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ef1b9f9f2f8aa01f1c64a74afbf78b36 | On the White House lawn, the Kennedys established a swimming pool and tree house, while Caroline attended a preschool along with 10 other children inside the home.
Kennedy was closely tied to popular culture, emphasized by songs such as "Twisting at the White House". Vaughn Meader's First Family comedy album, which parodied the president, the first lady, their family, and the administration, sold about four million copies.
In an interview a week after JFK's death, Jacqueline Kennedy mentioned his affection for the Broadway musical Camelot and quoted its closing lines: "Don't let it be forgot, that once there was a spot, for one brief, shining moment that was known as Camelot."The term "Camelot" has come to be used as shorthand for the Kennedy administration and the charisma of the Kennedy family.[390][391]
Health
Kennedy and Jackie leaving the hospital following his spinal surgery, December 1954
Despite a privileged youth, Kennedy was plagued by a series of childhood diseases, including whooping cough, chicken pox, measles, and ear infections. These ailments compelled him to spend a considerable amount of time in bed (or at least indoors) convalescing. | text | {
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d570882d7b5b3f8388b83a2a5aa111a9 | Three months prior to his third birthday, in 1920, Kennedy came down with scarlet fever, a highly contagious and life-threatening disease, and was admitted to Boston City Hospital.[392][13]
Years after Kennedy's death, it was revealed that in September 1947, while Kennedy was 30 and in his first term in Congress, he was diagnosed by Sir Daniel Davis at The London Clinic with Addison's disease, a rare endocrine disorder. Davis estimated that Kennedy would not live for another year, while Kennedy himself hoped he could live for an additional ten.[393] In 1966, White House physician Dr. Janet Travell revealed that Kennedy also had hypothyroidism. The presence of two endocrine diseases raises the possibility that Kennedy had autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 2 (APS 2).[394]
Kennedy also suffered from chronic and severe back pain, for which he had surgery. Kennedy's condition may have had diplomatic repercussions, as he appears to have been taking a combination of drugs to treat severe back pain during the 1961 Vienna Summit with Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev. The combination included hormones, animal organ cells, steroids, vitamins, enzymes, and amphetamines, and possible potential side effects included hyperactivity, hypertension, impaired judgment, nervousness, and mood swings. | text | {
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da2d6a698d5bc3a3d79506f31e95ba5f | [395] Kennedy at one time was regularly seen by three doctors, one of whom, Max Jacobson, was unknown to the other two, as his mode of treatment was controversial[396] and used for the most severe bouts of back pain.[397]
Into late 1961, disagreements existed among Kennedy's doctors concerning his proper balance of medication and exercise. Kennedy preferred the former because he was short on time and desired immediate relief.[275] During that time, the president's physician, George Burkley, did set up some gym equipment in the White House basement, where Kennedy did stretching exercises for his back three times a week.[398] Details of these and other medical problems were not publicly disclosed during Kennedy's lifetime.[399] The President's primary White House physician, George Burkley, realized that treatments by Jacobson and Travell, including the excessive use of steroids and amphetamines, were medically inappropriate, and took action to remove Kennedy from their care.[400]
In 2002, Robert Dallek wrote an extensive history of Kennedy's health. Dallek was able to consult a collection of Kennedy-associated papers from the years 1955–1963, including X-rays and prescription records from the files of Dr. Travell. | text | {
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380eadd558a748510a921e86f3f01e66 | According to Travell's records, during his presidential years Kennedy suffered from high fevers; stomach, colon, and prostate issues; abscesses; high cholesterol; and adrenal problems. Travell kept a "Medicine Administration Record", cataloging Kennedy's medications: "injected and ingested corticosteroids for his adrenal insufficiency; procaine shots and ultrasound treatments and hot packs for his back; Lomotil, Metamucil, paregoric, phenobarbital, testosterone, and trasentine to control his diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, and weight loss; penicillin and other antibiotics for his urinary-tract infections and an abscess; and Tuinal to help him sleep."[19]
Family incidents
Main article: Kennedy curse
Kennedy's older brother Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. was killed in action in 1944 at age 29 when his plane exploded over the English Channel during a first attack execution of Operation Aphrodite during World War II.[401] His sister Rose Marie "Rosemary" Kennedy was born in 1918 with intellectual disabilities and underwent a prefrontal lobotomy at age 23, leaving her incapacitated until her death in 2005. Another sister Kathleen Agnes "Kick" Kennedy died in a plane crash en route to France in 1948. His wife Jacqueline Kennedy suffered a miscarriage in 1955 and a stillbirth in 1956: a daughter informally named Arabella. | text | {
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3ec2603270339a72badc4d5d927f6ba3 | [402] A son, Patrick Bouvier Kennedy, died two days after birth in August 1963.
Affairs and friendships
Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy, Marilyn Monroe, and John F. Kennedy talk during the president's May 19, 1962, early birthday party, where Monroe publicly serenaded Kennedy with "Happy Birthday, Mr. President"
Kennedy was single in the 1940s while having relationships with Danish journalist Inga Arvad[403] and actress Gene Tierney.[404] During his time as a senator, he had an affair with Gunilla von Post, who later wrote that the future president tried to end his marriage to be with her before having any children with his wife.[405] Kennedy was also reported to have had affairs with Marilyn Monroe,[406] Judith Campbell,[407] Mary Pinchot Meyer,[408] Marlene Dietrich,[409] Mimi Alford,[410] and his wife's press secretary, Pamela Turnure.[411]
The full extent of Kennedy's relationship with Monroe (who in 1962 famously sang "Happy Birthday, Mr. President" at Kennedy's birthday celebration) is not known, though it has been reported that they spent a weekend together in March 1962 while he was staying at Bing Crosby's house.[412] Furthermore, people at the White House switchboard noted that Monroe had called Kennedy during 1962. | text | {
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ab8273e3bd025887b5e36a9df5bfecb2 | [413] J. Edgar Hoover, the FBI director, received reports about Kennedy's indiscretions.[414] These included an alleged East German spy Ellen Rometsch. According to historian Michael Beschloss, in July 1963, Hoover reportedly informed Bobby Kennedy about the affair. Hoover told the attorney general that he had information that the president, as well as others in Washington, had been involved with a woman "suspected as a Soviet intelligence agent, someone linked to East German intelligence". Bobby Kennedy reportedly took the matter sufficiently seriously to raise it with leading Democratic and Republican figures in Congress.[415][416] Former Secret Service agent Larry Newman recalled "morale problems" that the president's indiscretions engendered within the Secret Service.[417]
Kennedy inspired affection and loyalty from the members of his team and his supporters.[418] According to Reeves, this included "the logistics of Kennedy's liaisons ... [which] required secrecy and devotion rare in the annals of the energetic service demanded by successful politicians."[419] Kennedy believed that his friendly relationship with members of the press would help protect him from public revelations about his sex life.[420]
Lem Billings was Kennedy's "oldest and best friend" from the time they attended Choate together until Kennedy's death. | text | {
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b048a4c966844ee0d7b1cc58f22b913f | [421]
Historical evaluations and legacy
The Kennedy half dollar was first issued in 1964
John F. Kennedy statue outside the Massachusetts State House in Boston
The John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, in Boston
Presidency
Official White House portrait of Kennedy, by Aaron Shikler
The US Special Forces had a special bond with Kennedy. "It was President Kennedy who was responsible for the rebuilding of the Special Forces and giving us back our Green Beret," said Forrest Lindley, a writer for the US military newspaper Stars and Stripes who served with Special Forces in Vietnam.[b] This bond was shown at Kennedy's funeral. At the commemoration of the 25th anniversary of Kennedy's death, General Michael D. Healy, the last commander of Special Forces in Vietnam, spoke at Arlington National Cemetery. Later, a wreath in the form of the Green Beret would be placed on the grave, continuing a tradition that began the day of his funeral when a sergeant in charge of a detail of Special Forces men guarding the grave placed his beret on the coffin. | text | {
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c71788eca027917fd0b2cedab7990ee0 | [422] Kennedy was the first of six presidents to have served in the U.S. Navy,[423] and one of the enduring legacies of his administration was the creation in 1961 of another special forces command, the Navy SEALs,[424] which Kennedy enthusiastically supported.[425]
Kennedy's civil rights proposals led to the Civil Rights Act of 1964.[426] President Lyndon B. Johnson, Kennedy's successor, took up the mantle and pushed the landmark Civil Rights Act through a bitterly divided Congress by invoking the slain president's memory.[427][428] President Johnson then signed the Act into law on July 2, 1964. This civil rights law ended what was known as the "Solid South" and certain provisions were modeled after the Civil Rights Act of 1875, signed into law by President Ulysses S. Grant.[429]
Kennedy's continuation of Presidents Harry S. Truman and Dwight D. Eisenhower's policies of giving economic and military aid to South Vietnam left the door open for President Johnson's escalation of the conflict. | text | {
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cb275addba0ea15efd450261c4b2989d | [430] At the time of Kennedy's death, no final policy decision had been made as to Vietnam, leading historians, cabinet members, and writers to continue to disagree on whether the Vietnam conflict would have escalated to the point it did had he survived.[431][224] His agreement to the NSAM 263[221] action of withdrawing 1,000 troops by the end of 1963, and his earlier 1963 speech at American University,[223] suggest that he was ready to end the Vietnam War. The Vietnam War contributed greatly to a decade of national difficulties, amid violent disappointment on the political landscape.
Many of Kennedy's speeches (especially his inaugural address) are considered iconic; and despite his relatively short term in office, and the lack of major legislative changes coming to fruition during his term, he is considered by many presidential historians to be in the upper echelon of presidents.[432] Some excerpts of Kennedy's inaugural address are engraved on a plaque at his grave at Arlington. In 2018 The Times published an audio recreation of the "watchmen on the walls of world freedom" speech he was scheduled to deliver at the Dallas Trade Mart on November 22, 1963. | text | {
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982b4cc18d20b406f6aea58e58bb67d4 | [433][434]
In 1961, he was awarded the Laetare Medal by the University of Notre Dame, considered the most prestigious award for American Catholics.[435] He was posthumously awarded the Pacem in Terris Award (Latin: Peace on Earth). It was named after a 1963 encyclical letter by Pope John XXIII that calls upon all people of goodwill to secure peace among all nations. Kennedy also posthumously received the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1963.[436]
Memorials and eponyms
Main article: List of memorials to John F. Kennedy
The graves of Kennedy and his wife at John F. Kennedy Eternal Flame memorial, Arlington National Cemetery
A small sample of the extensive list at the main article (link above) includes:
Idlewild Airport in Queens, New York City, nation's busiest international gateway, renamed John F. Kennedy International Airport on December 24, 1963
NASA Launch Operations Center in Merritt Island, Florida named the John F. Kennedy Space Center on November 29, 1963.
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8c5d583b8167bb099b97bacc89e7cdf4 | USS John F. Kennedy (CV-67), U.S. Navy aircraft carrier ordered in April 1964, launched May 1967, decommissioned August 2007; nicknamed "Big John"
Kennedy half dollar, first minted in 1964
John F. Kennedy School of Government, part of Harvard University, renamed in 1966
John F. Kennedy Federal Building in the Government Center section of Boston, opened in 1966
John Fitzgerald Kennedy Memorial, opened in 1970 in Dallas
National cultural center was named John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in 1964, opened in 1971 in Washington, D.C.
John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum on Columbia Point in Boston; opened in 1979
Statue of John F. Kennedy by Isabel McIlvain on the grounds of the Massachusetts State House in Boston; dedicated on May 29, 1990.
USS John F. Kennedy (CVN-79), U.S. Navy aircraft carrier that began construction in 2011, and was scheduled to be placed in commission in 2020
New York's John F. Kennedy International Airport, the busiest international gateway to North America, is named after Kennedy and given the code JFK, his initials.
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6ad6f56003313e7fd43cd6e35664d925 | Works
Audio
Kennedy comments on the possible prevention of the Cold War
1:55
President Kennedy comments on the possible prevention of the Cold War
Problems playing this file? See media help.
Kennedy's message to Turkey
2:00
Kennedy's message to Turkish President Cemal Gursel and The Turkish People on the Anniversary of the Death of Kemal Atatürk, November 10, 1963 (accompanying text)
Announcement to go to the moon
0:12
Announcement by John F. Kennedy to go to the moon (duration 00:11)
Secret Societies speech
19:12
JFK Secret Societies speech
Problems playing these files? See media help.
Books
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Kennedy, John F. (1940). Why England Slept. W. Funk.
Kennedy, John F. (1956). Profiles in Courage. Harper.
Kennedy, John F. (1958). A Nation of Immigrants. Anti-Defamation League. ISBN 978-0-06-144754-9.
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10c50ad2292af43a7b008ccae5086b78 | Video
Newsreel footage of the inauguration ceremony and speeches
6:02 Newsreel footage of the inauguration ceremony and speeches
See also
.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}
Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy
Cultural depictions of John F. Kennedy
Presidential transition of John F. Kennedy
Doyle, William, PT 109: An American Epic of War, Survival, and the Destiny of John F. Kennedy, (2015), New York, Harper Collins, ISBN 978-0-06-234658-2
Electoral history of John F. Kennedy
1960 United States presidential debates
Eyre Square
Jesuit Ivy
Kennedy Doctrine
Lincoln–Kennedy coincidences urban legend
List of memorials to John F. Kennedy
Orville Nix, photographer of a film of the assassination
"Senator, you're no Jack Kennedy" retort by Senator Lloyd Bentsen, 1988 VP debate
The Torch of Friendship
Timeline of the presidency of John F. Kennedy
Zapruder film
Abraham Zapruder, photographer of the primary film of assassination
General
History of the United States (1945–1964)
List of assassinated American politicians
List of presidents of the United States
List of presidents of the United States by previous experience
List of presidents of the United States who died in office
List of United States presidential assassination attempts and plots
Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps
Notes
.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}
^ After the war, Kennedy contacted the captain of the Amagiri, Kohei Hanami, and formed a friendship with him. | text | {
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d01f7c39c3157f978923c2ccfe75aae1 | Hanami later supported Kennedy's election campaign.[51]
^ Kennedy reversed the Defense Department rulings that prohibited the Special Forces wearing of the Green Beret. Reeves 1993, p. 116.
References
Citations
^ Jump up to: a b c d "John F. Kennedy Miscellaneous Information". John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum. Archived from the original on August 31, 2009. Retrieved February 22, 2012.
^ "John F. Kennedy". whitehousehistory.org. Washington, D.C.: White House Historical Association. Retrieved May 1, 2022.
^ Jump up to: a b Dallek 2003, p. 20.
