Yoonseong/climatebert_factcheck · Datasets at Hugging Face

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1,127	This means it is possible that by some yardsticks, 2016 will be declared as hot as 2015 or even slightly hotter – because El Nino did not vanish until the middle of the year.	However, the Japan Meteorological Agency declares that an El Niño event has started when the average five month sea surface temperature deviation for the NINO.3 region, is over 0.5 °C (0.90 °F) warmer for six consecutive months or longer.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	El Niño
3,125	About 60% of the warming observed from 1970 to 2000 was very likely caused by this natural 60-year climatic cycle during its warming phase...	Given that records of solar activity are accurate, solar activity may have contributed to part of the modern warming that peaked in the 1930s, in addition to the 60-year temperature cycles that result in roughly 0.5 °C of warming during the increasing temperature phase.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Climate variability
817	Scientists have long known about the anomalous ‘warming hole‘ in the North Atlantic Ocean, an area immune to warming of Earth’s oceans.	In the North Atlantic, sediments accumulated since the end of the last ice age, nearly 12,000 years ago, show regular increases in the amount of coarse sediment grains deposited from icebergs melting in the now open ocean, indicating a series of 1–2 °C (2–4 °F) cooling events recurring every 1,500 years or so.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Little Ice Age
2,978	The lower temperatures at this "coldest point" have caused global water vapor levels to drop, even as carbon levels rise.	These isotope changes occurred due to the release of carbon from the ocean into the atmosphere that led to a temperature increase of 4-8 °C (7-14 °F) at the surface of the ocean.	REFUTES	contradiction	Eocene
1,822	Trudeau's carbon tax will raise gas prices by 11 cents/litre.	As of 2016, the tax rate has been increased to 1,02 NOK per liter or standard cubic meter of oil and natural gas.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Carbon tax
889	“Several of the papers note that the primary influence on warming appears to be solar activity.	Patterns of solar irradiance and solar variation has been a main driver of climate change over the millennia to gigayears of the geologic time scale, but its role in the recent warming has been found to be insignificant.	REFUTES	contradiction	Solar activity and climate
1,333	“The oceans will never become acid because there is such a huge buffering capacity in the oceans.	The rising ocean acidity makes it more difficult for marine organisms such as shrimp, oysters, or corals to form their shells – a process known as calcification.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Fisheries and climate change
1,504	Climate scientists say that aspects of the case of Hurricane Harvey suggest global warming is making a bad situation worse.	Weather events are due to multiple factors, and so cannot be said to be caused by one precondition, but climate change affects aspects of extreme events, and very likely worsened some of the impacts of Harvey.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Hurricane Harvey
2,693	While there are many drivers of climate, CO2 is the most dominant radiative forcing and is increasing faster than any other forcing.	Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Global warming
2,170	Climate change isn't increasing extreme weather damage costs	For example, humans living on atoll islands face risks due to sea level rise, sea surface warming, and increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events.	REFUTES	contradiction	Effects of global warming
645	Scientists just discovered a massive, heretofore unknown, source of nitrogen	Dinitrogen difluoride (N2F2) exists as thermally interconvertible cis and trans isomers, and was first found as a product of the thermal decomposition of FN3.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Nitrogen
1,040	While evidence that the earth’s orbital variations impact radiation levels and thus global temperatures does not of course mean that man is not in some way impacting the climate, studies like these highlight that the role man plays on the planet is dwarfed by natural phenomena utterly out of our control.	The consensus is that several factors are important: atmospheric composition, such as the concentrations of carbon dioxide and methane (the specific levels of the previously mentioned gases are now able to be seen with the new ice core samples from EPICA Dome C in Antarctica over the past 800,000 years); changes in the earth's orbit around the Sun known as Milankovitch cycles; the motion of tectonic plates resulting in changes in the relative location and amount of continental and oceanic crust on the earth's surface, which affect wind and ocean currents; variations in solar output; the orbital dynamics of the Earth–Moon system; the impact of relatively large meteorites and volcanism including eruptions of supervolcanoes.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Ice age
2,295	As a result, "The warmest year on US record is now 1934.	The warmest year on record is 2012, with a mean temperature of 57.4 °F (14.1 °C).	REFUTES	contradiction	New York City
1,237	the last sea-level high point, … occurred between the last two ice ages, about 125,000 years ago.	The last cold period began about 115,000 years ago and ended 11,700 years ago.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Weichselian glaciation
1,584	Renewables can't provide baseload power.	"Supplying Baseload Power and Reducing Transmission Requirements by Interconnecting Wind Farms" (PDF).	REFUTES	contradiction	Wind power
2,118	Humans are too insignificant to affect global climate	Currently, through land development, combustion of fossil fuels, and pollution, humans are thought to be the main contributor to global climate change.	REFUTES	contradiction	Human
2,689	Pluto experiences drastic season changes due to an elliptical orbit (that takes 250 Earth years).	Pluto's orbital period is currently about 248 years.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Pluto
2,834	When stomata-derived CO2 (red) is compared to ice core-derived CO2 (blue), the stomata generally show much more variability in the atmospheric CO2 level and often show levels much higher than the ice cores.	Measured atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide are currently 100 ppm higher than pre-industrial levels.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Greenhouse gas
1,799	Satellite transmissions are extremely small and irrelevant.	Signals are transmitted using Ku band (12 to 18 GHz) and are completely digital which means it has high picture and stereo sound quality.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Satellite television
1,166	Drought in the western U.S. pales in comparison to the mega-droughts tree rings tell us existed in centuries past.	During a 200-year mega drought in the Sierra Nevada that lasted from the 9th to the 12th centuries, trees would grow on newly exposed shoreline at Fallen Leaf Lake, then as the lake grew once again, the trees were preserved under cold water.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Megadrought
2,427	By that time CO2 emissions had already risen from the expanded use of coal that had powered the industrial revolution, and emissions only increased slowly from 3.5gigatonnes in 1910 to under 4gigatonnes by the end of the Second World War.	Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Carbon dioxide
630	I conclude that it must be ice accumulation, through evaporation of ocean water, and subsequent precipitation turning into ice.	Much of this precipitation began as water vapor evaporated from the ocean surface.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Sea level rise
1,307	a new study by scientists at the Australian Research Council finds that the ongoing bleaching event is mainly due to human-caused global warming, and that if global warming proceeds as currently expected, “large parts” of the Great Barrier Reef could die by the mid-2030s.	International Council of Academies of Engineering and Technological Sciences (CAETS) in 2007, issued a Statement on Environment and Sustainable Growth: As reported by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), most of the observed global warming since the mid-20th century is very likely due to human-produced emission of greenhouse gases and this warming will continue unabated if present anthropogenic emissions continue or, worse, expand without control.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Scientific consensus on climate change
2,711	'Antarctic sea ice set a new record in October 2007, as photographs distributed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration showed penguins and other cold-weather creatures able to stand farther north on Southern Hemisphere sea ice than has ever been recorded.	B. C. "Antarctica appears to have broken a heat record".	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Antarctica
284	The figure traditionally cited that suggests 97 per cent of climate scientists agree that global warming is man-made was also found to be flawed.	The authors found that 3974 of the abstracts expressed a position on anthropogenic global warming, and that 97.1% of those endorsed the consensus that humans are causing global warming.	REFUTES	contradiction	Global warming controversy
