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d69ea3fdd412d0ac738db8a3230b18d1 | [75]
During Bush's tenure at the RNC, the Watergate scandal emerged into public view; the scandal originated from the June 1972 break-in of the Democratic National Committee, but also involved later efforts to cover up the break-in by Nixon and other members of the White House.[76] Bush initially defended Nixon steadfastly, but as Nixon's complicity became clear he focused more on defending the Republican Party.[61]
Following the resignation of Vice President Agnew in 1973 for a scandal unrelated to Watergate, Bush was considered for the position of vice president, but the appointment instead went to Gerald Ford.[77] After the public release of an audio recording that confirmed that Nixon had plotted to use the CIA to cover up the Watergate break-in, Bush joined other party leaders in urging Nixon to resign.[78] When Nixon resigned on August 9, 1974, Bush noted in his diary that "There was an aura of sadness, like somebody died... The [resignation] speech was vintage Nixon—a kick or two at the press—enormous strains. | text | {
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8e83930787dd062635f82492603e799f | One couldn't help but look at the family and the whole thing and think of his accomplishments and then think of the shame... [President Gerald Ford's swearing-in offered] indeed a new spirit, a new lift."[79]
Head of U.S. Liaison Office in China
Bush as U.S. Liaison to China, c. 1975
Upon his ascension to the presidency, Ford strongly considered Bush, Donald Rumsfeld, and Nelson Rockefeller for the vacant position of vice president. Ford ultimately chose Nelson Rockefeller, partly because of the publication of a news report claiming that Bush's 1970 campaign had benefited from a secret fund set up by Nixon; Bush was later cleared of any suspicion by a special prosecutor.[80] Bush accepted appointment as Chief of the U.S. Liaison Office in the People's Republic of China, making him the de facto ambassador to China.[81] According to biographer Jon Meacham, Bush's time in China convinced him that American engagement abroad was needed to ensure global stability, and that the United States "needed to be visible but not pushy, muscular but not domineering. | text | {
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a9bf4bb4db69cf810f1e4a6990965ac9 | "[82]
Director of Central Intelligence
Bush, as CIA Director, listens at a meeting following the assassinations in Beirut of Francis E. Meloy Jr. and Robert O. Waring, 1976
In January 1976, Ford brought Bush back to Washington to become the Director of Central Intelligence (DCI), placing him in charge of the CIA.[83] In the aftermath of the Watergate scandal and the Vietnam War, the CIA's reputation had been damaged for its role in various covert operations, and Bush was tasked with restoring the agency's morale and public reputation.[84][f] During Bush's year in charge of the CIA, the U.S. national security apparatus actively supported Operation Condor operations and right-wing military dictatorships in Latin America.[85][86] Meanwhile, Ford decided to drop Rockefeller from the ticket for the 1976 presidential election; he considered Bush as his running mate, but ultimately chose Bob Dole.[87] In his capacity as DCI, Bush gave national security briefings to Jimmy Carter both as a presidential candidate and as president-elect.[88]
1980 presidential election
1980 campaign logo
Further information: Ronald Reagan 1980 presidential campaign and 1980 Republican Party presidential primaries
Bush's tenure at the CIA ended after Carter narrowly defeated Ford in the 1976 presidential election. | text | {
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bc707f0ea2296309d043d08bb94c2b0a | Out of public office for the first time since the 1960s, Bush became chairman on the executive committee of the First International Bank in Houston.[89] He also spent a year as a part-time professor of Administrative Science at Rice University's Jones School of Business,[90] continued his membership in the Council on Foreign Relations, and joined the Trilateral Commission. Meanwhile, he began to lay the groundwork for his candidacy in the 1980 Republican Party presidential primaries.[91] In the 1980 Republican primary campaign, Bush faced Ronald Reagan, who was widely regarded as the front-runner, as well as other contenders like Senator Bob Dole, Senator Howard Baker, Texas Governor John Connally, Congressman Phil Crane, and Congressman John B. Anderson.[92]
Ronald Reagan, moderator Jon Breen, and Bush participate in the Nashua, New Hampshire, presidential debate, 1980
Bush's campaign cast him as a youthful, "thinking man's candidate" who would emulate the pragmatic conservatism of President Eisenhower.[93] In the midst of the Soviet–Afghan War, which brought an end to a period of détente, and the Iran hostage crisis, in which 52 Americans were taken hostage, the campaign highlighted Bush's foreign policy experience. | text | {
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e736ab2110964faee1ad25414697e848 | [94] At the outset of the race, Bush focused heavily on winning the January 21 Iowa caucuses, making 31 visits to the state.[95] He won a close victory in Iowa with 31.5% to Reagan's 29.4%. After the win, Bush stated that his campaign was full of momentum, or "the Big Mo",[96] and Reagan reorganized his campaign.[97] Partly in response to the Bush campaign's frequent questioning of Reagan's age (Reagan turned 69 in 1980), the Reagan campaign stepped up attacks on Bush, painting him as an elitist who was not truly committed to conservatism.[98] Prior to the New Hampshire primary, Bush and Reagan agreed to a two-person debate, organized by The Nashua Telegraph but paid for by the Reagan campaign.[97]
Days before the debate, Reagan announced that he would invite four other candidates to the debate; Bush, who had hoped that the one-on-one debate would allow him to emerge as the main alternative to Reagan in the primaries, refused to debate the other candidates. All six candidates took the stage, but Bush refused to speak in the presence of the other candidates. | text | {
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43ec7fb60d4c263a03de2f5a232cfe3f | Ultimately, the other four candidates left the stage and the debate continued, but Bush's refusal to debate anyone other than Reagan badly damaged his campaign in New Hampshire.[99] He ended up decisively losing New Hampshire's primary to Reagan, winning just 23 percent of the vote.[97] Bush revitalized his campaign with a victory in Massachusetts, but lost the next several primaries. As Reagan built up a commanding delegate lead, Bush refused to end his campaign, but the other candidates dropped out of the race.[100] Criticizing his more conservative rival's policy proposals, Bush famously labeled Reagan's supply side-influenced plans for massive tax cuts as "voodoo economics".[101] Though he favored lower taxes, Bush feared that dramatic reductions in taxation would lead to deficits and, in turn, cause inflation.[102]
The Reagan–Bush ticket won the 1980 presidential election with 50.7% of the popular vote and a large majority of the electoral vote
After Reagan clinched a majority of delegates in late May, Bush reluctantly dropped out of the race.[103] At the 1980 Republican National Convention, Reagan made the last-minute decision to select Bush as his vice presidential nominee after negotiations with Ford regarding a Reagan–Ford ticket collapsed. | text | {
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6baa36f23f4da2602540c8205d322fb9 | [104] Though Reagan had resented many of the Bush campaign's attacks during the primary campaign, and several conservative leaders had actively opposed Bush's nomination, Reagan ultimately decided that Bush's popularity with moderate Republicans made him the best and safest pick. Bush, who had believed his political career might be over following the primaries, eagerly accepted the position and threw himself into campaigning for the Reagan–Bush ticket.[105] The 1980 general election campaign between Reagan and Carter was conducted amid a multitude of domestic concerns and the ongoing Iran hostage crisis, and Reagan sought to focus the race on Carter's handling of the economy.[106] Though the race was widely regarded as a close contest for most of the campaign, Reagan ultimately won over the large majority of undecided voters.[107] Reagan took 50.7 percent of the popular vote and 489 of the 538 electoral votes, while Carter won 41% of the popular vote and John Anderson, running as an independent candidate, won 6.6% of the popular vote. | text | {
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db03619361b0454ec949535e53d2f99f | [108]
Vice presidency (1981–1989)
Further information: Presidency of Ronald Reagan and Reagan era
Official portrait of Vice President Bush, 1981
As vice president, Bush generally maintained a low profile, recognizing the constitutional limits of the office; he avoided decision-making or criticizing Reagan in any way. This approach helped him earn Reagan's trust, easing tensions left over from their earlier rivalry.[97] Bush also generally enjoyed a good relationship with Reagan staffers, including Bush's close friend James Baker, who served as Reagan's initial chief of staff.[109] His understanding of the vice presidency was heavily influenced by Vice President Walter Mondale, who enjoyed a strong relationship with President Carter in part because of his ability to avoid confrontations with senior staff and Cabinet members, and by Vice President Nelson Rockefeller's difficult relationship with some members of the White House staff during the Ford administration.[110] The Bushes attended a large number of public and ceremonial events in their positions, including many state funerals, which became a common joke for comedians. As the president of the Senate, Bush also stayed in contact with members of Congress and kept the president informed on occurrences on Capitol Hill. | text | {
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f5cac6f95a3ef588feec6d2106c83a1b | [97]
First term
Reagan and Bush in a meeting to discuss the United States' invasion of Grenada with a group of bipartisan members of Congress in October 1983
On March 30, 1981, while Bush was in Texas, Reagan was shot and seriously wounded by John Hinckley Jr. Bush immediately flew back to Washington D.C.; when his plane landed, his aides advised him to proceed directly to the White House by helicopter to show that the government was still functioning.[97] Bush rejected the idea, as he feared that such a dramatic scene risked giving the impression that he sought to usurp Reagan's powers and prerogatives.[111] During Reagan's short period of incapacity, Bush presided over Cabinet meetings, met with congressional leaders and foreign leaders, and briefed reporters, but he consistently rejected the possibility of invoking the Twenty-fifth Amendment.[112] Bush's handling of the attempted assassination and its aftermath made a positive impression on Reagan, who recovered and returned to work within two weeks of the shooting. From then on, the two men would have regular Thursday lunches in the Oval Office. | text | {
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a85f41218110f175992d14862921df54 | [113]
Bush was assigned by Reagan to chair two special task forces, one on deregulation and one on international drug smuggling. Both were popular issues with conservatives, and Bush, largely a moderate, began courting them through his work. The deregulation task force reviewed hundreds of rules, making specific recommendations on which ones to amend or revise, to curb the size of the federal government.[97] The Reagan administration's deregulation push had a strong impact on broadcasting, finance, resource extraction, and other economic activities, and the administration eliminated numerous government positions.[114] Bush also oversaw the administration's national security crisis management organization, which had traditionally been the responsibility of the National Security Advisor.[115] In 1983, Bush toured Western Europe as part of the Reagan administration's ultimately successful efforts to convince skeptical NATO allies to support the deployment of Pershing II missiles.[116]
Reagan's approval ratings fell after his first year in office, but they bounced back when the United States began to emerge from recession in 1983.[117] Former vice president Walter Mondale was nominated by the Democratic Party in the 1984 presidential election. | text | {
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40fd7bd55faa476d79bb29e314ba4d0b | Down in the polls, Mondale selected Congresswoman Geraldine Ferraro as his running mate in hopes of galvanizing support for his campaign, thus making Ferraro the first female major party vice presidential nominee in U.S. history.[118] She and Bush squared off in a single televised vice presidential debate.[97] Public opinion polling consistently showed a Reagan lead in the 1984 campaign, and Mondale was unable to shake up the race.[119] In the end, Reagan won re-election, winning 49 of 50 states and receiving 59% of the popular vote to Mondale's 41%.[120]
Second term
Vice President Bush standing with President Ronald Reagan and Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev on the New York City waterfront in 1988
Mikhail Gorbachev came to power in the Soviet Union in 1985. Rejecting the ideological rigidity of his three elderly sick predecessors, Gorbachev insisted on urgently needed economic and political reforms called "glasnost" (openness) and "perestroika" (restructuring).[121] At the 1987 Washington Summit, Gorbachev and Reagan signed the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty, which committed both signatories to the total abolition of their respective short-range and medium-range missile stockpiles. | text | {
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8fcb6393c93f44140d404cce22ad4638 | [122] The treaty marked the beginning of a new era of trade, openness, and cooperation between the two powers.[123] President Reagan and Secretary of State George Shultz took the lead in these negotiations, but Bush sat in on many meetings. Bush did not agree with many of the Reagan policies, but he did tell Gorbachev that he would seek to continue improving relations if he succeeded Reagan.[124] On July 13, 1985, Bush became the first vice president to serve as acting president when Reagan underwent surgery to remove polyps from his colon; Bush served as the acting president for approximately eight hours.[125]
In 1986, the Reagan administration was shaken by a scandal when it was revealed that administration officials had secretly arranged weapon sales to Iran during the Iran–Iraq War. The officials had used the proceeds to fund the Contra rebels in their fight against the leftist Sandinista government in Nicaragua. Democrats had passed a law that appropriated funds could not be used to help the Contras. Instead the administration used non-appropriated funds from the sales. | text | {
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121cb8b603f16b16ae78db90d03b84b6 | [97] When news of affair broke to the media, Bush stated that he had been "out of the loop" and unaware of the diversion of funds.[126] Biographer Jon Meacham writes that "no evidence was ever produced proving Bush was aware of the diversion to the contras," but he criticizes Bush's "out of the loop" characterization, writing that the "record is clear that Bush was aware that the United States, in contravention of its own stated policy, was trading arms for hostages".[127] The Iran–Contra scandal, as it became known, did serious damage to the Reagan presidency, raising questions about Reagan's competency.[128] Congress established the Tower Commission to investigate the scandal, and, at Reagan's request, a panel of federal judges appointed Lawrence Walsh as a special prosecutor charged with investigating the Iran–Contra scandal.[129] The investigations continued after Reagan left office and, though Bush was never charged with a crime, the Iran–Contra scandal would remain a political liability for him.[130]
On July 3, 1988, the guided missile cruiser USS Vincennes accidentally shot down Iran Air Flight 655, killing 290 passengers. | text | {
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8db63dee8ae2c08b7a91ebb238a932bd | [131] Bush, then-vice president, defended his country at the UN by arguing that the U.S. attack had been a wartime incident and the crew of Vincennes had acted appropriately to the situation.[132]
1988 presidential election
Main article: George H. W. Bush 1988 presidential campaignFurther information: 1988 Republican Party presidential primaries and 1988 United States presidential election
1988 campaign logo
John Ashcroft and Vice President Bush campaign in St. Louis, Missouri, 1988
Bush began planning for a presidential run after the 1984 election, and he officially entered the 1988 Republican Party presidential primaries in October 1987.[97] He put together a campaign led by Reagan staffer Lee Atwater, and which also included his son, George W. Bush, and media consultant Roger Ailes.[133] Though he had moved to the right during his time as vice president, endorsing a Human Life Amendment and repudiating his earlier comments on "voodoo economics", Bush still faced opposition from many conservatives in the Republican Party.[134] His major rivals for the Republican nomination were Senate Minority Leader Bob Dole of Kansas, Congressman Jack Kemp of New York, and Christian televangelist Pat Robertson. | text | {
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63744a5f725955d5e3caad9e70e5fdef | [135] Reagan did not publicly endorse any candidate, but he privately expressed support for Bush.[136]
Though considered the early front-runner for the nomination, Bush came in third in the Iowa caucus, behind Dole and Robertson.[137] Much as Reagan had done in 1980, Bush reorganized his staff and concentrated on the New Hampshire primary.[97] With help from Governor John H. Sununu and an effective campaign attacking Dole for raising taxes, Bush overcame an initial polling deficit and won New Hampshire with 39 percent of the vote.[138] After Bush won South Carolina and 16 of the 17 states holding a primary on Super Tuesday, his competitors dropped out of the race.[139]
Bush, occasionally criticized for his lack of eloquence when compared to Reagan, delivered a well-received speech at the Republican convention. Known as the "thousand points of light" speech, it described Bush's vision of America: he endorsed the Pledge of Allegiance, prayer in schools, capital punishment, and gun rights.[140] Bush also pledged that he would not raise taxes, stating: "Congress will push me to raise taxes, and I'll say no, and they'll push, and I'll say no, and they'll push again. | text | {
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71cbbbb86bcf5d22ee3c96f7b5225b92 | And all I can say to them is: read my lips. No new taxes."[141] Bush selected little-known Senator Dan Quayle of Indiana as his running mate. Though Quayle had compiled an unremarkable record in Congress, he was popular among many conservatives, and the campaign hoped that Quayle's youth would appeal to younger voters.[142]
Bush won the 1988 presidential election with 53.4% of the popular vote and a large majority of the electoral vote
Meanwhile, the Democratic Party nominated Governor Michael Dukakis, who was known for presiding over an economic turnaround in Massachusetts.[143] Leading in the general election polls against Bush, Dukakis ran an ineffective, low-risk campaign.[144] The Bush campaign attacked Dukakis as an unpatriotic liberal extremist and seized on the Willie Horton case, in which a convicted felon from Massachusetts raped a woman while on a prison furlough, a program Dukakis supported as governor. The Bush campaign charged that Dukakis presided over a "revolving door" that allowed dangerous convicted felons to leave prison.[145] Dukakis damaged his own campaign with a widely mocked ride in an M1 Abrams tank and a poor performance at the second presidential debate. | text | {
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89a3da724ae6b84962305315f98360ff | [146] Bush also attacked Dukakis for opposing a law that would require all students to recite the Pledge of Allegiance.[140] The election is widely considered to have had a high level of negative campaigning, though political scientist John Geer has argued that the share of negative ads was in line with previous presidential elections.[147]
Bush defeated Dukakis by a margin of 426 to 111 in the Electoral College, and he took 53.4 percent of the national popular vote.[148] Bush ran well in all the major regions of the country, but especially in the South.[149] He became the fourth sitting vice president to be elected president and the first to do so since Martin Van Buren in 1836 and the first person to succeed a president from his own party via election since Herbert Hoover in 1929.[97][g] In the concurrent congressional elections, Democrats retained control of both houses of Congress.[151]
Presidency (1989–1993)
Main article: Presidency of George H. W. Bush
For a chronological guide, see Timeline of the George H. W. Bush presidency.
