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712a0a8fdc2bbf95808ef61762bd8d1c | What tests determine the stage of esophageal cancer? | To diagnose esophageal cancer, your doctor will review your symptoms, medical history, and examine you. Other tests, including computed tomography ( CT) scans, positron emission tomography ( PET) scan, thoracoscopy, and laparoscopy, may be performed to determine if the cancer has spread, or metastasized, outside of the esophagus. |
bc6addf8982f95632304844867519993 | What are the stages of esophageal cancer? | The stages are: Stage 0 . Abnormal cells (not yet cancer) are found only in the layer of cells that line the esophagus. Cancer cells are found only in the layer of cells that line the esophagus. The cancer has reached the muscle layer or the outer wall of the esophagus. In addition, the cancer may have spread to 1 to 2 nearby lymph nodes (small glands that are part of the immune system). The cancer has reached deeper into the inner muscle layer or the connective tissue wall. It may have spread beyond the esophagus into surrounding organ and/or has spread to more lymph nodes near the esophagus. Stage IV . |
a9f346a80d1cb8b971849e0d3ef9b5d2 | What is esophageal cancer? | !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Esophageal cancer occurs when cancer cells develop in the esophagus, a tube-like structure that runs from your throat to your stomach. Squamous cells line the inner esophagus, and cancer developing from squamous cells can occur along the entire esophagus. This is cancer that develops from gland cells. This typically occurs in the lower esophagus near the stomach and is believed to be largely related to acid exposure to the lower esophagus. Unfortunately, by the time esophageal cancer is diagnosed for many people, it is often already in an advanced stage (has spread throughout the esophagus and beyond). |
6c55552346dc960ffd6219f4f5e3edfa | How do you diagnose esophageal cancer? | To diagnose esophageal cancer, your doctor will review your symptoms, medical history, and examine you. In addition, he or she may order certain blood tests and X-rays. Tests for esophageal cancer may include: Barium swallow X-ray, in which you drink a liquid that coats your esophagus. Endoscopy: the doctor passes an endoscope, a thin, lighted tube, down your throat into your esophagus to examine it. Endoscopic ultrasound uses sound waves to provide more information about the extent of tumor involvement in nearby tissues. Biopsy: during an endoscopy, the doctor can take cells or tissue from your esophagus. This process is called "staging." |
71f6f28dd0eb3f63bfaf6838ededa798 | How can you treat esophageal cancer? | Treatment of esophageal cancer depends on many factors, including the stage of the cancer and the overall health of the patient. Options include surgery, photodynamic therapy, radiofrequency ablation, or endoscopic muscosal resection. |
b65be1f45eb379ffc9a3edfbaa5d2a50 | How is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) diagnosed? | HCM is diagnosed based on medical history (your symptoms and family history), a physical exam, and echocardiogram results. Additional tests may include blood tests, electrocardiogram, chest X-ray, exercise stress test, cardiac catheterization, CT scan, and MRI. |
8c97286840a7ff384ced58dd80f0e393 | What medications are used to treat hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)? | Drugs are often used to treat symptoms and prevent further complications of HCM. Medications can help relax the heart and reduce the degree of obstruction so the heart can pump more efficiently. Beta-blockers and calcium channel blocker blockers are two classes of medications that may be prescribed. If you have an arrhythmia, your doctor may prescribe medications to control your heart rate or decrease the occurrence of arrhythmias. You may be told to avoid certain medications, such as nitrates, because they lower blood pressure, or digoxin, because it increases the force of the heart's contraction. Non-obstructive HCM symptoms may be treated with medications. If heart failure occurs, treatment is aimed at controlling it through heart failure medications and diet changes. Your doctor will discuss which medications are best for you. |
802505e2e94d2a2d2114d1641e0453f1 | What are the symptoms of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)? | Many people with HCM have no symptoms or only minor symptoms, and live a normal life. Other people develop symptoms, which progress and worsen as heart function worsens. Symptoms of HCM can occur at any age and may include: Chest pain or pressure (occurs usually with exercise or physical activity, but can also occur with rest or after meals) Shortness of breath (dyspnea), especially with exertion Fatigue (feeling overly tired) Fainting (caused by irregular heart rhythms, abnormal responses of the blood vessels during exercise, or no cause may be found) Palpitations (fluttering in the chest) due to abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias), such as atrial fibrillation or ventricular tachycardia Sudden death (occurs in a small number of patients with HCM) HCM can run in families, but the condition may also be acquired as a part of aging or high blood pressure. |
8a508c1bb87f3e5e07b0324d30559824 | What people with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) are at risk for sudden cardiac death? | A small number of people with HCM have an increased risk of sudden cardiac death. People at risk include: Those who have family members who have had sudden cardiac death Young people with HCM who have had several episodes of fainting Those who have an abnormal blood pressure response with exercise Adults who have a history of arrhythmia with a fast heart rate Those with severe symptoms and poor heart function If you have two or more risk factors for sudden cardiac death, your doctor will treat you with medications to prevent arrhythmias or with an ICD. Most people with HCM are at low risk for sudden cardiac death. Talk to your doctor about any concerns you may have. |
