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d73588f00244be91f3d8e857f8d99d7c | How do antidepressants help ease dysthymia? | To treat dysthymia, doctors may use psychotherapy (talk therapy), medications such as antidepressants, or a combination of these therapies. Your doctor will assess your physical and mental health, including any other medical condition, and then find the antidepressant that is most effective with the least side effects. Antidepressants may take several weeks to work fully. They should be taken for at least six to nine months after an episode of chronic depression. In addition, it sometimes may take several weeks to safely discontinue an antidepressant, so let your doctor guide you if you choose to stop the drug. Sometimes antidepressants have uncomfortable side effects. That's why you have to work closely with your doctor to find the antidepressant that gives you the most benefit with the least side effects. |
09abbbbaf73e9bec1dbcdbb86b0c2c2a | What is dysthymia? | With dysthymia, the depression symptoms can linger for a long period of time, often two years or longer. Those who suffer from dysthymia can also experience periods of major depression--sometimes called "double depression." In modern diagnostic classification systems, dysthymia and chronic depression are now both referred to as âpersistent depressive disorders. In the case of dysthymia, these symptoms will have lasted for a longer period of time and be less severe than in patients with major depression. |
9d3fb6d5eec928d380eb95b0dfcb05c8 | What does a complete blood count for polycythemia vera measure? | Your doctor may order any of these tests: Complete blood count Blood smear Erythropoietin level Complete blood count: The complete blood count ( CBC) is often the test first that shows you might have PV. It measures: Hemoglobin. This is a protein that helps your red blood cells carry oxygen throughout your body. Hematocrit. To understand hematocrit, think of your blood as colored marbles in a jar of water. Red marbles are your red blood cells. Hematocrit is a number. It tells you how much room the red marbles take up in that jar -- or how much room your red blood cells take up in your blood. Number of blood cells. You have three kinds of blood cells: red, white, and platelets. The CBC counts how many of each you have. High numbers for hemoglobin, hematocrit, or blood cell count can all be signs of PV. |
0fa6b63c59ded99e944f6e36d7f1e5ad | What blood tests will I need if I am being tested for polycythemia vera? | Blood tests are common when checking for PV. Even if you've already had one, you may need another. Your doctor may order any of these tests: Complete blood count Blood smear Erythropoietin level Complete blood count: The complete blood count ( CBC) is often the test first that shows you might have PV. |
90db57320d56dcbfb52fbc26fde7c700 | How do I get tested for polycythemia vera? | If your doctor thinks you have PV, you'll start with a physical exam. Then you may need: Blood tests A bone marrow test A genetic test You may not get all of these tests, but you're likely to get some of them. This helps you know for sure that you have PV and not a similar blood disease. Your doctor will probably send to you a hematologist -- a doctor who treats blood diseases. |
9d417864b273ffc16126ed5dc65c880a | What is a blood smear for polycythemia vera? | Blood smear: Like the CBC, a blood smear gives a blood cell count. It also shows the shape of your blood cells. This helps your doctor know if you have PV and how advanced it might be. |
845be3147e83e63befaba648ecc479f1 | What questions should I ask if I am being tested for polycythemia vera? | You may want to write down any questions you have so you remember them. For example, you could ask: What's the cause of my condition? What tests do I need? When will I find out about my results? How I can learn more about PV? |
69db1a9a89a3fa60873f76d779eb7cc6 | How long does a complete blood count for polycythemia vera take? | The CBC takes only a few minutes. Your doctor puts a thin needle into your arm, usually near your elbow, and draws blood. You may have results in 1-2 days, but it can take longer. |
a1fc14b4d6afa2e0d5b28d85eccfefc0 | What is a gene test for polycythemia vera and how long does it take? | Most people with PV have a problem in a gene called JAK2. Your doctor can use a blood sample or a bone marrow sample from a biopsy to check your JAK2 gene. You can get results in 4-6 days, but your lab may take longer. |
a5eb56242f8e0ff961fe7128cda21b01 | What is erythropoietin level test for polycythemia vera? | Erythropoietin level: Erythropoietin ( EPO) is a hormone that tells your bone marrow to make new blood cells. A very low level can be another sign of PV. |
e6d0bc074e0cef11d63c831bfefaa5c0 | How long does a blood smear for polycythemia vera take? | The blood smear is a quick test. Your doctor may draw blood from your arm or by pricking your finger. You usually get the results in 1-2 days. |
ba9203cb42375c3c3ff8dbfdbe2fbc83 | What happens if my tests show that I have polycythemia vera? | If tests show that you have PV, your doctor can help you choose the best treatment for you and closely follow your health in the years to come to make sure you don't have complications. Most people with PV can live a normal life. With the right care, you can limit your symptoms and, in some cases, make them go away completely. |
f6b4c3553667fd45a718ef59ccb4b0f7 | How does a complete blood count show polycythemia vera? | High numbers for hemoglobin, hematocrit, or blood cell count can all be signs of PV. |