Chief Justice William Rehnquist administers the Presidential Oath of Office to Bush
Bush was inaugurated on January 20, 1989, succeeding Ronald Reagan. | text | {
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3c3a14d03bbcd726803384cbb5c0aa3b | In his inaugural address, Bush said:
.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}I come before you and assume the Presidency at a moment rich with promise. We live in a peaceful, prosperous time, but we can make it better. For a new breeze is blowing, and a world refreshed by freedom seems reborn; for in man's heart, if not in fact, the day of the dictator is over. The totalitarian era is passing, its old ideas blown away like leaves from an ancient, lifeless tree. A new breeze is blowing, and a nation refreshed by freedom stands ready to push on. There is new ground to be broken, and new action to be taken.[152]
Bush's first major appointment was that of James Baker as Secretary of State.[153] Leadership of the Department of Defense went to Dick Cheney, who had previously served as Gerald Ford's chief of staff and would later serve as vice president under his son George W. Bush.[154] Jack Kemp joined the administration as Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, while Elizabeth Dole, the wife of Bob Dole and a former Secretary of Transportation, became the Secretary of Labor under Bush. | text | {
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bd9f024db0ff6fb17774a68d57a65a8 | [155] Bush retained several Reagan officials, including Secretary of the Treasury Nicholas F. Brady, Attorney General Dick Thornburgh, and Secretary of Education Lauro Cavazos.[156] New Hampshire Governor John Sununu, a strong supporter of Bush during the 1988 campaign, became chief of staff.[153] Brent Scowcroft was appointed as the National Security Advisor, a role he had also held under Ford.[157]
Foreign affairs
Main article: Foreign policy of the George H. W. Bush administration
End of the Cold War
Further information: Revolutions of 1989 and Dissolution of the Soviet Union
Map showing the division of East and West Germany until 1990, with Berlin in yellow
During the first year of his tenure, Bush put a pause on Reagan's détente policy toward the USSR.[158] Bush and his advisers were initially divided on Gorbachev; some administration officials saw him as a democratic reformer, but others suspected him of trying to make the minimum changes necessary to restore the Soviet Union to a competitive position with the United States.[159] In 1989, all the Communist governments collapsed in Eastern Europe. Gorbachev declined to send in the Soviet military, effectively abandoning the Brezhnev Doctrine. | text | {
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fa7ff3de0705d9d18e11e3ada6f1b809 | The U.S. was not directly involved in these upheavals, but the Bush administration avoided gloating over the demise of the Eastern Bloc to avoid undermining further democratic reforms.[160]
Bush and Gorbachev met at the Malta Summit in December 1989. Though many on the right remained wary of Gorbachev, Bush came away with the belief that Gorbachev would negotiate in good faith.[161] For the remainder of his term, Bush sought cooperative relations with Gorbachev, believing that he was the key to peace.[162] The primary issue at the Malta Summit was the potential reunification of Germany. While Britain and France were wary of a re-unified Germany, Bush joined German chancellor Helmut Kohl in pushing for German reunification.[163] Bush believed that a reunified Germany would serve American interests.[164] After extensive negotiations, Gorbachev agreed to allow a reunified Germany to be a part of NATO, and Germany officially reunified in October 1990 after paying billions of marks to Moscow.[165]
Bush and Mikhail Gorbachev at the Helsinki Summit in 1990
Gorbachev used force to suppress nationalist movements within the Soviet Union itself. | text | {
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72511ba467d49345235030dd55316edd | [166] A crisis in Lithuania left Bush in a difficult position, as he needed Gorbachev's cooperation in the reunification of Germany and feared that the collapse of the Soviet Union could leave nuclear arms in dangerous hands. The Bush administration mildly protested Gorbachev's suppression of Lithuania's independence movement, but took no action to directly intervene.[167] Bush warned independence movements of the disorder that could come with secession from the Soviet Union; in a 1991 address that critics labeled the "Chicken Kiev speech", he cautioned against "suicidal nationalism".[168] In July 1991, Bush and Gorbachev signed the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START I) treaty, in which both countries agreed to cut their strategic nuclear weapons by 30 percent.[169]
In 1991, the Soviet Union dissolved into fifteen independent republics, including Russia (labeled 11)
In August 1991, hard-line Communists launched a coup against Gorbachev; while the coup quickly fell apart, it broke the remaining power of Gorbachev and the central Soviet government.[170] Later that month, Gorbachev resigned as general secretary of the Communist party, and Russian president Boris Yeltsin ordered the seizure of Soviet property. | text | {
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38dd71ec358bde2b10fc8555c7129912 | Gorbachev clung to power as the President of the Soviet Union until December 1991, when the Soviet Union dissolved.[171] Fifteen states emerged from the Soviet Union, and of those states, Russia was the largest and most populous. Bush and Yeltsin met in February 1992, declaring a new era of "friendship and partnership".[172] In January 1993, Bush and Yeltsin agreed to START II, which provided for further nuclear arms reductions on top of the original START treaty.[173]
Invasion of Panama
Main article: United States invasion of Panama
Through the late 1980s, the U.S. provided aid to Manuel Noriega, the anti-Communist leader of Panama. Noriega had long standing ties to United States intelligence agencies, including during Bush's tenure as Director of Central Intelligence, and was also deeply involved in drug trafficking.[174] In May 1989, Noriega annulled the results of a democratic presidential election in which Guillermo Endara had been elected. Bush objected to the annulment of the election and worried about the status of the Panama Canal with Noriega still in office.[175] Bush dispatched 2,000 soldiers to the country, where they began conducting regular military exercises in violation of prior treaties. | text | {
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1469176b9ad02a160fb5013771611aec | [176] After a U.S. serviceman was shot by Panamanian forces in December 1989, Bush ordered the United States invasion of Panama, known as "Operation Just Cause". The invasion was the first large-scale American military operation in more than 40 years that was not related to the Cold War. American forces quickly took control of the Panama Canal Zone and Panama City. Noriega surrendered on January 3, 1990, and was quickly transported to a prison in the United States. Twenty-three Americans died in the operation, while another 394 were wounded. Noriega was convicted and imprisoned on racketeering and drug trafficking charges in April 1992.[175] Historian Stewart Brewer argues that the invasion "represented a new era in American foreign policy" because Bush did not justify the invasion under the Monroe Doctrine or the threat of Communism, but rather on the grounds that it was in the best interests of the United States.[177]
Gulf War
Main article: Gulf War
Iraq (green) invaded Kuwait (orange) in 1990
Faced with massive debts and low oil prices in the aftermath of the Iran–Iraq War, Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein decided to conquer the country of Kuwait, a small, oil-rich country situated on Iraq's southern border. | text | {
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11b2bd57a1678c79059c3b8590b3e514 | [178] After Iraq invaded Kuwait in August 1990, Bush imposed economic sanctions on Iraq and assembled a multi-national coalition opposed to the invasion.[179] The administration feared that a failure to respond to the invasion would embolden Hussein to attack Saudi Arabia or Israel, and wanted to discourage other countries from similar aggression.[180] Bush also wanted to ensure continued access to oil, as Iraq and Kuwait collectively accounted for 20 percent of the world's oil production, and Saudi Arabia produced another 26 percent of the world's oil supply.[181]
At Bush's insistence, in November 1990, the United Nations Security Council approved a resolution authorizing the use of force if Iraq did not withdraw from Kuwait by January 15, 1991.[182] Gorbachev's support, as well as China's abstention, helped ensure passage of the UN resolution.[183] Bush convinced Britain, France, and other nations to commit soldiers to an operation against Iraq, and he won important financial backing from Germany, Japan, South Korea, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates.[184] In January 1991, Bush asked Congress to approve a joint resolution authorizing a war against Iraq. | text | {
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9aef68b87491f0ef46f647697355fe85 | [185] Bush believed that the UN resolution had already provided him with the necessary authorization to launch a military operation against Iraq, but he wanted to show that the nation was united behind a military action.[186] Despite the opposition of a majority of Democrats in both the House and the Senate, Congress approved the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 1991.[185]
Bush meets with Robert Gates, General Colin Powell, Secretary Dick Cheney and others about the situation in the Persian Gulf, 1991
After the January 15 deadline passed without an Iraqi withdrawal from Kuwait, U.S. and coalition forces conducted a bombing campaign that devastated Iraq's power grid and communications network, and resulted in the desertion of about 100,000 Iraqi soldiers. In retaliation, Iraq launched Scud missiles at Israel and Saudi Arabia, but most of the missiles did little damage. On February 23, coalition forces began a ground invasion into Kuwait, evicting Iraqi forces by the end of February 27. About 300 Americans, as well as approximately 65 soldiers from other coalition nations, died during the military action. | text | {
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afde43f3ff70c379413d4f87aac226e9 | [187] A cease fire was arranged on March 3, and the UN passed a resolution establishing a peacekeeping force in a demilitarized zone between Kuwait and Iraq.[188] A March 1991 Gallup poll showed that Bush had an approval rating of 89 percent, the highest presidential approval rating in the history of Gallup polling.[189] After 1991, the UN maintained economic sanctions against Iraq, and the United Nations Special Commission was assigned to ensure that Iraq did not revive its weapons of mass destruction program.[190]
NAFTA
Main article: North American Free Trade Agreement
From left to right: (standing) President Carlos Salinas, President Bush, Prime Minister Brian Mulroney; (seated) Jaime Serra Puche, Carla Hills, and Michael Wilson at the NAFTA Initialing Ceremony, October 1992
In 1987, the U.S. and Canada had reached a free trade agreement that eliminated many tariffs between the two countries. President Reagan had intended it as the first step towards a larger trade agreement to eliminate most tariffs among the United States, Canada, and Mexico.[191] The Bush administration, along with the Progressive Conservative Canadian prime minister Brian Mulroney, spearheaded the negotiations of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) with Mexico. | text | {
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f0853ccacb4cdfd6044e791cb9ae03f4 | In addition to lowering tariffs, the proposed treaty would affect patents, copyrights, and trademarks.[192] In 1991, Bush sought fast track authority, which grants the president the power to submit an international trade agreement to Congress without the possibility of amendment. Despite congressional opposition led by House Majority Leader Dick Gephardt, both houses of Congress voted to grant Bush fast track authority. NAFTA was signed in December 1992, after Bush lost re-election,[193] but President Clinton won ratification of NAFTA in 1993.[194] NAFTA remains controversial for its impact on wages, jobs, and overall economic growth.[195]
Domestic affairs
Economy and fiscal issues
The U.S. economy had generally performed well since emerging from recession in late 1982, but it slipped into a mild recession in 1990. The unemployment rate rose from 5.9 percent in 1989 to a high of 7.8 percent in mid-1991.[196][197] Large federal deficits, spawned during the Reagan years, rose from $152.1 billion in 1989[198] to $220 billion for 1990;[199] the $220 billion deficit represented a threefold increase since 1980.[200] As the public became increasingly concerned about the economy and other domestic affairs, Bush's well-received handling of foreign affairs became less of an issue for most voters. | text | {
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700e0564f602b6e6e14ac73229b06ea3 | [201] Bush's top domestic priority was to bring an end to federal budget deficits, which he saw as a liability for the country's long-term economic health and standing in the world.[202] As he was opposed to major defense spending cuts[203] and had pledged to not raise taxes, the president had major difficulties in balancing the budget.[204]
Bush and congressional leaders agreed to avoid major changes to the budget for fiscal year 1990, which began in October 1989. However, both sides knew that spending cuts or new taxes would be necessary in the following year's budget to avoid the draconian automatic domestic spending cuts required by the Gramm–Rudman–Hollings Balanced Budget Act of 1987.[205] Bush and other leaders also wanted to cut deficits because Federal Reserve Chair Alan Greenspan refused to lower interest rates, and thus stimulate economic growth, unless the federal budget deficit was reduced.[206] In a statement released in late June 1990, Bush said that he would be open to a deficit reduction program which included spending cuts, incentives for economic growth, budget process reform, as well as tax increases. | text | {
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6dc20d46bbacd8a0cd2f18ab7a192f56 | [207] To fiscal conservatives in the Republican Party, Bush's statement represented a betrayal, and they heavily criticized him for compromising so early in the negotiations.[208]
In September 1990, Bush and Congressional Democrats announced a compromise to cut funding for mandatory and discretionary programs while also raising revenue, partly through a higher gas tax. The compromise additionally included a "pay as you go" provision that required that new programs be paid for at the time of implementation.[209] House Minority Whip Newt Gingrich led the conservative opposition to the bill, strongly opposing any form of tax increase.[210] Some liberals also criticized the budget cuts in the compromise, and in October, the House rejected the deal, resulting in a brief government shutdown. Without the strong backing of the Republican Party, Bush agreed to another compromise bill, this one more favorable to Democrats. The Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990 (OBRA-90), enacted on October 27, 1990, dropped much of the gasoline tax increase in favor of higher income taxes on top earners. It included cuts to domestic spending, but the cuts were not as deep as those that had been proposed in the original compromise. | text | {
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6e30851ab5b2f34363b4b5ba17e76358 | Bush's decision to sign the bill damaged his standing with conservatives and the general public, but it also laid the groundwork for the budget surpluses of the late 1990s.[211]
Discrimination
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"Even the strongest person couldn't scale the Berlin Wall to gain the elusive promise of independence that lay just beyond. And so, together we rejoiced when that barrier fell. And now I sign legislation which takes a sledgehammer to another wall, one which has for too many generations separated Americans with disabilities from the freedom they could glimpse, but not grasp."—Bush's remarks at the signing ceremony for the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990[212]
The disabled had not received legal protections under the landmark Civil Rights Act of 1964, and many faced discrimination and segregation by the time Bush took office. | text | {
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d2f45644a2ab6782f66ef0bbdf4f5816 | In 1988, Lowell P. Weicker Jr. and Tony Coelho had introduced the Americans with Disabilities Act, which barred employment discrimination against qualified individuals with disabilities. The bill had passed the Senate but not the House, and it was reintroduced in 1989. Though some conservatives opposed the bill due to its costs and potential burdens on businesses, Bush strongly supported it, partly because his son, Neil, had struggled with dyslexia. After the bill passed both houses of Congress, Bush signed the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 into law in July 1990.[213] The act required employers and public accommodations to make "reasonable accommodations" for the disabled, while providing an exception when such accommodations imposed an "undue hardship".[214]
Senator Ted Kennedy later led the congressional passage of a separate civil rights bill designed to facilitate launching employment discrimination lawsuits.[215] In vetoing the bill, Bush argued that it would lead to racial quotas in hiring.[216][217] In November 1991, Bush signed the Civil Rights Act of 1991, which was largely similar to the bill he had vetoed in the previous year. | text | {
