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7f962a503ab2c9247d90ed439876deac | How is eczema diagnosed and treated? | There are no blood or lab tests to diagnose eczema. Your doctor will look at your skin and assess your symptoms to figure out the severity of your eczema, and decide on treatment. Each different type of eczema can range in severity from mild to severe. Don't be surprised if your doctor thinks your eczema is less severe than you believe it is. One study found that 40% of patients rated their eczema as severe while just 18% of doctors gave it the same rating. |
09cbaa56bb47bc1400ca3b260b8bdc69 | What tools do doctors use to find the severity of your eczema? | The most common tools to find the severity of eczema are the Eczema Area and Severity Index ( EASI) and the Severity Scoring of Atopic Dermatitis Index ( SCORAD). The EASI looks at four body regions (head/neck, trunk, upper extremities, and lower extremities), how much of each region is affected, and the severity of the eczema. With SCORAD, doctors try to objectively look at the severity (extent of skin involved, intensity of symptoms) of atopic dermatitis. |
c84f946c53331622dc34ba2a284198d6 | What is nummular eczema? | Nummular eczema: " Nummular," the Latin word for "coin," refers to the coin-shaped spots on the skin. It's also called discoid eczema because the scaly patches look like discs. Its cause is unknown, although the spots, which can be dry and scaly or weeping (and may or may not be itchy) might be triggered by reactions to inflammation or dry skin. The lower legs, forearms, and trunk are the most commonly affected areas. |
c04baf1cb9c60fca12d8b4b7b8aca12b | How can eczema vary in severity? | In more severe cases, patches of dry skin can bleed, crack, or crust and get infected. They include dry, itchy, and scaly skin, especially on the insides of the elbows and backs of the knees. |
8ca6a5b9a1a26cade2d3409bf12caed2 | What can cause traumatic brain injury? | Causes of traumatic brain injury include: Car accidents Blows to the head Sports injuries Falls or accidents Physical violence Causes of acquired brain injury include: Poisoning or exposure to toxic substances Infection Strangulation, choking, or drowning Stroke Heart attacks Tumors Aneurysms Neurological illnesses Abuse of illegal drugs There are numerous symptoms of brain damage, whether traumatic or acquired. |
7d7de5ae278af2bfd9dac56884847ebd | Can I prevent brain injuries? | Here are some rules to follow to reduce the risk of brain damage: Never shake a child. Install window guards to keep young children from falling out of open windows. Install shock-absorbing material on playgrounds. Wear helmets during sports or cycling. Wear seatbelts in cars, and drive carefully. Avoid falls by using a stepstool when reaching for high items. Install handrails on stairways. Don't keep guns; if you do, keep them unloaded and locked away. Don't use illegal drugs. Drink alcohol only in moderation, and never drink and drive. |
5049f95b2718801d6e61d5ad6c711f1c | What are physical symptoms of brain damage? | They fall into four major categories: Cognitive Perceptual Physical Behavioral/emotional Cognitive symptoms of brain damage include: Difficulty processing information Difficulty in expressing thoughts Difficulty understanding others Shortened attention span Inability to understand abstract concepts Impaired decision-making ability Memory loss Perceptual symptoms of brain damage include: Change in vision, hearing, or sense of touch Spatial disorientation Inability to sense time Disorders of smell and taste Balance issues Heightened sensitivity to pain Physical symptoms of brain damage include: Persistent headaches Extreme mental fatigue Extreme physical fatigue Paralysis Tremors Seizures Sensitivity to light Sleep disorders Slurred speech Loss of consciousness Behavioral/emotional symptoms of brain damage include: Irritability and impatience Reduced tolerance for stress Sluggishness Flattened or heightened emotions or reactions Denial of disability Increased aggressiveness Anyone who has a head or brain injury needs immediate medical attention. |
45e21f4613d965ca33a4489d651a209a | What are perceptual symptoms of brain damage? | They fall into four major categories: Cognitive Perceptual Physical Behavioral/emotional Cognitive symptoms of brain damage include: Difficulty processing information Difficulty in expressing thoughts Difficulty understanding others Shortened attention span Inability to understand abstract concepts Impaired decision-making ability Memory loss Perceptual symptoms of brain damage include: Change in vision, hearing, or sense of touch Spatial disorientation Inability to sense time Disorders of smell and taste Balance issues Heightened sensitivity to pain Physical symptoms of brain damage include: Persistent headaches Extreme mental fatigue Extreme physical fatigue Paralysis Tremors Seizures Sensitivity to light Sleep disorders Slurred speech Loss of consciousness Behavioral/emotional symptoms of brain damage include: Irritability and impatience Reduced tolerance for stress Sluggishness Flattened or heightened emotions or reactions Denial of disability Increased aggressiveness Anyone who has a head or brain injury needs immediate medical attention. |
c07571e1edac7b88beab2acc6a548161 | What are behavioral/emotional symptoms of brain damage? | They fall into four major categories: Cognitive Perceptual Physical Behavioral/emotional Cognitive symptoms of brain damage include: Difficulty processing information Difficulty in expressing thoughts Difficulty understanding others Shortened attention span Inability to understand abstract concepts Impaired decision-making ability Memory loss Perceptual symptoms of brain damage include: Change in vision, hearing, or sense of touch Spatial disorientation Inability to sense time Disorders of smell and taste Balance issues Heightened sensitivity to pain Physical symptoms of brain damage include: Persistent headaches Extreme mental fatigue Extreme physical fatigue Paralysis Tremors Seizures Sensitivity to light Sleep disorders Slurred speech Loss of consciousness Behavioral/emotional symptoms of brain damage include: Irritability and impatience Reduced tolerance for stress Sluggishness Flattened or heightened emotions or reactions Denial of disability Increased aggressiveness Anyone who has a head or brain injury needs immediate medical attention. |