2,784	A subsequent study by Dessler (2011) found that Spencer's paper was not a test of climate sensitivity or feedbacks, and his assumptions do not match empirical observational data.	A properly conducted regression analysis will include an assessment of how well the assumed form is matched by the observed data, but it can only do so within the range of values of the independent variables actually available.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Regression analysis
9	Ironic' study finds more CO2 has slightly cooled the planet	Less energy reaches the upper atmosphere, which is therefore cooler because of this absorption.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Carbon dioxide
344	Globally there’s no clear evidence of trends and patterns in extreme events such as droughts, hurricanes and floods.	A natural disaster is a major adverse event resulting from natural processes of the Earth; examples are floods, hurricanes, tornadoes, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, tsunamis, storms, and other geologic processes.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Natural disaster
1,829	"the cascading effects" of climate change contributed to the rise of ISIS.	Self-reinforcing feedbacks in the carbon cycle and planetary reflectivity could trigger a cascading set of tipping points that lead the world into a hothouse climate state.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Tipping points in the climate system
1,603	Coral atolls grow as sea levels rise.	Atolls may also be formed by the sinking of the seabed or rising of the sea level.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Coral reef
2,200	The Petition Project features over 31,000 scientists signing the petition stating "There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide will, in the forseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere ...".	Evidence from the geological record is consistent with the physics that shows that adding large amounts of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere warms the world and may lead to: higher sea levels and flooding of low-lying coasts; greatly changed patterns of rainfall; increased acidity of the oceans; and decreased oxygen levels in seawater.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Scientific consensus on climate change
457	temperatures rise and they fall, and they rise and they fall… and for the last 400 years we’ve had a gentle warming as we’ve been coming out of the little ice age.	Orbital forcing from cycles in the earth's orbit around the sun has, for the past 2,000 years, caused a long-term northern hemisphere cooling trend that continued through the Middle Ages and the Little Ice Age.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Little Ice Age
590	Their ECS estimate is 1.5 degrees, with a probability range between 1.05 and 2.45 degrees.	The IPCC literature assessment estimates that TCR likely lies between 1 °C and 2.5 °C.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Climate sensitivity
1,506	Most likely the primary control knob on climate change is the ocean waters and this environment that we live in.	Alterations to the ocean currents, due to increased freshwater inputs from glacier melt, and the potential alterations to thermohaline circulation of the worlds oceans, may affect existing fisheries upon which humans depend as well.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Climate change and ecosystems
296	The Little Ice Age ended as recently as 1850.	It has been conventionally defined as a period extending from the 16th to the 19th centuries, but some experts prefer an alternative timespan from about 1300 to about 1850.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Little Ice Age
2,614	"The Keeling curve, which is widely used to show the increase in CO2 emissions, is based on data from the top of Mount Mauna Loa in Hawaii.	Carbon dioxide measurements at the Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii are made with a type of infrared spectrophotometer, now known as a nondispersive infrared sensor, that is calibrated using World Meteorological Organization standards.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Keeling Curve
444	Carbon dioxide is a trace gas.”	It occurs naturally in Earth's atmosphere as a trace gas.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Carbon dioxide
2,029	Bill Gates claims pandemic's 'misery' will 'happen regularly' if climate change is not stopped	According to the IPCC's 2014 assessment report, "Mitigation is a public good; climate change is a case of the 'tragedy of the commons'.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Climate change mitigation
1,555	Climate change is because of El Niño.	El Nino affects the global climate and disrupts normal weather patterns, which as a result can lead to intense storms in some places and droughts in others.	SUPPORTS	entailment	El Niño
503	“During the sunless winter, a heatwave raised concerns that the polar vortex may be eroding.	The polar vortex Beginning on January 2, 2014, sudden stratospheric warming (SSW)[dubious – discuss] led to the breakdown of the semi-permanent feature across the Arctic known as the polar vortex.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Early 2014 North American cold wave
1,859	Big rooftop solar's plan forces Nevada families who don't have solar panels to pay higher power bills to subsidize rooftop solar.	Households with a smaller number of solar panels would likely see their rates go up under the proposal.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Net metering
2,034	Latest IPCC Reports (AR5) have shown global mean temperature forecasts from the 2005 IPCC report exceeded actual readings.	Compared to the previous report, the lower bounds for the sensitivity of the climate system to emissions were slightly lowered, though the projections for global mean temperature rise (compared to pre-industrial levels) by 2100 exceeded 1.5 °C in all scenarios.	REFUTES	contradiction	IPCC Fifth Assessment Report
1,479	In no way, shape, or form are humans warming or cooling the planet.	"Evidence is now 'unequivocal' that humans are causing global warming – UN report".	REFUTES	contradiction	Earth
1,434	Just 0.7% of the world’s forests are coastal mangroves, yet they store up to 10 times as much carbon per hectare as tropical forests.	Tropical peatlands comprise 0.25% of Earth’s terrestrial land surface but store 3% of all soil and forest carbon stocks and are mostly located in low-income countries.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Mire
1,048	While transient weather variability is playing a key role here, the widespread record warmth across the U.S. so far this year is part of a long-term trend toward more warm temperature records versus cold ones.	This long-term trend is the main cause for the record warmth of 2015 and 2016, surpassing all previous years—even ones with strong El Niño events."	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Instrumental temperature record
44	Human-produced carbon might be one of the factors [of climate change], but there’s simply no evidence that it is a significant one.	European Science Foundation in a 2007 position paper states: There is now convincing evidence that since the industrial revolution, human activities, resulting in increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases have become a major agent of climate change ... On-going and increased efforts to mitigate climate change through reduction in greenhouse gases are therefore crucial.	REFUTES	contradiction	Scientific consensus on climate change
1,517	Observations throughout the world make it clear that climate change is occurring, and rigorous scientific research demonstrates that the greenhouse gases emitted by human activities are the primary driver.	Human activities (primarily greenhouse gas emissions) are the primary cause.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Scientific consensus on climate change
2,114	Peer review process was corrupted	At times, peer review has been exposed as a process that was orchestrated for a preconceived outcome.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Peer review
2,994	'Mauna Loa has been producing a readout which supports Manning's predetermined goal by showing steady growth in atmospheric CO2 concentrations since 1959.	Since 1958, initially under the direction of Charles Keeling, followed by his son Ralph and later Elmer Robinson, Mauna Loa Observatory (MLO) has been monitoring and collecting data relating to atmospheric change, and is known especially for the continuous monitoring of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), which is sometimes referred to as the Keeling Curve.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Mauna Loa Observatory
1,837	A major part of the climate change bill sponsored by Sens. John Kerry and Joe Lieberman "was essentially written by BP."	During this time, Gore wrote Earth in the Balance, a text which became the first book written by a sitting U.S.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Al Gore
939	“Recent computer forecasts suggest that if greenhouse gas emissions continue at a high level, parts of Antarctica could break up rapidly, causing the ocean to rise six feet or more by the end of this century.	If the sheet were to break down, ocean levels would rise by several metres in a relatively geologically short period of time, perhaps a matter of centuries.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Antarctica