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63046f6ca3162166529932a88acf6715 | [215]
In August 1990, Bush signed the Ryan White CARE Act, the largest federally funded program dedicated to assisting persons living with HIV/AIDS.[218] Throughout his presidency, the AIDS epidemic grew dramatically in the U.S. and around the world, and Bush often found himself at odds with AIDS activist groups who criticized him for not placing a high priority on HIV/AIDS research and funding. Frustrated by the administration's lack of urgency on the issue, ACT UP, dumped the ashes of HIV/AIDS victims on the White House lawn during a viewing of the AIDS Quilt in 1992.[219] By that time, HIV had become the leading cause of death in the U.S. for men aged 25–44.[220]
Environment
In June 1989, the Bush administration proposed a bill to amend the Clean Air Act. Working with Senate Majority Leader George J. Mitchell, the administration won passage of the amendments over the opposition of business-aligned members of Congress who feared the impact of tougher regulations.[221] The legislation sought to curb acid rain and smog by requiring decreased emissions of chemicals such as sulfur dioxide,[222] and was the first major update to the Clean Air Act since 1977. | text | {
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5b6efde996633dc6250eac13707cd483 | [223] Bush also signed the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 in response to the Exxon Valdez oil spill. However, the League of Conservation Voters criticized some of Bush's other environmental actions, including his opposition to stricter auto-mileage standards.[224]
Points of Light
Main article: Points of Light
President Bush devoted attention to voluntary service as a means of solving some of America's most serious social problems. He often used the "thousand points of light" theme to describe the power of citizens to solve community problems. In his 1989 inaugural address, President Bush said, "I have spoken of a thousand points of light, of all the community organizations that are spread like stars throughout the Nation, doing good."[225] During his presidency, Bush honored numerous volunteers with the Daily Point of Light Award, a tradition that was continued by his presidential successors.[226] In 1990, the Points of Light Foundation was created as a nonprofit organization in Washington to promote this spirit of volunteerism.[227] In 2007, the Points of Light Foundation merged with the Hands On Network to create a new organization, Points of Light. | text | {
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6e0662d0570704d4cd4cb9415fdc0919 | [228]
Judicial appointments
Further information: George H. W. Bush Supreme Court candidates, George H. W. Bush judicial appointments, and George H. W. Bush judicial appointment controversies
Bush appointed Clarence Thomas to the Supreme Court in 1991
Bush appointed two justices to the Supreme Court of the United States. In 1990, Bush appointed a largely unknown state appellate judge, David Souter, to replace liberal icon William Brennan.[229] Souter was easily confirmed and served until 2009, but joined the liberal bloc of the court, disappointing Bush.[229] In 1991, Bush nominated conservative federal judge Clarence Thomas to succeed Thurgood Marshall, a long-time liberal stalwart. Thomas, the former head of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), faced heavy opposition in the Senate, as well as from pro-choice groups and the NAACP. His nomination faced another difficulty when Anita Hill accused Thomas of having sexually harassed her during his time as the chair of EEOC. Thomas won confirmation in a narrow 52–48 vote; 43 Republicans and 9 Democrats voted to confirm Thomas's nomination, while 46 Democrats and 2 Republicans voted against confirmation.[230] Thomas became one of the most conservative justices of his era. | text | {
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f34db3edf2b8565287b97d2662df9189 | [231]
Other issues
Bush's education platform consisted mainly of offering federal support for a variety of innovations, such as open enrollment, incentive pay for outstanding teachers, and rewards for schools that improve performance with underprivileged children.[232] Though Bush did not pass a major educational reform package during his presidency, his ideas influenced later reform efforts, including Goals 2000 and the No Child Left Behind Act.[233] Bush signed the Immigration Act of 1990,[234] which led to a 40 percent increase in legal immigration to the United States.[235] The act more than doubled the number of visas given to immigrants on the basis of job skills.[236] In the wake of the savings and loan crisis, Bush proposed a $50 billion package to rescue the savings and loans industry, and also proposed the creation of the Office of Thrift Supervision to regulate the industry. Congress passed the Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery, and Enforcement Act of 1989, which incorporated most of Bush's proposals.[237]
Public image
Bush's approval ratings (red) compared to his disapproval ratings (blue) during his presidency
Bush was widely seen as a "pragmatic caretaker" president who lacked a unified and compelling long-term theme in his efforts. | text | {
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78bc195a0ccf9b24e8722ea6d0a6bc69 | [238][239][240] Indeed, Bush's sound bite where he refers to the issue of overarching purpose as "the vision thing" has become a metonym applied to other political figures accused of similar difficulties.[241][242][243][244][245][246] His ability to gain broad international support for the Gulf War and the war's result were seen as both a diplomatic and military triumph,[247] rousing bipartisan approval,[248] though his decision to withdraw without removing Saddam Hussein left mixed feelings, and attention returned to the domestic front and a souring economy.[249] A New York Times article mistakenly depicted Bush as being surprised to see a supermarket barcode reader;[250][251] the report of his reaction exacerbated the notion that he was "out of touch".[250] Amid the early 1990s recession, his image shifted from "conquering hero" to "politician befuddled by economic matters".[252]
At the elite level, a number of commentators and political experts deplored the state of American politics in 1991–1992, and reported the voters were angry. Many analysts blamed the poor quality of national election campaigns. | text | {
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9a19210b475efe46f60da159156b868f | [253]
1992 presidential campaign
Main article: George H. W. Bush 1992 presidential campaignFurther information: 1992 United States presidential election
Bush announced his reelection bid in early 1992; with a coalition victory in the Persian Gulf War and high approval ratings, Bush's reelection initially looked likely.[254] As a result, many leading Democrats, including Mario Cuomo, Dick Gephardt, and Al Gore, declined to seek their party's presidential nomination.[255] However, Bush's tax increase had angered many conservatives, who believed that Bush had strayed from the conservative principles of Ronald Reagan.[256] He faced a challenge from conservative political columnist Pat Buchanan in the 1992 Republican primaries.[257] Bush fended off Buchanan's challenge and won his party's nomination at the 1992 Republican National Convention, but the convention adopted a socially conservative platform strongly influenced by the Christian right.[258]
Bush was defeated in the 1992 presidential election by Bill Clinton
Meanwhile, the Democrats nominated Governor Bill Clinton of Arkansas. A moderate who was affiliated with the Democratic Leadership Council (DLC), Clinton favored welfare reform, deficit reduction, and a tax cut for the middle class. | text | {
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60d08312ceb322e9dd1ea1b21b0d7d2d | [259] In early 1992, the race took an unexpected twist when Texas billionaire H. Ross Perot launched a third party bid, claiming that neither Republicans nor Democrats could eliminate the deficit and make government more efficient. His message appealed to voters across the political spectrum disappointed with both parties' perceived fiscal irresponsibility.[260] Perot also attacked NAFTA, which he claimed would lead to major job losses.[261] National polling taken in mid-1992 showed Perot in the lead, but Clinton experienced a surge through effective campaigning and the selection of Senator Al Gore, a popular and relatively young Southerner, as his running mate.[262]
Clinton won the election, taking 43 percent of the popular vote and 370 electoral votes, while Bush won 37.5 percent of the popular vote and 168 electoral votes.[263] Perot won 19% of the popular vote, one of the highest totals for a third-party candidate in U.S. history, drawing equally from both major candidates, according to exit polls.[264] Clinton performed well in the Northeast, the Midwest, and the West Coast, while also waging the strongest Democratic campaign in the South since the 1976 election.[265] Several factors were important in Bush's defeat. | text | {
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b9755cfa2d6cd9dd3f29bb24cfbe6b0a | The ailing economy which arose from recession may have been the main factor in Bush's loss, as 7 in 10 voters said on election day that the economy was either "not so good" or "poor".[266][267] On the eve of the 1992 election, the unemployment rate stood at 7.8%, which was the highest it had been since 1984.[268] The president was also damaged by his alienation of many conservatives in his party.[269] Bush blamed Perot in part for his defeat, though exit polls showed that Perot drew his voters about equally from Clinton and Bush.[270]
Despite his defeat, Bush left office with a 56 percent job approval rating in January 1993.[271] Like many of his predecessors, Bush issued a series of pardons during his last days in office. In December 1992, he granted executive clemency to six former senior government officials implicated in the Iran-Contra scandal, most prominently former Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger.[272] The charges against the six were that they lied to or withheld information from Congress. The pardons effectively brought an end to the Iran-Contra scandal.[273]
According to Seymour Martin Lipset, the 1992 election had several unique characteristics. | text | {
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bf74a23b347955fc796795b39dac2be4 | Voters felt that economic conditions were worse than they actually were, which harmed Bush. A rare event was the presence of a strong third-party candidate. Liberals launched a backlash against 12 years of a conservative White House. The chief factor was Clinton uniting his party, and winning over a number of heterogeneous groups.[274]
Post-presidency (1993–2018)
Main article: Post-presidency of George H. W. Bush
Appearances
President Bill Clinton meeting with former presidents Bush and Jimmy Carter at the White House in September 1993
After leaving office, Bush and his wife built a retirement house in the community of West Oaks, Houston.[275] He established a presidential office within the Park Laureate Building on Memorial Drive in Houston.[276] He also frequently spent time at his vacation home in Kennebunkport, took annual cruises in Greece, went on fishing trips in Florida, and visited the Bohemian Club in Northern California. He declined to serve on corporate boards, but delivered numerous paid speeches and served as an adviser to The Carlyle Group, a private equity firm.[277] He never published his memoirs, but he and Brent Scowcroft co-wrote A World Transformed, a 1998 work on foreign policy. | text | {
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ae373192ec9f1619089fa719bc274011 | Portions of his letters and his diary were later published as The China Diary of George H. W. Bush and All the Best, George Bush.[278]
During a 1993 visit to Kuwait, Bush was targeted in an assassination plot directed by the Iraqi Intelligence Service. President Clinton retaliated when he ordered the firing of 23 cruise missiles at Iraqi Intelligence Service headquarters in Baghdad.[279] Bush did not publicly comment on the assassination attempt or the missile strike, but privately spoke with Clinton shortly before the strike took place.[280] In the 1994 gubernatorial elections, his sons George W. and Jeb concurrently ran for Governor of Texas and Governor of Florida. Concerning their political careers, he advised them both that "[a]t some point both of you may want to say 'Well, I don't agree with my Dad on that point' or 'Frankly I think Dad was wrong on that.'Do it. Chart your own course, not just on the issues but on defining yourselves".[281] George W. won his race against Ann Richards while Jeb lost to Lawton Chiles. After the results came in, the elder Bush told ABC, "I have very mixed emotions. | text | {
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7df8ae47a3d4476c68191f7c9310c488 | Proud father, is the way I would sum it all up."[282] Jeb would again run for governor of Florida in 1998 and win at the same time that his brother George W. won re-election in Texas. It marked the second time in United States history that a pair of brothers served simultaneously as governors.[283]
George and Barbara Bush, 2001
Bush supported his son's candidacy in the 2000 presidential election, but did not actively campaign in the election and did not deliver a speech at the 2000 Republican National Convention.[284] George W. Bush defeated Al Gore in the 2000 election and was re-elected in 2004. Bush and his son thus became the second father–son pair to each serve as President of the United States, following John Adams and John Quincy Adams.[285] Through previous administrations, the elder Bush had ubiquitously been known as "George Bush" or "President Bush", but following his son's election the need to distinguish between them has made retronymic forms such as "George H. W. Bush" and "George Bush Sr." and colloquialisms such as "Bush 41" and "Bush the Elder" more common. | text | {
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9a14040d0a33197bb7e8201c8a8a8c2b | [286] Bush advised his son on some personnel choices, approving of the selection of Dick Cheney as running mate and the retention of George Tenet as CIA Director. However, he was not consulted on all appointments, including that of his old rival, Donald Rumsfeld, as Secretary of Defense.[287] Though he avoided giving unsolicited advice to his son, Bush and his son also discussed some matters of policy, especially regarding national security issues.[288]
In his retirement, Bush used the public spotlight to support various charities.[289] Despite earlier political differences with Bill Clinton, the two former presidents eventually became friends.[290] They appeared together in television ads, encouraging aid for victims of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami and Hurricane Katrina.[291] However, when interviewed by Jon Meacham, Bush criticized Donald Rumsfeld, Dick Cheney, and even his own son George W. Bush for their handling of foreign policy after the September 11 attacks. | text | {
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1b2aa7f4898d916739b4e2b64f75a7f1 | [292]
Final years
From left to right: George H. W. Bush, Barack Obama, George W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and Jimmy Carter
Bush supported Republican John McCain in the 2008 presidential election,[293] and Republican Mitt Romney in the 2012 presidential election,[294] but both were defeated by Democrat Barack Obama. In 2011, Obama awarded Bush with the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian honor in the United States.[295]
Bush supported his son Jeb's bid in the 2016 Republican primaries.[296] Jeb Bush's campaign struggled however, and he withdrew from the race during the primaries. Neither George H. W. nor George W. Bush endorsed the eventual Republican nominee, Donald Trump;[297] all three Bushes emerged as frequent critics of Trump's policies and speaking style, while Trump frequently criticized George W. Bush's presidency. George H. W. Bush later said that he voted for the Democratic nominee, Hillary Clinton, in the general election.[298] After the election, Bush wrote a letter to president-elect Donald Trump in January 2017 to inform him that because of his poor health, he would not be able to attend Trump's inauguration on January 20; he gave him his best wishes. | text | {
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552b2aa78140efedd97722d9af30029d | [299]
In August 2017, after the violence at Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia, both presidents Bush released a joint statement saying, "America must always reject racial bigotry, anti-Semitism, and hatred in all forms[. ...] As we pray for Charlottesville, we are all reminded of the fundamental truths recorded by that city's most prominent citizen in the Declaration of Independence: we are all created equal and endowed by our Creator with unalienable rights."[300][301]
On April 17, 2018, Barbara Bush died at the age of 92[302] at her home in Houston, Texas. Her funeral was held at St. Martin's Episcopal Church in Houston four days later.[303][304] Bush, along with former presidents Barack Obama, George W. Bush (son), Bill Clinton and First Ladies Melania Trump, Michelle Obama, Laura Bush (daughter-in-law) and Hillary Clinton attended the funeral and posed together for a photo as a sign of unity.[305][306]
On November 1, 2018, Bush went to the polls to vote early in the midterm elections. This would be his final public appearance. | text | {
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737e71738c0417972cf557050eef238c | [307]
Death and funeral
Main article: Death and state funeral of George H. W. Bush
Members of the public pay their respects at the casket of President Bush lying in state in the Rotunda of the U.S. Capitol in Washington, D.C.
