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Through testing with targeted audiences, the strategy found that the most positively received messages in the South African context related to economic values (biodiversity as a national asset), emotional values (biodiversity as our children’s legacy) and practical values (practical solutions) (SANBI, 2011). The main finding of Making the Case for Biodiversity strategy was that the current messaging was based too strongly in the traditional biodiversity sector language of ‘fear of loss’. Whilst this might portray the factual realities of the state and trends of biodiversity, it bred apathy in the target audiences, and therefore did not engender a need to address biodiversity loss. Based on the lessons from South Africa at least, messaging should instead focus on delivering a value proposition for biodiversity, although not necessarily a monetary value.
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A wide range of input subsidies on fertiliser, seeds, credit, etc., The number and budgetary cost of these measures have grown rapidly since the mid-2000s. The introduction of a targeted rice for the poor programme (RASKIN) in 1998 has allowed the government to steadily increase the minimum producer price of rice, but at the cost of increasing budgetary expenditure on RASKIN.
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The local representative body, or maslikhat, is elected by the inhabitants of the oblasts or rayon (for a city of oblast value). It expresses the will of the citizens, determines measures to implement this will, and controls their implementation in accordance with legislation. Villages and small towns do not have maslikhats (Makhmutova, 2006, Bhuiyan, 2010).
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Such a leadership system appears to provide a supportive framework for professional accountability in which teachers feel more accountable to one another for their performance, unlike the United States form of administrative accountability, in which teachers are made accountable to the principal and others in supervisory positions. This differs from the United States where, for example, a teacher can apply to train as a principal or school head, and then apply for a position in a school. In Singapore, young teachers are continuously assessed for their leadership potential and given opportunities to demonstrate and learn by, for example, serving on committees, then being promoted to head of department at a relatively young age. Some are transferred to the ministry for a period.
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Burned areas also increase risks of invasive plant species, proliferation of pyrophytic species, soil loss, and depleted seedbank and regeneration potential. Although the extent of open landscape affected by wildfires has declined in the past decade (Figure 5.1), the number of fires per year has recently shown a notable increase. This trend warrants further monitoring, especially in light of increasing temperatures and drier winters due to climate change.
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Introduction: Japan: Descending Asian Giant? Financial System Reform: Recovery or Retrogression? Political Earthquake in Japan Japan's ODA as Soft Power Japan in Global Governance: War and Peace Japan's Politics of Environment and Climate Change: From NIMBY to Global Networks National Security in Japan's Space Policy Japan's Regional Engagement: Network Diplomacy Can Japan Engage Northeast Asia? Overcoming Perceptual and Strategic Deficits Japan's Education System: Problems and Prospects in the Post-Industrial Age The Impact of Changing Age Structure on Demographic Dividends and Intergenerational Transfers in Japan Have Jobs and Hope Gone Forever in Japan? From Family and Firms to a New Social Network The Culture of Migration Politics in Japan
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Abject poverty is the norm in Kibera, and people have limited access to basic social services. The land on which Kibera slum stands is owned by the government, 90 per cent of residents are tenants and only 10 per cent of residents are shack owners and many of these people own other shacks that they rent out. The average size of a shack in Kibera is less than 14 sq.
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Similarly, the rapid increase in minimum wages in Indonesia during the 1990s, where the statutory minimum wage doubled in real terms between 1990 and 1996, had sizeable negative effects on manufacturing employment, reducing employment growth at plant level by an estimated 6% (Harrison and Scorse, 2010). But such large changes in minimum wages are the exception rather than the rule. Evidence, arising especially from Latin America, shows that increases in minimum wages raise rather than depress wages in the informal sector.13 In Brazil, this is known as the efeito faro 1 or “lighthouse effect”.
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Nonetheless, the behaviour of inflation in individual countries also will depend on the fiscal and monetary policies being implemented and private expenditure trends, among other factors. Up to September 2008, total inflation in the previous 22 months had risen in all countries, and, with one exception, the food price index had outpaced the overall index (see figure 1.8). In line with the drop in international prices since the middle of 2008, domestic inflation eased in the second part of the year in most countries.
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What we have set out to do? To create a gender-just and secular society founded on the principles of equality, justice, and respect for rule of law, human rights, and democratic values, and to build a world where every woman, irrespective of her caste, class, religion, race, ethnicity, or any other factor, is able to live life to her fullest potential - free of fear, violence, and want. By working at policy level interventions, aimed at creating a culture that is conducive to the promotion of women’s human rights, dignity & secularism, and proactively seeking justice and accountability for violations of women’s rights.
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The programme has grown to 56 in 2007/08, 242 in 2008/09, 332 in 2009/10, and is projected to enrol 422 in 2010/11. The project involves students from all Israeli universities and colleges with children from disadvantaged socio-economic background in undertaking cultural and educational activities. Perach student mentors work in all sectors of Israeli society - Jewish, Arab, secular and religious.
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It is equally crucial to manage local communities' expectations of the mining industry and its ability to deliver socio-economic benefits beyond its core business. Participants in the Tenth Plenary Meeting of the Policy Dialogue highlighted the need for a compelling business case as an important prerequisite for mining companies to promote the shared use of their renewable energy infrastructure (OECD Development Centre, 2018). For instance, consideration is being given to transferring the wind farm at the Diavik mine in the Northwest Territories, Canada after its closure to a nearby local community. The Diavik mine, owned by Rio Tinto and Dominion Diamond Corporation, will also share the experience with local communities in developing and maintaining a wind farm in subarctic conditions (CANWEA, 2013).
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It is “growth that not only creates new economic opportunities, but also one that ensures equal access to the opportunities created for all segments of society, particularly for the poor" (Ali and Hwa Son, 2007). This implies a focus on the “outcomes" of growth. In the UNDP perspective, inclusive growth is seen as both an outcome and a process.
