id
stringlengths 30
32
| content
stringlengths 7
30.8k
| content_type
stringclasses 1
value | meta
dict | id_hash_keys
sequence | score
null | embedding
null |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
37828517aec169c173b1afc7941abf4b | [31] In 1904, Coolidge suffered his sole defeat at the ballot box, losing an election to the Northampton school board. When told that some of his neighbors voted against him because he had no children in the schools he would govern, the recently married Coolidge replied, "Might give me time!"[31]
Massachusetts state legislator and mayor
Coolidge as a State Representative in 1908
See also: 134th Massachusetts General Court (1913), 135th Massachusetts General Court (1914), and 136th Massachusetts General Court (1915)
In 1906, the local Republican committee nominated Coolidge for election to the Massachusetts House of Representatives. He won a close victory over the incumbent Democrat, and reported to Boston for the 1907 session of the Massachusetts General Court.[32] In his freshman term, Coolidge served on minor committees and, although he usually voted with the party, was known as a Progressive Republican, voting in favor of such measures as women's suffrage and the direct election of Senators.[33] While in Boston, Coolidge became an ally, and then a liegeman, of then U.S. Senator Winthrop Murray Crane who controlled the western faction of the Massachusetts Republican Party; Crane's party rival in the east of the commonwealth was U.S. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge",
"_split_id": 12
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
4130f68031aa5736c214fc39f9558d67 | Senator Henry Cabot Lodge.[34] Coolidge forged another key strategic alliance with Guy Currier, who had served in both state houses and had the social distinction, wealth, personal charm and broad circle of friends which Coolidge lacked, and which would have a lasting impact on his political career.[35] In 1907, he was elected to a second term, and in the 1908 session Coolidge was more outspoken, though not in a leadership position.[36]
Coolidge's home (1906−1930) in Northampton, Massachusetts
Instead of vying for another term in the State House, Coolidge returned home to his growing family and ran for mayor of Northampton when the incumbent Democrat retired. He was well liked in the town, and defeated his challenger by a vote of 1,597 to 1,409.[37] During his first term (1910 to 1911), he increased teachers' salaries and retired some of the city's debt while still managing to effect a slight tax decrease.[38] He was renominated in 1911, and defeated the same opponent by a slightly larger margin. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge",
"_split_id": 13
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
1bdbd0deecb7177c1f24d3f1cdb45fb6 | [39]
In 1911, the State Senator for the Hampshire County area retired and successfully encouraged Coolidge to run for his seat for the 1912 session; Coolidge defeated his Democratic opponent by a large margin.[40] At the start of that term, he became chairman of a committee to arbitrate the "Bread and Roses" strike by the workers of the American Woolen Company in Lawrence, Massachusetts.[b] After two tense months, the company agreed to the workers' demands, in a settlement proposed by the committee.[41] A major issue affecting Massachusetts Republicans that year was the party split between the progressive wing, which favored Theodore Roosevelt, and the conservative wing, which favored William Howard Taft. Although he favored some progressive measures, Coolidge refused to leave the Republican party.[42] When the new Progressive Party declined to run a candidate in his state senate district, Coolidge won reelection against his Democratic opponent by an increased margin.[42]
"Do the day's work. If it be to protect the rights of the weak, whoever objects, do it. If it be to help a powerful corporation better to serve the people, whatever the opposition, do that. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge",
"_split_id": 14
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
3d42b9c37885a8971d845be04aeb5fa6 | Expect to be called a stand-patter, but don't be a stand-patter. Expect to be called a demagogue, but don't be a demagogue. Don't hesitate to be as revolutionary as science. Don't hesitate to be as reactionary as the multiplication table. Don't expect to build up the weak by pulling down the strong. Don't hurry to legislate. Give administration a chance to catch up with legislation.""Have Faith in Massachusetts" as delivered by Calvin Coolidge to the Massachusetts State Senate, 1914[43]
In the 1913 session, Coolidge enjoyed renowned success in arduously navigating to passage the Western Trolley Act, which connected Northampton with a dozen similar industrial communities in western Massachusetts.[44] Coolidge intended to retire after his second term as was the custom, but when the president of the state senate, Levi H. Greenwood, considered running for lieutenant governor, Coolidge decided to run again for the Senate in the hopes of being elected as its presiding officer. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge",
"_split_id": 15
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
dbe6fcd12e129aa627313caf85c57e4b | [45] Although Greenwood later decided to run for reelection to the Senate, he was defeated primarily due to his opposition to women's suffrage; Coolidge was in favor of the women's vote, won his re-election, and with Crane's help, assumed the presidency of a closely divided Senate.[46] After his election in January 1914, Coolidge delivered a published and frequently quoted speech entitled Have Faith in Massachusetts, which summarized his philosophy of government.[43]
Coolidge's speech was well received, and he attracted some admirers on its account;[47] towards the end of the term, many of them were proposing his name for nomination to lieutenant governor. After winning reelection to the Senate by an increased margin in the 1914 elections, Coolidge was reelected unanimously to be President of the Senate.[48] Coolidge's supporters, led by fellow Amherst alumnus Frank Stearns, encouraged him again to run for lieutenant governor.[49] Stearns, an executive with the Boston department store R. H. Stearns, became another key ally, and began a publicity campaign on Coolidge's behalf before he announced his candidacy at the end of the 1915 legislative session. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge",
"_split_id": 16
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
c449bac17f34570be6ae7d71a6e02797 | [50]
Lieutenant Governor and Governor of Massachusetts (1916−1921)
Coolidge with his family (1900)
Coolidge entered the primary election for lieutenant governor and was nominated to run alongside gubernatorial candidate Samuel W. McCall. Coolidge was the leading vote-getter in the Republican primary, and balanced the Republican ticket by adding a western presence to McCall's eastern base of support.[51] McCall and Coolidge won the 1915 election to their respective one-year terms, with Coolidge defeating his opponent by more than 50,000 votes.[52]
In Massachusetts, the lieutenant governor does not preside over the state Senate, as is the case in many other states; nevertheless, as lieutenant governor, Coolidge was a deputy governor functioning as an administrative inspector and was a member of the governor's council. He was also chairman of the finance committee and the pardons committee.[53] As a full-time elected official, Coolidge discontinued his law practice in 1916, though his family continued to live in Northampton.[54] McCall and Coolidge were both reelected in 1916 and again in 1917. When McCall decided that he would not stand for a fourth term, Coolidge announced his intention to run for governor. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge",
"_split_id": 17
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
defe88093fee14a5f06961f8e366082c | [55]
1918 election
Coolidge was unopposed for the Republican nomination for Governor of Massachusetts in 1918. He and his running mate, Channing Cox, a Boston lawyer and Speaker of the Massachusetts House of Representatives, ran on the previous administration's record: fiscal conservatism, a vague opposition to Prohibition, support for women's suffrage, and support for American involvement in World War I.[2] The issue of the war proved divisive, especially among Irish and German Americans.[56] Coolidge was elected by a margin of 16,773 votes over his opponent, Richard H. Long, in the smallest margin of victory of any of his statewide campaigns.[57]
Boston Police Strike
Main article: Boston Police Strike
In 1919, in reaction to a plan of the policemen of the Boston Police Department to register with a union, Police Commissioner Edwin U. Curtis announced that such an act would not be tolerated. In August of that year, the American Federation of Labor issued a charter to the Boston Police Union.[58] Curtis declared the union's leaders were guilty of insubordination and would be relieved of duty, but indicated he would cancel their suspension if the union was dissolved by September 4. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge",
"_split_id": 18
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
a8886c6f3f9c0e15e5a3bbcc5b642244 | [59] The mayor of Boston, Andrew Peters, convinced Curtis to delay his action for a few days, but with no results, and Curtis suspended the union leaders on September 8.[60] The following day, about three-quarters of the policemen in Boston went on strike.[61][c] Coolidge, tacitly but fully in support of Curtis' position, closely monitored the situation but initially deferred to the local authorities. He anticipated that only a resulting measure of lawlessness could sufficiently prompt the public to understand and appreciate the controlling principle – that a policeman does not strike. That night and the next, there was sporadic violence and rioting in the unruly city.[62] Peters, concerned about sympathy strikes by the firemen and others, called up some units of the Massachusetts National Guard stationed in the Boston area pursuant to an old and obscure legal authority, and relieved Curtis of duty.[63]
"Your assertion that the Commissioner was wrong cannot justify the wrong of leaving the city unguarded. That furnished the opportunity; the criminal element furnished the action. There is no right to strike against the public safety by anyone, anywhere, any time. ... | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge",
"_split_id": 19
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
861e4d1701f43672a43ff27662682be8 | I am equally determined to defend the sovereignty of Massachusetts and to maintain the authority and jurisdiction over her public officers where it has been placed by the Constitution and laws of her people.""Telegram from Governor Calvin Coolidge to Samuel Gompers", September 14, 1919[64]
Coolidge, sensing the severity of circumstances were then in need of his intervention, conferred with Crane's operative, William Butler, and then acted.[65] He called up more units of the National Guard, restored Curtis to office, and took personal control of the police force.[66] Curtis proclaimed that all of the strikers were fired from their jobs, and Coolidge called for a new police force to be recruited.[67]
That night Coolidge received a telegram from AFL leader Samuel Gompers. "Whatever disorder has occurred", Gompers wrote, "is due to Curtis's order in which the right of the policemen has been denied…"[68] Coolidge publicly answered Gompers's telegram, denying any justification whatsoever for the strike – and his response launched him into the national consciousness.[68] Newspapers across the nation picked up on Coolidge's statement and he became the newest hero to opponents of the strike. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge",
"_split_id": 20
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
df3f874cb8f3c8f86c77994792e3db06 | Amid of the First Red Scare, many Americans were terrified of the spread of communist revolutions, like those that had taken place in Russia, Hungary, and Germany. While Coolidge had lost some friends among organized labor, conservatives across the nation had seen a rising star.[69] Although he usually acted with deliberation, the Boston police strike gave him a national reputation as a decisive leader, and as a strict enforcer of law and order.
1919 election
Coolidge inspects militia in Boston police strike
Coolidge and Cox were renominated for their respective offices in 1919. By this time Coolidge's supporters (especially Stearns) had publicized his actions in the Police Strike around the state and the nation and some of Coolidge's speeches were published in book form.[43] He faced the same opponent as in 1918, Richard Long, but this time Coolidge defeated him by 125,101 votes, more than seven times his margin of victory from a year earlier.[d] His actions in the police strike, combined with the massive electoral victory, led to suggestions that Coolidge run for president in 1920. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge",
"_split_id": 21
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
a60234809120a2c71484c0a63f0b7abb | [71]
Legislation and vetoes as governor
By the time Coolidge was inaugurated on January 2, 1919, the First World War had ended, and Coolidge pushed the legislature to give a $100 bonus (equivalent to $1,563 in 2021) to Massachusetts veterans. He also signed a bill reducing the work week for women and children from fifty-four hours to forty-eight, saying, "We must humanize the industry, or the system will break down."[72] He signed into law a budget that kept the tax rates the same, while trimming $4 million from expenditures, thus allowing the state to retire some of its debt.[73]
Coolidge also wielded the veto pen as governor. His most publicized veto prevented an increase in legislators' pay by 50%.[74] Although Coolidge was personally opposed to Prohibition, he vetoed a bill in May 1920 that would have allowed the sale of beer or wine of 2.75% alcohol or less, in Massachusetts in violation of the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. "Opinions and instructions do not outmatch the Constitution," he said in his veto message. "Against it, they are void. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge",
"_split_id": 22
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
4f04521ca2d33d20c1a8b08d41773527 | "[75]
Vice presidency (1921−1923)
1920 election
Main article: 1920 United States presidential election
An original Harding-Coolidge campaign button
At the 1920 Republican National Convention, most of the delegates were selected by state party caucuses, not primaries. As such, the field was divided among many local favorites.[76] Coolidge was one such candidate, and while he placed as high as sixth in the voting, the powerful party bosses running the convention, primarily the party's U.S. Senators, never considered him seriously.[77] After ten ballots, the bosses and then the delegates settled on Senator Warren G. Harding of Ohio as their nominee for president.[78] When the time came to select a vice presidential nominee, the bosses also made and announced their decision on whom they wanted – Sen. Irvine Lenroot of Wisconsin – and then prematurely departed after his name was put forth, relying on the rank and file to confirm their decision. A delegate from Oregon, Wallace McCamant, having read Have Faith in Massachusetts, proposed Coolidge for vice president instead. The suggestion caught on quickly with the masses starving for an act of independence from the absent bosses, and Coolidge was unexpectedly nominated. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge",
"_split_id": 23
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
98f5b9dc2328a2ac4d602b3e2230b4a | [79]
The Democrats nominated another Ohioan, James M. Cox, for president and the Assistant Secretary of the Navy, Franklin D. Roosevelt, for vice president. The question of the United States joining the League of Nations was a major issue in the campaign, as was the unfinished legacy of Progressivism.[80] Harding ran a "front-porch" campaign from his home in Marion, Ohio, but Coolidge took to the campaign trail in the Upper South, New York, and New England – his audiences carefully limited to those familiar with Coolidge and those placing a premium upon concise and short speeches.[81] On November 2, 1920, Harding and Coolidge were victorious in a landslide, winning more than 60 percent of the popular vote, including every state outside the South.[80] They also won in Tennessee, the first time a Republican ticket had won a Southern state since Reconstruction.[80]
"Silent Cal"
President Harding and Vice President Coolidge with their wives
The U.S. vice-presidency did not carry many official duties, but Coolidge was invited by President Harding to attend cabinet meetings, making him the first vice president to do so.[82] He gave a number of unremarkable speeches around the country. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge",
"_split_id": 24
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
fdb7d01b28c76511a3bc50020804b7f3 | [83]
As vice president, Coolidge and his vivacious wife Grace were invited to quite a few parties, where the legend of "Silent Cal" was born. It is from this time that most of the jokes and anecdotes involving Coolidge originate, such as Coolidge being "silent in five languages".[84] Although Coolidge was known to be a skilled and effective public speaker, in private he was a man of few words and was commonly referred to as "Silent Cal". An apocryphal story has it that a person seated next to him at a dinner said to him, "I made a bet today that I could get more than two words out of you."He replied, "You lose."[85] However, on April 22, 1924, Coolidge himself said that the "You lose" quotation never occurred. The story about it was related by Frank B. Noyes, President of the Associated Press, to their membership at their annual luncheon at the Waldorf Astoria Hotel, when toasting and introducing Coolidge, who was the invited speaker. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge",
"_split_id": 25
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
47f6a75a16d2e3dc667c4006596f21a9 | After the introduction and before his prepared remarks, Coolidge said to the membership, "Your President [referring to Noyes] has given you a perfect example of one of those rumors now current in Washington which is without any foundation."[86]
Coolidge often seemed uncomfortable among fashionable Washington society; when asked why he continued to attend so many of their dinner parties, he replied, "Got to eat somewhere."[87] Alice Roosevelt Longworth, a leading Republican wit, underscored Coolidge's silence and his dour personality: "When he wished he were elsewhere, he pursed his lips, folded his arms, and said nothing. He looked then precisely as though he had been weaned on a pickle."[88] Coolidge and his wife, Grace, who was a great baseball fan, once attended a Washington Senators game and sat through all nine innings without saying a word, except once when he asked her the time.[89]
As president, Coolidge's reputation as a quiet man continued. "The words of a President have an enormous weight," he would later write, "and ought not to be used indiscriminately."[90] Coolidge was aware of his stiff reputation; indeed, he cultivated it. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge",
"_split_id": 26
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
8f3c34e980f59eb814988a10c0da0ceb | "I think the American people want a solemn ass as a President," he once told Ethel Barrymore, "and I think I will go along with them."[91] Some historians suggest that Coolidge's image was created deliberately as a campaign tactic,[92] while others believe his withdrawn and quiet behavior to be natural, deepening after the death of his son in 1924.[93] Dorothy Parker, upon learning that Coolidge had died, reportedly remarked, "How can they tell?"[94]
Presidency (1923−1929)
Main articles: Presidency of Calvin Coolidge and First inauguration of Calvin Coolidge
For a chronological guide, see Timeline of the Calvin Coolidge presidency.
On August 2, 1923, President Harding died unexpectedly from a heart attack in San Francisco while on a speaking tour of the western United States. Vice President Coolidge was in Vermont visiting his family home, which had neither electricity nor a telephone, when he received word by messenger of Harding's death.[95] Coolidge dressed, said a prayer, and came downstairs to greet the reporters who had assembled. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge",
"_split_id": 27
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
c13b50792ebd54f86b5951427f435e69 | [95] His father, a notary public and justice of the peace, administered the oath of office in the family's parlor by the light of a kerosene lamp at 2:47 a.m. on August 3, 1923, whereupon the new President of the United States returned to bed.
Coolidge returned to Washington the next day, and was sworn in again by Justice Adolph A. Hoehling Jr. of the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia, to forestall any questions about the authority of a state official to administer a federal oath.[96] This second oath-taking remained a secret until it was revealed by Harry M. Daugherty in 1932, and confirmed by Hoehling.[97] When Hoehling confirmed Daugherty's story, he indicated that Daugherty, then serving as United States Attorney General, asked him to administer the oath without fanfare at the Willard Hotel.[97] According to Hoehling, he did not question Daugherty's reason for requesting a second oath-taking but assumed it was to resolve any doubt about whether the first swearing-in was valid.[97]
President Coolidge signing appropriation bills for the Veterans Bureau on the South Lawn during the garden party for wounded veterans, June 5, 1924. General John J. Pershing is at left. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge",
"_split_id": 28
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
2e97f95c0cf25870a688776acbe48b8b | The man at right, looking on, appears to be Veterans Bureau Director Frank T. Hines.
