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The additional energy is sold to the national power grid, at a profit to the builders. This allows them to further reduce the costs of the desalinated water-product (thereby further increasing their score). Third, builders who choose to rely on the national power grid rather than building their own natural gas system are required to pay half of the construction costs of such a power system to the government. Thus, they save only half the construction cost of a power plant.
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sdg6
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Exceptionally buoyant external conditions for LDC exports — in the form of the global commodity boom, strong external demand and ample external financing - did result in higher GDP growth in the 2000s. That, in turn, led to some increased investment, including, and in some cases mainly, by foreign firms. The investment ratio of LDCs (i.e., gross fixed capital formation as a share of GDP) rose from 18.5 per cent to 21.8 per cent between 2000-2001 and 2010-20112 — the highest level in over 40 years. First, the increase in the LDCs’ investment ratio still falls short of the level typically required for developing countries to sustain high growth rates over long periods.
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This project reduces the emerging market entry-level terminal price, allowing more people to connect to mobile broadband through terminals and developed digital services, greatly enriching people's lives. With the increase of the number of mobile broadband users and digital services, the utilization of the network has been improved, the income of the operators is increased, and the development of the whole industry is promoted. The alliance helps guide the mobile communication department to reduce the tariffs on mobile terminals and to support the development of the communication industry, it has a positive support for both the economy and the surrounding industries.
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Section 3 (“Climate Change: The state of policy today”) describes how a prudent response to climate change involves a two-pronged approach: ambitious mitigation policies2 to reduce further climate change, as well as timely adaptation3 policies to limit damage by climate change impacts that are inevitable. Mitigation and adaptation policies are essential, and they are complementary. Most countries have begun to respond through actions at the international, national and local levels, drawing on a mix of policy instruments that include carbon pricing, other energy-efficiency policies, information-based approaches and innovation.
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Revenue can be politically earmarked, meaning that the Government explicitly states the use of the revenue, even though the revenue actually flows into the general budget and announced spending is made from that general budget. Although tight (or legal) earmarking of environmental tax revenue is prevalent in both developed and developing countries, the economic rationale for doing so is weak as it can excessively constrain the effective management of public finances (Jones, 2011). Tight earmarking is also undesirable because environmental tax revenue and necessary expenditures in a given area may not match up.
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Initiatives involving the added social and economic value of forest sinks provide a new method of evaluating the environmental value of forests socially and economically. The “positive incentive” system will accord social and economic value to tropical forest carbon sinks by offering an economic incentive to developing countries. The investment return comes in the form of credits for the reduced GHG emissions through this reduction control.
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This article examines the multi‐faceted contributions of disability studies including the work of artists and scholars inspired by The Unruly Salon, a disability arts, culture and scholarship series held at Green College, the University of British Columbia January–March 2008 to substantive citizenship and cultural politics. The article examines various tropes of normalcy through the new epistemological and methodological lenses and resources posed by disability studies projects. It shows how social, structural, cultural and material barriers construct some as ‘disabled’ and others as non‐disabled and puts forward ways to connect social models and human rights’ frameworks with a cultural politics of situated disability narratives that have the power to perform back to such normalizing regimes through disability arts, culture and scholarship. In so doing, the article demonstrates how disability cultural politics and scholarship lay claim to specific transformative counter‐publics. Scholars in disability stu...
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The initiative engaging the manufacturer, Grameen Bank, National Building Research Organization and vulnerable families encourages the use of local sustainable building materials, quality durable construction and livelihood considerations such as including shop fronts in the houses. The initiative required a high degree of informal collaborative learning and training. Learning occurs at both the level of the community, as well as within the company, where lessons of Mexican success are explored to be translated across other regions.
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This is a common feature of many resource-rich developing countries. For instance, while some natural resources might be more useful when converted into other forms of capital, considering the cost this may entail in terms of additional greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions suggests that some natural capital may have to be stranded. However, stranding could have far-reaching consequences for CDDCs that are dependent on the stranded resource, as they would lose an important source of revenue from no longer being able to exploit that resource.
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See Action Aid Nigeria, Mapping Civil Society’s Involvement in HIV/AIDS Programmes in Nigeria (Abuja: ActionAid, 2001). See, generally, E. Ahanihu, Closing Ranks: An Account of Nigeria’s Response to HIV/ AIDS, 1986-2003 (Ibadan: Spectrum Books, 2005), ActionAid Nigeria, Mapping Civil Society’s Involvement in HIV/AIDS Programmes in Nigeria, National Action Committee on AIDS, National HIV/AIDS Behavior Change Communication Strategy (2004-2008) (Abuja: National Action Committee on AIDS, 2004). Ahanihu, Closing Ranks, p. 250.
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Teacher quality has also been developed through strong initial teacher education to a master's level with practical experience. The transfer of early childhood education and care services from the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health to the Ministry of Education and Culture (2013) represents a major shift in perspective. Education and Research 2011-2016: A development plan aims to increase participation of students with immigrant background in preparatory education to improve their opportunity to finish upper secondary education, Curriculum reform is being developed from pre-primary through upper secondary education, to be implemented from 2016.
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Migration from public transport translates to increased mileage even if the trips are shared. Nonetheless, the correlation the report observes with the rise of ride services and a decline in public transport ridership may not necessarily be a causal one as there are other potential explanatory factors. These other confounding factors include the drop in gas prices since 2013, which has a well-documented statistical relationship with transit ridership and an increase in the prevalence of public transport delays in the city over this period.
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In Korea, there is no systematic procedure to evaluate the impact of safety measures. As an example, it would be very useful to evaluate the impact of black box fitment in vehicles in order to assess whether this should be expanded. Preliminary research found the installation of black boxes by a Korean taxi fleet had achieved a 15% reduction in fatalities, although another review suggested that black box fitment did not secure a change in behaviour.
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Watershed Management of the Northern Range in Trinidad and Tobago. Forestry Division, Ministry of Public Utilities and the Environment, GoTT. Paper presented at a regional dialogue hosted by the Natural Resources Management Unit of the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States at St. Lucia on February, 25-27 2002.