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This is often the case with the collection and preparation of waste materials for sale, or with sorting, flaking, washing and palletisation processes. As discussed above, these activities can be carried out by the informal sector, by commercial operators, or by publicly owned organisations. Brokers may intervene at any stage of the value chain from collection and containment at the point of production, through to the marketing of flake or pelletised outputs from recyclers.
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This work found that active spending is associated with higher growth, whereas more "passive" social spending is associated with lower growth. While the approach is different from the one followed here, it suggests that not all redistribution is necessarily equally good for growth. A further step in the empirical analysis is to look at the growth consequences of inequality in different parts of the income distribution (see also Voitchovsky, 2005).
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First, while the 2030 Agenda emphasizes the holistic and interdependent nature of the various elements of sustainable development, funding is increasingly compartmentalized, potentially impeding financing for (and thus discouraging) investments based on cross-cutting or holistic approaches. Second, increasing fragmentation has given rise to multiple potential funding sources for projects within certain areas. This may be an obstacle to locating an appropriate funding source, as each agency has its own particular criteria and priorities, as well as its own (often complex) application and monitoring procedures. These two aspects give rise to an unnecessary obstacle to funding and an excessive burden on the institutional capacities of LDCs.
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The decomposition is carried out for different quantiles of the income distribution, so that the factors influencing child poverty can be compared across the income distribution. Recentered Influence Function (RIF)-regressions are used to decompose the role of differences in family characteristics and other labour market covariates and the differences in the way these latter are values in the labour market and protected by the net transfers. The approach is similar to an Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition, but the decomposition applies here on distributional measures instead of focusing on means (Fortin, Lemieux and Firpo, 201 l[i7])(see Box A2.3 for more technical details).
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The programme also provided additional funding for primary care, through increasing GP contracts with nurses, and allowing a second nurse to be hired by GPs. An advisory telephone service connecting patients to a doctor at their GP surgery was also introduced from 2011. Additionally, some exemptions from co-payments were introduced for low-income groups, although these have since been repealed. It found that overall it had a favourable impact on efficiency of health care services.
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Increasingly, companies include a materiality matrix in their reports that displays on two axes the relevance of topics to the company and their relevance to stakeholders. The most relevant topics for both are discussed in more detail. The relevance for the company is, for example, addressed in relation to the direct financial impact of the topic, its relevance to the company’s business strategy, and its impact on the laws and regulations with which the company must comply.
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In the increasingly diverse and global world where young people and families struggle to find themselves optimal educational opportunities in schools, homes, and communities, researchers and practitioners have been hard-pressed to offer “evidence-based policy and decision-making” for accountability and efficacy of educational outcomes (e.g., National Institute for Educational Policy Research, 2012, Pascarella, Wolniak, Seifert, Cruce, & Blaich, 2005, Wandersman, Alia, Cook, Hsu, & Ramaswamy, 2016). In addition, the cultural landscape of our society has been constantly changing because of globalization and sociopolitical climates in the past decade or so. Much of the impetus for evidence-based practice and policy in education reflects our societal or governmental pressures, as well as the long tradition of objectivism in educational research (cf. Campbell, & Stanley, 1966), the preeminence of randomized controlled trials (RCT) in medicine, the age-old intuition, or the Divine truth (Bridges, Meyers, & Smith, 2009).
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The result of this can be that employment opportunities for new-arrivals are limited. Given the role of employment in strengthening language learning, the resultant exclusion from the labour market can become a vicious cycle. Unemployed jobseekers registered with the PES office, and aged 30 years or over, are eligible to apply for a card granting the right to subsidised wages. Employers of a card holder will then receive a subsidy covering 30,40 or 50 % of payroll costs (up to a maximum of EUR 1 400 per month) while the card holder receives the salary stated in the relevant collective agreement. The percentage of payroll costs and the duration of the subsidy are determined on the basis of time in unemployment.
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Emphasising non-climate-related policy benefits can be an effective way of building local support for measures such as congestion charges and land value capture tools (Ang and Marchal, 2013). Environmentally related taxation ensures market prices reflect some proportion of the environmental costs associated with economic activity. By adjusting relative prices, it helps shift producer and consumer behaviour towards more environmentally beneficial activities and products.
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Depending on the water risks faced, incremental risk reduction may be disproportionally costly. By identifying the level of acceptability and tolerability of water risks, a risk-based approach fosters targeted and proportional policy responses, and thus cost effectiveness. It also helps to clarify risk-sharing arrangements between public and private actors.
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We generally know the strategies that households have at their disposal to cope with a shock. But we do not know for how long households can cope, under what condition and what they do if they have exhausted the available coping strategies. Regarding the predicted long-term global economic volatility, it is important to understand how households protect themselves given a volatile current and future environment.
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Similarly, immigrant students in Canada are more likely to expect to complete a university degree (Figure 6), with a difference of 19.72 percentage points, compared to the OECD average difference of -0.34 percentage points. However, regarding health outcomes, like in many OECD countries, immigrant students are less likely to engage in regular physical activity in Canada, with a difference of -7.02 percentage points compared to the OECD average difference of -3.66 percentage points. Canada has differences on the ESCS scale that are higher than average for access to a desk and a quiet place to study, as well as access to books for school work (Figure 7). Responses are scored and summed to form the Family Affluence Scale (FAS).
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In the next chapters we will examine whether the legislative frameworks of the six countries contain provisions that hold back women’s economic empowerment. The 1959 Constitution in Tunisia proclaimed equal access to education, which became compulsory in 1991. In Morocco, education for children aged 6 to 13 became compulsory in 1963. In Egypt, the 1971 Constitution established public education as compulsory' and free of charge.
