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The new formulation of a positive duty in the UK under the common law to disclose own misconduct as was laid down in Item Software v Fassihi ([2003] 2 BCLC 1 (High Court)) has not been considered favourably in other common law jurisdictions. This article provides a case commentary on the judicial decision, considers whether the creation of the positive duty was necessary within the facts of Item Software, provides an overview of its reception by other Commonwealth jurisdictions, and analyses this case in the context of the available remedies. The article concludes by suggesting that the creation of the duty to disclose should also be considered from the perspective of what would be the remedies that the company ought to get by the directors’ failure of a duty to disclose.
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sdg16
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Fisheries is a competitive sector in Libya, but it may not represent a strategic sector in the longer run as resources may be limited and the capacity to offer jobs in line with the qualifications and expectations of Libyan nationals may be relatively weak. Potential in animal products factories, salt lakes, precious stones and minerals. The sector needs to be privatised to be more competitive. Cement refineries have promising potential, and cement factories are privatised by up to 70%. The steel industry has some potential to develop and gain in competitiveness.
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sdg8
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The study argues, 'Capacity building programmes for women are good, but it is also important that men get education about the importance of women in politics. Excluding men from these education programmes will never lead to complete change, as male attitudes contribute to the problem' (Giving Voice to the Voiceless). Moreover, their husbands work on their behalf (Vissandjee et al.
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sdg5
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It conceptualises implementation as the extent to which a plan achieves its policies through adoption of the relevant management techniques in development permits. For PIE, the permitting process provides the locus of observation of the linkages between policies and their implementation. This link most strongly reflects implementation as decision makers operationalise the plan objectives (and related policies) through permits on a regular basis. Thus, permits are intended to manage land development and thereby implement the plan.
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sdg6
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Twelve per cent of all cases in 2012 were in rural areas, but this rose to 49 per cent in 2013 and 57 per cent in 2014, before falling to 22 per cent in 2015 and 10 per cent in 2016 (table 15.5). It showed that unhealthy food advertisements were highly prevalent around schools. A total of 1,459 advertisements displaying branded food products and 501 promotions displaying unbranded food products were identified in the area around 30 selected schools.
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sdg3
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Within that context, the GCC countries produce approximately half the world’s desalinated water, and Jordan, Palestine and Yemen are incorporating the desalination of seawater and brackish in their water strategies in order to augment their water supplies. Large-scale investments are already under way in Jordan and Yemen, and small household desalination units can be found in the Gaza Strip. However, some adverse environmental impacts are associated with desalination, including the discharge of hot and concentrated brine into coastal marine environments, the entrapment of aquatic creatures in plants intakes, and the production of carbon dioxide (CO2).
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sdg6
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A second focus of international attention is the imperative need to improve capacities for producing and using the large and complex sources of information required to monitor progress towards achieving climate-resilient development. At its forty-sixth session, held from 3 to 6 March 2015, the Statistical Commission endorsed the formation of the Inter-agency and Expert Group on Sustainable Development Goal Indicators, which consists of 28 representatives of national statistical offices and includes, as observers, representatives of regional commissions and regional and international agencies.23 The Inter-Agency and Expert Group was tasked to develop an indicator framework for the goals and targets under the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development at the global level. At its forty-seventh session, held from 8 to 11 March 2016, the Commission agreed on a global indicator framework for monitoring progress towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals, which includes 230 global indicators, as proposed by the Inter-Agency and Expert Group.24 It is a framework intended for follow-up and review of progress at the global level towards achieving the 17 Sustainable Development Goals.
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sdg13
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Loans from the VBSP are subsidised with low interest rates (ranging from 0.0-0.8% per month) and are generally for small amounts. Prior to the establishment of VBSP, these activities were provided by the Viet Nam Bank for the Poor (VBP), which operated through VBARD. Subsequent to the establishment of the VBSP, the provision of preferential credit has been completely removed from VBARD’s remit.
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sdg2
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Often, adoption is hampered by policies, such as input subsidies, that perpetuate unsustainable production practices rather than those that promote resource-use efficiency, soil conservation and the reduction in the intensity of agriculture's own greenhouse gas emissions. Women, who make up around 43 percent of the agricultural labour force in developing countries, are especially disadvantaged, with fewer endowments and entitlements than men, even more limited access to information and services, gender-determined household responsibilities, and increasingly heavy agricultural workloads owing to male out-migration. What is needed is a reorientation of agricultural and rural development policies that resets incentives and lowers the barriers to the transformation of food and agricultural systems.
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sdg2
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Decomposing wage developments of earners between the 90th (top) and the 10th (bottom) percentiles allows a comparison of the ratio of wages at the 90th percentile with that of the 50th percentile (the 90-50 ratio) and the ratio of wages at the 50th percentile with that of the 10th percentile (the 50-10 ratio). Data points for members of the EU are ordered by changes in the share of highest-paying occupations. By contrast, the 50-10 ratio has remained fairly stable at a level of about 15 per cent above its level of the early 1970s. More detailed evidence indicates that the gap between the 10th percentile and the median has substantially contracted over the past few years (Acemoglu and Autor, 2012: 13).
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sdg10
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It should also be determined whether progress made would have been made without the negotiated target and, hence, whether public money could have been spent on more effective and ambitious programmes. The cost-effectiveness of such voluntary agreements needs to be thoroughly assessed and compared with other possible policy instruments to make sure that the instruments used are those that allow to achieve environmental objectives (e.g. GHG emission reduction targets) at the lowest cost. All governmental institutions are required by law to develop green procurement policies, define annual targets for the purchase of selected eco-products, and annually report to MOE.
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sdg12
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In practically all the countries where poor households have recorded the most substantial increases in income, 75% or more of the increase in total income came from labour income and of this the greater part corresponded to wages and salaries. The Bolivarian Republic ofVenezuela presented the greater increase in total real income, of the order of 11 %, of which almost 7 percentage points came from the increase in salaries and wages and nearly 2 points from the remunerations - Brazil, Colombia, El Salvador and Peru are also examples of reductions in poverty that ncrease in income from employment. This variable increased more sharply in Mexico, although the fall in labour income per employed person caused a contraction in per capita labour income.
