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726df2967cee98e79f3cf27fabda81fe | When do you need a lung transplant? | A lung transplant is an effective treatment for disease that has destroyed most of the lungs' function. For people with severe lung disease, a transplant can bring back easier breathing and provide years of life. However, lung transplant surgery has major risks and complications are common. |
e65a103d5acd152d6a7ef8d955157790 | What happens during a lung transplant? | When a compatible donor's lungs become available, the transplant candidate will be called urgently to the transplant center to prepare for the surgery. Members of the surgical team travel to examine the deceased donor's lungs to make sure they are suitable for transplant. If they are, surgery on the recipient begins immediately, while the lungs are in transit to the center. Surgeons may perform either a single lung transplant or a double lung transplant. There are advantages and disadvantages to each option, and the choice varies with the recipient's lung disease and other factors. A surgeon will make a large incision in the chest during a lung transplant. The incision varies by the type of lung transplant: An incision on one side of the chest only (for a single lung transplant) An incision across the entire width of the front of the chest, or an incision on either side (for a double lung transplant) Complete unconsciousness is maintained with general anesthesia during the surgery. Some people receiving a lung transplant will need to go on cardiopulmonary bypass during the surgery. While on bypass, the blood is pumped and enriched with oxygen by a machine, rather than by the heart and lungs. |
d997be6e9053ca6556e50bbc2a1a0cf6 | What are germicidal air cleaners? | Germicidal air cleaners use ultraviolet ( UV) lights to kill bacteria, viruses, and molds that pass through the area with the UV light. Such UV lights can be included with other air cleaner devices, which use a fan. |
7e4f8e2afa26a248320b2f615eb0011a | What are mechanical air filters? | There are many types of air filters available, including: Mechanical air filters use a fan to force air through a special screen that traps particles such as smoke, pollens, and other airborne allergens. |
66f1c13d7b21a5e672f8f111718fbb3f | What type of air filters are ozone generators? | Ozone generators are devices that intentionally produce high concentrations of ozone to clean the air in a room. They are often used to decontaminate rooms after smoke exposure following a fire. Ozone causes bronchospasm in people with asthma, even in low concentrations, and thus should be avoided. |
95e9b2f35b1348104fbce21b5c3c9c53 | How can air filters help control asthma? | If you or a loved one has asthma symptoms and there's a smoker in your home, an air filter is likely to improve your asthma control. If there is no secondhand smoke in your home, air cleaners may not help your asthma. If you are the one smoking, a room air cleaner will only help the nonsmokers in your home, not you. The bottom line on using air filters to prevent an asthma attack? If you're a healthy individual living in a relatively unpolluted environment, there's probably no need to spend the money. |
5462ac062a7bf7e6c6b7d36ff6bf1c44 | What are hybrid air filters? | Hybrid air filters contain elements of both mechanical and electrostatic filters. |
ee04b96c3f626a7ff0eb69b2a3a50494 | What are electronic air filters? | Electronic air filters use electrical charges to attract and deposit allergens and irritants. If the device contains collecting plates, the particles are captured within the system; otherwise, they stick to room surfaces and have to be cleared away. A disadvantage of these units is that almost all of them create small amounts of ozone. Ozone irritates airways, causing temporary bronchospasm in those with asthma, and nasal congestion in those with hay fever or rhinitis. |
e603b1d8f581660c68d60adf59d39159 | What are whole-house air cleaners? | Whole-house air cleaners may be used if your home is heated or air-conditioned through ducts. With a whole-house air cleaner, HVAC system includes air filters designed to reduce the accumulation of dust and dirt in the ducts and coils of the system. These simple filters cost less than a dollar each to replace every month or two, but they only remove large particles, not the small particles in the house that are inhaled into the lungs. |
4f4ef06f373fb660902140468bf172b7 | How can you get better sleep? | Follow these tips to get better sleep: Go to bed and wake up at the same time every day. Create a relaxing bedtime routine. Make your bedroom cool, dark, and comfortable. Avoid caffeine in the evenings. Use your bed only for sleep and sex. |
c23ed07c1caeef1769755fafce47e5d8 | Why is it important to see your doctor regularly if you have chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)? | It's important for your doctor to see how well your lungs are working. Bring a list of all your medicines to each visit. Make a note of any changes, and call if your symptoms get worse or if you have any new ones. |
26c7f016534590f70ad2ba7b2ec8c651 | How can exercise help with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)? | But regular exercise can improve your endurance and strengthen the muscles that help you breathe. Ask your doctor which exercises are right for you. |
de7ef4ccddb07a7e8711e8558f4510bd | Is it normal for cold or the flu symptoms to get worse over time? | Remember, serious conditions can masquerade as the common cold and a mild infection can evolve into something more serious. If you have severe symptoms or are feeling sicker with each passing day or must travel, see a doctor. |
