id
stringlengths 40
40
| title
stringlengths 3
59
| context
stringlengths 152
3.36k
| question
stringlengths 1
296
| answers
dict | metadata
dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
f6e93c9c8beaaa2de43ea006221e56d482764fa6
|
Bird_migration
|
In polygynous species with considerable sexual dimorphism, males tend to return earlier to the breeding sites than their females. This is termed protandry.
|
Who is known for being late to the breeding grounds, males of females?
|
{
"text": [
"females"
],
"answer_start": [
121
]
}
|
{
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
}
|
82bfd844976c3d60d2ff5999322ef2f972239b91
|
Bird_migration
|
In polygynous species with considerable sexual dimorphism, males tend to return earlier to the breeding sites than their females. This is termed protandry.
|
Protandry is a behavior concerning what?
|
{
"text": [
"polygynous species"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
}
|
{
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
}
|
d05b3ca3a785ff786f9d2a3909ee6fa584052347
|
Bird_migration
|
In polygynous species with considerable sexual dimorphism, males tend to return earlier to the breeding sites than their females. This is termed protandry.
|
What is it when a male in a polygynous species beats the female in coming back to where they breed?
|
{
"text": [
"protandry"
],
"answer_start": [
145
]
}
|
{
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
}
|
77f36081504aed5e66faa3157bb37485bb11f73b
|
Bird_migration
|
In polygynous species with considerable sexual dimorphism, males tend to return earlier to the breeding sites than their females. This is termed protandry.
|
Under protandry, observed in certain species, some females are made from?
|
{
"text": [
"males"
],
"answer_start": [
59
]
}
|
{
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
}
|
84d2274f24b8e097e54ed3924b9174f46011b633
|
Bird_migration
|
In polygynous species with considerable sexual dimorphism, males tend to return earlier to the breeding sites than their females. This is termed protandry.
|
Reproduction where one male reproduces or mates with multiple females of the same species is called?
|
{
"text": [
"polygynous"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
}
|
{
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
}
|
d07a966821a49109a586e021ecff190d0c23d6d3
|
Bird_migration
|
In polygynous species with considerable sexual dimorphism, males tend to return earlier to the breeding sites than their females. This is termed protandry.
|
How do females move forward?
|
{
"text": [
"males tend to return earlier to the breeding sites than their females"
],
"answer_start": [
59
]
}
|
{
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
}
|
e43d0ffb43d32a20e46099ebba92d3cd47d64aa2
|
Bird_migration
|
In polygynous species with considerable sexual dimorphism, males tend to return earlier to the breeding sites than their females. This is termed protandry.
|
Species where you can differentiate males and females due to differing traits and appearance beyond reproductive organs is called?
|
{
"text": [
"dimorphism"
],
"answer_start": [
47
]
}
|
{
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
}
|
8c60a9511be9f558416323f6f2f3a51272ef6863
|
Bird_migration
|
In polygynous species with considerable sexual dimorphism, males tend to return earlier to the breeding sites than their females. This is termed protandry.
|
How do you describe the order of arrival to the breeding grounds?
|
{
"text": [
"males tend to return earlier"
],
"answer_start": [
59
]
}
|
{
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
}
|
fd40e76a1779759aa2da8948e9bcfa05769cb1bf
|
Bird_migration
|
In polygynous species with considerable sexual dimorphism, males tend to return earlier to the breeding sites than their females. This is termed protandry.
|
The form of polygamy where a man has multiple wifes is called?
|
{
"text": [
"polygynous"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
}
|
{
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
}
|
ac3c31b4a263f1018832bfded2f92a32e4d57fae
|
Bird_migration
|
In polygynous species with considerable sexual dimorphism, males tend to return earlier to the breeding sites than their females. This is termed protandry.
|
What are these males and females considered to have?
|
{
"text": [
"sexual dimorphism"
],
"answer_start": [
40
]
}
|
{
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
}
|
60affed68e57033bdc0344a2a2adc7568d9d0cb8
|
Bird_migration
|
In polygynous species with considerable sexual dimorphism, males tend to return earlier to the breeding sites than their females. This is termed protandry.
|
Using a purchase receipt, a customer can bring a purchased product back to the store for credit or a refund, in a process called a?
|
{
"text": [
"return"
],
"answer_start": [
73
]
}
|
{
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
}
|
065ecc0688ac9db491064cc05d8b9159a01a8ea8
|
Bird_migration
|
A similar situation occurs with waders (called shorebirds in North America). Many species, such as dunlin Calidris alpina and western sandpiper Calidris mauri, undertake long movements from their Arctic breeding grounds to warmer locations in the same hemisphere, but others such as semipalmated sandpiper C. pusilla travel longer distances to the tropics in the Southern Hemisphere.
|
Where is the alternate name for the creature in question?
|
{
"text": [
"North America"
],
"answer_start": [
61
]
}
|
{
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
}
|
e27a11b29486db01a3289e9a7a40c515811d38d6
|
Bird_migration
|
A similar situation occurs with waders (called shorebirds in North America). Many species, such as dunlin Calidris alpina and western sandpiper Calidris mauri, undertake long movements from their Arctic breeding grounds to warmer locations in the same hemisphere, but others such as semipalmated sandpiper C. pusilla travel longer distances to the tropics in the Southern Hemisphere.
|
what creature is mentioned second to last?
|
{
"text": [
"western sandpiper Calidris mauri"
],
"answer_start": [
126
]
}
|
{
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
}
|
b2d315d782c72eba65eed0d567b707efc6214980
|
Bird_migration
|
A similar situation occurs with waders (called shorebirds in North America). Many species, such as dunlin Calidris alpina and western sandpiper Calidris mauri, undertake long movements from their Arctic breeding grounds to warmer locations in the same hemisphere, but others such as semipalmated sandpiper C. pusilla travel longer distances to the tropics in the Southern Hemisphere.
|
what continent is mentioned second?
|
{
"text": [
"Arctic"
],
"answer_start": [
196
]
}
|
{
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
}
|
0b2771bf3aca42546a83fc323ff3274b500ce323
|
Bird_migration
|
A similar situation occurs with waders (called shorebirds in North America). Many species, such as dunlin Calidris alpina and western sandpiper Calidris mauri, undertake long movements from their Arctic breeding grounds to warmer locations in the same hemisphere, but others such as semipalmated sandpiper C. pusilla travel longer distances to the tropics in the Southern Hemisphere.
|
Where are they no longer chilling when in search of warmer temperatures?
|
{
"text": [
"Arctic breeding grounds"
],
"answer_start": [
196
]
}
|
{
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
}
|
e3bc77d1249477ecd709f21530a30379f85eb477
|
Bird_migration
|
A similar situation occurs with waders (called shorebirds in North America). Many species, such as dunlin Calidris alpina and western sandpiper Calidris mauri, undertake long movements from their Arctic breeding grounds to warmer locations in the same hemisphere, but others such as semipalmated sandpiper C. pusilla travel longer distances to the tropics in the Southern Hemisphere.
|
What types go very far for increased temperatures, but not the farthest?