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sdg1
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While gender-based patterns are context-specific, global trends indicate that while women play important roles in agriculture, fishing and non-timber forest product activities, they have limited access to or control of land, labour and finance. These inequalities are reinforced by development processes in many countries that are unfavourable to women (e.g. where there is male bias in agricultural extension programmes) (IAASTD 2009). The level of female agricultural employment is generally higher in developing countries than in developed ones. However, in 2010 the agricultural sector in Canada had 52.6% female workers (compared with 25.9% in the United States), the State of Palestine had a very high share of female agricultural workers (72.5%), while seven countries (mainly in West Asia and Africa) had a share greater than 60% (FAO 2011). In countries and cultures where women do most of the farming in rural areas, they are also likely to be responsible for most urban agriculture (Pimbert 2010).
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sdg2
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In Southeast Asia, moreover, prices of staple crops of rice, maize and cassava are projected to rise by more than average world prices, due to the influence of maintaining current agricultural domestic support and restrictive trade policies - particularly those related to rice - which compound some of the price effects of climate change. In addition, as a consequence of these production and price effects, if current policy settings are not reformed, agricultural trade between ASEAN and the rest of the world is also projected to be lower compared with a situation of no climate change. Finally, these price effects, and falls in trade volumes, can have implications for the ability of individual countries to respond to shocks that can disrupt production, and thus negatively influence food security.
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sdg2
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Abstract Ship demolition is a significant source of marine pollution. Not recycled properly, toxic chemicals can be released and pose great dangers to both the environment and public health. By investigating over 22,500 scrapped vessels’ business records ranging between 2000 and 2019, we find how business owners in developed countries disguise ships’ true identity by registering them in developing regions with loose approaches to labor and environmental protection, thus creating a leeway to violate environmental justice. International treaties and regional regulations have failed to correct the problem. Neither the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal nor enhanced regional regulations from the European Commission are effective. We propose three reforms to make the shipping industry more sustainable.
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sdg16
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Discrimination in credit markets, and attitudes of mistrust by potential investors towards certain social groups, may also limit individuals’ capacity to engage in entrepreneurship activities. For instance, women entrepreneurs tend to rely more on networks composed of family and friends than men (Renzulli and Aldrich, 2005), as they have fewer opportunities to connect to new customers and business partners. For ethnic minorities and immigrants, barriers to building rich business networks mainly involve culture and language.
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sdg9
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One example where successful ways have been found to address such challenges is the central government's ‘Territories of Citizenship” initiative, launched in 2008 to support development in poor rural areas. Many projects included in the initiative have successfully enhanced capacity at municipal level, increased citizen participation and accountability and enhanced the coordination of sectoral policies at the federal level. Following the advances in terms of access to education described in the preceding section, one of the principal challenges going forward will be to improve the quality of education. Competencies of school-aged children have increased over the years as enrolment rates improved, but compared to international benchmarks, Brazilian students still learn significantly less. The OECD PISA programme assesses 15-year-olds1 competencies across 70 countries, and allows direct comparisons (OECD, 2012a).
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sdg10
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These results hold for both genders, even when we distinguish between on-the-job and off-the-job training. Interestingly, the negative effect of a vocational curriculum is larger in absolute value in countries with higher employment protection. It is often said that the presence of vocational tracks helps keeping students with limited academic attitudes in school. Our empirical evidence shows that upper secondary VET is associated to substantially higher hourly earnings, employability and skills with respect to lower education.
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sdg4
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Consequently, the oceans and resources therein are fundamental to the well-being of the Commonwealth. This is particularly so for the SIDS which may possibly not have other significant natural resources. Approximately 350 million jobs globally are linked to the oceans through fishing, aquaculture, coastal and marine tourism and research activities. Conversely, experts have issued a stark warning, if we continue on the current trajectory, only one third of the amount of fish available from capture fisheries in 1970 will still be available by 2050.
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sdg14
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Pharek’s (2001) analysis of these claims shows that the vast majority of clashes between different ethnicities rotate around gender issues, i.e. the regulation of women’s clothing, exogamy or endogamy within the group and the rights of women themselves. Demographic policies are integral part of ethno-nationalist struggles, the socialization -coercion of women and compulsory heterosexuality are planned and implemented at a political level to ensure the reproduction of the ethnic group. Demographic policies in Israel have been in place almost since the foundation of the state in 1948.
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sdg5
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Indeed, much of the increase in LDC exports in recent years is attributable to rising prices rather than to higher export volumes (UNCTAD 2012). Source: WITS, available at: http://wits.worldbank.org/about_wits.html (accessed May 2013). For a country specialising in manufactures (e.g. Bangladesh), diversification should entail a broadening of the export base (export at the extensive margin), beyond the products currently being exported.
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sdg10
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The Agricultural Credit Corporation (ACC) and the Fund for Financial Support of Agriculture (FFSA) implement concessional credit programmes, serving agricultural borrowers of different sizes. These agencies are either large or the dominant players on their markets. A feature of KazAgro companies is that besides acting as government agencies that implement support programmes, they also perform commercial operations. For example, in 2003-11 the FCC purchased annually between 10% and 30% of total domestically produced grain, of which approximately three-quarters represented commercial purchases.
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sdg2
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More specifically, it shows that they are locked in a vicious cycle, whereby initial socioeconomic inequalities determine the disproportionate adverse effects arising from climate hazards, which in turn results in greater inequality. This discussion is followed by a thorough review of the evidence demonstrating that the multiple dimensions of inequality (as they relate, inter alia, to income, assets, political power, gender, age, race and ethnicity) underlie a situation where disadvantaged groups are more exposed and susceptible to climate hazards and possess less capacity to cope and recover when those hazards have materialized. Further, it is shown that as a result, inequality is exacerbated.
