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Initially, reforestation measures were applied to some 4,500 ha each year, and the seedling survival rate varied from 72 per cent in the period 1960-1982 to 68 per cent in the period 1982-1994. Since 2013, reforestation activities are annually applied to some 2,100 ha, and the seedling survival rate is estimated to be between 60 and 70 per cent. Such a low seedling survival rate results not only from the unfavourable soil and climatic conditions but also improper species selection and lack of plantation maintenance. The majority of seedlings planted are of non-native species, fast growing (e.g. sequoia) and/or yielding fruit, but not necessarily best adapted to the local conditions. Simultaneously, according to official statistics, activities aimed at enhancing the natural forest regeneration have been completely abandoned in recent years. This might not yet allow' a significant increase in the forest coverage of the country, but could probably offset the current deforestation trend.
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The programme is called “Energy efficiency 2020”. It aims to achieve a reduction of energy intensity by 10 per cent by 2015 and by 25 per cent in 2020. The programme will incorporate nine areas, among which are energy-efficient enterprises, energy-efficient construction and transport, energy-efficient society as well as the innovative energy sector.
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Also, since the introduction of the NHI system, Clalit’s dominant position in terms of market share has been eroded (Figure 2.8), which is perhaps a sign that there are adequate long-term market forces at work. Some (for instance Shmueli et al., For example, funds might purposefully limit the scope and quality of primary-care facilities in poorer areas and have ways of manipulating waiting lists for treatments, though it is not believed that these techniques are widely used.
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Attendance improved and negative behaviour decreased from one year to the next. In addition, teachers felt that all students were more engaged when assistive technology was used for whole class instruction.2'18 This approach can be used in small groups, pairs or individually with a touch screen laptop. However, it was felt that the 'challenges' lie with the educators - to design pedagogical practice, classrooms and school communities that reach and teach all students.
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Although this might suggest an increasing trend in water-related conflicts overall, these data must be interpreted with caution, as much of the increase could be attributable to greater awareness (and reporting) of such incidents. The eruption of armed conflict in several regions of the world during the period from 2010 to 2018 may also have influenced this apparent trend. They are also particularly vulnerable to impacts of climate change (Castaneda Aguilar et al.,
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It is also about meeting one of the key “learning principles” outlined above: promoting horizontal connectedness, including connections between the worlds of education and the broader social worlds beyond school boundaries. Growing and sustaining ILE reform is about helping to create ever denser clusters of 21st learning practice so that critical masses of practice and change may be reached. Further, it is about recognising that in contemporary learning systems, formal institutional provision is only one part of the whole.
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This assessment, comprising information on infrastructure, access, productivity and patient satisfaction, results in a score which allows hospitals to be ranked into one of five categories as described more fully in Chapter 4. Each evaluation team consists of 4 people, a team leader, and at least one physician, who are drawn from a pool of 368 trained evaluators. Each standard, within the Health Care Quality Standards is evaluated as “Yes, No or Not applicable”. According to their importance, standards are pre-weighted.
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The biggest increases in that time were in Finland, New Zealand, and Sweden. Turkey saw the largest decrease in inequality, although its overall level of inequality remained high. Forecasts for 2060 suggest that gross earnings inequality could continue to rise in the OECD if current trends persist (Braconier et al., It ranges in value from 0 (perfect equality) to 1 (perfect inequality).
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Business participants in UNGC make a commitment to make the Global Compact’s ten principles part of their business strategies and their day-to-day operations. At the same time, companies are required to issue an annual Communication on Progress (COP), a public disclosure to stakeholders (e.g. investors, consumers, civil society, Governments, etc.) Ten Principles: Human Rights Principle 1: Businesses should support and respect the protection of internationally proclaimed human rights, and Principle 2: make sure that they are not complicit in human rights abuses. Labour Principle 3: Businesses should uphold the freedom of association and the effective recognition of the right to collective bargaining, Principle 4: the elimination of all forms of forced and compulsory labour, Principle 5: the effective abolition of child labour, and Principle 6: the elimination of discrimination in respect of employment and occupation.
