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1fd6021e0618b8053f8436749aae586d | What are possible side effects of surgery for bone metastasis? | These include the usual risks of any surgery, such as infection. If surgery is not an option, your doctor may use a cast or splint, or inject bone cement to help you move better and relieve pain. |
716980682f82ec426aef0cdbc492eb09 | What are possible side effects of radiopharmaceuticals? | The most common ones include: Infections Bleeding Temporary increase in pain (flare reaction) This systemic treatment helps your immune system spot and more effectively kill cancer cells. |
dbe4dc48a9cf1290814633941276f857 | How will my doctor decide the treatment I get for bone metastasis? | The treatment you get will depend upon: Where your cancer started, and the kind of primary tumor you have Which bones the cancer has invaded The extent of damage to the bones Which types of treatment you already have had Your overall health Let your doctor know if your treatment isn't easing your pain and other symptoms. |
4065fd1f3f1046cd5dac7369c63b2a84 | When is nerve end ablation considered for bone metastasis? | This noninvasive procedure uses ultrasound energy and imaging technology to provide pain relief by destroying nerve endings in the area of the tumor. Because there is no incision, and no probe is inserted, the procedure is typically done on an outpatient basis with a local anesthetic rather than general anesthesia. While complications are possible, they are rare. |
767054daedb765bdb8a230be78288757 | How does ablation for bone metastasis work? | Some methods of ablation use chemicals or alcohol to kill the tumor. Two common methods include: Radiofrequency ablation ( RFA). A needle delivers an electric current to heat the tumor. Cryoablation. A probe is used to freeze the tumor. Afterward, the doctor may fill the space created by ablation with bone cement to help stabilize the bone. |
14f4182aa0c9b7c2939adf8c8a51b118 | What are the side effects of radiation therapy for bone metastasis? | Possible side effects. |
d3624447539e3eb6c0bc611f873962d0 | How does radiation therapy work to treat bone metastasis? | A machine focuses a beam of radiation on the bone metastasis. This treatment, called external beam radiation, lasts only a few minutes. You may receive radiation in one large dose or in smaller amounts over several treatments. |
6d95f86626cc124caccbd26f31e6f01e | How does radiation therapy for bone metastasis work? | A machine focuses a beam of radiation on the bone metastasis. This treatment, called external beam radiation, lasts only a few minutes. You may receive radiation in one large dose or in smaller amounts over several treatments. |
135f90db4000419bd7903d82e476300b | What are the possible side effects of ablation for bone metastasis? | This procedure is generally safe but may cause some temporary soreness, swelling, and bruising. |
08b429fb99ec7c73b484e166776f64eb | How does surgery work to treat bone metastasis? | If a bone is broken, surgery may help relieve pain quickly. Surgery can also help stabilize a weak bone to keep it from breaking. The surgeon may insert: Screws Rods Pins Plates Cages Possible side effects. |
15ab7ed2c331d92b3e4a59678afeec55 | What does surgery for bone metastasis consist of? | Early, temporary side effects depend on the location being treated, but may include: Fatigue Skin changes Surgery can often help relieve bone metastasis symptoms. How it works. If a bone is broken, surgery may help relieve pain quickly. Surgery can also help stabilize a weak bone to keep it from breaking. The surgeon may insert: Screws Rods Pins Plates Cages Possible side effects. |
8286d051e4bf718b0a95656a7f3e63c4 | How is immunotherapy used to treat bone metastasis? | The most common ones include: Infections Bleeding Temporary increase in pain (flare reaction) This systemic treatment helps your immune system spot and more effectively kill cancer cells. Some methods of immunotherapy have been used for a while, and some are still experimental. |
7151b289e09f96acdd46bd0a0b9aca2b | When is bisphosphonate therapy used for bone metastasis? | This group of drugs works best in cases where metastasis is weakening the bone. |
789c21ee3ff17f39341018360ba74cfb | When are radiopharmaceuticals used to treat bone metastasis? | These drugs contain radioactive elements that target cancer cells. Doctors tend to use this systemic treatment when the metastasis is stimulating new bone growth. This is more common with prostate cancer. If your cancer has spread to many bones, these drugs may be a better option than standard radiation, which uses a beam to aim radiation at each bone metastasis. However, sometimes doctors combine radiopharmaceuticals and standard radiation. |
fe6eb05bcd5b6d13d7e9dbb12a63ed04 | What are possible side effects of nerve end ablation for bone metastasis? | While complications are possible, they are rare. |
63f3e0efcba7ad9791fc6769b657ca1d | How does immunotherapy for bone metastasis work? | Immunotherapy works in one of two main ways: It boosts your body's immune system to fight the cancer. It uses a man-made version of proteins to kill cancer cells. Examples of immunotherapy for cancer include: Cytokines -- substances secreted by the immune system that have an effect on other cells Monoclonal antibodies -- a class of antibodies made in the lab from a single population of cells Tumor vaccines -- vaccines using a substance that prompts the immune system to respond to a tumor Possible side effects. |