74	The models predicted about three times the amount of warming in the world we’ve seen since [1988].	Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global warming
1,135	Scientists confirm a mass bleaching event on the Great Barrier Reef this year has killed more corals than ever before, with more than two thirds destroyed across large swathes of the biodiverse site.	Over two thirds of the Great Barrier Reef have been reported to be bleached or dead.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Coral bleaching
2,631	The temperatures are expected to change by as much as 10 Fahrenheit degrees at different places of the globe.	As a result, the mean annual air temperature at sea level decreases by about 0.4 °C (0.7 °F) per degree of latitude from the equator.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Earth
418	describes a world of worsening food shortages and wildfires, and a mass die-off of coral reefs as soon as 2040	During this period, 19 percent of coral reefs worldwide were lost, and 60 percent of the remaining reefs are at immediate risk of being lost.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Coral bleaching
532	Never mind that the emissions of carbon dioxide to make and maintain a wind or solar industrial complex are far greater than they will ever save.	Some potential options to increase energy efficiency include, but are not limited to: Waste heat recovery systems Insulation for large buildings and combustion chambers Technology upgrades, ie different light sources, lower consumption machines Carbon Footprints from energy consumption can be reduced through the development of alternative energy projects, such as solar and wind energy, which are renewable resources.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Carbon footprint
2,702	While it's true that any single country's CO2 emissions reductions will make little difference, only if every nation agrees to limit CO2 emissions can we achieve significant cuts on a global scale.	"Cut Global Emissions by 7.6 Percent Every Year for Next Decade to Meet 1.5°C Paris Target - UN Report".	SUPPORTS	entailment	Climate change mitigation
1,860	Bill Nye proposed penalizing families with too many children to reduce population growth and slow climate change.	As of 2008, the price of grain has increased due to more farming used in biofuels, world oil prices at over $100 a barrel, global population growth, climate change, loss of agricultural land to residential and industrial development, and growing consumer demand in China and India Food riots have recently taken place in many countries across the world.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Human overpopulation
2,369	The public understand it, in that if you get a fall evening or spring evening and the sky is clear the heat will escape and the temperature will drop and you get frost.	Those bands bring strong localized snowfall which can be understood as follows: Large water bodies such as lakes efficiently store heat that results in significant temperature differences (larger than 13 °C or 23 °F) between the water surface and the air above.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Precipitation
95	[climate scientists] say that aspects of the case of Hurricane Harvey suggest global warming is making a bad situation worse.	Global warming not only causes changes in tropical cyclones, it may also make some impacts from them worse via sea level rise.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Effects of global warming
859	By 2080, without dramatic reductions in emissions, southern Europe will be in permanent extreme drought, much worse than the American dust bowl ever was.	Climate change can be mitigated through the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions or the enhancement of the capacity of carbon sinks to absorb greenhouse gases from the atmosphere.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global warming
2,441	Furthermore, it is physically incorrect to state that the planet is simply "recovering" from the Little Ice Age.	Thus current evidence does not support globally synchronous periods of anomalous cold or warmth over this interval, and the conventional terms of "Little Ice Age" and "Medieval Warm Period" appear to have limited utility in describing trends in hemispheric or global mean temperature changes in past centuries.... [Viewed] hemispherically, the "Little Ice Age" can only be considered as a modest cooling of the Northern Hemisphere during this period of less than 1°C relative to late twentieth century levels.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Little Ice Age
3,051	Once natural influences, in particular the impact of El Niño and La Niña, are removed from the recent termperature record, there is no evidence of a significant change in the human contribution to climate change.	The ENSO cycle, including both El Niño and La Niña, causes global changes in temperature and rainfall.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	El Niño
1,342	The worsening of tidal flooding in American coastal communities is largely a consequence of greenhouse gases from human activity, and the problem will grow far worse in coming decades, scientists reported Monday.	Among other findings, the report concluded that sea level rises could be up to two feet higher by the year 2100, even if efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to limit global warming are successful; coastal cities across the world could see so-called "storm[s] of the century" at least once a year.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
930	“Right now, the shelf works like a giant bottle-stopper that slows down ice trying to flow from the land into the sea.	That flow continually moves ice from the grounding line to the seaward front of the shelf.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Ice shelf
436	The unusual heat was most noteworthy in Europe, which had its warmest April on record, and Australia, which had its second-warmest.	"Australia's extreme heat is sign of things to come, scientists warn".	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Australia
454	Man-made greenhouse gases play only an insignificant role.”	Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.	REFUTES	contradiction	Global warming
893	While France and other G7 countries lamented the U.S. exit from the Paris climate accord, America’s air is already cleaner than that of any other country in the G7, except Canada with its scant population.	Being the host country of the 2015 Paris Climate Change Conference, the French government was instrumental in securing the 2015 Paris agreement, a success that has been credited to its"openness and experience in diplomacy" (though the US, after the election of President Trump in 2016, then announced it will withdraw from the agreement).	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	France
1,935	No state generates as much solar power as California, or has as many people whose jobs depend on it.	Currently, several solar power plants such as the Solar Energy Generating Systems facility are located in the Mojave Desert.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	California
2,305	Nevertheless over the last decade, daily record high temperatures occurred twice as often as record lows.	There is an average of 145.0 days annually with highs of 90 °F (32 °C) or higher and an average of 16.9 days with lows reaching or below the freezing mark.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Tucson, Arizona
344	Globally there’s no clear evidence of trends and patterns in extreme events such as droughts, hurricanes and floods.	As the Earth's climate warms, we are seeing many changes: stronger, more destructive hurricanes; heavier rainfall; more disastrous flooding; more areas of the world experiencing severe drought; and more heat waves."	REFUTES	contradiction	Scientific consensus on climate change
168	As the temperature has increased, so has the ability of scientists to determine whether specific events are linked to climate change.	This has led to increases in mean global temperature, or global warming.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Attribution of recent climate change
2,128	Less than half of published scientists endorse global warming	Over 99.99% of climate scientists did not reject AGW in their peer-reviewed research.	REFUTES	contradiction	Scientific consensus on climate change
1,458	Glaciers are retreating almost everywhere around the world — including in the Alps, Himalayas, Andes, Rockies, Alaska and Africa.	The retreat of mountain glaciers, notably in western North America, Asia, the Alps and tropical and subtropical regions of South America, Africa and Indonesia, provide evidence for the rise in global temperatures since the late 19th century.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Retreat of glaciers since 1850
1,802	The temporary drop in sea level in 2010 was due to intense land flooding caused by a strong La Nina.	An especially strong Walker circulation causes a La Niña, resulting in cooler ocean temperatures due to increased upwelling.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	El Niño–Southern Oscillation