^ "JFK John F Kennedy baptism St. Aidan's church Brookline".
^ "Churches Attended by John F. Kennedy | JFK Library". www.jfklibrary.org.
^ Dallek 2003, p. 26–27.
^ Thomas, Evan. Robert Kennedy: His Life. Simon & Schuster. p. 47.
^ "John F Kennedy's Birthplace--Presidents: A Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary". www.nps.gov.
^ Logevall, Fredrik (2020). JFK Coming of Age in the American Century, 1917-1956. Random House. p. 57. ISBN 978-0-8129-9713-2.
^ O'Brien 2005, p. 21.
^ Jump up to: a b "John F. Kennedy: Early Years". Retrieved April 17, 2017.
^ Thomas, Evan. Robert Kennedy: His Life. Simon & Schuster. p. 33.
| text | {
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53ea85543372465f774c93319cf6a51c | ^ Jump up to: a b "Life of John F. Kennedy | JFK Library". www.jfklibrary.org.
^ Kennedy, Edward M. (2009). True Compass: A Memoir. Twelve; First edition. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-446-53925-8.
^ "John F. Kennedy's Residences". Retrieved April 17, 2017.
^ Failla, Zak (November 18, 2013). "Looking Back on JFK's Time in Bronxville". The Daily Voice. Retrieved August 14, 2017.
^ Dallek 2003, p. 34.
^ Jump up to: a b Kenney 2000, p. 11.
^ Jump up to: a b c Dallek, Robert (December 2002). "The Medical Ordeals of JFK". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on August 1, 2016. Retrieved March 29, 2015.
^ "John F. Kennedy's Princeton University undergraduate alumni file". Mudd Manuscript Library Blog. November 22, 2013. Archived from the original on August 1, 2016. Retrieved December 21, 2015.
^ Dallek 2003, p. 42.
^ Benson, Kenneth Arline (August 14, 1963). "The "House That Jack Built": JFK And His Late Brother Built Adobe Shack For Arizona Rancher". The Daily News. Virgin Islands. Retrieved August 29, 2016.
^ Hunt, Sharon E. (May 14, 2013). "The Civilian Conservation Corps in Southern Arizona: Jack and Joe Kennedy in Arizona". The Civilian Conservation Corps in Southern Arizona. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy",
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e611174cca99eef3422f77dc703410b6 | Retrieved August 29, 2016.
^ Barkhorn, Eleanor (November 21, 2013). "JFK's Very Revealing Harvard Application Essay". The Atlantic.
^ "Memorial Hall Auditorium Filled to Capacity at Annual Freshman Smoker". The Harvard Crimson. May 5, 1937. Retrieved February 18, 2012.
^ Donovan 2001, p. 7.
^ Clarke, John (May 19, 2015), "Selling J.F.K.'s Boat", The New Yorker, retrieved October 2, 2015
^ Dallek 2003, p. 49.
^ Dallek 2003, p. 54.
^ Jump up to: a b Daum 2008, pp. 127.
^ "Obama joins list of seven presidents with Harvard degrees". Harvard Gazette. Harvard University. November 6, 2008. Archived from the original on August 1, 2016. Retrieved February 24, 2012.
^ Dallek 2003, pp. 61–66.
^ Brinkley 2012, pp. 15–17.
^ Kenney 2000, p. 18.
^ Dallek 2003, p. 68.
^ Kenney 2000, p. 21.
^ O'Brien 2005, pp. 114, 117–118.
^ "John F. Kennedy, Jr". Veteran Tributes. Archived from the original on August 1, 2016. Retrieved August 1, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "President John Fitzgerald Kennedy (1917–1963)". Michael W. Pocock and MaritimeQuest.com. Archived from the original on August 1, 2016. Retrieved August 1, 2016.
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75f2683357d8527864e7afcb5ced8eb1 | ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h "John Fitzgerald Kennedy 29 May 1917 – 22 November 1963". Naval History and Heritage Command. Archived from the original on August 1, 2016. Retrieved August 1, 2016.
^ Ballard 2002, pp. 12, 36.
^ Donovan 2001, pp. 19, 20.
^ Renehan, Edward J. Jr. (2002). The Kennedys at War: 1937–1945. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-385-50529-1 – via Google Books.
^ "Pell, Claiborne: Oral History Interview – JFK #1, 2/6/1967 | JFK Library". www.jfklibrary.org.
^ Donovan 2001, p. 20.
^ "Lieutenant John F. Kennedy, USN". Naval Historical Center. June 18, 2002. Archived from the original on September 12, 2007. Retrieved September 17, 2007.
^ "USS PT 109". Michael W. Pocock and MaritimeQuest.com. Archived from the original on August 1, 2016. Retrieved August 1, 2016.
^ Donovan 2001, pp. 99, 100.
^ "USS PT-109 Final Crew List". Michael W. Pocock and MaritimeQuest.com. Archived from the original on August 1, 2016. Retrieved August 1, 2016.
^ Donovan 2001, pp. 106.
^ "「きのうの敵は今日の友」― ケネディ大統領と日本人艦長の友情秘話". American View (in Japanese). Embassy of the United States of America in Japan. April 5, 2015. Retrieved July 26, 2020.
^ Donovan 2001, pp. 106–107, 119.
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d1d2de9cc9a609883245e3bf4a10ef49 | ^ Donovan 2001, pp. 106–107, 124.
^ Doyle 2015, pp. 66–106, 134–139.
^ "JFK's epic Solomons swim" BBC News July 30, 2003.
^ Doyle 2015, pp. 143–148.
^ "Leonard Jay "Lenny" Thom (1917–1946)". Michael W. Pocock and MaritimeQuest.com. Archived from the original on December 8, 2015. Retrieved August 1, 2016.
^ "The Story of Leonard Jay Thom. (Executive Officer PT 109)". petertare.org. Archived from the original on August 1, 2016. Retrieved August 1, 2016.
^ "John F. Kennedy and PT 109". John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. Archived from the original on August 1, 2016. Retrieved August 1, 2016.
^ Doyle 2015, pp. 181, 187.
^ Doyle 2015, p. 182.
^ Donovan 2001, pp. 172–184.
^ Donovan 2001, p. 189.
^ Doyle 2015, pp. 193.
^ "Record of John F. Kennedy's Naval Service". Naval History & Heritage Command. June 18, 2002. Archived from the original on May 27, 2012. Retrieved June 8, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "JFK: A Timeline of His Life 1917–1963". St. Petersburg Times. Archived from the original on August 1, 2016. Retrieved August 1, 2016.
^ O'Brien 2005, pp. 179, 180.
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d4be561bdf3b6722b1c09639ad8d321c | ^ "Peoria Open Space Master Plan: Chapter 4 – Historic and Cultural Resources" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on February 1, 2014. Retrieved January 22, 2014.
^ "Joseph Kennedy Jr". A+E Networks Corp. Archived from the original on August 1, 2016. Retrieved August 1, 2016.
^ Dallek 2003, p. 98.
^ "John F. Kennedy Received "Non-Combat" Recognition for Wartime Action". Defense Media Network, Faircount Media Group. Archived from the original on August 1, 2016. Retrieved August 1, 2016.
^ "Lt. John F. Kennedy's WWII Medals: Navy Marine Corps Medal and Purple Heart". John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. Archived from the original on August 1, 2016. Retrieved August 1, 2016.
^ "Citation for the Navy Marine Corps Medal". John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. Retrieved August 3, 2016.
^ O'Brien 2005, p. 180.
^ Dallek 2003, p. 104.
^ Dallek 2003, p. 118.
^ Sorensen, Ted (1965). Kennedy. Harper & Row. pp. 21. ISBN 978-1-56852-035-3.
^ "The New Generation Offers a Leader". March 21, 2016.
^ Massachusetts Secretary of Commonwealth: Election Statistics 1946.
^ "JFK | American Experience | PBS". PBS.
^ Jump up to: a b "JFK in Congress". National Archives. March 24, 2017.
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a3a63735f58881ed43f79408885ff894 | ^ Brinkley 2012, pp. 24–26.
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f61782ee900b7a236ac2e4ce6118d9f6 | ^ Jump up to: a b ""JFK's Early Campaign"1957 | The Pop History Dig". pophistorydig.com.
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d2da8bc60f2520a9eff0429eafe82004 | ^ O'Brien 2005, pp. 274–79, 394–99.
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"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy",
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ec18194d65dda77267071f17d96a9475 | ^ Reeves 1993, p. 15.
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70e7cdb6c5bd049a97c84be12980f2fd | Retrieved February 22, 2012.
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| text | {
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22edf0365d300b559318e1f9b708f799 | ^ Jean Edward Smith, "Bay of Pigs: The Unanswered Questions", The Nation, April 13, 1964.
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"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy",
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a12f915626be67d73db3e180f809d884 | Public Papers of the Presidents – John F. Kennedy (1962), p. 223.
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| text | {
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2d2f378a6669f2708b33d86c444bfe01 | ^ Jump up to: a b President John Fitzgerald Kennedy, President John F. Kennedy: "After Two Years: A Conversation with the President" on YouTube, Interview with the President / December 16, 1962, minutes 54:50–55:18.
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4624b7a1642981e8e7aa510c7eacc018 | ^ Reeves 1993, p. 651.
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"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy",
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d015951370b41211a009a4977b55098a | Archived from the original on August 3, 2016. Retrieved February 19, 2012.
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"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy",
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cc283a9c3439fee2d052963ca114e478 | Balancing Act: US Foreign Policy and the Arab-Israeli Conflict. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing. p. 55. ISBN 978-0-7546-3591-8.
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bde40e5979d1b20f9b6e576423884959 | ^ Gibson 2015, pp. 37, 40–42.
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8c08ac894f87559633170ffacbc1eb7b | ^ Jump up to: a b Jaikumar, Arjun (July 10, 2011). "On taxes, let's be Kennedy Democrats. Or Eisenhower Republicans. Or Nixon Republicans". Daily Kos. Retrieved February 23, 2012.
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9be47212f19995d17287426ca40bd352 | ^ Jump up to: a b O'Brien 2005, p. 645.
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21759becbbe0bd1dc06953106b7a0dfd | ^ Brauer 2002, p. 487. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBrauer_2002 (help)
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^ Reeves 1993, p. 515.
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28ab9e06397cffecdc5b2a60d404d1a0 | ^ Reeves 1993, pp. 521–523.
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"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy",
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fd19bcba48d6fae7805dd3bfef1e6371 | Retrieved September 20, 2007.
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1401573d9bbae711e412b35e0f98bb4b | OCLC 31825096. Retrieved August 1, 2013. Key Apollo Source Documents.
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^ Dallek 2003, p. 652–653.
^ Wikisource: John F. Kennedy's Address Before the 18th General Assembly of the United Nations
^ Dallek 2003, p. 654.
^ Russ. "26, 2009#P12844 Life in Legacy". Lifeinlegacy.com. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy",
"_split_id": 138
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
b03286eb2adc252b830835d3bdd11893 | Archived from the original on May 12, 2011. Retrieved March 28, 2010.
^ "Doctors attending to Kennedy reported". November 1963. Retrieved May 15, 2018.
^ "November 22, 1963: Death of the President | JFK Library". www.jfklibrary.org. Retrieved July 25, 2021.
^ Lee Oswald claiming innocence (film), Youtube.com
^ Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 20, p. 366, Kantor Exhibit No. 3—Handwritten notes made by Seth Kantor concerning events surrounding the assassination
^ Brauer 2002, p. 497. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBrauer_2002 (help)
^ Gus Russo and Stephen Molton "Did Castro OK the Kennedy Assassination?," American Heritage, Winter 2009.
^ Blanton, Dana (June 18, 2004). "Poll: Most Believe 'Cover-Up' of JFK Assassination Facts". Fox News. Archived from the original on April 16, 2010. Retrieved September 25, 2012.
^ "Majority in U.S. Still Believe JFK Killed in a Conspiracy: Mafia, federal government top list of potential conspirators". Gallup, Inc. November 15, 2013. Archived from the original on August 1, 2016.
^ "Report of the Select Committee on Assassinations of the U.S. House of Representatives". U.S. House of Representatives. Retrieved November 11, 2013.
^ Council, National Research (1982). Report of the Committee on Ballistic Acoustics. doi:10.17226/10264. ISBN 978-0-309-25372-7.
| text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy",
"_split_id": 139
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
242d5ce3d6a99f70fbed55b62e4b5892 | ^ "PDF Justice Department of JFK-King Reinvestigation" (PDF). The Harold Weisberg Archive. p. 5. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 9, 2021. Retrieved January 17, 2022.
^ Associated Press 1963, pp. 36–37, 56–57, 68 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFAssociated_Press1963 (help)
^ The New York Times 2003, pp. 197–201
^ Jump up to: a b White 1965, p. 16
^ NBC News 1966, pp. 106–107, 110, 114–115, 119–123, 133–134
^ Jump up to: a b White 1965, p. 17
^ Associated Press 1963, p. 93 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFAssociated_Press1963 (help)
^ NBC News 1966, p. 126
^ White 1965, p. 18
^ Jump up to: a b Reeves 1993, p. 29.
^ The Gallup Poll 1999. Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources Inc. 1999. pp. 248–249.
^ "Greatest of the Century". Gallup/CNN/USA Today Poll. December 20–21, 1999. Retrieved January 5, 2007.
^ Raymond, Emilie (2006). From my cold, dead hands: Charlton Heston and American politics. University Press of Kentucky. p. 246. ISBN 978-0-8131-2408-7.
^ "Books for Lawyers". American Bar Association Journal: 556. 1975.
^ Cover story, Time magazine, January 20, 1961
^ Specious allegations in 1997 by UK journalist Terry O'Hanlon Golden, Andrew (July 27, 1997). "JFK The Bigamist. ... . | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy",
"_split_id": 140
} | [
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] | null | null |
4be6e74de80280bdff4e0941473c14fc | The Truth At Last; Kennedy was already married when he got wed to Jackie. ... ". Sunday Mirror. Retrieved October 31, 2010. and by author Seymour Hersh Reingold, Joyce (March 26, 2008). "JFK 'Secret Marriage' A Story With Legs". Palm Beach Daily News. Archived from the original on May 10, 2011. Retrieved October 31, 2010. that Kennedy had married previously have been soundly disproven. Reeves states that Ben Bradlee, then at Newsweek, inspected FBI files on it, and confirmed the falsehood. Reeves 1993, p. 348; for further refutation, see O'Brien 2005, p. 706.
^ "Kennedy Plane Found to Be Fully Functional". The Washington Post. July 31, 1999. Retrieved January 2, 2010.