3bf2eb3ca96f0384ac8d445ab0d256e7 | What are the possible side effects of immunotherapy for bone metastasis? | They may include: Fever and chills Weakness Headache Nausea or diarrhea Rashes Radiation is a "local treatment" because it does not affect your entire body. |
9d0b1d6fa6f1fd235dd07bb7082a8fc9 | How do radiopharmaceuticals work to treat bone metastasis? | The doctor injects a single dose of the drug into a vein. It then travels to the areas of bone with cancer and gives off radiation to kill the cancer. This single dose may be effective against pain for several months. You can receive another treatment later. |
fb5b94929ba25f134bbd2faa89069933 | How do bisphosphonates work to treat bone metastasis? | This group of drugs works best in cases where metastasis is weakening the bone. How it works. You receive bisphosphonates by mouth or IV infusion every 3 to 4 weeks. These drugs help with bone metastasis by: Slowing bone damage and reducing the risk of bone fractures Easing bone pain Reducing high levels of calcium in the blood Possible side effects. |
c40b005efb239200591a0c97c87b98a8 | What are possible side effects of radiopharmaceuticals for bone metastasis? | The most common ones include: Infections Bleeding Temporary increase in pain (flare reaction) This systemic treatment helps your immune system spot and more effectively kill cancer cells. |
eeddf1f9556722790dfa145c8dfa5cf5 | How does bisphosphonate therapy for bone metastasis work? | You receive bisphosphonates by mouth or IV infusion every 3 to 4 weeks. These drugs help with bone metastasis by: Slowing bone damage and reducing the risk of bone fractures Easing bone pain Reducing high levels of calcium in the blood Possible side effects. |
17aabf0e0524e0bb251af03baf560c79 | What are possible side effects of bisphosphonates for bone metastasis? | The most common ones include: Fatigue Fever Nausea or vomiting Anemia Bone or joint pain A rare and serious side effect is bone death (osteonecrosis) of the jaw. Ask your doctor about precautions to take before beginning this treatment. Osteonecrosis may cause: Jaw bone pain, swelling, or numbness Loss of gum tissue Loose teeth Infection Another available treatment is denosumab ( Prolia, Xgeva). |
8dc2a98c208f030ed8eeafb6c59a4129 | What are the possible side effects of nerve end ablation for bone metastasis? | Possible complications include skin burns and damage to heat-sensitive organs that are next to the treated area. |
9c4cfb6575ac402cd00da5f20a017cff | What is immunotherapy for bone metastasis? | The most common ones include: Infections Bleeding Temporary increase in pain (flare reaction) This systemic treatment helps your immune system spot and more effectively kill cancer cells. Some methods of immunotherapy have been used for a while, and some are still experimental. |
d283b210cd518f45c8805601a6997cdf | What are possible side effects of radiation therapy for bone metastasis? | Early, temporary side effects depend on the location being treated, but may include: Fatigue Skin changes Surgery can often help relieve bone metastasis symptoms. |
c60b8f46caf19ce9919650e75a7c6a1f | What treatment for bone metastasis is more effective than bisphosphonates? | Osteonecrosis may cause: Jaw bone pain, swelling, or numbness Loss of gum tissue Loose teeth Infection Another available treatment is denosumab ( Prolia, Xgeva). It's given by injection and may work as well as or better than bisphosphonates to prevent fractures. But it also can cause osteonecrosis, as well as low calcium levels in the blood. |
dbe8a1372c5d0565cf63aec16852d6de | How is psychogenic pain diagnosed? | The diagnosis of psychogenic pain is made only when all other causes of pain are ruled out. A person with psychogenic pain disorder will complain of pain that does not match his or her symptoms. Medical doctors and mental health specialists working together are often most helpful to those with this disorder. |
fe38bafe6b01a49ab70d236e9910793d | What is psychogenic pain? | Psychogenic pain is a pain disorder associated with psychological factors. Some types of mental or emotional problems can cause, increase or prolong pain. |
140a054c9b121a58895d77eced214220 | When should someone seek medical attention for peritonitis? | If you have any symptoms of peritonitis, call your doctor right away. Seeking prompt medical attention is especially important for peritoneal dialysis patients who have a combination of abdominal pain and a clouding of the peritoneal fluid, which is caused by a buildup of infection-fighting white blood cells. Because peritonitis can rapidly lead to potentially fatal complications such as sepsis and septic shock, which causes a massive drop in blood pressure, organ failure, and death, it's essential to receive a quick diagnosis followed by appropriate treatment. |
d38fdd20c5bdf2ace32b0a846f21a6ae | What should you know about peritonitis? | !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Peritonitis is an inflammation of the peritoneum, the tissue that lines the inner wall of the abdomen and covers and supports most of your abdominal organs. Peritonitis is usually caused by infection from bacteria or fungi. Left untreated, peritonitis can rapidly spread into the blood (sepsis) and to other organs, resulting in multiple organ failure and death. So if you develop any of the symptoms of peritonitis -- the most common of which is severe abdominal pain -- it's essential to seek prompt medical evaluation and treatment that can prevent potentially fatal complications. |