b07eceff84a7d9d5d583c53a18ad2c05 | Is it healthy to blow your nose when you have a cold? | !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } It's important to blow your nose regularly when you have a cold rather than sniffling mucus back into your head. But when you blow hard, pressure can cause an earache. The best way to blow your nose: Press a finger over one nostril while you blow gently to clear the other. Wash your hands after blowing your nose. |
beb530b3faf535a9fd6a37ef3881b1c9 | Should I use hot or cold packs for a cold or the flu? | Either temperature may help you feel more comfortable. You can buy reusable hot or cold packs at a drugstore. Or make your own. Take a damp washcloth and heat it for 20 seconds at a time in a microwave (test the temperature first to make sure it's not too hot). Or take a small bag of frozen peas to use as a cold pack. |
ba07268ccfebdde98af447687b9054b8 | Are steamy showers helpful for a cold or the flu? | Steamy showers moisturize your nasal passages and relax you. If you're dizzy from the flu, run a steamy shower while you sit on a chair nearby and take a sponge bath. |
8073f8591c9ec50516b9ba17f83926a7 | Are hot liquids helpful for a cold or the flu? | Warm liquids help relieve nasal congestion, help prevent dehydration, andsoothe the uncomfortably inflamed membranes that line your nose and throat. |
cd9cdd7838ac3149151028eea0c45969 | How should you gargle if you have a cold or the flu? | Gargling can moisten a sore throat and bring temporary relief. Try a teaspoon of salt dissolved in warm water, four times daily. To reduce the tickle in your throat, try an astringent gargle -- such as tea that contains tannin -- to tighten the membranes. Or, steep one tablespoon of lemon juice in two cups of hot water and mix in one teaspoon of honey. Let the mixture cool to room temperature before gargling. Honey should never be given to children under age 1. |
e46ce2f6e3f523a2c45a1901e7aa9a8e | When should you see a doctor about your eye twitches? | Make an appointment if: The twitch lasts for more than 1 week Your eyelid closes completely Spasms involve other facial muscles You see redness, swelling, or discharge from an eye Your upper eyelid droops If your doctor suspects a brain or nerve problem is to blame, she'll check for other common signs. |
71842a5943a608ed773763e0892d0c1d | What causes benign essential blepharospasm? | Causes include: Fatigue Stress Bright light, wind, or air pollution It starts with nonstop blinking or eye irritation. |
6912629afb9504af7da0f12a9ac02a97 | What is a hemifacial spasm? | It involves both the muscles around your mouth and your eyelid. Unlike the other two types, it usually affects only one side of the face. Most often, the cause is an artery pressing on a facial nerve. |
db5e8b48b409414e87e251829880a97f | What causes minor eyelid twitches? | A minor eyelid twitch is often associated with lifestyle factors, like: Fatigue Stress Lack of sleep Use of alcohol, tobacco, or caffeine It can also result from irritation of the surface of your eye (cornea) or the membranes that line your eyelids (conjunctiva). |
4d81012e163171d74ad3340be2fd5cfb | How can you treat eye twitches caused by dry or irritated eyes? | If dry eyes or irritated eyes are the cause, try over-the-counter artificial tears. That can often ease a minor twitch. |
f6260504402696487d1fc8c774a1ba87 | How does an eye twitch happen? | No one knows what causes this, which your doctor might call blepharospasm. When it happens, your eyelid, usually the upper one, blinks and you can't make it stop. Sometimes it affects both eyes. The lid moves every few seconds for a minute or two. |
c8ec540b99c290adc338113779159a85 | What can be a more serious condition of eye twitches? | Sometimes, the twitch can be a sign of a more serious conditions, like: Blepharitis (inflamed eyelids) Dry eyes Light sensitivity Pinkeye Very rarely, it's a sign of a brain or nerve disorder, such as: Bell's palsy Dystonia Parkinson's disease Tourette's syndrome It can also be a side effect of certain medications. |
71aa5c8b51030856c17d261e9cc8bcd4 | How does benign essential blepharospasm show up? | Benign essential blepharospasm usually shows up in mid- to late-adulthood and gradually gets worse. Only about 2,000 people are year are diagnosed with it in the United States. Women are twice as likely to get it as men. It isn't a serious condition, but more severe cases can interfere with your daily life. |
c89dc5f72d22e21ddc8086d8be19f3c2 | Do eye twitches go away on their own? | In most cases, a minor twitch will go away on its own. Make sure you get enough rest and cut back on alcohol, tobacco, and caffeine. |
2e38856ece8bb200b9da4e0d8269f183 | What are alternative treatments for eye twitches? | Alternative treatments include: Biofeedback Acupuncture Hypnosis Chiropractic Nutrition therapy Tinted glasses Scientific studies haven't proven these treatments work. |
102648f0e78a543d9802b1a62cb105a3 | How do benign essential blepharospasms occur? | Researchers believe it results from a mix of environmental and genetic factors. Although the condition is usually random, it sometimes runs in families. |
30721fcc963f732e31aa8566bf5a5aba | When should I see a doctor for my eye twitch? | Make an appointment if: The twitch lasts for more than 1 week Your eyelid closes completely Spasms involve other facial muscles You see redness, swelling, or discharge from an eye Your upper eyelid droops If your doctor suspects a brain or nerve problem is to blame, she'll check for other common signs. |
2f131fff37efcefd4c2d3bf262795bea | What will your doctor do if he or she suspects a brain or nerve problem from eye twitches? | Make an appointment if: The twitch lasts for more than 1 week Your eyelid closes completely Spasms involve other facial muscles You see redness, swelling, or discharge from an eye Your upper eyelid droops If your doctor suspects a brain or nerve problem is to blame, she'll check for other common signs. She might refer you to a neurologist or other specialist. |
