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Carr, C. J.
The parties to this case were divorced November 14, 1951. The decree entered determined their property interests, provided for the custody of an adopted child, and required defendant to make regular payments for the maintenance and education of said child. It appears from the record before us that the obligations so imposed on defendant have been observed by him.
In accordance with the provisions of CL 1948, § 552.9 (Stat Ann 1951 Cum Supp § 25.89), and Michigan Court Rule No 51, § 6, as adopted in 1947, the decree entered was interlocutory in form, providing that it should become effective 6 months from and after the date of entry unless otherwise ordered by the court. On February 26, 1952, it was amended in such manner as to render it operative on that date. Defendant’s motion for the amendment was served on counsel who had represented plaintiff in the case, and who subsequently notified her of the action taken, but the notice of hearing was not served on Impersonally. It does not appear that any change was made in the decree as originally entered, except with reference to its effective date.
On August 29, 1952, motion was made on behalf of plaintiff to set aside the decree of divorce. However, counsel presenting such motion had not obtained a substitution from the then attorney of record in the' cause, and for that reason an order of dismissal was entered. Subsequently, a substitution was procured, and the motion to set aside the decree was renewed, and again denied. Thereupon plaintiff asked for a rehearing, which request was denied by order of the court entered July 10, 1953, on the ground that the claims of plaintiff as set forth in her motion were without merit. Plaintiff * has appealed from said order.
The motion to set aside the decree entered on November 14, 1951, asserted that defendant had failed on the trial of the case to disclose “hidden assets,” that such failure constituted a fraud on the court, and that he was also guilty of fraud in that he claimed indebtedness, aggregating $22,000, owing to certain relatives. Neither the motion nor the supporting affidavit of the plaintiff specified the nature or extent of the hidden assets, nor does it appear that, if there were such, plaintiff was unaware at the time of the trial of their existence. Reference is made in the affidavit to “records of 2 probate estates,” but without explanation on the part of plaintiff as to the actual facts indicating the ownership of property by defendant which he failed to disclose to the court. Whether he was interrogated with reference to any such assets does not appear. The record does disclose, however, that the property interests of the parties were gone into in detail on an extended hearing before a referee, and inferentially on the subsequent trial before the court.
This Court has recognized in prior decisions that equity may relieve against fraud by setting aside a decree that has been obtained as the result thereof. Lantinga v. Lantinga, 318 Mich 78; Berg v. Berg, 336 Mich 284; Allen v. Allen, 341 Mich 543. However, such fraud must relate to material facts. The assertion made in plaintiff’s motion that defendant had assets that he did not disclose to the court was insufficient to charge the commission of fraud in a material respect.
Plaintiff’s claim, as set forth in her motion and supporting affidavit, with reference to defendant’s testimony as to debts apparently rested on the assertion that some 2 months or more prior to giving the testimony he had made statements indicating that he did not owe such obligations. It is a fair conclusion from the record before us that the financial interests of the plaintiff and defendant were to a certain extent involved in the business transactions of a partnership of which each was a member. In discussing the situation, the trial court said:
“In the opinion of the court there is nothing in the present motion to set a'side the decree that is new or different from the claims made by the plaintiff during the pendency of the case and on the trial of the matter.
“This cause was referred to Archibald Brighton of the friend of the court’s office who acted as a referee. Eighteen days were devoted to the taking of testimony according to the attorneys, most of which concerned property rights. Although the court does not have a transcript of that record it is obvious that Mr. Brighton had before him the friend of the court file with the claimed inconsistent statements relative to debts. He filed his findings of fact and made his recommendations in which he held that most of the debts were actual debts of the cocktail bar. After the friend of the court filed its [his] report the matter was tried and approximately 12 more days were devoted to the 2 matters. The record will show that the same claim about the debts was fully gone into during the trial and the court made its adjudication thereon.”
We think the conclusion of the circuit judge was fully justified. The motion and the affidavit of plaintiff, filed in support thereof, do not assert that the facts as to defendant’s obligations and property interests were not gone into fully on the trial. The averment as to fraud on defendant’s part, not supported by allegations of fact, was insufficient to afford jurisdiction to the court to proceed to a hearing. The trial judge did not abuse his discretion in refusing to do so.
Plaintiff’s claim that the amended decree entered February 26, 1952, was invalid because notice of the hearing of the motion was not served on her personally does not require extended discussion. As before noted, the change made by the amendment to the original decree 'concerned merely the effective date thereof. If plaintiff was entitled to have the motion and notice of hearing personally served on her on the theory that she was not at the time represented by counsel, the validity of the decree of November 14, 1951, was not affected by the attempted amendment. If plaintiff’s contention is correct, it follows that the decree actually went into effect 6 months after its date, instead of on February 26, 1952. However, if such was the fact the correctness of the order from which plaintiff has appealed in the instant proceedings is not thereby affected.
The order of the trial court is affirmed, with costs to appellee.
Butzel, Smith, Sharpe, Boyles, Reid, Dethmers, and Kelly, JJ., concurred. | [
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Boyles, J.
In this case plaintiff filed a bill of complaint in the circuit court for Wayne county in chancery seeking primarily an accounting from the defendants and a decree for ownership of certain personal property. Defendants entered special appearances and filed separate motions that the plaintiff be required to file security for costs for the reason that the plaintiff was a nonresident of this State. Reasonable opportunity was afforded to plaintiff to oppose the motions. Nothing was filed or done in opposition.
It is admitted that the plaintiff was a resident of the State of Louisiana. The court entered an order requiring the plaintiff to furnish security for costs before a certain date, in default of which the suit be dismissed.
Plaintiff did not file security for costs. Subsequently the trial court entered an order dismissing the suit on motion to dismiss and affidavit in support thereof filed by the defendants. Plaintiff appeals.
The statute requires that all plaintiffs who are nonresidents of the State of Michigan, on motion of the defendant, shall be required to furnish security for costs. The trial court acted within its powers and in accordance with the statute in requiring the plaintiff to furnish security for costs and properly entered an order dismissing the suit for failure to comply. CL 1948, §613.8 (Stat Ann §27.738); Goodenough v. Burton, 146 Mich 50. Other grounds for dismissal relied upon by the trial court as equally meritorious do not require discussion.
Affirmed. Costs to appellees.
Carr, C. J., and Butzel, Smith, Sharpe, Beid, Dethmers, and Kelly, J J., concurred. | [
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Graves, J.
This action was brought on two bonds for costs. They were produced and filed respectively in separate cases iu the circuit court under orders there made in the same cases. Parker and Verplank were the defendants in each case; but in one Harvey B. Hall was plaintiff and in the other one Lewis Hall.
The bond in the c^se first named was given by plaintiffs in error, and it is not claimed to have been signed conditionally. In the second case, that in which Lewis Hall was plaintiff, the bond was written as one by Lewis Hall, Harvey B. Hall and S. H. Geiger to Parker and Verplank in the sum of $100 and the condition was as follows:
“The condition of this obligation is such that whereas the above bounden Lewis Hall on the 5th day of September, A. D., 1868, commenced a suit in the circuit court for the county of Calhoun in trespass against said Parker and Verplank. Now, if the said Lewis Hall shall well and truly pay, without fraud or delay, all legal costs that may be adjudged against him in said suit in case he shall fail to recover in said suit then the preceding obligation to be void, otherwise to remain in full force and virtue.”
This instrument was only signed by the plaintiffs in error. Lewis Hall never signed it. Although upon its face it made known the fact that it was to be executed by Lewis Hall the suitor in the cause, and although it was expressly worded as though he had become obligor jointly with the others it was caused to be filed without his accession to it as a party. The obligees must be taken to have been fully cognizant of the form it bore and to have had notice of the fair and reasonable import of such form.
On the trial evidence was given conducing to prove that the plaintiffs in error signed this bond at the‘office of Mr. Pray in Albion and that Geiger so signed on the express condition that Lewis Hall should sign as principal and that Mr. Pray should retain it and not suffer it to be used without the signature of said Lewis Hall.
Upon this point the judge was requested to charge that if the jury found that Geiger signed on the express condition and. agreement that Lewis Hall should sign as principal before the bond should be delivered, and relied on such condition and agreement and should further find that said Hall did not sign and that the bom: was delivered without his signature, they should find against the plaintiffs as to such bond. But the circuit judge was of opinion that such matter of defense was not applicable to a bond for costs given in the progress of a cause, and filed, and acted upon by the opposite party, and he ruled that the facts if believed would not constitute a defense. The jury returned a verdict in gross on both bonds for $131.18 and judgment was entered accordingly.
It is now urged in support of the ruling that Lewis Hall being liable independently and at all events, the fact that he did not become a party to the bond and hence liable as a co-party thereto and joint obligor is not at all material.
The view expressed by the circuit judge does not appear to be insisted on here. Be that however as it may, we are not able to assent to either claim.
Considering the shape of the bond, and its object, and seeing that it was a paper which was an incident of the cause, that it was called into being by Parker and Verplank and subjected to the scrutiny of their attorney in the very case in which it was a proceeding, it appears plain that the defense could not be excluded on any theory of equitable estoppel.
Now, it is a general principle that every person competent to act for himself has a right to decide with whom he will enter into contract relations and may make the introduction or exclusion of any other person a condition of his joining, and whatever may be his reasons for insisting on the condition he is not required to submit their validity to a court or jury. Met. on Con., 30, 31; Benjamin on Sales, § 58; Humble v. Hunter, 12 Q. B., 311; Winchester v. Howard, 91 Mass., 303; Boston Ice Co. v. Potter, 123 Mass., 28.
It was hence competent for Geiger when he signed the paper in Mr. Pray’s office to require that it should not be used without the signature of Lewis Hall, the named principal. His right was undoubted to make it an absolute condition that the instrument should not become his bond at all unless so executed.
The evidence extrinsic and intrinsic conduced to show that he did sign on such terms; that he did expressly make that condition and that nothing subsequently occurred to derogate from it, or deprive him of the right to insist upon it, and if such was the case he was not only entitled to prove it but to rest upon it as a matter of defense. His request was right. Lovett v. Adams, 3 Wend., 380; Bean v. Parker, 17 Mass., 591; Cutter v. Whittemore, 10 Mass., 442; Wood v. Washburn, 2 Pick., 24; Danker v. Atwood, 119 Mass., 146; Pawling v. United States, 4 Cranch, 219.
Even if the fact were unquestioned it is not pertinent to contend that the liability would be the same with or without the principal’s name in the bond.
The right of Geiger is not dependent on any such consideration. He chose to define the terms on which he would be a party, — to fix the condition on which he would become bound, and the bond was worded accordingly. Those terms and that condition were not complied with, and he avers that he is not a party and has never become bound. The obligees may not say, “It is true you never consented to this obligation but still it is no worse for you than the one you were willing to enter into.” Granting that his liability'would be the same either way, the admission amounts to nothing if he is not bound at all.
It may be well to add however, to avoid all misconception that it is not conceded that his actual position in reference to all legal eventualities of consequence to his interest would be the same whether the bond were that of the principal or not.
The case does not require an examination of this feature and hence no explanation will be attempted.
Evidence was offered to show that the other bond though dated and filed on a business day and apparently executed and caused to take effect on that day was in fact signed by Geiger on Sunday. Objection being made the evidence was excluded.
This ruling was correct. The bond was given under an order of the court in a pending cause, and by means of it the principal was enabled to keep his cause in court and prosecute it to judgment. It was fair on its face and afforded no hint that it had been signed on Sunday. There was nothing whatever to suggest to the court or the obligees anything of the kind. It was relied on as a bond which had been executed according to its import. It could not take effect from the signing, but only from delivery or filing. This took place upon a business day. Love v. Wells, 25 Ind., 503; Beitenman’s Appeal, 55 Penn. St., 183; Flanagan v. Meyer, 41 Ala., 132.
It has been held that a note is not impaired on account of being signed on Sunday if it be not delivered on that day. Hilton v. Houghton, 35 Me., 143; Lovejoy v. Whipple, 18 Vt. 319; Com. v. Kendig, 2 Penn. St., 448; Clough v. Davis, 9 N. H., 500; Hill v. Dunham, 7 Gray, 543; Adams v. Gay, 19 Vt., 358; see also Stackpole v. Symonds, 23 N. H., 229, and Vinton v. Pech, 14 Mich., 287; and the court in Com. v. Kendig, supra, decided that an official bond executed on Sunday is not void as to the parties to be protected by it. See also 2 Pars, on Con., 757 to 165, and notes.
As this paper was framed, dated, signed and filed as a bond executed on a week day, as it was received by the court as such a bond, and as the obligee who relied upon it had no notice or intimation that either signature had been put to it on Sunday, and as it was actually made to take effect on a week day, the circumstance that the act of signing occurred on Sunday could not be allowed to invalidate the instrument.
The other questions require no notice.
The judgment should be reversed with costs and a new trial granted.
Cooley, C. J., and Campbell, J., concurred.
Marston, J., did not sit in this case. | [
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Per Curiam.
The defendant was informed against for that he did, at a time and place mentioned, “solicit, invite, procure, employ and hire one Ezra Wright, unlawfully, maliciously and feloniously to set fire to and burn a certain meeting-house of the value of fifteen hundred dollars, there situate, belonging to the First Advent Christian Church of Ashland, and erected for the public use, to-wit: for the public worship of God, and by means of such soliciting, inviting, procuring, employing and hiring the said Aaron Thompson did attempt to and did cause the said First Advent Christian Church of Ashland to be burned and destroyed by the said Ezra Wright,” etc.
The evidence showed that defendant procured and hired the building to be burned by Wright and one Mapes. Objection was taken that the information was not sufficiently specific to warrant the evidence, and also that the evidence did not support the information. Neither objection is well taken. The first is made in reliance upon McDade v. People, 29 Mich., 50, which was a case of an attempt to procure one to set fire to a building, and in which the fault with the information [was that the case set forth was not within the statute. No such question was raised as that here made. Of the other objection we need only say that if the defendant hired and procured the two to commit the offense he must have hired and procured each of them.
Exceptions overruled. | [
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Cooley, C. J.
The only question which the exceptions in this case raise, relates to the sufficiency of the declaration. That contained only the common counts, but appended to it were certain promissory notes, with a notice that they would be given in evidence under the money count. These notes all bore date in 1857, and they all fell due in or before 1862. Action upon them was consequently barred before the suit was brought — that being in 1874 — unless the case was within some exception of the statute of limitations, or unless there had been some new promise.
The plaintiffs in error insist that the declaration was insufficient to justify receiving the notes in evidence, because on its face it showed no cause of action upon them. They also urge that evidence of a new promise was inadmissible, because no new promise was counted upon. If the declaration were really upon the notes, the views presented on behalf of these positions would require consideration. But such is not the case. The declaration is on the common counts only; and the statute makes the notes receivable in evidence under them. Comp. L., § 5777. The statute is given, that it may be seen how comprehensive it is. “The plaintiff in any such action, and in all other actions on billa of exchange and promissory notes, may declare upon the money counts alone, and any such bill or note may be given in evidence under money counts, in all cases where a copy of the bill or note shall have been served with the declaration.” Now were we to hold that certain bills and notes upon which the party might have a perfectly valid cause of action, could not be given in evidence under the common counts, the inconsistency between the statute and our ruling would be manifest. Any rules of the common law practice which Avould ■ be inconsistent with the statute are of course abrogated, and as the statute allows this general form of declaration in all actions upon bills of exchange and promissory notes, we must hold that when that form is adopted, any contract of this class, a copy of which is given with the declaration, is admissible in evidence under it. Indeed, if the position of plaintiffs in error is correct, they might successfully have demurred to the declaration; but we hardly think counsel would have advised them to demur to the common money counts.
The judgment must be affirmed, with costs.
Campbell and Graves, JJ., concurred.
Marston J., did not sit in this case. | [
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Graves, J.
Complainant being a resident within the township and owner of considerable real and personal property therein .subject to taxation, filed this bill in November, 1868, against the railroad company- and the township board to enjoin the emission by the township of one hundred thousand dollars in amount of its bonds and coupons in aid of the construction of the railroad of the defendant corporation. No other party was united as complainant and the bill did not profess to be filed on behalf of any one else. It set out proceedings taken under color of the act of February 5th, 1864, for issuing the bonds, and alleged that the appropriate authorities had devised a form of bond negotiable by delivery and threatened to execute and deliver the amount in that shape. It alleged that complainant’s share of the tax which would be necessary to pay such bonds would be more than $100, and averred that the proceedings taken had been irregular, and that the act itself on which they were based was invalid.
A general demurrer was filed which was at length overruled in November, 1876. The township consented to a decree against it, but the railroad company answered and the cause. was heard on pleadings and proofs in March, 1877, and the court decreed for complainant. The company appealed.
As the cause is presented here by the appellants it presents only a single point, and that is, whether, assuming that the bonds if issued would be invalid, it is competent for complainant, an individual resident owner of real and personal estate within the township subject to taxation, to maintain his bill to enjoin the emission of the bonds.
The learned counsel for the company insists that it is not. He maintains that the proceeding is an attempt in equity by a private person to interpose in advance of any appreciable individual detriment, and. seek to redress an alleged public grievance.
On the other hand the learned counsel for complainant contends that the object of the bill is not to guard or assert public rights but to defend the private and individual interests of the resident proprietor and tax payer against the' encroachment of unlawful power and threatened irreparable injury through unlawful municipal action.
The question propounded is one of great practical importance, and unfortunately judicial opinion is radically divided upon it. This difference is tersely and clearly traced and explained in the work of my brother Cooley. Cooley on Tax., 548.
The way in which the authorities are marshaled on each side is also stated, and I do not see how any thing could be gained by an attempt here to discuss the subject anew. The whole field has been repeatedly gone over and. the subject has been held up in every point of view of which it would seem capable. The substance of the views advanced on each side of the question is given in the work just referred to, and numerous cases are cited there. The conclusion reached is that “the decided preponderance of .authority is in support of the right of the taxpayers to file bills on their own behalf in such cases.”
The case of Miller v. Grandy, decided here in 1865, and reported in 13 Michigan at p. 540, is supposed by counsel for the company to establish a different doctrine. My associates sitting in this case participated in that, and they concur with me in thinking that the point now in question is not ruled by that judgment. There the complainant assumed to prosecute for all tax-payers, and the bill was not framed to arrest unlawful municipal action already in progress and sufficiently advanced to threaten injury to the individual interests of the complainant, but it was aimed to protect against an injury to proceed if at all from future unlawful action which might or might not be taken. The bill assumed the complainant was likely to be damnified because a town board authorized to act on one class of claims, intended to act upon another class which the law did not, permit to be recognized, pp. 547, 548.
The case arose out of a state of things quite anomalous and was itself marked by very unusual features. Its constituent parts • were uncongenial and indeterminate, and as they were found combined and arranged together it was exceedingly difficult to deal with them with desirable distinctness and according to their separate merits. However, it was submitted that apprehension by complainant that the town board under the power to audit particular claims intended to step aside and audit such as the law would not permit to be allowed was not a ground of complaint oh his part “within the reach of equity.” And it was distinctly held that the state of facts afforded no warrant for the intervention of complainant in the character of representative of all the tax-payers of his town, and this was the main ground on which the court proceeded. The right of the court to consider the case at all as a suit on the private-behalf of Miller was more than doubted, as appears by the opinion.
Now, the drift of decision in this State from the early case of Brown v. Gardner, reported in Harrington, at p. 291, to the present time has rather favored than otherwise-the doctrine really applicable now.
In the case before us the town authorities had actually proceeded down to the last step in a course of unlawful action intended to create a heavy municipal debt and cause-it to be necessary to make large demands on the tax-payers, and nothing remained but the emission of the negotiable-evidences of that debt, and the commencement of that act was almost if not quite entered upon. If the bonds were-once put afloat the consequence to tax-payers generally, and especially to holders of real estate, could not be otherwise than serious. The unlawful act would necessarily work direct and immediate, as well as indirect and mediate injury to complainant. It would operate to depress the value of’ real property and discourage purchasers and threaten a large-increase of future public charges, and the chance to avoid the bonds and escape the taxation needful for their payment, would be generally esteemed as very uncertain and precarious. The danger was threatened, was imminent, was actually at the door, and my associates think it was competent for complainant to intervene and ask the court to stay the further-progress of unlawful action by the board and enjoin the final act about to be performed. As this disposes of the-only question made on the appeal, the decree below should be affirmed with costs.
Cooley, O. J., and Campbell, J., concurred.
Marston, J., did not sit in this case. | [
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Marston, J.
Mabley brought an action of trespass on the case for unlawfully breaking and injuring his advertising wagon. Defendant owned a team and truck, and the claim made was that the driver had so carelessly and negligently ■driven this team, or permitted it to be driven by a boy, as to cause the injury charged.
The 1st, 2d and 4th assignments of error relate to the refusals of the court to permit counsel for the plaintiff to show conversations between the driver of defendant’s team and third parties shortly after the injury, as evidence tending to show a recognition by the driver that his negligence caused the injury. It does not appear with any reasonable degree of certainty how soon after the injury was done that this proposed conversation took place. It could only be admissible as a part of the res gestee, and to be admitted on that ground it should appear that the, conversation occurred at or immediately after the injury. If contemporaneous with the main fact under consideration, they would be admissible, but if made after the injury was done, and after the transaction had terminated, they would not be. Dawson v. Hall, 2 Mich., 390; Lambert v. The People, 29 Mich., 71; Luby v. The Hudson R. R. R. Co., 17 N. Y., 131. In order for us to find error it should clearly appear that the evidence offered was a part of the res gestee. It being, to say the least, doubtful, we must assume that the court ruled correctly.
The 6th and 8th assignments relate to the refusal of the court to permit counsel for plaintiff on the cross-examination of the .defendant, to inquire whether when plaintiff’s agent called on him about a settlement of the damages he did not say that it made no difference to him how the suit went, — that if against him the driver Wagner would have to pay it; and also to show on cross-examination of the driver Wagner that at the time of the injury he refused to give the name of the owner of the team he w.as driving. The remark it was proposed to show the defendant made when plaintiff’s agent called upon him, could have had no bearing in the case. It had not the slightest tendency to show a recognition or admission by the defendant of any liability on his part. If anything, it had a contrary tendency. Nor could the fact that the driver refused to state to whom the team belonged add to or assist in fixing a liability on the defendant.
The objection to the 12th clause of the charge of the court is not well taken. This clause, taken as a whole and standing alone, or taken in connection with the rest of the charge, in neither event is it open to the construction given it by counsel for plaintiff in error, that any negligence, however slight, on the part of plaintiff’s driver would prevent plaintiff’s recovery. Ordinary care on the part of the driver of plaintiff’s team was said to be his duty, and a want of such care on his part, if it contributed to produce the collision and injury, would preclude the plaintiff from recovering. This was unquestionably correct. Daniels v. Clegg, 28 Mich., 32.
We do not discover any thing in the charge of which plaintiff has a right to complain, and under the finding of the jury some of the other errors assigned become immaterial.
The judgment must be affirmed with costs.
The other Justices concurred. | [
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Cooley, C. J.
Toolan brought suit against the City of Lansing to recover damages for an injury received by him from falling into a ditch which he alleges was cut by authority of the city across one of its streets and negligently left uncovered and unguarded. The facts appear to have been that one Van Keuren was employed by the city to build a wing to one of the bridges over Grand Kiver, and that in the prosecution of that work he found it necessary to cut the ditch in question across a street near it, to keep the water after a heavy rain fall from rushing against and destroying his unfinished wall. This he did on his own responsibility, covering it with plank to the width of sixteen .'feet. While it remained in this condition, Toolan, in turning off the street when passing along one evening, fell in "the ditch and was injured. There were questions of his negligence on the trial below, which are immaterial here. The city afterwards paid Van Keuren for his work, and -allowed the ditch to remain for a sewer. The case was put to the jury as one of negligence, and plaintiff recovered.
It is claimed in support of the judgment that the city has accepted and ratified the act of Van Keuren in cutting the ditch and partially covering it, and is therefore liable •on the principles laid down in Detroit v. Corey, 9 Mich., 165. It was on this ground that the plaintiff recovered -below.
When the case was tried in the circuit court the case of .Detroit v. Beckman, 34 Mich., 185, was not reported. If :'it had been, the circuit judge would probably have instructed the jury differently. It was there decided that the city could not be held liable to one who had fallen into an open -sewer and received an injury thereby, where the only ground of complaint was that the city had not covered the -sower, where it crossed a street, to the extent which due and proper care required. If the city in this case had instructed Van Keuren to make and cover the ditch or sewer as he did, the facts would have resembled very closely those in the Beckman case, and the two could not have been distinguished in principle. The point of the decision was that a lawful exercise of legislative action cannot be a wrong; and as the determination of the plan of a public work is in the nature of legislative action, there must be something besides the proper execution of the plan, — some negligence in its execution or some other distinct wrong, — before the municipality constructing the work could be held responsible as for a tort.
Now had Van Keuren been employed by the city to cut the ditch for a sewer and cover it for the passage of teams as he did, putting it precisely in the condition in which it was when Toolan was injured, the city, under the decision in Beckman’s case, could not have been held liable as for negligence in not providing for covering it further. In planning a public work a municipal corporation must determine for itself to what extent it will guard against possible accidents. Courts and juries are not to say it shall be punished in damages for not giving to the public more complete protection; for as was shown in Beckman’s case, that would be to take the administration of municipal affairs out of the hands to which it has been entrusted by law. What the public have the right to require of them is, that in the construction of their works after the plans are fixed upon, and in their management afterwards, due care shall be observed; but negligence is not to be predicated of the plan itself.
This disposes of the present case. If we assume the original responsibility of the city for Van Keuren’s act, then the only fault in the case was in not providing further covering for the ditch or sewer. But that goes to the plan only; it has nothing to do with the execution of the plan, which indeed is not complained of.
The judgment must be reversed with costs and a new trial ordered.
The other Justices concurred. | [
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Graves, J.
This is an order to show cause why a mandamus ought not to issue, and the application is opposed on the ground that as the facts appear it is inexpedient to grant it. The application shows the following circumstances: September, 1873, relator commenced ejectment against Thomas Kelley in the circuit court for the county of Bay to recover certain premises in Bay City. Kelley appeared by Holmes, Haynes & Stoddard as his attorneys and pleaded the general issue, and at some time thereafter the action was transferred to the circuit court for the county of Genesee. Subsequently there was a trial before a jury in that circuit which resulted in a verdict for relator April 2d, 1874, for the premises and damages six cents besides costs. May '20, 1874, judgment was entered on the verdict. July 23, 1874, the clerk taxed the costs at $57.34. August 19, 1874, they were retaxed at relator’s instance before the court and were fixed at $69.54.
May 19, 1877, Andrew C. Maxwell, an attorney and counsellor of this court acting as counsel for Kelley, paid to the clerk of the circuit court for the county of Genesee $60 in national bank notes and $25 in United States legal tender notes and asked that $83.19 of the amount should be accepted upon and applied in payment of the damages and costs in the 'ejectment. The clerk returned $1.81 and accepted and retained the balance. On the same day and apparently on the same occasion Maxwell filed in court his affidavit in which he deposed that the damages and costs of the judgment in ejectment had been paid, and he also entered in the name of Holmes, Haynes & Stoddard, Kelley’s attorneys, in the special motion book a motion for new trial under the statute. The court thereupon granted the motion and allowed an order to be entered for new trial under the statute. No paper was served on relator or her attorneys, and the clerk had no authority except such as his office gave him to receive anything on the judgment. The mandamus is asked to compel the circuit judge to undo his action in allowing the order for new trial to be entered.
The order was permitted upon a sworn showing and this showing was legal evidence on that proceeding. The judge had to investigate it and decide upon its legal value in view of its purpose. He considered it sufficient. It is now claimed to be competent to impeach that showing in an application for mandamus and then as a consequence of such impeachment to require him to set aside his action. In other words it seems to be maintained that this court in the exercise of its jurisdiction in mandamus may revise and reverse a circuit court order entered on affidavit evidence and as a means to such end may receive and act upon new affidavit evidence impeaching that on which the order was entered. There is much room I think for questioning the correctness of this claim. But as the case need not turn upon this point it is unnecessary to decide upon its force.
The reasons offered to support the demand for mandamus consist of objections alleged against the proceedings for new trial under the statute.
First, waiving all questions in regard to the character of the funds, it is urged that the clerk was not authorized to receive the damages and costs and that payment to him was without any effect upon the judgment.
The payment was not to the clerk as an individual or as a particular agent of either party. The transaction was a payment into court and the clerk’s hand was that of the court for the purpose..
If it was as competent to pay into court as to the relator or her attorneys under the circumstances, then the objection founded on the payment to the clerk, or rather on the place of payment, is answered.
The court had adjudged payment by defendant Kelley of the damages and costs and by law he was liable to be compelled to perform by execution on the judgment. Satisfac tion of the judgment would regularly be produced in court and by entry in the record. And it appears to me it was • entirely competent for Kelley to make voluntary payment • by rendering the amount in court, the place from whence ,an execution would issue and the place where satisfaction of ..record would have to be effected. The statute providing for new trial at the election of a party (Comp. L., § 6238) .simply provides that the damages and costs shall be paid. It contains no hint that payment into court would not suffice. .And a ruling against the validity of such payment would .fix a practice which would often serve to disappoint the manifest purpose of the provision without the least practical benefit to any one. The Legislature intended to give three full years for claiming a new trial, and it is very easy to .imagine cases in which that period would be greatly abridged, .and -other .cases in which there would be no opportunity whatever if the damages and costs could not be effectually paid into court, but would have to be paid directly to the _party or some personal agent of the party. These difficulties were so plainly .subject to be contemplated that the Legislature must have foreseen them, and it is not easy to suppose they were meant to be tolerated. Had the money been .collected on execution the sheriff might legally have returned -it into court. This was the regular course in early times, -and the theory is preserved in the language of the writ. 2 Bacon’s Ab. “Execution,” C. 4 [G-willim’s ed.] ; Vol. 3 Bouvier’s ed., p. 703, (C); Turner v. Fendall, 1 Cranch., 117; Dygert v. Crane, 1 Wend., 534; Brewster v. Van Ness, 18 Johns., 133; Acker v. Ledyard, 4 Seld., 62. And no satisfactory reason appears for holding that it was not ■competent for the party to make voluntary payment in court where the judgment .stood against him.
Second. It is also made a subject of complaint against .the order of the circuit court, and a ground for claiming •the intervention of this court by mandamus, that a portion .of the amount paid into court consisted of national bank ■notes in lieu of legal tender money.
This position is extremely technical. It does not depend upon value. There is no question of loss or gain. There-is no pretense that the employment of $60 in national bank notes instead of legal tender treasury notes in making payment; was able to cause any appreciable difference to the relator. So far as appears or as may be presumed, the payment which' was made was quite as available to her as one wholly in treasury notes would have been. She was not liable to-prejudice from the mode adopted. If instead of bank notes; an equal part had been paid in foreign gold coin, the ground for mandamus would have been the same as now. Such-coin, though of greater real value than legal tender notes,, but not being legal tender (Eev. Stat. IT. S., 712), a payment; in it would have afforded room for the same objection and a basis for the same application as the present. And if such had been the state of facts I think counsel would not have contended that the court was bound to award mandamus. The refusal of it in the discretion of the court would have been conceded to be proper.
Third. The remaining reason urged against the order made by the circuit court and in favor of the remedy invoked here is that the relator had no actual notice of the application for new trial.
Here, too, if we assume actual notice to be essential to the regularity of such an application, a point by no means to be taken for granted, we find nothing suggesting that relator was in fact prejudiced in any way by the want of notice. The right to pay the damages and costs and have a new trial was an absolute right under the statute. Comp. L., § 6238. The court could not lawfully deny it or even fetter it with terms. The People ex rel. Gilman v. Circuit Judge of Wayne, 21 Mich., 372; Chautauqua County Bank v. White, 23 N. Y., 347; Shaw v. McMaren, 2 Hill, 417; Ford v. Wadsworth, 22 Wend., 657. The rigíit being imperative, the lack of notice, if strict technical practice required it, would hardly seem to justify the high and extreme remedy now sought. Kellogg v. Putnam, 11 Mich., 344; Michigan Insurance Co. v. Whittemore, 12 Mich., 428. If there was irregularity in the matter of paying the dam ages and costs or in proceeding without service of notice on the relator or her attorneys the proper way was to move in the circuit court instead of applying here for mandamus. It is to be presumed that that court, if seasonably and properly applied to, would have corrected its own prejudicial irregularities if any such there were.
At any rate, in view of the circumstances disclosed, we consider it inexpedient to award mandamus. The motion is fairly within the principle of Water Commissioners v. Common Council of East Saginaw, 33 Mich., 164, and should be denied in the exercise of that discretion which the law has conferred. See also High on Ex. Leg. Rem., § 9.
Campbell, J., and Cooley, C. J., concurred.
Marston, J., did not sit in this case. | [
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Cooley, C. J.
Ilinchman sued Stroh and Hudson on thirty-eight negotiable promissory notes, thirty-two of which purported to have been made by defendants and endorsed by Richard D. Winsor, three to have been made by Richard 1). Winsor and A. B. Hinman and endorsed by defendants, one to have been made by defendants and endorsed by Winsor and Hinman, one to have been made by Hudson and endorsed by Stroh and Winsor, and one to have been made by defendants and endorsed by Winsor and Hubbard Smith. The defendants pleaded separately by different, attorneys, and denied on oath the execution of the papers, by them respectively.
On the impaneling of the jury a question of much importance arose concerning the right to peremptory challenges. The statute (Comp. L., § 6027)'provides that “In all civil cases each party may challenge peremptorily two jurors.” In this case one of the defendants challenged peremptorily two jurors; the other defendant then challenged one, but the court overruled the challenge on the ground that the two defendants constituted but one party in the sense of the statute, and their right of peremptory challenge was now exhausted. This ruling has for its support the case of Bibb v. Reid, 3 Ala., 88, which appears to be exactly in point. In Stone v. Segur, 11 Allen, 568, it was also decided that all the persons joined as plaintiffs or defendants in a civil action constitute but one party within the meaning of a similar statute. That was an action of tort, and all the defendants claiming the right had pleaded jointly by the same counsel. The court in assigning reasons for their construction of the statute say: “The bias or prejudice •against -which, it was intended to protect parties was not so •much that which might arise in the mind of a juror from .personal dislike or hatred of individuals who might happen >to be plaintiffs or defendants in an action, but rather that which might relate to or grow out of the subject matter in •controversy in a suit. This object would be fully attained by giving to the plaintiffs and defendants in an action, without reference to the number of persons joined on one ¡side or the other, each the. right to challenge two persons peremptorily. By the exercise of this right each party to the suit would be enabled to guard against any undue partiality arising out of the subject matter in issue to the extent of the two challenges allowed by the statute.” The same question arose in Sodousky v. McGee, 4 J. J. Marsh., 267, and was decided the same way. The court say of the defendants, “Whether they pleaded jointly or severally they all constituted but one party, and therefore the whole of them had a right to only three peremptory challenges. In criminal cases, if several persons be tried on a joint indictment by the same jury, each has a separate and independent right to his challenges, whether peremptory or for cause; because, although the trial is joint in form, it is in substance and effect several. The verdict must be several. Bach must be punished according to his own guilt, and not according to that of another; and the punishment is individual and several, not joint. There can be no contribution, no substitution. Hence to avoid the inconveniences which would result from separate challenges in the same trial, it is the practice of courts of criminal jurisdiction to order separate trials, unless the parties jointly indicted will waive their right to peremptory challenges. But none of these reasons apply to a joint trial in a suit for trespass, or in any trial in which the parties are responsible civiliter, and all who shall be found guilty are contributory.”
Now a rule is to be judged by the reasons that may be assigned for it; and judging this supposed statutory rule by that; standard, the conclusion of the court in Stone v. Segur, where confined to the facts .of that case, seems entirely sound and reasonable. There the defendants had united on one issue, presented by the same counsel, and had contented themselves with a joint defense. They were consequently by their own voluntary action but one party before-the court, and had but one mouthpiece. Any challenge-made on behalf .of one must necessarily be on behalf of" the other also, and when the statutory number had been made the right of each was exhausted, even though all had been made at the suggestion of one of the defendants only-It was immaterial who had suggested them when they were thus made in the name and on behalf of all. And if the-court was right in supposing that the bias or prejudice that, might grow out of the subject in controversy was what the-legislature had in view in giving peremptory challenges, then the defendants in the case must be supposed to have had; the full benefit of the statutory privilege, since any bias or prejudice that could affect one must in the same degree-affect the other also.
In a case like the present it is different.. Stroh and-Hudson are here sued on several different classes of paper;, on some of which their positions in respect to'each other and to third parties were the same, while'on others they were different. In most cases their positions appear to be-those of principals, with others as sureties, but in some they are sureties for others, and in one Stroh is surety for Hudson. The two have not only pleaded separately by different; counsel, but it is legally supposable that each may have a* distinct and separate defense, and that the jury may return a verdict for one and against the other on some of the-notes counted on. It could not, therefore, be assumed by the court that the controversy in respect to all the notes-would be the same as between the plaintiff and each of the defendants, — that the issue made by the evidence would be-the same, and subject to the same and no other prejudice., On the contrary, to employ the language of the court in Sodousky v. McGee, the trial, though joint in form, must in substance and effect be several, the verdict in some contingencies must be several, the judgment against each must be according to the extent of his liability, and not according; to that of another, the liability on some of the paper being. several, although the statute permits a joint action. If, therefore, reasons were correctly assigned in Sodousky v. McGee why the defendants in some cases should be con-sidered one party only, and not in others, this case is one in which they are entitled to be considered as two.
But the facts which this record discloses enable us to 'test this statute in a way to show how utterly the reasons -assigned for considering all the defendants as one party only must fail in some cases. As Winsor’s name was on every one of the thirty-eight notes, the plaintiff had the same right to join him as a defendant that he had to join these -defendants in one suit. Now the record discloses that the theory of the plaintiff was, that Stroh and Hudson never .in person signed or endorsed any of the paper, but that ftheir names were put to all the notes, either as makers or endorsers, by Bichard D. Winsor, who wrote them in imitation of genuine signatures, but under circumstances which made him their agent for the purpose. This theory he sought to support by the evidence of Winsor, and in the Superior Court was successful in so doing. Now had Win- sor been united as a defendant, it is not only manifest that his interest would have been antagonistic to that of the other defendants, but it was such that any bias or prejudice against the other defendants, growing out of their connection with the paper, and their repudiation of it, must naturally lead the parties indulging it to sympathize not only with the plaintiffs, but with Winsor also. Suppose then •that the three had been sued together and had pleaded separately by different counsel, how could any joint right of peremptory challenge have been exercised? The court, of -course, when the jury is being empaneled, cannot know what the evidence is to disclose, or how prejudices are likely to affect the issue; it could only know that three defend - . ants severally were contesting their liability on the paper in suit. It cannot be, we think, that all the defendants would be compelled to agree upon a challenge before it would be allowed; if one challenges where the others are not disposed to do so, he is deprived of his statutory right df his challenge is not recognized. But suppose each of the three defendants demand the right to a challenge, and each fix upon different persons to set aside, what authority has the court to apportion the right, or upon what principle could it be done if it had the authority? The man Hudson desired to retain might be the one Stroh desired to set aside, and the wishes of Winsor would be almost certain to run counter to those of both the others. If the privilege of challenging one were assigned say to Hudson, and of another to Stroh, it would be preposterous to say that Winsor had been allowed the _ privilege at all. But the result would be still more extraordinary if Hudson and Stroh happened to be satisfied with the jurors summoned, for then two peremptory challenges might be made by Winsor, and these would be likely to be as favorable to the plaintiff as to him, and the general result would be that a statutory privilege designed for the defendants would be exercised against the wishes — perhaps against the protest — of the two defendants with whom the real controversy is made, and to the advantage of the plaintiff, and so as to give to him the benefit of the very sympathies or prejudices the privilege was intended as a protection against. But it might happen that when two had thus been set aside on the challenge of Winsor, persons would be summoned in their place objectionable to the other defendants, but whom they could not challenge peremptorily, because already their privilege has been exhausted by the act of another against their will. This would be an extraordinary result, and one which we cannot think the statute ever contemplated.
To us it seems manifest that insuperable difficulties must arise in the application of this statute if it is so construed that only two peremptory challenges are allowed to all the defendants where they plead severally. If they are compelled to agree upon any challenge, the very impossibility of doing so may defeat the privilege altogether; and where defendants are joined whose interests are antagonistic, as is sometimes the case, a refusal to unite in a challenge would be very likely not to have in view the common interest of all the defendants. But if the defendants cannot be required to agree upon challenges, then they must be allowed the privilege severally, and it is gone as soon as the two who are permitted to challenge first, have done so. In that way a portion of the defendants must be deprived of the statutory privilege altogether, and no protest which they could interpose would be effectual, though nominally the privilege would be allowed to and exercised by them.
In our opinion the statute cannot have a reasonable construction, or one which will effectuate its intent, unless the right of separate challenge is allowed to each defendant who pleads separately by different counsel. Any other construction leads not only to injustice, but under some circumstances to absurdities.
The other question of importance presented by the record relates to the admission of evidence to connect the defendants with the disputed paper. Their names, as already stated, having been put to the paper by Winsor, who imitated their signatures in doing so, it became necessary for the plaintiff to show either that Winsor had express or implied authority for what he had done, or that the paper in suit was issued under circumstances which estopped the defendants from disputing it. The latter was not claimed. All the paper was negotiated by Winsor to different parties, who received the same on the supposition that it was signed or endorsed with the genuine signatures of defendants, and not for any other reason. The defendants, therefore, had any one of the notes been sued by itself, and had the evidence in respect to it been confined to the paper itself and the circumstances attending its negotiation, would, so far as we can .now see, have had a complete defense. But it was claimed by the plaintiff that many similar notes, signed or endorsed in the same way, had previously been put afloat by Winsor, some of which were brought to the notice of defendants without being repudiated by them; and he was allowed to show this as the basis for an inference that what had been done by Winsor was authorized, and in support of the evidence of Winsor that what he was doing was known to the defendants from the beginning.
The authorities bearing directly upon this point are not very satisfactory or conclusive. In Barber v. Gingell, 3 Esp., 60, Lord Kenyon received similar evidence, and appears to have regarded it as conclusive of the liability of the party whose name was forged; which it clearly was' not, even if admissible. In Cash v. Taylor, Lloyd & W. Merc. Cas., 178, cited in 1 Pars. Notes and Bills, 101, such evidence was treated as irrelevant unless it was shown that the paper was taken with knowledge of aud in reliance upon the facts. In Weed v. Carpenter, 4 Wend., 219, similar evidence was received, and so it was in Greenfield Bank v. Crafts, 4 Allen, 447, and Forsyth v. Day, 46 Me., 176, but in each of these cases there was some evidence of the ratification of the execution of the very paper in suit; and in support of that evidence the fact of similar paper having previously been recognized might well be regarded as important. We cannot perceive that Winton v. Hart, 39 Conn., 16, to which our attention is directed, is important; the question in that case was one of estoppel. In St. John v. Redmond, 9 Port., 428, evidence like that received in the court below was held to be inadmissible unless the plaintiff could show that with knowledge of the previous facts he had taken the paper supposing it to be authorized.
But it is not important to enter upon a critical examination of these cases, or to make any attempt to harmonize what obviously are irreconcilable. As a new trial must be had, it will be sufficient to indicate the general principles which should govern the reception of evidence. All evidence should have some legitimate tendency to establish or disprove the fact in controversy, and whatever has no such tendency should be rejected. In our opinion the mere fact that paper of the sort here sued upon had previously been pub afloat in the community by Winsor and subsequently taken up by him, could have no legitimate bearing upon the issue in this suit. Because the names of Hudson and Stroh had been successfully forged to other paper, no matter how extensively, is no reason for holding them liable upon the paper here sued, if in fact that was forged also. Neither would the fact that the forgery came to their knowledge aud that they refrained from instituting a prosecution for it, affect the case. One does not, by failing to prosecute another who has made unauthorized use of his name, thereby make him his general agent for the manufacture and negotiation of similar paper in the future, or estop himself from disputing any paper made without authority subsequently. So much, it seems to us, is clear.
But in this case the plaintiff undertook to show that these defendants knew at the time this paper was being issued that Winsor was putting it afloat, and interposed no objection. Winsor so testifies; and if his testimony is believed, a case of implied authority from them to him, to issue this paper in their names, is perhaps made out. His evidence presents the issue between the parties very sharply; and if the fact is, as some of the witnesses testify, that other notes, executed like these by Winsor in the name of Stroh and Hudson, had previously been negotiated, and that they had been brought to the knowledge of these defendants, who admitted or recognized their liability upon them, that fact would have some tendency to corroborate Winsor, and to establish his agency to execute the notes in suit. We think, therefore, that while it was not admissible to prove, as an independent fact, the previous existence, and negotiation of other paper like this in suit, yet if it can be further shown that any such paper was brought to the knowledge of the defendants who did not repudiate it, but treated it as valid paper, the fact will have a tendency, not merely to show that that particular paper was authorized or sanctioned, but to strengthen and support any evidence which may be given of authority from Stroh and Hudson to Winsor to make use of their names in executing such paper thereafter. It would not be conclusive, but it would have a legitimate tendency to support the more direct evidence of Winsor’s agency.
In the admission of evidence iu this case the court evidently intended to keep within the limits of wdrat seems to us the correct rule, and perhaps did not depart from it. The defendants’ theory of the case was, that they could be liable upon none of this paper unless in some manner they had adopted the particular paper, or unless it had been taken with knowledge of its execution by Winsor and in reliance upon the recognition as valid of similar paper issued previously. This view we think is erroneous. The question presented by the record was one of agency, and when evidence was given which, if believed, would justify an inference that Winsor had implied authority to issue the paper in suit, that inference would be strengthened if it could be further shown that similar paper had previously been issued ■and negotiated by Winsor which the defendants knew of ■and did not repudiate but affirmed. The evidence, therefore, of the previous transactions would in our opinion have •a legitimate bearing upon the issue.
In one particular the charge of the court was incautious and erroneous. He instructed the jury that if Hudson and Stroh, one or both of them, assented to the making of these notes, and to their negotiation by 'Winsor, that would be .sufficient. This instruction was based upon an assumption that the notes, if lawfully issued, were obligations of these defendants made in respect to matters where the interests of each were alike; and there was evidence that the issue of such paper was begun by Winsor in transactions where the defendants and Winsor were jointly interested with a third party and were continued in other transactions in which only the defendants and Winsor were jointly concerned. But we look in vain in the record for any authority which either of these defendants had from the other to consent that his individual name might be put by Winsor as maker or endorser upon any paper whatsoever; and if any such authority could be implied as arising from their joint relation in any business transaction, as partners or otherwise, it is clear that none could be implied for one defendant to authorize a third party to so make them parties to commercial paper as that their apparent interests and legal obligations would be different. Now, as already stated, on one of these notes Hudson appears as maker, with Stroh as endorser, or surety; and it would be manifestly incorrect to say that Stroh, under any implied authority to make or authorize the making of paper to bind Hudson and himself jointly, might make or authorize that the ultimate responsibility of which would fall upon Hudson alone.
And this leads us to remark that this suit is something of an anomaly; the defendants, as before stated, if liable on all the paper sued, being liable in different capacities, and having in some cases remedies over and in others not. The right to unite all these obligations in one suit has not been questioned or argued, and therefore it is not considered;: and we refer to the peculiarities of the case for the purposes only of an understanding of what has been said when speaking of challenges. If these various obligations, on which the parties are supposed to be liable in different capacities, may thus be united in one suit, there must be a right to return different verdicts if it is found that botli the defendants are-not liable on all the paper. One defendant may perhaps-be discharged, or there may be separate verdicts for different-sums, against them.
The judgment must be reversed with costs, and a new trial ordered.
Graves and Campbell, JJ., concurred.
Marston, J., did not sit in this case. | [
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Per Curiam.
At an election for city treasurer of Ishpeming, votes were cast as follows: For Cornelius Kennedy, 392; for John W. Jochim, 380; for John Jochim, 18. It did not appear that there were two persons named John Jochim in Ishpeming, and there was an offer to show the' contrary. Held, that the ballots cast for John W. Jochim and John Jochim were presumptively intended for the same person and should be so counted.
Judgment for relator. | [
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Graves, J.
Plaintiff is widow and administratrix of Walter Harmon, who some time before his death left with the law firm of “Dart & Wiley” certain securities for collection. Nothing was collected in» his lifetime, but after his death the firm received $965.23. Mr. Dart is the survivor of the firm, Mr. Wiley having died some time since. Mrs. Harmon brought this suit on the common counts to recover the money collected.
. The action was tried before a jury, who returned a verdict in her favor for $45. Being dissatisfied with this result she alleges that the court erred in ruling at the trial, and prays a reversal. The defendant not having appeared at the hearing, we do not know what view he takes of the case. Only two questions appear to be raised. At the trial the defense was that when the securities were left, it was agreed between Mr. Harmon and the firm, that as compensation they should have and retain one-half of the amount they should succeed in collecting. That it was likewise agreed, that for services undertaken to defend Mr. Harmon against a criminal charge which had been brought against him they should be entitled to keep a sufficient amount out of the other half of the collections. And finally that they had paid over on the basis of this arrangement, and in compliance therewith, the whole sum received except what they were entitled to retain as their own.
To substantiate this- defense and make out the right to retain as contended for, Mr. Hart was allowed, against-specific objection, to testify that when the papers were left a verbal agreement was made between the firm and Mr. Harmon as before stated. The- existence of this agreement was indispensable to the claim of the defendant and the case indicates that the matter relied on to make it out was not known to any third party, but was confined to Mr. Harmon and the firm of which defendant is survivor.
The admission of this testimony, it appears to us, was contrary to the regulation forbidding a surviving party to testify in certain cases. Comp. L. 1871, § 5968. Kimball v. Kimball, 16 Mich., 211; Cook v. Stevenson, 30 Mich., 242; Mundy v. Foster, 31 Mich., 313; Hart v. Carpenter, 36 Mich., 402.
A further objection is made that the defense was subject to the law of set-off and- was not valid under that law. As the defendant has not appeared we shall not discuss the point. Our impression is however, that the question-is not one of set-off but of right to retain under a special'agreement.
The arrangement seems to have contemplated not a claim by the firm which might be the subject of an action against Mr. Harmon, but an original right to keep and hold as owner.
For the error in admitting testimony, the judgment must be reversed, with costs, and a new trial ordered.
The other Justices concurred. | [
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Campbell, J.
Harlow sued the railroad company for rent for the use and occupation of land occupied for the track. There was no evidence of any agreement to pay as declared for under a special count, and the only question of. liability arose out of what was claimed to be an implied obligation.
Mr. Harlow’s own testimony was all that bore distinctly on what he claimed to be the relations of the parties. His showing was that the land was entered upon without his consent or knowledge; but that when the company had taken possession he gave consent to building and grading the road, but told them they were “to gain no rights of the soil; that in allowing them to grade they were to gain no rights whatever.” He farther testified that no agreement was ever made for the payment of rent, or for the use and occupation of the strip of land; that he never •offered to make a deed, and the company never asked for •one; that he never gave them any notice that he would forfeit any rights which they might have, and never asked them for rent until very recently.
On cross-examination he testified that the company proposed to pay him liberally for the right of way, and that what he expected was to get what a jury should determine as its value unless otherwise agreed; that he gave no consent except that they should go on at their peril and have no rights, and that as he knew the road could take the land ■by legal proceedings if they chose, he only expected what a jury would award him, unless they agreed. That he had repeatedly told the company they were trespassers, but had never given them notice to quit.
The action for use and occupation is based on some contract relation whereby the parties stand on the footing of landlord and tenant, and rests upon an express or implied .agreement to pay rent during the tenancy. Dalton v. Laudahn, 30 Mich., 349; Hogsett v. Ellis, 17 Mich., 351.
It is impossible to infer such a relation from the facts in this case. Harlow never expected to get rent, and never had any expectation of getting any settlement except for the entire appropriation of the land. He repudiated any rights in the company to remain in possession. He chose to keep himself in an adverse position, and not under contract. There could be no plainer denial of any privity than he has given. It needs no discussion to determine that a party who asserts adverse rights, cannot at the same time claim the existence of rights or duties arising out of a tenancy by •contract. Ward v. Warner, 8 Mich., 508.
The court erred in treating the case as one of landlord •and tenant. Judgment must be reversed and a new trial .granted.
Cooley, C. J., and Graves, J., concurred.
Marston, J., did not sit in this case. | [
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Marston, J.
Plaintiff in error commenced this action to recover damages on account of certain alleged false and fraudulent representations made by the defendant, whereby the plaintiff was induced to subscribe and pay six hundred dollars in money and materials, towards a bonus of $20,000 to be raised by the citizens of Beading and paid to Colby Brothers & Co., a manufacturing firm of Vermont, as an inducement for them to remove their business to and carry on the same at Beading. The alleged representations made were, that defendant had been to Waterbury, Vermont, and there ascertained and knew the financial standing and responsibility of said company; that the company was then doing and carrying on a large business as manufacturers of clothes wringers, washers, children’s carriages and sleighs; that their business was a profitable one; that for some years previously they had declared large dividends, to-wit: 28 per cent, profit on the dollar for their capital invested; that they had a paid up invested and working cash capital of $75,000 to $100,000 over and above their indebtedness and liabilities, and that he, defendant, knew they were good and responsible business men; that if plaintiff and others would raise $20,000 in money and material by subscription as a gift to said company they would remove their business from Waterbury to Beading and there carry on the same; that they would bring their said capital and funds with them and permanently invest the same at Beading, which would enhance and increase the value of all property therein, and would increase and enhance the value of the plaintiff’s real estate to an amount far exceeding his subscription, and would also increase the number of inhabitants and the amount of general business done and transacted at Beading; that as an inducement and in order to have plaintiff subscribe, he, the defendant, did subscribe and agree to pay towards said fund the sum of two thousand dollars in money; that plaintiff, relying upon these representations and upon the subscription made by defendant to be paid in money, subscribed and paid the amount of his subscription; that he afterwards ascertained that defendant did not pay his said subscription in money, but only paid some $1,600 in lots at Beading at exorbitant prices, — the money which he apparently paid having been furnished him by said’ Chlby company under a previous agreement entered into; between the president of said company and said defendant;:, that although the said company did remove to Beading,, yet that it was insolvent and did not bring the amount of capital represented; that it brought but little if any capitali;., that-it had not been doing a profitable business .at Waterbury,. and did not have the capital represented invested there> and; had not declared any dividends, and that the removal- of.' said company to Beading had not enhanced the’ value of plaintiff’s real estate, and had not increased the number of inhabitants at Beading, &c., to the plaintiff’s damage. A. question was also raised as to the company having; sold out and given up a part of its business at Waterbury, but as-plaintiff previous to his subscription having been made was-informed by the president of the company of this fact at a public meeting held in Beading, we need not refer to iff again.
Had this action been brought to recover from plaintiff' the amount of his subscription, and he had set up these' false and fraudulent representations to that action, a very different question would have arisen. And perhaps-the question might have been somewhat different had the company; not removed any part of its business from Waterbury to-Beading, and no farther or other action been talcen except the collection of the money. But as the company did remove its business to Beading and commenced business aff. that place, in buildings erected under their directions from, the moneys subscribed, and failed only on account of not., having or bringing the amount of capital represented, it would seem clear that any damages which the plaintiff may have sustained thereby would result from his not receiving-the full benefits which he otherwise expected and hoped to derive had the representations made proved true. Plaintiff,' did not expect to receive any direct benefits, either by way of a share in the profits of the company or otherwise from their removal to and success in business at Beading. He-took no stock in the company, nor did he invest any capi tal therein. He expected that the removal of such a company to Reading would increase the number of inhabitants and the amount of general business transacted there, which would necessarily enhance the value of his own and other property at that place and in the vicinity thereof. This he alleges was the real inducement. Such benefits are purely speculative and imaginative. Undoubtedly benefits such as were expected might to a greater or less extent flow from such a manufacturing establishment, but to what extent, what increase would there be to the population, what to the general business of the place? In consequence of this increased population and business, what advances would be likely to take place in the value of real estate generally and in particular in the value of plaintiff’s property? How shall these things be ascertained and determined? It is true the defendant may have represented that the plaintiff would derive benefits from this expected rise in value, far exceeding the amount of his subscription. The plaintiff may have been of like opinion. There could, however, be no certainty in this. It was purely a matter of opinion, and these anticipated speculative profits are but seldom, if ever, realized. All such uncertain, indefinite and fanciful benefits are too remote and unreliable to form any safe basis upon which to estimate damages. They depend upon contingencies, so many, various and uncertain, that it would in fact be impossible to arrive at any definite determination of the actual loss, by any trustworthy method known to the law. Taking the entire case as presented we do not see that the plaintiff has any cause for complaint.
The judgment must be affirmed, with costs.
The other Justices concurred. | [
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Cooley, C. J.
It is established beyond reasonable controversy that Sydnor J. Wright, of whom the defendants are administrator and heirs at law, sold to the complainant Elon G. S. Wright, who was his nephew, for the sum of $3,600, a farm worth not to exceed one-fourth of that sum, and that he accomplished the sale by means of false assertions regarding its value and productiveness, and by deception regarding the timber upon it. There is reason to believe, also, that though the vendor’s son and agent went with the purchaser to see the land, he contrived, by taking him an unusual route, to keep him away from those who would have been likely to give him more accurate information. And although much of Sydnor J. Wright’s representations consisted of matters which must ordinarily rest in opinion merely, yet as he had been in the actual possession and cultivation of the land, and professed to be speaking from actual results, his representations were not matters of opinion strictly in the ordinary sense of that term, but combined opinion with fact to an extent that justified the purchaser in placing some reliance upon them. And on a review of the whole testimony we are satisfied that such a case of fraud is established as •entitled the purchaser to have the purchase cancelled.
But defendants insist that the right to this relief, if it 'ever existed, has been lost by laches. This objection is based upon the fact that the purchaser took possession of the farm, occupied and cultivated it for one season, and at the end of that time requested indulgence in the payment of interest' on the unpaid purchase price, without raising any question of fraud in the sale, or requesting that it be rescinded. The main facts on which the defendants rely on this branch of the case are conceded or proved, and in most cases of fraud they would perhaps be sufficient to preclude relief.' But this case has some peculiar features. The inadequacy of consideration was so gross that it seems reasonable to conclude that Elon substantially put himself in his uncle’s hands in the transaction, laying aside the prudence he might have been expected to employ in dealing with others, and that after his discovery of the deceit, he may have hesitated from family reasons, to make public his grievance, hoping and trusting that an amicable arrangement might be effected in time. The relationship of the parties is entitled to great weight when the question is one ¡of laches in taking hostile steps, and the same prompt and energetic proceedings which would be expected in other cases ought not to be demanded of near relatives, not only because they may naturally and commendably be reluctant to engage in litigation, but also because they ought to be able to rely more on substantial justice being voluntarily done them by a member of the family than by a stranger. The fact, also, that Sydnor J. Wright died before the fraud was discovered is also one of no little significance as tending to embarrass any claim for redress; and when all these facts are taken into consideration, it would be a very harsh and unreasonable application of the rule of law, to hold the purchaser barred of his equitable remedy. Reasonable promptness under the circumstances is all that can be demanded. There is evidence that Elon made to his sister, who had assisted him in the negotiations, very early complaint of the deception regarding the timber, and it is probable that ■the full extent of the fraud regarding the productiveness ■of the farm, was only by degrees disclosed to him. He would naturally for a while place more or less reliance upon the positive assertions of an uncle in whom he had confided implicitly, notwithstanding the facts seemed to be contradicting them.
The purchase price was provided for by paying $200 down, mortgaging the lands for $2,100, and other lands belonging •.to Elon’s wife, the other complainant, for $1,800. The circuit court found the sale to be fraudulent, and decreed that the $200 should be repaid with interest and the securities canceled on complainants tendering a proper; deed of reconveyance. But he also charged the complainants with costs because they had failed to tender such a deed of re-conveyance before suit Was instituted. This decree is as favorable as defendants are entitled to claim, unless there is merit in a further objection which is taken by them.. This is that with the' lands was sold a considerable quantity of personal property which has not been paid for, and the sale of the one cannot be cancelled unless the sale of the other is also. The sale of the . personalty, however, appears to have been a thing by itself; and though it probably would not have been made had not the land been sold, the two .are only connected in time and circumstance, but not in law. The price of each was separately fixed, and separate securities given. ’Neither party complains of the sale of personalty and we cannot therefore disturb it.
The decree directed the reconveyance to be made to Allen S. Wright as administrator of Sydnor J. Wright. It is argued that this was unwarranted. It does not appear, however, that any objection was taken in the court below to this branch of the decree, and it was the duty of counsel for the defendants to take any formal objection of this sort on the settlement of the decree in that court. But as the de.cree as it stands will protect the rights of the defendants, it will be affirmed as it is unless the defendants desire formal changes, which they will have an opportunity to suggest when a draft of the decree to be entered here is served upon them.
The complainants will recover their costs of this court.
The other Justices concurred. | [
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Cooley, C. J.
The ease made by the bill is that in. the year 1868 Henry Lemon being considerably indebted, entered into an agreement with complainants by which the latter .were to pay or secure the debts in consideration that Lemon and his wife should convey to them certain lands described in the bill, complainants delivering back to Mary Jane Lemon, the wife of Henry Lemon, an agreement to convey said lands to her when the sums which they should pay on such indebtedness were repaid; that the conveyance was made by Lemon and wife accordingly, and that they did execute and deliver to Mary Jane Lemon the stipulated agreement to convey to her; that they have proceeded to pay the indebtedness to an amount which is specified; that the arrangement between them and the Lemons was in law a mortgage, and they pray the usual decree for payment of the amount due thereon, and for sale of the lands, etc. The agreement given hack by complainants to Mary Jane Lemon is set forth in full, and while reciting the fact that the land is conveyed in security for the payment of Henry Lemon’s debts, it purports to make Mary Jane Lemon covenant for the repayment to complainants of the sums paid by them on such debts. It is not, however, signed by her. The circuit court made decree for foreclosure and sale, and charged Mrs. Lemon personally with the amount found due. In the decree was included an amount paid by complainants on the debts after the suit was commenced, and it was provided that if the sale did not produce the amount due, the complainant might have execution against Mrs. Lemon for the deficiency.
Many objections are taken to the decree which require no notice. The following are sufficiently important to merit attention:
1. That Mrs. Lemon was not personally liable for the demand. This, we think, is well taken. Mrs. Lemon did not owe the debts, and she made no promise to pay them. If she can be hold liable it must be on the ground that by accepting the agreement for conveyance of the land to her, she by implication promised to pay the amount. But it is provided by statute that “no mortgage shall be construed as implying a covenant for the payment of the sum thereby intended to be secured,” which we think is decisive here, the transaction being conceded to be a mortgage. Comp. L., § 4208. See also Comp. L., § 4207. In this particular, therefore, the decree is erroneous.
2. It is objected that the decree could embrace nothing not due when the suit was commenced. We decided otherwise in Vaughn v. Nims at the last term. [36 Mich. 297.}
The provision in the decree awarding execution before it is known that any deficiency will exist ought not to have been inserted. Our attention has been called to similar provisions before, and they are probably not uncommon. But execution cannot issue without special application on showing of the right to it; and the clause in question is liable to mislead the complainant into irregular action. For this reason it is mentioned here as a provision that should always be omitted.
The decree should be modified in the particular of Mrs. Lemon’s personal liability, and in respect to the execution clause. In other particulars it will be affirmed. Mrs. Lemon will recover costs of this court. As Mr. Lemon seems to haye been an unnecessary party, and has deceased since the decree, complainants will be at liberty to discontinue as to him.
The other Justices concurred. | [
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Graves, J.
The plaintiffs in error sued in trover for certain logs which one McCormick had cut under a written contract between him and the plaintiffs and had thereafter sold to defendants. The cause hinged upon the way the contract ivas required to be construed in relation to McCormick’s right to sell.
The plaintiffs claimed that he acquired no right except that of a purchaser on condition, and that the condition not having been performed, the title was not vested in him and hence could not be transferred by his act. But the court ruled that by force of the contract McCormick was able to transact the sale, and thereupon the action was decided against the plaintiffs.
The contract was entered into February 14, 1876, and it provided first that plaintiffs agreed to sell to McCormick for $4,400 the east half of the northeast quarter of section twenty-four in town fifteen north of range three west, Isabella county, Michigan, and also the pine, oak and ash timber growing, lying and being in and upon the northwest quarter of the northeast quarter; the southeast quarter of the northwest quarter; the southeast quarter of the southwest quarter; the southeast quarter of the southeast quarter of section twenty-five in township fifteen north of range three west, in the same county.
The instrument then proceeded as follows:
“Second party agrees to buy said land and timber, and hereby has bought said land and timber as above specified and agrees to pay for the same four thousand four hundred dollars; with interest from the date hereof, at seven per cent, per annum annually, to be secured by notes executed by said second party maturing and payable at the Second National Bank of East Saginaw, as follows: Eleven hundred dollars ($1,100) to the order of Chas. L. Ortman, maturing Sept. 1, 1876 ; eleven hundred dollars ($1,100) to the order of Wilhelm Boeing, maturing September 1st, 1876; eleven hundred dollars ($1,100) to the order of Chas. L. Ortman, maturing' May 1st, 1877; eleven hundred dollars ($1,100) to the order of Wilhelm Boeing, maturing May 1st, 1877.
Second. Said second party is hereby permitted to enter and take possession of said timber above specified, and to cut all or so much of the timber thereon standing and being, as he may desire, and to sell, bank and remove the same, or any part thereof;- but it is mutually understood and agreed that the title to said timber and all lumber and other products made therefrom, shall remain in first parties until full payment is made, and on such payment the title shall pass to and vest in the second party. As soon as ’second party effects a sale of logs or lumber cut from above described lands, the proceeds of such sale, to the extent and amount of above mentioned four promissory notes, to be surrendered by second party to said first parties, and the amount so surrendered to be endorsed by said first parties on said promissory notes.
Third. The first parties hereby authorize the second party to collect, sue or recover for any trespass or damages done on above described land and timber, but at his own cost and expense. But such collection of trespass it is mutually understood and agreed to be applied and endorsed on above mentioned four promissory notes.
Fourth. Said first parties agree to convey the east half of the northeast quarter of section 24 in T. 15 N., K. 3 west, and the pine, ash and oak timber of the balance of above described land by a good and sufficient deed in the law free from all incumbrances, liens and levies.”
Now the contract is not entirely plain, but we think the circuit judge took the proper view of it. The plaintiff’s counsel admits that it authorized McCormick to bargain away the logs, but he contends that it withheld him from conveying the title to bargainees whilst any of the original consideration and interest should continue unpaid.
Whilst the concession thus made by counsel is obviously unavoidable, the qualification contended for does not appear to the court to harmonize with controlling stipulations or with the apparent and undoubted object and design of the parties in empowering McCormick to handle the logs in the character of seller.
True, it was “mutually understood and agreed that the title to the timber and all lumber and other products made therefrom” should remain in plaintiffs until full payment. But at the same time McCormick is given in express terms the power “to sell” and in case of .“sale” is required expressly to apply the proceeds so far as necessary on the notes, taken by. the plaintiffs. Moreover, he is expressly authorized to sue for and collect all damages caused to the logs, and this provision is quite broad enough in its terms to enable him to sue the plaintiffs themselves in case of injury committed at their hands. Whether he could sue them or not is of course not a subject for consideration now. The scope of the language is, however, indicative of a purpose to clothe McCormick with great power over the timber, and it tends to favor the circuit judge’s construction.
It is very obvious that the parties meant that the logs might be sold for the very purpose of getting money to pay the original purchase price and interest to the plaintiffs, and that they intended that McCormick should transact the business of selling thus contemplated.
Sales for full value were intended and they were meant and expected to be complete and to cover the entire interest.
The money obtained was not to be mere earnest or the price only of a nominal interest. It was to be the equivalent of the entire property and title.
It would be absurd to suppose it was contemplated as a necessary expedient in order to consummate and complete •every sale of logs and every sale of their products negotiated by McCormick under the power to sell given him by the contract, that the plaintiffs should either actively concur in the sale or ratify it. No such course was provided for or contemplated. Still McCormick was to be allowed to sell. Buyers were to deal with him and with him alone, and he bound himself to apply the proceeds on his paper. The plaintiffs expressly stipulated for this duty. They accepted his agreement to pay them the proceeds of the sales they .authorized him to make of the property.
Whether, as between McCormick and the plaintiffs, the title might be considered as remaining in the latter, it is not important to inquire. Perhaps it could be. But we think that under the provisions of the contract it was competent for McCormick by his act to transfer the title. Whether he had become vested with the title or not he was •clothed with the power to sell the whole interest, and was .sufficiently commissioned to be able to communicate the title to the buyer.
Such being the case the defendants were not guilty of unlawful conversion, and the judgment should be affirmed, with costs.
Cooley, C. J., and Campbell, J., concurred.
Marston, J., did not sit in this case. | [
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Cooley, C. J.
The plaintiff in error was plaintiff in the court below. Her action was trespass guare clausum, and the facts were found by the circuit judge as follows: “ The land in controversy is situate in Monroe county, Michigan, and formerly belonged in fee to Michael Seymour, who resided in said county, and died February 20th, 1849, intestate. Administration of his estate was granted to his widow, Christeine Seymour, by the. probate court of Monroe county, May 27th, 1849, who accepted the trust, qualified and acted as administratrix.
“The files of said probate court in the estate of said deceased show that commissioners were appointed by said court to receive, examine and adjust claims against said estate; that said commissioners gave the notice required by law, performed their duty as such, and on the 7th day of January, 1850, made return of their proceedings as required by law, having allowed claims against said estate to the amount of ($70.15) seventy and fifteen one-hundredths dollars. To pay this indebtedness forty acres of land belonging to said estate were sold by said administratrix by order of the probate court, for the sum of $135.00, and the first administration account rendered on the twenty-sixth day of April, 1850, shows the debts and expenses of settlement of the estate paid and a balance of $10.34 in the hands of. the administratrix. On the fourth day of April, 1859, the said administratrix presented to the probate court her petition, setting forth that the aforesaid forty acres of land had been sold to pay the debts of the deceased; that those debts were all paid; that there was nothing in the hands of the administratrix to support the four children of said deceased and asking leave of the court to sell the remaining forty acres belonging to said estate (being the land in controversy. in this suit) which had been appraised in the inventory at one hundred and fifty dollars, for the purpose of supporting-said children and to pay debts already contracted in their support and the charges of administering said estate, including future probable charges, estimated at $25.00.
“On the twenty-third day of May, 1859, the probate court issued what purported to be a license for the sale of said remaining forty acres, which so-called license recited the facts in substance as set forth in the petition, including a recital that the debts said deceased owed at his death were fully paid, and purported to authorize the sale of said remaining forty acres for the purpose of supporting said children, and paying the debts already contracted in their support, as prayed in said petition.
“The bond on sale is dated May 25, 1859, and approved July 9, 1859. The oath before sale on file, was taken June 15, 1859. Affidavits of due publication and of posting notices of sale are on file. Sale made pursuant to notice July 30, 1859, for §440. A report of sale of the premises pursuant to such notice was made July 30, 1859, and the sale was confirmed August 1, 1859, and administrator’s deed given August 1, 1859. The proof shows that the purchaser at the sale, and those claiming title under him, down to and including the plaintiff in this suit, have occupied the land continuously from the time of the sale without objection, until near the time of the commencement of this suit in August, 18T6; that the land is all fenced, most of it improved, and has no buildings upon it; that the disabilities of the heirs at law had been removed for more than six years when suit was commenced.
“The proof also shows that the defendant in this caséis the agent of the heirs at law, and all the heirs at law of said deceased, and as such agent, and by their authority, performed the acts complained of in this suit as trespass, and that Toll, the plaintiff, at the time of the alleged trespass, held the premises as a purchaser in good faith, under said administrator’s deed, and that neither party to the suit was in actual occupancy.”
It will be seen from this finding that the circuit judge was of opinion that the administrator’s sale was absolutely void. The plaintiff disputes this conclusion, but she also insists that, conceding the sale to be void, she was entitled to recover, the defendant being precluded by Comp. L., §§ 4594 and 4595 from disputing her title. The sections referred to are given in the margin.
These sections are a part of the Eevised Statutes of 1846, and are found in the chapter which empowers the probate courts to license the sale of lands by executors and administrators for the payment of debts, and the charges of administering the estate. In the general statute of limitations a section which was enacted in 1863 and took effect January 1, 1864, provides that “No person shall bring or maintain any action for the recovery of any lands, or the possession thereof, or make any entry thereupon, unless such action is commenced or entry made within the time herein limited therefor after the right to make such entry or to bring such action shall have first accrued to the plaintiff or to some person through whom he claims; to wit: within five years where the defendant claims title to the land in question by or through some deed made upon a sale thereof by an executor, administrator or guardian, or by a sheriff or other proper ministerial officer, under the order, judgment, decree or process of a court or legal tribunal of competent jurisdiction within this State.” Comp. L., § 7137.
The defendant contends that the sections first above cited cannot support the plaintiff’s title, because the sale under which she claims was not made for the payment of debts or the costs of administration, but was made, as the application itself shows, after the debts were paid and charges satisfied, and for a purpose which, however commendable, if legal, was not provided for by the statute under which the proceedings purported to be taken. He also disputes the application to the case of the general statute of limitations lastly above recited. The question under this statute will first be considered.
That the plaintiff claims title to the land in question through a deed made upon a sale thereof by an administrator is shown by the finding. He is not, however, strictly within the words of the statute, because he is not demanding its shield of protection as defendant, but is relying upon it to support his cause of action as plaintiff. This however is not material; for if his title has become perfected under the statute, so that it cannot be questioned in a suit brought against him, neither can it in a suit brought by him. Cooley Const. Lim., 365, and cases cited in notes.
The principal question to be considered under this statute is, whether one can rely upon it without showing that the deed under which he claims was made to carry into effect a sale lawfully ordered. It is urged on behalf.of the defendant with much ability that a void administrator’s deed cannot form the foundation for an adverse possession under the statute; and that as the statute only purports to protect sales made under the order, etc., of a competent' court, a sale made in reliance upon a void order is not within its provisions; that being in law no order.
There are some early decisions in which statutes more or less analogous were considered, and in which the conclusion was reached that the legislature must have intended a sale lawfully authorized, and that its meaning could not embrace a sale where the administrator or officer had proceeded without lawful warrant or authority. We shall refer to these cases, and also to others in which they have been examined and questioned.
Of the cases referred to, Patton’s Lessee v. Easton, 1 Wheat., 476, and Powell’s Lessee v. Harman, 2 Pet., 241were cases in which the construction of a state statute adopted by a state court was followed, as being obligatory upon the federal courts. They were both overruled in Green v. Neal’s Lessee, 6 Pet., 291, on the authority of a later state decision. They may consequently be dismissed from consideration as being without weight as precedents. Walker v. Turner, 9 Wheat., 541 appears to have followed Patton’s Lessee v. Easton, and must be considered as overruled with it. It is besides opposed to the decision of the Supreme Court of Tennessee in Gray v. Darby’s Lessee, Mart. & Yerg., 396, and as the case involved the construction of a statute of Tennessee, the latter, on the well understood principle that the federal courts adopt and follow the construction which the state courts have adopted for the statutes of their own states, would be followed now by all courts in which the same question could arise, rather than the other. Another case that would favor the views of the defendant is Moore v. Brown, 11 How., 414. The statute of limitations which was in question in that case provided that “every real, possessory, ancestral or mixed action, or writ of right, brought for the recovery of any lands, tenements or hereditaments, of which any- person may be possessed by actual residence thereon, having a connected title in law or equity deducible of record from this State or the United States, or from any public officer or other person authorized by the laws of the State to sell such land for the non-payment of taxes, or from any sheriff, marshal or other person .authorized to sell such land upon execution, or any order, judgment or decree of any court of record, shall be brought within seven years next after possession being taken as aforesaid.” The defendant in that case claimed under a deed of the land on a sale made for the satisfaction of delinquent taxes; and the majority of the court were of opinion that the statute was not meant to give protection to a person who was in possession under a deed void upon the face of it. The mode of determining whether the deed is so void, it is said, “is to test the deed by making a reference to the authority recited in it for making the sale, in connection with the act giving the auditor the power to sell. When the sale is found not to be in accordance with that power, the deed is void upon its face, because the action of the auditor is illegal, and the law presumes it to be known to a purchaser. The latter can acquire no title under it. Being a void deed, possession taken under it cannot be said to be adverse and under color of title. What was the fact in this case? It is disclosed upon the face of the deed that the auditor sold the land short of the time prescribed ■ by the act. It was not then a sale according to law. That must have been as well known by the purchaser as it was-by the auditor.” We have extracted thus much from the opinion for the purpose of showing the exact ground on which the decision was placed, and it is seen to have been this: that the deed itself, by its own recitals, and without going beyond them, fully notified the defendant that it was; not given in pursuance of any legal authority and was void. It is not claimed that such was the case here. To discover the defect of jurisdiction, we must go beyond a deed apparently good to the petition for license to sell by which the proceeding was instituted.
The construction of this statute of 1863 has, however, once before been' in controversy before us, and we were of' opinion that an exécution sale made upon a void judgment was not protected by it. Millar v. Babcock, 29 Mich., 526.. The conclusion was derived from the phraseology of the statute, which does not protect sales as such, but sales made-under judgments, etc. The case is in point here, and must, deprive the plaintiff of the protection of the statute of 1863 if the order on which she relies was void, for want of jurisdiction. This is a short and special statute of limitations,, and no one can take advantage of its provisions who is not within them. The question here is not whether a void deed might uot support an adverse possession, but whether an adverse possession has been had under such a deed as that, statute indicates.
We should be compelled, therefore, before we could apply the statute of 1863 to the case, to find that the sale had been lawfully ordered. But under the statute first recited the-case is different. By that it is sales made by executors and administrators “under the provisions of this chapter” that-, are protected. The chapter, as already stated, relates to sales for the payment of debts and the costs of administration. The defendant insists that the statute “was intended to apply to cases in which the court had jurisdiction, but. In which the proceedings are not void, but irregular and voidable.” But it will be "observed that the statute, unlike that of 1868, makes no reference whatever to the action of the court; it speaks of no order, and refers only to the sale, in making which the administrator is the sole actor.
But it is said the sale protected must be made “under the provisions” of the statute, and that it is not so made if the court had no jurisdiction to order it. In strictness this is true: but as every sale which would be defective for want of compliance with any provision of the statute, would also, in the same sense, be not made “under the provisions of the statute,” we cannot suppose the legislature intended so narrow a construction. Indeed, such a construction would defeat the statute entirely; for no sale is strictly under the provisions of the statute which is made in disregard of the statute in any necessary particular. Unquestionably the statute was intended to protect parties in the occupation of lands against defects of some sort which without the statute would be fatal, or at least would render the proceedings voidable; in other words, to protect their occupation under proceedings which in some particulars had not been pursuant to the statute but in disregard of it.
What then is the meaning of the statute when it speaks of sales “by an executor or administrator under the provisions of this chapter?” It certainly does not mean valid sales, for those need no protection. Neither can it mean sales lawfully ordered; for it makes no mention of any order, and speaks of sales only. Neither can it mean sales in which the statute has in all important particulars been followed; for the manifest purpose is to make an undisputed possession cure defects in. the proceedings. Indeed, it cannot possibly, as we conceive, mean more than this: a sale purporting to be made under the provisions of the chapter, and in pursuance of an order professedly based upon them. If the administrator with such an order has made sale under the provisions of this chapter and given a deed under which the necessary possession has been had, we think the case is fairly within the intent of the statute.
Was such the case here? We think it was. Indeed we understand it to be conceded that the probate court in making its order must have supposed it was proceeding under this chapter; the complaint is, that the application for license to sell made out no case. But there was colorable ground for judicial action, if nothing more. The existence of charges of administration would have been a valid ground for an order, and if the court assumed that expenses for the support of the children would constitute a lawful claim against the estate, we are not prepared to say that the proceedings could- be assailed collaterally for any error in that regard. But it is enough for us to conclude that here was an order for the sale of these lands made in reliance upon this statute, and a sale made -in pursuance thereof. Both the judge of probate and the administrator must have supposed they had this statute for their warrant; they assumed to be acting in pursuance of its provisions, and we think nothing more is requisite to entitle the purchaser and those claiming under him to the benefits of the limitation. Statutes of limitation are statutes of repose, and we should seek in construing them to give them the operation intended. We must not defeat them by a strictness of construction it was never designed they should be subjected to. Let it be conceded that the administrator’s sale was at the time void, the fact remains that the court assumed to order it under the provisions of this statute, and the administrator has followed its provisions in making the sale. It is consequently a sale “pursuant to the provisions” of the statute in the sense in which we understand the Legislature to have employed these terms.
But it is denied by the defendant that the legislature has power to validate a void sale. This is not what is attempted here as we think. The statute is intended as a statute of limitation in the proper sense. It is true that the section first recited provides that “no action for the recovery of any estate,” etc., shall be maintained unless “commenced within five years next after the sale;” and if these words are taken literally they would seem to cut off an action at the expiration of five years though there had been no adverse possession. So construed the statute would uot be one of limitation, for the provision would apply equally to cases where parties were in the enjoyment of their rights and to those where they were deprived of them; but the idea of a statute of limitations is only this: that the remedy of the party is to be taken away because he is unreasonably negligent in the assertion of his rights. Groesbeck v. Seeley, 13 Mich., 329; Case v. Dean, 16 Mich., 12. But as actions “for the recovery” of lands are those to be barred, an adverse possession seems to be implied, and this is made more clear by the other section by which the rights are saved of persons who are under disability when their rights “shall first accrue.” There is no question whatever that those who were infants are given by the statute five years after the adverse possession has commenced and after the disability has ceased, within which to bring suit. And we do not doubt the competency of the legislature thus to limit the time for bringing suit whether the adverse possession did or did not commence under void proceedings.
The conclusion is that the judgment must be reversed, and judgment entered for the plaintiff with costs of both courts. As no damages are found, nominal damages only can be recovered.
The other Justices concurred.
(4594.) See. 50. No action for the recovery of any estate sold by an executor or administrator under the provisions of this chapter shall be maintained by any heir or other person claiming under the deceased testator or intestate, unless it be commenced within five years next after the sale; and no action for any estate sold in like manner by a guardian shall be maintained by the ward or by any claiming under him, unless it be commenced within five years next after the termination of the guardianship, except as hereinafter provided.
(4595.) Sec. 51. The preceding section shall not apply to persons out of the State, nor to minors or others under any legal disability to sue at the time when the right of action shall first accrue; but all such persons may commence such action at any time within five years after the removal of the disability, or their return to this State. | [
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Marston, J.
The only controverted question in this case relates to the mental competency of Catherine Bilz, the mother of Mary Bilz, to convey certain real estate of which she stood seized, on the 19th day of March, 1874.
•Catherine Bilz, December 9th, 1874, was, upon the petition of her husband, Frank Bilz, adjudged by the probate court of "Wayne county an indigent insane person and taken to Kalamazoo, where she died October 15, 1875.
There can be no doubt, from the testimony of the defendants, as to her insanity as early as July, 1874. Previous to that date her insanity is denied. The testimony on the part of the complainant satisfies us that at least from the time of her mother’s death, in January, 1874, she was of unsound mind and incapable of intelligently disposing of her property. While witnesses from observation form opinions as to the state of mind of certain persons, it is very difficult for them afterwards to remember and testify to all the various circumstances which led them to such conclusion, and yet in this case if the witnesses on the part of complainant are to be believed, there could seem to be no doubt of her insanity at the time mentioned. It is not claimed that they were not truthful, but that their testimony when examined in connection with that of the defendants was insufficient and would not justify the court in setting aside the conveyance. We think otherwise.
An erroneous practice seems to have prevailed in this case which should be corrected, and which would have resulted in our sending the case back to allow a farther examination of the witnesses had our opinion been different on the facts as the case stood.
The greater part of the testimony was taken in open court. Questions were objected to and sustained, the evidence excluded and exceptions taken. Certain supposed incompetent testimony was stricken out, and the case proceeded in this manner as in a trial at law.
In chancery cases whether the testimony is taken in open court or before a commissioner, all the testimony offered should be admitted. If objected to, it is taken and admitted subject to the objection, which will be passed upon at the hearing, and ho matter how disposed of or considered upon the hearing, the case, if appealed, brings up the entire testimony where all the questions may be considered and passed upon on the hearing in this court. In this way the case is disposed of without the necessity of sending it back in case it should appear that competent evidence was excluded, either during the examination of the witnesses or upon the hearing. The effect of a contrary practice can very easily be imagined, and need not be farther commented upon. Hewlett v. Shaw, 9 Mich., 346.
The decree of the court below will be reversed, with costs, and a decree entered setting aside the conveyance.
The other Justices concurred. | [
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Cooley, C. J.
The action in the court below was upon a promissory note, the consideration of which appears to have been a stock of spirituous liquors. ■ The defendant proposed to show that the sale was illegal and the note consequently void, by showing that the plaintiff had not paid his tax to the State as a wholesale dealer, and, was therefore not at liberty to make such a sale. To give the evidence proposed any force, on the defendant’s own view of the case, it should first have appeared that the sale was one which only a wholesale dealer could lawfully make. Such was not the case here. Plaintiff owned a quantity of liquors, and he sold them in gross; he had certain property and he sold it in one lot. This did not make him a dealer; a dealer is one who makes successive sales as a business. But this plaintiff by the sale he made was indicating as distinctly as possible his intention not to be a dealer, either by wholesale or retail. The court, we think, committed no error in excluding the showing.
The only other error requiring notice has caused us some embarrassment. It arises upon the testimony of William Preston, a witness for the defendant, who, as the bill of exceptions states, “testified in substance that there was nothing due on the note; that the witness purchased for the defendant from the plaintiff his stock when closing out his (plaintiff’s) saloon; that plaintiff told witness the prices and amount in each barrel and offered to show the bills. Witness replied in substance that he did not care to see them, and that it would be unnecessary; that he, witness, would pay a certain amount, between ten hundred and forty and ten hundred and fifty dollars for the stuff. Witness gave plaintiff seven hundred dollars in promissory notes; one payable in January, 187?, of $233, one payable in May, 1877, of like amount, and one payable in September, 187?, between the 5th and 7th; that he paid $200 in money, and canceled a debt that the plaintiff owed of between $140 and •$160; that the plaintiff made representations to witness as to the quality and quantity of the liquors and told him if there was any difference that witness and plaintiff could settle it; that after getting the property home a discrepancy .was found that would amount to about $300. These notes -were made so ás not to go out of plaintiff’s hands if there should be any discrepancy as to his representations. Wit-mess further testified that he did not get value received to ••the amount of about $300.”
This evidence, on motion of the plaintiff, was stricken • out for indefiniteness and uncertainty. The defendant, •when this motion was heard, does, not appear to have made • any proposition to make the evidence more definite, and the -conclusion is that he proposed to urge upon the court that by this evidence he had established a defense to the amount •claimed. And this is what he insists upon in this court; •or at least, that the evidence was sufficient if believed, to .justify conclusions in his favor. The evidence, if so it can •be called, went first to the agreement to make allowances for defects or deficiencies in quality or quantity, and second to the fact that defects or deficiencies existed. But what were these? Were any of the liquors not of the quality represented, and if so, which of them, and what was the nature and extent of the disparity? Or was there a deficiency in quantity in some one or more, and if so, in which of them and to what extent? Or was the witness in his own mind estimating discrepancies of both descriptions, and calculating .according to some standard he does not attempt to give, .that the liquors fell short some $300 of the representations made? What inference could the court draw from the evidence in favor of defendant from premises so vague? Certainly not that the quantity fell short, for the witness does not so testify. But it is equally impossible to conclude that the quality was not as promised, for there is no evidence to •that effect. On the whole we are inclined to think the .judge was right in his view that the evidence was too vague •and uncertain to warrant any safe inference; and while we ■can see no reason why it should have been stricken out, yet tlie party was no more wronged by the judge dealing with it in that manner than he would have been by his disregarding it in making up his judgment. And as the judge was trying the case without a jury, that was what he must have done had the motion not been made. Suppose this-defendant had been plaintiff: in a suit to recover the amount here claimed, and his witness had testified as follows: “ The' defendant to my knowledge, owes the plaintiff three hundred dollars, either for deficiencies in the quantity of goods-bought of him, or for defects in their quality, or for both”' —the insufficiency of such evidence as a basis of recovery is; manifest. The witness is undertaking to give conclusions, from facts which he does not disclose; but the court must, have facts and draw its own conclusions.
The judgment must be affirmed with costs.
Campbell and Grates, JJ., concurred.
Marston, J., did not sit in this case. | [
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Cooley, C. J.
We think the circuit judge was in error in excluding the evidence which was offered to show that the deed of the New York lands was a warranty deed, as that term is understood under the laws of New York. On this point we need only refer to the cases of Dwight v. Cutler, 3 Mich., 560, and Allen v. Hazen, 26 Mich., 146, which recognize the right of the purchaser of lands whose contract does not specifically define the sort of deed he shall be entitled to, to demand a deed with customary covenants. But what was customary would be determined by the lex rei sitce.
We also think the plaintiff should have been allowed to show that no objections were made to the deed and bond when they were tendered. A failure to object would not bo conclusive on the question of waiver of objections, but it would be an important circumstance to submit to the jury, and would boar more or less strongly on the question of the sufficiency of the penalty of the bond to protect Van Zile against possible loss in case of breach. We cannot determine from this record whether the penalty was or ivas not sufficient, because we are not informed what amount was owing on the mortgage. The condition of the bond was not what the agreement called for. By the agreement Gault was to procure an extension of the time of payment on the mortgage, “and should he not succeed in making said arrangement for the extension of the time for paying the same, to protect said party of the first part against any loss or damage arising from the same, for the said term of five years, giving bond for the same.” The bond actually tendered only undertook to “protect and keep harmless the said John M. Van Zile from any expense he may be put to from any proceedings made to foreclose” the mortgage: an undertaking much less broad than that stipulated for. And while Van Zile might undoubtedly consent to receive such a bond, and waive his right to a more exact compliance with the agreement, the evidence to show such consent and waiver ought to be very full and distinct before it should be received as satisfactory.
Upon the question of the proof of the deed as it arises on this record we shall make no remark, because the judge based his ruling upon a ground that rendered such proof unimportant. But it is proper in view of another trial to say that as the deed was a deed of New York lands, it would not prove itself under our statutes.
The judgment must be reversed, with costs, and a new trial ordered.
The other Justices concurred. | [
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Campbell, J.
Belknap & Drake sued Hull for the balance of a bill of canvassed shoulders, and the case was defended on the ground of defects in their quality. Belknap & Drake appear to have been packers and wholesale dealers, and at Hull’s request agreed to put up and cover a quantity of shoulders, to be disposed of by Hull in his business, which was chiefly retail. The amount furnished was a little over three thousand pounds. Soon after the delivery it was discovered, partly by cutting shoulders for sale, and partly by returns from purchasers of whole shoulders sold uncut, that a considerable portion of the meat was tainted and wormy. From time to time Hull returned larger or smaller quantities of the shoulders, and received credit for them. Being sued for a balance of between fifty and sixty dollars, he defended on the ground of breach of warranty, and the questions before us arise out of that defense.
As it was held by the circuit court that such a warranty existed, and the evidence very clearly showed it, the grounds of error arise out of instructions concerning the duty of the defendant, and upon a point of evidence. The jury gave a verdict for the entire balance without deduction.
Mr. Belknap being on the stand and having testified concerning the contract and its performance, and on cross-examination having been asked concerning the return by Hull of a lot of cut shoulders, was asked “Were those good, sound, merchantable shoulders?” This question was excluded.
No reason is suggested by counsel for defendant in error, and we can think of none, which would justify this refusal. It was directly pertinent on the main issue concerning the perform'ance of the contract to deliver such articles.
The court among other things charged the jury that “if the defendant was informed by the plaintiffs and understood that he must return all goods that he thought were bad if he claimed damages, then it was his plain duty to return them within a reasonable time.” And further the jury were instructed “that if the defendant had in his possession a lot of shoulders that had not been cut up or touched at all, I do not think he would be justified in claiming at your hands a verdict unless he had returned those shoulders; and if that was the case, I should say it was his plain duty to have returned those shoulders to the plaintiff within a reasonable time.”
The shoulders were delivered to Hull on the 8th of June, and returned in various parcels up to the 9th of July, 1875.
Unless it was one of the express terms of sale that damages could only be recovered for articles returned, the law, so far as we are advised, has favored no such proposition. The sellers could not impose any new conditions.- We had occasion recently, in the case of Kimball & Austin Manufacturing Co. v. Vroman, 35 Mich., 310, to discuss the doctrine of warranties and refer to several authorities bearing on the respective rights of parties, and need not now dwell upon them at length. If a warranty is broken, it is a defense so far as it goes, to an action for the price; and if the property is not returned, and has any value, the damages will be less than on a return. But it must often be impracticable to restore the property, and in the case of tainted meat, as it is not fit to be sold as provisions and can only be properly used for other purposes, there appears to be no reason for making it an exception, but rather the reverse. The cases cited on the argument were those of conditional sales, where title passed on certain agreed terms and the sale became absolute if the property was not restored. We do not understand that the failure to return warranted property can affect any thing but damages, in the absence of special conditions express or implied.
So far as we can determine from the record, we have not found any evidence that there was any unreasonable delay, nor' any evidence of the retention of uncut shoulders. But this becomes unimportant, and it may be that all the facts do not appear. The judgment must be reversed with costs and a new trial granted.
The other Justices concurred. | [
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Marston, J.
A bill in chancery was filed to foreclose a mortgage given by defendants Sarah Elanigan and Patrick Flanigan to complainants, executors of the estate of Jeremiah Scanlon, deceased. The National Fire Insurance Company was made a party defendant as a subsequent encumbrancer, and the entire controversy in this case grows out of this last allegation.
John Heffron and Edward Keidy as executors and by virtue of a power of sale contained in the last will and testament of Jeremiah Scanlon, deceased, sold at public auction the title and interest of said deceased in and to certain real estate in the city of Detroit. Sarah Flanigan became the purchaser thereof at such sale, and on the 16th day of August, 1873, Heffron and Beidy, as such executors, executed a deed of the premises to Mrs. Flanigan, she at the same time mortgaging the premises to them to secure a part of the purchase price. The property was sold for twenty-three thousand dollars, one-third to be paid in cash and the balance in three equal annual payments, secured by mortgage upon the property. Mrs. Flanigan, in order to make the cash payment, was obliged to negotiate certain securities she claimed to hold, or borrow seven thousand dollars, and she made application to William B. Wesson as agent of the insurance company to loan her that amount, payment thereof to be secured by mortgage upon this property. On the 19th day of August she paid Mr. Beidy one thousand dollars, at which time it is claimed by complainants the deed from the executors to her was delivered, and then by Mrs. Flanigan handed back to Mr. Beidy for safe keeping until they should meet the next day at Mr. Wesson’s office, and he, Beidy, receive the balance of the first payment. The mortgage from Mrs. Flanigan to the executors seems also to have been delivered to or left in the custody of Mr. Beidy and was by him duly recorded in the office of the register of deeds on the 19th day of August.
The following day, August 20, Mr. Beidy and Mrs. .Flanigan met according to appointment at the office of Mr. Wesson, when a mortgage was executed by Mrs. Flanigan to the National Fire Insurance Company to secure the payment pf seven thousand dollars. Mr. Beidy was one of the subscribing witnesses to this mortgage, but says he supposed it related to the negotiation of certain securities which Mrs. Flanigan claimed to hold against the Michigan Southern Bailroad Company for property sold the company in Cleveland. Mr. Wesson then paid over to Mr. Beidy at Mrs. Flanigan’s request the seven thousand dollars by an eastern draft upon the insurance company, and Mr. Beidy handed to Mrs. Flanigan the executors’ deed. These several acts occurred at Mr. Wesson’s office at the same time and were parts of one entire transaction. The executors’ deed to Mrs. Flanigan and the mortgage from her to the insurance company, were then sent by Mr. Wesson to the register’s office and duly recorded. It • is not claimed that either Mr. Wesson or the insurance company had any notice, other than such as the record would afford, of the mortgage from Mrs. Flanigan to the executors, at the time the seven thou sand dollars was loaned and the mortgage taken by the insurance company. We are fully satisfied from the evidence that the deed from the executors to Mrs. Flanigan was not delivered until the seven thousand dollars was paid to Mr. Reidy in Mr. Wesson’s office on August 20th, and the probabilities all point the same way. While Mr. Reidy may, on the 19th, have had every assurance that Mrs. Flanigan would be able to procure and pay over to him on the next day the unpaid balance of the first payment, yet he must have known that a delivery of the deed before this balance was actually paid, would leave him very much at the mercy of Mrs. Flanigan, and his previous acquaintance with her was scarcely sufficient, we think, to make it at all probable that he would be willing to run such a risk, when by retaining the deed until the amount was paid he could render himself secure. Such in all probability would be the course adopted by careful, prudent business men. under similar circumstances, and we have no doubt but that such was the fact in this case.
Until the delivery of the deed to Mrs. Flanigan she had no title to the property. She was but a mere stranger to it, and although for certain purposes the delivery might relate back to the sale and vest the title in her as of that date, yet this fiction cannot be so applied as to work an injury to innocent parties.
Had Mr. Wesson made an examination of the records in the office of the register of deeds upon the 20th day of August, with the knowledge that the deed to Mrs. Flanigan had on that day just been delivered, he would not have searched for conveyances or incumbrances made by her previous to that date. At such a time his object would have been to ascertain whether her grantors had a good title or right to convey, and whether they had in any way encumbered their title. He would examine the records for the purpose of ascertaining whether any one, through whom the title was derived, had, after acquiring their title, conveyed or encumbered the same, but he would be under no obligation to examine the records in order to ascertain whether strangers to the title had without right or power attempted to alien or encumber it. The delivery of the deed in his presence to the grantee not only vested the title in her at that time, but it was a clear and direct notice to him that up to the time of such delivery she had no such interest or title in the premises therein described as would enable her to encumber the same to his prejudice. This case differs in no essential from that of an ordinary conveyance of land with a mortgage back at the same time to secure a part or the whole of the purchase price or for other purposes. The grantor and mortgagee in such a case would not suppose, nor would he have any right to suppose, that his grantee had before acquiring the title encumbered it, and if he took back a mortgage at the same time and had both conveyances promptly placed upon record together, he would be- doing all that the law required him to do for the protection of his rights and he would not be affected by any previous conveyances which his grantee, the mortgagor, might have placed upon record, when he had no title- to the premises. Farmers’ L. & T. Co. v. Maltby, 8 Paige, 361; State v. Bradish, 14 Mass., 296. As between the parties such previous conveyances might be good and valid. To this general rule there may be exceptions, where parties have been in possession of premises under an equitable title. Whether such exceptions could'-in any case arise we need not now discuss. It is sufficient to say that none such could exist in this case. We are of opinion that the mortgage to the insurance company must be considered as prior and entitled to preference over'-the one given to the executors, and that the decree bel’ow must be affirmed with costs.
The other Justices concurred. | [
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Marston, J.
Under the terms of the will of Zina Pitcher, deceased, the relief sought for in this case cannot be obtained.
Emily L. Pitcher was clearly given a life estate in lots six and seven, and as such was entitled to the possession and rents, issues and profits thereof, while other portions of the estate were expressly charged with the encumbrance thereon and with, keeping the dwelling thereon insured and in good order. The executors were given full power, without the consent of any other person, to sell and convey these lots, and invest the proceeds thereof on bond and mortgage, and the interest thereon, without any abatement whatever, was to be paid to Mrs. Pitcher. In reference to requiring the executors to file an account, this is not the proper court to institute proceedings in for such a purpose. The probate court has full power and authority in the premises.
The decree dismissing the bill must be affirmed with costs.
The other Justices concurred. | [
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Campbell, J.
Perrett filed a bill as assignee of one Mosher to foreclose a mortgage given by the Yarsdorfers in 1859 to secure the sum of $275 and interest. This mortgage was given as collateral to another given by one Finch and wife on premises upon which the Yarsdorfers were then living, and upon another lot in Eaton county, for a somewhat larger amount, dated in 1856 and payable in 1861.
The Yarsdorfers complain of this mortgage as having been obtained without consideration and under fraud and pressure.
The first mortgage contained a lien on a lot in Eaton county, which was released by Mosher just before the Yarsdorfer mortgage was obtained, and it is claimed this was in fraud of them, as it decreased their security under the Finch mortgage, to which they claim a right to be subrogated. It appears, however, that the Eaton county lot was mortgaged by older mortgages to more than its value, and was in process of foreclosure, and that the release was given to save costs. We do not think there was any wrong in this.
As to the circumstances under which the Yarsdorfer mortgage was made, the facts are left in very great uncertainty. The burden of proof is on the mortgagors to make out the fraud. It appears affirmatively that Mosher held the Finch mortgage, and that the Yarsdorfers threatened to set up adverse claims. Mosher thereupon expressed his determination to test his rights by legal process. Negotiations followed whereby Mosher threw off a part of his demand and extended payment about three years, and the Yarsdorfers then executed the mortgage in suit.
We find no evidence of any fraud or coercion, and we are not informed by any of the parties concerning the real circumstances which operated on their minds. The witnesses are singularly careful to give as little information as possible. . There is nothing to satisfy us that they did not act with their eyes open.
We do not think it necessary to refer at large to the facts, as it must be presumed in the absence of any proof to the contrary that these parties had their own reasons for desiring time and that the reduction of the debt was a sufficient inducement with the extension to make it worth their while to give the new security. There is not the slightest proof of intimidation, and from what we can judge of the parties from their testimony, we do not think it certain that any attempt to intimidate would have succeeded.
The decree must be affirmed with costs.
Cooley, C. J., and Graves J., concurred.
Marston, J., did not sit in this case. | [
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Campbell, J.
In this case Camp replevied from Eberstein a reaper and horse rake, which had belonged to Henry Camp, father of Freeman. Henry Camp died in January 1873 leaving a will, which was proven immediately by Eberstein as executor, and commissioners were appointed in March 1873, who reported debts in September to the amount of 8849.65. The uncontradicted testimony showed that Eberstein had sold personal property to the amount of over 81,300, with a part of which he paid some debts, and as to the balance he said he could not tell what had become of it. In December 1874 he took away from Freeman Camp the articles in question which had been specifically bequeathed to the latter by his father’s will, whereby it was expressly directed that the debts should be paid out of his personal property not specifically bequeathed. Hp to that time he had left these articles with other specific bequests in Freeman’s favor in the latter’s possession.
These facts being established and not disputed, several questions arose on the trial and some of them como up for review. The judgment below was in favor of Freeman Camp.
Upon the part of the plaintiff below there was evidence introduced by his own oath of a gift made to him by his father before death. The testimony as set' forth appears to relate to a future and not a present gift of these particular articles, and did not tend to show either a gift in prcesenti or causa mortis. No doubt it referred to the testamentary disposition afterwards made; and so far as this gift was concerned it was erroneous to consider it.
But the question still remains whether as the case was presented, the jury could lawfully have found a verdict for the defendant below.
Upon so much of the case as related to the rights of an executor, the court charged expressly that if the property was taken by Eberstein in good faith as executor, and if it was needed, or if there was any probability of its being needed for the purpose of paying debts, the taking would be justified.
Our Compiled Laws, in conformity with the common law, authorize specific legatees, with the consent of the executor, to possess their legacies before settlement, and when they do so they are liable to contribution, in case any claim arises chargeable on their bequests. Comp. L., § 4355. The statute does not in such case authorize the executor to seize the specific legacy of any one and turn ‘him over to proceedings for contribution against the rest, nor until such liability is apportioned by the court. §§ 4355, 4356.
That an executor may originally retain possession unless otherwise ordered by the probate court under § 4353 seems to be still the rule as at common law. But propriety would dictate that where there is no probability of any occasion for the contrary, specific legacies necessary for household or husbandry purposes should be left to the legatees, as was done in this case.
It is well settled at common law as well as in equity that an executor cannot arbitrarily revoke his assent, (2 Redf. on Wills, 563, and note), and that an action at law will lie against him thereafter to recover the specific bequest. Doe v. Guy, 3 East., 120; Atkins v. Hill, 1 Cowp., 284. It was said by Lord Mansfield in the latter case that if an executor has assets he has no right to withhold his assent, and that equity will compel him to give it. The object of giving specific bequests is held to be to expedite their payment, and the courts have so acted. In Fontaine v. Tyler, 9 Price, 94, it was hold such a legacy of stocks was due at once on testator’s death; and the authorities are settled that the right to dividends and the liability to assessments begins at that time. Id.; 2 Redf. on Wills, 469, 583, 566, and cases cited.
The enforcement in equity after assent is never refused when necessary, and is in accordance with what was said by Lord Mansfield. In Chaworth v. Beech, 4 Ves., 555, where executors retained a security specifically bequeathed, without any necessity, as assets, and it depreciated, the legatee was held entitled to have the loss made good, as of its original value. The ground of this decision as stated, and as afterwards referred to in Innes v. Johnson in the same volume, on page 573, was that the executor “should have put it in the hands of the legatee.” And in Kirby v. Potter, 4 Ves., 748, 751, it is said 'by the Master of the Bolls, “every one knows, a specific legacy of a corpus passes from the death of the testator. It vests immediately from that time.” In Northey v. Northey, 2 Atkyns 77, it was held that in equity no assent was necessary to hold the executor liable on a specific legacy, and that the rule requiring it as a ground of action only applied at law. In Williams v. Lee, 3 Atkyns 223, it was declared that trover would lie against him when he had assented. And in 1 Ver. 94 it is held in conformity with the more modern decisions that assent may be compelled if unreasonably refused. Com. Dig. “Chancery,” 3 G. 4; “Administration,” C. 8. Assent is presumed where the legatee is left in possession. 2 Redf. on Wills, 562, and notes. This subject was discus•sed in the recent case of Proctor v. Rolinson, 35 Mich., 284.
The facts which were undisputed showed not only assent, but — what is also important — had no tendency to show any .ground for withholding it. The court below, nevertheless, held that good faith in the executor would justify his taking, and in this certainly took extreme grounds in his favor.
In our opinion there was no testimony in the case which •could have authorized a verdict — as matter of law — in favor of the plaintiff in error, and the judgment cannot be disturbed on account of any rulings which could not have possibly changed the result; and it should be affirmed, with costs.
The other Justices concurred. | [
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Graves, J.
November, 1871, Fish was engaged in buying wheat at his warehouse in Kalamazoo and in the course of a part of that month Adams sold ,and delivered to him at the warehouse several different parcels and which included two qualities. A dispute arose after-wards about the quantity; Adams claiming a little over a hundred bushels more than Fish admitted to have been delivered.
Adams then charged for the whole quantity he claimed to have delivered and sued for it before a justice. The case was appealed and he recovered in the circuit court. Fish alleged error.
Adams was sworn in his own behalf and testified he could “pretty nearly recollect the amount he delivered to defendant independent of the memorandum he made at the time, except the odd pounds; that he made a memorandum of it at the time he drew it.”
His counsel then asked him to look at his memorandum and tell when and in what quantities he drew the wheat to Fish if he could, and he replied: I sold and delivered wheat to defendant — 571 bushels at $1.23 and 105 bushels at ,$1.40 and delivered it as follows: giving seven separate items, one of which was 105 bushels and 43 pounds at $1.40 per bushel delivered November 13, 1871. He further testified that they kept an account of the wheat as delivered at the warehouse by means of slips of paper tacked on the spout of the hopper and that after delivery of the last load the whole quantity was figured up; one Edmunds, Fish’s warehouse clerk, calling off amounts from the slips of paper and he, Adams, taking them down again on the page opposite to that on which he had previously entered them as the delivery proceeded and that he and Edmunds then compared the two series of entries and found they agreed and that Edmunds then gave him a receipt for the amount. The receipt was produced and admitted. It read as follows:
“George W. Fish’s Warehouse, Kalamazoo, Michigan, Nov. 16, 1871.
Delivered by H. Dale Adams five hundred and seventy-one and 44-100 bu. white, one hundred and five and 43-100 white amber.
574-44 white $1.23.
105-43 white $1.40.
C. buyers.”
G. W. Fish.
Adams subsequently stated that he did not think he showed the entries in his little book to Edmunds, but that they were there before him. He also testified that in the evening of the day on which the receipt was given he called on Fish at the warehouse for pay and that Fish then observed that he thought there was a mistake in the receipt; that Fish’s memorandum did not contain an account cf two loads delivered on November 11th and amounting to 105 bushels and 43 pounds. That he, Adams, had his memorandum with him and then showed it to Fish and told him if he would find his paper they settled on that would show, and that Fish looked for it, but could not find it; that he, Adams, then showed him both series of entries in his book and that the whole matter was then gone through with.
The two series of entries were successively offered in evidence on the part of Adams and admitted against objection. The objection to the first was that it was hearsay and the mere act of the party; to the second the same, and also that it was not made until after the transaction.
• The court did not err. The entries were admissible to the jury in connection with the other evidence of Adams. 'The testimony he gave if believed tended to show that these entries amounted to a sort of contemporaneous record, to the correctness of which the parties at the time mutually assented. Such being the case they were proper to be considered with other facts as evidence of a contemporaneous admission on the part of Fish of his reception of the •quantity Adams claimed to have delivered Meyer v. Reichardt, 112 Mass., 108. The two series were so connected •by the facts as to be fairly admissible together. Moreover •the last as well as the first was part of the transaction. It was one of its incidents and made at the time of completing delivery and not on a separate occasion. The credit due to the testimony and its convincing value were for the jury. It is quite unnecessary to inquire whether the admission might not be sustained on other grounds.
It having appeared that the parties differed about this one item only, Fish’s counsel moved to strike out of the bill of particulars all the rest. On this, Adams’ counsel observed that the evidence might be considered as confined to the one item in question. It afterwards appeared that the amount which Fish had paid on the whole exceeded the price of the quantity comprised in the disputed item and on this ground the court was asked to charge the jury that Adams could not recover. The refusal to give this charge is also assigned as error. The point has no merit.
Compliance would have been gross error. The concession made by 'counsel was not fairly capable of the construction given to it by the request.
He could not have intended a plain surrender of his client’s claim. He was willing to admit that recovery was only sought for the amount of the one item and not for others about which there had been no dispute and which had been paid for. He did not mean that the money which had been paid and received on admitted items should be forced to apply on one Fish claimed he had never received, and which both parties in fact admitted had not been paid for. The transaction was required to be unraveled, not to allow recovery for the other items or to recall the appropriation of past payments and give them a new application, but to settle the rights of the parties in regard to the unpaid disputed item.
The court properly construed the proceedings. The charge that the court erred in refusing to grant a new trial presents no question.
No error being shown the judgment must be affirmed with costs.
Cooley, C. J., and Campbell, J., concurred.
Marston, J.,' did not sit in this case. | [
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] |
Per Curiam.
In this case motion is made to dismiss a writ of certiorari on the ground that it is directed to two circuit court commissioners to bring up two distinct proceedings pending before the two separately. The two proceedings were taken to remove the same cause from the county in which it originated to another county for trial, and they have resulted in conflicting orders. This result is reason sufficient why the writ should "have required the sending up of the proceedings in both cases. Both cannot have been correctly disposed of, and we cannot properly and intelligently deal with one without knowing what was done in the other. There is not, as is supposed, any thing anomalous in thus bringing up one proceeding by way of explaining another, or of enabling the court to make the proper disposition of it. It often becomes necessary in cases of habeas corpus, and also where a court is called upon to decide questions of bail in cases where the examination or adjudication was had before some other tribunal or where the propriety of bail or its amount might depend on what had elsewhere taken place. | [
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Per Curiam.
In this case an appeal in chancery was-taken and fully perfected previous to the amendment to the statute regulating the taking of appeals which was made in 1877 and took effect August 21. The amendment gave to the circuit and Supreme Court the power to order an additional bond in appeal cases — a power not before possessed— and the appellee moves for such a bond in this case. The principal question is whether the amendment has in view cases which were appealed previous to its passage. We shall not enter here upon the question of the legislative power to make the new provisions apply to existing appeals: assuming that, we treat the question as one of intent merely.
As the right of appeal had been fully exercised, if the new provisions apply to the case they are to a certain extent retrospective, because they enable the court to impose conditions on the exercise of the right, notwithstanding it was perfected before; and we think the case is within the general principle requiring statutes to be applied to future transactions only unless in their express words they are given effect upon transactions previously had, or unless some of their terms cannot otherwise be answered. It is urged by the appellee that the latter is the case here; that the provisos of the section as it stands amended cannot all be answered if applied to future appeals only.
The section is given in the margin, and in our view the difficulty is not apparent. The first proviso it is clear can only apply to appeals in the future, and it is doubtful if the second can go further. But it is said the third is unnecessary if only future appeals are in view, as the second covers the same ground. We think otherwise. The second proviso has in view cases in which the appeal is not yet perfected, and the third applies to the case in later stages.
Our conclusion is that the Legislature by this amendment has not given us power to interfere in appeals already perfected before the new provisions took effect.
(5180.) Sec. 144. Such appeal shall he claimed hy a written claim, delivered or transmitted within forty days from entry of such decree or final order, to the register of the court where such decree or order was entered, which said register shall make entry of, and the appellant shall, within said forty days, file with said register a bond to the appellee or appellees, with sufficient sureties, approved by a circuit judge or circuit court commissioner of said county, and with such penalty as such judge or commissioner shall approve, conditioned for the performance or satisfaction of the decree or final order of the Supreme Court in the cause, and payment of all costs of the appellee or appellees in the matter of appeal: Provided, That the motion for such approval shall be on a notice of six days, to the appellee or appellees, said notice to contain the penalty and the names of the sureties of the proposed bond; and on the hearing of such motion such appellee or appellees shall be heard as to the sufficiency of the penalty named and the pecuniary responsibility of the sureties proposed to such bond: And provided, further, That in case of such motion being before a circuit court commissioner, the circuit court or the judge at chambers of the court in which such decree or final order is entered may, on special motion, order an additional bond and fix the penalty thereof and approve the sureties thereto on proper showing: And provided further, That the Supreme Court, or the circuit judge of the county where such decree or final order was made, shall, on special motion, and such proper showing, have power, after such appeal is perfected, to order an additional bond, and to fix the penalty thereof, and approve the sureties thereto, or to refer such approval to a circuit ■court- commissioner of the county in which the cause shall have been pending. | [
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Graves, J.
Mann being the owner of a brick building in East Saginaw leased one of the rooms in 1872 in writing for three years, with the privilege of five, to one Charles Doran. Doran in 1873, with Mann’s consent, put up a wooden partition across the room. It was about two-thirds the height of the room and had a door opening through it. It rvas nailed to blocks let through the plastering and nailed to the joists in the walls, and was fastened to the floor by being nailed to a strip of board which was nailed to the floor. It could be removed with no hurt to the building except the nail holes and such harm as would be caused by having the blocks there.
While Doran continued in occupation as tenant he sold the partition to defendant, and some time thereafter and during his lease he assigned the lease with all his rights to the fixtures to John A. Hubbard, who afterwards assigned the lease and his interest in the fixtures to Kandolph Mead.
February 12, 1876, the sheriff having process to collect of Mead a liquor tax under the law of 1875 levied upon this partition among other things as personal property which Mead owned. The premises had been used by Doran as a saloon and such use had been continued under the lease by the occupants before mentioned down to the time of this levy, and the partition had never been disturbed and so far as appears neither occupant had claimed to own it subsequent to Mann’s purchase. It had thus remained firmly attached to the building and as Mann’s property for more than two years.
Pursuant to his levy the sheriff proceeded to sell. Defendant then notified his ownership to the sheriff but not to the plaintiff, and the latter had no knowledge of defendant’s claim. Both parties bid, the defendant’s bid being a small one at the commencement. The property was struck off to the plaintiff and he paid the amount to the sheriff. After this and on the same day the plaintiff went after the partition and found defendant in possession, who refused to allow the property to be removed.
The plaintiff then commenced this action of replevin and in executing the writ the property was detached and delivered over to the plaintiff.
The value was agreed to be $10. The defendant recovered and waiving return took judgment for the value. The facts were shown by stipulation.
The statement of the case is sufficient to dispose of it. The property was so attached that it could not be disposed of under process as goods and chattels. O' Brien v. Kusterer, 27 Mich., 289.
There was first the physical attachment by Doran, the tenant, and secondly his act of transfer to defendant as •owner of the reversion and which amounted to an admission by Doran that he retained no purpose, if he had ever had one, to claim any right to remove the property. The case •shows a clear union of intent and act. The property was therefore not leviable as personalty or subject as goods and chattels to replevin. Guthrie v. Jones, 108 Mass., 191; Brown v. Wallis, 115 Mass., 156.
Neither his bid at the execution sale nor his omission to notify the plaintiff as one of the bidders that the property was not removable personalty, was sufficient to estop the defendant. The character of the property was open to the observation of the plaintiff and the situation of it was sufficient to warn him at least that the right to seize and dis-
pose of it as goods and chattels was extremely doubtful, and the defendant was under no legal duty to expound his opinion to him. He did suggest to the sheriff his claim. But that was not a necessary step to enable him to insist that the partition was part of his building as it appeared to be.
The judgment below was right and should be affirmed with costs.
Cooley, C. J., and Campbell, J., concurred.
Marston, J., did not sit in this case. | [
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Marston, J.
Defendant in error brought an action of trover for the conversion by the defendant, plaintiff in error, of a large sum of money and certain promissory notes. Defendant by his counsel demurred specially to the declaration. The first cause assigned — the only one we need here discuss —was that the declaration did not “with sufficient certainty set out the description of the promissory notes alleged to have been held by defendant at the time of making the alleged assignment, and on which notes recovery is sought in said court.” The description in the declaration was “divers promissory notes against sundry persons, and in various amounts of great value, to-wit: of the value of four thousand dollars.” The declaration also in the same connection set forth that the defendant Burrows, being lawfully possessed of these notes, executed to the plaintiff a voluntary assignment, for the benefit of his (Burrows’) creditors, of all hi3 property, goods, chattels, effects and dioses in action; that plaintiff accepted said assignment and thereby became the owner of such dioses in action, that he casually lost the same, etc.
Taking this count of the declaration and looking at all its parts, it would appear therefrom that the plaintiff did not at any time have these notes or any of them in his possession, or that he ever had any particular information from which he could give a more minute description of them. He sets forth that they were in the possession . of the defendant, and that he, the plaintiff, became the owner thereof, under and by virtue of a voluntary assignment, made to him by the defendant for the benefit of creditors, and that the conversion took place after the assignment. The allegation of a conversion of these notes by the defendant shows them to be in possession of the defendant and out of the possession of the plaintiff. What description should the plaintiff give of these notes under such circumstances to enable him to maintain an action of trover? He could not give the name of the maker, or the date or amount of any of them. To require a specific description of each note, or any better or more accurate description than the one given, would be to preclude the plaintiff from bringing trover at all. It is true he might set up more fully and clearly the reasons why he does not more specifically describe the property, but this would add nothing to the description given. One object in requiring a definite description to be set forth in the declaration, of the property converted, is to enable the defendant to meet the charge, but in a case like the present where the effect and purport of the charge is a wrongful possession of the property by the defendant himself, his possession gives him the information, and it is his wrongful act in taking and retaining possession that renders the plaintiff unable to give a more full or perfect description. It may be said, however, that this reasoning presumes the defendant did wrongfully convert the notes, and that while sound enough in cases where the defendant has actually been guilty of conversion', it is unsound where the defendant is not guilty, — that an innocent person from this vague general charge would be unable to meet the particular proofs, adduced against him on the trial, and that we have no right to presume that the defendant in this case is other than innocent of the charge made. Perhaps this is so, but in examining and testing the sufficiency of a declaration on demurrer, we must assume the allegations in the declaration to be true; that the allegation in the declaration, alleging a loss of these notes by the plaintiff, and a finding of them by the defendant, — in other words, a conversion of them by him, — is in the usual form and therefore well pleaded, and admitted by the demurrer, cannot be denied. The notes, therefore, for the purpose of this question are supposed to be in the hands of the defendant, and beyond the reach or control of the plaintiff, thus rendering it impossible for him to describe them with fullness or accuracy. Under such circumstances a general description must be held sufficient, and this doctrine has been held even in criminal cases where múch greater accuracy is usually required. The People v. Holbrook, 13 John., 90; The People v. Kent, 1 Doug. (Mich.), 42.
The objections made here that the verdict was not warranted by the evidence, and that the court improperly took the case from the jury, we think are not well taken. The evidence on the part of plaintiff consisted principally, if not wholly, of admissions made by defendant as to the money and notes and their value. If, as now claimed, these notes, although on their face purporting to be for $900, may have been worthless or of but little value on account of the bankruptcy of the makers, or for other supposed reasons, we think it was incumbent on the defendant to have shown such facts upon the trial. He could not sit by and permit testimony to be introduced and submitted to the court and jury tending to show his liability and the extent thereof, and then seek to evade the conclusion arrived at by mere speculations or guess work. If the notes were of less value than his admissions as testified to would seem to indicate, he should have shown such fact by competent testimony. Nor do we understand, from the printed record, that the court withdrew any fact that was contested or disputed below, from the consideration of the jury. The requests to charge, if given, would have taken the entire case from the jury. These the court declined to give and instructed them that the plaintiff was entitled to recover.
The real question in controversy in this case, viz.: that the plaintiff failed utterly to show any title by which he could maintain the action, yet remains to be considered.
To support his title he introduced an instrument of which the following is a copy:
“Insolvent Act oe 1869.
“This assignment, made between Charles' Burrows, of Wilkesport, lumber merchant, in the county of Lambton, and province of Ontario, of the first part, and William J. Keays, of the town of Sarnia, in the county of Lambton, and province of Ontario, official assignee for the said county of Lambton, of the second part:
“Witnesseth, that under the provisions of the ‘Insolvent Act of 1869,’ the said party of the first part, being insolvent, has voluntarily assigned, and hereby doth voluntarily assign to the said party of the second part, accepting thereof as interim assignee under the said act, and for the purposes therein provided, all his estate and effects, real and personal, of every nature and kind whatsoever.
“To have and to hold to the party of the second part as assignee for the purposes and under the act aforesaid.
“ In witness whereof, the parties hereto have hereunto set their hands and seals, this twelfth day of October, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and seventy-four.
Charles Burrows, [l. s.]
W. J. Keays. [l. s.J
Signed, Sealed and Delivered in presence of
W. Boy.”
It is insisted that this instrument was not intended as an absolute bill of sale; that it-is a document made under the provisions of the insolvent act of 1869, “for the purposes therein provided,” and that the plaintiff holds the property as assignee, “for the purposes and under the act aforesaid,” and that what these purposes are, or what title passes, without reference to the act we have no means of knowing, and that even had the act been introduced and proven, it would have no force, and would be inoperative in Michigan. This argument might be correct if plaintiff’s title was derived solely under and in virtue of the act referred to. If, however, Burrows voluntarily made an assignment for the benefit of his creditors, the fact that it was made under the said act, and for the purposes therein provided, would not, as between the immediate parties thereto, or as between the ■assignee and wrongdoers, preclude or prevent the assignee from protecting and enforcing his right to the property in ■any court of competent jurisdiction. The provisions of the act referred to would undoubtedly fix, govern and control the rights, powers and duties of the assignee in the execution of the trust, but in this case the court is not called upon to settle or determine any question arising under the ■act or as between the assignee and the creditors of the assignor.
A reference to the assignment shows that “ the said party •of the first part (Burrows) being insolvent, has voluntarily assigned, and hereby doth voluntarily assign, to the said party of the second part (Keays), all his estate and effects, real and personal, of every nature and kind whatsoever.” 'This we think is sufficiently full and complete to transfer •and pass the title to the plaintiff to the property in question, and gives him a right to come into court and enforce •and protect such title as against the claims of the assignor. Any other view, assuming the position of defendant to be •correct, would enable a debtor residing in Canada to send his property into this State, then make a voluntary assignment for the benefit of his creditors, and at once come here and enjoy his property, without any power in the assignee, to follow him and obtain possession thereof. This branch of the case very closely resembles Graydon v. Church,, 7 Mich., 50, where the same questions were discussed, and the conclusion there arrived at must govern and determine in this case.
The judgment must be affirmed with costs.
The other Justices concurred. | [
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Per Curiam.
The only question in this case is, whether a collection agent who holds for collection a note payable-to order and which has been indorsed in blank by the owner for the purposes of collection, can bring suit in his own name. "We have no doubt he may do so. The indorsement by the owner must be understood as authority for this proceeding; it passes the legal title for the purposes of collection, and this must include any necessary suit.
Judgment affirmed. | [
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Campbell, J.
Leonard Grover replevied certain property from Rowley which the latter claimed to hold under an execution levy against Powell Grover. Leonard Grover claimed under transfer from his mother Elizabeth Grover in August, 1869. The execution which was issued in 1871 was in a ■suit which had been commenced by attachment in May, 1869.
October 19, 1869, Powell Grover commenced proceedings in bankruptcy, and in November, 1869, was declared n bankrupt, and Cornelius J. Reilly became his assignee. In October, 1870, the assignee filed a petition to determine the rights and priorities of various parties supposed to be interested in the estate, in which, among other things, it was adjudged that the attachment in question was valid against the assignee and a lien on such property as was .actually levied upon at any time more than four months before the bankruptcy proceedings were commenced, and that the attachment creditors were liable for all property taken by them or by their orders and not actually levied on originally as aforesaid.
This evidence was offered as determining the validity of the attachments, but was held not to amount to such an adjudication.
We think this holding was right. All the court really held was that the attachment proceedings being begun more than four months before the bankruptcy proceedings were not void as against those for any property lawfully attached at that time. There is no attempt to determine what property was or was not legally attached. That was left to be determined when it should become necessary in any forum where the question should arise. It is not disputed here that the proceedings were properly begun. It is disputed that the property in question was bound by the attachment, and that question is not touched by the bankruptcy decree.
It is further urged that after Leonard Grover had shown a' conveyance from the assignee in bankruptcy of Powell Grover’s interest, these proceedings became relevant and important and should have been admitted.
But the same difficulty still applies. They do not pass upon the validity of the attachment levy, and whether the property belonged to Powell Grover or his wife, they are no adjudication that the attachment covered them. If not, then the assignee took whatever title Powell Grover had, and could lawfully assign it to Leonard Grover.
The pertinency of the proceedings in the bankrupt court, for any other purpose does not appear in the record before-us, and it is not necessary to consider how far they could be regarded as concluding any rights which we have no means of clearly identifying.
Judgment must be affirmed with costs.
Cooley, O. J., and Graves, J., concurred.
Marston, J., did not sit in this case. | [
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Cooley, C. J.
In the case of the relator against Jerome B. Waldo, in the circuit court for the county of Ingham in chancery, the complainant obtained a decree of foreclosure, which, on appeal to this court, was affirmed on an equal division of the court. The cause having then been remanded for an execution of the decree, but without instructions, the circuit judge, on application of defendant, considered himself at liberty 'to open the decree for further hearing on the merits. A mandamus is now applied for, to require him to set aside his order. In response to the application counsel take two positions: First, that the original decree was wrong under the pleadings; and, second, that the decree having been affirmed not by a concurrence of opinion on the part of the justices of this court, or of a majority thereof, but from the necessity of the case on an equal division, and having been remanded without directions, the case stood afterwards in the circuit court as it would have stood if the case" had never been appealed, and the circuit judge was at liberty to exercise his discretion in such manner as he might deem conducive to justice.
The first position, in our opinion, is necessarily dependent on the second. If in fact the previous action of this court is conclusive, no consideration regarding the merits of the case is any longer open. And we are of the opinion that it is conclusive for reasons which will be very briefly stated.
The policy of the law is that when a case has once been considered and disposed of by the courts before which it may lawfully be brought, it is disposed of for all time, and the conclusion cannot be attacked in any new proceeding except upon certain equitable grounds which are foreign to the present discussion. The court rendering the conclusive judgment may have a discretionary authority to review and revise its own action, but if that court shall have taken the case on appeal, and shall have remanded it after judgment, the court below can have no similar authority, because if it could, and should exercise it, it would really be reviewing and revising the action of its superior; which would be absurd. All the discretion which the inferior court can have must concern the execution of the judgment or decree which has been sent down to it; if no directions have been given as to these, it would have the ordinary powers in respect to it, as it would have had if it had been entered by itself.
The question here is whether the case is any different when the judgment of the appellate court is one entered of necessity, and not by a concurrence of opinion. We think not. The same reasons of public policy, in favor of the conclusiveness of the judgment, apply to such cases as to others: the case has been heard and determined, and the public interest and the interest of the parties alike demands that there shall be an end of litigation. Moreover, if there is no end now, when can there be? If one judge may reverse his action after the case has thus been here, it may come up again on appeal from-his second conclusion, and if it should then go back in the same way, by reason of each of the justices adhering to his former opinion, the successor of the circuit judge, holding different views from those last prevailing, might re-open the case and start it upon its rounds anew. This seems very absurd, but it is quite possible under the views expressed in favor of the action below.