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For instance, the number of children who could not be placed in a pre-school was high in Ljubljana in 2009, reaching 18% of the total enrolment in the city, almost half of the children who could not be admitted into a pre-school programme in Slovenia were in Ljubljana. However, there are no signs of excess demand in smaller towns and average class sizes also tend to be lower. Considering the disparate financial conditions of municipalities due to the economic downturn and rising enrolments in kindergartens, many local governments lack the resources to provide high quality services.
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Introductory observations Part I. Setting the Framework: 1. The increasing interactions between foreign investment law and international environmental law 2. Conceptualising interactions 3. Synergies 4. Conflicts I - soft-control mechanisms 5. Conflicts II - adjudication mechanisms Part II. Normative Conflicts: 6. Normative priority in international law 7. Foreign investment and the international regulation of freshwater 8. Foreign investment and the protection of biological and cultural diversity 9. Foreign investment and the international regulation of dangerous substances and activities 10. Foreign investment and the climate change regime Part III. Legitimacy Conflicts: 11. Normative priority between different legal systems 12. Environmental measures and expropriation clauses 13. Environmental measures and non-discrimination standards 14. Environmental measures, stability and due process 15. Defence arguments based on environmental considerations Concluding observations.
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The projections for the most recent period mark a new phase of slower progress. Obstacles have included volatile commodity prices, higher food and energy prices, rising unemployment and economic recessions in the late 1990s and in 2008/2009. Frequent extreme weather events and natural disasters have also taken a considerable toll on lives and livelihoods, and eventually on progress towards global food security. In a growing number of countries, political instability and civil strife have aggravated the effects of natural disasters, resulting in numerous and significant humanitarian crises.
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Investment support, classified as payments based on fixed capital formation, has decreased in recent years, but that may reflect delays in implementing the recent RDP. As a result, they were equivalent to 22% of payments to producers in 2016, compared to 12% in 2004. The highest increase was for innovation-related expenditures on research and development, extension and agricultural education, which increased tenfold.
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Consequently, there are no data and no analysis on the current impact from climate change on forests. Among these, the w'etlands of karst fields are particularly sensitive. Although some reports systematically cover climate change issues, there is still no established system for monitoring the incidence of certain diseases in a particular region that could be linked to changes in some climate parameters and subsequent natural disasters. Data gathered from the institutions of Bosnia and Herzegovina have not been used for development of a clear response methodology for crisis situations caused by climate change, including the preventive measures that must be implemented in order to avoid the occurrence of crisis situations, or mitigating measures for consequences caused by climate change (e.g. reduced food yield due to drought or flooding or a shortage of safe drinking water).
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A Core Curriculum for Pre-School Education (2000) was established from 2001 and renewed in 2010 with National Curriculum Guidelines on ECEC (2003, renewed in 2005) for the design of local curricula. In addition, legislation on early childhood education and development of uniform pre-primary education instruction are in progress to ensure that all children have equal prerequisites. Working groups of education officials, researchers and teachers are focusing on structure and national objectives (set in June 2012), conceptions of learning, support for learning and the different subjects. The renewal aims to build on strengths, supporting student growth and focusing on the core educational content and local pedagogical development.
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The Government of the United Kingdom and WBC have addressed women’s economic participation through a multi-layered approach to systemic and structural causes that need to be taken into account to increase gender equity in the workforce. The lack of flexible working arrangements, inadequate childcare provision and barriers to career breaks (for parental leave or other reasons) hinder the advancement of women along the leadership pipeline, all of which contribute to discriminatory practice and bias. For example, new legislation on shared parental leave and flexible working hours aim to institutionalise resources for employees to be able to accommodate career and family responsibilities (WBC 2013a).
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In some Lander, assessment of several subjects may still be entirely processed by teachers, but the trend clearly moves away from decentralised testing. School principals are the ones who issue the certificates. However, after completion of upper secondary' education, students who want to proceed with education are requested to pass the Juken, which is the higher education entrance exam. Most education systems have divided responsibilities for assessment in upper secondary education between central agencies and schools.
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With the possible exception of sub-Saharan Africa, the prevalence of stunting is rapidly decreasing, but child overweight is increasing [43]. Undernutrition in children is expected to be associated with greater child food insecurity. The magnitude and direction of any association of overnutrition with child food insecurity probably depends on the severity of the food insecurity. In part, the slippage among these constructs reflects limitations in the data that are currently available.
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Targeted capacity building could address many of the barriers and challenges to biodiversity mainstreaming that have been identified. Addressing issues of capacity building and providing the necessary technical support assistance would assist further development and co-operation. Products usually include guidelines, maps or databases that assist with integrating biodiversity into regulatory or production processes.
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Interest rates are set on a commercial basis for local currency loans (where possible) with maturities between 10 and 18 years. For example, between 2005 and 2006, the EBRD made 28 loans to sub-sovereign entities without such a guarantee for a total volume of more than EUR 350 million. The EBRD also provides direct financing to municipally-owned or partially municipally-owned companies without a municipal guarantee. The Bank has been able to support this kind of risk thanks to a very deliberate approach to risk mitigation. They carefully select partner cities with an initial focus on revenue generating projects. They combine financial assistance (through loans priced at a commercial rate but sized conservatively) with technical assistance to support the reform process.
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The strategy therefore aims at the efficient use of all available funds, mainstreaming of biodiversity across sectors, as well as the mobilisation of additional resources for biodiversity, including through new financing mechanisms or reallocation of funds. The major source of funding has been by government, through an annual allocation of over $3.5 million to biodiversity related agencies. Additional contributions come from revenues generated by national agencies, such as the Uganda Wildlife Authority, and also donor support. Coordination with the operations of civil society organizations provides other financial opportunities through biodiversity research and inventories, increasing public awareness, policy support and detailed species and site conservation activities.
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Latin American and Caribbean Region, The World Bank, Washington, DC. Economy Profile: Mexico, The World Bank, Washington, DC. The selection of the two states has been made jointly by the OECD secretariat and Mexico’s Ministry of Economy, namely its Undersecretary Office for SMEs, in light of the very different economic structure of the two states providing more scope for learning on policy adaptation to local needs.
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To some extent the same argumentation is valid also for the shops themselves - the possibility for the shop to order smaller amounts of different products will help the shop to a broad selection of commodities not creating waste of those commodities that were not sold. So optimal packaging should be the key-word. Different chains have different standards, but all common is the fact that they all try to distribute the products that first arrived first. In the connection to this it is also mentioned that close deliveries makes it easier to order the right amounts (this is valid both for wholesalers and retailers).
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Sloan and Sayer (2015) noted that in Southeast Asia planted forests contribute around 49 percent of total wood production. However, underlying benefits of plantations in terms of biodiversity conservation and ecosystem services are usually far fewer than those provided by primary forests and plantation species often have a much lower timber value than native forest species. Their main purposes were initially to address deforestation, these measures are now acting as a positive driver because they are addressing weaknesses in forest legislation and law enforcement in the GMS.
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Students' socio-economic status explains 6.7% of the variation in familiarity with mathematics within the country. Around 70% of the students who have at least one tertiary educated parent reported that they know well or have often heard of the concept of linear equation, on average across OECD countries, only 52% of students whose parents have only primary education as their highest level of attainment so reported. Similarly, around 55% of students with highly educated parents and only 35% of students with low-educated parents reported that they know well or have frequently been exposed to the geometric concept of cosine.
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There has also been an increase in illegal logging overall, possibly due to lack of compliance with (and sometimes lack of awareness of) Natura 2000-related legislation. At the same time, Government authorities claim that there is a problem because private citizens whose forested land was identified as a SPA or an SCI with forest restricted sites have not yet been appropriately compensated for economic losses associated with the land use changes stipulated under the Natura 2000 criteria. The Natura 2000 legislation assigns 12 types of compensation, but the affected private citizens have not had adequate access to this compensation. In 2011, an allocation of 3 million lei (about €0.7 million) for compensation was disbursed, but for requests addressed to MoEF in previous years.
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The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. This legacy, along with more recent evolutions in the country’s economy and urban development (see Chapter 1) has shaped current water management institutions, policies and practices. Furthermore, major policy decisions and instruments for water developed in the 1970-80s were dedicated to supply augmentation that would enable economic growth and meet increasing water demand in cities.