9a19c889480497e228591efe233718eb | How long do bone marrow tests for polycythemia vera take? | There are two kinds of bone marrow tests: Aspiration uses a liquid bone marrow sample Biopsy uses a solid bone marrow sample Both tests show if your bone marrow is making too many blood cells. You may get both tests done at the same time. Your doctor first numbs an area around either your breastbone or your pelvic bone. You can get results in 3-4 days, but it may take longer. |
97dad1ce7e5b970dad1781c82f5b8484 | What bisphosphonate drugs can treat advanced prostate cancer? | Other hormonal treatments include antiandrogens, estrogen- and progesterone-type drugs and cortisone derivatives. |
436e271846d5142372c8a73597d7523d | How can external beam radiation therapy treat advanced prostate cancer? | Plus, radiation therapy directed at the bone can reduce pain caused by bone metastases. |
0be6e1a272f74e25eb47842ce570b93a | How does MRI scanning treat advanced prostate cancer? | A newer noninvasive procedure uses MRI scanning to focus the energy from ultrasound in order to destroy nerve endings in the bone around the tumor. This can provide relief from bone pain with a low risk of complications. |
124d3f7db35396c6e96f3e99f6723f15 | What is advanced prostate cancer? | Prostate cancer is defined as ''advanced'' when it spreads outside the prostate gland. It may spread to nearby tissues, lymph nodes, bones, or other parts of the body. When it is spread beyond the tissues directly adjacent to the prostate gland, it is called metastatic prostate cancer. |
6906dc52696d5144984b081ed20ba2a2 | How does Xofigo treat advanced prostate cancer? | One drug, Xofigo ( Radium -223), is approved for use in men who have advanced prostate cancer that has spread only to the bones. Candidates should have also received androgen deprivation therapy. Xofigo, given by injection once a month, works by binding to minerals within bones to deliver radiation directly to bone tumors. A study of 809 men showed that those taking Xofigo lived an average of 3 months longer than those taking a placebo. |
00dcf0ed7570138468194015c0b7ccc1 | How does Provenge treat advanced prostate cancer? | If hormone therapy ultimately fails to slow the growth of the cancer, the next step may be a prostate cancer "vaccine" called Provenge (sipuleucel- T). Most men who take Provenge survive at least 2 years after starting the treatment. Provenge isn't your everyday vaccine. It's a therapy created by taking immune cells from a patient, genetically engineering them to fight prostate cancer, and then putting them back into the patient. It's used for men with few or no symptoms and when advanced prostate cancer no longer responds to hormone therapy. |
661f6f8c0eff038a8fca35c832bd9b50 | How does androgen deprivation therapy treat advanced prostate cancer? | A look at treatments: Most prostate cancer grows in response to male hormones (androgens) in the body, such as testosterone. That's why one of the first treatments for advanced prostate cancer is to decrease these hormone levels (called androgen deprivation therapy). There are several medications that can do this, including Lupron (leuprolide), Trelstar (triptorelin), or Zoladex (goserelin). These drugs work to reduce testosterone levels to those seen in castrated patients. |
f901e764c63b3f764639f05fa49ed931 | How are patients with advanced prostate cancer able to enroll in clinical trials? | Clinical trials test the safety and effectiveness of these new methods and treatments. There are risks and limitations in every clinical trial. The National Institutes of Health lists clinical trials at www.clinicaltrials.gov. |
7d5eba56c1de46e686269831c19c3fdf | When do you need medical attention for dizziness? | Get medical attention immediately if you're dizzy and you faint, fall, or can't walk or have any of the following: Chest pain Different or really bad headache Head injury High fever Irregular heart rate Seizures Shortness of breath Stiff neck Sudden change in speech, vision, or hearing Vomiting Weakness or numbness in your face Weakness in your leg or arm Does it feel like you're spinning or the room is moving around you? |
ef36c3b2e2a8ad4da62870b76d7eff75 | How can low blood sugar cause dizziness? | You can get dizzy if it drops too low. That also can cause hunger, shakiness, sweating, and confusion. Some people without diabetes also have trouble with low blood sugar, but that's rare. A quick fix is to eat or drink something with sugar, like juice or a hard candy. |
424df28d82b91cc047851403b45a2d3d | What medications can cause dizziness as a side effect? | Several drugs list dizziness as a possible side effect. Check with your doctor if you take: Antibiotics, including gentamicin and streptomycin Anti-depressants Anti-seizure medications Blood pressure medicine Sedatives Many people don't drink enough fluids to replace the liquid they lose every day when they sweat, breathe, and pee. |
9b264877c9d6aed67a97d29c95680d10 | How can an infection cause dizziness? | This is called vestibular neuritis or labyrinthitis, and it's caused by an infection. Usually, a virus is to blame. But bacteria from a middle ear infection or meningitis can make their way into your inner ear as well. In this case, dizziness usually comes on suddenly. Your ears may ring, and it may be hard to hear. You also may be nauseated and have a fever and ear pain. Symptoms can last several weeks. If it's caused by a virus and can't be treated with antibiotics, medication can help make you feel better as the infection runs its course. That also can cause hunger, shakiness, sweating, and confusion. |
a1d9a9ea262faa23a3303f4953399771 | Why am I dizzy? | When a part of that system is off, you can feel dizzy. It can be a sign of something serious, and it can be dangerous if it makes you fall. Your doctor will look at all your symptoms and overall health to figure out what's going on and how to treat it. Inflammation of the nerves in your ears also can cause vertigo. |
8dcbb6d3aed64a021b5777333b144be1 | How can Meniere's disease cause dizziness? | That's a classic sign of a particular type of dizziness called vertigo. You may feel fullness or pressure in one ear. Other symptoms include ringing in your ears, hearing loss, nausea, and anxiety. You may feel exhausted after the attack passes. People with Meniere's disease have too much fluid in their inner ear. Doctors don't know what causes it, and there's no cure for it. It's usually treated with diet changes (a low-salt diet) and medicine to control the dizziness. |
9a2ccc4ecfbea429ba6659f855e1810e | What are the risks of heart bypass surgery? | Some of the possible ones include: Fever Heart attack Infection and bleeding at the incision Memory loss Pain Reactions to anesthesia Stroke Once you've recovered, your symptoms of angina will be gone or much better. |
f531c750c1342dc09e147d92fc50a269 | What is heart bypass surgery like? | A surgeon takes blood vessels from another part of your body to go around, or bypass, a blocked artery. The result is that more blood and oxygen can flow to your heart again. |
f788593fded513223312313623c2295d | What is cholesterol ratio and what should yours be? | To find your cholesterol ratio, you divide your total cholesterol number by your HDL, or good, cholesterol number. For example, if your total cholesterol number is 200 and your good cholesterol is 50, your total cholesterol ratio is 4:1. Cholesterol ratio may be used as a monitoring tool by some health care specialists. However, the AHA suggests that doctors use LDLcholesterol with patients rather than cholesterol ratio. That's because the total cholesterol number is considered a better tool for guiding the doctor in planning the best patient care and helping patients understand their health risks. Discuss with your doctor what the best numbers to monitor for you are. |
567478641d5733cf18fe524335a95216 | What is cholesterol? | Cholesterol performs important functions in your body. It aids in tissue and hormone formation. It protects your nerves. It helps with digestion. In fact, cholesterol helps form the structure of every cell in your body. This waxy, fat-like substance is produced naturally -- mainly in our liver. But it also comes from the food we eat -- like eggs, fatty meats, and cheese. |
50b1c8cf129d1f50776ce78ea8f34758 | What tests are used to diagnose schizoaffective disorder? | There are no laboratory tests to specifically diagnose schizoaffective disorder. So doctors rely on your medical history and your answers to certain questions. |
6829e2ff61452daafe02f357e66723d5 | What are symptoms of depression in schizoaffective disorder? | In order to get diagnosed with schizoaffective disorder, you must have: Periods of uninterrupted illness An episode of mania, major depression, or a mix of both Symptoms of schizophrenia At least two periods of psychotic symptoms, each lasting 2 weeks. |
76b7a1456c40f3d41a8a2f19138362dd | What is the definition of bipolar disorder? | Schizoaffective disorder has the features of schizophrenia, like hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking, along with those of a mood disorder, like mania and depression. |
d42c2d72546fada09e135ec4a038b523 | What is the definition of schizophrenia? | Brain chemistry and structure: If you have schizophrenia and mood disorders, you might have problems with brain circuits that manage mood and thinking. |
6cec1ee44d90fd6bd21c5de16d2fbf07 | How can you diagnose someone with schizoaffective disorder? | In order to get diagnosed with schizoaffective disorder, you must have: Periods of uninterrupted illness An episode of mania, major depression, or a mix of both Symptoms of schizophrenia At least two periods of psychotic symptoms, each lasting 2 weeks. One of the episodes must happen without depressive or manic symptoms. |
718737a64bec0d2d4418492d8d17841f | When do you need hospitalization for schizoaffective disorder? | Hospitalization: Psychotic episodes may require a hospital stay, especially if you're suicidal or threaten to hurt others. |
422b118ce470179176e17ae0f73fe1a9 | How does skills training treat schizoaffective disorder? | Skills training: This generally focuses on work and social skills, grooming and self-care, and other day-to-day activities, including money and home management. |
61bf5785482fddd2e739e8977ab8ee46 | What is the definition of depression? | People who have it often have problems with substance use as well. |
e4eba58454af89151703ef0558b1fa1c | How does psychotherapy treat schizoaffective disorder? | Psychotherapy: The goal of this type of counseling is to help you learn about your illness, set goals, and manage everyday problems related to the disorder. Family therapy can help families get better at relating to and helping a loved one who has schizoaffective disorder. |
9d9f60b8785468ae161aec3ab5dabd7e | What causes schizoaffective disorder? | Scientists don't know for sure if schizoaffective disorder is related mainly to schizophrenia or a mood disorder. But it's usually viewed and treated as a combination of both conditions. |
eb83c3d6725bf55426cac36e2495ec9a | Can you prevent schizoaffective disorder? | But if you're diagnosed and start treatment ASAP, it can help you avoid or ease frequent relapses and hospitalizations, and help cut the disruptions in your life, family, and friendships. |
c6906277df7f5e936ce8cce897e40034 | What can cause schizoaffective disorder? | Trouble at work, school, or in social settings Scientists don't know the exact cause. Risk factors for schizoaffective disorder include: Genetics: You may inherit a tendency to get features linked to schizoaffective disorder from your parents. Brain chemistry and structure: If you have schizophrenia and mood disorders, you might have problems with brain circuits that manage mood and thinking. Schizophrenia is also tied to lower levels of dopamine, a brain chemical that also helps manage these tasks. Environment: Some scientists think things like viral infections or highly stressful situations could play a part in getting schizoaffective disorder if you're at risk for it. How that happens isn't clear. |
f6efa51a6133bb144af55203679bd1a7 | What are symptoms of schizophrenia in schizoaffective disorder? | Schizoaffective disorder has the features of schizophrenia, like hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking, along with those of a mood disorder, like mania and depression. |
97e4f5d7fbf7d1e74919a3b47266777b | How is schizoaffective disorder often misdiagnosed? | Because schizoaffective disorder combines symptoms that reflect two mental illnesses, it's easily confused with other psychotic or mood disorders. Some doctors may diagnose schizophrenia. Others may think it's a mood disorder. As a result, it's hard to know how many people actually have schizoaffective disorder. It's probably less common than either schizophrenia or mood disorders alone. |
e3248b57dccfb7d83e4d144356c3562d | When does schizoaffective disorder happen? | It's equally likely to affect men and women, but men usually get it at a younger age. It seems to happen slightly more often in women than in men. |
301f181a8d0cabe558ed5aeb7c293ca0 | What will your doctor recommend to help you cope with your symptoms of ataxia? | In order to help you cope with your symptoms, your doctor may recommend: Counseling Physical or occupational therapy Speech therapy Support groups Your doctor can also help you find tools so you can move around easier, such as a cane or a walker. There are also utensils to help you eat and speak more easily. |
666771597172d54fd502c4e930af6b4e | What is idiopathic ataxia? | When you haven't inherited a mutated gene or had an illness or injury that could have caused your ataxia, it's called idiopathic ataxia. Your doctor will diagnose you with idiopathic ataxia if he can't find a medical reason for your ataxia symptoms. The most common idiopathic ataxia is called multiple system atrophy, or MSA. Doctors haven't pinned down possible causes for this group of ataxias. They may come from a combination of environmental factors and genetic causes. |
0a41d1f1ad8a0d9ca72cb6cabb7dd9c4 | What is vestibular ataxia? | Symptoms of sensory ataxia include: Difficulty touching your finger to your nose with closed eyes Inability to sense vibrations Trouble walking in dim light Walking with a âheavy step,â or stomping when you walk Vestibular ataxia affects your vestibular system. This system is made up of your inner ear and ear canals, which contain fluid. They sense the movements of your head and help with your balance and spatial orientation. |
786505452be5131a129d57772c9cebe2 | How many people in the United States are affected by ataxia? | When the nerves in your vestibular system wear away, you can have the following problems: Blurred vision and other eye issues Nausea and vomiting Problems standing and sitting Staggering when you walk Trouble walking in a straight line Vertigo, or dizziness Around 150,000 people in the U. S. deal with some form of ataxia. There are different causes for it. Some are genetic, some are acquired, like injuries, and some have no known clear cause. |
6b1062fc2dc17153577c67e7e7fcf4ac | What are symptoms of sensory ataxia? | Symptoms of sensory ataxia include: Difficulty touching your finger to your nose with closed eyes Inability to sense vibrations Trouble walking in dim light Walking with a âheavy step,â or stomping when you walk Vestibular ataxia affects your vestibular system. |
d68b99cf0a1e49ffcbb44bd700c4e09a | What is genetic ataxia? | You can inherit a certain mutated, or changed, gene from one or both of your parents that causes ataxia. Or you may inherit a mutated gene that causes a disorder with ataxia as a symptom. |
ed7733b4bc908b1ee1c442fc5fa1857c | What are symptoms of vestibular ataxia? | When the nerves in your vestibular system wear away, you can have the following problems: Blurred vision and other eye issues Nausea and vomiting Problems standing and sitting Staggering when you walk Trouble walking in a straight line Vertigo, or dizziness Around 150,000 people in the U. S. deal with some form of ataxia. |
34ae7517286d65fdfe5ab426c5bddb4e | How is ataxia diagnosed? | He'll check your balance and coordination, hearing, vision, reflexes, and memory. You'll also need a neurological exam, which might include an MRI or CT scan. These look at the structure of your brain for problems. For some cases, your doctor may recommend tests of your spinal fluid. To do this, he'll insert a needle into your lower back and draw out the fluid to send it to a lab for testing. To rule out genetic forms of ataxia, you may need genetic testing. |
cbc77cc402baf73853f0f5310c419467 | What are causes of acquired ataxia? | Some of the causes of acquired ataxia could include: Brain tumors Blood loss in the brain Cerebral palsy Chickenpox Hydrocephalus, or too much fluid buildup in the brain Head trauma Multiple sclerosis Reactions to certain cancers Vitamin E or B12 deficiency You can also get ataxia if you have a reaction to certain medications, from alcohol or drug use, or from exposure to poison. |
e4bba90f14cd3eadd0e8446448ccb600 | What are treatments for ataxia? | The best treatment for your ataxia symptoms depends on the type you have. There is no specific treatment for ataxia itself. If your ataxia is a symptom of another disorder, your doctor will treat that disorder. If it's due to a cause that you can avoid, like lack of vitamins or exposure to poison, your doctor will help you address the problem causing the ataxia. |
fb2b2f687dbd95866ebd248f07542664 | What is acquired ataxia? | Acquired ataxia occurs when you have damage to your spinal cord or nerves. The damage might be from an injury or an illness. |
b0e952037fb0fdd213cedbf9b37321a6 | What is the use of nanomedicine in treating multiple sclerosis (MS)? | In some cases, nanoparticles act as tiny cargo ships that carry medicine -- sometimes, to parts of the body drugs can't reach on their own. For example, they can cross the blood-brain barrier, a layer of cells that protect your brain from possible danger -- but that also keep helpful MS drugs from getting through. Attaching MS drugs to nanoparticles may solve this problem. That's because certain nanoparticles can interact with blood-brain barrier cells and get âswallowedâ by them. When the nanoparticle gets in, so does the drug it carries. Another type of nanoparticle doesn't even need to carry medicine. The material itself is a powerful antioxidant that crosses the blood-brain barrier. It's called a cerium oxide nanoparticle, and it helped relieve some MS symptoms in mice. |
a3c51e1bb5357fa13a94b16c1d0ab60c | What are recent findings and ongoing research on the root causes of MS? | Scientists are looking for ways to: Stop the disease from getting worse Restore lost function Prevent and cure MS Besides testing new treatments, scientists continue to explore the root causes of MS. Much of the research is still being done in animals, but recent findings and ongoing research include: Bone marrow stem cell transplants that would offer long-term benefits An epilepsy pill that slowed nerve damage A specific type of training that improved memory and brain activity (as seen on MRI scans). Changes were still in place after 6 months. An experimental therapy in mice helped their bodies make myelin, a substance that protects nerves. The treatment is a type of micro RNA, a small amount of genetic material. A large team of researchers is analyzing gut bacteria to find out what role it may play as MS gets worse. Researchers are studying children with MS to learn how their environment and genes make them more likely to get the disease. One early finding suggested low vitamin D levels were linked to MS relapses in kids with a specific gene. |
dd916d16a1d9b8788d0efafd9c7d77bd | How does stem transplant work in treating multiple sclerosis? | You might hear your doctor call it: Stem cell transplant Bone marrow transplant HSCT (hematopoietic stem cell transplantation) How does it work? Doctors remove and store cells from your body that make blood. Then, you take chemotherapy drugs to wipe out your immune system. After that, your stem cells go back in your body. They travel to your bone marrow, where they make new blood cells, giving your immune system a fresh start. Studies show that bone marrow stem cell transplants might help some people with MS. However, the treatment is still experimental. |
6976fd68e60278f9c180044c836f8fae | What do I need to know about stem cells transplant in treating multiple sclerosis (MS)? | These are the only cells in your body with the power to create new types of cells. For example, your blood cells, brain cells, heart muscle, and bone all come from stem cells. People who need new, healthy cells to fight a disease like cancer often get bone marrow stem cell transplants. This procedure can help rebuild your immune system by producing new blood cells. You might hear your doctor call it: Stem cell transplant Bone marrow transplant HSCT (hematopoietic stem cell transplantation) How does it work? |
bca11d9db302f379fb8443bba7d27d4e | What do I need to know about multiple sclerosis (MS) research roundup? | New technologies and insights are speeding the pace of discovery. In fact, there are more MS treatments in development now than ever before. MS is a neurological disease that can cause extreme tiredness, vision changes, trouble moving, and other problems. Scientists are looking for ways to: Stop the disease from getting worse Restore lost function Prevent and cure MS Besides testing new treatments, scientists continue to explore the root causes of MS. Much of the research is still being done in animals, but recent findings and ongoing research include: Bone marrow stem cell transplants that would offer long-term benefits An epilepsy pill that slowed nerve damage A specific type of training that improved memory and brain activity (as seen on MRI scans). Nanomedicine research is still in the early stages. |
c9ba6581eb06aa593f362882f1506bdc | How is Giardiasis treated? | Many people get better without treatment. But if your symptoms last more than several weeks, or you're likely to spread the parasite, your doctor can give you medication. Metronidazole ( Flagyl), nitazoxanide ( Alinia), and tinidazole ( Tindamax) are among the drugs used to treat giardia infections. |
ff15b32e9e474e370cce7834dd7c93be | What are the symptoms of Giardiasis? | The most common include: Diarrhea Gas or flatulence Greasy stool that floats Stomach or abdominal cramps Upset stomach or nausea Dehydration Weight loss Let your doctor know if: Your symptoms -- including loose stools and nausea -- last more than a week You show signs of dehydration, such as extreme thirst, dizziness, or confusion Tell her about any recent travels, interactions with children in diapers, or swimming or drinking from a body of water. She'll collect a series of stool samples over several days to make a diagnosis. |
024ecd790396d5742281e43489a558d6 | Who is at risk for Giardiasis? | You might: Touch contaminated surfaces like bathroom handles, changing tables, diaper pails, or toys, then eat without washing your hands Drink water or use ice made from an untreated water source -- like a lake, stream, or well -- that's home to giardia Swallow the parasite while you swim or play in water Eat uncooked food that contains giardia Come into close contact with someone who has giardiasis Travel to countries where it's common While anyone can catch giardiasis, some people are more likely than others to get the infection: Parents and child care workers who change diapers Children in child care centers People who live in the same household as someone with giardiasis Those who drink water or use ice made from untreated water Backpackers, hikers, and campers who drink unsafe water or who don't practice good hygiene (like proper handwashing) on the trail International travelers People who have anal sex There isn't a vaccine, but there are steps you can take: Wash your hands after you use the toilet, after you change diapers, and before you eat or prepare food. |
a5af21dea798d96478c1c683d92fbd18 | What causes Giardiasis? | It's a common cause of waterborne illness in the U. S. Usually from the stool of an infected person or animal. Drink bottled water when you travel to places with unsafe water. |
4e5754a85f3cc3e4d834bc70e2a1e4e9 | What are complications of laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) in infants and children? | In infants and children, LPR can cause: Narrowing of the area below the vocal cords Contact ulcers Recurrent ear infections from problems with eustachian tube function Lasting buildup of middle ear fluid In adults, silent reflux can scar the throat and voice box. |
5fcc35e5a4dd7b1c0f200cdfc2c68511 | What lifestyle changes can help treat laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) treated in adults? | Silent reflux treatment for infants and children may include: Smaller and more frequent feedings Keeping an infant in a vertical position for at least 30 minutes after feeding Medications such as H2 blockers or proton pump inhibitors, as directed by the pediatrician Surgery for any abnormalities that can't be treated in other ways Silent reflux treatment for adults may include these lifestyle modifications: Lose weight, if needed. Quit smoking, if you are a smoker. Avoid alcohol. Restrict chocolate, mints, fats, citrus fruits, carbonated beverages, spicy or tomato-based products, red wine, and caffeine. Stop eating at least three hours before going to bed. Elevate the head of the bed about 4 to 6 inches. Avoid wearing tight-fitting clothes around the waist. Try chewing gum to increase saliva and neutralize acid. |
c6e3cc3e5396e6cc09cabdc7a6f59476 | What is surgery called fundoplication for laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR)? | Fundoplication is a type of surgery which involves wrapping the upper part of the stomach around the lower esophagus to create a stronger valve between the esophagus and stomach. It is usually done laparoscopically, with small surgical incisions and use of small surgical equipment and a laparoscope to help the surgeon see inside. Fundoplication can also be done as a traditional open surgery with a larger incision. |
deba9d4b93c2ebf9bd48cf60c5c01c1e | How is laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) treated in infants and children? | Silent reflux treatment for infants and children may include: Smaller and more frequent feedings Keeping an infant in a vertical position for at least 30 minutes after feeding Medications such as H2 blockers or proton pump inhibitors, as directed by the pediatrician Surgery for any abnormalities that can't be treated in other ways Silent reflux treatment for adults may include these lifestyle modifications: Lose weight, if needed. |
98b26127ad9ad01805b34c959d6b6564 | What medications might be used to treat laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR)? | You may also need to take one or more types of medicine such as: Proton pump inhibitors such as rabeprazole ( Aciphex), dexlansoprazole ( Dexilant), esomeprazole ( Nexium), lansoprazole ( Prevacid), omeprazole ( Prilosec), or omeprazole and sodium bicarbonate ( Zegerid) to reduce gastric acid. H2 blockers such as nizatidine ( Nizatidine), famotidine ( Pepcid), cimetidine ( Tagamet), or ranitidine ( Zantac) to reduce gastric acid. Prokinetic agents to increase the forward movement of the GI tract and increase the pressure of the lower esophageal sphincter. These medications are not as commonly used, because they have been linked to adverse effects on heart rhythm and diarrhea. Sucralfate to help protect injured mucous membranes. Antacids to help neutralize acid; these are used more commonly for symptoms of heartburn. |
c91ba60a8d2c95eba081ea14bc7b6013 | What are the symptoms of laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) in infants and children? | Symptoms in infants and children may include: Hoarseness " Barking" or chronic cough Reactive airway disease (asthma) Noisy breathing or pauses in breathing (apnea) Trouble feeding, spitting up, or inhaling food Trouble gaining weight With LPR, adults may have heartburn or a bitter taste or burning sensation in the back of the throat. |
2a8ce43774a929904c98948b360beb8a | What is a sleep apnea test? | This may be done in a sleep disorder center or even at home. A polysomnogram -- or sleep study -- is a multiple-component test that electronically transmits and records specific physical activities while you sleep. The recordings are analyzed by a qualified sleep specialist to determine whether or not you have sleep apnea or another type of sleep disorder. If sleep apnea is determined, you may be asked to do further sleep testing in order to determine the best treatment option. |
869a7b354946f336f6247475a6a2a315 | What are some equipments used for sleep apnea test? | EMG (electromyogram) to record muscle activity such as face twitches, teeth grinding, and leg movements, and to determine the presence of REM stage sleep. During REM sleep, intense dreams often occur as the brain undergoes heightened activity. EOG (electro-oculogram) to record eye movements. These movements are important in determining the different sleep stages, particularly REM stage sleep. ECG (electrocardiogram) to record heart rate and rhythm. Nasal airflow sensor to record airflow. Snore microphone to record snoring activity. |
88ed28608bec416259810c408fea9c58 | What can you expect during a sleep study? | If you have symptoms of sleep apnea, your doctor may ask you to have a sleep apnea test, called a polysomnogram. This may be done in a sleep disorder center or even at home. Near the bedroom will be a central monitoring area, where the technicians monitor sleeping patients. You will be hooked up to equipment that may look uncomfortable. However, most people fall asleep with little difficulty. Similar, more portable equipment is now available for home testing, especially for less complicated cases or situations. |
49d530cdea750ab57c86aa026ef5f1af | How does hepatitis B spread? | The virus that causes it lives in blood, semen, and some other fluids in your body. You usually catch it by having sex with someone who's infected. You can also get it by using the same razor or toothbrush as someone who has hepatitis B. Sharing needles and syringes to inject illegal drugs can also give you the disease. Another way to get sick is if you touch the open sores of somebody who's infected. And if you have the disease when you're pregnant you can pass it to your baby. |
9ea8273d5de535a2f1c1da9690478e64 | What are some ways hepatitis is spread? | Food or drinks you buy at the supermarket can sometimes cause the disease, too. The ones most likely to get contaminated are: Fruits and vegetables Shellfish Ice and water You could catch or spread it if you're taking care of a baby and you don't wash your hands after changing his diaper. This can happen, for example, at a day care center. Another way you can get hep A is when you have sex with someone who has it. |
c946c085c2f12893161542c4e2c82fd7 | How does hepatitis A spread? | The main way you get sick is when you eat or drink something that has the hep A virus in it. A lot of times this happens in a restaurant. If an infected worker there doesn't wash his hands well after using the bathroom, and then touches food, he could pass the disease to you. |
9e380404951c1e9a3965af94211758f7 | How long before someone has symptoms of hepatitis C? | Hepatitis C. The early symptoms are the same as hepatitis A and B, and they usually happen 6 to 7 weeks after the virus gets in your body. But you could notice them anywhere from 2 weeks to 6 months later. For about 25% of people who get hep C, the virus goes away on its own without treatment. In other cases, it sticks around for years. When that happens, your liver might get damaged. Remember, it's possible to spread all the types of hepatitis even if you don't show any signs of being sick. |
4791b09a7765dec25b899a7827865d51 | How long can hepatitis C survive for? | The symptoms usually show up 2 to 6 weeks after the virus entered your body. |
8f349abbddf2f01f6467a988d9b8d9fa | What are some myths about how hepatitis C is spread? | There are some myths out there about how you get hepatitis C, so let's set the record straight. It's not spread by food and water (like hep A). And you can't spread it by doing any of these things: Kissing Hugging Sneezing or coughing Sharing forks, knives, or spoons For hepatitis A, one of the best things you can do is wash your hands a lot. |
48f637f1ac6f66a250793605b143f91b | How does hepatitis C spread? | You catch it when blood from someone who's infected gets in your body. This happens if you share needles to take illegal drugs. It's less common, but you can also get sick if you: Share a razor or toothbrush with someone who's infected Have sex with somebody who has hepatitis C It's rare, but if you're pregnant and have the disease, it's possible to pass it to your newborn. |
e321cb910af2039c8f0283c4a4dbaf51 | How long before someone has symptoms of hepatitis A and what are the symptoms? | The symptoms usually show up 2 to 6 weeks after the virus entered your body. They usually last for less than 2 months, though sometimes you can be sick for as long as 6 months. Some warning signs that you may have the disease are: Fever Fatigue Nausea, vomiting, or pain in your belly Dark urine or clay-colored bowel movements Pain in your joints Yellowing of your skin or eyes (jaundice) Some people get the disease but don't have any symptoms, though. |