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sdg13
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The government recently decided to establish specialist training for nurses in chronic care outside hospitals, with these nurses most probably employed in GP practices and municipal health services. Regions also invested in multispecialty facilities called 'Health Houses', which include GPs (who also serve as coordinators of care), specialists and physiotherapists, although difficulties in recruiting GPs have emerged (see Section 5.2). The primary care system appears to be holding up well despite the reductions in acute care activity described previously, although avoidable hospital admissions for certain conditions are higher than the EU average (see Section S.3).
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sdg3
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The Taiwan Strait is a critical corridor connecting the East China Sea to the South China Sea. The divided status of China as a result of the civil war in 1949 has made the situation in the Taiwan Strait complicated and uncertain. After the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOS), the legal status of the Taiwan Strait has been changed from a strait embodying high seas waters to a strait only with waters under national jurisdiction of China. The waters within the Strait may be divided into several sea zones in accordance with the LOS Convention, i.e., the internal waters, territorial sea and EEZ/continental shelf. Due to the difference among the sea zones, the navigational waterways within the Taiwan Strait are subject to different legal rules. Thus cross-Strait co-operation between mainland China and Taiwan is necessary to manage the Taiwan Strait and human activities therein.
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sdg16
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Even where national laws have been harmonised with international and regional standards, implementation and enforcement remain critical challenges. It is also important to work with traditional/customary justice mechanisms to ensure that they uphold women's rights. Procedural barriers can include fees required to lodge complaints, practice of discriminatory customary laws, and physical inaccessibility.
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sdg5
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Indicator Al shows the level of attainment, i.e. the percentage of a population that has successfully completed a given level of education and the relationship between level of attainment and the acquisition of basic skills. Graduation rates in Indicators A2 and A3 measure the estimated percentage of younger adults who are expected to graduate from a particular level of education during their lifetimes. Completion rates from upper secondary programmes in Indicator A2 estimate the proportion of students who enter a programme and complete it successfully within a certain period of time.
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sdg4
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The lack of visibility and authority of such institutions may limit their ability to implement a “whole-of-government” approach to gender equality across policy areas. However, significant evidence gaps remain in a number of policy areas, such as gender-based violence, work-life balance practices, entrepreneurship, defence and the environment. Half of the countries responding to the OECD survey apply this practice at the national level, but its use at the sub-national levels is rare. Disparities can include discrimination in terms of opportunities, resources, services, benefits, decision-making power and influence (Wikigender).
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sdg5
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A large share of imports into South and Central America come from Mexico (47 per cent), and another 20 per cent from China. Only around 7 per cent (in value terms) come from China. China itself is a relatively important importer of electric motors, accounting for over 40 per cent of developing-country imports.
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sdg7
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An independent review of the RIA operation, committed to in the Social Partnership Agreement “Towards 2016”, was published in July 2008. It indicates good progress overall on RIA, and identifies areas for further progress. In particular, it suggests that visibility and dissemination of RIAs should be improved, along with management and cross-departmental co-ordination, especially for RIAs of EU legislation.
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sdg12
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The policies resulted in considerably higher female labour force participation. West German policy makers had to contend with pressure to maintain East Germany’s ECEC infrastructure and support its traditionally higher female labour market attachment, which helped pave the way for the radical parental leave reform of 2007. The changing family policy discourse was driven not only by changes in attitudes, but also by persistently low fertility rates and the desire to keep highly educated women in the labour force.
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sdg5
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Les depenses de sante en France : determinants et impact du vieillissement a I ’horizon 2050. The function specification is logarithmic. The model assumes long-term equilibrium among health expenditure and income at constant prices, demographic trends, prices, and technology (pharmaceutical research spending is used as a proxy).
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sdg3
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Based on this assessment and the decision rule, a management decision is made (e.g., annual or multiyear TACs). Fleet effort and catch are then modelled, potentially allowing for error in implementation, and resulting catches are fed into the operating model. By repeating this cycle the full management cycle is modelled. Alternative decision rules can be compared by running many stochastic simulations for several years to identify the performance of a decision rule according to different metrics under the likely range of conditions.
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sdg14
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Although educational attainment has increased markedly over the past two decades and there have recently been signs of improving education quality, scores on standardised tests for secondary students remain appreciably below the OECD average, and opportunities for further education and training for the existing workforce are limited. The low skill level of the Chilean workforce has become a barrier to faster productivity growth, as workers often do not have the capacities to absorb and adapt the technologies needed to catch up with high-income OECD countries at the technological frontier. In the area of secondary education, higher-qualified individuals could be attracted into the teaching profession by reviewing the remuneration system and by defining teacher career paths with attractive opportunities for promotion.
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sdg4
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Insurance companies generally invest via debt instruments. The capital charge for bonds is given by a rating factor multiplied by the duration of the investment. The impact of the solvency rules would in this case come from the fact that long-dated bonds and /or those with lower credit ratings would require greater capital - with these being just the type of debt instrument, such as green bonds, which are potentially to be used to finance infrastructure and clean energy projects at scale.
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sdg7
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This is an important research problem since changes in the prices of goods and services will affect the material wellbeing produced by any given level of income. We can, therefore, consider indicators such as rates of employment, unemployment, and labor force participation as indirect measures of regional residents’ command over goods and services. While economic participation indicators are broadly accepted, they do have a number of limitations when applied to the Arctic context.
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sdg1
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In 2009-2010, its exports of parts and components—notably in the automotive and electronics industries—were valued at $48 billion, a quarter of its merchandise exports. Malaysia’s pre-eminence in the electronics industry began in the early days of the international division of labour, with its courting of multinational companies from countries in the North. Free trade zones, established primarily for manufacturing electronic goods,72 helped the country develop rapidly between the 1970s and the 1990s.
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sdg1
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Report of the open-ended intergovernmental expert working group on indicators and terminology relating lo disaster risk reduction. ( The agreed terminology con Facilitate the implementation of the Sendoi Framework ond foster cooperation across ond within notions, sectors ond stakeholder groups. It is coherent with the work of the Inter-Agency and Expert Group on Sustainoble Development Gool Indicators, ond Ihe update of Ihe publication entitled "2009 UNISDR Terminology on Disosler Risk Reduction" (see nole 376).
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sdg2
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At less than 1%, Mexico's share of top performers in science remains well behind the OECD average (8%). While Mexico has made significant progress in expanding access to ECEC in recent years, efforts should be continued to improve access to affordable and good-quality ECEC, particularly for children under the age of three. In 2002, ECEC was made compulsory starting at three years of age and while the enrolment of three-year-olds in ECEC has nearly doubled since 2005, only one in two three-year-olds (45.8%) was enrolled in 2015, lower than the OECD average of 77.8%.
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sdg4
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At the same time, it is important to address sources of price instability, if for example weak market institutions impede domestic markets to absorb price shocks, it would be appropriate to focus on improvements of these institutions. A longer-term response to food price instability would be for policies to raise real incomes and combat poverty, including the enhancement of the existing food aid programmes and the safety nets for vulnerable social groups. The low state-fixed rental payments weaken the incentive to buy-out or to cede leased land to potential buyers, even when the leased land is not utilised and prone to degradation. Land transfer is further impeded by complicated administrative procedures, and some potential buyers may lack the confidence that land ownership rights are secure.
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sdg2
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It is true that digitalisation has contributed to the rise in populism and the establishment of a post-factual world that can work against rational policy making. But the very same forces, whether in the form of more and better data or new statistical and analytical tools, have also massively expanded the scope and power of social research to create a more evidence-based environment for the development of effective policies. The first PISA assessment in 2000 was able to explain about a third of the performance variation among schools across the participating countries, but in 2015 that figure had risen to 85%. That means that most of the performance differences among schools can now be statistically associated and explained, with data from students, parents, teachers and school principals, even if the causal nature of many of those relationships remains still insufficiently understood. One reason for the difficulty in reforming education is simply the scale and reach of the sector. Schools are among the biggest areas of public spending.
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sdg4
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The consumers' decision node contains the choice of buying goods made of virgin or recycled plastics as well as the choice of sorting the waste for recycling, leaving it in the household mixed residual waste or even illegally dispose it, for instance, placing it next to an over-filled recycling container or burning it in the open fire. Finally, the reprocessors convert waste plastics to e.g. pellets that can be used as raw material in the manufacturing of new goods and sell it to domestic or foreign manufacturers of plastics.
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sdg12
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A
couple
of
times
a
year
(usually
around
International
Women’s
Day
or
the
latest
gender
controversy)
there’ll
be
a
journalist
on
the
phone,
asking
me,
‘where
is
feminism
now?’
Angela
McRobbie’s
The
Aftermath
of
Feminism: Gender,
Culture
and
Social
Change provides
the
perfect
answer,
though
one
that
probably
won’t
be
dutifully
reported
in
the
pages
of
the
Courier Mail .
McRobbie
has
always
been
a
preeminent
figure
in
feminist
cultural
studies,
and
this
work
highlights
her
continuing
importance.
Indeed, The
Aftermath
of
Feminism
reminds
us
of
the
power
of
feminist
cultural
studies
to
explain
what’s
going
on,
whether
this
is
in
the
media,
popular
culture,
everyday
life,
governmentality,
the
corporate
world,
or
their
interrelationships.
And
McRobbie’s
diagnosis
of
‘a
social
and
cultural
landscape
which
could
be
called
post‐feminist’
is
uncompromising,
far‐reaching
in
scope,
and
deeply
disturbing.
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sdg16
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This requires widespread metering, in particular for agriculture in basins where irrigation is the main water user. ( The new' Law' on Water Resources Management (WRM) is being developed, w'ith support from a UNECE project. The Ministry concerned (MENRP) already has basic information on major basins and sub-basins, including some on GIS maps.
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sdg6
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Although smoking prevalence in Israel (20.4%) is marginally lower than the OECD average (22.1%), it has declined less in Israel over the previous decade than in some other OECD countries (OECD, 201 lb). Overall, these patterns point to the need to strengthen smoking cessation services overall, targeting in particular groups with higher smoking prevalence. It is also notable that QICH does not include any indicators on smoking.
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sdg3
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Meeting the MDG target will mean extending sanitation services to an average of 660,000 people a day, every day, between 2011 and 2015. Still, over one billion people lack sanitation facilities and continue a practice that poses serious health and environmental risks to themselves and entire communities. These policies focus on stopping the practice of open defecation through community-level action and influencing social norms to the point where open defecation is no longer considered acceptable.
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sdg15
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This paper identified and analyzed some interactions on the internet in the daily of people living with HIV and AIDS (PLHA) in Brazil. As methods we made interviews with PLHA analyzed by content analysis and a virtual ethnography of a secret group of PLHA on Facebook. These are the following results: sociability produced in the internet helps to reduce suffering in relation to prejudice, there are not many welcoming zones for PLHA on the internet, PLHA linked to social networks have more encouragement to not give up the medication, negotiations about medication and symptoms take place in social networks. We conclude that there is a need to have welcoming zones to PLHA on the internet guaranteed by public policy, medical education needs to cover issues related to the internet and health.
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sdg16
|
In 2013/14 the emergency admission bed day rate was 71 895 emergency bed days per 100 000 population. Since 2008/09 the rate has shown a steady reduction. Note that the 2013/14 figures are provisional and likely to be slightly lower than the final figure. The proportion of the last six months of life spent at home or in a community setting was 90.8% in the year ending March 2014.
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sdg3
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These combined obstacles can create substantial “sunk costs”, which single firms may not be able to address. A limited provision of inclusive innovations may also result from co-ordination failures, wherein government fails to play a critical role in aligning the required actors to address the various challenges. As a critical provider and regulator of these services, the government is automatically a relevant stakeholder in related innovation activities.
