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In the last 35 years of global warming, the sun has shown a slight cooling trend.

Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.

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Global warming

The rapid changes in the climate may have profound consequences for humans and other species… Severe drought caused food shortages for millions of people in Ethiopia, with a lack of rainfall resulting in “intense and widespread” forest fires in Indonesia that belched out a vast quantity of greenhouse gas

A 17-year-long civil war, along with severe drought, negatively impacted Ethiopia's environmental conditions, leading to even greater habitat degradation.

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Ethiopia

The North Pole is melting "a bit" but the South Pole is getting bigger.

New warning on Arctic sea ice melt.

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North Pole

It was the post war industrialization that caused the rapid rise in global CO2 emissions, but by 1945 when this began, the Earth was already in a cooling phase that started around 1942 and continued until 1975.

An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.

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Ice age

There are already more American jobs in the solar industry than in coal mining.

A key benefit that this investment growth brings is a growth in jobs.

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Renewable energy commercialization

Brooks added that Antarctic ice is growing.

Satellite measurements by NASA indicate a still increasing sheet thickness above the continent, outweighing the losses at the edge.

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Antarctic ice sheet

Global sea level rise surged between November 2014 and February 2016, with the El Niño event helping the oceans rise by 15mm.

Between 1900 and 2016, the sea level rose by 16–21 cm (6.3–8.3 in).

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Sea level rise

The 30,000 scientists and science graduates listed on the OISM petition represent a tiny fraction (0.3%) of all science graduates.

Robinson asserted in 2008 that the petition has over 31,000 signatories, with 9,000 of these holding a PhD degree.

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Art Robinson

Underground temperatures control climate.

Ice caps form because high-latitude regions receive less energy as solar radiation from the sun than equatorial regions, resulting in lower surface temperatures.

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Climate

Water vapor in the stratosphere stopped global warming.

An increase in temperature from greenhouse gases leading to increased water vapor (which is itself a greenhouse gas) causing further warming is a positive feedback, but not a runaway effect, on Earth.

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Runaway greenhouse effect

Prof Adam Scaife, a climate modelling expert at the UK’s Met Office, said the evidence for a link to shrinking Arctic ice was now good: ‘The consensus points towards that being a real effect.’”

In response to the incident, 1,700 British scientists signed a joint statement circulated by the UK Met Office declaring their "utmost confidence in the observational evidence for global warming and the scientific basis for concluding that it is due primarily to human activities".

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Climatic Research Unit email controversy

Clouds provide negative feedback

This effect results in a negative feedback process that can inhibit further development or lead to weakening.

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Tropical cyclone

in 1995 one scientist at the IPCC – Jonathan Overpeck – wrote an email to a colleague claiming ‘we have to get rid of the Medieval Warm Period.’

This was the basis of a "schematic diagram" featured in the IPCC First Assessment Report beside cautions that the medieval warming might not have been global.

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Temperature record of the past 1000 years

Arctic sea ice has been retreating over the past 30 years.

A composite record of Arctic ice demonstrates that the floes' retreat began around 1900, experiencing more rapid melting beginning within the past 50 years.

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Sea ice

Australia accounts for 1.5 per cent of global carbon emissions.

It is one of the largest sources of greenhouse gases, responsible for 18% of the world's greenhouse gas emissions as measured in CO2 equivalents.

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Agriculture

Water vapor in the stratosphere stopped global warming.

When water vapour condenses onto a surface, a net warming occurs on that surface.

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Water vapor

We found 68 stations located at wastewater treatment plants, where the process of waste digestion causes temperatures to be higher than in surrounding areas.

Many larger sites utilize the biogas for combined heat and power, using the cooling water from the generators to maintain the temperature of the digestion plant at the required 35 ± 3 °C.

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Sewage sludge treatment

The worsening of tidal flooding in American coastal communities is largely a consequence of greenhouse gases from human activity, and the problem will grow far worse in coming decades, scientists reported Monday.