d1134af1602599b304ad95d456beab31 | What specific medications might the doctor prescribe for eye twitching? | In mild cases, your doctor might suggest medications like: Clonazepam ( Klonopin) Lorazepam ( Ativan) Trihexyphenidyl hydrochloride ( Artane, Trihexane, Tritane) These usually provide only short-term relief. Alternative treatments include: Biofeedback Acupuncture Hypnosis Chiropractic Nutrition therapy Tinted glasses Scientific studies haven't proven these treatments work. If other options fail, your doctor may suggest surgery. In a procedure called a myectomy, your surgeon will remove some of the muscles and nerves around your eyelid. Surgery can also relieve the pressure of the artery on your facial nerve that causes a hemifacial spasm. The results are permanent, but as with any operation there's a chance for complications. |
3ba027402f4666d21a0398fe7c82711a | What happens when you have eye twitches? | Doctors think it can be linked to: Fatigue Stress Caffeine Twitches are painless, harmless, and usually go away on their own. But if the spasms are strong enough they can cause your eyelids to completely shut and then reopen. |
0e943009f5968a05796e3a8f7ecd81ce | What happens if you have an ocular migraine? | Causes include: Fatigue Stress Bright light, wind, or air pollution It starts with nonstop blinking or eye irritation. As it gets worse, you may be more sensitive to light, get blurry vision, and have facial spasms. In serious cases, the spasms can become so intense that your eyelids stay shut for up to several hours. |
37437599746a88759d5db4e5d1147db5 | What medications cause eye twitches? | Sometimes, the twitch can be a sign of a more serious conditions, like: Blepharitis (inflamed eyelids) Dry eyes Light sensitivity Pinkeye Very rarely, it's a sign of a brain or nerve disorder, such as: Bell's palsy Dystonia Parkinson's disease Tourette's syndrome It can also be a side effect of certain medications. The most common include drugs that treat psychosis and epilepsy. |
32a831a0b5bbe91316f5036e3a2f0e18 | Can eye twitches be a sign of a brain or nerve disorder? | Sometimes, the twitch can be a sign of a more serious conditions, like: Blepharitis (inflamed eyelids) Dry eyes Light sensitivity Pinkeye Very rarely, it's a sign of a brain or nerve disorder, such as: Bell's palsy Dystonia Parkinson's disease Tourette's syndrome It can also be a side effect of certain medications. |
390c40cef6e639ab0d0a1ccafe3b9428 | How are lasers used to treat ocular melanoma? | Lasers: Your doctor uses infrared light to kill a small tumor and seal off the nearby blood vessels to keep the cancer from spreading. This typically involves sending a laser beam through your pupil at low power so it can attack the cancer cells without damaging your eye. |
90349a4db34c6141b3b6d8eb4f8de25d | Can ocular melanoma be treated? | If your ocular tumor is small or noncancerous, you might not have to get it treated right away. Your doctor may just want to check it regularly to see if it grows or causes problems. If caught before it spreads outside the eye, doctors can successfully treat most ocular melanomas. |
e4e2e7fbf97858fe05bad8bf58ae51ae | How is ocular melanoma diagnosed? | Doctors often notice a melanoma during a routine eye exam because the tumors usually are darker than the area around them or leak fluid. Your doctor may want to do additional tests: Ultrasound: High-frequency sound waves are used to make images of the inside of your eye. Fluorescein angiography: You'll get a special dye put into your bloodstream through a vein in your arm. The dye will travel up to your eye. Your doctor then uses a special camera to take pictures of the inside of your eye. This can help them find any blockage or leak. |
3a54a2b3bac894f6834fffe8768fa3e3 | What type of follow-up is required for ocular melanoma? | Your doctor probably will recommend you get regular CT scans or MRIs to make sure the cancer hasn't spread. A CT scan (computerized tomography) takes X-rays from different angles and puts them together to show a more complete picture. An MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) uses powerful magnets and radio waves to make detailed images. Your doctor will focus on your liver, since that's where a new tumor is most likely to start. If it has, the earlier it's found, the more choices you have for treatment. Your treatment may damage your vision, so you also may need to see an eye doctor (ophthalmologist) regularly. |
43e6c0e7e145447496e71d0e00adc2f5 | Is ocular melanoma linked to ultraviolet rays? | Doctors don't know exactly what causes ocular melanoma. As with skin cancer, people with fair skin, blond or red hair, and light-colored eyes are more likely to get it. But unlike skin cancer, there's no hard evidence that links ocular melanoma to ultraviolet ( UV) rays, the kind you're exposed to from sunlight or a tanning bed. |
385f5ffd00f443de3cd882d6c48ac750 | Is atypical mole syndrome linked to ocular melanoma? | People with something called atypical mole syndrome are more likely to develop melanoma on the skin and also may be more likely to get ocular melanoma. This condition can cause more than 100 moles to form on a person's body, some with abnormal shapes and sizes. |
375f41902ac3db39e2831f34182125cc | What is the next step in ocular melanoma diagnosis after ultrasound and fluorescein angiography? | In rare cases, when these tests don't give a definite answer, your doctor might take some tissue from your eye to get a closer look under a microscope. This is called a biopsy. |
40326285f63e9fa117ff4e700f5e2568 | Is the risk for ocular melanoma hereditary? | Scientists are looking into whether parents can pass a higher risk for ocular melanoma to their children. |