|
{
"text": [
"dunlin Calidris alpina and western sandpiper Calidris mauri"
],
"answer_start": [
99
]
}
|
{
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
}
|
be24e25bbb651d5163fcb66e9d222dfb6101f118
|
Bird_migration
|
A similar situation occurs with waders (called shorebirds in North America). Many species, such as dunlin Calidris alpina and western sandpiper Calidris mauri, undertake long movements from their Arctic breeding grounds to warmer locations in the same hemisphere, but others such as semipalmated sandpiper C. pusilla travel longer distances to the tropics in the Southern Hemisphere.
|
what continent is mentioned first?
|
{
"text": [
"North America"
],
"answer_start": [
61
]
}
|
{
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
}
|
71e11d1ce50480ab09571d3f523e4b5d42b04154
|
Bird_migration
|
A similar situation occurs with waders (called shorebirds in North America). Many species, such as dunlin Calidris alpina and western sandpiper Calidris mauri, undertake long movements from their Arctic breeding grounds to warmer locations in the same hemisphere, but others such as semipalmated sandpiper C. pusilla travel longer distances to the tropics in the Southern Hemisphere.
|
What types go the very farthest for increased temperatures?
|
{
"text": [
"semipalmated sandpiper C. pusilla"
],
"answer_start": [
283
]
}
|
{
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
}
|
7faf12b9464e29cb57aeb0b3a1f26997f4bdf3bc
|
Bird_migration
|
A similar situation occurs with waders (called shorebirds in North America). Many species, such as dunlin Calidris alpina and western sandpiper Calidris mauri, undertake long movements from their Arctic breeding grounds to warmer locations in the same hemisphere, but others such as semipalmated sandpiper C. pusilla travel longer distances to the tropics in the Southern Hemisphere.
|
what creature is mentioned last?
|
{
"text": [
"semipalmated sandpiper C. pusilla"
],
"answer_start": [
283
]
}
|
{
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
}
|
1f9712a0ab3f48e72a92cfdf8fd976c8abbb3d5f
|
Bird_migration
|
A similar situation occurs with waders (called shorebirds in North America). Many species, such as dunlin Calidris alpina and western sandpiper Calidris mauri, undertake long movements from their Arctic breeding grounds to warmer locations in the same hemisphere, but others such as semipalmated sandpiper C. pusilla travel longer distances to the tropics in the Southern Hemisphere.
|
Where to the least-travel averse end up?
|
{
"text": [
"the Southern Hemisphere"
],
"answer_start": [
359
]
}
|
{
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
}
|
0a5a18dc1551823548e44d4c714f5f28defb172a
|
Bird_migration
|
A similar situation occurs with waders (called shorebirds in North America). Many species, such as dunlin Calidris alpina and western sandpiper Calidris mauri, undertake long movements from their Arctic breeding grounds to warmer locations in the same hemisphere, but others such as semipalmated sandpiper C. pusilla travel longer distances to the tropics in the Southern Hemisphere.
|
what type of bird is mentioned first?
|
{
"text": [
"waders"
],
"answer_start": [
32
]
}
|
{
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
}
|
2a085a16749a2b8280c32271ddd48e9e407efff4
|
Bird_migration
|
Theoretical analyses show that detours that increase flight distance by up to 20% will often be adaptive on aerodynamic grounds - a bird that loads itself with food to cross a long barrier flies less efficiently. However some species show circuitous migratory routes that reflect historical range expansions and are far from optimal in ecological terms. An example is the migration of continental populations of Swainson's thrush Catharus ustulatus, which fly far east across North America before turning south via Florida to reach northern South America; this route is believed to be the consequence of a range expansion that occurred about 10,000 years ago. Detours may also be caused by differential wind conditions, predation risk, or other factors.
|
Which of the following is not one of the things that cause detours: predation risk, differential wind conditions, or theoretical analyses?
|
{
"text": [
"Theoretical analyses"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
}
|
{
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
}
|
4bc89258a96e71a303fd40b5d6d1ff8aa9e46d6b
|
Bird_migration
|
Theoretical analyses show that detours that increase flight distance by up to 20% will often be adaptive on aerodynamic grounds - a bird that loads itself with food to cross a long barrier flies less efficiently. However some species show circuitous migratory routes that reflect historical range expansions and are far from optimal in ecological terms. An example is the migration of continental populations of Swainson's thrush Catharus ustulatus, which fly far east across North America before turning south via Florida to reach northern South America; this route is believed to be the consequence of a range expansion that occurred about 10,000 years ago. Detours may also be caused by differential wind conditions, predation risk, or other factors.
|
If a detour increases flight distance by 10%, is a bird more likely to detour or cross a long barrier?
|
{
"text": [
"detours"
],
"answer_start": [
31
]
}
|
{
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
}
|
0898b28bebebec9a12a3bd66b622bb03f245134b
|
Bird_migration
|
Theoretical analyses show that detours that increase flight distance by up to 20% will often be adaptive on aerodynamic grounds - a bird that loads itself with food to cross a long barrier flies less efficiently. However some species show circuitous migratory routes that reflect historical range expansions and are far from optimal in ecological terms. An example is the migration of continental populations of Swainson's thrush Catharus ustulatus, which fly far east across North America before turning south via Florida to reach northern South America; this route is believed to be the consequence of a range expansion that occurred about 10,000 years ago. Detours may also be caused by differential wind conditions, predation risk, or other factors.
|
What is Chicago known for?
|
{
"text": [
"wind"
],
"answer_start": [
703
]
}
|
{
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
}
|
a47db56a0889de715a1a6c56b5fa344c5a9ad7b1
|
Bird_migration
|
Theoretical analyses show that detours that increase flight distance by up to 20% will often be adaptive on aerodynamic grounds - a bird that loads itself with food to cross a long barrier flies less efficiently. However some species show circuitous migratory routes that reflect historical range expansions and are far from optimal in ecological terms. An example is the migration of continental populations of Swainson's thrush Catharus ustulatus, which fly far east across North America before turning south via Florida to reach northern South America; this route is believed to be the consequence of a range expansion that occurred about 10,000 years ago. Detours may also be caused by differential wind conditions, predation risk, or other factors.
|
What is the Swainson's thrush Catharus ustulatus' ultimate migratory destination?
|
{
"text": [
"northern South America"
],
"answer_start": [
532
]
}
|
{
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
}
|
16ef524c4f3a0fbd4ca74f8279b912bb665f5ac5
|
Bird_migration
|
Theoretical analyses show that detours that increase flight distance by up to 20% will often be adaptive on aerodynamic grounds - a bird that loads itself with food to cross a long barrier flies less efficiently. However some species show circuitous migratory routes that reflect historical range expansions and are far from optimal in ecological terms. An example is the migration of continental populations of Swainson's thrush Catharus ustulatus, which fly far east across North America before turning south via Florida to reach northern South America; this route is believed to be the consequence of a range expansion that occurred about 10,000 years ago. Detours may also be caused by differential wind conditions, predation risk, or other factors.
|
What is it called when a bird flies a route that is not direct?
