Yoonseong/climatebert_factcheck · Datasets at Hugging Face

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203	In our lifetime, there has been no correlation between carbon dioxide emissions and temperature	In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.	REFUTES	contradiction	Global warming
2,912	temperature under the ice is fixed at -2C. Thus elevated winter air temperatures	The lowest air temperature ever directly measured on Earth was −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F) at Vostok Station in 1983, but satellites have used remote sensing to measure temperatures as low as −94.7 °C (−138.5 °F) in East Antarctica.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Earth
1,566	Solar Cycle Length proves its the sun.	At this speed, it takes around 1,190 years for the Solar System to travel a distance of 1 light-year, or 7 days to travel 1 AU.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Sun
1,904	If we got solar energy from "an area of the Southwestern desert 100 miles on a side, that would be enough, in and of itself, to provide 100 percent of all the electricity needs for the United States of America in a full year."	His plant used parabolic troughs to power a 45–52 kilowatts (60–70 hp) engine that pumped more than 22,000 litres (4,800 imp gal; 5,800 US gal) of water per minute from the Nile River to adjacent cotton fields.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Solar energy
2,780	The United States has been restricting soot emissions in Draconian fashion since the Clean Air Act of 1963.	The Clean Air Act of 1963 was the first federal legislation regarding air pollution control.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Clean Air Act (United States)
2,423	Arctic sea ice has been steadily thinning, even in the last few years while the surface ice (eg - sea ice extent) increased slightly.	The mean extent of the ice has been decreasing since 1980 from the average winter value of 15,600,000 km2 (6,023,200 sq mi) at a rate of 3% per decade.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Arctic Ocean
1,517	Observations throughout the world make it clear that climate change is occurring, and rigorous scientific research demonstrates that the greenhouse gases emitted by human activities are the primary driver.	A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Scientific consensus on climate change
376	whenever in the past there was an explosion of plant life, the carbon dioxide content was far higher than at present.	The concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere today is much lower than it was when plants emerged onto land during the Ordovician and Silurian periods.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Botany
2,961	Cooks ’97% consensus’ disproven by a new peer	A November 2019 study showed that the consensus among research scientists had grown to 100%, based on a review of 11,602 peer-reviewed articles published in the first 7 months of 2019.	REFUTES	contradiction	Scientific consensus on climate change
3,084	"the temperature increase in the second half of the 20th century could have taken place in steps driven by major ENSO events" (Jens Raunsø Jensen)	But, more accurately, global warming is the mainly human-caused increase in global surface temperatures and its projected continuation, while climate change includes both global warming and its effects, such as changes in precipitation.	REFUTES	contradiction	Global warming
2,078	Droughts and floods have not changed since weve been using fossil fuels	There may have been changes in other climate extremes (e.g., floods, droughts and tropical cyclones) but these changes are more difficult to identify.	REFUTES	contradiction	Effects of global warming
2,583	"Each unit of CO2 you put into the atmosphere has less and less of a warming impact.	This additional CO2 led to a projected increase in warming of between 0.1 and 1.5 °C.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Physical impacts of climate change
1,935	No state generates as much solar power as California, or has as many people whose jobs depend on it.	Due to the high electricity demand, California imports more electricity than any other state, primarily hydroelectric power from states in the Pacific Northwest (via Path 15 and Path 66) and coal- and natural gas-fired production from the desert Southwest via Path 46.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	California
2,030	Opponents of climate action are getting twice as much airtime as proponents of climate action.	Fox News has widely been described as a major platform for climate change denial.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Fox News
2,262	Since the hockey stick paper in 1998, there have been a number of proxy studies analysing a variety of different sources including corals, stalagmites, tree rings, boreholes and ice cores.	Paleoclimatology uses a variety of proxy methods from the Earth and life sciences to obtain data previously preserved within rocks, sediments, boreholes, ice sheets, tree rings, corals, shells, and microfossils.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Paleoclimatology
332	Shelters in poorer countries are not repainted as often, and darker stations absorb more of the sun’s energy.	Acute conditions such as sunburn, dehydration, heat stroke and allergic reactions are also common.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Homelessness
1,430	Seventeen of the 18 warmest years have occurred since 2000.	2016's record meant that 16 of the 17 warmest years have occurred since 2000, 2017 being the third-hottest year on record meant that 17 of the last 18 warmest years have occurred since 2000.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Instrumental temperature record
564	This could mean the landmark Paris Climate Agreement – which seeks to limit global warming to 2 degrees Celsius (3.6 degrees Fahrenheit) above pre-industrial levels – may not be enough to ward off catastrophe.	Although the parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required and that global warming should be limited to well below 2 °C (3.6 °F) in the Paris Agreement of 2016, the Earth's average surface temperature has already increased by about half this threshold and current pledges by countries to cut emissions are inadequate to limit future warming.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Global warming
2,662	"...there is the contention by Wolfgang Knorr of the Department of Earth Sciences at the University of Bristol in England that carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere are about where they were 160 years ago." (as quoted by Ken Ward Jr.)	For contrast, today the carbon dioxide levels are at 400 ppm or 0.04%.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Eocene
1,743	Arctic sea ice has shrunk by an area equal to Western Australia, and summer or multi-year sea ice might be all gone within a decade.	"Some of the models suggest that there is a 75 percent chance that the entire north polar ice cap during some of the summer months will be completely ice-free within the next five to seven years," Gore said.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Arctic sea ice decline
2,837	In fact, the rate of increase from September onward is the fastest rate of change on record, either upwards or downwards.	From September 2018 onward, as the economic and political news worsened, the bloated US stockmarkets began to deflate, while the VIX index trebled.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Tendency of the rate of profit to fall
2,099	2nd law of thermodynamics contradicts greenhouse theory	Loschmidt's paradox, also known as the reversibility paradox, is the objection that it should not be possible to deduce an irreversible process from the time-symmetric dynamics that describe the microscopic evolution of a macroscopic system.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Second law of thermodynamics
1,774	The CERN CLOUD experiment only tested one-third of one out of four requirements necessary to blame global warming on cosmic rays, and two of the other requirements have already failed.	Although its design is optimised to address the cosmic ray question, (as posed by Henrik Svensmark and colleagues in 1997) CLOUD allows as well to measure aerosol nucleation and growth under controlled laboratory conditions.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	CLOUD experiment
880	The peer-reviewed study by two scientists and a veteran statistician looked at the global average temperature datasets[…]	Scientific discussion takes place in journal articles that are peer-reviewed, which scientists subject to assessment every couple of years in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reports.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global warming