7fdfb2abe39833e14ee0f0a2f7663504 | What causes dust allergies? | It sounds nasty, but it's true: One piece of dust can contain pet dander, pieces of dead cockroaches, and mold spores, along with dead skin and dust mites. |
3ae1b5aa734169890e66546b30a6e5de | How can you keep the air clean and dry to prevent dust allergies? | Keep Air Clean and Dry Use an air conditioner or dehumidifier to lower humidity. Put a HEPA filter with a MERV rating of 11-13 in your heating and air-conditioning unit. You can find the rating listed on the packaging. Change the filter every 3 months. Keep humidity in your home between 40% and 50%. Use a hygrometer to measure it. You can get one at hardware and building supply stores. |
d91779edc6f012376896987a4071cf2f | What are some bedroom dust-busting tips for dust allergies? | Bedroom Dust- Busting Tips Put airtight, plastic dust-mite covers on pillows, mattresses, and box springs. Use pillows filled with polyester fibers instead of kapok or feathers. Wash bedding in very hot water (over 130 F) once a week. The water needs to be this hot to kill dust mites. Dry the bedding in a hot dryer. If your bedroom is in a basement with a concrete floor, move upstairs if you can. Concrete stays damp and creates the moist, humid environment dust mites love. |
bf644188cb78aa83266e125a80fae571 | What are some tips for around the house to prevent dust allergies? | Around the House Clean bare floors often with a damp mop or cloth. Vacuum carpets once or twice a week. Use a vacuum with a HEPA (high-efficiency particulate air) filter. If your dust allergy is severe, ask your doctor if replacing wall-to-wall carpeting with hardwood or vinyl floors would help. Wash throw rugs in hot water. Vacuum upholstered furniture such as sofas. Wood, leather, plaster, or metal furniture is better for dust allergies. Replace drapes with roll-up window shades. If you must have curtains, wash them in hot water each season. Get rid of stuffed animals, soft toys, and other dust collectors. |
46fe4065b1239afedc1576facf95cd46 | What are the symptoms of dust allergies? | Dust allergy symptoms are similar to those of pollen allergies: Red, itchy, watery eyes Itchy, runny, stuffy nose Sneezing To get rid of these tiny creatures in your home, keep in mind their living habits. |
a296dbf1e8a36c96d546dd840c40dd47 | What are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors relative to antidepressants? | There are three types: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ( SSRIs) are some of the most commonly prescribed antidepressants available. They include citalopram ( Celexa), escitalopram ( Lexapro), fluvoxamine ( Luvox), paroxetine ( Paxil), Prozac, and sertraline ( Zoloft). Another drug, olanzapine ( Symbyax), is approved by the FDA specifically for treatment-resistant depression. It's a combination of the SSRI antidepressant fluoxetine ( Prozac) and another drug approved for bipolar disorder and schizophrenia called olanzapine ( Zyprexa). Aripiprazole ( Abilify), quetiapine ( Seroquel), and brexpiprazole ( Rexulti) have been FDA approved as add-on therapy to antidepressants for depression. Plus, doctors often use other drugs in combination for treatment-resistant depression. Also, the drugs vilazodone ( Viibryd) and vortioxetine ( Trintellix - formelrly called Brintellix) are among the newest antidepressants that affect serotonin. Both drugs affect the serotonin transporter (like an SSRI) but also affect other serotonin receptors to relieve major depression. |
b50decc901a859736c48cc0fc22699b3 | What are serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors relative to antidepressants? | Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors ( SNRIs) are among the newer types of antidepressant. As the name implies, they block the reuptake of both serotonin and norepinephrine. They include duloxetine ( Cymbalta), venlafaxine ( Effexor), desvenlafaxine ER ( Khedezla), levomilnacipran ( Fetzima), and desvenlafaxine ( Pristiq). |
7b60e95dabcf35d47f4632a9b7b85d7b | How are monoamine oxidase inhibitors used as antidepressants? | Monoamine oxidase inhibitors ( MAOIs) include selegiline ( Emsam), isocarboxazid ( Marplan), phenelzine ( Nardil), and tranylcypromine ( Parnate). These drugs seem to work a little differently. Monoamine oxidase is a natural enzyme that breaks down serotonin, epinephrine, and dopamine. MAOIs block the effects of this enzyme. As a result, the levels of those neurotransmitters might get a boost. The downside is that MAOIs also prevent the body's ability to break down other medicines metabolized by this enzyme (such as Sudafed, or stimulants) -- raising the risk for high blood pressure -- as well as an amino acid called tyrosine, which is found in certain foods like aged meats and cheeses. MAOIs also shouldn't be combined with other medicines that can raise serotonin (such as certain migraine medicines, or other antidepressants), because that can cause a buildup of excessive serotonin (called "serotonin syndrome"), which could be life threatening. |
7cc332aff161c0acdb6d5afe9dfa5c4f | What are serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitors relative to antidepressants? | Serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitor ( SARIs) appear to act in two ways. They prevent the reuptake of serotonin. But they also prevent serotonin particles that are released in a synapse from binding at certain undesired receptors and redirect them instead to other receptors that can help nerve cells within mood circuits function better. Examples include nefazodone ( Serzone) and trazodone. |