e12b344a2590bb168883d11e2450b66c | What are cognitive symptoms of brain damage? | They fall into four major categories: Cognitive Perceptual Physical Behavioral/emotional Cognitive symptoms of brain damage include: Difficulty processing information Difficulty in expressing thoughts Difficulty understanding others Shortened attention span Inability to understand abstract concepts Impaired decision-making ability Memory loss Perceptual symptoms of brain damage include: Change in vision, hearing, or sense of touch Spatial disorientation Inability to sense time Disorders of smell and taste Balance issues Heightened sensitivity to pain Physical symptoms of brain damage include: Persistent headaches Extreme mental fatigue Extreme physical fatigue Paralysis Tremors Seizures Sensitivity to light Sleep disorders Slurred speech Loss of consciousness Behavioral/emotional symptoms of brain damage include: Irritability and impatience Reduced tolerance for stress Sluggishness Flattened or heightened emotions or reactions Denial of disability Increased aggressiveness Anyone who has a head or brain injury needs immediate medical attention. |
faf486f0041b8d4d0557a1a21f629ae0 | What rehabilitation is needed to treat brain damage? | That may include: Physical therapy Occupational therapy Speech and language therapy Psychological support Most injuries that cause brain damage are preventable. |
ccca6ab98286c6a77f4a30b41ce6cb49 | What is focal brain damage? | Some brain injuries cause focal -- or localized -- brain damage, such as the damage caused when a bullet enters the brain. In other words, the damage is confined to a small area. |
1bc328c00508e3d07cb2546c55a58414 | What can cause acquired brain injury? | Causes of traumatic brain injury include: Car accidents Blows to the head Sports injuries Falls or accidents Physical violence Causes of acquired brain injury include: Poisoning or exposure to toxic substances Infection Strangulation, choking, or drowning Stroke Heart attacks Tumors Aneurysms Neurological illnesses Abuse of illegal drugs There are numerous symptoms of brain damage, whether traumatic or acquired. |
70e03a6ba9a02adb1db7bce111f2a475 | What are the two types of brain injury? | Traumatic Brain Injury ( TBI) is caused by an external force -- such as a blow to the head -- that causes the brain to move inside the skull or damages the skull. This in turn damages the brain. Acquired Brain Injury ( ABI) occurs at the cellular level. Or it could result from neurological illness, as in the case of a stroke. |
b04a375fb7e460ed031807021846f0be | What does poison sumac look like? | Poison oak is more common in the western U. S. Poison sumac grows as a woody shrub, with each stem containing 7 to 13 leaves arranged in pairs. Poison sumac can be distinguished from harmless sumac by its drooping clusters of green berries. Harmless sumac has red, upright berry clusters. Poison sumac is more common in wet, swampy areas. |
748c9ce35bb8e5e4d04e5a7a3cff87a8 | How long does a poison plant rash last? | Most rashes caused by poison ivy, poison oak, or poison sumac are mild and last from five to 12 days. In severe cases, the rash can last for 30 days or longer. |
0c7c874ea49a115f024585092d78b3ad | How does the rash from poison ivy, oak, and sumac happen? | When initially exposed to urushiol, the skin alerts the immune system of the presence of the irritating chemical. However, it's common for no visible reaction will occur the first time a person comes in contact with a poison plant. The immune system then prepares a defensive reaction for the next time the skin encounters the substance. This sensitizes the skin so that new contact with urushiol causes an allergic reaction. |
974ab2aa2e3d2516cbf5ff4dc1cb5cbb | Where in the United States is there poison ivy, oak, and sumac? | Poison oak is more common in the western U. S. Poison sumac grows as a woody shrub, with each stem containing 7 to 13 leaves arranged in pairs. Poison ivy, poison oak, and poison sumac are three of the most common causes of allergic contact dermatitis in North America. |
2e1dbad9a31f9aec2d81cebe2e2e74c1 | How can water picks help me with my dental care? | Water picks, also known as oral water irrigators, aren't for everyone. They work best if you have braces or other dental work that traps food. They don't remove plaque; only brushing with toothpaste and flossing can do that. |
3f15ba63b2c18525ea34651694df1b2f | What's the difference between sonic and electric toothbrushes? | There are many options when it comes to powered toothbrushes: Sonic toothbrushes make 30,000 and 40,000 brush strokes per minute, compared with about 300 per minute if you brush by hand. The bristles rotate in the dentist recommended back-and-forth motion. Plus, the brush directs fluid between teeth and below the gum line to remove plaque (only sonic toothbrushes can make this claim). Electric toothbrushes make 3,000 and 7,500 strokes per minute. Designs differ, but bristles are typically either set in a round head and all spin together or individual tufts within the brush head spin independently. Some rotate and pulse to help remove plaque and reduce gingivitis. |
9bd663fc1fb3e460592cdf2186feceb2 | How can mouthwashes and rinses help me with my dental care? | They don't remove plaque; only brushing with toothpaste and flossing can do that. Mouthwash can do more than simply freshen your breath -- it can ward off gum disease. But that's only if you use a bacteria-fighting rinse. A product with fluoride can help prevent tooth decay. Rinsing with an alcohol-based mouthwash isn't good for children under 6, who are likely to swallow the liquid. Ask your dentist which type is best for you. |
b67fb44df254dfdb0f56a9f9b104961d | What are the advantages of powered toothbrush for your dental care? | Other advantages include: Easy to use if you: Have a medical condition like arthritis that makes it hard to use your hand Are elderly Are physically challenged Have misaligned teeth or teeth with uneven surfaces Have braces and other orthodontic appliances An electric toothbrush can be fun to use, and you might brush more often or longer as a result. The scrubbing effect of powered toothbrushes may be superior to manual toothbrushes in possibly reducing or even totally removing surface stains on teeth. They work best if you have braces or other dental work that traps food. |
1084edb12c1f1da1348451f298eae741 | What type of toothbrush should I pick for my dental care? | If an ingredient bothers you, or if your teeth are sensitive, try another product. Ask your dentist which features and bristle head design will work best in your mouth. Replace your toothbrush every 3 months. Get a new one sooner if the brush looks worn or frayed. Bristles that fan out or spread mean it's time to for a new one. Other advantages include: Easy to use if you: Have a medical condition like arthritis that makes it hard to use your hand Are elderly Are physically challenged Have misaligned teeth or teeth with uneven surfaces Have braces and other orthodontic appliances An electric toothbrush can be fun to use, and you might brush more often or longer as a result. The bristles rotate in the dentist recommended back-and-forth motion. |