After a long battle with vascular Parkinson's disease, Bush died at his home in Houston on November 30, 2018, at the age of 94.[308][309] At the time of his death he was the longest-lived U.S. president,[310] a distinction now held by Jimmy Carter.[311] He was also the third-oldest vice president.[h] Bush lay in state in the Rotunda of the U.S. Capitol from December 3 through December 5; he was the 12th U.S. president to be accorded this honor.[313][314] Then, on December 5, Bush's casket was transferred from the Capitol rotunda to Washington National Cathedral where a state funeral was held.[315] After the funeral, Bush's body was transported to George H.W. Bush Presidential Library in College Station, Texas, where he was buried next to his wife Barbara and daughter Robin. | text | {
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c1bb2eaaa22fce4459cd9f1a4586211e | [316] At the funeral, former president George W. Bush eulogized his father saying,
"He looked for the good in each person, and he usually found it."[315]
Personal life
In 1991, The New York Times revealed that Bush was suffering from Graves' disease, a non-contagious thyroid condition that his wife Barbara also suffered from.[317] Bush had two separate hip replacement surgeries in 2000 and 2007.[318] Thereafter, Bush started to experience weakness in his legs, which was attributed vascular parkinsonism, a form of Parkinson's disease. He progressively developed problems walking, initially needing a walking stick for mobility aid before he eventually came to rely on a wheelchair from 2011 onwards.[319]
Bush was a lifelong Episcopalian and a member of St. Martin's Episcopal Church in Houston. As President, Bush regularly attended services at St. John's Episcopal Church in Washington D.C.[320] He cited various moments in his life on the deepening of his faith, including his escape from Japanese forces in 1944, and the death of his three-year-old daughter Robin in 1953. | text | {
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608c1c1413d3dc6345578f518209db69 | [321] His faith was reflected in his "thousand points of light" speech, his support for prayer in schools, and his support for the pro-life movement (following his election as vice president).[322][321]
Legacy
Historical reputation
Bush visits NAS JRB during Hurricane Katrina relief efforts, 2005
Polls of historians and political scientists have ranked Bush in the top half of presidents. A 2018 poll of the American Political Science Association's Presidents and Executive Politics section ranked Bush as the 17th best president out of 44.[323] A 2017 C-SPAN poll of historians also ranked Bush as the 20th best president out of 43.[324] Richard Rose described Bush as a "guardian" president, and many other historians and political scientists have similarly described Bush as a passive, hands-off president who was "largely content with things as they were".[325] Professor Steven Knott writes that "[g]enerally the Bush presidency is viewed as successful in foreign affairs but a disappointment in domestic affairs. | text | {
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4f55fd3302beb1713ddd00cd5f8250f8 | "[326]
Biographer Jon Meacham writes that, after he left office, many Americans viewed Bush as "a gracious and underappreciated man who had many virtues but who had failed to project enough of a distinctive identity and vision to overcome the economic challenges of 1991–92 and to win a second term."[327] Bush himself noted that his legacy was "lost between the glory of Reagan ... and the trials and tribulations of my sons."[328] In the 2010s, Bush was fondly remembered for his willingness to compromise, which contrasted with the intensely partisan era that followed his presidency.[329]
In 2018, Vox highlighted Bush for his "pragmatism" as a moderate Republican president by working across the aisle.[330] They specifically noted Bush's accomplishments within the domestic policy by making bipartisan deals, including raising the tax budget among the wealthy with the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990. Bush also helped pass the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 which The New York Times described as "the most sweeping anti-discrimination law since the Civil Rights Act of 1964.[331] In response to the Exxon Valdez oil spill, Bush built another bipartisan coalition to strengthen the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990. | text | {
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de0b3508c2bc27fb142b82b499dbfced | [332][333] Bush also championed and signed into a law the Immigration Act of 1990, a sweeping bipartisan immigration reform act that made it easier for immigrants to legally enter the county, while also granting immigrants fleeing violence the temporary protected status visa, as well as lifted the pre-naturalization English testing process, and finally "eliminated the exclusion of homosexuals under what Congress now deemed the medically unsound classification of "sexual deviant" that was included in the 1965 act."[334][335] Bush stated, "Immigration is not just a link to our past but its also a bridge to America's future".[336]
According to USA Today, the legacy of Bush's presidency was defined by his victory over Iraq after the invasion of Kuwait, and by his presiding over the dissolution of the Soviet Union and German reunification.[337] Michael Beschloss and Strobe Talbott praise Bush's handling of the USSR, especially how he prodded Gorbachev in terms of releasing control over the satellite states and permitting German unification—and especially a united Germany in NATO. | text | {
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e5ef7729803b4a32ca4363d600db9bf5 | [338] Andrew Bacevich judges the Bush administration as "morally obtuse" in the light of its "business-as-usual" attitude towards China after the massacre in Tiananmen Square and its uncritical support of Gorbachev as the Soviet Union disintegrated.[339] David Rothkopf argues:
In the recent history of U.S. foreign policy, there has been no president, nor any president's team, who, when confronted with profound international change and challenges, responded with such a thoughtful and well-managed foreign policy....[the Bush administration was] a bridge over one of the great fault lines of history [that] ushered in a "new world order" it described with great skill and professionalism.[340]
Memorials, awards, and honors
Main article: List of awards and honors received by George H. W. Bush
The George H.W. Bush Presidential Library and Museum on the west campus of Texas A&M University in College Station, Texas, 2011
In 1990, Time magazine named him the Man of the Year.[341] In 1997, the Houston Intercontinental Airport was renamed as the George Bush Intercontinental Airport.[342] In 1999, the CIA headquarters in Langley, Virginia, was named the George Bush Center for Intelligence in his honor. | text | {
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d8b3b7222b2472997e2bd6b34c03e89f | [343] In 2011, Bush, an avid golfer, was inducted in the World Golf Hall of Fame.[344] The USS George H.W. Bush (CVN-77), the tenth and last Nimitz-class supercarrier of the United States Navy, was named for Bush.[345][346] Bush is commemorated on a postage stamp that was issued by the United States Postal Service in 2019.[347]
The George H.W. Bush Presidential Library and Museum, the tenth U.S. presidential library, was completed in 1997.[348] It contains the presidential and vice presidential papers of Bush and the vice presidential papers of Dan Quayle.[349] The library is located on a 90-acre (36 ha) site on the west campus of Texas A&M University in College Station, Texas.[350] Texas A&M University also hosts the Bush School of Government and Public Service, a graduate public policy school. | text | {
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12803d3cc685a0dde27488ef74d7a797 | [350]
See also
Electoral history of George H. W. Bush
List of presidents of the United States
Notes
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^ After around 2000, he was usually called George H. W. Bush, Bush Senior, Bush 41 or Bush the Elder to distinguish him from his eldest son, George W. Bush, who served as the 43rd president from 2001 to 2009; previously, he was usually referred to simply as George Bush.
^ Bush later purchased the estate, which is now known as the Bush compound.[10]
^ For decades, Bush was considered the youngest aviator in the U.S. Navy during his period of service,[17] but such claims are now regarded as speculation.[18] His official Navy biography called him "the youngest" in 2001,[19] but by 2018 the Navy biography described him as "one of the youngest".[20]
^ Bush's fellow crew members for the mission were William G. White and John Delaney. According to the accounts of an American pilot and a Japanese individual, another parachute from Bush's aircraft opened, but the bodies of White and Delaney were never recovered. | text | {
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a2c29b5c521259bc4b6e74f41e91db18 | [24]
^ At the time of his wife's death on April 17, 2018, George H. W. had been married to Barbara for 73 years, the longest presidential marriage in American history at that point.[35] The length of their marriage was surpassed in 2019 by the marriage of Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter.[36]
^ Biographer Jon Meacham writes that it was widely assumed at the time that Donald Rumsfeld had engineered Bush's appointment as CIA Director since the post was regarded as a "political graveyard". Meacham writes that it is more likely that the key factor in Bush's appointment was that Ford believed Bush would work better with Secretary of State Henry Kissinger than would Elliot Richardson, his original pick for the CIA post.[84]
^ The 1988 presidential election remains the only presidential election since 1948 in which either party won a third consecutive term.[150]
^ The longest-lived U.S. vice president is John Nance Garner, who died on November 7, 1967, 15 days short of his 99th birthday. | text | {
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ed34dafa54ca4afc1296b575527f2bbb | [312]
References
^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}"George Herbert Walker Bush". Naval History and Heritage Command. August 29, 2019. Retrieved January 12, 2020.
^ "George H.W. Bush, American Diplomat". Association for Diplomatic Studies & Training."In Memoriam: George Herbert Walker Bush (1924–2018): Veteran, Statesman, Diplomat". Department of State, The National Museum of American Diplomacy. December 20, 2018."George H.W. Bush: Diplomats Remember". American Foreign Service Association."President George H.W. Bush: Foreign Policy". Study.com.Pamela Falk (December 3, 2018). "George H.W. Bush stood out as tough negotiator on the world stage". CBS News."George H.W. Bush Professorship of International Relations". Johns Hopkins University, Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies.
^ Kelly, Jon (December 2, 2018). "George HW Bush: What makes a one-term president?". BBC News. Archived from the original on August 17, 2021. Retrieved March 22, 2022.
^ "Presidential Avenue: George Bush". Presidential Avenue. Archived from the original on October 8, 2007. Retrieved March 29, 2008.
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6cf572f5a774366b0bbfc8e0ab56d5d3 | ^ Meacham 2015, pp. 19–20.
^ Meacham 2015, pp. 8–9.
^ Meacham 2015, pp. 16–17.
^ Eun Kyung Kim (August 14, 2015). "Jenna Bush Hager welcomes second daughter — named after George H.W. Bush". Today. The new bundle of joy is named after Jenna's grandfather and former President George H.W. Bush, whose nickname growing up was "Poppy."^ Meacham 2015, pp. 20–21.
^ Bumiller, Elisabeth (July 8, 2002). "White House Letter; At Parents' Home, Bush Resumes Role of Son". The New York Times. Retrieved April 2, 2008.
^ Meacham 2015, p. 25.
^ Meacham 2015, p. 27.
^ Meacham 2015, pp. 27–36.
^ "Former President George Bush honored at his 60th reunion at Phillips Academy, Andover". Phillips Academy. June 8, 2002. Archived from the original on April 1, 2008. Retrieved March 29, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b c Knott, Stephen (October 4, 2016). "George H. W. Bush: Life Before the Presidency". Charlottesville, Virginia: Miller Center, the University of Virginia. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
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^ Boyd, Gerald M. (November 9, 1988). "A Victor Free to Set His Own Course". The New York Times.
^ Siegel, Rachel (December 1, 2018). "For George H.W. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush",
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503b9f72bdbe89d334833c99af7410a9 | Bush, Pearl Harbor changed everything, and World War II made him a hero". The Washington Post.
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^ Jump up to: a b c "George Herbert Walker Bush". Navy History and Heritage Command. December 1, 2018. Retrieved December 2, 2018.
^ Meacham 2015, pp. 56–57.
^ Adams, Kathy (January 10, 2009). "San Jacinto veterans reunite, recall serving with Bush". The Virginian-Pilot. Landmark Communications. Retrieved December 9, 2019.
^ Meacham 2015, pp. 57–59.
^ Jump up to: a b Meacham 2015, pp. 60–63.
^ Bradley, James (2003). Flyboys: A True Story of Courage. Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-10584-2.
^ "The Faith of George HW Bush". The Christian Post. June 26, 2017.
^ Meacham 2015, p. 66.
^ Washuk, Bonnie; Writer, Staff (December 1, 2018). "George H.W. Bush called Lewiston-Auburn home during WWII". Lewiston Sun Journal. Retrieved February 18, 2023.
^ Meacham 2015, p. 69.
^ Meacham 2015, p. 70.
^ Meacham 2015, p. 41.
^ Meacham 2015, p. 56.
^ Markovich, Jeremy (January 6, 2017). "George H.W. Bush and Barbara Pierce are wed: Jan. 6, 1945". Politico. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush",
"_split_id": 76
} | [
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d6783102c77e9de0c5e7fc19e485a807 | Retrieved November 17, 2017.
^ Meacham 2015, pp. 406–407.
^ Siegel, Rachel (April 22, 2018). "'You were the reason': Barbara and George Bush's love story remembered at her funeral". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 30, 2018.