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A large majority of national responses (80%) also note that groundwater management is at least partially linked with surface water. It is systematic for most countries or regions with mandatory management plans, but there are exceptions. Countries with no management plans can also have systematic connections, and some regions with mandatory plans only link the two in a limited fashion. Historically, water laws started to focus on surface water because groundwater was less visible and subject to pressure, but as some countries evolved, others lagged behind (Mechlem, 2012).
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In other sub-regions it has decreased in that period (see FAO FRA 2010). North America and East Asia. The forests in the region consisted about 4,500 million tonnes of biomass in 1990 which increased to just over 5,100 million tonnes in 2010. This can be explained by the fact that in the Nordic countries, the net annual increment of forest growing stock has been positive over last two decades and before.
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A comprehensive approach to food security needs to include investments to promote income generating activities for the poor and thus improve their ability to purchase food. Importantly, the payoff from hunger reduction in terms of economic growth can be substantial. Throughout the 1990s, the value-added per worker, in countries where 2.5% of the population was undernourished, was 20 times higher than in countries where more than 35% of the population was undernourished. Sources: www.fao.org/wsfs,www.fao.org/wsfs/fbrum2050/wsJs-forum and www.oecd.org/agriculture. In more extreme cases, production zones might shift.
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Religion and Social Transformations examines the reciprocal relationship between religio, modernity and social change. the book focuses on the world's three major missionary religions - Buddhism, Christianity and Islam. it explores how these three traditions are responding to some of the most challenging issues associated with globalisation, including the role of religion in the fall of communism, the tension between religion and feminism, the compatibility of religion and human rights, and whether ancient religions can accomodate new challenges such as environmentalism.
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The consultative group of experts (CGE) developed tables for reporting on this information from multilateral and bilateral sources (UNFCCC, 2013). Of 156 non-Annex I countries, 32 have submitted BURs, of which 30 include some information on climate finance received. These tables divided support received into two main categories: for the preparation of the BUR, and for activities contained in the BUR.
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The regulation operations of reservoir lakes can become more complicated as the wintertime weather circumstances become more unstable. In such cases the reservoir's water level control might in fact require new regulating guidelines. A concern arose with regards to initiating application actions for renewing authority guidelines, as they should consider also the time-consuming regulatory process.
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This was because when external finance is channelled through country systems, it is disbursed according to the recipient country’s own planning, procurement and accounting systems, and avoids the creation of parallel processes and additional transaction costs. In the lead-up to Busan, the Manila Consensus on Public Financial Management recognised that using country systems can improve the effectiveness of climate finance.13 However, using country systems is not always appropriate, and evidence in developing countries reveals a mixture of donor and recipient preferences from budget support to designated climate funds. Providers commented that budget support was often not a feasible modality to channel climate finance, the reason being that providers need to ensure that financing was being allocated to climate-related objectives and activities, and to monitor impacts.
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Public servants do not always act in the interest of the community even though legal sanctions to corruption exist. Therefore, it is necessary to find new ways to solve such an important problem. This article seeks to outline the foundations of the principles that should govern the behavior of public servants. To do this, we first try to establish a method that allows for the creation of these principles, based on Luis Villoro’s theory of value and Immanuel Kant’s ethics. This leads to identifying the public interest as a value to be pursued in and of itself. From this one may then derive the values of responsibility, objectivity, impartiality, reasonableness, publicness, solidarity, prudence and instrumentality, from which ethical principles are built and subsequently positivized into law.
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During a public health emergency, a government must balance public welfare, equity, individual rights, and democratic processes and norms. These goods may conflict. Although science has a role in informing wise policy, no empirical evidence or algorithm can determine how to balance competing goods under conditions of uncertainty. Especially in a crisis, it is crucial to have a broad and free conversation about public policy. Many countries are moving in the opposite direction. Sixty-one percent of governments have imposed at least some problematic restrictions on individual rights or democratic processes during the COVID-19 pandemic, and 17 have made substantial negative changes. The policies of Poland and Hungary reflect these global trends and continue these countries' recent histories of democratic erosion. The expertise of public health should be deployed in defense of civil liberties.
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It was created upon the initiative of the MMA and GEF to complement direct government efforts, the rationale being that a private institution would be less vulnerable to changes in government and able to attract more private finance. Funbio’s main activity is the support of Brazilian protected areas. The volume and scope of support expanded massively in 2003 with the launch of the ARPA programme.
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An instrument such as the Pact could be used to accompany such a gradual devolution of responsibility. There are basins where charges have been applied at federal level, but not yet at all state levels, as in the case of the Sao Francisco, Doce and Paranaiba River basins.5 This may also create limitations in terms of the financial autonomy of the water agencies, given the fewer resources available (ANA, 2016). Some delegated water agencies have to deal with both federal and state authorities and face difficulties in applying different set of rules, inspections and more or less stringent regulation.
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Some of these cover teachers in the municipal sector only (as noted in the table). The table also shows the relative weight of each specific allowance for the “average” teacher in a municipal school in 2010 (with the RBMN forming 40.2% of the average overall salary). Country Background Report for Chile, prepared for the OECD Review on Evaluation and Assessment Frameworks for Improving School Outcomes.
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The aim is to describe the spatial distribution as well as the interactions between the ecosystem services. The authors identified trade-offs between regulatory and cultural services on one hand and provisioning services on the other hand. The figure shows the identification of six ecosystem service bundle types which indicate interactions at landscape level.
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In Mexico, fathers tend to lose time with their families, while mothers often drop out of the workforce entirely. The wage premium to long hours has been identified as a crucial remaining obstacle to gender pay equity (Goldin, 2014). Within the workplace, men and women often break from long hour norms in different ways.
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This suggests that not all teachers in schools with mentoring programmes for all teachers report having mentors. In some countries, however, there is a large difference between the proportion of teachers who work in schools with mentoring programmes for all teachers and the proportion of teachers who report having a mentor. School leaders need to highlight the benefits of such programmes for teachers and remove any barriers to access to ensure that teachers can participate in these activities and reap the benefits that ensue.
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The authors wish to thank Rodrigo Astorga and Ivonne Gonzalez, as well as Xavier Mancero for his continued support in the analysis of household surveys, and Juan Pablo Jimenez, Michel Jorratt and an anonymous referee for their comments and suggestions. Peru and the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, Costa Rica. Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama: and Brazil, Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay.
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Its prioritisation of gender equality is a whole-of-govemment effort, signalled through a tenfold increase in spending on gender equality across government between 2007 and 2010. As one of three thematic priorities within development co-operation, Sweden’s main approach to gender equality has been to systematically mainstream it into all programmes. Policy directives require that context-specific analyses, including clear gender equality perspectives, guide the design of all programmes and operational measures. The target for MDG3 - promote gender equality and women’s empowerment - seeks to eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education, preferably by 2005 and, at all levels of education, by 2015.
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However, the numbers of working poor have also dropped and most poor families in 2030 have no earner. Low-income women who stay at home have low opportunity costs for having children and family size increases among this group. For the better-off, high costs of formal childcare has deterred them from having large families.
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It is therefore necessary to understand why regional water authorities may seem at odds with the democratic set up and related rules in contemporary EU water governance. This is not necessarily the case of drinking water companies, whose tasks inhabitants tend to better identify as they are solely focused on the supply of drinking water. Most Dutch citizens think that their own and direct interests are being well taken into consideration and competently dealt with.
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The Convention has not yet been ratified by the required 36 countries to come into force, although negotiations are on-going.6 It does not completely overlap with the Helsinki Convention, in particular there is no mention of the precautionary principle, polluter-pays principle or the inter-generational principle. It is also wider in scope, in that it focuses not only on pollution but also on the protection and preserve ecosystems in general, including the prevention of the introduction of alien or new species which could have a significantly harmful effect on the ecosystem. However, it contains a similar set of obligations on co-operation and on the day to day management of transboundary watercourses, including information exchange, notification of planned activities and crisis management.
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With IV, the causal effect is estimated by measuring how the outcome varies with the portion of the total variation in the treatment explained by variation in the instrumental variable. For example, if PAs are more likely to be assigned where endemic mammals are present, but the presence of endemic mammals only affects deforestation rates through its effect on the likelihood of a parcel’s protection, then the presence of endemic mammals can be used as an ‘instrument’ to identify a causal effect of PAs on deforestation (Miteva et al. See Amin et al (2015) for an application. In practice, it is often hard to find instruments that are both strong (related to the intervention) and valid (unrelated to the outcome).
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Finally, because PES will involve limiting access to resources in the region, such as timber for fuel, the impact on the livelihoods of the poor who are traditionally most dependent on such environmental could be devastating. In order to limit these effects, programme design should take regional economic and land ownership structures into consideration and design programmes to address such externalities. At the same time, effective programme implementation can start with the simplest approach, followed by adaptations to the design over time.
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Small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs, with fewer than 250 employees) are eligible for a 10% bonus. In 2007, investment subsidies under this law totalled EUR 13 million. This agreement was renewed in April 2002. In 2007, it covered 80 firms, accounting for 90% of total energy consumption in Luxembourg’s manufacturing industry.
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However, the age distribution varies considerably across regions, suggesting some regions may face staffing crises much sooner than others. In all regions, urban areas tend to have three to four times the density of physicians as rural areas, with no rural area exceeding 18 per 10 000 population. This suggests not only that rural doctors are probably overworked, but also that adequate access to good quality care in rural areas may be compromised. As in most OECD countries, recent medical graduates tend to prefer working in urban areas, not only because they offer better financial and social opportunities, but also because the workload is higher in rural areas.
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On Friday, attendees make pitches on their best ideas and inspire others to join their team. Over Saturday and Sunday teams focus on customer development, validating their ideas, practicing Lean Start-up methodologies and building a minimal viable product. On Sunday evening teams demonstrate their prototypes and receive valuable feedback from a panel of experts.
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Japan needs to shift to a more structured health system, promoting differentiation of functions (primary care, acute care and long-term care, for example) while assuring mutual collaboration to ensure that peoples’ needs can be met by the most appropriate service, in a co-ordinated manner if needed. As this differentiation occurs, the infrastructure to monitor and improve the quality of care must simultaneously deepen and become embedded at every level of governance -institutionally, regionally and nationally. As well as long life expectancy, some indicators of the quality of health care are amongst the best in the OECD. Five-year relative survival estimates after a diagnosis of breast, cervical or colorectal cancer are all high, for example, and 30-day case fatality after an ischaemic stroke is the lowest in the OECD, at 3%.
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Further to the Kenyan Water Act of 2002, the small water project has to sign a Service Provision Agreement (SPA) with the Water Service Board (WSB) in whose jurisdiction it falls (for example, the Athi Water Services Board-AWSB for the area surrounding Nairobi). Upon successful completion of the project, the Global Partnership for Output-based Aid (GPOBA) pays subsidies to the small piped water project (figure below), which reduces the overall size of the loan to the communities, and keeps debt service payments affordable. It also provides better risk management from the lender’s perspective and increases incentives for project completion as the subsidy is transferred upon the delivery of agreed outputs (including the increase in the number of connections and changes in revenues collected).
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The ‘Transfers to SECTOR’ numbers reported here include estimations for management and enforcement expenditures, where missing. World’s total values of production for catch and aquacullure were sourced from the FAO Yearbook, Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics, 2015. Both numbers have been corrected adding the value of seaweed production, aquaculture lias also been adjusted to account for the value of Chinese production reported to the OECD.