US National Academy of Sciences: "In the judgment of most climate scientists, Earth's warming in recent decades has been caused primarily by human activities that have increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

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Scientific consensus on climate change

the models predicted seven times as much warming as has been observed

Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.

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Scientific consensus on climate change

Latest IPCC Reports (AR5) have shown global mean temperature forecasts from the 2005 IPCC report exceeded actual readings.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2007) have produced a range of projections of what the future increase in global mean temperature might be.

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Kyoto Protocol

The latest measurements involve the use of satellite gravimetry, estimating the mass of terrain beneath by detecting slight changes in gravity as a satellite passes overhead.

Their first uses were to measure the changes in gravity from the varying densities and distribution of masses inside the earth, from temporal "tidal" variations in the shape and distribution of mass in the oceans, atmosphere and earth.

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Gravimeter

but Antarctica is losing land ice at an accelerating rate, which has implications for sea level rise.

If all of this ice were melted, sea levels would rise about 60 m (200 ft).

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Antarctica

Once natural influences, in particular the impact of El Niño and La Niña, are removed from the recent termperature record, there is no evidence of a significant change in the human contribution to climate change.

Scientists have determined that the major factors causing the current climate change are greenhouse gases, land use changes, and aerosols and soot.

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Global warming

Skeptics who oppose scientific findings that threaten their world view are far closer to Galileo's belief-based critics in the Catholic Church.

Several religious organizations, among them the Catholic Church, hold that their faith does not conflict with the scientific consensus regarding evolution.

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Creationism

Reef material is calcium carbonate, which contains 44 per cent carbon dioxide.

Scleractinian skeletons are composed of a form of calcium carbonate known as aragonite.

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Coral

Even during a period of long term warming, there are short periods of cooling due to climate variability.

El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is an irregularly periodic variation in winds and sea surface temperatures over the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean, affecting the climate of much of the tropics and subtropics.

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El Niño–Southern Oscillation

A large amount of warming is delayed, and if we don’t act now we could pass tipping points.

A concern is that self-reinforcing feedbacks will lead to a tipping point, where global temperatures transition to a hothouse climate state even if greenhouse gas emissions are reduced or eliminated.

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Global warming

(2005), where satellite altimetry established that the mean thickness of the entire Greenland ice sheet had increased at 2 inches per year – a total of almost 2 feet – in the 11 years 1993-2003.”

Other research has shown that higher snowfalls from the North Atlantic oscillation caused the interior of the ice cap to thicken by an average of 6 cm or 2.36 in/y between 1994 and 2005.

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Greenland

A video shows Koko the gorilla spontaneously using sign language to issue a warning about climate change.

Her instructor and caregiver, Francine Patterson, reported that Koko had an active vocabulary of more than 1,000 signs of what Patterson calls "Gorilla Sign Language" (GSL).

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Koko (gorilla)

Barack Obama and Joe Biden will establish a 10 percent federal Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) to require that 10 percent of electricity consumed in the U.S. is derived from clean, sustainable energy sources, like solar, wind and geothermal by 2012.

Other plans include making society carbon neutral and using renewable energy, including solar, wind, and methane sources.

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Energy policy of the United States

The report confidently claims that when temperatures rise, “the reduction in premature deaths from cold are expected to be smaller than the increase in deaths from heat in the United States.

Some of the greatest increases in average temperatures in the U.S. are expected in the region over the coming decades.

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Climate change in the United States

Globally there’s no clear evidence of trends and patterns in extreme events such as droughts, hurricanes and floods.

Documented long-term climate changes include changes in Arctic temperatures and ice, widespread changes in precipitation amounts, ocean salinity, wind patterns and extreme weather including droughts, heavy precipitation, heat waves and the intensity of tropical cyclones.

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Scientific consensus on climate change

The sea was much colder than previously thought, the study suggests, indicating that climate change is advancing at an unprecedented rate”

The statement references the IPCC's Fourth Assessment of 2007, and asserts that "climate change is happening even faster than previously estimated; global CO 2 emissions since 2000 have been higher than even the highest predictions, Arctic sea ice has been melting at rates much faster than predicted, and the rise in the sea level has become more rapid".