adae959b3bda6031e5f4192885df4519 | What are common causes of secondary peritonitis? | Common causes of secondary peritonitis include: A ruptured appendix, diverticulum, or stomach ulcer Digestive diseases such as Crohn's disease and diverticulitis Pancreatitis Pelvic inflammatory disease Perforations of the stomach, intestine, gallbladder, or appendix Surgery Trauma to the abdomen, such as an injury from a knife or gunshot wound Noninfectious causes of peritonitis include irritants such as bile, blood, or foreign substances in the abdomen, such as barium. |
1f0ba1ec80082d1073b758e8afe0bcf5 | What are the two main types of peritonitis? | Other signs and symptoms related to peritonitis may include: Abdominal tenderness or distention Chills Fever Fluid in the abdomen Not passing any urine, or passing significantly less urine than usual Difficulty passing gas or having a bowel movement Vomiting The two main types of peritonitis are primary spontaneous peritonitis, an infection that develops in the peritoneum; and secondary peritonitis, which usually develops when an injury or infection in the abdominal cavity allows infectious organisms into the peritoneum. Both types of peritonitis are life-threatening. The death rate from peritonitis depends on many factors, but can be as high as 40% in those who also have cirrhosis. As many as 10% may die from secondary peritonitis. |
d001b0aa299ab22aec7d5520087b3745 | How can I lower my risk of peritonitis? | Wear a mouth/nose mask during exchanges. Observe the proper sterile exchange technique. Apply an antibiotic cream to the catheter exit site every day. Immediately report any possible contamination of your dialysis fluid or catheter to your peritoneal dialysis nurse. |
a39f18e3483cf14fa9b8fa4db3ff5fb9 | What is the treatment for peritonitis? | Typically, you'll immediately start receiving intravenous antibiotics or antifungal medications to treat the infection. Additional supportive treatments will be necessary if organ failure from sepsis develops as a complication of the infection. Such treatments may include intravenous fluids, drugs to maintain blood pressure, and nutritional support. |
753dbccf3286f2986551d28811e2b2d7 | What are the symptoms of peritonitis? | The first symptoms of peritonitis are typically poor appetite and nausea and a dull abdominal ache that quickly turns into persistent, severe abdominal pain, which is worsened by any movement. Other signs and symptoms related to peritonitis may include: Abdominal tenderness or distention Chills Fever Fluid in the abdomen Not passing any urine, or passing significantly less urine than usual Difficulty passing gas or having a bowel movement Vomiting The two main types of peritonitis are primary spontaneous peritonitis, an infection that develops in the peritoneum; and secondary peritonitis, which usually develops when an injury or infection in the abdominal cavity allows infectious organisms into the peritoneum. |
6299c0a306f461ea7f9df3ea4577545f | What is helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)? | These include: Gastritis ( H. pylori) Pernicious anemia (vitamin B12 deficiency) Gastric polyps Chronic gastric ulcer Family history of gastric cancer History of gastric surgery for non-cancerous diseases, such as a peptic ulcer Blood group A Pre-malignant conditions, such as intestinal metaplasia Genetic abnormalities Hereditary factors such as familial adenomatous polyposis, hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer ( Lynch syndrome), and Peutz- Jeghers syndrome Helicobacter pylori ( H. pylori) infection of the stomach lining is associated with gastric lymphoma and adenocarcinoma. H. pylori is a bacterium that infects the lining of the stomach and causes chronic inflammation and ulcers. The risk of developing cancer, in the presence of an infection with this bacteria is low. This bacterium can be found in up to two-thirds of the world's population. In persons infected with this bacterium, the risk of developing gastric cancer is thought to be up to six times that of non-infected persons. |
11796764f33bde90b8d8bc3c5f892fe5 | What is stomach cancer? | The tumor may spread along the stomach wall or may grow directly through the wall and shed cells into the bloodstream or lymphatic system. Once beyond the stomach, cancer can spread to other organs. Stomach cancers are classified according to the type of tissue in which they originate. Adenocarcinomas -- the most common -- start in the glandular stomach lining. |
589556c321e3dc14f72d1f0b786f9137 | What is helicobacter pylori (H. pulori) infection and how is it associated with stomach cancer? | These include: Gastritis ( H. pylori) Pernicious anemia (vitamin B12 deficiency) Gastric polyps Chronic gastric ulcer Family history of gastric cancer History of gastric surgery for non-cancerous diseases, such as a peptic ulcer Blood group A Pre-malignant conditions, such as intestinal metaplasia Genetic abnormalities Hereditary factors such as familial adenomatous polyposis, hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer ( Lynch syndrome), and Peutz- Jeghers syndrome Helicobacter pylori ( H. pylori) infection of the stomach lining is associated with gastric lymphoma and adenocarcinoma. H. pylori is a bacterium that infects the lining of the stomach and causes chronic inflammation and ulcers. The risk of developing cancer, in the presence of an infection with this bacteria is low. This bacterium can be found in up to two-thirds of the world's population. In persons infected with this bacterium, the risk of developing gastric cancer is thought to be up to six times that of non-infected persons. |