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sdg6
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Information on land take by urban and and other artificial land development in Europe is given as a complement. Their interpretation should consider the levels of economic development and the structure of countries’ economies and patterns of trade. Geographic factors and population density also play a role. Internationally harmonised data on conversions from one type of land use to another are not yet available.
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Groundwater levels have dropped (from the 1960s until 2000) -5-10 m regionally, >15 m locally. Severe reduction m ^^tural'background'grcHjneKvater quality ^/an'issue, ^1998 u°nt!l itWfthe'ie^d^f'dat^avaHabfot-^idSpread but moderate N and pathogens pollution due to Abstraction of groundwater exerts pressure, local and moderate increased pumping lifts, reduced borehole yields and baseflow, as well as degradation of ecosystems. Widespread and severe naturally occurring As at 10-200 pg/l, widespread but moderate N0S at up to 200 mg/l and pesticides at up to 0.1 pg/l. Some87% of the aquifer area is cropland, -5% urban/industrial area. Population -189100 (density 47 inhabitants/km').
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Policy decision-making in Malaysia has long used an approach based on intuition, ideology, or conventional wisdom. But as Malaysian society matures within an increasingly complex policy environment, a move toward an evidence-based approach to public policy-making is called for. This paper discusses the experience of the National Higher Education Research Institute (IPPTN) in its attempts at linking research to higher education policy formulation. The main aim is to understand the perspectives of the IPPTN researchers regarding the use and impact of higher education research on policy-making, and the challenges they experienced. The findings provide insights into the future of evidence-based higher education policy-making in Malaysia and the IPPTN's capacity and capability for evidence-based policy research.
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Between 1997 and 2004, the percentage of younger smokers was fairly stable, but then started to decline among males and, more recently, among females as well. The gender gap in smoking varies enormously between countries. In 2010, smoking rates were, on average, over 90% higher among males than females. In the United Kingdom, though, the gap between males and females was only 5%.
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They are also changing the business ecosystem that surrounds firms. Online platforms have become the place where buyers connect to sellers and increasingly provide other market-relevant information. Contracts are established online and payments are made online, too. In order to take advantage of new opportunities, firms have to deal with and often adopt new technologies.
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In the other four countries, differences on the divorce procedure remain. Moreover, none of the countries offers equality in guardianship and head-of-household provisions or in the financial arrangements that apply to childcare in the case of divorce. They often join the informal sector, especially if they lack prior work experience, and may have to accept low-paid, strenuous work with no social protection.
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Communications between the administrations of existing State reserves and municipalities take place in an ad hoc manner, without formal arrangements. According to this assessment, priority areas for improvement of capacity are management, monitoring and information systems, international cooperation, coordination between State agencies, scientific and technical capacity, and staff training. Capacity development needs at the subnational (provincial) level were particularly emphasized. It was noted that the Department of Protection of Flora and Fauna has very few staff.
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Without minimum levels of security, protection from violence and mechanisms to hold public and private actors to account for abuses, poor people will lack the confidence to participate in politics and decision making (Pearce J., McGee, R. and Wheeler, J., forthcoming). In areas where there are failures of state authority and/or abuses by state security forces, security and justice are often delivered by non-state actors (e.g. community groups, traditional authorities," militias) with varying levels of legitimacy and accountability. The first step is therefore to undertake an analysis of who delivers justice and security, how and with what outcomes. Instead, donors need to encourage local debate and discuss with local elites how international principles can be reconciled with local practices and values, reflect their own interests and respond to people’s needs.
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These issues derive from similarities between the results from all or most of the regions. It is important to emphasize that the results is based on an economic analysis. If the projection of this fast implementation of the green technologies should become reality it is important for the countries to develop needed incentive schemes, tax schemes, legislation etc.
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The measure, which follows a recommendation in the 2010 Survey * should help the recruitment and retention of better teachers as, after many years of wage freezes, teachers' wages had become very low vis-a-vis other occupations at the same qualification level. Preschool will be made compulsory for children over three years-old in 2015 (94% are already attending), which is a positive step given that enrolment generally enhances education outcomes of children with poor backgrounds. A so-called Sure Start programme aims to support young children in disadvantaged areas by providing pedagogic and social support in dedicated centres and promoting parental involvement. To reduce school dropout, Bridge programmes were launched in 2013 to help pupils performing poorly in elementary education to acquire basic skills and a partial vocational qualification, and an after-school support programme (TANODA) was launched.
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Close to 40 countries8* have since submitted national reports, providing information on progress towards Aichi target 20, outlining the flow of resources for biodiversity from developed to developing countries, financial resources available for biodiversity, steps taken to implement the strategy for resource mobilisation and the role of specific initiatives including those relating to technical cooperation, and innovative financial mechanisms. The trends in national and international biodiversity financing and progress in mobilisation of resources during the 2on-2020 strategic programme will be a key indicator to achieving the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020 and the Aichi Biodiversity Targets, as expressed in decision XI/6, CBD COPu. The programme has strengthened the implementation of the Convention through supporting CMS conservation initiatives for a number of migratory taxa, with a strong focus on implementation in developing countries8*.
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Fourth, in most countries, men have more influence in political decision-making processes because they are overrepresented in public office. This is therefore an arena where there is much to be gained in terms of gender equality. This is so as to evaluate the gender differences independent of a country’s level of development.
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In the end, teachers, like other professionals, have a genuine interest in safeguarding the standards and reputation of their profession. Even the most urgent efforts to translate a government-established curriculum into classroom practice typically drag out over a decade, because it takes so much time to communicate the goals and methods through the different layers of the system, and to build them into teacher-education programmes. When what and how students learn changes so rapidly, this slow implementation process leads to a widening gap between what students need to learn, and what and how teachers teach. Subject-matter content will be less and less the core and more and more the context of good teaching.