|
{
"text": [
"detours"
],
"answer_start": [
31
]
}
|
{
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
}
|
5c437903f81e61f70560863015e59941bd1df310
|
Bird_migration
|
Theoretical analyses show that detours that increase flight distance by up to 20% will often be adaptive on aerodynamic grounds - a bird that loads itself with food to cross a long barrier flies less efficiently. However some species show circuitous migratory routes that reflect historical range expansions and are far from optimal in ecological terms. An example is the migration of continental populations of Swainson's thrush Catharus ustulatus, which fly far east across North America before turning south via Florida to reach northern South America; this route is believed to be the consequence of a range expansion that occurred about 10,000 years ago. Detours may also be caused by differential wind conditions, predation risk, or other factors.
|
What does the Swainson's thrush Catharus ustulatus do after flying east?
|
{
"text": [
"turning south"
],
"answer_start": [
497
]
}
|
{
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
}
|
85860375122a806e3b95f89972ac1380ba73f8d1
|
Bird_migration
|
Theoretical analyses show that detours that increase flight distance by up to 20% will often be adaptive on aerodynamic grounds - a bird that loads itself with food to cross a long barrier flies less efficiently. However some species show circuitous migratory routes that reflect historical range expansions and are far from optimal in ecological terms. An example is the migration of continental populations of Swainson's thrush Catharus ustulatus, which fly far east across North America before turning south via Florida to reach northern South America; this route is believed to be the consequence of a range expansion that occurred about 10,000 years ago. Detours may also be caused by differential wind conditions, predation risk, or other factors.
|
Aside from wind conditions or range expansion, what else might cause a bird to fly a longer distance than necessary when migrating?
|
{
"text": [
"predation risk"
],
"answer_start": [
720
]
}
|
{
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
}
|
a09e87c72688fd05f3cc2aa3359d040cda0f4716
|
Bird_migration
|
Theoretical analyses show that detours that increase flight distance by up to 20% will often be adaptive on aerodynamic grounds - a bird that loads itself with food to cross a long barrier flies less efficiently. However some species show circuitous migratory routes that reflect historical range expansions and are far from optimal in ecological terms. An example is the migration of continental populations of Swainson's thrush Catharus ustulatus, which fly far east across North America before turning south via Florida to reach northern South America; this route is believed to be the consequence of a range expansion that occurred about 10,000 years ago. Detours may also be caused by differential wind conditions, predation risk, or other factors.
|
If a detour increase flight distance by 50%, is a bird more likely to detour or cross a long barrier?
|
{
"text": [
"cross a long barrier"
],
"answer_start": [
168
]
}
|
{
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
}
|
d98043a5999f45a83aed5d49d30697deb7b73763
|
Bird_migration
|
Theoretical analyses show that detours that increase flight distance by up to 20% will often be adaptive on aerodynamic grounds - a bird that loads itself with food to cross a long barrier flies less efficiently. However some species show circuitous migratory routes that reflect historical range expansions and are far from optimal in ecological terms. An example is the migration of continental populations of Swainson's thrush Catharus ustulatus, which fly far east across North America before turning south via Florida to reach northern South America; this route is believed to be the consequence of a range expansion that occurred about 10,000 years ago. Detours may also be caused by differential wind conditions, predation risk, or other factors.
|
What do you need to book if you want to fly to another location?
|
{
"text": [
"flight"
],
"answer_start": [
53
]
}
|
{
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
}
|
30315f332bb126848fbe4abd1a8b9dbe5505209a
|
Bird_migration
|
Theoretical analyses show that detours that increase flight distance by up to 20% will often be adaptive on aerodynamic grounds - a bird that loads itself with food to cross a long barrier flies less efficiently. However some species show circuitous migratory routes that reflect historical range expansions and are far from optimal in ecological terms. An example is the migration of continental populations of Swainson's thrush Catharus ustulatus, which fly far east across North America before turning south via Florida to reach northern South America; this route is believed to be the consequence of a range expansion that occurred about 10,000 years ago. Detours may also be caused by differential wind conditions, predation risk, or other factors.
|
What do we take when placing a bet?
|
{
"text": [
"risk"
],
"answer_start": [
730
]
}
|
{
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
}
|
e80a2d6df19e88b615874fdbad8c3b6de31b6271
|
Bird_migration
|
Within a population, it is common for different ages and/or sexes to have different patterns of timing and distance. Female chaffinches Fringilla coelebs in Eastern Fennoscandia migrate earlier in the autumn than males do.
|
Countries that are located in a region opposite to the Western side of said region are given which descriptor?
|
{
"text": [
"Eastern"
],
"answer_start": [
157
]
}
|
{
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
}
|
c3efad2f643de643fb4723dfb90a1aa58f12e96e
|
Bird_migration
|
Within a population, it is common for different ages and/or sexes to have different patterns of timing and distance. Female chaffinches Fringilla coelebs in Eastern Fennoscandia migrate earlier in the autumn than males do.
|
Which sex of birds do not take longer to migrate in Autumn
|
{
"text": [
"Female"
],
"answer_start": [
117
]
}
|
{
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
}
|
1aa477d0c94635c51e761b4ad91526d29087602a
|
Bird_migration
|
Within a population, it is common for different ages and/or sexes to have different patterns of timing and distance. Female chaffinches Fringilla coelebs in Eastern Fennoscandia migrate earlier in the autumn than males do.
|
The season that comes after summer is called?
|
{
"text": [
"autumn"
],
"answer_start": [
201
]
}
|
{
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
}
|
72c72bddfe8cb58c3d9b332cbee7ea65ed7fc0d0
|
Bird_migration
|
Within a population, it is common for different ages and/or sexes to have different patterns of timing and distance. Female chaffinches Fringilla coelebs in Eastern Fennoscandia migrate earlier in the autumn than males do.
|
The migration period of these birds depend on what factors
|
{
"text": [
"different ages and/or sexes"
],
"answer_start": [
38
]
}
|
{
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
}
|
1f5996a4427e6b30636afe485e33e2c9d2f231fd
|
Bird_migration
|
Within a population, it is common for different ages and/or sexes to have different patterns of timing and distance. Female chaffinches Fringilla coelebs in Eastern Fennoscandia migrate earlier in the autumn than males do.
|
Miles and kilometers are measurements used to measure what concept?
|
{
"text": [
"distance"
],
"answer_start": [
107
]
}
|
{
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
}
|
20b71822eeb2084510ebdf7113e05c19b58a4fb0
|
Bird_migration
|
Within a population, it is common for different ages and/or sexes to have different patterns of timing and distance. Female chaffinches Fringilla coelebs in Eastern Fennoscandia migrate earlier in the autumn than males do.
|
The Latin word for unwed is which term?
|
{
"text": [
"coelebs"
],
"answer_start": [
146
]
}
|
{
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
}
|
c2c042d7f6be30123c1dd5d8359f757bde1c4d97
|
Bird_migration
|
Within a population, it is common for different ages and/or sexes to have different patterns of timing and distance. Female chaffinches Fringilla coelebs in Eastern Fennoscandia migrate earlier in the autumn than males do.