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Recent discussion of neoliberalism has turned from its seemingly inevitable and monolithic character to its contingencies, limits and frailties. Its value as a category of explanation is also being questioned. This chapter examines global free trade through the lens of a dead mouse that catalyzed a global botulism scare in mid-2013 and threatened to overturn economic relationships established by the NZ-China Free Trade Agreement. Inside this story are many others: the messiness of routine globalizing economy, the vibrant materialities of non-human actors and the growing disjuncture between rhetorics of trade liberalization and the actual work of assembling and experimenting in new trade spaces. The chapter argues for a post-structuralist political economy that highlights messiness in economic practice and seeks a new politics of accountability.
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On the impact of housing cash benefits on rents paid by low-income groups, see Conseil des Prelevements Obligatoires (2011) and Facks (2005). The same logic applies to cash transfers. For both taxes and transfers, policy indicators have been assembled for each of the three dimensions using the OECD Income Distribution and Poverty Database and various other OECD Databases. To identify the tax and transfer policy framework, the country profiles show for each country the value of each indicator compared with the OECD average.
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At its 10th meeting, on 15 May, the Forum considered agenda item 5 jointly with items 3, 4, 6, 7 (Multi-stakeholder dialogue) and 9. At the 2nd meeting, on 4 May, an introductory statement was made by the Director of the Forum secretariat. At the same meeting, a statement was made by the Assistant Director-General of the Forestry Department of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and Chair of the Collaborative Partnership on Forests.
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Transmission losses probably differ among production technologies, a main factor being grid versus off-grid technologies. However, we found that using the production mixes was the best proxy we could get for the consumption mixes. Those mixes are obtained from World Bank data (World Development Indicators 2008).
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It goes on to document both the declining availability of "good” jobs, overall, and women’s increasing marginalization from them, even as their employment rate relative to men’s has risen. It focuses on evaluating the effects of structural transformation and technological change, and the structural and policy consequences of globalization and growth. Section F evaluates how women's employment prospects affect the labour share of income, underscoring how gender inequality in the labour market is damaging for all workers, both women and men. Different types of economic shocks or patterns of growth affect women and men differently, for example when labour-intensive exports increase the relative demand for women's labour, or austerity programmes have disproportionately adverse impacts on mothers and children.
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About 70 000 km" are inshore (estuarine and brackish waters and embayments), and about 170 000 km' are coastal offshore waters. In total, about 4% of estuarine/brackish water and about 5% of shelf area are affected globally by hypoxia of some type. This translates to losses in ecosystem services estimated to be billions of US dollars (Diaz, Rabalais and Breitburg, 2012).
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The new early childhood policy should set clear objectives to guide the work of these agencies and other institutions involved in ECEC provision, and to support stronger monitoring and accountability. Ensure that funding is adequate and equitable. Public funding for ECEC should be increased as a central strategy to reduce poverty and improve education outcomes. Resources need to be targeted more effectively to reach the most disadvantaged cliildren and regions of the countiy and more cost-effective delivery mechanisms explored to achieve wider coverage (e.g. community and family-based programmes).
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Although the International Charter can only be activated by authorized members during emergencies, it can be activated for disasters in any country for acquisition and dissemination of space data to share with relevant national authorities.60 For the Asia-Pacific region, the International Charter was activated on average for 14 per cent of disaster events -15 times in 2012,25 in 2013, and 20 in 2014 - more than half of global activations in those years. This enhances the capacity to restore systems to functionality. By contrast, retrofitting such capabilities into existing systems is expensive and time-consuming. Countries should therefore consider additional forms of connectivity.
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Value is 3 881% for Ghana, 2 016% for Honduras, 2 624% for South Africa. When I gave the Ramadan Majlis Lecture in Abu Dhabi in August 2015, the crown prince and his cabinet expressed a deep commitment to improve the education system rapidly and profoundly. The country is now on its way to raising the status of education.
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These countries have not set up river basin organisations, and mainly involve municipalities in public service delivery at local level. In Israel, the responsibility for managing water supply and sewage treatment is shared among the national actors, such as the Israeli Water Authority and five ministries (Environmental Protection, Health, Finance, Foreign Affairs, and Infrastructure). The final approval for issuing all water allocations, standards, tariffs and regulations is given by the Water Authority Council Forum.