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Further, Nippon Mining & Metals Group sets medium-term targets which, where appropriate, provide quantitative targets regarding energy savings, reductions in C02 emissions and final disposal of waste. These targets are evaluated on a yearly basis and revised periodically. They identified certain key obstacles, including: technological capability to extract materials from used products, collection infrastructure, and co-ordination across borders in terms of the movement of disposed articles out of Japan and achieving broad acceptance of its importance.
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Policies need to empower farmers to take their own risk management decisions, and to have access to a diversity of instruments and strategies. Most often, aggregate data show that price variability from markets is stronger than production variability due to weather. However, the sample data from all countries show that at the individual level, yield variability is larger than in the aggregate and similar in magnitude to price variability. It was also found that the majority of farms face negative price-yield correlation in three out of five countries, and at least a third of farms in all countries. Finally, there is evidence that price risk is more systemic than yield risk, but there can be cases in which yield variations are highly systemic. These statistical results on farmers’ risk environment have implications in defining policy priorities and approaches.
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Content from radio channel DRi and television channel TV2 was surveyed, and the results mirror the GMMP results. The study showed that 65% of all people appearing in the surveyed radio and television programmes were men and 35% were women. This indicates slightly less male dominance that the GMMPs have shown. The WIME study also included programme types other than news, and in terms of the surveyed news content women were less visible. A vast majority of 68% of all coded individuals in the news were men and only 32% were women (Andreassen 2016: 89).
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Richard Ashley's writings in the 1980s are central to the production of post-structuralist or ‘dissident’ scholarship in International Relations (IR). In this article, I use analysis of the standard dissident view of Ashley's writings to examine the interpretive practices through which the community of dissident scholars was produced textually. Dissident ‘thinking space’ in the discipline was produced in part through the exclusion of Marx, capital and class, despite these being present in Ashley's writings throughout this period. Similar interpretive practices were applied to the writings of Michel Foucault, with similar effects. This exclusion has negative consequences for dissident scholarship, in particular analysis of historicity and the place of capitalism in contemporary world politics. Overcoming these problems requires reading the work of Ashley and other founders of dissident scholarship in a different way are attentive to the silences of thinking space.
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Turkey,'23 the European Court recognized that the right to respect for family life and the prohibition of arbitrary interferences with families have limits. In this case, the applicant, Mrs. Nahide Opuz, and her mother had been threatened and assaulted on several occasions by H.O., her then husband. The Court found that the authorities failed to take protective measures against domestic violence provided for under the Family Protection Act and did not issue an injunction to prevent H.O from being in contact with the applicant and her mother.
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It aims to ensure mutually beneficial regional electricity security and sustainability by connecting countries with surplus power generation capacity to those that face a deficit. Within this initiative, the primary scope for cooperation is infrastructure (physical connectivity across borders, integrated energy market) and technical (public-private partnerships for financing and technology transfer). In this regard, the priority project of ASEAN is the LTMS'l-Power Integration Project.
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Furthermore, nitrogen run-off can leach into lakes, rivers and coastal waters, hurting rural industries such as fishing and aquaculture in which China is expected to gain market share over the next decade (OECD-FAO, 2014). Such contamination can also taint the drinking water supply. In addition, the production of chemical fertiliser in China is a significant source of greenhouse gas emissions (Zhang et al., These include a tax exemption on value added tax for almost all fertiliser products and a subsidy for fertiliser transportation (Huang and Xiang, 2014).
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This is very likely a major explanation for the reported differences. It is advisable to develop and apply a generally accepted method for making road crash costs estimates. As to output, this concerns, for instance, the way in which the data are made available for further processing and analysis. As to the use of the data, this refers to the actual use by road safety stakeholders and researchers. The possible and actual use of data by road safety stakeholders and researchers can be considered as a main indicator of the quality of a data system. The more possibilities there are to analyse the data, the better the quality of data systems.
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The CCXG (formerly called the Annex I Expert Group) is a group of government delegates from OECD and other industrialised countries. The aim of the group is to promote dialogue and enhance understanding on technical issues in the international climate change negotiations. The views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union.
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However, progress has been uneven across the states in the region, and the current pace still means forest loss equivalent to the size of Slovenia (or the Brazilian state of Sergipe) every four years. Deforestation rates have also declined in most other biomes in recent years, but pressures remain high in the Cerrado. Overall, total forest area has decreased by about 5% since 2000. Unclear land tenure has historically exacerbated deforestation pressures from illegal logging and agriculture and pasture expansion.
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Over the last decade, the development of cognitive and behavioural sciences has determined the diffusion of the concept and methodology of behavioural insights into social sciences, including the governance sphere. Behavioural teams worldwide participate in developing and implementing the strategies at various levels of governance organisation. The aim of this study is to investigate the institutionalisation process of behavioural insights into public policy. The study has identified the agentive determinants of the institutionalisation efficiency that include: the competence level of public servants, their motivation level, resistance to change and the nature of feedback. It is argued that the approval level of using behavioural insights by civil servants is a prerequisite for their intrinsic motivation, which has a positive effect on the efficiency of institutionalisation of behavioural insights in public policy. The survey has revealed the most approved directions for using behavioural techniques in public policy in Ukraine.
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For instance, many respondents said that proximity, low cost and simplicity (no waiting time) were the main reasons for preferring their provider. These factors were influential, particularly in cases where services were sought from traditional/religious healers and chemist shops. In the case of minor illnesses, though, the poor preferred traditional healers and chemists to NGO facilities, as visiting these providers was more convenient and less time-consuming.
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Indeed in the UN General Assembly Resolution A/RES/70/260 adopted in April 2016, member states embraced Safe System principles of “shared responsibility to move towards a world free from road traffic fatalities and serious injuries”. The challenge now is to accelerate the implementation of the Global Plan by harnessing the added impetus provided by the SDGs and encouraging all UN member states to achieve the greatest possible reduction in the number of road casualties. In this phase of commitment and renewal in international road safety work, wider application of the Safe System concept can play a leading role. First and foremost, a Safe System helps to overcome the risk of a bias towards behavioural measures in road injury prevention.
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Figure 1 depicts the average share of financial sector employees in total employment for each percentile of the earnings distribution. The employment share of finance rises continuously from 1% among the bottom 1% earners to 19% among the top 1%. A remarkably similar pattern emerges across countries, with the presence of financial sector workers rising with labour income, in many cases at an increasing rate (Figure 2). Finance tends to be particularly prevalent in the top 1% (relative to other percentiles) in many countries: the Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Sweden and the United Kingdom.
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Notable exceptions include the Adaptation Fund, GEF, and SIDA, which include indicators for infection rates of climate-sensitive diseases, the number of health measures introduced, and sanitation and wastewater facilities, respectively. ( Mitigation and adaptation interventions can create jobs, secure incomes, and reduce losses in the face of increasing extreme-weather events. Recognising the economic dimension of resilience, some institutions have developed results indicators for tracking economic vulnerability. For instance, both the GEF and Adaptation Fund include indicators to assess the effectiveness of an intervention in diversifying and strengthening livelihoods and sources of income for vulnerable populations (GEF, 2012 and AF, 2011a).
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All requests for public or commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to rights®oecd.org. Requests for permission to photocopy portions of this material for public or commercial use shall be addressed directly to the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) at info©right.com or the Centre ffamjais d’exploitation du droit de copie (CFC) at contact@c/copies.com. We are very grateful to the authors of the background report on Germany which provided a very important foundation for our work.
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Growing pressures on the environment from mass tourism are already forcing some countries to shut some tourism destinations, at least temporarily. To raise the sustainability of the sector, medium-term planning should gradually refocus on increasing yield rather than numbers of tourists. That also means improving the availability and quality of data to allow accurately gauging such targets.
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The global unemployment rate—standing at almost 200 million people in 2016—is expected to remain elevated in the coming years and unlikely to fall below pre-crisis rates in the medium term as the global labour force continues to grow.1 Vulnerable forms of employment remain pervasive, particularly among women,2 undermining the ambition to create decent work and sustainable routes out of poverty. This was followed by a second major expenditure contraction starting in 2016. In 2018,124 countries will be adjusting expenditures in terms of GDP and this number is expected to rise slightly in 2019 and 2020/ This is a daunting scenario and at odds with the enormous injection of additional resources that the implementation of the 2030 Agenda is expected to require.
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A common practice in the valuation of resources has been to compare estimates of their consumptive and non-consumptive uses (UNEP 2006). Yet, where it has been adopted, it has often demanded trade-offs in exchange for compliance on the part of users to discard consumptive, presumably more materially beneficial uses, to less attractive but ecologically more sustainable activities with assumed long-term gains such as social benefits (improved income). Numerous examples of ecotourism projects are found in the region.
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The analytical work should improve the quality of the assessment outcome and provide salient information for policymaking, decision-making and developing cooperation. If the first part of the assessment is mostly a diagnostic of the basin's situation, resources and sectors, the second is characterized by a more active level of stakeholder engagement that aims to jointly uncover priority issues, develop possible solutions and assess the benefits of cooperation. The paragraphs immediately below describe the six steps, whereas the participatory methods and frameworks and tools are described later on in this chapter. This includes information on: (i) the current state of energy, food, water and environmental security, and the availability of natural resources, (ii) the relations that exist within the region, the basin and its riparian countries, and (iii) main strategic goals, development policies and challenges.
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Both self-governing regions and municipalities finance their “original competences” from own funds. Additionally, they perform some tasks delegated by the state as part of the so-called “transferred competences”. To perform their tasks within the transferred competences, self-governing regions and municipalities have a legitimate claim to use funds from the state budget (Educational Policy Institute, 2015).
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What are the objectives behind these measures and is the government evaluating alternative ways of achieving these objectives? This has led both OECD and non-OECD countries to discriminate between national and foreign investors in several different ways. First, a strong local-content requirement or high import tariff may prevent rapid and diversified deployment by making the latter dependant on the capacity and quality of the local supply chain.
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Unincorporated and unorganised enteiprises are fil ms of small size that are not covered by most employment and social protection laws. Data with gender classification for these small enterprises is obtained from NSSO surveys about every five years for manufacturing and service enterprises. The ASI data on larger companies is not available by gender. Recent numbers for trade incorporated companies are not available.
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Over the last two decades, economic restructuring has re-shaped both society and space, resulting in changes to urban form and an explosion in the number of brownfield sites. Increased socio-economic exclusion and the emergence of dualisms has become characteristic of the most recent period of industrialisation and has many policy implications for brownfield regeneration. This paper documents the early redevelopment of Dublin Docklands, highlighting the weaknesses of legislation and the increased social exclusion that has emerged. It is argued that by adopting the principle of environmental justice and by explicitly agreeing to legally binding broad-based development objectives, economic, physical and social rejuvenation can be simultaneously and successfully achieved.
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On the other hand, the majority of the waste generated by private laboratories and the 2,644 health centres is not treated. There is currently no disposal system for the sludge resulting from industrial wastewater treatment, which is also disposed of in landfills as a result. In the case of some WWTPs, dried sludge is used by farmers as compost fertilizer for agricultural land.
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Trends in Youth Offending in Europe.- The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child.- Young People's Rights: The Role of the Council of Europe.- Criminal Responsibility of Adolescents: Youth as Junior Citizenship.- Parental Responsibility for Youth Offending.- Juvenile Transfer in the United States.- Transfer of Minors to the Criminal Court in Europe: Belgium and the Netherlands.- The Prevention of Delinquent Behaviour.- Diversion: A Meaningful and Successful Alternative to Punishment in European Juvenile Justice Systems.- Restorative Justice and Youth Justice: Bringing Theory and Practice Closer Together in Europe.- Community Sanctions and the Sanctioning Practice in Juvenile Justice Systems in Europe.- Custodial Establishments for Juveniles in Europe.- Reforming Juvenile Justice: European Perspectives.