^ Rouse, Robert (March 15, 2006). "Happy Anniversary to the first scheduled presidential press conference—93 years young!". American Chronicle. Archived from the original on September 13, 2008.
^ "RTDNA's Kennedy connections". Radio Television Digital News Association, November 26, 2013. Retrieved May 27, 2014.
^ The Personal Papers of Theodore H. White (1915–1986): Series 11. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy",
"_split_id": 141
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
df9d0ba7b6e83bd81de12b608b46a10c | Camelot Documents, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum quotation:The 1963 LIFE article represented the first use of the term "Camelot" in print and is attributed with having played a major role in establishing and fixing this image of the Kennedy Administration and period in the popular mind.
^ An Epilogue, in LIFE, Dec 6, 1963, pp.158–9
^ Dallek 2003, p. 32.
^ "JFK (Part 1)". American Experience. Season 25. Episode 7. November 11, 2013. PBS. WGBH. Retrieved September 24, 2019.
^ Mandel, Lee R. (2009). "Endocrine and Autoimmune Aspects of the Health History of John F. Kennedy". Annals of Internal Medicine. 151 (5): 350–354. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-151-5-200909010-00011. PMID 19721023.
^ Kempe 2011, p. 213.
^ New York Sun September 20, 2005: "Dr. Feelgood" Retrieved July 11, 2011
^ Reeves 1993, pp. 42, 158–159.
^ Reeves 1993, p. 244.
^ Online NewsHour with Senior Correspondent Ray Suarez and physician Jeffrey Kelman, "Pres. Kennedy's Health Secrets", The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer transcript, November 18, 2002
^ Ghaemi M.D., M.P.H., Nassir (September 14, 2011). "What Jackie Kennedy Didn't Say—and Didn't Know". Psychology Today. Retrieved August 22, 2016.
^ "Operation Aphrodite ‹ HistoricWings.com :: A Magazine for Aviators, Pilots and Adventurers". historicwings.com.
| text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy",
"_split_id": 142
} | [
"content"
] | null | null |
782fb65b64fe114b6dbba7db4edfefc9 | ^ "The Children of Jacqueline Kennedy". www.firstladies.org. Retrieved April 16, 2016.
^ Dallek 2003, pp. 83–85.
^ Osborne 2006, p. 195.
^ Kole, William J. (May 5, 2021). "JFK love letters to Swedish mistress to be sold at auction". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved May 8, 2021.
^ Reeves 1993, pp. 315–316.
^ Reeves 1993, p. 289.
^ Dallek 2003, p. 475.
^ Dallek 2003, p. 58.
^ Garrow, David J. (May 28, 2003). "Substance Over Sex In Kennedy Biography". The New York Times. Retrieved January 20, 2013.
^ Dallek 2003, pp. 475, 476.
^ Leaming 2006, pp. 379–380.
^ Dallek 2003, p. 581.
^ Dallek 2003, p. 376.
^ Booknotes interview with historian Michael Beschloss on The Crisis Years: Kennedy and Khrushchev (C-SPAN: June 21, 1991)
^ Taylor Branch, "Kennedys and Hoover: How Their Battles Affected King" Los Angeles Times (December 18, 1988)
^ Larry Sabato, "John F. Kennedy's Final Days Reveal A Man Who Craved Excitement" Forbes (October 16, 2013)
^ Barnes 2007, p. 116.
^ Reeves 1993, p. 291.
^ Dallek 2003, p. 478.
^ Pitts, David (2007). John F. Kennedy and Lem Billings: The Untold Story of an Extraordinary Friendship. p. xi.
| text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy",
"_split_id": 143
} | [
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79396890069b9e2bcf115266c3640345 | ^ "JFK's personal connection to Army's Green Berets". CBS Interactive Inc. Retrieved August 3, 2016.
^ "Presidents Who Served in the U.S. Navy". Frequently Asked Questions. Naval History & Heritage Command. January 11, 2007. Archived from the original on May 5, 2011. Retrieved May 12, 2011.
^ "Navy SEALs Were Launched in the JFK 'Man on the Moon' Speech". 11 Facts About Navy SEALs. Retrieved May 12, 2011.[dead link]
^ Salinger, Pierre (1997). John F. Kennedy: Commander in Chief: A Profile in Leadership. New York: Penguin Studio. p. 97. ISBN 978-0-670-86310-5. Retrieved February 22, 2012.
^ Dallek 2003, pp. 594–606, 644.
^ Dallek 2003, p. 708.
^ "50 years after win, Kennedy's legacy endures". USA Today. September 26, 2010. Retrieved April 4, 2013.
^ Walton & Smith 2000, p. 205.
^ Page, Susan (October 4, 2011). "50 years after win, Kennedy's legacy endures". USA Today. Retrieved December 25, 2011.
^ Douthat, Ross (November 26, 2011). "The Enduring Cult of Kennedy". New York Times. Retrieved December 3, 2011.
^ "Total Scores/Overall Rankings | C-SPAN Survey on Presidents 2021 | C-SPAN.org". www.c-span.org.
^ Rogan, Aaron (March 15, 2018). "JFK video: hear Kennedy's 'lost' Dallas speech in his own voice". The Times. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy",
"_split_id": 144
} | [
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75801374f1004a127975ec857b636b55 | Retrieved May 10, 2018.
^ Kennedy, John F. (November 22, 1963). "Remarks Prepared for Delivery at the Trade Mart in Dallas, TX, November 22, 1963 [Undelivered]". John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. Retrieved May 10, 2018.
^ "Recipients". The Laetare Medal. University of Notre Dame. Retrieved July 31, 2020.
^ Wetterau, Bruce (1996). The Presidential Medal of Freedom : winners and their achievements. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Inc. p. 58. ISBN 1-56802-128-3. Retrieved September 9, 2019.
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McNamara, Robert S. (2000). Argument Without End: In Search of Answers to the Vietnam Tragedy. New York: PublicAffairs. ISBN 978-1-891620-87-4.
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O'Brien, Michael (2005). John F. Kennedy: A Biography. New York: Thomas Dunne. ISBN 978-0-312-28129-8.
Osborne, Robert (2006). Leading Ladies: The 50 Most Unforgettable Actresses of the Studio Era. San Francisco: Chronicle Books. ISBN 978-0-8118-5248-7.
Reeves, Richard (1993). President Kennedy: Profile of Power. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-671-64879-4.
Salt, Jeremey (2008). The Unmaking of the Middle East: A History of Western Disorder in Arab lands. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-25551-7.
Schlesinger, Arthur M. Jr. (2002) [1965]. A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-618-21927-8.
Sorensen, Theodore (1966) [1965]. Kennedy (paperback). New York: Bantam. OCLC 2746832.
Tucker, Spencer (2011) [1998]. The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-85109-960-3.
Walton, Hanes Jr.; Smith, Robert C. (2000). American Politics and the African American Quest for Universal Freedom. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy",
"_split_id": 148
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471ff50a4cc276db62dc611819b036f4 | New York: Addison, Wesley, Longman. ISBN 978-0-321-07038-8.
The Torch is Passed. New York: Associated Press. Associated Press. 1963.
NBC News (1966). There Was a President. New York: Random House.
White, Theodore Harold (1965). The Making of the President, 1964. New York: Atheneum.
The New York Times (2003). Semple, Robert B. Jr. (ed.). Four days in November. New York: St. Martin's Press.
Further reading
Main article: Bibliography of John F. Kennedy
Brauer, Carl. J (1977). John F. Kennedy and the Second Reconstruction. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-08367-6.
Burner, David (1988). John F. Kennedy and a New Generation. Pearson Longman. ISBN 978-0-205-60345-9.
Casey, Shaun. The Making of a Catholic President: Kennedy vs. Nixon 1960 (2009, ISBN 978-0-19-537448-3)
Collier, Peter & Horowitz, David. The Kennedys (1984, ISBN 978-0-671-44793-9)
Cottrell, John. Assassination! The World Stood Still (1964, OCLC 605055832)
Douglass, James W. (2008). JFK and the Unspeakable: Why He Died and Why It Matters. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books. ISBN 978-1-57075-755-6.
Fay, Paul B., Jr. The Pleasure of His Company (1966, OCLC 60678238)
Freedman, Lawrence. Kennedy's Wars: Berlin, Cuba, Laos and Vietnam (2000, ISBN 978-0-19-513453-7)
Fursenko, Aleksandr and Timothy Naftali. One Hell of a Gamble: Khrushchev, Castro and Kennedy, 1958–1964 (1997, ISBN 978-0-393-04070-8)
Giglio, James. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy",
"_split_id": 149
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3feb8dbac39a5a6b77c6a5ef490e3106 | The Presidency of John F. Kennedy (1991, ISBN 978-0-7006-1436-3)
Hamilton, Nigel. JFK: Reckless Youth (1992, ISBN 978-0-679-41216-8)
Harper, Paul, and Krieg, Joann P. eds. John F. Kennedy: The Promise Revisited (1988, ISBN 978-0-313-26201-2)
Harris, Seymour E. The Economics of the Political Parties, with Special Attention to Presidents Eisenhower and Kennedy (1962, OCLC 614522002)
Haas, Lawrence J. The Kennedys in the World: How Jack, Bobby, and Ted Remade America's Empire (2021)
Heath, Jim F. Decade of Disillusionment: The Kennedy–Johnson Years (1976, ISBN 978-0-253-31670-7)
Hersh, Seymour. The Dark Side of Camelot (1997, ISBN 978-0-316-35955-9)
Kunz, Diane B. The Diplomacy of the Crucial Decade: American Foreign Relations during the 1960s (1994, ISBN 978-0-231-08176-4)
Logevall, Fredrik. JFK: Coming of Age in the American Century, 1917-1956 (Random House, 2020, ISBN 978-0-8129-9713-2)
Lynch, Grayston L. Decision for Disaster: Betrayal at the Bay of Pigs (2000, ISBN 978-1-57488-148-6)
Manchester, William. Portrait of a President: John F. Kennedy in Profile (1967, ISBN 978-0-316-54494-8) online, popular biography
Manchester, William (1967). The Death of a President: November 20–25, 1963. New York: Harper & Row. LCCN 67010496.
Massa, Mark S. "A Catholic for President: John F. Kennedy and the Secular Theology of the Houston Speech, 1960." | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy",
"_split_id": 150
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3002ebce163550260dc4285a45fb190e | Journal of Church and State 39 (1997): 297–317.
Newman, John M. JFK and Vietnam: Deception, Intrigue, and the Struggle for Power (1992, ISBN 978-1-5304-7793-7)
Parmet, Herbert. Jack: The Struggles of John F. Kennedy (1980, ISBN 978-0-8037-4452-3)
Parmet, Herbert. JFK: The Presidency of John F. Kennedy (1983, ISBN 978-0-385-27419-7)
Parmet, Herbert. "The Kennedy Myth". In Myth America: A Historical Anthology, Volume II. Gerster, Patrick, and Cords, Nicholas. (editors.)(1997, ISBN 978-1-933385-13-6)
Rabe, Stephen G. John F. Kennedy: World Leader (Potomac Books, 2010) 189 pages
Reeves, Thomas. A Question of Character: A Life of John F. Kennedy (1991, ISBN 978-0-02-925965-8); hostile biography
Sabato, Larry J. The Kennedy Half-Century: The Lasting Legacy of John F. Kennedy (2013, ISBN 978-1-62040-280-1)
Schlesinger, Arthur Jr. Robert Kennedy and His Times (2018, ISBN 978-1-328-56756-7) [1978]
Whalen, Thomas J. JFK and His Enemies: A Portrait of Power (2014, ISBN 978-1-4422-1374-6)
Primary sources
Goldzwig, Steven R. and Dionisopoulos, George N., eds. In a Perilous Hour: The Public Address of John F. Kennedy (1995, ISBN 978-0-313-27770-2)
Kennedy, Jacqueline. Jacqueline Kennedy: Historic Conversations on Life with John F. Kennedy (2011, ISBN 1-4013-2425-8). Hyperion Books.
Historiography and memory
Abramson, Jill. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy",
"_split_id": 151
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e4e141350c11c5965f42b890d8a28d55 | "Kennedy, the Elusive President", The New York Times Book Review October 22, 2013, notes that 40,000 books have been published about JFK
Craig, Campbell. "Kennedy's international legacy, fifty years on."International affairs 89.6 (2013): 1367–1378. online
Hellmann, John. The Kennedy Obsession: The American Myth of JFK (1997, ISBN 978-0-231-10798-3)
Kazin, Michael (December 2017). "An Idol and Once a President: John F. Kennedy at 100". Journal of American History. 104 (3): 707–726. doi:10.1093/jahist/jax315. ISSN 0021-8723.
Knott, Stephen F. Coming to Terms with John F. Kennedy (2022) excerpt
Santa Cruz, Paul H. Making JFK Matter: Popular Memory and the 35th President (Denton: University of North Texas Press, 2015) xxiv, 363 pp.