^ "Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter just became the longest-married presidential couple". CNN Politics. October 17, 2019. Retrieved October 18, 2019.
^ Meacham 2015, pp. 97–100.
^ Withers, Rachel (December 2, 2018). "George H.W. Bush was a champion for people with disabilities". Vox. Retrieved April 13, 2022.
^ Kakutani, Michiko (November 11, 2014). "Love Flows, President to President". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 2, 2022. Retrieved November 14, 2014.
^ "School House to White House: The Education of the Presidents". Washington, D.C.: National Archives. Spring 2007. Retrieved March 29, 2008.
^ Berkower, Simone. "Cheerleading of the '20s: Epitome of masculinity". Yale Daily News. Retrieved July 30, 2016.
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^ Meacham 2015, p. 78.
^ Chawkins, Steve (October 11, 2005). "Two Future Presidents Slept Here — latimes". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 17, 2017.
^ Meacham 2015, pp. 77, 83.
^ "George Bush Collection". George Bush Presidential Library and Museum. Retrieved July 30, 2016.
| text | {
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5e358b33d9163c60f4f075f931b97753 | ^ Meacham 2015, pp. 94–96.
^ Meacham 2015, pp. 92–93.
^ Perin, Monica (April 25, 1999). "Adios, Zapata!". Houston Business Journal. Retrieved November 30, 2018.
^ Bush, George W. 41: A Portrait of My Father. Crown Publishers, 2014, p. 64.
^ Meacham 2015, pp. 144–146.
^ Meacham 2015, pp. 130–131.
^ "'63 F.B.I. Memo Ties Bush to Intelligence Agency". The New York Times. Associated Press. July 11, 1988.
^ Meacham 2015, pp. 112–114.
^ Meacham 2015, pp. 116–117.
^ Jump up to: a b Naftali 2007, p. 13.
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^ Meacham 2015, p. 133.
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^ Meacham 2015, pp. 133–134.
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^ "TO PASS H.R. 2516, A BILL TO ESTABLISH PENALTIES FOR ... -- House Vote #113 -- Aug 16, 1967". GovTrack.us.
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^ Meacham 2015, pp. 141–142.
^ Meacham 2015, pp. 146–147.
^ Meacham 2015, p. 150.
^ Meacham 2015, pp. 153–154.
^ Meacham 2015, pp. 152, 157–158.
^ Herring 2008, pp. 773–775.
^ Austin, Anthony (October 31, 1971). | text | {
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1b314ecf5aeb609132bf13a012f34b40 | "Crushing Defeat for the U.S., or A Blessing In Disguise?". The New York Times.
^ Saunders 2014, p. 39.
^ Saunders 2014, pp. 38–39.
^ Meacham 2015, pp. 162–163.
^ "President Richard Nixon and the Presidents". nixontapes.org. Archived from the original on April 9, 2022. Retrieved March 30, 2020. CDHW 156-016 11/29/1972 Unknown time between 10:10 am and 1:47 pm P, GHWB[1] Archived December 11, 2020, at the Wayback Machine
^ "Transcript - Episode 4: Turn It Off". NBC News. Retrieved January 30, 2020.
^ Meacham 2015, pp. 163–164.
^ Meacham 2015, pp. 166–167.
^ Meacham 2015, pp. 170–173.
^ "George HW on Nixon resignation". U.S. News & World Report. July 16, 2006. Archived from the original on June 24, 2008. Retrieved March 29, 2008.
^ Meacham 2015, pp. 176–177.
^ Bush, George H. W. (2011). Engel, Jeffrey A. (ed.). The China Diary of George H.W. Bush: The Making of a Global President. Princeton University Press. p. 36. ISBN 978-1-4008-2961-3.
^ Meacham 2015, p. 181.
^ "The George Bush Center for Intelligence". Central Intelligence Agency. April 5, 2007. Archived from the original on June 12, 2007. Retrieved September 5, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Meacham 2015, pp. 189–193.
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f1b0ee9c27aed7b8da29dc5636c95fae | ^ "FIFA's Dirty Wars". The New Republic. December 15, 2017.
^ "Quand Pinochet tuait hors du Chili". L'Express. October 30, 1999.
^ Dowd, Maureen (November 28, 1988). "Will Bush and Dole End Their Grand Old Rivalry?". The New York Times. p. A1. Retrieved November 30, 2018.
^ "CIA Briefings of Presidential Candidates; Chapter 5: In-Depth Discussions With Carter". Central Intelligence Agency: Center for the Study of Intelligence. Archived from the original on June 13, 2007. Retrieved October 11, 2007.
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^ "President George H. W. Bush: Kyiv National Taras Shevchenko University". Ukrainian Embassy. May 21, 2004. Archived from the original on May 19, 2008. Retrieved March 29, 2008.
^ Meacham 2015, pp. 209–210.
^ Meacham 2015, pp. 211, 214–215.
^ Meacham 2015, pp. 215–217.
^ Meacham 2015, pp. 221–222.
^ Noble, Jason (November 30, 2018). "George H.W. Bush in Iowa: The family campaign". The Des Moines Register. Retrieved December 1, 2018.
^ Quinn, Ken (January 18, 2004). "Caucus-goers gave Bush 'Big Mo'". Des Moines Register. p. A15. Retrieved December 1, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
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683fdac11fa4515049c3b4c5bd26660f | ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l Hatfield, Mark (with the Senate Historical Office) (1997). "Vice Presidents of the United States: George H. W. Bush (1981–1989)" (PDF). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 23, 2003. Retrieved November 4, 2015.
^ Meacham 2015, pp. 228–229.
^ Meacham 2015, pp. 230–233.
^ Meacham 2015, pp. 233–235.
^ Neikirk, William R. (March 13, 1988). "Bush conjures up voodoo economics". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved December 1, 2018.
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^ Rossinow 2015, pp. 27–28.
^ Patterson 2005, pp. 149–151.
^ Meacham 2015, p. 267.
^ Meacham 2015, pp. 264–265.
^ Meacham 2015, pp. 275–277.
^ Meacham 2015, pp. 280–281.
^ Bumiller, Elisabeth (June 9, 2004). "The 40th President: Between 2 First Families, A Complicated Rapport". The New York Times. Retrieved November 30, 2018.
^ Leuchtenberg 2015, pp. 601–604.
^ Meacham 2015, pp. 267–268.
^ Meacham 2015, pp. 285–287.
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e938dc485f39f32e650d905054f6ac8d | ^ Leuchtenberg 2015, pp. 620–621.
^ Rossinow 2015, pp. 166–169, 173.
^ Rossinow 2015, p. 173.
^ "1984 Presidential Election Results". David Leip. Retrieved May 25, 2007.
^ Herring 2008, p. 894.
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^ Herring 2008, pp. 897–898.
^ Greene 2015, p. 90; Meacham 2015, pp. 315–316.
^ Boyd, Gerald M. (July 14, 1985). "Reagan Transfers Power to Bush For 8-Hour Period of 'Incapacity'". The New York Times. p. A1. Retrieved November 30, 2018.
^ "The Iran-Contra Affair 20 Years On". George Washington University. November 20, 2006. Retrieved April 3, 2008.
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^ Wilson, Scott (November 8, 2013). "When should a president say he's sorry?". The Washington Post.
^ Butterfield, Fox (April 15, 1988). "Iran Falls Short in Drive at U.N. To Condemn U.S. in Airbus Case". The New York Times.
^ Meacham 2015, pp. 295–296.
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^ Meacham 2015, pp. 318, 326.
^ Apple, R. W. Jr. (February 10, 1988). "Bush and Simon Seen as Hobbled by Iowa's Voting". The New York Times. Retrieved April 4, 2008.
| text | {
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7dfe8d9a985473bbf373244d3db10c97 | ^ Meacham 2015, pp. 322–325.
^ Greene 2015, pp. 35–37.
^ Jump up to: a b "1988: George H. W. Bush Gives the 'Speech of his Life'". NPR. 2000. Retrieved April 4, 2008.
^ Greene 2015, p. 43.
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^ Greene 2015, pp. 39, 47.
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^ Greene 2015, pp. 47–49.
^ Meacham 2015, pp. 347–348.
^ "1988 Presidential General Election Results". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved May 21, 2018.
^ Greene 2015, p. 49.
^ Silver, Nate (July 18, 2013). "The White House Is Not a Metronome". FiveThirtyEight.
^ Patterson 2005, pp. 224–225.
^ "George H. W. Bush: Inaugural Address". Bushlibrary.tamu.edu. January 20, 1989. Archived from the original on April 20, 2004.
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^ Naftali 2007, pp. 69–70.
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^ Naftali 2007, pp. 66–67.
^ Greene 2015, pp. 110–112.
^ Meacham 2015, pp. 368–369.
^ Herring 2008, pp. 904–906.
^ Meacham 2015, pp. 385–387.
^ Naftali 2007, pp. 91–93.
^ Heilbrunn, Jacob (March 31, 1996). "Together Again". The New York Times. Retrieved August 25, 2016.
| text | {
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d44fa16d79ebec60bd4ba04bfed3e999 | ^ Meacham 2015, pp. 400–402.
^ Greene 2015, pp. 126, 134–137.
^ Greene 2015, pp. 120–121.
^ Herring 2008, p. 907.
^ Herring 2008, pp. 907, 913–914.
^ Greene 2015, p. 204.
^ Naftali 2007, pp. 137–138.
^ Greene 2015, pp. 205–206.
^ Wines, Michael (February 2, 1992). "Bush and Yeltsn Declare Formal End to Cold War; Agree to Exchange Visits". The New York Times. Retrieved August 24, 2016.
^ Greene 2015, pp. 238–239.
^ Dinges, John (1990). Our Man in Panama. New York City: Random House. pp. 50, 88. ISBN 978-0-8129-1950-9 – via Internet Archive.
^ Jump up to: a b Patterson 2005, pp. 226–227.
^ Franklin, Jane (2001). "Panama: Background and Buildup to Invasion of 1989". Rutgers University. Archived from the original on July 4, 2008. Retrieved April 11, 2008.
^ Brewer, Stewart (2006). Borders and Bridges: A History of U.S.-Latin American Relations. Greenwood. p. 146. ISBN 9780275982041.
^ Greene 2015, pp. 139–141.
^ Patterson 2005, pp. 230–232.
^ Herring 2008, pp. 908–909.
^ Patterson 2005, p. 233.
^ Patterson 2005, p. 232.
^ Greene 2015, pp. 146–147, 159.
^ Greene 2015, pp. 149–151.
^ Jump up to: a b Patterson 2005, pp. 232–233.
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5319ebe51deb88288ea377e104071827 | ^ Greene 2015, pp. 160–161.
^ Patterson 2005, pp. 233–235.
^ Greene 2015, p. 165.
^ Waterman 1996, p. 337.
^ Patterson 2005, p. 236.
^ Wilentz 2008, pp. 313–314.
^ "Frequently Asked Questions: NAFTA". Federal Express. Retrieved April 11, 2008.
^ Greene 2015, pp. 222–223.
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| text | {
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55323cca6a79e57d6e60e540c1415a98 | ^ Greene 2015, pp. 72–73.
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63e9f9718e86d356ce2810a6844aafbd | The New York Times. Retrieved March 21, 2013.
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| text | {
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a536efc84803cebc5b850e89f3bfa7be | ^ Haven, Stephanie (July 15, 2013). "Obama, Bush present 5,000th Daily Point of Light Award for volunteers". CBS News.
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"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush",
"_split_id": 88
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"content"
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af6ac1e3ec60e263c5c7b56385235fb8 | The Paper Curtain: Employer Sanctions' Implementation, Impact, and Reform. The Urban Institute. ISBN 978-0-87766-550-2.
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493cab242cd505811beaed79e2ead0e2 | The Reality Check. Retrieved September 5, 2010.
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"_split_id": 90
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"content"
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cb2b12f0a481ebde58c63e4472c6df72 | ^ Kornacki, Steve (January 2, 2015). "What if Mario Cuomo had run for president?". MSNBC. Retrieved August 25, 2016.
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"_split_id": 91
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"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush",
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"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush",
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68aefb1944f6973c0d96c8ef03ada199 | The Detroit News. Retrieved March 22, 2019.
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c12c9c42f4ffb8d529752a76f9d9a7bb | The Center for Public Integrity. Retrieved August 6, 2021.
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181ecf61e32a8479c6611562f1901b3 | {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
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Works cited
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Further reading
Secondary sources
Andrew, Christopher (1996). For the President's Eyes Only: Secret Intelligence and the American Presidency from Washington to Bush. Harper Perennial. pp. 503–536. ISBN 978-0-06-092178-1.
Barilleaux, Ryan J.; Stuckey, Mary E. (1992). Leadership and the Bush Presidency: Prudence or Drift in an Era of Change. New York: Praeger. ISBN 978-0-275-94418-6.
Becker, Jean (2021). The Man I Knew: The Amazing Story of George H. W. Bush's Post-Presidency. Twelve. ISBN 978-1-53-873530-5.
Brands, H. W. (2004). "George Bush and the Gulf War of 1991". Presidential Studies Quarterly. 34 (1): 113–131. doi:10.1111/j.1741-5705.2004.00038.x. JSTOR 27552567.
Cox, Michael, and Steven Hurst. "'His finest hour?'George Bush and the diplomacy of German unification."Diplomacy and statecraft 13.4 (2002): 123–150.
Cull, Nicholas J. "Speeding the Strange Death of American Public Diplomacy: The George H. W. Bush Administration and the US Information Agency."Diplomatic History 34.1 (2010): 47–69.
Ducat, Stephen J. (2004). The Wimp Factor: Gender Gaps, Holy Wars, and the Politics of Anxious Masculinity. Boston: Beacon Press. ISBN 978-0-8070-4344-8.
| text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush",
"_split_id": 101
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
e830d95c2102635b11815166deb0cdc2 | Duffy, Michael; Goodgame, Dan (1992). Marching in Place: The Status Quo Presidency of George Bush. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-671-73720-7.
Engel, Jeffrey A. "A Better World...but Don't Get Carried Away: The Foreign Policy of George H. W. Bush Twenty Years On."Diplomatic History 34.1 (2010): 25–46.
Engel, Jeffrey A. When the World Seemed New: George H. W. Bush and the End of the Cold War (2018) excerpt
Fitzwater, Marlin (1995). Call the Briefing. New York: Times Books. ISBN 978-0-7388-3458-0.
Green, Fitzhugh (1989). George Bush: An Intimate Portrait. New York: Hippocrene. ISBN 978-0-8705-2783-8.
Han, Lori Cox. A presidency upstaged: The public leadership of George HW Bush (Texas A&M University Press, 2011).
Hyams, Joe (1991). Flight of the Avenger: George Bush at War. San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovic. ISBN 978-0-15-131469-0.