|
When the coelebs decide to leave is called what?
|
{
"text": [
"timing"
],
"answer_start": [
96
]
}
|
{
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
}
|
d45bb998514a83fcfa82b15618c2f7f9e363d6c1
|
Bird_migration
|
Within a population, it is common for different ages and/or sexes to have different patterns of timing and distance. Female chaffinches Fringilla coelebs in Eastern Fennoscandia migrate earlier in the autumn than males do.
|
What is it called when birds or other species move to other regions in response to the seasons?
|
{
"text": [
"migrate"
],
"answer_start": [
178
]
}
|
{
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
}
|
5f2af7f019a148aaf73ca2225d6f7ffc71ad2a8c
|
Bird_migration
|
Within a population, it is common for different ages and/or sexes to have different patterns of timing and distance. Female chaffinches Fringilla coelebs in Eastern Fennoscandia migrate earlier in the autumn than males do.
|
Timing of what can vary?
|
{
"text": [
"patterns"
],
"answer_start": [
84
]
}
|
{
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
}
|
f5d00583eee6dcb05e094d4f25c50e15839682b2
|
Bird_migration
|
Within a population, it is common for different ages and/or sexes to have different patterns of timing and distance. Female chaffinches Fringilla coelebs in Eastern Fennoscandia migrate earlier in the autumn than males do.
|
The male birds migrate later depending on what
|
{
"text": [
"different ages"
],
"answer_start": [
38
]
}
|
{
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
}
|
be7e588f1fc3d7a0f05b6109aa3d923f2682f19e
|
Bird_migration
|
Within a population, it is common for different ages and/or sexes to have different patterns of timing and distance. Female chaffinches Fringilla coelebs in Eastern Fennoscandia migrate earlier in the autumn than males do.
|
How is the group divided?
|
{
"text": [
"ages and/or sexes"
],
"answer_start": [
48
]
}
|
{
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
}
|
f60f08112866c3b91f3e58a3eb974c537b929bbe
|
Bird_migration
|
Sometimes circumstances such as a good breeding season followed by a food source failure the following year lead to irruptions in which large numbers of a species move far beyond the normal range. Bohemian waxwings Bombycilla garrulus well show this unpredictable variation in annual numbers, with five major arrivals in Britain during the nineteenth century, but 18 between the years 1937 and 2000. Red crossbills Loxia curvirostra too are irruptive, with widespread invasions across England noted in 1251, 1593, 1757, and 1791.
|
When was the last time non native birds came into England
|
{
"text": [
"2000"
],
"answer_start": [
394
]
}
|
{
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
}
|
c258f9d0165528d38bcc1769504f97e40f1d4a1e
|
Bird_migration
|
Sometimes circumstances such as a good breeding season followed by a food source failure the following year lead to irruptions in which large numbers of a species move far beyond the normal range. Bohemian waxwings Bombycilla garrulus well show this unpredictable variation in annual numbers, with five major arrivals in Britain during the nineteenth century, but 18 between the years 1937 and 2000. Red crossbills Loxia curvirostra too are irruptive, with widespread invasions across England noted in 1251, 1593, 1757, and 1791.
|
Who couldn't get sustenance?
|
{
"text": [
"Bohemian waxwings"
],
"answer_start": [
197
]
}
|
{
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
}
|
7b8635482f55c1f27105c1d9e4ac111bb226c328
|
Bird_migration
|
Sometimes circumstances such as a good breeding season followed by a food source failure the following year lead to irruptions in which large numbers of a species move far beyond the normal range. Bohemian waxwings Bombycilla garrulus well show this unpredictable variation in annual numbers, with five major arrivals in Britain during the nineteenth century, but 18 between the years 1937 and 2000. Red crossbills Loxia curvirostra too are irruptive, with widespread invasions across England noted in 1251, 1593, 1757, and 1791.
|
When were non native birds seen in England for the second time
|
{
"text": [
"1593"
],
"answer_start": [
508
]
}
|
{
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
}
|
8dfd4c1472c45662ef4771c510aa76a1a8b39739
|
Bird_migration
|
Sometimes circumstances such as a good breeding season followed by a food source failure the following year lead to irruptions in which large numbers of a species move far beyond the normal range. Bohemian waxwings Bombycilla garrulus well show this unpredictable variation in annual numbers, with five major arrivals in Britain during the nineteenth century, but 18 between the years 1937 and 2000. Red crossbills Loxia curvirostra too are irruptive, with widespread invasions across England noted in 1251, 1593, 1757, and 1791.
|
When was the fourth widespread invasion of Red crossbills Loxia curvirostra across England?
|
{
"text": [
"1791"
],
"answer_start": [
524
]
}
|
{
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
}
|
74fd9ed532cd2720c2f1f3b7f0b1014d104ccac4
|
Bird_migration
|
Sometimes circumstances such as a good breeding season followed by a food source failure the following year lead to irruptions in which large numbers of a species move far beyond the normal range. Bohemian waxwings Bombycilla garrulus well show this unpredictable variation in annual numbers, with five major arrivals in Britain during the nineteenth century, but 18 between the years 1937 and 2000. Red crossbills Loxia curvirostra too are irruptive, with widespread invasions across England noted in 1251, 1593, 1757, and 1791.
|
When was the second widespread invasion of Red crossbills Loxia curvirostra across England?
|
{
"text": [
"1593"
],
"answer_start": [
508
]
}
|
{
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
}
|
a026856708c52f1c5dd7bf9864d51fd81f22850c
|
Bird_migration
|
Sometimes circumstances such as a good breeding season followed by a food source failure the following year lead to irruptions in which large numbers of a species move far beyond the normal range. Bohemian waxwings Bombycilla garrulus well show this unpredictable variation in annual numbers, with five major arrivals in Britain during the nineteenth century, but 18 between the years 1937 and 2000. Red crossbills Loxia curvirostra too are irruptive, with widespread invasions across England noted in 1251, 1593, 1757, and 1791.
|
When was the most recent widespread invasion of Red crossbills Loxia curvirostra across England?
|
{
"text": [
"1791"
],
"answer_start": [
524
]
}
|
{
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
}
|
2dc5a85555ec002b3ec333e951f2263821c938d3
|
Bird_migration
|
Sometimes circumstances such as a good breeding season followed by a food source failure the following year lead to irruptions in which large numbers of a species move far beyond the normal range. Bohemian waxwings Bombycilla garrulus well show this unpredictable variation in annual numbers, with five major arrivals in Britain during the nineteenth century, but 18 between the years 1937 and 2000. Red crossbills Loxia curvirostra too are irruptive, with widespread invasions across England noted in 1251, 1593, 1757, and 1791.
|
When were non native birds seen in England for the first time
|
{
"text": [
"1251"
],
"answer_start": [
502
]
}
|
{
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
}
|
db860a81ba29eda5396091b633483a1fe82a8a01
|
Bird_migration
|
Sometimes circumstances such as a good breeding season followed by a food source failure the following year lead to irruptions in which large numbers of a species move far beyond the normal range. Bohemian waxwings Bombycilla garrulus well show this unpredictable variation in annual numbers, with five major arrivals in Britain during the nineteenth century, but 18 between the years 1937 and 2000. Red crossbills Loxia curvirostra too are irruptive, with widespread invasions across England noted in 1251, 1593, 1757, and 1791.