a3257177aa4c5c47e80fa0782b286eca | What should you keep in mind when taking antidepressants? | When taking an antidepressant for treatment-resistant depression, you have to be patient. Some people start an antidepressant and expect that it will work right away. After all, when you drink a few cups of coffee, or a few glasses of wine, you feel it pretty fast. People naturally expect the same kind of instant results with antidepressants. But that's just not how antidepressants work. No one knows exactly why, but they can take weeks or months before they gain their full effect. When you're taking an antidepressant, it's important to adjust your expectations and to try to be patient. |
930a9ab1d9924437380df90fe4f0c4e3 | How does immunotherapy for cancer work? | The shots put your immune system on alert, but they didn't make you sick. Over time, your doses got bigger. That helped you build a tolerance to the allergen. In other words, you became immune. Those allergy shots were a type of immunotherapy. So are vaccines for diseases like measles and mumps. How does that relate to cancer? The disease starts when one cell in your body goes rogue. Researchers hope immunotherapy treatment will harness the power of your body's natural defenses to fight cancer cells, just like it would with a germ, virus, or allergy. One approach is to tell your system to stage a full-out assault on cancer cells. Another is to try to make your defenses stronger. Researchers are exploring many ways to help your immune system recognize and destroy cancer cells. |
69c01f50f1fb2b469fb66673a7fb3373 | What is the future of immunotherapy as a cancer treatment? | Researchers are trying to find ways to help your immune system fight cancer, and to better understand your defenses and how they protect you. Science is also looking at how to combine immunotherapy with other treatments to make them work even better. Researchers are even looking into what happens when you pair two types of immunotherapy. One big question that still remains: Why does this -- like traditional treatments -- work for one patient, but not another? Study -- and with it, discovery -- goes on. |
747f0e2dd8d6ad56467fc65615e7266d | What is adoptive T-cell immunotherapy for cancer? | This is designed to boost your key immune cells. Basically, researchers remove T cells (white blood cells in your immune system) from your tumor, then figure out which ones are fighting the growth the most. Once that's known, scientists genetically engineer the genes in those cells to be stronger and return them to your system through an IV. This approach shows a lot of promise in the treatment of many different types of cancer. |
ceb241c2dfef00a3bf81cd300f7607db | Why is immunotherapy an important way to treat cancer? | These molecules treat many different types of cancer. |
4198af32c95468c83602a6f0408a5af3 | What does surgery do for cubital tunnel syndrome? | These include surgeries that: Result in simple decompression of the ulnar nerve Shift the nerve to the front of the elbow Move the nerve under a layer of fat, under the muscle, or within the muscle Trim the bump of the inner portion of the elbow -- the medial epicondyle -- under which the ulnar nerve passes If you undergo surgery for cubital tunnel syndrome, recovery may involve restrictions on lifting and elbow movement, and rehabilitation therapy. |
70c57457934ff1016595dc1e073231dc | How can you treat mild cases of cubital tunnel syndrome? | Mild cases of cubital tunnel syndrome often respond to physical therapies such as: Avoidance of undue pressure on the elbow during daily activities Wearing a protective elbow pad over the "funny bone" during daily activities Wearing a splint during sleep to prevent over-bending of the elbow In cases where splinting doesn't help or nerve compression is more severe, about 85% of patients respond to some form of surgery to release pressure on the ulnar nerve. |
87e9ecabf008e6986eed24750d0ca4dd | What are the causes of radial tunnel syndrome? | Radial tunnel syndrome is caused by increased pressure on the radial nerve, which runs by the bones and muscles of the forearm and elbow. Causes include: Injury Noncancerous fatty tumors (lipomas) Bone tumors Inflammation of surrounding tissue Symptoms of radial tunnel syndrome include: Cutting, piercing, or stabbing pain at the top of the forearm or back of the hand, especially when you try to straighten your wrist and fingers. |
b6d92209523e1be61521c28e5f9ad31c | What are the first treatments for radial tunnel syndrome? | Conservative treatments for radial tunnel syndrome include medications such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs to reduce soft tissue swelling, corticosteroid injections to relieve inflammation and pressure on the radial nerve, and wrist and/or elbow splints to reduce irritation of the radial nerve. |
6597b4023367b92f70481b1a1df92f36 | When are you more likely to get cubital tunnel syndrome? | You're more likely to develop cubital tunnel syndrome if you: Repeatedly lean on your elbow, especially on a hard surface Bend your elbow for sustained periods, such as while talking on a cell phone or sleeping with your hand crooked under your pillow Sometimes, cubital tunnel syndrome results from abnormal bone growth in the elbow or from intense physical activity that increases pressure on the ulnar nerve. |
00f00c2fce238d33456e2e4f63bb74a6 | Should my specialists for multiple sclerosis keep in touch? | If you have more than one specialist on your team, make sure they stay in touch. This is especially important if you have another health condition besides MS. Use only one pharmacy if you can. |
b51910214e29464d4c7527359eebe172 | How do I make the most of multiple sclerosis doctor visits? | It's important to be able to discuss any concerns you have about your multiple sclerosis. Do your best to find a doctor who you're comfortable with -- someone who respects and listens to you. Think about other factors, too, like travel time for office visits and insurance coverage. |