But we' think the conclusiveness of the judgment is not affected by the circumstance that the judgment was entered here on an equal division of the court. That was the conclusion of the Supreme Court of the United States in Durant v. Essex Company, 7 Wall., 107, where the subject was carefully considered. The statute provides that the judgment or decree under review shall in that event be affirmed (Comp. L., § 4923); but the judgment of affirmance is the judgment of the court,., and when the case goes back, no one is legally concerned with the reasons that led to the judgment. It is the judgment of the court of last resort, and no other tribunal can question it. In the case similarly circumstanced of People ex rel. The Attorney General v. Mayor, etc., of New York, 25 Wend., 252, the court for the correction of errors of New York, following an opinion of the chancellor, refused to re-open its own judgment for further hearing and pronounced it final and conclusive.
The mandamus must issue as prayed.
Campbell and Graves, JJ., concurred.
Marston, J., did not sit. | [
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Campbell, J.
This was a suit against an endorser, and his liability, upon the facts found, depended on the sufficiency of the notice of dishonor, inasmuch as the letters relied on as recognitions of liability are equivocal and not enough to indicate any promise to pay.
The notice was full in every other respect except as to the fact of demand and refusal. As to these it simply declared that the note was unpaid, . and the holders looked to the endorser for payment.
This left the facts of presentment and refusal to inference. The question is whether a notice of this kind is valid.
There are cases both numerous and respectable which have held such a notice insufficient. No particular form of notice can be laid down as requisite, and the discussion has always been concerning the sufficiency in each case to inform the endorser of what was claimed as fixing his liability.
We think that altogether too much force has been given to technical phrases in such notices. A notice, whatever be its form, cannot bind unless the paper has been legally dishonored, and every endorser must be presumed to know what action will bind him and what will not. Notice need not be given by a notary. Any holder may give it for himself and in his own language. Negotiable paper is used by all classes of men and for all manner of purposes, and in a large class, if not in the majority of cases, credit is given to the endorser and he knows it. He is entitled to have his liability established by the necessary measures. But there is no reason why courts should strain matters, as they often have done, to discharge persons from liability when they have not been misled in any way by the notices sent them. As a matter of fact every endorser who receives a notice of non-payment, and that he is looked to for payment, knows that such a notice would not have been sent unless it was supposed the proper steps had been taken to charge him. He learns this as well from one form of notice as from another, and when courts have theorized upon the forms of notice, and assumed that endorsers scan with the nicety of advocates every phrase and turn of expression, they assume what is not true in fact, and impose upon negotiable paper what seem to be unreasonable restrictions. The value of such a medium of business convenience is injured by every needless technicality, and honest holders of such paper, who have not read the law reports, are practically defrauded.
We think the notice in the present case was sufficient. The early case of Platt v. Drake, 1 Doug. (Mich.), 301, was overruled in Burkam v. Trowbridge, 9 Mich., 209, where we remarked upon the danger of over technical refinements in these matters. The more liberal doctrine seems to us the correct one. And while no doubt many cases, and possibly a majority of those reported hold otherwise, we do not think the popular usage has been changed by them, or that justice would be furthered by such a change.
The judgment must be affirmed, with costs.
Cooley, C. J. and Marston, J., concurred. | [
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Cooley, C. J.
The opinion in the case of People ex rel. Parsons v. The Circuit Judge of Wayne Circuit, ante p. 288, disposes of this case. The cause of action was a promissory note, falling due in 1863 or 1864. At that time the plaintiff resided in Canada, and by the statute of limitations then in force he was exempted on that ground from its provisions. He came to this State early in 1871, where the defendant then resided. The suit was brought in 1875. By an amendment to the statute adopted in April, 1871, persons resident within the British Provinces of North America were placed on the same footing with residents within the United States, and subjected to the same six years limitation in the case of actions of assumpsit, with a proviso that “if any person not already barred by the provisions of law heretofore existing, from maintaining any of said actions, shall be barred according to the foregoing provisions of this enactment therefrom, then such person may bring such action within one year after this act shall take effect, and not afterwards.” The effect of this amendment was to limit the time for bringing suits by persons situated as was this plaintiff, to one year from the time when the act took effect, if six years had previously elapsed since the cause of action accrued. As has been said in the case above referred to, we have no doubt this was competent. As the circuit court held otherwise, the judgment must be reversed, with costs, and a new trial ordered.
The other Justices concurred. | [
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Reid, J.
Plaintiff Brooks brought this action on an employment contract, claiming a breach of the contract and unlawful termination of the contract by the defendant. Defendant appeals from a judgment against defendant for $2,813.23. Under an employment contract dated March 9, 1948, defendant employed the plaintiff for a period of 1 year from and after March 8, 1948, for the sum of $7,800 per year, payable at the rate of $150 per week. Section 2 of the contract is as follows:
“The services to be performed by the employee shall be that of manager of the floor covering department with duties consisting of buying and selling floor covering. It is further understood and agreed by and between, the parties hereto that the employee will help the employer in other selling departments when-free to do so, or on the request of the employer. It is'further understood and agreed by and between the parties hereto that the employee will draw plans for remodeling the floor covering department of the employer at no extra salary or remuneration from the employer.”
Section 5 of the contract is as follows:
“5. It is understood and agreed by and between the parties hereto that this contract can only be terminated by the employer by payment of the entire balance of the yearly salary due and owing to the employee. That the contract otherwise shall not be terminated except in the case of proven dishonesty on the part of the employee.”
The case was tried without a jury. The issue is factual. Plaintiff claims that defendant’s business manager discharged plaintiff without any reason recognizable as such under the contract. Defendant denies discharging plaintiff, and claims plaintiff quit the employment of his own volition.
On or about August 13 or 15, 1948, a loud conversation took place in a small office in the store of defendant between plaintiff and Mr. Sam Lande, defendant’s manager.
Plaintiff claims that in the conversation Mr. Lande .expressed himself as dissatisfied with the results in plaintiff’s department, floor covering, and plaintiff claims that Mr. Lande told him he would have to leave or defendant would have to get more business. Plaintiff claims that Mr. Lande used the words, “You are all done.” Mr. Lande claims that plaintiff had been asked at different times to work in other selling departments and that plaintiff responded that he didn’t want to dirty himself' and wasn’t hired for that particular purpose, and it is the claim of the defendant that the dispute upon the occasion in question was over plaintiff’s refusal to work in other departments or apparently, to work at certain matters requiring attention in the floor-covering. department when there was an absence of customers during business hours. During the cross-examination of plaintiff, the following occurred:
“Q. In other words, if the employer requested you to do stock work, that is within the terms of the contract, isn’t that true?
“A. No, sir.”
And, further:
“Q. In other words, you felt that paragraph 2 didn’t mean that Mr. Lande or the employer could tell you to do any type of work in the store, but only certain types of work?
“A. That’s right.”
And, further:
“Q. What were some of the things that were discussed?
“A. Mr. Lande was very dissatisfied with the terms of the contract as far as I was concerned, and he wanted to dispose of me, as near as I could tell from his conversation.
“Q. Did he say that to you?
“A. Not those exact words. He fold me I would have to leave or we would have to get more business.”
Mr. Lande for the defendant testified that plaintiff on the occasion in question didn’t give Mr. Lande a chance to do very much talking.
“He ran out, and the first person that he got to was Mrs. Straley.”
Part of the dispute in the small office had been over a request of plaintiff for some money on account of a vacation and Mr. Lande testified:
“Q. When you told him you wouldn’t give him any money, he hollered, ‘You fired me’?
“A. ‘You fired me.’ I said, ‘I didn’t fire you.’
“Q. What did you do then?
“A. I went out of the room.
“Q. Right after him?
“A. He got up and went out and the first person he saw was Mrs. Straley, and he said, ‘He just fired me.’ I said, ‘I didn’t fire him.’ Then he went to Mr. Curry and he said, ‘You heard him; he just fired me.’ He was up in the carpet department.”
Mr. Lande further testified that plaintiff immediately left and did not return to his work in the store of defendant. The following occurred during the testimony of Mr. Lande:
“Q. Did Mr. Brooks, prior to this last day, ever talk to you about buying him out?
“A. He did previous, about 2 or 3 or 4 weeks, right along in there. He said he was dissatisfied, didn’t like the operation, didn’t like my method of doing business. That was his attitude. He was arrogant. He wanted his way. Our carpet sales dropped off, and when Mr. Brooks left, our carpet sales started to pick up.
“Q. Did you at any time while Mr. Brooks was working at the Flint Furniture Mart tell him in so many words, ‘You are fired’?
“A. I didn’t. ■
“Q. Did you ever indirectly tell him he was fired?
“A. I didn’t.”
Witness B-ay L. Neely, called by defendant, was working in defendant’s place of business and was in the store when the conversation spoken of heretofore took place, but testified that he did not hear the conversation.
“Q. What did you hear?
“A. The only thing I heard, when they came out of the office, Brooks said, ‘He fired me’, and Sam said he didn’t.
. “Q. You mean Brooks was saying, ‘He fired me’, and Sam—
“A. Sam said, ‘No, I didn’t.’ ”
Another employee, Arlie Curry, testified that he was standing in the rug department on the day plaintiff left.
“Q. Did Mr. Brooks talk to you that day as he left the store?
“A. At the time they came out of the office I was standing, if I am not mistaken, in the rug department. Mr. Brooks called me over, and he said, ‘Curry, I want you to witness this.’ He said, ‘Sam just fired me,’ and Sam immediately said, ‘I didn’t.’
“Q. Did you hear anything else?
“A. No, I didn’t.”
Mrs. Straley was cashier in the office and testified that she was present on the occasion of the dispute in the office. She testified:
“Q. Were you present when they both came out of the office?
“A. Yes.
“Q. Did either one of them speak to you?
“A. Mr. Brooks said, ‘Mrs. Straley, I want you to witness this; Sam just fired me,’ and Mr. Lande said, ‘No, no.’ ”
The apparent conclusion on the part of the trial judge that Mr. Lande had discharged plaintiff, is against the clear preponderance of the testimony. The testimony of Mr. Lande was corroborated by 3 witnesses against which is the uncorroborated testimony of plaintiff. Plaintiff shows inferentially by his testimony that he was neglecting some of the duties that were very plainly incumbent upon him by the terms of the contract. At least, it is certain that by his testimony he is stating that certain duties were not required of him by the contract which an examination of the contract plainly shows were required of him. Plaintiff by his own testimony coupled with the positive testimony of Mr. Lande that plaintiff had violated those terms, was plainly guilty of neglect of duty, all of which being considered, plaintiff Brooks had no just reason to complain of the urging upon him by Lande of greater productivity of effort and plaintiff was afforded no cause for quitting his employment.
All the testimony being considered, it seems to us the clear.preponderance of the testimony is in favor of the conclusion that while in the small office Mr. Lande was urging vehemently that plaintiff bring about a better sales condition in the floor-covering department, still he did not intend by his .urging to be understood as terminating Mr. Brooks’ employment.
Plaintiff surely must have understood that Mr. Lande had not “fired” him because of Mr. Lande denying immediately upon the spot plaintiff’s statements that Lande had fired him. Our conclusion is that the clear preponderance of the evidence is in favor of the proposition that plaintiff in a fit of anger quit, without being discharged.
The finding of the trial court being against the clear preponderance of the evidence, the judgment appealed from should be set aside. See Burrell v. Scott, 300 Mich 385, 390. The ease is remanded to the trial court with instruction to set aside the judgment entered for the plaintiff and. to enter a judgment for defendant of no cause of action. Costs to defendant.
Carr, C. J., and Butzel, Smith, Sharpe, Boyles, Dethmers, and Kelly, JJ., concurred. | [
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Boyles, J.
This is an original proceeding in this Court whereby plaintiff, who is the judge of the superior court of Grand Rapids, seeks a writ of mandamus to compel the auditor general to deliver to him payroll vouchers for the salary fixed for circuit judges by PA 1954, No 155.
Petitioner’s present term of office is for 6 years, and commenced May 1, 1953. PA 1954, No 155, effective August 13, 1954, reads, in part, as follows:
“Each circuit judge and each of the judges of the recorder’s court shall receive an annual salary of $12,500.”
PA 1949, No 275, § 6, provides for the salary of judges of the superior court of Grand Rapids as follows:
“The judge of said superior court shall receive from the treasury of the State of Michigan the same annual salary as may he payable to circuit judges, and payable in the same manner as are circuit judges. The judge of said court may receive such additional sum as the city commission of Grand Rapids may provide, to be paid by said city in the same manner as are city officers.”
The defendant auditor general argues that payment to plaintiff may not lawfully be made of the additional sums which he seeks, because prohibited by article 16, § 3, of the Constitution (1908), which reads in part as follows:
“Salaries of public officers, except circuit judges, shall not be increased, nor shall the salary of any public officer be decreased, after election or appointment.”
Defendant claims that the plaintiff is not a circuit judge, therefore not within the above exception of circuit judges in article 16, § 3; wherefore the inhibition against an increase in salary must apply to him. Plaintiff admits that he is not a circuit judge, but claims that his salary is fixed by PA 1949, No 275, which became effective before his term of ■office, rather than by PA 1954, No 155, which took •effect after the commencement of his term.
But the 1949 act makes no provision for an increase of salaries of superior court judges during term. If it should be so construed, it would run counter to the inhibition in article 16, § 3. While said Act No 155 increased the annual salary of circuit and recorder’s court judges to $12,500 from $9,000 fixed by PA 1949, No 103, which act it amends, it significantly omits any increase of salary for superior court judges, although they were included in the increase by said PA 1949, No 103. In the instant proceeding the plaintiff would, in effect, include superior court judges in the increase provided for in the 1954 act.
PA 1949, No 275, on which the plaintiff relies in part, and PA 1954, No 155, on which the plaintiff also relies in part, for the increase, must be read together and so construed. The 1949 act, by connecting the salaries of superior court judges to the salaries of circuit judges, plainly indicates such a legislative intent. The net result of plaintiff’s claim for the increase would be to increase his salary during term, which began May 1, 1953. PA 1954, No 155, increasing the salary of circuit judges, became effective August 13, 1954, during plaintiff’s term of office. Plaintiff, not being a circuit judge at that time, does not come within the exception in article 16, § 3, of the Constitution prohibiting an increase in salary for public officers during term, “except circuit judges.”
In Dunham v. Tilma, 191 Mich 688, a judge of the superior court of Grand Rapids sought mandamus to compel the city comptroller of Grand Rapids to audit the judge’s claim for an increase in salary under an amendment to the statute increasing the annual salaries of circuit judges and that of the judges of the recorder’s and superior courts; which act went into effect after the plaintiff had been elected and during his term of office. This Court, referring to article 16, § 3, of the State Constitution, said (pp 690, 691, 693, 694):
“The only question involved in the application .and submitted to this Court is whether relator is prohibited from receiving the additional salary by the terms of the constitutional provision above cited. It is the contention in his behalf that the superior court is a court of record with an original jurisdiction, within the territorial limits of the city, coordinate with that of circuit judges, and that the judge ■of such a court comes within the classification, ‘circuit judge,’ and is therefore exempted from the limitation of the constitutional provision. In passing upon this question it must be conceded that the judge of the superior court is a State officer, and that the court, by the act of the legislature creating it, has been made one of great power and dignity. But it is not a circuit court, and the judge thereof is not a circuit judge. * * * The superior court of Grand Rapids was professedly organized .as a municipal court. The term ‘circuit judges’ in the section of the Constitution first referred to can no more be held to include judges of municipal •courts than can the same term in other sections of the Constitution. * * * He does not come within the exemption allowed to circuit judges.”
The provision of the Constitution is clear. The legislature cannot fix plaintiff’s salary by reference and thus circumvent the express constitutional inhibition against the increase of plaintiff’s salary ■during term. He is not a circuit judge, does not ■come within the plainly worded exception to the constitutional inhibition, and his salary cannot be increased during term.
Writ dismissed. No costs, a public question being involved.
Carr, C. J., and Butzel, Smith, Sharpe, Reid, Dethmers, and Kelly, JJ., concurred.
Amending CL 1948, § 602.58, as last amended by PA 1949, No 103 (Stat Ann 1955 Cum Supp § 27.195).
CLS 1952, § 727.6 (Stat Ann 1953 Cum Supp § 27.3616).
CLS 1952, § 602.58 (Stat Ann 1953 Cum Supp § 27.195).—Re-PORTER. | [
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Smith, J.
This case involves the validity of certain school district annexation elections. The primary area involved is described by the parties, and will he referred to by this Court, as the “panhandle.” This is an area adjacent to the city of Kalamazoo, the validity of the annexation of which was established in Kalamazoo Township v. Kalamazoo County Clerk, 339 Mich 619. The instant litigation involves another phase of the annexation.
A portion of the panhandle lies in defendant School District No. 6, Fractional, Kalamazoo and Portage Townships, Kalamazoo County, and the remaining portion lies in defendant School District No. 16, Kalamazoo Township, Kalamazoo County. Subsequent to the effective date of the panhandle’s annexation, the Board of Education of the School District of the City of Kalamazoo (hereinafter termed plaintiff school district) resolved “that (the panhandle) shall be and the same is hereby annexed to and consolidated with the School District of the City of Kalamazoo.” School Districts Nos. 6 and 16 were notified thereof and annexation elections were thereafter held. The electors of School District No. 16 voted against the annexation of the panhandle with the plaintiff school district by a vote of 392 to 8. School District No. 6 likewise rejected by a vote of 1293 to 10. Plaintiffs, the School District of the City of Kalamazoo, and C. Carroll Craw ford, a resident of the city of Kalamazoo,’ thereupon commenced qno warranto suits against each defendant school district, challenging the validity of the elections. The trial court held that the elections were null and void, that the panhandle was duly annexed to the plaintiff school district, and judgment was entered accordingly. The causes were consolidated for trial, and appeal, and will be referred to in this opinion, save where distinction must be made, as though one action.
The applicable statute (CLS 1954, §346.4 [Stat Ann 1953 Rev § 15.184]), in its controverted portion reads as follows:
“Whenever hereafter any territory shall be annexed to any city forming the. whole or a part of a school district of the third class, the territory so annexed shall become a part of the contiguous school district embracing the whole or some part of said city: Provided, That a resolution approving such consolidation shall be passed by the board of education of said third class school district within 30 days after the territory is annexed: And provided, That there is an affirmative vote in an annexation election in the school district or districts in the territory to be annexed approving such consolidation. The board or boards of education having authority in such school district or districts shall call such annexation elections within 30 days after the territory in question has been annexed to the city.”
We will state the position of the parties only so far as is necessary to dispose of the matter on appeal. It is the position of the plaintiffs-appellees, challenged by defendants, that the elections were null and void because, as is conceded, all of the qualified electors of each school district were allowed to vote, rather than only those residing in the panhandle itself. As appellees put it, there was error “in per mitting electors who resided outside the territory to be annexed to vote on the annexation question.”
The question presented is one of statutory construction. What, precisely, is the meaning of the proviso that there shall be an affirmative vote in the school districts in the territory to be annexed? The language, it is conceded, lacks the utmost in clarity. If we, with appellants; place the emphasis upon the words “school district” there is much to be said for the proposition that all in the entire school district should vote. Is this, in fact, the legislative intent?
In the determination of the legislative intent, where the language itself demands construction, we do not consider the statute as though divorced and removed from cognate legislation. It is a reasonable assumption that legislative policy with respect to the weight and deference given the vote of-the citizenry on considerations directly affecting their homes and schools, always in the forefront in annexations, will follow a consistent policy and pattern. As we put the matter in In re School District No. 6, Paris and Wyoming Townships, Kent County, 284 Mich 132, 143, 144:
“In determining the meaning of this statute, it is the primary duty of the court to ascertain, if possible, the intention of the legislature in passing it. That intention is to be drawn from an examination of the language of the act itself, the subject matter under consideration, and the scope and purpose of the act. It is necessary to consider other statutes which may have preceded it or which relate to the same subject. The act should be so construed that all of its provisions may be rendered. harmonious and recourse may be had to the history of the legislation upon the subject matter of the act.”
We turn, then, to acts similar in scope and purpose. ■ Thus with respect to the alteration and coilsolidation of school districts (CL 1948, § 353.1 [Stat Ann 1953 Rev § 15.407]), we find that where land in a school district has been taxed for the building of a schoolhouse, it cannot be “set off into another district” without a 2/3 vote of certain people. These people are the owners of the land “to he sent into” the other district. Likewise with respect to annexation of land by a city having a population of 15,000 or less (CLS 1952, § 117.9 [Stat Ann 1953 Cum Supp §5.2088]), it is provided that a majority of the electors from “that portion of the territory to be attached” shall vote in favor of the annexation. To safeguard effectively the rights of those in the area, it is further provided that there shall he 2 elections, and a majority of the votes cast in the district to be annexed, “voting separately,” must favor the proposed change. Similar in purpose is the provision in the same section of the act that when it is proposed to incorporate territory as a city “only the residents of the territory to he incorporated shall vote on the question of incorporation.” Such examples might be extended. As to change of boundaries of fourth class cities, see CL 1948, § 82.1 (Stat Ann 1949 Rev § 5.1609), “a majority vote of the duly qualified electors of the territory proposed to be added * * * voting at a special election;” as to incorporation of villages, CL 1948, § 78.5 (Stat Ann § 5.1515) “a majority of the votes cast in the district proposed to be incorporated'or annexed, voting separately, to be in favor,” et cetera. •
There is a clearly discernible pattern here disclosed, a consistent thread of policy running through these various acts, that the persons in the area affected shall determine their corporate affiliation and that in this determination they shall not he overpowered by the wishes of those who remain in the area affected. The words of Mr. Justice Boyles, in Presque Isle Prosecuting Attorney v. Township of Rogers, 313 Mich 1, 5, 6, are peculiarly appropriate at this point:
“It may be admitted that the voters and taxpayers in the remaining part of the township have an interest in seeing that a part of the township property is not removed from the township tax rolls, but the legislature has seen fit to declare that the residents in the remaining part of the township cannot defeat the will of the residents in that part who desire that their territory be made a part of the newly incorporated city. As we have often repeated, the wisdom of legislation is for the legislature, and not within the province of the court.”
Approached from this viewpoint, as we think the problem must be, the question of emphasis in the statute to which we heretofore adverted, answers itself : the vote required is a vote of the electors “in the territory to be annexed.” The words referring to the school district or districts relate to the type of election held, i.e., as was correctly held by the trial court, “a school district election at which qualified school district electors may participate by voting therein.” To the appellants’ argument that this case is controlled by Heinze v. St. Joseph Township School District No. 1, 336 Mich 552, we point out that the question here decided was neither presented to us nor decided therein.
There is, however, a further determination to be made. It not infrequently happens in respect of annexations that the territory to be annexed is completely without electors and thus “in the territory to be annexed” there is nobody able to express its will with respect thereto. Statutes may provide for the contingency by providing alternatives to the usual election, and, if so, there is no problem. We find such provisos in CL 1948, § 82.1 (Stat Ann 1949 Rev § 5.1609), CL 1948, § 78.5 (Stat Ann § 5.1515), and CLS 1952, § 117.9 (Stat Ann 1953 Cum Supp § 5.- 2088). It is to be noted, with respect to such provisos, that the legislative intent, again clearly expressed, is that absence of qualified electors shall not defeat an annexation deemed desirable or necessary by an adjacent community, and thus stifle its growth or expansion.
The statute in question is silent on the point and in that part of School District No. 6 in the panhandle there were no qualified electors. There can,, hence, be no election in the territory to be annexed.. It is an impossibility. Does this mean that the action desired by the plaintiff school district must fail? We cannot so hold. , The reasoning of the court in Braddock Township Appeal, 148 Pa Super 52 (24 A2d 705) well expresses what seems to be the legislative intendment.
“The provision in the act providing for the signatures of 80 per centum of the qualified electors resident in the territory desired to be detached and annexed was manifestly made for the protection of the resident electors, if any, in the territory in order that annexation could not be made without the approval of a substantial majority. We find no implication in the act that there can be no annexation where there are no electors resident in the territory proposed for annexation. We agree with the court below that the provision for the assent of a certain percentage of the qualified electors resident in the territory desired to be detached and annexed was for the purpose of making it clear that those who-were electors resident in the district affected were satisfied with the proposed change, and, that where, as in the present case, there were no electors this provision of the act does not affect the validity of the petition. Appellant’s contention that since there are no qualified electors resident in the territory there can be no annexation is, in our judgment, devoid of merit.”
So far, then, as respects School District No. 6, no election is possible and the act will not be thwarted by snch impossibility. Snch portion of such school district, therefore, within the panhandle, became annexed to the plaintiff school district upon the adoption of the resolution of the board of education thereof and the fulfillment of the necessary statutory requirements.
With respect to School District No. 16, the situation is somewhat different. The trial of the suits filed had been delayed by consent of the parties until after this Court had passed upon the validity of the annexation of the panhandle. At the trial the court correctly held that the election held was invalid and illegal. Should a new election be ordered? The testimony disclosed that, at the time of the trial, the same situation obtained with respect to this school district as with School District No. 6, namely, that there were no electors residing within it. An election registering an affirmative vote was, therefore, impossible, and the court correctly held- that the portion of District No. 16 within the panhandle became annexed to the plaintiff school district upon the adoption of the said resolution and the fulfillment of the necessary statutory requirements. We do not regard it as pertinent that at the time of the invalid election the district had had 1 elector, who had moved away by the time of the trial. No effort was made to establish his vote, or, in fact, whether or not he had voted, even if these facts were relevant, as to which we express no opinion. It is obviously idle and unwarranted to order a new election for nonexistent electors. The statute must have a reasonable construction.
In the view we have taken of the case it is unnecessary, to. consider the constitutional and other issues presented.
The judgment appealed from is affirmed. No costs, a public question being involved. ■
Carr, C. J., and Butzel, Sharpe, Boyles, Beid, Dethmers, and Kelly, JJ., concurred. | [
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Smith, J.
This case arises out of an alleged breach of an agreement for the sale of real estate. The facts may be simply stated. Plaintiff Carl E. Sams offered to purchase certain property from defendant Benjamin Feldman. Feldman accepted the offer unconditionally. No reservations or contingencies pertinent to the controversy are embodied in the written offer or its acceptance. The day subsequent to the acceptance, Sams entered into an agreement to sell the same property to the St. Lawrence Development Company at an increased price. Feldman, however, refused to convey and Sams, being thus unable to carry out his agreement with St. Lawrence, brought this action for his profits under such agreement.
The controversy turns upon an alleged verbal condition precedent to the Feldman-Sams agreement. Prior to the entry upon such agreement, Feldman had undertaken to sell the same property to one Kauffman, and it was Kauffman’s insistence on his prior right which prevented Feldman’s conveyance to Sams. Feldman insists that Sams was told of the prior arrangement at the time of entering upon his agreement to purchase and the trial court found as a fact that
“each of the parties litigant was conscious of, and had knowledge of the infirmities of the title of the property' in question at the time the deal was made and that each was willing to take the chance, and did take' the chance, that the prior purchaser, Mr. Kauffman, would not consummate the deal with Mr. Feldman, the greater part of his option term having already expired.”
In passing, we will note that we are not disposed to quarrel with this finding. The trial court accordingly denied Sams his St. Lawrence profits as damages upon the theory (which is also that of Feldman in this Court) that there was a condition precedent to the Feldman-Sams agreement, namely, that Feld man be in fact and in law free to convey the property described. Feldman relies upon onr statement in White Showers, Inc., v. Fischer, 278 Mich. 32, 36, in which we quote Rothstein v. Weeks, 224 Mich 548, 554:
“ ‘The law is well settled that one who executes a contract may protect himself from liability by a distinct agreement that it shall not become operative, or recognized as delivered, until other parties execute it also, and parol proof of such agreement is not objectionable as tending to vary the terms of a written agreement, as it only goes to show that whatever its terms the instrument never had validity as a contract. Dikeman v. Arnold, 78 Mich 455; Cleveland Refining Co. v. Dunning, 115 Mich 238; Ada Dairy Ass’n v. Mears, 123 Mich 470; Hodge v. Smith 130 Wis 326 (110 NW192).’ ”
■ Sams, however, urges upon us that the matter cannot be thus simply decided. He points out that the contract here involved was required to be in writing under our statute of frauds and, as he puts it, “a limitation, reservation or restriction, resting in parol, cannot be incorporated in said contract for such is absolutely void under the statute of frauds even though parol evidence thereof is not objected to.” He argues that the contract in the White Showers Case, Inc., supra, was not required to be in writing under the statute of frauds, a position which we need not here vex under our view of the' case.
Is there a requirement in our law that a condition precedent to a contractual obligation must be in writing if the statute of frauds requires the contract itself to be in writing? We find no such holding and appellant cites us to none. The cases upon which he relies are distinguishable from the case at bar. Thus we refused to hear parol in Smith v. Mathis, 174 Mich 262, but there we were faced with a condition subsequent and, as Wigmore points out (9 Wigmore, Evidence [3d ed], § 2410, p 35) “a condition subsequent, which of course forms a part of the act which it quálifies, must be contained in the writing, in order to be enforced, and an oral one is therefore ineffective.” We also refused to hear parol in Miller v. Smith, 140 Mich 524; and Schultz v. Silver, 323 Mich 454, both cited by appellant, but these cases involved familiar situations in which parol is refused. In the Miller Case we refused to agree that additional parties must join in a conveyance which was undertaken to be executed by defendants alone, and in the Schultz Case we refused to permit the alteration, by parol, of the acreage agreed in writing to be sold. Appellant’s other cases are equally distinguishable.
But, as noted, these are traditional cases for refusal to hear parol, cases in which the parol would alter the terms of the obligation or writing. In the situation presented, the question goes to the very existence of the contract itself, and this is true whether the contract is or is not required to be in writing under the statute of frauds. The taking of parol on this issue neither varies nor contradicts the writing, but goes rather to the commencement of the obligation. Anomalous it would be if the existence of a contract were to bar parol in a situation in which the very issue is whether or not there is any contract in existence. The courts, accordingly, freely hear parol in such cases, as was pointed out in the White Showers, Inc., Case, supra. Nor is the taking of parol exclusive of contracts required to be in writing under the statute of frauds. Upon theory, the argument that such contracts should follow a different rule does not commend itself to us. The reasons for the rule are of equal validity as applied to contracts required to be in writing under the statute of frauds. Accordingly, parol was heard as to a condition precedent in a land contract case in this State in Rothstein v. Weeks, supra. For similar holdings in land contract cases in other jurisdictions, see Allen v. Marciano, 79 RI 98 (84 A2d 425); Dependabilt Homes, Inc., v. Haettel, 81 Ohio App 422 (76 NE2d 616); Ball v. Wright, 118 Colo 410 (195 P2d 739); 1 Restatement, Contracts, §241.
Under our view of the case the above holding is decisive of the questions raised. The judgment of the lower court is affirmed. Costs to appellee.
Carr, C. J., and Btjtzel, Sharpe, Boyles, Reid, Dethmers, and Kelly, JJ., concurred.
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Butzel, J.
Lawrence Guillett was informed against for assault with intent to commit rape. He' pleaded not guilty and was tried in circuit court where a jury found him guilty of the crime charged. Appellant in propria persona has appealed from his conviction on various grounds. The complainant had agreed to spend an evening with him. He, with 2 other friends, called for her and they visited a tavern where each of them consumed 3 glasses of beer. She and appellant then went to the home of the latter’s parents, and later purchased a bottle of wine out of which she took 1 glass which she only partially consumed while he apparently finished the bottle. They sat together on a davenport and he made indecent advances which she repulsed. After she arose he then struck her, knocked her down and continued his attempt to commit rape. During a struggle she grabbed a telephone receiver and struck him so many blows on the head that he required hospitalization. She then escaped, ran across the road and the police and an ambulance were summoned. Appellant’s mother testified that he had been drinking for several days and that he had come home drunk earlier that day, but she left him to go to work shortly after 3 p. m. His father said that he appeared “dozy.”
In view of the testimony the trial judge in his charge to the jury stated:
“Now, there has been injected here to a great extent, the question of intoxication. I will give you an instruction on that.
“It is a well-settled law in this State that voluntary drunkenness is not a defense to crime. A man who puts himself in a position to have no control over his actions must be held to intend the consequences. The safety of the community requires this rule. Intoxication is so easily counterfeited, and, when real, is so often resorted to as a means of nerv ing a person up to the commission of some deliberate act, and withal is so inexcusable in itself, that the law has never recognized it as an excuse for crime.
“In the case of an offense such as the one charged, committed during a period of intoxication, the law presumes the defendant to have intended the obscuration and perversion of his faculties which followed his voluntary intoxication. He must be held to have purposely blinded his moral perception and set his will free from the control of reason—to have suppressed the guards and invited the mutiny; and should therefore be held responsible as well for the vicious excesses of the will thus set free as for the acts done by its prompting.”
Defendant has assigned error on the ground that the charge as given was incomplete and therefore misleading because it failed to state that intoxication may serve to negative the existence of the intent required for conviction of the crime charged. We are thus faced with 2 questions: (1) Was the charge erroneous; and (2), if so, did it constitute reversible error in view of the fact that no requests to charge were offered?
We must conclude that the charge was erroneous. In Roberts v. People, 19 Mich 401, 418, 420, the defendant was convicted of assault with intent to commit murder. On appeal, after considering the necessity for finding intent in fact, or specific intent, Justice Christiancy discussed the issue of whether drunkenness might negative the existence of that intent. He concluded:
“In determining the question whether the assault was committed with the intent charged, it was therefore material to inquire whether the defendant’s mental faculties were so far overcome by the effect of intoxication, as to render him incapable of entertaining the intent. And for this purpose, it was the right and the duty of the jury—as upon the question of intent of which this forms a part—to take into con sideration the nature and the circumstances of the assault, the actions, conduct and demeanor of the defendant, and his declaration before, at the time, and after the assault; and especially to consider the nature of the intent, and what degree of mental capacity was necessary to enable him to entertain the simple intent to kill, under the circumstances of this case—or, which is the same thing, how far the mental faculties must be obscured by intoxication to render him incapable of entertaining that particular intent. * * *
“But the circuit court held, in effect, that no extent of intoxication could have the effect to disprove the intent; treating the intent as an inference of law for the court, rather than a question of fact for the jury. In this we think there was error.”
A consideration of later Michigan authority reveals that Roberts v. People, supra, remains as the most eloquent and correct statement of law on the subject. Thus in People v. Walker, 38 Mich 156, 158, Justice Cooley wrote an opinion reversing a conviction of larceny stating:
“While it is true that drunkenness cannot excuse crime, it is equally true that when a certain intent is a necessary element in a crime, the crime cannot have been committed when the intent did-not exist. In larceny the crime does not consist in the wrongful taking of the property, for that might be a mere trespass; but it consists in the wrongful taking with felonious intent; and if the defendant, for any reason whatever, indulged no such intent, the crime cannot have been committed. This was fully explained by Mr. Justice Christiancy in Roberts v. People, 19 Mich 401, and is familiar law.”
And in the following cases this rule has been recognized and applied. People v. Haley, 48 Mich 495; People v. Peterson, 166 Mich 10; People v. Eggleston, 186 Mich 510; cf., People v. Depew, 215 Mich 317; People v. Toner, 217 Mich 640 (23 ALR 433); also, see People v. Murray, 72 Mich. 10. It is to be noted that we are here concerned with intoxication insofar as it might negative the requisite intent, as distinguished from insanity or delirium tremens brought on by intoxication, the latter, if present, being a complete excuse rather than a partial one, as here. For this distinction, see People v. Toner, supra; Roberts v. People, supra; Director of Public Prosecutions v. Beard [1920] AC 479 (12 ALR 846).
It is important in this decision to emphasize that intoxication may only negative the existence of specific intent. Examination of the cases reveals that where the rule was applied, it was done so in cases where the crime charged also involved a specific intent. Apparently the trial judge in the instant case did not realize this. For the most part his charge was in the exact words of Justice Cooley in People v. Garbutt, 17 Mich 9 (97 Am Dec 162). However, it should have been noted that the crime involved in that case was murder, not a specific-intent crime, or as was said in Roberts v. People, supra, at 417:
“The correctness of the principle laid down by this Court in People v. Garbutt, 17 Mich 9, 19, is not denied; that ‘a man who voluntarily puts himself in condition to have no control of his actions, must be held to intend the consequences.’ But this, it is insisted, includes only the consequences which do actually ensue—the crime actually committed; and not in this case the intent charged, if the defendant was at the time incapable of entertaining it, and did not in fact entertain it.
“We think this reasoning is entirely sound, and it is well supported by authority.”
The crime of assault with intent to rape involves a specific intent. People v. Dowell, 136 Mich 306; see People v. Richardson, 224 Mich 66; CLS 1952, §750.85 (Stat Ann 1953 Cum Supp § 28.280). The charge was therefore erroneous.
Plaintiff contends, however, that such is not reversible error because appellant failed to request such an instruction under CL 1948, § 768.29 (Stat Ann 1954 Eev § 28.1052), which provides in part:
“The failure of the court to instruct on any point of law shall not be ground for setting aside the verdict of the jury unless such instruction is requested by the accused.”
This part of the statute must be construed together with other language in the same section requiring the judge to “instruct the jury as to the law applicable to the case.” People v. Tolewitzke, 332 Mich 455. Therefore, even with the request absent, a case may still be reversed because the charge omits a legally essential ingredient. Cf., People v. Prinz, 148 Mich 307; People v. Kanar, 314 Mich 242; People v. Brott, 163 Mich 150; People v. Murray, 72 Mich 10. This has been true both prior to and after the enactment of the above-quoted statute. Similarly, as is the case here, without a request, a case may be reversed because of an erroneous or misleading charge as opposed to one which merely omits a pertinent though not legally necessary point. People v. MacPherson, 323 Mich 438.
The case of People v. Jones, 228 Mich 426, is in point. There the defendant was convicted of assault with intent to kill under a charge to the jury substantially the same as the one given in the instant case. We reversed the conviction on the ground that the charge was erroneous in the light of Roberts v. People, supra. The record in that case reveals that no requests to charge were offered and the necessity therefore was a point argued in the briefs on appeal. While the court did not discuss the issue in its opinion, by reversing the conviction they must have concluded that requests were not necessary.
Had the court in the instant case remained silent about intoxication it is possible, though we do not here decide it, that we would not have reversed, either because no requests had been made (intoxication apparently not being important enough to warrant a charge without a request, see People v. Prinz, supra; People v. Kanar, supra), or because a request, even if offered, might have been correctly refused on the ground that the evidence of intoxication was insufficient to raise such a defense. People v. Kirk, 151 Mich 253.
The error here is one of omission. The charge is one of half-truth and misleading. The effect of the instruction given in this case was to instruct the jury that any and all evidence of intoxication had absolutely no bearing on appellant’s guilt of the crime charged. It has been said that a charge stating some elements of a crime but omitting others “would have a natural tendency to cause a jury to believe that those stated were exclusive.” People v. MacPherson, supra, at 452. It was, therefore, prejudicial to the appellant. It was reversible error.
The trial judge instructed the jury that they could return 1 of 4 verdicts, namely: guilty of assault with intent to commit rape, guilty of assault and battery, guilty of simple assault, or not guilty. The jury returned a verdict of “guilty as charged,” whereupon the court stated:
“Just a minute. I did not instruct you to bring in a verdict ‘guilty as charged.’ You will have to go back and return a verdict, repeating either guilty of assault with intent to commit rape, guilty of assault and battery, guilty of simple assault. 1 anticipate what your verdict is, you find him guilty of assault' with intent to commit rape. So if you will retire and prepare your verdict and come back with it in the proper way.” (Emphasis added.)
The jury thereupon retired and 2 minutes later returned a verdict of “guilty of assault with intent to rape.” Appellant has assigned error on the ground that the effect of the court’s statement (italicized above) was to exclude from the consideration of the jury the possibility of returning a verdict of a lesser offense.
Under CL 1948, § 768.32 (Stat Ann 1954 Rev § 28.1055), which authorizes a jury to find an accused guilty of a lesser offense than the one charged, we have held that an affirmative exclusion of lesser offenses from the consideration of the jury is reversible error. People v. Jones, 273 Mich 430. Appellee claims that in view of the entire charge it was not reversible error. As it should not recur at a new trial, we need not pursue the question any further.
The question of whether the judge abused his discretion in sentencing appellant for a term of not less than 7-1/2 years nor more than 10 years, with a recommendation of 10 years, possibly may arise on a new trial. Before sentence, the court reviewed appellant’s criminal record, giving him an opportunity to reply. It appeared that he has had criminal tendencies ever since his adolescence, having been arrested some 32 times and convicted frequently, twice for felonies one of them assault with intent to commit rape. It is sufficient to say that the sentence was within the maximum provided by statute. Many other questions are also raised by appellant but they have not sufficient merit for us to even consider them.
Because of the error in the charge herein referred to, the verdict and judgment are set aside and the case remanded for a new trial.
Carr, C. J., and Smith, Sharpe, Boyles, Reid, Dethmers, and Kelly, JJ., concurred. | [
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Dethmers, J.
Plaintiff sued for damages occasioned by injuries sustained in a collision between the automobiles of defendants Kerr and Moelke while a passenger in the latter. The guest act is not involved. A jury returned a verdict in her favor for $10,000 against both defendants. Prom judgment thereon and orders denying his motions for judgment non obstante veredicto and new trial defendant Moelke appeals, contending (1) that the verdict is against the great weight of the evidence in that plaintiff failed to show negligence on his part, (2) that, on trial, she made a judicial admission exonerating him of all charges of negligence, and (3) that the court erred in instructing the jury that plaintiff might recover for loss of earnings after her counsel had told the jury, in argument, that she was making no claim therefor because of the difficulty of showing what she might have earned spasmodically as a baby sitter.
Was the verdict against the great weight of the evidence? Defendant Moelke was driving west on the north half of a 4-lane highway, approaching an intersection, at dusk. The pavement was dry, the weather clear and visibility good. Defendant Kerr was driving east on the south half of that highway, approaching the same intersection from the west. There are no proofs as to applicable speed limit. Moelke testified that he was proceeding at a speed of about 40 miles per hour and that when he was 50 or 60 feet from the intersection defendant Kerr suddenly made a left turn in front of him; that he attempted to stop but was unable to do so before the front of his car struck the right side of the Kerr car. Defendant Kerr testified that his lights were on; that before turning he had stopped in the northerly lane of the south half of the intersection; that ■when he saw Moelke’s car 150 feet distant he concluded that he could safely cross in front of it and proceeded to do so at a speed of about 4 miles per hour; that he thought Moelke was driving quite fast; that his car was struck when it was halfway between the center of the highway and the north lane. A disinterested witness, who had been standing nearby, testified that Kerr’s car had stopped for 4 or 5 seconds before crossing onto the north half •.of the pavement, that at that time Moelke’s car was 150 feet east of the intersection, and that after the collision the cars bounced apart and the Kerr car was spun around, making 6 complete revolutions. Such testimony and the inferences which might properly be drawn therefrom were sufficient to give rise to a jury question as to whether defendant Moelke had negligently failed to maintain a reasonable and proper lookout ahead, had travelled at an unreasonable and improper speed under all the circumstances then and there existing, or had failed to keep his car under reasonable control. For a case presenting similar facts in which it was so held, see Barnum v. Berk, 256 Mich 363. Moelke’s version and that of Kerr and the disinterested witness were in conflict. A jury finding, evidently based on ■acceptance of the latter, that Moelke was guilty of ■negligence, as a matter of fact, cannot be said to be •against the great weight of the evidence, even considering the hereinafter noted testimony of plaintiff.
The claimed judicial admission exonerating defendant Moelke consisted of plaintiff’s testimony as follows:
“Mr. Moelke was minding his business. He was -driving all right, I noticed. * * *
“He was minding his business. * * *
“Q. Was Mr. Moelke driving carefully at that "time?
“A. Oh, yes. He is a careful driver.”
She also testified that she had been sitting in the back seat, that she had been looking at the store windows and enjoying the scenery, that she did not know whether defendant Moelke had turned around to face and talk to her nor anything about how fast he was driving, that she had not seen the Kerr car at all, and that she did not know what either of the drivers had been doing prior to or how the accident occurred. Cited on the subject of judicial admissions are Connor v. Lake Shore & Michigan Southern R. Co., 168 Mich 29; and Leadon v. Detroit Lumber Co., 340 Mich 74. In Leadon it was held that a representation made by an employer in response to an inquiry by the Michigan unemployment compensation commission did not constitute a judicial admission because not made in the course of a trial and on the record. In Connor this Court, in holding that under the circumstances of that case the plaintiff might not, on second trial, take a position inconsistent with that taken by him at the former trial, discussed judicial admissions, saying (p 34):
“Admissions stand upon a different footing from that held by mere testimony. The jury hears the testimony, weighs it, and believes it or not, as the case may be, but a judicial admission made intelligently and with deliberation establishes the fact with reference to which it is made, and the jury must accept it as so established. 1 Greenleaf on Evidence, § 186, states the rule as follows:
“ ‘The admissions of attorneys of record bind their clients, in all matters relating to the progress- and trial of the cause. But, to this end, they must be distinct and formal, or such as are termed solemn admissions, made for the express purpose of alleviating the stringency of some rule of practice, or of dispensing with the formal proof of some fact at the trial. In such cases, they are in general con- elusive, and may be given in evidence, even upon a new trial’—citing cases.”
In that case this Court referred to the statement in Felton v. Schmidt, 104 Mich 345, 347 (53 Am St Rep 462): “If parties change their testimony, the jury may properly consider the fact, but it is not for this Court to say that a party must stand or fall by his former testimony, where there is any legitimate opportunity for a change in the testimony.” Although it was said that that was not in harmony with the earlier decisions, nevertheless, in the more recent case of Mitchell v. Reolds Farms Co., 268 Mich 301, this Court held that the plaintiff’s admission on former trial that 4 houses had been settled for did not bar his right to recover the proceeds therefrom on the basis of changed testimony, on the second trial, that but 1 of the houses had been settled for, it being shown that the former admission was inadvertently made. To borrow from the language in Connor, what is involved at bar is “mere testimony” of plaintiff concerning her opinions or conclusions and not the facts upon which they were based. We have here no formal admission of a fact, as in Connor, “made for the express purpose of alleviating the stringency of some rule of practice, or of dispensing with the formal proof of some fact at the trial,” which, as stated in Connor, would “stand upon a different footing from that held by mere testimony.” There was no judicial admission of fact requiring that we discard the usual rule applicable to defendant Moelke’s motion for judgment non obstante veredicto that the testimony must be viewed in the light most favorable to plaintiff. That rule is followed even when there are inconsistencies or contradictory statements in the testimony of plaintiff or her witnesses. Yampolsky v. Smith, 320 Mich 647; White v. Herpolsheimer Co., 327 Mich 462 (26 ALR2d 667); Staunton v. City of Detroit, 329 Mich 516; Knoellinger v. Hensler, 331 Mich 197; Knoor v. Borr, 334 Mich 30. Certainly the rule is not inapplicable merely because of her expression of opinions inconsistent with testimony of facts which support a verdict in her favor. It is evident from the quoted portions of plaintiff’s testimony that she did not know the facts about defendant Moelke’s driving or how the accident happened. Even though it be considered contradictory of or inconsistent with her expression of opinion, she is entitled to the benefit of the testimony as to facts of defendant Kerr and the disinterested witness and to have it construed in the light most favorable to her. So considered, it afforded a sufficient basis for the drawing of inferences of negligence on defendant Moelke’s part. While the proofs were not sufficient to justify a holding that he was guilty of negligence as a matter of law, they do not permit a holding that he was, as a matter of law, free from negligence. A jury question of fact was presented as to whether he was negligent in any of the particulars hereinbefore mentioned. Spiers v. Martin, 336 Mich 613. His motions for directed verdict and judgment non obstante veredicto were properly denied.
A plaintiff is entitled to recover for loss of earnings shown to have resulted from a defendant’s negligence. To so charge a jury would not be error. If no such loss is shown, there is, of course, no occasion for the instruction. However, lyhen counsel for plaintiff told the jury in his opening argument that he had made no showing of such loss and claimed nothing in that respect, the subsequent instruction on that subject amounted, at most, to harmless error. While there is quibbling about the true import of colloquy between court and counsel at the conclusion of the instructions, we think it amounted to an inquiry by the court as to whether counsel were satisfied with the instructions and an indication by them that they were. There is no occasion for complaint now.
Affirmed, with costs to plaintiff.
Carr, C. J., and Butzel, Smith, Sharpe, Boyles, Beid, and Kelly, JJ., concurred.
See PA 1949, No 300, § 401 (Stat Ann 1952 Rev § 9.2101).—Re-PORTER. | [
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Butzel, J.
{dissenting). This is an action for damages arising out of injuries suffered in a collision between an automobile and a truck on September 10, 1951.
Plaintiff Bhea Tracy arranged to ride as a guest with Charles Clement and his wife from Shingleton in the upper peninsula to Midland in the lower peninsula of Michigan. They left Shingleton, 114 miles from St. Ignace, at 7:30 a.m. in a new 1951 Oldsmobile and at approximately 9:45 a.m. were about 10 miles from the city of St. Ignace where they intended to catch the 10 a.m. ferry to cross the straits. A light rain or “drizzle” had been falling. At this point west of St. Ignace they became aware of a truck ahead of them on a wide curve in the road and headed in the same direction. The south half of the road was too narrow for one car to pass another going in the same direction. The driver of the car in which plaintiff was a passenger attempted to pass the truck partially on the south side of the road but was unable to do so becausé of the approach of a ear from the opposite direction. After pulling back into his own lane behind the truck he slowed down and tried to stop. However, the car did not respond to the brakes and skidded into the back end of the truck which was in fact disabled and stationary. Plaintiff brought suit against the driver, who was the owner of the truck and the defendant herein. The case was submitted to the jury which returned a verdict for $2,500 in plaintiff’s favor.
The van-type track was carrying a full load of some 300 cases of soft drinks toward St. Ignace, the truck and load together weighing over 22,000 pounds. At 7:45 a.m., 2 hours before the accident occurred, both of the dual tires on the right rear wheel of the truck suddenly burst without warning and became flat because of punctures. The driver testified that he then stopped the truck and attempted to park it off the road, but only succeeded in moving it partially onto the shoulder. He said the heavy load, the texture of the shoulder, and the flat tires all prevented him from moving it entirely off the highway. It had come to a standstill and did not respond to efforts to move it. Unpossessed of part of the necessary equipment he could not change the tires. He, therefore, left the truck, thumbed a ride into St. Ignace for help and returned some time after the accident occurred. Before leaving he did not place a warning flag or any other device on the road behind the truck, nor did he attempt to unload the truck to lighten it so as to attempt to drive further ■onto the shoulder.
The car in which plaintiff was a passenger was proceeding at 50 to 55 miles per hour when both plaintiff and the driver noticed the truck some 800 to 1,200 feet, or 2 to 3 blocks, ahead of them. Initially they did not realize it was stationary. The driver testified that 1 of the 2 ladies said, when they were 500 feet from the truck, that it had a flat tire. Plaintiff said she made such a statement when they were only 100 feet away. Both agree that when about 250 feet away the driver turned out to pass the truck. However, upon seeing a car approaching at a rapid rate from the opposite direction, he turned back into his own lane, at about 30. to 35 miles per hour. He applied the brakes but skidded 40. to 50 feet into the back of the track. In addition to the discrepancy in the testimony regarding knowledge of the flat tires, plaintiff and the driver differed as to when it was realized that the truck was not moving. Plaintiff testified that she realized it when they were 100 feet behind the truck after they had decided not to pass,, while the driver stated that he realized it when they were about to pass some 250 feet away. However, both agree as to when the truck was initially seen, when the driver attempted to pass, the speeds attained, and the fact that had it been a normal day when the pavement, was not slippery they could have stopped in plenty of time to avoid the collision.
Defendant has appealed the judgment on grounds that plaintiff was contributorily negligent as a matter of law and that defendant’s negligence was not the proximate cause of the accident.
The duties of a guest passenger are carefully noted in Jones v. Daniels, 328 Mich 402. When considered in light of the foregoing circumstances it can only be said that plaintiff’s observance or nonobservance of these duties was correctly submitted as a matter of fact for the determination of the jury.
Plaintiff argues that' defendant was negligent in that he violated the statutes prohibiting parking on the highway, CLS 1954, § 257.672 (Stat Ann 1952 Rev § 9.2372), and requiring placing of flags on the road near disabled trucks, CLS 1954, § 257.713 (Stat Ann 1952 Rev § 9.2413), as well as his common-law duty of care under the circumstances.
The parking statute provides:
“Outside of the limits of any city and village, it shall be unlawful to stop, park, or leave standing any vehicle, whether attended or unattended, upon the paved or main traveled part of the highway when it is practicable to stop, park or to leave such vehicle off such part of said highway.”
Though there seems to be some dispute as to the exact condition of the shoulder of the road, -the uncontroverted and corroborated testimony of the defendant was that he was unable to. move the truck completely off the highway under its own power. Defendant returned with a Mr. Gamble and his assistant who helped the defendant unload the truck and change the tires. Mr. Gamble testified:
“I have had experience in attempting to move trucks with flat tires within 20 miles of that point on US-2. It is almost impossible to move them unless you have more power to move them with. They just don’t seem to have power enough when the tires are flat on one side. I don’t think his truck could have gone on that shoulder in the condition I saw it that day.”
The evidence also showed that when they returned to the scene a State truck was already there and was hooked on to defendant’s truck with road chains, but evidently had not moved it.
Plaintiff argues that it would have been practical for defendant to have unloaded the truck and thereafter moved it. Defendant initially testified that it would have been difficult for him to have unloaded the truck himself and that it would have taken him some 2 hours to do it. The accident happened less than 2 hours after the time he could have commenced to unload. Mr. Gamble said:
“I helped unload that load. The truck was on a slant. The right rear tires were flat. I saw that. I got up on the load. The platform of the truck was on a slant which was quite bad; it slanted quite bad because it was hard to unload. The cases were slanting, also. It w,as difficult to unload it because of the slant.- I am familiar with the loading and unloading of trucks such as I saw there that day. It would take a man to unload a load like that alone possibly 2 to 3 hours.”
However, on cross-examination the defendant stated:
“I expect I could have unloaded or partially unloaded that truck. I probably could have got partially unloaded so I could have moved it within an hour.”
While unloading the truck on the highway may not have been a violation of the parking and stopping statute and thus negligence per se, see CLS 1954, §257.38 (Stat Ann 1952 Rev § 9.1838), the testimony given presented a question of fact as to whether or not it would have been practicable to have sufficiently unloaded so as to have enabled him to move the truck completely off the highway onto the shoulder.
If defendant was negligent it was because he did not unload the truck or failed to put out the required flag or other warning which reasonable men might consider it his duty to do under the circumstances. But conceding that defendant was negligent, it is necessary that plaintiff show that such was the proximate cause of her injuries. See Vaas v. Schrotenboer, 329 Mich 642, 650.
Though the driver of the car is not a party herein and we therefore do not pass upon whether his actions amounted to culpable negligence, his conduct, as well as other circumstances, is relevant to the issue of proximate cause. The aluminum colored van type truck was 7-1/2 feet wide and its top was some 9 feet above the pavement. It loomed in front of the driver who became aware, of its presence when it was some 800 to 1,200 feet away. The driver thereafter reacted in a manner consistent with the knowledge that a slow-moving or stationary vehicle was ahead. He slowed down, attempted to pass, but being unable to do so cam¿ back into line behind the truck. He testified that Tie knew the.truck was not moving when he started to pass it. The fact that plaintiff said that she did not realize the truck was stationary until they were 100 feet away does not seem to be relevant unless communicated to the driver in time to influence his conduct. Such was not the case here. It was the driver’s perception and reactions that determined his course of action. The flag statute, CLS 1954, §257.713 (Stat Ann 1952 Rev § 9.2413), provides:
“(g) Whenever any vehicle of a type referred to in this section is disabled upon the traveled portion of a highway or the shoulder thereof, outside of any municipality at any time when the display of fusees, flares, or electric lanterns is not required, the driver of such vehicle shall display 2 red flags upon the roadway in the lane of traffic occupied by the disabled vehicle, 1 at a distance of approximately 100 feet in advance of the vehicle, and 1 at a distance of approximately 100 feet to the rear of the vehicle. * # *
“(e) The flares, fusees, lanterns, and flags to be displayed as required in this section shall conform with the requirements of section 712 applicable thereto.”
The section 712 referred to is CLS 1954, § 257.712 (Stat Ann 1952 Rev § 9.2412) which requires that such flags be “not less than 12 inches square.” We have held that the absence of a light or flares may not be a proximate cause of an accident. See Lindenfeld v. Michigan Interstate Truck Co., 274 Mich 681, 684; Cothran v. Benjamin Cleenewerck & Son, 235 Mich 351.
It is apparent that the driver possessed all of the knowledge that a flag not less than 12 inches square, required to be placed but 100 feet away from the truck, would have imparted to him. Under the circumstances it would not have added to the driver’s notice and its absence cannot therefore be said to have been a proximate cause of the- accident. Cf., Engle v. Nelson, 220 Iowa 771 (263 NW 505). Plaintiff argues that flags or warnings would have indicated that the truck was standing still, rather than moving, as the driver first thought it was. . While this is not necessarily so, the circumstances indicate that the driver would not have reacted in a different manner or altered his conduct even if possessed of such knowledge.
The foregoing is equally true and applicable in regard to defendant’s negligence, if any, of leaving the vehicle standing on the road without attempting to unload it. If the absence of flags is not a proximate cause then surely the mere presence of the truck about which the flags are to warn would not be the proximate cause. The sole proximate cause of the collision was the slippery condition of the highway and/or the driver’s inattention to it.
Accordingly, the judgment should be reversed and a judgment, with costs, should be entered in defendant’s favor.
Boyles, J.
The defendant left his truck standing on the traveled portion of the highway without displaying flags in the lane of traffic occupied by his vehicle. This was contrary to the express requirement of the cited statute. The facts as to how the accident occurred, when plaintiff’s driver discovered he could not safely pass the truck, were fully disclosed to the jury, which found that the defendant truck driver was guilty of negligence which was a proximate cause of the accident. The court did not err in submitting that issue, as well as the question of contributory negligence of the plaintiff herself, ■to the jury as a question of fact.
If plaintiff’s driver was also guilty of negligence which might also be a proximate cause, it cannot be imputed-to her (Bricker v. Green, 313 Mich 218 [163 ALR 697]), nor would it excuse the truck driver from liability. There may be 2 proximate causes to an accident. Sedorchuk v. Weeder, 311 Mich 6; Graham v. United Trucking Service, Inc., 327 Mich 694.
Affirmed.
Carr, C. J., and Sharpe, Reid, Dethmers, and Kelly, JJ., concurred with Boyles, J.
Smith, J., concurred in the result. | [
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Dethmers, J.
Plaintiff appeals from judgment for defendant entered on a jury verdict of no cause for action in her suit for damages resulting from injuries sustained when struck by a streetcar of defendant city.
Plaintiff stood at the northeast corner of an intersection and, when the traffic light was green in her favor, proceeded south on the east crosswalk. She saw the streetcar approaching her from the west. After she had crossed tracks for westbound cars she came to the most northerly rail of the tracks for eastbound cars and was struck by the left front corner of the streetcar. Her testimony concerning' respective locations of herself and the streetcar when she made her first and subsequent observations of it and concerning how frequent or continued such observations were is so lacking in clarity that no definite conclusions in those respects can be drawn therefrom. She did testify that when she saw the car coming she assumed that it would stop because the light was red against it. Where she and the car were, when or while she was relying on that assumption the testimony does not disclose. Manifestly, the car crossed the entire intersection, 100 feet in width, before it struck her. After it had entered the intersection but was still sufficiently distant from her to have permitted her to act to avoid injury there was no longer any justification for reliance on such an assumption. At all events, such assumption would not excuse her from the duty of looking and acting as a reasonably careful person on the basis of what was there to be seen. From the testimony it can only be concluded either that plaintiff: failed to maintain a reasonable and proper lookout for the approaching car or that, seeing it, she proceeded heedlessly to the point of impact in utter disregard of what she saw and without taking reasonable care for her own safety, under circumstances that would have apprised an ordinarily careful, reasonable and prudent person that a collision was bound to occur. Such conduct has been held to constitute contributory negligence as a matter of law in Malone v. Vining, 313 Mich 315; Boyd v. Maruski, 321 Mich 71; Cioffari v. Blanchard, 330 Mich 518; Denman v. Youngblood, 337 Mich 383; Erickson v. Vendzah, 340 Mich 556; Heger v. Meissner, 340 Mich 586. Accordingly, it cannot be said that a finding, as a matter of fact, by the jury, if made, that plaintiff had failed to establish her freedom from contributory negligence, a prerequisite to her right to recover, was unsupported by or against the great weight of the evidence. We can only assume that the jury so found. Such contributory negligence, if it existed, continued to operate as a proximate cause to the time of impact. Hence, plaintiff was not entitled to requested instructions on the subject of subsequent negligence of defendant. Davidson v. City of Detroit, 307 Mich 420, and cases therein cited; Dulemba v. Tribble, 325 Mich 143.
Affirmed, with costs to defendants.
Carr, C. J., and Btjtzel, Sharpe, Boyles, Reid, and Kelly, JJ., concurred.
Smith, J., took no part in the decision of this case. | [
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Marston, J.
Complainants filed their bill to restrain defendants, the Auditor General and county treasurer, from selling certain lands for delinquent taxes. An answer was put in, proofs taken, and the relief prayed for granted.
The important facts in this case are as follows: Isaac M. Bhodes was supervisor of the township of Franklin in 1873 and 1874. Instead of making a new assessment roll for 1874 in the usual manner, he took the original assessment roll for 1873, which was in his office, and with a blue pencil made such changes and alterations thereon in valuation and otherwise as he deemed necessary. All such changes were made prior to the third Monday of May, 1874, and the roll of 1873 thus altered in fact constituted the roll for 1874, no changes having been made thereon after the time fixed for a review of the same in May, except to add one name with a tax of personal property. After the time fixed by law for a review of the assessment roll, the supervisor then made a copy of this roll, to which copy he attached his certificate as required by § 991 of the statute, and the copy so made and certified to, stood henceforth as the roll for 1874.
The real question, then, in this case is whether a person whose real estate has been assessed in this manner can, for this reason alone, come into a court of equity and enjoin perpetually the sale of his lauds for the collection of the taxes so assessed, without paying or offering to pay any part of the same?
It must be conceded in the outset that it was highly improper, if not criminal (2 Comp. L., § 7751) for the supervisor to make any changes, alterations or additions in or to the original assessment roll of 1873, required by law to be kept on file in his office. This cannot, however, in my opinion, avail the complainants. They are in no way prejudiced in this case on account thereof. Had the supervisor in the first instance taken the roll for 1873 and made a literal copy thereof, and then adopted the copy so made, with the necessary changes, as in this case, in order to make it an assessment roll for 1874, I do not well see how the complainants could be injuriously affected thereby or claim that an assessment so made would be absolutely void. And yet as to them wherein lies the distinction ? The statute prescribes the method to be adopted by supervisors to procure a complete list of the taxable property within their several townships, and they are required immediately thereafter to proceed and examine the property, and estimate and set down the true value thereof. The statute farther prescribes that on the third Monday in May, and so on the next two following days, the supervisor shall be present at his office, at certain hours, for the purpose of reviewing his assessment, which then consists of descriptions and valuations only, including, of course, names of owners of property described, where necessary, and on the request of any person, his agent or attorney, considering himself aggrieved, on sufficient cause being shown to the satisfaction of the supervisor, he shall alter the assessment as to the valuation thereof, as shall to him appear just and equal. §§ 986, 987.
For all the purposes of this review, parties whose property was assessed could at the time fixed obtain as full and accurate information from the assessment roll for 1873, as altered, as they could had a copy of the same been made and then altered, or an entirely new assessment been made without any reference whatever to the roll for 1873. The roll as changed and as exhibited at that time, no longer stood as the roll for 1873, for that purpose, and as it then stood it was the roll for 1874, and the fact that it became necessary, after the supervisor had reviewed and completed this roll, for him to make a literal copy thereof, to which his certificate should be attached, and which should after-wards be examined by the board of supervisors, equalized and certified to by their chairman, and which should thereafter be and remain the original roll for 1874, would not, in my opinion, render such roll or the taxes afterwards assessed upon the basis thereof illegal and void. It may frequently become necessary, on account of the imperfect manner in which the assessment is first made, and the changes and corrections made during the review thereof, that a new roll or copy should be made and used thereafter as the original roll, and I should hesitate to hold, where such a necessity existed, in the opinion of the supervisor, and a legible and correct copy thereof had been made and adopted and used thereafter as the assessment roll, that, third parties with no other foundation to stand upon, could, with the aid of a court of equity, escape the payment of their just proportion of the public burthens.
It is urged in the brief of counsel in this case that the' abuses to which the course adopted in this case would lead are obvious; that the supervisor could readily alter the-assessment fraudulently after its inspection, and detection .of such alteration would be difficult, and that he might readily forget what assessment he had made and innocently alter it. In so far as any change or alteration in the record; for 1873 is concerned, the abuse is obvious and could not be justified, but as already said, this is not the proper proceeding to punish that abuse, so long as complainants do' not show how it injuriously affected their rights in the-assessment in question. To punish the supervisor for tampering Avith a public record is one thing, but it does not necessarily folloAV that such changed record could not be-made the basis upon which a valid assessment roll could be made out in favor of the State, county and other municipalities. The punishment cannot be extended so far as to deprive them of all rights in a proceeding of this kind» The other abuses referred to, even if likely to arise in such a case, may also where no such course has been adopted. Such an argument, however, does not go to the validity of' the tax in this proceeding, especially where no such abuses-are even hinted at in this case. We cannot assume that such an abuse will ever become the practice in this State, or grant the relief prayed for upon the theory that should such a practice be adopted, evils, now imaginary, may hereafter arise. “Sufficient unto the day is the evil thereof.”
We need not, however, dispose of this case upon the-grounds already stated. There is, in my opinion, still another clear and distinct ground for refusing the relief prayed for.
The complainant does not deny ownership of the property assessed, or allege that the taxes assessed against their property, and the collection of which they are seeking to enjoin, are otherwise illegal, excessive or unjust, or that there would be any thing inequitable in requiring them to pay the full amount thereof as their just proportion of a common public, burthen. They come into this court upon a purely legal objection, one which, even if valid to the full extent claimed, in no way increased the amount of the taxes assessed against their property, or added to their burthens or deprived them of any just right which they otherwise would have had. Having thus placed themselves upon a strictly legal objection, ought they not to have availed themselves of the. remedy which a court of law would have given them, where, if their position is correct, they would have obtained full and complete redress without in any way affecting the rights and interests of the public in -the other assessments, instead of coming into a court of equity for a process which in fact would prevent the payment of taxes by parties who otherwise would have made no complaint? The personal consequences are not the only ones which must be kept in view in this class of eases where a remedy by injunction is sought for to prevent the collection of the tax. “When the illegalities complained of affect only the person complaining, an injunction which restrains the collection as to him may cause no considerable mischief, and may very properly be •awarded if a sufficient case is made out; but when they affect the whole tax levy, as they often do, a court should be extremely cautious in awarding, on the complaint of one person, or even of several, a process which may reach the cases of others not complaining, and which may seriously embarrass all the operations of the government depending on the source of revenue which by means of it would be stopped.” Cooley on Taxation, 536. As was said in Eve v. State, 21 Ga., 50, “How could a government calculate with any certainty upon the revenues, if the collection of the taxes was subject to be arrested in every instance in which a tax-payer or tax .collector could make out prima facie a technical case for •arresting such collection? Far better is it * * to let the individual pay to the government what it demands of him, at the time of the demand, as he will be certain of getting it back with interest, after more or less delay, if it was not due.” The principle here contended for has been acted upon in this court upon several occasions, and in my opinion must when applied dispose of this case. Merrill v. Humphrey, 21 Mich., 170] Pillsbury v. Auditor General, 26 Id., 245.
A rule was laid down at an early day in this State which has since then substantially been incorporated into our tax laws as follows: “No general or special tax authorized to be raised by the laws of' this State, and which shall be assessed upon any property in any township or ward within the State, shall be held illegal or invalid for want of any matter of form in any matter or thing not affecting the merits of the case, and which shall not prejudice the rights of the party assessed.” 1 Comp. L., § 1129. I think this provision should receive such a construction as would carry out the evident intent of the Legislature, and which would not permit technical omissions, errors or abuses, not affecting the merits of the case, and which did not prejudice the rights of the party assessed, to relieve him from the payment of his just proportion of the public revenue. No injury can result to the individual from such a course, and the public interests- will be better subserved thereby in a more prompt collection of the taxes.
I am of opinion that the decree below should be reversed and the bill dismissed with costs of both courts.
Cooley, C. J.
This is a bill to enjoin the collection of a tax. The only ground for relief which is assigned is, that the supervisor did not have his roll ready for review on the third Monday of May as is required by law. It is not pretended that there has been an excessive valuation or any unauthorized levy; but relief is demanded and has been obtained on the sole ground of the irregularity mentioned.
So far as I am aware this is the first instance in the judicial history of the State in which equity has interposed to relieve a tax-payer from his burden where inequality or injustice was not pretended, and only a legal objection was-relied upon. Palmer v. Rich, 12 Mich., 414, and Kinyon v. Duchene, 21 Mich., 498, were eases in which there was. no jurisdiction to levy any tax at all. Motz v. Detroit, 18. Mich., 495, was a case in which the statute as to a part, of the levy was defective, because it provided for no apportionment, and therefore in our view provided for no tax. Scofield v. Lansing, 17 Mich., 437, was also one in which the objection went to the jurisdiction to make any levy at all. In Hansconi v. Hinman, 30 Mich., 419, and some other cases sales have been set aside for irregularities, but only on a showing that the complainant had offered to do equity to the tax-purchaser. In Conway v. Waverly, 15 Mich., 257, relief was refused to a tax-payer who asked to have-the collection of his taxes restrained on a showing that a portion of them were illegal, without distinguishing the legal from the illegal. This case was followed in Pillsbury v. The Auditor General, 20 Mich., 245, in which the broad doctrine is insisted upon and enforced that he who demands relief from his taxes has no standing in a court of equity unless he offers to perform what is equitable.
If this complainant had shown that its property was. excessively valued, and that the opportunity to be heard on the question of valuation had been lost by failure of the supervisor to comply with the law, the case would have-been different. Nothing of that sort is pretended. We have a right to assume from all that appears in the bill that, nothing has been lost by the irregularity, and that nothing is demanded from complainant but what it should pay. 'The relief here is demanded as a strictly legal right; it being assumed that if the legal objection to the tax is valid,an equity necessarily springs from it. I do not think so.’ Even in the case of a tax made excessive with fraudulent intent, we have required the person complaining of it to offer to pay that which was equitable before having relief from the remainder. Merrill v. Humphrey, 24 Mich., 170. And it cannot be pretended that one who is irregularly taxed, but not unfairly, has any greater claims upon a court of equity than one who is taxed both fraudulently and unequally.
I agree in the conclusion reached by my brother Maratón. I also agree in what has been many times said by the Supreme Court of Illinois; that equity will not interfere to restrain, the collection of the public revenue for. mere irregularities. Either it should appear that the property is •exempt from taxation, or that the levy is without legal power, or that the persons imposing it were unauthorized, or that they have proceeded frauduléntly. Du Page v. Jenks, 65 Ill., 275, 286, and cases cited; Munson v. Miller, 66 Ill., 380, 383. In the case first named one of the objections to the tax was very similar to that here taken. It was that the assessors had not called on the tax-payer for .a list of his taxable property as was required by law; and it was justly held that this afforded no ground for equitable relief. The same rule was laid down in State Railroad Tax Cases, 92 U. S., 575. And see Cedar Rapids, etc., R. R. Co. v. Carroll Co., 41 Iowa, 153. In Canada it has been held in a well reasoned opinion that a failure to make an assessment by the day prescribed was not fatal, though, the statute in terms required it to be made not later than the day named. Nickle v. Douglas, 35 U. C., Q. B., 126.
Graves, J., concurred. | [
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Campbell, J.
Suit was brought to recover back the consideration paid by plaintiff to defendants for a certificate of execution sale issued July 19, T873, by the sheriff of Kent county, to Wilder D. Foster, now deceased, and assigned by defendants, who were his executors, to plaintiff, January 37, 1874, when the redemption had still about nine months to run.
This certificate purported on its face to have been issued on a sale made under execution upon a judgment of the circuit court for the county of Kent, rendered in favor of Foster, against one Truman H. Burch, whose lands were .the subject of the levy and sale.
It turns out that no such judgment was ever in existence. The only evidence of it was a transcript of a -justice’s judgment between the same parties, which was filed in the «clerk’s office of Kent county without any affidavit required by the statutes to give it force as a circuit court judgment. The parties all acted in good faith and supposed the statements in the certificate to be true.
The defense is that although the certificate was void as based on no judgment, yet the purchaser was bound to look ¿o the judgment himself, and bought at his own risk.
There is certainly much ground for holding that in most cases where individuals purchase at public judicial sales, they do so at their own risk of the regularity of the title. And so where persons buy. under a quit-claim deed the same result usually follows. But there are cases in which it has been recognized by the courts that money paid under a mutual mistake for that which has no legal existence or validity may be recovered back as paid without consideration, and it seems to us that the present case comes within the rule thus laid down in Martin v. McCormick, 4 Selden, 331, and supported by other authorities there cited, as well as in 2 Sugden on Vendors, 314.
The certificate in this case was issued to the judgment creditor named in it, and was sold by his personal representatives. It was open to redemption if valid, and if invalid the original justice’s judgment still remained undischarged, and belonging to the estate. There was nothing in this assignment which purported to convey any interest in that judgment.
Under these circumstances, while entirely innocent in design, these defendants, not as stranger execution purchasers, but as representing an interest which could obtain protection under the judgment if the proceedings were void, must be regarded as responsible for its existence, so far as to render the mutual mistake a proper ground of recovery. It was a sale of a non-existent right by parties who were to a certain extent responsible as representing the person who caused the mistake by originating the void process. The case does not rest -on fraud or misrepresentation, but on a mistake as to the existence of the substantial right, bargained for.
If th.e sale on execution cancelled the original judgment, or if the certificate carried with it the judgment plaintiff’s’, right to the debt, as in Lillibridge v. Tregent, 30 Mich., 105, the equities would be different and might lead to a different conclusion. If the consideration does not wholly fail, there is no such right to recover as in case of total failure, and if relief can be had, it is not usually obtainable for money had and received. In this case the parties. wlio purported to sell sold nothing, and retained the only valuable right which had ever existed.
The judgment must be reversed, and judgment entered for plaintiff for $160, with interest from January 2?, 1874, and costs .of both courts.
The other Justices concurred. | [
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Graves, J.
Biddle was administrator of the estate of Edward Lyne, deceased, and Lasley and O’Malley were sureties on his administration bond. The bond was given May 13th, 1861.
At a hearing in the probate court on the 15th, 18th and 17th days of May, 1876, it was decreed that Biddle, as administrator, held in his hands a balance belonging to the estate of $907, and that the estate was entitled to interest thereon from May 17, 1867, being nine years, at seven per cent., and amounting to $571.41; that Mary E. Richards, Louisa Rick, Edward Lyne and William Lyne were the children of the deceased and the only heirs of the estate and entitled to receive from the administrator such principal and interest, amounting to $1,478.41. And it was further decreed that Biddle as administrator pay to said heirs and distributees said amount within thirty days from said 17th of May, 1876.
Payment not being made, this action was brought .upon the bond February 23, 1877. The cause was tried without the intervention of a jury and the court gave judgment against the administrator and his sureties. There was evidence tending to show that Biddle was never cited to account until 1876, or more than fifteen years after his appointment. Several points are suggested, but one only will be noticed. It was claimed by plaintiffs in error that action on the bond for failure to pass assets to distributees was barred by the statute. Under the system of regulations which provides for this bond the probate court is required to prescribe a time for disposing of the estate and paying debts and legacies, and the time which may thus be prescribed is in terms limited to four years and six months from the time of granting letters. Comp. L., §§ 4450, 4451, 4452, 4453. This provision must undoubtedly be construed in connection with others, and it cannot be regarded as an imperative regulation for the settlement of estates within the time mentioned. Still it may be properly considered as contemplating a stage in the proceedings having influence upon other proceedings, and also as marking a point from whence to calculate the time or times allowable for other acts. Bearing this in mind and passing to § 4457, we observe that the time which may have been fixed under the provisions just noticed for the payment of debts is referred to, and it is declared that “at or before the expiration of the time limited for the payment of debts, the probate court shall make an order or decree for the payment of the debts, and the distribution of the assets,” etc., unless an appeal from the decision of the commissioners is pending, in which case the court is to suspend action. § 4458. According to this provision it would seem that in case no appeal from the decision of the commissioners should be pending it would bo incumbent upon the probate court to decree distribution of assets at a period not later than four and a half years from the grant of letters, and there is nothing to indicate that any appeal was pending to cause delay. It may then be rightly claimed on the face of these proceedings that by virtue of the law under which the bond was given a decree of distribution was at the latest due four years and a half subsequent to May 13, 1861, and it is to be intended that the bond was given in reference to such regulation.
It is next noticeable that personal liability by the administrator to creditors and liability upon the bond is declared to arise on the makiüg of the before mentioned decree. § 4461.
These different provisions, in the absence of an exceptional state of things, would seem to determine that on the arrival of four years and a half after the grant of letters the right to insist on distribution would commence, and that a right to proceed in the probate court to compel it, or in other words, a right of “action in the premises, would be in force. As intimated before, nothing is disclosed which in any way indicates that there was any thing to postpone the right.'
The bond can have no separate and indépendent force. It belongs to the administration proceedings. Apart from them it cannot supply a cause of action, and if the liability which is made the ground of action upon it was itself barred then the bar must apply to this action on the bond to enforce that liability, and upon the facts as they appear we tbinlc tbe liability was barred. Four years and a half subsequent to May 13, 1861, if not earlier, the right to require distribution would seem to have accrued, and yet no attempt to enforce the right appears to have been made until more than ten years had elapsed. Then proceedings were instituted therefor, and carried out to action on the bond. The proceedings in the probate court, and in the court below upon the bond are intimately connected and in substance and effect may be said to constitute one general proceeding to assert the right which apparently accrued more than ten years ago. If this view is correct the circuit judge erred. As the case comes here without a finding of facts, and the question arises upon a point submitted in the nature of a request to charge, there must be a new trial.
Judgment reversed, with costs, and new trial ordered.
Cooley, C. J. and Campbell, J., concurred.
Marston, J., did not sit in this case. | [
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Campbell, J.
The complainants filed their petition to-enforce an alleged mechanic’s lien under a written contract, against certain mill property of the defendant.
The contract contained a written order to complainants; directed to them at Dayton, Ohio, and requesting them to ship to defendant at Diamond Springs, Allegan county,. Michigan, three turbine wheels and certain specified gearing. The same contract was signed by both parties, complainants agreeing to furnish the articles for $1100, and defendant agreeing to pay the amount in four equal instalments at 4, 8, 12 and 16 months with interest from the date of shipment.
Nothing was to be done by complainants except at Dayton. Their contract was completed when they shipped the articles from that point.
The lien law of this State gives a lien for no labor or materials that are not furnished for “constructing or repairing any building, wharf or appurtenances” upon the land against which it is sought to be enforced. The provisions in regard to engines and machinery require the mechanic to “construct, repair or put up any engine, machinery or appurtenances upon such land.” Comp. L., § 6789.
Labor furnished for construction is manifestly labor going to the erection or finishing of the house itself, and the materials referred to are in like manner such as form part of the house. As these are incorporated into the building itself, there can be no mistake about their destination and no trouble in identifying them. But the lien for articles which form no part of the structure, and which may be removed from one place to another, is not given to any person who does not himself put them into the building, and thus connect his own labor with the premises sought to be charged. What he does must be done within the State and on the premises. It is not-within the terms or the design of the statute to create a lien in favor of parties who merely sell machinery which may or may not go into a building in this State according as the purchaser determines. The lien is given for something actually done to improve the premises, and hot for chattels which it is supposed may be placed there by some one else. There is no more reason for giving a lien for engines and machinery sold separately as such, than for carpets or furniture or ornaments thus sold and intended to be placed in a house. If the engine is put into the building by the contractor, and becomes a fixture, he has done something towards completing the mill; but where he has merely sold it and the purchaser may do what he chooses with it, the vendor is in no sense a builder, repairer or fitter up of the building, and has done nothing whatever to the freehold.
■ All that these complainants did was done in another •state. They completed their work outside of Michigan, and did not even stipulate that it should ever be placed in a Michigan mill. Such a transaction cannot by any fair ■construction of the statute be made the basis of a lien on the specific lands in question.
The contract must relate to the lands, and must be performed on the lands. This contract is defective in both particulars.
The decree dismissing the petition was correct and must be affirmed with costs.
The other Justices concurred. | [
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Cooley, C. J.
It appears in this case that the relator obtained a judgment against Mark Flanigan and Edward Chope April 21, 1866, on a return of process personally served; that he took out execution August 1, 1873, an alias April 24, 1876, and a pluries May 27, 1876, and that the pluries writ was set aside by the circuit court on an affidavit of Chope showing that it was issued more than ten years from the entry of judgment, and affirming that he was never served with process. Mandamus is applied for to compel the circuit court to vacate the order setting aside this writ.
The ground principally relied upon in support of the order is that, as the remedy by suit on the judgment was barred when the writ was taken out, so by analogy the remedy by execution was gone also. Jerome v. Williams, 13 Mich., 521. The conclusion here depends upon the proposition that the remedy by suit had been taken away before the pluries -writ was sued out, which is not conceded by the relator.
The statute in force when the judgment was recovered did not name a time the lapse of which should be an absolute bar to suit upon a judgment, but it provided that the judgment should “be presumed to be paid and satisfied at the expiration of ten years,” after it was entered. Comp. L. 1857, § 5384. Another section of the statute provided for the issue of execution without any limitation of time, and that “successive or alias executions may be issued one after another, upon the return of any execution unsatisfied in whole or in part, for the amount remaining unpaid upon any such judgment.” Ibid., § 4442. While these provisions remained unchanged, there is reason for saying that an execution might be taken out notwithstanding the lapse of ten years, and that the court would not be justified in setting it aside without some showing of actual payment. In other words, that while the presumption of payment might protect the defendant as against any suit upon the judgment until there was some showing that payment had not been made, yet that when the defendant invoked the assistance of the court in an affirmative proceeding instituted by himself, some showing of the fact of payment, which must be supposed within his knowledge, might properly be required of him. ,
The statute, however, was changed in 1869, and § '5384 was made to read as follows: “Every action upon a judgment or decree heretofore ■ rendered or hereafter to be rendered, in a court of record of the United States or of this State, or of any other State of the United States, shall be brought within ten years after the entry of the judgment or decree, and not afterwards: Provided, that in all cases of judgments or decrees entered nine years or more before this act shall take effect, one year from the time when this act shall take effect shall be allowed for the commencement of an action or proceeding upon such judgment or decree, to revive the same: Provided further, that no judgment or decree shall be revived, an action to recover or enforce which is now legally barred.”
This amendment took effect July 5, 1869. By its terms it applied expressly to judgments previously rendered, and if applied to this particular judgment, would have allowed some six years and nine months within which to bring suit. No question can be made but that this would be a reasonable time, or might be considered so, and as a time was expressly fixed the expiration of which without suit was to bar the right of action, the amended section does not fall within the decision in Ludwig v. Stewart, 32 Mich., 27, in which it was held that an amendment to the statute of limitations could not be applied to existing causes of action where the effect would be to leave the time for the commencement of suits uncertain, so that the court would be under the necessity of determining what cases could be held barred under it; in other words, of fixing according to its own judgment a reasonable time, the lapse of which should bar the action. The principle of that decision was, that the determination what is a reasonable time within which to bring suit is matter of legislation, and cannot be treated as a judicial question. This amendment names one year as the reasonable time for those cases in which the lapse of time has been longest; allowing sufficient in all other cases to make the whole period ten years. We have no doubt this was competent.
It; is further urged that, as a rule of construction, a statute amended is to be understood in the same sense exactly as if it had read from'the beginning as it does as amended. This is true as a rule. Conrad v. Nall, 34 Mich., 377. But such a rule of construction cannot be applied when the' effect would be to defeat the manifest intent of the legislature in adopting the amendment. And such would be the effect'in this case. The statute which Was amended took effect March 1, 1847. Now, to make an amendment adopted in 1869, and which speaks of judgments previously rendered, apply to those- only which were rendered ’ previous to March 1, 1847, when the amendment itself contemplates that some of the judgments will have some portion- of ten years from the time of their rendition within which to bring suit, is a manifest absurdity. The court putting such a construction upon the amendment would know the intent of the legislature was being defeated thereby. No court is justified in doing that. . Buies of construction ■of statutes must aim at reaching the legislative intent,' and must not defeat it where it is manifest.
These views, in our opinion, bring the case within the principle of Jerome v. Williams, supra, where the court refused to order an execution after an action on the judgment had been barred. The mandamus must therefore be denied.
It is suggested that the terms of the statutes awarding executions are such that one may of right take out an execution at any time; but the provisions on that subject were previous to the act of 1869, and so far as they are inconsistent with these views, must be considered modified by implication.
The other Justices concurred.. | [
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Per Curiam.
The plaintiffs had a mortgage on a stock of goods which had not been put on record. The defendant being a creditor of the mortgagor, took by arrangement with him or his wife, sufficient of the goods to satisfy his demand, sold a part of them and retained the remainder. Plaintiffs, claiming that defendant at the time of taking the goods, had knowledge of their mortgage, brought suit against him in assumpsit on the common counts.
This suit cannot be maintained. The goods did not belong to plaintiffs; they had only a lien upon them. If defendant, with knowledge of their lien, has wrongfully done any thing to injure plaintiffs’ security they might have an action on the case against him: but there is no ground for an action of assumpsit. To warrant such an action, they should have been in position to claim the goods as owners; but that, as already stated, was not their right. Farrington v. Bristol, 35 Mich., 28. They could not therefore claim that moneys received by defendant for the goods belonged to them’ as owners; their title to the moneys could not be superior to their right to that from which the moneys had been obtained.
Judgment affirmed. | [
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Graves, J.
The defendants hold certain swamp lands which the State patented to one Robinson, and complainant sues in equity for them on the claim _ that when they were patented he had a right against them as lands duly reserved in his favor as a swamp road contractor, and that they were not lawfully grantable to others and are now positively due to him.
The controlling facts do not differ to complainant’s advantage in any way from those in Newcombe v. Chesebrough, 33 Mich., 322. Indeed the similarity is so close and constant in reference to all matters of importance that we conceive it inexpedient to consume time in reciting the particulars.
Before the patent issued to Robinson the time within which it was competent to divert the lands from market and devote them by reservation to complainant had passed and nothing had taken place in the shape or to the end of reservation sufficient to exclude them from market and assign them to the domain of his right as swamp road contractor.
In short there had been nothing equivalent to a legitimate selection and setting apart of the lands on which a claim could be based against regular purchasers from the State.
As the court below decreed in complainant’s favor, the decree must be reversed and the bill dismissed with costs of both courts to defendants.
The other Justices concurred. | [
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Campbell, J.
This is an action at law by the assignee of a husband against his wife on personal covenants for the payment of rent on a lease from the husband to the wife, and for the value of certain farm live stock claimed to have been sold to her.
The lease, dated July 10, 1874, leased two farms — one on shares, and one, which included a legal homestead and some additional land, for $260 a year and taxes. The lease, which was in the ordinary form used for farming leases, contained personal covenants, and clauses of eviction on default.
The court below held that the transaction was not such as to create a valid right of action for the husband against the wife, as not warranted by the statutes.
Under our statutes, a wife has no power to contract except in regard to her separate property. The present contract if valid, is made so because the leasehold interest for which she bargained could be so regarded, and also the personal property which it is claimed she purchased.
The case before us is without any clear precedent, and must depend upon whether it is covered by principles which have been determined.
It has been held that a contract for the purchase of property may be lawfully made by a married woman, the procurement of property which she is to own being equivalent to the creation of a separate interest. Tillman v. Shackleton, 15 Mich., 447; Campbell v. White, 22 Mich., 178; Powers v. Russell, 26 Mich., 179; Rankin v. West, 25 Mich., 196.
The constitution and statutes are clear against her right to make a mere personal obligation unconnected with property, and not charging it; so that she cannot become personally bound jointly with her husband, nor as a surety, by mere personal promise. De Vries v. Conklin, 22 Mich., 255; West v. Laraway, 28 Mich., 464; Emery v. Lord, 26 Mich., 431.
She may receive a gift of land directly from her husband as the statutes now stand, Burdeno v. Amperse, 14 Mich., 94; but she could not do so until the statute of 1855 gave her enlarged powers of contracting. Ransom v. Ransom, 30 Mich., 328. She may also make gifts and transfers to her husband. Penniman v. Perce, 9 Mich., 509; Durfee v. McClurg, 6 Mich., 223.
But the law has not disregarded the fact that marital influence places married persons in different relations from others, and prevents their dealings from being governed by the same rules which usually require others to abide by bargains not tainted with distinct evidences of fraud and misconduct. Where a husband gets the advantage, it requires no great positive evidence to establish the invalidity of his bargain. Witbeck v. Witbeck, 25 Mich., 439; Wales v. Newbould, 9 Mich., 45; Stiles v. Stiles, 14 Mich., 72.
It is not the purpose of the law to create any rule which will tend to destroy the value and confidence of the marital relation. Snyder v. People, 26 Mich., 106. The statutes have made it impossible for married persons to deal on the same footing with others, by preventing either from testifying against the other without mutual consent, or from divulging their mutual conversations not made in public. It is impossible, therefore, for either to explain any transaction and its circumstances, as it might be done among strangers.
Inasmuch as the wife’s power of contracting is special and not general, we can only get light on it from the doctrines which have been enforced. At common law there were mutual disabilities — husbands not being able to act. any more than their wives, in mutual contracts. The man as well as the woman was under disability. The same rule applied in equity, except in regard to separate estates, and to some extent as to those. It is important to understand the peculiar elements of the agreement here sued upon, in order to know the bearings of the rules which have been considered in other cases.
Iii the first place the agreement is one intended to be enforced by an ordinary action at common law and not in equity, and such an action is brought here.
In the next place it is executory entirely on the part of the wife, involving no present transfer or charge of her property, or any of it.
In the third place it requires her to pay rent, incapable of being apportioned, upon the farm on which the family at the time resided, and where she was entitled to live and be supported; and includes within that farm a legal homestead over which her husband or his creditors could under no] circumstances exercise dominion which would interfere with her right of possession, and it confers a right of eviction for any default in payment of rent.
In the fourth place it either contemplates a separation which no court of law would enforce, or else it compels her to pay rent for property jointly occupied with her husband as a home, in which he was legally bound to maintain her.
And lastly, as regards the personal property, it consisted ■of animals used on the homestead, most of which were ■exempt from execution and incapable of being disposed of by the husband without the wife’s consent, and liable if so interfered with to be replevied by her, and none of which had been so distinguished as to take them out of the exemption.
The act of 1855 before referred to, does not, as already suggested, abrogate all of the common law or of the statutes restraining married women from contracting, and it ■does not profess to change the powers of husband and wife to deal with each other, except so far as such a change is implied. So far as it fairly extends it does so operate, in some important particulars as held by this court heretofore.
But we have not held, thus far, that husband and wife may contract with each other generally, nor has it been heretofore decided that they could now make contracts enforceable at law, which could not have been enforced in ■equity formerly concerning a wife’s separate estate.
In equity a wife’s transfer of her separate property or its income to her husband might be valid, and would, if not objectionable, be sanctioned by a court of equity; and it was-usually sanctioned if made for a valuable consideration, or if proper under the circumstances. This doctrine somewhat reluctantly recognized by Lord Thurlow in Pybus v. Smith, 1 Ves., Jr., 189, is the ruling English doctrine, and was followed in Methodist Ep. Church v. Jaques, 3 J. C. R., 77. In the Court of Errors, 17 J. R., 548, the doctrines laid down indicated that the power to deal with separate property under settlement was presumptively absolute, while the chancellor, whose opinion has been more approved in the United States, regarded the settlement as furnishing the measure of authority, and not the limitation. Upon the general doctrine see cases collected in notes to Pybus v. Smith, 1 Hov. Supplement 67; 3 Kent’s Com., 163, et seq. and notes; 1 Leading Oases in Equity, 394, and notes, English and American, to Hulme v. Tenant. These distinctions are-not important under our statutes which give all the power-that would have been possible under any settlement.
All of the cases, however, rest upon the doctrine that the act of the wife is the execution of a power of appointment, and not an ordinary personal contract. It was never-held that under any such dealings an obligation could be enforced beyond the separate estate referred to; and the-broad statements that the wife could contract as if sole concerning her separate estate were uniformly and invariably-understood in that way, and in all cases the court exercised the power of considering the propriety of the arrangement when made with the husband, which it could not have done if there had been any power of contracting in the general and unqualified sense. And we have found nothing authorizing the inference that a husband could sue a wife at law or in equity to enforce a purely .executory contract. The case of Livingston v. Livingston, 3 J. C. R., 537, comes-nearer to it, apparently, than the other cases, but it sustains no such doctrine, although the language alone might seem to warrant it. There, in pursuance of a mutual. understanding, a husband agreed to purchase a lot and improve it, and have title made to his wife, and that another house and lot belonging to her should be disposed of to pay for it. After his wife’s death he filed a bill to establish a resulting trust in his own favor as having furnished the means whereby the property was procured to be taken in her name, claiming that the agreement had failed, and that the money not being intended as an advancement, he was in equity to be protected. This occurred before the statutes abolished resulting trusts in favor of those who paid the purchase money of property conveyed to others. The bill, instead of seeking to enforce the contract, treated it as void.
The court recognizing the equity, regarded the fulfillment of the contract as more beneficial to the infant trustees, and decreed that the money be raised by sale of the original house and lot instead of the one purchased, as in case of resulting trust the complainant was entitled to the latter absolutely, and he had only desired to receive back his money. If he had insisted on his strict rights he would undoubtedly have procured them. The case was not so framed as to go upon the contract as a ground of relief. In Milnes v. Busk, 2 Ves. Jr., 488, it is emphatically denied that husbands and wives may contract as other persons can concerning the wife’s separate estate.
If we hold that the contract before us is valid we must do so upon the ground that husbands and wives can contract with each other just as freely as strangers can, and may sue each other just as freely at law or in equity. No ground short of this can maintain this action. We think the statutes have not gone far enough to allow this, and that, so far as husbands and wives are concerned, they cannot contract with each other in any larger sense than they could formerly in equity, except that their contracts when valid may be enforced at law where legal in form. Unless impliedly repealed there can be no question as to the disability under the whole code of statutes prior to the law of 1855, and the language of that statute is no broader than the equitable rules concerning separate property laid down in the same words in most of the old decisions. The language is borrowed almost if not quite verbatim from the decisions of Lord Thurlow and Chancellor Kent. The disabilities of testimony are entirely inconsistent with the idea that a husband and wife may deal with each other as third persons can. This is impossible if they cannot testify concerning their contracts. And when the law recognizes, as it-always has done, the peculiar power of substantial coercion possessed by husbands over wives, it would not be proper to infer any legal intent to remove protection against such' influence from any vague provisions which no one supposes .were ever actually designed to reach such a result, and which can only be made to do it by an .extended construction. Any one can readily see the mischiefs of allowing persons thus related to put themselves habitually in business antagonism, and legislation which can be construed as permitting it is so radically opposed to the system which is found embodied in our statutes generally, that it should be plain enough to admit of no other meaning.
It is very questionable whether — apart from personal disqualifications, — the terms of these contracts would not create difficulties as to their enforcement by suit upon the money covenants, which include exempt property. But this question is one of less consequence, and need not be considered.
The judgment should be affirmed with costs.
The other Justices concurred. | [
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Cooley, C. J.
This ivas a proceeding at law in the nature of a creditor’s bill, and was had before the circuit judge at chambers. The object was to reach certain property in the hands of George Stoeckle and August Tiederman which was supposed to belong to the judgment debtor, and to have been placed in their hands to keep it beyond the reach of creditors. The proceeding was instituted by a complaint by the judgment creditors, based upon which was an order by the circuit judge for the appearance of the defendant for examination. The examination took place, and Tiederman and George Stoeckle were sworn .as witnesses. At the conclusion the circuit judge made an order which, omitting the'preliminary recitals, is as follows: “It is considered, and the said judge finds from the evidence, that the said defendant has refused to surrender his property on demand of the sheriff, to satisfy the execution returned in said cause unsatisfied. And he also finds that the following property, goods and chattels are the property of Gottfried Stoeckle, defendant, and liable to execution issued in said cause, and that they are not the property, goods and chattels of either August Tiederman and George Stoeckle. Therefore, it is adjudged and ordered, that each, all and every one of said articles and goods and chattels aforesaid, to wit: one black horse, two sorrel horses, one two-horse bus,, one double wagon, one sleigh, one buggy, one pair bob sleighs, one cutter, two double harnesses, one single harness, one saddle and twq bridles, whether in the hands of said August Tiederman, George Stoeekle, or Gottfried Stoeekle, be and the same are liable to any execution issued now or to be issued upon the judgment rendered by the said circuit court in said entitled cause. And it is further ordered that the sheriff of said Mason county take said property upon such execution and sell the said property, goods and chattels, or so much thereof as may be necessary to satisfy the same upon and under said execution. And it is further ordered that the transfer of said property, or any part thereof, or any interference therewith, is hereby forbid; and it is further ordered that the said plaintiffs recover their costs in this proceeding by them expended together with twenty-five dollars attorney fee, to be taxed by the clerk of the circuit ’ court of said county.”
What is particularly noticeable in this order is, that it undertakes to dispose finally of the rights of. Tiederman and George Stoeekle in a proceeding to which they were not parties, and where they had no opportunity to be heard except as witnesses, and in that capacity, of course, only as they were questioned. They have appealed from the order, but it was not necessary, because as to them it was void. Every man is entitled to his day in court before his rights can be finally disposed of, and even the legislature could not deprive him of the right. But in this case the legislature has not attempted it. On the contrary the statute contemplates the appointment of a receiver for such cases, and suits by him directly against the parties supposed to be covering property for the judgment debtor. Comp. L., § 6518; Public Laws 1815, p. 226.
The order must be quashed, and the appellants must recover the costs of this court.
The other Justices concurred. | [
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Butzbl, J;
Grand Trunk Western Railroad Company, plaintiff, brought suit against the city of Detroit claiming implied indemnity for the sum of $13,174.20 which plaintiff paid its employee,' Kenneth S. Tasker. Defendant had caused a sign to be attached to a utility pole which was contiguous to plaintiff’s track where it crossed St. Aubin street in the city of Detroit. It was a “No Left Turn” sign, 32 inches by 40 inches in size and was attached to the pole some 11 feet from the ground, the edge of the sign being 7.1 feet from a perpendicular rising from the center line of the track at a point nearest the sign. Tasker, a locomotive fireman, was on the left running board of a locomotive which was backing up on this track,at about 5 miles per hour, when he was severely injured by coining in contact with the sign.. This occurred on April 15, 1949. The sign had been erected several years prior to the time of the accident.
. Shortly afterward plaintiff’s chief claims agent notified the defendant’s corporation counsel’s office of the facts of the accident, the letter saying that “undoubtedly the city of Detroit will be involved' in the adjustment of claim.” Plaintiff later “tendered” the case to defendant for handling, apparently considering the city to be the responsible party. Correspondence and personal contact between the two followed and defendant made known its view that a public hearing was required for the purpose of obtaining the necessary information. Defendant also made clear that no action could be taken on its part without such a hearing. No hearing was held and no petition or claim was ever filed with the council. Plaintiff advised defendant that a settlement meeting would be held with the injured employee and that plaintiff “would like to include the city of Detroit representatives at this meeting.” Defendant did not participate in the settlement but asked to be advised of its outcome. Pressure was brought upon the railroad and threat was made to institute proceedings in a jurisdiction “where verdicts were reputedly much larger, in prospect, than in this jurisdiction.” Thereafter, a settlement in the amount of $11,000 plus medical and other expenses was effected between plaintiff and its employees, the railroad receiving a covenant not to sue. Plaintiff apparently settled the case in view of the provisions of the Federal employers’ liability act, 45 TJSCA, § 51 et seq., under which its liability is predicated upon negligence and contributory negligence is not a bar to recovery. The following day a suit in Tasker’s name was commenced against the defendant city. It was admitted, that this was a mistaken remedy in every respect and 2-1/2 years later the suit was dismissed by stipulation. The railroad then commenced the instant case.
It is plaintiff’s initial claim that defendant was negligent in maintaining the sign so near the tracks and therefore plaintiff is entitled to indemnification or contribution for amounts paid its employee because of such negligence. Plaintiff admits to being passively negligent, but seeks contribution under the settled joint tort-feasors’ rule in that regard. See Village of Portland v. Citizens Telephone Co., 206 Mich 632. Cf., CL 1948, § 691.561 et seq. (Stat Ann § 27.1683[1] et seq.).
In a second count plaintiff seeks recovery on the ground that the sign as maintained was a nuisance. Plaintiff claims here that it seeks indemnification, not as a passively negligent joint tort-feasor, but merely as one who has been required to pay its employee on account of a nuisance maintained by another, the defendant. However, in view of our decision we need not consider the substance of these causes of action or other questions raised.
The lower court ruled, inter alia, that plaintiff did not comply with the prescribed statutory and charter prerequisites necessary to make the defendant subject to suit. In particular, the charter of the city of Detroit, title 6, chapter 7, § 11, provides:
“The common council shall audit and allow all accounts chargeable against the city, but no unliquidated account, or claim, or contract shall be received for audit or allowance unléss it is accompanied by an affidavit of the person rendering it, to the effect that he verily believes that the services' or property therein charged have been actually performed or delivered to the city, and the sums charged therefor are reasonable and just, and that, to the best of his, knowledge and belief, no. set-off exists, nor payment has been made on account thereof, except as are included or referred to in such account or claim. It shall be a sufficient bar and answer to any action or proceeding in any court for the collection of any demand or claim against said city that it has never been presented to the common council for audit or allowance or if on contract that it was presented without said affidavit and rejected for that reason or that the action or proceeding was brought before the common council had a reasonable time to investigate and pass upon it.”
In addition the charter of the city of Detroit, title 6, chapter 7, § 12, provides that no action shall be brought for negligent injury unless written notice is served on the corporation counsel. See, also, CL 1948, §242.8 (Stat Ann § 9.598). Considering this case as basically a negligence action, we need not decide whether the correspondence between the parties constitutes compliance with this latter provision. It is clear that plaintiff never presented its claim to, nor was it ever brought before, the common council and therefore action upon it is barred. Selden v. Village of St. Johns, 114 Mich 698; Springer v. City of Detroit, 102 Mich 300; see Buhler v. City of Detroit, 274 Mich 139. Considering this action as one for indemnification or damages on account of the maintenance of a nuisance, it is equally clear that it cannot be allowed because of the failure to file a claim therefor with the council. Northrup v. City of Jackson, 273 Mich 20. Under either of plaintiff’s theories the requirements of the charter are mandatory and were not complied with. As the judge below stated:
“Lawsuits rest on well-known legal, procedural demand, and not on invitation or request to participate in settlement.”
Judgment for defendant is affirmed, with costs.
Carr, C. J., and Smith, Sharpe, Boyles, Reid, Dethmers, and Kelly, JJ., concurred. . . | [
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Sharpe, J.
John J. Anderson opened a savings account in his own name on July 26, 1943, in the Community National Bank of Pontiac, Michigan. The initial deposit was $1,300. Additional deposits were made by him during his lifetime. On Septem her 4, 1943, the name of Elizabeth Lewis was' added to the account.
The card signed by John J. Anderson and Elizabeth Lewis provided in part as follows:
“The undersigned joint depositors hereby agree each with the other and with the above bank that all sums now on deposit heretofore • or hereafter deposited by either or both of said joint depositors with said bank to their credit as such joint depositors with all the accumulations thereon, are and shall be owned by them jointly, with right of survivorship and be subject to the cheek or receipt of either of them or the survivor of them and payment to or on the check of either or the survivor shall be valid and discharge said bank from liability.”
It also appears that Elizabeth Lewis made no contributions to the account. In April, 1941, the application by Elizabeth Lewis for old-age assistance was approved and she has received aid since that date. John J. Anderson died March 23, 1954. The passbook to the account in question was found by the administrator of John J. Anderson’s estate among the deceased’s personal papers.
On April 6, 1954, suit was begun in the circuit court of Oakland county by the administrator of John J. Anderson’s estate to terminate any interest that Elizabeth Lewis might have in the bank account. Following the filing of the bill of complaint, Elizabeth Lewis entered a special appearance for the purpose of moving to dismiss the bill of complaint for the following reasons:
“2. Because it appears from the face of said bill of complaint, that the plaintiff has an adequate remedy at law, if any remedy he has.
“3. Because said suit involves property located in Oakland county, Michigan, of which said John J. Anderson was a resident at the time of his death, and that no administrator has been appointed in Oakland county, Michigan.
“4. Because the plaintiff: is not the duly qualified and acting administrator of said estate in Oakland county, Michigan.”
On April 20, 1954, the trial court denied the above motion without prejudice. On May 5, 1954, Elizabeth Lewis filed an answer to plaintiff; administrator’s bill of complaint in which she affirmatively alleges:
“In further answer to said bill of complaint as a whole, and by way of affirmative defense, this defendant alleges that said moneys on deposit with the defendant Community National Bank, were held by this defendant and the plaintiff’s decedent as joint tenants, prior to the death of said John J. Anderson, and that upon the death of said John J. Anderson, the funds in said accounts became the sole property- of this defendant, and that the plaintiff has no interest therein ivhatsoever.
“That no administrator has been appointed for said deceased in Oakland county, Michigan, and that the plaintiffs (plaintiff) therefore (is) not a proper party plaintiff, and is not entitled to maintain this suit.”
On June 11, 1954, the Oakland county bureau of social aid, a subdivision of the department of social welfare of the State of Michigan, filed a petition in the above cause to intervene as a party defendant for the purpose of establishing a lien upon any sum of money which might be recovered by Elizabeth Lewis. Upon the filing of the above petition, the trial court entered an order granting the petition.
The cause came on for trial. Philip E. Rowston, ancillary administrator of the estate of John J. Anderson, testified that on April 7, 1954, he served some papers on Elizabeth Lewis at her home:
“A. I explained the matter here pending to her as fully as I could and at that time asked her if she had made any contributions to this account at all. She replied she had not because she was on social aid for many years. I then asked her if she claimed any interest in the account at all and she said ‘No’ and I asked if there were any further questions and she said she didn’t think she would do anything about the matter and I advised her she could either consult members of her family or. an attorney if there were any other questions about it. At that time I left.”
Eva F. Clark, an employee of the bureau of social aid, testified that she visited Elizabeth Lewis on August 5, 1952, August 31, 1953, May 14, 1954, and June 8,1954. She also testified as to a conversation with Elizabeth Lewis:
“A. Well, I asked her why she had failed to report that and she said that she hadn’t understood that she should report that, that she didn’t feel that until —as long as her brother was living she had any claim on the money, but she did have an understanding, or a feeling, at his death it was her money if she survived him.”
At the close of this testimony, defendant, Elizabeth Lewis, through her attorney, made a motion to dismiss the bill of complaint:
“Mr. Estes: Under the signature card introduced in evidence here and under our statute there is a presumption in these cases that a deposit of this kind belongs to a survivor in the absence of some competent proof to show otherwise. There has been nothing introduced which would amount to competent proof of any kind but what would show the defendant, Elizabeth Lewis, entitled to this deposit. There has been an attempt here to show some kind of admission of some kind, but legal rights are not frittered away by somebody not wanting to make a claim to their own. property. The only possible theory on which that claim could be made would be upon a basis of estoppel—she made a statement with reference to this account and somebody acted on that to their detriment. There is no evidence of estoppel here, no claim of fraud, no claim of undue influence. There is nothing to overcome this presumption created by the statute that on (an) account of this kind belongs to the survivor.”
The trial court granted the motion and in so doing stated:
“All her admissions indicate she did not understand what her rights were, but she did think she had an interest which wouldn’t take place until after her brother died. I don’t think that overcomes the presumption. There is no fraud in the case. There is no undue influence. The motion is granted without costs.”
Plaintiff’s appeal and urge that the trial court was in error in granting defendant Lewis’ motion to dismiss on the ground that the statutory presumption of ownership of the joint account had not been overcome by the testimony of Philip E. Rowston and Eva P. Clark.
CL 1948, §487.703 (Stat Ann § 23.303), provides in part:
“The making of the deposit in such (joint) form shall, in the absence of fraud or undue influence, be prima facie evidence, in any action or proceeding, to which either such banking institution or surviving depositor or depositors is a party, of the intenton of such depositors to vest title to such deposit and the additions thereto in such survivor or survivors.”
It is well established in this case, as found by the trial court, that there was no fraud committed by Elizabeth Lewis in the establishment of the joint bank account.
In In re Taylor’s Estate, 213 Mich. 497, we held that in the absence of competent evidence to the contrary, the presumption created by the statute is sufficient to establish the title to the account in the survivor.
Plaintiffs rely upon the evidence of 2 witnesses, whose testimony has heretofore been mentioned, as an admission against interest, sufficient to overcome the statutory presumption.
In Meigs v. Thayer, 289 Mich 680, the survivor in a joint account stated that she claimed no interest in the joint account, and she made an assignment covering her interest in the account. Our Court, in setting aside this assignment, said (p 683):
“Defendants claim there was sufficient evidence to overcome the statutory presumption; that plaintiff declared she made no claim to the deposit and voluntarily joined in placing the same in the hands of the executor, that the attorney for the estate was under no obligation to advise plaintiff of her legal rights and his silence was proper and plaintiff’s claimed mistake does not entitle her to any relief.
“While it is true that the attorney for the estate was under no obligation to advise plaintiff as to her legal rights, of which we must assume he was fully aware, inclusive of the law; that her rights were not contingent upon contribution to the deposit and that her disclaimer was manifestly based on a mistake engendered by his noncontrolling questions, he was bound to recognize her manifest ignorance and not plant advantage to the estate thereon.
“The express intention of Miss MacFarlane, in the original application creating the deposit, stands unaffected by subsequent acts on her part and, there having been no fraud or undue influence, we must let stand what she let stand to the time of her death. Had she desired otherwise she was enabled at any time to withdraw the whole or any part of the deposit.
“Under the evidence and the law sole title to the deposit vested in plaintiff at the death of Miss MaeFarlane, and plaintiff’s release of such right and title was by reason of ignorance of her rights and the mistake brought about by questions well calculated to impress her as vital to her right to claim the deposit.”
In the case at bar Elizabeth Lewis was not aware of her legal rights when she had a conversation with the witnesses heretofore mentioned. Her belief that her rights were different in the joint account prior to and after the death of John J. Anderson cannot change the legal status of the joint account.
In our opinion the testimony offered by the 2 witnesses does not overcome the statutory presumption. The decree is affirmed, with costs to Elizabeth Lewis.
Carr, C. J., and Btjtzel, Boyles, Reid, Dethmers, and Kelly, JJ., concurred.
Smith, J., took no part in the decision of this case. | [
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Sharpe, J.
This is an appeal from an order continuing an injunction granted in a divorce matter. The record shows that plaintiff, Margaret J. Noddy, was granted a decree of divorce from defendant, David Noddy, on February 9, 1951. The decree provided for maini'enance of the 2 minor children of the parties of which plaintiff was given custody. The decree also provided:
“The plaintiff shall have the use of said property as a home for herself and said minor children to the exclusion of the defendant. Should said plaintiff abandon said premises to live elsewhere, or should the plaintiff re-marry, or upon the younger child’s reaching the age of 18 years, whichever event occurs first, then said property shall be promptly sold and the net proceeds shall be equally divided between the parties.”
It also appears that after the marriage of the parties, they purchased a home for the sum of $5,-250. At the time of the decree of divorce there was a mortgage balance due on the property in,the sum of $2,600.
On January 25, 1954, defendant, David Noddy, filed a petition in the circuit court of Oakland county for custody of the 2 children. Plaintiff filed an answer opposing the petition, and on June 29, 1954, the trial court entered an order amending the divorce decree by providing that defendant have custody of David Nichard Noddy, the oldest son of the parties, and reducing the weekly payments that defendant was to pay as shown in the original decree.
On June 29, 1953, plaintiff, Margaret J. Noddy, executed a quitclaim deed to the real estate involved in this cause to David Noddy, her former husband. Shortly after the divorce decree was amended as to custody of David Richard Roddy, defendant instituted summary proceedings before a circuit court commissioner to evict plaintiff from the premises, but before this case came on for a hearing, defendant was served with a temporary injunction and order to show cause issued upon the petition of plaintiff. In her petition for a temporary injunction and order to show cause plaintiff alleges:
“That plaintiff subsequently became financially unable to make said mortgage payments and entered into an arrangement with the defendant, without the advice of counsel, whereby the defendant would take over the payment of mortgage payments and receive credit for same against the support account in connection with the minor children of the parties; that said defendant agreed to this arrangement only upon the condition that plaintiff convey to him her interest in said property; that plaintiff did convey her interest to the defendant by quitclaim deed.”
Defendant filed an answer to plaintiff’s petition for a temporary injunction and order to show cause, in which he alleges:
“By way of further defense, this respondent alleges that petitioner, since the filing of the decree of divorce in this matter, for good and valuable consideration, has conveyed all her estate, whatever its nature, to this respondent; that under CL 1948, § 565.3 (Stat Ann § 26.522) and case law of this State a quitclaim deed, in absence of fraud, coercion, undue influence, or want of consideration passes all the estate which the grantor could lawfully convey by a deed of bargain and sale.”
On September 14, 1954, the trial court entered an order continuing the injunction:
“Now therefore, on motion of Stanton G-. Dondero, attorney for petitioner, it is hereby ordered that the writ of injunction heretofore issued in these proceedings on the 6th day of July, -1954, restraining and enjoining the above named David Noddy, his counselors, attorneys and agents, from proceeding with presently pending eviction proceedings against the above named Margaret J. Noddy in connection with property known as 1420 Harvard road, Berkley, Michigan, and from doing anything to dispossess the said Margaret J. Noddy from said. property, continue in full force and effect until the 15th day of June, 1956, on which date said writ of injunction shall be automatically dissolved, and the said Margaret J. Noddy shall vacate said premises and deliver possession of same to the defendant.”
Defendant appeals and urges that plaintiff was not entitled to injunctive relief to maintain possession of the property after she gave defendant a quitclaim deed of all her right, title and interest in the property. The record shows that the original divorce decree was entered February 9, 1951, and provided for maintenance for the 2 children and a property settlement of the equity in the real estate owned by the parties.
It is settled law in this State that a quitclaim deed transfers any interest the grantor may have in the lands, whatever its nature. See Kitchell v. Mudgett, 37 Mich 81; Bird v. Stimson, 197 Mich 582; Doelle v. Read, 329 Mich 655. It is also the settled law of this State that a trial judge may not modify a decree with respect to a property settlement, except on the ground of fraud. See Reynolds v. Reynolds, 115 Mich 378; Kutchai v. Kutchai, 233 Mich 569; Belting v. Wayne Circuit Judge, 245 Mich 111; Winter v. Winter, 270 Mich 707; Ratcliffe v. Ratcliffe, 308 Mich 488; Lytle v. Lytle, 319 Mich 47.
In the case at bar no request was made to set aside the quitclaim deed. It follows that the' order which had the effect of modifying the divorce decree as to the property settlement was in excess of the authority of the trial court. Such order is reversed and an order will be entered in the circuit court of Oakland county to that effect.
Carr, C. J., and Btjtzel, Boyles, Reid, Dethmers, and Kelly, JJ., concurred.
Smith, J., took no part in the decision of this case. | [
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Sharpe, J.
Plaintiffs, residents of Shiawassee county, filed a bill of complaint in said county in which they allege that C. K. Colby, defendant, is the county drain commissioner and that this action is brought against him in his official capacity; that on April 5, 1951, a petition for cleaning out, relocating, deepening and straightening the North State & Huckleberry & Mitchener Drain was filed in the office of the defendant; that said petition was defective in form and did not give defendant jurisdiction to clean out the mentioned drain; that defendant advertised for bids for doing the work and set May 12, 1952, as the day for letting the contract; that in order to do the work for which the contract is to be let, it will be necessary to take further right-of-way from many of these plaintiffs; that defendant has not secured any further right-of-way, nor started any pro ceedings for the necessary condemnation; that the hoard of determination, appointed by the probate court for determining the necessity for the cleaning out of the drain, determined that it was only necessary to clean out the bottom of the ditch to its original depth, yet the proposed contract provides for widening the drain from 8 feet to 12 feet and to deepen said drain by as much as 3 feet in some places.
Npon the filing of the above bill of complaint, a temporary injunction was issued. On May 28, 1952, defendant entered a special appearance for the purpose of making a motion to dismiss plaintiffs’ bill of complaint. On the same day defendant filed a motion to dismiss, in part, as follows:
“That this honorable court is without jurisdiction in the matter for the reason that said action was not brought in accordance with the statute in such case made and provided.
“That the plaintiffs fail to set forth adequate reasons to support the extraordinary remedy of an injunction.
“That the statute in such case made and provided requires (that) the plaintiffs should resort to a writ of certiorari for the purpose of objecting to the proceedings, that plaintiffs are attempting to impede the drainage proceedings in a manner contrary to the statute in such case made and provided.
“That plaintiffs plead conclusions and fail to set forth facts in requesting the extraordinary relief of an injunction, and that the remedy of plaintiffs lies in a petition for a writ of certiorari and not by way of injunction.”
Plaintiffs filed an answer to the above motion-, in part, as follows:
“Further answering said motion, plaintiffs call the court’s attention to the fact that defendant has entered only a special appearance, and this type of motion can only be heard after a general appear anee. That although a copy of the bill of complaint was served with the summons to facilitate an early disposal of this action, and although the 15 days allowed for answer expired 6 days ago, yet the defendant has not answered. That more than 15 days has (have) elapsed since service of process on defendant, yet he has not appeared, nor has he attacked the jurisdiction of the person, and, therefore, defendant is in default.”
The cause came before the court and was disposed of on the motion made by defendant. The trial court granted defendant’s motion and in an opinion said:
“It appears to the court that where there are irregularities, such as might be corrected on certiorari, that is the method (that) should be pursued; it is the sole remedy if the drain commissioner has jurisdiction to correct any irregularities in the drain proceedings, and when the proceedings are set aside because of irregularities, they go back to the point at which they were regular and proceed from there. It is true that in considering a motion to dismiss the court must take the statements in the bill of complaint as true, however, in this case certain irregularities are alleged which the drain commissioner could correct if the facts stated are true; therefore in this case the motion to dismiss is granted and an order may be drawn for signature in accordance with this opinion.”
Plaintiffs appeal and urge, in part, as follows:
“The court erred in hearing and granting defendant’s motion when defendant had only entered a special appearance.
“The court erred in finding that the irregularities in the drain proceedings could be corrected by the drain commissioner.
“The court erred in finding that certiorari was the only remedy available to plaintiffs.
“The court erred iu failing to take as true all well-pleaded allegations in plaintiffs’ bill of complaint.”
It appears that the substance of defendant’s motion is that plaintiffs’ bill of complaint does not state a cause of action in that it merely alleges in general terms that some defects exist in the petition to clean out the drain. The principal issue involved is whether plaintiffs had an adequate remedy at law. Defendant urges that if plaintiffs had an adequate remedy at law, then a chancery court had no jurisdiction of the cause. To support this claim defendant relies upon CL 1948, § 266.11 (Stat Ann 1952 Rev §11.66), which provides as follows:
“The proceedings in establishing any drain and levying taxes therefor shall be subject to review On certiorari as herein provided. A writ of certiorari for any error occurring before or in the final order of determination shall be issued within 10 days after a copy of such final order is filed in the office of the drain commissioner as required by section 1 of chapter 6, and for any error occurring after such final order of determination, within 10 days after the day of review, or if an appeal has been taken within 10 days after the filing of the report of the board of review. Notice of such certiorari shall be served.upon the commissioner within 10 days after the day of issue in the same manner as notice is required to be given of certiorari for reviewing judgments rendered by justices of the peace, and the writ shall be issued and served, and bond given and approved and the subject matter brought to issue in the same time and manner, as near as may be, as in such cases provided, except that such certiorari may be heard by the court during term, or at chambers, upon 5 days’ notice given to the opposite party; and the circuit court of the county shall hear and determine the same without unnecessary delay, and if any material defect be found in the proceedings for establishing the drain, such proceedings shall be set aside. If issues of fact are raised by the petition for such writ and the return thereto, such issues shall, on application of either party, be framed and testimony thereon taken under the direction of the court. If the proceedings be sustained, the party bringing the certiorari shall be liable for the costs thereof, and if they be not sustained, the parties making application for the drain shall be liable for the costs. If no certiorari be brought within the time herein prescribed, the drain shall be deemed to have been legally established, and the taxes therefor legally levied, and the legality of said drain and the taxes therefor shall not thereafter be questioned in any suit at law or equity: Provided, No court shall allow any certiorari questioning the legality of any drain by any person unless notice has been given to the commissioner in accordance with the provisions of this chapter: Provided further, That when such proceedings are brought the commissioner shall postpone the letting of contracts and all other proceedings until after the determination of the court. And if any error be found in the proceedings, the court shall direct the commissioner to correct such error or errors and then proceed the same as though no error had been made.”
In Toledo, Saginaw & Muskegon Railway Co. v. Shafer, 190 Mich 89, 91, plaintiff filed a bill to enjoin the drain commissioners from constructing a drain on their right-of-way. We there said:
“An examination of the drain law clearly discloses that it was the intention of the legislature to have all matters pertaining to the locating and constructing of a drain, in the absence of fraud, tried out, determined, and forever settled in the direct proceedings to establish the drain or on certiorari, as provided for in the statute.”
In Township of Lake v. Millar, 257 Mich 135, 142, we said:
“The rule is that errors and irregularities in drain proceedings must be taken advantage of by certiorari, but an entire want of jurisdiction may be taken advantage of at any time. The drain commissioner had no jurisdiction to construct a sewer any more than to construct a Covert road.”
See, also, Hankinson v. Deake, 265 Mich 1, and Meyering Land Co. v. Spencer, 273 Mich 703.
It is the position of plaintiffs that where there is an inadequate statutory remedy or an entire want of jurisdiction, advantage may be taken of it at any time. It is also urged that the drain commissioner had no authority to take additional right-of-way or to enlarge the drain beyond the determination of the board of determination; that the first notice that plaintiffs had that defendant was going to take their land without due process of law was when they were served with notice of the letting of the contract to clean out the drain; that when they learned of it, there was no opportunity to bring certiorari, and if they attempted to bring certiorari after the contract was let the contractor could have enlarged the drain and obligated the drainage district before plaintiffs could have brought certiorari.
In our opinion plaintiffs had a right to rely on the board of determination that it was only necessary to clean out the drain to its original depth. There was no occasion to bring certiorari at this stage of the proceedings. It was only when the proposed contract was advertised for enlargement of the drain that plaintiffs had knowledge of the necessity of questioning the proceedings taken by defendant.
Certiorari is not an exclusive remedy under the drain law. If the remedy of certiorari is inadequate, a bill in equity will lie to restrain construction of a drain, see Chandler v. Heisler, 153 Mich 1. In Pere Marquette Railway Co. v. Auditor General, 226 Mich. 491, 494, we said:
■ “We are unable to accept the proposition that certiorari is an exclusive remedy under the drain law, for this Court has held under certain circumstances that equity proceedings to restrain the enforcement of a drain assessment may run collaterally in aid of certiorari to review a drain commissioner’s action (Drain Commissioner v. Baxter, 57 Mich 127, 129), and that in a proper case equity has jurisdiction to restrain the return of lands as delinquent for drain taxes where the proceedings are illegal and void. Kinyon v. Duchene, 21 Mich 498; Corning v. Potter, 171 Mich 690, 699.”
In the case at bar defendant’s authority was limited to cleaning out the drain to its original depth as authorized by the board of determination. He had no legal right to deepen or widen the drain or use plaintiffs’ lands without condemnation of the same. Under the circumstances of this case it clearly appears that certiorari was not an adequate remedy. It follows that plaintiffs had a right to resort to chancery to restrain defendant from enlarging the drain or taking plaintiffs’ lands without condemnation thereof.
The decree is reversed, the cause reinstated and remanded to the trial court for further proceedings. Plaintiffs may recover costs.
Carr, C. J., and Butzel, Smith, Boyles, Reid, Dethmers, and Kelly, JJ., concurred. | [
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Carr, C. J.
This proceeding involves the validity of certain provisions of the zoning ordinance and of the building code of the city of Dearborn as applied to plaintiff’s land. The property in question is located on the southeast corner of the intersection of Telegraph road, also known as U. S. Trunkline Highway No 24, and Leland court. It has a frontage of 120 feet on the first highway and 134 feet on the second, and is more particularly described as follows :
“The west 134 feet of lot 11 and the.north 40 feet of the west 134 feet of lot 12, Bobert M. Grindley Subdivision #4 of Little Farms.”
Plaintiff is purchasing the property under an ex-ecutory land contract.
Desiring to construct a motel on his property, plaintiff made application to the proper officials of defendant city for the purpose of obtaining a certificate of compliance as a preliminary step to securing a building permit. Accompanying the application were tentative plans and specifications for the construction of a motel, 1 story in height, with 11 rental units and a caretaker’s apartment. Nine of the rooms, intended for tourist accommodation, would, under the plans, be 14 x 23 feet in size. The plans for the remaining 2 rooms contemplate a somewhat smaller area.
It is conceded that the zoning ordinance of defendant city (Ordinance No 33, as amended) classifies the immediate area in which plaintiff’s property is situated as “Industrial A.” Section 701.1 of the ordinance, in specifying the uses permitted in such a district, contains the following provision:
“No building or structure or part thereof shall be erected, altered, or used, or lands used in whole or in part in an Industrial A district for other than 1 or more of the following specified uses:
“1. Uses, except for dwelling purposes, permitted in a Business A, Business B or Business C district.”
Section 10.18 of the city building code (Ordinance No 49-403, as amended) specifies that:
■ “The floor area for each dwelling unit in a multiple dwelling building shall be not less than 650 square feet.”
In reliance on the ordinance provisions above quoted, defendants denied plaintiff’s application. Thereupon he filed in the circuit court of Wayne county a petition for a writ of mandamus, asserting that said provisions, if applied in such manner as to prevent his desired construction and operation of a motel, are invalid on the theory that such application is unreasonable, arbitrary, and operates to deprive him of property rights without due process of law. On the filing of the petition an -order to show cause issued. Defendants filed their answer, denying the invalidity of the ordinance provisions in question and asserting also that plaintiff should have joined as parties defendant the members of the zoning board of appeals. Apparently, on the insistence of defendants, plaintiff appealed to said hoard from the refusal of his application, with a result unfavorable to him.
On the hearing of the matter plaintiff testified in support of his petition, and exhibits were offered by the parties. At the request of counsel, the trial judge inspected the area in which plaintiff’s property is located. Following the presentation of arguments, both oral and written, an opinion was filed holding that the above provisions of the ordinances of the city were invalid as to plaintiff’s property. A writ of mandamus was accordingly ordered directing the issuance by defendants of a certificate of compliance under the zoning ordinance of the city to permit the plaintiff to make application for a building permit. The writ further provided, in accordance with the order therefor:
“I do further command and firmly enjoin you that if and when the writ directing the issuance of a certificate of compliance becomes res judicata in favor of the said Russel J. Comer, he, the said Russel J. Comer, may renew his application for a building permit, by filing formal application with the appropriate agents of the city of Dearborn, and by submitting final plans and specifications for the construction of the proposed building, and, if such plans are not approved by the appropriate agents of the city of Dearborn and said appropriate agents of the city of Dearborn refuse to issue the building permit, the right to determine whether such action by the appropriate agents for the city of Dearborn is in conformity with the law and the provisions of the building code of the city of Dearborn is expressly reserved by the circuit court for the county of Wayne.”
From the order entered, defendants have appealed.. It is their claim, in substance, that the ordinance provisions on which they relied in rejecting plaintiff’s application are not invalid as applied to the land in question, and that plaintiff is not, under the record in the case, entitled to a certificate of compliance.
As before noted, the property in question is classified by defendant city’s zoning ordinance as “Industrial A.” Obviously it was the intention of the framers of the ordinance, in view of the restrictions imposed with reference to the purposes for which property so zoned may be used, to exclude any use “for dwelling purposes,” and to permit business and industrial uses only. As bearing on the reasonableness of such restrictions the purposes for which property in the immediate vicinity is now being used require consideration. It appears from the record that in such area there are a number of residences, several business places, and very few industrial enterprises. As the situation now is, the neighborhood may not be regarded as an industrial one; The exhibits in the case clearly support this conclusion.
In view of the existing situation we do not think that the ordinance, if construed as prohibiting the construction, of a motel on plaintiff’s property, is reasonable. As so applied the restriction is invalid. It may'be noted further in this connection that the record before us does not justify an inference or conclusion that new industries will be established in this area in such numbers as to result in its becoming primarily industrial rather than devoted to residential and business purposes as at present. On the contrary, we think the proofs in the case justify a finding that no such change may reasonably be expected.
A. somewhat analogous situation was presented in Corthouts v. Town of Newington, 140 Conn 284 (99 A2d 112, 38 ALR2d 1136). There the ordinance in question prohibited the use of land in an industrial district for residential purposes. In discussing the situation, it was said (pp 287, 288):
“The plaintiff’s land is adapted to development for residential use, for which there is' a demand. Such use is the highest and best to which it can be put. Unless it can be devoted to residential purposes, in all probability it will remain unused for many years. It is not adapted to industrial use, for which there is not any present demand in Newington and none is expected. Although the amendment prohibits the use of land in an industrial district No 2 for residential purposes, the ordinance allows such land to be used for community buildings, hotels, clubhouses, hospitals, churches, schools, playgrounds and businesses generally. * * *
“Zoning regulations constitute a valid exercise of the police power only when they have a ‘rational relation to the public health, safety, welfare and prosperity of the community’ and are ‘not such an unreasonable exercise of [the police] power as to become arbitrary, destructive or confiscatory.’ State v. Hillman, 110 Conn 92, 100, 105 (147 A 294). Whether a zoning ordinance meets this test must be determined' in the light of existing conditions, in order that the purpose for which the police power is invoked may be promoted. Village of Euclid v. Ambler Realty Co., 272 US 365, 387 (47 S Ct 114, 71 L ed 303, 54 ALR 1016). The ordinance must comply with the requirements of, and serve the purposes stated in, the statute. General Statutes, § 837; Fairlawns Cemetery Assn., Inc., v. Zoning Commission of Town of Bethel, 138 Conn 434, 440 (86 A2d 74). We are not called upon to decide in this case whether, as a general proposition, a zoning ordinance which prohibits a residential use in an industrial district is valid. It is easy to conceive a situation where the erection and occupation of dwelling houses on land in an industrial area in close proximity to manufactories using highly inflammable or explosive materials or giving off noxious odors or pernicious gases would have a direct relation to the public health, safety and welfare and justify prohibitory legislation against the use of such land for residential purposes. But the combination of circumstances in the case at bar does not even simulate such a situation.”
In accordance with the conclusion suggested by the language quoted, the ordinance was held invalid as to the plaintiff’s property. It may be noted that in the case at bar the charter of the city of Dear-born prohibits any use “for dwelling purposes” in an Industrial A zone. Apparently the inhibition imposed was intended to prevent not merely the construction of residences as in the Connecticut case cited but also the use of property for a motel or for a like purpose. In view of the situation disclosed by the record we find that, as applied to the property of the plaintiff, the provision of the ordinance in question is arbitrary, unreasonable, and, therefore, void.
This Court has repeatedly recognized in prior decisions the principles that must be applied in determining a controversy of this nature. In Hitchman v. Township of Oakland, 329 Mich 331, 335, after referring to the act of the legislature authorizing the adoption of township zoning ordinances, it was said:
“Under the act, arbitrary action or the unreasonable exercise of authority may not be justified. A zoning ordinance must be reasonable in its operation. This is the test of its legality. City of North Muskegon v. Miller, 249 Mich 52, 57; Moreland v. Armstrong, 297 Mich 32, 36. Every case of this character must be determined on its own facts.”
It is also the settled law of this State that in determining the validity of a local zoning ordinance, as applied to specific property, consideration must be given to the question whether such zoning advances the public health, safety, and general welfare. Pere Marquette Railway Co. v. Muskegon Township Board, 298 Mich 31; Senefsky v. City of Huntington Woods, 307 Mich 728 (149 ALR 1433); Frischkorn Construction Co. v. Bedford Township Building Inspector, 315 Mich 556; Plum Hollow Golf & Country Club v. Township of Southfield, 341 Mich 84. Under the facts in the instant case it may not be said that the construction of a motel of the type planned by plaintiff would have any tendency to affect injuriously the health, safety, or welfare of occupants of such motel, residents in the vicinity, or the public generally. No claim is made that the construction and operation of plaintiffs’ proposed building will have ill effects on others in the community, and it is apparent that guests in the proposed establishment will not be subjected to possible ill effects or annoyances resulting from industrial enterprises in the neighborhood.
Like considerations must prevail in determining the validity of the provision of section 10.18 of the building code with reference to the floor area of each unit in a multiple dwelling. If applied to a room in a motel the provision in terms would require a total floor area of not less than 650 square feet. Bearing in mind the purpose for which motels are constructed and operated, the conclusion cannot be avoided that any such requirement is unreasonable. Senefsky v. City of Huntington Woods, supra.
Defendants’ claim that plaintiff is not entitled to maintain this action without joining the members of the zoning appeal board as parties defendant is without merit, particularly in view of the nature of the order entered by the trial judge and the writ of mandamus issued pursuant thereto. The question involved in this proceeding is, in the final analysis, concerned with the validity of the provisions, above referred to, in the city zoning ordinance and in the building code. However, neither the zoning board of appeals nor other administrative officers of the defendant city are clothed with authority to determine such question. The views of this Court as expressed in Long v. Township of Norton, 327 Mich 627, 633, and Long v. City of Highland Park, 329 Mich 146, 149, may well be regarded as controlling with reference to the objection raised.
The order of the trial court is affirmed. Plaintiff may have costs.
Butzel, Smith, Sharpe, Boyles, Reid, Dethmers, and Kelly, JJ., concurred. | [
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Boyles, J.
Plaintiff filed an application with the workmen’s compensation commission for compensation for personal injury suffered while working for the defendant foundry company. The commission found that under part 7 of the act †he was entitled to compensation, hut awarded compensation under part 2. While the 3 members of the commission found that the plaintiff was entitled to compensation under the provisions of part 7, they disagreed as to how the amount should be determined. The majority (2 members) held that compensation should be awarded as if under part 2 of the act, and compensation was awarded accordingly. The third commissioner filed an opinion holding that the compensation should be awarded in accordance with section 3 of part 7.
The defendant foundry company and its compensation insurance carrier appeal. The sole question involved here, as stated by appellants’ brief, is:
“When an employee receives a personal injury and is disabled all as defined in section 1, part 7 of the Michigan workmen’s compensation act and later earns wages at another occupation which is neither unhealthful nor injurious, and his wages in such occupation do not equal the wages he was receiving prior to the date of his disablement, should partial compensation be computed in accordance with section 3 of part 7 of the workmen’s compensation act ?”
There is no occasion here to discuss whether the plaintiff suffered an injury under part 2 of the act. Both parties agree, and the commission so found, that plaintiff’s injury was nonaccidental, and occupational. He merely had felt a sharp pain in his back while doing the same work, in the same manner, that he had been doing for several years. There was no testimony that the plaintiff had suffered an accidental injury, or that his disability was caused by any unusual happening or fortuitous event. The commission agreed that plaintiff’s disability and right to compensation was under the provisions of part 7. There is competent testimony to support the finding.
Section 3, part 7, of the act provides that the plaintiff
“shall be entitled to compensation for his death or for his disablement, and he shall be entitled to be furnished with medical and hospital services, all as provided in part 2 of this act, except as hereinafter stated in this part: Provided, however, That if it shall be determined that such employee is able to earn wages at another occupation which shall be neither unhealthful nor injurious and such wages do not equal his full wages prior- to the date of his disablement, the compensation payable shall be a per centage of full compensation proportionate to the reduction in his earning capacity.”
No like provision for reducing compensation occurs in part 2 of the act.
Plaintiff had been working in the defendant’s foundry for more than 10 years, mostly shoveling wet sand. When a pain in his back prevented him from continuing to do that work, he found other employment. He worked a while as a bartender, later for a coach manufacturer cutting lumber and is still so employed. His work is lighter than it was as a foundry worker, it is neither unhealthful nor injurious, and the pay is less.
The commission awarded compensation according to section 10, part 2, of the act, disregarding the requirement in section 3, part 7, that the compensation should be a percentage of full compensation proportionate to the reduction in his earning capacity. The award was the same as if the plaintiff had received a personal injury in accordance with the provisions of part 2. The commission was in error. The distinction as to applying the difference in amount of compensation under different circumstances, has been made apparent in the recent opinions in Samels v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., 323 Mich 251; Hardiman v. General Motors Corporation, 332 Mich 170; Arnold v. Ogle Construction Co., 333 Mich 652. Nor are we impressed with any merit in counsel for appellee’s argument that there is a distinction to be made between “disease” and “disability” in section 3, part 7, of the act.
The record here indicates that testimony was taken as to the earnings of plaintiff in his occupation subsequent to his work for the defendant foundry company. An order will be entered setting aside the award of compensation and remanding the case to the commission for the entry of an award in accordance with the proofs, and under the provisions of section 3, part 7, of the act. Costs to appellants.
Carr, C. J., and Butzel, Sharpe, Reid, Dethmers, and Kelly, JJ., concurred.
Smith, J., took no part in the decision of this case.
PA 1912 (1st Ex Sess), No 10, as amended (CL 1948, §411.1 et seq. [Stat Ann 1950 Eev and Stat Ann 1953 Cum Supp § 17.141 et seq.~\, as last amended by PA 1954, No 175).
CL 1948, § 417.3 (Stat Ann 1950 Eev § 17.222). Tbe amendment by PA 1954, No 175, has no bearing.
GL 1948, § 412.10, as amended by PA 1949, No 238 (Stat Ann 1950 Rev § 17.160). The amendments by PA 1952, No 263, PA 1953, No 198, and PA 1954, No 175, have no bearing. | [
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Boyles, J.
On leave granted the plaintiff labor union has filed here a petition for certiorari to the State labor mediation board to set aside a ruling or order of said board denying plaintiff’s request to conduct an election for the purpose of determining whether the plaintiff union represents a majority of the employees of the M P Auto Wash, and whether said employees desire to go on strike. The attorney general has filed here a statement of his position and recommended that leave to appeal in the nature of certiorari be granted.
The record here shows that the M P Auto Wash at different times has from 3 to 15 employees, depending on the amount of customer business at any particular time. Five of its employees who were members of the plaintiff union joined, in the request for an election. Three additional letters from 3 other individual employees were filed with the board, also requesting a strike vote. All of them stated that they authorized the plaintiff labor union to represent them.
The employer M P Auto Wash refused to join in mediation, refused to cooperate to ascertain wheth er the 8 Individuals were its employees, and the board refused to recognize or act on the request of the union and of those who claimed to be employees, all of whom had asked for action by the board. For its refusal, the board relied on Arnold Home, Inc., v. Labor Mediation Board, 338 Mich 315.
The distinction between the factual basis for that decision and the facts in the instant matter is plain. In the Arnold Home Case we said (pp 318, 319):
“The question here is whether the board, at the request of a certain union, can order a ‘strike vote/ by calling an election among certain employees of an employer to decide whether they will be represented by said union, under the labor mediation act.
“No such election has been requested by the'employees, or any of them, either for a ‘strike vote/ or for any vote to determine whether a strike will be called, or whether the union here involved, ór any other union, shall be selected by them, or a majority of them, or in fact any of them, as their bargaining-agent or representative, in dealings between the Home and any of its employees.
“The union, in an effort to become the legal representative of certain of the employees of the Home, in labor matters, attempts to accomplish that objective, through the cooperation of the board, by having an election called by the board for a ‘strike vote.’ * * *
“The union here involved cannot successfully claim, as yet, that it represents any of the employees of the Home. It seeks to acquire that right by the so-called ‘strike vote.’
“The issue here does not involve a dispute between employer and employees. It does not disclose any desire or any request, by any part of the employees of the Home, that they be represented by the labor union here seeking an election by a strike vote, or that they be represented by any union at all, as their bargaining agent or to represent them in labor matters.”
In the instant matter, on the contrary, the record here indicates that a substantial number, perhaps a majority, of the employees of the M P Auto Wash have requested the board to hold an election to determine whether the plaintiff union should be their representative before the labor mediation board, and to conduct a strike vote.
The labor-mediation board was in error in refusing to take cognizance of the requests. The petitions filed with the board by the union and (so far as shown by the record here) by a majority of the ■employees, made at least a prima facie showing that the individual petitioners were employees of the M P Auto Wash and members of said union. There was nothing shown in opposition, nor any occasion for the board to insist that the employer confirm that they were employees, before the board acted on their requests. The employer, although so requested by the board, refused to cooperate, or to disclose whether the petitioners were employees. We agree with the opinion of the attorney general, who represents the defendant board here, wherein it states:
“As was pointed out in opinion No 1518, the employees have the right under section 8 of the act to organize for the purpose of bargaining with their \employer ‘through representatives of their own free choice.’ If this right were conditioned upon the recognition by the employer of said representative, the purpose of the statute could be defeated by the refusal of the employer to recognize the representative. Where there has been no bargaining relationship between an employer and a union, but your board is satisfied from an investigation that the representative requesting the strike vote is in fact the employees’ free choice representative, although the company has declined to recognize it, the employees would have a right to a strike vote under the issues of wage increase and employer’s contribution.”
On the record here, the showing made by the plaintiff union and the individuals established that they were employees of the M P Auto Wash sufficient to invoke the jurisdiction of the board. An order will be entered here setting aside the ruling and order of the board and the matter remanded to the board to take further action consistent with the provisions of the labor mediation act.
Carr, C. J., and Btjtzel, Smith, Sharpe, Reid, Dethmers, and Kelly, JJ., concurred.
CLS 1952, § 423.23 (Stat Ann 1950 Rev § 17.454[25]).
CLS 1952, § 423.9a (Stat Ann 1950 Rev § 17.454[10]).
Opinions of Attorney General, 1952-1954, p 295, No 1744.— Reporter.
The prior opinion referred to is in Opinions of Attorney General, 1950-1952, p 447, No 1518.—Reporter.
CL 1948, § 423.8 (Stat Ann 1950 Rev § 17.454[8]).—Reporter. | [
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Dethmers, J.
Individual plaintiffs are owners of lots in Golf View Subdivision consisting of 39 lots in the city of Dearborn; corporate plaintiff is composed of lot owners. Defendants own 1 of the lots, on which they propose to build a 2-story dwelling with 984 square feet of livable area on the first floor and 812 square feet on the second. This is a suit to restrain its construction on the theory that it would violate applicable building restrictions because there would not be 1,100 square feet on each floor. From decree dismissing their bill of complaint, plaintiffs appeal.
In 1937, when the home of the original subdivider and those of 2 or 3 other lot owners had been constructed, written restrictions were signed and recorded by the owners of the lots in the subdivision limiting the use of lots to single residences, 2 stories in height, constructed of specified materials within certain building lines. The restrictions did not expressly fix a minimum floor area, but provided in paragraph 5 as follows:
“5. No building shall be erected on said premises until the plans and specifications and location thereof has been approved in writing by Glover Watson Bondholders, Inc., or a committee appointed by the home owners whenever the latter is sufficient to take over this responsibility. However, in the event of such failure to approve or disapprove such design or location within a reasonable time, then such approval will not be required providing the cost of ■said building is not less than $10,000.”
At time of trial 7 houses had been built on the •subdivision by as many different lot owners. Plaintiffs say that all of the houses have areas in excess •of 1,100 square feet for each of 2 floors, except 1, in which the area is 1,050 square feet per floor. They contend that this has established a general plan for the subdivision, binding on defendants, and prohibiting- them from building- a house on their lot with an area of less than 1,100 square feet per floor. For that reason the building committee of plaintiff corporation, acting under paragraph 5 above, declined to approve defendants’ plans.
Plaintiffs refer to the provision in paragraph 5 that a dwelling might be built without committee approval, in case of unreasonable delay by the latter, provided it were built at a cost of not less than $10,000, as expressive of a $10,000 minimum restriction. They then point to testimony that in 1937, when the restrictions were adopted, a $10,000 2-story house, constructed of the type of materials required by the restrictions, could have been built with an area for each of its 2 floors in excess of 1,100 square feet. From this they conclude that defendants’ proposed house, despite its projected cost of almost $21,-000, would be violative of the restrictions because its 2 floors would not contain 1,100 square feet each. We do not accept this round-about interpretation of the restrictions to fix a minimum area when it could have been expressed directly in so many words. We conclude that it would have been so expressed had that been the intent of the subscribers.
Plaintiffs rely on West Bloomfield Co. v. Haddock, 326 Mich 601, for the proposition that the provisions of building restrictions which give a committee the right to approve or disapprove proposed building plans are valid, but that the committee must exercise such right in a fair and reasonable manner. That begs the question. In the Bloomfield Case approval of the plans was withheld because the proposed building violated the express provisions of written restrictions. The question at bar is whether the committee acted fairly and reasonably and within its powers in seeking to impose restrictions not included in the recorded agreement. Contending in the affirmative, plaintiffs rely on Ardmore Association v. Bankle, 329 Mich 573. The case is distinguishable, however, for the reason that it was there held that the common grantor had established a general plan for the subdivision by the construction of 7 or 8 residences before selling lots. This was apparently on the theory that in so doing the sub-divider had given as effective notice to subsequent lot purchasers of restrictions as he could have done by recording. Such is not the factual situation at bar. Here the construction of 1 dwelling by the sub-divider was not sufficient to give notice of a general plan, binding upon subsequent lot purchasers, in the absence of a showing of any other conduct on the part of the subdivider calculated to effectuate that end. Applicable here is Hart v. Kuhlman, 298 Mich 265, in which this Court held that a restriction or general plan, agreed upon by several lot owners in a subdivision by common consent and compliance therewith, cannot be fastened upon and made binding with respect to lots whose owners have not agreed thereto. As said in that case (p 267):
“In Sanborn v. McLean, 233 Mich 227, 230 (60 ALR 1212), in speaking of reciprocal negative easements, we said:
“ ‘They arise, if at all, out of a benefit accorded land retained, by restrictions upon neighboring land sold by a common owner. Such a scheme of restrictions must start with a common owner; it cannot arise and fasten upon one lot by reason of other lot owners conforming to a general plan.’
“The rights of defendant cannot be made to rest upon a mere neighborhood plan to which he was not a consenting party. This is not an instance of a grantor doing something on his remaining property which he has restrained his grantee from doing on neighboring premises.”
There is no showing here of any action on the part of the common grantor which effected a general plan. Subsequent purchasers of some of the lots could not, by their own conduct, fasten a general plan on other lots whose owners had not consented thereto.
Affirmed, with costs to defendants.
Carr, C. J., and Butzel, Smith, Sharpe, Boyles, Reid, and Kelly, JJ., concurred. | [
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Boyles, J.
This appeal calls for construction of certain provisions in the charter and ordinances of the city of Flint. Plaintiffs, who are city firemen and policemen, brought suit against the city for additional compensation to which they claimed they were entitled, denied them by the city. Circuit Judge George B. Hartrick, presiding in Genesee county, heard the case without a jury and entered judgment of no cause for action. The plaintiffs appeal.
The Flint city charter provides for a city commission and vests in it the power to prescribe the compensation of all officers and employees of the city, as follows:
“Sec. 8. Powers of Commission. The [city] commission shall be and constitute the legislative and governing body of the city and shall possess full power and authority to enact such ordinances and adopt such resolutions as it shall deem proper for the purpose of enforcing and exercising any or all of the powers possessed by the city.”
“Sec. 51. Compensation. The compensation of all elective and appointive officers and of all employees of the city, including all election officials shall be prescribed by the commission by ordinance, except as otherwise specifically provided herein.”
In 1935 an amendment to the charter provided for a civil service commission, its powers and duties to include the following (Sec. 236[a]):
“It shall classify with the cooperation of the various department heads, all the offices and positions of employment, showing for each class established the class title, the duties performed and the responsibilities involved in each class, the minimum qualifications to be required of future applicants seeking employment and the standard scale of compensation as set by the city commission, and various boards appointed by the city commission. Like classifications of work are to receive like compensation.”
Plaintiffs base their .claim wholly on the concluding sentence of the above section. They claim they are not receiving like compensation for like classifications of work. Apparently, plaintiffs consider “compensation” to mean “salaries” or “wages.”
In 1943 the city commission adopted a “Uniform Pay Ordinance, * * * fixing the compensation to be paid employees and appointive officers for their services to the city of Flint.” It sets up a uniform schedule of wage rates, differentiating between salaries to be paid, according to the number of years of •service. In sections 9,17 and 18 it sets up additional special provisions for firemen and policemen. Those who. are under the pension or insurance benefit plan, •or eligible therefor, are to be paid no premium pay for night work, but only “straight time” for hours ■of work over normal work week; if they had been employed 1 year or more prior to July 1, 1943, they should receive compensation at the 2-year service ■completion rate or $130 above their annual rate of August 18, 1943, whichever was higher. The ordinance also differentiates as to compensation between firemen drivers and firemen privates, and as to policemen classified as “patrolmen PO-6,” as to their rates of compensation, depending upon the length of service.
There is no denial of the authority of the city commission to fix the compensation of firemen and policemen, as thus differentiated, unless it be the above provision in tbe civil service amendment to tbe city charter on which plaintiffs rely: “Like classifications of work are to receive like compensation.” As stated, it occurs in the 1935 amendment to the city charter creating a civil service commission and defining its powers and duties (Sec. 236 [a]).
The city commission, in fixing the “compensation” to be paid to firemen and policemen took into consideration certain benefits afforded them by the city which were not shared in by other city employees. Under sections 202-211 of the city charter provisions were made for a retirement pension for life for firemen and policemen who had served as such for 25 years or who were totally disabled in the discharge of duty. Their monthly pension during life was fixed at 1/2 of the monthly salary held at the date of retirement. Other pension provisions were therein made for partial disability for firemen and policemen who sustained injuries or contracted disease or illness by reason of their occupation, and also for life pension for a surviving widow, and pensions for their children or other dependents. A provision therein authorizes the city commission to raise by taxes the money necessary to pay these pensions. A 1947 amendment, called the “G-abriel Plan,” provides that the then pension provisions should not apply to one employed after May 15, 1947, or one who elected within 6 months to accept a certain other pension plan provided for city employees. However, plaintiffs declined to come under the provisions of the so-called “G-abriel Plan” and their claims for compensation in the case at bar are from July 1, 1943, to April, 1946 (the date of the “Gabriel Plan”), and then to April 1, 1947.
There would seem to be an apparent conflict in the charter provisions and ordinances, resulting in discrimination between firemen, and also between policemen, as to their compensation, unless they are read and construed together, in the light of certain facts and circumstances. The provision in the civil service amendment (Sec. 236[a]) on which the plaintiffs wholly rely, must he read and construed in connection with other provisions of the charter. The civil service commission, under that amendment, was given the power to classify all the offices and positions of employment. In so doing, the authority of the civil service commissiofn to classify employees was limited by the concluding sentence of said section 236(a) that “Like classifications of work are to receive like compensation.” Thereon the plaintiffs wholly place their claim that they have not been receiving the compensation to which they are entitled.
However, that provision does not deprive the city commission of its power to fix the compensation of all officers and employees of the city. The city commission, in fixing the compensation to he paid to firemen and policemen, took into account various benefits they were receiving at city expense,. not common to other city employees. The city commission considered at length and evaluated the benefits to the firemen and policemen provided for by the retirement pension plan, which provides for retirement pension benefits. The “Gabriel Plan” also allows firemen and policemen to elect to substitute it for their earlier retirement pension plan. Furthermore, the city commission also provides a group insurance policy of $1,000 for each fireman and policeman, increased to $2,000 for each who should he employed 10 years, premiums paid by the city. Also, the city furnishes uniforms for all firemen and policemen. These additional benefits, not shared in by other city employees, were considered by the city commission as a part of the “compensation” which firemen and policemen were to receive, along with the salaries they received.
"We do not agree with plaintiffs that charter retirement pensions, insurance premium payments and the furnishing of uniforms cannot be considered as “compensation.” Nor is there merit to plaintiffs’ argument that such benefits, admittedly still being received by the plaintiffs, cannot be included as compensation on the ground that they are not contractual and that the city can discontinue them. Conceding that the city can legally discontinue retirement pension benefits, group insurance and furnishing of uniforms, these still are benefits while being received by the firemen and policemen. The question is, may they be considered by the city commission as a part of the compensation received by thé firemen and policemen?
Cyclopedic Law Dictionary (3d ed), at p 211, thus defines “compensation”:
“It is applied to the remuneration of officers, fiduciaries, et cetera, but is not synonymous with ‘salary.’ [Kilgore v. People] 76 Ill 548.”
3 McQuillin Municipal Corporations (3d ed), at pp 499, 500, states:
“Laws providing for pensions for municipal officers and employees are generally sustained as valid and constitutional, on the ground that pensions are in the nature of compensation for services previously rendered and for which pay was withheld to induce long-continued and faithful service.”
“The moneys to be paid to retiring employees under the [retirement pension] amendment are not gratuities. They are annuities, commonly called pensions, and in the nature of compensation for services theretofore rendered. Provisions for such payments to certain Federal officials and officers, soldiers and sailors, and the power of congress to provide therefor, although not expressly conferred by the Federal Constitution, has been upheld. United States v. Hall, 98 US 343 (25 L ed 180). As before stated, such payments are provided for in laws like that before us in the belief on the part of those favoring their enactment that the city is benefited thereby, that more efficient service is rendered, and that the long continuous service necessary to bring the employees within its provisions justifies its payment as an economic proposition. [Citing cases.] * * * That the money which will be expended under this amendment is for ‘a public purpose’ we have no doubt. The annuities, or pensions if you please, to be paid under it are not gratuities but in the nature of additional compensation for valuable services rendered to the city.” Bowler v. Nagel, 228 Mich 434, 440, 441 (37 ALR 1154).
The alternative, if these benefits which the plaintiffs receive were not to be considered as being part of plaintiffs’ compensation, would seem to be that they would have to be considered as gratuities. If that were true, it would follow that the retirement pension plan here involved would be ultra vires and void, the city lacking the power to pay gratuities, under Bowler v. Nagel, supra.
In McGuire v. City of Dallas, 141 Tex 170, 179, 180 (170 SW2d 722), the Texas supreme court, in a situation somewhat analogous to the case at bar, said:
“A comprehensive pension system for incorporated cities and towns has been authorized by statute. Article 6229-6243; 6243a as amended, 44th legislature. The constitutionality of the act was sustained by this court in the case of Byrd v. City of Dallas, 118 Tex 28 (6 SW2d 738), upon the theory that contributions made by the municipality and the employee to the pension fund were a part of the agreed compensation, hence, not a grant of public funds to private purposes, et cetera, as prohibited by bur State constitution. * * *
“It is clear therefore that contributions made by the municipality and the employee to the pension fund are a part of the agreed compensation between the parties and that the contribution made by the municipality is not a grant of public funds to private purposes, et cetera, as inhibited by the State constitution. Still the pension fund is nonetheless a public fund subject to the control of the legislature. Since the pension fund is a public fund subject to the control of the legislature we are of the opinion that firemen have the right to participate in a pension fund in case they desire to do so, and that such right is in addition to the rights given under the overtime and minimum wage law. Article 1583 [Penal Code]. It follows that the contributions made by the city of Dallas for the benefit of McGuire should not lie considered as a part of the minimum wage required by the statute in review. The clothing allowance of $25 per year, we think, must be considered as a part of the compensation. This is necessary in order for the payment to be legal. We are not cognizant of any law which would authorize a city like Dallas to make the cash payment other than as a part of the compensation to be paid to the fireman.”
“It has been stated generally that the establishment of a pension system for municipal officers and employees is a valid disposition of public funds when duly authorized by statute, and, more specifically, that the establishment of a pension system for municipal officers and employees, whereby, after serving a certain number of years or upon disablement from injuries received in the course of their duties, they are retired from active service and paid a certain proportion of their salaries for the remainder of their lives, is not an unconstitutional disposition of public moneys for private use when applied to officers and employees who have entered or continued in the service since the system went into effect. The pension in such a case is not a gratuity, but a part of the stipulated compensation.” 40 Am Jur, Pensions, § 16, p 972.
We conclude that the city commission had the authority, in fixing the compensation of firemen and policemen, to take into account the additional benefits to firemen and policemen when allowing them “like compensation” for like classifications. The trial court correctly held that the city commission did not exceed its authority under the charter.
Affirmed. A public question being involved, no costs awarded.
Carr, C. J., and Butzel, Smith, Sharpe, Reid, Dethmers, and Kelly, JJ., concurred. | [
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Sharpe, J.
This is an action to recover damages for personal injuries sustained by plaintiff in a fall on a sidewalk of defendant city of East Grand Rapids between the hours of 10 and 11 p. m., on May 20, 1952. Plaintiff is a married woman, residing with her family about a quarter of a block from where the accident occurred. The accident occurred opposite the premises at 703 Cambridge boulevard.
On the evening in question plaintiff had walked to a nearby drug store. She was wearing a rain-type coat, and thick composition-soled walking shoes. The night was dark and there was a large tree between the boulevard light and the place on the sidewalk where she sustained her injury. She ■claims that while walking her foot became caught under the raised northerly edge of a cement sidewalk slab which had become hollowed out by erosion ■or crumbling forming a projecting crag. Plaintiff testified as follows:
“That sidewalk is the typical, usual cement walk made up of blocks of cement or cement with cracks, •originally put in there so that they could he replaced. ■* * * There is a big tree immediately east of the •cement block or easterly edge of the cement sidewalk and just slightly north of a division between these '2 cement blocks. That is the way I have it pictured in my mind. That tree kind of raised the sidewalk np a little, broke it open, I would say, right flush with the tree and it extended to about the center of the sidewalk, and it was about, well I said, didn’t I say about 6 or 7 inches wide and about 3 inches deep, and it extended almost half way, a good half way as it narrowed down to the southern block. * * The point where my foot tipped is in the north cement block at the northerly edge of the break, which break is in the southerly part of the northerly block. The root of the tree caused this northerly block to rise up; it caused both the northerly and the south erly to rise and break, forming a hole. I don’t know whether that hole was specifically extended to the southerly block or not. I didn’t measure it myself. It is my mental measure. I don’t remember whether there was any break in the southerly block at the north edge of the southerly block which would be adjacent to the break I described in the south part of the northerly block, but I know it was raised. It was raised about the same as the northerly break about 3 inches so that the northerly edge of this break in the southerly part of the northerly block was about 3 inches.”
As a result of the accident plaintiff suffered severe injuries and was confined to her bed for about a month. About a week after the accident, on May 27, 1952, plaintiff caused to be mailed a letter to the city of East Grand Rapids, a copy of which reads as follows:
“Honorable Mayor and City Commission,
“East Grand Rapids.
“Gentlemen:
“On Tuesday, May 20, 1952, at 11:00 p. m. I was walking south on Cambridge Blvd. between Sherman and Franklin. At 703 Cambridge, I stumbled over a bad break in the sidewalk, and fell headfirst to the sidewalk, striking the left side of my face and body on the pavement.
“Dr. Richard DeMol attended me the following day, making an examination of my left eye and arm. He diagnosed the eye injury serious enough to call in Dr. Lubert L. Docter, an eye specialist. He ordered me to Blodgett hospital for X-rays and has been attending me since the accident.
“At this time, the eye is still in serious condition, but I feel that I should make this report to you regarding this accident at this time.
“I feel that I will be entitled to any damages that' I may have incurred.
“Very truly yours,
“Mrs. D. (Wilhelmina) Rottschaeer.”
On November 26, 1952, plaintiff sent a further notice to the city, in which she stated: “I stubbed my toe on a very bad break in the sidewalk. # * *
When I stubbed my toe, I stumbled forward and fell on a very bad break in the next block of the cement sidewalk.”
Plaintiff’s declaration states in part:
“That said sidewalk in said location was in a defective and dangerous condition in that a break had occurred between 2 concrete slabs comprising. the surface thereof and the areas adjacent to said break had eroded and crumbled so that a gap or opening approximately 6 inches wide and ranging from 3 to 4 inches in depth had occurred between the 2 slabs extending virtually the entire width of the sidewalk; that the northerly end of the southerly slab was raised approximately 4 inches above the southerly end of the northerly slab in the area of said break, the under part of the raised edge had become hollowed out by erosion and crumbling so that a wedge-shaped aperture existed under the top surface thereof, and the bottom of the hole existing between said slabs was filled with loose and uneven particles of concrete and dirt. That said condition had existed for several months prior to May 20, 1952, but was not known to the plaintiff and that it was then and there too dark for said condition to be visible to plaintiff.
“That said sidewalk at said location not being in such reasonable repair as to be reasonably safe and convenient for public passage, defendant failed to appropriately warn pedestrians of the dangerous condition thereof or to repair the same and remove the defects therein, all in violation of the duties imposed upon defendant by the law.
“That as a result of the aforesaid negligence of defendant and without contributory negligence on the part of plaintiff, plaintiff’s foot at said time and place became wedged under the raised portion of the concrete slab hereinbefore described, in such a man ner that plaintiff was thrown off her balance and commenced to fall forward before she conld extricate-her foot from under the concrete slab.”
The cause came on for trial before a jury. At the-close of plaintiff’s proofs, defendant made a motion for a directed verdict for the reason that the first notice served on the city was insufficient to comply with the statute as giving proper notice to the city; that the declaration and testimony offered by plaintiff embraced a different theory of how the accident happened than was alleged in her first notice to the-city and that there was no proof adduced that the city had the statutory notice of a so-called “trap”' in the sidewalk. The trial court took the motion under advisement under the Empson act. At the-close of all evidence defendant renewed its motion for a directed verdict. The trial court denied the-motion and submitted the cause to the jury, who returned a verdict in favor of plaintiff.
On April 29, 1954, the trial court entered an order’ setting aside the verdict of the jury and entered a judgment in favor of defendant.
Plaintiff appeals and urges that there was no fatal' difference between plaintiff’s statutory notice of her’ accident to defendant city and her declaration and' proofs.
The trial court, in an opinion filed prior to setting' aside the verdict, stated:
“On May 27, 1952, plaintiff did give notice of her claim. The notice stated that she ‘stumbled over a bad break in the sidewalk and fell head first to the-sidewalk.’
“Again on November 26, 1952, she sent a supplemental notice to defendant in which she stated—‘I stubbed my toe on a very bad break in the sidewalk. * * * When I stubbed my toe, I stumbled forward and fell on a very bad break in tbe next block of the cement sidewalk.’
“It will be noted that in neither of these notices did plaintiff claim that the break in the walk or the depression was of snch size, shape and character as to form a trap in which her foot may have been caught.
“At the hearing before a committee of the defendant’s city commission, held to pass upon the claim, plaintiff testified that it was simply a depression, that the front of her foot tipped into the hole but was not caught there—that ‘it wasn’t a trap exactly.’
“Upon the trial of the case, however, the plaintiff’s theory takes on a changed aspect. Instead of being a case where the plaintiff fell because of one slab of the cement walk being raised above the other, thus causing a depression in the walk, it becomes a case where she fell because her foot was caught in a depression of such size, shape and character as to form a trap.”
Plaintiff was required, both by statute and provisions of the East Grand Rapids city charter to give notice to the defendant city within 60 days after the date of her injury of the “location and nature of said defect.” The statute involved, being CL 1948, § 242.8 (Stat Ann § 9.598), provides as follows:
“In the event damages are sustained by any person * * * because of the defective condition of any * * * sidewalk * * * where written notice of such inquiry [injury] and defect is now required by law to be served upon such village or city before recovery can be had, it will be necessary to show that such person did serve written notice upon said city or village within 60 days from the time of the happening of such injury. * * * The notice will specify the location and nature of said defect, the injury sustained, and the names of the witnesses known at the time by claimant.”
Section 15 of chapter 18 of the charter of the city of East Grand Rapids provides as follows:
“The city shall not be liable for unliquidated damages for personal or other injuries, unless the person suffering the injury or sustaining the damage, or someone in his behalf, shall serve a notice in writing upon the city, within 60 days after such injury shall have occurred, which notice shall specify the location and the nature of the defect, the injury sustained and the names of the witnesses and facts of the happening of the accident complained of, which are known at that time by said claimant. The failure to so notify the city within the time and in the manner specified herein shall exonerate, excuse and exempt the city from any and all liability on account of any such injury.”
Defendant relies upon Harrington v. City of Battle Creek, 288 Mich 152, in support of its claim that there was a fatal variance in the claim filed by plaintiff against defendant city and the declaration filed in said cause in that the notice filed with the city failed to make any claim of a trap. In the above case plaintiff failed to give the city of Battle Creek any notice of the claim of a trap causing hér fall and injury on the city sidewalk. We there said (pp 155,156):
“The notice did not state a defect in the sidewalk for which the city would be liable. Jackson v. City of Lansing, 121 Mich 279, and cases therein cited.
“The declaration first filed alleged the accident and the defect in the sidewalk, as stated in the claim against the city but, on motion of defendant to dismiss for not stating a cause of action, the declaration was amended by alleging that plaintiff’s toe caught under the edge of the walk projecting over the opening and that such trap of her foot caused her to fall.
“Had the notice of claim stated the nature of the defect and cause of injury, as set forth in the amend ed declaration, there might he liability. Cornell v. City of Ypsilanti, 212 Mich 540. The variance between the notice of claim and the amended declaration was of substance, and as the initial step by plaintiff to fasten liability failed, all subsequent action based thereon lacked the necessary starting point. The city was entitled to notice of the claimed defect upon which liability was sought at the trial.
“The notice is a condition precedent to right of recovery. Moulthrop v. City of Detroit, 218 Mich 464, Gable v. City of Detroit, 226 Mich 261.
“The variance between the defect alleged in the notice and the defect claimed at the trial to have caused the injury was fatal to right of recovery. See Lane v. Cray, 50 RI 486 (149 A 593, 68 ALR 1530), Olcott v. City of St. Paul, 91 Minn 207 (97 NW 879) , Gagan v. City of Janesville, 106 Wis 662 (82 NAN 558); Dooling v. City of Malden, 258 Mass 570 (155 NE 636).
“The claim filed with the city by plaintiff stated no liability on the part'of the city. The purpose of the notice to the city is not alone to afford opportunity for investigation but as well to confine plaintiff substantially to the character of the defect alleged in the notice and claimed to have caused injury and consequent liability of the city.”
In our opinion there was a fatal variance between plaintiff’s statutory notice of her accident to defendant city and the declaration and proofs in her subsequent action against the city.
It is urged by plaintiff that assuming her notice to the city was defective, such defect was waived by defendant’s officials having visited the scene of the accident and ordered it repaired within the 60-day period required by the city ordinance and the statute, by failing to require of plaintiff more particulars, and by failing to notify plaintiff that her claim was unsatisfactory and scheduling a hearing for a determination of the legal sufficiency of the claim.
In onr opinion the city officials of East Grand Rapids have no authority to waive the statutory requirement relating to notice.
In Holtham v. City of Detroit, 136 Mich 17, plaintiff suffered injuries resulting from a defective sidewalk. No notice was given to the law department of the city of Detroit, hut within 3 months plaintiff saw Mr. Hally, an assistant city attorney, who advised him to present his claim to the aldermen. The claim was presented, and notice was given to plaintiff to appear with his witnesses. He did so and his claim was denied. An action was instituted by plaintiff and a jury rendered a verdict in his favor. Hpon appeal, the judgment was reversed. We there said (p20):
“Mr. Hally’s authority to deal with the plaintiff would not have been lessened had his connection with the office been determined before such subsequent hearings, or if the city had been represented at those hearings by some other attorney. His authority to waive the notice must therefore be determined by the statute. This statute requires a written notice of the time, place, cause, and nature of plaintiff’s injury to be served, on the corporation counsel or his chief assistant. We cannot presume that this statute was passed in the interest of the corporation counsel. We must presume that it was passed in the interest of the city, and it is to the obvious advantage of the city that its attorney be furnished with this writing signed by plaintiff. Such a writing serves a purpose that can be performed by no oral statement. Assuming, without deciding, that the officers named in the statute have the power to waive this notice, we are unable to see force in the reasoning by which it is contended that any inferior officer can waive it. Certainly the statute gives him no authority to waive it, and it is equally clear that the city of Detroit has not given him that authority. We do not think it will be contended that the cor poration counsel can delegate authority to waive the statute, and, if he could, there is no evidence that he delegated it in this instance.”
Also, see Pender v. City of Salisbury, 160 NC 363 (76 SE 228).
In the case at bar defendant was entitled to a directed verdict at the close of plaintiff’s proofs. The trial court was not in error in setting aside the verdict and entering judgment for defendant. Costs awarded to defendant.
Carr, C. J., and Butzel, Boyles, Reid, Dethmers, and Kelly, JJ., concurred.
Smith, J., took no part in the decision of this case.
CL 1948, § 691.691 (Stat Ann 1953 Cum Supp § 27.1461) .—Reporter. | [
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Boyles, J.
This is an original proceeding in this •Court wherein the city of Grand Rapids seeks writs -of prohibition and mandamus to prevent the circuit judge and prosecuting attorney for Ottawa •county from taking any further proceedings in a suit now pending in said county, except to dissolve a certain temporary injunction and dismiss the suit.
Said suit was started by a bill in chancery filed by the prosecuting attorney in the name of the people to-enjoin Grand Rapids from maintaining an alleged nuisance on certain land owned by the city in Ottawa county,' by keeping and maintaining thereon for the purpose of working on said land prisoners who had been sentenced to serve terms in the Kent county jail. Hereinafter said premises will be referred to as the work farm. The bill alleged that the defendants were guilty of
“maintaining a nuisance and that said property is presently maintained by said defendants as a prison work farm and constitutes a nuisance on said property within the meaning of CL 1948, § 606.4 (Stat Ann 1953 Cum Supp §27.545), for this:” (adding certain reasons).
The circuit judge granted a temporary injunction ex.parte) restraining the city from maintaining said work farm. Thereupon the city filed a motion to dissolve said injunction on the grounds that exclusive jurisdiction over said matter was vested solely in the superior court of Grand Rapids, that the prosecuting attorney lacked authority to bring said suit in-the name of the State to abate said alleged nuisance, and that the bill of complaint failed to allege facts to bring said alleged nuisance within the class of nuisances which might be abated by a suit by the prosecutor in the name of the State.
The circuit judge denied the motion and the instant proceeding followed. On leave granted we issued an order directing the defendants to show cause why mandamus should not issue to dismiss said temporary injunction, and a writ prohibiting further proceedings in said cause. We also stayed the operation of the temporary injunction until the further order of this Court. Record and briefs have been filed here and the matter submitted as a motion.
Does the superior court of Grand Rapids have exclusive jurisdiction of said chancery action brought by the prosecuting attorney in the circuit court in Ottawa county?
The superior court of Grand Rapids was created by the legislature by PA 1875, No 49, under the authority of the Constitution of 1850, art 6, § l. Section 13 of the act as originally enacted defined the jurisdiction of the court, and stated, among other things:
“And said court shall also have exclusive jurisdiction of all actions at law of a civil nature, which may be brought by or against the city of Grand Rapids, ■or which may be brought by or against the board of •education of the city of Grand Rapids.”
By PA 1877, No 147, the wording of this provision was changed as follows:
“The said superior court shall have * * * exclusive jurisdiction of all actions at law of a civil nature, which may be brought—1st. By or against the board of education of the said city; 2d. By or •against the said city or any of its officers.” '
As now worded, the same provision, found in CL 1948, § 727.13 (Stat Ann § 27.3623), is as follows:
“And said superior court shall have exclusive jurisdiction of all actions of a civil nature at law or in ■equity, which may be brought by or against the board of education of said city, or by or against the said city or any of its officers.”
Obviously, in the case at bar, the chancery action in the Ottawa county circuit court is an action of a ■civil nature, brought therein against the city of Grand Rapids. It is equally plain that the legisla ture, in providing- for the superior, court of Grand Rapids, has said that in such an action said court shall have “exclusive” jurisdiction, as distinguished from some other actions over which, as stated in said section 13, the superior court shall have “original jurisdiction, concurrent with the circuit court for the county of Kent.” There is a significant difference between “exclusive” jurisdiction and “original * * * ■ concurrent” jurisdiction, plainly indicated in said section 13.
Does PA 1875, No 49, creating the superior court, control? Counsel for defendants points to the Constitution of 1908, art 7, § 10, wherein it provides:
“Circuit courts, shall have original jurisdiction in all matters civil and criminal not excepted in this Constitution and not prohibited by law.”
PA 1875, No 49, quite plainly prohibits by law circuit courts from having jurisdiction over actions of a civil nature at law or in equity, brought against the city of Grand Rapids (except by a change of venue), by giving the superior court “exclusive” jurisdiction thereof.
Shortly after said Act No 49 was passed, its constitutionality was upheld by this Court in Chicago & West Michigan Railway Co. v. Nester, 63 Mich 657, where the Court said (pp 659-661):
“Two objections are urged against the judgment of the court below; * * *
“2. That the statute [PA 1875, No 49, as amended by PA 1877, No 147] undertakes to deprive the circuit court of jurisdiction conferred upon it by the Constitution, which action is beyond the reach of the legislative powers. * * *
“The prohibition of the statute is aimed at the suing of a city officer in the circuit court. * * *
“It is admitted, for the purposes of the case as before us, by the demurrer, that the defendant is an officer of the city of Grand Rapids, and has no relation. to this suit except in his official capacity. * * *
“When this appears, if the statute is not in violation of the Constitution, the jurisdiction to determine and try the question as to the validity of his process, or the legality of his action under it, becomes vested exclusively in the superior court.
“It is argued that the circuit courts within this State are constitutional courts; and that the jurisdiction conferred upon them by that instrument cannot be disturbed or destroyed by the legislature. This may well be admitted.
“It is then further claimed that the attempt of the legislature to confer upon this municipal court exclusive jurisdiction in all cases against the officers of said city interferes with the constitutional jurisdiction of the circuit court for the county of Kent, and is therefore void. The Constitution provides that—
“ ‘The circuit courts shall have original jurisdiction' in all matters, civil and criminal, not excepted .in this Constitution and not prohibited by law.’ Article 6, § 8 [Const 1850].
“ ‘Municipal courts, of civil and criminal jurisdiction, may be established by the legislature in cities.’ Article 6, § 1 [Const 1850].
. “It was held in People v. Hurst, 41 Mich 328, 334, that ‘the original jurisdiction of circuit courts, civil and criminal, is subject to legislative exceptions,’ and that, there was nothing in the Constitution preventing original jurisdiction in a municipal court over crimes, committed within a city.
“We also find nothing in the same instrument to interfere with the conferring, by the legislature, of original jurisdiction in the superior court of Grand Rapids over suits brought by or against the officers of that city.”
The general rule in the United States is stated in 93 ALR 501, as follows (citing cases from 17 jurisdictions) : .
“Under what is perhaps the prevailing view on the question, an action against a municipal corporation is inherently local and must he brought in the county in which the municipality is situated.”
See, also, 64 CJS 1047, Municipal Corporations, § 2202 et seq.; In re Matter of Landaal, 273 Mich 248.
In Pack, Woods & Co. v. Township of Greenbush, 62 Mich 122, this Court held (syllabus):
“A township cannot he sued in any other county than that of which it forms a part.”
In Hall v. Dickinson, 204 Mich 545, this Court held that a municipality must be sued in the county in which it is located. The Court held (syllabus):
“While a municipality may not he sued outside of its own county, a suit begun therein may be transferred to another county under CL 1915, §§ 12341-12347 (CL 1948,J§ 610.2-610.8 [Stat Ann §§ 27.642-27.648]), providing for change of venue.”
In that connection, section 30 of the act creating the superior court as added by PA 1905, No 11, expressly provides for a change of venue from,the superior court of Grand Rapids to the circuit court of Kent county, or of any other county in this State.
Counsel for defendants calls attention to Clark v. City of Grand Rapids, 334 Mich 646, wherein a civil action involving the city of Grand Rapids concerning this same land was heard in the circuit court of Ottawa county and reviewed in this Court. However, the question of exclusive jurisdiction in the superior court of Grand Rapids was not raised or referred to in said case. Counsel for plaintiff here, in their brief, indicate why the city preferred not to raise the question of the lack of jurisdiction of the Ottawa court in that case.
Act 49, PA 1875, creating the superior court of Grand Rapids, is a special act involving and including jurisdiction over civil actions against the city of Grand Rapids. General statutes defining the jurisdiction of circuit courts cited and relied on by counsel for the defendants do not control. Edwards v. Auditor General, 161 Mich 639; Heims v. School District No. 6 of Davison Township, 253 Mich 248; In re Matter of Landaal, supra; Reed v. Secretary of State, 327 Mich 108; Mayor of Port Huron v. City Treasurer of Port Huron, 328 Mich 99.
We conclude that in the absence of a change of venue the circuit court ;in Ottawa county lacked jurisdiction over the chancery action here involved. Other grounds urged by plaintiff need not be considered.
If necessary, the writs of prohibition and mandamus will issue. No costs, a public question being involved.
Carr, C. J., and Butzel, Smith, Sharpe, Reid, and Kelly, JJ., concurred.
Dethmers, J., did not sit.
CL 1948 and CLS 1952, § 727.1 et seq. (Stat Ann and Stat Ann 1953 Cum Supp § 27.3611 et seq.).
Eor like provision, see Const 1908, art 7, § 1.
Now found in CL 1948, § 727.13 (Stat Ann § 27.3623).
CL 1948, § 727.30 (Stat Ann § 27.3640).—Reporter. | [
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Carr, C. J.
This is a suit for injunctive relief. On July 30, 1953, five petitions were filed Avith the Ingham county clerk requesting defendant board of supervisors to direct the holding of an election for the purpose of voting on proposed annexations of property in Lansing toAvnship to the city of Lansing. Thereafter, under elate of September 9, 1953, plaintiffs in this case, who are residents and taxpayers of said township, filed their bill of complaint alleging that the petitions were irregular, fraudulent, and inadequate, that a fraudulent plan or scheme existed on the part of indiAiduals responsible for the circulation and filing of said petitions, that the boundaries of the various portions of Lansing township proposed to be annexed were unreas.OB.able and improper, and that certain provisions of sections 6, 8, and 9 of the city home-rule act, pertinent to the proceeding here in question, were unconstitutional. Injunctive relief was prayed by plaintiffs to restrain defendants from receiving, considering, and acting upon said petitions for annexation and consolidation of territory.
On the filing of the bill of complaint a show cause order issued with provision therein restraining defendants from taking action on said petitions. Following hearing on the order to show cause a temporary injunction was issued. A motion to dismiss the bill of complaint was submitted and denied, whereupon defendants filed answer, in effect denying-that plaintiffs were entitled to the relief sought by them. After a hearing at which testimony was offered and received the trial judge filed a carefully considered opinion, holding therein that plaintiffs had not established their right to the relief sought. In accordance with said opinion a decree was entered dismissing the bill of complaint. The trial judge came to the conclusion that no issue of fraud was properly presented on the record before him, there being no claim of such conduct on the part of the defendants in the suit, and the persons against whom the charges were made not being parties to the case. The issue is not raised on this appeal, nor have plaintiffs urged their objections as to validity of the provisions of the city home-rule act referred to in their pleading. In consequence, no discussion of these matters is required.
As appears from his opinion, the trial judge held that he could not properly pass, in this suit, on the issue presented as to the unreasonableness of the boundaries of the different parts of Lansing township proposed to be annexed to the city, and that the statutory provisions, above referred to, vested in the board of supervisors authority to determine whether the petitions required the calling of an election to decide the proposals. Appellants contend that such holdings were erroneous.
Requisite features of annexation proceedings are specified in section 6 of the home-rule act (CL 1948, § 117.6 [Stat Ann 1949 Rev § 5.2085]). Insofar as it is material, said section reads as follows:
“Cities may be incorporated or territory detached therefrom or added thereto, or consolidation made of 2 or more cities or villages into 1 city, or of a city and 1 or more villages into 1 city, or of 1 or more cities or villages together with additional territory not included within any incorporated city or village into 1 city, by proceedings originating by petition therefor signed by qualified electors who are freeholders residing within the cities, villages or townships to be affected thereby, to a number not less than 1 per centum of the population of the territory affected thereby according to the last preceding United States census, or according to a census to he taken as hereinafter provided, which number shall be in no case less than 100, and not less than 10 of the signatures to such petition shall be obtained from each city, village or township to be affected by the proposed change: Provided, That in the incorporation of a city from an existing village without change of boundaries the requisite number of signatures may be obtained from throughout the village without regard to the townships in which the signers are residents': Provided further, That as an alternate method in the case of an annexation proceeding-in which there are less than 10 persons qualified to sign the petition living in that unincorporated territory of any township or townships proposed to be annexed to a city, that the signatures on the petition of persons, firms, corporations, the United States government, or the State or any of its subdivisions who collectively hold record legal title to more than 1/2 of the area of the land exclusive of streets, in the territory to be annexed at the time of filing the petition, will suffice in lieu of obtaining 10 signatures from the township in which such area to be annexed lies: And provided further, That on such petition each signature shall be followed by a description of the land and the area represented thereby and a sworn statement shall also accompany such petition giving' the total area of the land, exclusive of streets, lying within the area proposed to be annexed: Provided further, That before any signatures are obtained on a petition as hereinbefore provided, such petition shall have attached to it a map or drawing showing clearly the territory proposed to be incorporated, detached, or added, and each prospective signer shall be shown such map or drawing before signing the petition. Such petition shall be verified by the oath of 1 or more petitioners.”
Section 8 of the act (CL 1948, § 117.8 [Stat Arm 1949 Rev § 5.2087]) relates to the duties of the board of supervisors in acting on the petitions. The amendment thereto by PA 1953, No 169, is not .material to any issue in this case. The pertinent portions of said section are as follows:
“Said petition shall be addressed to the board of supervisors of the county in which the territory to be affected by such proposed incorporation, consolidation or change of boundaries is located, and shall be filed with the clerk of said board not less than 30 days before the convening of such board in regular session, or in any special session called for the purpose of considering said petition, and if, before final action thereon, it shall appear to said board or a majority thereof that said petition or the signing thereof does not conform to this act, or contains in correct statements, no further proceedings pursuant to said petition shall be had, but, if it shall appear that said petition conforms in all respects to the provisions of this act, and that the statements contained therein are true, said board of supervisors shall, by resolution, provide that the question of making the proposed incorporation, consolidation or change of boundaries shall be submitted to the qualified electors of the district to be affected at the next general election, occurring in not less than 40 days after the adoption of such resolution, and if no general election is to occur within 90 days, said resolution may fix a date preceding said general election for a special election on such question: * * * After the adoption of such resolution neither the sufficiency nor legality of the petition on which it is based may be questioned in any proceeding.”
It appears from the foregoing statutory provisions that the legislature has specifically set forth the formalities that must be observed in the preparation, circulation, and filing of annexation petitions. It is made the duty of the board of supervisors to determine if the petitions meet the prescribed requirements. The further action of the board is contingent on the finding in this respect. Under the concluding sentence of section 8, above quoted, the ■resolution of the board is final and the sufficiency or legality of the petitions maj^ not be questioned in any proceeding.
On behalf of appellants it is argued that if they may not attack the petitions after the board has acted favorably thereon, they should be permitted to do so in advance of such action. However, we are not concerned at this time with the proper scope of a judicial proceeding in certiorari or in quo warranto after the holding of an election resulting in favor of annexation. Our attention is called to the case of Presque Isle Prosecuting Attorney v. Town ship of Rogers, 313 Mich 1. That case was an action of quo warranto challenging the legality of an election on the question of incorporating the city of Rogers City. The claim was made in the circuit court that the inclusion of certain territory was unreasonable to such an extent as to require that the election be declared void. The trial judge considered the objection, coming to the conclusion that it was not well-founded. This Court declined to reverse on the ground that such conclusion was erroneous. In view of the result reached in the trial court and on appeal, we think it apparent that the decision may not be regarded as determining the scope of review in a quo warranto or certiorari proceeding after an election has been held.
In the final analysis the question presented here is whether a court of equity should interfere to prevent the defendant board of supervisors from performing the duty expressly vested in it by statute. It may not be assumed that a proper conclusion will not be reached on the question as to whether the petitions comply with the home-rule act. We have repeatedly recognized that there shall be no judicial usurpation of the functions of administrative bodies. Goodfellow v. Detroit Civil Service Commission, 312 Mich 226, 232; Purdie v. Detroit Police Department Trial Board, 318 Mich 430.
The authority of the legislature with reference to the incorporation of cities and villages and the annexation of territory thereto was recognized in Village of Kingsford v. Cudlip, 258 Mich 144. In support of the conclusion reached with reference to the question, the Court quoted (p 149) with approval from 1 McQuillin, Municipal Corporations (2d ed), § 284, pp 715, 716, and 1 Cooley, Constitutional Limitations (8th ed), p 393. It may be noted that in said case the trial court granted injunctive relief after submission of the question of annexation at an elec tion and a determination thereat in favor of such action. This Court reversed the decree and dismissed the bill of complaint. The decision was.cited with approval in Presque Isle Prosecuting Attorney v. Township of Rogers, supra, the Court also quoting from the opinion in Oakman v. Board of Supervisors of Wayne County, 185 Mich 359, where it was said (pp 362, 363) :
“The changing of the boundaries- of political divisions is a legislative question, and the power to annex territory to municipalities has often been delegated to boards of supervisors or other public bodies. In view of this, we see no valid objection to the power being delegated to boards of supervisors with a referendum attached, especially since the Constitution has recognized the principle of referendum. We think this objection is without merit.”
The statutory provisions, above cited, clearly indicate that the legislature intended to vest the board of supervisors with the authority to pass on the legality and sufficiency of annexation petitions. In the event of an affirmative finding in such respects, it is made the board’s duty to adopt a resolution for the submission of the question of annexation. Apparently the provision that such resolution shall not thereafter be questioned was intended to prevent undue delay resulting from litigation. Obviously, however, such purpose would be defeated if a suit in equity may be maintained in advance of action by the board, in order to attain a judicial determination of the question on which the board is, under the statute, required to pass. In this connection the decision in Kern v. Board of Supervisors of St. Clair County, 160 Mich 11, is of interest. ' There the plaintiff by mandamus sought to compel the board of supervisors to conduct an investigation as to the sufficiency of petitions asking that an election be called under the so-called local option law then in force. Under the pertinent provisions of the statute' it was the duty of the board to determine from the papers and records before it whether there had been compliance therewith. In the event of an affirmative conclusion on such question the board had no: discretion, the duty to call the election being mandatory. In discussing the issue and the duties of the board, it was said, in part (p 15):
“The legislature carefully pointed out the procedure, and to our minds has plainly indicated an intent that it should not be subjected to the delays and obstacles that might be devised by persons interested in preventing a vote upon the question. Where the very worst that can happen is the taking a vote of the people upon a question of general interest, there is no serious objection to legislative action providing for a somewhat summary means of ascertaining the desire for such vote. It may be that fraudulent and careless practices may interfere with the satisfactory working of this law, but we do not anticipate such result. In that case, further legislation will take care of it.”
The legislature may in its discretion give finality to the findings of fact by administrative boards. The provision of the workmen’s compensation law of this State as to findings of fact of the compensation commission in the absence of fraud or mistake is an illustration of the exercise of such power. This Court has in many cases recognized the validity of such provision. The court of appeals of New York did likewise, with reference to a similar provision of the statute of the workmen’s compensation law of that State, in Helfrick v. Dahlstrom Metallic Door Company, 256 NY 199 (176 NE 141), which judgment was affirmed by the supreme court of the United States, Dahlstrom Metallic Door Co. v. Industrial Board of New York, 284 US 594 (52 S Ct 202, 76 L ed 511).
It is the duty of this Court to construe the provisions of the statute, above quoted, in accordance with their obvious intent. Howard Pore, Inc., v. State Commissioner of Revenue, 322 Mich 49, 58 (4 ALR2d 1041). It is well settled that a court is without authority to pass on the wisdom, policy, or equity of a statute. It must be construed as enacted. People v. Powell, 280 Mich 699, 703 (111 ALR 721); General Motors Corporation v. Unemployment Compensation Commission, 321 Mich 724, 728. Under the situation presented in the case at bar the trial judge properly determined that equity may not interfere to prevent the defendant board of supervisors from performing the duty resting on it under the statute.
The decree is affirmed. No costs are allowed, the interpretation of statutory provisions being involved and the controversy being one affecting the public interest.
Btjtzel, Smith, Sharpe, Boyles, Reid, Dethmers, and Kelly, JJ., concurred.
PA 1909, No 279, as amended (CL 1948, § 117.1 et seq., as amended [Stat Ann 1949 Rev and Stat Ann 1951 Cum Supp § 5.2071 et seg.]).
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Dethmers, J.
The factual background of this case is set forth in Gust v. Township of Canton, 337 Mich 137. After decision therein plaintiff started the operation of a trailer camp on his premises in defendant township. Defendant commenced criminal proceedings against plaintiff for violation of provisions of its zoning and building ordinances, which prohibit the establishment or operation of trailer camps anywhere in the-township. Plaintiff brought this action to enjoin' defendant’s enforcement of those provisions against him or his premises and prosecution of the criminal case. Prom decree holding'the ordinances “unconstitutional and void insofar as they prohibit the establishment, maintenance and operation of a trailer coach park * * * on the premises” of plaintiff and granting him the relief prayed, defendant appeals.
Trailer camps may lawfully be operated in Michigan under CL 1948 and CLS 1954, § 125.751 et seq. (Stat Ann 1953 Cum Supp § 5.278[1] et seq.), which provide for the licensing and regulation thereof. Lawful uses of land may be prohibited in certain areas by zoning or building ordinances, if such exercise of police power bears a real and substantial relationship to public health, safety, riiorals or the general welfare. Roman Catholic Archbishop of Detroit v. Village of Orchard Lake, 333 Mich 389, and cases therein cited. Presumption of the existence of such relationship and, hence, of the validity of the ordinance is resorted to in the absence of proof on the subject, but not when there are proofs upon which a judicial determination thereof may be made, as when the contrary is shown by competent evidence or ap-7 pears on the face of the enactment. Roman Catholic Archbishop of Detroit v. Village of Orchard Lake, supra, and cases therein cited. Here the ordinances and record disclose the exclusion of trailer camps from the entire township. Prom the record and! opinion in the former Gust Case and the record here, it is evident that the present character of the township, and particularly of the area in which plaintiff’s lands are situate, is largely agricultural and open country, that plaintiff’s lands are not in a residential section nor near industrial plants and that there is no industrially developed area in the entire township ; that the nature and extent of the development of the township, or lack of it, are such that it cannot he said that zoning plaintiff’s 33 acres of land partially into a 2-family residential zone, partly into a country home classification, and partly into a general industrial zone and prohibiting trailer camps therefrom bears a real and substantial relationship to present public health, safety, morals or general welfare. It is not seriously contended that it does. To so hold would be tantamount to declaring trailer camps detrimental to the public health, safety, morals or general welfare under every condition and circumstance and on that account subject to exclusion from every area in the State by local governing bodies. That would hardly square with the legislative intent expressed in the above act authorizing their operation in Michigan.
Defendant says, and its expert planners testified, that despite its open, undeveloped and agricultural character, it is in the Detroit metropolitan area, in which there has been a tremendous industrial growth; that such development has been following industrial corridors along the railroad lines running out of Detroit; that 2 such lines run through defendant township and large industrial plants have been built adjoining them in other townships; that similar development along the railroad lines in defendant township can reasonably be anticipated in the future; that to provide for homes for workers employed in such plants, if and when they are constructed .in defendant township, and in those now located outside the township, it is believed that defendant will change from an agricultural to a semi-urban community within 20 to 25 years, possibly sooner; that the ordinances were adopted to control such hoped-for development and change in an orderly way; that the portion of plaintiff’s land zoned industrial is near enough to one of the railroad lines (over a quarter of a mile distant) so that it could be expected to be in demand some day for the industrial development expected to follow such line out from the city of Detroit; that under the zoning ordinance one of the permitted uses for lands zoned “country home” is off-street parking and that a portion of plaintiff’s land was so zoned for the intended benefit of employees of the industries some day expected to be located on that portion of plaintiff’s land zoned industrial and that this would constitute a buffer strip between the industrial zone and the residential zone in which there are, as yet, neither . residences nor industries. Envisioning this future development, defendant says that the exclusion of trailer camps will be conducive thereto, whereas their presence would be a detriment to the kind of community expected in the future; that the ordinance provides a well-rounded pattern to stimulate and control healthy and orderly growth in the future and is in anticipation of the expected change; that there ought to be a basic plan for growth laid down before the growth commences.
The question presented, then, though not so phrased by the parties, is whether enforcement of the provisions of the zoning and building ordinances prohibiting plaintiff from establishing or operating a trailer camp on his land constitutes a lawful exercise of the police power when it bears no relationship to present public health, safety, morals or general welfare, but is asserted to have such relationship prospectively with respect to conditions expected to exist in the future. Defendant quotes from Austin v. Older, 283 Mich 667, 674: “Futhermore, the power to zone is not limited to a protection of the status quo, and the city may validly plan its future development. In Zahn v. Board of Public Works of Los Angeles, 195 Cal 497 (234 P 388), affirmed in 274 US 325 (47 S Ct 594, 71 L ed 1074).” The question presented in Austin went to the right to enlarge a nonconforming use. The holding was simply that denial of the right to enlarge and, in turn, the gradual elimination of a nonconforming use in a “residential neighborhood” had a reasonable relationship to the public health, welfare and safety. There was no question of prohibiting a use in the interest of creating a future residential neighborhood. In the cited California case, Zahn v. Board of Public Works of Los Angeles, although there is language seemingly in support of defendant’s thesis, it is to be noted that the California court stressed the fact that the property involved abutted on one of Los Angeles’ main thoroughfares carrying a tremendous amount of traffic and that the establishment of businesses along it contrary to the zoning would occasion increased stopping and parking in the resulting business area, causing traffic to be seriously retarded and the thoroughfare to lose much of its usefulness as a main artery. The supreme court of the United States, in affirming the decision of the State court upholding the validity of the ordinance, pointed to the fact that much of the property fronting on said thoroughfare was restricted against use for business purposes by deed and would be seriously depressed in value if plaintiff’s property, not so restricted, were to be zoned for business. Under such circumstances, the relationship between the ordinance and present public health, safety and general welfare is more readily apparent. In contrast, in the instant case, such re lationship is only claimed to exist with respect to an anticipated situation, to arise in the future.
If the action of a township board in zoning property in a manner which would otherwise be arbitrary and unreasonable under present conditions is rendered valid by the fact that the board anticipates that in the future conditions will develop under which such zoning would not be arbitrary and unreasonable and believes that it will be conducive thereto, then the only limit on the board’s powers in that regard would seem to be the measure of its expectations and beliefs. The extent of the owner’s right to the free use of his property in the manner deemed best by him is not to be determined by such speculative standards. The test of validity is not whether the prohibition may at some time in the future bear a real and substantial relationship to the public health, safety, morals or general welfare, but whether it does so now.
Decree affirmed, with costs to plaintiff.
Carr, O. J., and Butzel, Smith, Sharpe, Boyles, Reid, and Kelly, JJ., concurred. | [
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Reid, J.
Plaintiffs filed a declaration in ejectment, setting forth conveyances purporting to evidence title. The case was heard by a jury but after motion for a directed verdict by each of the parties without reservation, the trial judge entered the judgment for plaintiffs in ejectment without the verdict of the jury, finding plaintiffs not vested with title to a 2-rod strip of land in question but owners of an easement over the 2-rod strip as appurtenant to plaintiffs’ other land. Defendants appeal but plaintiffs did not cross-appeal.
On this appeal the sole issue concerns the easement for the 2-rod strip otherwise spoken of as “the right-of-way.” Defendants do not question the right of the court to determine the plaintiffs’ claimed right to an easement over instead of title to the 2-rod strip, but defendants deny the existence of the easement.
Plaintiffs are owners of the dominant estate. Plaintiffs’ ancestors or predecessors in title were granted the title by warranty deed dated February 13, 1873, including with the description of lands constituting the dominant estate the 2-rod strip under the wording, “also the right-of-way or 2 rods on the south side of land owned by parties of the first part on the east half of the said southwest quarter of said section 16.”
Defendants-appellants claim that the purpose for which the easement was created ceased to exist. However, this strip spoken of as “about 80 rods long or about 1,320 feet” afforded the "only method of reaching a 22-acre tract from the dominant estate, and has continued to be so used. Although the premises constituting the dominant estate were used for a dairy farm and are now used as a fairway for a golf course, the 2-rod strip in question is still used in reaching the 22 acres. . In any event, the expressly granted easement was not limited to any one particular purpose or use.
Defendants further claim that the right-of-way was extinguished as a consequence of merger.
■ A former owner of the dominant estate, Henry "W. Cort, testified that he sold the property to a Mr. :Senn.in 1938 or 1940 and that Mr. Senn did not carry •out his contract. The contract was cancelled by ■foreclosure about 1945. Mr. Senn therefore never received the title to the dominant estate.
The use by Mr. Senn of both the dominant and ■servient estates as vendee under land contracts, did not" extinguish the easement.
“Unity of possession without unity of fee is not •sufficient to cause an extinguishment.” 17 Am Jur, Merger, § 139, p 1025.
Mr. Senn was entitled under his land contract to the possession, but did not acquire the fee.
'• “An easement appurtenant to land, created by .grant in a deed, is not lost by nonuser, nor can abandonment be predicated upon nonuser without •evidence establishing an intention to release the servient estate and extinguish the easement.” Greve v. Caron, 233 Mich 261 (syllabus 4).
There is no showing in the record that there was ■any conveyance nor any act on the part of any person at the time owning the dominant estate, expressly repudiating, extinguishing or destroying ownership on the part of the owner of the dominant •estate of-the'easement in question.' The .easement was not extinguished. The trial court properly found the right to the use of the 2-rod strip to be an easement, and that the title to the 2-rod strip was not owned by the owners of the dominant estate.
The judgment of the circuit court granted ejectment as to a certain tract of land described in the judgment and this part of the judgment has not been appealed from by the defendants. This part of the judgment therefore stands affirmed as to the tract other than the 2-rod strip in question.
The judgment of the court further recited as to the easement in question, “Also the ■ unimpaired use of an easement over and upon the south 2 rods of the following described property,” and those words in the judgment were followed by a description of the land crossed by the 2-rod strip in question. • ......
Defendants in their statement of reasons and grounds of appeal asserted no claim that the trial court in ejectment was without right to grant the relief sought by plaintiffs as to the use of the easement. The trial court properly found that, “The conveyances down to the defendants reserved a right-of-way or a private road referring to the original conveyance from Waters to Bofe,” and further, “The deed to the defendants is subject to this limitation of this use.”
In Michigan, ejectment does not lie to recover an easement. See Buell v. Irwin, 24 Mich 145; Taylor v. Gladwin, 40 Mich 232; City of Detroit v. Detroit United Railway, 172 Mich 136; Graham v. City of Detroit, 174 Mich 538 (44 LRA NS 836); McMorran Milling Co. v. Pere Marquette R. Co., 210 Mich 381; Hasselbring v. Koepke, 263 Mich 466 (93 ALR 1170); and Frank v. Coyle, 310 Mich 14 (syllabus 5).
The portion of the judgment granting ejectment as to the 2-rod strip covered by the easement is reversed. Judgment for plaintiffs as to the easement is reversed without prejudice to proceedings in chancery as to the easement.
On this appeal the parties by their briefs have argued the proposition of an extinguishment of the -easement. The finding of the trial court that the ■easement is not extinguished is supported by the •clear preponderance of the evidence. In view of the nature and result of the appeal, no costs are awarded to either party.
Carr, C. J., and Butzel, Smith, Sharpe, Boyles, Dethmers, and Kelly, JJ., concurred. | [
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Kelly, J.
Plaintiff and defendant are sisters. They entered into a lease and supplemental agreement with the Lakey Foundry Corporation, of Muskegon, to operate its cafeteria for its officers and employees, with rights to retain all profits derived from said operation, plus $300 a month subsidy.
After 13 months’ operation under the lease and supplemental agreement, the corporation exercised its right of termination giving as its reason that disagreements between plaintiff and defendant were of such a nature that it seriously affected the proper conduct of the cafeteria business.
The corporation then contracted with the defendant to continue on with the cafeteria. Plaintiff filed her bill in equity claiming that the defendant falsely reported to the corporation that plaintiff was causing dissension and by such false reports defendant induced said corporation to terminate the lease under which the business had been operating and procured from the officials a lease of the premises in her name only.
The cause of the dissension was primarily based upon a dispute between plaintiff and defendant as to the manner in which defendant was keeping the books.
Extensive testimony was taken before the court which resulted in the decree of the court dismissing plaintiff’s bill of complaint. The court stated in its opinion that there was a total lack of proof that the defendant was guilty of underhanded dealing, and to the contrary the record proved that defendant made a very serious attempt to continue the business and include her sister in it but that it became impossible to do so by circumstances entirely beyond her control and by circumstances largely brought about by the actions of plaintiff herself.
Both in oral arguments and briefs submitted, the plaintiff conceded that she was unable to prove that defendant actually cheated or defrauded the plaintiff of any money, and further that it was impossible for plaintiff to establish a “good will” or “going concern” value of the business within the degree of certainty required by law, and that, therefore, this approach was abandoned in favor of a constructive trustee theory.
The vice-president, the personnel director, and the secretary of the corporation, as well as 2 union officials, testified. All of their testimony establishes that the lease and supplemental agreement were terminated with plaintiff and defendant because of the actions of the plaintiff and not because of any underhand effort on the part of the defendant.
We cannot agree with the contention of appellant that the burden of proof was upon the appellee to prove that the lease between the corporation and appellee was entered into in good faith. In Rinke v. Rinke, 330 Mich 615, this Court held that where a partner alleges fraud against a copartner, the burden rests on the party claiming the fraud to establish such fact by clear and satisfactory proof.
The corporation had the right to terminate the lease and supplemental agreement, and it was the corporation’s decision that plaintiff could not continue as a partner of defendant in the operation of the cafeteria.
Affirmed, costs to appellee.
Carr, C. J., and Btjtzel, Sharpe, Boyles, Reid, and Dethmers, JJ., concurred.
Smith, J., took no part in the decision of this case. | [
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R. M. Maher, J.
Defendant was convicted of murder in the first degree in the perpetration of a robbery contrary to MCL 750.316; MSA 28.548. He was sentenced to life imprisonment and appeals as of right.
The killing of one Lawrence Newhouse occurred on August 3, 1974. Blanche Foster, a neighbor of the deceased, testified that she had known the deceased for 40 years and that he lived in a house on Steel Street in the City of Detroit across the alley from the witness. On August 2, 1974, she saw the deceased in his home at 3:30 p.m. and later at 6:30 p.m.; the deceased was well. On the following day, the witness went to the deceased’s home at 9:15 a.m., saw him lying on the glider on the front porch, and called the police.
The first officers to arrive on the scene found Mr. Newhouse dead on the glider with wounds to the head. The house — especially the bedroom — was in disarray. In the bedroom, the mattress was pulled askew, dresser drawers were pulled out and some loose change was lying on the floor. Although the deceased was fully clothed, his pants were unzipped and one pocket was pulled out. Ms. Foster testified that, upon entering the deceased’s home after the police arrived, she noticed that the television set which had been there the day before was now missing, along with the TV stand. She also testified that she did Mr. Newhouse’s banking, depositing the pension, social security and dividend checks which he regularly received. She testified as well that the deceased kept some money in the house.
Medical testimony established that the deceased had suffered deep injuries to the head and face which were caused by the impact of a blunt object, possibly a hammer. Cause of death was destruction of the brain as a result of the injuries to the head.
Fred Davis, a Detroit police lieutenant assigned to homicide, testified that on August 29, 1975, at about 10:45 a.m., the defendant walked into the homicide office. Lt. Davis was introduced to the defendant by Sgt. Lisbara who said that the defendant was not in custody at that time. Lt. Davis then took a statement from the defendant which the defendant signed. The defendant was not a suspect in the case prior to making this statement. Defendant objected to the admission of the state ment, on grounds that it was given a year and 26 days after the alleged offense, and that the statement did not come within any exception to the hearsay rule. The statement, however, was admitted and read into the record.
In the statement, the defendant said that Donnie Bolden and another "guy” who was probably his brother came to the defendant’s house at 11645 Appoline and asked the defendant if he knew of a "rip”. Defendant told them about the deceased. The defendant first stated that he went with them and pointed out the house, but then immediately stated: "No, on second thought, I didn’t go with them.” The Bolden brothers then left, returning 45 minutes later with a floor model TV in their truck. The brothers then drove away, but returned about an hour later and discussed going back to the home of the deceased to get money. The brothers again left together. They returned about a half hour later, saying that they didn’t get any money but that Donnie hit the deceased with a hammer. The first time the two brothers went to the deceased’s home, he was asleep; the second time, the deceased was on the enclosed porch. The defendant indicated to Lt. Davis that he was telling about the homicide because he needed some help himself.
After taking this statement from the defendant, Lt. Davis called Sgt. Bemke, who was in charge of the case, and asked the sergeant to come to his office. When Sgt. Bemke arrived, Lt. Davis gave him the signed written statement. Sgt. Bemke then advised defendant of his constitutional rights and took a further statement from him. Although defendant signed the constitutional rights form, he refused to sign the second statement taken by Sgt. Bemke. The prosecution moved to admit defend ant’s second statement along with the notification of rights form. Defendant objected to the admission of the second statement, claiming that there was no showing that the statement was made by the defendant because the defendant did not sign it. The court, after a Walker hearing, found the statement voluntary and ruled it admissible.
Sgt. Bemke then read defendant’s second statement into the record. In this statement, defendant said that he accompanied the Bolden brothers to the home of the deceased and found the deceased in bed. Donnie Bolden carried out the TV from the living room, and defendant carried out the TV stand. The three then went to defendant’s house. The Bolden brothers left, then returned about 45 minutes later and asked defendant if he knew where they could get cash. Defendant told them that he didn’t know of any place. Donnie Bolden then stated that the deceased must have money because he should have received a Social Security check. The two brothers then went back to the deceased’s house, but defendant stayed home.
When the Bolden brothers came back about a half hour later, Donnie Bolden said that the deceased had no money and that he had to "bust” the deceased "upside the head” to get him to tell where any money was.
The statement went on to say that about a month earlier defendant and a friend broke into the deceased’s house and took a TV, the deceased’s wallet and his ring with two diamonds. After being asked whether there was anything else he wanted to say, the defendant stated that he did go with the Bolden brothers to the deceased’s home the second time, that the deceased was on the swing and that Donnie Bolden looked through the deceased’s pants for money and then hit the deceased in the head with a hammer.
After reading the statement, Sgt. Bemke then testified that he talked to Robert Bolden. Based upon this conversation, Sgt. Bemke contacted the sheriffs department in Catusa, Alabama, and Chapman, Georgia. Over the defendant’s objection that it was hearsay, Sgt. Bemke testified that both Bolden brothers were in custody on August 3, 1974, in Chapman, Georgia.
The defendant did not adduce any evidence and the jury returned a verdict of guilty.
Defendant has raised 12 separate issues on appeal. We find one which clearly requires reversal. Four other issues constitute error and require comment, while the remainder are without merit.
We reverse defendant’s conviction because we are convinced that he was deprived of his right to a fair trial and of his right to confront the witnesses against him when the trial court admitted into evidence, over defendant’s objection, hearsay evidence that the Bolden brothers were incarcerated in Georgia at the time the victim was killed.
The charges against the defendant were based upon his alleged second statement of August 29, 1975, to Sgt. Bemke, wherein the defendant revealed detailed information relating to the murder and stated that Donnie Bolden hit the deceased in the head with a hammer. It was the prosecution’s theory that the portion of the defendant’s statement concerning the Bolden brothers was false, and that only the defendant, based upon his detailed knowledge of the incident, could have murdered the victim.
In support of this theory, the prosecution adduced testimony from Sgt. Bemke as to informa tion he obtained concerning the whereabouts of the Bolden brothers on the day of the murder. Defense counsel objected, stating, "It’s hearsay in the rankest form, your Honor”, and the following took place:
"MR. WOUCZYNA [The Prosecutor]: Thank you, your Honor.
"Q By Mr. Wouczyna: Were you able to obtain any information about the Bolden brothers concerning the dates of August 2nd and 3rd of 1974?
"A [By Sgt. Bemke]: Yes. They [Sheriffs Department in Chapman, Georgia] send [sic] me records and photographs of the Bolden brothers and confirmed the fact they were both in custody on August 3rd [the day of the killing] in Chapman Georgia.
"THE COURT: Well—
"MR. PERSONS [The Defense Counsel]: Where are those records?
"THE COURT: Well, I suppose if you press it he’ll let you see them.”
No records relating to the Bolden brothers’ incarceration were admitted into evidence.
This Court has defined hearsay and has commented on the purpose for its inadmissibility as follows:
"Hearsay evidence may be defined as that evidence offered in court of a statement made out of court to show the truth of matters asserted therein, and thus resting for its value upon the credibility of the out-of-court declarant. See McCormick, The Law of Evidence (2d ed), § 246, p 584. Application of the rule prohibiting such evidence reveals its principal justification is the lack of opportunity for the adversary to cross-examine the absent declarant whose out-of-court assertion is reported by the testifying witness.” People v Solomon, 47 Mich App 208, 212-213; 209 NW2d 257 (1973), rev’d on other grounds, 391 Mich 767 (1974).
Clearly, in the case before us, the proffered testimony was offered to prove the truth of the matter asserted therein and was thus hearsay. In order for such testimony to qualify for the official records exception to the hearsay rule, the official record or document, properly authenticated, must be produced. 30 Am Jur 2d, Evidence, § 962, p 90. As no documents or records were offered into evidence, the trial court’s admission of Sgt. Bemke’s hearsay testimony over the defendant’s objection was erroneous.
We must now determine whether the admission of the hearsay testimony was harmless, or whether it resulted in a miscarriage of justice requiring reversal of defendant’s conviction, see MCL 769.26; MSA 28.1096. The erroneous admission of hearsay testimony is harmless error where such testimony is merely cumulative and corroborative of earlier testimony, People v Vargas, 50 Mich App 738; 213 NW2d 848 (1973), People v Harrison, 49 Mich App 546; 212 NW2d 278 (1973), People v Dykes, 37 Mich App 555; 195 NW2d 14 (1972). In the present case, the only testimony relating to the Bolden brothers’ incarceration on the date of the murder was the inadmissible hearsay testimony of Sgt. Bemke. Since the hearsay testimony was not cumulative, it cannot be viewed as harmless error.
In cases similar to the one before us, this Court has not hesitated in finding such testimony amounted to a miscarriage of justice and we find no reason to deviate from this policy. See People v Fell, 65 Mich App 543; 237 NW2d 550 (1975), and People v Logan, 17 Mich App 363; 169 NW2d 504 (1969).
For the reasons stated, the defendant’s conviction is reversed. Given the possibility of another trial, we will briefly comment on four other issues raised on appeal.
Defendant did not request and the trial judge did not instruct on the lesser included offense of murder in the second degree. In People v Jenkins, 395 Mich 440, 442-443; 236 NW2d 503 (1975), the Court held:
"[I]n every trial for first-degree murder, including felony murder, the trial court is required to instruct the jury sua sponte and even over objection, on the lesser included offense of second-degree murder.
"This decision shall apply to this case and to all cases tried after January 1, 1976.”
The trial of the case at bar commenced on December 29, 1975, but the charge to the jury was delivered on January 2, 1976. We believe that since the Jenkins rule deals with mandatory jury instructions, the time that the instructions are given is the operative point in time for the applicability of this rule. In any event, on retrial the instruction must be given.
Next defendant argues that the trial judge erred when he instructed the jury that the element of malice is imputed from the perpetration of the initial robbery. We agree. Although various panels of this Court are split on this issue, we are inclined to follow the opinions in People v Fountain, 71 Mich App 491; 248 NW2d 589 (1976), and People v Wright, 80 Mich App 172; 262 NW2d 917 (1977). Thus on retrial the court should adhere to the following principle as laid down in Wright, supra, at 176.
"In order to convict a defendant of felony murder, the prosecution must establish (1) a homicide; (2) that the homicide is murder; and (3) that the murder occurred in the perpetration or attempt to perpetrate one of the felonies enumerated in MCL 750.316; MSA 28.548. People v Wimbush, 45 Mich App 42; 205 NW2d 890 (1973), People v Smith, 55 Mich App 184; 222 NW2d 172 (1974). Thus, before a party may be convicted under the first-degree murder statute, a common law murder must be proved.”
The second element as set forth by the Wright Court will require the trial judge to instruct the jury that defendant can be convicted of first-degree felony murder only if the jury has found the killing was done with malice.
Defendant asserts that the trial court’s instruction on aiding and abetting was erroneous and misleading because there was no mention that the jury had to find a concert of action between defendant and the principal and no mention that defendant must have intended the commission of the crime at the time that aid was given. We find the instructions lacking in some areas and we direct the court, on retrial, to use CJI 8:1:01 to avoid any confusion in the minds of the jury.
Lastly, we find the trial court did recognize that it had discretion to allow the defendant to be impeached, if he had elected to testify, by introducing a previous conviction for larceny in a building. The problem is that defense counsel insisted that larceny in a building was only the original charge, not the conviction. On retrial we instruct the judge to ascertain defendant’s prior felony convictions, if any, before ruling on their admissibility under People v Jackson, 391 Mich 323; 217 NW2d 22 (1974).
Reversed and remanded.
People v Walker (On Rehearing), 374 Mich 331; 132 NW2d 87 (1965). | [
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Per Curiam.
This case involves a custody dispute between a 7-year-old child’s stepfather and maternal grandmother. Following the death of the child’s mother, plaintiff stepfather sought and was granted temporary custody. A custody hearing was subsequently held, at the conclusion of which the trial court granted immediate custody of the child to defendant grandmother. This Court granted a stay pending appeal.
On review, we are limited to a determination of whether the trial court made findings of fact against the great weight of evidence, committed a palpable abuse of discretion, or committed a clear legal error on a major issue. MCL 722.28; MSA 25.312(8). We conclude that the trial court committed a clear legal error on a major issue.
Under the Child Custody Act, the best interests of the child, as determined through evaluation of the factors listed in MCL 722.23; MSA 25.312(3), control the determination of custody. One factor to be considered is:
"(i) The reasonable preference of the child, if the court deems the child to be of sufficient age to express preference.”
In In re Custody of James B, 66 Mich App 133; 238 NW2d 550 (1975), a trial court declined to interview a 4-year-old child as to its preference, because the trial court did not deem the child to be of sufficient age to express a preference. No record had been made as to whether the child was capable of expressing a reasonable preference. This Court observed that, in a close case, an expression of preference by an intelligent, unbiased child might be a determining factor in the decision as to what the best interests of the child are. This Court remanded for a determination of the child’s ability to express a reasonable preference, and such further action as circumstances warranted. This decision has been subsequently reaffirmed by this Court. Lewis v Lewis, 73 Mich App 563; 252 NW2d 237 (1977), cf., Barnes v Barnes, 77 Mich App 112; 258 NW2d 65 (1977).
In the instant case, plaintiffs counsel inquired as to the judge’s desire regarding an interview of the child. The judge responded:
"I don’t have any desire. The Court is of the opinion that a seven year old is not in a position to voice his opinion as to whom it should live with. Despite the fact that the seven year old might have stated to anyone that it had a preference to live at a particular place or with a particular individual. This Court is not going to take that into consideration. So there is no [necessity for me to talk to the seven year old child..
"MS. BATTANI: Excuse me Your Honor, but I believe that it has frequently been held in Lewis versus Lewis [Lewis v Lewis, supra] and Barns versus Barns [sic] [Barnes v Barnes, supra] and custody of James [In re Custody of James B, supra] that the Court must have a[n] evidentiary hearing as to whether or not the child is able to express an opinion.
"THE COURT: I don’t think so. I don’t think that is a correct interpretation of that case. These guidelines indicate that, if the Court deems the child to be of sufficient age to express a preference. I am deeming that a seven year old is not.
"MS. BATTANI: Your Honor, you are deeming this without even interviewing the child?
"THE COURT: He is seven years old. I don’t think a seven year old has the ability too [sic]. That is the Court ruling and it is stated for the record.
"MS. BATTANI: For the record, I would like my objections noted.
"THE COURT: It is noted.”
At the conclusion of the hearing, while discussing his evaluation of the factors listed in MCL 722.23; MSA 25.312(3), the judge stated:
"The Court, in this particular instance, is of the opinion that a seven year old child is just not in the position to voice a determination as to who he shall live with. He hasn’t lived long enough and experienced enough. He is not able to make any kind of rational determination about his own well being. How could any of us listen to a seven year old child and arrive at a conclusion that he knows what is best for him. I would venture to say, that we would be held responsible if we let a seven year old, under our custody and control, decide his future.”
As in James B, the custody issue was a close one. Unlike James B, there was evidence tending to establish that the child was able to express a reasonable preference and preferred to continue to live with plaintiff.
The statement of the judge, coupled with his inability to follow the evidence and clear precedent, suggest such a strong preexisting opinion on this issue that we think it advisable that the case be heard by a different judge on remand. See Lewis v Lewis, supra, at 567; 252 NW2d at 239. That judge shall beview the record de novo; determine whether the child is capable of expressing a reasonable preference, and, if so, what that preference is, In re Custody of James B, supra, and may supplement the record if the delay caused by this error so necessitates, Roudabush v Roudabush, 62 Mich App 391, 395; 233 NW2d 596, 597 (1975).
Reversed and remanded. No costs. | [
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Cooley, J.
The relator in the year 1871 was deputy sheriff of the county of Ingham, and. as such presented a bill to the board of supervisors for services in criminal cases. The bill was very large, and is conceded to have been in some of its items grossly excessive; and the board at first declined to make any allowance. Considerable sums were, however, from time to time afterwards allowed, and to compel the allowance of the remainder the mandatory writ of this court was applied for. An order was entered that the board proceed to consider the relator’s claim, and that they receive such evidence as the relator should offer in support of it. We have now before us the report by the board of their doings, and upon it the relator moves for a peremptory writ.
The objections taken by the relator to the action of the board are first, that they refused to receive evidence offered by him, and second, that they unlawfully rejected certain claims. The evidence rejected consisted of ex parte affidavits, many of which were made by persons living near where the board were in session, and the relator was notified to produce the witnesses in person. The board also report that “subpoenas were issued by the clerk of the board of supervisors and served by the sheriff upon all persons within the reach of reasonable expense who we had reason to believe were possessed of any knowledge of the claim under our consideration, regardless which side of the case such knowledge favored.” This was certainly all that could be demanded of the 'board, and is an answer to all complaint for the rejection of evidence. The board might have received ex parte affidavits had they seen fit, but they were entitled to legal evidence if they thought proper to demand it.
We also think the board have acted very fairly in their final decisions upon the claims. Of the claims rejected wholly, one was for services upon a warrant void on its face: another was for travel and assistance in serving a search warrant, which the board understand, was never lawfully served, and the others were mostly made up of travel fees on writs which were never served. Reasons appear in the record for a strong suspicion that these bills were in part fictitious, and it is very certain, we think, that a clear right to have them allowed by the board was not made out. A legal right to their allowance cannot be claimed, because there is no statute which gives fees to the sheriff where process is not served; but the board are permitted to make allowances. Comp-. L., § 7481. In these cases the board decided to allow nothing; and under the Constitution, Art. 10, § 10, their decision is final. In other cases they rejected portions of bills, for reasons which to them seemed sufficient. We discover in the action of the board no attempt to evade-their duty, and no disposition to act unfairly; and the* proceedings must be dismissed with costs against the-relator.
The other Justices concurred. | [
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Graves, J.
Hewitt sued one Myers by attachment before a justice and recovered. In connection with the attachment he took proceedings under section forty-two of the general act of 1855 concerning courts held by justices of the peace (Comp. L., § 5290) for the purpose of holding the defendant, a domestic corporation, as a garnishee debtor of Myers. The papers to be served on the garnishee to initiate the proceeding were served by leaving them with Humphrey E. Wagar, president of the corporation. After some vicissitudes which need not be detailed, judgment was given against Hewitt by the justice. Hewitt then appealed. The action was then tried in the circuit court, and the judge ordered a verdict in favor of the corporation, and Hewitt now asks a revision of the proceedings on a case.
First. The provisions in .the justices’ act on which this action was based, and on which it depends, are very loose and indefinite, and much difficulty must be experienced before they are explained into a safe and sufficient guide. The settled maxims of interpretation in the case of such proceedings and such a jurisdiction suggest impediments of a very serious nature. But admitting that plain cases between natural persons can be worked out without affronting justice, and yet I think it was not meant that the provisions should apply to corporations. Corporations are not mentioned, and the terms are almost special in their fitness to exclusively signify natural persons. Again, the mode of procedure, the requirements of parties and the presuppositions of capacity do not comport well with the powers and aptitudes’ of corporations, and seem to contemplate alone the status and ability of natural persons. The act in prescribing what shall be the first process against natural persons ordains a summons, but adds “except as hereinafter directed” (Comp. L., § 5261), and thereby leaves room to prescribe other forms in special eases against natural persons. But when the first process against corporations is provided for, the language is per emptory and unqualified. The process must be a summons in all cases whatsoever. No room is left for any different form (Comp. L., § 5297). The garnishee provision follows the qualified section applicable to natural persons, but is followed by the absolute provision relating to corporations, and it declares that the paper to be served with a copy of the attachment and affidavit shall be a “notice.” The literal terms then exclude parties who can be served only by summons, and such exclusion in terms applies to all corporations. This reference is made to the paper to be served on the garnishee for no purpose but to ascertain whether the Legislature designed by these provisions that attachment plaintiffs might garnishee corporations. Whether it was competent for the Legislature to prescribe a mere “notice” is neither admitted nor denied. The fact that it was prescribed is strong evidence in connection with the other regulations that it was not designed that corporations should be subject to be proceeded against as garnishees under these provisions. And this view is obviously strengthened by the fact that in framing the two general acts to authorize and regulate garnishee proceedings, first in justices’ courts and second in circuit courts and municipal courts, it was deemed necessary for the purpose of making corporations liable to such proceedings, that they should be particularly specified, and that special regulations concerning them should be made. And this was done in each act. Comp. L., §§ 6463, 6493.
These statutes, apart from these peculiar provisions, would be better fitted to apply to corporations than the section in the justices’ act. Still the legislature believed that corporations would not be included by the general terms, and that to cause the jurisdiction to apply, something special was required. The implication is very strong that the justices’ act was not supposed to extend the jurisdiction to corporations, and I think it does not.
Second. Waiving all questions of jurisdiction and like wise 'all objections against, the correctness 'of the plaintiff’s earlier proceedings and it ■' is still left to inquire whether the record shows that the plaintiff made out any case on the facts fairly entitled to be submitted to the jury. Because if it does not, the result cannot be disturbed.
It is a general rule and one applicable to this case that wherever in consequence of the nature of the subject it is matter of absolute indifference whether a given state of facts does or does not exist, the party who grounds his claim or defense upon its existence must remove that indifference in order to succeed; and meanwhile the opposite party may safely remain' passive and insist upon a determination in his own favor if that-is not done. And the party upon whom it rests to support the affirmative must maintain it substantially: “It is not enough for him to make out a balanced case and then leave it to a jury to guess at the truth.” Bronson C. J. in Bogert v. Morse, 1 Comst., 377, and if .the evidence is- consistent as much with some other state of facts as that required to sustain the particular proposition, whether express or tacit, it proves neither, and hence is ineffective. Jackson v. Metropolitan Railway Co., L. R. 2 C. P. Div., 125.
The plaintiff charged against the corporation that at the very time when the notice was left with the president on March 30, 1877, it was indebted to Myers, and whether it was so or not depended upon facts which were as likely to be one way as the other, and it was incumbent on the plaintiff to prove that the facts were as the substantiation of his claim required they should be. He recognized what his position involved and attempted to prove his allegation.
The only witness called was the president of the corporation and he swore that Myers had been executing a lumber job in the woods for the corporation amounting to some $1600 or $1800; that it had not been accepted but witness inferred it had been completed because Myers had “come out of the woods.” Performance of the job was not proved. The witness stated there had been no settlement, but the entries in the corporation books indicated a balance of $500 or $600 still unpaid; that he had no knowledge whether the corporation owed anything to Myers except as gathered from the apparent state of accounts in the books; that prior to the service of the notice, but on the same day, one Alderman informed witness that Myers had assigned to him the demand against the corporation, and that Alderman at the same time exhibited to witness a writing apparently by Myers, and ordering the corporation' to pay Alderman or bearer whatever was due Myers for lumbering. In examining the facts justice dictates that it be borne in mind that the law has failed to provide for any hearing on the part of third persons claiming or alleged to have interests in the demand sought to be garnished, and that their rights cannot be arbitrarily infringed in such proceedings, and that the garnishee, in case he does not needlessly involve himself, is entitled to insist that the action against him shall proceed on such grounds and in such mode as will guard him against double liability. Now if we consider the facts together, as we must, they do not result in showing, nor fairly conduce to show as against the corporation the matters indispensably necessary to make out and support the plaintiff’s claim. If the witness had been garnishee and had made similar explanations concerning his own affairs, there would be 1'oom for some other considerations. But in order to give to his statements the sense and value they merit as matter of law, his relation to the transaction, to the parties and to the case must be kept in mind. The entire effect of his relation as a showing of fact against the corporation is that Myers was doing a large job for the corporation and that an inspection of the entries in account in the corporation books indicated that $500 or $600 of the contract price was still unpaid. As to whether this balance had become as yet an actual debt at all against the corporation, or if it had, whether it still belonged to Myers was left indeterminate and without means to decide.
As the facts in the record do not import that the plaintiff made a case for the jury, no error he can complain of is shown.
My brethren concur in the view here taken, but prefer to reserve their opinion upon the first point.
The judgment must be affirmed with costs.
The other Justices concurred. | [
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Graves, J.
At the fall election of 1864 Johr was elected treasurer of St. Clair county for two years from the first day of the ensuing January, and on the 31st of December he gave his official bond, the other plaintiffs in error joining as sureties.
This instrument following the act of 1859 (Sess. L., 1859, p. 96) was made to the board of supervisors and not in terms to the county.
He also gave a bond to the Auditor General under the statute (Comp. L., § 1063). In the course of his term he made large sales for delinquent taxes, but failed to pay over between seven and eight thousand dollars, and the people proceeded to judgment upon the bond given to the Auditor General for the purpose of recovering in that mode the sum in arrear. The attempt failed. Nothing could be collected from the obligors.
Thereupon the State contended that the county was responsible for the loss to its treasury by means of Johr’s default, and accordingly applied to this court for process to compel the board of supervisors to levy the requisite amount of the tax-payers without delay, and the application was granted. The liability of the county was fixed, and the debt arising to the State in consequence of Johr’s default became the debt of the county, and the immediate cause was the violation on the part of Johr of a trust and duty in his office which the bond to the board of supervisors both in terms and intent contemplated and provided for.
In this state of things a suit was brought in 1875 on this last mentioned bond to mate the county whole as against the loss arising from Johr’s default, and pursuing the statute which declares that “the name in which the county shall sue or be sued shall be, The board of supervisors of the county of -” (Comp. L., § 458), the suit was instituted in the name of the board of supervisors instead of being in the name of the county. The plaintiffs in error pleaded to the merits and the cause was tried without a jury. The judge found the facts and awarded judgment upon them against the plaintiffs in error.
It is not certain that the course of proceeding has been such as to require us to notice the only question much urged here. But as the defendants in error have assumed that the question is before us we deem it best to refer to it.
It is claimed that the statutory provisions under which the bond in suit was given and prosecuted were enacted before the present Constitution and were and are inconsistent with that instrument and that the action should have been in the name of the county and not in that of the board; and reference is made to Comp. L., § 6624, being § 1 of ch. 119 of the Revised Statutes of 1846, which ordains that “In all cases not otherwise provided by law, action may be brought by the board of supervisors of a countyj” and also to § 1 of article 10 of the Constitution, where it is declared that “All suits and proceedings by or against a county shall be in the name thereof.”
It is very obvious that these provisions are not incompatible. The very terms of the statute are sufficient to preclude conflict. Were it admitted that each provision was meant to apply to causes of action inuring to the county as an ideal existence distinct from the board of supervisors, 'and still the clause of the Constitution, being another provision of law, would render the statute inapplicable in obedience to its own terms.
But as stated heretofore the authority relied on for bringing the action in the name of the board is Comp. L., § 458 and not § 6624. ' That provision was -in force as § 27 of ch. 13 of the Bevised Statutes of 1846, when the present Constitution was adopted and when it took effect. It has not been changed. In 1855 an action was brought in the circuit court of the United States by Lyell against the “Board of Supervisors of the County of Lapeer,” on a county order, and after verdict for the plaintiff a motion was made for a new trial, and it was contended that the board was not a corporation and that the statute of 1846 was superseded by the provision of the Constitution. Opinions were given by both judges and they concurred in holding distinctly that the statute under which this suit was brought in the name of the board of supervisors was not superseded by the Constitution and that the suit against the county upon its order was not caused to be erroneous by being entitled against the board of supervisors. 6 McLean, 446. This case is an authority directly in point.. The court were of opinion that the Constitution left the statute in force, and we think this view a reasonable one. Still as it is possible that a corporation may at the same time be denoted by a geographical title and also by the style of its official board it is not intended to say that the action might not have been well brought in the name of the county. We think it might. But let it be assumed that the provision of the Constitution was mandatory to litigants and applied to proceedings on this bond and that this suit ought to have been instituted in the name of the county. The objection admits that the obligation prosecuted belongs to the county and not to the board as a distinct organism, and that the action is virtually an action by the county, and by the county alone. Indeed it could not be denied. The suit is by the county in the name of the board of supervisors of the county upon a county obligation. It was so brought under color of an act virtually prescribing that for the purpose of suing and being sued, the county should be called “the board of supervisors of the county of St. Clair.” There has been no room for dispute in regard to actual identity. There can be none. However called or named the plaintiff is the county of St. Clair.
The true objection then is, that there is a misnomer; that the plaintiff below ought to have been designated Tbe Comity of St. Clair and not The Board of Supervisors of the County of St. Clair.
Now the twenty-fifth rule prescribed by this court for the circuit court contemplates that such an objection ought to be raised by plea in abatement, and the statute (Comp. L., § 6549) says that “In suits or proceedings by or against any corporation, a mistake in the naming of such corporation shall be pleaded in abatement; and if not so pleaded shall be deemed to have been waived,” and this court in Smith v. Village of Adrian, 1 Mich., 495, in applying the next section but one preceding, to a municipal corporation plaintiff, virtually admitted that the section quoted was applicable to such corporations.
That the objection was not pleaded we have seen already and it may be added that it was not even suggested in the notices given with the general issue. The point if material was therefore waived-. But the objection is subject to another consideration.
Conceding as before that in designating the plaintiff there was an error in the name, and supposing it not to have been waived, and still the judgment could not rightly be reversed on that account. Dr. Ayray’s Case, 11 Co., 21.
The doctrine of Final v. Backus, 18 Mich., 218, and Kimball & Austin Manufacturing Company v. Vroman, 35 Mich., 310, covers the case. The name was subject to be made right by amendment, and the court has power to make any necessary correction. Comp. L., § 6052.
The remaining objections suggested against the recovery are with propriety not pressed. They are scarcely plausible. The suit is based upon an actual breach of the bond given to the board of supervisors pursuant to the statute, and the breach is found. The alleged cause of action is made out. No error being shown, the judgment must be affirmed with costs.
The other Justices concurred. | [
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Marston, J.
Complainant filed its bill in this case to collect certain notes which it held against Wesley Truesdail, and which it was claimed were secured by mortgage upon certain lands in St. Clair county known as the “AltaVista” farm. The principal defendant and appelant Emily L. Truesdail being dissatisfied with the decree of the court below has taken an appeal, and has here presented a number of objections to complainants obtaining the relief sought.
Wesley Truesdail being largely indebted to divers parties, upon the 2d day of March, 1857, executed a mortgage, covering certain property owned by him, but not including the Alta Vista farm, to Messrs. Sanger, Brown and Wight, trustees, and as an additional security for the same indebtedness, on the 26th day of February, 1857, a mortgage covering the Alta Vista farm was executed and delivered to these trustees. A portion of the lands described in this last mentioned mortgage were then subject to three other mortgages, one to Hamilton P. Cady for $2,000 and interest thereon; one to Elizabeth Stewart upon which there was then due about $1,000 and interest; and one to Beed Jerome for $450 and interest.
Of the notes which these mortgages to the trustees were given to secure, three were owned by the bank of Hartford county;-three by the Phoenix bank of Hartford, and three by the St. Albans bank, amounting in all to $41,911.85. These nine notes the complainant claims to own and seeks to enforce payment thereof in this case.
This mortgage of February 26, 1857, upon the Alta Yista farm, was not recorded until August 21st of that year.
March 12th, 1857, Wesley Truesdail caused to be recorded a mortgage to Alpheus S. Williams as trustee of Emily L. Truesdail, dated December 11th, 1856, for upwards of $6,000; also, on July 14th, 1857, a mortgage to Daniel L. Mosely for over $17,000; also, June 29th, 1857, a mortgage to Hiram A. Tucker for $10,500, all covering the Alta Yista farm property.
In 1866 Wesley and Emily L. Truesdail employed Sidney D. Miller as an attorney to clear this Alta Yista farm from certain clouds claimed to then exist against it and to vest the title in himself as trustee for these parties. And to assist in carrying out this plan, certain securities were executed by Wesley Truesdail to Miller and placed in his hands, and the Mosely, Tucker and Williams mortgages were also assigned to Miller. These assignments, it is claimed, were made to Miller to secure him for obligations that he should assume for Mr. or Mrs. Truesdail or either of them; for moneys that he ■might loan or 'procure for them and for payment of any services he might perform for them; that in accordance with this agreement Miller did from time to time endorse the paper of Wesley Truesdail; that upon the 28th day of December, 1870, he was liable as such endorser to the Detroit Savings Fund Institute to the amount of $6,182; that at the date last mentioned an arrangement was entered into by which Miller was to be relieved from his liability as an endorser, and in accordance therewith Wesley Truesdail executed a new note for the amount stated, and a written declaration of trust was executed by Miller and delivered to said Institute, reciting this indebtedness, and the assignment of the Williams and Tucker mortgages to Miller, and also the execution of certain chattel mortgages by Wesley Truesdail to Miller, and declaring that, “ by direction of said Wesley Truesdail, I hold all of the property and securities above described as trustee primarily for the security and payment to said Detroit Savings Fund Institute of any and all. indebtedness now existing or hereafter to accrue from said Truesdail to said Institute.” A written assent to this declaration was endorsed thereon at the time by Wesley Truesdail. The indebtedness existing from Wesley Truesdail to the Institute at that date was increased January 3, 1871, $600, and February 14th, 1871, $500. These three sums complainant seeks to collect by the foreclosure of the Williams and Tucker mortgages in this case, claiming that these and the Mosely mortgage were given without any indebtedness in fact, and that they constitute no lien upon the property, except for the amount due the complainant, and that the Cady, Stewart and Jerome mortgages have been satisfied and are no longer a lien upon the premises.
Testimony was taken on the part of complainants, but none on the part of defendants. The bill called for an answer under oath and sworn answers were put in by defendants Miller and Emily L. Truesdail.
The testimony of Messrs. Miller and Walker, with the other facts and circumstances in the case, satisfies us that Mrs. Truesdail was cognizant of the arrangements and agreements, made between Mr. Truesdail and Mr. Miller relative to the securities given the latter, and to the arrangements with, and the declaration of trust made to, the Savings Fund Institute, and that she is bound thereby. The complainant is, therefore, if the legal successor of the Savings Fund Institute, — a point noticed hereafter, — entitled to recover the amount of the notes of Dec. 28th, 1870, January 3d and February 14th, 1871, with interest, and to this extent it has an interest in and a right to foreclose the Williams and Tucker mortgages.- I am not satisfied that the mortgage to Alpheus S. Williams, as trustee for Mrs. Truesdail, was given without any indebtedness in fact. Mrs. Truesdail, in her answer under oath, and which is responsive to the bill, denies that it was so given, and says it was given to secure a bona fide indebtedness due and owing her, and although the answer in this respect may not be as full and satisfactory as we could wish, yet I am not willing to discard it entirely, and. as the record stands, come to a different conclusion.
As to the Cady, Stewart, Jerome and Mosely mortgages, I am fully satisfied they no longer can be considered a'valid subsisting lien upon the land and should be declared satisfied and discharged.
While it is quite true that Mr. Miller’s relations with Mr. and Mrs. Truesdail were such, either as trustee or attorney, that he could not purchase or acquire interests in or against this property adverse to Mr. and Mrs. Truesdail, yet I find nothing in the record which would in any way prevent complainant from becoming so interested. It was said that as complainant acquired its rights in the first instance through Mr. Miller, it could no more purchase or hold interests adverse to the Truesdails than he could. There is, however, nothing in the written declaration of trust tending to show the relations which Miller held with these defendants, except that he held the securities mentioned as a trustee. Beyond the fact that by this declaration certain securities were made primarily liable for the indebtedness to the Institute, there was nothing contained therein which could legally or equitably prevent the latter from purchasing any other or farther claims against these parties whether secured upon the same property or not, and the oral evidence does not tend to disclose any knowledge on the part of the officers of the Institute or any fact that would lead to a different result.
It was said that the nine notes purchased from the Connecticut and Yermont banks were barred by the statute of limitations. The mortgage given to secure these- notes, if they were not paid, might be foreclosed at any time before an action for the recovery of real estate would be barred. McKinney v. Miller, 19 Mich., 142.
Admissions as to the non-payment of these notes made by Wesley' Truesdail were proven, and it was insisted that such admissions were not admissible as against the interests of Mrs. Truesdail. In general, the negative of non-payment need not be proven. If long time has elapsed, a recognition of the debt by the debtor is generally sufficient. If the case arose under the statute of limitations it would be different, because there a new promise would be necessary, and a promise by the original debtor could not bind a party collaterally interested. But the question here is merely one of payment, and certainly the dealings between the parties showing nonpayment would be admissible; why not then their statements ?
It was farther insisted that as to the nine notes purchased by complainant, the security upon other property must first be exhausted before complainant can resort to the Alta Yista farm, for two reasons. First, that since the execution of the conveyances Mrs. Truesdail by conveyance from her husband acquired title to the equity of redemption of the Alta Yista farm, and second, that where one has a lien upon two séparate funds, and another a subsequent lien upon one of them, the former will be compelled first to exhaust the subject of his exclusive lien, and will be permitted to resort to the other only for the deficiency.
These principles qre familiar and have frequently been acted upon in this state. It should however appear that the mortgagee will not be prejudiced by the enforcement of this rule. Cooper v. Bigly, 13 Mich., 463. The object of the rule is not to take from the prior incumbrancer any substantial right, but to require him to enforce his rights in such order of priority as, without loss to himself, will protect as far as practicable the subsequently acquired interests of others. Sibley v. Baker, 23 Mich., 312. The creditor has a right to come into court in the first instance and look to either one or both of the funds or property covered by his securities for the satisfaction of his debt. By making subsequent purchasers or incumbrancers parties, he thereby gives them an opportunity to come into court and make such a case as will show they are entitled to this protection. It is not sufficient that it appears a double security has been given, and that there is a junior incumbrance on a part of the property. It should be farther made to appear that no injury will result from an enforcement of the rule, — that the prior creditor’s rights will not thereby be impaired. Brinkerhoff v. Marvin, 5 Johns. Ch., 320; Post v. Mackall, 3 Bland, 486; Aldrich v. Cooper, note, 2 White and Tudor’s Eq. Cases, 232 et seq.
The bill in this case alleges that the property described in these other securities has been sold for taxes or on foreclosure liens, or sold and conveyed by Wesley Truesdail, and the premises are now in the possession of such purchasers or their grantees. No evidence has been introduced in support of this allegation. As against Wesley Truesdail the bill was taken as confessed, and the defendant Mrs. Truesdail in her answer neither admits nor denies this allegation of the bill, leaving the complainant to make such proof as it is advised is necessary. It was not necessary for complainant to make such proof in the first instance to entitle it to resort to the security upon the Alta Yista farm. It was for the defendant who claimed protection, to set up in her answer and establish such facts as would entitle her to the protection sought. As the case stands we are of opinion that she is in no position to insist upon the rule referred to.
In the decree it is declared and adjudged that the mortgage of February 26th, 1857, is a valid subsisting lien upon the lands therein described for the amount due upon the nine notes, and that for the same indebtedness the mortgage of March 2d, 1857, is a valid subsisting lien upon lots 15, 16 and 17 on the south side of Pine river, and lots 1 and 2 on the north side of said river in the village of St. Clair, and orders this property to sold, in default of payment of the amount due upon said, notes, for the satisfaction thereof. While I do not fully understand how under the bill and prayer for relief,— unless perhaps it is under the general prayer, if the facts set up in the bill would warrant it, — this property in St. Clair could be ordered sold, yet no fault is found with the decree by either party in this respect. It may therefore be permitted to remain, and such property should therefore be first sold for the satisfaction of the amount due upon the nine notes before resorting to the Alta Yista farm. The decree farther declares “that there is now due to said complainant the sum of $2,986.82 expended by said complainant in the care and protection of said mortgaged lands and for taxes upon the same;” declares this amount a lien upon said lands, and in default of payment orders a sale of the lands for the payment thereof. I can- find nothing in the pleadings and proofs in this case to authorize this finding or justify the court in making such an order. The record was not printed, and some such claim may have been made, proven and overlooked. The argument and brief of counsel refers to no claim or evidence in support of this allowance.
The decree also requires the payment of all these several amounts, aggregating over one hundred and ten thousand dollars, to be paid forthwith, and in default a sale of the premises. The practice in this State heretofore has always been to allow a reasonable time, definitely fixed in the decree, for the payment of the money. The fact that the amount due is large, or even the improbability of its payment, would seem to afford no sufficient reason for a departure from a correct and well established practice.
It but remains to briefly refer to some legal questions as to complainant’s being the legal successor of the Savings Fund Institute, and the right of the latter to discount paper.
The Savings Fund Institute had a right to loan deposits upon the public stock of the United States or of this State, upon bond and mortgage, or upon any other securities which should be deemed by the board of - directors ample. This last clause cannot, as claimed, be restricted to the same kind of security before mentioned. Under it we are of opinion the board would have power to authorize the discounting, of commercial paper.'
That the complainant corporation has been organized and doing business -as such in apparent compliance with the statutes of this State, is not denied. The claim,' among other things, is that the Savings Fund Institute could not reorganize under the act of 1871. Without attempting to present and answer the various objections urged, we deem it sufficient to say that they do not, many of them at least, properly arise in this case. There was a reorganization under the act, which if valid would' operate as a transfer of these securities, and besides there was a written assignment by the Savings Fund Institute to the complainant. Under those circumstances complainant would have a clear and undoubted right to come into court and enforce payment of these securities, and it would be no defense in such a case that the Savings Fund Institute or parties interested therein might have some rights in the premises which they did not consider of sufficient importance to come into court and ask to have protected. Such questions if existing may very properly be left for settlement when raised between complainant and the parties directly interested.
Submitted November 19, 1878.
Decided January 9, 1879.
Motion in behalf of defendant Emily L. Truesdail for a rehearing.
A. R. Avery and G. I. Walker for the motion.
J. H. Bissell and S. T. Douglass against.
I am of opinion that the decree of the court below should be modified and corrected as indicated, and as corrected affirmed; that four months should be allowed for the payment of these claims, and in default of such payment that the premises be sold; that complainant should recover costs of the court below, with costs of this court to defendant Emily L. Truesdail.
Graves and Cooley, JJ., concurred; Campbell, C. J., did not sit in this case.
Marston, J. Upon the petition of the defendant Emily L. Truesdail, a motion has been made for' and in her behalf that this case, heretofore heard and decided in this court upon pleadings and proofs, be opened so as to permit her to introduce evidence and make a defense which she was before unable to and prevented from making. The reasons assigned are that because of her physical and pecuniary inability she was unable to pre-' pare for her defense and take testimony in the case: for newly discovered testimony; and because she was prevented from making her defense by the' collusion and fraud of the complainant leading to the suppression of testimony.
There undoubtedly are many circumstances presented by the record in this case touching the physical disabilities and pecuniary embarrassments under which the petitioner has heretofore labored which strongly appeal to judicial discretion, and insure a patient and careful' investigation, in order that the relief prayed for may be granted, if consistent with well settled equitable and legal principles.
In order to grant the relief prayed for, on account of the reasons assigned, it should appear from the petition and papers accompanying the same, that material testimony, not cumulative merely, which could not with reasonable and ordinary care, attention and diligence have been ascertained and procured in season, has been discovered since the submission and decision of the cause, and which, in the opinion of the court, if introduced would probably have materially changed, and to the benefit or advantage of the petitioner, the decree granted.
In ascertaining and determining whether reasonable and ordinary care, attention and diligence was exercised, the physical and pecuniary condition of the party should be considered; also the information or knowledge which she then had of the essential facts or defense, and in the light thereof, the difficulties likely to be encountered in tracing up and establishing the same by competent testimony. Fraud or collusion by others, parties to the cause, leading to the suppression of testimony is a different matter, and will be considered separately.
Owing to the importance of this cause, and for other reasons, it is deemed best to consider the evidence claimed to .have been newly discovered, as well as the time of its discovery and the knowledge which petitioner possessed relating thereto at and previous to the hearing in the principal cause, and to examine the same in detail.
I. That there are many other notes besides those mentioned in the bill of complaint, that were at the time the bill was fled and now are unpaid, and which have an equal right with those in the bill, to payment out of this property.
The notes herein referred to, those outstanding as well as those set forth in the bill and provided for in the decree, are understood to be those secured by the Sanger, Brown and Wight trust mortgage. If these notes are, as now for the first time set forth, outstanding, unpaid, and a valid claim, the holders thereof, not having been made parties, are not concluded by the proceed ings already taken, and they may have their proper remedy.
This petitioner is not personally liable upon any of those notes, and she has not shown or even intimated, that she, or any property in which she has a present interest, can in any way be injuriously affected thereby. If the holders of those notes had been brought in and the amount, thereof incorporated and allowed in the decree, the petitioner could in no way be the gainer thereby, as the mortgaged property falls far short of satisfying the present decree.
As this case now stands, it would not seem at all necessary to make this petitioner a party to any proceedings which might be commenced by the present holders of these notes; their remedy would be against others, and in the result thereof this petitioner is not interested.
II. That the nine notes purchased by complainant from the Vermont and other banks and included in the decree, were void for usury.
It is proposed to establish this fact by the testimony of Wesley Truesdail, the maker of these notes and husband of petitioner.
For tho purpose of properly appreciating this defense it will be best to here incorporate that portion of Wesley Truesdail’s affidavit touching this subject. It is as follows:
“Affiant has the. means at hand of establishing and can establish by his testimony at the time by the parties, that the nine notes held by the New England banks above mentioned, and purchased by complainant were entirely void for and on account of a' portion of the consideration thereof being for usurious interest taken and received in violation of an express provision of the charter of each of said banks.
“Affiant has in his possession the original statements of account and balance sheets from which the sums were taken named in each of the notes secured or sought to be secured by the Sanger, Brown and Wight mortgage. By which statements it appears, and is the fact, that each of the said New England banks, alone herein named, had in their account with affiant, charged him interest at the rate of seven per cent per annum, while as a fact the charter of each of said banks prohibited it from taking in any case or charging more than six percent per annum, and the amount of the notes running to said banks was made up in part by the addition of such sum of seven per cent, to the amount owed by affiant.”
Admitting all that is here set forth to be true, would it constitute a legal defense, and prevent complainants from recovering? To say the least it is going a great ways to ask a court of equity, acting in the exercise of a sound discretion, to open up a case for the purpose of permitting such a defense to be set up.
The present appli&ation is not based upon a strict claim of right to have the decree set aside and the case re-opened, but the application is made and the relief prayed for asked in furtherance of justice. Would it be in furtherance of justice to set aside the decree in this case so that the notes might be declared void and uncollectible because the bank took seven instead of six per cent interest in violation of their charter?
To permit the debtor to reeeiye and retain the principal, and afterwards avoid payment of the whole or any part thereof, for any such reasons, would be doing a positive injustice in the name of equity, and contrary to the whole policy of the laws of this State relating to usury.
Orr v. Lacey, 2 Doug. (Mich.) 230, went as far we think in this direction as any case that can be found, and without saying whether we would or not follow that case in a similar one, we certainly shall not extend the doctrine there held to cases not coming in their facts clearly within it.
The notes do not upon their face show that usurious interest was taken. We cannot presume a violation of law, and it was said in the case referred t.o that “ to constitute usury, it must be clearly established that there existed an intention to take usurious interest; for, if neither party intended a violation of law, and acted bona fide; the law will not infer a corrupt agreement; and. the same principle would apply to the prohibition in the charter of a bank.” Nor is there anything in the affidavit tending to show, that by the charters of the banks or the'laws of the state where these notes were given, the effect of taking a higher rate of interest than allowed by the charter would be a forfeiture of the entire debt. Even if such were or had been shown, I am not prepared to say that this court would feel compelled to enforce it; — certainly not by granting this motion for such a purpose. If the notes were given in .New England to be paid in this state, then it might admit of some question whether the parties might not stipulate for a rate of interest allowed by the laws of this state. See case last cited, p. 254; this however we need not determine.
There is still another answer to this branch of the case, equally applicable to other evidence claimed to be newly discovered, which may here be discussed, so that a brief reference thereto hereafter will be sufficient.
The petitioner sets forth and alleges that until long since the decree was granted and affirmed on appeal, she had no knowledge whatever by hearsay or otherwise, that her husband had the original balance sheet in his possession as stated by him, and herein already referred to, or that such things were or ever had any existence* “ That she had heard said Wesley say that the said notes were void for usury, and she so believed, but had no knowledge of how or in what manner she could establish the fact.”
Here is a clear and positive assertion of having heard that these notes were void for usury, and that she so -believed, but she asserts she had no knowledge of how or in what manner she could establish the fact.
Having heard that they were void for usury what effort did she make to establish the fact? With such knowledge, whom would a person anxious to establish such a defense, naturally call upon for proofs? Who is likely to know the facts and be able to give evidence relating thereto ? We should naturally expect the maker to have such knowledge and information, and to him a person desirous of establishing such a defense would, under all ordinary circumstances, resort. When the essential fact is known, the parties who may reasonably be supposed possessed of the facts to establish the same, should at least be called upon for information, and if when called upon they admit knowledge of the necessary facts, they should then be called as witnesses in the case.
We need not however leave this matter in any doubt or uncertainty. The petitioner in speaking of these notes says: “ And said Wesley Truesdail has repeatedly asserted that said claim is absolutely invalid and worthless, and that he has proof of the same whenever he shall deem it necessary for his interest so to do.” Here was not only knowledge that the notes were void for usury, but of the person who had proof of that fact whenever he deemed it for his interest to produce it. Under such circumstances it would be folly to say, that a discovery of the particular items of proof, such as a balance sheet would bring this case within the rule we have referred to. It was clearly the duty of the petitioner to have placed her husband Wesley Truesdail upon the stand, and compel him to produce his proof of the fact, whether it was for his interest so to do or not. The reason set up for not placing him upon the stand we will examine hereafter.
The next two reasons, relating as they do to the Williams and Tucker mortgages, the defendant Miller’s connection therewith, and his authority to assign them to complainant, were all passed upon in the principal case and cannot be again considered.
III. That the complainant has entered into a disgraceful, collusive, fraudulent and corrupt arrangement with the husband of petitioner, Wesley Truesdail, to procure the suppression of testimony, and to prevent her from making an efficient defense in the case.
This plan, it is said, was concocted by officers of the complainant bank, and the motive- was held out to Mr. Truesdail that he could save a large portion of the Alta Vista farm for himself, if. he would join in this plan with the bank.
It has already been determined and decreed that complainant had a valid claim for a large amount secured by this farm. They were anxious to secure payment of this claim. The Sanger, Brown and Wight trust mortgage, given to secure notes to a very large amount, it was claimed constituted a prior lien, and the amount thereof outstanding and unpaid was supposed to be within the knowledge of Wesley Truesdail. The bank had purchased for a small sum a portion of these notes, and questions had arisen in regard to the validity of certain other, mortgages upon portions of this farm, which were claimed by petitioner. Such was the condition of things in part at least, at the time the agreement between the bank and Wesley Truesdail was entered into. The agreement made is recited and set forth in the letter of March 18th, 1876,; written by the Vice President of the complainant bank’ to Wesley Truesdail, and is in substance as follows: It recites that a stipulation had been entered into in this case pending in the circuit court by Wesley Truesdail and that he had agreed “to make a complete statement of all the money transactions between you [him] and Mrs. Truesdail, showing how much money you received from any person for her and when and from whom the same was received, and also the amount of money paid by you to her and on her account, which should be credited to you and charged to her, thus showing the true balance due her, and also what securities or property transferred to her and what was paid for the same, to the end that this bank may obtain a decree for all the sums due it in said suit. Now the bank agrees that if on the final-hearing of said cause a decree shall be rendered in favor of said bank on the obligatiohs it holds against you, and that said property referred to in the bill of complaint shall be sold and the amount found due the bank shall first be paid, then the bank will proceed to enforce said decree as early as will be permitted by its terms, and will bid in said property, ordered to be sold for the amount found due said bank and decreed first to be paid. And the bank further agrees that on receiving a deed for said premises and a confirmation of the same, it will enter into a contract with you for the sale of all said property thus bid in by the bank, for the sum which shall then be found due this bank, including all advances of money made to purchase up outstanding claims against said lands and premises, as well as all other expenses, costs, fees, charges, taxes and interest incurred in prosecuting said claims, or foreclosing the mortgages, or any claim held as collateral thereto.” This letter then proceeds to state how the same shall be paid by Wesley Truesdail, but the above contains and gives the material part thereof.
The writer of the above letter in another to Wesley Truesdail dated May 10th, 1875, among other things seeking an interview with Truesdail, says: “I am thoroughly convinced if you follow out the plan I suggested you can save a large portion of the property for yourself in the end, but to do this, you and I must have a perfect understanding and plan of operations laid out.”
' A creditor -during the pendency of a suit has the privilege and right of making any agreement with one or more of the parties thereto, they may deem proper, which would not injuriously change or affect the legal or equitable rights of the others, and which would not be contrary to the laws of the land. He may purchase his peace, and he may agree as to what disposition shall be made of the judgment or property by him recovered in the case. Such agreements should however be scrutinized closely, so that they may not tend to the prejudice of the other parties defendant. Should it appear upon the face of such an agreement, or from evidence dehors the instrument, that the object sought to* be gained thereby, was to obtain an undue advantage, either by enhancing or enlarging their own claim or interest, or by preventing others from making their defense, to such' an extent it would be fraudulent, and the parties likely to be injuriously affected thereby should be protected against any such results. Looking at the agreement as recited in the letter of March 18th, was the object thereof “to procure the suppression of testimony and to prevent the [petitioner] from making an efficient defense in the case?” We fail to discover any such object. The agreement made was not to suppress testimony, but that Wesley Truesdail should “make a complete statement * * showing the true balance due her [petitioner] * * to the end that this bank may obtain a decree for all the sums due it in said suit.”
This agreement must have contemplated and intended that Wesley Truesdail should, if called upon as a witness, take the stand and make a full and truthful statement under oath concerning all matters enquired about. Such an agreement while it could in no wrongful way affect or prejudice petitioner’s rights, would cut off all improper delays and defenses which otherwise might have been resorted to, and judging from the history of these transactions, as presented -by the record and on the argument, the bank was justified, if such was its object, in making this agreement. Its agreement to convey the premises to Wesley Truesdail, for a certain sum, the amount of its claim, and costs and expenses, could not deprive this petitioner of any right she otherwise would have and did have to pay the decree and thus defeat this part of the agreement, and it cannot well be said that under such an agreement Wesley Truesdail would be interested in increasing the consideration he was to pay, by endeavoring to increase the claims held by the bank.
Could or did this agreement however in any way prevent petitioner from availing herself of her right to call upon her husband as a witness in the case and examine him fully concerning all he knew in relation thereto? He did not leave the country; he was within easy reach of the court and its process during the entire pendency of the suit. As already shown, she knew he claimed to-be able to prove some of these claims to be worthless, and she must have known from his relations to and concerning other of the mortgages in controversy that he-could give material testimony concerning them, yet he was not called as a witness, nor was any effort whatever made to produce him.
It is said, however, that the effect of this agreement-which he made with the bank was to and did prevent him from communicating with petitioner and informing' her fully of all facts known to him as he otherwise would have done. Such indeed may have been the effect, and even if so, as already said, she knew sufficient, which if diligently followed up, would have enabled her to have-ascertained and proven all the facts in due season. We-are not satisfied that the agreement made had even this effect. It appears clearly that for a long period the social relations which we expect to find between husband and wife did not exist between Mr. and Mrs. Truesdail. If during the pendency of this suit it was his duty, as it would clearly seem to have been, to consult with his wife, advise her as to her rights in the premises and freely and fully inform her of all facts and circumstances within his knowledge which could in any way aid her in protecting her rights, so equally was it his duty during thependency of other litigation in reference to these same-matters, and yet he seems not to have done so. This agreement made with the bank was not then in the way to prevent him, yet the details he at no time communicated to her. Judging from the past, therefore, we would not be justified in assuming that the agreement referred to in the letter of March 18th was the cause of petitioner’s not obtaining full knowledge of all facts known to her husband and using the same in her defense.
