and practices.

ⵜⵥⵕ ⵜⵉⵇⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵜⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⴰⵔⵉⵏ( ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵎⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵍⵊⵕⵕⴰⵕⵜ), ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⴹⴼⵏ ⵎⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵓⵔⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵉⵔⵡⵉⵏ, ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⴹⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵓ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴰⵔⴰⴳⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵙⵔ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴳⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⴻⵏ.

Starting in the United Kingdom in the 18th century, the Industrial Revolution was a period of great technological discovery, particularly in the areas of agriculture, manufacturing, mining, metallurgy, and transport, driven by the discovery of steam power and the widespread application of the factory system.

ⵙⴳ ⵍⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ 18, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼ ⴰⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏ, ⵏⵓⵎⴰⵕ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵢⵔⵣⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⴽⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴳⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵍ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵜⴽⴰⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⴽⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵓⴳⴳⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴳⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⵡ ⵉⴳⵏ ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵜⵢⴰⵀⵢⵢⴰⵏ.

The rise in technology has led to skyscrapers and broad urban areas whose inhabitants rely on motors to transport them and their food supplies.

ⵢⵓⵡⵢ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⵖⵔ ⴰⴱⵔⵣⴷⴷⵓⵖ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⵉⵡⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⵡⵏ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵏⵎⴰⵙⵙⵓⵜⵏ ⵎⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵎⵛⵜⴰⴳⵏ ⴰⵔⴷ ⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⵜⵛⵉ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.

The 20th century brought a host of innovations.

ⵢⵓⵡⵉⴷ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ 20 ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍⵏ.

Information technology subsequently led to the birth in the 1980s of the Internet, which ushered in the current Information Age.

ⵜⵓⵡⵢ ⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵖⵔ ⵡⵓⴼⵓⵖ ⵏ ⵍⴰⵏⵜⵉⵔⵏⵉⵜ ⴳ 1980, ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⴱⵔⵔⵃⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ.

Complex manufacturing and construction techniques and organizations are needed to make and maintain some of the newer technologies, and entire industries have arisen to support and develop succeeding generations of increasingly more complex tools.

ⵜⵜⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵇⵏⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴳⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵎⴳⵓⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵀⵢⵢⵓ ⵉⵜⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵇⵏⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵜⵔⴰⵔⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⴱⴰⵢⵏⴷ ⵜⵎⴳⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴽⵓⵍ ⵎⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵙ ⴰⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵓⵔⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵏⵓⵜ.

Transhumanists generally believe that the point of technology is to overcome barriers, and that what we commonly refer to as the human condition is just another barrier to be surpassed.

ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵉⵖⵉⵍⵏ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ “ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵜⵉⴼⴼⵓⴳⵏⴰ” ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵉⴷ ⴰⵙⴰⵖⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏⴹⵡ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ, ⴷ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵙ ⵏⵙⵏⵄⴰⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ; ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⵓ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵙ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵇⵇⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵏⴻⵏⴹⵡ.

They suggest that the inevitable result of such a society is to become evermore technological at the cost of freedom and psychological health.

ⵙⵙⵓⵎⵓⵔⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵜⴰⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵉⵔⴰⵢ ⵉ ⴰⵎⵎ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⴷ; ⵜⴳⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵇⵏⵉⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⵜⵓⴽⵍⵉⵙⵜ.

He hopes to reveal the essence of technology in a way that 'in no way confines us to a stultified compulsion to push on blindly with technology or, what comes to the same thing, to rebel helplessly against it.'

ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵔⵉⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵖ ⵜⴰⴳⵏⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⵙ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵓⵔ ⴰⴽ ⵢⴰⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵙ ⴰⴽ ⵎⴰⵎⵏⴽ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵜⴽⵢ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⴽⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵇⵏ-ⵡⴰⵍⵏ, ⵏⵖⴷ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵜⴷⴷⵓⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⴰⵖ ⵏⵏⵉⴽ, ⵎⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⵉⵖⵡⵡⵖ ⵙ ⴳⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵣⵎⵔⵜ.