metadata
license: cc
configs:
- config_name: afr
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- afr.json.gz
- config_name: ain
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- ain.json.gz
- config_name: alt
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- alt.json.gz
- config_name: amh
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- amh.json.gz
- config_name: ang
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- ang.json.gz
- config_name: ara
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- ara.json.gz
- config_name: arn
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- arn.json.gz
- config_name: arq
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- arq.json.gz
- config_name: arz
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- arz.json.gz
- config_name: asm
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- asm.json.gz
- config_name: ast
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- ast.json.gz
- config_name: avk
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- avk.json.gz
- config_name: awa
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- awa.json.gz
- config_name: aze
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- aze.json.gz
- config_name: bak
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- bak.json.gz
- config_name: bar
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- bar.json.gz
- config_name: bel
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- bel.json.gz
- config_name: ben
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- ben.json.gz
- config_name: ber
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- ber.json.gz
- config_name: bos
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- bos.json.gz
- config_name: bre
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- bre.json.gz
- config_name: bua
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- bua.json.gz
- config_name: bul
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- bul.json.gz
- config_name: bzt
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- bzt.json.gz
- config_name: cat
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- cat.json.gz
- config_name: cbk
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- cbk.json.gz
- config_name: ceb
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- ceb.json.gz
- config_name: ces
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- ces.json.gz
- config_name: cha
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- cha.json.gz
- config_name: chv
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- chv.json.gz
- config_name: ckb
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- ckb.json.gz
- config_name: cmn
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- cmn.json.gz
- config_name: cor
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- cor.json.gz
- config_name: csb
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- csb.json.gz
- config_name: cym
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- cym.json.gz
- config_name: dan
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- dan.json.gz
- config_name: deu
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- deu.json.gz
- config_name: dsb
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- dsb.json.gz
- config_name: dtp
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- dtp.json.gz
- config_name: ell
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- ell.json.gz
- config_name: eng
default: true
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- eng.json.gz
- config_name: enm
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- enm.json.gz
- config_name: epo
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- epo.json.gz
- config_name: est
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- est.json.gz
- config_name: eus
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- eus.json.gz
- config_name: ext
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- ext.json.gz
- config_name: fao
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- fao.json.gz
- config_name: fin
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- fin.json.gz
- config_name: fkv
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- fkv.json.gz
- config_name: fra
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- fra.json.gz
- config_name: frr
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- frr.json.gz
- config_name: fry
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- fry.json.gz
- config_name: gcf
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- gcf.json.gz
- config_name: gla
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- gla.json.gz
- config_name: gle
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- gle.json.gz
- config_name: glg
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- glg.json.gz
- config_name: gos
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- gos.json.gz
- config_name: grc
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- grc.json.gz
- config_name: grn
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- grn.json.gz
- config_name: guc
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- guc.json.gz
- config_name: hau
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- hau.json.gz
- config_name: hbo
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- hbo.json.gz
- config_name: heb
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- heb.json.gz
- config_name: hin
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- hin.json.gz
- config_name: hoc
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- hoc.json.gz
- config_name: hrv
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- hrv.json.gz
- config_name: hrx
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- hrx.json.gz
- config_name: hsb
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- hsb.json.gz
- config_name: hun
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- hun.json.gz
- config_name: hye
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- hye.json.gz
- config_name: ido
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- ido.json.gz
- config_name: ile
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- ile.json.gz
- config_name: ilo
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- ilo.json.gz
- config_name: ina
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- ina.json.gz
- config_name: ind
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- ind.json.gz
- config_name: isl
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- isl.json.gz
- config_name: ita
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- ita.json.gz
- config_name: izh
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- izh.json.gz
- config_name: jav
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- jav.json.gz
- config_name: jbo
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- jbo.json.gz
- config_name: jpn
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- jpn.json.gz
- config_name: kab
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- kab.json.gz
- config_name: kas
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- kas.json.gz
- config_name: kat
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- kat.json.gz
- config_name: kaz
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- kaz.json.gz
- config_name: kbd
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- kbd.json.gz
- config_name: kha
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- kha.json.gz
- config_name: khm
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- khm.json.gz
- config_name: kir
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- kir.json.gz
- config_name: kmr
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- kmr.json.gz
- config_name: knc
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- knc.json.gz
- config_name: kor
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- kor.json.gz
- config_name: krc
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- krc.json.gz
- config_name: kzj
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- kzj.json.gz
- config_name: lad
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- lad.json.gz
- config_name: lat
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- lat.json.gz
- config_name: ldn
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- ldn.json.gz
- config_name: lfn
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- lfn.json.gz
- config_name: lij
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- lij.json.gz
- config_name: lin
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- lin.json.gz
- config_name: lit
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- lit.json.gz
- config_name: ltz
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- ltz.json.gz
- config_name: lvs
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- lvs.json.gz
- config_name: lzh
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- lzh.json.gz
- config_name: lzz
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- lzz.json.gz
- config_name: mal
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- mal.json.gz
- config_name: mar
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- mar.json.gz
- config_name: max
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- max.json.gz
- config_name: mfa
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- mfa.json.gz
- config_name: mhr
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- mhr.json.gz