eb35354cd16d4a237eb867703e6b69da | How can I avoid endocarditis related to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)? | People with obstructive HCM may be at increased risk for infective endocarditis, a potentially life-threatening condition. Ask your doctor if you need to take endocarditis precautions, which include: Telling all your doctors and dentist you have HCM. They should prescribe antibiotics to prevent an infection before performing any procedures on you that may cause bleeding (dental, respiratory, and gastrointestinal procedures). Calling your doctor if you have symptoms of an infection. Taking good care of your teeth and gums. |
433fd5d27acfa782b637371cb750dca1 | What lifestyle changes are recommended to treat hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)? | Diet . Drinking at least six to eight, 8-ounce glasses of water a day is important, unless fluids are restricted. In hot weather, you should increase your fluid intake. Fluid and salt restrictions may be necessary for some patients if heart failure symptoms are present. Ask your doctor about specific fluid and dietary guidelines, including information about alcoholic beverages and caffeinated products. Exercise. Your doctor will tell you if you may exercise or not. Most people with cardiomyopathy are able to do non-competitive aerobic exercise. However, your doctor may ask you not to exercise, based on your symptoms and the severity of your disease. Heavy weight lifting is not recommended. Regular follow-up visits. Patients with HCM should have an annual follow-up visit with their cardiologist to monitor their condition. Follow-up appointments may be more frequent when HCM is first diagnosed. |
e1b07aaa6a9c545c9d9bf1ef709fc5a1 | What causes hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)? | Symptoms of HCM can occur at any age and may include: Chest pain or pressure (occurs usually with exercise or physical activity, but can also occur with rest or after meals) Shortness of breath (dyspnea), especially with exertion Fatigue (feeling overly tired) Fainting (caused by irregular heart rhythms, abnormal responses of the blood vessels during exercise, or no cause may be found) Palpitations (fluttering in the chest) due to abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias), such as atrial fibrillation or ventricular tachycardia Sudden death (occurs in a small number of patients with HCM) HCM can run in families, but the condition may also be acquired as a part of aging or high blood pressure. In other instances, the cause is unknown. |
31d7d3d44ee6792c23217a64a4deef6b | What is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)? | This leads to stiffening of the walls of the heart and abnormal aortic and mitral heart valve function, both of which may impede normal blood flow out of the heart. During this surgical procedure, the surgeon removes a small amount of the thickened septal wall of the heart to widen the outflow tract (the path the blood takes) from the left ventricle to the aorta. |
69c3f86a3bcfcf8bc4d9b9002e460f69 | What are the most common symptoms of hypoxia? | Although they can vary from person to person, the most common hypoxia symptoms are: Changes in the color of your skin, ranging from blue to cherry red Confusion Cough Fast heart rate Rapid breathing Shortness of breath Slow heart rate Sweating Wheezing If you have symptoms of hypoxia, call 911. |
bd64fe26194d24e5ace0c3e47f2e717f | How can you prevent hypoxia when you have asthma? | The best way to prevent hypoxia is to keep your asthma under control, every day. Stick with your asthma treatment plan. Take your medicine to help prevent flares and the need to use your rescue inhaler. Eat right and stay active. Know your asthma triggers, and find ways to avoid them. |
bbe3081a55182725407a299a914f8c3a | What is hypoxia? | Hypoxemia (low oxygen in your blood) can cause hypoxia (low oxygen in your tissues) when your blood doesn't carry enough oxygen to your tissues to meet your body's needs. The word hypoxia is sometimes used to describe both problems. |
9bf1415638ca20a4a0c63b7f028f1a14 | What causes hypoxia? | A severe asthma attack, or flare, can cause hypoxia in adults and kids. Hypoxia can also result from lung damage due to trauma. Other things can cause hypoxia include: Lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD), emphysema, bronchitis, pneumonia, and pulmonary edema (fluid in the lungs) Strong pain medicines and other drugs that hold back breathing Heart problems Anemia (a low number of red blood cells, which carry oxygen) Cyanide poisoning ( Cyanide is a chemical used to make plastics and other products.) |
5229c36eb64e965b19f711a986f50921 | Can oxygen deprivation cause a coma? | Oxygen deprivation: Oxygen is essential for brain function. Cardiac arrest causes a sudden cutoff of blood flow and oxygen to the brain, called hypoxia or anoxia. After cardiopulmonary resuscitation ( CPR), survivors of cardiac arrest are often in comas. Oxygen deprivation can also occur with drowning or choking. |
8c0e0fef3519a89f8d6c4be4da1c851a | Can seizures cause a coma? | Seizures : A single seizure rarely produces coma. But continuous seizures -- called status epilepticus -- can. Repeated seizures can prevent the brain from recovering in between seizures. |
bd4af5e24c7f113cde9b527541011f63 | What is locked-in syndrome? | The person is totally paralyzed except for the eye muscles, but remains awake and alert and with a normal mind. |
8851002365f23906f1508879a394a35e | Can toxins cause a coma? | Toxins: Substances that are normally found in the body can accumulate to toxic levels if the body fails to dispose of them correctly. As an example, ammonia due to liver disease, carbon dioxide from a severe asthma attack, or urea from kidney failure can accumulate to toxic levels in the body. |
db137b9ed423704b20081c042e043796 | What is anoxic brain injury? | Anoxic brain injury. This is a brain condition caused by total lack of oxygen to the brain. Lack of oxygen for a few minutes causes cell death to brain tissues. Anoxic brain injury may result from heart attack (cardiac arrest), head injury or trauma, drowning, drug overdose, or poisoning. |