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Scientific consensus on climate change

Based on the increase of solar activity during the twentieth century, it should account for between half to two-thirds of all climate change.

In 2000, Lassen and Thejll updated their 1991 research and concluded that while the solar cycle accounted for about half the temperature rise since 1900, it failed to explain a rise of 0.4 °C since 1980.

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Solar activity and climate

This provides a direct, empirical causal link between CO2 and global warming.

To establish a correlation as causal within physics, it is normally understood that the cause and the effect must connect through a local mechanism (cf.

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Correlation does not imply causation

"Global warming data apparently cooked by U.S. government-funded body shows astounding temperature fraud with increases averaging 10 to 15 degrees Fahrenheit.

According to a 2006 paper from Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, "the earth would warm by 8 degrees Celsius (14.4 degrees Fahrenheit) if humans use the entire planet's available fossil fuels by the year 2300."

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Global warming controversy

In the early 2000s, ice shelves began disintegrating in several parts of Antarctica, and scientists realized that process could greatly accelerate the demise of the vastly larger ice sheets themselves.

Two sections of Antarctica's Larsen Ice Shelf broke apart into hundreds of unusually small fragments (hundreds of meters wide or less) in 1995 and 2002, Larsen C calved a huge ice island in 2017.

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Ice shelf

It fails to explain how we can have short-term positive feedback and long-term negative feedback.

This provided immediate feedback and acted as positive reinforcement for a soldier's behavior.

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Operant conditioning

The observed behavior of radiation fluxes implies negative feedback processes associated with relatively low climate sensitivity.

Observations and modelling studies indicate that there is a net positive feedback to warming.

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Climate change feedback

Overall Greenland is losing ice mass at an accelerating rate.

Average annual ice loss in Greenland more than doubled in the early 21st century compared to the 20th century.

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Sea level rise

But more than 7% of deaths are related to cold—counting hypothermia, as well as increased blood pressure and risk of heart attack that results when the body restricts blood flow in response to frigid temperatures.”

The cold water can also cause heart attack due to vasoconstriction; the heart has to work harder to pump the same volume of blood throughout the body, and for people with heart disease, this additional workload can cause the heart to go into arrest.

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Underwater diving

The trend in CO2 at Mauna Loa is practically identical to the global trend because CO2 mixes well throughout the atmosphere.

Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.

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Carbon dioxide

an individual heatwave triggering coral bleaching cannot be linked to global warming as the process triggering an individual heatwave is fundamentally different from that triggering global warming

While localized triggers lead to localized bleaching, the large scale coral bleaching events of the recent years have been triggered by global warming.

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Coral bleaching

CO2 levels are rising so fast that unless we decrease emissions, global warming will accelerate this century.

To keep warming below 2 °C, more stringent emission reductions in the near-term would allow for less rapid reductions after 2030.

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Global warming

However, since 1998, little warming has occurred while carbon dioxide emissions continue to increase.

The sharp acceleration in CO 2 emissions since 2000 to more than a 3% increase per year (more than 2 ppm per year) from 1.1% per year during the 1990s is attributable to the lapse of formerly declining trends in carbon intensity of both developing and developed nations.

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Greenhouse gas

Every year air pollution protections are delayed, another 34,000 people will die prematurely.

"Air Pollution Linked to 1.2 Million Premature Deaths in China".

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China

The particular signature of warming in 2016 was also revealing in another way, Overpeck said, noting that the stratosphere… saw record cold temperatures last year

The change was attributed to increasingly cold winters in the Arctic stratosphere at an altitude of approximately 20 km (12 mi), a change associated with global warming in a relationship that is still under investigation.

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Ozone depletion

There have long been claims that some unspecificed "they" has "changed the name from 'global warming' to 'climate change'".

Shaftel 2016: "'Climate change' and 'global warming' are often used interchangeably but have distinct meanings.

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Climate change (general concept)

Every year air pollution protections are delayed, another 34,000 people will die prematurely.