461	Temperatures cooled from about 1940 to 1975, and then they rose from about ’75 to about 2005 or so, and since then they’ve been flat or cooling.	June 23, 2011.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Temperatures Rising
893	While France and other G7 countries lamented the U.S. exit from the Paris climate accord, America’s air is already cleaner than that of any other country in the G7, except Canada with its scant population.	"French PM blasts Trump's decision to pull US out of Paris climate accord as 'calamitous'".	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	United States withdrawal from the Paris Agreement
2,214	"We found [U.S. weather] stations located next to the exhaust fans of air conditioning units, surrounded by asphalt parking lots and roads, on blistering-hot rooftops, and near sidewalks and buildings that absorb and radiate heat.	These early towers were positioned either on the rooftops of buildings or as free-standing structures, supplied with air by fans or relying on natural airflow.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Cooling tower
1,351	a marginally significant warming trend in the data over the past several years, erasing the temperature plateau that vexed climate alarmists have found difficult to explain.	A study released in 2009, combined historical weather station data with satellite measurements to deduce past temperatures over large regions of the continent, and these temperatures indicate an overall warming trend.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Global warming controversy
1,523	Research has found a human influence on the climate of the past several decades ...	This report explicitly endorses the IPCC view of attribution of recent climate change as representing the view of the scientific community: The changes observed over the last several decades are likely mostly due to human activities, but we cannot rule out that some significant part of these changes is also a reflection of natural variability.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Scientific consensus on climate change
2,208	Empirical measurements of the Earth's heat content show the planet is still accumulating heat and global warming is still happening.	"Evidence is now 'unequivocal' that humans are causing global warming – UN report".	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Earth
990	many of south Florida’s drainage systems and seawalls are no longer enough	The structural alternative involves constructing a seawall, revetment, groyne or breakwater.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Beach nourishment
1,758	Temperature errors in the Great Lakes region are not used in any global temperature records.	The Siple Dome (SD) had a climate event with an onset time that is coincident with that of the Little Ice Age in the North Atlantic based on a correlation with the GISP2 record.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Little Ice Age
2,000	There is not a single candidate in the Republican primary that thinks we should do anything about climate change.	Since then, Republicans have increasingly taken positions against environmental regulation, with some Republicans rejecting the scientific consensus on climate change.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Republican Party (United States)
1,771	Peer-reviewed research, physics, and math all tell us that a grand solar minimum would have no more than a 0.3°C cooling effect, barely enough to put a dent in human-caused global warming.	International Council of Academies of Engineering and Technological Sciences (CAETS) in 2007, issued a Statement on Environment and Sustainable Growth: As reported by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), most of the observed global warming since the mid-20th century is very likely due to human-produced emission of greenhouse gases and this warming will continue unabated if present anthropogenic emissions continue or, worse, expand without control.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Scientific consensus on climate change
123	the warming is not nearly as great as the climate change computer models have predicted.	The model predicted <0.2 °C warming for upper air at 700 mb and 500 mb.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Deforestation
1,009	‘Arctic ice conditions have been tracking at record low conditions since October, persisting for six consecutive months’	The previous record of the lowest area of the Arctic Ocean covered by ice in 2012 saw a low of 1.58 million square miles (4.09 million square kilometers).	SUPPORTS	entailment	Arctic sea ice decline
1,591	Murry Salby finds CO2 rise is natural.	Martian geysers (or CO 2 jets) are putative sites of small gas and dust eruptions that occur in the south polar region of Mars during the spring thaw.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Geysers on Mars
2,106	Scientists tried to 'hide the decline' in global temperature	On 9 December 2009 Sarah Palin said the truncated phrase showed a "highly politicised scientific circle" had "manipulated data to 'hide the decline' in global temperatures", and at the 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen, senator Senator Jim Inhofe quoted Jones, and said "Of course he means hide the decline in temperatures".	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Climatic Research Unit documents
1,169	“Sea level rise, which was occurring long before humans could be blamed, has not accelerated and still amounts to only 1 inch every ten years.	"20th century acceleration in global sea-level rise".	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Sea level rise
2,009	Top Scientist Hal Lewis Resigns Over Climate Change Corruption	A scientist named Bill Hingest, who is resigning from the N.I.C.E., warns Mark to get out.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	That Hideous Strength
357	With that in mind, they propose a plausible and terrifying “2050 scenario” whereby humanity could face irreversible collapse in just three decades.	Chalmers' argument is that it seems plausible that such a being could exist because all that is needed is that all and only the things that the physical sciences describe and observe about a human being must be true of the zombie.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Mind–body dualism
3,091	Global Warming history completely coincides with the history of artificial satellites and the use of microwave frequencies from outer space.	A communications satellite is an artificial satellite that relays and amplifies radio telecommunications signals via a transponder; it creates a communication channel between a source transmitter and a receiver at different locations on Earth.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Communications satellite
1,052	But as that upper layer warms up, the oxygen-rich waters are less likely to mix down into cooler layers of the ocean because the warm waters are less dense and do not sink as readily.	As the season progresses, the warmer air temperatures heat the surface waters, making them less dense.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Lake ecosystem
195	Carbon dioxide is a non-condensable atmospheric gas like nitrogen and oxygen	The most common gases in Earth's atmosphere are nitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%), and argon (0.9%).	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Greenhouse gas
2,247	His best estimate is that the warming in response to a doubling of CO2 concentration, which may happen this century unless the usual suspects get away with shutting down the economies of the West, will be a harmless 1 Fahrenheit degree, not the 6 F predicted by the IPCC."	In his first paper on the matter, he estimated that global temperature would rise by around 5 to 6 °C (9.0 to 10.8 °F) if the quantity of CO 2 was doubled.	REFUTES	contradiction	Climate sensitivity
368	The most recent IPCC report lays out a future if we limit global heating to 1.5°C instead of the Paris Agreement’s 2°C.	Holding this rise to 1.5 °C avoids the worst effects of a rise by even 2 °C.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
1,724	Lindzen and Choi’s paper is viewed as unacceptably flawed by other climate scientists.	Andrew Dessler published a paper which found errors in Lindzen and Choi 2011, and concluded that the observations it had presented "are not in fundamental disagreement with mainstream climate models, nor do they provide evidence that clouds are causing climate change.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Richard Lindzen
1,090	Extreme high temperatures were seen from India — where the city of Phalodi recorded temperatures of 51 degrees Celsius (123.8 Fahrenheit) in May, a new national record — to Iran, where a temperature of 53 degrees Celsius (127.4 F) was recorded in Delhoran on July 22.	On 2 June 2019, the city of Churu recorded a temperature of 50.8 °C (123.4 °F), only one-fifth of a degree Celsius short of the country's highest-ever temperature, 51 °C (124 °F) during the 2016 heat wave.	SUPPORTS	entailment	2019 heat wave in India and Pakistan
2,813	In fact, the authors go on to estimate climate sensitivity from their findings, calculate a value between 2.3 to 4.1°C.	The 1990 IPCC First Assessment Report estimated that equilibrium climate sensitivity to a doubling of CO 2 lay between 1.5 and 4.5 °C (2.7 and 8.1 °F), with a "best guess in the light of current knowledge" of 2.5 °C (4.5 °F).	SUPPORTS	entailment	Climate sensitivity