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The ministry could potentially use these predictions to argue for additional funding support for the sector in the interests of promoting objectives of poverty alleviation. It is worth noting that the following sectors are considered key on account of simultaneously exhibiting strong forward and backward linkages: agriculture (AAGRIC, activity 1), food processing (AFOOD, activity 5), and real estate (AESTAT, activity 15), The following sectors are considered weak on account of simultaneously exhibiting weak forward and backward linkages: other manufacturing (AOTHM, activity 7), equipment (AEQUIP, activity 9) and construction (ACONST, activity 11). Economic landscapes enable us to visualize, in a simple picture, complex relations in the economy, and also those between individual sectors and the economy as a whole.
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Comments on Working Papers are welcome, and may be sent to the Directorate for Education and Skills, OECD, 2 rue Andre-Pascal, 75775 Paris Cedex 16, France. All requests for public or commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to [email protected]. Under this role, he edited the chapters and reviewed and commented on previous drafts. The order of the authors in the cover page reflects the way chapters have been organised in this paper for conceptual purposes, and does not reflect the importance of their contribution.
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It is also interesting to note that the cost of equipment was rated as a slightly bigger barrier than the cost of service. The cost of Internet-enabled devices can be a barrier to actual take-up and is compounded by high taxes on mobile devices in Zambia (Box 4-1). Fourteen percent of Zambian mobile phone users had a smartphone in 2015 (ZICTA, 2015).
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The female share of employment in central government management positions has increased in recent years, but still points to a persistently leaky pipeline (Figure 14.3). Countries marked with an asterisk (*) had legislated quotas (i.e. quotas implemented via the legislative process) in place in 2016. In the 28 European Union countries for which data were available, women held 35.3% of the highest administrative positions in national government in 2016 - a minimal increase of 5.1 percentage points over 2013. As for the second most senior level, women accounted for 41.1% of posts, a tiny increase of 2.5 percentage points over 2013. Behind these average figures, there are variations from country to country, particularly at the highest levels of the civil service (EIGE, 2016). For more detail and country-specific notes, please see OECD (2017, Figure 3.8 and Annex D).
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It also details a comprehensive set of education policies and practices. Some of these policies and practices are designed to address the specific challenges immigrants face upon arriving in a new country, others are designed to foster the long-term integration of immigrants and their children. Students with an immigrant background in many education systems are at an increased risk of academic underperformance, of reporting feelings of alienation, high anxiety related to schoolwork and low satisfaction with life.
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Early efforts to confront transnational terrorism through national extradition laws created a risk of impunity for egregious offenders, which eventually stimulated greater transnational criminal cooperation and prompted an attempt by the international community to standardize rules in this area. This article considers how the international community has pursued transnational criminal cooperation against terrorism through a variety of legal means: numerous 'sectoral' treaties, efforts to draft a comprehensive international treaty, regional conventions, UN Security Council measures, war crimes liabilities, and debate about an emerging international customary law crime. However, the definition and repression of terrorism involves difficult social and political judgments about who is entitled to use violence, against whom, and for what purposes. Depending on the scope of the international definition of terrorism and any exceptions to it, the criminalization of terrorism risks empowering the state – including autocratic ones – at the expense of other (legitimate) political claims to violence.
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This may reflect a growing recognition of the importance of cultural and spiritual values of forests across Europe. Also, some of the social indicators chosen in the FOREST EUROPE process are very difficult to monitor. The first step is to assess the possibilities for standardizing and harmonizing social indicators, which could provide comparable figures across countries and regions.
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One of the initiatives of the Master Plan on ASEAN Connectivity 2025 is the development of sustainable urbanisation strategies in ASEAN cities. This includes the launching of a smart transportation initiative for public transportation and non-motorised transportation. These include employment creation, social and environmental impacts, and alignment with broader development strategies and resource mobilisation (OECD, 2018a). Public and private funds have roles to play in financing sustainable investments in public transportation. Public financing could benefit from the development of new sources of revenue, including land value capture tools that allow governments to collect revenue generated through the effects of improved infrastructure and services on nearby land values (OECD, 2015a).
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It also describes the work on global statistical indicators for measuring such violence. The interim set of these global indicators is then used to present data on violence against women compiled from national and international surveys. The final sections of the chapter look at statistics on female genital mutilation and at the attitudes of women towards the violence inflicted on them.
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While these women were applying for and receiving land,younger women were unaware of their rights and faced unique challenges. Some traditional leaders interviewed for this study expressed reluctance to allocate communal land to young, single women. Young women do not traditionally have their own households, usually remaining in their parents' homesteads until they marry.
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With digital platforms increasingly providing market information, matching buyers and sellers, and ranking the quality of offering, there is a question mark over how trade and investment promotion organizations and investment promotion agencies will adjust to this change. There is also uncertainty over whether new providers of information and matching services will be interested in and able to provide the targeted services offered by TIPOs and IPAs, which have been proven to be successful. According to one estimate, the skills demanded across industries will change by 35% within a handful of years.
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The Forest Report 2009 (Waldbericht der Bundesregierung 2009) of the German federal government indicates costs and benefits, particularly regarding the provision of protection and recreation functions as well as non-timber goods in forests. Here the value of forest-based recreation is reported to be about EUR 50 per person per year and this economic value is used as an indicator. A Thuenen-work report (Kuppers 2008. Arbeitsbericht: Belastungen der Forstbetriebe aus der Schutz- und Erholungsfunktion des Waldes) states cost to forest enterprises arising from the provision of protection and recreation functions of forests.
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Then, on the small island of Puerto Rico and in neighbouring sites on the storm path, there was wide-scale destruction of homes and business premises, extensive flooding from heavy rain and sea surges up to three metres above ground, mudslides, severe damage to roads and fallen trees inhibiting transport, severe damage to harbours and marinas, and crops destroyed. Around 80 per cent of poles carrying utility services were blown down, with power and communications blackout fatally affecting people dependent on medical care and other vital services for survival, water supplies were cut for long periods in many places. The subsequent slow re-establishment of basic services still left thousands of homes and businesses without power, affecting 3.4 million people nine months after the initial impact.