Chernobyl: Consequences of the Catastrophe for People and the Environment is a 2007 Russian publication that concludes that there were 985,000 premature deaths as a consequence of the radioactivity released.

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Chernobyl disaster

An additional kick was supplied by an El Niño weather pattern that peaked in 2016 and temporarily warmed much of the surface of the planet, causing the hottest year in a historical record dating to 1880.

An El Niño is associated with warm and very wet weather months in April–October along the coasts of northern Peru and Ecuador, causing major flooding whenever the event is strong or extreme.

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El Niño

global warming ceased around the end of the twentieth century and was followed (since 1997) by 19 years of stable temperature

The 20th (twentieth) century was a century that began on January 1, 1901 and ended on December 31, 2000.

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20th century

Note that computer models are just concatenations of calculations you could do on a hand-held calculator, so they are theoretical and cannot be part of any evidence."

Peter Denning's working group argued that they are theory, abstraction (modeling), and design.

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Computer science

Numerous studies into the effect of urban heat island effect and microsite influences find they have negligible effect on long-term trends, particularly when averaged over large regions.

While some lines of research did not detect a significant impact, other studies have concluded that heat islands can have measurable effects on climate phenomena at the global scale.

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Urban heat island

Klaus-Martin Schulte examined all papers published from 2004 to February 2007.

The Hitler Diaries (German: Hitler-Tagebücher) were a series of sixty volumes of journals purportedly written by Adolf Hitler, but forged by Konrad Kujau between 1981 and 1983.

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Hitler Diaries

for every renewable energy job that the State manages to finance, Spain’s experience...reveals with high confidence, by two different methods, that the U.S. should expect a loss of at least 2.2 jobs on average

It would be possible to convert the total supply to 100% renewable energy, including heating, cooling and mobility, by 2050.

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California

If Hillary would have fact-checked her example of sea level rise in Norfolk, Virginia, she would have found out that the experts already know this is mostly due to the land there sinking.

In Europe for instance, considerable variation is found because some land areas are rising while others are sinking.

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Sea level rise

Mars, Triton, Pluto and Jupiter all show global warming, pointing to the Sun as the dominating influence in determining climate throughout the solar system."

Another line of evidence for the warming not being due to the Sun is how temperature changes differ at different levels in the Earth's atmosphere.

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Global warming

The costs of emissions regulations, which will be paid by everyone, will be punishingly high and will provide no benefits to most people anywhere in the world.

point out that while distributed solar and other energy efficiency measures do pose a challenge to electric utilities' existing business model, the benefits of distributed generation outweigh the costs, and those benefits are shared by all ratepayers.

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Net metering

Sea level rise predictions are exaggerated.

More recent research, especially into Antarctica, indicates that this is probably a conservative estimate and true long-term sea level rise might be higher.

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Sea level rise

Just 1.25 per cent of the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere-ocean system has been released by ­humans in the past 250 years.

About one quarter of the additional carbon dioxide generated by humans is dissolved in the oceans, where it forms carbonic acid.

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Planetary boundaries

Scientific analysis of past climates shows that greenhouse gasses, principally CO2, have controlled most ancient climate changes.

Greenhouse gases, in particular carbon dioxide and methane, played a significant role during the Eocene in controlling the surface temperature.

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Eocene

The sun was warming up then, but the sun hasn’t been warming since 1970.

As one fragment of the cloud collapsed it also began to rotate because of conservation of angular momentum and heat up with the increasing pressure.

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Sun

In particular, satellite data demonstrate for the last 17 years, there's been zero warming.

In March 2015, he said that some people are "global warming alarmists" and, citing satellite temperature measurements, said that there had been no significant warming in 18 years.

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Ted Cruz

After the 9/11 terrorist attacks grounded commercial air traffic, "there was a temperature drop while the airplanes weren't flying, for the week afterwards."

North American air space was closed for several days after the attacks and air travel decreased upon its reopening, leading to a nearly 20% cutback in air travel capacity, and exacerbating financial problems in the struggling U.S. airline industry.

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September 11 attacks

Venus is not hot because of a runaway greenhouse.