|
How many arrivals in the century before 1937?
|
{
"text": [
"five"
],
"answer_start": [
298
]
}
|
{
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
}
|
dde5ed1bb86d8ce5a31508bda47c7bff6717b33b
|
Bird_migration
|
Sometimes circumstances such as a good breeding season followed by a food source failure the following year lead to irruptions in which large numbers of a species move far beyond the normal range. Bohemian waxwings Bombycilla garrulus well show this unpredictable variation in annual numbers, with five major arrivals in Britain during the nineteenth century, but 18 between the years 1937 and 2000. Red crossbills Loxia curvirostra too are irruptive, with widespread invasions across England noted in 1251, 1593, 1757, and 1791.
|
When was the first widespread invasion of Red crossbills Loxia curvirostra across England?
|
{
"text": [
"1251"
],
"answer_start": [
502
]
}
|
{
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
}
|
cf0f0a31e840f0cb73837d0efaaccafd51c80160
|
Bird_migration
|
Sometimes circumstances such as a good breeding season followed by a food source failure the following year lead to irruptions in which large numbers of a species move far beyond the normal range. Bohemian waxwings Bombycilla garrulus well show this unpredictable variation in annual numbers, with five major arrivals in Britain during the nineteenth century, but 18 between the years 1937 and 2000. Red crossbills Loxia curvirostra too are irruptive, with widespread invasions across England noted in 1251, 1593, 1757, and 1791.
|
How many arrivals in the 20th century?
|
{
"text": [
"18"
],
"answer_start": [
364
]
}
|
{
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
}
|
2b30ffdcf9f53fd7fd24c0901d2b7c9f94644c60
|
Bird_migration
|
Sometimes circumstances such as a good breeding season followed by a food source failure the following year lead to irruptions in which large numbers of a species move far beyond the normal range. Bohemian waxwings Bombycilla garrulus well show this unpredictable variation in annual numbers, with five major arrivals in Britain during the nineteenth century, but 18 between the years 1937 and 2000. Red crossbills Loxia curvirostra too are irruptive, with widespread invasions across England noted in 1251, 1593, 1757, and 1791.
|
When was the third widespread invasion of Red crossbills Loxia curvirostra across England?
|
{
"text": [
"1757"
],
"answer_start": [
514
]
}
|
{
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
}
|
a7f5652ba3a9ad929ad8f5d7834fea38e1e14c92
|
Bird_migration
|
It has been possible to teach a migration route to a flock of birds, for example in re-introduction schemes. After a trial with Canada geese Branta canadensis, microlight aircraft were used in the US to teach safe migration routes to reintroduced whooping cranes Grus americana.
|
Grus americana is a type of what?
|
{
"text": [
"whooping cranes"
],
"answer_start": [
247
]
}
|
{
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
}
|
cfef54c6fef154d6fd2553d4801053d2a8b6eff8
|
Bird_migration
|
It has been possible to teach a migration route to a flock of birds, for example in re-introduction schemes. After a trial with Canada geese Branta canadensis, microlight aircraft were used in the US to teach safe migration routes to reintroduced whooping cranes Grus americana.
|
The way that cranes had was described as thankfully taught by who?
|
{
"text": [
"US"
],
"answer_start": [
197
]
}
|
{
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
}
|
5cef4c338943bdc4ce06595e4fd3910aeec2f5e2
|
Bird_migration
|
It has been possible to teach a migration route to a flock of birds, for example in re-introduction schemes. After a trial with Canada geese Branta canadensis, microlight aircraft were used in the US to teach safe migration routes to reintroduced whooping cranes Grus americana.
|
Is migration instinct or learned?
|
{
"text": [
"It has been possible to teach a migration route"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
}
|
{
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
}
|
84a0e8fde66224ff16f96fd9dcdc386e7f0a3515
|
Bird_migration
|
It has been possible to teach a migration route to a flock of birds, for example in re-introduction schemes. After a trial with Canada geese Branta canadensis, microlight aircraft were used in the US to teach safe migration routes to reintroduced whooping cranes Grus americana.
|
Microlight aircraft were used in the U.S. and where?
|
{
"text": [
"Canada"
],
"answer_start": [
128
]
}
|
{
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
}
|
893db9b6593969ebb1edd415a1bfc3570766128b
|
Bird_migration
|
It has been possible to teach a migration route to a flock of birds, for example in re-introduction schemes. After a trial with Canada geese Branta canadensis, microlight aircraft were used in the US to teach safe migration routes to reintroduced whooping cranes Grus americana.
|
A flock of birds with a way is it possible to teach what?
|
{
"text": [
"schemes"
],
"answer_start": [
100
]
}
|
{
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
}
|
33e93496d4050a4ae52e8a8fab9416d09479597f
|
Bird_migration
|
It has been possible to teach a migration route to a flock of birds, for example in re-introduction schemes. After a trial with Canada geese Branta canadensis, microlight aircraft were used in the US to teach safe migration routes to reintroduced whooping cranes Grus americana.
|
Branta canadensis is also known as what?
|
{
"text": [
"Canada geese"
],
"answer_start": [
128
]
}
|
{
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
}
|
250fd1fd81705425bb81b7a24c00f51cb64ab081
|
Bird_migration
|
It has been possible to teach a migration route to a flock of birds, for example in re-introduction schemes. After a trial with Canada geese Branta canadensis, microlight aircraft were used in the US to teach safe migration routes to reintroduced whooping cranes Grus americana.
|
The attempt to get Whooping cranes to migrate back to the U.S. is an example of what type of ecological program?
|
{
"text": [
"re-introduction schemes"
],
"answer_start": [
84
]
}
|
{
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
}
|
47b347ad10b8dc0255ab46ea5668eb7698b25c93
|
Bird_migration
|
It has been possible to teach a migration route to a flock of birds, for example in re-introduction schemes. After a trial with Canada geese Branta canadensis, microlight aircraft were used in the US to teach safe migration routes to reintroduced whooping cranes Grus americana.
|
What was once scarce or non-existent in the US before intervention?
|
{
"text": [
"Grus americana"
],
"answer_start": [
263
]
}
|
{
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
}
|
f34b18722b3cf621ae8dcfbbb05df80fc6c54180
|
Bird_migration
|
It has been possible to teach a migration route to a flock of birds, for example in re-introduction schemes. After a trial with Canada geese Branta canadensis, microlight aircraft were used in the US to teach safe migration routes to reintroduced whooping cranes Grus americana.
|
What type of group of bird was mentioned?
|
{
"text": [
"flock"
],
"answer_start": [
53
]
}
|
{
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
}
|
00ee146af73f40b881234e8687de3fbcb9879263
|
Bird_migration
|
It has been possible to teach a migration route to a flock of birds, for example in re-introduction schemes. After a trial with Canada geese Branta canadensis, microlight aircraft were used in the US to teach safe migration routes to reintroduced whooping cranes Grus americana.