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sdg13
|
According to the most recent OECD review of AfT flows, ‘the delivery of Aid for Trade is increasingly guided by the principles of the Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness’, implying inter alia that ‘partner countries need to integrate trade objectives into their development strategies and take the lead in their implementation’ (OECD/WTO 2011: 70). In the particular case of the LDCs and their funding via the EIF, the preparation of a Diagnostic Trade Integration Study (DTIS) is considered by its explanatory note as the ‘cornerstone’ for integrating trade into national development strategies, with EIF, donor and national budget flows meant to focus on the action identified within the DTIS. However, the template which guides external consultants in the preparation of the DTIS contains no specific reference to addressing the costs of TRA, although the document refers to the need to, for example, address technical assistance needs in the context of WTO accession (although this is applicable only to a handful of LDCs) (EIF 2011).
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sdg10
|
With the devolution of political power and the shift towards financial federalism, health care planning, the organisation of health care supply and the development of quality strategies are to a large extent the responsibility of the regions through regional health departments. Beyond its legislative role, the regional level has also executive functions carried out through the regional Department of Health. Based on the Patto per la Salute, the Piano Sanitario Nazionale and on regional health needs, regional governments develop their own regional health plans which are also three-year plans.
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sdg3
|
This creates and exacerbates both vertical and horizontal gaps, and, in the case of lack of co-ordination between government agencies, is expressed as a set of “policy gaps”. Competition between agencies exacerbates “funding gaps”, as resources are diverted to certain water-related sectors and not others. All these gaps may be expressed by actors at the urban scale, but are by no means unique to them nor caused by them.
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sdg6
|
According to the UN, their share in the global merchandise trade rose from 0.62 per cent in 2002 to 1.08 per cent in 2008, with exports destined equally to developed and developing countries.1 To promote economic growth and industrialization, LDCs require the support of schemes that facilitate access of their exports to new markets and provide stable sources of development financing. A primary benefit low-income countries derive from their inclusion in the LDC category is access to special support measures from bilateral donors and multilateral organizations, as well as preferential treatment in multilateral and regional trade agreements they participate in. Mainly, LDCs receive support in the areas of international trade - through preferential market access, special treatment in their obligations before the World Trade Organization (WTO) and support in developing capacity in trade-related matters - and of official development assistance (ODA), which can be provided through development financing or technical cooperation.
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sdg10
|
This paper links migration, cross-border mobility and return for development, in terms of citizenship, identity and approach to Europeanization. Taking into account the global changes in Moldova, the paper examines the perceptions of migration/mobility, return and identity of the Moldovans engaged in emigration in the countries of the European Union (EU). Using a multi-discipline approach and an in-depth qualitative interview technique, this article analyses from a transnational perspective how migration/mobility and return can support social change and development in Moldova and argues that people who cross EU borders, and who live through the experience of emigration, acquire a pro-European mentality.
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sdg16
|
School leaders' purposeful use of data is essential to ensure that attention is being paid to the progress of every student. In the former, one typically sees bureaucratic "command and control" systems, leaving little discretion to the workers and supervisors at the factory floor or service-delivery level of the organisation. In the latter, the people responsible for actually making the product or delivering the services have much more control of the way resources are used, people are deployed, the work is organised and the way in which the work gets done.
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sdg4
|
Whereas the literature on the democratic peace tends to treat the phenomenon as a causal law, we follow Immanuel Kant in interpreting it as a macro-historical process that expanded from a small number of democracies to about 50% of all states. In order to account for this development, we introduce an agent-based model that combines a natural-selection logic with an adaptive mechanism of regime change. The latter is implemented as an empirically calibrated, contextual rule that prompts democratization as an S-shaped function of the democratic share of a state's immediate neighborhood. A similar transition rule governs regime change in the opposite direction. The computational results show that regime change and collective security are necessary to produce realistic trajectories of democratization at the systemic level.
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sdg16
|
The focus of this chapter is on children’s perspectives of inclusion. Inclusion as a democratic principle is highlighted with research-based discussions on all children as citizens in a classroom, the impact of inclusion on children, children’s attitudes about disabilities, the teachers’ role in promoting inclusion, developing friendship skills in all children and strategies for teaching appropriate, inclusive social skills. Empirical evidence on training children to be more inclusive and to develop friendships with all children will be presented. Through inclusive settings, children with and without disabilities will develop a sense of belonging through full participation in society. The citizenship of children with disabilities in inclusive settings is vital to successful community building and acceptance amongst all people.
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sdg16
|
There is a fundamental logic that it must be good for rich countries to transfer money to these countries in order to guarantee the maintenance of the forests, thus paying local people to forgo use. The problem is that the deals are being done between national governments and the big commercial enterprises that have emerged as carbon brokers - these groups need simple measures that are easily verifiable to justify their payments. There is a great deal of interest in the use of remote satellite imagery to measure carbon stocks so as to assess payments.
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sdg2
|
This paper represents the opinions of individual staff members or visiting scholars, and is the product of professional research. It is not meant to represent the position or opinions of the WTO or its Members, nor the official position of any staff members. Any errors are the fault of the author. The analysis below is based on the information provided by WTO Members as part of their Trade Policy Review (TPRs) process from 2014 to 2018.