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sdg9
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Fish hatcheries have been set up by both countries. Albania has also taken some measures to limit illegal fishing. The alteration of the reed zones has caused deterioration of habitats, also threatening the spawning and wintering grounds of fish species. Three hydrological stations exist in the territory of the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonian, while the Hy-drobiological Institute monitors the lake’s system for biological and chemical quality.
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sdg6
|
That was strongly opposed by the fishery sector. The main argument was that an ITQ regime would concentrate the cod quotas on a “privileged few”. The critics aimed to maintain the existing fleet structure but did not take into account the vessels’ poor economy and the potential for changes in ownership - a situation that amounted to an invitation to big institutional investors to take over most of the trawler fleet in northern Norway.
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sdg14
|
Only in the Dominican Republic and Uruguay did GDP rise by more than 2% (see table 1.1). The countries drew on solid macroeconomics built up during the economic and financial boom, applying countercyclical fiscal and monetary policies. The simple average inflation rate for the region as a whole was 4.7% in 2009.
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sdg1
|
This collective financial commitment requires a system to measure, report and verify (MRV) the relevant financial flows across a variety of sources. However, the existing effort to track climate finance lacks transparency, comparability and comprehensiveness. The paper suggests tracking information along a multi-dimensional structure. This structure is aspirational, to be achieved and added to over time.
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sdg13
|
Using a model with a CES production function and capital market imperfections, the authors show that the decline in the relative price of capital goods can largely explain the observed decline in the labour share assuming an elasticity of substitution between capital and labour significantly larger than one. In the model, the strength of capital market imperfections determine the extent to which firms rely on their own saving to fund investment, leading to “excess” corporate savings. The conclusions from the comparison between the two specifications are qualitatively unchanged whether the trends are assumed to be common or country-specific.
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sdg10
|
The financial crisis in the United States is affecting —and will continue to affect— the growth of exports and the remittance flows the region has benefited from in recent years. Some current features of the Latin American economies, such as their lesser external vulnerability, greater fiscal solvency and high levels of reserve, should make it possible to implement countercyclical policies to mitigate the effect of external developments on the region’s performance. Nonetheless, although it is better prepared to cope with this international situation than in the past, one should not assume that Latin America and the Caribbean is immune to the changes that are taking place, and trends in the second half of 2008 and in 2009 will reflect developments in the current setting.
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sdg1
|
In the immediate aftermath of independence, Algeria pursued a militant anti-imperialist policy of Third World solidarity under presidents Ahmed Ben Bella and Houari Boumediene. The 1976 National Charter sets forth the rationale for such a foreign policy which was marked by Algerian leadership in the Group of 77, the Nonaligned Movement and the effort to create a New International Economic Order in North-South relations. During the 1980s, President Chadli Benjedid gradually shifted the focus of Algerian diplomacy from Third World leadership to a regional policy focused on the Maghreb and the establishment of the Union du Maghreb Arabe. The severe internal crisis of the 1990s led to a further retrenchment of Algerian foreign policy. Despite his role in the revolutionary years, President Abdelaziz Bouteflika has continued the evolution of the state's foreign policy towards national interest pragmatism.
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sdg16
|
The AUD 40 million programme “Boosting Highly Innovative SMEs” has been designed to achieve this goal. To ensure that TAFE institutes are well positioned to help upgrade and diversify existing industries, i.e. help existing firms to expand into a new line of business, their current focus on skills provision should be balanced with sectorally and locally focused comprehensive support for SMEs across Victoria. Recognising the need for more integrated response to industry, the nine universities in Victoria have developed Unigateway, a web signposting service for SMEs to access university expertise.
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sdg4
|
Cash transfers have little redistributive impact because they are small in size and often largely insurance-based. The size of tax systems is also small in most of these countries, although some embody more progressivity than on average in the OECD. Overall, both inequality in household disposable income and the poverty rate are well above the OECD average.
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sdg10
|
Available from http://www.fao.org/ worldfoodsituation/wfs-home/foodpricesindex/en. Although higher prices provide incentives to increase production, many small farm holders are unable to respond owing to lack of access to finance, agricultural inputs, markets and technology (United Nations, 2008a). Nevertheless, in developing countries with a large share of net producing households, high food prices boost demand for rural labour and incomes (Chant, McDonald and Verschoor, 2008).
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sdg2
|
No empirical studies are available on this topic in Ghana, yet studies undertaken elsewhere often suggest limited effects of immigration on native-born labour market outcomes. These jointly determine skill cells, which are at the centre of the empirical approach adopted in this report. The impact of immigration on labour market outcomes, including the real wage, the employment-to-population ratio and the proportion of employed in paid employment, is measured by the variations that exist in the proportion of immigrants across skill cells. Furthermore, on average, a decline in employment rates is observed across all education groups at younger and older ages due to cyclical unemployment or early retirement.
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sdg8
|
Moreover, several empirical studies have found that economic instruments such as water pricing or tradable water rights offer a more cost-effective water management strategy than command-and-control policies, thanks to the heterogeneous nature of users’ marginal benefits from water consumption (Olmstead and Stavins, 2009). The overall equity implications of economic instruments depend on their precise design: whether the water-pricing scheme is linear or block-rate (see Chapter 2 for a more detailed discussion of equity in water tariffs), how water rights are initially allocated, whether water trading may refrain low-income farmers from receiving enough water to sustain their livelihoods in water-stressed regions, etc. They should therefore be considered when determining how to promote the acceptability and long-term stability of the reforms.
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sdg6
|
The Inter-Departmental Co-ordination Group assumes responsibility for: promoting co-operation between ministries, adopting a federal plan of action, preparing an intermediary' report and a final report at the end of the term, and exchanging good practices and promoting instruments useful to enforcing the law. The representatives of the ministries participating in the co-ordination group are also appointed as gender focal points in their respective entities. They receive compulsory' training on gender mainstreaming and are tasked with ensuring follow-up on the diverse measures foreseen by the law (e.g, gender statistics, gender-responsive budgeting and the “gender test”).