6489f5f5af390b184ff0e2f8abd8bf55 | What type of toothpaste should I pick for my dental care? | The best strategy for selecting a toothpaste is to ask your dental hygienist or dentist to recommend a product. Always pick a toothpaste with fluoride to prevent cavities. If an ingredient bothers you, or if your teeth are sensitive, try another product. If the problem continues, see your dentist. |
f1cd30c14edca5b4e5daa1133e5e4607 | What does cortisol do? | Cortisol also helps your body deal with stress. Among its jobs: Controls your blood pressure and your heart rate Controls how your immune system deals with viruses, bacteria, and other threats Puts more sugar in your bloodstream to give you more energy Adjusts how your body breaks down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats Aldosterone keeps the sodium and potassium in your blood balanced, which helps control your blood pressure and the balance of fluids in your body. |
f5a7cd39c2fdaf6486aec8ed00dfb117 | What do adrenal glands do? | Your adrenal glands have two jobs. The first is to make adrenaline, a hormone your body creates in times of stress. But the more important job is making two steroid hormones, cortisol and aldosterone. |
e4bb7225ed24aa74c885ee854b98e4ac | What happens if the adrenal glands don't make enough cortisol and aldosterone? | When there's not enough of these hormones, your body has trouble with these basic functions. That causes the symptoms of adrenal insufficiency -- fatigue, muscle weakness, low appetite, weight loss, and belly pain, among others. |
f1965384a5ee3bf8eca1a878496a72ab | What are the different types of adrenal insufficiency? | When they don't make enough of those hormones, you have a condition called adrenal insufficiency, also called adrenocortical insufficiency or hypocortisolism. You can have either primary, secondary or tertiary adrenal insufficiency. Primary adrenal insufficiency is when your adrenal glands are damaged and can't make the cortisol you need. Secondary adrenal insufficiency is more common than Addison's disease. The condition happens because of a problem with your pituitary gland, a pea-sized bulge at the base of your brain. It makes a hormone called adrenocorticotropin ( ACTH). This is the chemical that signals your adrenal glands to make cortisol when your body needs it. If your adrenal glands don't get that message, they may eventually shrink. Tertiary starts in the hypothalamus, which is a small area located near the pituitary. It makes a hormone called corticotropin-releasing hormone ( CRH) which tells the pituitary to make ACTH. When the hypothalamus is not making enough CRH, then it affects the pituitary's ability to produce ACTH , in turn keeping the adrenal glands from producing enough cortisol. |
71f7ca1bae57ddd6105b1d531b59ef39 | What is an adenovirus infection? | The infections usually cause only mild symptoms and get better on their own in a few days. But they can be more serious in people with weak immune systems, especially children. These viruses are common in places with large groups of kids, such as day care centers, schools, and summer camps. They're very contagious. |
3772e1dca49a82f3deedcb717c419da1 | What tests are used to diagnose adenovirus infections? | Swab test: A nurse will use a cotton swab to get a sample of mucus from your child's nose. Stool test: You'll collect a sample of your child's poop at home and bring it to the doctor's office. Chest X-ray: Your child will lie still while a technician uses a small amount of radiation to take pictures of the inside of her chest. |
79a85e8806b7d9133af75fd454ee6724 | How can I keep my child from getting adenovirus infections? | Wash your child's hands -- and yours -- often during the day, and especially before meals. Use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer if you don't have soap and water nearby. Clean surfaces, like sinks and counters, to get rid of germs. Don't let her swim in pools that aren't well maintained. Keep your child home when she's sick to avoid spreading adenoviruses to others. |
480f5850c1426b4d27c946330db48572 | What are serious symptoms of adenovirus infection in children? | Call the doctor right away if your child has any of these more serious symptoms: Trouble breathing Swelling around his eyes Fever that doesn't go away after a few days Signs of dehydration, such as few tears or less wet diapers Your child's doctor may want to do a physical exam and possibly one or more of these tests to see if a virus or bacteria caused the infection: Blood test: A nurse will take a sample of your child's blood from a vein in his arm. |
cfea16dfa2eb973fedcfbf1b56346daa | What are treatments for adenovirus infections? | Antibiotics won't help adenovirus infections because these drugs only kill bacteria. Children often get over the illness on their own within a few days. Water or 100% fruit juice are the best choices to keep kids hydrated. Turn on a cool-mist humidifier. The moisture will loosen congestion and help your child breathe more easily. Ask your doctor if you can give your child acetaminophen ( Tylenol) or ibuprofen ( Motrin) to relieve aches and fever. Don't give children products that contain aspirin, which can lead to a rare but serious condition called Reye syndrome. Tell her to cover her nose and mouth whenever she sneezes or coughs. |
c48ad9b3541f9ac41c662792e0c4d81a | What are symptoms of ovarian cancer when you are in menopause? | When you're nearing or in menopause, it's important to know the symptoms of ovarian cancer and what to look for. They include weight loss, bloating, swelling, pelvic pain, and constipation. |
2ee82a90864dd444c4c0b92e9e3255af | What's the link between hormone therapy and ovarian cancer? | That can lower your chance of developing ovarian cancer. You may want to talk to your doctor. You can weigh the risks and benefits of birth control pills and your risk of cancer. Often, women take hormone therapy to cope with menopause symptoms like hot flashes and osteoporosis. Some studies suggest that taking those hormones may increase your risk of developing ovarian cancer. Hormone therapy usually involves taking only estrogen, estrogen plus progesterone, or estrogen and progestin, which is a fake hormone that acts like progesterone. |
845daa99fdafc11b7ccfa718c90bc49f | What is the link between menopause and ovarian cancer? | Although it can happen at any age, it's most common in women over age 50. Half of ovarian cancer cases are found in women age 63 or older, according to the American Cancer Society. But your chances of developing it go up as you get older. There are a few things related to menopause that may affect your risk of developing ovarian cancer. If you start menopause late -- usually after age 52 -- your chances may be higher. That could be because you've had more ovulations. Those are the times when your menstrual cycle triggers your hormones to release an egg. |