9073801954071a4fd053b5b804ba01ff | Can bleeding in your brain cause a coma? | Bleeding: Bleeding in the layers of the brain may cause coma due to swelling and compression on the injured side of the brain. This compression causes the brain to shift, causing damage to the brainstem and the RAS (mentioned above). High blood pressure, cerebral aneurysms, and tumors are non-traumatic causes of bleeding in the brain. |
bc0c670ecbf77c3bc02344022b51a866 | Can infection cause a coma? | Infection: Infections of the central nervous system, such as meningitis or encephalitis, can also cause coma. |
44fb521b4ebbb0b3104fe0d992bdf599 | Can high blood sugar cause a coma? | Blood sugar : In people with diabetes, coma can occur when blood sugar levels stay very high. That's a condition known as hyperglycemia. Hypoglycemia, or blood sugar that's too low, can also lead to a coma. |
2b856146c0ad405e4ee9cae413b98f75 | How can trauma to the head cause a coma? | Problems that can lead to coma include: Trauma: Head injuries can cause the brain to swell and/or bleed. When the brain swells as a result of trauma, the fluid pushes up against the skull. The swelling may eventually cause the brain to push down on the brain stem, which can damage the RAS ( Reticular Activating System) -- a part of the brain that's responsible for arousal and awareness. |
6b589607200d50d70b4cd48e0f72bdc3 | What is a medically induced coma? | Medically induced: This type of temporary coma, or deep state of unconsciousness, is used to protect the brain from swelling after an injury. This happens only in hospital intensive care units. |
db4202334ecbba536ab6721f9f519a79 | Is there effective treatment for a coma? | Treatment for a coma depends on the cause. For example, if there is an infection that's affecting the brain, antibiotics may be needed. Glucose may be required in the event of a diabetic shock. Surgery may also be necessary to relieve the pressure on the brain due to swelling or to remove a tumor. Certain drugs may also help relieve the swelling. |
264d7d4ed0cb723a250ee34766ca03be | What causes a coma? | Brain injury can be due to increased pressure, bleeding, loss of oxygen, or buildup of toxins. This is a brain condition caused by total lack of oxygen to the brain. |
9e497ed8827232e71b183af6bc07a232 | What are tips for someone with aphasia? | Blood sugar : In people with diabetes, coma can occur when blood sugar levels stay very high. Certain drugs may also help relieve the swelling. |
ab68c6427dc4dc9a856d7493110928ae | What are the different types of Burkitt lymphoma? | In the World Health Organization classification, there are three types of Burkitt lymphoma: Endemic ( African). Endemic Burkitt lymphoma primarily affects African children ages 4 to 7 and is twice as common in boys. Sporadic (non- African). Sporadic Burkitt lymphoma occurs worldwide. Globally, it accounts for 1% to 2% of adult lymphoma cases. In the U. S. and Western Europe, it accounts for up to 40% of pediatric lymphoma cases. Immunodeficiency-associated. This variant of Burkitt lymphoma is most common in people with HIV/ AIDS. It accounts for 30% to 40% of non- Hodgkin lymphoma in HIV patients and may be an AIDS-defining disease. It also can occur in people with congenital conditions that cause immune deficiency and in organ transplant patients who take immunosuppressive drugs. |
a86ca288e0d02b4c7b1d1a1b481d1843 | What are the symptoms of Burkitt lymphoma? | The symptoms of Burkitt lymphoma depend on the type. The endemic ( African) variant usually starts as tumors of the jaw or other facial bones. It also can affect the gastrointestinal tract, ovaries, and breasts and can spread to the central nervous system, causing nerve damage, weakness, and paralysis. The types more commonly seen in the U. S. -- sporadic and immunodeficiency-associated -- usually start in the bowel and form a bulky tumor mass in the abdomen, often with massive involvement of the liver, spleen, and bone marrow. These variants also can start in the ovaries, testes, or other organs, and spread to the brain and spinal fluid. Other symptoms associated with Burkitt lymphoma include: Loss of appetite Weight loss Fatigue Night sweats Unexplained fever Because Burkitt lymphoma spreads so quickly, prompt diagnosis is essential. |
eebc1d3627d51923d93fc53ef9347fca | What are the benefits of giving your baby a massage? | Giving your newborn a massage is important one-on-one time. Like cuddling, a massage is a way to convey your love and affection for your baby. In fact, research shows that a baby's very survival depends on being touched by others -- as touch triggers hormones, boosts immunity, and helps fight disease. Also, massaged babies are calmer, sleep better, and cry less -- every parent's dream! |
aca4c8a10907319a8787eb85273ec1f9 | How should I wash my baby's clothes and bedding? | Use only baby laundry detergents that are fragrance- and dye-free. Wash baby clothes, bedding, and blankets separately from the family's laundry. |
f83959b85afcbc626f274af3bcade8bf | Is peeling skin normal for a newborn baby? | A newborn baby is born with wrinkly skin and a protective covering called vernix that naturally peels off during the first week. There's no need to rush it, rub it, or treat it with lotions or creams. ( If baby is born past the due date, this process is likely finished while she is still inside the womb.) |
5ad2821177d75ad97d7d019f7a34a6a4 | Can I use scented baby products for a newborn? | Don't use Scented baby products in the early months. Use only baby laundry detergents that are fragrance- and dye-free. |
e3c529e9fa2bb2940078fcacd72dc919 | How often should I bathe my baby? | Too-frequent bathing -- more than three times per week during the first year of life -- removes the natural oils that protect baby's skin. That may leave baby's skin vulnerable and dry. In between, simply clean baby's mouth and diaper area with a little water or cleanser. Once-a-week sponge baths (or even less) are best for newborns with darker skin tones (like African- American). Most newborn skin problems, such as eczema or diaper rash, don't develop for the first month or two. Don't rub. |