1,127

This means it is possible that by some yardsticks, 2016 will be declared as hot as 2015 or even slightly hotter – because El Nino did not vanish until the middle of the year.

However, the Japan Meteorological Agency declares that an El Niño event has started when the average five month sea surface temperature deviation for the NINO.3 region, is over 0.5 °C (0.90 °F) warmer for six consecutive months or longer.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

El Niño

3,125

About 60% of the warming observed from 1970 to 2000 was very likely caused by this natural 60-year climatic cycle during its warming phase...

Given that records of solar activity are accurate, solar activity may have contributed to part of the modern warming that peaked in the 1930s, in addition to the 60-year temperature cycles that result in roughly 0.5 °C of warming during the increasing temperature phase.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Climate variability

817

Scientists have long known about the anomalous ‘warming hole‘ in the North Atlantic Ocean, an area immune to warming of Earth’s oceans.

In the North Atlantic, sediments accumulated since the end of the last ice age, nearly 12,000 years ago, show regular increases in the amount of coarse sediment grains deposited from icebergs melting in the now open ocean, indicating a series of 1–2 °C (2–4 °F) cooling events recurring every 1,500 years or so.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Little Ice Age

2,978

The lower temperatures at this "coldest point" have caused global water vapor levels to drop, even as carbon levels rise.

These isotope changes occurred due to the release of carbon from the ocean into the atmosphere that led to a temperature increase of 4-8 °C (7-14 °F) at the surface of the ocean.

REFUTES

contradiction

Eocene

1,822

Trudeau's carbon tax will raise gas prices by 11 cents/litre.

As of 2016, the tax rate has been increased to 1,02 NOK per liter or standard cubic meter of oil and natural gas.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Carbon tax

889

“Several of the papers note that the primary influence on warming appears to be solar activity.

Patterns of solar irradiance and solar variation has been a main driver of climate change over the millennia to gigayears of the geologic time scale, but its role in the recent warming has been found to be insignificant.

REFUTES

contradiction

Solar activity and climate

1,333

“The oceans will never become acid because there is such a huge buffering capacity in the oceans.

The rising ocean acidity makes it more difficult for marine organisms such as shrimp, oysters, or corals to form their shells – a process known as calcification.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Fisheries and climate change

1,504

Climate scientists say that aspects of the case of Hurricane Harvey suggest global warming is making a bad situation worse.

Weather events are due to multiple factors, and so cannot be said to be caused by one precondition, but climate change affects aspects of extreme events, and very likely worsened some of the impacts of Harvey.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Hurricane Harvey

2,693

While there are many drivers of climate, CO2 is the most dominant radiative forcing and is increasing faster than any other forcing.

Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Global warming

2,170

Climate change isn't increasing extreme weather damage costs

For example, humans living on atoll islands face risks due to sea level rise, sea surface warming, and increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events.

REFUTES

contradiction

Effects of global warming

645

Scientists just discovered a massive, heretofore unknown, source of nitrogen

Dinitrogen difluoride (N2F2) exists as thermally interconvertible cis and trans isomers, and was first found as a product of the thermal decomposition of FN3.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Nitrogen

1,040

While evidence that the earth’s orbital variations impact radiation levels and thus global temperatures does not of course mean that man is not in some way impacting the climate, studies like these highlight that the role man plays on the planet is dwarfed by natural phenomena utterly out of our control.

The consensus is that several factors are important: atmospheric composition, such as the concentrations of carbon dioxide and methane (the specific levels of the previously mentioned gases are now able to be seen with the new ice core samples from EPICA Dome C in Antarctica over the past 800,000 years); changes in the earth's orbit around the Sun known as Milankovitch cycles; the motion of tectonic plates resulting in changes in the relative location and amount of continental and oceanic crust on the earth's surface, which affect wind and ocean currents; variations in solar output; the orbital dynamics of the Earth–Moon system; the impact of relatively large meteorites and volcanism including eruptions of supervolcanoes.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Ice age

2,295

As a result, "The warmest year on US record is now 1934.

The warmest year on record is 2012, with a mean temperature of 57.4 °F (14.1 °C).

REFUTES

contradiction

New York City

1,237

the last sea-level high point, … occurred between the last two ice ages, about 125,000 years ago.

The last cold period began about 115,000 years ago and ended 11,700 years ago.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Weichselian glaciation

1,584

Renewables can't provide baseload power.

"Supplying Baseload Power and Reducing Transmission Requirements by Interconnecting Wind Farms" (PDF).

REFUTES

contradiction

Wind power

2,118

Humans are too insignificant to affect global climate

Currently, through land development, combustion of fossil fuels, and pollution, humans are thought to be the main contributor to global climate change.

REFUTES

contradiction

Human

2,689

Pluto experiences drastic season changes due to an elliptical orbit (that takes 250 Earth years).

Pluto's orbital period is currently about 248 years.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Pluto

2,834

When stomata-derived CO2 (red) is compared to ice core-derived CO2 (blue), the stomata generally show much more variability in the atmospheric CO2 level and often show levels much higher than the ice cores.

Measured atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide are currently 100 ppm higher than pre-industrial levels.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Greenhouse gas

1,799

Satellite transmissions are extremely small and irrelevant.

Signals are transmitted using Ku band (12 to 18 GHz) and are completely digital which means it has high picture and stereo sound quality.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Satellite television

1,166

Drought in the western U.S. pales in comparison to the mega-droughts tree rings tell us existed in centuries past.

During a 200-year mega drought in the Sierra Nevada that lasted from the 9th to the 12th centuries, trees would grow on newly exposed shoreline at Fallen Leaf Lake, then as the lake grew once again, the trees were preserved under cold water.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Megadrought

2,427

By that time CO2 emissions had already risen from the expanded use of coal that had powered the industrial revolution, and emissions only increased slowly from 3.5gigatonnes in 1910 to under 4gigatonnes by the end of the Second World War.

Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Carbon dioxide

630

I conclude that it must be ice accumulation, through evaporation of ocean water, and subsequent precipitation turning into ice.

Much of this precipitation began as water vapor evaporated from the ocean surface.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Sea level rise

1,307

a new study by scientists at the Australian Research Council finds that the ongoing bleaching event is mainly due to human-caused global warming, and that if global warming proceeds as currently expected, “large parts” of the Great Barrier Reef could die by the mid-2030s.

International Council of Academies of Engineering and Technological Sciences (CAETS) in 2007, issued a Statement on Environment and Sustainable Growth: As reported by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), most of the observed global warming since the mid-20th century is very likely due to human-produced emission of greenhouse gases and this warming will continue unabated if present anthropogenic emissions continue or, worse, expand without control.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Scientific consensus on climate change

2,711

'Antarctic sea ice set a new record in October 2007, as photographs distributed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration showed penguins and other cold-weather creatures able to stand farther north on Southern Hemisphere sea ice than has ever been recorded.

B. C. "Antarctica appears to have broken a heat record".

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Antarctica

284

The figure traditionally cited that suggests 97 per cent of climate scientists agree that global warming is man-made was also found to be flawed.