b866a977f6587049cff76133aee28218 | What does the calories count on a food label mean? | ( Remember, you'll need to adjust this if your portion is different from the serving size on the label.) This part of the label also tells you how much of that energy comes from the fat in a serving. |
68199f6e798bf32d8ffbf1bd2086b2cc | Is the information on the food label still accurate if my daily calorie intake isn't 2000? | If your daily calorie intake isn't 2,000, you may need to do a little math. Some nutrient goals change with the number of daily calories. Some, including sodium and calcium, are based on things like your age, sex, or health, not the number of calories you eat. Talk to your doctor or your diabetes educator about how to adjust the % Daily Values on labels for your diet. In general, when it comes to fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, and sodium, choose foods with a low % Daily Value. For total carbohydrates, dietary fiber, and vitamins and minerals, try to reach your daily target for each nutrient. |
a8bec35141b3fa036676a7b6af3e11c6 | What does a "% Daily Value" on a food label mean for people with diabetes? | "% Daily Value" shows how much a serving of that food gives you for each key nutrient listed. These daily goals are set by the government, based on current nutrition recommendations. The percentages are based on a 2,000 calorie/day diet, which would be right for an average- or large-size man who gets little exercise. Women or seniors with diabetes, or people trying to lose weight, need fewer calories. |
5739572d6ef2d3c84655cd0e1fc0e4c4 | What does the serving size on a food label mean? | The size of the serving determines the amounts listed on the label. It helps you figure how many calories and nutrients are in your food on your plate. This means a food is made up of the heaviest amount of the first ingredient and the least amount of the last ingredient. |
079dea4241df5e96e86e40a0e5afbfbe | What can I tell from the ingredients section of a food label? | Pay attention to that serving size, including the number of servings in the package, and compare it to how much you're actually eating. This means a food is made up of the heaviest amount of the first ingredient and the least amount of the last ingredient. |
75af2a127fdea95762bec6f23b0c9809 | How should people with diabetes use the serving size information on a food label? | Don't confuse portion size with serving size. A portion is what you choose to eat -- and there are no standard measures for this. For example, if a slice of bread is a serving size and you eat a sandwich with two slices of bread, you've had two servings of bread in your one portion, so you'll have to double all the nutritional numbers like calories and carbs. If a package has four servings and you eat the whole thing (like a bag of crunchy snacks), you get 4 times the calories, fat, and everything else listed on the label. This part of the label also tells you how much of that energy comes from the fat in a serving. |
35e35357128760d6cc32def77f0ec8a9 | What should people with diabetes look at on food labels? | It has measurements of fat, cholesterol, sodium, carbohydrates, protein, vitamins, and minerals for a typical amount of that food. This information can make it easier for you to choose foods that will fit into your meal plan and help control your blood sugar, cholesterol, blood pressure, and weight. Here's an example of a Nutrition Facts label. Talk to your doctor or your diabetes educator about how to adjust the % Daily Values on labels for your diet. |
97ce21a21e4e25519e0328f688d1434a | What are treatments for multiple sclerosis (MS)? | Steroids like prednisone calm the inflammation that damages your nerves. Plasma exchange is another therapy if steroids don't work. Your doctor will use a machine to remove the plasma portion of your blood. The plasma gets mixed with a protein solution and put back into your body. |
bb6924985976ab05fad0ac742f851554 | What can treatments for Parkinsonâs disease do? | It's also an option to treat another type called relapsing-remitting MS. Other disease-modifying medicines for relapse-remitting MS include beta interferons as well as: Alemtuzumab ( Lemtrada) Cladribine ( Mavenclad) Dimethyl fumarate ( Tecfidera) Fingolimod ( Gilenya) Glatiramer acetate ( Copaxone) Natalizumab ( Tysabri) Siponimod ( Mayzent) Teriflunomide ( Aubagio) Medications to treat Parkinson's either raise your dopamine levels or offer a substitute. They can ease Parkinson's symptoms like tremors. Over time, they may become less effective. |
c7a005eb7f1ec019f5dd6b338a2fef94 | What are common symptoms of multiple sclerosis (MS) and Parkinsonâs disease? | Common symptoms of both diseases include: Shaky fingers, hands, lips, or limbs Slurred speech that's hard for others to understand Numb or weak limbs that make your walk unsteady Loss of muscle control that often affects one side of your body at first, then later both Spastic limb movements that are hard to control Loss of bladder or bowel control Poor balance Depression is another symptom common to both conditions. |
a8500f2b796c9662ea5a07eecd4c5fce | What can multiple sclerosis (MS) treatments do? | MS treatments can ease your symptoms during an attack or slow down the disease's effects on your body. |
91b6e406400cfa9b091622fe21c99a28 | What symptoms of multiple sclerosis (MS) are not usually found in Parkinsonâs disease? | They not usually found in Parkinson's: Fatigue Dizziness or vertigo, where you feel like the room spins around and you lose your balance Double vision, partial or total vision loss, or eye pain Pain or tingling in any area of your body Electric shock feeling or sharp pain in your neck when you move your head or chest a certain way (your doctor will call it Lhermitte's sign). It can travel to your spine, arms, and legs. Itching Seizures Hearing loss Headaches Parkinson's can have some symptoms that people with MS typically don't have: Slowed movement (your doctor will call it bradykinesia) Feet drag or shuffle Stiff, rigid muscles Poor posture Loss of control over how you blink, smile, swallow, or swing your arms when you walk Small, cramped handwriting Some people have MS and Parkinson's, but it could be a coincidence. |
3bf75ac893b4dac88e307db20346e9ea | How are multiple sclerosis (MS) and Parkinsonâs disease alike? | Both diseases can cause your hands to shake, for example. These diseases both affect your nerves. As myelin breaks down, your nerves and nerve fibers get frayed. In Parkinson's, certain brain cells start to die off. If lesions form in certain spots in your brain, they can affect how it makes dopamine. Over time, they may become less effective. |