Kelley, Kitty (2004). The Family: The True Story of the Bush Dynasty. London: Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-50324-2.
Maynard, Christopher. Out of the shadow: George H. W. Bush and the end of the Cold War (Texas A&M University Press, 2008).
Podhoretz, John (1993). Hell of a Ride: Backstage at the White House Follies, 1989–1993. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-671-79648-8.
Smith, Curt (2014). George H. W. Bush: Character at the Core. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush",
"_split_id": 102
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
5d5a84531bc374d77246c42e80879e44 | Potomac Books. ISBN 978-1-61-234685-4.
Smith, Jean Edward (1992). George Bush's War. New York: Henry Holt & Company. ISBN 978-0-8050-1388-7.
Sununu, John H. (2015). The Quiet Man: The Indispensable Presidency of George H. W. Bush. Broadside Books. ISBN 978-0-06-238428-7.
Troy, Gil. "Stumping in the bookstores: A literary history of the 1992 presidential campaign."Presidential Studies Quarterly (1995): 697–710. online
Updegrove, Mark K. (2017). The Last Republicans: Inside the Extraordinary Relationship between George H.W. Bush and George W. Bush. Harper. ISBN 978-0-06-265412-0.
Wicker, Tom (2004). George Herbert Walker Bush. Lipper/Viking. ISBN 978-0-670-03303-4.
McBride, Tim (June 12, 2009). "The President Who Treated Me Like a Son". The Daily Beast. Retrieved October 8, 2014.
American Experience, The Presidents: George H.W. Bush (Television production). American Experience, Public Broadcasting Service. 2008. Retrieved October 8, 2014.
Primary sources
Bush, George H. W. (1987). Looking Forward: An Autobiography. New York: Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-14181-9.
Bush, George H. W.; Scowcroft, Brent (1998). A World Transformed. New York: Knopf. ISBN 978-0-679-43248-7.
Bush, George H. W. (1999). All the Best, George Bush. New York: Scribner. ISBN 978-0-684-83958-5.
Bush, George H. W.; Bush, Barbara (2009). "Interview with: George W. Bush, Barbara Bush" (Interview). Interviewed by McGrath, Jim. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush",
"_split_id": 103
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
b3070ac316b2fe30d5c302aaebd547be | Archived from the original on November 14, 2013. Retrieved October 8, 2014.
Bush, George W. (2014). 41: A Portrait of My Father. Crown. ISBN 978-0-553-44778-1.
Bush Koch, Dorothy (2006). My Father, My President: A Personal Account of the Life of George H. W. Bush. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN 978-0-446-57990-2.
Bush, George H. W. (2011). Engel, Jeffrey A. (ed.). The China Diary of George H. W. Bush: The Making of a Global President. Princeton UP. ISBN 978-1-4008-2961-3.
External links
.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}
George H. W. Bush at Wikipedia's sister projects
Definitions from WiktionaryMedia from CommonsNews from WikinewsQuotations from WikiquoteTexts from Wikisource
George H.W. Bush Presidential Library Center
White House biography
Full audio of a number of Bush speeches Miller Center of Public Affairs
George H. W. Bush collected news and commentary at The New York Times
United States Congress. "George H. W. Bush (id: B001166)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
| text | {
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5a094364984cbe75763c6ad631d2e358 | 1992 election episode in CNN's Race for the White House
Extensive essays on Bush and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs
Appearances on C-SPAN
"Life Portrait of George H. W. Bush", from C-SPAN's American Presidents: Life Portraits, December 13, 1999
George H. W. Bush Archived January 16, 2017, at the Wayback Machine an American Experience documentary
Works by George H. W. Bush at Project Gutenberg
George H. W. Bush at Find a Grave
.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}showvteGeorge H. W. Bush
41st President of the United States (1989–1993)
43rd Vice President of the United States (1981–1989)
Director of Central Intelligence (1976–1977)
U.S. ambassador to the United Nations (1971–1973)
U.S. Representative for TX–7 (1967–1971)
Presidency
Transition
Inauguration
Timeline
1989
1990
1991
1992
January 1993
Environmental policy
Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990
Acid Rain Program
Lead and Copper Rule
Soviet Union summits
Malta
Helsinki
Invasion of Panama
Chemical Weapons Accord
Gulf War
Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act
1991 Madrid Conference
FIRRE Act
FDIC Improvement Act
Truth in Savings Act
Cable Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act of 1992
Housing and Community Development Act of 1992
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National Space Council
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Somali Civil War
Unified Task Force
Negotiations for the North American Free Trade Agreement
Cannabis policy
Vomiting incident
Broccoli comments
White House horseshoe pit
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Oval Office desk
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Judicial appointments
Thomas
Supreme Court candidates
controversies
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Life
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Bush School of Government and Public Service
Walker's Point Estate
Post-presidency
Death and state funeral
Speeches
State of the Union addresses
1990
1991
1992
Chicken Kiev
ElectionsU.S. | text | {
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a42107b57e81399ad2b614f49953fcdb | Senate
1964
1970
U.S. House
1966
1968
Vice Presidential
1980 campaign
selection
convention
election
transition
1984 campaign
convention
election
Presidential
1980 campaign
primaries
1988 campaign
primaries
running mate selection
convention
"a thousand points of light"
"Read my lips: no new taxes"
debates
election
1992 campaign
primaries
convention
debates
election
Public image
Saturday Night Live parodies
The X-Presidents
Presidential Reunion (2010 short film)
Supermarket scanner moment
The Naked Gun 2½: The Smell of Fear (1991)
What It Takes: The Way to the White House (1993)
The Silence of the Hams (1994)
Two Bad Neighbors (1996)
George Bush: The Life of a Lone Star Yankee (1997)
The Family: The Real Story of the Bush Dynasty (2004)
George H.W. Bush (2008)
Bad for Democracy (2008)
Family of Secrets (2009)
41: A Portrait of My Father (2014 book)
Destiny and Power (2015 book)
Books
A World Transformed (1998)
All the Best (1999)
Legacy
Bibliography
Presidential Library
George H. W. Bush Monument
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George Bush Intercontinental Airport
George Bush Center for Intelligence
USS George H.W. | text | {
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f7d35eba70e348dfaee98e3b03ceebcf | Bush (CVN-77)
Family
Barbara Bush (wife)
George W. Bush (son
presidency)
Pauline Robinson Bush (daughter)
Jeb Bush (son)
Neil Bush (son)
Marvin Bush (son)
Dorothy Bush Koch (daughter)
Barbara Bush Coyne (granddaughter)
Jenna Bush Hager (granddaughter)
George P. Bush (grandson)
Lauren Bush (granddaughter)
Pierce Bush (grandson)
Prescott Bush (father)
Dorothy Walker Bush (mother)
Nancy Walker Bush Ellis (sister)
Jonathan Bush (brother)
William H. T. Bush (brother)
Samuel P. Bush (grandfather)
George Herbert Walker (grandfather)
James Smith Bush (great-grandfather)
Obadiah Bush (great-great-grandfather)
Millie (family dog)
Sully (service dog)
← Ronald Reagan
Bill Clinton →
← Walter Mondale
Dan Quayle →
Category
showOffices and distinctions
Party political offices
Preceded byRoy Whittenburg
Republican nominee for U.S. | text | {
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2ea485a0994ea3d30582695187e937f4 | Senator from Texas(Class 1) 1964, 1970
Succeeded byAlan Steelman
Preceded byEverett DirksenGerald Ford
Response to the State of the Union address 1968 Served alongside: Howard Baker, Peter Dominick, Gerald Ford, Robert Griffin, Thomas Kuchel, Mel Laird, Bob Mathias, George Murphy, Dick Poff, Chuck Percy, Al Quie, Charlotte Reid, Hugh Scott, Bill Steiger, John Tower
VacantTitle next held byDonald Fraser, Scoop Jackson, Mike Mansfield, John McCormack, Patsy Mink, Ed Muskie, Bill Proxmire
Preceded byBob Dole
Chair of the Republican National Committee 1973–1974
Succeeded byMary Louise Smith
Republican nominee for Vice President of the United States 1980, 1984
Succeeded byDan Quayle
Preceded byRonald Reagan
Republican nominee for President of the United States 1988, 1992
Succeeded byBob Dole
U.S. House of Representatives
Preceded byJohn Dowdy
Member of the U.S. House of Representativesfrom Texas's 7th congressional district 1967–1971
Succeeded byWilliam Reynolds Archer Jr
Diplomatic posts
Preceded byCharles Yost
United States Ambassador to the United Nations 1971–1973
Succeeded byJohn A. Scali
Preceded byColin Crowe
President of the United Nations Security Council May 1972
Succeeded byLazar Mojsov
Government offices
Preceded byWilliam Colby
Director of Central Intelligence 1976–1977
Succeeded byStansfield Turner
Political offices
Preceded byWalter Mondale
Vice President of the United States 1981–1989
Succeeded byDan Quayle
Preceded byRonald Reagan
President of the United States 1989–1993
Succeeded byBill Clinton
Awards and achievements
Preceded byRudy Giuliani
Recipient of the Ronald Reagan Freedom Award 2007
Succeeded byNatan Sharansky
showArticles related to George H. W. Bush
showvteBush family
Bush–Davis–Walker family political line
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George H. W. Bush (1924–2018)Nancy Walker Bush Ellis (1926–2021)Jonathan Bush (1931–2021)
George Walker Bush (m.) Laura Lane Welch
Pauline Robinson Bush
John Ellis Bush (m.) Columba Bush
Neil Mallon Bush
Marvin Pierce Bush
Dorothy Walker Bush (m.) Robert P. Koch
John Prescott Ellis
Alexander Ellis III
Josiah Wear Ellis
Billy Bush
Jonathan S. Bush
George W. Bush (b. | text | {
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5769f6a23d4844c2cef605ca34cb8a62 | 1946)Jeb Bush (b. 1953)Neil Bush (b. 1955)
Barbara Pierce Bush
Jenna Welch Bush
George Prescott Bush
Lauren Bush (m.) David Lauren
Walker's Point Estate
Buckeye Steel Castings
G. H. Walker & Co.
| text | {
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b530666efbcdbb81d0f1ae2ae9d3b713 | The Family: The Real Story of the Bush Dynasty
Family of Secrets
Political line
W.
.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}showvtePresidents of the United StatesPresidents andpresidencies
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1964 (San Francisco): Goldwater/Miller
1968 (Miami Beach): Nixon/Agnew
1972 (Miami Beach): Nixon/Agnew
1976 (Kansas City): Ford/Dole
1980 (Detroit): Reagan/G. | text | {
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36b5dd40c2ecc832c4ea398b995ed16c | H. W. Bush
1984 (Dallas): Reagan/G. | text | {
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"_split_id": 111
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507d745bebbe33f8abec81f69c4e3aa0 | H. W. Bush
1988 (New Orleans): G. H. W. Bush/Quayle
1992 (Houston): G. H. W. Bush/Quayle
1996 (San Diego): Dole/Kemp
2000 (Philadelphia): G. W. Bush/Cheney
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showvteVice presidents of the United States
John Adams (1789–1797)
Thomas Jefferson (1797–1801)
Aaron Burr (1801–1805)
George Clinton (1805–1812)
Elbridge Gerry (1813–1814)
Daniel D. Tompkins (1817–1825)
John C. Calhoun (1825–1832)
Martin Van Buren (1833–1837)
Richard M. Johnson (1837–1841)
John Tyler (1841)
George M. Dallas (1845–1849)
Millard Fillmore (1849–1850)
William R. King (1853)
John C. Breckinridge (1857–1861)
Hannibal Hamlin (1861–1865)
Andrew Johnson (1865)
Schuyler Colfax (1869–1873)
Henry Wilson (1873–1875)
William A. Wheeler (1877–1881)
Chester A. Arthur (1881)
Thomas A. Hendricks (1885)
Levi P. Morton (1889–1893)
Adlai Stevenson (1893–1897)
Garret Hobart (1897–1899)
Theodore Roosevelt (1901)
Charles W. Fairbanks (1905–1909)
James S. Sherman (1909–1912)
Thomas R. Marshall (1913–1921)
Calvin Coolidge (1921–1923)
Charles G. Dawes (1925–1929)
Charles Curtis (1929–1933)
John N. Garner (1933–1941)
Henry A. Wallace (1941–1945)
Harry S. Truman (1945)
Alben W. Barkley (1949–1953)
Richard Nixon (1953–1961)
Lyndon B. Johnson (1961–1963)
Hubert Humphrey (1965–1969)
Spiro Agnew (1969–1973)
Gerald Ford (1973–1974)
Nelson Rockefeller (1974–1977)
Walter Mondale (1977–1981)
George H. W. Bush (1981–1989)
Dan Quayle (1989–1993)
Al Gore (1993–2001)
Dick Cheney (2001–2009)
Joe Biden (2009–2017)
Mike Pence (2017–2021)
Kamala Harris (2021–present)
Category
Commons
List
showvteDirectors of Central Intelligence and the Central Intelligence AgencyCentral Intelligence
Souers
Vandenberg
Hillenkoetter
Smith
Dulles
McCone
Raborn
Helms
Schlesinger
Colby
Bush
Turner
Casey
Webster
Gates
Woolsey
Deutch
Tenet
Goss
Central Intelligence Agency
Goss
Hayden
Panetta
Petraeus
Brennan
Pompeo
Haspel
Burns
showvteUnited States Ambassadors to the United Nations
Stettinius
Johnson
Austin
Lodge
Wadsworth
Stevenson
Goldberg
Ball
Wiggins
Yost
Bush
Scali
Moynihan
Scranton
Young
McHenry
Kirkpatrick
Walters
Pickering
Perkins
Albright
Richardson
Burleigh
Holbrooke
Cunningham
Negroponte
Danforth
Patterson
Bolton
Wolff
Khalilzad
Rice
DiCarlo
Power
Sison
Haley
Cohen
Craft
Mills
Thomas-Greenfield
Italics indicates acting
showvte United States Ambassadors to China Great Qing EmpireCommissioner
Cushing (Envoy)
Everett
Davis
Parker (chargé d’affaires)
Marshall
McLane
Parker
Envoy Extraordinary andMinister Plenipotentiary
Reed
Ward
Burlingame
Browne
Low
Avery
Seward
Angell
Young
Denby
Conger
Rockhill
Calhoun
Republic of China (Beijing/Nanjing)Envoy Extraordinary andMinister Plenipotentiary
Calhoun
Reinsch
Crane
Schurman
MacMurray
Johnson
Ambassador Extraordinaryand Plenipotentiary
Johnson
Gauss
Hurley
Stuart
Republic of China (Taipei)Ambassador Extraordinaryand Plenipotentiary
Rankin
Drumright
Kirk
Wright
McConaughy
Unger
People's Republic of ChinaChiefs of the U.S. LiaisonOffice in Beijing
Bruce
Bush
Gates
Woodcock
Ambassador Extraordinaryand Plenipotentiary
Woodcock
Hummel
Lord
Lilley
Roy
Sasser
Prueher
Randt
Huntsman
Locke
Baucus
Branstad
Burns
See also: American Institute in Taiwan
showvteGeorge W. Bush
43rd President of the United States (2001–2009)
46th Governor of Texas (1995–2000)
Presidency
Transition
1st inauguration
2nd inauguration
Domestic policy
Legislation and programs
Economic policy
Foreign policy
Iraq War
War in Afghanistan
Status of Forces Agreement
International trips
Bush Doctrine
Russia summits
Slovenia
Slovakia
Patriot Act
No Child Left Behind Act
Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act
Executive Order 13432
Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act
Emmett Till Unsolved Civil Rights Crime Act
Renovation, Repair and Painting Rule
Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act
Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008
TARP
SAFE Transportation Equity Act
USA Freedom Corps
PEPFAR program
Department of Homeland Security
Space policy
Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty
"War on Terror"
President's Council on Service and Civic Participation
award
Dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy
Email controversy
Judicial appointments
Supreme Court candidates
John Roberts
Harriet Miers
Samuel Alito
controversies
Cabinet
Pardons
Impeachment efforts
Executive orders
Presidential proclamations
Life andlegacy
Childhood home
Early life and career
Presidential library
Presidential portrait
Military service controversy
Killian documents controversy
authenticity issues
Professional life
Governorship of Texas
Prairie Chapel Ranch
Walker's Point Estate
Clinton Bush Haiti Fund
Speeches
Axis of evil
Mission Accomplished
State of the Union addresses
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
ElectionsU.S. | text | {
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ce812caf30ebce8ea1beb405dfad6d84 | House
1978
Gubernatorial
1994
1998
Presidential
2000 campaign
primaries
running mate selection
convention
debates
election
Bush v. Gore
2004 campaign
primaries
convention
debates
election
Public image
Bushisms
Nicknames
As the subject of books and films
Fictionalized portrayals
Miss Me Yet?