|
Canada geese are also know as what?
|
{
"text": [
"Branta canadensis"
],
"answer_start": [
141
]
}
|
{
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
}
|
cdcf4c38217392ea83cbe007d8b63a7e6aa9a54f
|
Bird_migration
|
It has been possible to teach a migration route to a flock of birds, for example in re-introduction schemes. After a trial with Canada geese Branta canadensis, microlight aircraft were used in the US to teach safe migration routes to reintroduced whooping cranes Grus americana.
|
What is a priority for migration routes?
|
{
"text": [
"to teach safe migration routes"
],
"answer_start": [
200
]
}
|
{
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
}
|
a34fdb6d5bfbf39b67246603c208f86560be251d
|
Bird_migration
|
It has been possible to teach a migration route to a flock of birds, for example in re-introduction schemes. After a trial with Canada geese Branta canadensis, microlight aircraft were used in the US to teach safe migration routes to reintroduced whooping cranes Grus americana.
|
What can be an influence on the birds when teaching routes?
|
{
"text": [
"aircraft"
],
"answer_start": [
171
]
}
|
{
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
}
|
f67c68b11048c3eff88721817ac328b76544a5bd
|
Bird_migration
|
The timing of migration seems to be controlled primarily by changes in day length. Migrating birds navigate using celestial cues from the sun and stars, the earth's magnetic field, and probably also mental maps.
|
Birds can see?
|
{
"text": [
"sun and stars"
],
"answer_start": [
138
]
}
|
{
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
}
|
64e36b19ffbc7d1075c24049a1bfa513d0bf6e49
|
Bird_migration
|
The timing of migration seems to be controlled primarily by changes in day length. Migrating birds navigate using celestial cues from the sun and stars, the earth's magnetic field, and probably also mental maps.
|
Mental maps help birds to what?
|
{
"text": [
"navigate"
],
"answer_start": [
99
]
}
|
{
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
}
|
97395812293eb21db9d7019a9dbf7d8e245ff2fe
|
Bird_migration
|
The timing of migration seems to be controlled primarily by changes in day length. Migrating birds navigate using celestial cues from the sun and stars, the earth's magnetic field, and probably also mental maps.
|
What else in the sky besides the Earth's heat source help birds find their way?
|
{
"text": [
"stars"
],
"answer_start": [
146
]
}
|
{
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
}
|
f86132146b5567de34402675d0b2447a501aa542
|
Bird_migration
|
The timing of migration seems to be controlled primarily by changes in day length. Migrating birds navigate using celestial cues from the sun and stars, the earth's magnetic field, and probably also mental maps.
|
What is the one thing speculated about bird navigation?
|
{
"text": [
"mental maps"
],
"answer_start": [
199
]
}
|
{
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
}
|
d80667e7e2c1f191f4e4322166f08dc5f8d1e72b
|
Bird_migration
|
The timing of migration seems to be controlled primarily by changes in day length. Migrating birds navigate using celestial cues from the sun and stars, the earth's magnetic field, and probably also mental maps.
|
What would a change in how long a day is affect birds?
|
{
"text": [
"migration"
],
"answer_start": [
14
]
}
|
{
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
}
|
cf2915170c30016af6dff6faa6aa9b4c1e529227
|
Bird_migration
|
The timing of migration seems to be controlled primarily by changes in day length. Migrating birds navigate using celestial cues from the sun and stars, the earth's magnetic field, and probably also mental maps.
|
What suggests that birds have a slightly complex brain?
|
{
"text": [
"mental maps"
],
"answer_start": [
199
]
}
|
{
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
}
|
d5314bdeb49b89b47f4d252d790465b1f8a69d16
|
Bird_migration
|
The timing of migration seems to be controlled primarily by changes in day length. Migrating birds navigate using celestial cues from the sun and stars, the earth's magnetic field, and probably also mental maps.
|
Because of an alteration in what might a bird decide that it is time to migrate?
|
{
"text": [
"day length"
],
"answer_start": [
71
]
}
|
{
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
}
|
b3c6a4180c707410f7358eb49b3ed70c02a123b4
|
Bird_migration
|
The timing of migration seems to be controlled primarily by changes in day length. Migrating birds navigate using celestial cues from the sun and stars, the earth's magnetic field, and probably also mental maps.
|
What feature of the solar system do birds use to navigate during migration?
|
{
"text": [
"sun and stars"
],
"answer_start": [
138
]
}
|
{
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
}
|
5fd499fe27ca914c917fe7c077748708bddeb54f
|
Szlachta
|
Around the 14th century, there was little difference between knights and the szlachta in Poland. Members of the szlachta had the personal obligation to defend the country (pospolite ruszenie), thereby becoming the kingdom's most privileged social class. Inclusion in the class was almost exclusively based on inheritance.
|
Poland's government was a?
|
{
"text": [
"kingdom"
],
"answer_start": [
214
]
}
|
{
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
}
|
d41248c067092fd6cdcd52127ce66040ce1ddab3
|
Szlachta
|
Around the 14th century, there was little difference between knights and the szlachta in Poland. Members of the szlachta had the personal obligation to defend the country (pospolite ruszenie), thereby becoming the kingdom's most privileged social class. Inclusion in the class was almost exclusively based on inheritance.
|
Groups of students are taught together in what?
|
{
"text": [
"class"
],
"answer_start": [
247
]
}
|
{
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
}
|
2a919556a333da6270aa7881abfa2dbf652b72f5
|
Szlachta
|
Around the 14th century, there was little difference between knights and the szlachta in Poland. Members of the szlachta had the personal obligation to defend the country (pospolite ruszenie), thereby becoming the kingdom's most privileged social class. Inclusion in the class was almost exclusively based on inheritance.
|
Individuals in service to a monarch that have been formally knighted are?
|
{
"text": [
"knights"
],
"answer_start": [
61
]
}
|
{
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
}
|
9299dced3717687c8f5e07bbaf2fa11f62ccae7a
|
Szlachta
|
Around the 14th century, there was little difference between knights and the szlachta in Poland. Members of the szlachta had the personal obligation to defend the country (pospolite ruszenie), thereby becoming the kingdom's most privileged social class. Inclusion in the class was almost exclusively based on inheritance.
|
Inclusion was based on inheritance almost what of the time?
|
{
"text": [
"almost exclusively"
],
"answer_start": [
281
]
}
|
{
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
}
|
6356578028e6fd63393cfe5bccf53788cc11bf33
|
Szlachta
|
Around the 14th century, there was little difference between knights and the szlachta in Poland. Members of the szlachta had the personal obligation to defend the country (pospolite ruszenie), thereby becoming the kingdom's most privileged social class. Inclusion in the class was almost exclusively based on inheritance.
|
A class based on inheritance is?
|
{
"text": [
"szlachta"
],
"answer_start": [
112
]
}
|
{
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
}
|
d35a9f598ba84df69a6a188d023e886fcf7d10a8
|
Szlachta
|
Around the 14th century, there was little difference between knights and the szlachta in Poland. Members of the szlachta had the personal obligation to defend the country (pospolite ruszenie), thereby becoming the kingdom's most privileged social class. Inclusion in the class was almost exclusively based on inheritance.