1,849	Australia has more solar coverage than any other continent.	Firstly, tropical continents are more reflective than open ocean, and so absorb less of the Sun's heat: most absorption of Solar energy on Earth today occurs in tropical oceans.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Snowball Earth
28	Volcanoes Melting West Antarctic Glaciers, Not Global Warming	This created a warming that later melted the ice and brought Earth's temperature back to equilibrium.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Climate variability
30	the bushfires [in Australia] were caused by arsonists and a series of lightning strikes, not 'climate change'	Man-made events include arcing from overhead power lines, arson, accidental ignition in the course of agricultural clearing, grinding and welding activities, campfires, cigarettes and dropped matches, sparks from machinery, and controlled burn escapes.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Bushfires in Australia
2,136	Renewables can't provide baseload power	"Supplying Baseload Power and Reducing Transmission Requirements by Interconnecting Wind Farms" (PDF).	REFUTES	contradiction	Wind power
705	policies based on previous climate model output and predictions might need to be reconsidered	GCMs and global climate models are used for weather forecasting, understanding the climate, and forecasting climate change.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	General circulation model
173	If there were [carbon emissions], we could not see because most carbon is black.	Bituminous coal, a dense sedimentary rock, usually black, but sometimes dark brown, often with well-defined bands of bright and dull material.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Coal
888	the mild warming of around 0.8 degrees Celsius that the planet has experienced since the middle of the 19th century	As a result, the mean annual air temperature at sea level decreases by about 0.4 °C (0.7 °F) per degree of latitude from the equator.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Earth
888	the mild warming of around 0.8 degrees Celsius that the planet has experienced since the middle of the 19th century	The second warmest is 2018, with 8.0 °C (46 °F).	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Uppsala
1,009	‘Arctic ice conditions have been tracking at record low conditions since October, persisting for six consecutive months’	Scientists recently measured sixteen-foot (five-meter) wave heights during a storm in the Beaufort Sea in mid-August until late October 2012.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Arctic sea ice decline
1,604	CO2 increase is natural, not human-caused.	[clarification needed] This increase is the result of human activities by burning fossil fuels, deforestation and forest degradation in tropical and boreal regions.	REFUTES	contradiction	Greenhouse gas
2,738	When you read Phil Jones' actual words, you see he's saying there is a warming trend	He said there had probably been no global warming since the 1940s, and "Satellite data show no appreciable warming of the global atmosphere since 1979.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Hockey stick controversy
2,794	But his results are evidence that the actual climate sensitivity is about 3°C for a doubling of atmospheric CO2.	Lindzen has stated that due to the non-linear effects of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, CO2 levels are now around 30% higher than pre-industrial levels but temperatures have responded by about 75% 0.6 °C (1.08 °F) of the expected value for a doubling of CO2.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Richard Lindzen
1,157	“In 2013 the level of U.S. farm output was about 2.7 times its 1948 level, and productivity was growing at an average annual rate of 1.52%.	This forecast assumes real GDP growth would be 1.4% in 2013 and 2.5% in 2014.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Unemployment in the United States
2,631	The temperatures are expected to change by as much as 10 Fahrenheit degrees at different places of the globe.	About a billion years from now, all surface water will have disappeared and the mean global temperature will reach 70 °C (158 °F).	REFUTES	contradiction	Earth
133	The amount of land we use for meat — humankind’s biggest use of land — has declined by an area nearly as large as Alaska	Despite estimated losses of agricultural land, the amount of arable land used in crop production globally increased by about 9% from 1961 to 2012, and is estimated to have been 1.396 billion hectares in 2012.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Human impact on the environment
2,313	Around 1990 it became obvious the local tide-gauge did not agree - there was no evidence of 'sinking.'	Although he might have achieved 21 knots and had given orders to raise steam ready to do so, he was also under orders to time his arrival at Liverpool for high tide so that the ship would not have to wait to enter port.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Sinking of the RMS Lusitania
2,483	"Britain's big freeze is the start of a worldwide trend towards colder weather that seriously challenges global warming theories, eminent scientists claimed yesterday.	Climate change denialism is the prime example, where a handful of scientists, allied with an effective PR machine, are publicly challenging the scientific consensus that global warming is real and is due primarily to human consumption of fossil fuels.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Climate change denial
577	‘Heatwaves are far more intense than when my parents were growing up in the 1950s.	's Heat Wave Duration Index is that a heat wave occurs when the daily maximum temperature of more than five consecutive days exceeds the average maximum temperature by 5 °C (9 °F), the normal period being 1961–1990.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Heat wave
248	But by far the largest greenhouse gas is water vapour, which makes 95 per cent of the total.	For example, methane and carbon monoxide (CO) are oxidized to give carbon dioxide (and methane oxidation also produces water vapor).	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Greenhouse gas
897	The report […] found that the United States was one of the most pollution-free nations in the world.”	"How polluted is U.S. drinking water?".	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	United States
634	But there is also good data showing sea levels	Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global warming
502	But abnormal temperature spikes in February and earlier this month have left it vulnerable to winds, which have pushed the ice further away from the coast than at any time since satellite records began in the 1970s.”	Extratropical cyclones can bring cold and dangerous conditions with heavy rain and snow with winds exceeding 119 km/h (74 mph), (sometimes referred to as windstorms in Europe).	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Precipitation
1,259	While the north-east, midwest and upper great plains have experienced a 30% increase in heavy rainfall episodes – considered once-in-every-five year downpours – parts of the west, particularly California, have been parched by drought.	Drought is much more common in the West than the rest of the United States.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Western United States
1,435	An area of coastal ecosystems larger than New York City is destroyed every year, removing an important buffer from extreme weather for coastal communities and releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.	Such impacts include increased coastal erosion, higher storm-surge flooding, inhibition of primary production processes, more extensive coastal inundation, changes in surface water quality and groundwater characteristics, increased loss of property and coastal habitats, increased flood risk and potential loss of life, loss of non-monetary cultural resources and values, impacts on agriculture and aquaculture through decline in soil and water quality, and loss of tourism, recreation, and transportation functions.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Sea level rise
386	Renewables such as wind turbines are environmentally disastrous because they pollute a huge land area, slice and dice birds and bats, kill insects that are bird food, create health problems for humans who live within kilometres of them, leave toxins around the turbine site and despoil the landscape.	These insects accumulate toxins in their exoskeletons and pass them on to insectivorous birds and bats.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Human impact on the environment
2,445	When all forcings are combined, they show good correlation to global temperature throughout the 20th century including the mid-century cooling period.	The major differences between the various proxy reconstructions relate to the magnitude of past cool excursions, principally during the twelfth to fourteenth, seventeenth and nineteenth centuries.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Little Ice Age