03cf53389fdc00571cb12c57ca3e34d9 | How can you prevent baby eczema and diaper rash? | For the first month or so, a sponge bath two or three times a week will keep your baby safely clean. A few tips on preventing dry, irritated skin and eczema: Try once-a-week bathing. Limit your use of baby scented skin products. If her skin is dry, use only ointment or lotion on dry skin areas. Make sure baby wears only soft clothing, preferably cotton. |
55bb0a433c05a59c71aab743151c1614 | How should I care for my newborn baby's skin? | Here are tips to help protect your baby from developing allergies and rashes: Resist the urge to bathe your baby frequently. Too-frequent bathing -- more than three times per week during the first year of life -- removes the natural oils that protect baby's skin. That may leave baby's skin vulnerable and dry. Use only baby laundry detergents that are fragrance- and dye-free. Wash baby clothes, bedding, and blankets separately from the family's laundry. Limit your use of baby scented skin products. |
0ef08c62fe4680979adefff6e62797dd | How much protein should healthy adults get each day? | Healthy adults should get about 45 to 56 grams of protein a day. |
ecb86608569beef871fe7892e9217e05 | What do protein shakes have in them? | Protein shakes can range in their protein content, but all contain some carbohydrates and maybe a little fat. They come a variety flavors in powder form or in ready-to-drink packages, such as cans or foil packs. |
01ada7772cbed6b57de6b629c9170cc3 | What are different types of protein in protein shakes? | Protein shakes use different types of protein in varying amounts. |
065e249c4074197a461f3507769de892 | What does the antidiuretic hormone do? | It's made in a part of your brain called the hypothalamus and stored in your pituitary gland. It tells your kidneys to hold on to water, which makes your urine more concentrated. |
da67bd36e349614d44685447e0c0cde9 | What happens if you lose too much water with diabetes insipidus? | When you lose too much water, your electrolyte levels can go up. |
7ed1912e6e9d52529bd8bc75fb178a3a | Why does diabetes insipidus cause clear urine? | When you're thirsty or slightly dehydrated, vasopressin levels rise. Your kidneys reabsorb more water and put out concentrated urine. If you've had plenty to drink, vasopressin levels fall and what comes out is clear and diluted. When your body doesn't make enough vasopressin, the condition is called central diabetes insipidus. If you make enough but your kidneys can't respond to it, you have nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. In either form, the result is the same. Your kidneys can't retain water, so even if you're dehydrated, they'll put out a lot of pale urine. |
dc36a9e819b8e3ee78dd8a6e22e5f9ca | How does diabetes insipidus affect you? | It's made in a part of your brain called the hypothalamus and stored in your pituitary gland. It tells your kidneys to hold on to water, which makes your urine more concentrated. ( Vasopressin is also called antidiuretic hormone, or ADH.) When you're thirsty or slightly dehydrated, vasopressin levels rise. Your kidneys reabsorb more water and put out concentrated urine. If you've had plenty to drink, vasopressin levels fall and what comes out is clear and diluted. When your body doesn't make enough vasopressin, the condition is called central diabetes insipidus. If you make enough but your kidneys can't respond to it, you have nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. In either form, the result is the same. Your kidneys can't retain water, so even if you're dehydrated, they'll put out a lot of pale urine. |
8c6ed9dafa888ab1f22f31255d29ee5e | How is diabetes insipidus treated? | Central diabetes insipidus. First, the doctor will tell you to drink plenty of fluids. You'll take medications like desmopressin ( DDAVP) or vasopressin ( Pitressin). It usually comes as a nasal spray. There are also treatments to help these drugs work better. Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus can be harder to treat. If it's caused by a drug, stopping the medicine helps. Other medicines may improve the symptoms. |
dbc61789126529031a63b05a0cf0100c | What is diabetes insipidus? | Diabetes insipidus is a rare condition that causes your body to make a lot of urine that is "insipid," or colorless and odorless. When you're thirsty or slightly dehydrated, vasopressin levels rise. It usually comes as a nasal spray. |
2f87dffbf301da9e0b27ecc5e229d172 | What are the signs of diabetes insipidus? | You might notice: Extreme thirst Peeing a lot (your doctor might call this polyuria) Getting up to go a lot at night Preference for cold drinks Dehydration Unexplained weakness Muscle pains Irritability Your body makes a substance called vasopressin. Your kidneys can't retain water, so even if you're dehydrated, they'll put out a lot of pale urine. |
6dfbfe6fb280d571c7e29484edcd218a | How serious is diabetes insipidus? | It tells your kidneys to hold on to water, which makes your urine more concentrated. Diabetes insipidus can lead to nocturia, a medical name for waking up in the night to pee. But you will be more prone to dehydration. Make sure you always have something to drink close by, especially when it's hot or when you exercise. |
9555013fab4e0658f1c2e02eb0b44b54 | How is diabetes insipidus diagnosed? | It tells your kidneys to hold on to water, which makes your urine more concentrated. You might get a series of tests that include: Urinalysis. This will measure the amount of electrolytes and glucose in your blood. You'll have this done in a hospital so doctors can make sure you don't get dehydrated. |