- config_name: mkd
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- mkd.json.gz
- config_name: mlt
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- mlt.json.gz
- config_name: mon
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- mon.json.gz
- config_name: mri
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- mri.json.gz
- config_name: mus
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- mus.json.gz
- config_name: mya
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- mya.json.gz
- config_name: nds
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- nds.json.gz
- config_name: nld
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- nld.json.gz
- config_name: nnb
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- nnb.json.gz
- config_name: nno
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- nno.json.gz
- config_name: nob
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- nob.json.gz
- config_name: nog
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- nog.json.gz
- config_name: nov
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- nov.json.gz
- config_name: npi
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- npi.json.gz
- config_name: nst
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- nst.json.gz
- config_name: nus
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- nus.json.gz
- config_name: oci
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- oci.json.gz
- config_name: orv
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- orv.json.gz
- config_name: oss
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- oss.json.gz
- config_name: ota
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- ota.json.gz
- config_name: pam
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- pam.json.gz
- config_name: pcd
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- pcd.json.gz
- config_name: pes
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- pes.json.gz
- config_name: pms
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- pms.json.gz
- config_name: pol
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- pol.json.gz
- config_name: por
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- por.json.gz
- config_name: prg
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- prg.json.gz
- config_name: que
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- que.json.gz
- config_name: rhg
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- rhg.json.gz
- config_name: rif
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- rif.json.gz
- config_name: rom
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- rom.json.gz
- config_name: ron
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- ron.json.gz
- config_name: run
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- run.json.gz
- config_name: rus
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- rus.json.gz
- config_name: sah
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- sah.json.gz
- config_name: san
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- san.json.gz
- config_name: sat
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- sat.json.gz
- config_name: sdh
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- sdh.json.gz
- config_name: shi
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- shi.json.gz
- config_name: sjn
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- sjn.json.gz
- config_name: skr
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- skr.json.gz
- config_name: slk
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- slk.json.gz
- config_name: slv
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- slv.json.gz
- config_name: sme
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- sme.json.gz
- config_name: spa
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- spa.json.gz
- config_name: sqi
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- sqi.json.gz
- config_name: srp
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- srp.json.gz
- config_name: sux
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- sux.json.gz
- config_name: swc
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- swc.json.gz
- config_name: swe
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- swe.json.gz
- config_name: swg
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- swg.json.gz
- config_name: swh
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- swh.json.gz
- config_name: tam
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- tam.json.gz
- config_name: tat
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- tat.json.gz
- config_name: tet
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- tet.json.gz
- config_name: tgl
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- tgl.json.gz
- config_name: tha
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- tha.json.gz
- config_name: tig
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- tig.json.gz
- config_name: tir
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- tir.json.gz
- config_name: tlh
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- tlh.json.gz
- config_name: tmr
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- tmr.json.gz
- config_name: tok
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- tok.json.gz
- config_name: tpw
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- tpw.json.gz
- config_name: tuk
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- tuk.json.gz
- config_name: tur
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- tur.json.gz
- config_name: tzl
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- tzl.json.gz
- config_name: udm
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- udm.json.gz
- config_name: uig
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- uig.json.gz
- config_name: ukr
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- ukr.json.gz
- config_name: urd
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- urd.json.gz
- config_name: uzb
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- uzb.json.gz
- config_name: vec
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- vec.json.gz
- config_name: vep
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- vep.json.gz
- config_name: vie
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- vie.json.gz
- config_name: vol
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- vol.json.gz
- config_name: war
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- war.json.gz
- config_name: wuu
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- wuu.json.gz
- config_name: xmf
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- xmf.json.gz
- config_name: yid
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- yid.json.gz
- config_name: yue
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- yue.json.gz
- config_name: zgh
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- zgh.json.gz
- config_name: zlm
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- zlm.json.gz
- config_name: zsm
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- zsm.json.gz
- config_name: zza
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- zza.json.gz
Paraphrases of Sentences from Tatoeba
Downloaded: 2024-07-08
Description:
- Large multilingual paraphrase dataset
- If two sentences translate to the same sentence in a foreign language, then those two sentences could be paraphrases.
Creation Process:
- Translation pairs of sentences are first linked in a large undirected graph.
- The connected components of the graph contain sentences with similar meanings.
- Sentences in the same language in the same component are taken to be paraphrases.
- Only clusters of 2-20 sentences are counted. Any larger cluster is likely to come from irrelevant sentences linked by bad translation.
- Only languages with at least 10 clusters are included here.
Format:
- GZipped JSON files
- Each line contains one cluster of paraphrase sentences in JSON format
Dataset Configs:
- ISO 639-3 language codes as listed on Tatoeba
Sample entry:
{
"id": 5,
"sentences": [
"Today is June 18th and it is Muiriel's birthday!",
"It's 18th June today, and also Muiriel's birthday!",
"Today is June 18th, the birthday of Muiriel!",
"Today is June 18 and it is Muriel's birthday!"
]
}
id: The cluster ID of the sentences. Clusters with the same ID in other languages mutually translate to this set of sentences.
sentences: List of sentences belonging to this cluster. That is, those sentences are paraphrases of each other.
Limitations
Many important things are lost in translation. Even if two sentences translate to the same thing in a foreign language, they might not be good paraphrases.
- Context and connotations ("What's up, Mike?", "What's wrong, Mike?")
- Gendered common nouns ("I need to get rid of it.", "I need to get rid of her.", "I need to get rid of him.")
- Ambiguous cases that could be the same or different.
- "I'll shoot it down.", "I'll kill it with a gun."
- "What kind of people do you prefer?", "What's your type?", "What kind of guys do you like?"
Also some languages have important features such as:
- Familiar vs. formal forms
- Verb tenses, modality, and moods (so a sentence pair can be paraphrases in one language but not in others)
- Vocabulary, noun distinctions, and cultural concepts (so foreign translations will lose the original meaning of the sentence)
- Idioms, dialects, slang, jargon