Selverstone, Marc J., ed. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy",
"_split_id": 152
} | [
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2a9d7e48c780e9a7327fbc27381c7332 | A Companion to John F. Kennedy (Wiley-Blackwell, 2014, ISBN 978-1-4443-5036-4), Topical essays by scholars focusing on the historiography
External links
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John F. Kennedy at Wikipedia's sister projects
Definitions from WiktionaryMedia from CommonsQuotations from WikiquoteTexts from Wikisource
Official
John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum
John Fitzgerald Kennedy National Historic Site
White House biography
Media coverage
John F. Kennedy collected news and commentary at The New York Times
Appearances on C-SPAN
"Life Portrait of John F. Kennedy", from C-SPAN's American Presidents: Life Portraits, November 5, 1999
Radio coverage of the assassination of President Kennedy as broadcast on WCCO-AM Radio (Minneapolis) and CBS Radio
Other
United States Congress. "John F. Kennedy (id: K000107)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
| text | {
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8ce7aa10c4331f811995e6c504b2eb2 | John F. Kennedy: A Resource Guide – the Library of Congress
Extensive Essays on JFK with shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady – Miller Center of Public Affairs
Kennedy Administration from Office of the Historian, United States Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
Works by or about John F. Kennedy at Internet Archive
Works by John F. Kennedy at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
John F. Kennedy at Curlie
John F. Kennedy at IMDb
Works by John F. Kennedy at Project Gutenberg
Kennedy Convocation Collection at the Amherst College Archives & Special Collections, documenting one of his last visits before his assassination
.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}show.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}vteJohn F. Kennedy
35th President of the United States (1961–1963)
U.S. | text | {
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19a5a46d7a4290ed7afc26b089ba6790 | Senator from Massachusetts (1953–1960)
U.S. Representative for MA–11 (1947–1953)
Presidency(timeline)
Presidential office: Transition
Inauguration
Cabinet
Judicial appointments
Supreme Court
Executive Orders
Presidential Proclamations
Presidential pardons
Domestic policy: Clean Air Act
Communications Satellite Act
Community Mental Health Act
Equal Pay Act
Federal affirmative action
Federal housing segregation ban
Fifty-mile hikes
Food for Peace
New Frontier
Pilot Food Stamp Program
Presidential Medal of Freedom
Space policy
Status of Women (Presidential Commission)
University of Alabama integration
Voter Education Project
All-Channel Receiver Act
Foreign policy: Alliance for Progress
Arms Control and Disarmament Agency
Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
Flexible response
Kennedy Doctrine
Peace Corps
Trade Expansion Act
USAID
Vietnam War
Cuba: Bay of Pigs Invasion
Cuban Project
Cuban Missile Crisis
ExComm
Soviet Union: Berlin Crisis
Moscow–Washington hotline
Vienna summit
White House: Presidential limousine
Presidential yacht
Resolute desk
Situation Room
Presidentialspeeches
Inaugural address
American University speech
"We choose to go to the Moon"
Report to the American People on Civil Rights
"Ich bin ein Berliner"
"A rising tide lifts all boats"
Remarks at Amherst College on the Arts
Elections
U.S. States House of Representatives elections: 1946
1948
1950
U.S. Senate elections in Massachusetts: 1952
1958
1960 presidential primaries
1960 presidential campaign
Democratic National Conventions: 1956
1960
U.S. presidential election 1960
debates
Personal life
Birthplace and childhood home
Kennedy Compound
Hickory Hill
Wexford
Navy service: PT-109
Biuku Gasa and Eroni Kumana
Arthur Evans
PT-59
Castle Hot Springs
Hammersmith Farm
Coretta Scott King phone call
Rocking chair
"Happy Birthday, Mr. President"
Books
Why England Slept (1940)
Profiles in Courage (1956)
A Nation of Immigrants (1958)
Death
Assassination
timeline
reactions
in popular culture
State funeral
Riderless horse
attending dignitaries
Gravesite and Eternal Flame
Legacy
Bibliography
John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum
Profile in Courage Award
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U.S. five cent stamp
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London memorial
Portland memorial
Runnymede memorial
John F. Kennedy Memorial Bridge
John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School
John F. Kennedy University
John F. Kennedy Stadium
Kennedy Expressway
Mount Kennedy
MV John F. Kennedy
USS John F. Kennedy (CV-67)
USS John F. Kennedy (CVN-79)
Yad Kennedy
Family
Jacqueline Bouvier (wife)
Caroline Kennedy (daughter)
John F. Kennedy Jr. (son)
Patrick Bouvier Kennedy (son)
Rose Schlossberg (granddaughter)
Tatiana Schlossberg (granddaughter)
Jack Schlossberg (grandson)
Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. (father)
Rose Fitzgerald (mother)
Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. (brother)
Rosemary Kennedy (sister)
Kathleen Cavendish, Marchioness of Hartington (sister)
Eunice Kennedy Shriver (sister)
Patricia Kennedy Lawford (sister)
Robert F. Kennedy (brother)
Jean Kennedy Smith (sister)
Ted Kennedy (brother)
P. J. Kennedy (grandfather)
John F. Fitzgerald (grandfather)
Pushinka (dog)
← Dwight D. Eisenhower
Lyndon B. Johnson →
Category
showvteJacqueline Kennedy OnassisLife events
Hammersmith Farm
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Tatiana Schlossberg (granddaughter)
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Janet Lee Bouvier (mother)
Lee Radziwill (sister)
Hugh D. Auchincloss (stepfather)
Janet Auchincloss Rutherfurd (half-sister)
Edith Ewing Bouvier (aunt)
Edith Bouvier Beale (cousin)
James T. Lee (grandfather)
John Vernou Bouvier Jr. (grandfather)
Pushinka (dog)
showOffices and distinctions
U.S. House of Representatives
Preceded byJames Michael Curley
Member of the U.S. House of Representativesfrom Massachusetts's 11th congressional district 1947–1953
Succeeded byTip O'Neill
Party political offices
Preceded byDavid I. Walsh
Democratic nominee for U.S. | text | {
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201faf76b38d123337eb5903a0eb7628 | Senator from Massachusetts(Class 1) 1952, 1958
Succeeded byTed Kennedy
Preceded byAdlai Stevenson II
Democratic nominee for President of the United States 1960
Succeeded byLyndon B. Johnson
U.S. Senate
Preceded byHenry Cabot Lodge Jr.
United States Senator (Class 1) from Massachusetts 1953–1960 Served alongside: Leverett Saltonstall
Succeeded byBenjamin A. Smith II
Political offices
Preceded byDwight D. Eisenhower
President of the United States 1961–1963
Succeeded byLyndon B. Johnson
Honorary titles
Preceded byUnknown Soldiers of World War II and the Korean War
Persons who have lain in state or honor in the United States Capitol rotunda 1963
Succeeded byDouglas MacArthur
showArticles related to John F. Kennedy
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1828 (None): Jackson/Calhoun
1832 (Baltimore): Jackson/Van Buren
1835 (Baltimore): Van Buren/R. | text | {
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ab77ad311d483b1a8a0c8164558a772a | Johnson
1840 (Baltimore): Van Buren/None
1844 (Baltimore): Polk/Dallas
1848 (Baltimore): Cass/Butler
1852 (Baltimore): Pierce/King
1856 (Cincinnati): Buchanan/Breckinridge
1860 (Charleston/Baltimore): Douglas/H. Johnson (Breckinridge/Lane, SD)
1864 (Chicago): McClellan/Pendleton
1868 (New York): Seymour/Blair
1872 (Baltimore): Greeley/Brown
1876 (Saint Louis): Tilden/Hendricks
1880 (Cincinnati): Hancock/English
1884 (Chicago): Cleveland/Hendricks
1888 (Saint Louis): Cleveland/Thurman
1892 (Chicago): Cleveland/Stevenson I
1896 (Chicago): W. Bryan/Sewall
1900 (Kansas City): W. Bryan/Stevenson I
1904 (Saint Louis): Parker/H. Davis
1908 (Denver): W. Bryan/Kern
1912 (Baltimore): Wilson/Marshall
1916 (Saint Louis): Wilson/Marshall
1920 (San Francisco): Cox/Roosevelt
1924 (New York): J. Davis/C. Bryan
1928 (Houston): Smith/Robinson
1932 (Chicago): Roosevelt/Garner
1936 (Philadelphia): Roosevelt/Garner
1940 (Chicago): Roosevelt/Wallace
1944 (Chicago): Roosevelt/Truman
1948 (Philadelphia): Truman/Barkley
1952 (Chicago): Stevenson II/Sparkman
1956 (Chicago): Stevenson II/Kefauver
1960 (Los Angeles): Kennedy/L. | text | {
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40281fb61c4889d6c83f7204c6b185a6 | Johnson
1964 (Atlantic City): L. Johnson/Humphrey
1968 (Chicago): Humphrey/Muskie
1972 (Miami Beach): McGovern/(Eagleton, Shriver)
1976 (New York): Carter/Mondale
1980 (New York): Carter/Mondale
1984 (San Francisco): Mondale/Ferraro
1988 (Atlanta): Dukakis/Bentsen
1992 (New York): B. Clinton/Gore
1996 (Chicago): B. Clinton/Gore
2000 (Los Angeles): Gore/Lieberman
2004 (Boston): Kerry/Edwards
2008 (Denver): Obama/Biden
2012 (Charlotte): Obama/Biden
2016 (Philadelphia): H. Clinton/Kaine
2020 (Milwaukee/other locations): Biden/Harris
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showvteUnited States senators from MassachusettsClass 1
Dalton
Cabot
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Mason
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Wilson
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J. | text | {
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} | [
"content"
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7d1bee04e79f66fc37afbb0ccf3fd336 | Weeks
Walsh
Gillett
Coolidge
Lodge Jr.
S. Weeks
Saltonstall
Brooke
Tsongas
Kerry
Cowan
Markey
showvteMembers of the U.S. House of Representatives from Massachusetts1st district
F. Ames
Dexter
Goodhue
Holten
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Buffington
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R. Davis
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Wright
G. Lawrence
Treadway
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Conte
Olver
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Goodhue
Foster
W. Lyman
Sedgwick
Ward Sr.
W. Lyman
Shepard
J. Crowninshield
Story
Pickman
W. Reed
Pickering
Silsbee
Barstow
B. Crowninshield
Choate
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D. King
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O. Ames
Harris
Long
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Gillett
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Bowles
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Gerry
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White
Pickering
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Varnum
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Osgood
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Whiting I
Pierce
Field
B. Dean
Field
Ranney
L. Morse
J. Andrew
Walker
J. R. Thayer
R. Hoar
C. Washburn
J. | text | {
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"_split_id": 159
} | [
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da48f08c10a625ba97a23ad087883419 | A. Thayer
Wilder
Paige
F. Foss
Casey
Philbin
Drinan
Donohue
Early
Blute
McGovern
N. Tsongas
Trahan
4th district
Sedgwick
Dearborn
G. Thatcher
Wadsworth
Foster
L. Lincoln Sr.
Hastings
Varnum
W. Richardson
Dana
Stearns
Fuller
E. Everett
Sa. Hoar
Parmenter
Thompson
Palfrey
Thompson
Sabine
Walley
Comins
A. Rice
Hooper
Frost
J. Abbott
L. Morse
Collins
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Apsley
Weymouth
Tirrell
Mitchell
Wilder
Winslow
Stobbs
P. Holmes
Donohue
Drinan
Frank
Kennedy III
Auchincloss
5th district
Partridge
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Freeman
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T. Dwight
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Lathrop
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J. Davis
L. Lincoln Jr.
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C. Allen
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Butler
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Hayden
Banks
Sh. Hoar
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Knox
B. Ames
J. Rogers
E. Rogers
B. Morse
Cronin
P. Tsongas
Shannon
Atkins
Meehan
N. Tsongas
Markey
Clark
6th district
G. Thatcher
Leonard
J. Reed Sr.
J. Smith
Taggart
S. Allen
Locke
Kendall
Grennell
Alvord
Baker
Ashmun
G. Davis
Upham
T. Davis
Alley
Gooch
Banks
Butler
Thompson
Loring
Stone
Lovering
Lodge
Cogswell
Moody
Gardner
Lufkin
A.P. | text | {
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"_split_id": 160
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35c818a2d010876096858ecce9f10bf7 | Andrew
G. Bates
W. Bates
Harrington
Mavroules
Torkildsen
Tierney
Moulton
7th district
Leonard
Ward Sr.
Leonard
Bullock
Bishop
Mitchell
Barker
Baylies
Turner
Baylies
Hulbert
Shaw
H. Dwight
S. Allen
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Goodrich
Banks
Gooch
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Cogswell
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Barrett
Roberts
Phelan
Maloney
W. Connery
L. Connery
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Macdonald
Markey
Capuano
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Grout
G. Thatcher
F. Ames
Otis
Eustis
L. Williams
Green
Gardner
Green
J. Reed Jr.
Baylies
Sampson
Hobart
Lathrop
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Mann
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Train
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Candler
W Russell
C. H. Allen
Greenhalge
Stevens
McCall
Deitrick
Dallinger
H. Thayer
Dallinger
Healey
Goodwin
Macdonald
O'Neill
Kennedy II
Capuano
Lynch
9th district
Varnum
Bishop
J. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy",
"_split_id": 161
} | [
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89cfaca26b373c4d53f03151cdec2a15 | Dean