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sdg5
|
Populist rhetoric frequently includes allegations about political corruption, these allegations are often vague and unverifiable. In this chapter we explore the meaning of “corruption” for populist politicians, and we explore the normative implications of populist corruption talk. We contend that social scientific analyses of corruption do not provide a sufficient response to populist corruption talk because they lack a normative element. We propose that linking corruption to the vice of sloth provides a more constructive means of countering populist allegations.
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sdg16
|
Results are robust to the use of non linear regression model (probit). The coefficients associated to both categories of start-ups are remarkably stable across specifications and in particular is not significantly reduced once founders’ characteristics are included. Returns cannot be calculated for start-ups in the data because of a lack of information about the VC contracts offered to start-ups in exchange for funding.8 Furthermore, for acquisitions, acquisition price is usually not disclosed publicly and for IPOs, information on money raised is also missing in most of the cases. After an acquisition, when the venture is sold to a third party, founders usually leave the company.9 On the contrary, after an IPOs, the entrepreneur usually remains involved.
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sdg5
|
This article examines the developments in Indonesian family law in the aftermath of the political transition that occurred in 1998. Its focus is on the position of the Islamic courts and the role of the women’s movement as a driver of reform. Combining literature on gender, Islam, and the state in Indonesia with new material such as divorce rates, cases of the Constitutional Court, and law reform initiatives, the authors argue that the family law reform processes already underway before 1998 have not changed much and have continued to lead to more state control of Islamic family law. Yet, even though the reforms since 1998 have not directly targeted family law, they have unleashed processes of liberalization, democratization and decentralization that have emboldened Indonesian women in the exercise of their rights and have invigorated debates over further reform.
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sdg16
|
The first is a distinction between old and new capital - often described as a ‘putty-clay’ model. However, for new power plants, modest increases in capital expenditures can result in significant water savings, as one moves from open to closed loop systems and from wet to dry cooling technologies. Using the estimates taken from Bhattacharya and Bijon (2013), Figure 11 is created which shows a marginal cost of abatement schedule to which a CGE model could readily be calibrated.
|
sdg6
|
Include the contribution of higher education institutions to local and regional development in their annual evaluations. Mobilise the resources of higher education institutions in the preparation and implementation of regional and urban strategies. Help identify areas of research for regional development. Between 1970 and 2010, the share of the Malay population living in Penang increased from 30.6% to 43.0%.
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sdg4
|
The availability of extracurricular activities and services is seen as a strength of school education in the Slovak Republic as this sector plays an important role in the production of social capital. It also allows increasing the role of local revenues and parental contributions, especially when public support to this sector is targeted to the most disadvantaged student population. In turn, investments to support school education through the Integrated Regional Operational Programme, which are funded by the European Regional Development Fund, are aimed at the improvement of school infrastructure, the provision of material and technical equipment in classrooms, laboratories, and resources for language teaching, and the creation of centres for dual vocational education and training. There is a special emphasis on the infrastructure needed to expand pre-primary education provision, especially in those municipalities with marginalised Roma communities (Ministry of Labour, Social Affairs and Family of the Slovak Republic, 2014).
|
sdg4
|
Furthermore, low quantity, quality, and reliability of the power supply is a challenge in many places, as is legality and affordability. Coordination and integrated planning between various government actors responsible for planning national grid extensions or rural and off-grid electrification remains inadequate in many countries. Addressing that requires not only the removal of barriers regarding institutional inefficiencies and overlaps, but also the creation of comprehensive, predictable policy frameworks that improve the investment climate. However, this binary measure - either a household has a connection, or it does not - fails to capture relevant aspects of quantity, quality, reliability and affordability.
|
sdg7
|
Since a large proportion of all unemployment spells will probably fall under these two categories, the average entitlement duration for new benefit spells is likely to be considerably below 6 months, which is short relative to systems in other OECD countries. Only a minority of benefit claims are likely to qualify as “unemployed as a result of bankruptcy, dismissal, etc.”, However, in Japan workers tend to be described as “difficult-to-employ” due to age, disability or the depressed state of the regional labour market.
|
sdg8
|
This cadastre would help differentiate forest land from agricultural or other land uses. For example, protecting these forests against illegal logging and enforcement of other regulations is problematic when ownership boundaries are not clearly marked. Due to a constant effort of research and classification, varying numbers of species by taxonomic group and their status have been reported. Analyses of biodiversity richness for individual countries within the European continent rank the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia at the very top of the list of countries considered to be European “hotspots.” Forest communities dominate with more than 55 per cent of the land cover, followed by grass communities, lake and river vegetation communities, while swamp communities and temporal communities occupy the smallest areas.
|
sdg15
|
Furthermore, the regulation establishes an annual quota level for live cattle and beef based on the estimated shortfall between domestic supply and demand. This quota is allocated by MoT to importers in two six-month tranches: 1 January to 30 June and 1 July to 31 December, based on historical volumes. The quota has been introduced as one of the policy measures to achieve beef self-sufficiency. In practice officials have significantly overestimated domestic supply relative to demand and prices have risen sharply.
|
sdg2
|
Oportunidades in Mexico has already made some steps towards that by including the Programme Apoyo para Adultos Mayores in the main programme targeting poor households. There are certainly other ways of exploring synergies across the different programmes, such as the use of common means-tests and administrative offices, as is the case in Chile, Mexico and Brazil (Grosh et al, 2008). Overall, special attention should be paid to ensuring equity in the case of unique programmes targeting the poor by, for example, making the level of the benefit paid a function of household characteristics and structure.
|
sdg10
|
These studies examined the increasing participation levels of Asian women in business ownership. An interesting finding of the researches in the United Kingdom (Dhaliwal, 1998 and 2007, Ram and Jones, 1998) is that Asian women are not strongly represented in self-employment because there is a tendency for some women entrepreneurs to be “invisible” and their existence unacknowledged. These “hidden” women (Dhaliwal, 1998) say it is their husband, father or brother who run the business and they are masking the extent of their role even if they are playing a pivotal role in the management of the business.