29931b47844e8a49e2d267acb4805ac0 | How are topical medications used to treat plaque psoriasis? | Treatment options include: Topical medications: If you have only a few plaques, your doctor will probably try a prescription cream first. You put these directly on your skin. They either help with inflammation or slow the growth of skin cells. Examples include corticosteroids, vitamin D, vitamin A, and anthralin. You can also try over-the-counter topical medicines. Both salicylic acid and coal tar are approved to treat psoriasis. Other ingredients may soothe itch and remove scale, including aloe vera, jojoba, zinc pyrithione, and capsaicin. |
e57cbf96a3329beb3a9332be4ee02271 | How are systemic drugs used to treat plaque psoriasis? | Systemic drugs: If you have a severe case of plaque psoriasis, you may need medicines that work throughout your body. They calm your immune system or make your skin cells grow more slowly. But they can cause serious side effects, like depression, aggressive thoughts, liver problems, or a higher risk of skin cancer. You take systemic drugs like acitretin, cyclosporine, and methotrexate by pill, or your doctor will give you a shot. |
1680b9bc684348effbe54a5695c6d0f9 | When are you more likely to get plaque psoriasis? | Whether you get plaque psoriasis depends on your genes and your health history: Heredity: Psoriasis seems to run in families. About 10% of people are born with genes that make them likely to get psoriasis. But only about 3% of people get the disease. Triggers: Something has to happen to start your immune system's reaction. Sometimes it's an injury to your skin or a bad sunburn. It could be a certain medicine, like lithium or malaria drugs. An infection, particularly strep, can bring on psoriasis. So can high levels of stress. Psoriasis isn't contagious. It can't be spread by touch or other close contact. |
08b174b8cfd5295a15c4de8f4fcee575 | How should you get support to avoid plaque psoriasis? | Get support: Plaque psoriasis can take an emotional toll. You may feel self-conscious about the way it looks or overwhelmed by what it takes to manage it. Many people with psoriasis become depressed. If you think you need some help, talk with your doctor about therapy or medication. It also helps to talk with people who understand what you're going through and can offer strategies for coping. |
ef2a5953d01d7e0fc3a70ed9885b1879 | How are biologic drugs used to treat plaque psoriasis? | Biologic drugs: Another kind of systemic drug also targets your immune system. Biologic drugs used to treat psoriasis include adalimumab ( Humira), brodalumab ( Siliq), etanercept( Enbrel),guselkumab ( Tremfya), infliximab ( Remicade), ixekizumab ( Taltz), risankisumab-rzaa ( SKYRIZI)),secukinumab ( Cosentyx), and ustekinumab ( Stelara). They're given either by a shot or through a vein in your arm. They affect a specific type of immune cell or keep certain proteins from causing inflammation. But these drugs can make it harder for you to fight an infection. |
2603e7d54e5e87e65c05434338789f4c | What can trigger plaque psoriasis? | You can do a few things to deal with it better: Avoid triggers: Things like stress and smoking don't cause psoriasis. But they can make it worse. Try to figure out what triggers your flare-ups. You may be affected by: Alcohol Allergies Cold, dry weather Hormones Watch your diet : There's no proof that specific foods make a difference with psoriasis. |
5efaba049d1c174b969e951f748c1347 | How is plaque psoriasis diagnosed? | A dermatologist (skin doctor) can usually tell if you have plaque psoriasis just by talking with you about your medical history and looking at your skin. In some cases, he may need to do a biopsy to know for sure. He'll take a tiny sample of your skin and look at the cells under a microscope. |
4f12898f3b3eb57b69deecd439e1ea27 | What are the types of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)? | Both can lead to AIDS. However, they're very different from each other. HIV-1 is the most common type. When you hear the term " HIV," it's probably HIV-1. HIV-2 occurs in a much smaller number of people, mostly in West Africa. In the U. S., it makes up only 0.01% of all HIV cases, and those are primarily people from West Africa. It's harder to transmit HIV-2 from person to person, and it takes longer for the infection to turn into AIDS. Researchers haven't named any strains for this group because there are so few cases of it. |
3fb3349daa2ea15f035eec57fca7f30a | What is group M (Major) of the human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1)? | HIV-1 is the most common type. Your doctor can treat your HIV better if she knows what strain you have. Nearly 90% of all HIV-1 cases stem from this group. The group has nine named strains: A, B, C, D, F, G, H, J, and K. Some of these have sub-strains. |
4e0f1872fc1c6259377c445d5e3affa3 | Is there a vaccine for bird flu? | No. Plus, it's important to know that the regular influenza vaccine does not provide protection against avian influenza or bird flu. |
b199feb7b47aa558ba68ad69a1a284fc | Are all flus the same? | Not all flu is created equal: Some types can make you very ill, while other types of flu cause milder symptoms. Read on to learn about the different types of flu. |
90da18965aea7446d37039eab2f45ef4 | What virus causes bird flu? | The avian influenza virus causes bird flu. Birds can be infected by influenza A viruses and all of its subtypes. Birds are not capable of carrying either type B or C influenza viruses. There are three main subtypes of avian flu, including H5, H7, and H9. The subtypes H5 and H7 are the most deadly, while the H9 subtype is less dangerous. |
8c0b244953001cf63759baddcd2912a1 | What are the different types of flu viruses? | There are three types of flu viruses: A, B, and C. Type A and B cause the annual influenza epidemics that have up to 20% of the population sniffling, aching, coughing, and running high fevers. Type C also causes flu; however, type C flu symptoms are much less severe. |
70aaa4e4fd3f5b6828d26dac93645d2a | Why do you have to get a new flu shot every year? | Different strains of the flu virus mutate over time and replace the older strains of the virus. This is why it's important to get a flu shot each year to ensure that your body develops immunity to the most recent strains of the virus. |