Wheaton
J. Reed Jr.
Folger
J. Reed Jr.
H. Dwight
Briggs
Jackson
Hastings
H. Williams
Hale
Fowler
Little
De Witt
E. Thayer
Bailey
A. Walker
W. Washburn
Crocker
G. Hoar
W. Rice
T. Lyman
Ely
Burnett
Candler
G. Williams
O'Neil
Fitzgerald
Conry
Keliher
Murray
Roberts
Fuller
Underhill
Luce
R. Russell
Luce
T. H. Eliot
Gifford
Nicholson
Keith
McCormack
Hicks
Moakley
Lynch
Keating
10th district
Goodhue
Sewall
Read
Hastings
Upham
J. Allen
Brigham
Wheaton
Morton
F Baylies
Bailey
H. A. S. Dearborn
W. Baylies
Borden
H. Williams
Borden
Burnell
Grinnell
Scudder
Dickinson
Chaffee
Delano
Dawes
Crocker
Stevens
Seelye
Norcross
W. Rice
J. E. Russell
J. Walker
McEttrick
Atwood
Barrows
Naphen
McNary
O'Connell
Curley
Murray
Tague
Fitzgerald
Tague
Douglass
Tinkham
Herter
Curtis
Martin
Heckler
Studds
Delahunt
Keating
11th district
Bradbury
Bartlett
Cutler
Stedman
A. Bigelow
Brigham
B. Adams
J. Russell
Hobart
J. Richardson
J. Adams
J. Reed Jr.
Burnell
Goodrich
Trafton
Dawes
Chapin
Robinson
Whiting II
Wallace
Coolidge
Draper
Sprague
Powers
Sullivan
Peters
Tinkham
Douglass
Higgins
Flaherty
Curley
Kennedy
O'Neill
Burke
Donnelly
12th district
H. Dearborn
I. Parker
Lee
S. Thatcher
Skinner
Larned
Bidwell
Bacon
Dewey
Hulbert
Strong
Kendall
L. Bigelow
Baylies
Hodges
J. Adams
Robinson
F. Rockwell
Crosby
E. Morse
Lovering
Powers
Weeks
Curley
Gallivan
McCormack
Keith
Studds
13th district
Wadsworth
Seaver
Ruggles
Dowse
Eustis
J. Reed Jr.
Randall
Simpkins
Greene
Weeks
Mitchell
Carter
Luce
Wigglesworth
Burke
14th district
G. Thatcher
Cutts
C. King
J. Holmes
Lovering
E. Foss
Harris
Gilmore
Olney
Frothingham
Wigglesworth
Martin
15th district
Wadsworth
Ilsley
Whitman
Widgery
Bradbury
Whitman
Greene
Leach
Martin
Gifford
16th district
S. Thatcher
Cook
Tallman
S. Davis
Brown
Orr
Hill
Thacher
Walsh
Gifford
17th district
Bruce
Chandler
Gannett
F. Carr
Wood
J. Carr
Wilson
Kinsley
18th district
Wilson
T. Rice
J. Parker
19th district
J. Parker
Conner
Gage
Cushman
20th district
Hubbard
Parris
E. Lincoln
At-large
Cobb
showvteMassachusetts's delegation(s) to the 80th–86th United States Congress (ordered by seniority)
80th
Senate:
▌L. | text | {
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"_split_id": 162
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137350262c4edd604ec7ac46f486cd53 | Saltonstall (R)
▌H. C. Lodge Jr. (R)
House:
▌C. Gifford (R)
▌J. Martin (R)
▌E. N. Rogers (R)
▌J. McCormack (D)
▌R. Wigglesworth (R)
▌C. Clason (R)
▌T. Lane (D)
▌G. Bates (R)
▌A. Goodwin (R)
▌C. Herter (R)
▌P. Philbin (D)
▌J. Heselton (R)
▌H. Donohue (D)
▌J. F. Kennedy (D)
▌D. Nicholson (R)
81st
Senate:
▌L. Saltonstall (R)
▌H. C. Lodge Jr. (R)
House:
▌J. Martin (R)
▌E. N. Rogers (R)
▌J. McCormack (D)
▌R. Wigglesworth (R)
▌T. Lane (D)
▌G. Bates (R)
▌A. Goodwin (R)
▌C. Herter (R)
▌P. Philbin (D)
▌J. Heselton (R)
▌H. Donohue (D)
▌J. F. Kennedy (D)
▌D. Nicholson (R)
▌F. Furcolo (D)
▌W. Bates (R)
82nd
Senate:
▌L. Saltonstall (R)
▌H. C. Lodge Jr. (R)
House:
▌J. Martin (R)
▌E. N. Rogers (R)
▌J. McCormack (D)
▌R. Wigglesworth (R)
▌T. Lane (D)
▌A. Goodwin (R)
▌C. Herter (R)
▌P. Philbin (D)
▌J. Heselton (R)
▌H. Donohue (D)
▌J. F. Kennedy (D)
▌D. Nicholson (R)
▌F. Furcolo (D)
▌W. Bates (R)
83rd
Senate:
▌L. Saltonstall (R)
▌J. F. Kennedy (D)
House:
▌J. Martin (R)
▌E. N. Rogers (R)
▌J. McCormack (D)
▌R. Wigglesworth (R)
▌T. Lane (D)
▌A. Goodwin (R)
▌P. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy",
"_split_id": 163
} | [
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] | null | null |
ffe0c6018f024ee58d120283ee808a38 | Philbin (D)
▌J. Heselton (R)
▌H. Donohue (D)
▌D. Nicholson (R)
▌W. Bates (R)
▌E. Boland (D)
▌L. Curtis (R)
▌T. O'Neill (D)
84th
Senate:
▌L. Saltonstall (R)
▌J. F. Kennedy (D)
House:
▌J. Martin (R)
▌E. N. Rogers (R)
▌J. McCormack (D)
▌R. Wigglesworth (R)
▌T. Lane (D)
▌P. Philbin (D)
▌J. Heselton (R)
▌H. Donohue (D)
▌D. Nicholson (R)
▌W. Bates (R)
▌E. Boland (D)
▌L. Curtis (R)
▌T. O'Neill (D)
▌T. Macdonald (D)
85th
Senate:
▌L. Saltonstall (R)
▌J. F. Kennedy (D)
House:
▌J. Martin (R)
▌E. N. Rogers (R)
▌J. McCormack (D)
▌R. Wigglesworth (R)
▌T. Lane (D)
▌P. Philbin (D)
▌J. Heselton (R)
▌H. Donohue (D)
▌D. Nicholson (R)
▌W. Bates (R)
▌E. Boland (D)
▌L. Curtis (R)
▌T. O'Neill (D)
▌T. Macdonald (D)
86th
Senate:
▌L. Saltonstall (R)
▌J. F. Kennedy (D)
▌B. Smith II (D)
House:
▌J. Martin (R)
▌E. N. Rogers (R)
▌J. McCormack (D)
▌T. Lane (D)
▌P. Philbin (D)
▌H. Donohue (D)
▌W. Bates (R)
▌E. Boland (D)
▌L. Curtis (R)
▌T. O'Neill (D)
▌T. Macdonald (D)
▌S. Conte (R)
▌J. Burke (D)
▌H. | text | {
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy",
"_split_id": 164
} | [
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] | null | null |
d78846ee0d2baaa762d3522a295482cc | Keith (R)
showvteCold War
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1980s
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1990s
Mongolian Revolution of 1990
Min Ping Yu No. | text | {
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4eb07d12d747dd94239e1a6d53dcd5 | 5540 incident
Gulf War
Min Ping Yu No. | text | {
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a960643ed214ba54542ec186a51f8c64 | 5202
German reunification
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See also
Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War
Soviet Union–United States relations
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List of conflicts
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showvteBuddhist crisisEvents
Huế Phật Đản (Vesak) shootings
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Related
Persecution of Buddhists
showvtePT-109Craft
PT boat
PT-109
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People
John F. Kennedy
Biuku Gasa and Eroni Kumana
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The Search for Kennedy's PT 109 (2002 film)
PT 109: An American Epic of War, Survival, and the Destiny of John F. Kennedy (2015 book)
Related
Kasolo Island (Kennedy Island)
showvteRobert F. KennedyNovember 20, 1925 – June 6, 1968
64th United States Attorney General, 1961–1964
United States senator from New York, 1965–1968
Life
1948 Palestine visit
Senate Committee investigation of Labor and Management
Cuban Missile Crisis
ExComm
Civil rights
Freedom Riders
Voter Education Project
Baldwin–Kennedy meeting
1964 Democratic National Convention
Bedford Stuyvesant Restoration Corporation
Mississippi Delta tour
Kennedy Compound
Hickory Hill home
Electoral
1964 U.S. Senate election
1968 presidential campaign
primaries
Boiler Room Girls
Speeches
Law Day Address (1961)
Day of Affirmation Address (1966)
Conflict in Vietnam and at Home (1968)
University of Kansas (1968)
Ball State (1968)
On the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. (1968)
"On the Mindless Menace of Violence" (1968)
Books
The Enemy Within (1960)
The Pursuit of Justice (1964)
To Seek a Newer World (1967)
Thirteen Days: A Memoir of the Cuban Missile Crisis (1969)
Assassination
Sirhan Sirhan
Ambassador Hotel
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Legacy andmemorials
Robert F. Kennedy Department of Justice Building
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Human Rights Award
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Brooklyn Memorial
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Kennedy–King College
Robert F. Kennedy Community Schools
Robert F. Kennedy Bridge
Popularculture
Crisis: Behind a Presidential Commitment (1963 documentary)
Robert Kennedy Remembered (1968 documentary)
"Abraham, Martin and John" (1968 song)
The Missiles of October (1974 docudrama)
Kennedy (1983 miniseries)
Blood Feud (1983 film)
Prince Jack (1985 film)
Robert Kennedy and His Times (1985 miniseries)
Hoover vs. | text | {
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5258376cc58d6a0f782a1a2e4e231118 | The Kennedys (1987 miniseries)
Thirteen Days (2000 film)
RFK (2002 film)
Bobby (2006 film)
RFK Must Die (2007 documentary)
The Kennedys (2011 miniseries)
Ethel (2012 documentary)
Jackie (2016 film)
Bobby Kennedy for President (2018 miniseries)
Family,family tree
Ethel Skakel (wife)
Kathleen Kennedy (daughter)
Joseph P. Kennedy (son)
Robert F. Kennedy Jr. (son)
David Kennedy (son)
Michael Kennedy (son)
Kerry Kennedy (daughter)
Chris Kennedy (son)
Max Kennedy (son)
Doug Kennedy (son)
Rory Kennedy (daughter)
Maeve Kennedy McKean (granddaughter)
Joseph P. Kennedy III (grandson)
Max Kennedy Jr. (grandson)
Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. (father)
Rose Kennedy (mother)
Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. (brother)
John F. Kennedy (brother
presidency)
Rosemary Kennedy (sister)
Kathleen Kennedy Cavendish (sister)
Eunice Kennedy Shriver (sister)
Patricia Kennedy Lawford (sister)
Jean Kennedy Smith (sister)
Ted Kennedy (brother)
Patrick J. Kennedy (grandfather)
Mary Augusta Kennedy (grandmother)
John F. Fitzgerald (grandfather)
Category
showvteTed KennedyFebruary 22, 1932 – August 25, 2009
United States Senator from Massachusetts, 1962–2009Electoralhistory
U.S. Senate elections in Massachusetts: 1962 (special)
1964
1970
1976
1982
1988
1994
2000
2006
1980 United States presidential election (Democratic primaries)
Ted Kennedy 1980 presidential campaign
Books
My Senator and Me: A Dog's-Eye View of Washington, D.C. (2006)
True Compass (2009)
Speeches
The Dream Shall Never Die
Family,family tree
Joan Bennett Kennedy (first wife)
Victoria Reggie Kennedy (second wife, widow)
Kara Kennedy (daughter)
Edward M. Kennedy Jr. (son)
Patrick J. Kennedy II (son)
Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. (father)
Rose Kennedy (mother)
Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. (brother)
John F. Kennedy (brother
presidency)
Rosemary Kennedy (sister)
Kathleen Kennedy (sister)
Eunice Kennedy Shriver (sister)
Patricia Kennedy Lawford (sister)
Robert F. Kennedy (brother)
Jean Kennedy Smith (sister)
Patrick J. Kennedy I (grandfather)
John F. Fitzgerald (grandfather)
Related
Awards and honors
Political positions
Kennedy Compound
Edward M. Kennedy Institute for the United States Senate
Edward M. Kennedy Serve America Act
Chappaquiddick incident
Mary Jo Kopechne
Friends of Ireland
Chappaquiddick (2018 film)
Category
showvteKennedy familyI.P. | text | {
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"_split_id": 168
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bcd2fd40d08139efc95442c4702fa8a | J. Kennedy (1858–1929)
Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. (m.) Rose Fitzgerald
II.Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. (1888–1969)
Joseph P. Kennedy Jr.
John F. Kennedy (m.) Jacqueline Bouvier
Rosemary Kennedy
Kathleen Kennedy (m.) William Cavendish, Marquess of Hartington
Eunice Kennedy (m.) Sargent Shriver
Patricia Kennedy (m./div.)Peter Lawford
Robert F. Kennedy (m.) Ethel Skakel
Jean Kennedy (m.) Stephen Edward Smith
Edward M. "Ted" Kennedy (m./div. 1st) Joan Bennett; (m. 2nd) Victoria Reggie
III.John F. Kennedy (1917–1963)
Caroline Kennedy (m.) Edwin Schlossberg
John F. Kennedy Jr. (m.) Carolyn Bessette
Patrick Bouvier Kennedy
Eunice Kennedy Shriver (1921–2009)
Bobby Shriver
Maria Shriver (m./div.)Arnold Schwarzenegger
Timothy Shriver
Mark Shriver
Anthony Shriver
Patricia Kennedy Lawford (1924–2006)
Christopher Lawford
Robert F. Kennedy (1925–1968)
Kathleen Kennedy Townsend
Joseph P. Kennedy II
Robert F. Kennedy Jr. (m./sep./died) Mary Richardson (m. 3rd) Cheryl Hines
David A. Kennedy
Michael LeMoyne Kennedy
Kerry Kennedy (m./div.) | text | {
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83c71aea6da59640668b9d2f4fb20599 | Andrew Cuomo
Christopher G. Kennedy
Max Kennedy
Douglas Harriman Kennedy
Rory Kennedy (m.) Mark Bailey
Jean Kennedy Smith (1928–2020)
William Kennedy Smith
Ted Kennedy (1932–2009)
Kara Kennedy
Edward M. Kennedy Jr.
Patrick J. Kennedy (m.) Amy Kennedy
V.
Rose Schlossberg
Tatiana Schlossberg (m.) George Moran
Jack Schlossberg
Katherine Schwarzenegger (m.) Chris Pratt
Patrick Schwarzenegger
Joseph P. Kennedy III
Maeve Kennedy McKean
Max Kennedy Jr.
Related
Hickory Hill
Kennedy Compound
Kennedy curse
Merchandise Mart
The Kennedys (museum)
The Kennedys (miniseries)
The Kennedys: After Camelot
CategoryKennedy familym. = married; div. = divorced; sep. = separated.
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321b20ea47fd20906c12d2d3f698fd84 | showvte(← 1952) 1956 United States presidential election (→ 1960)Republican Party
Convention
Primaries
Candidates
Incumbent nominee: Dwight D. Eisenhower
Incumbent VP nominee: Richard Nixon
Democratic Party
Convention
Primaries
Candidates
Nominee: Adlai Stevenson II
VP nominee: Estes Kefauver
Other candidates: John S. Battle
Happy Chandler
James C. Davis
W. Averell Harriman
Lyndon B. Johnson
Frank Lausche
George Bell Timmerman Jr.
showThird party and independent candidatesAmerican Vegetarian Party
Nominee: Herbert M. Shelton
VP nominee: Symon Gould
Prohibition Party
Nominee: Enoch A. Holtwick
VP nominee: Herbert C. Holdridge
Socialist Labor Party
Nominee: Eric Hass
VP nominee: Georgia Cozzini
Socialist Party
Nominee: Darlington Hoopes
VP nominee: Samuel H. Friedman
Socialist Workers Party
Nominee: Farrell Dobbs
VP nominee: Myra Tanner Weiss
Independents and other candidates
T. Coleman Andrews
Gerald L. K. Smith
Other 1956 elections: House
Senate
showvte(← 1956) 1960 United States presidential election (→ 1964)Democratic Party
Convention
Primaries
Candidates
Nominee: John F. Kennedy
campaign
VP nominee: Lyndon B. Johnson
Other candidates
Ross Barnett
Pat Brown
Michael DiSalle
Paul C. Fisher
Hubert Humphrey
Lyndon B. Johnson
George H. McLain
Robert B. Meyner
Wayne Morse
Albert S. Porter
Adlai Stevenson II
George Smathers
Stuart Symington
Republican Party
Convention
Primaries
Candidates
Nominee: Richard Nixon
VP nominee: Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.
Other candidates
Barry Goldwater
Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.