The nation initially did not know what to make of Coolidge, who had maintained a low profile in the Harding administration; many had even expected him to be replaced on the ballot in 1924.[98] Coolidge believed that those of Harding's men under suspicion were entitled to every presumption of innocence, taking a methodical approach to the scandals, principally the Teapot Dome scandal, while others clamored for rapid punishment of those they presumed guilty.[99] Coolidge thought the Senate investigations of the scandals would suffice; this was affirmed by the resulting resignations of those involved. He personally intervened in demanding the resignation of Attorney General Harry M. Daugherty after he refused to cooperate with the congressional probe. He then set about to confirm that no loose ends remained in the administration, arranging for a full briefing on the wrongdoing. Harry A. Slattery reviewed the facts with him, Harlan F. Stone analyzed the legal aspects for him and Senator William E. Borah assessed and presented the political factors. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge",
"_split_id": 29
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
d67bafbb8237e464e7a73ad786b805c4 | [100]
Coolidge addressed Congress when it reconvened on December 6, 1923, giving a speech that supported many of Harding's policies, including Harding's formal budgeting process, the enforcement of immigration restrictions and arbitration of coal strikes ongoing in Pennsylvania.[101] The address to Congress was the first presidential speech to be broadcast over the radio.[102] The Washington Naval Treaty was proclaimed just one month into Coolidge's term, and was generally well received in the country.[103] In May 1924, the World War I veterans' World War Adjusted Compensation Act or "Bonus Bill" was passed over his veto.[104] Coolidge signed the Immigration Act later that year, which was aimed at restricting southern and eastern European immigration, but appended a signing statement expressing his unhappiness with the bill's specific exclusion of Japanese immigrants.[105] Just before the Republican Convention began, Coolidge signed into law the Revenue Act of 1924, which reduced the top marginal tax rate from 58% to 46%, as well as personal income tax rates across the board, increased the estate tax and bolstered it with a new gift tax. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge",
"_split_id": 30
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
e3fec0c849b9b579c7299c80279ff998 | [106]
On June 2, 1924, Coolidge signed the act granting citizenship to all Native Americans born in the United States. By that time, two-thirds of them were already citizens, having gained it through marriage, military service (veterans of World War I were granted citizenship in 1919), or the land allotments that had earlier taken place.[107][108][109]
1924 election
Main article: 1924 United States presidential election
1924 electoral vote results
The Republican Convention was held on June 10–12, 1924, in Cleveland, Ohio; Coolidge was nominated on the first ballot.[110] The convention nominated Frank Lowden of Illinois for vice president on the second ballot, but he declined; former Brigadier General Charles G. Dawes was nominated on the third ballot and accepted.[110]
The Democrats held their convention the next month in New York City. The convention soon deadlocked, and after 103 ballots, the delegates finally agreed on a compromise candidate, John W. Davis, with Charles W. Bryan nominated for vice president. The Democrats' hopes were buoyed when Robert M. La Follette, a Republican senator from Wisconsin, split from the GOP to form a new Progressive Party. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge",
"_split_id": 31
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
41f126832a23ff8470a5803edc58553a | Many believed that the split in the Republican party, like the one in 1912, would allow a Democrat to win the presidency.[111]
After the conventions and the death of his younger son Calvin, Coolidge became withdrawn; he later said that "when he [the son] died, the power and glory of the Presidency went with him."[112] Even as he mourned, Coolidge ran his standard campaign, not mentioning his opponents by name or maligning them, and delivering speeches on his theory of government, including several that were broadcast over the radio.[113] It was the most subdued campaign since 1896, partly because of Coolidge's grief, but also because of his naturally non-confrontational style.[114] The other candidates campaigned in a more modern fashion, but despite the split in the Republican party, the results were similar to those of 1920. Coolidge and Dawes won every state outside the South except Wisconsin, La Follette's home state. Coolidge won the election with 382 electoral votes and the popular vote by 2.5 million over his opponents' combined total. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge",
"_split_id": 32
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
8be34475d44e4ed6f55cb21ae857912a | [115]
Industry and trade
See also: Radio Act of 1927, Federal Radio Commission, Equal-time rule, and Lochner era
"[I]t is probable that a press which maintains an intimate touch with the business currents of the nation is likely to be more reliable than it would be if it were a stranger to these influences. After all, the chief business of the American people is business. They are profoundly concerned with buying, selling, investing and prospering in the world.""President Calvin Coolidge's address to the American Society of Newspaper Editors", Washington D.C., January 25, 1925[116]
During Coolidge's presidency, the United States experienced a period of rapid economic growth known as the "Roaring Twenties". He left the administration's industrial policy in the hands of his activist Secretary of Commerce, Herbert Hoover, who energetically used government auspices to promote business efficiency and develop airlines and radio.[117] Coolidge disdained regulation and demonstrated this by appointing commissioners to the Federal Trade Commission and the Interstate Commerce Commission who did little to restrict the activities of businesses under their jurisdiction.[118] The regulatory state under Coolidge was, as one biographer described it, "thin to the point of invisibility". | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge",
"_split_id": 33
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
2b7616d26d18b6acff377d7951fcaeb8 | [119]
Historian Robert Sobel offers some context of Coolidge's laissez-faire ideology, based on the prevailing understanding of federalism during his presidency: "As Governor of Massachusetts, Coolidge supported wages and hours legislation, opposed child labor, imposed economic controls during World War I, favored safety measures in factories, and even worker representation on corporate boards. Did he support these measures while president? No, because in the 1920s, such matters were considered the responsibilities of state and local governments."[120][121] However, Coolidge did sign the Radio Act of 1927 into law that established the Federal Radio Commission (1927–1934), the equal-time rule for radio broadcasters in the United States, and restricted radio broadcasting licenses to stations that demonstrated that they served "the public interest, convenience, or necessity".
Taxation and government spending
Coolidge adopted the taxation policies of his Secretary of the Treasury, Andrew Mellon, who advocated "scientific taxation" – the notion that lowering taxes will increase, rather than decrease, government receipts.[122] Congress agreed, and tax rates were reduced in Coolidge's term.[122] In addition to federal tax cuts, Coolidge proposed reductions in federal expenditures and retiring of the federal debt. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge",
"_split_id": 34
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
1c1633c263d93da9a6e0a5513012966d | [123] Coolidge's ideas were shared by the Republicans in Congress, and in 1924, Congress passed the Revenue Act of 1924, which reduced income tax rates and eliminated all income taxation for some two million people.[123] They reduced taxes again by passing the Revenue Acts of 1926 and 1928, all the while continuing to keep spending down so as to reduce the overall federal debt.[124] By 1927, only the wealthiest 2% of taxpayers paid any federal income tax.[124] Federal spending remained flat during Coolidge's administration, allowing one-fourth of the federal debt to be retired in total. State and local governments saw considerable growth, however, surpassing the federal budget in 1927.[125] By 1929, after Coolidge's series of tax rate reductions had cut the tax rate to 24 percent on those making over $100,000, the federal government collected more than a billion dollars in income taxes, of which 65 percent was collected from those making over $100,000. In 1921, when the tax rate on people making over $100,000 a year was 73 percent, the federal government collected a little over $700 million in income taxes, of which 30 percent was paid by those making over $100,000. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge",
"_split_id": 35
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
3d2fcd7649381dc2c42e4e380b7c755b | [126]
Opposition to farm subsidies
Coolidge with his vice president, Charles G. Dawes
Perhaps the most contentious issue of Coolidge's presidency was relief for farmers. Some in Congress proposed a bill designed to fight falling agricultural prices by allowing the federal government to purchase crops to sell abroad at lower prices.[127] Agriculture Secretary Henry C. Wallace and other administration officials favored the bill when it was introduced in 1924, but rising prices convinced many in Congress that the bill was unnecessary, and it was defeated just before the elections that year.[128] In 1926, with farm prices falling once more, Senator Charles L. McNary and Representative Gilbert N. Haugen – both Republicans – proposed the McNary–Haugen Farm Relief Bill. The bill proposed a federal farm board that would purchase surplus production in high-yield years and hold it (when feasible) for later sale or sell it abroad.[129] Coolidge opposed McNary-Haugen, declaring that agriculture must stand "on an independent business basis", and said that "government control cannot be divorced from political control."[129] Instead of manipulating prices, he favored instead Herbert Hoover's proposal to increase profitability by modernizing agriculture. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge",
"_split_id": 36
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
3cf754830d5f68cba590c914e1db5aab | Secretary Mellon wrote a letter denouncing the McNary-Haugen measure as unsound and likely to cause inflation, and it was defeated.[130]
After McNary-Haugen's defeat, Coolidge supported a less radical measure, the Curtis-Crisp Act, which would have created a federal board to lend money to farm co-operatives in times of surplus; the bill did not pass.[130] In February 1927, Congress took up the McNary-Haugen bill again, this time narrowly passing it, and Coolidge vetoed it.[131] In his veto message, he expressed the belief that the bill would do nothing to help farmers, benefiting only exporters and expanding the federal bureaucracy.[132] Congress did not override the veto, but it passed the bill again in May 1928 by an increased majority; again, Coolidge vetoed it.[131] "Farmers never have made much money," said Coolidge, the Vermont farmer's son. "I do not believe we can do much about it."[133]
Flood control
Coolidge has often been criticized for his actions during the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927, the worst natural disaster to hit the Gulf Coast until Hurricane Katrina in 2005. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge",
"_split_id": 37
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
b471de5bd85dd61eb7649c717b11722e | [134] Although he did eventually name Secretary Hoover to a commission in charge of flood relief, scholars argue that Coolidge overall showed a lack of interest in federal flood control.[134] Coolidge did not believe that personally visiting the region after the floods would accomplish anything, and that it would be seen as mere political grandstanding. He also did not want to incur the federal spending that flood control would require; he believed property owners should bear much of the cost.[135] On the other hand, Congress wanted a bill that would place the federal government completely in charge of flood mitigation.[136] When Congress passed a compromise measure in 1928, Coolidge declined to take credit for it and signed the bill in private on May 15.[137]
Civil rights
Osage men with Coolidge after he signed the bill granting Native Americans U.S. citizenship
According to one biographer, Coolidge was "devoid of racial prejudice", but rarely took the lead on civil rights. Coolidge disliked the Ku Klux Klan and no Klansman is known to have received an appointment from him. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge",
"_split_id": 38
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
efe6f1f1a3fd00958612c99f317ce2b7 | In the 1924 presidential election his opponents (Robert La Follette and John Davis), and his running mate Charles Dawes, often attacked the Klan but Coolidge avoided the subject.[138] During his administration, lynchings of African-Americans decreased and millions of people left the Ku Klux Klan.[139]
Coolidge spoke in favor of the civil rights of African Americans, saying in his first State of the Union address that their rights were "just as sacred as those of any other citizen" under the U.S. Constitution and that it was a "public and a private duty to protect those rights."[140][141]
Coolidge repeatedly called for laws to make lynching a federal crime (it was already a state crime, though not always enforced). Congress refused to pass any such legislation. On June 2, 1924, Coolidge signed the Indian Citizenship Act, which granted U.S. citizenship to all Native Americans living on reservations. (Those off reservations had long been citizens.) | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge",
"_split_id": 39
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
49707c7a163769011afee72209b8e816 | [142] On June 6, 1924, Coolidge delivered a commencement address at historically black, non-segregated Howard University, in which he thanked and commended African Americans for their rapid advances in education and their contributions to U.S. society over the years, as well as their eagerness to render their services as soldiers in the World War, all while being faced with discrimination and prejudices at home.[143]
In a speech in October 1924, Coolidge stressed tolerance of differences as an American value and thanked immigrants for their contributions to U.S. society, saying that they have "contributed much to making our country what it is."He stated that although the diversity of peoples was a detrimental source of conflict and tension in Europe, it was peculiar for the United States that it was a "harmonious" benefit for the country. Coolidge further stated the United States should assist and help immigrants who come to the country and urged immigrants to reject "race hatreds" and "prejudices".[144][page needed]
Foreign policy
Official portrait of Calvin Coolidge
Coolidge was neither well versed nor very interested in world affairs.[145] His focus was directed mainly at American business, especially pertaining to trade, and "Maintaining the Status Quo". | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge",
"_split_id": 40
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
cdcc23bca9ec32101ddde3a69d0c53c9 | Although not an isolationist, he was reluctant to enter into European involvements.[146] While Coolidge believed strongly in a non-interventionist foreign policy, he did believe that the United States was exceptional.[147]
Coolidge considered the 1920 Republican victory as a rejection of the Wilsonian position that the United States should join the League of Nations.[148] Coolidge believed the League did not serve American interests.[148] However, he spoke in favor of joining the Permanent Court of International Justice (World Court), provided that the nation would not be bound by advisory decisions.[149] In 1926, the Senate eventually approved joining the Court (with reservations).[150] The League of Nations accepted the reservations, but it suggested some modifications of its own.[151] The Senate failed to act and so the United States did not join the World Court.[151]
Coolidge authorized the Dawes Plan, a financial plan by Charles Dawes, to provide Germany partial relief from its reparations obligations from World War I. The plan initially provided stimulus for the German economy. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge",
"_split_id": 41
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
e31f741af61efbc4c85e5a806341984e | [152] Additionally, Coolidge attempted to pursue further curbs on naval strength following the early successes of Harding's Washington Naval Conference by sponsoring the Geneva Naval Conference in 1927, which failed owing to a French and Italian boycott and ultimate failure of Great Britain and the United States to agree on cruiser tonnages. As a result, the conference was a failure and Congress eventually authorized for increased American naval spending in 1928.[153] The Kellogg–Briand Pact of 1928, named for Coolidge's Secretary of State, Frank B. Kellogg, and French foreign minister Aristide Briand, was also a key peacekeeping initiative. The treaty, ratified in 1929, committed signatories – the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy, and Japan – to "renounce war, as an instrument of national policy in their relations with one another".[154] The treaty did not achieve its intended result – the outlawry of war – but it did provide the founding principle for international law after World War II.[155] Coolidge also continued the previous administration's policy of withholding recognition of the Soviet Union.[156]
Efforts were made to normalize ties with post-Revolution Mexico. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge",
"_split_id": 42
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
ad1d78d67f591b13599f3b6b956b5d67 | Coolidge recognized Mexico's new governments under Álvaro Obregón and Plutarco Elías Calles, and continued American support for the elected Mexican government against the National League for the Defense of Religious Liberty during the Cristero War, lifting the arms embargo on that country; he also appointed Dwight Morrow as Ambassador to Mexico with the successful objective to avoid further American conflict with Mexico.[157][158][159]
Coolidge's administration would see continuity in the occupation of Nicaragua and Haiti, and an end to the occupation of the Dominican Republic in 1924 as a result of withdrawal agreements finalized during Harding's administration.[160] In 1925, Coolidge ordered the withdrawal of Marines stationed in Nicaragua following perceived stability after the 1924 Nicaraguan general election, but redeployed them there in January 1927 following failed attempts to peacefully resolve the rapid deterioration of political stability and avert the ensuing Constitutionalist War; Henry L. Stimson was later sent by Coolidge to mediate a peace deal that would end the civil war and extend American military presence in Nicaragua beyond Coolidge's term in office. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge",
"_split_id": 43
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
4c7e8a3e21bb90a50ca307c281c64a10 | [157]
To extend an olive branch to Latin American leaders embittered over America's interventionist policies in Central America and the Caribbean,[161] Coolidge led the U.S. delegation to the Sixth International Conference of American States, January 15–17, 1928, in Havana, Cuba, the only international trip Coolidge made during his presidency.[162] He would be the last sitting American president to visit Cuba until Barack Obama in 2016.[163]
For Canada, Coolidge authorized the St. Lawrence Seaway, a system of locks and canals that would provide large vessels passage between the Atlantic Ocean and the Great Lakes.[164][157]
Cabinet
Coolidge's cabinet in 1924, outside the White House.Front row, left to right: Harry Stewart New, John W. Weeks, Charles Evans Hughes, Coolidge, Andrew Mellon, Harlan F. Stone, Curtis D. Wilbur.Back row, left to right: James J. Davis, Henry C. Wallace, Herbert Hoover, Hubert Work.
Although a few of Harding's cabinet appointees were scandal-tarred, Coolidge initially retained all of them, out of an ardent conviction that as successor to a deceased elected president he was obligated to retain Harding's counselors and policies until the next election. He kept Harding's able speechwriter Judson T. Welliver; Stuart Crawford replaced Welliver in November 1925. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge",
"_split_id": 44
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
81da426e3e10dbe04264b4da96f2eed9 | [165] Coolidge appointed C. Bascom Slemp, a Virginia Congressman and experienced federal politician, to work jointly with Edward T. Clark, a Massachusetts Republican organizer whom he retained from his vice-presidential staff, as Secretaries to the President (a position equivalent to the modern White House Chief of Staff).[103]
Perhaps the most powerful person in Coolidge's Cabinet was Secretary of the Treasury Andrew Mellon, who controlled the administration's financial policies and was regarded by many, including House Minority Leader John Nance Garner, as more powerful than Coolidge himself.[166] Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover also held a prominent place in Coolidge's Cabinet, in part because Coolidge found value in Hoover's ability to win positive publicity with his pro-business proposals.[167] Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes directed Coolidge's foreign policy until he resigned in 1925 following Coolidge's re-election. He was replaced by Frank B. Kellogg, who had previously served as a senator and as the ambassador to Great Britain. Coolidge made two other appointments following his re-election, with William M. Jardine taking the position of Secretary of Agriculture and John G. Sargent becoming Attorney General. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge",
"_split_id": 45
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
a4ad0a5b5aa260fe74e694f0fc626a7b | [168] Coolidge did not have a vice president during his first term, but Charles Dawes became vice president during Coolidge's second term, and Dawes and Coolidge clashed over farm policy and other issues.[169]
Judicial appointments
Main article: List of federal judges appointed by Calvin Coolidge
See also: Harlan F. Stone Supreme Court nomination
Coolidge appointed Harlan F. Stone first as Attorney General and then as a Supreme Court Justice.