27a67cdd24c98855d60b9df23e2e4a91 | What should I tell my doctor about my multiple sclerosis? | Let your doctor know if: You feel hopeless or like you can't handle the disease. You're afraid of any part of treatment, like needles or side effects. You've had a bad experience with other health care providers. You're confused by different messages from members of your health care team. |
5309ce6165a65b7aa21264ace7aafbe3 | How do you treat chlamydia and gonorrhea be treated? | Chlamydia and Gonorrhea: These STDs are treated with antibiotics. You should begin taking them if tests show you have the infection or if you have been exposed to it, even though you may not have symptoms. Your sex partners will also have to be treated regardless of whether they have symptoms. Certain strains of gonorrhea have become resistant to some antibiotics, so you may have to take more than one drug to fight gonorrhea. |
570de678cc96dc73a2af922f39fe69b0 | Can you treat an STD at home? | Don't try to treat an STD yourself. These diseases are contagious and serious. You must see a doctor. Bacterial STDs can be cured with antibiotics if treatment begins early enough. Viral STDs cannot be cured, but you can manage symptoms with medications. There is a vaccine against hepatitis B, but it will not help if you already have the disease. |
ed86db2e6f1b079378d05c1727d6e621 | What kinds of tests can find STDs? | STDs may be detected during a physical exam; through Pap smears; and in tests of blood, urine, and genital and anal secretions. |
063239ea7c3a127d58e48d633d18622c | What is the role of hiatal hernia in gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)? | Some doctors believe a hiatal hernia may weaken the LES and increase the risk for gastroesophageal reflux. Hiatal hernia occurs when the upper part of the stomach moves up into the chest through a small opening in the diaphragm (diaphragmatic hiatus). The diaphragm is the muscle separating the abdomen from the chest. Recent studies show that the opening in the diaphragm helps support the lower end of the esophagus. Many people with a hiatal hernia will not have problems with heartburn or reflux. But having a hiatal hernia may allow stomach contents to reflux more easily into the esophagus. Coughing, vomiting, straining, or sudden physical exertion can cause increased pressure in the abdomen resulting in hiatal hernia. Obesity and pregnancy also contribute to this condition. Many otherwise healthy people age 50 and over have a small hiatal hernia. Although considered a condition of middle age, hiatal hernias affect people of all ages. Hiatal hernias usually do not require treatment. However, treatment may be necessary if the hernia is in danger of becoming strangulated (twisted in a way that cuts off blood supply) or is complicated by severe GERD or esophagitis (inflammation of the esophagus). The doctor may perform surgery to reduce the size of the hernia or to prevent strangulation. |
f9d101b7d1089d7bdca273e338295ad1 | How is an endoscopy used to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)? | Endoscopy is an important procedure for individuals with chronic GERD. By placing a small lighted tube with a tiny video camera on the end (endoscope) into the esophagus, the doctor may see inflammation or irritation of the tissue lining the esophagus (esophagitis). If the findings of the endoscopy are abnormal or questionable, biopsy (removing a small sample of tissue) from the lining of the esophagus may be helpful. |
3893519fa5b6cd57e8b7cb462911b01c | What are the symptoms of heartburn related to gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)? | Heartburn, also called acid indigestion, is the most common symptom of GERD and usually feels like a burning chest pain beginning behind the breastbone and moving upward to the neck and throat. Many people say it feels like food is coming back into the mouth leaving an acid or bitter taste. The burning, pressure, or pain of heartburn can last as long as 2 hours and is often worse after eating. Lying down or bending over can also result in heartburn. Many people obtain relief by standing upright or by taking an antacid that clears acid out of the esophagus. Heartburn pain is sometimes mistaken for the pain associated with heart disease or a heart attack, but there are differences. Exercise may aggravate pain resulting from heart disease, and rest may relieve the pain. Heartburn pain is less likely to be associated with physical activity. |
808cbc69dd12b364729068104111bc71 | How can cigarette smoking affect gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)? | Cigarette smoking weakens the LES. Stopping smoking is important to reduce GERD symptoms. |
86708a4f9864682e77c326ba03df6d86 | What if heartburn or gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) symptoms persist? | People with severe, chronic esophageal reflux or with symptoms not relieved by the treatments described above may need more complete diagnostic evaluation. Doctors use a variety of tests and procedures to examine a patient with chronic heartburn. |
986ac8422b44c152d257b084e8a7da49 | What is the treatment for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)? | Doctors recommend lifestyle and dietary changes for most people needing treatment for GERD. Treatment aims at decreasing the amount of reflux or reducing damage to the lining of the esophagus from refluxed materials. |