The authors found that 3974 of the abstracts expressed a position on anthropogenic global warming, and that 97.1% of those endorsed the consensus that humans are causing global warming.

REFUTES

contradiction

Global warming controversy

2,784

A subsequent study by Dessler (2011) found that Spencer's paper was not a test of climate sensitivity or feedbacks, and his assumptions do not match empirical observational data.

A properly conducted regression analysis will include an assessment of how well the assumed form is matched by the observed data, but it can only do so within the range of values of the independent variables actually available.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Regression analysis

9

Ironic' study finds more CO2 has slightly cooled the planet

Less energy reaches the upper atmosphere, which is therefore cooler because of this absorption.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Carbon dioxide

344

Globally there’s no clear evidence of trends and patterns in extreme events such as droughts, hurricanes and floods.

A natural disaster is a major adverse event resulting from natural processes of the Earth; examples are floods, hurricanes, tornadoes, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, tsunamis, storms, and other geologic processes.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Natural disaster

1,829

"the cascading effects" of climate change contributed to the rise of ISIS.

Self-reinforcing feedbacks in the carbon cycle and planetary reflectivity could trigger a cascading set of tipping points that lead the world into a hothouse climate state.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Tipping points in the climate system

1,603

Coral atolls grow as sea levels rise.

Atolls may also be formed by the sinking of the seabed or rising of the sea level.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Coral reef

2,200

The Petition Project features over 31,000 scientists signing the petition stating "There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide will, in the forseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere ...".

Evidence from the geological record is consistent with the physics that shows that adding large amounts of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere warms the world and may lead to: higher sea levels and flooding of low-lying coasts; greatly changed patterns of rainfall; increased acidity of the oceans; and decreased oxygen levels in seawater.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Scientific consensus on climate change

457

temperatures rise and they fall, and they rise and they fall… and for the last 400 years we’ve had a gentle warming as we’ve been coming out of the little ice age.

Orbital forcing from cycles in the earth's orbit around the sun has, for the past 2,000 years, caused a long-term northern hemisphere cooling trend that continued through the Middle Ages and the Little Ice Age.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Little Ice Age

590

Their ECS estimate is 1.5 degrees, with a probability range between 1.05 and 2.45 degrees.

The IPCC literature assessment estimates that TCR likely lies between 1 °C and 2.5 °C.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Climate sensitivity

1,506

Most likely the primary control knob on climate change is the ocean waters and this environment that we live in.

Alterations to the ocean currents, due to increased freshwater inputs from glacier melt, and the potential alterations to thermohaline circulation of the worlds oceans, may affect existing fisheries upon which humans depend as well.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Climate change and ecosystems

296

The Little Ice Age ended as recently as 1850.

It has been conventionally defined as a period extending from the 16th to the 19th centuries, but some experts prefer an alternative timespan from about 1300 to about 1850.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Little Ice Age

2,614

"The Keeling curve, which is widely used to show the increase in CO2 emissions, is based on data from the top of Mount Mauna Loa in Hawaii.

Carbon dioxide measurements at the Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii are made with a type of infrared spectrophotometer, now known as a nondispersive infrared sensor, that is calibrated using World Meteorological Organization standards.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Keeling Curve

444

Carbon dioxide is a trace gas.”

It occurs naturally in Earth's atmosphere as a trace gas.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Carbon dioxide

2,029

Bill Gates claims pandemic's 'misery' will 'happen regularly' if climate change is not stopped

According to the IPCC's 2014 assessment report, "Mitigation is a public good; climate change is a case of the 'tragedy of the commons'.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Climate change mitigation

1,555

Climate change is because of El Niño.

El Nino affects the global climate and disrupts normal weather patterns, which as a result can lead to intense storms in some places and droughts in others.

SUPPORTS

entailment

El Niño

503

“During the sunless winter, a heatwave raised concerns that the polar vortex may be eroding.

The polar vortex Beginning on January 2, 2014, sudden stratospheric warming (SSW)[dubious – discuss] led to the breakdown of the semi-permanent feature across the Arctic known as the polar vortex.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Early 2014 North American cold wave

1,859

Big rooftop solar's plan forces Nevada families who don't have solar panels to pay higher power bills to subsidize rooftop solar.

Households with a smaller number of solar panels would likely see their rates go up under the proposal.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Net metering

2,034

Latest IPCC Reports (AR5) have shown global mean temperature forecasts from the 2005 IPCC report exceeded actual readings.

Compared to the previous report, the lower bounds for the sensitivity of the climate system to emissions were slightly lowered, though the projections for global mean temperature rise (compared to pre-industrial levels) by 2100 exceeded 1.5 °C in all scenarios.

REFUTES

contradiction

IPCC Fifth Assessment Report

1,479

In no way, shape, or form are humans warming or cooling the planet.

"Evidence is now 'unequivocal' that humans are causing global warming – UN report".

REFUTES

contradiction

Earth

1,434

Just 0.7% of the world’s forests are coastal mangroves, yet they store up to 10 times as much carbon per hectare as tropical forests.

Tropical peatlands comprise 0.25% of Earth’s terrestrial land surface but store 3% of all soil and forest carbon stocks and are mostly located in low-income countries.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Mire

1,048

While transient weather variability is playing a key role here, the widespread record warmth across the U.S. so far this year is part of a long-term trend toward more warm temperature records versus cold ones.

This long-term trend is the main cause for the record warmth of 2015 and 2016, surpassing all previous years—even ones with strong El Niño events."

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Instrumental temperature record

44

Human-produced carbon might be one of the factors [of climate change], but there’s simply no evidence that it is a significant one.

European Science Foundation in a 2007 position paper states: There is now convincing evidence that since the industrial revolution, human activities, resulting in increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases have become a major agent of climate change ... On-going and increased efforts to mitigate climate change through reduction in greenhouse gases are therefore crucial.

REFUTES

contradiction

Scientific consensus on climate change

1,517

Observations throughout the world make it clear that climate change is occurring, and rigorous scientific research demonstrates that the greenhouse gases emitted by human activities are the primary driver.

Human activities (primarily greenhouse gas emissions) are the primary cause.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Scientific consensus on climate change

2,114

Peer review process was corrupted

At times, peer review has been exposed as a process that was orchestrated for a preconceived outcome.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Peer review

2,994

'Mauna Loa has been producing a readout which supports Manning's predetermined goal by showing steady growth in atmospheric CO2 concentrations since 1959.

Since 1958, initially under the direction of Charles Keeling, followed by his son Ralph and later Elmer Robinson, Mauna Loa Observatory (MLO) has been monitoring and collecting data relating to atmospheric change, and is known especially for the continuous monitoring of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), which is sometimes referred to as the Keeling Curve.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Mauna Loa Observatory

1,837

A major part of the climate change bill sponsored by Sens. John Kerry and Joe Lieberman "was essentially written by BP."

During this time, Gore wrote Earth in the Balance, a text which became the first book written by a sitting U.S.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Al Gore

939

“Recent computer forecasts suggest that if greenhouse gas emissions continue at a high level, parts of Antarctica could break up rapidly, causing the ocean to rise six feet or more by the end of this century.