Coolidge appointed one justice to the Supreme Court of the United States, Harlan F. Stone in 1925. Stone was Coolidge's fellow Amherst alumnus, a Wall Street lawyer and conservative Republican. Stone was serving as dean of Columbia Law School when Coolidge appointed him to be attorney general in 1924 to restore the reputation tarnished by Harding's Attorney General, Harry M. Daugherty.[170] It does not appear that Coolidge considered appointing anyone other than Stone, although Stone himself had urged Coolidge to appoint Benjamin N. Cardozo.[171] Stone proved to be a firm believer in judicial restraint and was regarded as one of the court's three liberal justices who would often vote to uphold New Deal legislation.[172] President Franklin D. Roosevelt later appointed Stone to be chief justice.
| text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge",
"_split_id": 46
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
c44a11a2d5f1b46ea9564d351083de8c | Coolidge nominated 17 judges to the United States Courts of Appeals and 61 judges to the United States district courts. He appointed judges to various specialty courts as well, including Genevieve R. Cline, who became the first woman named to the federal judiciary when Coolidge placed her on the United States Customs Court in 1928.[173] Coolidge also signed the Judiciary Act of 1925 into law, allowing the Supreme Court more discretion over its workload.
1928 election
Main article: 1928 United States presidential election
0:28 Collection of video clips of President Coolidge
In the summer of 1927, Coolidge vacationed in the Black Hills of South Dakota, where he engaged in horseback riding and fly fishing and attended rodeos. He made Custer State Park his "summer White House". While on vacation, Coolidge surprisingly issued a terse statement that he would not seek a second full term as president: "I do not choose to run for President in 1928."[174] After allowing the reporters to take that in, Coolidge elaborated. "If I take another term, I will be in the White House till 1933 … Ten years in Washington is longer than any other man has had it – too long! | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge",
"_split_id": 47
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
e02d607e37e76b393519760b7a584d6f | "[175] In his memoirs, Coolidge explained his decision not to run: "The Presidential office takes a heavy toll of those who occupy it and those who are dear to them. While we should not refuse to spend and be spent in the service of our country, it is hazardous to attempt what we feel is beyond our strength to accomplish."[176] After leaving office, he and Grace returned to Northampton, where he wrote his memoirs. The Republicans retained the White House in 1928 with a landslide by Herbert Hoover. Coolidge had been reluctant to endorse Hoover as his successor; on one occasion he remarked that "for six years that man has given me unsolicited advice – all of it bad."[177] Even so, Coolidge had no desire to split the party by publicly opposing the nomination of the popular commerce secretary.[178]
Post-presidency (1929–1933)
Coolidge addressing a crowd at Arlington National Cemetery's Roman-style Memorial Amphitheater in 1924
After his presidency, Coolidge retired to a spacious home in Northampton, "The Beeches".[179] He kept a Hacker runabout boat on the Connecticut River and was often observed on the water by local boating enthusiasts. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge",
"_split_id": 48
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
ddece80f0867a2e9354d5d9e412e6ce7 | During this period, he also served as chairman of the Non-Partisan Railroad Commission, an entity created by several banks and corporations to survey the country's long-term transportation needs and make recommendations for improvements. He was an honorary president of the American Foundation for the Blind, a director of New York Life Insurance Company, president of the American Antiquarian Society, and a trustee of Amherst College.[180]
Coolidge published his autobiography in 1929 and wrote a syndicated newspaper column, "Calvin Coolidge Says", from 1930 to 1931.[181] Faced with a Democratic landslide in the 1932 presidential election, some Republicans spoke of rejecting Hoover as their party's nominee, and instead drafting Coolidge to run. Coolidge made it clear that he was not interested in running again, and that he would publicly repudiate any effort to draft him.[182] Hoover was renominated, and Coolidge made several radio addresses in support of him. Hoover then lost the general election to Coolidge's 1920 vice presidential Democratic opponent Franklin D. Roosevelt in a landslide.[183]
Death
Coolidge died suddenly from coronary thrombosis at "The Beeches", at 12:45 p.m., January 5, 1933, at age 60. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge",
"_split_id": 49
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
9182e43c697e80b2818655ae336a6077 | [184] Shortly before his death, Coolidge confided to an old friend: "I feel I no longer fit in with these times."[185] Coolidge is buried in Plymouth Notch Cemetery, Plymouth Notch, Vermont. The nearby family home is maintained as one of the original buildings on the Calvin Coolidge Homestead District site. The State of Vermont dedicated a new visitors' center nearby to mark Coolidge's 100th birthday on July 4, 1972.
Radio, film, and commemorations
Coolidge with reporters and cameramen
Despite his reputation as a quiet and even reclusive politician, Coolidge made use of the new medium of radio and made radio history several times while president. He made himself available to reporters, giving 520 press conferences, meeting with reporters more regularly than any president before or since.[186] Coolidge's second inauguration was the first presidential inauguration broadcast on radio. On December 6, 1923, his speech to Congress was broadcast on radio,[187] the first presidential radio address.[188] Coolidge signed the Radio Act of 1927, which assigned regulation of radio to the newly created Federal Radio Commission. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge",
"_split_id": 50
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
a1dd1827187398fba7beafa66eb6929b | On August 11, 1924, Theodore W. Case, using the Phonofilm sound-on-film process he developed for Lee de Forest, filmed Coolidge on the White House lawn, making "Silent Cal" the first president to appear in a sound film. The title of the DeForest film was President Coolidge, Taken on the White House Grounds.[189][190] When Charles Lindbergh arrived in Washington on a U.S. Navy ship after his celebrated 1927 trans-Atlantic flight, President Coolidge welcomed him back to the U.S. and presented him with the Medal of Honor;[191] the event was captured on film.[192]
Coolidge was the only president to have his portrait on a coin during his lifetime: the Sesquicentennial of American Independence Half Dollar, minted in 1926.
Coolidge on a 1938 postage stamp
See also
SS President Coolidge
Coolidge, Arizona
Coolidge Dam
List of things named after Calvin Coolidge
Presidency of Calvin Coolidge
Notes
.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}
^ Coolidge was Vice President under Warren G. Harding and became president upon Harding's death on August 2, 1923. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge",
"_split_id": 51
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
a4b194306bb177ce133f8152436fe1fe | As this was prior to the adoption of the Twenty-fifth Amendment in 1967, a vacancy in the office of vice president was not filled until the next ensuing election and inauguration.
^ See also the main article, Lawrence textile strike, for a full description.
^ The exact total was 1,117 out of 1,544[61]
^ The tally was Coolidge 317,774, Long 192,673.[70]
References
^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}"John Coolidge, Guardian of President's Legacy. Dies at 93". The New York Times. June 4, 2000. Retrieved May 11, 2019. [He] had originally been John Calvin Coolidge, but dropped his first name to avoid confusion and later legally changed it.
^ Jump up to: a b Sobel 1998a, p. 111; McCoy 1967, pp. 75–76.
^ McCoy 1967, pp. 420–421; Greenberg 2006, pp. 49–53.
^ Fuess 1940, p. 500.
^ Sobel 1998a, pp. 12–13; Greenberg 2006, pp. 1–7.
^ Fieldstadt, Elisha (April 22, 2021). "Presidents ranked from worst to best". | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge",
"_split_id": 52
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
99d8113e3c7b57581a5743e4da586de4 | CBS News. Archived from the original on February 3, 2021. Retrieved October 24, 2021.
^ "Significant Papers – Coolidge Prosperity Gave America the Reserve to Weather the Great Depression". Calvin Coolidge Presidential Foundation. Retrieved September 27, 2021.
^ "The Pilgrim's Faith: Coolidge and Religion". www.coolidgefoundation.org. Retrieved December 15, 2019.
^ Sobel 1998a, p. 22.
^ Coolidge 1929, p. 12.
^ Fuess 1940, p. 17; McCoy 1967, p. 5; White 1938, p. 11.
^ Fuess 1940, p. 12.
^ Fuess 1940, p. 7.
^ Sobel 1998a, p. 24.
^ Roberts 1995, p. 199.
^ White 1938, pp. 43–44.
^ Shlaes 2013, pp. 66–68.
^ Fuess 1940, pp. 74–81; McCoy 1967, pp. 22–26.
^ Bryson 2013, p. 187.
^ White 1938, p. 61.
^ Shapell, Benjamin; Willen, Sara (July 6, 2017). "The Death of Calvin Coolidge Jr". Shapell Manuscript Foundation. Retrieved April 8, 2019.
^ Remini, Robert V.; Golway, Remini, Terry, eds. (2008). Fellow Citizens: The Penguin Book of U.S. Presidential Inaugural Addresses. Penguin Books. p. 307. ISBN 978-1440631573.
^ "President Coolidge's Burden". The Atlantic. 2003. Retrieved December 12, 2021.
^ Martin 2000.
^ Shlaes 2013, p. 91.
^ Grinder, Darrin; Shaw, Steve (2016). | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge",
"_split_id": 53
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
78ca53fe4e809035bfd90937484bda32 | The Presidents & Their Faith: From George Washington to Barack Obama. Elevate Publishing. ISBN 978-1943425778.
^ Jump up to: a b Sobel 1998a, pp. 49–51.
^ White 1938, pp. 51–53.
^ Fuess 1940, p. 83.
^ Jump up to: a b Fuess 1940, pp. 84–85.
^ Jump up to: a b McCoy 1967, p. 29.
^ Sobel 1998a, p. 61.
^ Sobel 1998a, p. 62; Fuess 1940, p. 99.
^ Sobel 1998a, pp. 63–66.
^ White 1938, pp. 99–102.
^ Sobel 1998a, pp. 68–69.
^ Sobel 1998a, p. 72.
^ Fuess 1940, pp. 106–107; Sobel 1998a, p. 74.
^ Fuess 1940, p. 108.
^ Sobel 1998a, p. 76.
^ Fuess 1940, pp. 110–111; McCoy 1967, pp. 45–46.
^ Jump up to: a b Sobel 1998a, pp. 79–80; Fuess 1940, p. 111.
^ Jump up to: a b c Coolidge 1919, pp. 2–9.
^ White 1938, p. 105.
^ Fuess 1940, pp. 114–115.
^ White 1938, p. 111.
^ Sobel 1998a, pp. 90–92.
^ Sobel 1998a, p. 90; Fuess 1940, p. 124.
^ Sobel 1998a, pp. 92–98; Fuess 1940, pp. 133–136.
^ White 1938, p. 117.
^ Fuess 1940, pp. 139–142.
^ Fuess 1940, p. 145.
^ White 1938, p. 125.
| text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge",
"_split_id": 54
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
89f6e92a59730c8c6af9b1d1912103ec | ^ Fuess 1940, pp. 151–152.
^ Sobel 1998a, pp. 107–110.
^ Sobel 1998a, p. 112.
^ Sobel 1998a, p. 115; McCoy 1967, p. 76.
^ Russell 1975, pp. 77–79; Sobel 1998a, p. 129.
^ Russell 1975, pp. 86–87.
^ Russell 1975, pp. 111–113; Sobel 1998a, pp. 133–136.
^ Jump up to: a b Russell 1975, p. 113.
^ White 1938, pp. 162–164.
^ Russell 1975, p. 120.
^ Coolidge 1919, pp. 222–224.
^ White 1938, pp. 164–165.
^ Sobel 1998a, p. 142.
^ Russell 1975, pp. 182–183.
^ Jump up to: a b Sobel 1998a, p. 143.
^ Shlaes 2013, pp. 174–179.
^ Fuess 1940, p. 238.
^ Fuess 1940, pp. 239–243; McCoy 1967, pp. 102–113.
^ Sobel 1998a, p. 117; Fuess 1940, p. 195.
^ Fuess 1940, p. 186.
^ Fuess 1940, p. 187; McCoy 1967, p. 81.
^ Fuess 1940, pp. 187–188.
^ Sobel 1998a, pp. 152–153.
^ White 1938, pp. 198–199.
^ Fuess 1940, pp. 259–260.
^ White 1938, pp. 211–213.
^ Jump up to: a b c Sobel 1998a, pp. 204–212.
^ White 1938, pp. 217–219.
^ Sobel 1998a, pp. 210–211.
^ Sobel 1998a, p. 219; McCoy 1967, p. 136.
| text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge",
"_split_id": 55
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
d74197ce8bf4b3d85506058fe2e0d1a1 | ^ Appleby, Joyce; Brinkley, Alan; Broussard, Albert S.; McPherson, James M.; Ritchie, Donald A. (2010). The American vision : modern times. Appleby, Joyce, 1929–2016, National Geographic Society (U.S.) (Teacher wraparound ed.). Columbus, Ohio: Glencoe/McGraw-Hill. p. 364. ISBN 978-0078775154. OCLC 227926730.
^ Hannaford, p. 169.
^ "Coolidge for a New Arms Conference; Demands Constructive Federal Thrift; Favors Participation in German Loan – Sees Hope in Dawes Plan – Proposes Limitation Parley After Reparations Settlement – Intends to Punish Graft – Some Public Officers Guilty, He Says at Associated Press Annual Luncheon – Hears Political Reports – Though All Callers Except Col. George Harvey Describe Their Visits as Formal". The New York Times. April 23, 1924. p. 2. Retrieved June 10, 2019.
^ Sobel 1998a, p. 217.
^ Cordery 2008, p. 302.
^ Bryson 2013, p. [page needed].
^ Sobel 1998a, p. 243.
^ Greenberg 2006, p. 60.
^ Buckley, pp. 593–626.
^ Gilbert, pp. 87–109.
^ Greenberg 2006, p. 9.
^ Jump up to: a b Fuess 1940, pp. 308–309.
^ Fuess 1940, pp. 310–315.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Confirms Daugherty's Story of Coolidge's Second Oath".
^ Sobel 1998a, pp. 226–228; Fuess 1940, pp. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge",
"_split_id": 56
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
c159eccddf05d7e3501e8cbdecc54ae0 | 303–205; Ferrell 1998, pp. 43–51.
^ White 1938, p. 265.
^ White 1938, pp. 272–277.
^ Fuess 1940, pp. 328–329; Sobel 1998a, pp. 248–49.
^ Shlaes 2013, p. 271.
^ Jump up to: a b Fuess 1940, pp. 320–322.
^ Fuess 1940, p. 341.
^ Fuess 1940, p. 342; Sobel 1998a, p. 269.
^ Sobel 1998a, pp. 278–279.
^ Madsen 2015, p. 168.
^ Kappler 1929.
^ Landry 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Fuess 1940, pp. 345–346.
^ Sobel 1998a, p. 300.
^ Coolidge 1929, p. 190.
^ Sobel 1998a, pp. 300–301.
^ Sobel 1998a, pp. 302–303.
^ Fuess 1940, p. 354.
^ Shlaes 2013, p. 324.
^ Ferrell 1998, pp. 64–65.
^ Ferrell 1998, pp. 66–72; Sobel 1998a, p. 318.
^ Ferrell 1998, p. 72.
^ Sobel 1998b.
^ Greenberg 2006, p. 47; Ferrell 1998, p. 62.
^ Jump up to: a b Sobel 1998a, pp. 310–311; Greenberg 2006, pp. 127–129.
^ Jump up to: a b Sobel 1998a, pp. 310–311; Fuess 1940, pp. 382–383.
^ Jump up to: a b Ferrell 1998, p. 170.
^ Ferrell 1998, p. 174.
^ Rader, Benjamin (1971). Federal Taxation in the 1920s: A Re-examination. Historian. pp. 432–433.
| text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge",
"_split_id": 57
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
88021699ba3efd4ac7423c02093b6d6d | ^ Ferrell 1998, p. 84; McCoy 1967, pp. 234–235.
^ McCoy 1967, p. 235.
^ Jump up to: a b Fuess 1940, pp. 383–384.
^ Jump up to: a b Sobel 1998a, p. 327.
^ Jump up to: a b Fuess 1940, p. 388; Ferrell 1998, p. 93.
^ Sobel 1998a, p. 331.
^ Ferrell 1998, p. 86.
^ Jump up to: a b Sobel 1998a, p. 315; Barry 1997, pp. 286–287; Greenberg 2006, pp. 132–135.
^ McCoy 1967, pp. 330–331.
^ Barry 1997, pp. 372–274.
^ Greenberg 2006, p. 135.
^ Roberts 2014, p. 209.
^ Shlaes 2013, p. 6.
^ Sobel 1998a, p. 250; McCoy 1967, pp. 328–329.
^ s:Calvin Coolidge's First State of the Union Address
^ Deloria 1992, p. 91.
^ Coolidge 1926, pp. 31–36.
^ Coolidge 1926, pp. 159–56.
^ "Calvin Coolidge: Foreign Affairs | Miller Center". Miller Center. October 4, 2016. Retrieved October 28, 2018.
^ Sobel 1998a, p. 342.
^ Joel Webster. "Coolidge against the world: Peace, prosperity, and foreign policy in the 1920s". James Madison University. Retrieved February 1, 2020.
^ Jump up to: a b McCoy 1967, pp. 184–185.
^ McCoy 1967, p. 360.