0a0c4ee24abab012fbb118e936ddc8d9 | What can increase your risk of stomach cancer? | Various medical conditions are associated with an increased risk of developing stomach cancer. These include: Gastritis ( H. pylori) Pernicious anemia (vitamin B12 deficiency) Gastric polyps Chronic gastric ulcer Family history of gastric cancer History of gastric surgery for non-cancerous diseases, such as a peptic ulcer Blood group A Pre-malignant conditions, such as intestinal metaplasia Genetic abnormalities Hereditary factors such as familial adenomatous polyposis, hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer ( Lynch syndrome), and Peutz- Jeghers syndrome Helicobacter pylori ( H. pylori) infection of the stomach lining is associated with gastric lymphoma and adenocarcinoma. |
4cc7ca714242f8a6d6c5b0897f805420 | What medical conditions are associated with stomach cancer? | Various medical conditions are associated with an increased risk of developing stomach cancer. These include: Gastritis ( H. pylori) Pernicious anemia (vitamin B12 deficiency) Gastric polyps Chronic gastric ulcer Family history of gastric cancer History of gastric surgery for non-cancerous diseases, such as a peptic ulcer Blood group A Pre-malignant conditions, such as intestinal metaplasia Genetic abnormalities Hereditary factors such as familial adenomatous polyposis, hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer ( Lynch syndrome), and Peutz- Jeghers syndrome Helicobacter pylori ( H. pylori) infection of the stomach lining is associated with gastric lymphoma and adenocarcinoma. |
f6afdf13a2d481748cc2fd70a9a8e028 | Who is at risk for stomach cancer? | There is an increased risk of stomach cancer in people who use tobacco or drink alcoholic beverages regularly. People who work in certain industries are also at greater risk. This includes those in the coal mining, metal, and rubber industries. Stomach cancer is most often seen in people in their late 60s through 80s. It is more common in Japan, Korea, parts of Eastern Europe, and Latin America than in the U. S. and Canada. This is thought to be related to the common diet in these countries, which consists of nitrate-containing, salted foods -- especially meat and fish. |
be4271e4d60848d286b0bdfbc1a3de37 | How common is stomach cancer? | Even though it is not among the most common cancers in the U. S., it is still a leading cause of cancer deaths in other parts of the world. |
d47953eb68ed66105c286aee2d5b3495 | What activities can increase your risk for stomach cancer? | There is an increased risk of stomach cancer in people who use tobacco or drink alcoholic beverages regularly. People who work in certain industries are also at greater risk. This includes those in the coal mining, metal, and rubber industries. |
a89a59b664a322c7df5e51e0952454bf | Should I consider surgery for ulcerative colitis flares? | It's not an immediate fix, and not everyone needs an operation to keep UC in check. But for some people, it can help. Your doctor might suggest surgery if you've had the condition for a long time, or if your flares are so severe that drugs no longer control them. An operation might help prevent colon cancer, which people with UC are more likely to get. |
8e7b320df958252353dcc413855b4c60 | Should I self-medicate for ulcerative colitis flares? | Unless your doctor has OK'd it ahead of time, don't pick and choose your own treatment. Something you have in your medicine cabinet from a previous flare might have helped you in the past. But have those meds expired? And are they right for you this time? Check with your doctor first. |
598e0a48144719c0de21188cc2a592e4 | What are the procedures for ulcerative colitis surgery? | There are two different types of procedures. Both surgeries remove the colon and rectum. Once those parts are gone, so are the pain, inflammation, and constant urges to go to the bathroom that happen during a flare. You'll still need to go often, but less than before. In one operation, the surgeon uses the end of your own small bowel to create a pouch connected to your anus on the inside of your body. ( You would temporarily need to wear a bag outside your body over the hole that your surgeon makes, until your body heals from the surgery and is ready for the internal pouch.) In the other procedure, the surgeon creates a small opening in the abdomen to collect waste in a removable pouch on the outside of the body. Your doctor can let you know if either operation would help you. |
9c6ef28acdeffd8b07014d02ff2a4da1 | How can you tweak your settings to treat computer vision syndrome (CVS)? | You don't have to live with the factory-installed presets if you're uncomfortable. Adjust the brightness, contrast, and font size until you find what's best for you. Visit your eye doctor regularly for exams and to keep your prescriptions up to date. Let him know about any problems you have. You may need glasses or contact lenses. He'll decide if you can wear your regular glasses for computer work or if you need a special pair. He might prescribe a single or bifocal lens, or tinted lens material to boost contrast and filter out glare. Get your kids' eyes checked, too. Make sure any computers they use are set up at the right height and in the best light. |
0ecd8c20529c294e291c4927b7dc5c40 | How can you cut the glare to treat computer vision syndrome (CVS)? | You can also add a glare filter to your monitor. Rearrange your desk. The best position for your monitor is slightly below eye level, about 20 to 28 inches away from your face. You shouldn't have to stretch your neck or strain your eyes to see what's on the screen. |
796a7b35b8e59b8460d33b469e93b2b3 | What are the symptoms of computer vision syndrome (CVS)? | There's no proof that computer use causes any long-term damage to the eyes. But regular use can lead to eye strain and discomfort. You may notice: Blurred vision Double vision Dry, red eyes Eye irritation Headaches Neck or back pain If you don't do anything about them, it could affect more than your eyes. You could also have issues with your work performance. |
6276697bb02c39131df5238339aa9398 | Who can be affected by computer vision syndrome (CVS)? | Working adults aren't the only ones affected. Kids who stare at tablets or use computers during the day at school can have issues, too, especially if the lighting and their posture are less than ideal. |
9f9fdfc095f5ac84ba574dd1f3afa759 | How do you know if you have computer vision syndrome? | You may notice: Blurred vision Double vision Dry, red eyes Eye irritation Headaches Neck or back pain If you don't do anything about them, it could affect more than your eyes. You could also have issues with your work performance. |
229905e2fc86cdb72ba3d3698bd80fce | How can you give your eyes a break to treat computer vision syndrome (CVS)? | Follow the 20-20-20 rule. Look away from the screen every 20 minutes or so and look at something around 20 feet away for about 20 seconds. Blink often to keep your eyes moist. If they feel dry, try some eye drops. |
d87d0b6b1930bed9c60e77b05c631298 | How does using a computer affect vision? | When you work at a computer, your eyes have to focus and refocus all the time. They move back and forth as you read. You may have to look down at papers and then back up to type. Your eyes react to images constantly moving and changing, shifting focus, sending rapidly varying images to the brain. All these jobs require a lot of effort from your eye muscles. |
b672fab946128521793f1248e8ef540d | How often should I visit my eye doctor for computer vision syndrome? | Visit your eye doctor regularly for exams and to keep your prescriptions up to date. Let him know about any problems you have. You may need glasses or contact lenses. He'll decide if you can wear your regular glasses for computer work or if you need a special pair. He might prescribe a single or bifocal lens, or tinted lens material to boost contrast and filter out glare. Get your kids' eyes checked, too. Make sure any computers they use are set up at the right height and in the best light. |
8a8cfd553ea46baa06c7c557e3e43001 | Who Is more likely to have problems of computer vision syndrome? | You're more likely to have problems if you already have eye trouble, if you need glasses but don't have them, or if you wear the wrong prescription for computer use. Computer work gets harder as you age and the natural lenses in your eyes becomes less flexible. Somewhere around age 40, your ability to focus on near and far objects will start to go away. Your eye doctor will call this condition presbyopia. |
7a463445058e907455c99a2be847cc7e | Who is affected by computer vision syndrome? | Working adults aren't the only ones affected. Kids who stare at tablets or use computers during the day at school can have issues, too, especially if the lighting and their posture are less than ideal. |
cf34d078e03069eaeaf79fa935cb60d4 | How does other cancer in the family increase the risk for breast cancer? | If a family member had ovarian cancer under age 50, your risk is increased. |
7dfec129b2b091b7d6c6fb227b918009 | How do breast lesions increase the risk for breast cancer? | A previous breast biopsy result of atypical hyperplasia (lobular or ductal) or lobular carcinoma in situ increases a woman's breast cancer risk by four to five times. |
46fc258244ab21ce9287c0b3dfd4da36 | How does alcohol increase the risk for breast cancer? | Alcohol. Use of alcohol is linked to increased risk of developing breast cancer. Compared with nondrinkers, women who consume one alcoholic drink a day have a very small increase in risk, and those who have 2 to 5 drinks daily have about 1.5 times the risk of women who do not drink. |
4eda3aad74d8e9ea0f9fbf3110729a6f | How could my heritage increase my risk for breast cancer? | Female descendants of Eastern and Central European Jews ( Ashkenazi) are at increased risk. |
4b634abb12aaed044133083d1a55e205 | How does direct family history increase the risk for breast cancer? | Having a mother, sister, or daughter ("first-degree" relative) who has breast cancer puts a woman at higher risk for the disease. The risk is even greater if this relative developed breast cancer before menopause and had cancer in both breasts. Having one first-degree relative with breast cancer approximately doubles a woman's risk, and having two first-degree relatives triples her risk. Having a male blood relative with breast cancer will also increase a woman's risk of the disease. |
a1f178c8fce98676918982cc1fab0bbb | How does early menstruation increase my risk for breast cancer? | Longer lifetime exposure to endogenous (your own) estrogen increases your risk, such as starting to menstruate before age 12, starting menopause after age 55, and never having had a pregnancy. |
539a4a016b07a76e0d1fbbf836377e1e | How does my age at childbirth increase my risk for breast cancer? | Having your first child after age 35 or never having children puts you at higher risk. |