Venus is sufficiently strongly heated by the Sun that water vapor can rise much higher in the atmosphere and be split into hydrogen and oxygen by ultraviolet light.

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Runaway greenhouse effect

Measurements indicating that 2017 had relatively more sea ice in the Arctic and less melting of glacial ice in Greenland casts scientific doubt on the reality of global warming.

The Arctic is affected by current global warming, leading to Arctic sea ice shrinkage, diminished ice in the Greenland ice sheet, and Arctic methane release as the permafrost thaws.

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Arctic

While members of the media may nod along to such claims [about changes in weather extremes], the evidence paints a different story

They were, however, more confident over attributing changes in long-term trends of extreme weather.

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Attribution of recent climate change

And there is a lot of evidence that climate change is diminishing biodiversity, which can be seen in these alpine meadows as well.

Increased temperatures may allow herbivores to expand further into alpine regions, significant impacting the composition of alpine herbfields.

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Effects of climate change on plant biodiversity

[Riebesell] is a world authority on the topic and has typically communicated cautiously about the effects of acidification.

(2013) "Meta‐analysis reveals complex marine biological responses to the interactive effects of ocean acidification and warming".

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Human impact on marine life

Despite attention on global warming, "fewer Americans carpool today to work than carpooled in 1980" and "SUVs have never been a larger proportion of the vehicles being sold in this country."

"SUVs Become the Largest and Fastest-Growing Automotive Segment in 2015".

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Sport utility vehicle

The contrast in precipitation between wet and dry regions and between wet and dry seasons will increase, although there may be regional exceptions.

In essence, a tropical monsoon climate tends to either see more rainfall than a tropical savanna climate or have less pronounced dry seasons.

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Tropical monsoon climate

"The climate of this planet oscillates between periods of approximately 30 years of warming followed by approximately 30 years of cooling.

An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.

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Ice age

"[T]he influence of so-called greenhouse gases on near-surface temperature - is not yet absolutely proven.

In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.

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Global warming

Arctic sea ice loss is matched by Antarctic sea ice gain.

The effects of global warming in the Arctic include rising temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet.

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Arctic

Greenland ice sheet … would balloon sea levels by around 7m should it disintegrate

If the Greenland ice sheet were to melt away completely, the world's sea level would rise by more than 7 m (23 ft).

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Greenland

Currently, Florida is one of only five states in the nation that prohibit citizens from buying electricity from companies that will put solar panels on your home or business.

Developers in Florida have announced the addition of solar panels on all new homes in several subdivisions.

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Solar power in Florida

In their worst-case scenario, the sea level could rise by six feet by the end of this century, and the pace could pick up drastically in the 22nd century.

Over the 21st century, the IPCC projects that in a very high emissions scenario the sea level could rise by 61–110 cm.

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Global warming

In the past, warming has never been a threat to life on Earth.

The ongoing warming will increase risks and stresses to human societies, economies, ecosystems, and wildlife through the 21st century and beyond, making it imperative that society respond to a changing climate.

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Scientific consensus on climate change

CO2 is increasing rapidly, and is reaching levels not seen on the earth for millions of years.

Human activities have caused CO 2 to increase above levels not seen in hundreds of thousands of years.

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Carbon dioxide

Over 97 percent of the scientific community … believe that humans are contributing to climate change.

Currently, through land development, combustion of fossil fuels, and pollution, humans are thought to be the main contributor to global climate change.

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Human

Last December, the respected  journal “Oceanography” published projections (see graphic below) for this rising acidity, measured by falling pH

"Rising levels of acids in seas may endanger marine life, says study".

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Ocean acidification

Whatever is driving increases in winter Arctic temperatures is not heat coming out of the Arctic Ocean, which is covered with insulating ice.'

Much of the Arctic Ocean is covered by sea ice that varies in extent and thickness seasonally.

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Arctic Ocean

The rate of warming according to the data is much slower than the models used by the IPCC

The observed increase in hurricane intensity is larger than climate models predict for the sea surface temperature changes we have experienced.