James M. Lloyd
Nelson Rockefeller
showThird party and independent candidatesAmerican Vegetarian Party
Nominee
Symon Gould
National States' Rights Party
Nominee
Orval Faubus
VP nominee
J. | text | {
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445641cdccaaf062cf3792991c186134 | B. Stoner
Prohibition Party
Nominee
Rutherford Decker
VP nominee
E. Harold Munn
Socialist Labor Party
Nominee
Eric Hass
VP nominee
Georgia Cozzini
Socialist Workers Party
Nominee
Farrell Dobbs
VP nominee
Myra Tanner Weiss
Independents and other candidates
Harry F. Byrd
Merritt B. Curtis
Lar Daly
George Lincoln Rockwell
Charles L. Sullivan
Other 1960 elections: House
Senate
showvteCabinet of President John F. Kennedy (1961–1963)hideCabinetVice President
Lyndon B. Johnson (1961–1963)
Secretary of State
Dean Rusk (1961–1963)
Secretary of the Treasury
C. Douglas Dillon (1961–1963)
Secretary of Defense
Robert McNamara (1961–1963)
Attorney General
Robert F. Kennedy (1961–1963)
Postmaster General
J. Edward Day (1961–1963)
John A. Gronouski (1963)
Secretary of the Interior
Stewart Udall (1961–1963)
Secretary of Agriculture
Orville Freeman (1961–1963)
Secretary of Commerce
Luther H. Hodges (1961–1963)
Secretary of Labor
Arthur Goldberg (1961–1962)
W. Willard Wirtz (1962–1963)
Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare
Abraham Ribicoff (1961–1962)
Anthony J. Celebrezze (1962–1963)
hideCabinet-levelAmbassador to the United Nations
Adlai Stevenson II (1961–1963)
showvteTime Persons of the Year1927–1950
Charles Lindbergh (1927)
Walter Chrysler (1928)
Owen D. Young (1929)
Mohandas Gandhi (1930)
Pierre Laval (1931)
Franklin D. Roosevelt (1932)
Hugh S. Johnson (1933)
Franklin D. Roosevelt (1934)
Haile Selassie (1935)
Wallis Simpson (1936)
Chiang Kai-shek / Soong Mei-ling (1937)
Adolf Hitler (1938)
Joseph Stalin (1939)
Winston Churchill (1940)
Franklin D. Roosevelt (1941)
Joseph Stalin (1942)
George Marshall (1943)
Dwight D. Eisenhower (1944)
Harry S. Truman (1945)
James F. Byrnes (1946)
George Marshall (1947)
Harry S. Truman (1948)
Winston Churchill (1949)
The American Fighting-Man (1950)
1951–1975
Mohammed Mosaddeq (1951)
Elizabeth II (1952)
Konrad Adenauer (1953)
John Foster Dulles (1954)
Harlow Curtice (1955)
Hungarian Freedom Fighters (1956)
Nikita Khrushchev (1957)
Charles de Gaulle (1958)
Dwight D. Eisenhower (1959)
U.S. Scientists: George Beadle / Charles Draper / John Enders / Donald A. Glaser / Joshua Lederberg / Willard Libby / Linus Pauling / Edward Purcell / Isidor Rabi / Emilio Segrè / William Shockley / Edward Teller / Charles Townes / James Van Allen / Robert Woodward (1960)
John F. Kennedy (1961)
Pope John XXIII (1962)
Martin Luther King Jr. (1963)
Lyndon B. Johnson (1964)
William Westmoreland (1965)
The Generation Twenty-Five and Under (1966)
Lyndon B. Johnson (1967)
The Apollo 8 Astronauts: William Anders / Frank Borman / Jim Lovell (1968)
The Middle Americans (1969)
Willy Brandt (1970)
Richard Nixon (1971)
Henry Kissinger / Richard Nixon (1972)
John Sirica (1973)
King Faisal (1974)
American Women: Susan Brownmiller / Kathleen Byerly / Alison Cheek / Jill Conway / Betty Ford / Ella Grasso / Carla Hills / Barbara Jordan / Billie Jean King / Susie Sharp / Carol Sutton / Addie Wyatt (1975)
1976–2000
Jimmy Carter (1976)
Anwar Sadat (1977)
Deng Xiaoping (1978)
Ayatollah Khomeini (1979)
Ronald Reagan (1980)
Lech Wałęsa (1981)
The Computer (1982)
Ronald Reagan / Yuri Andropov (1983)
Peter Ueberroth (1984)
Deng Xiaoping (1985)
Corazon Aquino (1986)
Mikhail Gorbachev (1987)
The Endangered Earth (1988)
Mikhail Gorbachev (1989)
George H. W. Bush (1990)
Ted Turner (1991)
Bill Clinton (1992)
The Peacemakers: Yasser Arafat / F. W. de Klerk / Nelson Mandela / Yitzhak Rabin (1993)
Pope John Paul II (1994)
Newt Gingrich (1995)
David Ho (1996)
Andrew Grove (1997)
Bill Clinton / Ken Starr (1998)
Jeff Bezos (1999)
George W. Bush (2000)
2001–present
Rudolph Giuliani (2001)
The Whistleblowers: Cynthia Cooper / Coleen Rowley / Sherron Watkins (2002)
The American Soldier (2003)
George W. Bush (2004)
The Good Samaritans: Bono / Bill Gates / Melinda Gates (2005)
You (2006)
Vladimir Putin (2007)
Barack Obama (2008)
Ben Bernanke (2009)
Mark Zuckerberg (2010)
The Protester (2011)
Barack Obama (2012)
Pope Francis (2013)
Ebola Fighters: Dr. Jerry Brown / Dr. Kent Brantly / Ella Watson-Stryker / Foday Gollah / Salome Karwah (2014)
Angela Merkel (2015)
Donald Trump (2016)
The Silence Breakers (2017)
The Guardians: Jamal Khashoggi / Maria Ressa / Wa Lone / Kyaw Soe Oo / Staff of The Capital (2018)
Greta Thunberg (2019)
Joe Biden / Kamala Harris (2020)
Elon Musk (2021)
Volodymyr Zelenskyy / Spirit of Ukraine (2022)
showvtePulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography (1951–1975)
Margaret Louise Coit (1951)
Merlo J. Pusey (1952)
David J. Mays (1953)
Charles A. Lindbergh (1954)
William S. White (1955)
Talbot Faulkner Hamlin (1956)
John F. Kennedy (1957)
Douglas Southall Freeman, John Alexander Carroll and Mary Wells Ashworth (1958)
Arthur Walworth (1959)
Samuel Eliot Morison (1960)
David Donald (1961)
Leon Edel (1963)
Walter Jackson Bate (1964)
Ernest Samuels (1965)
Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. (1966)
Justin Kaplan (1967)
George Frost Kennan (1968)
Benjamin Lawrence Reid (1969)
Thomas Harry Williams (1970)
Lawrance Thompson (1971)
Joseph P. Lash (1972)
W. A. Swanberg (1973)
Louis Sheaffer (1974)
Robert Caro (1975)
Complete list
(1917–1925)
(1926–1950)
(1951–1975)
(1976–2000)
(2001–2025)
showvteNational Football Foundation Gold Medal winners
1958: Dwight D. Eisenhower
1959: Douglas MacArthur
1960: Herbert Hoover & Amos Alonzo Stagg
1961: John F. Kennedy
1962: Byron "Whizzer" White
1963: Roger Blough
1964: Donold B. Lourie
1965: Juan T. Trippe
1966: Earl H. "Red" Blaik
1967: Frederick L. Hovde
1968: Chester J. LaRoche
1969: Richard Nixon
1970: Thomas J. Hamilton
1971: Ronald Reagan
1972: Gerald Ford
1973: John Wayne
1974: Gerald B. Zornow
1975: David Packard
1976: Edgar B. Speer
1977: Louis H. Wilson
1978: Vincent dePaul Draddy
1979: William P. Lawrence
1980: Walter J. Zable
1981: Justin W. Dart
1982: Silver Anniversary Awards (NCAA) - All Honored Jim Brown, Willie Davis, Jack Kemp, Ron Kramer, Jim Swink
1983: Jack Kemp
1984: John F. McGillicuddy
1985: William I. Spencer
1986: William H. Morton
1987: Charles R. Meyer
1988: Clinton E. Frank
1989: Paul Brown
1990: Thomas H. Moorer
1991: George H. W. Bush
1992: Donald R. Keough
1993: Norman Schwarzkopf
1994: Thomas S. Murphy
1995: Harold Alfond
1996: Gene Corrigan
1997: Jackie Robinson
1998: John H. McConnell
1999: Keith Jackson
2000: Fred M. Kirby II
2001: Billy Joe "Red" McCombs
2002: George Steinbrenner
2003: Tommy Franks
2004: William V. Campbell
2005: Jon F. Hanson
2006: Joe Paterno & Bobby Bowden
2007: Pete Dawkins & Roger Staubach
2008: John Glenn
2009: Phil Knight & Bill Bowerman
2010: Bill Cosby
2011: Robert Gates
2012: Roscoe Brown
2013: National Football League & Roger Goodell
2014: Tom Catena & George Weiss
2015: Condoleezza Rice
2016: Archie Manning
2017: None awarded
2018: Aaron Feis & Jason Seaman
2019: Mark Harmon
showvteAssassination of John F. Kennedy
John F. Kennedy
Lee Harvey Oswald
Assassination
Assassination rifle
Timeline
J. D. Tippit
John Connally
Nellie Connally
Jacqueline Kennedy
Pink Chanel suit
James Tague
William Greer
Roy Kellerman
Clint Hill
Zapruder film
Abraham Zapruder
Dealey Plaza
Texas School Book Depository
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Presidential limousine
Parkland Hospital
Witnesses
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Orville Nix
Three tramps
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Badge Man
Umbrella man
Aftermath
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Reactions
Johnson inauguration
Jack Ruby
Ruby v. Texas
Dictabelt recording
Conspiracy theories
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Single-bullet theory
1992 Assassination Records Act
In popular culture
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Charles Baxter (physician)
Malcolm Perry (physician)
Earl Rose (coroner)
Dallas memorial
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Foreign dignitaries
Burial site and Eternal Flame
Black Jack (horse)
Investigations
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Category
showvtePacem in Terris Peace and Freedom Award laureates1960s
1964: John Howard Griffin / John F. Kennedy
1965: Martin Luther King Jr.
1966: R. Sargent Shriver
1967: A. Philip Randolph
1968: James Groppi
1969: Saul Alinsky
1970s
1971: Dorothy Day
1974: Harold Hughes
1975: Hélder Câmara
1976: Mother Teresa
1979: Thomas Gumbleton
1980s
1980: Crystal Lee Sutton / Ernest Leo Unterkoefler
1982: George F. Kennan
1983: Helen Caldicott
1985: Joseph Bernardin
1986: Maurice John Dingman
1987: Desmond Tutu
1989: Eileen Egan
1990s
1990: Mairead Maguire
1991: María Julia Hernández
1992: César Chávez
1993: Daniel Berrigan
1995: Jim Wallis
1996: Samuel Ruiz
1997: Jim and Shelley Douglass
2000s
2000: George G. Higgins
2001: Lech Wałęsa
2002: Gwen Hennessey / Dorothy Hennessey
2004: Arthur Simon
2005: Donald Mosley
2007: Salim Ghazal
2008: Marvin Mottet
2009: Hildegard Goss-Mayr
2010s
2010: John Dear
2011: Álvaro Leonel Ramazzini Imeri
2012: Kim Bobo
2013: Jean Vanier
2014: Simone Campbell
2015: Thích Nhất Hạnh
2016: Gustavo Gutiérrez
2017: Widad Akreyi
2019: Dalai Lama
2019: Munib Younan
2020s
2022: Norma Pimentel
showvteLain in state (United States)Lain in stateUS Capitol rotunda
Clay (1852)
Lincoln (1865, funeral)2
Stevens (1868)
Sumner (1874)
Wilson (1875)
Garfield (1881)
Logan (1886)
McKinley (1901)
L'Enfant (1909)1
Dewey (1917)
Unknown Soldier for World War I (1921)
Harding (1923)2
W. H. Taft (1930)
Pershing (1948)
R. A. Taft (1953)
Unknown Soldiers for World War II and the Korean War (1958)
Kennedy (1963, funeral)2
MacArthur (1964)
H. Hoover (1964)
Eisenhower (1969)
Dirksen (1969)
J. E. Hoover (1972)
Johnson (1973)
Humphrey (1978)
Blassie / Unknown Soldier for the Vietnam War (1984)
Pepper (1989)
Reagan (2004, funeral)
Ford (2006–07, funeral)
Inouye (2012)
McCain (2018)
Bush (2018, funeral)
Lewis (2020)
Dole (2021)
Reid (2022)
National Statuary Hall
Cummings (2019)
Ginsburg (2020, funeral)4
Young (2022)
House Chamber
Hooper (1875)
Herbert C. Hoover Building
Brown (1996)
Old Senate Chamber
Chase (1873)
Lain in honorUS Capitol rotunda
Chestnut and Gibson (1998)
Parks (2005)
Graham (2018)
Sicknick (2021)
Evans (2021)
Williams (2022)
Lain in reposeEast Room
Harrison (1841)
Taylor (1850)
Lincoln (1865, funeral)2
McKinley (1901)
Harding (1923)2
Roosevelt (1945)
Kennedy (1963, funeral)2
Great Hall of theUS Supreme Court
Warren (1974)
Marshall (1993)
Burger (1995)
Brennan (1997)
Blackmun (1999)
Rehnquist (2005)
Scalia (2016)
Stevens (2019)
Ginsburg (2020, funeral)2
Senate Chamber
Byrd (2010)
Lautenberg (2013)
Bold - Presidents and chief justices • 1 Died in 1825, exhumed and honored before reinterment • 2 Lain in repose and Lain in state
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_F._Kennedy&oldid=1141993611"
Categories: John F. Kennedy1917 births1963 deaths1956 United States vice-presidential candidates1963 murders in the United States20th-century American journalistsAmerican male journalists20th-century American politicians20th-century American male writers20th-century presidents of the United States20th-century Roman CatholicsAlumni of the London School of EconomicsAmerican people of Irish descentAmerican people of the Vietnam WarAssassinated presidents of the United StatesBouvier familyBurials at Arlington National CemeteryCandidates in the 1960 United States presidential electionCanterbury School (Connecticut) alumniCatholics from MassachusettsChoate Rosemary Hall alumniDeaths by firearm in TexasDemocratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from MassachusettsDemocratic Party presidents of the United StatesDemocratic Party (United States) presidential nomineesDemocratic Party United States senators from MassachusettsJournalists from MassachusettsHarvard College alumniKennedy familyLaetare Medal recipientsLiberalism in the United StatesMale murder victimsMilitary personnel from MassachusettsPeople associated with the assassination of John F. KennedyPeople from Barnstable, MassachusettsPeople from Georgetown (Washington, D.C.)People murdered in TexasPeople of the Cold WarPeople of the Congo CrisisPoliticians from BostonPoliticians from Brookline, MassachusettsPresidential Medal of Freedom recipientsPresidents of the United StatesPulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography winnersRecipients of the Navy and Marine Corps MedalRiverdale Country School alumniSpace advocatesStar class sailorsTime Person of the YearUnited States Navy personnel of World War IIUnited States Navy officersWriters from BostonUnited States Navy reservistsMembers of the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks1960s assassinated politiciansHidden categories: CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)All articles with dead external linksArticles with dead external links from April 2019Articles with permanently dead external linksWebarchive template wayback linksCS1 errors: missing periodicalHarv and Sfn no-target errorsArticles with dead external links from November 2015Articles with short descriptionShort description matches WikidataWikipedia indefinitely move-protected pagesWikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pagesUse American English from August 2019All Wikipedia articles written in American EnglishUse mdy dates from September 2022Articles with hAudio microformatsPages using multiple image with auto scaled imagesPages using Sister project links with wikidata mismatchPeople appearing on C-SPANArticles with Internet Archive linksArticles with LibriVox linksArticles with Curlie linksArticles with Project Gutenberg linksArticles with ISNI identifiersArticles with VIAF identifiersArticles with WorldCat identifiersArticles with BIBSYS identifiersArticles with BNC identifiersArticles with BNE identifiersArticles with BNF identifiersArticles with CANTICN identifiersArticles with GND identifiersArticles with ICCU identifiersArticles with J9U identifiersArticles with LCCN identifiersArticles with LNB identifiersArticles with NDL identifiersArticles with NKC identifiersArticles with NLA identifiersArticles with NLG identifiersArticles with NLK identifiersArticles with NSK identifiersArticles with NTA identifiersArticles with PLWABN identifiersArticles with SELIBR identifiersArticles with VcBA identifiersArticles with RKDartists identifiersArticles with ULAN identifiersArticles with DTBIO identifiersArticles with CINII identifiersArticles with FAST identifiersArticles with MusicBrainz identifiersArticles with NARA identifiersArticles with RERO identifiersArticles with SNAC-ID identifiersArticles with SUDOC identifiersArticles with Trove identifiersArticles with USCongress identifiersArticles containing video clips
This page was last edited on 27 February 2023, at 23:32 (UTC).