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Further investments are required in most MENA countries to embed gender budgeting into the mainstream budgeting cycle across government and for these practices to take root. It would be important to ensure that all pertinent stakeholders, including parliaments, are actively engaged in this process. Good practices from both OECD and MENA countries (e.g. Morocco) may support MENA policy makers in the implementation of gender budgeting in a systematic and sustainable manner. This would allow for gender mainstreaming to be taken into consideration more strategically and ensure buy-in at all levels of government, as well as raise awareness of gender mainstreaming.
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Atkinson, Marlier and Wolf (2010) argue that selecting a particular set of dimensions is equivalent to attributing zero weight to other aspects which are not included, and question whether the various items should be weighted the same in the different countries. The inclusion of material items has also been questioned on the basis that the social meaning of goods and activities essential for social participation differs from one country to another (Till and Bffe, 2010). In turn, Fusco, Guio and Marlier (2010) warn that this method combines diverging concepts of poverty (income as opposed to deprivation) and mixes different standards for making them operational (the situation in one country relative to a European standard). Adopting the 60% median line as an indicator of the cost of meeting social needs yields six countries with relative poverty rates above absolute poverty. These are Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica, Panama and Uruguay. Relative poverty decreased between 2002 and 2010, but not as much as absolute poverty.
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Better conditions were observed for Latin America and the Caribbean and for Eastern Europe. However, where data are collected at individual level and disseminated disaggregated by sex of the owner, gender inequality becomes apparent. In urban areas 21 per cent of the house and residential titles are in the name of women, 61 per cent are in the name of men and 18 per cent are joint titles.
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The Nordic countries also provide substantially greater support for women to work, including childcare provision, enabling female employment (Gomick and Jantti, 2010). They report that those countries with the lowest levels of child poverty are usually those with low rates of joblessness and effective redistributive tax and transfer systems (usually with high levels of spending rather than targeting). Meanwhile, those countries with high levels of child poverty also tend to have high levels of poverty among working families and less effective tax and benefit systems.
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However, cost-effectiveness is not systematically assessed according to a well-defined and rigorous methodology and the decision-making process lacks transparency. As financial pressures from the health system increase, ensuring that investment is driven by evidence on cost-effectiveness would be worthwhile. At a time when Switzerland will need to rely increasingly on primary care personnel to coordinate and support patients living with chronic disease, the number of general practitioners has been declining relative to specialists, and there are substantial differences across cantons. The Swiss medical and nursing workforce is ageing and a significant number are expected to retire in the next two decades.
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Funding support needs to be created in order to encourage such activities. There are examples around the world where universities are provided with such funds that give them enough freedom to co-operate with each other and undertake joint activities to promote regional and community development. Similarly, recruitment, hiring and reward systems should reflect a commitment to regional engagement, which in turn needs to be recognised as a scholarly practice.
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Poverty is one of the key determinants (along with gender and ethnicity factors), because the poorest communities are the most exposed to the risk of a natural disaster. Moreover, there are specific factors in the social institutional framework and power relations that define the disaster-vulnerability of certain population groups (Shepherd and others, 2013). These elements characterize the dynamic of the risk in each community, which varies according to time and place, owing to the interaction of economic, demographic and sociocultural factors, compounded by an unbalanced development process (for example, rapid and improvised urbanization, and poor management of natural resources, among other things) (IPPC, 2012).
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The historical precursors of the reforms made to the healthcare systems in China from Deng Xiaoping to Hu Jintao are presented, based on a literature review and descriptive research. A series of healthcare reforms were introduced as of the 1980s in response to different political and economic policy decisions and the introduction of market forces. Accordingly, access to healthcare, and its coverage, organization, and financing underwent changes. While under Deng and Jiang, coverage, access, and funding were reduced, under Hu Jintao, at the turn of the twenty-first century, attempts were made to expand health insurance coverage with a view to making it universal, while spending on public health was increased and reforms were made to the pharmaceutical market and public hospitals.
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Qualifications and skills in excess of those required at work are still valued in the labour market. On average, a tertiary graduate who holds a job requiring only an upper secondary qualification will earn less than if he or she were in a job requiring a tertiary qualification, but more than an upper secondary graduate in a job requiring upper secondary qualifications. Based on this information, the survey measures the use of a wide range of skills, including both information-processing skills, which are also measured in the direct assessment, and generic skills, for which only self-reported use at work is available.
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The private sector is very limited in providing inpatient care, but plays a substantial role in other areas, such as primary care and dental care. Total health expenditure per capita is half of the EU average (Figure 6). One third of health spending comes from private sources - largely out-of-pocket payments Although most of the public spending on health comes from the NHIF, a substantial share (30% in 2015) of NHIF revenue comes from the state’s budget (NHIF, 2017), which funds the insurance coverage for the nonwoiking part of the population (see Section 5.2).
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Participation can also reduce domestic violence, which is part of wellbeing and relatively frequent in India (Mathur and Slavov, 2013). The 2006 National Family Health Survey (NFHS) reported that one third of women aged 15 and 49 had experienced physical violence and one in ten had been victims of sexual violence in their lifetime (van Klaveren et al. In baseline scale changed compared to Table 7 in Agenor 2015. Policy changes are e.g.an increase in targeted cash benefit from 0.01% to 0.04% of family income etc.
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sdg8
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She concludes that "compromising women's rights is not an option. Therefore, the challenge that confronts us today is to respect and prize our diverse cultures while developing common strategies to resist oppressive practices in the name of culture, and to promote and uphold universal human rights while rejecting encroachments grounded in ethnocentric thinking" (A/HRC/4/34, para. The Special Rapporteur views the universal promotion and protection of human rights, including cultural rights, and respect for cultural diversity as mutually supportive. She recalls the Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, the Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity and Human Rights Council resolution 10/23 to affirm that respect for cultural rights or cultural diversity may not undermine the universality of human rights.