127	Increased atmospheric carbon dioxide has helped raise global food production and reduce poverty.	Potential negative environmental impacts caused by increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations are rising global air temperatures, altered hydrogeological cycles resulting in more frequent and severe droughts, storms, and floods, as well as sea level rise and ecosystem disruption.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Human impact on the environment
1,844	After the 9/11 terrorist attacks grounded commercial air traffic, "there was a temperature drop while the airplanes weren't flying, for the week afterwards."	Play media At 9:42 a.m., the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) grounded all civilian aircraft within the continental U.S., and civilian aircraft already in flight were told to land immediately.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	September 11 attacks
2,805	Arctic sea ice loss is three times greater than Antarctic sea ice gain, and the amount of solar energy absorbed by the Earth is increasing as a result.	More of the Sun's energy is now absorbed in these regions, contributing to Arctic amplification, which has caused Arctic temperatures to increase at more than twice the rate of the rest of the world.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Global warming
2,055	Over the past one million years climate cycles ranging from Ice Ages to warmer periods have been caused by changing levels of energy from the sun, planetary alignments and ocean currents.	Alterations in the quantity of atmospheric greenhouse gases determines the amount of solar energy retained by the planet, leading to global warming or global cooling.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Climate
2,215	We found 68 stations located at wastewater treatment plants, where the process of waste digestion causes temperatures to be higher than in surrounding areas.	In some treatment plants an Imhoff tank is used where sludge settles through a slot to the lower story or digestion chamber where it is decomposed by anaerobic bacteria, resulting in liquefaction and reduced volume of the sludge.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Sewage sludge
2,455	When CO2 levels were higher in the past, solar levels were also lower.	Less direct geological evidence indicates that CO2 values have not been this high for millions of years.	REFUTES	contradiction	Global warming
1,648	A variety of different measurements find steadily rising sea levels over the past century.	More precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements reveal an accelerating rise of 7.5 cm (3.0 in) from 1993 to 2017, which is a trend of roughly 30 cm (12 in) per century.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Sea level rise
118	more than 100 per cent of the warming over the past century is due to human actions	Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping ("greenhouse") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Scientific consensus on climate change
1,399	Since the end of 2012, moreover, total polar ice extent has largely remained above the post-1979 average.	Since 1979, the ice volume has shrunk by 80% and in just the past decade the volume declined by 36% in the autumn and 9% in the winter.	REFUTES	contradiction	Climate change in the Arctic
1,660	The benefits of a price on carbon outweigh the costs several times over.	How much does that cost the US (excluding the benefit of the reduced externality)?	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Carbon price
1,670	Scientists have determined that the factors which caused the Little Ice Age cooling are not currently causing global warming.	Historical patterns of warming and cooling, like the Medieval Climate Anomaly and the Little Ice Age, were not as synchronous as current warming, but may have reached temperatures as high as those of the late-20th century in a limited set of regions.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global warming
1,859	Big rooftop solar's plan forces Nevada families who don't have solar panels to pay higher power bills to subsidize rooftop solar.	In a state that is presently faced with various renewable energy issues, the idea of terminating personal property taxes on solar panels was widely supported.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Net metering
1,257	“as surface temperatures of the oceans warm up, the immediate response is more water vapor in the atmosphere.	The upper temperature level is given by the soil or water surface of the earth, which absorbs the incoming sun radiation and warms up, evaporating water.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Water vapor
1,469	Discovery Of Massive Volcanic CO2 Emissions Discredits Global Warming Theory.	The resultant global warming may have caused perhaps the most severe anoxic event in the oceans' history: according to this theory, the oceans became so anoxic, anaerobic sulfur-reducing organisms dominated the chemistry of the oceans and caused massive emissions of toxic hydrogen sulfide.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Permian–Triassic extinction event
787	The warming will slow to a potentially manageable pace only when human emissions are reduced to zero.	Avoiding this future warming will require a large and rapid reduction in global greenhouse gas emissions.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Scientific consensus on climate change
1,668	Thick arctic sea ice is in rapid retreat.	In 2002 the 12 km (7.5 mi) long floating terminus of the glacier entered a phase of rapid retreat, with the ice front breaking up and the floating terminus disintegrating and accelerating to a retreat rate of over 30 m (98 ft) per day.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Retreat of glaciers since 1850
435	NOAA’s analysis found last month was the 3rd-warmest April on record globally.	20 August July 2015 was the hottest month on Earth since records began in 1880, according to data from NOAA.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	2015 in science
1,235	“During ice ages, caused by wobbles in the Earth’s orbit, sea levels dropped more than 400 feet as ice piled up on land.	Due to the volume of ice on land, sea level was about 120 meters lower than present.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Quaternary glaciation
956	Data from NOAA’s Barrow Alaska station ‘indicate that October through December emissions of CO2 from surrounding tundra increased by 73 percent since 1975, supporting the view that rising temperatures have made Arctic ecosystems a net source of CO2.’”	The sharp acceleration in CO 2 emissions since 2000 to more than a 3% increase per year (more than 2 ppm per year) from 1.1% per year during the 1990s is attributable to the lapse of formerly declining trends in carbon intensity of both developing and developed nations.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Greenhouse gas
1,170	If a major hurricane is approaching with a predicted storm surge of 10-14 feet, are you really going to worry about a sea level rise of 1 inch per decade?”	Since the storm surge produced by the hurricane's right-front quadrant (containing the strongest winds) was forecast to be 28 feet (8.5 m), while the levees offered protection to 23 feet (7.0 m), emergency management officials in New Orleans feared that the storm surge could go over the tops of levees protecting the city, causing major flooding.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Hurricane Katrina
1,549	There's no empirical evidence for climate change.	A scientific or empirical skeptic is one who questions beliefs on the basis of scientific understanding and empirical evidence.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Skepticism
906	Goklany has argued that the rising level of carbon dioxide in the earth’s atmosphere ‘is currently net beneficial for both humanity and the biosphere generally.”	Since global warming is attributed to increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases such as CO 2 and methane, scientists closely monitor atmospheric CO 2 concentrations and their impact on the present-day biosphere.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
340	Heatwaves occur in any climate, but we know that heatwaves are becoming much more likely due to climate change.	As the Earth's climate warms, we are seeing many changes: stronger, more destructive hurricanes; heavier rainfall; more disastrous flooding; more areas of the world experiencing severe drought; and more heat waves."	SUPPORTS	entailment	Scientific consensus on climate change
165	When the Emergency Leaders for Climate Action approached the Federal Government in April they were drawing on decades of data showing that fire conditions are getting worse.	Bush's administration presided over the largest tax cuts since the presidency of Ronald Reagan, and his homeland security reforms proved to be the most significant expansion of the federal government since the Great Society.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	George W. Bush