0c18a37a807947942406cb005a8bbee8 | How does excessive radiation increase my risk for breast cancer? | Excessive radiation . This is especially true for women who were exposed to a large amount of radiation before age 30 -- usually as treatment for cancers such as lymphoma. |
707396c104decece20a4e313138001e8 | How does race increase the risk for breast cancer? | Caucasian women are at a slightly higher risk of developing breast cancer than are African- American, Asian, Hispanic, and Native American women. The exception to this is African- American women, who are more likely than Caucasians to have breast cancer under age 40. |
4412c8f7498a0156eb28088c9d166098 | How do genetics increase the risk for breast cancer? | About 5% to 10% of breast cancer cases are thought to be hereditary. Carriers of alterations in either of two familial breast cancer genes called BRCA1 or BRCA2 are at higher risk. Women with an inherited alteration in the BRCA1 gene have about a 72% chance of developing breast cancer by age 80, and those with an inherited alteration in the BRCA2 gene have about a 69% chance of developing breast cancer. There are several other types of abnormal genes that increase risk of breast cancer. |
77f02217bd3f18aeb4ad5e308cec5ed5 | What are risk factors for breast cancer? | A risk factor is anything that increases a person's chance of getting a disease. Different cancers have different risk factors. However, having a cancer risk factor, or even several of them, does not necessarily mean that a person will get cancer. Some women with one or more breast cancer risk factors never develop breast cancer, while about half of women with breast cancer have no apparent risk factors. |
dd9ea6c6ca02e16e53c35771e629a7ee | How does a previous abnormal breast biopsy increase the risk for breast cancer? | Women with earlier biopsies showing any of the following have a slight increased risk: fibroadenomas with complex features, hyperplasia without atypia, sclerosing adenosis, and solitary papilloma. |
985c070fac88f32ed74e546ca7cffa30 | How does weight increase my risk for breast cancer? | Longer lifetime exposure to endogenous (your own) estrogen increases your risk, such as starting to menstruate before age 12, starting menopause after age 55, and never having had a pregnancy. |
955f3f7bc7332afa7d431bb882a2876e | How does age increase the risk for breast cancer? | Age. Your risk for breast cancer increases as you age. About 80% of women diagnosed with breast cancer each year are ages 45 or older, and about 43% are ages 65 or above. Consider this: In women ages 40 to 50, there is a one in 68 risk of developing breast cancer. From ages 50 to 60, that risk increases to one in 42. In the 60 to 70 age group, the risk is one in 28. In women ages 70 and older, one in 26 is at risk of developing the disease. |
cd57c78414ff165e6c35c1ba139912db | What factors are not related to breast cancer? | Factors not related to breast cancer Fibrocystic breast changes Multiple pregnancies Coffee or caffeine intake Use of anti-perspirants Wearing underwire bras Using hair dye Having an abortion or miscarriage Using breast implants Scientists are still investigating whether smoking, high-fat diets, lack of exercise, and environmental pollution increase breast cancer risk. Some studies have suggested that women who are using birth control pills have a very slight increased risk of developing breast cancer. That risk disappears after stopping them for 10 years or more. Still other studies show no relation. More research is under way to confirm these findings. Women who breastfeed have a reduced risk of breast cancer. |
3c87b1e2e5864628facb2222076d38ff | How can your eating habits affect swallowing problems? | Amount and rate Eat slowly. Cut food into small pieces and chew it thoroughly. Chew food until it becomes liquid in your mouth before swallowing. Do not try to eat more than 1/2 teaspoon of food at a time. |
9c573d48c609679f3499997b48c56278 | How should you take medications if you have swallowing problems? | Taking medications Crush pills and mix them with applesauce or pudding. Ask your pharmacist for his or her recommendations on which pills should not be crushed and which medications can be purchased in a liquid form. |
198951a99242d5b3f1ca206c1c9b1beb | What diseases can cause swallowing problems? | A wide range of diseases can cause swallowing problems, which your doctor may call "dysphagia." These include: Disturbances of the brain such as those caused by Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, or ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, or Lou Gehrig's disease) Oral or pharynx muscle dysfunction such as from a stroke Loss of sphincter muscle relaxation (termed "achalasia") Esophageal narrowing such as from acid reflux or tumors Under normal circumstances, people rarely choke during a meal. |
fbc48b7c562fd2d26951cd89831eb28d | What can you do to make more saliva? | Saliva management Drink plenty of fluids. Periodically suck on Popsicles, ice chips or lemon ice, or drink lemon-flavored water to increase saliva production, which will increase swallowing frequency. |