| text | {
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9b3f048467671aa14ce17f128063127f | "Yo, Blair"
Books
A Charge to Keep (1999)
Decision Points (2010)
41: A Portrait of My Father (2014)
Portraits of Courage (2017)
Out of Many, One (2021)
Popularculture
Fahrenheit 9/11 (2004 documentary)
W. (2008 film)
Family
Laura Bush (wife)
Barbara Pierce Bush (daughter)
Jenna Bush Hager (daughter)
George H. W. Bush (father
presidency)
Barbara Bush (mother)
Robin Bush (sister)
Jeb Bush (brother)
Neil Bush (brother)
Marvin Bush (brother)
Dorothy Bush Koch (sister)
Prescott Bush (grandfather)
George P. Bush (nephew)
Barney (dog)
Miss Beazley (dog)
India (cat)
Spot Fetcher (dog)
← Bill Clinton
Barack Obama →
Category
Commons
showvteCabinet of President Richard Nixon (1969–1974)hideCabinetVice President
Spiro Agnew (1969–1973)
None (1973)
Gerald Ford (1973–1974)
Secretary of State
William P. Rogers (1969–1973)
Henry Kissinger (1973–1974)
Secretary of the Treasury
David M. Kennedy (1969–1971)
John Connally (1971–1972)
George Shultz (1972–1974)
William E. Simon (1974)
Secretary of Defense
Melvin Laird (1969–1973)
Elliot Richardson (1973)
James R. Schlesinger (1973–1974)
Attorney General
John N. Mitchell (1969–1972)
Richard Kleindienst (1972–1973)
Elliot Richardson (1973)
William B. Saxbe (1974)
Postmaster General
Winton M. Blount (1969–1971)
Secretary of the Interior
Wally Hickel (1969–1970)
Rogers Morton (1971–1974)
Secretary of Agriculture
Clifford M. Hardin (1969–1971)
Earl Butz (1971–1974)
Secretary of Commerce
Maurice Stans (1969–1972)
Peter G. Peterson (1972–1973)
Frederick B. Dent (1973–1974)
Secretary of Labor
George Shultz (1969–1970)
James Day Hodgson (1970–1973)
Peter J. Brennan (1973–1974)
Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare
Robert Finch (1969–1970)
Elliot Richardson (1970–1973)
Caspar Weinberger (1973–1974)
Secretary of Housing and Urban Development
George W. Romney (1969–1973)
James Thomas Lynn (1973–1974)
Secretary of Transportation
John A. Volpe (1969–1973)
Claude Brinegar (1973–1974)
hideCabinet-levelDirector of the Bureau of the Budget
Robert Mayo (1969–1970)
Director of the Office of Management and Budget
George Shultz (1970–1972)
Caspar Weinberger (1972–1973)
Roy Ash (1973–1974)
Ambassador to the United Nations
Charles Yost (1969–1971)
George H. W. Bush (1971–1973)
John A. Scali (1973–1974)
Counselor to the President
Arthur F. Burns (1969)
Daniel Patrick Moynihan (1969–1970)
Bryce Harlow (1969–1970)
Robert Finch (1970–1972)
Donald Rumsfeld (1970–1971)
Anne Armstrong (1973–1974)
Dean Burch (1974)
Kenneth Rush (1974)
showvteCabinet of President Ronald Reagan (1981–1989)hideCabinetVice President
George H. W. Bush (1981–1989)
Secretary of State
Alexander Haig (1981–1982)
George Shultz (1982–1989)
Secretary of the Treasury
Donald Regan (1981–1985)
James Baker (1985–1988)
Nicholas F. Brady (1988–1989)
Secretary of Defense
Caspar Weinberger (1981–1987)
Frank Carlucci (1987–1989)
Attorney General
William French Smith (1981–1985)
Edwin Meese (1985–1988)
Dick Thornburgh (1988–1989)
Secretary of the Interior
James G. Watt (1981–1983)
William P. Clark Jr. (1983–1985)
Donald P. Hodel (1985–1989)
Secretary of Agriculture
John Rusling Block (1981–1986)
Richard Edmund Lyng (1986–1989)
Secretary of Commerce
Malcolm Baldrige Jr. (1981–1987)
William Verity Jr. (1987–1989)
Secretary of Labor
Raymond J. Donovan (1981–1985)
Bill Brock (1985–1987)
Ann Dore McLaughlin (1987–1989)
Secretary of Health and Human Services
Richard Schweiker (1981–1983)
Margaret Heckler (1983–1985)
Otis Bowen (1985–1989)
Secretary of Housing and Urban Development
Samuel Pierce (1981–1989)
Secretary of Transportation
Drew Lewis (1981–1983)
Elizabeth Dole (1983–1987)
James H. Burnley IV (1987–1989)
Secretary of Energy
James B. Edwards (1981–1983)
Donald P. Hodel (1983–1985)
John S. Herrington (1985–1989)
Secretary of Education
Terrel Bell (1981–1984)
William Bennett (1985–1988)
Lauro Cavazos (1988–1989)
hideCabinet-levelDirector of the Office of Management and Budget
David Stockman (1981–1985)
James C. Miller III (1985–1988)
Joe Wright (1988–1989)
Director of Central Intelligence
William J. Casey (1981–1987)
William H. Webster (1987–1989)
Trade Representative
Bill Brock (1981–1985)
Clayton Yeutter (1985–1989)
Ambassador to the United Nations
Jeane Kirkpatrick (1981–1985)
Vernon A. Walters (1985–1989)
Counselor to the President
Edwin Meese (1981–1985)
None (1985–1989)
showvteCabinet of President George H. W. Bush (1989–1993)hideCabinetVice President
Dan Quayle (1989–1993)
Secretary of State
James Baker (1989–1992)
Lawrence Eagleburger (1992–1993)
Secretary of the Treasury
Nicholas F. Brady (1989–1993)
Secretary of Defense
Dick Cheney (1989–1993)
Attorney General
Dick Thornburgh (1989–1991)
William Barr (1991–1993)
Secretary of the Interior
Manuel Lujan Jr. (1989–1993)
Secretary of Agriculture
Clayton Yeutter (1989–1991)
Edward Rell Madigan (1991–1993)
Secretary of Commerce
Robert Mosbacher (1989–1992)
Barbara Franklin (1992–1993)
Secretary of Labor
Elizabeth Dole (1989–1990)
Lynn Morley Martin (1991–1993)
Secretary of Health and Human Services
Louis Wade Sullivan (1989–1993)
Secretary of Housing and Urban Development
Jack Kemp (1989–1993)
Secretary of Transportation
Samuel K. Skinner (1989–1991)
Andrew Card (1992–1993)
Secretary of Energy
James D. Watkins (1989–1993)
Secretary of Education
Lauro Cavazos (1989–1990)
Lamar Alexander (1991–1993)
Secretary of Veterans Affairs
Ed Derwinski (1989–1992)
hideCabinet-levelDirector of the Office of Management and Budget
Richard Darman (1989–1993)
Trade Representative
Carla Anderson Hills (1989–1993)
Counselor to the President
None (1989–1992)
Clayton Yeutter (1992–1993)
showvte(← 1976) 1980 United States presidential election (1984 →)Republican Party
Convention
Primaries
results
Candidates
Nominee: Ronald Reagan
campaign
positions
VP nominee: George H. W. Bush
Other candidates
John B. Anderson
Howard Baker
George H. W. Bush
John Connally
Phil Crane
Bob Dole
Ben Fernandez
Harold Stassen
Democratic Party
Convention
Primaries
results
Candidates
Incumbent nominee: Jimmy Carter
Incumbent VP nominee: Walter Mondale
Other candidates: Jerry Brown
Ted Kennedy
campaign
speech
Ron Dellums
Independent
Candidate
John B. Anderson
Running mate
Patrick Lucey
showOther independent and third party candidatesLibertarian Party
Nominee
Ed Clark
VP nominee
David Koch
Citizens Party
Nominee
Barry Commoner
VP nominee
LaDonna Harris
Communist Party
Nominee
Gus Hall
VP nominee
Angela Davis
Peace and Freedom Party
Nominee: Maureen Smith
VP Nominee: Elizabeth Cervantes Barron
Prohibition Party
Nominee
Ben Bubar
VP nominee
Earl Dodge
Socialist Party
Nominee
David McReynolds
VP nominee
Diane Drufenbrock
Socialist Workers Party
Nominee
Andrew Pulley
Alternate nominees
Richard Congress
Clifton DeBerry
Workers World Party
Nominee
Deirdre Griswold
VP nominee
Gavrielle Holmes
Independents and other candidates
Lyndon LaRouche
Warren Spannaus
Other 1980 elections
House
Senate
Gubernatorial
showvte(← 1980) 1984 United States presidential election (1988 →)Republican Party
Convention
Primaries
results
Candidates
Incumbent nominee: Ronald Reagan
campaign
positions
Incumbent VP nominee: George H. W. Bush
Other candidates: Ben Fernandez
Harold Stassen
Democratic Party
Convention
Primaries
results
Candidates
Nominee: Walter Mondale
campaign
VP nominee: Geraldine Ferraro
Other candidates: Reubin Askew
Alan Cranston
John Glenn
Gary Hart
Fritz Hollings
Jesse Jackson
campaign
George McGovern
showThird party and independent candidatesCitizens Party
Nominee
Sonia Johnson
VP nominee
Richard Walton
Communist Party
Nominee
Gus Hall
VP nominee
Angela Davis
Libertarian Party
Nominee
David Bergland
VP nominee
Jim Lewis
Other candidates
Gene Burns
Earl Ravenal
Mary Ruwart
Prohibition Party
Nominee
Earl Dodge
Socialist Equality Party
Nominee
Edward Winn
VP nominee
Helen Halyard
Socialist Party
Nominee
Sonia Johnson
VP nominee
Richard Walton
Socialist Workers Party
Nominee
Melvin T. Mason
VP nominee
Matilde Zimmermann
Workers World Party
Nominee
Larry Holmes
Alternate nominee
Gavrielle Holmes
VP nominee
Gloria La Riva
Independents and other candidates
Charles Doty
Larry Flynt
Larry "Bozo" Harmon
Lyndon LaRouche
running mate: Billy Davis
Other 1984 elections
House
Senate
Gubernatorial
showvte(← 1984) 1988 United States presidential election (1992 →)Republican Party
Convention
Primaries
results
Candidates
Nominee: George H. W. Bush
campaign
VP nominee: Dan Quayle
Other candidates: Bob Dole
Pete du Pont
Ben Fernandez
Alexander Haig
Jack Kemp
Paul Laxalt
Isabell Masters
Pat Robertson
Donald Rumsfeld
Harold Stassen
Democratic Party
Convention
Primaries
results
Candidates
Nominee: Michael Dukakis
campaign
VP nominee: Lloyd Bentsen
Other candidates: Douglas Applegate
Bruce Babbitt
Joe Biden
campaign
positions
David Duke
Dick Gephardt
Al Gore
campaign
Gary Hart
Jesse Jackson
campaign
Lyndon LaRouche
campaign
positions
Andy Martin
Patricia Schroeder
Paul Simon
James Traficant
showThird party and independent candidatesLibertarian Party
Convention
Nominee: Ron Paul
campaign
positions
VP nominee: Andre Marrou
Other candidates: Jim Lewis
Russell Means
New Alliance Party
Nominee: Lenora Fulani
Populist Party
Nominee: David Duke
Prohibition Party
Nominee: Earl Dodge
VP nominee: George Ormsby
Socialist Equality Party
Nominee: Edward Winn
Socialist Party
Nominee: Willa Kenoyer
VP nominee: Ron Ehrenreich
Socialist Workers Party
Nominee: James Warren
VP nominee: Kathleen Mickells
Workers World Party
Nominee: Larry Holmes
VP nominee: Gloria La Riva
Independents and others
Jack Herer
Lyndon LaRouche
Herbert G. Lewin
William A. Marra
Eugene McCarthy
Other 1988 elections: House
Senate
Gubernatorial
showvte(← 1988) 1992 United States presidential election (1996 →)Democratic Party
Convention
Primaries
Candidates
Nominee: Bill Clinton
campaign
positions
VP nominee: Al Gore
Other candidates: Larry Agran
Jerry Brown
Tom Harkin
campaign
Bob Kerrey
Lyndon LaRouche
campaign
positions
Tom Laughlin
Eugene McCarthy
Paul Tsongas
Douglas Wilder
Charles Woods
Republican Party
Convention
Primaries
Candidates
Incumbent nominee: George H. W. Bush
campaign
Incumbent VP nominee: Dan Quayle
Other candidates: Pat Buchanan
David Duke
Jack Fellure
Isabell Masters
Pat Paulsen
Tennie Rogers
Harold Stassen
Independent
Candidate: Ross Perot
campaign
VP candidate: James Stockdale
showOther independent and third party candidatesLibertarian Party
Convention
Nominee: Andre Marrou
VP nominee: Nancy Lord
Natural Law Party
Nominee
John Hagelin
VP nominee
Mike Tompkins
New Alliance Party
Nominee
Lenora Fulani
VP nominee
Maria Elizabeth Muñoz
Prohibition Party
Nominee
Earl Dodge
VP nominee
George Ormsby
Socialist Party USA
Nominee
J. Quinn Brisben
VP nominee
Barbara Garson
Socialist Workers Party
Nominee
James Warren
VP nominee
Willie Mae Reid
U.S. Taxpayers Party
Nominee
Howard Phillips
VP nominee
Albion W. Knight Jr.