^ McCoy 1967, p. 363.
| text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge",
"_split_id": 58
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
dd04be51d093a3a7a6404fef453c6a0e | ^ Jump up to: a b Greenberg 2006, pp. 114–116.
^ "Dawes Plan | World War I reparations". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved October 28, 2018.
^ Marriott, Leo. (2005). Treaty cruisers : the world's first international warship building competition. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Maritime. p. 12. ISBN 1844151883. OCLC 60668374.
^ Fuess 1940, pp. 421–423.
^ McCoy 1967, pp. 380–381; Greenberg 2006, pp. 123–124.
^ McCoy 1967, p. 181.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Foreign Policy". coolidgefoundation.org. Retrieved October 28, 2018.
^ Sobel 1998a, p. 349.
^ McCoy 1967, pp. 178–179.
^ Fuess 1940, pp. 414–417; Ferrell 1998, pp. 122–123.
^ Miller Center 2016.
^ Historian 2018.
^ Kim 2014.
^ "The Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Seaway System". Saint Lawrence Seaway. March 20, 2014. Retrieved October 28, 2018.
^ Greenberg 2006, pp. 48–49.
^ Rusnak 1983, pp. 270–271.
^ Polsky & Tkacheva 2002, pp. 224–227.
^ Greenberg 2006, pp. 111–112.
^ Senate Historian 2014.
^ Fuess 1940, p. 364.
^ Handler 1995, pp. 113–122.
^ Galston, passim.
^ Freeman 2002, p. 216.
^ Sobel 1998a, p. 370.
^ White 1938, p. 361.
^ Coolidge 1929, p. 239.
^ Ferrell 1998, p. 195.
^ Clemens & Daggett 1945, pp. 147–63.
| text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge",
"_split_id": 59
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
a922e8c570e9a604ba9a7ac7782baf98 | ^ Sobel 1998a, p. 407.
^ Fuess 1940, pp. 450–455.
^ Sobel 1998a, p. 403; Ferrell 1998, pp. 201–202.
^ Fuess 1940, pp. 457–459; Greenberg 2006, p. 153.
^ Fuess 1940, p. 460.
^ Greenberg 2006, pp. 154–155.
^ Sobel 1998a, p. 410.
^ Greenberg 2006, p. 7.
^ Sobel 1998a, p. 252.
^ Williams, Emrys (1967). "The Presidential address". Radio and Electronic Engineer. 33 (1): 1. doi:10.1049/ree.1967.0001. ISSN 0033-7722.
^ de Forest 1924.
^ Mashon, Mike (November 3, 2016). "Silent Cal, Not So Silent | Now See Hear!". blogs.loc.gov. Retrieved February 9, 2019.
^ "Medal of Honor will be awarded to Lindbergh". UPI. May 23, 1927. Retrieved February 9, 2019.
^ Unknown (1927). "Lindbergh honored by President Calvin Coolidge". Periscope Film. Archived from the original on November 24, 2021. Retrieved February 9, 2019.
Works cited
External video Q&A interview with Amity Shlaes on Coolidge, February 10, 2013, C-SPAN Booknotes interview with Robert Sobel on Coolidge: An American Enigma, August 30, 1998, C-SPAN
.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}
About Coolidge and his era
"Confirms Daugherty's Story of Coolidge's Second Oath". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. St. Louis, Missouri. Associated Press. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge",
"_split_id": 60
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
1f35bf349fba8bed57c3dc6bbed3982 | February 2, 1932. p. 1C. Retrieved May 31, 2018.
Barry, John M. (1997). Rising Tide: The Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 and How It Changed America. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0684840024.
Buckley, Kerry W. (December 2003). "'A President for the "Great Silent Majority': Bruce Barton's Construction of Calvin Coolidge". The New England Quarterly. 76 (4): 593–626. doi:10.2307/1559844. JSTOR 1559844.
Bryson, Bill (2013), One Summer: America, 1927, New York: Doubleday, ISBN 978-0767919401
Clemens, Cyril; Daggett, Athern P. (1945), "Coolidge's "I Do Not Choose to Run": Granite or Putty?", The New England Quarterly, 18 (2): 147–163, doi:10.2307/361282, JSTOR 361282
Cordery, Stacy A. (2008). Alice: Alice Roosevelt Longworth, from White House Princess to Washington Power Broker. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0143114277.
Deloria, Vincent (1992). American Indian Policy in the Twentieth Century. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0806124247.
Ferrell, Robert H. (1998). The Presidency of Calvin Coolidge. University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0700608928.
Freeman, Jo (2002). A Room at a Time: How Women Entered Party Politics. Rowman and Littlefield. ISBN 978-0847698059.
de Forest, Lee (1924). "President Coolidge, Taken on the White House Ground (1924)". Retrieved February 4, 2007.
Fuess, Claude Moore (1940). Calvin Coolidge: The Man from Vermont. Little, Brown. ISBN 978-1406756739.
| text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge",
"_split_id": 61
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
e4cd0875d6f38affc4a5ff0b168b59d5 | Galston, Miriam (November 1995). "Activism and Restraint: The Evolution of Harlan Fiske Stone's Judicial Philosophy". Tulane Law Revue. 70: 137.
Gilbert, Robert E. (2005). "Calvin Coolidge's Tragic Presidency: the Political Effects of Bereavement and Depression". Journal of American Studies. 39 (1): 87–109. doi:10.1017/S0021875805009266. JSTOR 27557598.
Greenberg, David (2006). Calvin Coolidge. The American Presidents Series. Times Books. ISBN 978-0805069570.
Handler, Milton C. (December 1995). "Clerking for Justice Harlan Fiske Stone". Journal of Supreme Court History. 20 (1): 113–122. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5818.1995.tb00098.x. ISSN 1059-4329.
Historian (2018). "Travels of President Calvin Coolidge". U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian.
Kappler, Charles (1929). "Indian affairs: laws and treaties Vol. IV, Treaties". Government Printing Office. Archived from the original on October 11, 2008. Retrieved October 14, 2008.
Kim, Susanna (December 18, 2014). "Here's What Happened the Last Time a US President Visited Cuba". ABC News. Archived from the original on January 6, 2017. Retrieved March 1, 2016.
Landry, Alysa (July 26, 2016). "First Sitting Prez Adopted by Tribe Starts Desecration of Mount Rushmore". IndianCountryToday.com. Archived from the original on August 4, 2019. Retrieved June 11, 2018.
Madsen, Deborah L., ed. (2015). The Routledge Companion to Native American Literature. Routledge. p. 168. ISBN 978-1317693192.
| text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge",
"_split_id": 62
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
4acafdbae3471371c1f91bf1ab18f757 | Martin, Douglas (June 4, 2000). "John Coolidge, Guardian of President's Legacy. Dies at 93". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 31, 2018.
McCoy, Donald R. (1967). Calvin Coolidge: The Quiet President. Macmillan. ISBN 978-1468017779.
Miller Center (2016). "Calvin Coolidge: Foreign Affairs". millercenter.org. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on February 20, 2016. Retrieved February 24, 2016.
Polsky, Andrew J.; Tkacheva, Olesya (Winter 2002). "Legacies versus Politics: Herbert Hoover, Partisan Conflict, and the Symbolic Appeal of Associationalism in the 1920s" (PDF). International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society. 16 (2): 207–235. doi:10.1023/A:1020525029722. hdl:2027.42/43975. JSTOR 20020160. S2CID 142508983. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 20, 2017.
Roberts, Gary Boyd (1995). "Ancestors of American Presidents". The Bimonthly Newsletter of the New England Historic Genealogical Society. 15: 199.
Roberts, Jason (2014). "The Biographical Legacy of Calvin Coolidge and the 1924 Presidential Election". In Katherine A. S. Sibley (ed.). A Companion to Warren G. Harding, Calvin Coolidge, and Herbert Hoover. Wiley Blackwell. ISBN 978-1118834473.
Rusnak, Robert J. (Spring 1983). "Andrew W. Mellon: Reluctant Kingmaker". Presidential Studies Quarterly. 13 (2): 269–278. JSTOR 27547924.
Russell, Francis (1975). | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge",
"_split_id": 63
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
cb00552621a623fcf77c07e644e15854 | A City in Terror: Calvin Coolidge and the 1919 Boston Police Strike. Beacon Press. ISBN 978-0807050330.
Senate Historian (2014). "Charles G. Dawes, 30th Vice President (1925–1929)". US Senate. Archived from the original on November 6, 2014. Retrieved February 2, 2017.
Shlaes, Amity (2013). Coolidge. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0061967559.
Sobel, Robert (1998a). Coolidge: An American Enigma. Regnery Publishing. ISBN 978-0895264107.
Sobel, Robert (1998b). "Coolidge and American Business". John F. Kennedy Library and Museum. Archived from the original on March 8, 2006.
White, William Allen (1938). A Puritan in Babylon: The Story of Calvin Coolidge. Macmillan.
By Coolidge
Coolidge, Calvin (1919). Have Faith in Massachusetts: A Collection of Speeches and Messages (2nd ed.). Houghton Mifflin.
Coolidge, Calvin (2004) [1926]. Foundations of the Republic: Speeches and Addresses. University Press of the Pacific. ISBN 978-1410215987.
Coolidge, Calvin (1929). The Autobiography of Calvin Coolidge. Cosmopolitan Book Corp. ISBN 978-0944951033.
Coolidge, Calvin (2001). Peter Hannaford (ed.). The Quotable Calvin Coolidge: Sensible Words for a New Century. Images From The Past, Incorporated. ISBN 978-1884592331.
| text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge",
"_split_id": 64
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
806a38ded47770fca732b0a9ccc934ae | Further reading
.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:#f8f9fa;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:720px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}Library resources about Calvin Coolidge
Online books
Resources in your library
Resources in other libraries
By Calvin Coolidge
Online books
Resources in your library
Resources in other libraries
Ferrell, Robert H. (2008). Grace Coolidge: The People's Lady in Silent Cal's White House. ISBN 978-0700615636. LCCN 2007045737.
Felzenberg, Alvin S. (Fall 1998). "Calvin Coolidge and Race: His Record in Dealing with the Racial Tensions of the 1920s". New England Journal of History. 55 (1): 83–96.
Fuess, Claude M. (1953), "Calvin Coolidge – Twenty Years After" (PDF), Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society, 63 (2): 351–369
Hatfield, Mark O. (1997). "Calvin Coolidge (1921–1923)". Vice Presidents of the United States, 1789–1993. U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 347–354.
| text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge",
"_split_id": 65
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
20a107771be374f007df71ba30a694ca | Postell, Joseph W. "Roaring Against Progressivism: The Principled Conservatism of Calvin Coolidge," in Joseph W. Postell and Johnathan O'Neill, eds. Toward an American Conservatism: Constitutional Conservatism during the Progressive Era (2013) pp. 181–208.
Russell, Francis. “Coolidge and the Boston Police Strike.” Antioch Review 16#4 (1956), pp. 403–15. online
Tacoma, Thomas J. The Political Thought of Calvin Coolidge: Burkean Americanist (Lexington Books, 2020).
Tacoma, Thomas. "Calvin Coolidge and the Great Depression: A New Assessment."Independent Review 24.3 (2019): 361–380. online
Zibel, Howard J. "The Role of Calvin Coolidge in the Boston Police Strike of 1919," Industrial and Labor Relations Forum 6, no. 3 (November 1969): 299–318
Primary sources
Coolidge, Calvin (1964). Howard H. Quint and Robert H. Ferrell (ed.). The Talkative President: The Off–the–Record Press Conferences of Calvin Coolidge. University of Massachusetts Press.
Coolidge, Grace (1992). Wikander, Lawrence E.; Ferrell, Robert H. (eds.). Grace Coolidge: An Autobiography. High Plains Pub. Co. ISBN 978-1881019015. LCCN 92072825.
External links
.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}
Calvin Coolidge at Wikipedia's sister projects
Definitions from WiktionaryMedia from CommonsQuotations from WikiquoteTexts from Wikisource
White House biography
United States Congress. "Calvin Coolidge (id: C000738)". | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge",
"_split_id": 66
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
bd41e4511cca896b450955f9f32cc340 | Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
| text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge",
"_split_id": 67
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
f25839ea6f7ec6cf91e49a3ea11c8c93 | Calvin Coolidge Presidential Library & Museum
Calvin Coolidge Presidential Foundation
Text of a number of Coolidge speeches, Miller Center of Public Affairs
Calvin Coolidge collected news and commentary at The New York Times
Calvin Coolidge: A Resource Guide, Library of Congress
Works by Calvin Coolidge at Project Gutenberg
Works by or about Calvin Coolidge at Internet Archive
President Coolidge, Taken on the White House Ground, the first presidential film with sound recording
Calvin Coolidge at Curlie
"Life Portrait of Calvin Coolidge", from C-SPAN's American Presidents: Life Portraits, September 27, 1999
Calvin Coolidge Personal Manuscripts
Appearances on C-SPAN
Calvin Coolidge at IMDb
Newspaper clippings about Calvin Coolidge in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW
.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}show.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}vteCalvin Coolidge
30th President of the United States (1923–1929)
29th Vice President of the United States (1921–1923)
48th Governor of Massachusetts (1919–1921)
Life
Early life and family history
Boyhood home and first inauguration site
gravesite
Calvin Coolidge House
Early career and marriage
Lieutenant Governor and Governor of Massachusetts
Boston police strike (1919)
Vice Presidency
Retirement and death
Presidential Library and Museum
Presidency
First inauguration
Second inauguration
Industry and trade
Taxation (Revenue Act of 1924, Revenue Act of 1926, Revenue Act of 1928)
Allegheny National Forest
Civil rights (Indian Citizenship Act of 1924)
Immigration Act of 1924
Clarke–McNary Act
World War Adjusted Compensation Act (1924)
Opposition to farm subsidies (McNary–Haugen Farm Relief Bill)
Judiciary Act of 1925
Flood control (Great Mississippi Flood of 1927, Flood Control Act of 1928)
State of the Union Addresses (1926
1927)
"I do not choose to run" (1927)
Radio Act of 1927
Federal Radio Commission
Equal-time rule
Brave Little State of Vermont speech (1928)