|
The polish word for movement is?
|
{
"text": [
"ruszenie"
],
"answer_start": [
182
]
}
|
{
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
}
|
8fed653bd48f79f1f2200cd97d8514c90f6b4e06
|
Szlachta
|
Around the 14th century, there was little difference between knights and the szlachta in Poland. Members of the szlachta had the personal obligation to defend the country (pospolite ruszenie), thereby becoming the kingdom's most privileged social class. Inclusion in the class was almost exclusively based on inheritance.
|
What group was comparable to the nobility group with the personal obligation to defend Poland?
|
{
"text": [
"knights"
],
"answer_start": [
61
]
}
|
{
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
}
|
cb576096a3b1dea837e4ee01b248897fb35619c2
|
Szlachta
|
Around the 14th century, there was little difference between knights and the szlachta in Poland. Members of the szlachta had the personal obligation to defend the country (pospolite ruszenie), thereby becoming the kingdom's most privileged social class. Inclusion in the class was almost exclusively based on inheritance.
|
The word common would be translated to Polish as?
|
{
"text": [
"pospolite"
],
"answer_start": [
172
]
}
|
{
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
}
|
dabb1c384556674c9324a48a90b9df2490974261
|
Szlachta
|
Around the 14th century, there was little difference between knights and the szlachta in Poland. Members of the szlachta had the personal obligation to defend the country (pospolite ruszenie), thereby becoming the kingdom's most privileged social class. Inclusion in the class was almost exclusively based on inheritance.
|
What kind of difference was there in knights and the szlachta in Poland?
|
{
"text": [
"there was little difference"
],
"answer_start": [
25
]
}
|
{
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
}
|
eefb117af6c6f44be0e36bfbfbaa9afcdd4eccc1
|
Szlachta
|
Around the 14th century, there was little difference between knights and the szlachta in Poland. Members of the szlachta had the personal obligation to defend the country (pospolite ruszenie), thereby becoming the kingdom's most privileged social class. Inclusion in the class was almost exclusively based on inheritance.
|
When was the 14 century knights in this story exactly?
|
{
"text": [
"Around"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
}
|
{
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
}
|
c297ce3ea6e88600375eafde6137feec02a4b72d
|
Szlachta
|
As some szlachta were poorer than some non-noble gentry, some particularly impoverished szlachta were forced to become tenants of the wealthier gentry. In doing so, however, these szlachta retained all their constitutional prerogatives, as it was not wealth or lifestyle (obtainable by the gentry), but hereditary juridical status, that determined nobility.
|
What is opposite poverty?
|
{
"text": [
"wealth"
],
"answer_start": [
251
]
}
|
{
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
}
|
e4eaf54bdad9297bc440bfd542f0347e311f69bb
|
Szlachta
|
As some szlachta were poorer than some non-noble gentry, some particularly impoverished szlachta were forced to become tenants of the wealthier gentry. In doing so, however, these szlachta retained all their constitutional prerogatives, as it was not wealth or lifestyle (obtainable by the gentry), but hereditary juridical status, that determined nobility.
|
What determined the quality of life of a szlachta?
|
{
"text": [
"wealth"
],
"answer_start": [
251
]
}
|
{
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
}
|
44d9fe20c4291fcd9a992f52a1405da2cede8b64
|
Szlachta
|
As some szlachta were poorer than some non-noble gentry, some particularly impoverished szlachta were forced to become tenants of the wealthier gentry. In doing so, however, these szlachta retained all their constitutional prerogatives, as it was not wealth or lifestyle (obtainable by the gentry), but hereditary juridical status, that determined nobility.
|
Not having hereditary juridical status, which determined nobility, did not stop these people from prospering.
|
{
"text": [
"non-noble gentry"
],
"answer_start": [
39
]
}
|
{
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
}
|
3d097fd35036957ee7ec98113add475836d36359
|
Szlachta
|
As some szlachta were poorer than some non-noble gentry, some particularly impoverished szlachta were forced to become tenants of the wealthier gentry. In doing so, however, these szlachta retained all their constitutional prerogatives, as it was not wealth or lifestyle (obtainable by the gentry), but hereditary juridical status, that determined nobility.
|
What status did gentry sometimes hold?
|
{
"text": [
"non-noble"
],
"answer_start": [
39
]
}
|
{
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
}
|
f9f289ef9fa989718bba5711a4d8fc6dfd67f180
|
Szlachta
|
As some szlachta were poorer than some non-noble gentry, some particularly impoverished szlachta were forced to become tenants of the wealthier gentry. In doing so, however, these szlachta retained all their constitutional prerogatives, as it was not wealth or lifestyle (obtainable by the gentry), but hereditary juridical status, that determined nobility.
|
The szlachta did not automatically have this, though they always retained their constitutional prerogatives.
|
{
"text": [
"wealth"
],
"answer_start": [
251
]
}
|
{
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
}
|
09b39325a6c0d27e64b12eb00fa49d680ab129b7
|
Szlachta
|
As some szlachta were poorer than some non-noble gentry, some particularly impoverished szlachta were forced to become tenants of the wealthier gentry. In doing so, however, these szlachta retained all their constitutional prerogatives, as it was not wealth or lifestyle (obtainable by the gentry), but hereditary juridical status, that determined nobility.
|
What is a name for someone living in a rental?
|
{
"text": [
"tenants"
],
"answer_start": [
119
]
}
|
{
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
}
|
702d38be9bd5d63e4f8f2e045d7658490023d132
|
Szlachta
|
As some szlachta were poorer than some non-noble gentry, some particularly impoverished szlachta were forced to become tenants of the wealthier gentry. In doing so, however, these szlachta retained all their constitutional prerogatives, as it was not wealth or lifestyle (obtainable by the gentry), but hereditary juridical status, that determined nobility.
|
These people were noble but often found that a wealthy lifestyle was not unobtainable.
|
{
"text": [
"szlachta"
],
"answer_start": [
8
]
}
|
{
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
}
|
ec1f81b882d3691b09060cc7b182844b8ae2746a
|
Szlachta
|
As some szlachta were poorer than some non-noble gentry, some particularly impoverished szlachta were forced to become tenants of the wealthier gentry. In doing so, however, these szlachta retained all their constitutional prerogatives, as it was not wealth or lifestyle (obtainable by the gentry), but hereditary juridical status, that determined nobility.
|
The wealthiest citizens often belonged to this class, which gave them financial, but not constitutional power.
|
{
"text": [
"non-noble gentry"
],
"answer_start": [
39
]
}
|
{
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
}
|
1d26868cdae6d48ca3be7b049be6a28bf0127a19
|
Szlachta
|
As some szlachta were poorer than some non-noble gentry, some particularly impoverished szlachta were forced to become tenants of the wealthier gentry. In doing so, however, these szlachta retained all their constitutional prerogatives, as it was not wealth or lifestyle (obtainable by the gentry), but hereditary juridical status, that determined nobility.