298	Only very few peer-reviewed papers even go so far as to say that recent warming is chiefly anthropogenic.	A 2012 analysis of published research on global warming and climate change between 1991 and 2012 found that of the 13,950 articles in peer-reviewed journals, only 24 rejected anthropogenic global warming.	REFUTES	contradiction	Scientific consensus on climate change
559	And there is a lot of evidence that climate change is diminishing biodiversity, which can be seen in these alpine meadows as well.	The statement goes on to assert that "evidence is accumulating that wildlife and wildlife habitats have been and will continue to be significantly affected by ongoing large-scale rapid climate change."	SUPPORTS	entailment	Scientific consensus on climate change
1,594	Water vapor in the stratosphere stopped global warming.	After an initial warming due to emissions of greenhouse gases, the atmosphere will hold more water.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global warming
2,289	In fact, in recent years when cosmic rays should have been having their largest cooling effect on record, temperatures have been at their highest on record.	On average, such eruptions occur several times per century, and cause cooling (by partially blocking the transmission of solar radiation to the Earth's surface) for a period of several years.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Climate change (general concept)
386	Renewables such as wind turbines are environmentally disastrous because they pollute a huge land area, slice and dice birds and bats, kill insects that are bird food, create health problems for humans who live within kilometres of them, leave toxins around the turbine site and despoil the landscape.	Thousands of birds, including rare species, have been killed by the blades of wind turbines, though wind turbines contribute relatively insignificantly to anthropogenic avian mortality.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Wind turbine
3,048	There is no question whatsoever that the CO2 increase is human-caused.	It is likely that anthropogenic (i.e., human-induced) warming, such as that due to elevated greenhouse gas levels, has had a discernible influence on many physical and biological systems.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Greenhouse gas
1,389	If global warming caused the 2014 Queensland heat wave, why wasn’t it as severe as the 1972 Queensland heat wave?”	The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global warming
1,660	The benefits of a price on carbon outweigh the costs several times over.	Suppose the benefits from that ton range from $1 for the user with the least need for carbon to $100 (in $1 increments) for the user who would benefit most.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Carbon price
2,709	When you account for the effects which are not reflected in the market price of fossil fuels, like air pollution and health impacts, the true cost of coal and other fossil fuels is higher than the cost of most renewable energy technologies.	The large-scale use of renewable energy technologies would "greatly mitigate or eliminate a wide range of environmental and human health impacts of energy use".	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Energy industry
645	Scientists just discovered a massive, heretofore unknown, source of nitrogen	Biological nitrogen fixation was discovered by German agronomist Hermann Hellriegel and Dutch microbiologist Martinus Beijerinck.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Nitrogen fixation
2,250	Some global warming 'skeptics' argue that the Earth's climate sensitivity is so low that a doubling of atmospheric CO2 will result in a surface temperature change on the order of 1°C or less, and that therefore global warming is nothing to worry about.	The equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) refers to the equilibrium change in global mean near-surface air temperature that would result from a sustained doubling of the atmospheric equivalent CO 2 concentration (ΔT2×).	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Climate sensitivity
2,579	Over the past 250 years, humans have added just one part of CO2 in 10,000 to the atmosphere.	In the modern era, emissions to the atmosphere from volcanoes are approximately 0.645 billion tonnes of CO 2 per year, whereas humans contribute 29 billion tonnes of CO 2 each year.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Greenhouse gas
1,402	Beginning in 2005, however, polar ice modestly receded for several years.	The Trift Glacier had the greatest recorded retreat, losing 350 m (1,150 ft) of its length between the years 2003 and 2005.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Retreat of glaciers since 1850
180	Reef material is calcium carbonate, which contains 44 per cent carbon dioxide.	Cyanobacteria can encourage the precipitation or accumulation of calcium carbonate to produce distinct sediment bodies in composition that have relief on the seafloor.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Reef
1,579	A drop in volcanic activity caused warming.	Sea surface temperatures too decreased by 0.3–2.2 °C (0.54–3.96 °F), triggering changes in the ocean circulations.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	1257 Samalas eruption
0	Global warming is driving polar bears toward extinction	"Bear hunting caught in global warming debate".	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Polar bear
863	The warmer the planet gets, the more ozone forms, and by mid-century, Americans will likely suffer a 70 percent increase in unhealthy ozone smog, the National Center for Atmospheric Research has projected.	Some stratospheric cooling is also predicted from increases in greenhouse gases such as CO 2 and CFCs themselves; however, the ozone-induced cooling appears to be dominant.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Ozone depletion
1,598	Adapting to global warming is cheaper than preventing it.	The capacity and potential for humans to adapt, called adaptive capacity, is unevenly distributed across different regions and populations, and developing countries generally have less capacity to adapt.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global warming
1,655	Ancient natural cycles are irrelevant for attributing recent global warming to humans.	The effects of climate change on human systems, mostly due to warming and shifts in precipitation, have been detected worldwide.	REFUTES	contradiction	Global warming
2,457	"Of the rise in temperature during the 20th century, the bulk occurred from 1900 to 1940.	The highest temperature ever recorded was 38.2 °C (100.8 °F) at the VVC weather station and 39.0 °C (102.2 °F) in the center of Moscow and Domodedovo airport on July 29, 2010 during the unusual 2010 Northern Hemisphere summer heat waves.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Moscow
530	South Australia is winning: it has the most unreliable grid in the world outside Africa and the most expensive electricity.	[citation needed] South Australia has the highest retail price for electricity in the country.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Adelaide
2,656	The divergence of tree-ring proxies from temperatures after 1960 is openly discussed in the peer-reviewed literature and the last two IPCC assessment reports.	The Geological Society of America (GSA) concurs with assessments by the National Academies of Science (2005), the National Research Council (2006), and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2007) that global climate has warmed and that human activities (mainly greenhouse‐gas emissions) account for most of the warming since the middle 1900s.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Scientific consensus on climate change
938	We’re not sure because we don’t have enough data, for long enough, to separate signal from noise,” said Eric J. Steig, a scientist at the University of Washington who has studied temperature trends in Antarctica.	One of the paper's authors, Eric Steig of the University of Washington, stated "We now see warming is taking place on all seven of the earth’s continents in accord with what models predict as a response to greenhouse gases."	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Antarctica cooling controversy
2,907	Maximum warming occurs over the surface during winter while less surface warming is found in summer when heat is being used to melt sea ice.	While snow and ice act to insulate the surface from large energy losses in winter, they also act to retard warming in the spring and summer because of the large amount of energy required to melt ice (the latent heat of fusion, 3.34 x 105 J/kg at 0 °C).	SUPPORTS	entailment	Cryosphere