McSweeney-McNary Act of 1928
Foreign policy (Banana Wars, United States occupation of Nicaragua (1912–1933), United States occupation of Haiti (1915–1934), United States occupation of the Dominican Republic (1916–1924), Washington Naval Treaty (1922), Kellogg–Briand Pact (1928)
Presidential transition of Herbert Hoover
Cabinet
Judicial appointments
Harlan F. Stone Supreme Court nominations
Elections
1918 Massachusetts gubernatorial election
1919 Massachusetts gubernatorial election
1920 Republican National Convention
1920 United States presidential election
1924 Republican National Convention
1924 United States presidential election
Books
The Autobiography of Calvin Coolidge (1929)
Public image
Things named after Coolidge
Sesquicentennial half dollar
U.S. postage stamps
Coolidge effect
SS President Coolidge
Backstairs at the White House (1979 miniseries)
Family
Grace Coolidge (wife)
John Coolidge (son)
John Calvin Coolidge Sr. (father)
Calvin Galusha Coolidge (grandfather)
Arthur Brown, Olympia Brown, Charles A. Coolidge (cousins)
Marcus A. Coolidge, Arthur W. Coolidge, Martha Coolidge, Carlos Coolidge (distant relations)
Edmund Rice (ancestor)
Rob Roy (family dog)
Rebecca (pet raccoon)
← Warren G. Harding
Herbert Hoover →
← Thomas R. Marshall
Charles G. Dawes →
Category
showOffices and distinctions
Massachusetts House of Representatives
Preceded byMoses M. Bassett
Member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives 1907–1909
Succeeded byCharles A. Montgomery
Massachusetts Senate
Preceded byAllen T. Treadway
Member of the Massachusetts Senate 1912–1915
Succeeded byJohn B. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge",
"_split_id": 68
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
70f41efc3c30fd9ae8ebbbbe1dce9f6a | Hull
Political offices
Preceded byJames W. O'Brien
Mayor of Northampton, Massachusetts 1910–1912
Succeeded byWilliam Feiker
Preceded byLevi H. Greenwood
President of the Massachusetts Senate 1914–1915
Succeeded byHenry Gordon Wells
Preceded byGrafton D. Cushing
Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts 1916–1919
Succeeded byChanning H. Cox
Preceded bySamuel W. McCall
Governor of Massachusetts 1919–1921
Preceded byThomas R. Marshall
Vice President of the United States 1921–1923
Succeeded byCharles G. Dawes
Preceded byWarren G. Harding
President of the United States 1923–1929
Succeeded byHerbert Hoover
Party political offices
Preceded bySamuel W. McCall
Republican nominee for Governor of Massachusetts 1918, 1919
Succeeded byChanning H. Cox
Preceded byCharles W. Fairbanks
Republican nominee for Vice President of the United States 1920
Succeeded byFrank Orren LowdenWithdrew
Preceded byWarren G. Harding
Republican nominee for President of the United States 1924
Succeeded byHerbert Hoover
showArticles related to Calvin Coolidge
.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}showvtePresidents of the United StatesPresidents andpresidencies
George Washington (1789–1797)
John Adams (1797–1801)
Thomas Jefferson (1801–1809)
James Madison (1809–1817)
James Monroe (1817–1825)
John Quincy Adams (1825–1829)
Andrew Jackson (1829–1837)
Martin Van Buren (1837–1841)
William Henry Harrison (1841)
John Tyler (1841–1845)
James K. Polk (1845–1849)
Zachary Taylor (1849–1850)
Millard Fillmore (1850–1853)
Franklin Pierce (1853–1857)
James Buchanan (1857–1861)
Abraham Lincoln (1861–1865)
Andrew Johnson (1865–1869)
Ulysses S. Grant (1869–1877)
Rutherford B. Hayes (1877–1881)
James A. Garfield (1881)
Chester A. Arthur (1881–1885)
Grover Cleveland (1885–1889)
Benjamin Harrison (1889–1893)
Grover Cleveland (1893–1897)
William McKinley (1897–1901)
Theodore Roosevelt (1901–1909)
William Howard Taft (1909–1913)
Woodrow Wilson (1913–1921)
Warren G. Harding (1921–1923)
Calvin Coolidge (1923–1929)
Herbert Hoover (1929–1933)
Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933–1945)
Harry S. Truman (1945–1953)
Dwight D. Eisenhower (1953–1961)
John F. Kennedy (1961–1963)
Lyndon B. Johnson (1963–1969)
Richard Nixon (1969–1974)
Gerald Ford (1974–1977)
Jimmy Carter (1977–1981)
Ronald Reagan (1981–1989)
George H. W. Bush (1989–1993)
Bill Clinton (1993–2001)
George W. Bush (2001–2009)
Barack Obama (2009–2017)
Donald Trump (2017–2021)
Joe Biden (2021–present)
Presidencytimelines
Washington
McKinley
T. Roosevelt
Taft
Wilson
Harding
Coolidge
Hoover
F. D. Roosevelt
Truman
Eisenhower
Kennedy
L. B. Johnson
Nixon
Ford
Carter
Reagan
G. H. W. Bush
Clinton
G. W. Bush
Obama
Trump
Biden
Category
Commons
List
showvteCabinet of President Calvin Coolidge (1923–1929)Vice President
None (1923–1925)
Charles G. Dawes (1925–1929)
Secretary of State
Charles Evans Hughes (1923–1925)
Frank B. Kellogg (1925–1929)
Secretary of the Treasury
Andrew Mellon (1923–1929)
Secretary of War
John W. Weeks (1923–1925)
Dwight F. Davis (1925–1929)
Attorney General
Harry M. Daugherty (1923–1924)
Harlan F. Stone (1924–1925)
John G. Sargent (1925–1929)
Postmaster General
Harry Stewart New (1923–1929)
Secretary of the Navy
Edwin Denby (1923–1924)
Curtis D. Wilbur (1924–1929)
Secretary of the Interior
Hubert Work (1923–1928)
Roy Owen West (1928–1929)
Secretary of Agriculture
Henry Cantwell Wallace (1923–1924)
Howard Mason Gore (1924–1925)
William Marion Jardine (1925–1929)
Secretary of Commerce
Herbert Hoover (1923–1928)
William F. Whiting (1928–1929)
Secretary of Labor
James J. Davis (1923–1929)
showvteVice presidents of the United States
John Adams (1789–1797)
Thomas Jefferson (1797–1801)
Aaron Burr (1801–1805)
George Clinton (1805–1812)
Elbridge Gerry (1813–1814)
Daniel D. Tompkins (1817–1825)
John C. Calhoun (1825–1832)
Martin Van Buren (1833–1837)
Richard M. Johnson (1837–1841)
John Tyler (1841)
George M. Dallas (1845–1849)
Millard Fillmore (1849–1850)
William R. King (1853)
John C. Breckinridge (1857–1861)
Hannibal Hamlin (1861–1865)
Andrew Johnson (1865)
Schuyler Colfax (1869–1873)
Henry Wilson (1873–1875)
William A. Wheeler (1877–1881)
Chester A. Arthur (1881)
Thomas A. Hendricks (1885)
Levi P. Morton (1889–1893)
Adlai Stevenson (1893–1897)
Garret Hobart (1897–1899)
Theodore Roosevelt (1901)
Charles W. Fairbanks (1905–1909)
James S. Sherman (1909–1912)
Thomas R. Marshall (1913–1921)
Calvin Coolidge (1921–1923)
Charles G. Dawes (1925–1929)
Charles Curtis (1929–1933)
John N. Garner (1933–1941)
Henry A. Wallace (1941–1945)
Harry S. Truman (1945)
Alben W. Barkley (1949–1953)
Richard Nixon (1953–1961)
Lyndon B. Johnson (1961–1963)
Hubert Humphrey (1965–1969)
Spiro Agnew (1969–1973)
Gerald Ford (1973–1974)
Nelson Rockefeller (1974–1977)
Walter Mondale (1977–1981)
George H. W. Bush (1981–1989)
Dan Quayle (1989–1993)
Al Gore (1993–2001)
Dick Cheney (2001–2009)
Joe Biden (2009–2017)
Mike Pence (2017–2021)
Kamala Harris (2021–present)
Category
Commons
List
showvteCabinet of President Warren G. Harding (1921–1923)Vice President
Calvin Coolidge (1921–1923)
Secretary of State
Charles Evans Hughes (1921–1923)
Secretary of the Treasury
Andrew Mellon (1921–1923)
Secretary of War
John W. Weeks (1921–1923)
Attorney General
Harry M. Daugherty (1921–1923)
Postmaster General
Will H. Hays (1921–1922)
Hubert Work (1922–1923)
Harry Stewart New (1923)
Secretary of the Navy
Edwin Denby (1921–1923)
Secretary of the Interior
Albert B. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge",
"_split_id": 69
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
fbca5c7b1ce3978ff99144d226396bff | Fall (1921–1923)
Hubert Work (1923)
Secretary of Agriculture
Henry Cantwell Wallace (1921–1923)
Secretary of Commerce
Herbert Hoover (1921–1923)
Secretary of Labor
James J. Davis (1921–1923)
showvteRepublican Party
History
National Union Party
Third Party System
Fourth Party System
Fifth Party System
Sixth Party System
Presidentialticketsandnationalconventions
1856 (Philadelphia): Frémont/Dayton
1860 (Chicago): Lincoln/Hamlin
1864 (Baltimore): Lincoln/Johnson
1868 (Chicago): Grant/Colfax
1872 (Philadelphia): Grant/Wilson
1876 (Cincinnati): Hayes/Wheeler
1880 (Chicago): Garfield/Arthur
1884 (Chicago): Blaine/Logan
1888 (Chicago): Harrison/Morton
1892 (Minneapolis): Harrison/Reid
1896 (Saint Louis): McKinley/Hobart
1900 (Philadelphia): McKinley/Roosevelt
1904 (Chicago): Roosevelt/Fairbanks
1908 (Chicago): Taft/Sherman
1912 (Chicago): Taft/Sherman/Butler
1916 (Chicago): Hughes/Fairbanks
1920 (Chicago): Harding/Coolidge
1924 (Cleveland): Coolidge/Dawes
1928 (Kansas City): Hoover/Curtis
1932 (Chicago): Hoover/Curtis
1936 (Cleveland): Landon/Knox
1940 (Philadelphia): Willkie/McNary
1944 (Chicago): Dewey/Bricker
1948 (Philadelphia): Dewey/Warren
1952 (Chicago): Eisenhower/Nixon
1956 (San Francisco): Eisenhower/Nixon
1960 (Chicago): Nixon/Lodge
1964 (San Francisco): Goldwater/Miller
1968 (Miami Beach): Nixon/Agnew
1972 (Miami Beach): Nixon/Agnew
1976 (Kansas City): Ford/Dole
1980 (Detroit): Reagan/G. H. W. Bush
1984 (Dallas): Reagan/G. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge",
"_split_id": 70
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
5e1a234fa77503977e45cd63452cd751 | H. W. Bush
1988 (New Orleans): G. H. W. Bush/Quayle
1992 (Houston): G. H. W. Bush/Quayle
1996 (San Diego): Dole/Kemp
2000 (Philadelphia): G. W. Bush/Cheney
2004 (New York): G. W. Bush/Cheney
2008 (St. Paul): McCain/Palin
2012 (Tampa): Romney/Ryan
2016 (Cleveland): Trump/Pence
2020 (Charlotte/other locations): Trump/Pence
2024 (Milwaukee)
Presidentialadministrations
Lincoln (1861–1865)
Johnson (1865–1868)
Grant (1869–1877)
Hayes (1877–1881)
Garfield (1881)
Arthur (1881–1885)
Harrison (1889–1893)
McKinley (1897–1901)
Roosevelt (1901–1909)
Taft (1909–1913)
Harding (1921–1923)
Coolidge (1923–1929)
Hoover (1929–1933)
Eisenhower (1953–1961)
Nixon (1969–1974)
Ford (1974–1977)
Reagan (1981–1989)
G. H. W. Bush (1989–1993)
G. W. Bush (2001–2009)
Trump (2017–2021)
U.S. SenateleadersandConferencechairs
J. P. Hale (1859–1862)
Anthony (1862–1884)
Sherman (1884–1885)
Edmunds (1885–1891)
Sherman (1891–1897)
Allison (1897–1908)
E. Hale (1908–1911)
Cullom (1911–1913)
Gallinger (1913–1918)
Lodge (1918–1924)
Curtis (1924–1929)
Watson (1929–1933)
McNary (1933–1940)
Austin (1940–1941)
McNary (1941–1944)
White (1944–1949)
Wherry (1949–1952)
Bridges (1952–1953)
Taft (1953)
Knowland (1953–1959)
Dirksen (1959–1969)
Scott (1969–1977)
Baker (1977–1979)
Stevens (1979–1980)
Baker (1980–1985)
Dole (1985–1996)
Lott (1996–2003)
Frist (2003–2007)
McConnell (2007–)
U.S. Houseleaders,Speakers,andConferencechairs
Pennington (1860–1861)
Grow (1861–1863)
Colfax (1863–1869)
Pomeroy (1869)
Blaine (1869–1875)
McCrary (1875–1877)
Hale (1877–1879)
Frye (1879–1881)
Keifer (1881–1883)
Cannon (1883–1889)
Reed (1889–1891)
T. J. Henderson (1891–1895)
Reed (1895–1899)
D. B. Henderson (1899–1903)
Cannon (1903–1911)
Mann (1911–1919)
Gillett (1919–1925)
Longworth (1925–1931)
Snell (1931–1939)
Martin (1939–1959)
Halleck (1959–1965)
Ford (1965–1973)
Rhodes (1973–1981)
Michel (1981–1995)
Gingrich (1995–1999)
Hastert (1999–2007)
Boehner (2007–2015)
Ryan (2015–2019)
McCarthy (2019–)
RNCChairs
Morgan
Raymond
Ward
Claflin
Morgan
Chandler
Cameron
Jewell
Sabin
Jones
Quay
Clarkson
Campbell
Carter
Hanna
Payne
Cortelyou
New
Hitchcock
Hill
Rosewater
Hilles
Wilcox
Hays
Adams
Butler
Work
Huston
Fess
Sanders
Fletcher
Hamilton
Martin
Walsh
Spangler
Brownell
Reece
Scott
Gabrielson
Summerfield
Roberts
Hall
Alcorn
T. Morton
Miller
Burch
Bliss
R. Morton
Dole
Bush
Smith
Brock
Richards
Laxalt/Fahrenkopf
Fahrenkopf
Atwater
Yeutter
Bond
Barbour
Nicholson
Gilmore
Racicot
Gillespie
Mehlman
Martínez/Duncan
Duncan
Steele
Priebus
McDaniel
Chair elections
2009
2011
2013
2015
2017
2019
2021
2023
Parties bystate andterritoryState
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Territory
American Samoa
District of Columbia
Guam
Northern Mariana Islands
Puerto Rico
Virgin Islands
Affiliated organizationsFundraisinggroups
National Republican Congressional Committee
National Republican Redistricting Trust
National Republican Senatorial Committee
Republican Governors Association
Sectionalgroups
College Republicans
Chairmen
Congressional Hispanic Conference
Log Cabin Republicans
Republican Jewish Coalition
Republican National Hispanic Assembly
Republicans Abroad
Teen Age Republicans
Young Republicans
Republicans Overseas
Factionalgroups
Republican Main Street Partnership
Republican Majority for Choice
Republican Liberty Caucus
Republican National Coalition for Life
Republican Study Committee
Republican Governance Group
ConservAmerica
Liberty Caucus
Freedom Caucus
Ripon Society
The Wish List
Related
Primaries
Debates
Bibliography
International Democrat Union
Timeline of modern American conservatism
Trumpism
.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}showvteGovernors of MassachusettsColony (1629–1686)
Endecott
Winthrop
T. Dudley
Haynes
Vane
Winthrop
T. Dudley
Bellingham
Winthrop
Endecott
T. Dudley
Winthrop
Endecott
T. Dudley
Endecott
Bellingham
Endecott
Bellingham
Leverett
Bradstreet
Dominion (1686–1689)
J. Dudley
Andros
Bradstreet
Province (1692–1776)
W. Phips
Stoughton
Bellomont
Stoughton
Governor's Council
J. Dudley
Governor's Council
J. Dudley
Tailer
Shute
Dummer
Burnet
Dummer
Tailer
Belcher
Shirley
S. Phips
Shirley
S. Phips
Governor's Council
Pownall
Hutchinson
Bernard
Hutchinson
Gage
Commonwealth (since 1776)
Hancock
Cushing
Bowdoin
Hancock
Adams
Sumner
Gill
Governor's Council
Strong
Sullivan
Lincoln Sr.
Gore
Gerry
Strong
Brooks
Eustis
Morton
Lincoln Jr.
Davis
Armstrong
Everett
Morton
Davis
Morton
Briggs
Boutwell
Clifford
E. Washburn
Gardner
Banks
Andrew
Bullock
Claflin
W. Washburn
Talbot
Gaston
Rice
Talbot
Long
Butler
Robinson
Ames
Brackett
Russell
Greenhalge
Wolcott
Crane
Bates
Douglas
Guild
Draper
Foss
Walsh
McCall
Coolidge
Cox
Fuller
Allen
Ely
Curley
Hurley
Saltonstall
Tobin
Bradford
Dever
Herter
Furcolo
Volpe
Peabody
Volpe
Sargent
Dukakis
King
Dukakis
Weld
Cellucci
Swift
Romney
Patrick
Baker
Healey
Italics indicate acting officeholders
showvte Lieutenant governors of MassachusettsColony (1629–1686)
Goffe
Humphrey
T. Dudley
Ludlow
Bellingham
Winthrop
T. Dudley
Bellingham
Endecott
Winthrop
T. Dudley
Endecott
T. Dudley
Endecott
Bellingham
Willoughby
Leverett
Symonds
Bradstreet
Danforth
Dominion (1686–1689)
Stoughton
Nicholson
Province (1692–1776)
Stoughton
Povey
Tailer
Dummer
Tailer
S. Phips
Hutchinson
A. Oliver
T. Oliver
Commonwealth (since 1776)