478f69f52d2c5df617bede6d122745f9 | What kind of bird flu do people talk about, and how is it spread? | The reason H5 N1 has caused so much alarm is its ability to pass from wild birds to poultry and then on to people. While wild birds are commonly immune to the devastating and possibly deadly effects of H5 N1, the virus has killed more than half of the people infected with it. The risk of avian flu is generally low in most people because the virus does not typically infect humans. Infections have occurred as a result of contact with infected birds. Spread of this infection from human to human has been reported to be extremely rare. |
a903188b84ed4968d4195186163a0eb5 | How does a flu virus make me sick? | Flu viruses enter the body through the mucus membranes of your nose, eyes, or mouth. Every time you touch your hand to one of these areas, you are possibly infecting yourself with a virus. This makes it very important to keep your hands germ-free with frequent and thorough hand washing. Encourage family members to do the same to stay well and prevent flu. |
e10169149c7e089291d1f3e494f631ef | How long does it take for a flu shot to work? | Plus, it's important to know that the regular influenza vaccine does not provide protection against avian influenza or bird flu. |
4bd9a2bff387899a1400df3be79c4f4e | Should I be worried about catching bird flu? | People in the United States have less to fear than people who live abroad. Most of the illnesses associated with bird flu have been reported in Asian countries among people who have had close contact with farm birds. Also, people are not able to catch the bird flu virus by eating cooked chicken, turkey, or duck. High temperatures kill the virus. |
8c4a995d952163ae0751555259025ede | How many hospitalizations and deaths occur from the flu? | The flu is linked to between 3,000 and 49,000 deaths and 200,000 hospitalizations each year in the United States. The seasonal flu vaccine was created to try to avert these epidemics. |
6cc230887a042e056f62a56fe614ce21 | What is a type C flu virus? | Influenza C viruses are also found in people. They are, however, milder than either type A or B. People generally do not become very ill from the influenza type C viruses. Type C flu viruses donot cause epidemics. |
46f18695317d9564232e86e9d158b3fb | How many viruses does the flu shot protect against? | This is why it's important to get a flu shot each year to ensure that your body develops immunity to the most recent strains of the virus. Today, Flu Mist and some traditional flu shots generally cover up to four strains: two Influenza A viruses and two Influenza B viruses. The avian influenza virus causes bird flu. |
22234bfca23d80b9498a9c6b30f7a07b | What is a type A flu virus? | Wild birds commonly act as the hosts for this flu virus. Type A flu virus is constantly changing and is generally responsible for the large flu epidemics. The influenza A2 virus (and other variants of influenza) is spread by people who are already infected. The most common flu hot spots are those surfaces that an infected person has touched and rooms where he has been recently, especially areas where he has been sneezing. Birds are not capable of carrying either type B or C influenza viruses. |
91324639d86fddf0909514a72a9c1f08 | What are the symptoms of dog bloat? | At first, your dog may show signs that his stomach hurts. He may: Act restless Drool Have a swollen stomach Look anxious Look at his stomach Pace Try to vomit, but nothing comes up Stretch with his front half down and rear end up As the condition gets worse, he may: Collapse Have pale gums Have a rapid heartbeat Be short of breath Feel weak If you think your pet has bloat, get him to a clinic right away. If dogs don't get treatment in time, the condition can kill them. |
56043b9281672fb34318338cb70d9819 | What causes dog bloat? | Vets aren't sure what causes bloat, but there are some things that raise a dog's risk for it, including: Eating from a raised food bowl Having one large meal a day Eating quickly A lot of running or playing after he eats Other dogs he's related to have had bloat Eating or drinking too much Stress Any dog can have bloat, but it's much more common in deep-chested, large breeds, like Akitas, Boxers, Basset Hounds, and German Shepherds. |
9614077e5b3050e860cfd022142bb9b5 | Which dogs usually have bloat? | Vets aren't sure what causes bloat, but there are some things that raise a dog's risk for it, including: Eating from a raised food bowl Having one large meal a day Eating quickly A lot of running or playing after he eats Other dogs he's related to have had bloat Eating or drinking too much Stress Any dog can have bloat, but it's much more common in deep-chested, large breeds, like Akitas, Boxers, Basset Hounds, and German Shepherds. Some are at a higher risk than others, including Great Danes, Gordon Setters, Irish Setters, Weimaraners, and St. Bernards. |
96d9320c9cf747142024d5f929897eeb | How is dog bloat treated? | The treatment a dog gets depends on how severe his condition is. First, the vet may put a tube into your dog's throat and down to his stomach to release the pressure that has built up. Sometimes, a twisted stomach can keep the tube from passing through. If that's the case, the vet may put a large, hollow needle through his belly into his stomach and release the pressure that way. If your dog is in shock, the vet will start giving him fluids through an IV immediately, usually with antibiotics. The vet will take X-rays to see if his stomach is twisted. If it is, your dog will have emergency surgery to untwist it and put it back in its normal position. The vet also will fix the stomach in the right place to keep your dog from getting bloat again. She'll also check to see if the condition damaged other parts of his body. |