880c2892cd1f2d22f96837d4a504a2f1 | How long can hepatitis A survive outside of the body? | Hepatitis C. The early symptoms are the same as hepatitis A and B, and they usually happen 6 to 7 weeks after the virus gets in your body. But you may be able to kill it by boiling or cooking foods or liquids for at least a minute. |
14dc05a7d23187711a2cb25aaf12a710 | What are the three major types of hepatitis in the U.S.? | They're all contagious, but you can take steps to protect yourself. Hepatitis C. The early symptoms are the same as hepatitis A and B, and they usually happen 6 to 7 weeks after the virus gets in your body. |
ec0138dc9c123601ec9ccb7a8e8570c3 | What drugs can be used to treat symptoms of tardive dyskinesia? | There are two FDA-approved medicines to treat tardive dyskinesia: Valbenazine ( Ingrezza) Deutetrabenazine ( Austedo) Both of these medicines work in similar ways to regulate the amount of dopamine flow in brain areas that control certain kinds of movements. |
9c82121acdc499cb6479879c85276ec2 | What natural remedies can be used to treat tardive dyskinesia? | Your doctor can take you off the medicine that caused the movements, or lower the dose. |
1a878e2442a2deddaa16bf03a04898d5 | Who is more likely to get tardive dyskinesia? | These include: Metoclopramide ( Reglan) Prochlorperazine ( Compazine) You're more likely to get it if you: Are a woman who has gone through menopause Are over age 55 Abuse alcohol or drugs Are African- American or Asian- American TD can be hard to diagnose. |
125c960c160e03fe30c49f99cfe9a136 | What older antipsychotics can cause tardive dyskinesia? | Antipsychotic medications that can cause tardive dyskinesia include older antipsychotics like: Chlorpromazine ( Thorazine) Fluphenazine ( Prolixin) Haloperidol ( Haldol) Thioridazine ( Mellaril) Trifluoperazine ( Stelazine) Your chances of getting TD go up the longer you take an antipsychotic medicine. |
65a40bbd4bd122165634b5b6400de5cd | What does tardive dyskinesia cause? | TD causes stiff, jerky movements of your face and body that you can't control. You might blink your eyes, stick out your tongue, or wave your arms without meaning to do so. |
7476ae6b15e06ba00be88f447b899dc8 | What drugs that treat nausea can cause tardive dyskinesia? | Some drugs that treat nausea, reflux, and other stomach problems can also cause TD if you take them for more than 3 months. These include: Metoclopramide ( Reglan) Prochlorperazine ( Compazine) You're more likely to get it if you: Are a woman who has gone through menopause Are over age 55 Abuse alcohol or drugs Are African- American or Asian- American TD can be hard to diagnose. |
42018f489cd29f4c1e476c736dc63d48 | How is tardive dyskinesia diagnosed? | These include: Metoclopramide ( Reglan) Prochlorperazine ( Compazine) You're more likely to get it if you: Are a woman who has gone through menopause Are over age 55 Abuse alcohol or drugs Are African- American or Asian- American TD can be hard to diagnose. Symptoms might not appear until months or years after you start taking antipsychotic medicine. Or you might first notice the movements after you've already stopped taking the drug. The timing can make it hard to know whether the medicine caused your symptoms. |
d3c3564c0e2dd8a9709cf2e9aed059d7 | How can your chances of getting tardive dyskinesia increase? | Antipsychotic medications that can cause tardive dyskinesia include older antipsychotics like: Chlorpromazine ( Thorazine) Fluphenazine ( Prolixin) Haloperidol ( Haldol) Thioridazine ( Mellaril) Trifluoperazine ( Stelazine) Your chances of getting TD go up the longer you take an antipsychotic medicine. |
2335c6063223dfad1959f122975a4715 | What is tardive dyskinesia? | Antipsychotic meds treat schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and other brain conditions. Antipsychotic medications that can cause tardive dyskinesia include older antipsychotics like: Chlorpromazine ( Thorazine) Fluphenazine ( Prolixin) Haloperidol ( Haldol) Thioridazine ( Mellaril) Trifluoperazine ( Stelazine) Your chances of getting TD go up the longer you take an antipsychotic medicine. |
4b88bc5a258a66846ca5909b39ef6de6 | What should you do to prevent tardive dyskinesia? | The timing can make it hard to know whether the medicine caused your symptoms. Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale ( AIMS): If you take medicine for mental health conditions, your doctor should check you at least once a year to make sure you don't have TD. You might need to switch to a newer antipsychotic drug that may be less likely to cause TD. |
29606ded38daca1e7eb0f2440e2a0c38 | What is the goal of treatment for tardive dyskinesia? | Tardive dyskinesia is a side effect of antipsychotic medications. These drugs are used to treat schizophrenia and other mental health disorders. The benefits of the drug should outweigh the risks. |
6e921943256ee48005c4e5b0ae7f31ed | What are symptoms of type 1 Gaucher disease? | Type 1 symptoms can sometimes be mild. Some people may never notice it. Others may have more severe problems. Your symptoms can crop up at any age, from childhood to adulthood. |
8cbb338d53c849f79c79aa948ff581a8 | How does synovial fluid help your joints? | Smooth tissue called cartilage and synovium and a lubricant called synovial fluid cushion the joints so bones do not rub together. |
81eda7c7b594fcee3a77acde2d7c452c | How can a stronger core help with caring for your joints? | Stronger abs and back muscles help you keep your balance and prevent falls that can damage your joints. |
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