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sdg5
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More generally, unemployment insurance programmes allow for smoothing the consumption patterns of job losers, while minimum wage regulations ensure that “fair” wages are paid to unskilled workers. Notably, they need to raise the target group’s awareness of the policy programmes and increasing their involvement (Section 4.1), establish programme selection criteria that allow to effectively reach the target group and support innovation activities (4.2), build the target group’s capabilities to undertake activities promoted by the programme (4.3), and build the expertise of public sector officials and experts deploying the programmes (4.4). Institutional barriers and ensuring adequate evaluation of policy impacts also need addressing.
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sdg9
|
They are often implemented in a non-transparent manner, with little consultation, and add to the cost of importing. For example, every shipment of fresh food of plant origin must be tested for chemical content in Indonesia before being released, imports of chicken leg quarters from the USA are still banned for halal reasons since trade was halted in 2000, importers of animal products require import approval for shipments, and ports of entry are being reduced in number. This is done to ensure an adequate supply of these products on the domestic market. Exports of coffee, rubber, manioc (to the EU) and bananas and pineapple (to Japan) are controlled to meet international obligations or to maximise returns from the market.
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sdg2
|
While 60-80% of people in many developed countries already shop online, the equivalent share in most of the world's countries is below 3%. Current efforts are simply inadequate. They are highly fragmented and of insufficient scale. To raise a country's e-commerce readiness, a number of policy areas need to address holistically the development of affordable ICT infrastructure, logistics and trade facilitation, the legal and regulatory environment, payment solutions, skills development and entrepreneurship financing, as well as the funding of e-commerce innovation.
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sdg8
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The rural-urban gap in the quantity and quality of teaching staff is particularly large in Albania and Qatar. Only in a few countries, including Australia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Croatia, Japan, Mexico, Romania, Serbia and Spain, are urban teachers considerably older and more experienced than rural teachers. Despite the multiple challenges faced by rural teachers that could potentially lead to a higher staff turnover, there is no clear evidence across countries that urban teachers in lower secondary education spend more years teaching in their schools than rural teachers, except in Croatia, Japan, Korea, Romania, Serbia and Spain.
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sdg4
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Some higjh-performing countries in PISA 2012, such as Estonia and Finland, also show small variations in student scores, proving that high performance is possible for all students (OECD, 2013a). For students who fail to reach this level of performance in mathematics, reading or science, most can be expected to not continue with education beyond compulsory schooling, and therefore risk facing difficulties using mathematics, reading and science concepts throughout their lives and risk having poorer opportunities in the labour market. Even in the average OECD country, where more than one in five students do not reach Level 2, tackling such low performance is a major challenge that requires addressing barriers posed by factors such as social background.
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sdg4
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Beneficiaries received monthly unconditional cash transfers and livelihood support (skills training and business grants). Geographic targeting was considered politically unacceptable, so eligibility criteria included low income, food insecurity, taking care of orphans, and being a female (or child-headed) household. Because the income data was unreliable, this was replaced by a poverty scorecard using 18 indicators.
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sdg1
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The country recently finished rehabilitating the Dushanbe-Kyrgyzstan border road, the Dushanbe-Tursunzade-Uzbekistan border road, and the Dushanbe-Kulma-Chinese border road. Numerous other road-rehabilitation projects are ongoing, and others are scheduled for construction by 2020. Most of these roads connect Dushanbe and other cities of Tajikistan with the border crossing points of China, Afghanistan and Central Asian neighbours.
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sdg9
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This effort was grounded in the idea that a local supplier base could be established in this area to supply both the Nissan plant in CIV AC and those of VW and Audi in Puebla. It has the road and rail infrastructure needed to distribute the company’s products to other regional markets in the United States. In addition, it is relatively close to the assembly plants of other companies that, altogether, form a strong supplier base in the west and north central regions of Mexico.
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sdg11
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No specific policies for tourism-related mitigation appear to be in place or planned. No specific plan is presented of how to reduce emissions, but meeting international commitments as well as exploring the potential of voluntary carbon offsets are mentioned. More comprehensive information is provided in the National Climate Change Strategy 2007-2012, where all emission sectors are considered in detail.
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sdg13
|
Film is considered as a visualized and vivid multimodal communication mode, the cross-cultural dissemination of which cannot be separated from its subtitle translation. Based on the Synthetic Theoretical Framework of Multimodal Discourse Analysis (STF of MDA) put forward by Professor Zhang Delu, the paper analyzed the characteristics and effects of subtitle translation in Wolf Totem from four levels, namely culture, context, content and expression, exploring how different modalities coordinated to construct the whole meaning of the film discourse. After detailed analysis on typical examples, it raised a multimodal analysis model of subtitle translation on the basis of Zhang’s theory, so as to provide a new analytical approach for research on subtitle translation.
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sdg16
|
The total certified area grew by 3.8% (16 million ha) between May 2013 and May 2014, which is half the growth that occurred in the previous 12 months. To enable the possible inclusion of certification schemes in REDD+9 (e.g. to ensure sustainable forest management and monitor illegal logging), certification frameworks and incentives that are more effective in other regions may be needed. Graph 2.4.3 shows how the certified forest area of the two major certification schemes is divided among the CIS, Europe and North America.
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sdg15
|
The global and African craft sector is also generally recognized to be a large employer of women and a sector that encourages female entrepreneurship (Matsinde, 2015). Such employment can provide supplementary income, for example during low farming seasons, and expand in response to demand from tourists. Globally, the tourism sector has up to twice as many female employers than any other sector. Africa follows this trend, with 30.5 per cent female employers compared with 20.8 per cent overall.
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sdg8
|
Formerly, both lines were updated using the same price deflator, so that the relationship between them stayed constant over time. Year-on-year changes to December. Dividing the total planned reduction in indigence (11.3 percentage points) by the cumulative reduction between 1990 and 2010 (10.2 percentage points) shows that Latin America is 91% of the way towards achieving this. This is more than the elapsed percentage of the time allowed for meeting the goal, which is 80%.