If the sheet were to break down, ocean levels would rise by several metres in a relatively geologically short period of time, perhaps a matter of centuries.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Antarctica

74

The models predicted about three times the amount of warming in the world we’ve seen since [1988].

Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global warming

1,135

Scientists confirm a mass bleaching event on the Great Barrier Reef this year has killed more corals than ever before, with more than two thirds destroyed across large swathes of the biodiverse site.

Over two thirds of the Great Barrier Reef have been reported to be bleached or dead.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Coral bleaching

2,631

The temperatures are expected to change by as much as 10 Fahrenheit degrees at different places of the globe.

As a result, the mean annual air temperature at sea level decreases by about 0.4 °C (0.7 °F) per degree of latitude from the equator.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Earth

418

describes a world of worsening food shortages and wildfires, and a mass die-off of coral reefs as soon as 2040

During this period, 19 percent of coral reefs worldwide were lost, and 60 percent of the remaining reefs are at immediate risk of being lost.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Coral bleaching

532

Never mind that the emissions of carbon dioxide to make and maintain a wind or solar industrial complex are far greater than they will ever save.

Some potential options to increase energy efficiency include, but are not limited to: Waste heat recovery systems Insulation for large buildings and combustion chambers Technology upgrades, ie different light sources, lower consumption machines Carbon Footprints from energy consumption can be reduced through the development of alternative energy projects, such as solar and wind energy, which are renewable resources.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Carbon footprint

2,702

While it's true that any single country's CO2 emissions reductions will make little difference, only if every nation agrees to limit CO2 emissions can we achieve significant cuts on a global scale.

"Cut Global Emissions by 7.6 Percent Every Year for Next Decade to Meet 1.5°C Paris Target - UN Report".

SUPPORTS

entailment

Climate change mitigation

1,860

Bill Nye proposed penalizing families with too many children to reduce population growth and slow climate change.

As of 2008, the price of grain has increased due to more farming used in biofuels, world oil prices at over $100 a barrel, global population growth, climate change, loss of agricultural land to residential and industrial development, and growing consumer demand in China and India Food riots have recently taken place in many countries across the world.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Human overpopulation

2,369

The public understand it, in that if you get a fall evening or spring evening and the sky is clear the heat will escape and the temperature will drop and you get frost.

Those bands bring strong localized snowfall which can be understood as follows: Large water bodies such as lakes efficiently store heat that results in significant temperature differences (larger than 13 °C or 23 °F) between the water surface and the air above.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Precipitation

95

[climate scientists] say that aspects of the case of Hurricane Harvey suggest global warming is making a bad situation worse.

Global warming not only causes changes in tropical cyclones, it may also make some impacts from them worse via sea level rise.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Effects of global warming

859

By 2080, without dramatic reductions in emissions, southern Europe will be in permanent extreme drought, much worse than the American dust bowl ever was.

Climate change can be mitigated through the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions or the enhancement of the capacity of carbon sinks to absorb greenhouse gases from the atmosphere.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global warming

2,441

Furthermore, it is physically incorrect to state that the planet is simply "recovering" from the Little Ice Age.

Thus current evidence does not support globally synchronous periods of anomalous cold or warmth over this interval, and the conventional terms of "Little Ice Age" and "Medieval Warm Period" appear to have limited utility in describing trends in hemispheric or global mean temperature changes in past centuries.... [Viewed] hemispherically, the "Little Ice Age" can only be considered as a modest cooling of the Northern Hemisphere during this period of less than 1°C relative to late twentieth century levels.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Little Ice Age

3,051

Once natural influences, in particular the impact of El Niño and La Niña, are removed from the recent termperature record, there is no evidence of a significant change in the human contribution to climate change.

The ENSO cycle, including both El Niño and La Niña, causes global changes in temperature and rainfall.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

El Niño

1,342

The worsening of tidal flooding in American coastal communities is largely a consequence of greenhouse gases from human activity, and the problem will grow far worse in coming decades, scientists reported Monday.

Among other findings, the report concluded that sea level rises could be up to two feet higher by the year 2100, even if efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to limit global warming are successful; coastal cities across the world could see so-called "storm[s] of the century" at least once a year.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

930

“Right now, the shelf works like a giant bottle-stopper that slows down ice trying to flow from the land into the sea.

That flow continually moves ice from the grounding line to the seaward front of the shelf.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Ice shelf

436

The unusual heat was most noteworthy in Europe, which had its warmest April on record, and Australia, which had its second-warmest.

"Australia's extreme heat is sign of things to come, scientists warn".

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Australia

454

Man-made greenhouse gases play only an insignificant role.”

Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.

REFUTES

contradiction

Global warming

893

While France and other G7 countries lamented the U.S. exit from the Paris climate accord, America’s air is already cleaner than that of any other country in the G7, except Canada with its scant population.

Being the host country of the 2015 Paris Climate Change Conference, the French government was instrumental in securing the 2015 Paris agreement, a success that has been credited to its"openness and experience in diplomacy" (though the US, after the election of President Trump in 2016, then announced it will withdraw from the agreement).

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

France

1,935

No state generates as much solar power as California, or has as many people whose jobs depend on it.

Currently, several solar power plants such as the Solar Energy Generating Systems facility are located in the Mojave Desert.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

California

2,305

Nevertheless over the last decade, daily record high temperatures occurred twice as often as record lows.

There is an average of 145.0 days annually with highs of 90 °F (32 °C) or higher and an average of 16.9 days with lows reaching or below the freezing mark.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Tucson, Arizona

344

Globally there’s no clear evidence of trends and patterns in extreme events such as droughts, hurricanes and floods.

As the Earth's climate warms, we are seeing many changes: stronger, more destructive hurricanes; heavier rainfall; more disastrous flooding; more areas of the world experiencing severe drought; and more heat waves."

REFUTES

contradiction

Scientific consensus on climate change

168

As the temperature has increased, so has the ability of scientists to determine whether specific events are linked to climate change.

This has led to increases in mean global temperature, or global warming.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Attribution of recent climate change

2,128

Less than half of published scientists endorse global warming

Over 99.99% of climate scientists did not reject AGW in their peer-reviewed research.

REFUTES

contradiction

Scientific consensus on climate change

1,458

Glaciers are retreating almost everywhere around the world — including in the Alps, Himalayas, Andes, Rockies, Alaska and Africa.

The retreat of mountain glaciers, notably in western North America, Asia, the Alps and tropical and subtropical regions of South America, Africa and Indonesia, provide evidence for the rise in global temperatures since the late 19th century.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Retreat of glaciers since 1850

1,802

The temporary drop in sea level in 2010 was due to intense land flooding caused by a strong La Nina.

An especially strong Walker circulation causes a La Niña, resulting in cooler ocean temperatures due to increased upwelling.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

El Niño–Southern Oscillation

461

Temperatures cooled from about 1940 to 1975, and then they rose from about ’75 to about 2005 or so, and since then they’ve been flat or cooling.