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sdg5
|
Nutrition assistance should also help direct practices towards healthy diets to combat the high risk of overweight and obesity in children from low-income families (Inchley, 2016(69]) (OECD, 2017(70]) ((n.a.), Early interventions in childcare and education are effective policy tools to create level playing fields and to reduce gaps among children. The evidence suggests that the benefits of high quality childcare programmes on child and young adult outcomes are positive and often stronger for children from disadvantaged families than for those of wealth families (Ruhm and Waldfogel, 2012(72]) (Havnes and Mogstad, 2011(73]) (Van Huizen and Plantenga,(n.d.)|74]) (Dietrichson, Kristiansen and Nielsen,(n.d.)[75j) (Shuey and Kankaras, 2018(76]). Yet, children from disadvantaged backgrounds are disproportionately likely to miss out on formal ECEC (OECD, 2016(49])- Childcare places availability, affordability and perceptions of service quality are key parameters to foster the use of childcare services by low-income families and reduce inequalities across children (OECD, 2011(48]) (Van Lancker and Ghysels, 2016(77]).
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sdg1
|
The structure of the benefit is progressive and consequently almost “universal” in the sense that while first designed to combat poverty, it also aims to support middle-class families. Indexing the CCB for the 2018-19 benefit year will provide an additional $5.6 billion in support to Canadian families over the 2018-19 to 2022-23 period. As an example of the benefit of this proposed change, for the 2019-20 benefit year, for a single parent with $35,000 of income and two children (one under the age of 6 and one aged 6 to 17), the accelerated indexation of the CCB will contribute $560 more towards the increasing costs of raising his or her children (Department of Finance, 2017poi).
|
sdg1
|
Environmental justice (EJ) scholarship is increasingly framing justice in terms of capabilities. This paper argues that capabilities are fundamentally about well-being and as such there is a need to more explicitly theorize well-being. We explore how capabilities have come to be influential in EJ and how well-being has been approached so far in EJ specifically and human geography more broadly. We then introduce a body of literature from social psychology which has grappled theoretically with questions about well-being, using the insights we gain from it to reflect on some possible trajectories and challenges for EJ as it engages with well-being.
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sdg16
|
While a great deal of empirical research exists for OECD countries, analyses for developing countries, particularly in the Asia-Pacific region, remain less comprehensive. Only few ex post analyses of environmental taxes have been conducted so far (see Huong, 2014, Israngkura, 2014). Given the different conditions in developing countries, conclusions drawn based on research conducted in OECD countries should be applied with caution.
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sdg7
|
New Public Management and classical public administration theory posit that internal administrative practices based on market principles, including economy and efficiency, will increase the public good through more effective delivery of public services. However, classical public administration theory views bureaucrats as neutral functionaries in a top-down hierarchy while New Public Management calls for empowered agency entrepreneurs implementing economy and efficiency measures. Research from 1987 to 2003 on Oklahoma secondhand tobacco smoke regulation indicates that real administrative progress in secondhand tobacco smoke restrictions that enhance public health did not occur until 2002 when an Oklahoma health commissioner's aggressive political campaign, initiated through rationalistic internal agency emergency rules, resulted in smoke-free public and workplaces. This action—which resulted in more effective regulation of secondhand tobacco smoke—was not principally because of an internal New Public Management or classical public administration approach but mainly through a highly public outsider political and administrative process.
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sdg16
|
The papers are generally available only in their original language -English or French - with a summary in the other. This is an important piece of information that is useful for describing the industrial structure of the economy. It is also used to measure “qualification mismatch”, or the phenomenon by which workers are often employed in jobs that require a lower or higher level of education than they have (Leuven and Oosterbeek, 2011, Quintini, 201 la and 2011b).
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sdg4
|
Car dominance is higher than in Seoul (Figure 3.10). Currently, the bus accounts for around 30% of total commutes, compared with only 3% for the subway. However, as the Suwon city government forecasts, continued investments in railways (mainly the metropolitan subway in the capital area) will contribute to reshaping the traffic landscape of the city, giving a strong impulse to the city’s modal shift towards public transport (Suwon, 2016).
|
sdg11
|
This Strategy demonstrates the important high-level commitment of the Government towards gender equality. The chapter aims to assess to what extent the design of this Strategy allowed for effective and impactful implementation of gender equality objectives in Kazakhstan. It focuses on the alignment of gender equality objectives with broader strategic planning of the Government to ensure that gender equality does not remain at the periphery of the government action.
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sdg5
|
Building on the theory of democratic constitutionalism, I assess the political implications of the constitutional space formed by the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU), the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) and national constitutional courts in Europe. Democratic constitutionalism helps situate the role of constitutional courts in stimulating a degree of consensus, necessary for governance of heterogeneous communities such as the United States and the European Union. Questions of legitimacy and confidence in the judiciary come to the fore. I examine a mechanism used by the US Supreme Court, the CJEU and the ECtHR alike to foster democratic constitutionalism: in order to confront challenges to judicial legitimacy and remain responsive to the extra-judicial environment, these courts rely on majoritarian trends, or consensus, inspired by, but not limited to, the constitutional law of federal states and member countries.
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sdg16
|
These are vastly different in character and, as a result, have different capacity-building requirements. The extent to which politically-appointed officials have adequate technical competence for marine and coastal management varies. However, these institutions also have technical personnel that are often highly qualified, in many cases in areas directly relevant to coastal and marine management, and with a good understanding of science.
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sdg14
|
However, the empirical results suggest that an equity-increasing use of educational resources may be obtained through policies that provide the relevant signals to schools and teachers: for instance, providing financial incentives to qualified teachers may prove to be an effective tool for targeting disadvantaged students or areas. Thirdly, this work fills a gap in empirical research by providing cross-country (as opposed to country-specific) evidence on the importance of early intervention policy for attenuating intergenerational socio-economic inequalities in educational opportunities. It suggests that childcare and early intervention policies could be effective to reach this objective. Finally, the cross-country analysis attempts to uncover the role played by social and labour-market policies in influencing equality of educational opportunities, given the positive relationship between intergenerational and cross-sectional (income) inequality.
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sdg4
|
In Ethiopia, this consisted of: re-establishment and restructuring of EBI, establishment of biodiversity centres in regional governments, establishment of regional biodiversity units of the EBI, and the establishment of new ministries (Tefera, 2016). New ministries and agencies were also created in Peru, subsequent to the 2005 General Environment Act. These include the Ministry of the Environment, the Peruvian National Protected Areas Service, and the Agency for Environmental Assessment and Enforcement in 2008.