Workers World Party
Nominee
Gloria La Riva
VP nominee
Larry Holmes
Independents and other candidates
Ronald Daniels (running mate: Asiba Tupahache)
Bo Gritz
Isabell Masters
Other 1992 elections
House
Senate
Gubernatorial
showvteTime Persons of the Year1927–1950
Charles Lindbergh (1927)
Walter Chrysler (1928)
Owen D. Young (1929)
Mohandas Gandhi (1930)
Pierre Laval (1931)
Franklin D. Roosevelt (1932)
Hugh S. Johnson (1933)
Franklin D. Roosevelt (1934)
Haile Selassie (1935)
Wallis Simpson (1936)
Chiang Kai-shek / Soong Mei-ling (1937)
Adolf Hitler (1938)
Joseph Stalin (1939)
Winston Churchill (1940)
Franklin D. Roosevelt (1941)
Joseph Stalin (1942)
George Marshall (1943)
Dwight D. Eisenhower (1944)
Harry S. Truman (1945)
James F. Byrnes (1946)
George Marshall (1947)
Harry S. Truman (1948)
Winston Churchill (1949)
The American Fighting-Man (1950)
1951–1975
Mohammed Mosaddeq (1951)
Elizabeth II (1952)
Konrad Adenauer (1953)
John Foster Dulles (1954)
Harlow Curtice (1955)
Hungarian Freedom Fighters (1956)
Nikita Khrushchev (1957)
Charles de Gaulle (1958)
Dwight D. Eisenhower (1959)
U.S. Scientists: George Beadle / Charles Draper / John Enders / Donald A. Glaser / Joshua Lederberg / Willard Libby / Linus Pauling / Edward Purcell / Isidor Rabi / Emilio Segrè / William Shockley / Edward Teller / Charles Townes / James Van Allen / Robert Woodward (1960)
John F. Kennedy (1961)
Pope John XXIII (1962)
Martin Luther King Jr. (1963)
Lyndon B. Johnson (1964)
William Westmoreland (1965)
The Generation Twenty-Five and Under (1966)
Lyndon B. Johnson (1967)
The Apollo 8 Astronauts: William Anders / Frank Borman / Jim Lovell (1968)
The Middle Americans (1969)
Willy Brandt (1970)
Richard Nixon (1971)
Henry Kissinger / Richard Nixon (1972)
John Sirica (1973)
King Faisal (1974)
American Women: Susan Brownmiller / Kathleen Byerly / Alison Cheek / Jill Conway / Betty Ford / Ella Grasso / Carla Hills / Barbara Jordan / Billie Jean King / Susie Sharp / Carol Sutton / Addie Wyatt (1975)
1976–2000
Jimmy Carter (1976)
Anwar Sadat (1977)
Deng Xiaoping (1978)
Ayatollah Khomeini (1979)
Ronald Reagan (1980)
Lech Wałęsa (1981)
The Computer (1982)
Ronald Reagan / Yuri Andropov (1983)
Peter Ueberroth (1984)
Deng Xiaoping (1985)
Corazon Aquino (1986)
Mikhail Gorbachev (1987)
The Endangered Earth (1988)
Mikhail Gorbachev (1989)
George H. W. Bush (1990)
Ted Turner (1991)
Bill Clinton (1992)
The Peacemakers: Yasser Arafat / F. W. de Klerk / Nelson Mandela / Yitzhak Rabin (1993)
Pope John Paul II (1994)
Newt Gingrich (1995)
David Ho (1996)
Andrew Grove (1997)
Bill Clinton / Ken Starr (1998)
Jeff Bezos (1999)
George W. Bush (2000)
2001–present
Rudolph Giuliani (2001)
The Whistleblowers: Cynthia Cooper / Coleen Rowley / Sherron Watkins (2002)
The American Soldier (2003)
George W. Bush (2004)
The Good Samaritans: Bono / Bill Gates / Melinda Gates (2005)
You (2006)
Vladimir Putin (2007)
Barack Obama (2008)
Ben Bernanke (2009)
Mark Zuckerberg (2010)
The Protester (2011)
Barack Obama (2012)
Pope Francis (2013)
Ebola Fighters: Dr. Jerry Brown / Dr. Kent Brantly / Ella Watson-Stryker / Foday Gollah / Salome Karwah (2014)
Angela Merkel (2015)
Donald Trump (2016)
The Silence Breakers (2017)
The Guardians: Jamal Khashoggi / Maria Ressa / Wa Lone / Kyaw Soe Oo / Staff of The Capital (2018)
Greta Thunberg (2019)
Joe Biden / Kamala Harris (2020)
Elon Musk (2021)
Volodymyr Zelenskyy / Spirit of Ukraine (2022)
showvteTheodore Roosevelt Award winners
1967: Eisenhower
1968: Saltonstall
1969: White
1970: Hovde
1971: Kraft Jr.
1972: Holland
1973: Bradley
1974: Owens
1975: Ford
1976: Hamilton
1977: Bradley
1978: Zornow
1979: Chandler
1980: Cooley
1981: Linkletter
1982: Cosby
1983: Palmer
1984: Lawrence
1985: Fleming
1986: Bush
1987: Zable
1988: Not presented
1989: Ebert
1990: Reagan
1991: Gibson
1992: Kemp
1993: Alexander
1994: Johnson
1995: Mathias
1996: Wooden
1997: Payne
1998: Dole
1999: Richardson
2000: Staubach
2001: Cohen
2002: Shriver
2003: de Varona
2004: Page
2005: Ride
2006: Kraft
2007: Tagliabue
2008: Glenn
2009: Albright
2010: Mitchell
2011: Dunwoody
2012: Allen
2013: Dungy
2014: Mills
2015: Jackson
2016: Ueberroth
2017: Brooke-Marciniak
2018: Wilmore
2019: Caslen
2020: Delaney
2021: McLendon
2022: Boudreaux
showvteNational Football Foundation Gold Medal winners
1958: Dwight D. Eisenhower
1959: Douglas MacArthur
1960: Herbert Hoover & Amos Alonzo Stagg
1961: John F. Kennedy
1962: Byron "Whizzer" White
1963: Roger Blough
1964: Donold B. Lourie
1965: Juan T. Trippe
1966: Earl H. "Red" Blaik
1967: Frederick L. Hovde
1968: Chester J. LaRoche
1969: Richard Nixon
1970: Thomas J. Hamilton
1971: Ronald Reagan
1972: Gerald Ford
1973: John Wayne
1974: Gerald B. Zornow
1975: David Packard
1976: Edgar B. Speer
1977: Louis H. Wilson
1978: Vincent dePaul Draddy
1979: William P. Lawrence
1980: Walter J. Zable
1981: Justin W. Dart
1982: Silver Anniversary Awards (NCAA) - All Honored Jim Brown, Willie Davis, Jack Kemp, Ron Kramer, Jim Swink
1983: Jack Kemp
1984: John F. McGillicuddy
1985: William I. Spencer
1986: William H. Morton
1987: Charles R. Meyer
1988: Clinton E. Frank
1989: Paul Brown
1990: Thomas H. Moorer
1991: George H. W. Bush
1992: Donald R. Keough
1993: Norman Schwarzkopf
1994: Thomas S. Murphy
1995: Harold Alfond
1996: Gene Corrigan
1997: Jackie Robinson
1998: John H. McConnell
1999: Keith Jackson
2000: Fred M. Kirby II
2001: Billy Joe "Red" McCombs
2002: George Steinbrenner
2003: Tommy Franks
2004: William V. Campbell
2005: Jon F. Hanson
2006: Joe Paterno & Bobby Bowden
2007: Pete Dawkins & Roger Staubach
2008: John Glenn
2009: Phil Knight & Bill Bowerman
2010: Bill Cosby
2011: Robert Gates
2012: Roscoe Brown
2013: National Football League & Roger Goodell
2014: Tom Catena & George Weiss
2015: Condoleezza Rice
2016: Archie Manning
2017: None awarded
2018: Aaron Feis & Jason Seaman
2019: Mark Harmon
showvteLain in state (United States)Lain in stateUS Capitol rotunda
Clay (1852)
Lincoln (1865, funeral)2
Stevens (1868)
Sumner (1874)
Wilson (1875)
Garfield (1881)
Logan (1886)
McKinley (1901)
L'Enfant (1909)1
Dewey (1917)
Unknown Soldier for World War I (1921)
Harding (1923)2
W. H. Taft (1930)
Pershing (1948)
R. A. Taft (1953)
Unknown Soldiers for World War II and the Korean War (1958)
Kennedy (1963, funeral)2
MacArthur (1964)
H. Hoover (1964)
Eisenhower (1969)
Dirksen (1969)
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_H._W._Bush&oldid=1141761994"
Categories: George H. W. Bush1924 births2018 deaths1980 United States vice-presidential candidates1984 United States vice-presidential candidates20th-century American businesspeople20th-century American non-fiction writers20th-century American politicians20th-century presidents of the United States20th-century vice presidents of the United States21st-century American non-fiction writersActing presidents of the United StatesAmbassadors of the United States to ChinaAmerican businesspeople in the oil industryAmerican EpiscopaliansAmerican people of Dutch descentAmerican male non-fiction writersAmerican people of the Gulf WarAmerican political writersAviators from TexasBurials in TexasBush familyCandidates in the 1980 United States presidential electionCandidates in the 1988 United States presidential electionCandidates in the 1992 United States presidential electionCold War CIA chiefsNeurological disease deaths in TexasEli Lilly and Company peopleFathers of presidents of the United StatesFord administration personnelGrand Crosses Special Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of GermanyHonorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the BathLivingston familyMilitary personnel from ConnecticutNixon administration cabinet membersPeople from Greenwich, ConnecticutPeople from Kennebunkport, MainePeople from Midland, TexasPeople from Milton, MassachusettsPeople of the Cold WarDeaths from Parkinson's diseasePermanent Representatives of the United States to the United NationsPhillips Academy alumniPoliticians with paraplegiaPresidential Medal of Freedom recipientsPresidents of the United StatesReagan administration cabinet membersRecipients of the Air MedalRecipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)Recipients of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana, 1st ClassRecipients of the Order of the White LionRecipients of the Order pro Merito MelitensiRecipients of the Ronald Reagan Freedom AwardRepublican National Committee chairsRepublican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from TexasRepublican Party (United States) presidential nomineesRepublican Party presidents of the United StatesRepublican Party vice presidents of the United StatesRice University staffSchuyler familyShot-down aviatorsSons of the American RevolutionTime Person of the YearUnited States Navy officersUnited States Navy pilots of World War IIVice presidents of the United StatesWheelchair usersWorld Golf Hall of Fame inducteesWriters from TexasYale Bulldogs baseball playersYale University alumniHidden categories: Webarchive template wayback linksCS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknownArticles with short descriptionShort description matches WikidataWikipedia indefinitely move-protected pagesWikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pagesUse American English from February 2019All Wikipedia articles written in American EnglishUse mdy dates from July 2022Official website different in Wikidata and WikipediaArticles with hAudio microformatsAll articles with unsourced statementsArticles with unsourced statements from August 2022Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidataPeople appearing on C-SPANArticles with Project Gutenberg linksArticles with ISNI identifiersArticles with VIAF identifiersArticles with WorldCat identifiersArticles with BIBSYS identifiersArticles with BNE identifiersArticles with BNF identifiersArticles with BNMM identifiersArticles with CANTICN identifiersArticles with GND identifiersArticles with ICCU identifiersArticles with J9U identifiersArticles with LCCN identifiersArticles with LNB identifiersArticles with NDL identifiersArticles with NKC identifiersArticles with NLA identifiersArticles with NLK identifiersArticles with NSK identifiersArticles with NTA identifiersArticles with PLWABN identifiersArticles with SELIBR identifiersArticles with TePapa identifiersArticles with ULAN identifiersArticles with DTBIO identifiersArticles with CINII identifiersArticles with FAST identifiersArticles with MusicBrainz identifiersArticles with NARA identifiersArticles with RERO identifiersArticles with SNAC-ID identifiersArticles with SUDOC identifiersArticles with Trove identifiersArticles with USCongress identifiers
This page was last edited on 26 February 2023, at 17:36 (UTC).
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1Early life and education
2U.S. Naval Reserve (1941–1945)
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907a53367cd93529add1af7a73527841 | Naval Reserve (1941–1945) subsection
2.1Commanding PT-109
2.2Commanding PT-59
2.3Military awards
2.3.1Navy and Marine Corps Medal citation
3Journalism
4Congressional career (1947–1960)
Toggle Congressional career (1947–1960) subsection
4.1House of Representatives (1947–1953)
4.2Senate (1953–1960)
51960 presidential election
6Presidency (1961–1963)
Toggle Presidency (1961–1963) subsection
6.1Foreign policy
6.1.1Cuba and the Bay of Pigs Invasion
6.1.2Cuban Missile Crisis
6.1.3Latin America and communism
6.1.4Peace Corps
6.1.5Southeast Asia
6.1.6American University speech
6.1.7West Berlin speech
6.1.8Israel
6.1.9Iraq
6.1.10Ireland
6.1.11Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
6.2Domestic policy
6.2.1Economy
6.2.2Federal and military death penalty
6.2.3Civil rights movement
6.2.4Civil liberties
6.2.5Immigration
6.2.6Native American relations
6.2.7Space policy
6.3Administration, Cabinet, and judicial appointments
6.3.1Judicial appointments
6.3.1.1Supreme Court
6.3.1.2Other courts
7Assassination
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7.1Funeral
8Personal life, family, and reputation
Toggle Personal life, family, and reputation subsection
8.1Wife and children
8.2Popular image
8.3Health
8.4Family incidents
8.5Affairs and friendships
9Historical evaluations and legacy
Toggle Historical evaluations and legacy subsection
9.1Presidency
9.2Memorials and eponyms
10Works
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10.1Audio
10.2Books
10.3Video
11See also
Toggle See also subsection
11.1General
12Notes
13References
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13.1Citations
13.2Works cited
14Further reading
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14.1Primary sources
14.2Historiography and memory
15External links
Toggle External links subsection
15.1Official
15.2Media coverage
15.3Other
John F. Kennedy
163 languages
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
President of the United States from 1961 to 1963
.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}For other uses, see John F. Kennedy (disambiguation).
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