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78b1c282803ef0b7fd8cb6c2c6d0348 |
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fed5d57aa6b3a59235b7acb858e8a928 | Toggle the table of contents
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Contents
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1Early life and education
2Rise in government (1880–1908)
Toggle Rise in government (1880–1908) subsection
2.1Ohio lawyer and judge
2.2Solicitor General
2.3Federal judge
2.4Philippine years
2.5Secretary of War
3Presidential election of 1908
Toggle Presidential election of 1908 subsection
3.1Gaining the nomination
3.2General election campaign
4Presidency (1909–1913)
Toggle Presidency (1909–1913) subsection
4.1Inauguration and appointments
4.2First Lady's illness
4.3Foreign policy
4.3.1Organization and principles
4.3.2Tariffs and reciprocity
4.3.3Latin America
4.3.4East Asia
4.3.5Europe
4.4Domestic policies and politics
4.4.1Antitrust
4.4.2Ballinger–Pinchot affair
4.4.3Civil rights
4.5Judicial appointments
4.61912 presidential campaign and election
4.6.1Moving apart from Roosevelt
4.6.2Primaries and convention
4.6.3Campaign and defeat
5Return to Yale (1913–1921)
6Chief Justice (1921–1930)
Toggle Chief Justice (1921–1930) subsection
6.1Appointment
6.2Jurisprudence
6.2.1Commerce Clause
6.2.2Powers of government
6.2.3Individual and civil rights
6.3Administration and political influence
7Declining health and death
8Legacy and historical view
9Media
10See also
11Notes
12References
13Sources and further reading
Toggle Sources and further reading subsection
13.1Supreme Court
14External links
Toggle External links subsection
14.1Official
14.2Speeches
14.3Media coverage
14.4Other
William Howard Taft
122 languages
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
President of the United States from 1909 to 1913
.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}"William Taft" redirects here. | text | {
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c76b3b20fb1e5efe27f4731954f8ba8 | For other uses, see William Taft (disambiguation).
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e2233f86a6f321f6cd8f9243e119756 | .mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}William Howard TaftPortrait by Harris & Ewing, c. 191227th President of the United StatesIn officeMarch 4, 1909 – March 4, 1913Vice President.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}
James S. Sherman(1909–1912)
None (1912–1913)[a]
Preceded byTheodore RooseveltSucceeded byWoodrow Wilson10th Chief Justice of the United StatesIn officeJuly 11, 1921 – February 3, 1930Nominated byWarren G. HardingPreceded byEdward Douglass WhiteSucceeded byCharles Evans Hughes42nd United States Secretary of WarIn officeFebruary 1, 1904 – June 30, 1908PresidentTheodore RooseveltPreceded byElihu RootSucceeded byLuke Edward Wright1st Provisional Governor of CubaIn officeSeptember 29, 1906 – October 13, 1906Appointed byTheodore RooseveltPreceded byTomás Estrada Palma(as President)Succeeded byCharles Edward MagoonGovernor-General of the PhilippinesIn officeJuly 4, 1901 – December 23, 1903Appointed byWilliam McKinleyPreceded byArthur MacArthur, Jr.(as Military Governor)Succeeded byLuke Edward WrightJudge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth CircuitIn officeMarch 17, 1892 – March 15, 1900Appointed byBenjamin HarrisonPreceded bySeat establishedSucceeded byHenry Franklin Severens6th Solicitor General of the United StatesIn officeFebruary 4, 1890 – March 20, 1892[1]PresidentBenjamin HarrisonPreceded byOrlow W. ChapmanSucceeded byCharles H. Aldrich
Personal detailsBorn(1857-09-15)September 15, 1857Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.DiedMarch 8, 1930(1930-03-08) (aged 72)Washington, D.C., U.S.Resting placeArlington National CemeteryPolitical partyRepublicanSpouseHelen Herron (m. .mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}1886)Children.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}
Robert
Helen
Charles II
Parents
Alphonso Taft
Louise Torrey
RelativesTaft familyEducation
Yale College (BA)
University of Cincinnati (LLB)
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William Howard Taft's voice
2:31
On the abolition of warRecorded October 1912
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This article is part of a series aboutWilliam Howard Taft
Early life
Family
Bibliography
Legacy
27th President of the United States
Inauguration
Presidency (timeline)
Executive actions
Foreign policy
Taftian theory
Domestic policy
Cabinet
Judiciary
Dollar diplomacy
Income Tax amendment
Payne–Aldrich Tariff Act
Wireless Ship Act of 1910
Mann–Elkins Act
Defense Secrets Act
Radio Act of 1912
Commission on Economy and Efficiency
U.S. occupation of Nicaragua
Presidential campaigns
1908
convention
election
1912
convention
election
10th Chief Justice of the United States
Appointment
Supreme Court cases
Post-presidency
National Historic Site
Death
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William Howard Taft (September 15, 1857 – March 8, 1930) was the 27th president of the United States (1909–1913) and the tenth chief justice of the United States (1921–1930), the only person to have held both offices. | text | {
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1a169e2d01b3be88436a043bf000e594 | Taft was elected president in 1908, the chosen successor of Theodore Roosevelt, but was defeated for reelection in 1912 by Woodrow Wilson after Roosevelt split the Republican vote by running as a third-party candidate. In 1921, President Warren G. Harding appointed Taft to be chief justice, a position he held until a month before his death.
Taft was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1857. His father, Alphonso Taft, was a U.S. attorney general and secretary of war. Taft attended Yale and joined the Skull and Bones, of which his father was a founding member. After becoming a lawyer, Taft was appointed a judge while still in his twenties. He continued a rapid rise, being named solicitor general and a judge of the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals. In 1901, President William McKinley appointed Taft civilian governor of the Philippines. In 1904, Roosevelt made him Secretary of War, and he became Roosevelt's hand-picked successor. Despite his personal ambition to become chief justice, Taft declined repeated offers of appointment to the Supreme Court of the United States, believing his political work to be more important.
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432b415b478ee5af84bd26501ea77d4c | With Roosevelt's help, Taft had little opposition for the Republican nomination for president in 1908 and easily defeated William Jennings Bryan for the presidency in that November's election. In the White House, he focused on East Asia more than European affairs and repeatedly intervened to prop up or remove Latin American governments. Taft sought reductions to trade tariffs, then a major source of governmental income, but the resulting bill was heavily influenced by special interests. His administration was filled with conflict between the Republican Party's conservative wing, with which Taft often sympathized, and its progressive wing, toward which Roosevelt moved more and more. Controversies over conservation and antitrust cases filed by the Taft administration served to further separate the two men. Roosevelt challenged Taft for renomination in 1912. Taft used his control of the party machinery to gain a bare majority of delegates and Roosevelt bolted the party. The split left Taft with little chance of reelection, and he took only Utah and Vermont in Wilson's victory.
After leaving office, Taft returned to Yale as a professor, continuing his political activity and working against war through the League to Enforce Peace. | text | {
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b50e9e07dc07ef033eec97921cb9bfc5 | In 1921, Harding appointed Taft chief justice, an office he had long sought. Chief Justice Taft was a conservative on business issues, and under him there were advances in individual rights. In poor health, he resigned in February 1930, and died the following month. He was buried at Arlington National Cemetery, the first president and first Supreme Court justice to be interred there. Taft is generally listed near the middle in historians' rankings of U.S. presidents.
Early life and education
Yale College photograph of Taft, c. 1878
William Howard Taft was born September 15, 1857, in Cincinnati, Ohio, to Alphonso Taft and Louise Torrey.[2] The Taft family was not wealthy, living in a modest home in the suburb of Mount Auburn. Alphonso served as a judge and an ambassador, and was U.S. Secretary of War and Attorney General under President Ulysses S. Grant.[3]
William Taft was not seen as brilliant as a child, but was a hard worker; his demanding parents pushed him and his four brothers toward success, tolerating nothing less. He attended Woodward High School in Cincinnati. | text | {
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bca1fe3f6ca7e89cadb734947f58c874 | At Yale College, which he entered in 1874, the heavyset, jovial Taft was popular and an intramural heavyweight wrestling champion. One classmate said he succeeded through hard work rather than by being the smartest, and had integrity.[4][5] He was elected a member of Skull and Bones, the Yale secret society co-founded by his father, one of three future presidents (with George H. W. Bush and George W. Bush) to be a member.[6] In 1878, Taft graduated second in his class of 121.[7] He attended Cincinnati Law School,[8] and graduated with a Bachelor of Laws in 1880. While in law school, he worked on The Cincinnati Commercial newspaper,[7] edited by Murat Halstead. Taft was assigned to cover the local courts, and also spent time reading law in his father's office; both activities gave him practical knowledge of the law that was not taught in class. Shortly before graduating from law school, Taft went to Columbus to take the bar examination and easily passed.[9]
Rise in government (1880–1908)
Ohio lawyer and judge
After admission to the Ohio bar, Taft devoted himself to his job at the Commercial full-time. | text | {
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8082ed78ae8ecf83e61dc83c1b4cee67 | Halstead was willing to take him on permanently at an increased salary if he would give up the law, but Taft declined. In October 1880, Taft was appointed assistant prosecutor for Hamilton County (where Cincinnati is located), and took office the following January. Taft served for a year as assistant prosecutor, trying his share of routine cases.[10] He resigned in January 1882 after President Chester A. Arthur appointed him Collector of Internal Revenue for Ohio's First District, an area centered on Cincinnati.[11] Taft refused to dismiss competent employees who were politically out of favor, and resigned effective in March 1883, writing to Arthur that he wished to begin private practice in Cincinnati.[12] In 1884, Taft campaigned for the Republican candidate for president, Maine Senator James G. Blaine, who lost to New York Governor Grover Cleveland.[13]
In 1887, Taft, then aged 29, was appointed to a vacancy on the Superior Court of Cincinnati by Governor Joseph B. Foraker. | text | {
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528e5535565e0e06f32ee4772cb9fca7 | The appointment was good for just over a year, after which he would have to face the voters, and in April 1888, he sought election for the first of three times in his lifetime, the other two being for the presidency. He was elected to a full five-year term. Some two dozen of Taft's opinions as a state judge survive, the most significant being Moores & Co. v. Bricklayers' Union No. 1[b] (1889) if only because it was used against him when he ran for president in 1908. The case involved bricklayers who refused to work for any firm that dealt with a company called Parker Brothers, with which they were in dispute. Taft ruled that the union's action amounted to a secondary boycott, which was illegal.[14]
It is not clear when Taft met Helen Herron (often called Nellie), but it was no later than 1880, when she mentioned in her diary receiving an invitation to a party from him. By 1884, they were meeting regularly, and in 1885, after an initial rejection, she agreed to marry him. The wedding took place at the Herron home on June 19, 1886. | text | {
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95231fc3b0a00ed9edd04584a0f25ff9 | William Taft remained devoted to his wife throughout their almost 44 years of marriage. Nellie Taft pushed her husband much as his parents had, and she could be very frank with her criticisms.[15][16] The couple had three children, of whom the eldest, Robert, became a U.S. senator.[2]
Solicitor General
There was a seat vacant on the U.S. Supreme Court in 1889, and Governor Foraker suggested President Harrison appoint Taft to fill it. Taft was 32 and his professional goal was always a seat on the Supreme Court. He actively sought the appointment, writing to Foraker to urge the governor to press his case, while stating to others it was unlikely he would get it. Instead, in 1890, Harrison appointed him Solicitor General of the United States. When Taft arrived in Washington in February 1890, the office had been vacant for two months, with the work piling up. He worked to eliminate the backlog, while simultaneously educating himself on federal law and procedure he had not needed as an Ohio state judge.[17]
New York Senator William M. Evarts, a former Secretary of State, had been a classmate of Alphonso Taft at Yale. | text | {
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a82f89002c037ee7ee0aa0d16b5b7c77 | [c] Evarts called to see his friend's son as soon as Taft took office, and William and Nellie Taft were launched into Washington society. Nellie Taft was ambitious for herself and her husband, and was annoyed when the people he socialized with most were mainly Supreme Court justices, rather than the arbiters of Washington society such as Theodore Roosevelt, John Hay, Henry Cabot Lodge and their wives.[18]
In 1891, Taft introduced a new policy: confession of error, by which the U.S. government would concede a case in the Supreme Court that it had won in the court below but that the solicitor general thought it should have lost. At Taft's request, the Supreme Court reversed a murder conviction that Taft said had been based on inadmissible evidence. The policy continues to this day.[19]
Although Taft was successful as Solicitor General, winning 15 of the 18 cases he argued before the Supreme Court,[2] he was glad when in March 1891, the United States Congress created a new judgeship for each of the United States Courts of Appeal and Harrison appointed him to the Sixth Circuit, based in Cincinnati. | text | {
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1d66745a26d670914333a5d05f835c0e | In March 1892, Taft resigned as Solicitor General to resume his judicial career.[20]
Federal judge
Taft's federal judgeship was a lifetime appointment, and one from which promotion to the Supreme Court might come. Taft's older half-brother Charles, successful in business, supplemented Taft's government salary, allowing William and Nellie Taft and their family to live in comfort. Taft's duties involved hearing trials in the circuit, which included Ohio, Michigan, Kentucky, and Tennessee, and participating with Supreme Court Justice John Marshall Harlan, the circuit justice, and judges of the Sixth Circuit in hearing appeals. Taft spent these years, from 1892 to 1900, in personal and professional contentment.[21]
According to historian Louis L. Gould, "while Taft shared the fears about social unrest that dominated the middle classes during the 1890s, he was not as conservative as his critics believed. He supported the right of labor to organize and strike, and he ruled against employers in several negligence cases."[2] Among these was Voight v. Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railway Co.[d] Taft's decision for a worker injured in a railway accident violated the contemporary doctrine of liberty of contract, and he was reversed by the Supreme Court. | text | {