b728cfa0c31291f795deecd0f9a00ab3 | What is dog bloat? | !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Bloat happens when a dog's stomach fills with gas, food, or fluid, making it expand. The stomach puts pressure on other organs. It can cause dangerous problems, including: No blood flow to his heart and stomach lining A tear in the wall of his stomach A harder time breathing In some cases, the dog's stomach will rotate or twist, a condition that vets call gastric dilatation volvulus. It traps blood in the stomach and blocks it from returning to the heart and other areas of the body. This can send your dog into shock. |
0276cd7ca9336784b8d21a7fcf711c8b | How can you prevent dog bloat? | Vets aren't sure what causes bloat, but there are some things that raise a dog's risk for it, including: Eating from a raised food bowl Having one large meal a day Eating quickly A lot of running or playing after he eats Other dogs he's related to have had bloat Eating or drinking too much Stress Any dog can have bloat, but it's much more common in deep-chested, large breeds, like Akitas, Boxers, Basset Hounds, and German Shepherds. Don't let him run or play a lot right before or after meals. Feed him a few small meals throughout the day instead of one or two large ones. Make sure he drinks a normal amount of water. For predisposed breeds, your vet will sometimes tack the stomach when your dog gets spayed or neutered |
0d9bd4ab874325e6a042e50f720f21ac | Is vaginal bleeding after sex normal if you're postmenopausal? | If you're postmenopausal, any bleeding after sex isn't normal. See your doctor to rule out cervical cancer, endometrial cancer, and other issues. |
19a8c9d35ba777a0b68cc31d395aa781 | Is vaginal bleeding after sex normal if you're pregnant? | Vaginal bleeding after sex can be scary if you're pregnant, but it's probably not a cause for concern. Your cervix may bleed more easily during pregnancy because extra blood vessels are developing in the area. |
f7ec8a827d3f4194981f5b01d9c090a3 | Why does vaginal bleeding after sex happen? | One of those causes is cervical inflammation, or cervicitis. It can be ongoing and totally harmless, or it can happen because of a sexually transmitted infection that you need to get treated, like chlamydia or gonorrhea. Both types of cervical inflammation can cause bleeding after sex. A second common reason for bleeding after sex are cervical polyps. They are growths that are usually small -- about 1 to 2 centimeters -- that often appear on the cervix where it connects to the vagina. Most aren't cancerous, and a doctor can remove them during an appointment. Other causes of vaginal bleeding after sex include: Friction during sex or not enough lubrication Normal uterine bleeding if you're just beginning your period or if it's just ended A cervical or vaginal infection Genital sores caused by herpes or another condition A precancerous cervical spot Cervical ectropion (when the inner lining of the cervix pokes through the cervical opening and grows on the vaginal side of the cervix) Pelvic organ prolapse (when pelvic organs, like the bladder or uterus, jut beyond the vaginal walls) Cancer of the cervix, vagina, or uterus While many of these causes don't need treatment and are harmless, sometimes vaginal bleeding after sex can be a sign of a more serious problem. |
a4d3d555faa5b4a8c54384737d5cb5c0 | Will vaginal bleeding after sex stop on its own? | It might. A recent study found that just over half of women who had bleeding after sex reported that it cleared up on its own within 2 years. |
2b22d2d899aa9a77e08d15d31f662307 | How can I prevent vaginal bleeding after sex? | You can rule out the most innocent causes of bleeding after sex, like friction during intercourse or not enough lubrication, by simply using a lubricant before and during sex. You can also wait a bit longer after your period ends to start having sex again, if it seems like regular uterine bleeding at the tail end of menstruation is the culprit. Removing cervical polyps or treating cervical infections should also clear up post-sex bleeding, if either was the cause. |
0a12004aaf519284732f97d43a29e2ad | What should you know about vaginal bleeding after sex? | While vaginal bleeding after sex can be alarming, it's also fairly common -- affecting up to 9% of menstruating women -- and probably no cause for concern. But it can also be caused by an infection, and in rare cases, it's a sign of cervical cancer. |
ffe23dc0de81e602a1a817cb5ee3f6d5 | What are other causes of vaginal bleeding after sex? | Other causes of vaginal bleeding after sex include: Friction during sex or not enough lubrication Normal uterine bleeding if you're just beginning your period or if it's just ended A cervical or vaginal infection Genital sores caused by herpes or another condition A precancerous cervical spot Cervical ectropion (when the inner lining of the cervix pokes through the cervical opening and grows on the vaginal side of the cervix) Pelvic organ prolapse (when pelvic organs, like the bladder or uterus, jut beyond the vaginal walls) Cancer of the cervix, vagina, or uterus While many of these causes don't need treatment and are harmless, sometimes vaginal bleeding after sex can be a sign of a more serious problem. |
efd440981a901cb6333a07382e827aec | How can you tell if vaginal bleeding after sex is serious? | If you have some minor bleeding occasionally after sex, chances are that everything is fine. But the only way to know for sure is to see your doctor for a physical exam. If the bleeding happens right before you get your period or within a few days after it ends and it doesn't happen again, you can hold off on making that appointment. You can also probably hold off if you recently had a pelvic exam and Pap smear and got a clean bill of health. In all other cases -- or if you're just worried -- it's best to get checked out to rule out infection or anything more serious. |
a4960706a8c80073d43fed7dc3defe52 | What happens if your doctor finds something abnormal after testing vaginal bleeding after sex? | If your Pap test reveals any abnormalities on your cervix at the time of your exam, you'll probably get a colposcopy. It starts out like a Pap test, but takes a bit longer, and the doctor will use a special magnifying device called a colposcope to get a closer look at the cervix. If your doctor sees anything suspicious, she can take a small sample of tissue for testing. If bleeding after sex is an ongoing thing, your doctor may recommend a colposcopy even if your Pap test results are normal, to get a better look at your cervix. If you're postmenopausal, your doctor might do a transvaginal ultrasound to get a closer look at the pelvic organs or an endometrial biopsy to look for abnormal cells in the endometrial tissue that lines your uterus. |