|
What is opposite richer?
|
{
"text": [
"poorer"
],
"answer_start": [
22
]
}
|
{
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
}
|
70ef0567836c10ba819af6f69b35c8638fffe9c6
|
Szlachta
|
As some szlachta were poorer than some non-noble gentry, some particularly impoverished szlachta were forced to become tenants of the wealthier gentry. In doing so, however, these szlachta retained all their constitutional prerogatives, as it was not wealth or lifestyle (obtainable by the gentry), but hereditary juridical status, that determined nobility.
|
Who usually had a lower standard of living, gentry or szlachta?
|
{
"text": [
"szlachta"
],
"answer_start": [
8
]
}
|
{
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
}
|
a1d57581adb08f6b709f02ca2f9c994731966050
|
Szlachta
|
As some szlachta were poorer than some non-noble gentry, some particularly impoverished szlachta were forced to become tenants of the wealthier gentry. In doing so, however, these szlachta retained all their constitutional prerogatives, as it was not wealth or lifestyle (obtainable by the gentry), but hereditary juridical status, that determined nobility.
|
What had a positive effect on the lifestyle of the gentry?
|
{
"text": [
"wealth"
],
"answer_start": [
251
]
}
|
{
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
}
|
6126ff68c640756a8d8411c9fa35206f9b8ecaeb
|
Szlachta
|
As some szlachta were poorer than some non-noble gentry, some particularly impoverished szlachta were forced to become tenants of the wealthier gentry. In doing so, however, these szlachta retained all their constitutional prerogatives, as it was not wealth or lifestyle (obtainable by the gentry), but hereditary juridical status, that determined nobility.
|
What status would sometimes cause szlachta to become tenants of gentry?
|
{
"text": [
"impoverished"
],
"answer_start": [
75
]
}
|
{
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
}
|
fcc9e9e394c67ea9d06335332d04bec39797ff44
|
Szlachta
|
In 1374 King Louis of Hungary approved the Privilege of Koszyce (Polish: "przywilej koszycki" or "ugoda koszycka") in Košice in order to guarantee the Polish throne for his daughter Jadwiga. He broadened the definition of who was a member of the nobility and exempted the entire class from all but one tax (łanowy, which was limited to 2 grosze from łan (an old measure of land size)). In addition, the King's right to raise taxes was abolished; no new taxes could be raised without the agreement of the nobility. Henceforth, also, district offices (Polish: "urzędy ziemskie") were reserved exclusively for local nobility, as the Privilege of Koszyce forbade the king to grant official posts and major Polish castles to foreign knights. Finally, this privilege obliged the King to pay indemnities to nobles injured or taken captive during a war outside Polish borders.
|
Under Louis, who could occupy a district office?
|
{
"text": [
"local nobility"
],
"answer_start": [
607
]
}
|
{
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
}
|
a3da77c3028af9796613c2c8ca7cff7c84341347
|
Szlachta
|
In 1374 King Louis of Hungary approved the Privilege of Koszyce (Polish: "przywilej koszycki" or "ugoda koszycka") in Košice in order to guarantee the Polish throne for his daughter Jadwiga. He broadened the definition of who was a member of the nobility and exempted the entire class from all but one tax (łanowy, which was limited to 2 grosze from łan (an old measure of land size)). In addition, the King's right to raise taxes was abolished; no new taxes could be raised without the agreement of the nobility. Henceforth, also, district offices (Polish: "urzędy ziemskie") were reserved exclusively for local nobility, as the Privilege of Koszyce forbade the king to grant official posts and major Polish castles to foreign knights. Finally, this privilege obliged the King to pay indemnities to nobles injured or taken captive during a war outside Polish borders.
|
How did more people get the benefit of seeing how rich get richer here?
|
{
"text": [
"He broadened the definition of who was a member of the nobility"
],
"answer_start": [
191
]
}
|
{
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
}
|
6775251dcbe39159ee80e76171704e62d2598a53
|
Szlachta
|
In 1374 King Louis of Hungary approved the Privilege of Koszyce (Polish: "przywilej koszycki" or "ugoda koszycka") in Košice in order to guarantee the Polish throne for his daughter Jadwiga. He broadened the definition of who was a member of the nobility and exempted the entire class from all but one tax (łanowy, which was limited to 2 grosze from łan (an old measure of land size)). In addition, the King's right to raise taxes was abolished; no new taxes could be raised without the agreement of the nobility. Henceforth, also, district offices (Polish: "urzędy ziemskie") were reserved exclusively for local nobility, as the Privilege of Koszyce forbade the king to grant official posts and major Polish castles to foreign knights. Finally, this privilege obliged the King to pay indemnities to nobles injured or taken captive during a war outside Polish borders.
|
Who kind of sounds like they may have been a bit spoiled by parents?
|
{
"text": [
"Jadwiga"
],
"answer_start": [
182
]
}
|
{
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
}
|
7f48943601e7f0c7a97d1b5b68c3c0025e40640d
|
Szlachta
|
In 1374 King Louis of Hungary approved the Privilege of Koszyce (Polish: "przywilej koszycki" or "ugoda koszycka") in Košice in order to guarantee the Polish throne for his daughter Jadwiga. He broadened the definition of who was a member of the nobility and exempted the entire class from all but one tax (łanowy, which was limited to 2 grosze from łan (an old measure of land size)). In addition, the King's right to raise taxes was abolished; no new taxes could be raised without the agreement of the nobility. Henceforth, also, district offices (Polish: "urzędy ziemskie") were reserved exclusively for local nobility, as the Privilege of Koszyce forbade the king to grant official posts and major Polish castles to foreign knights. Finally, this privilege obliged the King to pay indemnities to nobles injured or taken captive during a war outside Polish borders.
|
What privilege was lost?
|
{
"text": [
"Henceforth, also, district offices (Polish: \"urzędy ziemskie\") were reserved exclusively for local nobility, as the Privilege of Koszyce forbade the king to grant official posts and major Polish castles to foreign knights"
],
"answer_start": [
514
]
}
|
{
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
}
|
775196dd770db7ac028b9b0861746a3604d03370
|
Szlachta
|
In 1374 King Louis of Hungary approved the Privilege of Koszyce (Polish: "przywilej koszycki" or "ugoda koszycka") in Košice in order to guarantee the Polish throne for his daughter Jadwiga. He broadened the definition of who was a member of the nobility and exempted the entire class from all but one tax (łanowy, which was limited to 2 grosze from łan (an old measure of land size)). In addition, the King's right to raise taxes was abolished; no new taxes could be raised without the agreement of the nobility. Henceforth, also, district offices (Polish: "urzędy ziemskie") were reserved exclusively for local nobility, as the Privilege of Koszyce forbade the king to grant official posts and major Polish castles to foreign knights. Finally, this privilege obliged the King to pay indemnities to nobles injured or taken captive during a war outside Polish borders.
|
How did this affect the nation?
|
{
"text": [
"He broadened the definition of who was a member of the nobility and exempted the entire class from all but one tax"
],
"answer_start": [
191
]
}
|
{
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
}
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.