203

In our lifetime, there has been no correlation between carbon dioxide emissions and temperature

In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.

REFUTES

contradiction

Global warming

2,912

temperature under the ice is fixed at -2C. Thus elevated winter air temperatures

The lowest air temperature ever directly measured on Earth was −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F) at Vostok Station in 1983, but satellites have used remote sensing to measure temperatures as low as −94.7 °C (−138.5 °F) in East Antarctica.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Earth

1,566

Solar Cycle Length proves its the sun.

At this speed, it takes around 1,190 years for the Solar System to travel a distance of 1 light-year, or 7 days to travel 1 AU.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Sun

1,904

If we got solar energy from "an area of the Southwestern desert 100 miles on a side, that would be enough, in and of itself, to provide 100 percent of all the electricity needs for the United States of America in a full year."

His plant used parabolic troughs to power a 45–52 kilowatts (60–70 hp) engine that pumped more than 22,000 litres (4,800 imp gal; 5,800 US gal) of water per minute from the Nile River to adjacent cotton fields.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Solar energy

2,780

The United States has been restricting soot emissions in Draconian fashion since the Clean Air Act of 1963.

The Clean Air Act of 1963 was the first federal legislation regarding air pollution control.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Clean Air Act (United States)

2,423

Arctic sea ice has been steadily thinning, even in the last few years while the surface ice (eg - sea ice extent) increased slightly.

The mean extent of the ice has been decreasing since 1980 from the average winter value of 15,600,000 km2 (6,023,200 sq mi) at a rate of 3% per decade.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Arctic Ocean

1,517

Observations throughout the world make it clear that climate change is occurring, and rigorous scientific research demonstrates that the greenhouse gases emitted by human activities are the primary driver.

A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Scientific consensus on climate change

376

whenever in the past there was an explosion of plant life, the carbon dioxide content was far higher than at present.

The concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere today is much lower than it was when plants emerged onto land during the Ordovician and Silurian periods.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Botany

2,961

Cooks ’97% consensus’ disproven by a new peer

A November 2019 study showed that the consensus among research scientists had grown to 100%, based on a review of 11,602 peer-reviewed articles published in the first 7 months of 2019.

REFUTES

contradiction

Scientific consensus on climate change

3,084

"the temperature increase in the second half of the 20th century could have taken place in steps driven by major ENSO events" (Jens Raunsø Jensen)

But, more accurately, global warming is the mainly human-caused increase in global surface temperatures and its projected continuation, while climate change includes both global warming and its effects, such as changes in precipitation.

REFUTES

contradiction

Global warming

2,078

Droughts and floods have not changed since weve been using fossil fuels

There may have been changes in other climate extremes (e.g., floods, droughts and tropical cyclones) but these changes are more difficult to identify.

REFUTES

contradiction

Effects of global warming

2,583

"Each unit of CO2 you put into the atmosphere has less and less of a warming impact.

This additional CO2 led to a projected increase in warming of between 0.1 and 1.5 °C.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Physical impacts of climate change

1,935

No state generates as much solar power as California, or has as many people whose jobs depend on it.

Due to the high electricity demand, California imports more electricity than any other state, primarily hydroelectric power from states in the Pacific Northwest (via Path 15 and Path 66) and coal- and natural gas-fired production from the desert Southwest via Path 46.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

California

2,030

Opponents of climate action are getting twice as much airtime as proponents of climate action.

Fox News has widely been described as a major platform for climate change denial.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Fox News

2,262

Since the hockey stick paper in 1998, there have been a number of proxy studies analysing a variety of different sources including corals, stalagmites, tree rings, boreholes and ice cores.

Paleoclimatology uses a variety of proxy methods from the Earth and life sciences to obtain data previously preserved within rocks, sediments, boreholes, ice sheets, tree rings, corals, shells, and microfossils.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Paleoclimatology

332

Shelters in poorer countries are not repainted as often, and darker stations absorb more of the sun’s energy.

Acute conditions such as sunburn, dehydration, heat stroke and allergic reactions are also common.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Homelessness

1,430

Seventeen of the 18 warmest years have occurred since 2000.

2016's record meant that 16 of the 17 warmest years have occurred since 2000, 2017 being the third-hottest year on record meant that 17 of the last 18 warmest years have occurred since 2000.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Instrumental temperature record

564

This could mean the landmark Paris Climate Agreement – which seeks to limit global warming to 2 degrees Celsius (3.6 degrees Fahrenheit) above pre-industrial levels – may not be enough to ward off catastrophe.

Although the parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required and that global warming should be limited to well below 2 °C (3.6 °F) in the Paris Agreement of 2016, the Earth's average surface temperature has already increased by about half this threshold and current pledges by countries to cut emissions are inadequate to limit future warming.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Global warming

2,662

"...there is the contention by Wolfgang Knorr of the Department of Earth Sciences at the University of Bristol in England that carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere are about where they were 160 years ago." (as quoted by Ken Ward Jr.)

For contrast, today the carbon dioxide levels are at 400 ppm or 0.04%.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Eocene

1,743

Arctic sea ice has shrunk by an area equal to Western Australia, and summer or multi-year sea ice might be all gone within a decade.

"Some of the models suggest that there is a 75 percent chance that the entire north polar ice cap during some of the summer months will be completely ice-free within the next five to seven years," Gore said.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Arctic sea ice decline

2,837

In fact, the rate of increase from September onward is the fastest rate of change on record, either upwards or downwards.

From September 2018 onward, as the economic and political news worsened, the bloated US stockmarkets began to deflate, while the VIX index trebled.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Tendency of the rate of profit to fall

2,099

2nd law of thermodynamics contradicts greenhouse theory

Loschmidt's paradox, also known as the reversibility paradox, is the objection that it should not be possible to deduce an irreversible process from the time-symmetric dynamics that describe the microscopic evolution of a macroscopic system.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Second law of thermodynamics

1,774

The CERN CLOUD experiment only tested one-third of one out of four requirements necessary to blame global warming on cosmic rays, and two of the other requirements have already failed.

Although its design is optimised to address the cosmic ray question, (as posed by Henrik Svensmark and colleagues in 1997) CLOUD allows as well to measure aerosol nucleation and growth under controlled laboratory conditions.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

CLOUD experiment

880

The peer-reviewed study by two scientists and a veteran statistician looked at the global average temperature datasets[…]

Scientific discussion takes place in journal articles that are peer-reviewed, which scientists subject to assessment every couple of years in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reports.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global warming

1,849

Australia has more solar coverage than any other continent.