ef1bf5411d61c49fa468d8a1c746f639 | What happens in a doctor's appointment for vaginal bleeding after sex? | But the only way to know for sure is to see your doctor for a physical exam. She'll also want to know if you're having pain during sex, which can be a sign of inadequate lubrication or infection, depending on when it happens. Your doctor will give you a pelvic exam and look for any source of the bleeding, like vaginal tears or lesions, signs of pelvic organ prolapse, cervical polyps, or inflammation. If your doctor finds any polyps, she might be able to remove them in the office and send them to a lab for testing, or make a later appointment to have them surgically removed. During a Pap test, your doctor can swab your cervix to test for sexually transmitted infections like chlamydia and gonorrhea, which can cause bleeding after sex and are treated with antibiotics. The Pap test also detects any sign of abnormal, precancerous growths or cancer cells. |
4e51aa05cc5eadeda18f706763255569 | Do I need to call a doctor if I use emergency contraception | You don't have to call a doctor after using emergency contraception, but if you have questions or anything worries you, go ahead. You don't need any routine follow-up exam or tests. If your next period is more than a week late, you should take a pregnancy test. |
31f703f89f58b99682133156108b1e62 | What emergency contraception pills contain the hormone levonorgestrel? | Pills containing a hormone called levonorgestrel: My Way (over-the-counter) Plan B One- Step (over-the-counter) Preventeza (over-the-counter) Take Action (over-the-counter) Birth control pills can also be used as emergency contraception, but you have to take more than one pill at a time to keep from getting pregnant. |
63e6479a6af2cb54e046ea609fac813f | What are types of emergency contraception pills? | There are 3 types of emergency contraception in pill form that are sold both with and without a prescription. You need to be 17 to buy them if a prescription is needed. Depending on the brand and dose, you might get 1 pill or 2. About 1 out of 5 women taking Ella, Plan B One- Step, and generics -- such as My Way -- feel queasy. |
14e3730e3c8ca553cadca04bd865941c | What are tips to ease side effects from emergency contraception? | The most common side effect of the pill forms is upset stomach. Eat smaller but more frequent meals. It might help to suck on sugar-free hard candy, too. If your nausea or vomiting is severe, call your doctor. Taking medicine to calm your stomach for a day or two could help. If you throw up within a couple of hours of taking the pill, you should take another dose. You probably need to take anti-nausea medicine first. Check with your doctor. |
3f234a9ee7d503a818329e67df805fd5 | Is emergency contraception safe and effective? | The pill forms are safe. They contain the same hormones that are in birth control pills, which women have been using for decades. The copper- T IUD (intrauterine device) is also a very effective, safe way to prevent a pregnancy after sex. Research shows that Plan B One- Step starts to lose its effectiveness in women heavier than 165 pounds. It's not recommend for anyone over this weight -- instead, a copper- T IUD is the suggested option. You need a prescription to get it. |
92353299359e4584238774c38a8695ad | Can I drink alcohol on diabetes medications? | You shouldn't drink alcohol if you take some drugs, including metformin. When you have type 2 diabetes, you might feel the effects of alcoholic drinks more than other people. So use caution if you drink. |
59e6a1d84c65deb46b9377acb347b4a9 | What types of insulin are used to treat diabetes? | Types of insulin include: Insulin aspart ( Novo Log) Insulin degludec ( Tresiba) Insulin detemir ( Levemir) Insulin lispro ( Humalog) Insulin glargine ( Basaglar, Lantus, Toujeo) Insulin glulisine ( Apidra) Insulin isophane ( Humulin N, Novolin N) Take Your Meds the Right Way Follow your doctor's directions. |
58eee5f033cf844852ce184a2e74e376 | What is the best way to take and store drugs for diabetes? | Types of insulin include: Insulin aspart ( Novo Log) Insulin degludec ( Tresiba) Insulin detemir ( Levemir) Insulin lispro ( Humalog) Insulin glargine ( Basaglar, Lantus, Toujeo) Insulin glulisine ( Apidra) Insulin isophane ( Humulin N, Novolin N) Take Your Meds the Right Way Follow your doctor's directions. You'll need to take some drugs with food to help ease side effects. It's also important to follow your pharmacist's instructions about how to store your medicine. |
7c5ab9d6f6f18ba2f5fa860da6737d46 | Which diabetes medicines are GLP-1 receptor agonists? | GLP-1 receptor agonists: These include: Dulaglutide ( Trulicity) Exenatide ( Byetta) Extended-release exenatide ( Bydureon) Liraglutide ( Victoza) Lixisenatide ( Adlyxin) Semaglutide ( Ozempic) These tell your body it needs to make more insulin and slows down digestion to make you feel full. Meglitinides: This type of medication includes: Nateglinide ( Starlix) Repaglinide ( Prandin) They help your body make more insulin. |
3165dfb30da1fd9d8c319dfd326b2a1f | Which diabetes medicines are meglitinides? | Meglitinides: This type of medication includes: Nateglinide ( Starlix) Repaglinide ( Prandin) They help your body make more insulin. You take these drugs before your meals. |
38875aaaaaa64e714ae0a2ced7aa1edb | Which diabetes medicines are SGLT2 inhibitors? | SGLT2 inhibitors: Your doctor may prescribe: Canagliflozin ( Invokana) Dapagliflozin ( Farxiga) Empagliflozin ( Jardiance) They help your kidneys get rid of extra glucose by removing it from your blood and putting it into your urine. |
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