The agreement made between the bank and defendant Miller, after the decree in the court below was obtained, is also complained of. If the bank entered into that agreement in order to induce Miller not to appeal from the decree, and succeeded to that extent, yet we do not well see how petitioner was thereby prejudiced; Miller’s appeal if taken could not enure to her benefit, nor his failure to appeal prevent her from appealing and thus protecting her own interests. The amount obtained by the decree the bank could dispose of as it saw fit, without being called to account therefor by the petitioner, and it does not appear that Miller’s course up to the time the decree was obtained, was at all influenced in anticipation or promise of such an agreement.
We have' thus in view of the importance of this case, examined each of the principal reasons urged in support of this motion. We have had the benefit of a full and exhaustive argument upon the hearing, — many reasons were then urged in connection with those already •discussed. We have earnestly endeavored to carefully consider and give due weight to all, so that the petitioner might have the relief she sought granted, if the same could consistently be done. Many things have been presented which entitle her to favorable consideration, but however favorably inclined we may be, we cannot consistently with duty re-open this, case. It may be that had all the facts now brought forward been presented in due and proper season, they would have had some influence in framing the decree. Many of the most important facts now sought to b^ brought forward must -be proven if at all, by the testimony of Wesley Truesdail. Some of them would be contradicted, as they have been upon this showing, by men of well known character and integrity, and upon such an issue there can be but little doubt as to what the result would be. We have not attempted to follow, with a view to explaining, the devious and winding ways pursued by Wesley Truesdail in the various transactions brought to a close in this litigation; they have been crooked and are past finding out. His character, as an honest and upright man, one honorable, conscientious and fair in his dealings with his fellow man, willing to retain his property for the benefit of his creditors, and in so far as he could, to meet his honest obligations, is not placed in a very enviable light by this record. Indeed we need not go beyond his affidavit filed in support of this motion, to stamp him as one utterly unreliable, ready to divulge facts known to him when deemed for his own interest so to do, but with no assurance, when this had been done, that the whole truth was known. Yet it is upon his testimony, unsupported upon material points, we are asked to open this case. Much of this proposed testimony, coming from such a source, does not bear such marks of credibility as would render it at all likely to affect the conclusion already arrived at.
It follows that the motion must be denied, but without costs.
Graves and Cooley, JJ. concurred; Campbell, C. J., did not sit at the hearing of this motion. | [
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Campbell, C. J.
McCormick sued McMillan and May for removing his fence. They justified as highway commissioners acting after due notice in removing fences which encroached upon a highway.
The court below took the case from the jury and directed a verdict for the defendant, after excluding a considerable amount of testimony supposed to bear on dedication, which he held could not be shown by parol.
In this case, from testimony given and offered, there were facts which tended to show that in November, 1871, a survey was made with the consent and concurrence of McCormick to fix the line of the highway now set up and since existing, and that he promised to remove his fences; that in the spring of 1872, after notice, defendants removed them, and that he admitted on at least one occasion that the commissioners were in the right in their claim.
Upon such a record it is not important to determine the effect of a parol proposal to dedicate. This was, if made out as offered, not a dedication by parol, but one by present conduct of the most unequivocal character, involving the concurrent action of the land owner and the highway authorities, in determining the lines by a survey made for the express purpose. It was not a promise of something to be done in future, but a present and complete execution of the intent of both parties in fixing the position of the way. Such a settlement of boundaries is an efficacious act of a much more significant character than most dedications not within the technical forms of the statute. It never was recalled before the fence was moved, and it has since been recognized.
The testimony should have been received, and if made out should have been held a full defense under the notice with the general issue.
■ The judgment must be reversed and a new trial granted.
The other Justices concurred. | [
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Marston, J.
When this case was before the court at a former term, several questions were then disposed of, and the facts were so fully stated in the opinion of the court that no extended reference to them will be necessary in the present case. The errors assigned will be noticed in their order.
I. That the court erred in permitting the plaintiff to challenge a juror after the defendant had exhausted his peremptory challenges.
After the jurors had been called, counsel for plaintiff challenged some of them peremptorily, and some for cause, and then announced himself satisfied. Defendant’s counsel then challenged some of them for cause, and also exhausted his peremptory challenges, and expressed satisfaction. Counsel for plaintiff then desired to challenge one of the jurors, who was upon the panel when he first expressed himself as satisfied. This, counsel for defendant objected to, the court overruled the objection, and defendant excepted. The juror was sworn, examined, and excluded for cause.
This question is clearly covered by former decisions in this court. Whether counsel for the different parties have exhausted their peremptory challenges, and announced themselves satisfied with the jury or not, they have undoubtedly the right, certainly up to the time when the jury is sworn, to make further challenges for cause. It is the aim and policy of the law to'have a fair and impartial jury, and to this end it would be the clear duty of the court, up to the last minute, to permit counsel to further examine the jurors. It is possible, as argued in this case, that this privilege may be abused by counsel. This is true; but we think, under the .watchful care of the trial court, there is not much danger in this direction, and there certainly is nothing in this case indicating in the slightest degree a want of good faith on the part of counsel. Hunter v. Parsons, 22 Mich., 96; Jhons v. The People, 25 Mich., 499; Atlas Mining Co. v. Johnston, 23 Mich., 36.
II. That the court erred in allowing counsel for the plaintiff to offer successively in evidence a large number of articles published in The Evening Netos, subsequent to the time of the publication of the article complained of, and this after articles of the same character, and offered for the same purpose, had been ruled out.
These articles under the previous decision were not admissible. Counsel in offering the first article admitted that it-was, he thought, covered by the previous ruling, but offered it as he desired a distinct ruling of the court • below thereon. This he undoubtedly was justified in doing, and in a case of doubt as to the form of the offer, counsel would have a right to vary it, or offer it in connection with other matters, for the purpose of distinctly raising beyond doubt the particular question desired. When, however, this object was accomplished by the offer and rejection, counsel should not offer similar articles clearly covered by the same ruling. Beyond what we have already stated, we can see no good reason for so doing. Once offered in proper form, a ruling thereon and an exception thereto taken, ■ the question may be •passed upon in the court of review as fully and completely as though an infinite number of exceptions had been taken covering the same point. If counsel proceed beyond this and make the offers in the- presence and hearing of the jury, and the court permits them to be made in this manner, the character of the offers so made may be such, even although they were rejected below, as' to require on error a reversal of the judgment, where the party making such rejected- offers obtains a verdict and judgment in the case. Everything having a tendency to prejudice or influence a jury in their deliberations which is not legally admissible in evidence on the trial of the cause, should be, so far as possible, kept from coming to their knowledge during the trial. An impression once made upon the mind of a juror, no matter how, will have more or less influence upon him when he retires to deliberate upon the verdict to be given, and no matter how honest or conscientious he may be, or how carefully he may have been instructed by the court to not permit such incompetent matters to influence him, or have any bearing in the case, it will be very difficult, if not impossible, for him to separate the competent from the incompetent, or to say to what extent his impressions or convictions may be attributed to that which properly should not have been permitted to come to his knowledge. But whatever the reason for the rule may be, all courts agree in excluding incompetent testimony, and that an error in this respect will be sufficient cause for reversal. This rule would be but slight protection if counsel or witnesses could be permitted to make a statement, but not under oath, of the incompetent testimony, or counsel state the same fully to the jury in their argument or otherwise. The essence of the wrong consists in the fact that such incompetent testimony is brought to the attention of the jury, more than in the method adopted in eom■municating the fact. No matter how the information is derived, the result is the same. In this case after counsel had obtained a clear and distinct ruling of the court as to the inadmissibility of a certain class of articles, -a large number of the same class were offered, and in making each separate offer, counsel stated the purport of the article or read the headings. This course was objected to, but permitted by the court, and the articles offered were all excluded, the objection as to their admissibility having been sustained. We think the course adopted was not correct, and that, although perhaps not fully covered by the letter of the previous decision in this case, yet that it comes clearly within the reason and spirit of the rules there laid down. Where the offer is likely to be of such a character that it would have a tendency to prejudice or influence the jury, the correct practice would be to present the article, if in writing, to the court and counsel for examination, without stating either the purport or substance of it. The cases are but few where such objectionable articles are likely to come up on the trial, and when such a case arises, the good sense of • court and counsel will not only see the necessity, but will readily discover and adopt the means requisite to keep them from the reach of the jury. That counsel acted in entire good faith in offering these articles in the manner in which he did we are willing to concede, but in the ardor of his zeal he went farther than the law would protect him in doing. The presiding judge, not similarly affected, will, we think, have no difficulty in permitting counsel, without resorting to any undue formalities, to present and have all questions properly arising in the case passed upon in such a manner as not, to interfere with the rights of the opposite party.
III. That the court erred in its refusals to charge, and in its charge as given on the subject of the privilege claimed by defendant.
The defendant claimed that he had an entire right to publish the charge contained in the bill of complaint. This the court conceded, but it is claimed that the court erred in determining as a matter of law that the statement contained in the publication charged as libelous was not a fair statement of the charge actually made in the bill of complaint. This, it is claimed, was a question of fact which should have been submitted to the jury. It is farther claimed that the effect of the charge as given, and of the refusals to charge as requested, virtually determined that if the article published went beyond the privileged right of making a fair statement, the privilege of the defendant was gone, and the plaintiff would be entitled to recover the same damages as if no bill had ever been filed.
This objection assumes and is based upon the theory, that the defendant had a right to publish the charge contained in the bill of complaint; that such a publication would have been privileged. Under the charge of the court this question as to the privileged character of such a publication, does not directly arise in the case. Upon the argument in this court, and also upon the previous argument, counsel for defendant in error entered into a full and elaborate discussion of this question of privilege, but in neither case was it discussed by counsel for plaintiff in error. It was quite strongly intimated in the former opinion, that the publication of a charge as contained in a bill of complaint, would not be privileged, and further examination and reflection confirm that view; otherwise the reputation of none would be safe from the publication of ex parte charges, which may be made by any person without the leave of the court, and frequently without even the sanction of an oath, and which experience teaches are generally utterly unreliable, and in this particular class, even when taken as confessed, would not, standing alone, warrant or sustain a decree. Under the circumstances stated we do not, however, deem it best to fully discuss this question, but we cannot so far concede the privileged character of such a publication as to find error upon such a theory, where otherwise' none would exist, or to say that the court should have instructed the jury to recoup from the damages sustained, such damages as the plaintiff would necessarily have sustained from a fair and impartial publication of the charge contained in the bill of complaint.
When we examine the article in question we do not see how it can be said to be a fair and impartial statement of the charge as set forth in the bill of complaint. The facts stated in the bill may have been the foundation of this article. The whole article, however, is so highly sensational, and so mixed the facts as stated in the bill with additions and comments thereon, that it would be utterly impossible for court or jury to separate them, or to treat the article as a fair publication of the* charge made in the bill of complaint with slight comments thereon. It is a sensational and wholly unjustifiable article, based in part upon the charge made in the bill. Private character may not thus be dragged before the public, even although done under the guise of publishing what has passed in a court of justice, by publishing the whole or a part of the proceedings, with defamatory observations or comments thereon.
IY. That the court erred in refusing to charge the jury in accordance with defendant’s fourteenth request, viz.: - “That the prior publications admitted in evidence in this case, do not prove or tend to prove, such recklessness or carelessness, as would render the defendant liable to exemplary damages.” In the same connection, the giving of defendant’s seventh request, with a modification, is complained of. -That request was as follows: “Although a publisher of a newspaper is in law held liable for the articles that appear in the paper, yet if the jury find under’ the charge of the court that the defendant had no knowledge of the character of the publication. in question until after it was published, then no other than actual damages can be given against him on account of such publication, unless they further find that he has been guilty of neglect in the selection of employees, or reckless in the conduct of his paper, and had thereby caused the said publication.” This was given with the addition, “unless he had been guilty of retaining employees who ought not to have been retained, and knowing their character.” This last, it is claimed, was asking the jury to pass upon a question in relation to which there was no evidence before them.
What were the facts upon which these requests were based and given?
At the time of the publication in question the defendant and his brother were proprietors and publishers of The Evening News, the former owning a controlling or two-thirds interest. There were two departments of the paper, one denominated the city and the other the general department. “The city department took in everything pertaining to the city, all the city news,” and was, as it had been from the first publication of the paper, in August, 1873, under the charge of Mr. Dee. His duties were to supervise everything in connection with the city department, and over this department he had absolute control, subject, however, to the directions of defendant, as managing editor or proprietor owning a controlling interest. Dee’s “ duties consisted in taking general charge of the city news, dividing the work among the reporters, receiving the copy as they brought it in, putting heads on it and so forth if any were needed, and sending it to the printer.” At this time there wrere three others on the city department as reporters, Mr. Boss, Mr. Little and Mr. Edward Seripps. The article in question was written by Mr. Boss, and the defendant had no personal knowledge of it until the next day after its publication. Boss had been employed in the same capacity from August, 1873, and both Dee and Boss retained their respective positions after the publication in question. It does not appear what length of time the other city reporters had been in defendant’s employ, either before or after this publication.
The prior publications referred to were six in number ; with their corrections, twelve. Taking them in their order of publication, the first was a special dispatch from Marshall that a certain person, giving his name, was convicted of larceny and sentenced to four years in Jackson. On July 7th this was corrected in an article stating that a young man was convicted and sentenced for having stolen goods from the person named in the previous article as having been convicted. The second was on July 8th stating that a Chinaman had left the city tak ing away his customers’ goods. This on the following day was denied and corrected. The third was on September 3, and stated that a superintendent of schools, giving his name, of an adjoining township, had been arrested for an assault on his mother-in-law, and on the 17th this was corrected by stating that the assault charged was on his brother-in-law. The fourth article was entitled “ How a Sneak Made Lovewas published October 20th and corrected on the 25th. The fifth was published October 13th, stating that a certain party, by name, had been arrested, and on the 16th this also was corrected. The sixth was a similar mistake as to the arrest of another person, published Nov. 20th, and corrected two days thereafter.
It did not appear in any way who had gleaned or furnished the information or written the articles above mentioned, or any or either of them. Nor did it appear that when the incorrect articles were first published the city editor, Dee, had any knowledge or information as to the correctness of the same. The correction of the first article admits that the editor having such matter in charge was cognizant of the affair, and had it not been for the hurry of getting the paper to press, would have been likely to have detected the error, but this item did not belong to the city editor’s department.
The question raised, relating as it does only to the liability of the defendant to respond in exemplary damages, what is here said will be understood as not being ex-_ tended beyond that question, and will in no way affect the defendant’s liability to respond for estimated damages to the credit and reputation of the plaintiff, or for special damages, or for damages on account of injured feelings. Within certain limits, all such damages plaintiff would be entitled to recover, whether defendant was guilty of negligence or not. Detroit Post Co. v. McArthur, 16 Mich., 454.
It is not claimed in this case that any express malice was shown, or that the defendant had any actual knowl edge of the publication of the article in question until the day following its publication, or that he was chargeable with negligence in employing either Dee, Eoss or any of his reporters or correspondents, and the burden of proving any such carelessness or negligence would be on the plaintiff. Davis v. D. & M. R. R. Co., 20 Mich., 122.
The notice, if any, which is to bind the defendant, and the facts which show his negligence, if any, must all be found from the publication of the six articles referred to with their contradictions, defendant’s knowledge of these facts, and his afterwards retaining the authors or parties directly responsible therefor in his employ.
As already said it does not appear that Dee wrote, any one of these articles, or that he had, at the time they first passed into his hands and from thence into the paper, any knowledge whatever as to the untruthfulness of the facts therein set forth, or that there was any carelessness or negligence on his part in permitting their publication, so far as the truthfulness of the articles was concerned. For aught that appears, and certainly we cannot presume the contrary, he may have acted with the utmost caution and care, and permitted the publication of each of the erroneous articles in the firm belief that the facts stated therein were true. The fact that in each of those cases he afterwards ascertained that the facts as published were not correct, and that he published a correction of the same, would not tend to show carelessness on his part, but rather a desire to correct the mischief done. Had Dee himself written each of these articles, the case would be different. We must therefore seek further to ascertain from whence the negligence arises. There is no evidence tending to show that Eoss wrote any of these articles, or was in any way responsible for them. Who did write them then? We don’t know. The record is entirely silent upon the subject, and all the evidence upon this question is incorporated in the bill of exceptions. For aught that appears in the case, in every instance, the author of each and every article may have been promptly discharged upon discovery of the error by Dee or the defendant. We cannot presume that they were- not, or that the defendant or his agent, Dee, retained them after discovering the facts. It does appear that other reporters were employed, but for what length of time they had been in defendant’s employ does not appear. The only fact we have then to fall back upon to show carelessness or negligence in the character of employees retained, after knowledge of their unfitness, is the retention of Dee and Ross after the publication in dispute, if that fact could be considered for such purpose. It is not shown that either Ross or Dee in this ' case acted maliciously or wantonly, and it may be very questionable, therefore, whether a single act on their part would tend to prove them unfit for their respective positions. The defendant “is only charged with the duty of employing those who have acquired a good character in respect to the qualifications called for by the particular service, and no one would say that a good character acquired by long service, was destroyed or seriously impaired by a single involuntary and unintentional fault.” Baulec v. New York & H. R. R. Co., 17 Am., 330; Murphy v. Pollock, 15 Irish C. L., 244. We can come to no other conclusion in this case than that there was a total lack of evidence upon this theory and branch of the case. Had the evidence tended fairly to show that “defendant had been guilty of retaining employees who ought not to have been retained, knowing their character,” we might not, in the light of previous decisions of this court, have examined into the weight or sufficiency of the same, but where there is a total want of evidence upon any essential point, the jury should be so charged distinctly. There is, however, another theory referred to hereafter, upon which some of these articles would have been admissible.
V. That the court erred in its various rulings upon the subject of damages.
The question of damages has been so frequently and fully discussed in this State that it does not seem necessary to refer to the decisions in other States, at least so far as the present case is concerned, which involves only the question of the allowance of exemplary damages.
I think the following rules may be laid down as the result of the decisions in this State upon this subject:
1. In any injury entitling the party to redress, damages to the person, property and reputation, together with such special damage as may be shown are recoverable.
2. Where the act dope is one which from its very nature must be expected to result in mischief, or where there is malice, or willful or wanton misconduct, carelessness or negligence so great as to indicate a reckless disregard of the rights or safety of others, a new element of damages is allowed, viz.: for injury to the feelings of the plaintiff.
3. Damages for injuries to feelings are only allowed in those torts which consist of some voluntary act or very gross neglect, and depend in amount very much upon the degree of fault evinced by all the circumstances.
4. Where the tort consists of some voluntary act,, but no element of malice, carelessness or gross negligence, is shown to have existed, but that the wrong was done in spite of proper precaution, the damages to be awarded on account of injured feelings, will be reduced to such sum as must inevitably have resulted from the wrong itself.
5. Where, however, the elements exist in a case, entitling a party to recover damages for injured feelings, the amount to. be allowed for shame, mental anxiety, insulted honor, and suffering and indignation consequent on the wrong, may be increased or aggravated by. the vindictive feelings, or the degree of malice, recklessness, gross carelessness or negligence of the defendant, as the injury is much more serious where these elements, or either of them, are shown to have existed.
6. This increase of damages dependent upon the conduct of the defendant must be considered in this State as actual damages, although usually spoken of as exemplary, vindictive or punitory, and the amount thereof to be recovered, where recoverable at all, as they are incapable of ascertainment by any other known rule, must rest in the fair and deliberate judgment and discretion of the jury acting upon their own sense of justice in view of all the circumstances, both mitigating and aggravating, appearing in the ease, and which can fairly be said to give color to or characterize the act, aided, however, by such instructions from the court as will tend to prevent the allowance of damages merely fanciful, or so remote as not fairly resulting from the injury.
7. So far as these damages are concerned, the fact that an indictment may or may not be pending or threatened for the same wrong is wholly immaterial, as they are allowed by way of remuneration for the injury sustained. If their allowance also operates by way of punishment, this is an indirect result equally applicable to damages allowed for injuries to person or property.
8. In cases of libel the publication is always consid- ■ ered a voluntary act, and is presumed to have proceeded from malicious motives. The actual motive may, however, be shown, either in aggravation or reduction of the damages to the feelings of the person injured. In other words, the spirit and intention of the defendant in publishing the libel may be considered by the jury in estimating the injuries done to the plaintiffs feelings.
9. Want of proper precaution in the employment of agents or assistants, or of proper care in the conduct of the paper, or the retention of improper employees after ascertaining their incompetency, carelessness or negligence, may be shown to increase the damages to wounded feelings; but express malice in the employees would not be admissible for such purpose where the act was done without the knowledge or consent of the defendant, where proper care had ben exercised in their employment and retention. Detroit Daily Post Company v. McArthur, 16 Mich., 447; Welch v. Ware, 32 Mich., 77, and authorities cited on p. 86; Elliott v. Van Buren, 33 Mich., 66; Livingston v. Burroughs, 33 Mich., 511; Friend v. Dunks, 37 Mich., 25.
The court charged the jury, and very properly, that there was no proof of actual malice, and while the entire charge shows a very evident desire to follow closely the decision in Detroit Daily Post Company v. McArthur, yet, in some instances the court either misunderstood the effect of the decision in that case or did not make the proper distinction. When the court undertook to pass upon the special requests to charge of counsel, we think error was committed in giving some and in refusing others.
If all had been refused on both sides, at all events so far as the charge, which was very full, covered the same points, and which, I think, would be the better practice, I am not prepared to say that the same questions would have arisen in the case. In giving plaintiff’s requests the court, charged upon the question of damages, that the defendant was liable for all damages to the plaintiff in his credit and reputation, also all such damages for wounds to his pride and manly feeling as must unavoidably be inferred from such a publication by a paper issued in the city, having a daily circulation of 16,000, — thus following the case above referred to. In the next request as given the court charged “That in addition to the actual damages already mentioned, if the jury shall find that the defendant, as proprietor and managing editor, neglected reasonable and just care to prevent the publication of libelous matter, was reckless in this respect, and that the publication in question was made under those circumstances, it is competent for the jury to increase the actual damages suffered by the plaintiff, and give such additional damages as will in their judgment be proper on account of such careless and reckless conduct.”
This was erroneous, in that it allowed the jury, in case they found certain facts, to give a. new class of damages, rather than that they might increase for these reasons one of the classes, injury to feelings, mentioned in the sixth request. It may be the result would have been the same, even had the court correctly instructed the jury upon this point, but we do not know that it would. '
We have already said that in our opinion there was not sufficient evidence of a want of care in the previous publication of the paper, as .would warrant the submission of this question to the jury, it being conceded practically, and so charged, that there was no express malice. What we have already said in discussing the fourth above objection in connection with the rules as to damages which we have endeavored to lay down, renders any further discussion of this question unnecessary, nor will it be necessary to refer to other portions of the charge and refusals upon the same branch in conflict with what we have said.
Complaint is made of the refusal of the court to instruct the jury that they might take certain facts into consideration, among others, the hurry incident to' the issuing of a newspaper, and the time in connection therewith at which the article in question was received.
It is very difficult to say, as matter of law, just what weight should be given by the jury to such facts and circumstances. That they are admissible and should be considered by the jury, not as an excuse or justification, but as circumstances characterizing the act we have no. doubt. An article, may be brought in just as the paper is going to press, and inserted. If libelous, the proprietor would be liable, yet the time the information or article was received and the opportunities afforded for examining the truth or falsity of the statements therein contained before the paper would go to press should be considered in fixing the amount of damages to be recovered. We can but determine and announce what is the general rule upon this subject, and not one that might be applicable to this newspaper and no other. We must recognize some well-known facts applicable perhaps to the publication of every important daily newspaper — that there will at times be more haste exercised, in the preparation of articles, in order that they may appear in the edition then going to press, will be. disputed by none. There is a laudable desire on the part of publishers to give their readers the very latest and most reliable news, and for this purpose the press will be stopped that an important item just received may be inserted. It necessarily follows that on such occasions the same careful scrutiny cannot be exercised that would at others, and thus the most watchful be deceived.
If a sufficient force of competent persons have been employed to gather the news, prepare and supervise the articles before publication, even although a large number of items may appear in each edition, the danger of errors creeping in at any time will be very much lessened. If an adequate force has not been employed, or if due care has not been exercised in their employment or retention, the danger will be much greater, but these facts should all be taken into consideration in ascertaining and determining whether due and proper care has or has not been exercised.
The question of negligence must depend upon the circumstances peculiar to each particular case. It consists largely in a want of proper care, taking into consideration all the surrounding circumstances, and applying thereto general rules applicable to that class of business as ordinarily carried on, and what might under the circumstances in a given case, tend to show negligence, under other and different circumstances might, have no such tendency.
If a person were about to publish an article he knew would be libelous, undue haste on his part to throw it before the public might well be considered as an aggravation of the offense, while, if he were acting in good faith, with pure motives and with an earnest desire to-give the public what he considered an important item of news, haste in so doing would be praiseworthy; and should such an article afterwards appear to be untrue and libelous, his motive in publishing it, and the time he had for investigation or deliberation might well be considered in mitigation of such damages as gross negligence might be shown to increase.
In what has been here' said we think there is nothing that can in any way be construed as even tending to give encouragement to undue haste or want of care in the preparation and supervision of articles intended for the press. .The size and importance of the paper, the large number of items inserted therein, and the dispatch consequent thereon, call for a larger force and greater watchfulness than would be deemed necessary in an obscure or insignificant publication, containing but few items and with a limited circulation. Nor do we think the general rules we have endeavored to lay down, applicable to newspapers of character and eredit, can be used to encourage or protect the publication of another class, pernicious in-the character and tendency of the articles frequently inserted therein, whose publishers hesitate not. to attack private character, and with which neither social decency nor honor is held in the least regard, who delight in pandering to a vitiated and depraved taste, by the publication of indecent matter unfitted for the public eye. The law endeavors to protect private character from detraction and abuse, and when private character is dragged before the public for such a purpose, not as a subject in the discussion of which the public may reasonably be supposed to have an interest, but to pander to a depraved appetite for scandal, such publications soon give character to the paper. The publication of such articles, whether the facts stated therein are true or not, are improper and unjustifiable, and show recklessness and a want of due care on the part of the publishers of the paper.
Such articles are usually published from impure and sordid motives, and when permitted or countenanced by those in authority, the employees are thereby encouraged and sanctioned in continuing such a reprehensible course. An employee engaged by the publishers of a reputable journal, would with diffidence publish scandalous matter therein, and if reprimanded for so doing, would not be likely to repeat the offense, while one employed in seeking for and publishing news in one of less character, when once sanctioned by his employer in the publication of such matter, would thereafter be much more likely to seek for and publish all such, with avidity. Under such dissimilar circumstances it would be folly to expect in each case thereafter the same care and prudence in the selection of articles for publication.
When, therefore, in a case like the present, it becomes important to consider what degree of care and prudence has been exercised by the proprietor of a newspaper in the publication thereof, we can see no good reason why the character which the paper has earned may not be shown, irrespective of the truth or falsity of the articles, by the introduction of the paper containing them to aid the jury in determining the question.
And while even where the very best of care is exercised libelous matter may sometimes creep into newspapers of character, and for which the publishers will be liable to respond in damages, yet they will be protected from such damages as a jury would be sure to inflict' upon those who are reckless and indifferent as to the rights and feelings of others, who hesitate not to publish scandalous matter, the publication of which can accomplish no good or useful11 public purpose. There doubtless may be a publication of many things harmless in themselves which in no way interest the public, and of which no one would complain. We have not intended to say anything against the publication of such articles.
For the errors stated the judgment must be reversed, and a new trial ordered.
The other Justices concurred. | [
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Marston, J.
An action was brought to recover upon the following instrument:
“James F._ Joy having proposed to construct a railroad from Ionia to Stanton in consideration of the right of way and three thousand dollars per mile of local subscription, to be secured by endorsed paper payable within one year from the laying down of the track, we, the undersigned, hereby agree in consideration thereof to give our note to said Ionia & Stanton Railroad Company, endorsed by good endorser or endorsers, payable as aforesaid, for the amount set opposite our respective names hereto subscribed.
[Signed] W. A. STARNES, $2000.”
(And by 72 others.)
Ionia, June 14, 1872.
Plaintiff among other things offered to prove what Mr. Joy’s proposition was in- reference to building said road, which proposition had been made before the execution of said instrument. Plaintiff also offered to show that owing to the high lands adjoining the city of Ionia on the north, and the great expense of constructing a railroad through and over the same, it was not contemplated by the parties at the time this paper was signed that the road would be constructed to the corporate limits of said city, but that the line of another railroad which had previously been constructed and was then being operated should be used, for some three or four miles and then branch off to Stanton.
This evidence was finally rejected by the court and a verdict and judgment was rendered for the defendant.
We are of opinion that this evidence should have been admitted. The instrument sued upon was dated June 14th, 1872, and at that time no company had been organized to build this road. If there had been the articles of association might have definitely fixed the line of the road and concluded the parties. In the absence of such the defendant must have signed this instrument in view of the propositions made in reference to the construction of this road. This comes clearly within the decision in Phelps v. Whitaker, 37 Mich., 77, and Detroit v. Robinson, ante, p. 108.
There is still another ground upon which the evidence would have been admissible. The instrument recited the proposal to construct a railroad from Ionia to Stanton, and the agreement was to give “our notes to said Ionia & Stanton Bailroad Company.” No such company being in existence at that time the the promise necessarily was to give the notes to said company when thereafter organized, and there were no restrictions which could in any way prevent the company from adopting just such a line of road as its officers and managers should deem proper, provided it ran from Ionia to Stanton.
Proof of the surrounding circumstances should also have been admitted. An agreement to build a railroad from A to D, ordinarily would leave a choice of routes open, and parties may subscribe in view of the adoption of some particular route, on account of the supposed benefits they would derive therefrom, where if another and essentially different route was adopted, they would not be willing to give anything. Mich. Midland & Canada R. R. Co. v. Bacon, 33 Mich., 466. The location of a large body of water or any other practically insurmountable obstacle or obstruction in the way-of a proposed line may well be shown as a reason why the contemplated road was not intended to start at a particular point and run in a particular direction. Nor can we see any legal objection to a company availing itself of the track of another company for a portion of the distance where by so doing the material points aimed at may the more easily be reached.
We are also of opinion that there was evidence in this case sufficient from which the court or jury might have found that the plaintiff had a right to bring and maintain this action. There was evidence introduced tending to show the consolidation of these companies in December, 1872, and it was admitted that such consolidated corporation had been doing business under the new name since the date of such consolidation. The court may well presume under such circumstances, in the absence of any showing to the contrary, that there had been an election of a board of directors of the new organization, which under the statute would transfer to and vest in the new corporation the subscription in question. Comp. L., §§ 2447.
The judgment must be reversed with costs and a new trial ordered.
The other Justices concurred. | [
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Cooley, J.
The plaintiff in error was convicted of keeping a house of prostitution. The errors assigned which require attention arise upon the rulings on challenges to jurors. The offense was alleged to have been committed between the fifteenth and seventeenth days of October, 1877. Six of the persons who were summoned as jurors on being challenged stated under oath that they had formed an opinion from what they had ■heard, or from reputation, that the house kept by the defendant was a house of prostitution, and some of them stated that their opinions or impressions were of that character that it would require evidence to remove them. In each instance when the defense had gone through with its examination of the juror, the judge took him in hand, and the following is his examination of the first:
. Question.- Will you state whether the information you have received or the impression you have formed in regard to the house there is of such a positive character that.it would be impossible for you to sit here and hear the testimony and decide impartially between the people of this State and the prisoner at the bar, as to whether she was • guilty of the crime charged' within the date mentioned in this information? Answer. I think not sir. Question. You think you could sit ? Answer. Yes sir.
The court thereupon overruled the challenge, and on the defendant’s counsel proposing to ask the juror another question, the judge interposed and said: “You have got done examining and submitted the challenge, and the court has overruled it.” To which the counsel for defendant responded: “Have we not the privilege of asking some other questions ?” The court replied: “ You have challenged for principal cause, and when once you have gone over the, witness and asked what questions you propose to ask, and submitted the questions' to-the court, and the court has decided it, that is the end of that juror. Take your exception, and go on with your challenges, if you have any more.” Counsel for the defendant then inquired: “Do I understand the court to hold that we cannot ask any further questions ?” The judge replied: “After you have once submitted the question, and the court has overruled it, and I refuse to-allow any further questions to that juror, go on with your challenges.” Similar proceedings took place on the examination of each of- the other jurors; the judge in every instance declining to permit the counsel for the-defendant to put .any questions after the judge himself had taken the juror in hand-and declared himself satisfied. It does not appear from the record that the prosecuting attorney put to the jurors any questions whatever,. but in every instance the judge took upon himself the burden of the investigation.
We shall not question the right of the judge to pursue the examination of the juror personally, instead of leaving it, as is customary, to the prosecuting officer; but he is mistaken in supposing that the defense could have any less liberty in re-examination than if he had allowed the ease to proceed in the usual way. He was mistaken, also, in assuming that the defense had submitted the challenge. The defense had indeed rested on their examination; but they had not rested the case as it stood when the judge concluded, and it was just as much their privilege to- meet, by further inquiries, what had been drawn out by him as it would have been had the same replies been drawn out by the prosecuting officer. If the judge on the trial of the main issue were to take upon himself the cross-examination of defendant’s witnesses, he might with the same reason deny the right of re-examination in that case as in this.
But the judge was equally in the wrong in overruling the challenge on the showing as it stood. His decision we understand to have been planted on the act of April 18, 1878, which is copied in the margin. It will be noticed that that act undertakes to declare what shall not constitute ground of challenge for principal cause; but it does not say that the same or any other facts shall not be ground of challenge to the favor. The act appears to have been taken from that of New York of the previous year (Laws of 1872, ch. 475), and in adopting it in this State the Legislature perhaps overlooked the fact that in this State the distinction between challenges for principal cause and to the favor had been practically abolished. Holt v. People, 13 Mich., 224. In New York it has been decided under this statute that though the opinions or impressions of the juror no longer constitute cause for principal challenge under circumstances specified therein, yet that they may still constitute ground of challenge to the favor. Thomas v. People, 67 N. Y., 218. And the challenge made in this case should have been regarded by the court as covering the whole ground of a challenge for principal cause and also of a challenge for favor; and it was not sufficient for the court to find that as a challenge for principal cause it was not sustained, but he should further have found whether or not the juror was indifferent.
The Constitution of this State provides that “ In every criminal prosecution, the accused shall have the right to a speedy and public trial by an impartial jury.” Art. 6, § 28. Of course no legislation can take this right away. In Holt v. People, 13 Mich., 224, decided long before the act of 1873 was passed, it was decided by this court that the law did not require that a juror should be entirely unimpressed with any views as to the guilt or innocence of the person on trial, but only that he should not have an opinion of such a fixed and definite character as to leave a bias on his mind which would preclude his giving due weight to the presumption of innocence. In that decision we followed what we believed to be the settled law of the country, citing in support of it, among others, the opinion of Chief Justice Marshall in Burr’s Case. 'It was believed that the decisions in New York which had led to the legislation on the subject in that State, followed in that now under consideration, were departures from the common law rule, and that. they required a state of mind in jurors which often, and especially in ease of crimes likely to attract much public attention, is unattainable among an intelligent and reading people. And we may add to the authorities then cited, as supporting the same views, Scranton v. Stewart, 52 Ind., 68; Curley v. Commonwealth, 84 Penn. St., 151; Robinson v. Randall, 82 Ill., 521. The rule laid down in that case was one sufficiently liberal to protect the public, and at the same time it is not unjust to. the accused. It is more reasonable to suppose that the act of 1878 was intended to be in affirmance of this rule, and to put it beyond being modified and overruled, than that it was meant to take from the accused the most important security of fan trial.
The question on this record is, whether that jury can be an impartial one whose members are already so impressed with the. guilt of the accused that evidence would be required to overcome such impressions. It seems to us that this question needs only to be stated:' it calls for no discussion. This woman instead of entering upon her trial supported by a presumption- of innocence, was in the minds of the jury when they were impaneled condemned already; and by their own statements under oath it is manifest that this condemnation would stand against her until removed by evidence. Under such circumstances it is idle to inquire of jurors whether or not they can return just and impartial verdicts; the more clear and positive were their previous impressions of guilt the more certain may they be that they can act impartially in condemning the guilty party. They go into the jury box in a state of mind that is well calculated to give a color of • guilt to all the evidence ; and if the accused escapes conviction, it will not be because the evidence has established guilt beyond á reasonable doubt, but because an accused party, condemned in advance, and called upon to exculpate himself before a prejudiced tribunal, has succeeded in doing so.
■It is clear to our minds that this woman has not had an impartial jury trial, and the judgment must be reversed, and the cause remanded.
The other Justices concurred.
ACT in relation to challenges of jurors in criminal cases.
Section 1. The People of the Stale of Michigan enact, That the previous formation or expression of opinion or impression, not positive in its character, in reference to the circumstances upon which any criminal prosecution is based, or in reference to the guilt or innocence of the prisoner, or a present opinion or impression in reference thereto, such opinion or impression not being positive in its character, or not being based on personal knowledge of the facts in the case, shall not be a sufficient ground of challenge for principal cause, to any person who is otherwise legally qualified to serve as a-juror upon the trial of such action: Provided, The person proposed as a juror, who may have formed or expressed, or has such opinion or impression as aforesaid, shall declare on oath, that he ■verily believes that he can render an impartial vordiot according to the evidence submitted to the jury on such trial: Provided further, The court shall be satisfied that the person so proposed as a juror does not entertain such a present opinion as would influence his verdict as a juror. Act 117 of 1873, Vol. 1, p. 162. | [
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Graves, J.
On the 14th of February, 1874, Wisner made his promissory note to H. R. Lovell or bearer for $25, payable six months after date, and after it became due Lovell transferred it.
When the note was given Mr. Lovell was prosecuting attorney for the county and a prosecution was pending against Wisner for an alleged rape against one Sarah Cole, whose husband was then confined in the State’s prison. The prosecution against Wisner was discontinued in May, 1874.
In 1876 defendants in error sued Wisner upon the note before a justice. They obtained judgment and he appealed, and the case being tried before a jury in the circuit court, they again recovered. There was evidence that the note was given to satisfy Mrs. Cole for personal injuries Wisner had done her, and there was also evidence tending to show that the note and twenty-five dollars in money were given by Wisner to Lovell upon agreement that the criminal prosecution should be discontinued and Lovell should endeavor to get Mrs. Cole’s husband discharged from State’s prison, and there was other evidence which tended to show that besides the note and twenty-five dollars given to Mr. Lovell, it was agreed between Wisner and Mrs. Cole that he would give her a certain house and lot as additional consideration for the discontinuance of the criminal prosecution.
The court charged the jury, among other matters, that if they should find from the evidence that the note, was given to the prosecuting attorney to induce him to> discontinue the case mentioned, it would then be incumbent upon them to return a verdict for Wisner. But he,» refused to instruct as requested that if they believed the note was given by Wisner as consideration in part for his discharge from the criminal prosecution, it would be their duty to find a verdict in his favor.
This refusal was error. The charge actually given was capable of being understood by the jury as excluding the right to a verdict on the part of Wisner unless ;they should find that the note was given as the exclusive consideration for the suppression of the criminal charge. This was certainly calculated to mislead. If the note was actually given as consideration in part only for the purpose mentioned, it was just as fatal to the validity of the note as if it had formed the entire consideration for the unlawful end, and as we have seen, there was evidence in the ease which tended to show that such was the nature of the transaction.
Exception is taken to some remarks of the judge touching the respect and credence due the prosecuting attorney, who was, as before indicated, one of the main witnesses in the case. The court is inclined to think that however worthy of regard that gentleman may be, the remarks of the judge in this case as matter of instruction to the jury were not quite appropriate and had a tendency to create impressions which a charge ought to avoid.
The judgment is reversed, with costs, and a new trial ordered.
The other Justices concurred.
The following are the remarles ezeepted to:
“The jury have a right to believe, if they And so from the evidence, that a respectable public officer, one whom you have elevated' to a high position, one of the highest positions in the county, would sell himself for fifty dollars and make himself liable to a criminal prosecution, and to be removed from office, and to be deprived from practicing in this court. You have a right to believe he would do it, but of course you would require some evidence before you believe that a respectable public officer would be guilty of that crime.” | [
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Per Curiam.
In this case we are inclined as a matter of discretion to deny the writ of mandamus which is prayed. In doing so we express no opinion of the propriety of the court below proceeding to set aside the sale on motion, and award no costs. | [
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Campbell, J.
In this case Ellison declared upon an alleged joint note for $500, made by the three defendants below, the defendants Enright and Spencer signing as partners, dated October 10, 1872, and payable to plaintiff or order in one year, with interest at ten per cent. The declaration also contained the common counts with a copy of a note, in which it appeared that Freeman’s name was signed on the back, and the other parties appeared to be makers on the face.
The plea by Freeman iras the general issue without affi davit, accompanied by a notice purporting, in brief, to rest on the defense that the note was made and delivered by Enright and Spencer to Ellison as a complete obligation, and that Freeman endorsed it without any consideration at Ellison’s request, and that no steps were taken to notify him of non-payment.
Enright-and Spencer suffered judgment to go by default.
Upon the trial, after introduction of the paper, defendant was excluded from showing that the endorsement was made after the original note had become operative, and it was further held that proof of want of consideration would not avail him.
The rule requiring an affidavit to support a plea declares that without it “the plaintiff shall not be put to the proof of the execution of the instrument or the handwriting of the defendant.” Eule 79. It is now claimed for plaintiff below that this precludes any inquiry into the date of delivery or the circumstances of the signing as bearing on any defenses dependent on time in any way.
There is no authority that we know of for any such construction of the rule. Undoubtedly when a plaintiff produces in court an instrument corresponding to the one set forth he is exempted from proving its execution. But the actual time of delivery may involve questions which it would be absurd to hold foreclosed by any such assumption. If a note is dated back in order to include usurious interest, and that defense is set up, it would hardly be regarded as bearing on the question of execution. Execution can only refer to the actual making and delivery, but it cannot involve other matters without enlarging its meaning beyond reason. The only object of the rule was to enable a plaintiff to make out a prima facie, not a conclusive case, and it cannot preclude a defendant from introducing any defense on the merits which does not contradict the execution of the instrument introduced in evidence.
It has never been denied that an inquiry may always be made into the consideration of the note, or into the relative positions of the parties as principals and sureties. It has never been denied that a surety inay have a complete defense to a note 'which he has executed with others. And we can perceive no reason why, in any case where the consideration can be entered into at all, it cannot be examined into on behalf of one defendant as well as all. It certainly is competent to give evidence exonerating one partner on partnership paper given mala fide, which may bind his co-partner. In Tinker v. McCauley, 3 Mich., 188, the opinion of this court is given that the nature and effect of contemporaneous and subsequent guaranties as contracts is not different, and that the only distinction is as to what consideration will support them. The promise is the same in both, and there is usually no written date except that of the note itself to determine the time of either.
If the admission that a party executed a paper exhibited goes further than to admit that he signed and delivered the paper as it appears, it goes beyond what the plaintiff would be called on to prove in a prima facie case, and in bar of a defense which might be specially pleaded.
There is another matter which should not be overlooked. This note was introduced when the declaration - with the common counts presented this note appended with all the signatures upon it, and when it was offered it was offered generally and not under the special count. Had there been no,special count it cannot be pretended that the note itself indicated of necessity any contemporaneous joint liability. The existence of that would depend entirely upon the date of the endorsement. It has never been held by this court that there is any joint liability on a subsequent endorsement, and the decisions have so far based this not on a presumption, but on independent proof of contemporaneous execution. Wetherwax v. Paine, 2 Mich., 555; Rothschild v. Grix, 31 Mich., 150. The special count does not describe the note by its form, but only by its legal effect. The production without objection of this note, which was admissible under the common counts, whether endorsed contemporaneously or not, cannot be regarded as precluding objections to its accordance with^ the special count, and it cannot be claimed that on its face it is any more consistent with a contemporaneous than with a subsequent execution by Freeman. In this point of view evidence of the time of delivery and of the want of consideration merely disposes of an ambiguity as to whether the original consideration would support the liability; and, whether the presumption on the face of the instrument is in’ favor of plaintiff or defendant, it cannot be conclusive against either. Plaintiff could get no advantage by subsequently withdrawing his claim under the common counts.
As the defendant assumed the burden of proof, the question in regard to presumptions of date on the- face of the paper become unimportant. But we think his evidence should have been received.
We take occasion to repeat what we have said before, that there is no reason whatever why a circuit court should not allow an affidavit to be filed at any stage of the cause, and that such leave ought not to be refused where it will work manifest injustice to decline it.
Judgment must be reversed and a new trial granted.
Cooley, C. J. and Graves, J., concurred.
Marston, J., did not sit in this case. | [
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Cooley, C. J.
The defendant in error brought suit against the plaintiffs in error for false imprisonment. It appeared, and was not disputed, that they arrested her at her home in the city of Detroit without any warrant, and took her to the police station, from which after a short detention she was discharged. The defense was that the arresting parties were members of the Metropolitan police force, and that they arrested the plaintiff on information and reasonable belief that a felony had been committed of which she was guilty. The plaintiff had judgment in the court below.
The first error complained of is that plaintiff’s family physician was permitted to testify as an expert concerning matters the facts and circumstances of which were not known to him. It seems that the plaintiff was under the physician’s care for a condition of debility and nervous prostration before the arrest, and that he saw her and continued to prescribe for her immediately after she informed him of the arrest. He testified that immediately after the arrest she was taken worse and kept her bed for some time. The following question was then allowed to be put under objection : “ Can you explain how far her increase of indisposition after the 28th was referable to this arrest, supposing it to have taken place?” The answer was: “She was recovering previous to that time, and she used to come and see me at my office, and I found her a great deal worse. She had relapsed; her nervous system was affected a great deal more, and I think it required about three weeks’ treatment to improve her health to the condition it had been previous.to that time.”
The objection to the question was that it called for the opinion of the witness concerning the effect of the arrest, when it did not appear that he had information from the plaintiff or from any one what the circumstances attending the arrest were. It is a sufficient reply to the objection to say that the witness expressed an opinion upon nothing except the facts falling within his own observation. The answer was much less broad than the question, and was limited to the condition of the patient as observed by himself before and after the time when she was said to have been arrested. No opinion whatever was expressed upon a hypothetical case; so that if the question was objectionable —which we do not decide — the answer avoided the objection.
When one of the defendants was on the stand as q witness on his . own behalf, a paragraph from a newspaper referring to the affair was produced, and on .cross-examination he was asked several questions, the puiqoose of which appeared to be to ascertain whether he furnished to the reporter the information from which the paragraph was made up. The answers to the several questions were, either that he did not, or that he had no recollection on the subject. It is complained that by means of these questions the plaintiff was enabled to put before the jury a newspaper article not in proof, by incorporating in the questions the successive items of which the article was composed. We are inclined to think the latitude of inquiry permitted in these questions was somewhat unusual, but as the article itself is not given in the record, it would be presumptuous to express any definite opinion on that point. The supposition always is that discretion has been fairly exercised; and when one complains that he is prejudiced by a mere question, all the probabilities are so manifestly and decidedly against him, that he is called upon to make his showing in the clearest and most satisfactory manner. ,In this case tlie record makes no showing not consistent with a fair and legitimate purpose to ascertain whether the defendant had furnished certain information to a newspaper, from which an article relating to the transaction had been made up; if there was an unfair attempt which the court failed to check, the fact is not sufficiently made apparent.
When the defendant Mullen was on the stand as a witness, he 'was asked on cross-examination this question: “Please look at rule number eleven. Did you go and look at the books Sunday morning?” This was objected to, but allowed, and the answer was that he went to the station -but did not know as he looked at the books. We have no ■further explanation of this matter, and do not know what rule was referred to, or what books. Obviously we cannot ■assume that any person was injured by the question or by the answer.
The supposed felony of which the plaintiff appears to have been suspected was a felonious assault upon, and perhaps murder of one Jenny Wilson at the plaintiff ’s house. After the defense had introduced their testimony, plaintiff .was allowed to give evidence of what had taken place at her house at the time Jenny Wilson was supposed to have been maltreated there. . This was objected to as not rebutting ; and the ruling admitting it is now relied upon as error. But we have frequently decided that we would not attempt to control the discretion of the trial court in admitting competent evidence for the plaintiff after the defendant had rested, even though it was not properly rebutting. Detroit etc. R. R. Co. v. Van Steinburg, 17 Mich., 99; Danielson v. Dyckman, 26 Mich., 169, 170. It was not objected that the evidence in question would have been inadmissible as a part of the plaintiff’s case.
The ruling chiefly relied upon as error appears to be that the court held as matter of law the defendants were not justified in making the arrest. This renders it necessary to look into the facts upon which they relied for their justification; and they appear to have been these: that one John Seely told the defendant Somerville that a Mrs. Wilson who lived next to the plaintiff had told him a long story about the abuse of Jane Wilson by plaintiff, and about some colored men going to plaintiff’s house, and her belief that Jane Wilson was murdered there; that Somerville went to see plaintiff; “that she said all she knew about the matter was this: she heard some one rapping on the wall in the next room — Mrs. Wilson’s house — and she went in there, and one woman was lying on the floor and one- sitting on a chair or lounge, and she, Mrs. Wilson, brought Jenny Wilson into her part of the house, and then Jenny went away and was arrested for something, and then she came back with a colored man after á shawl; that the plaintiff then refused to go with Somerville on account of her health; that Somerville thought she was guilty from her actions, and did not believe it safe to give her an opportunity to escape, and that he insisted on taking her” to the station. .
What there was in plaintiff’s “actions” to lead the officer to believe she was guilty, unless it was her denial of all wrong, we are not informed, but as no other “actions” are mentioned, it is to be presumed that he refers to something in her appearance and manner when the charge was made against her. If those were sufficient grounds for an arrest, nobody would be safe; for the most innocent are often most confused when subjected to an atrocious charge. The substantial defense of the officers appears to have been this: that John Seely told them that Mrs. Wilson told him a horrible story; whereupon, without making any inquiry of Mrs. Wilson, who lived next door, they rushed the plaintiff off to a police station, believing her to be guilty, and fearful that she would escape. This story, so far from establishing a justification, only makes more clear than the plaintiff’s evidence did, that the arrest was wholly inexcusable.
The judgment must be affirmed with costs.
The other Justices concurred. | [
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Campbell, J.
Judgment in trespass was rendered against,the city of Detroit for removing the track of the defendants in error, on their refusal to do so when a portion of Jefferson Avenue was ordered to be repaved. The questions presented are whether certain parts' of the tracks laid in 1869, under an agreement or ordinance of 1862 exempting defendants from expense of materials in repaving the avenue, and allowing them to maintain one of their tracks in the centre of the street and another to the north of it, are by subsequent transactions required on repaving to be placed equi-distant from the centre; and whether, by the same transactions, the expense of material for repaving the tracks, before borne by the city, is laid on the company.
The controversy arose in consequence of the repaving of Jefferson Avenue in 1876 from Shelby to Second street, where the company had laid a double track in 1869. They demanded that the city should furnish paving material. The city refused, and directed them to lay their tracks in the middle of the street, and on their neglect to do so, the city authorities removed them.
When the street railways were first contemplated, the city of Detroit, in 1862, passed an ordinance granting the defendant in error (or those to whose rights it has succeeded), exclusive rights in various streets, including Jefferson avenue, upon certain conditions and with certain privileges, the important branches of which were these: single tracks were to be laid in the centre, and double tracks parallel with and equi-distant from the centre of the streets; but where a single track was laid first and a second one afterwards, the latter might be laid on either side of the first. The privilege of building a second track might be exercised within five years after laying the first, by consent of the council. The company was to keep the tracks in good condition “provided, however, that upon the paved portions of said streets, the materials for repaving shall be supplied at the expense of the city.”
The line on Jefferson avenue was built in 1863-4, when it was paved with stone.
In 1869 the city ordered the avenue between Shelby and Cass streets (two blocks) to be paved with Nicholson pavement of wood, which was completed in September, 1869. While this was contemplated and progressing, the company applied to the council for leave to lay a double track on any portion of their line at pleasure. Instead of granting this privilege they were allowed to build a double track for between three and four blocks, from a point 50 feet west of Shelby street to 50 feet east of Second street, .on condition of removing a certain switch further down, and putting the street-paving in good condition without delay.
Under this permission they relaid the track between Shelby and Cass and for two blocks westward with a double track, the second track being laid north of the old single track, the location of which was not changed, and connected by switches which had previously existed there. The spaces were paved with wood, and this double track remained unchanged until removed as complained of.
In May, 1873, as the portion of Jefferson avenue eastward from Shelby to Chene street then paved with stone was to be repaved with wood, which was done during 1873-4, the company asked of the city “permission and authority to construct a double track in the middle of said city as the work of repaving progressed.”
Thereupon, in lieu of special permission, the council passed the ordinance out of which this dispute arises. It gave permission to construct a second and maintain a double track throughout the entire avenue, but subjected this j)er-mission to the following proviso:
“Provided, expressly, that if hereafter the pavement on said avenue shall be extended, or said avenue shall be ordered repaved, the said grantee or company shall, contemporaneously with such paving or repaving, at its own sole expense, excavate, grade, and pave or repave, all the portion of said avenue lying within the rails of each track, and between the tracks, and shall also keep their portion of the said track and two feet nine inches outside the outer rail of each track, in proper condition and repair, and the two inner rails shall be laid equi-distant from the centre of the street; said company shall thus pave or repave with the same material as shall be used for the paving or repaving of the balance of said avenue, or with material satisfactory to the common council, and the expense thereof shall include the cost of paving, repaving, grading, excavating, removing of earth, and all necessary work, and the whole shall be done in a manner satisfactory to the common council.”
At the same time the following resolution was passed:
“Resolved that the Detroit City Railway Company are hereby granted permission and authority for the purpose of repaving within and between its tracks, where stone pavement now exists on Jefferson avenue, to use sufficient of the stone on said avenue to effect such repaving, for the first time. When the said avenue shall be repaved with wood, said company to relay Medina stone cross-walks between their tracks where cross-walks now exist.”
Contemporaneously with the repavement of the avenue between Shelby and Chene streets the company laid a double track for that distance on either side of the middle of the avenue, using the stone between their tracks as authorized by said ordinance and resolution.
No written acceptance of the ordinance was ever made. Before the passage of that ordinance a portion of the avenue east of Chene street was paved with wood, and the railway- had been made with a single track and switches over the whole distance from Shelby street to the eastern limits of the city, and it so continues still east of Chene street.
In May, 1876, the council ordered the avenue between Shelby and Second streets to be repaved with wood. The company asked the city to furnish materials for repaving as before mentioned, which was refused, and on the neglect of the company to remove their tracks to the centre of the street, they were removed by the Board of Public Works.
The court below found that the course of the company in laying their double track from Shelby to Chene streets in the manner described, amounted to an acceptance of the ordinance of 1873, but that the acceptance was subject, as to the part below Shelby street, to the original arrangement of 1862.
As the right to build a double track had become lost entirely by lapse of time, the council had a right in granting new permission to do so on any conditions they saw fit to exact. The ordinance which they passed, was explicit, and the company, having no right to build a double track without it, must be regarded as having accepted it by acting on it.
They could, not accept it in part and reject it in part, without a new joermission of the council, which was not asked or given. The only real question, therefore, is whether the ordinance was local or general.
We think it will not bear a restricted construction without perverting its language. It authorizes a double track to be constructed and maintained throughout Jefferson avenue, and not - on any particular part of it. This alone would not necessarily interfere with a double track already built without the other provisions. But the condition applies not only to existing pavements but to pavements extended, and not then existing. The condition requiring the company to repave at their own expense applies expressly whenever the avenue is ordered to be repaved, and has no exception.
This ordinance is evidently designed to cover the whole ground uniformly, and to provide for both cases referred to in the original Ordinance of 1862. There was no occasion for re-enacting the clause fixing the location of double tracks, if the line below Shelby street was to remain unaffected, and if the single track above Chene street was to be left in the same way. The language would naturally have confined its operation between Shelby and Chene streets, if this had been designed. And it is to be observed that the conditions concerning the location of double tracks are not directed towards future tracks only, but to all tracks. The expense of paving, if no new ordinance had been passed, would have been thrown on the city above as well as below Shelby street; and the language of the new ordinance is not consistent with any limited application of the change. If limited, we have no means of knowing what the limits were designed to be. And there are no equitable reasons for preferring one part of the street to another, either for immunity from paving expenses, or for allowing different rules for the use of the road bed. All considerations of justice and equality would suggest the propriety of uniform regulations.
As these rules were only applicable when paving was to be made or renewed, there would be no special hardship in requiring tracks to be moved one way or the other at such a time; but this would make no difference in the interpretation inasmuch as the company could accept or reject the privileges to which the conditions were attached.
No reason has been suggested, and we cannot conceive of any, which would authorize us to give any unnatural meaning to these conditions. And we think the construction put on them by the city was the correct and natural one, and .such as would occur to any one from the reading alone.
The city authorities were therefore in our opinion justified in their action. The judgment below must be reversed and judgment entered for defendant below, the plaintiff in error, with costs of both courts.
Cooley, C. J., and Grates, J., concurred.
Marston, J., did not sit in this case. | [
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Marston, J.
The respondent, in the circuit court for 'the county of Calhoun, was, upon his own confession, duly •convicted of the crime of larceny from a dwelling house in the day time, and was sentenced to be committed to the Detroit House of Correction for the period of nine months. At the time of his conviction and sentence no contract had been entered into between the inspectors of the State prison -and the city of Detroit for the confinement and maintenance in the Detroit House of Correction, of persons convicted of •offenses punishable by imprisonment in the State Prison, as required by § 8155 of the Compiled Laws.
The Legislature, by the section referred to, has conferred ■upon the inspectors of the State Prison power to contract with the city of Detroit for the confinement and maintenance of a certain class of convicted persons in the Detroit House of Correction, and until the power is exercised by ■them and a contract entered into, there is no authority whatever for sentencing such convicts to be confined therein. It is discretionary with the inspectors whether they shall make such a contract or not, and the Legislature has not conferred the power upon any court to compel them to enter into such a contract, by sentencing convicts to be confined therein before such a contract has been made. . The compensation to be paid for such confinement and maintenance is not to exceed a certain sum per week, and the inspectors may contract and agree to pay any amount less than the sum so fixed. If courts can, before the contract is entered into and the price fixed, sentence parties to be confined therein, it is evident that the inspectors might not be able to make as advantageous an agreement as they otherwise might have done. Besides, in their opinion there might be no necessity for entering into such an agreement, and if left to their own judgment and discretion they would not, but because of the sentence they are compelled to enter into an agreement contrary to their best judgment, and one which otherwise they would not have entered into. Elliott v. The People, 13 Mich., 366. We are of opinion that the circuit court for the county of Calhoun had no authority to sentence the respondent to confinement in the Detroit House of Correction, and that the judgment must be reversed and the prisoner discharged.
In the above opinion we do not presume that a contract was not entered into. It was conceded upon the argument by the Attorney General that no such contract had been entered into and that the pleadings admitted this fact.
The other Justices concurred. | [
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Cooley, C. J.
Rich sued Smith in an action of trespass. The real controversy between them concerns the location of the quarter section post between sections twenty-sir and thirty-five in township eight north of range eight west: Smith owning land on section thirty-five and Rich land on section twenty-sir which would be separated by the line running from this quarter post to the corner of sections 26, 27, 34 and 35.
There seems to have been no controversy regarding the actual location of the section corners by the government surveyor, and Smith claimed that the quarter post between sections 26 and 35 was located on a straight line between the common corner post of these sections on the east and the corresponding post on the west. Rich, on the other hand, claimed that the government surveyor actually located the quarter post about seven rods south of the straight line between the corners, and thereby fixed and determined the actual boundaries.
The field notes of the government surveyor were put in evidence, and from these it appears that he first located the section corners, and then run a random line from the west corner post between the two sections, striking the east line one chain and thirty links south of the corner post, whereupon he retraced his steps and set the corner post on the true line. New indications appear to be now discoverable that the surveyor actually run out and marked the line between sections thirty-five and twenty-six, but the random line is still traceable, and it would seem plain from this and from the field notes that if the surveyor actually located the quarter post south of the random line instead of north of it as he evidently meant, and as duty required him to do, it was through some gross and very inexcusable blunder.
The most important evidence given on behalf of Rich consisted in three certificates of survey made by successive county surveyors, and which the jury on returning to their rooms were allowed to take with them. These certificates are given in the margin in full, omitting the diagrams. As they were relied upon and received as statutory evidence in the court below, it becomes very important to see whether there is any such compliance with the statute, in the particulars covered by them, as would justify their being received at all.
The statutory provisions bearing on the case are the following sections of the Compiled Laws:
Sec. 587. “The certificate of the-surveyor or his deputy, of any survey made by him of any lands in the county, shall be presumptive evidence of the facts therein contained, unless such surveyor or deputy shall be interested therein.”
Sec. 590. “Each county surveyor shall record in a suitable book, to be provided by him at the expense of the county, all surveys made by him and his deputies, except such as are made for a temporary purpose, and surveys of township highways and village plats. The record book shall be constituted so as to have the left page for diagrams, to be numbered progressively, and the right page for notes and remarks; and no diagram shall be constructed to scale less than one inch to twenty chains. The courses and distances of all lines run, and the number of acres contained in each piece of land surveyed, shall be entered on the .diagram of a .section, subdivided according to the survey thereof, and shall be considered a part of the record. The record shall show, in addition, the time when, the name of the person by whom, and the person for whom, each survey was made, a description of all witness trees marked on the survey, with their respective courses and distances, and the variation of the magnetic from the true meridian. He shall make an index to such record book, referring in some suitable manner to each survey.”
Although the section first recited does not point out the particulars to be embraced in the certificates which may be evidence under it, the clear intent, as we think, is that the certificate shall embrace every thing required in the record provided for in section 590: in other words, the record is only a record of the facts which appear with equal fulness in the certificate. The particulars are required as essential to give either the certificate or the record any real value, and to make them worthy of reliance for any purpose.
Looking at these certificates it is apparent at a glance that none of them complies with the statute, or was admissible under it. Neither of them appears to be a survey of any piece of land, but all of them, apparently, have for their object the location of the quarter post now in dispute. None of them shows for whom the survey was made, or the variation of the magnetic needle from the true meridian. Nicholson’s is utterly bare of any of the particulars required by the statute, except that upon the diagram attached to it the time when it was made is entered. As no such papers could have been evidence at the common law, we need not go beyond pointing out these particulars to show the error of the circuit court in receiving them.
This error will render necessary a new trial, and we shall not review all the rulings of the trial court, many of which were upon points in respect to which considerable latitude must be allowed to the discretion of the court. One other error, however, was too important to be overlooked. The defendant requested that the jury be instructed that if they should find that the line between sections twenty-six and thirty-five was actually run by the government surveyor, then, inasmuch as the plaintiff claims that it was not a direct line, the burden of proof is upon him to show the fact. This was refused. The instruction requested was in substance this: that a party who claimed that the surveyor had not performed his duty, or had-blundered in performing it, must take upon himself the burden of showing that fact. That is only reasonable, and is in accord with the general rule of presumptions.
The judgment must be reversed, with costs, and a new trial ordered.
Campbell and Graves, JJ., concurred.
Marston, J., did not sit in this case.
Certificates of survey by successive county surveyors.
A. W. Nicholson, Co. S.
N. B. The bearing to the north boundary of this section to the quarter-post are noted B. oak; the’re both white oak; one is standing all rite an’ agree with the original; but the timber the one is fell over and drawn out one side, the roots were plane, the s’ in the tree plane; so there is no mistake in establishing where the old stake stood. The mistake is undoubtedly; was done in correcting the wrong way; the post is in line bet. sections 35 and 26. A. W. N.
Thomas Cornell, County Surveyor, Ionia county, Mich.
Chain bearers, sworn, Albert North way, Emond Ingalls.
Flagman, sworn, Charles Brown.
Axman, sworn, Reuben Anderson.
In surveying the section line between sections 26 and 35, in T. 8 N., of R. 8 W., I commenced at the corner of sections 26, 27, 34 and 35, from said corners I ran due east 79 chains and 19 links, and came out south 2 chains and 19% links from the section corner of sections 25, 26, 35, and 36, true bearing from one corner to the other of the line between sections 26 and 35, is N. 87“ 21' E., and that line is north one chain and sixty-eight and % links from the quarter stake as set by the United States Surveyor who established it. One of the original bearings is now standing, green and growing. The other tree had died while standing, the roots rotted off, and the tree fallen, leaving a hole or hollow in the ground where it stood; the roots of the tree were pretty sound, and in or immediately above one of the roots a part of the original ax-mark was plain to be seen. I cleaned out the hole or hollow where the tree had stood, and found the holes where the roots had entered the ground, and I placed the stump or old roots over the holes in the ground, and the holes and the roots corresponded exactly in position and size, so that there is no question but that the fallen tree is one of the original bearing trees to the quarter stake in dispute; the size of the tree and kind of timber, white O. 12 inches in diameter, and the bearing and distance of the hole in the ground from the stone now set where the stake had stood, as well as the bearing, and distance, and size of tree and kind ot' timber, of the present remaining bearing tree is positive proof to my mind of the stone now standing, is placed where the original quarter stake had stood. I found no trees, or appearance of where trees may have stood as bearing to the quarter stake if it had been placed over near the center of the right line running from corner to corner of these sections.