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sdg1
|
The challenge will be to orient the health care system to help people with multiple chronic conditions. Biomedical research on chronic diseases generally focuses on single chronic diseases like diabetes while often ignoring the co-existing conditions a diabetic may have. In fact, people with multiple chronic conditions are often excluded from randomised clinical trials which make it difficult to create an evidence base to guide their care.
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sdg3
|
Whether and how to do this will very much be determined by the skills and capacities available in firms. It will also depend on signals that firms receive about the reliability of new technologies and their likelihood of standing the test of time. The question arises as to whether the relevant sen/ices will satisfy the needs of exporters, in particular SMEs.
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sdg9
|
The concept of decoupling proposed by UNEP and others (Fischer-Kowalski and others, 2011) suggests that economic growth should be delinked from the increasing consumption of material resources such as construction minerals, fossil fuels and biomass. Jackson (2011) argues for a shift in focus towards prosperity and well-being with reduced or no growth, in which investments in services and care, as well as in green action in the areas of sustainable food production and clean energy, are key. Many gender analysts and activists criticize the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development for having missed a chance to break with the business-as-usual global economic model, which produces environmental destruction, social exploitation and inequalities (Schalatek, 2013, Wichterich, 2012, UnmiiBig, Sachs and Fatheuer, 2012). They see the green economy as a market-based approach that justifies the commodification of resources and commons, which undermines livelihoods and dispossesses local peoples, especially women food producers.
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sdg5
|
In this article, we think about how critical health communication scholars can speak to audiences outside the discipline in order to make an impact on public health and policy, health promotion, and health care delivery. We take into consideration how are we situated in our relationship with transdisciplinary research as well as the challenges and opportunities involved in collaborating with transdisciplinary teams including the ways we can navigate the inherent method/ological tensions in such collaborations. We focus on how the methodological considerations of “critical” health scholarship are situated vis-a-vis the epistemic status quo commitments in the disciplines of our potential allies.
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sdg16
|
To know the perceptions and actions of nurses in relation to institutional racism in public health. Method: qualitative, descriptive and exploratory research, with a sample of nine nurses from a city on the north coast of Rio Grande do Sul. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, analyzed according to the Content Analysis Method. Results: three categories emerged: knowledge about the health of the black population, actions and prevention against institutional racism, Experience in situations of racism, existence of discrimination and inequality in access to health services, Knowledge and opinion on the National Policy of Comprehensive Health of the Black Population and Institutional Racism. Final considerations: nurses perceive institutional racism in a distorted way, with reduced knowledge and provision of actions directed to the health of the black population. However, they emphasize educational means for the prevention and deconstruction of institutional racism in public health.
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sdg16
|
Entrepreneurial activities are still hampered by constraints which can be gender specific, such as cultural norms or restricted access to finance for women. Although the sources of finance are the same for men and women, women often tend to face higher barriers to access finance. The main reasons for this gender gap are associated with differences in the sector of activity and the age and size of female-owned businesses. However, other possible explanations include lack of managerial experience, women’s weaker credit history, and a smaller business size.
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sdg5
|
Models designed to estimate the elasticity of poverty reduction must incorporate income inequality as an explanatory variable to prevent changes in income distribution being subsumed into growth elasticity. Similar results were found in Brazil by Barros, Henriques and Mendonga (2001). These authors emphasized that inequality in income distribution was responsible for economic growth being less efficient than it might be for poverty reduction purposes. In other words, the effect of growth on poverty reduction was smaller in Brazil than in other countries with the same income level.
|
sdg1
|
Developing ethically informed advice and best practices to guide digital humanities production is one of the most important activities in the field. Ethical justification of intellectual activity is important. It allows research to proceed with a firm moral grounding, in ways that benefit the public, civil society, and the wider scholarly community. Mature intellectual traditions can point to substantive debates that have explored the relationship of their work to state-craft, philosophy, economics, feminism, or racial politics. Digital humanists have interesting, and sometimes difficult, ethical issues to consider but it is only just starting to develop the critical and technical maturity required to contribute to scholarship in sophisticated ways. This is complicated by the need to develop ethical modes of technical production as well as critical awareness.
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sdg16
|
The main indicators used are listed in the publication cited below, along with the relevant source information. Reconciling resource uses in transboundary basins: assessment of the water-food-energy-ecosystems nexus (United Nations, New York and Geneva, 2015), pp. Some are qualitative and some quantitative, some geospatial and some statistical.
|
sdg6
|
While efforts are under way to develop common strategies to tackle priority issues such as local air pollution, national environmental authorities are often unaware of the state of environmental management in the ever-growing number of municipalities (from 147 in 1995 to 211 at present). The adoption of the Balanced Regional Development Act in 2000 encouraged better co-operation among Regional Development Agencies (RDAs), Councils of Regions, and associations of municipalities and towns. However, oversight by the national government is still insufficient to ensure that environmental requirements are implemented consistently.
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sdg6
|
These savings will be delivered through the implementation of cost-effective measures such as high efficiency motors, variable speed drivers, energy efficient boilers, improved energy management systems and process optimisation. Government is required to review targets set under CCA every 7 years, in order to ensure that targets reflect the full potential for energy efficiency improvements or carbon savings taking into account of any changes in technical or market circumstances. It is estimated that CCAs in pigs, poultry meat, eggs and covered horticulture achieved energy savings of up to 40% have been achieved when compared to their base year energy use in 2000/2001 (DEFRA, 2013a). Some claimed that that the Agreements were effective in focusing managerial attention on energy efficiency, while others have cast serious doubt on their efficacy.
|
sdg7
|
As one of my two contributions to this discussion, I would like to first comment on the state of affairs regarding the development of "um pensamento nacional autentico." Specifically, I would like to address the issue not from the perspective of the Brazilian trying to 'critically assimilate' foreign ideas, and so avoid the transplantation of inappropriate scholarship. Rather, I would like to look at it from the other end of this strained intellectual relationship. Much of my research related to Guerreiro Ramos has confirmed the threat that he raised regarding epistemic colonization, unwittingly exercised by a woefully parochial Anglophone scholarly community. The second topic I would like to discuss is a policy area in which Brazilians, especially in my discipline of public administration, might have something to learn from abroad, raised by Guerreiro Ramos himself in his Patologia social do branco brasileiro.