June 23, 2011.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Temperatures Rising

893

While France and other G7 countries lamented the U.S. exit from the Paris climate accord, America’s air is already cleaner than that of any other country in the G7, except Canada with its scant population.

"French PM blasts Trump's decision to pull US out of Paris climate accord as 'calamitous'".

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

United States withdrawal from the Paris Agreement

2,214

"We found [U.S. weather] stations located next to the exhaust fans of air conditioning units, surrounded by asphalt parking lots and roads, on blistering-hot rooftops, and near sidewalks and buildings that absorb and radiate heat.

These early towers were positioned either on the rooftops of buildings or as free-standing structures, supplied with air by fans or relying on natural airflow.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Cooling tower

1,351

a marginally significant warming trend in the data over the past several years, erasing the temperature plateau that vexed climate alarmists have found difficult to explain.

A study released in 2009, combined historical weather station data with satellite measurements to deduce past temperatures over large regions of the continent, and these temperatures indicate an overall warming trend.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Global warming controversy

1,523

Research has found a human influence on the climate of the past several decades ...

This report explicitly endorses the IPCC view of attribution of recent climate change as representing the view of the scientific community: The changes observed over the last several decades are likely mostly due to human activities, but we cannot rule out that some significant part of these changes is also a reflection of natural variability.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Scientific consensus on climate change

2,208

Empirical measurements of the Earth's heat content show the planet is still accumulating heat and global warming is still happening.

"Evidence is now 'unequivocal' that humans are causing global warming – UN report".

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Earth

990

many of south Florida’s drainage systems and seawalls are no longer enough

The structural alternative involves constructing a seawall, revetment, groyne or breakwater.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Beach nourishment

1,758

Temperature errors in the Great Lakes region are not used in any global temperature records.

The Siple Dome (SD) had a climate event with an onset time that is coincident with that of the Little Ice Age in the North Atlantic based on a correlation with the GISP2 record.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Little Ice Age

2,000

There is not a single candidate in the Republican primary that thinks we should do anything about climate change.

Since then, Republicans have increasingly taken positions against environmental regulation, with some Republicans rejecting the scientific consensus on climate change.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Republican Party (United States)

1,771

Peer-reviewed research, physics, and math all tell us that a grand solar minimum would have no more than a 0.3°C cooling effect, barely enough to put a dent in human-caused global warming.

International Council of Academies of Engineering and Technological Sciences (CAETS) in 2007, issued a Statement on Environment and Sustainable Growth: As reported by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), most of the observed global warming since the mid-20th century is very likely due to human-produced emission of greenhouse gases and this warming will continue unabated if present anthropogenic emissions continue or, worse, expand without control.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Scientific consensus on climate change

123

the warming is not nearly as great as the climate change computer models have predicted.

The model predicted <0.2 °C warming for upper air at 700 mb and 500 mb.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Deforestation

1,009

‘Arctic ice conditions have been tracking at record low conditions since October, persisting for six consecutive months’

The previous record of the lowest area of the Arctic Ocean covered by ice in 2012 saw a low of 1.58 million square miles (4.09 million square kilometers).

SUPPORTS

entailment

Arctic sea ice decline

1,591

Murry Salby finds CO2 rise is natural.

Martian geysers (or CO 2 jets) are putative sites of small gas and dust eruptions that occur in the south polar region of Mars during the spring thaw.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Geysers on Mars

2,106

Scientists tried to 'hide the decline' in global temperature

On 9 December 2009 Sarah Palin said the truncated phrase showed a "highly politicised scientific circle" had "manipulated data to 'hide the decline' in global temperatures", and at the 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen, senator Senator Jim Inhofe quoted Jones, and said "Of course he means hide the decline in temperatures".

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Climatic Research Unit documents

1,169

“Sea level rise, which was occurring long before humans could be blamed, has not accelerated and still amounts to only 1 inch every ten years.

"20th century acceleration in global sea-level rise".

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Sea level rise

2,009

Top Scientist Hal Lewis Resigns Over Climate Change Corruption

A scientist named Bill Hingest, who is resigning from the N.I.C.E., warns Mark to get out.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

That Hideous Strength

357

With that in mind, they propose a plausible and terrifying “2050 scenario” whereby humanity could face irreversible collapse in just three decades.

Chalmers' argument is that it seems plausible that such a being could exist because all that is needed is that all and only the things that the physical sciences describe and observe about a human being must be true of the zombie.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Mind–body dualism

3,091

Global Warming history completely coincides with the history of artificial satellites and the use of microwave frequencies from outer space.

A communications satellite is an artificial satellite that relays and amplifies radio telecommunications signals via a transponder; it creates a communication channel between a source transmitter and a receiver at different locations on Earth.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Communications satellite

1,052

But as that upper layer warms up, the oxygen-rich waters are less likely to mix down into cooler layers of the ocean because the warm waters are less dense and do not sink as readily.

As the season progresses, the warmer air temperatures heat the surface waters, making them less dense.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Lake ecosystem

195

Carbon dioxide is a non-condensable atmospheric gas like nitrogen and oxygen

The most common gases in Earth's atmosphere are nitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%), and argon (0.9%).

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Greenhouse gas

2,247

His best estimate is that the warming in response to a doubling of CO2 concentration, which may happen this century unless the usual suspects get away with shutting down the economies of the West, will be a harmless 1 Fahrenheit degree, not the 6 F predicted by the IPCC."

In his first paper on the matter, he estimated that global temperature would rise by around 5 to 6 °C (9.0 to 10.8 °F) if the quantity of CO 2 was doubled.

REFUTES

contradiction

Climate sensitivity

368

The most recent IPCC report lays out a future if we limit global heating to 1.5°C instead of the Paris Agreement’s 2°C.

Holding this rise to 1.5 °C avoids the worst effects of a rise by even 2 °C.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

1,724

Lindzen and Choi’s paper is viewed as unacceptably flawed by other climate scientists.

Andrew Dessler published a paper which found errors in Lindzen and Choi 2011, and concluded that the observations it had presented "are not in fundamental disagreement with mainstream climate models, nor do they provide evidence that clouds are causing climate change.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Richard Lindzen

1,090

Extreme high temperatures were seen from India — where the city of Phalodi recorded temperatures of 51 degrees Celsius (123.8 Fahrenheit) in May, a new national record — to Iran, where a temperature of 53 degrees Celsius (127.4 F) was recorded in Delhoran on July 22.

On 2 June 2019, the city of Churu recorded a temperature of 50.8 °C (123.4 °F), only one-fifth of a degree Celsius short of the country's highest-ever temperature, 51 °C (124 °F) during the 2016 heat wave.

SUPPORTS

entailment

2019 heat wave in India and Pakistan

2,813

In fact, the authors go on to estimate climate sensitivity from their findings, calculate a value between 2.3 to 4.1°C.

The 1990 IPCC First Assessment Report estimated that equilibrium climate sensitivity to a doubling of CO 2 lay between 1.5 and 4.5 °C (2.7 and 8.1 °F), with a "best guess in the light of current knowledge" of 2.5 °C (4.5 °F).

SUPPORTS

entailment

Climate sensitivity