T. Cushing
B. Lincoln
Adams
Gill
S. Phillips
Robbins
L. Lincoln
Cobb
Gray
W. Phillips
L. Lincoln Jr.
Morton
Winthrop
Armstrong
Hull
Childs
Reed
Cushman
Huntington
Plunkett
Brown
Benchley
Trask
Goodrich
Nesmith
Hayden
Claflin
Tucker
Talbot
Knight
Long
Weston
Ames
Brackett
Haile
Wolcott
Crane
Bates
Guild
Draper
Frothingham
Luce
Walsh
Barry
G. Cushing
C. Coolidge
Cox
Fuller
Allen
Youngman
Bacon
Hurley
Kelly
Cahill
Bradford
A. Coolidge
Sullivan
Whittier
R. Murphy
McLaughin
Bellotti
Richardson
Sargent
Dwight
O'Neill
Kerry
E. Murphy
Cellucci
Swift
Healey
Murray
Polito
Driscoll
showvtePresidents of the Massachusetts Senate
Cushing
Powell
Adams
S. Phillips
Adams
Cobb
Otis
J. Bacon
S. Dana
Otis
S. Dana
J. Phillips
Silsbee
Mills
S. Leland
Lathrop
Fowler
Saltonstall
Thorndike
Pickman
Bliss
Mann
M. Lawrence
King
Quincy
P. Leland
Robinson
Quincy
Lincoln
Calhoun
Scudder
Bell
Wilder
Wilson
Warren
Cook
Benchley
Baker
Upham
Phelps
Claflin
Clifford
Field
Pond
Brastow
Pitman
Brastow
H. Coolidge
Loring
Cogswell
Bishop
Crocker
Bruce
Pillsbury
Boardman
Hartwell
Sprague
Pinkerton
Butler
G. Lawrence
Smith
Soule
Jones
W. Dana
Chapple
Treadway
Greenwood
C. Coolidge
H. Wells
McKnight
Allen
W. Wells
G. Bacon
Fish
Moran
Wragg
Cotton
Goodwin
Hunt
A. Coolidge
Nicholson
Richardson
Dolan
Richardson
Furbush
Holmes
Powers
Donahue
Harrington
Bulger
Birmingham
Travaglini
Murray
Rosenberg
Chandler
Spilka
showvte(← 1916) 1920 United States presidential election (→ 1924)Republican Party(Convention)Nominees
President: Warren G. Harding
Vice President: Calvin Coolidge
Other candidates
Leonard Wood
Frank Orren Lowden
Hiram Johnson
William Cameron Sproul
Nicholas Murray Butler
Calvin Coolidge
Robert M. La Follette
Jeter Connelly Pritchard
Miles Poindexter
Howard Sutherland
Herbert Hoover
Democratic Party(Convention)Nominees
President: James M. Cox
Vice President: Franklin D. Roosevelt
Other candidates
William Gibbs McAdoo
A. Mitchell Palmer
Al Smith
John W. Davis
Edward I. Edwards
Woodrow Wilson (incumbent)
Robert Latham Owen
showThird party and independent candidatesSocialist Party
Nominee: Eugene V. Debs
VP nominee: Seymour Stedman
Farmer–Labor Party
Nominee: Parley P. Christensen
VP nominee: Max S. Hayes
Prohibition Party
Nominee: Aaron S. Watkins
VP nominee: D. Leigh Colvin
American Party
Nominee: James E. Ferguson
VP nominee: William J. Hough
Socialist Labor Party
Nominee: William Wesley Cox
VP nominee: August Gillhaus
Single Tax
Nominee: Robert Colvin Macauley
VP nominee: Richard C. Barnum
Other 1920 elections: House
Senate
showvte(← 1920) 1924 United States presidential election (→ 1928)Republican Party(Convention · Primaries)Nominees
President: Calvin Coolidge (incumbent)
Vice President: Charles G. Dawes
Other candidates
Hiram Johnson
Robert M. La Follette
Democratic Party(Convention · Primaries)Nominees
President: John W. Davis
Vice President: Charles W. Bryan
Other candidates
William Gibbs McAdoo
Al Smith
campaign
Oscar Underwood
Progressive PartyNominees
President: Robert M. La Follette
Vice President: Burton K. Wheeler
showOther Third party and independent candidatesCommunist Party
Nominee: William Z. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge",
"_split_id": 71
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
8c333f95e68ae694f555e3df00b85130 | Foster
VP nominee: Benjamin Gitlow
Prohibition Party
Nominee: Herman P. Faris
VP nominee: Marie C. Brehm
American Party
Nominee: Gilbert Nations
VP nominee: Charles Hiram Randall
Other 1924 elections: House
Senate
showvte(← 1928) 1932 United States presidential election (→ 1936)Democratic Party(Convention)Nominees
President: Franklin D. Roosevelt
Vice President: John Nance Garner
Other candidates
John Nance Garner
William H. Murray
James A. Reed
Albert Ritchie
Al Smith (campaign)
Republican Party(Convention)Nominees
President: Herbert Hoover (incumbent)
Vice President: Charles Curtis (incumbent)
Other candidates
John J. Blaine
Calvin Coolidge
Joseph I. France
James W. Wadsworth
showThird party and independent candidatesCommunist Party
Nominee: William Z. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge",
"_split_id": 72
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
68c5a2bf67ed1ccd9c77d038a597a99e | Foster
VP nominee: James W. Ford
Prohibition Party
Nominee: William David Upshaw
Socialist Party
Nominee: Norman Thomas
VP nominee: James H. Maurer
Socialist Labor Party
Nominee: Verne L. Reynolds
VP nominee: John W. Aiken
Independents
James Renshaw Cox
William Hope Harvey
Other 1932 elections: House
Senate
showvteConservatism in the United StatesSchools
Compassionate
Fiscal
Fusionism
Libertarian
Social
Neo-
Paleo-
Traditionalist
Principles
American exceptionalism
Classical liberalism
Family values
Free market
Free trade
Judeo-Christian values
Limited government
Moral absolutism
Natural law
Protectionism
Republicanism
Rule of law
Tradition
History
Timeline of modern American conservatism
PeoplePresidents
G. H. W. Bush
G. W. Bush
Coolidge
Harding
Hoover
Eisenhower
Ford
McKinley
Nixon
Reagan
W. H. Taft
Trump
Supreme Court justices
Alito
Barrett
Burger
Butler
Fuller
Gorsuch
Harlan
Kavanaugh
Kennedy
McReynolds
O'Connor
Rehnquist
Roberts
Scalia
Sutherland
Thomas
Van Devanter
White
Philosophers
Babbitt
Beale
Bork
Breitbart
Buckley
Burnham
Chambers
Friedman
Gottfried
Kemp
Kirk
Kirkpatrick
Kristol
Leo
Meyer
Negroponte
Olson
Rice
Rothbard
Schlesinger
Sowell
Strauss
Tyrrell
A. Williams
W. E. Williams
Wolfowitz
Other figures
Agnew
Ailes
Atwater
Beck
Boehner
Carlson
Carson
Cheney
Conway
Coulter
Curtis
Cruz
DeSantis
Dole
Elder
Falwell
Frist
Gingrich
Giuliani
Goldwater
Graham
Hannity
Ingraham
Jeb
Koch
LaPierre
Limbaugh
Lodge
Longworth
Lott
Martin
Mercer
McCain
McCarthy
McConnell
Murdoch
Norquist
Novak
O'Reilly
Palin
Rand Paul
Ron Paul
Pence
Perot
Powell
Quayle
Romney
Rove
Rumsfeld
Ryan
Sessions
Schlafly
Shapiro
Stone
R. A. Taft
Parties
American Independent Party
American Party
Conservative Party of New York
Constitution Party
Democratic Party (early factions until the 1890s)
Democratic-Republican Party (elements)
Federalist Party
Native American Party
Prohibition Party
Reform Party
Republican Party
Movements
Asian and Pacific Islander conservatism
Black conservatism
Christian right
Conservative Democrats
Women in conservatism
Green conservatism
LGBT conservatism
Movement
New Right
Old Right
Patriot movement
Radical Right
Right-libertarianism
Rockefeller Republican
Tea Party movement
Trumpism
Historical factions
Bourbon Democrats
Loyalists
Old Right
Southern Agrarians
Scholarly study
The Conservative Illusion (1959)
See also
American nationalism
Bibliography of conservatism in the United States
List of American conservatives
National conservatism
Southern strategy
Conservatism portal
.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}Portals: Biography 1920s Conservatism Radio United States Politics Law
showAuthority control General
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National libraries
Norway
Chile
Spain
France (data)
Germany
Israel
United States
Czech Republic
Netherlands
Poland
Sweden
Vatican
Biographical dictionaries
Germany
Scientific databases
CiNii
Other
FAST
2
MusicBrainz artist
NARA
RERO
SNAC
2
IdRef
Trove
US Congress
<img src="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" title="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;" />
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calvin_Coolidge&oldid=1141627668"
Categories: Calvin Coolidge1872 births1933 deaths19th-century Congregationalists20th-century American male writers20th-century American non-fiction writers20th-century Congregationalists20th-century presidents of the United States20th-century vice presidents of the United States1920 United States vice-presidential candidatesAmerican autobiographersAmerican CongregationalistsAmerican lawyers admitted to the practice of law by reading lawAmerican people of English descentAmherst College alumniAppleton familyBurials in VermontCandidates in the 1920 United States presidential electionCandidates in the 1924 United States presidential electionCollege RepublicansCoolidge familyDeaths from coronary thrombosisGovernors of MassachusettsHarding administration cabinet membersLieutenant Governors of MassachusettsMassachusetts city council membersMassachusetts lawyersMassachusetts RepublicansMassachusetts state senatorsMayors of places in MassachusettsMembers of the Massachusetts House of RepresentativesNative Americans' rights activistsNon-interventionismOld Right (United States)People from Plymouth, VermontPoliticians from Northampton, MassachusettsPresidents of the United StatesRepublican Party presidents of the United StatesRepublican Party governors of MassachusettsRepublican Party (United States) presidential nomineesRepublican Party (United States) vice presidential nomineesRepublican Party vice presidents of the United StatesSt. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge",
"_split_id": 73
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
318bf3f5db4183d83f1ad231ed16b94 | Johnsbury Academy alumniSons of the American RevolutionVice presidents of the United StatesWriters from Northampton, MassachusettsWriters from VermontAmerican anti-lynching activistsHidden categories: CS1: Julian–Gregorian uncertaintyWikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2021Articles with short descriptionShort description matches WikidataWikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pagesWikipedia indefinitely move-protected pagesUse American English from April 2020All Wikipedia articles written in American EnglishUse mdy dates from March 2022Articles with hAudio microformatsWikipedia articles needing page number citations from March 2022Pages using Sister project links with wikidata mismatchArticles with Project Gutenberg linksArticles with Internet Archive linksArticles with Curlie linksPeople appearing on C-SPANArticles with ISNI identifiersArticles with VIAF identifiersArticles with WorldCat identifiersArticles with BIBSYS identifiersArticles with BNC identifiersArticles with BNE identifiersArticles with BNF identifiersArticles with GND identifiersArticles with J9U identifiersArticles with LCCN identifiersArticles with NKC identifiersArticles with NTA identifiersArticles with PLWABN identifiersArticles with SELIBR identifiersArticles with VcBA identifiersArticles with DTBIO identifiersArticles with CINII identifiersArticles with FAST identifiersArticles with MusicBrainz identifiersArticles with NARA identifiersArticles with RERO identifiersArticles with SNAC-ID identifiersArticles with SUDOC identifiersArticles with Trove identifiersArticles with USCongress identifiersFeatured articlesArticles containing video clips
This page was last edited on 26 February 2023, at 00:35 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0;
additional terms may apply. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge",
"_split_id": 74
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
d6f847aac706013ea6eb2b4ab8adc8ec | By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
| text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge",
"_split_id": 75
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
f6ed1efc6900d9cdab5349b0ba40197c | Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Mobile view
Developers
Statistics
Cookie statement
(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.515","walltime":"2.924","ppvisitednodes":{"value":36053,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":813891,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":236564,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":21,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":62,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":364937,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2421.175 1 -total"," 21.46% 519.602 1 Template:Infobox_officeholder"," 17.33% 419.537 155 Template:Sfn"," 13.64% 330.295 25 Template:Navbox"," 12.71% 307.785 2 Template:Navboxes"," 10.24% 247.991 2 Template:Reflist"," 7.84% 189.718 17 Template:Infobox_officeholder/office"," 5.97% 144.437 19 Template:Cite_web"," 5.81% 140.755 40 Template:Sfnm"," 5.20% 125.853 27 Template:Cite_book"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.380","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":17659175,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREF\u0026quot;Confirms_Daugherty\u0026#039;s_Story_of_Coolidge\u0026#039;s_Second_Oath\u0026quot;\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFApplebyBrinkleyBroussardMcPherson2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarry1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBryson2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuckley\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClemensDaggett1945\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoolidge1919\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoolidge1926\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoolidge1929\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoolidge1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoolidge1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCordery2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeloria1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFelzenberg1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerrell1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerrell2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFieldstadt2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreeman2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFuess1940\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFuess1953\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGalston\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilbert\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenberg2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrinderShaw2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHandler1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHannaford\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHatfield1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHistorian2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoel_Webster\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKappler1929\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKim2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLandry2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMadsen2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarriott,_Leo.2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMashon2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCoy1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller_Center2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPolskyTkacheva2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRader1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReminiGolway2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRusnak1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRussell1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSenate_Historian2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShapellWillen2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShlaes2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSobel1998a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSobel1998b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnknown1927\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhite1938\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Forest1924\"] = 1,\n [\"Death\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 3,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth date\"] = 1,\n [\"C-SPAN\"] = 1,\n [\"Calvin Coolidge\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 27,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 9,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 18,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"CongBio\"] = 1,\n [\"Conservatism US footer\"] = 1,\n [\"Coolidge cabinet\"] = 1,\n [\"Curlie\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Coolidge, Calvin\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 4,\n [\"External media\"] = 1,\n [\"Featured article\"] = 1,\n [\"Flatlist\"] = 1,\n [\"For timeline\"] = 1,\n [\"Governors of Massachusetts\"] = 1,\n [\"Gutenberg author\"] = 1,\n [\"Harding cabinet\"] = 1,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 1,\n [\"IMDb name\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"Inflation\"] = 2,\n [\"Infobox officeholder\"] = 1,\n [\"Internet Archive author\"] = 1,\n [\"Library resources box\"] = 1,\n [\"Lieutenant Governors of Massachusetts\"] = 1,\n [\"Listen\"] = 1,\n [\"Longitem\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 6,\n [\"Marriage\"] = 1,\n [\"NYT topic\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 2,\n [\"No self-redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Notes\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 1,\n [\"PM20\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-protected\"] = 1,\n [\"Presidents of the Massachusetts Senate\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"S-aft\"] = 10,\n [\"S-bef\"] = 11,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-off\"] = 1,\n [\"S-par\"] = 2,\n [\"S-ppo\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ttl\"] = 11,\n [\"SS\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 3,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 155,\n [\"SfnRef\"] = 6,\n [\"Sfnm\"] = 40,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 22,\n [\"US Presidents\"] = 1,\n [\"USRepPresNominees\"] = 1,\n [\"USVicePresidents\"] = 1,\n [\"United States presidential election, 1920\"] = 1,\n [\"United States presidential election, 1924\"] = 1,\n [\"United States presidential election, 1932\"] = 1,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","420","25.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","320","19.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","140","8.5"],["type","100","6. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge",
"_split_id": 76
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
f3c196c42a47d3c0ebf0eb1b66d7dac2 | 1"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:41\u003E","100","6.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","80","4.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","60","3.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","60","3.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::anchorEncode","60","3.7"],["tostring","40","2.4"],["[others]","260","15.9"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw1420","timestamp":"20230226233413","ttl":86400,"transientcontent":true}}});});
{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Calvin Coolidge","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Calvin_Coolidge","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q36023","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q36023","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-08-23T20:58:42Z","dateModified":"2023-02-26T00:35:43Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/a\/a3\/Calvin_Coolidge_cph.3g10777_%28cropped%29.jpg","headline":"president of the United States from 1923 to 1929"}{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Calvin Coolidge","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Calvin_Coolidge","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q36023","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q36023","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-08-23T20:58:42Z","dateModified":"2023-02-26T00:35:43Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/a\/a3\/Calvin_Coolidge_cph.3g10777_%28cropped%29.jpg","headline":"president of the United States from 1923 to 1929"}
(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgBackendResponseTime":132,"wgHostname":"mw1451"});});
Toggle limited content width | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge",
"_split_id": 77
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
78b1c282803ef0b7fd8cb6c2c6d0348 |
Jump to content
Toggle sidebar
Search
Create accountLog in
Personal tools
Create account Log in
Pages for logged out editors learn more
ContributionsTalk
Navigation
Main pageContentsCurrent eventsRandom articleAbout WikipediaContact usDonate
Contribute
HelpLearn to editCommunity portalRecent changesUpload file
Tools
What links hereRelated changesUpload fileSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationCite this pageWikidata itemEdit interlanguage links
Print/export
Download as PDFPrintable version
In other projects
Wikimedia CommonsWikiquoteWikisource
Languages
On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Go to top.
| text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson",
"_split_id": 0
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
593c0701c0ad72382957e990499d4fe2 | Toggle the table of contents
Toggle the table of contents
Contents
move to sidebar
hide
(Top)
1Early life
2Marriage and family
3Academic career
Toggle Academic career subsection
3.1Professor
3.2President of Princeton University
4Governor of New Jersey (1911–1913)
5Presidential election of 1912
Toggle Presidential election of 1912 subsection
5.1Democratic nomination
5.2General election
6Presidency (1913–1921)
Toggle Presidency (1913–1921) subsection
6.1New Freedom domestic agenda
6.1.1Tariff and tax legislation
6.1.2Federal Reserve System
6.1.3Antitrust legislation
6.1.4Labor and agriculture
6.1.5Territories and immigration
6.1.6Judicial appointments
6.2First-term foreign policy
6.2.1Latin America
6.2.2Neutrality in World War I
6.3Remarriage
6.4Presidential election of 1916
6.5Entering the war
6.5.1The Fourteen Points
6.5.2Course of the war
6.5.3Home front
6.6Aftermath of World War I
6.6.1Paris Peace Conference
6.6.2Ratification debate and defeat
6.6.3Health collapses
6.6.4Demobilization
6.6.5Red Scare and Palmer Raids
6.6.6Prohibition and women's suffrage
6.6.71920 election
7Final years and death (1921–1924)
8Race relations
Toggle Race relations subsection
8.1Segregating the federal bureaucracy
8.2African-Americans in the armed forces
8.3Response to racial violence
9Legacy
Toggle Legacy subsection
9.1Historical reputation
9.2Memorials
9.3Popular culture
10Works
11See also
12Notes
13References
Toggle References subsection
13.1Citations
13.2Works cited
14Further reading
Toggle Further reading subsection
14.1For students
14.2Historiography
15External links
Toggle External links subsection
15.1Official
15.2Speeches and other works
15.3Media coverage
15.4Study sites
Woodrow Wilson
140 languages
AfrikaansአማርኛÆngliscالعربيةAragonésԱրեւմտահայերէնAsturianuAymar aruAzərbaycancaتۆرکجهবাংলাBân-lâm-gúБеларускаяБеларуская (тарашкевіца)भोजपुरीBikol CentralBislamaБългарскиBosanskiBrezhonegCatalàЧӑвашлаCebuanoČeštinaCorsuCymraegDanskالدارجةDeutschEestiΕλληνικάEspañolEsperantoEuskaraفارسیFøroysktFrançaisFryskGaeilgeGaelgGàidhligGalegoGungbe客家語/Hak-kâ-ngî한국어HawaiʻiՀայերենहिन्दीHrvatskiIdoIlokanoBahasa IndonesiaInterlinguaÍslenskaItalianoעבריתJawaಕನ್ನಡKapampanganქართულიҚазақшаKernowekIkinyarwandaKiswahiliKreyòl ayisyenKurdîКыргызчаLatinaLatviešuLëtzebuergeschLietuviųLingálaLingua Franca NovaLombardMagyarМакедонскиMalagasyമലയാളംमराठीმარგალურიمصرىمازِرونیBahasa Melayu閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄МокшеньМонголမြန်မာဘာသာNederlandsनेपाली日本語NordfriiskNorsk bokmålNorsk nynorskOccitanOʻzbekcha / ўзбекчаਪੰਜਾਬੀپنجابیپښتوPiemontèisPlattdüütschPolskiPortuguêsRomânăRumantschRuna SimiРусиньскыйРусскийScotsShqipSicilianuසිංහලSimple EnglishSlovenčinaSlovenščinaکوردیСрпски / srpskiSrpskohrvatski / српскохрватскиSuomiSvenskaTagalogதமிழ்Татарча / tatarçaไทยТоҷикӣᏣᎳᎩTürkçeУкраїнськаاردوئۇيغۇرچە / UyghurcheTiếng ViệtVolapük文言Winaray吴语ייִדישYorùbá粵語ZazakiŽemaitėška中文131 more
ArticleTalk
English
ReadView sourceView history
More
ReadView sourceView history
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
President of the United States from 1913 to 1921
.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}This article is about the president of the United States. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson",
"_split_id": 1
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
9061d9d63515c48baddc97b297e91b0b | For other people with the same name, see Woodrow Wilson (disambiguation).