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sdg16
|
Data for Hungary, Luxembourg, Portugal and Spain refer to 2009-10 while data for the Czech Republic, Estonia, Greece, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, the Netherlands, the Slovak Republic, Slovenia and the United Kingdom (Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales) refer to 2011-12. Data for the private sector in the United Kingdom (Scotland) refer to 2009-10. There is no single authority representing both Hirkish and Greek Cypriot people on the Island. Thrkey recognises the lUrkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC).
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sdg4
|
Labour regulations focus on conditions of work and pay, and are quite detailed. The rigidity of regulations sometimes restricts the establishment of mutually beneficial labour agreements, resulting in a discrepancy between common practice and the law', thus posing legal risks to companies. It is not uncommon that the interpretation of labour regulations by labour courts is surrounded by uncertainties and some sources highlight the considerable difficulties that Brazilian businesses face in complying with labour laws (The Economist, 2011). Innovative firms are likely to be more dependent on adequate conditions for hiring and dismissing people, complemented by good systems of unemployment insurance and support for job placement, skills improvement and continuous learning.
|
sdg2
|
According to climate experts, this would result in a surface temperature increase of 4.8°C over the period 2081-2100 as against the average for 1986-2005, a rise in sea levels of almost one metre, the proliferation of extreme climate events (such as droughts, torrential rainfall and stronger hurricanes), together with worsening food insecurity. Measurements at the Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii went up by more than three parts per million (ppm) in 2015. The spike is due to a combination of human activities and the El Nino weather pattern.
|
sdg13
|
In many countries labour market activity among childless men and women is fairly similar, but large differences tend to emerge once women become mothers and men become fathers (OECD, 2016). While in some countries, like Portugal and the Netherlands, mothers frequently return to paid work after a few months of paid leave (OECD, 2007, Wall and Escobedo, 2013), in many others the share of mothers actually at work rebounds only once children start to enter pre-primary education at around age three or primary school at about age six (OECD, 2016). In many countries, women who experience childbirth are far more likely than those who do not to suffer from a large drop in income from one year to the next (Figure 13.2). Indeed, in the Czech Republic, Iceland, the Netherlands and Sweden, women are approximately twice as likely to experience a year-on-year decrease of 20% or more in their household disposable income when they have a child.
|
sdg5
|
For instance, Armenia now has only five water companies (Yerevan djur, Armvodkanal, Nor Akunk, Lori-vodkanal and Shirak-vodkanal) covering the whole population (see Box 3.2 below on Armenia). This would help achieve economies of scale and remove some resource limitations (including shortage of staff). At the beginning of 2009, almost 60 municipal water supply and sanitation utilities were integrated, and two legal entities were created: Agmosavletis Tskali Ltd (Eastern Water) and Dasavletis Tskali Ltd (Western Water). This integration aimed to improve the technical and financial conditions of utilities and pave the way for future privatisation.
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sdg6
|
It should be noted that this requires the presence of at least one social transfer that performs well. It also requires a political strategy to protect the reforms against protests from those middle and higher income groups that are losing their benefit entitlements. The poorer the local community, the less local funds are available for social transfers.
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sdg1
|
Good governance is basically governing in the right and just ways. Good governance relates to good administration at both public and private sectors. Corporate governance is synonymous and the common usage in the private sector. Common characteristics of good governance include transparency, accountability, participatory and rule of law. Rule of law is the focus of this paper. The principle in itself is problematic because of multifarious interpretation Nonetheless, the consensus has been that rule of law is essential in any government and breach of its principles may lead to arbitrariness and breach of fundamental rights. The paper will expound the roles of rule of law in ensuring good governance and how abuse of power and corruption have undermined rule of law seriously and subsequently affect good governance.
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sdg16
|
Convergence and agglomeration processes changing income disparities across regions might also be accompanied by shifts in inequalities within regions, with important implications on social cohesion. Preliminary results presented in this paper, for a set of eight OECD countries, show' that inequalities within regions are always more important than differences across regions. These results may depend, however, on the number (too few) and sizes (too large) of regions here considered, as other studies on income inequality seem to suggest (Hoshino, 2012, Milanovic, 2013). At the national and supra-national level, the goal of pursuing an economic growth that distributes its benefits more equitably across society has become more prominent (EU2020 Strategy, OECD Inclusive Growth Initiative).
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sdg1
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The City Prosperity Index is a composite index based on six dimensions and over 15 subdimensions that are contextually specific and globally comparable. The dimensions are infrastructure development, productivity, quality of life, equity and social inclusion, environmental sustainability, governance, and legislation. The City Prosperity Initiative incorporates new analytical tools based on spatial indicators that facilitate a systematic disaggregation of information along with the key dimensions of urban development.
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sdg11
|
Eradication of corruption in Indonesia is still the main agenda of the government in building good governance. One method to expose corruption is to use a whistleblower role that can help find the criminal mode of corruption. Whistleblower mechanism is divided into three main dimensions: Human, Structure and Process. But in practice whistleblower reporters in corruption cases in Indonesia have not received maximum legal protection. In Indonesia the normative regulation governing pursuant to Law No.13 of 2006 concerning Witness and Victim Protection as well as Supreme Court Circular Letter (SEMA) No.4 Year 2011 on Treatment of Criminal Reporting and Witness of Actors Cooperation The results show that from three dimensions of whistleblower system still does not yet have binding legislation. Whistleblower reporters only accept lightening relief. Specific whistleblower legislation is urgent. In legislation, at least, it should be in accordance with Whistleblower's protection .
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sdg16
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