f7c0b56167243f1943d0ec609f87e3d8 | How do I know if I have a swallowing problem? | These include: Disturbances of the brain such as those caused by Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, or ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, or Lou Gehrig's disease) Oral or pharynx muscle dysfunction such as from a stroke Loss of sphincter muscle relaxation (termed "achalasia") Esophageal narrowing such as from acid reflux or tumors Under normal circumstances, people rarely choke during a meal. Occasionally, food will stick in the esophagus for a few seconds (especially solid foods), but will pass spontaneously or can be washed down easily with liquids. But there are a number of symptoms that you should get checked for a possible swallowing problem, including: Frequent choking on food Hesitancy in food passage for more than a few seconds Pain when swallowing Recurring pneumonia (an indication that food may be going into the lungs rather than the esophagus) Immediate medical attention is needed when food becomes lodged in the esophagus for more than 15 minutes and doesn't pass spontaneously or with liquids. |
450b4f2d3e3d5e036f9a17a0b2e4d5ef | What can I do to help with swallowing problems? | Remain sitting upright or standing for 15 to 20 minutes after eating a meal. |
15365fcef8f4ebcbb354cb54da42f2cb | What should I look for when I shop for baby clothes? | To make your final selection, though, you need to consider safety, comfort, and practicality -- easy to put on and washable. And you probably want to consider the price, too. It's OK to shop in secondhand stores or high-quality consignment shops for most things for babies. Just be sure to wash everything first. Safety first: no buttons, bows, or ties. Stay away from clothes with small buttons, decorative rhinestones, or bows, because they can be choking risks. Clothes with long ties or that pull tightly around your baby's arms, legs, or neck are also unsafe. |
c90f9bf8de723775e05fdce385ab62df | How do I know if my baby's clothes are fire-safe? | Labels on your baby's sleepwear will tell you whether it needs to be worn snugly to be fire-retardant or if the fabric itself is flame-retardant. But be aware: Scientists haven't closely studied the long-term health effects of the chemicals that make fabrics fire-resistant. Some research has linked some of these chemicals to health problems, including delayed physical and mental development, thyroid trouble, and problems with mental activities like thinking and memory. |
bcff4d1d543539489921c027ebea4ac8 | How can I make my shopping for baby clothes easier? | Follow these tips when you're shopping for clothes to make it easier. Wide necks or snaps at the neck make dressing easier. ( If you pick clothes that pull over the head, do it quickly because babies panic when their breathing is blocked or when they can't see you.) Snaps and zippers in the front are easier to put on and take off than those on the back. Loose sleeves pull on and off easier than tight ones. Snaps or other easy openings at the crotch make it quicker and easier to change diapers -- you don't have to take off all of your baby's clothes. |
e36fa08f72a04583d4bf36b5b6c16593 | Should I shop for baby clothes by age or weight? | Shop by your baby's weight, not age. Age doesn't mean much when it comes to baby clothes. Different brands size clothing differently. Weight is a better measure, and many baby clothes list it along with age on their labels. |
121ce6d26584f6f4eb8db3723de82f46 | What are symptoms of paragonimiasis affecting the brain? | Inup to 25% of people hospitalized with paragonimiasis, the worms infect the brain. Symptoms can include: Headache Fever Vomiting Double vision Seizures Diagnosing paragonimiasis can be difficult or delayed. |
6fd8735242b2db38a5c5531754c85c55 | What causes paragonimiasis? | That's a parasitic worm also called a fluke or lung fluke because it commonly infects the lungs. Usually, infection comes after eating undercooked crab or crayfish that carry immature flukes. Once swallowed by a person, the worms mature and grow inside the body. Over months, the worms spread through the intestines and belly (abdomen). They penetrate the diaphragm muscle to enter the lungs. Once inside the lungs, the worms lay eggs and can survive for years, causing chronic (long-term) paragonimiasis. Paragonimiasis is rare in the U. S. Most cases occur in Asia, West Africa, and South and Central America. |
67d4ec95e663144c9df6117d6d56ec2a | How is paragonimiasis treated? | In most people, paragonimiasis can be cured with oral anti-parasite medications. Both praziquantel ( Biltricide) and triclabendazole ( Egaten) are approved for treatment. Praziquantel is taken three times daily for two days, while triclabendazole is taken twice a day, 12 hours apart. In the rare cases of paragonimiasis with brain involvement, other treatments may be necessary, such as anti-seizure medications or surgery to reduce brain swelling. |
2ce93599e7b8b91c98cf73ae79b76cfb | What is paragonimiasis? | It is caused by eating undercooked crab or crayfish. Paragonimiasis can cause illness resembling pneumonia or stomach flu. The infection can last for years. Paragonimiasis is caused by infection with a flatworm. |
7bd5648012523afb1451b9b388694165 | How can knowing how to handle anger help me? | If you can react without hurting someone else, it can be a positive feeling. If you hold your anger inside, it can lead to passive-aggressive behavior like ''getting back'' at people without telling them why or being critical and hostile. Knowing how to recognize and express these feelings in appropriate ways can help you handle emergencies, solve problems, and hold on to meaningful relationships. |