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IPCC Fourth Assessment Report

Tree-ring proxy reconstructions are reliable before 1960, tracking closely with the instrumental record and other independent proxies.

In August 2003 Mann with Phil Jones published reconstructions using various high-resolution proxies including tree rings, ice cores and sediments.

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Michael E. Mann

Using satellite data rather than tide-gauge data that is normally used to measure sea levels allows for more precise estimates of global sea level, since it provides measurements of the open ocean.

Tide gauges can only measure relative sea level, whilst satellites can also measure absolute sea level changes.

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Sea level rise

Cooks ’97% consensus’ disproven by a new peer

James Lawrence Powell reported 2017 that using rejection as the criterion of consensus, five surveys of the peer-reviewed literature from 1991 to 2015, including several of those above, combine to 54,195 articles with an average consensus of 99.94%.

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neutral

Scientific consensus on climate change

Renewable energy investment kills jobs.

In the context of the current world economic crisis, many experts now argue that a massive push to develop renewable sources of energy could create millions of new jobs and help the economy recover while simultaneously improving the environment, increasing labour conditions in poor economies, and strengthening energy and food security.

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Green-collar worker

When you account for all of the costs associated with burning coal and other fossil fuels, like air pollution and health effects, in reality they are significantly more expensive than most renewable energy sources.

It would also reduce environmental pollution such as air pollution caused by burning of fossil fuels and improve public health, reduce premature mortalities due to pollution and save associated health costs that amount to several hundred billion dollars annually only in the United States.

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Renewable energy

Lindzen and Choi find low climate sensitivity

"Missing iris effect as a possible cause of muted hydrological change and high climate sensitivity in models".

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Iris hypothesis

The EPA director under Obama said the Clean Power Initiative would have no effect on man-made CO2 emissions.

In 2014, President Barack Obama proposed a series of Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulations, known as the Clean Power Plan that would reduce carbon pollution from coal-fired power plants.

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Climate change policy of the United States

The noted oceanographer Walter Munk referred to sea-level rise as an “enigma”

"Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era".

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Sea level rise

The measurements of the amount of CO2 made at the Mauna Loa Observatory are accurate and uncontaminated by any emissions from the volcano.

Measurements are adjusted to account for local outgassing of CO2 from the volcano.

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Mauna Loa

The warming trend is the same in rural and urban areas, measured by thermometers and satellites, and by natural thermometers.

Scientists use both direct and indirect observations of the climate, from Earth observing satellites and scientific instrumentation such as a global network of thermometers, to prehistoric ice extracted from glaciers.

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Climatology

Barack Obama will help the Gulf Coast restore the wetlands, marshes and barrier islands that are critical to tamping down the force of hurricanes.

The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 and Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010 served as economic stimulus amidst the Great Recession.

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Barack Obama

Climate change is normal and continual.

Climate change due to internal variability sometimes occurs in cycles or oscillations, for instance every 100 or 2000 years.

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Climate change (general concept)

Clearly, other factors besides atmospheric carbon influence earth temperatures and global warming."

In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.

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Global warming

Postma disproved the greenhouse effect.

It was demonstrated experimentally (R. W. Wood, 1909) that a (not heated) "greenhouse" with a cover of rock salt (which is transparent to infrared) heats up an enclosure similarly to one with a glass cover.

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Greenhouse effect

Hundreds of flowers across the UK are flowering earlier now than any time in 250 years.

23 March 2015.

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neutral

Cherry blossom

The natural cycle adds and removes CO2 to keep a balance; humans add extra CO2 without removing any.

Various carbon dioxide scrubbing processes have been proposed to remove CO 2 from the air, usually using a variant of the Kraft process.

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neutral

Carbon sequestration

In truth, the overwhelming majority of climate-research funding comes from the federal government and left-wing foundations.

Organizations such as the libertarian Competitive Enterprise Institute, as well as conservative commentators, have challenged IPCC climate change scenarios, funded scientists who disagree with the scientific consensus, and provided their own projections of the economic cost of stricter controls.

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neutral

Global warming