Firstly, tropical continents are more reflective than open ocean, and so absorb less of the Sun's heat: most absorption of Solar energy on Earth today occurs in tropical oceans.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Snowball Earth

28

Volcanoes Melting West Antarctic Glaciers, Not Global Warming

This created a warming that later melted the ice and brought Earth's temperature back to equilibrium.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Climate variability

30

the bushfires [in Australia] were caused by arsonists and a series of lightning strikes, not 'climate change'

Man-made events include arcing from overhead power lines, arson, accidental ignition in the course of agricultural clearing, grinding and welding activities, campfires, cigarettes and dropped matches, sparks from machinery, and controlled burn escapes.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Bushfires in Australia

2,136

Renewables can't provide baseload power

"Supplying Baseload Power and Reducing Transmission Requirements by Interconnecting Wind Farms" (PDF).

REFUTES

contradiction

Wind power

705

policies based on previous climate model output and predictions might need to be reconsidered

GCMs and global climate models are used for weather forecasting, understanding the climate, and forecasting climate change.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

General circulation model

173

If there were [carbon emissions], we could not see because most carbon is black.

Bituminous coal, a dense sedimentary rock, usually black, but sometimes dark brown, often with well-defined bands of bright and dull material.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Coal

888

the mild warming of around 0.8 degrees Celsius that the planet has experienced since the middle of the 19th century

As a result, the mean annual air temperature at sea level decreases by about 0.4 °C (0.7 °F) per degree of latitude from the equator.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Earth

888

the mild warming of around 0.8 degrees Celsius that the planet has experienced since the middle of the 19th century

The second warmest is 2018, with 8.0 °C (46 °F).

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Uppsala

1,009

‘Arctic ice conditions have been tracking at record low conditions since October, persisting for six consecutive months’

Scientists recently measured sixteen-foot (five-meter) wave heights during a storm in the Beaufort Sea in mid-August until late October 2012.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Arctic sea ice decline

1,604

CO2 increase is natural, not human-caused.

[clarification needed] This increase is the result of human activities by burning fossil fuels, deforestation and forest degradation in tropical and boreal regions.

REFUTES

contradiction

Greenhouse gas

2,738

When you read Phil Jones' actual words, you see he's saying there is a warming trend

He said there had probably been no global warming since the 1940s, and "Satellite data show no appreciable warming of the global atmosphere since 1979.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Hockey stick controversy

2,794

But his results are evidence that the actual climate sensitivity is about 3°C for a doubling of atmospheric CO2.

Lindzen has stated that due to the non-linear effects of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, CO2 levels are now around 30% higher than pre-industrial levels but temperatures have responded by about 75% 0.6 °C (1.08 °F) of the expected value for a doubling of CO2.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Richard Lindzen

1,157

“In 2013 the level of U.S. farm output was about 2.7 times its 1948 level, and productivity was growing at an average annual rate of 1.52%.

This forecast assumes real GDP growth would be 1.4% in 2013 and 2.5% in 2014.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Unemployment in the United States

2,631

The temperatures are expected to change by as much as 10 Fahrenheit degrees at different places of the globe.

About a billion years from now, all surface water will have disappeared and the mean global temperature will reach 70 °C (158 °F).

REFUTES

contradiction

Earth

133

The amount of land we use for meat — humankind’s biggest use of land — has declined by an area nearly as large as Alaska

Despite estimated losses of agricultural land, the amount of arable land used in crop production globally increased by about 9% from 1961 to 2012, and is estimated to have been 1.396 billion hectares in 2012.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Human impact on the environment

2,313

Around 1990 it became obvious the local tide-gauge did not agree - there was no evidence of 'sinking.'

Although he might have achieved 21 knots and had given orders to raise steam ready to do so, he was also under orders to time his arrival at Liverpool for high tide so that the ship would not have to wait to enter port.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Sinking of the RMS Lusitania

2,483

"Britain's big freeze is the start of a worldwide trend towards colder weather that seriously challenges global warming theories, eminent scientists claimed yesterday.

Climate change denialism is the prime example, where a handful of scientists, allied with an effective PR machine, are publicly challenging the scientific consensus that global warming is real and is due primarily to human consumption of fossil fuels.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Climate change denial

577

‘Heatwaves are far more intense than when my parents were growing up in the 1950s.

's Heat Wave Duration Index is that a heat wave occurs when the daily maximum temperature of more than five consecutive days exceeds the average maximum temperature by 5 °C (9 °F), the normal period being 1961–1990.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Heat wave

248

But by far the largest greenhouse gas is water vapour, which makes 95 per cent of the total.

For example, methane and carbon monoxide (CO) are oxidized to give carbon dioxide (and methane oxidation also produces water vapor).

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Greenhouse gas

897

The report […] found that the United States was one of the most pollution-free nations in the world.”

"How polluted is U.S. drinking water?".

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

United States

634

But there is also good data showing sea levels

Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global warming

502

But abnormal temperature spikes in February and earlier this month have left it vulnerable to winds, which have pushed the ice further away from the coast than at any time since satellite records began in the 1970s.”

Extratropical cyclones can bring cold and dangerous conditions with heavy rain and snow with winds exceeding 119 km/h (74 mph), (sometimes referred to as windstorms in Europe).

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Precipitation

1,259

While the north-east, midwest and upper great plains have experienced a 30% increase in heavy rainfall episodes – considered once-in-every-five year downpours – parts of the west, particularly California, have been parched by drought.

Drought is much more common in the West than the rest of the United States.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Western United States

1,435

An area of coastal ecosystems larger than New York City is destroyed every year, removing an important buffer from extreme weather for coastal communities and releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.

Such impacts include increased coastal erosion, higher storm-surge flooding, inhibition of primary production processes, more extensive coastal inundation, changes in surface water quality and groundwater characteristics, increased loss of property and coastal habitats, increased flood risk and potential loss of life, loss of non-monetary cultural resources and values, impacts on agriculture and aquaculture through decline in soil and water quality, and loss of tourism, recreation, and transportation functions.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Sea level rise

386

Renewables such as wind turbines are environmentally disastrous because they pollute a huge land area, slice and dice birds and bats, kill insects that are bird food, create health problems for humans who live within kilometres of them, leave toxins around the turbine site and despoil the landscape.

These insects accumulate toxins in their exoskeletons and pass them on to insectivorous birds and bats.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Human impact on the environment

2,445

When all forcings are combined, they show good correlation to global temperature throughout the 20th century including the mid-century cooling period.

The major differences between the various proxy reconstructions relate to the magnitude of past cool excursions, principally during the twelfth to fourteenth, seventeenth and nineteenth centuries.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Little Ice Age

127

Increased atmospheric carbon dioxide has helped raise global food production and reduce poverty.