| text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson",
"_split_id": 2
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
4dce597e00063708cc26f081f116df0f | .mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}Woodrow WilsonPortrait by Harris & Ewing, 191928th President of the United StatesIn officeMarch 4, 1913 – March 4, 1921Vice PresidentThomas R. MarshallPreceded byWilliam Howard TaftSucceeded byWarren G. Harding34th Governor of New JerseyIn officeJanuary 17, 1911 – March 1, 1913Preceded byJohn Franklin FortSucceeded byJames Fairman Fielder13th President of Princeton UniversityIn officeOctober 25, 1902 – October 21, 1910Preceded byFrancis Landey PattonSucceeded byJohn Grier Hibben
Personal detailsBornThomas Woodrow Wilson(1856-12-28)December 28, 1856Staunton, Virginia, U.S.DiedFebruary 3, 1924(1924-02-03) (aged 67)Washington, D.C., U.S.Resting placeWashington National CathedralPolitical partyDemocraticSpouses.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}
Ellen Axson
(m. .mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}1885; died 1914)
Edith Bolling
(m. 1915)
Children.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}
Margaret
Jessie
Eleanor
ParentJoseph Ruggles Wilson (father)Education
Davidson College (transferred)
Princeton University (BA)
University of Virginia School of Law (no degree)
Johns Hopkins University (PhD)
OccupationPoliticianacademicAwardsNobel Peace Prize (1919)Signature.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}
Woodrow Wilson's voice
0:37
On Democratic principlesRecorded September 1912
.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:#f8f9fa;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:720px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}
This article is part of a series aboutWoodrow Wilson
Early life
Boyhood home
South Carolina home
President of Princeton University
New Jersey gubernatorial election
28th President of the United States
Presidency
Timeline
First term
1912 presidential election
Convention
Transition
1st inauguration
Foreign policy
Women's suffrage
Woman Suffrage Procession
The New Freedom
Silent Sentinels
Federal Reserve Act
Clayton Antitrust Act
Federal Trade Commission
United States occupation of Veracruz
Pancho Villa Expedition
Coalfield War
Daylight saving time
Banana Wars
Louis Brandeis Supreme Court nomination
Second term
1916 presidential election
Convention
2nd inauguration
18th Amendment
19th Amendment
World War I
Foreign policy 1917-1921
Zimmermann Telegram
Thrasher incident
Entry into war
Against Austria-Hungary
Against Germany
American home front
Espionage Act
Fourteen Points
Wilsonian Armenia
Paris Peace Conference
Big Four
Treaty of Versailles
League of Nations
Judicial appointments
Supreme Court
Wilson and race relations
Wilson House
Princeton School of Public and International Affairs
Wilson Center
Presidential Library
Wilsonianism
.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}vte
Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856 – February 3, 1924) was an American politician and academic who served as the 28th president of the United States from 1913 to 1921. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson",
"_split_id": 3
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
e8a3eb51a007bd54021e1d7f78c0a053 | A member of the Democratic Party, Wilson served as the president of Princeton University and as the governor of New Jersey before winning the 1912 presidential election. As president, Wilson changed the nation's economic policies and led the United States into World War I in 1917. He was the leading architect of the League of Nations, and his progressive stance on foreign policy came to be known as Wilsonianism.
Wilson grew up in the American South, mainly in Augusta, Georgia, during the Civil War and Reconstruction. After earning a Ph.D. in history and political science from Johns Hopkins University, Wilson taught at various colleges before becoming the president of Princeton University and a spokesman for progressivism in higher education. As governor of New Jersey from 1911 to 1913, Wilson broke with party bosses and won the passage of several progressive reforms. To win the presidential nomination he mobilized progressives and Southerners to his cause at the 1912 Democratic National Convention. Wilson defeated incumbent Republican William Howard Taft and third-party nominee Theodore Roosevelt to easily win the 1912 United States presidential election, becoming the first Southerner to do so since 1848. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson",
"_split_id": 4
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
d7e6e1d68ad137f207dc6c26f8820a17 | During his first year as president, Wilson authorized the widespread imposition of segregation inside the federal bureaucracy. His first term was largely devoted to pursuing passage of his progressive New Freedom domestic agenda. His first major priority was the Revenue Act of 1913, which lowered tariffs and began the modern income tax. Wilson also negotiated the passage of the Federal Reserve Act, which created the Federal Reserve System. Two major laws, the Federal Trade Commission Act and the Clayton Antitrust Act, were enacted to promote business competition and combat extreme corporate power.
At the outbreak of World War I in 1914, the U.S. declared neutrality as Wilson tried to negotiate a peace between the Allied and Central Powers. He narrowly won re-election in the 1916 United States presidential election, boasting how he kept the nation out of wars in Europe and Mexico. In April 1917, Wilson asked Congress for a declaration of war against Germany in response to its policy of unrestricted submarine warfare that sank American merchant ships. Wilson nominally presided over war-time mobilization and left military matters to the generals. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson",
"_split_id": 5
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
7e37fb199536d7c199fb303c9e9d6983 | He instead concentrated on diplomacy, issuing the Fourteen Points that the Allies and Germany accepted as a basis for post-war peace. He wanted the off-year elections of 1918 to be a referendum endorsing his policies, but instead the Republicans took control of Congress. After the Allied victory in November 1918, Wilson went to Paris where he and the British and French leaders dominated the Paris Peace Conference. Wilson successfully advocated for the establishment of a multinational organization, the League of Nations. It was incorporated into the Treaty of Versailles that he signed. Wilson had refused to bring any leading Republican into the Paris talks, and back home he rejected a Republican compromise that would have allowed the Senate to ratify the Versailles Treaty and join the League.
Wilson had intended to seek a third term in office but suffered a severe stroke in October 1919 that left him incapacitated. His wife and his doctor controlled Wilson, and no significant decisions were made. Meanwhile, his policies alienated German and Irish Democrats and the Republicans won a landslide in the 1920 presidential election. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson",
"_split_id": 6
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
b714dc7661d4745c97daacd839cf601a | Scholars have generally ranked Wilson in the upper tier of U.S presidents, although he has been criticized for supporting racial segregation. His liberalism nevertheless lives on as a major factor in American foreign policy, and his vision of ethnic self-determination resonated globally.
Early life
Main article: Early life and academic career of Woodrow Wilson
Thomas Woodrow Wilson was born to a family of Scots-Irish and Scottish descent in Staunton, Virginia.[1] He was the third of four children and the first son of Joseph Ruggles Wilson and Jessie Janet Woodrow. Wilson's paternal grandparents had immigrated to the United States from Strabane, County Tyrone, Ireland, in 1807, settling in Steubenville, Ohio. His grandfather James Wilson published a pro-tariff and anti-slavery newspaper, The Western Herald and Gazette.[2] Wilson's maternal grandfather, Reverend Thomas Woodrow, moved from Paisley, Renfrewshire, Scotland, to Carlisle, Cumbria, England, before migrating to Chillicothe, Ohio, in the late 1830s.[3] Joseph met Jessie while she was attending a girl's academy in Steubenville, and the two married on June 7, 1849. Soon after the wedding, Joseph was ordained as a Presbyterian pastor and assigned to serve in Staunton. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson",
"_split_id": 7
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
1bfd59e4c854bbf97fb70dc4f64b4895 | [4] Thomas was born in the Manse, a house of the Staunton First Presbyterian Church where Joseph served. Before he was two, the family moved to Augusta, Georgia.[5]
Wilson, c. mid-1870s
Wilson's earliest memory was of playing in his yard and standing near the front gate of the Augusta parsonage at the age of three, when he heard a passerby announce in disgust that Abraham Lincoln had been elected and that a war was coming.[5][6] Wilson was one of only two U.S. presidents to be a citizen of the Confederate States of America, the other being John Tyler. Wilson's family identified with the Southern United States and were staunch supporters of the Confederacy during the American Civil War.[7]
Wilson's father was one of the founders of the Southern Presbyterian Church in the United States (PCUS) after it split from the Northern Presbyterians in 1861. He became minister of the First Presbyterian Church in Augusta, and the family lived there until 1870.[8] From 1870 to 1874, Wilson lived in Columbia, South Carolina, where his father was a theology professor at the Columbia Theological Seminary. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson",
"_split_id": 8
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
a04bc3965e9ef4a868f413e2557b98ca | [9] In 1873, Wilson became a communicant member of the Columbia First Presbyterian Church; he remained a member throughout his life.[10]
Wilson attended Davidson College in North Carolina for the 1873–74 school year but transferred as a freshman to the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University).[11] He studied political philosophy and history, joined the Phi Kappa Psi fraternity, and was active in the Whig literary and debating society.[12] He was also elected secretary of the school's football association, president of the school's baseball association, and managing editor of the student newspaper.[13] In the hotly contested presidential election of 1876, Wilson declared his support for the Democratic Party and its nominee, Samuel J. Tilden.[14] After graduating from Princeton in 1879,[15] Wilson attended the University of Virginia School of Law, where he was involved in the Virginia Glee Club and served as president of the Jefferson Literary and Debating Society.[16] After poor health forced his withdrawal from the University of Virginia, he continued to study law on his own while living with his parents in Wilmington, North Carolina. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson",
"_split_id": 9
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
4883504826a2c5e76def13922549def4 | [17] Wilson was admitted to the Georgia bar and made a brief attempt at establishing a law firm in Atlanta in 1882.[18] Though he found legal history and substantive jurisprudence interesting, he abhorred the day-to-day procedural aspects. After less than a year, he abandoned his legal practice to pursue the study of political science and history.[19]
Marriage and family
Ellen Wilson in 1912
In 1883, Wilson met and fell in love with Ellen Louise Axson, the daughter of a Presbyterian minister from Savannah, Georgia.[20] He proposed marriage in September 1883; she accepted, but they agreed to postpone marriage while Wilson attended graduate school.[21] Ellen graduated from Art Students League of New York, worked in portraiture, and received a medal for one of her works from the Exposition Universelle (1878) in Paris.[22] She agreed to sacrifice further independent artistic pursuits in order to marry Wilson in 1885.[23] She learned German so that she could help translate works of political science that were relevant to Wilson's research.[24] Their first child, Margaret, was born in April 1886, and their second, Jessie, in August 1887.[25] Their third and final child, Eleanor, was born in October 1889. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson",
"_split_id": 10
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
e169bdb0c71c74d7b29f12c5902c150b | [26] In 1913, Jessie married Francis Bowes Sayre Sr., who later was High Commissioner to the Philippines.[27] In 1914, Eleanor married William Gibbs McAdoo, the Secretary of the Treasury under Wilson and later a senator for California.[28]
Academic career
Professor
In late 1883, Wilson enrolled at the recently established Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore for doctoral studies.[29] Built on the Humboldtian model of higher education, Johns Hopkins was inspired particularly from Germany's historic Heidelberg University in that it was committed to research as a central part of its academic mission. Wilson studied history, political science, German, and other areas.[30] Wilson hoped to become a professor, writing that "a professorship was the only feasible place for me, the only place that would afford leisure for reading and for original work, the only strictly literary berth with an income attached."[31] Wilson spent much of his time at Johns Hopkins writing Congressional Government: A Study in American Politics, which grew out of a series of essays in which he examined the workings of the federal government. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson",
"_split_id": 11
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
edf0a6ad25d1e2c3f739d9eec5359e0e | [32] He received a Ph.D. in history and government from Johns Hopkins in 1886,[33] making him the only U.S. president who has possessed a Ph.D.[34] In early 1885, Houghton Mifflin published Congressional Government, which received a strong reception; one critic called it "the best critical writing on the American constitution which has appeared since the 'Federalist' papers."[35]
In 1885 to 1888, Wilson accepted a teaching position at Bryn Mawr College, a newly established women's college near Philadelphia.[36] Wilson taught ancient Greek and Roman history, American history, political science, and other subjects. There were only 42 students, nearly all of them too passive for his taste. M. Carey Thomas, the dean, was an aggressive feminist and Wilson was in a bitter dispute with the president about his contract. He left as soon as possible, and was not given a farewell.[37]
In 1888, Wilson left Bryn Mawr for Wesleyan University in Connecticut, an elite undergraduate college for men. He coached the football team, founded a debate team, and taught graduate courses in political economy and Western history. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson",
"_split_id": 12
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
5993af07ad69636ba91d9f0f08dc0483 | [38][39]
In February 1890, with the help of friends, Wilson was appointed by Princeton to the Chair of Jurisprudence and Political Economy, at an annual salary of $3,000 (equivalent to $90,478 in 2021).[40] He quickly gained a reputation as a compelling speaker.[41] In 1896, Francis Landey Patton announced that the College of New Jersey would henceforth be known as Princeton University; an ambitious program of expansion followed with the name change.[42] In the 1896 presidential election, Wilson rejected Democratic nominee William Jennings Bryan as too far to the left. He supported the conservative "Gold Democrat" nominee, John M. Palmer.[43] Wilson's academic reputation continued to grow throughout the 1890s, and he turned down multiple positions elsewhere including at Johns Hopkins and the University of Virginia.[44]
Wilson published several works of history and political science and was a regular contributor to Political Science Quarterly. Wilson's textbook, The State, was widely used in American college courses until the 1920s. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson",
"_split_id": 13
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
5b69beaa266353b17a8ed42846ff6c4a | [45] In The State, Wilson wrote that governments could legitimately promote the general welfare "by forbidding child labor, by supervising the sanitary conditions of factories, by limiting the employment of women in occupations hurtful to their health, by instituting official tests of the purity or the quality of goods sold, by limiting the hours of labor in certain trades, [and] by a hundred and one limitations of the power of unscrupulous or heartless men to out-do the scrupulous and merciful in trade or industry."[46] He also wrote that charity efforts should be removed from the private domain and "made the imperative legal duty of the whole," a position which, according to historian Robert M. Saunders, seemed to indicate that Wilson "was laying the groundwork for the modern welfare state."[47] His third book, Division and Reunion (1893),[48] became a standard university textbook for teaching mid- and late-19th century U.S. history.[49]
President of Princeton University
See also: History of Princeton University § Woodrow Wilson
Wilson in 1902
Prospect House, Wilson's home on Princeton's campus
In June 1902, Princeton trustees promoted Professor Wilson to president, replacing Patton, whom the trustees perceived to be an inefficient administrator. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson",
"_split_id": 14
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
3e3f61e43e2768ca4ce735e426706829 | [50] Wilson aspired, as he told alumni, "to transform thoughtless boys performing tasks into thinking men."He tried to raise admission standards and to replace the "gentleman's C" with serious study. To emphasize the development of expertise, Wilson instituted academic departments and a system of core requirements. Students were to meet in groups of six under the guidance of teaching assistants known as preceptors.[51][page needed] To fund these new programs, Wilson undertook an ambitious and successful fundraising campaign, convincing alumni such as Moses Taylor Pyne and philanthropists such as Andrew Carnegie to donate to the school.[52] Wilson appointed the first Jew and the first Roman Catholic to the faculty, and helped liberate the board from domination by conservative Presbyterians.[53] He also worked to keep African Americans out of the school, even as other Ivy League schools were accepting small numbers of black people.[54][a]
Wilson's efforts to reform Princeton earned him national notoriety, but they also took a toll on his health.[56] In 1906, Wilson awoke to find himself blind in the left eye, the result of a blood clot and hypertension. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson",
"_split_id": 15
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
31a52e57b47d4762ad5356042ca7f6ce | Modern medical opinion surmises Wilson had had a stroke—he later was diagnosed, as his father had been, with hardening of the arteries. He began to exhibit his father's traits of impatience and intolerance, which would on occasion lead to errors of judgment.[57] When Wilson began vacationing in Bermuda in 1906, he met a socialite, Mary Hulbert Peck. According to biographer August Heckscher II, Wilson's friendship with Peck became the topic of frank discussion between Wilson and his wife, although Wilson historians have not conclusively established there was an affair.[58] Wilson also sent very personal letters to her,[59] which were later used against him by his adversaries.[60]
Having reorganized the school's curriculum and established the preceptorial system, Wilson next attempted to curtail the influence of social elites at Princeton by abolishing the upper-class eating clubs.[61] He proposed moving the students into colleges, also known as quadrangles, but Wilson's Quad Plan was met with fierce opposition from Princeton's alumni.[62] In October 1907, due to the intensity of alumni opposition, the Board of Trustees instructed Wilson to withdraw the Quad Plan. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson",
"_split_id": 16
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
ddbfba000132f4afa212b26b3e388ddb | [63] Late in his tenure, Wilson had a confrontation with Andrew Fleming West, dean of the graduate school, and also West's ally ex-President Grover Cleveland, who was a trustee. Wilson wanted to integrate a proposed graduate school building into the campus core, while West preferred a more distant campus site. In 1909, Princeton's board accepted a gift made to the graduate school campaign subject to the graduate school being located off campus.[64]
Wilson became disenchanted with his job due to the resistance to his recommendations, and he began considering a run for office. Prior to the 1908 Democratic National Convention, Wilson dropped hints to some influential players in the Democratic Party of his interest in the ticket. While he had no real expectations of being placed on the ticket, he left instructions that he should not be offered the vice presidential nomination. Party regulars considered his ideas politically as well as geographically detached and fanciful, but the seeds had been sown. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson",
"_split_id": 17
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
190df130656eccd9e2b274f9d3a59e64 | [65] In 1956, McGeorge Bundy described Wilson's contribution to Princeton: "Wilson was right in his conviction that Princeton must be more than a wonderfully pleasant and decent home for nice young men; it has been more ever since his time."[66]
Governor of New Jersey (1911–1913)
Governor Wilson, 1911
Results of the 1910 gubernatorial election in New Jersey. Wilson won the counties in blue.