39fe4e4a62077361ed684a5b5ec8c458 | What medicines are used to treat Parkinsonâs disease? | It's also an option to treat another type called relapsing-remitting MS. Other disease-modifying medicines for relapse-remitting MS include beta interferons as well as: Alemtuzumab ( Lemtrada) Cladribine ( Mavenclad) Dimethyl fumarate ( Tecfidera) Fingolimod ( Gilenya) Glatiramer acetate ( Copaxone) Natalizumab ( Tysabri) Siponimod ( Mayzent) Teriflunomide ( Aubagio) Medications to treat Parkinson's either raise your dopamine levels or offer a substitute. Anticholinergic drugs to help control tremors Carbidopa-levodopa, or an infusion of both drugs called Duopa, to help boost dopamine levels COMT inhibitors like entacapone ( Comtan) or tolcapone ( Tasmar), to help drugs that boost dopamine levels work better Dopamine agonists: pramipexole ( Mirapex, Mirapex ER), ropinirole ( Requip, Requip XL), and rotigotine ( Neupro) to mimic the way dopamine works in your brain. |
698f70d4ee7ddf9ff93cf59d36fb7f93 | What makes multiple sclerosis (MS) and Parkinsonâs disease different? | While some signs of MS and Parkinson's look the same, they're different diseases. MS often affects people between ages 20 and 50, but children get it, too. Parkinson's usually starts at age 60 or older, but some younger adults get it. MS is an autoimmune disease. That means your body's immune system goes haywire for some reason. In Parkinson's, certain brain cells start to die off. Your brain makes less and less of a chemical called dopamine that helps control your movement. As your levels dip, you lose more of this control. |
6003c871409cc21b0848237cb24c4a27 | How can Epworth Sleepiness Scale test help diagnose narcolepsy? | During the Epworth Sleepiness Scale test, you will be asked to answer eight questions using a scale from zero (not at all likely to fall asleep) to three (very likely to fall asleep). The resulting total score is between 0 and 24. Scores of 0 to 10 are normal. Total scores 10 or above generally warrant further investigation. |
dff77811b3f9b0dc993202ecddec727e | How can multiple sleep latency test help diagnose narcolepsy? | Performed the morning after the overnight polysomnogram, also in a sleep lab, this test measures how long it takes a person to fall asleep (sleep latency) during the day. During this test, you will be asked to take four or five scheduled naps every two hours. The first nap starts two hours after awakening that morning. People with normal sleep and alertness take about 10-20 minutes to fall asleep. People with narcolepsy (and other causes of abnormal sleepiness) take a much shorter time (less than five minutes) to fall asleep. |
c2a620333908f021b980b34d93a28485 | How can polysomnogram (PSG) help in the diagnosis of narcolepsy? | A sleep study, or polysomnogram ( PSG), is a test performed in a sleep lab. It electronically transmits and records specific physical actions of the body while you sleep, such as muscle movement, breathing patterns, and brain activity. The recordings are analyzed by a qualified sleep specialist to determine whether or not you have a particular sleep disorder. |
c21e763cc82fe142ddbb8a9694c46cf2 | What can you expect during a polysomnogram (PSG) for narcolepsy? | It electronically transmits and records specific physical actions of the body while you sleep, such as muscle movement, breathing patterns, and brain activity. The recordings are analyzed by a qualified sleep specialist to determine whether or not you have a particular sleep disorder. What to Expect During a PSG If you're scheduled for a PSG, you will arrive at the sleep lab about two hours prior to bedtime without making any changes in your daily habits. You will be assigned to a private bedroom in a sleep center or hospital. |
a2cf2c7efad7a2edc48870a520700e0e | What types of cancer does immunotherapy treat? | Cancer treatments like chemotherapy and radiation use medications or high-energy X-rays to kill cancer cells. Immunotherapy is different because it uses your own immune system to fight off the cancer. Some immunotherapy treatments help your immune system find the cancer or work harder to attack it. Others give you man-made versions of proteins or other substances to help your body fight the disease. Immunotherapy is a type of biologic therapy. Immunotherapy is approved to treat certain kinds of cancer, including melanoma, lymphoma, and lung cancer. Immune-based treatments for many other types are being tested in clinical trials. |
51c3bf7196a46655ccf25fb3d24c4e87 | How do doctors use immunotherapy? | It's a relatively new treatment compared with surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy, but it's commonly used to treat some cancers. It works better on certain forms of the disease than others. Depending on the type of cancer you have, you might get immunotherapy: With or after another treatment, like surgery, radiation, or chemotherapy By itself as a first treatment As part of a clinical trial if other treatments haven't worked and your cancer has spread This type of treatment isn't right for everyone. |
30f4791719060d95f84c4af9fddd546f | What are some examples of monoclonal antibodies and the cancers they treat? | It's a relatively new treatment compared with surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy, but it's commonly used to treat some cancers. |
be5939adeea016601f18b6e32ef96896 | What are checkpoint inhibitors and the cancers they treat? | Some immunotherapy treatments help your immune system find the cancer or work harder to attack it. Immunotherapy is approved to treat certain kinds of cancer, including melanoma, lymphoma, and lung cancer. |
828d0dc0aca3cd34cc440ceb2c645ca9 | What are some examples of immunotherapy treatments that do not target cancer cells directly? | Cancer treatments like chemotherapy and radiation use medications or high-energy X-rays to kill cancer cells. Immunotherapy is different because it uses your own immune system to fight off the cancer. Immunotherapy is approved to treat certain kinds of cancer, including melanoma, lymphoma, and lung cancer. |
3005d55c7aa6565dee61e19797c421c7 | Why should you eat prunes? | Prunes ( Dried Plums) Prunes, which are dried plums, do much more than keep your digestion regular. They're also high in antioxidants and fiber. A quarter-cup has 104 calories and 12% of the fiber you need in a day. You can eat them as-is, chop them up and add them to muffins or other baked goods, or include them in smoothies, cereals, sauces, or stews. |
a2aa98e148d63f1108606bf8666dcc61 | Why should you eat cauliflower? | Cauliflower Broccoli is the relative that gets all the attention, but its paler cousin is no wallflower. Like other cruciferous veggies, cauliflower is a good source of vitamin C and fiber. Like broccoli, it also has a natural plant chemical called sulforaphane that may hold promise against cancer, according to early lab tests done in animals. Many other things also affect your cancer risk, but diet is one of the easiest to control. |