|
sdg5
|
The federal republic owns less than 4% of the forest area. German federalism and the resulting division of powers assign power of legislation in forestry to the German federal states. They set up states forests and nature protection acts (Landeswaldgesetze, Landesna-turschutzgesetze), which govern forest management on state level.
|
sdg15
|
There have been major improvements in conceptualizing, collecting and analyzing time-use information. Many countries are now collecting time-use data, but many more improvements are needed to address the practical difficulties that face developing countries in implementing data collection instruments. But by capturing both market and non-market economic activities, the time burden of women and children in household production and care activities, and not only that of men, is more accurately measured. For example, the level of response to an employment stimulus or workforce training programme for women is likely to be constrained by lack of affordable quality care services for young children or older persons.
|
sdg5
|
Occupational segregation by gender, discrimination, women’s multiple roles as workers, mothers and wives, lack of access to information networks and to capital account for much of women’s disadvantage vis-a-vis men (Zhou and Logan, 1989, Gilbertson, 1995). Cultural factors play also an important role to foster this tendency. In general, women are expected (and expect also themselves) to earn wages in ways that do not conflict with their family obligations. Depending on cultural values, the welfare of the family and community may have more priority than individual achievement (Dhaliwal, 1998 and 2007, Low, 2003, Zhou and Logan, 1989).
|
sdg5
|
Hence, in the statistical analysis the outcomes of those individuals can be related to Ineq19g0. This procedure allows running panel regressions (country c, period t) accounting for country fixed effects (pc) and common shocks (pt). Hence, the parameters ft can be estimated accounting for time-invariant country determinants that might bias simple cross-country estimates.
|
sdg10
|
Real power is the net transfer of power to the consumer, whereas reactive power is stored in the system and returned to the source. In an electric power system, a load with a low power factor draws more current than a load with a high power factor for the same amount of useful power transferred. Thus, higher currents increase the energy lost in the system.
|
sdg7
|
There are also concerns that inequality may dampen educational opportunities and social mobility. But for most people, the issue boils down to this: is rising inequality good or bad for growth? Those who believe it’s good, or at least necessary, argue that it provides incentives to entrepreneurs and a source of overall investment for the economy.
|
sdg10
|
If supported by extension services they could more effectively help farmers access agricultural inputs, training, technology, and market information. While the waiver of irrigation service fees has increased farmer income, it has reduced the incentive for farmers to save water, made the national budget fully responsible not only for capital investment, but also for financing operation and maintenance costs, and diminished incentives for irrigation and drainage management companies to provide quality irrigation services. While the government could remain responsible for all capital investment in the irrigation systems, farmers should cover all operation and maintenance costs.
|
sdg2
|
Consistent with a plan to increase child and youth care workers from 800 to 10,000 by 2018, more than 5,500 had been trained by May 2016 (Roby, 2016). Improving city planning and service delivery in line with SDG targets 11.1-11.3 is critical for improving informal settlements and anticipating the projected increase in urbanization. It requires capacity building for strong urban planning institutions and well-trained professionals who can deliver on the new urban agenda (UN Habitat, 2016a). In India, only 21 universities offer postgraduate town planning programmes, only 5 offer them at the undergraduate level.
|
sdg8
|
How such dilemmas are addressed has profound implications for who gains and loses, both among social groups and between local, national and global interests. There are many examples around the world of alternative development pathways that move towards sustainability with gender equality. This recognition is evident in a number of international norms and agreements, including principle 20 of the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, adopted in 1992, in its statement regarding the full participation of women being essential to achieving sustainable development.
|
sdg5
|
Social assistance pensions were included, but no other social assistance transfers. Imputed rents and irregular incomes, such as lump sums and capital gains and losses, are not included in LIS household disposable income. Incomes are adjusted for differences in household size, using the square root of the household size, which represents the half-way point between the two extreme assumptions of no economies of scale and perfect economies of scale. Throughout the analysis, weights are used to make the samples nationally representative. These are complemented by brief references to additional tables available in an online appendix. Table 1 presents the percentages of women and men who have an income from employment of their own (or short-term insurance-based income replacement that was tied to their employment).
|
sdg5
|
For Myanmar, the 2018 data are based on ADB (2019) and IMF (2019a) and refer to the interim period ending September 2018, and the dataset does not disaggregate consumption into public and private. Lao PDR has no demand-side data. Net tax equals taxes minus subsidies. Singapore and Thailand data are based on chain-linked volume measures.
|
sdg11
|
On the other hand, income support not based on current commodity production is much more effective at improving farm income with less spill-over effects. Policies that directly target non-commodity criteria such as landscape elements, environmental performance or traditional breeds of animals are also typically more effective at reaching these societal objectives, although concerns have been raised over the budgetary and transactions costs involved in some cases. Annual variations depend on movements in world prices, domestic prices and exchange rates as well as changes in production levels.
|
sdg2
|
Residents of islander ancestry may or may not be distinguished in census data, and may not perceive themselves as ‘islanders’, so most calculations of islanders overseas are guesstimates. That is even more complicated, firstly, for Samoans, since Samoan migrants have also moved from American Samoa, and, secondly, in Australia, where an increasing amount of trans-Tasman movement of Pacific islanders from New Zealand has been of islanders with New Zealand citizenship (to the extent that the Australian government has occasionally expressed some concern about this ‘back door’ entry). Around 20 per cent of Australia’s Pacific-born population in 2008, for example, had come into the country as New Zealand citizens under the Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement (Bedford and Hugo 2012).