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5dda07bf897d28cd55011b58905da103 | [e] On the other hand, Taft's opinion in United States v. Addyston Pipe and Steel Co.[f] was upheld unanimously by the high court.[g] Taft's opinion, in which he held that a pipe manufacturers' association had violated the Sherman Antitrust Act,[22] was described by Henry Pringle, his biographer, as having "definitely and specifically revived" that legislation.[23]
In 1896, Taft became dean and Professor of Property at his alma mater, the Cincinnati Law School, a post that required him to prepare and give two hour-long lectures each week.[24] He was devoted to his law school, and was deeply committed to legal education, introducing the case method to the curriculum.[25] As a federal judge, Taft could not involve himself with politics, but followed it closely, remaining a Republican supporter. He watched with some disbelief as the campaign of Ohio Governor William McKinley developed in 1894 and 1895, writing "I cannot find anybody in Washington who wants him".[25] By March 1896, Taft realized that McKinley would likely be nominated, and was lukewarm in his support. | text | {
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880aba137385f7db549e4874b9a04a88 | He landed solidly in McKinley's camp after former Nebraska representative William Jennings Bryan in July stampeded the 1896 Democratic National Convention with his Cross of Gold speech. Bryan, both in that address and in his campaign, strongly advocated free silver, a policy that Taft saw as economic radicalism. Taft feared that people would hoard gold in anticipation of a Bryan victory, but he could do nothing but worry. McKinley was elected; when a place on the Supreme Court opened in 1898, the only one under McKinley, the president named Joseph McKenna.[26]
From the 1890s until his death, Taft played a major role in the international legal community. He was active in many organizations, was a leader in the worldwide arbitration movement, and taught international law at the Yale Law School.[27] One of the reasons for his bitter break with Roosevelt in 1910–12 was Roosevelt's insistence that arbitration was naïve and that only war could decide major international disputes.[28]
Philippine years
Sultan Jamalul Kiram II with William Howard Taft of the Philippine Commission in Jolo, Sulu (March 27, 1901)
In January 1900, Taft was called to Washington to meet with McKinley. | text | {
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86e8a77981bda15e5e2698c78552776e | Taft hoped a Supreme Court appointment was in the works, but instead McKinley wanted to place Taft on the commission to organize a civilian government in the Philippines. The appointment would require Taft's resignation from the bench; the president assured him that if he fulfilled this task, McKinley would appoint him to the next vacancy on the high court. Taft accepted on condition he was made head of the commission, with responsibility for success or failure; McKinley agreed, and Taft sailed for the islands in April 1900.[29]
The American takeover meant the Philippine Revolution bled into the Philippine–American War, as Filipinos fought for their independence, but U.S. forces, led by military governor General Arthur MacArthur Jr.[h] had the upper hand by 1900. MacArthur felt the commission was a nuisance, and their mission a quixotic attempt to impose self-government on a people unready for it. The general was forced to co-operate with Taft, as McKinley had given the commission control over the islands' military budget.[30] The commission took executive power in the Philippines on September 1, 1900; on July 4, 1901, Taft became civilian governor. | text | {
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1331c0e9624046560a0d79aae478855f | MacArthur, until then the military governor, was relieved by General Adna Chaffee, who was designated only as commander of American forces.[31]
Taft sought to make the Filipinos partners in a venture that would lead to their self-government; he saw independence as something decades off. Many Americans in the Philippines viewed the locals as racial inferiors, but Taft wrote soon before his arrival, "we propose to banish this idea from their minds".[32] Taft did not impose racial segregation at official events, and treated the Filipinos as social equals.[33] Nellie Taft recalled that "neither politics nor race should influence our hospitality in any way".[34]
McKinley was assassinated in September 1901, and was succeeded by Theodore Roosevelt. Taft and Roosevelt had first become friends around 1890 while Taft was Solicitor General and Roosevelt a member of the United States Civil Service Commission. Taft had, after McKinley's election, urged the appointment of Roosevelt as Assistant Secretary of the Navy, and watched as Roosevelt became a war hero, Governor of New York, and Vice President of the United States. They met again when Taft went to Washington in January 1902 to recuperate after two operations caused by an infection. | text | {
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e8a7579e543cfe74646c0d4627025401 | [35] There, Taft testified before the Senate Committee on the Philippines. Taft wanted Filipino farmers to have a stake in the new government through land ownership, but much of the arable land was held by Catholic religious orders of mostly Spanish priests, which were often resented by the Filipinos. Roosevelt had Taft go to Rome to negotiate with Pope Leo XIII, to purchase the lands and to arrange the withdrawal of the Spanish priests, with Americans replacing them and training locals as clergy. Taft did not succeed in resolving these issues on his visit to Rome, but an agreement on both points was made in 1903.[36]
In late 1902, Taft had heard from Roosevelt that a seat on the Supreme Court would soon fall vacant on the resignation of Justice George Shiras, and Roosevelt desired that Taft fill it. Although this was Taft's professional goal, he refused as he felt his work as governor was not yet done.[37] The following year, Roosevelt asked Taft to become Secretary of War. | text | {
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bb2cf5765456b92903847197c9b08f94 | As the War Department administered the Philippines, Taft would remain responsible for the islands, and Elihu Root, the incumbent, was willing to postpone his departure until 1904, allowing Taft time to wrap up his work in Manila. After consulting with his family, Taft agreed, and sailed for the United States in December 1903.[38]
Secretary of War
Roosevelt introduces Taft as his crown prince: Puck magazine cover cartoon, 1906.
When Taft took office as Secretary of War in January 1904, he was not called upon to spend much time administering the army, which the president was content to do himself—Roosevelt wanted Taft as a troubleshooter in difficult situations, as a legal adviser, and to be able to give campaign speeches as he sought election in his own right. Taft strongly defended Roosevelt's record in his addresses, and wrote of the president's successful but strenuous efforts to gain election, "I would not run for president if you guaranteed the office. It is awful to be afraid of one's shadow."[39][40]
Between 1905 and 1907, Taft came to terms with the likelihood he would be the next Republican nominee for president, though he did not plan to actively campaign for it. | text | {
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4bb89eee5e0d5151153848fc7a77e928 | When Justice Henry Billings Brown resigned in 1906, Taft would not accept the seat although Roosevelt offered it, a position Taft held to when another seat opened in 1906.[41] Edith Roosevelt, the First Lady, disliked the growing closeness between the two men, feeling that they were too much alike and that the president did not gain much from the advice of someone who rarely contradicted him.[42]
Alternatively, Taft wanted to be chief justice, and kept a close eye on the health of the aging incumbent, Melville Fuller, who turned 75 in 1908. Taft believed Fuller likely to live many years. Roosevelt had indicated he was likely to appoint Taft if the opportunity came to fill the court's center seat, but some considered Attorney General Philander Knox a better candidate. In any event, Fuller remained chief justice throughout Roosevelt's presidency.[i][43]
Through the 1903 separation of Panama from Colombia and the Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty, the United States had secured rights to build a canal in the Isthmus of Panama. Legislation authorizing construction did not specify which government department would be responsible, and Roosevelt designated the Department of War. | text | {
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1ae092aa5811f999130bed3c6523f449 | Taft journeyed to Panama in 1904, viewing the canal site and meeting with Panamanian officials. The Isthmian Canal Commission had trouble keeping a chief engineer, and when in February 1907 John F. Stevens submitted his resignation, Taft recommended an army engineer, George W. Goethals. Under Goethals, the project moved ahead smoothly.[44]
Another colony lost by Spain in 1898 was Cuba, but as freedom for Cuba had been a major purpose of the war, it was not annexed by the U.S., but was, after a period of occupation, given independence in 1902. Election fraud and corruption followed, as did factional conflict. In September 1906, President Tomás Estrada Palma asked for U.S. intervention. Taft traveled to Cuba with a small American force, and on September 29, 1906, under the terms of the Cuban–American Treaty of Relations of 1903, declared himself Provisional Governor of Cuba, a post he held for two weeks before being succeeded by Charles Edward Magoon. In his time in Cuba, Taft worked to persuade Cubans that the U.S. intended stability, not occupation.[45]
Taft remained involved in Philippine affairs. During Roosevelt's election campaign in 1904, he urged that Philippine agricultural products be admitted to the U.S. without duty. | text | {
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e392cb538fe71e6c4d750f7ef894c244 | This caused growers of U.S. sugar and tobacco to complain to Roosevelt, who remonstrated with his Secretary of War. Taft expressed unwillingness to change his position, and threatened to resign;[46] Roosevelt hastily dropped the matter.[47] Taft returned to the islands in 1905, leading a delegation of congressmen, and again in 1907, to open the first Philippine Assembly.[48]
On both of his Philippine trips as Secretary of War, Taft went to Japan, and met with officials there.[49] The meeting in July 1905 came a month before the Portsmouth Peace Conference, which would end the Russo-Japanese War with the Treaty of Portsmouth. Taft met with Japanese Prime Minister Katsura Tarō. After that meeting, the two signed a memorandum. It contained nothing new but instead reaffirmed official positions: Japan had no intention to invade the Philippines, and the U.S. that it did not object to Japanese control of Korea.[50] There were U.S. concerns about the number of Japanese laborers coming to the American West Coast, and during Taft's second visit, in September 1907, Tadasu Hayashi, the foreign minister, informally agreed to issue fewer passports to them. | text | {
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f3e798e7bfec88341e1172d1e090961 | [51]
Presidential election of 1908
See also: 1908 United States presidential election
Gaining the nomination
One of a series of candid photographs known as the Evolution of a Smile, taken just after a formal portrait session, as Taft learns by telephone from Roosevelt of his nomination for president
Roosevelt had served almost three and a half years of McKinley's term. On the night of his own election in 1904, Roosevelt publicly declared he would not run for reelection in 1908, a pledge he quickly regretted. But he felt bound by his word. Roosevelt believed Taft was his logical successor, although the War Secretary was initially reluctant to run.[52] Roosevelt used his control of the party machinery to aid his heir apparent.[52] On pain of loss of their jobs, political appointees were required to support Taft or remain silent.[53]
A number of Republican politicians, such as Treasury Secretary George Cortelyou, tested the waters for a run but chose to stay out. New York Governor Charles Evans Hughes ran, but when he made a major policy speech, Roosevelt the same day sent a special message to Congress warning in strong terms against corporate corruption. | text | {
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80448feb877403f9c2f4d2550ca7435 | The resulting coverage of the presidential message relegated Hughes to the back pages.[54] Roosevelt reluctantly deterred repeated attempts to draft him for another term.[55]
Assistant Postmaster General Frank H. Hitchcock resigned from his office in February 1908 to lead the Taft effort.[56] In April, Taft made a speaking tour, traveling as far west as Omaha before being recalled to go to Panama and straighten out a contested election. At the 1908 Republican National Convention in Chicago in June, there was no serious opposition to him, and he gained a first-ballot victory. Yet Taft did not have things his own way: he had hoped his running mate would be a midwestern progressive like Iowa Senator Jonathan Dolliver, but instead the convention named Congressman James S. Sherman of New York, a conservative. Taft resigned as Secretary of War on June 30 to devote himself full-time to the campaign.[57][58]
General election campaign
Taft's opponent in the general election was Bryan, the Democratic nominee for the third time in four presidential elections. As many of Roosevelt's reforms stemmed from proposals by Bryan, the Democrat argued that he was the true heir to Roosevelt's mantle. | text | {
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cf2a14a96796b6fdd07df7a32f8eb321 | Corporate contributions to federal political campaigns had been outlawed by the 1907 Tillman Act, and Bryan proposed that contributions by officers and directors of corporations be similarly banned, or at least disclosed when made. Taft was only willing to see the contributions disclosed after the election, and tried to ensure that officers and directors of corporations litigating with the government were not among his contributors.[59]
1908 Taft/Sherman poster
Taft began the campaign on the wrong foot, fueling the arguments of those who said he was not his own man by traveling to Roosevelt's home at Sagamore Hill for advice on his acceptance speech, saying that he needed "the President's judgment and criticism".[60] Taft supported most of Roosevelt's policies. He argued that labor had a right to organize, but not boycott, and that corporations and the wealthy must also obey the law. Bryan wanted the railroads to be owned by the government, but Taft preferred that they remain in the private sector, with their maximum rates set by the Interstate Commerce Commission, subject to judicial review. | text | {
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aa7cb5d17455442d03f514ad983a0525 | Taft attributed blame for the recent recession, the Panic of 1907, to stock speculation and other abuses, and felt some reform of the currency (the U.S. was on the gold standard) was needed to allow flexibility in the government's response to poor economic times, that specific legislation on trusts was needed to supplement the Sherman Antitrust Act, and that the constitution should be amended to allow for an income tax, thus overruling decisions of the Supreme Court striking such a tax down. Roosevelt's expansive use of executive power had been controversial; Taft proposed to continue his policies, but place them on more solid legal underpinnings through the passage of legislation.[61]
Taft upset some progressives by choosing Hitchcock as Chairman of the Republican National Committee (RNC), placing him in charge of the presidential campaign. Hitchcock was quick to bring in men closely allied with big business.[62] Taft took an August vacation in Hot Springs, Virginia, where he irritated political advisors by spending more time on golf than strategy. After seeing a newspaper photo of Taft taking a large swing at a golf ball, Roosevelt warned him against candid shots. | text | {
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Subsets and Splits