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sdg15
|
Results also point to the fact that symptoms and work functioning are two different areas, with betterment of work functioning lagging substantially behind symptoms’ improvement. This is significantly less than the 10 to 15-fold risk for serious and severe mental disorders, however, due to the much higher prevalence of mild and moderate disorders in the general population their overall impact is likely to exceed the burden stemming from severe mental illness. This was already found more than twenty years ago by Broadhead et al. ( Again, due to their high prevalence, the milder forms of depression accounted for a much higher amount of total disability days.
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sdg3
|
We are currently witnessing a rapid rise in biometric security. Borders are apparently becoming ‘smart’, passports are becoming e-passports, and when you set out on your travels your data double is already at your destination. Access to airports and even continents will increasingly be determined not by your national citizenship but by the security of your identity. Biometric security has received little anthropological attention despite historical associations with the discipline. Here I wish to outline a brief genealogy of biometric security in order to argue that, beyond the apparent newness of the technology, key biometric technologies owe their origins to 19th-entury deployments and then as now they may be understood as a form of bio-governmentality in which the security of identity opens possibilities for population control.
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sdg16
|
The private sector is increasingly pivotal to implementation. It is projected to experience a 17 per cent gap between water demand and supply by 2030. The risks associated with this growing gap and the pressures on supply from unprecedented environmental impacts are becoming a major concern to businesses in the country.
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sdg7
|
After 2003, the eph was carried our four times a year, with respondent households being surveyed twice in two consecutive semesters in year 1 and twice in the same semesters in year 2 and again in year 3 before being rotated out of the sample. This shift should make it possible to do panel data analyses of post-2003 labour market data. Fourth, we put both individuals (mother and synthetic non-mother) in a new sample of matched individuals.
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sdg5
|
Nevertheless, while the acknowledgement of the importance of mainstreaming biodiversity and development is essential, specific objectives, actions, targets and indicators are required to provide clear strategic guidance to various stakeholders, and to enable monitoring of progress over time. In South Africa, for example, the overarching vision of the 2005 NBSAP is to conserve, manage and sustainably use biodiversity to ensure equitable benefits to the people of South Africa, now and in the future. Nepal’s NBSAP (2014), for example, recognises that mainstreaming biodiversity into development plans and programmes had been inadequate, being the priority of only the line ministry (the Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation). As a result, the NBSAP lists priority actions for mainstreaming and identifies supporting institutions to implement these.6 In the Philippines, though there is a legal mandate to promote mainstreaming into development planning, the country’s Fifth National Report acknowledges that many of the NBSAP priorities had been reflected mainly in environmental and natural resources programmes, and that some of these envisaged interventions had never been implemented.
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sdg15
|
The impact assessment undertaken in the course of options appraisal highlighted the challenge of quantifying the costs and benefits of the reform options, for several reasons. It requires an understanding of the long-term future scenarios to take into account risks of future water scarcity. It involves the representation of complex trading rules and environmental standards linked to continuously varying water resources. It also involves the representation of short and long-term decision making on water management in the context of uncertainty.
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sdg6
|
Understanding the reasons for lack of adoption of broadband services will be essential for designing adequate policies to promote the development of broadband and ICT services over the next decade. Once nonadopters have Internet access available through either wireline or wireless networks, the cost of access and devices, digital literacy and relevance of services tend to be the main obstacles to becoming a subscriber. This is true in both developed and developing countries, as shown in Box 3.1.
|
sdg9
|
However, incomes of the richest decile contracted before the crisis and during its earlier phase but then grew between 2010 and 2013.This illustrates the differential impact of the recent economic crisis along the income distribution: while the lowest incomes were protected, the middle lost a lot of ground and the top did better at the end of the crisis than before the crisis. Scandinavian countries tend to combine lower exit and entry rates, while Southern and Eastern European countries tend to have higher rates of both exit and entry. Household-level income events, i.e. relative growth in employee earnings, are found to be the most important predictors of transitions into and out of poverty.
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sdg1
|
In The Idea of Justice (2009), Amartya Sen advocates democracy defined as ‘public reasoning’ and ‘government by discussion’. Sen’s discursive approach facilitates the exercise of political freedom and development of one’s public capacities, and enables victims of injustice to give public voice and discussion to specific injustice. It also responds to the contested nature of ‘universal human rights’ and the need to clarify and defend them via public reasoning. However, Sen’s approach leaves intact the hegemony of a liberal form of democracy that prioritizes political and civil rights over social and economic rights and thus precludes alternative democratic forms, most notably a form of cooperative democracy that politicizes social and economic activities in the pursuit of local and global justice. Sen’s ‘government by discussion’ must combine with cooperative democracy and a global ethos emphasizing cooperation (and action) over privatization in order to address our most serious global injustices, includin...
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sdg16
|
In fast-changing markets, some of today's successful gazelles may no longer be around tomorrow. It is in the interest of education and training institutions to involve the most dynamic players in relevant markets in training activities. Industry associations may also need to be proactive and reach out to institutions to establish forward-looking collaboration.
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sdg9
|
For multiculturalists who favour a relativist approach, globalization and the increasing interconnectedness of societies pose a threat to cultural diversity. In this paper we show, through an exploration of the work of Martha Nussbaum, that a viable universalist feminism can accommodate a thin and so defensible version of multiculturalism. Nussbaum's treatment of culture in relation to women's education and the cultivation of capacities for world citizenship fosters inclusion of norms and traditions from different ways of life, while leaving room for a critical perspective on them. On these grounds, there is considerable scope for cooperation between comparative education and feminist philosophy's liberal theorists.
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sdg16
|
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