18179779923100ded1a598dd0fa5f1b8 | Does gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) require surgery? | A small number of people with GERD may need surgery because of severe reflux and poor response to medical treatment. However, surgery should not be considered until all other measures have been tried. Fundoplication is a surgical procedure that increases pressure in the lower esophagus. The doctor can perform it through a laparoscope (small holes through the belly) or through open surgery. The Stretta procedure is minimally invasive. The doctors goes down the esophagus with a small tube and uses radiofrequency to tighten the barrier between the esophagus and stomach. With LINX surgery, your doctor wraps a band of titanium beads around the lower part of the esophagus to prevent stomach acids from splashing back up into the esophagus. Your doctor performs this procedure using a laparoscope. |
b535edbad53b141d52fdd344c1c332d2 | What is gastroesophageal reflux? | Therefore, gastroesophageal reflux is the return of the stomach's contents back up into the esophagus. In normal digestion, the lower esophageal sphincter ( LES) opens to allow food to pass into the stomach and closes to prevent food and acidic stomach juices from flowing back into the esophagus. Gastroesophageal reflux occurs when the LES is weak or relaxes inappropriately, allowing the stomach's contents to flow up into the esophagus. The severity of GERD depends on LES dysfunction as well as the type and amount of fluid brought up from the stomach and the neutralizing effect of saliva. |
cd9b007c3d1ef9a6dc02028e59d1670a | Which foods and beverages should you avoid to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)? | Avoiding foods and beverages that can relax the LES is often recommended. These foods include chocolate, peppermint, fatty foods, caffeine, and alcoholic beverages. Foods and beverages that can irritate a damaged esophageal lining, such as citrus fruits and juices, tomato products, and pepper, should also be avoided if they cause symptoms. |
8311bd30b0ca3e0397f7bb79ae578a82 | How are esophageal manometric and impedance studies used for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)? | Esophageal manometric and impedance studies -- pressure measurements of the esophagus -- occasionally help identify low pressure in the LES or abnormalities in esophageal muscle contraction. |
73e9db5ea21d5e3a70bf44a602398301 | What are the side effects of antacids for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)? | Long-term use of antacids, however, can result in side effects, including diarrhea, altered calcium metabolism (a change in the way the body breaks down and uses calcium), and buildup of magnesium in the body. Too much magnesium can be serious for patients with kidney disease. If antacids are needed for more than 2 weeks, a doctor should be consulted. |
13ff2fac8a3445c645ab53ea5ad34a61 | What other factors contribute to gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)? | Dietary and lifestyle choices may contribute to GERD. Certain foods and beverages, including chocolate, peppermint, fried or fatty foods, coffee, or alcoholic beverages, may trigger reflux and heartburn. Studies show that cigarette smoking relaxes the LES. Obesity and pregnancy can also play a role in GERD symptoms. |
6cc28d7682b2f157f310a6bf4f1262f3 | How are proton pump inhibitors (or acid pumps) used to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)? | Another type of drug, the proton pump inhibitor (or acid pump), inhibits an enzyme (a protein in the acid-producing cells of the stomach) necessary for acid secretion. Some proton pump inhibitors include dexlansoprazole ( Dexilant), esomeprazole ( Nexium), lansoprazole ( Prevacid), omeprazole ( Prilosec), omeprazole/sodium bicarbonate ( Zegerid), pantoprazole ( Protonix), and rabeprazole ( Aciphex). |
e2d90b08d54f0a6225175759962f70dc | How common is heartburn and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)? | More than 60 million American adults experience heartburn at least once a month, and more than 15 million adults suffer daily from heartburn. Many pregnant women experience daily heartburn. Recent studies show that GERD in infants and children is more common than previously recognized and may produce recurrent vomiting, coughing, and other respiratory problems. |
258ca7619428e6831f17a24ccbccf189 | When is an upper GI series performed to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)? | An upper GI series may be performed during the early phase of testing. This test is a special X-ray that shows the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum (the upper part of the small intestine). While an upper GI series provides limited information about possible reflux, it is used to help rule out other diagnoses, such as peptic ulcers. |
654180b22af8a9efd2397426f271d47e | When is pH testing used for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)? | For patients in whom diagnosis is difficult, doctors may measure the acid levels inside the esophagus through p H testing. Testing p H monitors the acidity level of the esophagus and symptoms during meals, activity, and sleep. Newer techniques of long-term p H monitoring are improving diagnostic capability in this area. |
c402671aa0e9b2b44105b4bd3db94524 | How are antacids used to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)? | Along with lifestyle and diet changes, your doctor may recommend over-the-counter or prescription treatments. Antacids can help neutralize acid in the esophagus and stomach and stop heartburn. Many people find that nonprescription antacids provide temporary or partial relief. An antacid combined with a foaming agent helps some people. These compounds are believed to form a foam barrier on top of the stomach that prevents acid reflux from occurring. |
6de18d3e797fedf462ddc8b7155de65c | What is the outlook for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)? | Although GERD can limit daily activities and productivity, it is rarely life-threatening. With an understanding of the causes and proper treatment, most people will find relief. |