c957ce58f322b48efca10162dfcf7eda | Why should you eat beets? | Beets These brightly colored root vegetables look rough on the outside, but they're softer and sweeter once you cook them. Beets are high in antioxidants, which may help protect against cancer and other chronic diseases. Plus, their juice, which is rich in nitrates,has been found to lower blood pressure and increase blood flow to the brain. If you're an athlete, snacking on beets might even help improve your performance. |
d76858a4401f71bb93a31cd2c3813b5a | Why should you eat artichokes? | Artichokes You can grill it, bake it, and eat the leaves or the heart. Finish off the whole artichoke, and you'll only get about 60 calories and almost no fat, not counting any dip or sauce you ate it with. High in fiber, it will fill you up so you won't splurge on higher-fat foods. |
322530ea94dde30b6a67e223e1422e5b | Why should you eat kefir? | Kefir This bubbly form of fermented milk has been a dietary staple in the Caucasus Mountains of Eastern Europe for many years. Recently, it's started to catch on in the U. S. Kefir is high in "good" bacteria called probiotics. It's also being studied for its anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer effects. |
4cd1f195b2b39d6bb32024016a926128 | What is the source of chronic pain? | Some kinds of chronic pain have numerous causes. Back pain, for example, may be caused by a single factor, or any combination of these factors: Years of poor posture Improper lifting and carrying of heavy objects Being overweight, which puts excess strain on the back and knees A congenital condition such as curvature of the spine Traumatic injury Wearing high heels Sleeping on a poor mattress No obvious physical cause Ordinary aging of the spine (degenerative changes) Disease can also be the underlying cause of chronic pain. Rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis and fibromyalgia are well-known culprits, but persistent pain may also be due to such ailments as cancer, multiple sclerosis, stomach ulcers, AIDS, and gallbladder disease. In many cases, however, the source of chronic pain can be a very complex and even mysterious issue to untangle. Although it may begin with an injury or illness, ongoing pain can develop a psychological dimension after the physical problem has healed. This fact alone makes pinning down a single course of treatment tricky, and it is why health care providers often find they have to try a number of different types of curative steps. |
3e938fe7a6a8fe2d361eba578ffec4cc | What factors can cause chronic pain? | Some kinds of chronic pain have numerous causes. Back pain, for example, may be caused by a single factor, or any combination of these factors: Years of poor posture Improper lifting and carrying of heavy objects Being overweight, which puts excess strain on the back and knees A congenital condition such as curvature of the spine Traumatic injury Wearing high heels Sleeping on a poor mattress No obvious physical cause Ordinary aging of the spine (degenerative changes) Disease can also be the underlying cause of chronic pain. |
9550156c7761750e156e3a679b8738f8 | How does a cauliflower ear form? | When blood flow is blocked, the affected cartilage may die and, without the supportive tissue, fold in on itself. Scar tissue may form, contributing to a swollen and deformed look. Over time, the effects may become more prominent, and they may be permanent. The good news is that cauliflower ear can usually be prevented, even after such an injury occurs. |
53e47a6258788553634aa8c02abee197 | What causes cauliflower ear? | The most common cause of cauliflower ear is a hit to the ear -- or repeated hits to the ear -- that leads to hematomas, or small collections of blood that clot and block the flow of blood and nutrients. These can also occur when skin is pulled away from cartilage, the semi-rigid tissue that gives the ear its shape. Usually, cauliflower ear is related to sports injuries, but not always. Any trauma to the ear can cause it. Cauliflower ear can even be the result of an infection in the ear lobe. |
209186019a2114b2ba5c3e8f3c9aaac0 | How is cauliflower ear treated? | If you experience an injury that causes a blockage in the tissues of your ear, there's still a chance you can avoid developing cauliflower ear. The goal of treatment is to ease the blockage so that blood can again flow to the affected tissues. A doctor can accomplish this by making a small incision and draining accumulating blood or removing a clot and preventing further bleeding. He or she may need to reconnect tissues using stitches and apply a special bandage to put pressure on the area. This pressure dressing may need to stay in place for several days to a week. The site will require monitoring for signs of infection or signs that additional treatment may be needed. Your doctor may also prescribe antibiotics. |
13ff86315dca4db1e8afa3b5aad0bf08 | What are symptoms of cauliflower ear? | The initial symptoms of the types of injuries that lead to cauliflower ear are similar to the symptoms one might experience from blunt trauma elsewhere in the body. You may have swelling, and the area may be red or bruised. So it's important not to shrug off such symptoms if you have received a blow, or multiple blows, to the ear. Prompt treatment can prevent the development of cauliflower ear. |
371725b45fa17d57dbdd142d13c07bb1 | What is cauliflower ear? | The most common cause of cauliflower ear is a hit to the ear -- or repeated hits to the ear -- that leads to hematomas, or small collections of blood that clot and block the flow of blood and nutrients. The initial symptoms of the types of injuries that lead to cauliflower ear are similar to the symptoms one might experience from blunt trauma elsewhere in the body. The most important thing you can do to prevent cauliflower ear is to wear the appropriate head gear when engaging in activities that increase your risk for ear trauma, such as wrestling, boxing, rugby, and other close-contact sports. Treatment can help prevent the unsightly, often permanent, cosmetic effects of cauliflower ear. |
58009803a192e9c1af64b60a06e9e7c5 | Who is most likely to get cauliflower ear? | In wrestling, for instance, trauma can result from opponents' heads rubbing or hitting one another during matches or from contact with the wrestling mat. Cauliflower ear is also common among rugby players and people who practice martial arts. People who participate in these activities are at higher risk than others. Protective head gear has long been commonplace in these sports. They also can be a complication of "high" piercings in the upper area of the ear, through the cartilage, if the piercing becomes infected. The most important thing you can do to prevent cauliflower ear is to wear the appropriate head gear when engaging in activities that increase your risk for ear trauma, such as wrestling, boxing, rugby, and other close-contact sports. |