Potential negative environmental impacts caused by increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations are rising global air temperatures, altered hydrogeological cycles resulting in more frequent and severe droughts, storms, and floods, as well as sea level rise and ecosystem disruption.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Human impact on the environment

1,844

After the 9/11 terrorist attacks grounded commercial air traffic, "there was a temperature drop while the airplanes weren't flying, for the week afterwards."

Play media At 9:42 a.m., the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) grounded all civilian aircraft within the continental U.S., and civilian aircraft already in flight were told to land immediately.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

September 11 attacks

2,805

Arctic sea ice loss is three times greater than Antarctic sea ice gain, and the amount of solar energy absorbed by the Earth is increasing as a result.

More of the Sun's energy is now absorbed in these regions, contributing to Arctic amplification, which has caused Arctic temperatures to increase at more than twice the rate of the rest of the world.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Global warming

2,055

Over the past one million years climate cycles ranging from Ice Ages to warmer periods have been caused by changing levels of energy from the sun, planetary alignments and ocean currents.

Alterations in the quantity of atmospheric greenhouse gases determines the amount of solar energy retained by the planet, leading to global warming or global cooling.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Climate

2,215

We found 68 stations located at wastewater treatment plants, where the process of waste digestion causes temperatures to be higher than in surrounding areas.

In some treatment plants an Imhoff tank is used where sludge settles through a slot to the lower story or digestion chamber where it is decomposed by anaerobic bacteria, resulting in liquefaction and reduced volume of the sludge.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Sewage sludge

2,455

When CO2 levels were higher in the past, solar levels were also lower.

Less direct geological evidence indicates that CO2 values have not been this high for millions of years.

REFUTES

contradiction

Global warming

1,648

A variety of different measurements find steadily rising sea levels over the past century.

More precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements reveal an accelerating rise of 7.5 cm (3.0 in) from 1993 to 2017, which is a trend of roughly 30 cm (12 in) per century.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Sea level rise

118

more than 100 per cent of the warming over the past century is due to human actions

Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping ("greenhouse") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Scientific consensus on climate change

1,399

Since the end of 2012, moreover, total polar ice extent has largely remained above the post-1979 average.

Since 1979, the ice volume has shrunk by 80% and in just the past decade the volume declined by 36% in the autumn and 9% in the winter.

REFUTES

contradiction

Climate change in the Arctic

1,660

The benefits of a price on carbon outweigh the costs several times over.

How much does that cost the US (excluding the benefit of the reduced externality)?

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Carbon price

1,670

Scientists have determined that the factors which caused the Little Ice Age cooling are not currently causing global warming.

Historical patterns of warming and cooling, like the Medieval Climate Anomaly and the Little Ice Age, were not as synchronous as current warming, but may have reached temperatures as high as those of the late-20th century in a limited set of regions.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global warming

1,859

Big rooftop solar's plan forces Nevada families who don't have solar panels to pay higher power bills to subsidize rooftop solar.

In a state that is presently faced with various renewable energy issues, the idea of terminating personal property taxes on solar panels was widely supported.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Net metering

1,257

“as surface temperatures of the oceans warm up, the immediate response is more water vapor in the atmosphere.

The upper temperature level is given by the soil or water surface of the earth, which absorbs the incoming sun radiation and warms up, evaporating water.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Water vapor

1,469

Discovery Of Massive Volcanic CO2 Emissions Discredits Global Warming Theory.

The resultant global warming may have caused perhaps the most severe anoxic event in the oceans' history: according to this theory, the oceans became so anoxic, anaerobic sulfur-reducing organisms dominated the chemistry of the oceans and caused massive emissions of toxic hydrogen sulfide.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Permian–Triassic extinction event

787

The warming will slow to a potentially manageable pace only when human emissions are reduced to zero.

Avoiding this future warming will require a large and rapid reduction in global greenhouse gas emissions.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Scientific consensus on climate change

1,668

Thick arctic sea ice is in rapid retreat.

In 2002 the 12 km (7.5 mi) long floating terminus of the glacier entered a phase of rapid retreat, with the ice front breaking up and the floating terminus disintegrating and accelerating to a retreat rate of over 30 m (98 ft) per day.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Retreat of glaciers since 1850

435

NOAA’s analysis found last month was the 3rd-warmest April on record globally.

20 August July 2015 was the hottest month on Earth since records began in 1880, according to data from NOAA.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

2015 in science

1,235

“During ice ages, caused by wobbles in the Earth’s orbit, sea levels dropped more than 400 feet as ice piled up on land.

Due to the volume of ice on land, sea level was about 120 meters lower than present.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Quaternary glaciation

956

Data from NOAA’s Barrow Alaska station ‘indicate that October through December emissions of CO2 from surrounding tundra increased by 73 percent since 1975, supporting the view that rising temperatures have made Arctic ecosystems a net source of CO2.’”

The sharp acceleration in CO 2 emissions since 2000 to more than a 3% increase per year (more than 2 ppm per year) from 1.1% per year during the 1990s is attributable to the lapse of formerly declining trends in carbon intensity of both developing and developed nations.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Greenhouse gas

1,170

If a major hurricane is approaching with a predicted storm surge of 10-14 feet, are you really going to worry about a sea level rise of 1 inch per decade?”

Since the storm surge produced by the hurricane's right-front quadrant (containing the strongest winds) was forecast to be 28 feet (8.5 m), while the levees offered protection to 23 feet (7.0 m), emergency management officials in New Orleans feared that the storm surge could go over the tops of levees protecting the city, causing major flooding.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Hurricane Katrina

1,549

There's no empirical evidence for climate change.

A scientific or empirical skeptic is one who questions beliefs on the basis of scientific understanding and empirical evidence.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Skepticism

906

Goklany has argued that the rising level of carbon dioxide in the earth’s atmosphere ‘is currently net beneficial for both humanity and the biosphere generally.”

Since global warming is attributed to increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases such as CO 2 and methane, scientists closely monitor atmospheric CO 2 concentrations and their impact on the present-day biosphere.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere

340

Heatwaves occur in any climate, but we know that heatwaves are becoming much more likely due to climate change.

As the Earth's climate warms, we are seeing many changes: stronger, more destructive hurricanes; heavier rainfall; more disastrous flooding; more areas of the world experiencing severe drought; and more heat waves."

SUPPORTS

entailment

Scientific consensus on climate change

165

When the Emergency Leaders for Climate Action approached the Federal Government in April they were drawing on decades of data showing that fire conditions are getting worse.

Bush's administration presided over the largest tax cuts since the presidency of Ronald Reagan, and his homeland security reforms proved to be the most significant expansion of the federal government since the Great Society.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

George W. Bush

298

Only very few peer-reviewed papers even go so far as to say that recent warming is chiefly anthropogenic.