17de39a51f491fff9e344e4356882550 | What are the complications of long-term gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)? | Sometimes GERD results in serious complications. Esophagitis can occur as a result of too much stomach acid in the esophagus. Esophagitis may cause esophageal bleeding or ulcers. In addition, a narrowing or stricture of the esophagus may occur from chronic scarring. Some people develop a condition known as Barrett's esophagus. This condition can increase the risk of esophageal cancer. |
b315457e39737d3b17d5ab86b7ba59b2 | How can I lower my risk of type 2 diabetes if I have gestational diabetes? | To lower your risk: Try to keep your weight in a healthy range. Not sure what that is? Ask your doctor. Eat a good diet that includes lots of vegetables, whole grains, fruits, and lean protein. Make exercise a habit. |
e3e928d880a5da2192a3d3edf2f5cce4 | What should I look out for when buying whole grains? | Some foods that appear to contain whole grains really don't. You need to look carefully at food labels. Don't be fooled by: Terms like "enriched." Enriched wheat contains only part of the grain. Foods labeled "containing whole grain," "made from whole grain," or "multigrain." They may not be 100% whole grains. Look for "whole grain" as the first ingredient listed. The food's color. For example, bread may be brown only because it contains added ingredients, like molasses. |
d017f1a7cb58fe6ff273791e16f04e3d | What is one whole-grain food serving for people with type 2 diabetes? | Examples of one whole-grain food serving: 1/2 cup of cooked brown rice 1/2 cup of cooked oatmeal 1 slice of whole-grain bread 1/2 cup of whole wheat pasta Ask your doctor or a dietitian about how to fit whole grains into your diet. Together you can design a plan that fits your tastes, and helps you gain better control over your blood sugar. |
6cc2d77b44fe3a11eeac85d257473add | Should I start taking fiber supplements if I have type 2 diabetes? | Although it's best to get fiber from food sources such as whole grains, fiber supplements can also help you increase your fiber intake. Examples include psyllium and methylcellulose. Be sure to increase your fiber intake slowly to help prevent gas and cramping. |
f4313703bce3119fa1907b56fc981e28 | How much whole grain should I be eating if I have type 2 diabetes? | Even though whole grains are healthy, you don't want to eat unlimited amounts. How much of these grains you can eat depends on how well you're managing your blood sugar. A good guide is to eat about three servings of whole grains each day. |
e9df2a7994c2058c55fb76da24c25bda | Why are whole grains good better for people with type 2 diabetes? | The reason whole wheat bread and brown rice are better for you than white bread and white rice is in the way the grains are processed. |
a5b6231ca8161ed409231d54ac51f0c0 | What are the mental, emotional, and behavioral symptoms of nicotine withdrawal? | Like physical symptoms, how much you are affected mentally and emotionally when you quit smoking will be different for everybody. But assume you will deal with some or all of the following signs of withdrawal: Anxiety. Smoking relieves stress, so your anxiety can skyrocket when you quit. It tends to pop up around 3 days in and can last a couple of weeks. Depression. It can start the first day you quit but is generally gone within a month. But if you have a history of anxiety and/or depression, yours could last longer and you might need extra help from your doctor to manage your symptoms. Irritability. You might have a short fuse -- even find yourself angry -- from time to time as you deal with the physical symptoms. It's normal and should pass. Mental fog. You'll probably have a hard time concentrating as the nicotine wears off and leaves your body. |
183c61e346dc162df592ba09c562584d | What is the most common cause of dementia? | Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia. Between 60% to 80% of people with dementia have Alzheimer's. But there are as many as 50 other causes of dementia. |
e8f7d8d1bf5722f440c48dd2f65831da | What are cortical dementias? | Cortical dementias happen because of problems in the cerebral cortex, the outer layer of the brain. They play a critical role in memory and language. People with these types of dementia usually have severe memory loss and can't remember words or understand language. Alzheimer's and Creutzfeldt- Jakob disease are two forms of cortical dementia. |
c313ea24dceb154ff2dc816046858a1f | How should you treat irritated skin caused by household cleaning products? | Avoiding the offending substance is the best way to prevent skin irritation. But if you do come in contact with an unfriendly cleaner and get a rash as a result, call your dermatologist. A prescription ointment or cream can help relieve the itching and redness. If the cream hasn't worked after about a week, your doctor might put you on a steroid medication. |
f21e8d043fbeaba0ac3a86ae97bc78d0 | How does sensitive skin react to household cleaning products? | Sensitive skin that's been exposed to cleaning products can develop a red, swollen, itchy rash that dermatologists call contact dermatitis. There's no cure for housework, but identifying and avoiding the cleaning chemicals that inflame your skin can at least reduce your irritation when you have to do it. |
729cfbec06f8c4dc9e699135fed3f612 | What can you wear to protect yourself from irritants in household cleaning products? | Protect your sensitive hands and arms by wearing waterproof gloves and long sleeves when you clean. If you're really sensitive, be careful about which type of gloves you buy. Latex gloves themselves can cause a skin reaction. Plastic and vinyl are better options for anyone with a latex sensitivity. |
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