By January 1910, Wilson had drawn the attention of James Smith Jr. and George Brinton McClellan Harvey, two leaders of New Jersey's Democratic Party, as a potential candidate in the upcoming gubernatorial election.[67] Having lost the last five gubernatorial elections, New Jersey Democratic leaders decided to throw their support behind Wilson, an untested and unconventional candidate. Party leaders believed that Wilson's academic reputation made him the ideal spokesman against trusts and corruption, but they also hoped his inexperience in governing would make him easy to influence.[68] Wilson agreed to accept the nomination if "it came to me unsought, unanimously, and without pledges to anybody about anything."[69]
At the state party convention, the bosses marshaled their forces and won the nomination for Wilson. He submitted his letter of resignation to Princeton on October 20. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson",
"_split_id": 18
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
e61d42f021e94a8a7b61dcbf01dc2c0a | [70] Wilson's campaign focused on his promise to be independent of party bosses. He quickly shed his professorial style for more emboldened speechmaking and presented himself as a full-fledged progressive.[71] Though Republican William Howard Taft had carried New Jersey in the 1908 presidential election by more than 82,000 votes, Wilson soundly defeated Republican gubernatorial nominee Vivian M. Lewis by a margin of more than 65,000 votes.[72] Democrats also took control of the general assembly in the 1910 elections, though the state senate remained in Republican hands.[73] After winning the election, Wilson appointed Joseph Patrick Tumulty as his private secretary, a position he held throughout Wilson's political career.[73]
Wilson began formulating his reformist agenda, intending to ignore the demands of his party machinery. Smith asked Wilson to endorse his bid for the U.S. Senate, but Wilson refused and instead endorsed Smith's opponent James Edgar Martine, who had won the Democratic primary. Martine's victory in the Senate election helped Wilson position himself as an independent force in the New Jersey Democratic Party. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson",
"_split_id": 19
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
553e4ab62a652979a79f295cf3724335 | [74] By the time Wilson took office, New Jersey had gained a reputation for public corruption; the state was known as the "Mother of Trusts" because it allowed companies like Standard Oil to escape the antitrust laws of other states.[75] Wilson and his allies quickly won passage of the Geran bill, which undercut the power of the political bosses by requiring primaries for all elective offices and party officials. A corrupt practices law and a workmen's compensation statute that Wilson supported won passage shortly thereafter.[76] For his success in passing these laws during the first months of his gubernatorial term, Wilson won national and bipartisan recognition as a reformer and a leader of the Progressive movement.[77]
Republicans took control of the state assembly in early 1912, and Wilson spent much of the rest of his tenure vetoing bills.[78] Nonetheless, he won passage of laws that restricted labor by women and children and increased standards for factory working conditions.[79] A new State Board of Education was set up "with the power to conduct inspections and enforce standards, regulate districts' borrowing authority, and require special classes for students with handicaps. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson",
"_split_id": 20
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
f6bdc3b7e73e75473b9dc6438a7ed34e | "[80] Before leaving office Wilson oversaw the establishment of free dental clinics and enacted a "comprehensive and scientific" poor law. Trained nursing was standardized, while contract labor in all reformatories and prisons was abolished and an indeterminate sentence act passed.[81] A law was introduced that compelled all railroad companies "to pay their employees twice monthly," while regulation of the working hours, health, safety, employment, and age of people employed in mercantile establishments was carried out.[82] Shortly before leaving office, Wilson signed a series of antitrust laws known as the "Seven Sisters," as well as another law that removed the power to select juries from local sheriffs.[83]
Presidential election of 1912
Main article: 1912 United States presidential election
Democratic nomination
Main articles: 1912 Democratic Party presidential primaries and 1912 Democratic National Convention
Wilson became a prominent 1912 presidential contender immediately upon his election as Governor of New Jersey in 1910, and his clashes with state party bosses enhanced his reputation with the rising Progressive movement. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson",
"_split_id": 21
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
1c0d6e8a417c154bb98650f3de13a1f2 | [84] In addition to progressives, Wilson enjoyed the support of Princeton alumni such as Cyrus McCormick and Southerners such as Walter Hines Page, who believed that Wilson's status as a transplanted Southerner gave him broad appeal.[85] Though Wilson's shift to the left won the admiration of many, it also created enemies such as George Brinton McClellan Harvey, a former Wilson supporter who had close ties to Wall Street.[86] In July 1911, Wilson brought William Gibbs McAdoo and "Colonel" Edward M. House in to manage the campaign.[87] Prior to the 1912 Democratic National Convention, Wilson made a special effort to win the approval of three-time Democratic presidential nominee William Jennings Bryan, whose followers had largely dominated the Democratic Party since the 1896 presidential election.[88]
Speaker of the House Champ Clark of Missouri was viewed by many as the front-runner for the nomination, while House Majority Leader Oscar Underwood of Alabama also loomed as a challenger. Clark found support among the Bryan wing of the party, while Underwood appealed to the conservative Bourbon Democrats, especially in the South. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson",
"_split_id": 22
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
2bda88cc22466a937be812d46c1c887c | [89] In the 1912 Democratic Party presidential primaries, Clark won several of the early contests, but Wilson finished strong with victories in Texas, the Northeast, and the Midwest.[90] On the first presidential ballot of the Democratic convention, Clark won a plurality of delegates; his support continued to grow after the New York Tammany Hall machine swung behind him on the tenth ballot.[91] Tammany's support backfired for Clark, as Bryan announced that he would not support any candidate that had Tammany's backing, and Clark began losing delegates on subsequent ballots.[92] Wilson gained the support of Roger Charles Sullivan and Thomas Taggart by promising the vice presidency to Governor Thomas R. Marshall of Indiana.[93] and several Southern delegations shifted their support from Underwood to Wilson. Wilson finally won two-thirds of the vote on the convention's 46th ballot, and Marshall became Wilson's running mate.[94]
General election
1912 electoral vote map
In the 1912 general election, Wilson faced two major opponents: one-term Republican incumbent William Howard Taft, and former Republican President Theodore Roosevelt, who ran a third party campaign as the "Bull Moose" Party nominee. The fourth candidate was Eugene V. Debs of the Socialist Party. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson",
"_split_id": 23
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
240abb103c0ff9e5a479c485f61e626d | Roosevelt had broken with his former party at the 1912 Republican National Convention after Taft narrowly won re-nomination, and the split in the Republican Party made Democrats hopeful that they could win the presidency for the first time since the 1892 presidential election.[95]
Roosevelt emerged as Wilson's main challenger, and Wilson and Roosevelt largely campaigned against each other despite sharing similarly progressive platforms that called for an interventionist central government.[96] Wilson directed campaign finance chairman Henry Morgenthau not to accept contributions from corporations and to prioritize smaller donations from the widest possible quarters of the public.[97] During the election campaign, Wilson asserted that it was the task of government "to make those adjustments of life which will put every man in a position to claim his normal rights as a living, human being."[98] With the help of legal scholar Louis Brandeis, he developed his New Freedom platform, focusing especially on breaking up trusts and lowering tariff rates.[99] Brandeis and Wilson rejected Roosevelt's proposal to establish a powerful bureaucracy charged with regulating large corporations, instead favoring the break-up of large corporations in order to create a level economic playing field. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson",
"_split_id": 24
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
b9f1d9e2bf9c5c24187759004d3c84d6 | [100]
Wilson engaged in a spirited campaign, criss-crossing the country to deliver numerous speeches.[101] Ultimately, he took 42 percent of the popular vote and 435 of the 531 electoral votes.[102] Roosevelt won most of the remaining electoral votes and 27.4 percent of the popular vote, one of the strongest third party performances in U.S. history. Taft won 23.2 percent of the popular vote but just 8 electoral votes, while Debs won 6 percent of the popular vote. In the concurrent congressional elections, Democrats retained control of the House and won a majority in the Senate.[103] Wilson's victory made him the first Southerner to win a presidential election since the Civil War, the first Democratic president since Grover Cleveland left office in 1897,[104] and the first president to hold a Ph.D.[105]
Presidency (1913–1921)
Main article: Presidency of Woodrow Wilson
For a chronological guide, see Timeline of the Woodrow Wilson presidency.
Woodrow Wilson and his cabinet (1918)
After the election, Wilson chose William Jennings Bryan as Secretary of State, and Bryan offered advice on the remaining members of Wilson's cabinet. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson",
"_split_id": 25
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
fd7ba6b738674f9a17e0602147da1517 | [106] William Gibbs McAdoo, a prominent Wilson supporter who married Wilson's daughter in 1914, became Secretary of the Treasury, and James Clark McReynolds, who had successfully prosecuted several prominent antitrust cases, was chosen as Attorney General.[107] Publisher Josephus Daniels, a party loyalist and prominent white supremacist from North Carolina,[108] was chosen to be Secretary of the Navy, while young New York attorney Franklin D. Roosevelt became Assistant Secretary of the Navy.[109] Wilson's chief of staff ("secretary") was Joseph Patrick Tumulty, who acted as a political buffer and intermediary with the press.[110] The most important foreign policy adviser and confidant was "Colonel" Edward M. House; Berg writes that, "in access and influence, [House] outranked everybody in Wilson's Cabinet."[111]
New Freedom domestic agenda
Wilson giving his first State of the Union address; the first time since 1801 that such an address was made in person before a joint session of Congress,[112] this initiated the modern trend with regards to the State of the Union address.[113]
Wilson introduced a comprehensive program of domestic legislation at the outset of his administration, something no president had ever done before. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson",
"_split_id": 26
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
d4cb762dc35c37a83a99712e2a75f3cc | [114] He announced four major domestic priorities: the conservation of natural resources, banking reform, tariff reduction, and better access to raw materials for farmers by breaking up Western mining trusts.[115] Wilson introduced these proposals in April 1913 in a speech delivered to a joint session of Congress, becoming the first president since John Adams to address Congress in person.[116] Wilson's first two years in office largely focused on the his domestic agenda. With trouble with Mexico and the outbreak of World War I in 1914, foreign affairs increasingly dominated his presidency.[117]
Tariff and tax legislation
Democrats had long seen high tariff rates as equivalent to unfair taxes on consumers, and tariff reduction was their first priority.[118] He argued that the system of high tariffs "cuts us off from our proper part in the commerce of the world, violates the just principles of taxation, and makes the government a facile instrument in the hands of private interests."[119] By late May 1913, House Majority Leader Oscar Underwood had passed a bill in the House that cut the average tariff rate by 10 percent and imposed a tax on personal income above $4,000. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson",
"_split_id": 27
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
f3e7fd8de652b01972e47b490a2030cd | [120] Underwood's bill represented the largest downward revision of the tariff since the Civil War. It aggressively cut rates for raw materials, goods deemed to be "necessities," and products produced domestically by trusts, but it retained higher tariff rates for luxury goods.[121]
Nevertheless, the passage of the tariff bill in the Senate was a challenge. Some Southern and Western Democrats wanted the continued protection of their wool and sugar industries, and Democrats had a narrower majority in the upper house.[118] Wilson met extensively with Democratic senators and appealed directly to the people through the press. After weeks of hearings and debate, Wilson and Secretary of State Bryan managed to unite Senate Democrats behind the bill.[120] The Senate voted 44 to 37 in favor of the bill, with only one Democrat voting against it and only one Republican voting for it. Wilson signed the Revenue Act of 1913 (called the Underwood Tariff) into law on October 3, 1913.[120] The Revenue Act of 1913 reduced tariffs and replaced the lost revenue with a federal income tax of one percent on incomes above $3,000, affecting the richest three percent of the population. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson",
"_split_id": 28
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
d0178c61416fe5d4504b6311321dfa61 | [122] The policies of the Wilson administration had a durable impact on the composition of government revenue, which now primarily came from taxation rather than tariffs.[123]
Federal Reserve System
Map of Federal Reserve Districts–black circles, Federal Reserve Banks–black squares, District branches–red circles and Washington HQ–star/black circle
See also: History of the Federal Reserve System
Wilson did not wait to complete the Revenue Act of 1913 before proceeding to the next item on his agenda—banking. By the time Wilson took office, countries like Britain and Germany had established government-run central banks, but the United States had not had a central bank since the Bank War of the 1830s.[124] In the aftermath of the nationwide financial crisis in 1907, there was general agreement to create some sort of central banking system to provide a more elastic currency and to coordinate responses to financial panics. Wilson sought a middle ground between progressives such as Bryan and conservative Republicans like Nelson Aldrich, who, as chairman of the National Monetary Commission, had put forward a plan for a central bank that would give private financial interests a large degree of control over the monetary system. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson",
"_split_id": 29
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
9b96b53f0e7162a0bd41447a982d522d | [125] Wilson declared that the banking system must be "public not private, [and] must be vested in the government itself so that the banks must be the instruments, not the masters, of business."[126]
Democrats crafted a compromise plan in which private banks would control twelve regional Federal Reserve Banks, but a controlling interest in the system was placed in a central board filled with presidential appointees. Wilson convinced Democrats on the left that the new plan met their demands.[127] Finally the Senate voted 54–34 to approve the Federal Reserve Act.[128] The new system began operations in 1915, and it played a key role in financing the Allied and American war efforts in World War I.[129]
Antitrust legislation
See also: History of United States antitrust law
In a 1913 cartoon, Wilson primes the economic pump with tariff, currency and antitrust laws
Having passed major legislation lowering the tariff and reforming the banking structure, Wilson next sought antitrust legislation to enhance the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890.[130] The Sherman Antitrust Act barred any "contract, combination...or conspiracy, in restraint of trade," but had proved ineffective in preventing the rise of large business combinations known as trusts. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson",
"_split_id": 30
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
705217f5b772c0600e9da9ec268bf5bf | [131] An elite group of businessmen dominated the boards of major banks and railroads, and they used their power to prevent competition by new companies.[132] With Wilson's support, Congressman Henry Clayton, Jr. introduced a bill that would ban several anti-competitive practices such as discriminatory pricing, tying, exclusive dealing, and interlocking directorates.[133]
As the difficulty of banning all anti-competitive practices via legislation became clear, Wilson came to back legislation that would create a new agency, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC), to investigate antitrust violations and enforce antitrust laws independently of the Justice Department. With bipartisan support, Congress passed the Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914, which incorporated Wilson's ideas regarding the FTC.[134] One month after signing the Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914, Wilson signed the Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914, which built on the Sherman Act by defining and banning several anti-competitive practices.[135]
Labor and agriculture
See also: Labor history of the United States
Official presidential portrait of Woodrow Wilson (1913)
Wilson thought a child labor law would probably be unconstitutional but reversed himself in 1916 with a close election approaching. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson",
"_split_id": 31
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
a6384d2c437242c0d1ef51efd0df5789 | In 1916, after intense campaigns by the National Child Labor Committee (NCLC) and the National Consumers League, the Congress passed the Keating–Owen Act, making it illegal to ship goods in interstate commerce if they were made in factories employing children under specified ages. Southern Democrats were opposed but did not filibuster. Wilson endorsed the bill at the last minute under pressure from party leaders who stressed how popular the idea was, especially among the emerging class of women voters. He told Democratic Congressmen they needed to pass this law and also a workman's compensation law to satisfy the national progressive movement and to win the 1916 election against a reunited GOP. It was the first federal child labor law. However, the U.S. Supreme Court struck down the law in Hammer v. Dagenhart (1918). Congress then passed a law taxing businesses that used child labor, but that was struck down by the Supreme Court in Bailey v. Drexel Furniture (1923). Child labor was finally ended in the 1930s.[136] He approved the goal of upgrading the harsh working conditions for merchant sailors and signed LaFollette's Seamen's Act of 1915. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson",
"_split_id": 32
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
2c69ebdb99b09b08076a24f3b978a0d1 | [137]
Wilson called on the Labor Department to mediate conflicts between labor and management. In 1914, Wilson dispatched soldiers to help bring an end to the Colorado Coalfield War, one of the deadliest labor disputes in American history.[138] In 1916 he pushed Congress to enact the eight-hour work day for railroad workers, which ended a major strike. It was "the boldest intervention in labor relations that any president had yet attempted."[139]
Wilson disliked the excessive government involvement in the Federal Farm Loan Act, which created twelve regional banks empowered to provide low-interest loans to farmers. Nevertheless, he needed the farm vote to survive the upcoming 1916 election, so he signed it.[140]
Territories and immigration
See also: History of immigration to the United States
Wilson embraced the long-standing Democratic policy against owning colonies, and he worked for the gradual autonomy and ultimate independence of the Philippines, which had been acquired in 1898. Wilson increased self-governance on the islands by granting Filipinos greater control over the Philippine Legislature. The Jones Act of 1916 committed the United States to the eventual independence of the Philippines; independence took place in 1946. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson",
"_split_id": 33
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
Subsets and Splits