|
sdg10
|
'Non-traditional' security problems like pandemic diseases, climate change and terrorism now pervade the global agenda. Many argue that sovereign state-based governance is no longer adequate, demanding and constructing new approaches to manage border-spanning threats. Drawing on critical literature in political science, political geography and political economy, this is the first book that systematically explains the outcomes of these efforts. It shows that transboundary security challenges are primarily governed not through supranational organisations, but by transforming state apparatuses and integrating them into multilevel, regional or global regulatory governance networks. The socio-political contestation shaping this process determines the form, content and operation of transnational security governance regimes. Using three in-depth case studies – environmental degradation, pandemic disease, and transnational crime – this innovative book integrates global governance and international security studies and identifies the political and normative implications of non-traditional security governance, providing insights for scholars and policymakers alike.
|
sdg16
|
It is part of a far-reaching new agreement between police, mental health trusts and paramedics. The Concordat has been signed by more than 20 national organisations in a bid to drive up standards of care for people experiencing crisis such as suicidal thoughts or significant anxiety. It aims to cut the numbers of people detained inappropriately in police cells by 50 per cent and drive out the variation in standards across the country. By 2007, suicide had fallen to the lowest rate in 150 years and there had been a marked fall in suicide in young men.
|
sdg3
|
Citizenship plays no role: Someone who was bom in Ghana but has a different nationality is not understood to be an immigrant, while someone who has a Ghanaian passport but was bom abroad is understood to be an immigrant whether or not he or she already had the nationality at birth. The index represents the proportion of a group, either native- or foreign-bom, that would need to move in order to create an equal distribution. The same index can be applied to occupational distributions.
|
sdg8
|
Increasingly global challenges and a greater share of ODA supporting national interests, e.g. research conducted in donor countries, necessitates further assessments on how the new knowledge gained from those activities benefit developing countries. Investments in STI are widely recognised as crucial means towards the development of a stronger economy and upgrading towards more sophisticated and environmentally sustainable economic activities. Investments in research and infrastructure for ICTs are resulting in an increasingly connected world, where information and “know-how” flow faster than ever before. These economies can benefit from peer learning to avoid mistakes previously made by other countries while setting their own development trajectories.
|
sdg9
|
These data discrepancies are important to understand since, in the absence of fully comparable data (especially as regards travel distances), the report estimates traffic impacts on the basis of other data sources, including aggregate travel distance data gathered from ride service odometer data. In 2015 and 2016, they have been the leading source of growth in non-auto (i.e. non-personal car) travel in the city. They have also added significantly to vehicular travel and mileage on city streets.
|
sdg11
|
Local governments are represented at the national level by the following associations: the Association of Polish Cities, the Union of Polish Metropolis, the Association of Polish Counties, the Union of Rural Municipalities and the Union of Small Towns. This includes local governments, residents, businesses, faith groups, non-profit organisations, industry/business associations and so on - that work together, take collaborative decisions and develop a common vision for their community’s future. It is often remarked that community-led local development in Poland, like in many Central and Eastern European countries, is underdeveloped.
|
sdg9
|
The poverty overlap confirms that in Kidal there is a substantial proportion of children, who are deprived, but not poor. Moreover, nearly all the children who live in monetary poor households are also multidimensionally deprived suggesting that providing interventions, which are based only on income support might not be sufficient. In Sikasso the monetary poverty rate is significantly higher than the national average (86% and 52%, respectively). In this region only a small proportion of children is multidimensionally deprived (3%) but not poor, and a large proportion (49%) experiences both types of poverty.
|
sdg1
|
Data points outside the average circle indicate that the group or the country under scrutiny performs better than the OECD average. The data shown are simple deviations from the OECD average. Legislation (Primary Health Care Act) requires municipalities to have a health centre providing primary health services.
|
sdg3
|
Likewise it is now understood that ending poverty and achieving sustainable development is not possible without stabilising the climate (UN, 2015) and that progress on one agenda cannot be achieved without progress on the other. The World Bank Shockwaves Report (World Bank, 2016), for example, finds that climate change threatens the objective of poverty eradication. It also finds that the immediate emissions reductions policies required to combat climate change need not threaten short term progress on poverty reduction if they are well designed and if international support is available for poor countries. Neither ending poverty nor stabilising the climate can be achieved without progress on the other.
|
sdg13
|
The International Labour Organization (ILO) has stated that work is a source of personal dignity, family stability and peace in the community. The concept of decent work expresses the principle that people should have safe, worthwhile jobs that they may carry out in conditions of freedom and equity.19 Decent work is characterized by the safeguarding of labour rights and the presence of social protection and social dialogue. If a child turning six in )une is not admitted in the first year for being younger than the official age, he or she will begin school at age seven, with a cut-off of one year he or she would be considered to be lagging behind. Org/global/about-the-ilo/decent-work-ageiida/lang-eii/i 11dex.htm.
|
sdg1
|
Credit allocated to agriculture reached BRL 177 billion (USD 76 billion) in 2014, of which 13% (BRL 24 billion or USD 10 billion) was allocated to family agriculture. The remaining 87% was allocated to commercial agriculture. In recent years, rural credit investment programmes have been strengthened with the aim of expanding grain storage capacity, promoting technological innovation in rural properties and extending the use of agricultural machineries.
|
sdg2
|
This does work better for some types of land uses (i.e. transportation corridors and mining, which are well reflected) but some are less well captured (e.g. dams and impacts on freshwater). In certain areas the InVEST tools allow the user to highlight how ecosystems positively contribute to the economy via ecosystem services - all the models within InVEST have an optional economic valuation model although not all ecosystem services can be used here. As regards provisioning services, on the terrestrial side, timber and hydropower productions can be included in the models.
|
sdg15
|
The situation in the poorest quintile was slightly unfavourable to women aged 15 and over on this particular indicator (see table 1.4). For example, table I.A1.4 of the statistical annex shows that, in 2013, Chile had the smal lest gap in secondary school completion rates between the top and bottom quintiles, with the poorest quintile's rate being 79% of the richest quintile's.30 Next came the Bolivarian Republic ofVenezuela and Argentina, with figures of 65% and 61 %, respectively. The countries with the biggest gaps between the top and bottom quintiles were Honduras and Guatemala.
|
sdg1
|
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