I made one new bearing to the stake as follows: — W. oak, 30 N. W. 93 links.
A. C. Smith, County Surveyor, Ionia Co.
In making the survey as represented by the plat, I run the line from the north-west corner of section 35 in T. 8 N., of Range 8 West to the north-east corner of said section, the true bearing from one corner to the other of the line between sections 26 and 35 is ÍT. S8° 46' E. and tliat line is north of the J4 stake one chain and sixty-seven links, as set by the United States Surveyor.
One of the bearings to the quarter stake is gone, the other is green and growing. 1 took the bearings and distance from the standing tree to the stone set for the quarter stake and they agree with the field notes of the government surveyor’s bearings to the standing tree: White oak 14 S. 50° W. 11 links. The other tree was white oak 12 N. 34° E. 30 links. .1 took the bearings and distance given by the government surveyor for that tree and found good indications at that point that a tree had grown there; there was a tree that had died while standing and had fallen aud had been drawn a short distance from the quartet-stake, which agrees in size and kind of timber with the tree described by the government surveyor. I examined the ground at and near where the quarter stake would have been set if it had been placed at or near the center, and on a line between sections 26 and 35 town 8 north, of range 8 west, and found no trees or appearances of where trees may have stood as bearings to the quarter stake. Aud on the 27th day of December, 1875, I made another examination at the same place as stated above and was shown a white oak stump by Philip Smith, which had the appearance that it had been burned oil a little below the surface of the ground, and should think the tree when growing was twelve or fourteen inches in diameter. ■ I also found a stake set north east of the above mentioned stump, and I took the bearings and distance from the stake found to said stump, S. 50° W. 1134 links; the stake found was 5 links north of the right line from corner to corner between sections 26 and 35 T. 8 ÍT., of 8 W. Aud on the 30th day of December, 1875, I dug around the above mentioned stump and removed it from the place -where found it, and did not find any appearances or indications whatever that a tree had grown there.
And on the 11th day of January, 1876, I run a line south 89° 30' west 39 chains and 74 links, from a point 65 links south of where the north quarter stake of section 35 T. 8 N. of E. 8 W. would have been placed by the United States Surveyor-in line equi-distant between' sections 26 and 35 and on and near that there was trees marked which had the appearance that they were marked for line trees. | [
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Graves, J.
Mrs. Keyes sued in trover and was permitted to recover, and it is now contended that no evidence was shown fairly tending to prove conversion. No other •question is urged. The whole evidence is returned, and a majority of the court think the objection cannot be sustained. Before the property was brought to this state, Mr. 'Orr had no claim except in so far as he held one under the attachment suit at the east. According to the special agreement under which the goods were removed here, the attachment causes were to be discontinued, and Mr. Orr •insists that they were discontinued, and no doubt he is correct. The right to hold, therefore, under force of the attachment suits, ceased when the suits themselves came to ■an end, and if he had any right thereafter to meddle with the property, it must have been based on something else. He claims that the special agreement gave him the right. .A majority of the court think differently. They are of opinion that it was of the essence of that arrangement that Mr. Lothrop should receive the property and hold as bailee, and that it should be only drawn from him for the purpose of appropriation in the way provided for by the contract; that Mrs. Keyes was willing to trust Mr. Lothropwith the goods and not Mr. Orr on their arrival here, and that Mr. Lothrop’s failure to act disappointed a fundamental part of the scheme and left the contract inoperative;, that the goods had not ceased to belong to Mrs. Keyes, and the contract having become abortive there was no right anywhere to hinder her assumption of possession; that Mr. Orr in any event could set up no claim to more than $2,000' worth and would certainly be liable for all beyond, and as-a consequence of the exorbitance of his claim might possibly be for the whole.
Judgment affirmed with costs.
Cooley, O. J. and Campbell, J., concurred. | [
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Graves, J.
This case comes up on findings by the circuit judge in a proceeding in this court for mandamus, and the only question which is fairly open is upon the amount to be ordered paid. The proceeding is one substantially against the county and not personally against the treasurer except as a means to work out redress against the county. The circumstance that the incumbency of the office of county treasurer has changed in the progress of the events connected with the matter in controversy is of no importance. The office itself has continued and has been and is represented by an officer, and that is enough for the purpose of the present proceeding.
The present townships of Feeder and Colfax were formerly under an organization by the name of Colfax and were then divided into two as they now are.
"Wexford county had 'received a considerable sum for delinquent taxes on lands in the old township and was indebted to it therefor, and on a settlement between the two townships after the division this indebtedness was assigned to Feeder, and the county treasurer of Wexford county was duly notified thereof.
The county made payments to Feeder, reducing the indebtedness to §609.08 and declined to pay further. It would seem that some question arose as to whether in fact there had been a perfect and legitimate settlement between the townships, and also concerning the true amotint, if any, remaining to be paid by the county to the township of Reeder. This however is set at rest by the finding so far as the above balance is concerned. The counsel for respondent adduce no reason deserving comment why the county ought not to be required to pay over the sum of §609.08, and we are not able to discover any.
A further claim is made, however. The judge finds that §191.37 arose as interest on this balance for delay during four years and five months and the relator contends that this ought to be included. There is reason for thinking some error crept into this calculation of interest, but that is not now important. I am unable to find in this proceeding any real ground for requiring payment of it.
The application made no such claim. That went upon the idea that the county withheld a fixed sum to which the township as matter of strict legal right was conclusively entitled. Nothing was demanded in the nature of mere damages, nor any hint given of an obligation by express contract or by statute to pay anything simply as interest and it is not usual in mandamus to advance beyond the application in according relief to the relator. Moreover it is very uncommon in administering this remedy when such municipal bodies as those here concerned are the substantial litigants, to require payment of interest unless some statute or contract relation points pretty clearly to the justice of the allowance, and no such ground has been suggested by counsel or discovered by the court. I think the writ ought to be allowed to require payment of §609.08 and that relator should have his costs.
The other Justices concurred. | [
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Marston, J.
The finding of facts in this case was in accordance with the stipulation of counsel. The homestead and exemption laws of this State have thus far always received a broad and liberal construction, in order to carry out the evident intent of the Legislature. Our statute defines the homestead and exempts it from a forced sale upon execution. It also exempts as a homestead a house, although the land upon which it is situate may not be owned by the person claiming the exemption, and in ■ certain cases fifteen hundred dollars of the proceeds of the homestead is exempted for one year aftey a sale thereof upon execution. 2 Comp. Laws, §§ 6137, 6142 and 6145.
In Barber v. Roraback et al., 36 Mich., 399, we held that a tract of land with the dwelling house thereon constituting a homestead, and not within a recorded town plat, city or village, but which was afterwards brought within the corporate limits of a village by an extension of its boundaries, was not affected thereby, and that the entire tract was protected.
Within the principles of this case and others heretofore decided by this court, a house which is exempt as a part of a homestead, may, by the owner thereof, be removed to another lot or parcel of land, and that it would not be subject to seizure or sale upon execution while in transit. We think this view is more in accord with the letter and spirit of our statute, and the creditor is in no way injured by the construction.
Personal property exempt from seizure and sale under an execution has been held to be beyond the reach of the creditor, while in transit, even although the debtor was in the act of removing it out of the state. Woodward v. Murray, 18 Johns., 400.
The fact that Bunker had temporarily gone away from this house, leaving a part of his furniture therein, and had been living in a rented house at some distance therefrom for a period of some two years previous to the levy, would not render it subject to be sold upon execution, unless it farther appeared that he had abandoned it as his homestead. Temporary absence therefrom would not destroy the owner’s homestead rights therein. Neither in the stipulation nor in the facts as found by the court, does it appear that Bunker’s absence was any thing more than temporary, nor can any other conclusion be arrived at from the facts found. If the intention of the party as gathered from all the facts and circumstances is to govern, as we think it should, then the length of time the party is absent, although a circumstance to be taken into consideration, yet standing alone, cannot be considered as conclusive. If time alone was to be the guide it would be very difficult to draw the line, which should stand as an unerring guide in all cases. Griffin v. Sutherland, 14 Barb., 456.
The judgment must be reversed, with costs, and a judgment should be rendered in favor of the plaintiff upon the stipulated facts in accordance with this opinion.
The other Justices concurred. | [
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Graves, J.
October 9, 1869, the defendant Divine purchased the premises in the pleadings mentioned of John W. Young and gave to the latter his mortgage on the premises .to secure $1,000 of the purchase money.
May 30, 1871, he again mortgaged the premises for ■$1,082.67. This mortgage was executed to complainants.
September 26, 1873, he made a third mortgage for ■$766.33. This was executed to the defendant, Mary J. Young.
February 13, 1874, complainants filed their bill for the foreclosure of their mortgage and made Divine and his wife parties and also joined Mrs. Young as defendant, she being described as subsequent incumbrancer. All the defendants were personally served with subpoena, and all allowed the bill to be taken as confessed, and a decree was at length ■made to sell on or after March 1, 1875.
But on June 5th, 1875, the court, on the petition of Mary •J. Young, vacated all the proceedings subsequent to the ■service of subpoena, and gave her permission to answer.
She accordingly filed, her answer on July 3d, 1875, and the complainants replied on the 14th of that month. The proofs were then taken in open court and it was shown that on April 1st, 1874, complainants had acquired the first mortgage, being that given to John W. Young, and had likewise taken a quit-claim deed of the mortgaged premises from Divine and wife.
February 13, 1877, the court made a final decree. It adjudged and ordered that defendants should pay or cause to be paid to complainants the sum of $1,532.90, the amount found to be due upon said complainants’ bond and mortgage, together with the interest and costs to be taxed on or before the 15th day of June, A. D. 1877, and in default of such payment that the premises, or so much as should be necessary, etc., to raise the amount due, etc., should be sold at any time after such date. It also adjudged that Mary J. Young and all persons claiming or to claim from or under her should be barred.
It likewise expressly provided that the defendants should not be personally liable for the amount due on the decree and that no execution should issue against the defendants or either of them therefor.
Mrs. Mary J. Young appealed; all the other parties acquiesced in the decree.
She objects in the first place that the quit-claim by Divine and wife vested the legal title in complainants and caused a merger of their mortgage, and that they thenceforth held the premises subject to her mortgage and were not entitled to the rights of prior mortgagees. The evidence clearly overrules this position. The proof is very positive and distinct that the intention was that the right and relation of the complainants as mortgagees should be fully preserved. It was for their interest that the mortgage should be kept alive, and the rule of equity favors the intention and the claims of interest in such cases. Cooper v. Bigly, 13 Mich., 463 and cases; Thorn v. Newman, 3 Swanston, 603; Nurse v. Yerworth, Id., 608; Whittle v. Henning, 2 Phil., 731; James v. Morey, 2 Cow., 246; Champney v. Coope, 32 N. Y., 543; Mallory v. Hitchcock, 29 Conn., 127; Heath v. West, 26 N. H., 191; Wilson v. Kimball, 27 Id., 300; Davis v. Barrett, 11 E. L. & E., 317; Corwin and others v. Collett’s Ex’rs and others, 16 Ohio St., 289. The mortgage interest was not extinguished.
It is next claimed on the part of Mrs. Young that if there was no merger the suit was caused to be absolutely defective as to all the defendants by the release of the equity of redemption to complainants, and the claim is set up that a decree in favor of complainants is rendered wholly impracticable for the want of a proper basis.
The principles of equity which guard the mortgage and identify it as a continuing separate security and interest necessarily imply a remedy and power in the courts for making it available. It would be absurd if the rules of the court should treat the mortgage as an existing valuable security in the hands of complainants and at the same time should admit that no beneficial adjudication could- be grounded on it.
Not having merged, it is an existing mortgage and prior to that of Mrs. Young. Being prior it is capable of use as a basis of proceeding to compel her to redeem against it or be barred of all right under her mortgage, Benedict v. Gilman, 4 Paige, 58.
In those jurisdictions which permit that mode of proceeding the requisite relief might be given by strict foreclosure.
In the present case complainants have consented to a decree of sale and have waived all personal claim and the mortgagor has acquiesced, and it is not perceived that Mrs. Young as holder of the junior mortgage has any good cause for complaint.
Her position is made no worse than it would have been if the release had not been taken.
She may redeem against the same claim, and she ought not to find fault because complainants tender opportunity through a public sale to get rid of their lien for less than its face. They have much less reason to be satisfied with the shape of the proceeding than she has.
The end aimed at is to compel her to redeem' or be barred, and the circumstance that the end is sought in a mode less advantageous than another to complainants is not a forcible argument for her.
Granting that the mortgage was not merged, as we find it was not, and it must be admitted that complainants are entitled to the assistance of the court as against the junior mortgage, and the learned counsel for appellant has not ventured to suggest any better remedy than the present. Had the other parties made complaint of the interlocutory shift, a different question would have been presented. So too if the acts complained of could possibly hurt the interests of appellant the matter would be open to different considerations. But as the other parties are satisfied, and the appellant cannot be prejudiced and may be benefited, and as the groundwork of the case substantially authorizes the result due in equity on the real facts, there would seem to be no defensible ground for reversing what has been done in order to remit the parties to a new litigation. We have not deemed it expedient to inquire whether the appellant has pursued an authorized course in agitating by answer this particular matter which arose after the bill was filed. Whether the special defense ought not to have been made by plea or cross-bill may be a question. 1 Danl. Oh. P., 606, 607. We merely notice the circumstance in passing without intimating any opinion.
The decree should be affirmed with costs.
Cooley, O. J. and Campbell, J., concurred.
Marston, J., did not sit in this case. | [
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Graves, J.
This is a case made after judgment in the Superior Court of Grand Rapids.
The plaintiff was the owner of a tavern and leased it in 1871 to one Levi Husbands who executed a chattel mortgage dated in February, 1871, to secure to the plaintiff the sum of $800. The articles mortgaged consisted of bedding, bedsteads, dishes and the like in the tavern.
Husbands kept a bar for the sale of spirituous and in toxicating liquors, but neglected to pay the required tax under the act of 1875 (Pub. L., 1875, p. 274).
The county treasurer then issued his warrant under section eight and delivered it to defendant Haynes, who was sheriff, and he passed it to Peck, one of his deputies, with instructions to seize the goods covered by the chattel mortgage.
Prior to this, the mortgage having fallen due, the plaintiff took possession of the property on the mortgage and commenced foreclosure. This was on the 3d of December, 1875.
After having seized the property, the plaintiff, by the assent of Husbands and his wife, stored it in several of the rooms in the tavern and fastened the doors and windows.
On the 5th of December the defendants levied the warrant on these goods and took them and carried them away. They knew of the mortgage and were aware that the plaintiff had taken possession and commenced foreclosure. They also knew that there was then due to the plaintiff on the mortgage the sum of $800. The goods claimed in the declaration were worth $161.50.
The court- instructed the jury that if they found the goods were not in the bar room, or any part of the bar fixtures, nor used in connection therewith, then the defendants were not justified in taking them from the possession of the plaintiff and they should find for the plaintiff. The jury returned a verdict in the plaintiff’s favor for $161.11.
The defendants excepted to this charge, and this presents the only question made. It is maintained by the defense that under section nine of the act the tax was by law leviable on the property which was seized, notwithstanding the chattel mortgage; whilst the plaintiff claims that the superiority of the tax over all “levies, mortgages, conveyances or incumbrances” is confined to “bar fixtures or furniture, liquors, beverages and other goods and chattels used in carrying on such business,” and that the tax is not allowed to override lawful securities on other leviable jn'operty of the defaulting tax payer. The wording of the section and the spirit of the legislation afford grounds of argument in favor of the second view, but as in my judgment the point does not arise in this case I shall not discuss it. The case shows conclusively that the plaintiff’s mortgage was made some time before the statute in question was enacted, and if the legislature had made the act expressly applicable as against antecedent contracts, it would have been necessary to consider its constitutional validity. But such is not the case.
It is true the language is general, but it is still subject to the rule of interpretation which imputes an intention ''against retrospective action unless the terms clearly indicate an intention in favor of it. Cooley on Const. Lim., 370, and cases; Harrison v. Metz, 17 Mich., 377; Clark v. Hall, 19 Id., 356; Smith v. Auditor General, 20 Id., 398. And surely, before venturing to assume the existence of any such purpose, it would be necessary to find the will of. the legislature very distinctly expressed in favor of making new tax levies have preference over lawful securities given before the statute. The provision, then, giving superiority to the tax process over “liens, mortgages, conveyances and incumbrances” cannot be held to apply to “liens, mortgages, conveyances or incumbrances” created before the act of 1875 was passed.
The plaintiff’s mortgage was not therefore subject to be overridden by the tax process which the defendants executed, and the ruling of the court was not injurious to them.
The judgment should be affirmed, with costs.
The other Justices concurred. | [
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Campbell, J.
A suit was brought by relator in the circuit court for the county of Kent to obtain an accounting concerning partnership matters against Waters and Remington. A decree for accounting was made March 23, 1872, and the proceedings to account were begun and progressed before a circuit court commissioner. In March, 1877, an order was made for further proceedings before the commissioner then in office, who on the 26th day of April, 1876, had completed his examination and prepared to make his report, when the defendant Waters applied to open the reference and take further proofs and cross-examinations. This permission was granted in part and in part refused. Waters appealed to the circuit court, where the action of commissioner Wolcott was affirmed. He then appealed to this court and his appeal was dismissed on the 24th of April, 1877, on the ground that the order complained of was not appealable.
A report as to one of the defendants, Remington, had been made December 31, 1872, and confirmed.
On the 19th day of May, 1877, an act was passed by the' Legislature amending the act organizing the Superior Court of Grand Rapids by enlarging its jurisdiction and providing, as is claimed, for the transfer of causes from the circuit court for the county of Kent at stages in which they could not before be transferred, and in a manner excluding any control by the circuit court. Two days after the passage of this act, which was given immediate effect, on the 21st of May, 1877, a petition and bond were filed for removal, and the circuit court thereupon made an order refusing to proceed further. At that time a petition was pending to have the reference removed for completion to the new circuit court commissioner, Mr. Adams, who had succeeded Mr. Wolcott. The case has since been referred by the Superior Court to a commissioner to complete the accounting.
Relator now moves for a mandamus to compel the circuit court to resume control of the cause.
The original act creating the Superior Court provided for the transfer of any cause which might have originally been brought there if the act had been in force upon filing certain documents, “Provided, however, that no cause pending in said circuit court, when this act takes effect, shall be thereafter removed, under the provisions of this section, during a trial or hearing thereof.” L. 1875, p. 46-7.
The (act of 1877, p. 142, provides for removing any cases then pending at law or in equity, “Provided, however, that no action at law pending in said circuit court when this act takes effect, shall be thereafter removed under the provisions of this act during a final trial thereof.”
TJpon a fair examination of this language we do not think it is ambiguous. It in terms allows a transfer of chancery causes at any time during their pendency. It is quite likely that in this case, as in many other statutes concerning judicial -proceedings, the Legislature has acted without fully considering the effect of the statutes adopted. We cannot doubt the intention of the draughtsman of this extraordinary enactment. The parties have brought themselves within its terms. We are therefore to consider its validity.
In the ease of The People ex rel. Jones v. The Judge of the Kent Circuit, 35 Mich., 494, we held that the original statute (which is in some respects not so broad as the new one) was broader than it could lawfully be made, and that no legislation was valid which in any way subordinated the cir cuit courts to the superior court; that the superior court was and must be no more than a municipal court, and could have no jurisdiction which did not come within the scope of municipal judicial action.
The circuit courts are the highest courts of general original jurisdiction in the state, and they are given by the constitution itself “original jurisdiction in all matters civil and criminal, not excepted in this constitution, and not prohibited by law; and appellate jurisdiction from all inferior courts and tribunals and a supervisory control of the same.” Any legislation concerning municipal courts which interferes with the constitutional jurisdiction of the circuit courts, or which allows the local court to revise or change the action of the general court is very clearly illegal. If the municipal court is not inferior to the circuits it cannot be' made superior. If it is made a court of co-ordinate powers, it is made so on the principle that for the purposes of that jurisdiction the city is regarded as a separate district of territory having to a certain extent its own court as it would have if no connection existed with the county for judicial purposes. The constitution does not permit any such actual severance of territory except in a qualified sense. It does not contemplate any greater authority than that severance would create without trenching upon the necessary powers of the circuit.
Municipal courts have existed from time immemorial, and their functions are not unkown. The courts of London have always had jurisdiction both civil and criminal, — legal and equitable; and cases arising in the highest of those courts were reviewable before a special commission of errors composed of justices appointed by the king and sitting at tbe church of S. Martin Le Grand, from whose decision error lay to the house of lords. Fitz N. B., 22, 23; 3 Bl. Com., 80-81, and notes.
The jurisdiction was concurrent in most respects with that of the royal courts, and since the modern changes of procedure the judgments have been made reviewable in the Exchequer Chamber or in- the superior court of appeals, and not in the lower courts of appeal or the Queen’s Bench. Le Blanch v. Reuter’s Telegram Co., L. R. 1 Ex. Div., 408. But the jurisdiction is and always has been rigidly confined to causes arising within the jurisdiction or persons subject to it. The recent change of courts in England has brought those matters for the first time within the usual series of law reports, and it is manifest that while the municipal tribunals have authority over controversies of the same dignity as others they cannot go outside to reach them. See Taylor v. Jones, L. R. 1 C. P. D., 87; Taylor v. Nicholls, Id., 242; London Joint Stock Bank v. Mayor of London, Id., 1; Ellis v. Fleming, Id., 237; Hawes v. Paveley, Id., 418; Washer v. Elliott, Id., 169; Bridge v. Branch, Id., 633.
The controversy in the cause before us, being one where all the parties and all the subject matter are within the city of Grand Eapids, the case, if now commenced, would on these principles be subject to disposal by the Superior Court. But when this law took effect there had been a hearing on the merits and a decree for accounting ■ partly carried into execution, nothing being left for future inquiry but the pecuniary balance and the consequent determination of the final measure of relief.
To remove a case after' there has been action upon the questions involved on its merits by the circuit court, involves, if it be lawful, a power in the Superior Court to do thereafter whatever the circuit court could have done had there been no removal. This would give to the Superior Court what is practically an appellate power of reviewing and reconsidering what has already been decided at the circuit. This we think is not allowable. So long as the circuit court has not entered upon the hearing of the cause it cannot be said to have involved any judicial action. But as soon as a court enters upon a hearing and the case is sub judice, we think it cannot thereafter at any stage be snatched from the custody of the tribunal hearing it without the exercise of a power which could subject it to appeal.
The analogy of the United States statutes for the removal of causes from state courts to courts of the United States does not apply. The authority to remove is asserted by the United States Supreme Court to rest on a plenary power in congress to provide for such cases as the constitution allows to be cognizable in the national courts. It is not easy to justify it on any other theory, and there is certainly no power in our legislature to give municipal courts supremacy over others.
The framers of the statute under consideration have acted upon the theory that there is no limit to legislative power in this regard, and the act is a remarkable one. We are not called upon to deal with it beyond the case before us. We think the transfer of the chancery suit to the Superior Court was unlawful, and that the case is still in the circuit where it must be proceeded with. The mandamus is allowed.
Cooley, C. J., and Graves, J., concurred.
Marston, J., did not sit in this case. | [
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Cooley, C. J.
The relator appealed a case from a justice’s court to the circuit court for the county of Kent, and that court has dismissed the appeal on affidavits showing that one of the parties to the case resides within the city of Grand Rapids. The action of the court is based upon the supposition, that by the act creating the Superior Court of Grand Rapids (Laws 1875, p. 42) and the act amendatory thereof (Laws 1877, p. 138), jurisdiction of cases appealed from justices’ courts where one of the parties resides in tbe city of Grand Rapids, is taken from the circuit court and conferred upon the Superior Court.
The act last mentioned in terms purports to transfer this jurisdiction, but it does not in our opinion accomplish it. One difficulty in the case is that the act of 1877 wholly fails to make any provisions by means of which the Superior Court could obtain jurisdiction of appeal cases. All the statutes relating to appeals remain as they were before the act of 1877, and they still provide in terms that appeals shall be taken and returns made to the circuit court. How then shall the Superior Court obtain jurisdiction of these cases? No provision is made by statute for a transfer of them from the circuit to the Superior Court, and it is not claimed here that any authority to order such a transfer can be taken by implication. The circuit court appears to hold that as a necessary effect of the change effected by the statute of 1877, justices from whom are taken appeals, in cases where one of the parties resides in the city of Grand Eapids, are now by implication of law required to make their returns to the Superior Court. But why the implication of law should apply to the action of the justice in making his return to the appeal rather than to that of the circuit court to.effect a transfer afterwards, is not very apparent. Nor could any implication be effectual’ without the assistance of some showing for which no provision of law is made. The jurisdiction is to depend upon the residence of parties. Now, except in some special cases, the residence of the parties would be immaterial to the proceedings before the justice, and would neither be averred nor brought into question there; and if the justice must act with reference to it in making his return, he must in some manner determine the fact, and determine it correctly, or the appeal must be dismissed. It will not be pretended that the justice can judicially take notice of such facts: he could not judicially have any knowledge on the subject except as the facts were made known to him in some legal form. As the validity of the appeal would depend upon the correctness of his conclusion on this question, it would seem to follow that the parties must be entitled to be heard upon it; and thus by implication we have a judicial hearing made necessary for which no provision of law is made. This statement is sufficient to show how utterly the act of 1877 has failed to divest the circuit court of any portion of its appellate jurisdiction. It follows that the right of appeal to the circuit court remains undisturbed.
Under ordinary circumstances we should pause here and leave the important question of constitutional authority untouched; but as the question has been fully presented, and it .seems to us very clear, it is perhaps proper for us to add that we have been unable to understand on what ground it can be claimed that the supervisory authority of the circuit courts over justices’ courts, which is so specifically given by the constitution, can be taken away by legislation. Both these classes of courts are constitutional courts, and so far as any jurisdiction is conferred upon either by the constitution, it is beyond the reach of. the legislative power. In ■several particulars the jurisdiction of each is defined by the constitution, but in respect to none is that instrument more ■specific than in placing the circuit court as an appellate tribunal over the justices’ courts, and in giving it a supervisory control. While it may be and has been claimed that the appellate jurisdiction still remains, though some cases are removed from its scope, there can be no plausible argument, as we think, that the supervisory control is left unimpaired when as to a large class of cases it is wholly superseded, and the control conferred upon another tribunal. Any reasoning that would support such legislation would justify a like apportionment of the probate jurisdiction between the constitutional probate court and the municipal courts of legislative creation.
The writ must issue as prayed.
Graves and Campbell, JJ., concurred.
Marston, J., did not sit in this case. | [
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Campbell, J.
In this case an attachment suit was brought before a justice in Marquette county, by plaintiff against defendants, but no property was found, and no personal service was had on any of the defendants; but substituted service was made on one of them, Nathan Schott, by leaving a copy of the writ at his last place of residence. The writ was returnable on the 18th of November, 1875, and the return was made on the 12th. The case was adjourned until December 20, at which time plaintiff declared. All the defendants appeared specially by attorney and moved to quash the proceedings for various defects going, as was claimed, to the jurisdiction. This motion being denied, the defendants pleaded the general issue, with certain special notices in bar, and a trial was had on the merits, resulting in a verdict for plaintiff. Affidavit was then made for an appeal, with special allegations going in part to the matters covered by the motion to quash, and in part to rulings on the trial upon questions of evidence. The circuit court reversed the judgment, on the special matters, without trial on the merits.
If there had been no appearance or plea before the justice, the jurisdictional questions would be important and might be decisive. Two of the defendants were not served at all, and as to the third, a question may arise as to whether there was such a “personal service” as authorizes a justice to proceed in attachment where no property has been seized. Comp. L., § 5285.
But, instead of resting on the defectiveness of the process to confer jurisdiction, all of these defendants joined in pleading in bar to the merits, and the case was regularly tried on their plea. Pleading to the merits brings the parties before the court whether lawfully served with process or not, and they cannot thereafter object to the manner in which they are brought in. Hart v. Blake, 31 Mich., 278; Crane v. Hardy, 1 Mich., 56; Pardee v. Smith, 27 Mich., 33-38.
The questions which arose on the trial cannot be made the ground of a special appeal, for reversing the judgment without a trial at the circuit. Albert v. Sutton, 28 Mich., 3; Dalton v. Laudahn, 30 Mich., 349; McGraw v. Sturgeon, 29 Mich., 426.
The case was one which should have been tried oh the issue of fact, and the court erred in reversing the judgment ■of the justice without a trial.
The judgment of the circuit court must be reversed with costs, and the cause remanded for trial.
The other Justices concurred. | [
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Campbell, J.
Hannawold sued plaintiff in error on a policy of insurance, for the loss of his house by fire. The policy was issued on the 19th of September, 1874, upon his house and various classes of furniture and personal property in separate amounts, the house being insured for $250, and the personal property in all for $450. Only the house was destroyed, as Hannawold had moved out of it some time before.
As a condition precedent, Hannawold was obliged to answer several questions, in connection with his application .for insurance. Among others was the following: “What is the cost value of this property? Answer: $880.”
The notice appended to the plea of the general issue set forth an application in writing alleged to form a part of the ■contract of insurance, and it was alleged that he represented, warranted and made it a condition thereof that his answers to the questions and statements in said application “touching the title, value and condition of the property offered for insurance should be full, just and true expositions of the facts and circumstances influencing said hazard.” It subsequently averred “that said plaintiff represented, warranted and stated the cash value of the said dwelling-house was three hundred and fifty dollars, which said plaintiff well knew to be false, and the value thereof was not more than -one hundred and fifty dollars; that the said representations were so made to defraud said defendant; that upon the faith that such representations, warranty and statements were true, the defendant issued said policy and was deceived thereby.”
The jury found a verdict for $200. The policy confined the amount payable under it to the actual cash value at the time of the fire.
The court below excluded evidence of verbal statements of the insured concerning the value of the house, made at the time of the application, on the ground that the notice referred to the written application aud answers. We think this was correct, and that the notice must be fairly so construed. And we are further of opinion that by accepting an answer which only set forth an aggregate valuation of all the property, the company indicated that they did not care about any separate valuation of the house, and regarded themselves as sufficiently protected by confining the liability to the cash value at the time of the fire. See People v. Jones, 24 Mich., 215; Peoria Insurance Co. v. Perkins, 16 Mich., 380.
Objection is also made that the court ruled out testimony offered as tending to show that Hannawold burned his own house. It is enough to say that no such defense is set up. Such a defense must be specially averred, and the burden is on the company to establish it. Thurtell v. Beaumont, 1 Bing., 339; Regnier v. Louisiana State Marine and Fire Ins. Co., 12 La., 336; McConnel v. Delaware Ins. Co., 18 Ill., 228; Mayhew v. Phœnix Ins. Co., 3 Mich., 105.
A charge refused concerning misrepresentations of value comes under the considerations before referred to. And the refusal to give a charge denying the right of recovery if the risk was increased at any time was proper as abstract and not pointing out the matters of increase, and as not confining the request to the defenses pleaded, which were all properly laid before the jury.
It is further objected that the court erred in not charging the jury that leaving the premises vacant without notice avoided the policy, but on the contrary told them it would not do so unless done in bad faith, and with a design of exposing the building to extra hazard.
• The provision frequently found in policies avoiding them for vacancy is not contained in the one before us. There is a provision declaring that “if any change should occur affecting the title, condition or occupancy of the property, whereby the risk will be increased, the same shall immediately be made known to the company, and this policy canceled or a corresponding increase of premium paid therefor, at the option of the company.” In the absence of any condition declaring the vacancy of property to be regarded as an increase of risk, we do not think this provision calculated to inform the insured of any such understanding, nor can he, in our opinion, be regarded as in fault for not so understanding it. The language is not calculated to create such an impression, and should not be strained for that purpose. It is addressed to ordinary persons and not to lawyers, and any clause involving the risk of a forfeiture should be made clear to the commonest comprehension.
There is no error in the record, and the judgment must be affirmed, with costs.
The other Justices concurred. | [
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Campbell, J.
In December, 1858, certain parties to whose rights complainants have succeeded filed a bill of partition against Joseph Campau, claiming that they among them owned two undivided fifths, and that the said Joseph owned the remaining three-fifths .of a farm of 310 30-100ths acres, and several smaller parcels in and about Detroit. 'The said Joseph Campau pleaded in bar of the suit an adverse occupancy sufficient to cut off any title in other’s, if ■such title had existed. Complainants in the partition suit filed a replication to that plea, and testimony was taken upon the issue raised. A stipulation was made when the plea was filed that-in case of any adverse decision, Joseph Campau might answer.
On the 2d of June, 1863, an order was made “that the plea of the defendant be and is hereby not allowed, and that the same is. overruled, and further that the defendant have leave to answer within twenty days Upon the payment of costs to be taxed.”
The present bill of complaint, after setting forth the steps whereby title became vested in the parties to that partition suit, and through the complainants therein passed to these complainants, and showing how Joseph Campau’s title passed ultimately to Daniel J. Campau, proceeds to show facts which are claimed to disprove any adverse possession in Joseph Campau, and gives a history of the partition suit up to the order mentioned, which is said to have been the last order made in that cause. It then shows the failure of Joseph Campau to answer, and his death soon after said order on the 27th of July, 1863.
On the 1st of December, 1861, the suit was revived against his heirs, nine in number, and Francis Palms who was co-administrator with two of the heirs, Denis and Theodore Campau. In 1865 four of the heirs answered, but their answers are alleged to have been lost or removed from the files. In 1869 Mr. Gray, complainant’s solicitor, died, and since his death the papers have not been found.
Joseph Campau died intestate. It is averred that in 1865 the administrators took possession and efforts were made to settle, they recognizing complainant’s rights, and Denis offering to purchase the interest of the heirs of Barnabas Campau, claiming one-fifth, and offers being also made for the other fifths.
On the 19th day of December, 1866, Daniel J. Campau received a conveyance from the other heirs of Joseph, and assumed and has ever since asserted exclusive ownership; although negotiating from time to time fpr complainants’ rights.
On the 17th day of February, 1871, the parties then representing complainants’ interests brought actions of ejectment for two lots, numbers 93 and 91 in Detroit, and Daniel J. Campau set up a defense of adverse possession in each, and in one also set up a tax-title. March 12, 1874, he prevailed and obtained judgment founded on his adverse possession of lot 94. He had previously prevailed in the other suit for lot 93, but the judgment having been reversed for the admission of the tax-title, a new one was rendered in his favor on said 12th of March, 1874, under a stipulation that it should abide the event of the decision of the former cause in the Supreme Court. A new trial has been obtained in one of these cases, and it is alleged there is a similar right to- a new trial in the other.
The partition suit is alleged to have been revived, and efforts are made to bring it to readiness for disposal.
It is claimed this suit cannot be disposed of until the title is settled by ejectment. That Joseph Campau by submitting his title under the plea which was determined against him estopped himself and his representatives from adverse claims. That the only witnesses who knew the facts necessary to disprove the adverse holding were Theodore ■'Williams, who is dead, and Alexander M. Campau, who is now disqualified as a party from testifying to matters equally within Joseph Campau’s knowledge; and that Daniel J. Campau is the only competent living witness who testified on those trials; and that complainants have no means of proving the nature of Joseph Campau’s possession.
The bill prays that Daniel J. Campau may be restrained from relying on the defense of adverse possession, as existing before, during or since the partition suit.
A demurrer to this bill was sustained, and complainants appeal.
If Joseph Campau’s plea had been decided against him on the facts, and a decree rendered upon it, the case would stand differently from its present position. Whether in that case any necessity could have arisen, or any right would have existed to a trial at law we need not consider. Where a defendant puts his whole defense on a plea, and the complainant admits its sufficiency by replying to it, the decision on that issue usually ends the controversy. But in this case, under what strange circumstances we cannot guess, the circuit court saw fit to treat the hearing as one upon the sufficiency of the plea, and made an order on that theory overruling it, and in pursuance of an equally anomalous stipulation opened the case for an answer. Under these circumstances it cannot be said that Joseph Oampau’s adverse possession was ever passed upon, and no court now has any authority to interfere with such rights as arose under it, without a further hearing.
If the pendency of the partition proceedings suspended the statute of limitations, or if the dealings of the parties ■did so, — that is open to determination at law as well as in equity. We therefore need not discuss this point. But if the statute was not actually suspended, and the complainants’ case rests upon an equitable estoppel, then we think no such case is made out. They saw fit to allow the partition proceedings to run for over twelve years, without ¡seeking permission to have an auxiliary legal proceeding commenced on any terms, and without seeking any restraining order against the statute of limitations in the ejectment ¡suits which they commenced of their own motion. Those ¡suits have been tried without any such injunction. No facts are shown to indicate any fraud or contrivance whereby complainants were misled wrongfully into granting delay. They are themselves responsible for such delays as have occurred. Whether these delays have or have not changed their legal position, the defendant cannot be made answerable for the consequences. As possessor, he need not become the moving party. It is for those who seek to remove him from his possession to be actors.
The real cause for filing this bill seems to be the alleged loss of the testimony of Theodore Williams and Alexander M. Campau. If complainants are legally right in assuming this testimony to be unavailable, it is in the view of the ■law a misfortune which cannot be charged upon defendant. Unless perishable testimony is perpetuated, courts can do nothing to save it. There is no rule which holds that the death of a witness raises a conclusive presumption in favor •of the party who intended to call him; and without such an extreme presumption it is difficult to see why defendant can be properly shut out from his defense. He might just as fairly aslc a dismissal of the bill on account of his father’s' death, because Joseph Campau must have known more about the facts than any one else.
We think the bill makes out no ground of relief whatever. Such considerations as complainants had to present should have been laid before the court in the partition suit, at a proper stage in the controversy. They have not brought themselves within any known equities. The decree must, be affirmed with costs.
The other Justices concurred. | [
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Graves, J.
The plaintiff in error was convicted of having seduced and debauched one Alice Tiffany.
The act of intercourse, which was admitted, occurred at her father’s house where she resided, on the evening of July 23d, 1876.
At that time she was only three months above the age of thirteen years. Her mother had died some time before and she together with her sister Julia some two years older had the principal charge of some younger children. She was going to school, and according to evidence called out by defendant’s counsel, had previously been a constant attendant.
The first ground of error is that there was no proper proof that she was unmarried. There is an express statement in the bill of exceptions that all the evidence is given. There is some reason to think that this statement is inaccurate. At page sixty of the record the defendant’s counsel is represented as proposing to read some of the testimony taken by the reporter on a former trial, and the record then states that permission was given without objection. But the testimony does not appear.
Let it be assumed, however, for the present purpose, that all the evidence is given, and the mind is at once struck with the circumstance that no question was made in any form whatever at any time during the trial that the prosecutrix was unmarried.
The defense requested no charge on the subject, and never intimated or indicated that there was any intention to claim that she was or might have been a married woman or any hint of a purpose to raise any controversy upon that point. From beginning to end the trial proceeded apparently upon a tacit understanding that no question of her being unmarried existed and that no inquiry need be gone into in regard to it.
It is true .the record cpntains no direct proof of the fact that she was unmarried; but the circumstances which appear, when viewed in connection with the fact that her being unmarried was treated at the trial on all sides as something too well known and certain to be noticed and inquired about are sufficiently forcible to repel the charge of error.
Her personal history so far as shown, her extreme 'youth, the attitude and deportment of the defendant towards her, her position in her father’s household and the surrounding circumstances generally afford very convincing evidence that she was a mere girl and unmarried. The negative evidence may not be overlooked.
Notwithstanding the nature of the case would naturally have directed attention to her having been married if in truth she had been, and the fact would have been elicited, still there was not the slightest reference to any such thing. Finally, the law was in the way of her marriage. She was not of lawful age, and it would be going far to arbitrarily suppose she may have changed her condition through a violation of law. Upon all the facts and circumstances the jury must have found she was unmarried, and without stopping to see. whether in strictness some direct proof would he generally required, the court is satisfied that this verdict ought not to be disturbed for want of it.
The point was not made below, and it is now toó late to allege the lack of evidence direct in form, there being abundance of othe;r evidence.
It was objected that no evidence could be given of the conduct and appearance of the prosecutrix and defendant on the day following that of the alleged act of intercourse. The objection was not well founded. Proper. inquiry of that kind was relevant to ascertain or help ascertain whether the submission of the prosecutrix had been brought about by seducive means and the inquiry was kept within due limits.
It was likewise objected that certain offers of proof by the prosecuting attorney, which, however, the court overruled, constituted error. This requires no comment. It is not pretended the court committed any fault whatever. The proposition presents no question of law.
Tire prosecutrix testified that among other representations to induce her to yield the defendant told her that certain of her young female schoolmates allowed such liberties. In a previous stage of her testimony she had giyen the names of two of these young girls of whom he had thus spoken, without any objection, and she was at length asked to give the names of all. This was objected to. The objection has no force. The inquiry was originally proper as helping to explain the means used to accomplish the result, and having ascertained the names of two out of three without objection, it was quite right to call for the third.
The fifth, sixth and eleventh charges of error merit no notice. They are plainly frivolous.
The ninth assignment is without any exception to support it. The tenth complains that the court refused to permit the witness Porter to relate to the jury his remarks on a former occasion in regard to the conduct of the prosecutrix. The point is absurd. The court was right.
Several assignments based on the charge, although not abandoned, are not much pressed. The points have been carefully examined and they are not perceived to present any substantial or valid objection to the conviction. A particular discussion would be tedious and is altogether uncalled for. Objection is made, however, to that part of the charge relative to the seducive means necessary to be shown and to what was said about the age and situation of the prosecutrix and in regard to her testimony before the examining magistrate.
It is argued that the judge assumed as proved some of the matters necessary to show that there were seducive means and also improperly introduced considerations to lead the jury to accept the relation of the prosecutrix rather than that of the defendant as to whether the imputed means had any existence.
In view of this complaint we have very carefully scanned the instructions, which are too long to be introduced here, and do not find them justly exposed to the criticism passed upon them. There is no assumption of the existence of any expedient alleged to have been employed. On the contrary the jury were given clearly to understand that it was for them to find whether or not the required means existed and were used.
It appeared that on the examination before the magistrate the prosecutrix had stated that no inducement was held out or promise made to her. In commenting on this the judge observed to the jury as follows: “You are to consider the embarrassment under which she labored at the time, and her intelligence and her youth, whether she would consider it in the way of a promise. She stated very plainly that he didn’t hold out any inducements to her, and that he didn’t make any promises to her. The word marriage she thought wasn’t mentioned at all. You are to consider now whether a girl situated as she was, with her tender years, and embarrassed as she was, would volunteer without being questioned, — whether she would be likely to voluntarily go on and tell all that was said about love and marriage, unless her attention was called to it. You are to consider that, gentlemen, and if you are satisfied that she has told the truth in this court with regard to the love and marriage, and he induced her to consent to that intercourse, your verdict should be guilty.”
When this passage is considered in connection with the residue of the charge and in the light of all the facts before the jury, and remembering that the jury had opportunity to observe the prosecutrix during her long examination on the stand and were in a situation to enable them to form an opinion of her intelligence and her liability to be unembarrassed, it seems to the court that the judge did no more than his duty. The explanation and caution would seem to have been reasonable and well timed, and we think the complaint against it is not justified.
The charge as a whole appears to have been fair and we think the jury were not misled by it.
No error being shown, the judgment should be affirmed.
Cooley, C. J., and Campbell, J., concurred.
Marston, J., did not sit in this case. | [
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Dethmers, J.
Plaintiffs, lot owners, sought to enjoin defendant from amending the township zoning ordinance to change property adjacent to theirs from agricultural to a commercial classification. The ground urged was insufficiency of the notice of public hearing on the proposed amendment before the township zoning board, required to be published under CL 1948, § 125.279 (Stat Ann 1949 Rev § 5.2963 [9]). The trial court entered a decree dismissing plaintiffs’ bill of complaint for failure to exhaust their legal remedies by way of appearance and protest of the amendment before the township board and petition for referendum. Plaintiffs appeal.
Defendant says that plaintiffs have no right to injunctive rélief because they have no vested or contractual right to keep the adjacent property in its present zoning classification, citing Gratton v. Conte, 364 Pa 578 (73 A2d 381). See, also, annotations commencing at 138 ALR 500 for the proposition that such vested or contractual rights do not exist. It does not follow, however, that plaintiffs have no standing in a court of equity to challenge the validity of an amendment to the zoning ordinance on the grounds of arbitrariness or unreasonableness of the proposed change or irregularities in the proceedings. Possible adverse effects of the change on their property create in them such an interest in the subject matter as to entitle them to maintain an action for that purpose. Crozier v. County Commissioners of Prince George’s County, 202 Md 501 (97 A2d 296, 37 ALR2d 1137), and annotations commencing at 37 ALR2d 1143.
We need not determine the controverted question of defectiveness of the notice or whether plaintiffs have exhausted their legal remedies, inasmuch as we hold the court to be without jurisdiction to grant the relief prayed.
The function of the township board in enacting a zoning ordinance is legislative. Township of Dearborn v. Dearborn Township Clerk, 334 Mich 673. “The court may not direct or control legislative action.” Board of Education of the City of Detroit v. Superintendent of Public Instruction, 319 Mich 436, 454. “Injunctive or consequential relief to compel action by the legislature may not be granted by the court.” Id. (Syllabus.) To same effect, see City of Jackson v. Commissioner of Revenue, 316 Mich 694.
“While it is within the province of the courts to pass upon the validity of statutes and ordinances, courts may not legislate nor undertake to compel legislative bodies to do so one way or another. Attorney General, ex rel. Graves, v. Mayor and Common Council of City of Adrian, 164 Mich 143; School District of City of Pontiac v. City of Pontiac, 262 Mich 338; City of Jackson v. Commissioner of Revenue, 316 Mich 694. The court erred in seeking to compel the defendant mayor and city commission members to amend the ordinance.” Northwood Properties Co. v. Royal Oak City Inspector, 325 Mich 419, 423, 424.
See, also, Tel-Craft Civic Ass’n v. City of Detroit, 337 Mich 326.
Plaintiffs have an interest which would entitle them to maintain an action to challenge the validity of the amendment once it is adopted or to seek to enjoin violation of provisions of the zoning ordinance in effect prior to the amendment, and the courts have jurisdiction to entertain such actions; but they have none to enjoin the legislative action of adopting it. See, also, State, ex rel. Rose, v. Superior Court of Milwaukee County, 105 Wis 651 (81 NW 1046, 48 LRA 819).
Decree affirmed, with costs to defendant.
Carr, C. J., and Btjtzel, Smith, Sharpe, Boyles, Reid, and Kelly, J J., concurred. | [
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Reid, J.
Defendant, on leave granted, appeals from an order by the workmen’s compensation commission (hereinafter referred to as the commission) modifying the award made by the deputy commissioner.
Defendant’s petition is,
“For a review of the findings of the deputy commissioner in the claim of Carl Fawley v. DoehlerJarvis Corporation.
“This claim for review is based on the following grounds: Employee’s average weekly wage at the time of injury is not computed in accordance with the statute.”
The above statement was the only ground assigned in the appeal from the deputy to the commission and defendant filed with the commission a brief directed to this one point and this point only. No brief was filed on behalf of the claimant before the commission and no oral argument was had. Defendant claims and plaintiff denies that the commission was limited on review to matters mentioned in the claim for review. Defendant claims that the commission has no inherent power to enlarge the issue as outlined in the claim of appeal.
"We have heretofore indicated in Margenovitch v. Newport Mining Co., 213 Mich 272, and in Basner v. Defoe Shipbuilding Co., 319 Mich 67, as well as in Thompson v. Continental Motors Corp., 320 Mich 219, that the hearing before the commission on appeal from an award by the deputy is a de novo hearing. There have been many changes in the statute since the Margenovitch Case, but the 3 decisions quoted may be considered as indicating the nature of the hearing on appeal in workmen’s compensation cases.
In the instant case the commission, after the matter had been submitted to it, as hereinbefore indicated, without notifying the defendant, took up matters not indicated by the parties as being considered by the parties as being in controversy in the case. We consider that the commission, though it has broad powers as to the hearing, should have, in fairness to the defendant, given the defendant an opportunity to present its views on the matters thus additionally taken up by the commission for its consideration. Among other such questions was the question of total and permanent disability of the claimant. The deputy had, in effect, in an award dated October 29, 1952, found the claimant totally disabled from 6-30-51 for a period in 1951, and that “the employee is still partially disabled.” As we have heretofore seen, the defendant did not appeal from that finding; but in reversal of that finding, the commission found the claimant entitled to “compensation for total disability of $34 per week from July 8, 1952, until the further order of the commission.”
There is but little dispute about the facts in the-case.
Among other things, it appears that the injury occurred on June 29, 1951, consisting of a fractured right arm near the shoulder, fractured right elbow and wrist, caused when plaintiff fell to a roof from overhead dust exhaust and air-wash installation. He was cleaning blow pipes; they broke and let him fall about 15 feet, breaking Ms arm in 3 places and giving him permanent injuries of elbow (a stiffening* of the elbow). The occupation at the time of injury was that of maintenance; in other words, as a common laborer assisting at odd jobs in repairing at a factory which was in operation. His work was either as a carpenter or pipe fitter or an electrician or welder, assisting in such jobs, besides painting, breaking concrete, shoveling, moving ladders, tearing down moving machinery, cleaning parts, simple operations on some machines such as small drill press or portable grinder, changing light bulbs and working under the direction of a Class A man.
The employee was married and had 5 children under the age of 16 living with him at the time. The hourly rate was given in report filed by defendant as $1.53 an hour, 40 hours a week, $61.20. Compensation was voluntarily paid to plaintiff for the period from June 30, 1951 to and including December 1,1951, a period of 22 weeks and 1 day, at the weekly rate of $34 a week, the total amount paid being $753.-67. The compensation weekly payments were stopped because plaintiff returned to work on December 3, 1951 at the same wage as when injured, and defendant therefore claims the plaintiff should be found as a matter of law not totally disabled.
After his injury, defendant returned to work'at his old job, without any decrease in average weekly wage.
Plaintiff represented to the Michigan employment security commission that he was able and available to perform full-time work. After his injury, plaintiff purchased a farm of 135 acres, on which he has done wdiat farm work he could do. He has tried to get a job with different farmers but has not applied at any factory for employment since his injury. From December 3, 1951, at which time claimant returned to work after his injury, he worked until March 31,1952, as a maintenance helper. On March 31, 1952, his seniority in the department as maintenance helper ran out and he was laid off, but immediately “bumped back in” on April 2, 1952, as a janitor, and continued work as a janitor until July 8, 1952, at which time he again ran out of seniority and was laid off because of his lack of seniority.
Whatever rule may be considered to apply to a specially trained and skilled workman or artisan, still the claimant in this case cannot under his own testimony be classified as anything but a common laborer. He was out of employment at the time of the hearing because of lack of seniority and not because of inability caused by the injury. He cannot be rated in this case as permanently totally disabled. He has not sought work in any other factory and there was no basis at the time of the hearing for the award by the department for either partial or total disability, under the decision in Wieland v. Dow Chemical Co., 334 Mich 427.
The order and award by the commission is reversed.
Carr, C. J., and Btjtzel, Sharpe, Boyles, Dethmers, and Kelly, JJ., concurred.
Smith, J., took no part in the decision of this case. | [
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Sharpe, J.
The plaintiffs, 8 veterans and their wives, purchased individual homes under the provisions of the G.I. bill of rights from the defendants who had constructed these homes. The homes are located in the city of Oak Park, Oakland county, Michigan. Plaintiffs instituted separate actions at about the same time against defendants. The declarations and amended declarations in each ease are identical except for the nature and amount of damages claimed in a bill of particulars filed in each cause. In the case of Blumenthal v. Berkley Homes, Inc., and Harry Green, jointly and severally, the bill of particulars filed shows as follows:
“Defective bathroom floor $ 50.00
Sagging steel beam in basement 20.00
Cracked archway 35.00
Cracked slabs in front walk 35.00
Defective asbestos siding 1,000.00
Caulking 15.00
Defective flooring throughout house 250.00
Defective kitchen flooring 50.00
$1,455.00”
The stipulation filed in the several cases in part shows:
“That in addition to the items and amounts of damages claimed by plaintiffs in Blumenthal, et al. v. Berkley Homes, Inc., et al, the following is a list of the amounts of damages claimed by each of the plaintiffs in the other 7 cases:
“Robert King and Rose Mary King, his wife .............................. $1,900
John Yarmak and Mary Ann Yannak, his wife .............................. 1,685
James Hatter and Thelma Hatter, his wife .....'......................... 1,630
Clifford L. Mortimer and Barbara A. Mortimer, his wife................. 1,950
Jerry Festerman and Donna Festerman, his wife.......................... 2,085
James F. Landau and Virginia Landau, his wife ........................... 1,970
Robert E. Reum and Verlyn Reum, his wife .............................. 1,690”
It also appears that separate demands for trial by jury were filed by plaintiffs in each of the 8 cases. On March 1, 1954, a motion to consolidate the causes of action for trial was made by counsel for plaintiffs,, the reasons'given are in part as follows:
“That each of the above-entitled cases involve similar subject matter and could conveniently be tried together.
“That heretofore a separate appeal was taken by each of the above-named plaintiffs to the Supreme Court of the State of Michigan from a judgment of dismissal entered by the Honorable H. Russel Holland and the Supreme Court, on motion of the plaintiffs, permitted consolidation of said cases in the Supreme Court for the purpose of said appeal.
“That a uniting of the above causes of action in 1 trial would promote the convenient administration of justice.
“That the proofs in each of the above individual cases are repetitious and would be similar in nature, and this court and a jury could pass upon the merits of each of the above individuals’ claims against the defendants in 1 trial, equally as well as though each cause was tried separately.
“That consolidation of causes of action are permitted by the statutes of the State of Michigan, and in particular * * * CL 1948, § 608.1 (Stat Ann § 27.591).”
On March 16, 1954, an order was entered consolidating the causes for trial. Upon application an order was entered in the Supreme Court granting* leave to appeal.
Defendants appeal and urge that the trial court erred in consolidating the 8 cases for trial over the objection of defendants. The reasons for opposing consolidation is stated in defendants’ brief:
“An intolerable situation would be presented in attempting to instruct the jury in the consideration of evidence which may be applicable in one case and excluded in another and in applying defenses that exist in one case and not in another. There can be little doubt that if these cases were tried separately, counsel for plaintiffs would be forbidden to malee any reference to the fact that other cases of the same nature were pending against defendants on the pain of having a mistrial declared, for the only purpose that could be served by the admission of such evidence would be to prejudice the minds of the jury against the defendants. Yet that very same situation will occur if defendants are required to defend all 8 of these cases before the same jury.”
The statute relative to the joinder, severance and consolidation of actions is found in CL 1948, § 608.1 (Stat Ann § 27.591), and provides:
“The plaintiff may join in 1 action, at law or in equity, as many causes of action as he may have against the defendant, but legal and equitable causes of action shall not be joined; but when there is more than 1 plaintiff, the causes of action joined must be joint, and if there be more than 1 defendant, the liability must be one asserted against all of the material defendants, or sufficient grounds must appear for uniting the causes of action in order to promote the convenient administration of justice, or when several suits shall be commenced against joint and several debtors, in the same court, the plaintiff may,, in any stage of the proceedings, consolidate them into 1 action. If it appear that any such causes of action cannot be conveniently disposed of together, the court may order separate trials, or whenever several suits shall be pending in the same court, by the same plaintiff against the same defendant, for causes of action which may be joined, the court in which the same shall be prosecuted may, in its discretion, order the several suits to be consolidated into 1 action.”
Plaintiffs urge that the legal issues and factual questions in each of these cases' are of an identical nature; that the trial of them separately would require a multiplicity of suits, repetition of identical testimony and a much greater period of time before the trial court, and that the empaneling of 8 separate juries would not promote the convenient and orderly administration of justice.
We have taken the position that the above-quoted statute was enacted to promote the convenient administration of justice, and that the ordering of consolidation is discretionary with the trial court. The propriety of consolidation of cases is to be determined by the state of facts existing prior to the consolidation. In Higdon v. Kelley, 339 Mich 209, 220, we said:
“It is, therefore, within the trial court’s discretion to order the consolidation of actions where the same legal and factual issues are involved, where the same testimony applies, and where the consolidation will not prejudice either party. Under the terms of the statute, the consolidation must unite causes of ac tion which, may, in the first instance, he joined. The statute provides that causes of action may be joined by plaintiffs where that result would promote the convenient administration of justice. See Goodrich v. Waller, 314 Mich 456, and Gilmer v. Miller, 319 Mich 136.”
If either party is prejudiced by the act of consolidation, then consolidation should not be granted. See Card v. Nemecek, 331 Mich 614. In determining* whether consolidation should be ordered, reference must be made to the pleadings in the several causes. In the case at bar- Leonard and Beatrice Blumenthal’s declaration alleges in part as follows:
“That prior to the said purchase and during the negotiations therefor, the plaintiffs made inquiries of the defendants and their duly authorized agents as to the type, nature and quality of the construction and materials used, and were informed by the defendants and their duly authorized agents that the said dwelling was constructed in a good and workmanlike manner and that the materials used were of an excellent and proper quality and that the aforesaid home was being built in accordance with the building requirements of the city of Oak Park and the specifications of the Veterans Administration.
“That the defendants and their duly authorized agents did make said representations with the intention that they be acted upon by the plaintiffs, who did in fact act and rely upon the same to their injury, as is more particularly hereinafter set forth.
“That the said representations were false and fraudulent and were known to be false and fraudulent by the defendants and their duly authorized agents at the time they were made, for that whereas they represented said dwelling to have been built in a competent and workmanlike manner and sound in all respects, and materials used to be of good and proper quality, it was in fact built in a shoddy and poor and unworkmanlike manner and that the materials used therein were inferior to those normally used in a house of like type, cost and size.
“That the said defendants and their duly authorized agents did fraudulently conceal from the plaintiffs' the fact that the said dwelling was built in a shoddy and unworkmanlike manner and that the materials used were of an inferior grade, knowing that if they had disclosed the truth of the matter to the plaintiffs, said plaintiffs would not have bought the said premises.”
It should be noted that the basis upon which plaintiffs base their action is the fraud and misrepresentation upon the part of defendants.
In the case at bar each of the plaintiffs is asserting the right to recover damages from the defendants because of fraud and misrepresentation. It is also true that none of the plaintiffs has any interest in the action of the 7 other plaintiffs as each contract for the sale of property was made to each plaintiff at different times and in 4 cases for a different price. In each case the amount of damages claimed is different.
. In the trial of the consolidated cases, each plaintiff would have'the benefit of the fraud and misrepresentation accumulated from the evidence produced in all of the cases. While the trial court would undoubtedly instruct the jury that it could not be so considered, yet, in the consideration of the cases, the jury would hear an accumulation of evidence that it would not be subjected to if the cases were tried separately. We think that under the circumstances of this case defendants would be prejudiced. It follows that the trial court abused its discretion in ordering a consolidation.
The judgment is reversed and the cause remanded for trial as separate causes of action. Defendants may recover costs.
Carr, C. J., and Btjtzel, Boyles, Reid, Dethmers, and Kelly, JJ., concurred.
Smith, J., took no part' in the decision of this case. | [
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Boyles, J.
On leave granted the defendant appeals from a "verdict and judgment of guilty in a bastardy proceeding heard in the circuit court in Oakland county without jury. The question here for decision is whether the testimony of the complaining witness was admissible, under the circumstances of the case.
The complaining witness was granted an interlocutory decree of divorce November 27, 1950. There being children of the marriage under 17 years of age, the decree did not become final until May 27, 1951. The child in the case was born September 29, 1951. The complaining witness testified that the child was conceived by sexual intercourse with the defendant in January, 1951, which the defendant denied. Was her testimony admissible?
Obviously, the inevitable result of a finding, in a bastardy case, that the defendant (not the husband) is the father of the child would have to be that it is an illegitimate child. Otherwise, the so-called bastardy law would not apply.
In January, 1951, the complaining witness had a husband living. Their marital relation was not terminated until May 27, 1951. During that period of time she became pregnant. This exact situation came before us in a case decided March 9th of the present year. After referring to the statute and the Court Rule, this Court said:
“Under the specific provisions of the statute, as implemented by the rule, the marital relation between the parties to the divorce suit cannot be regarded as terminated until the interlocutory decree becomes final by the expiration of the 6-months period or by specific order of the court as in the present instance. Therefore, at the time plaintiff indulged in the misconduct admitted by her with the man whom she has since married she was legally the wife of the defendant.” Linn v. Linn, 341 Mich 668, 671.
In that case we set aside the decree of divorce, on a petition filed by the husband after the decree had become final, on the ground that a fraud had been perpetrated on the court when the plaintiff petitioned the court to order that the decree become final.
See, also, Allen v. Allen, 341 Mich 543, wherein under somewhat comparable circumstances we set aside a decree of divorce on a petition filed more than 3 years after the decree was granted, on the ground of fraud on the court by concealment from the court, by the wife, that she was pregnant by one not her husband.
In the case at bar the complaining witness and her husband were together frequently, after the interlocutory divorce decree was granted and before it became final. He took her to the defendant’s office several times. In her testimony there was proof of her husband’s access and opportunity for sexual intercourse and no proof of his absence or impotence during that period of time. Except for her testimony there was no proof to overcome the presumption that the child was legitimate. While it is true that the child, born after the decree became final, was not actually “torn in lawful wedlock” under some of our earlier decisions, the more recent statutory and rule provisions apparently afford opportunity for unusual circumstances to arise where, for a period of time after an interlocutory decree of divorce has been granted, and before it becomes final, the marital status continues. This sometimes occasions confusion and douht as to the effect of the delay, for all purposes and under all the circumstances that may arise. The extent to which our earlier decisions may be said to apply, as to whether the child is “born in lawful wedlock” must be considered under recent conditions which now arise since the interlocutory decree was inserted into some divorce cases by statute and court rule.
In Falconer v. Falconer, 330 Mich 532, this Court held that during the period -while the decree was only interlocutory neither party had the right to appeal therefrom, without leave, until the decree had become final. The marital status was still in effect, at least to that extent.
In King v. Peninsular Portland Cement Co., 216 Mich 335, on appeal in a proceeding wherein the widow and children of an employee whose death was caused by a compensable accident sought compensa tion as his dependents, this Court held that the mother could not testify that the posthumous, child was illegitimate, therefore a child horn .after his death was entitled to compensation. We held (syllabus) :
“In proceedings under the workmen’s compensation act, admissions of the widow that a son born during wedlock and a daughter born about 3 months after the death of the husband were not the children of the deceased, were properly rejected by the board, since the presumption of legitimacy may not be overcome by the testimony of the mother .to the contrary.” . '
In Yanoff v. Yanoff, 237 Mich 383, this Court held (syllabus):
“When the legitimacy of a child born in lawful wedlock is involved, no matter what the form of action, the husband and wife are barred from testifying to access or nonaccess of the husband, antenuptial or postnuptial.”
See, also, People v. Case, 171 Mich 282; Bassil v. Ford Motor Co., 278 Mich 173 (107 ALR 1491).
Assuming but not necessarily deciding that the testimony of the wife in the case at bar would establish or disclose adultery, the concluding sentence in CL 1948, § 617.67 (Stat Ann 1953.' Cum Supp § 27.-916), would then seem to bar her from testifying. It reads:
“In any action or proceeding instituted by the husband or wife, in consequence of adultery, the husband and wife shall not be competent to testify.”
In the instant case the complaining witness testified that she had sexual intercourse with the defendant on January 3, 1951. She also testified to frequent access and opportunity for intercourse with, her husband during the period of. time before the decree became final. She could not testify against the defendant in this bastardy case that the child was the defendant’s child, unless it meant that the child was illegitimate.
Public policy and precedent do not favor the admission of such testimony by a party to the marital relation. It was reversible error to admit the testimony of the complaining witness. The case is reversed and new trial granted.
Carr, C. J., and Butzel, Smith, Sharpe, Reid, Dethmers, and Kelly, JJ., concurred.
CL 1948, § 722.601 et seq. (Stat Ann and Stat Ann 1953 Cum Supp § 25.451 et. seq.).
CL 1948, § 552.9 (Stat Ann 1951 Cum Supp § 25.89).
CL 1948, § 552.9 (Stat Ann 1951 Cum Supp § 25.89).
Court Rule No 51, § 6, as adopted October 13, 1947 (318 Mich xli).
To the same effect, see Court Bule No 51, § 6(d) (318 Mieh xlii). | [
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