A 2012 analysis of published research on global warming and climate change between 1991 and 2012 found that of the 13,950 articles in peer-reviewed journals, only 24 rejected anthropogenic global warming.

REFUTES

contradiction

Scientific consensus on climate change

559

And there is a lot of evidence that climate change is diminishing biodiversity, which can be seen in these alpine meadows as well.

The statement goes on to assert that "evidence is accumulating that wildlife and wildlife habitats have been and will continue to be significantly affected by ongoing large-scale rapid climate change."

SUPPORTS

entailment

Scientific consensus on climate change

1,594

Water vapor in the stratosphere stopped global warming.

After an initial warming due to emissions of greenhouse gases, the atmosphere will hold more water.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global warming

2,289

In fact, in recent years when cosmic rays should have been having their largest cooling effect on record, temperatures have been at their highest on record.

On average, such eruptions occur several times per century, and cause cooling (by partially blocking the transmission of solar radiation to the Earth's surface) for a period of several years.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Climate change (general concept)

386

Renewables such as wind turbines are environmentally disastrous because they pollute a huge land area, slice and dice birds and bats, kill insects that are bird food, create health problems for humans who live within kilometres of them, leave toxins around the turbine site and despoil the landscape.

Thousands of birds, including rare species, have been killed by the blades of wind turbines, though wind turbines contribute relatively insignificantly to anthropogenic avian mortality.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Wind turbine

3,048

There is no question whatsoever that the CO2 increase is human-caused.

It is likely that anthropogenic (i.e., human-induced) warming, such as that due to elevated greenhouse gas levels, has had a discernible influence on many physical and biological systems.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Greenhouse gas

1,389

If global warming caused the 2014 Queensland heat wave, why wasn’t it as severe as the 1972 Queensland heat wave?”

The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global warming

1,660

The benefits of a price on carbon outweigh the costs several times over.

Suppose the benefits from that ton range from $1 for the user with the least need for carbon to $100 (in $1 increments) for the user who would benefit most.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Carbon price

2,709

When you account for the effects which are not reflected in the market price of fossil fuels, like air pollution and health impacts, the true cost of coal and other fossil fuels is higher than the cost of most renewable energy technologies.

The large-scale use of renewable energy technologies would "greatly mitigate or eliminate a wide range of environmental and human health impacts of energy use".

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Energy industry

645

Scientists just discovered a massive, heretofore unknown, source of nitrogen

Biological nitrogen fixation was discovered by German agronomist Hermann Hellriegel and Dutch microbiologist Martinus Beijerinck.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Nitrogen fixation

2,250

Some global warming 'skeptics' argue that the Earth's climate sensitivity is so low that a doubling of atmospheric CO2 will result in a surface temperature change on the order of 1°C or less, and that therefore global warming is nothing to worry about.

The equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) refers to the equilibrium change in global mean near-surface air temperature that would result from a sustained doubling of the atmospheric equivalent CO 2 concentration (ΔT2×).

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Climate sensitivity

2,579

Over the past 250 years, humans have added just one part of CO2 in 10,000 to the atmosphere.

In the modern era, emissions to the atmosphere from volcanoes are approximately 0.645 billion tonnes of CO 2 per year, whereas humans contribute 29 billion tonnes of CO 2 each year.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Greenhouse gas

1,402

Beginning in 2005, however, polar ice modestly receded for several years.

The Trift Glacier had the greatest recorded retreat, losing 350 m (1,150 ft) of its length between the years 2003 and 2005.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Retreat of glaciers since 1850

180

Reef material is calcium carbonate, which contains 44 per cent carbon dioxide.

Cyanobacteria can encourage the precipitation or accumulation of calcium carbonate to produce distinct sediment bodies in composition that have relief on the seafloor.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Reef

1,579

A drop in volcanic activity caused warming.

Sea surface temperatures too decreased by 0.3–2.2 °C (0.54–3.96 °F), triggering changes in the ocean circulations.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

1257 Samalas eruption

0

Global warming is driving polar bears toward extinction

"Bear hunting caught in global warming debate".

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Polar bear

863

The warmer the planet gets, the more ozone forms, and by mid-century, Americans will likely suffer a 70 percent increase in unhealthy ozone smog, the National Center for Atmospheric Research has projected.

Some stratospheric cooling is also predicted from increases in greenhouse gases such as CO 2 and CFCs themselves; however, the ozone-induced cooling appears to be dominant.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Ozone depletion

1,598

Adapting to global warming is cheaper than preventing it.

The capacity and potential for humans to adapt, called adaptive capacity, is unevenly distributed across different regions and populations, and developing countries generally have less capacity to adapt.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global warming

1,655

Ancient natural cycles are irrelevant for attributing recent global warming to humans.

The effects of climate change on human systems, mostly due to warming and shifts in precipitation, have been detected worldwide.

REFUTES

contradiction

Global warming

2,457

"Of the rise in temperature during the 20th century, the bulk occurred from 1900 to 1940.

The highest temperature ever recorded was 38.2 °C (100.8 °F) at the VVC weather station and 39.0 °C (102.2 °F) in the center of Moscow and Domodedovo airport on July 29, 2010 during the unusual 2010 Northern Hemisphere summer heat waves.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Moscow

530

South Australia is winning: it has the most unreliable grid in the world outside Africa and the most expensive electricity.

[citation needed] South Australia has the highest retail price for electricity in the country.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Adelaide

2,656

The divergence of tree-ring proxies from temperatures after 1960 is openly discussed in the peer-reviewed literature and the last two IPCC assessment reports.

The Geological Society of America (GSA) concurs with assessments by the National Academies of Science (2005), the National Research Council (2006), and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2007) that global climate has warmed and that human activities (mainly greenhouse‐gas emissions) account for most of the warming since the middle 1900s.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Scientific consensus on climate change

938

We’re not sure because we don’t have enough data, for long enough, to separate signal from noise,” said Eric J. Steig, a scientist at the University of Washington who has studied temperature trends in Antarctica.

One of the paper's authors, Eric Steig of the University of Washington, stated "We now see warming is taking place on all seven of the earth’s continents in accord with what models predict as a response to greenhouse gases."

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Antarctica cooling controversy

2,907

Maximum warming occurs over the surface during winter while less surface warming is found in summer when heat is being used to melt sea ice.

While snow and ice act to insulate the surface from large energy losses in winter, they also act to retard warming in the spring and summer because of the large amount of energy required to melt ice (the latent heat of fusion, 3.34 x 105 J/kg at 0 °C).

SUPPORTS

entailment

Cryosphere