12915c135fb471464ecc9cb26981bdc3 | What can help me control my anger? | A psychologist or other licensed mental health professional can work with you to learn techniques for changing your thinking and your behavior. A mental health professional can help you deal with your anger in an appropriate way. Ask your doctor if medicines could be helpful. Sometimes, antidepressants, certain anticonvulsants, and low-dose antipsychotics can help manage sudden attacks of rage or anger. Avoid alcohol, short-acting benzodiazepines like Xanax, or street drugs that can make you say or do things more impulsively. Choose your therapist carefully, and make sure to talk to a professional who is trained to teach anger management and assertiveness skills. |
7d9291eccc9e2a2788394f7a44857db1 | How is neuromyelitis optica treated? | There's no cure for NMO, but you can do things to feel better or treat an attack. Symptoms often get better with steroids or corticosteroids that help with inflammation. Other drugs may help keep your body from fighting off the good cells and prevent future attacks. You also might need several medicines to treat symptoms such as pain or bladder or bowel issues. Your doctor also might suggest a treatment called plasmapheresis. This is when your blood is circulated through a machine that gets rid of the antibodies. |
6b410a76827512d7cd3dafbd7fb39a2b | How do you treat obstructive lung disease with medicines? | Airways may be narrowed by spasms in the smooth muscles that are in the wall of the airways (bronchospasm). Medicines that relax these smooth muscles and improve airflow are called bronchodilators, and are inhaled. These include: Albuterol ( Proventil HFA, Ventolin HFA, Accu Neb, Pro Air HFA) Ipratropium ( Atrovent) Formoterol ( Foradil) Salmeterol ( Serevent) Tiotropium ( Spiriva) Combined medications like Combivent Respimat, Duo Neb, Anoro Ellipta, and Advair, which include a bronchodilator Theophylline ( Theo- Dur and other brand names) is a rarely used bronchodilator taken as an oral tablet. |
f2e6e229d14d048a537663c816fd4cc6 | What are symptoms of obstructive and restrictive lung disease? | In early stages of obstructive or restrictive lung disease, shortness of breath occurs only with exertion. If the underlying lung condition progresses, breathlessness may occur with minimal activity, or even at rest. Cough is a common symptom in restrictive and obstructive lung diseases. Usually, the cough is dry or productive of white sputum. |
6ed646fd3875a6f9ceed45f3bb43be3d | What medicines help reduce inflammation in obstructive lung disease? | Inflamed airway walls may be swollen and filled with mucus, obstructing airflow. Various medicines help reduce inflammation in obstructive lung disease, including: inhaled corticosteroids ( Flovent, Pulmicort, Advair, QVAR, Alvesco, and others) oral corticosteroids (prednisone and others) montelukast ( Singulair) A program of regular exercise will improve symptoms of breathlessness in virtually all people with obstructive lung disease. |
8b9f1d113da043e4df7f69790ee9f83f | What type of foods can I get lutein and zeaxanthin from to help with my dry eyes? | You can get them by eating eggs, corn, and leafy greens like: Kale Broccoli Spinach Collards A supplement may help here, too. |
13d4e5b4ce30eed73e073be05437f67c | How can zinc help with my dry eyes? | You can get it by eating: Wheat cereal (wheat germ) Almonds Sunflower seeds Peanut butter Hazelnuts Sweet potato This is an important mineral that helps get vitamin A from your liver to your retina to make something called melanin. That's a pigment that protects your eyes. When you don't get enough zinc, your eyes are at a higher risk of infection. Your body doesn't make zinc naturally, so getting it through food is important. |
2e61ee258ced841714cb44f607c70e25 | Is there a lutein and zeaxanthin supplement that I can take to help with my dry eyes? | You can get them by eating eggs, corn, and leafy greens like: Kale Broccoli Spinach Collards A supplement may help here, too. Still, talk to your doctor before you take one. |
489786cdc30d2748a94f46a55df1260d | I am a man and have dry eyes. How much vitamin C should I take a day? | Men need a little more -- around 90 milligrams a day. |
7a51e00bf1bdfc2d77e6a76ef559bdd9 | What is a good source of omega-3 fatty acids to help with my dry eyes? | Go for one of these oily varieties at least twice a week: Tuna (fresh, not canned) Mackerel Salmon Sardines Herring Anchovies You can also get omega-3 fatty acids from: Nuts and seeds (like flaxseed) Vegetable oil Soybeans Green, leafy vegetables You may also need to take an omega-3 fatty acid supplement. |
43c468be57c80d3a0342e9385b4cefe5 | How can vitamin E help with my dry eyes? | The antioxidant power of this nutrient protects the cells in your eyes from damage. It also boosts your body's immune system. |
379ac85b4683caf92d7dc8e9acd7382b | What vitamin can help with the irritation of my dry eyes? | Specifically, omega-3s help soothe inflammation in your eyelids or on the surface of your eye. They may also help your tears do their job better. |
37a7908e6c617001e018ce03671caa03 | Is there a omega-3 fatty acid supplement that I can take to help with my dry eyes? | Go for one of these oily varieties at least twice a week: Tuna (fresh, not canned) Mackerel Salmon Sardines Herring Anchovies You can also get omega-3 fatty acids from: Nuts and seeds (like flaxseed) Vegetable oil Soybeans Green, leafy vegetables You may also need to take an omega-3 fatty acid supplement. Talk to your doctor about it before you try one. |
4f75484159bda52c7e487d480e79a69b | What foods can I get a zinc boost from to help with my dry eyes? | You can get a zinc boost from foods like: Oysters Beef Lobster Pork Yogurt Salmon Milk Fortified cereals Eggs |
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