ce5621f66bb1fc3d33ab004948508497 | When should one call 911 for bleeding cuts or wounds? | !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Bleeding is severe You suspect internal bleeding There is an abdominal or chest wound Bleeding can't be stopped after 10 minutes of firm and steady pressure Blood spurts out of wound Apply direct pressure on the cut or wound with a clean cloth, tissue, or piece of gauze until bleeding stops. |
fd28ed7459a53bf2f385066e421cdd7a | How can you soothe sore gums if your baby is teething? | If your baby is teething, the best way to calm him is to put pressure on his gums. You can massage them with a clean finger or give your baby a rubber teething ring to chew on. Cool objects feel good to a teething baby. But it can hurt her gums if it's too cold. Putting a teething ring in the freezer can also make it break open and leak. Instead, put the ring in the fridge until it's cool. If you don't have a teething ring handy, stick a wet washcloth in the fridge instead. Don't use gels that you rub on your baby's gums or teething tablets. They don't typically help, and some have belladonna (a poisonous plant) or benzocaine (a medicine that numbs his gums), and both can be harmful. The FDA has warned against these because of the possibility of a dangerous side effect: They can lower the amount of oxygen in the bloodstream. If your baby is over 6 months old, you may be able to give her ibuprofen ( Children's Motrin) or acetaminophen ( Children's Tylenol) to help with teething pain. But check with her doctor first. |
7ca6aae0f1bc155ae446b57295ff0bcb | When should you call your doctor about teething babies? | Teething babies can be cranky, and they often are. But watch for signs that your child is really sick. Call your doctor if your baby: Is under 3 months old and has a temperature over 100.4 F Is over 3 months old and has a fever over 102 F Has a fever that lasts longer than 24 hours Has diarrhea, vomiting, or a rash with the fever Is very sleepy or looks sick Can't be soothed Teething can be a frustrating time for both your baby and you. |
82278cf46951189ba6348a2b410747a8 | Can teething cause a fever? | Teething can raise your baby's body temperature, but only slightly. Any fever over 100.4 F is a sign that your child is probably sick. |
1316a14df9a7a1a03ad0b96aab452cd6 | How can you tell if your baby is teething? | It's probably teething if your baby: Drools a lot Is extra fussy or cranky Cries more than usual Chews on teething rings or other firm objects Your baby is most likely to show these signs when the front teeth come in. Expect the worst of the symptoms to hit between 6 and 16 months. |
3d9cd8484a6b68968b27922300652bca | What should you keep in mind if your baby is teething? | Call your doctor if your baby: Is under 3 months old and has a temperature over 100.4 F Is over 3 months old and has a fever over 102 F Has a fever that lasts longer than 24 hours Has diarrhea, vomiting, or a rash with the fever Is very sleepy or looks sick Can't be soothed Teething can be a frustrating time for both your baby and you. Remember that this is just another phase. In the meantime, keep your baby as comfortable as possible. And when those first teeth pop up, brush them each day with a soft-bristled children's toothbrush to keep them healthy. |
6f80990ecce6173bf77d0afc82edde07 | How can you tell if your baby is sick instead of teething? | Your baby has probably picked up a cold, stomach bug, or other illness if she: Has a runny or stuffed nose Is sneezing or coughing Has diarrhea or is vomiting Has a rash If you're still not sure what's going on, check with your pediatrician. Teething babies can be cranky, and they often are. |
c96703a5a3d465ed173db30608da1fac | How can you help someone who has depression to follow their treatment plan? | Consider turning to support groups, either for the depressed person, or for you as his or her family member. |
f72ebb40e961078f99f81844a7f7f6a3 | How does canola oil benefit the heart? | Canola oil is also very high in healthier unsaturated fats. It's higher in the omega-3 fatty acid alpha-linolenic acid ( ALA) than any other oil except flaxseed oil. ALA is particularly important to have in your diet because your body can't make it. Studies show that ALA may help protect the heart through its effects on blood pressure, cholesterol, and inflammation. |
016a317c5a65d5596fcd45073d3ad8bd | What are healthy cooking methods that I can do with canola oil? | Because of its light flavor, high smoke point, and smooth texture, canola oil is one of the most versatile cooking oils. You can use it in a number of dishes and cooking methods, like: As a cooking oil for sauteing, stir-frying, grilling, and baking In salad dressings, sauces, and marinades To coat your pans for nonstick baking Instead of solid fats (such as margarine and butter) in recipes Some Internet sites claim that canola oil has high levels of erucic acid, a substance that can be toxic to humans and can lead to ailments ranging from respiratory distress to blindness. |
222da6058754d8174209aa5353e9628f | How much erucic acid does canola oil contain? | You can use it in a number of dishes and cooking methods, like: As a cooking oil for sauteing, stir-frying, grilling, and baking In salad dressings, sauces, and marinades To coat your pans for nonstick baking Instead of solid fats (such as margarine and butter) in recipes Some Internet sites claim that canola oil has high levels of erucic acid, a substance that can be toxic to humans and can lead to ailments ranging from respiratory distress to blindness. But canola oil has levels of erucic acid well below the FDA's standards. |
78aa05cfd4b897a6a3095cba4f65ac26 | How does staying active affect rheumatoid arthritis? | It strengthens the muscles that support your joints. |
cfadb07b421a00d6e107d658044a8d86 | What are some ways to guard joints against damage from rheumatoid arthritis? | Keep them in good shape with some tweaks to your lifestyle. Diet, exercise, and using the right tools can make a huge difference. |
2cb4d79c95c8be1b59495b8b4bdfe7fa | How do omega-3 fatty acids affect rheumatoid arthritis? | Studies show they can help lower the inflammation that comes with RA. Some good sources are fatty fish like salmon, herring, tuna, and sardines. You can also try fish oil supplements, but ask your doctor fist. |
f1bfdbfc279f1fe94e411255e90f29d7 | How do certain tools affect someone with rheumatoid arthritis? | For example, use a cane on the opposite side of the knee or hip joint with RA. It can take 20% to 30% of the weight off and make you more stable. You can also try pens, pencils, and toothbrushes with thick handles that make them easier to hold. To cut stress on your shoulders, use tools to help you reach for items on high shelves. |
e98ed9a02e8def2ad6160eb20360511a | What are some tips to avoid strain on smaller joints? | Use your large, strong joints to spare smaller, fragile ones. Try these tips: Carry a shoulder bag instead of a clutch or handbag. Hold grocery bags in your arms, close to your body. Don't grip them with your hands. Hold small items in your palms instead of your fingers. Use both hands or your shoulder to open heavy doors. Hold items with two hands instead of one. |
888c5ca0a394685d5223e2af61b77407 | How does practicing good posture affect rheumatoid arthritis? | It protects your shoulder, hip, and knee joints. When you lift, keep your back straight and your feet wide apart. When you're in a chair, rest your feet flat on the floor. Sit upright and lift your chest. |
8717b800e381a5de5c144b8c4a80be27 | How does losing weight affect rheumatoid arthritis? | If you carry extra pounds, be kind to your joints and shed a few. Added body weight puts more stress on your hips, knees, and feet. Research shows smoking can make it harder to treat the disease. |
1b9229f7016af713361dd85aa17420cb | How does stopping smoking affect rheumatoid arthritis? | Those extra pounds can make it harder to keep your RA joint pain and symptoms under control. Recent studies found that smokers with rheumatoid arthritis were less likely to benefit from two common treatments -- methotrexate and certain biologic drugs. |
91f2d510e5efe5ea7fb11f0284337457 | What is an posterior wall prolapse? | â Posteriorâ means back. These prolapses happen when the tissue between your vagina and rectum (the end of your large bowel) stretches or separates from the bones in your pelvis. There are two kinds of posterior wall prolapse: Rectocele. Doctors also call this a ârectal wall prolapse.â It happens when your rectum drops down and forward and then bulges into the back wall of your vagina. Rectal prolapse. This is different than a rectocele or rectal wall prolapse. With a rectal prolapse, part of your rectum turns inside out and pokes out through your anus. At first, you might think it's a big hemorrhoid. |
9279467fbf25b07bb71eca708f8ebb7e | What is an apical prolapse? | â Apicalâ means near the apex, or top. There are three kinds of apical prolapse: Enterocele. If you have this, it means your small intestine has dropped down and is bulging into the upper part of the back wall of your vagina. This can also happen at the top of your vagina, where the intestine sits on top and sinks down into it. Uterine. This is when your uterus (womb) drops into your vagina. Uterine prolapses are the second most common kind of prolapse. Your risk goes up as you get older. Vaginal vault. If you've had your uterus taken out (hysterectomy), your vagina may drop down toward its opening between your legs. That's because the uterus provides support for the top of the vagina. If it's removed during surgery, there's nothing for the vagina to hold on to. In severe cases, your vagina could turn inside out and fall through the vaginal opening. |
94f27226419a36ced758a2b9e91028b6 | What is an anterior vaginal wall prolapse? | â Anteriorâ means front. An anterior prolapse can happen if you've had your uterus taken out (hysterectomy). There are two types of prolapses that can occur in the front side of your vagina, and they're the most common kinds of pelvic organ prolapse. They are: Bladder. This is also called a âcystocele.â It happens when your bladder drops down into your vagina. A cystocele can be mild, moderate, or severe, depending on how far your bladder drops. Urethra. When your bladder prolapses, the tube that carries pee out of your body (the urethra) can prolapse, too. Your doctor might call this a âurethrocele.â If both your bladder and urethra prolapse, it's called a âcystourethrocele.â As these prolapses get worse, you might feel -- and see -- them bulging out of your vagina. |
8a82292527a0ab738f29ef5e7b2deb57 | Why should you tell your doctor about supplements you're taking along with phosphatidylserine? | Talk to your doctor before taking this supplement if you also take: Any type of blood thinner or have any blood-clotting problems Anti-inflammatory medicines used for arthritis, headaches, or pain Performance-enhancing drugs or supplements used to increase athletic performance or stamina Always tell your doctor about any supplements you are taking, including natural ones and those bought without a prescription. That way, your doctor can check on any potential side effects or interactions with any medications. |
93dbacb270dad8cb494e87a23137a4cc | Does phosphatidylserine interact with other drugs? | Talk to your doctor before taking this supplement if you also take: Any type of blood thinner or have any blood-clotting problems Anti-inflammatory medicines used for arthritis, headaches, or pain Performance-enhancing drugs or supplements used to increase athletic performance or stamina Always tell your doctor about any supplements you are taking, including natural ones and those bought without a prescription. |
056c80a059278a0b3f356a78f8bb246a | Where can you get phosphatidylserine? | It covers and protects the cells in your brain and carries messages between them. Again, there is not enough evidence that phosphatidylserine is of any help in treating this condition. The supplement used in early studies was made from brain cells taken from cattle. |
5fcaaaf2a82595a801faac6611127a7a | How does phosphatidylserine interact with other drugs? | It covers and protects the cells in your brain and carries messages between them. Many people can take the soy-derived supplement without any side effects. Talk to your doctor before taking this supplement if you also take: Any type of blood thinner or have any blood-clotting problems Anti-inflammatory medicines used for arthritis, headaches, or pain Performance-enhancing drugs or supplements used to increase athletic performance or stamina Always tell your doctor about any supplements you are taking, including natural ones and those bought without a prescription. |
292468fcb1c088982a95bb82f3ec3071 | What is phosphatidylserine? | It covers and protects the cells in your brain and carries messages between them. Phosphatidylserine plays an important role in keeping your mind and memory sharp. Animal studies suggest that the level of this substance in the brain decreases with age. Much more research is needed to confirm these results. |
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