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Assessments now typically involve an “intense regional planning effort” which takes in the views of many stakeholders in order to maximise the environmental benefits to the watershed (USACE, 2008). Biodiversity offsets that are delivered in 20 or 30 years, for example, are intuitively less valuable to society than if those same biodiversity offsets were already fully functioning today (ICCM and IUCN, 2012). A biodiversity offset is typically defined by the level of ecological functionality that it will have when it reaches ecological maturity. Even if offsets prove to be successful in the future, there is a deficit of biodiversity in the landscape until the offset reaches ecological maturity which, for some ecosystem types, may take decades or more (Table 4.4). Temporary reductions in biodiversity can also increase the risk of unintended, irreversible biodiversity outcomes such as species extinction (Evans et al., Readily colonised by water beetles and dragonflies but fauna restricted to those with limited specialisations.
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People involved in accidents who are 65 years or older incur a relatively higher share of accident cost in accidents involving pedestrians and motorised vehicles than other age groups (Figures 2.13 and Figure A.3). The difference arises both because relatively more elderly people are victims in such accidents and because the injuries they sustain tend to be more severe than the injuries of younger victims. The total percentage of accident cost from such accidents accounts for 52.7% of total accident costs for the elderly, but only 26.3% of the total cost for all other people affected by traffic accidents.
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This is a somewhat logical finding, as active practices could be thought of as more risky than direct-teaching methods. It can be challenging to use ICT in your teaching or have students work in groups if you are not confident that you have the skills needed in pedagogy, content or classroom management. The data indicate that when teachers direct student learning, students are slightly more likely to be successful in solving the easiest mathematics problems in PISA.
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Section 3 investigates strategies to promote quality vocational training including apprenticeships, while Section 4 focuses on the support to at-risk students. For a more detailed description and assessment of the Latvian education system, see OECD (2015e). The national Ministry' of Education and Science (MoES) has a supervisory duty, and, through the subordinated National Centre for Education, sets national educational standards, and determines curricula and examination procedures. It provides the regulatory framework for the provision of vocational education and employs the heads of VET establishments.1 It also maintains the register of occupational standards, and studies the skill demands of the labour market.
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Health systems of emerging economies face similar funding pressures, while also striving to attain and maintain universal health coverage. As a consequence, in 2013 the OECD started expanding the activities of the Joint Network to non-OECD countries, in partnership with the WHO, the Global Fund, CABRI, the Asian and Inter-American Development Banks (IDB, ADB) and the World Bank. The main objective of these expanded activities is to support the development of good budgeting and public financial management practices in countries, thereby helping achieve a sustainable Universal Health Coverage (UHC).
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The Government of Argentina regards the software sector as a value added service export as well as of strategic importance to the country.lt is working on promoting the industry in close partnership with the private sector to provide a more enabling environment. After a significant devaluation of the peso in 2002, exports surged from 17 per cent to 26 per cent of total software sales, with exports valued at $775 million in 2011. During the same period, the number of people working in the sector rose from 20,000 to 56,000 people.
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Nuclear energy, which shares this quality with renewables, is protected against fuel price changes by the low proportion of fuel costs in the LCOE from nuclear power generation. With fossil fuel plants instead investors and customers are exposed to fuel and carbon price risk. For a gas-fired plant 70-80% of its total costs are fuel costs.
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This is not only the simplest operational mode but also economically the most advantageous as long as prices are stable, and it is thus the operational mode that is preferred in most OECD countries. For different reasons, there exists considerable experience with load following by nuclear power plants in France and Germany. In France, nuclear capacity exceeds baseload needs during certain periods during which it is necessary to reduce nuclear load.
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The form such support takes also differs, leading to diverse reporting practices and classifications. Tracking progress towards collective commitments to mobilise climate finance may require information from non-Party actors such as multilateral development banks, environmental funds, international organisations and private actors, in addition to national governments. While the transparency framework for support also aims to provide clarity on support received by developing countries, this objective may take longer to fulfil since experience in this area is currently more limited and reporting of this information is not obligatory.
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The “last-in, first-out” rule applies more systematically in some OECD countries such as Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States, where workers with less seniority are the first to be made redundant. However, in Sweden, it is possible to conclude collective labour agreements with a different order of termination. Indeed, during the trial period, severance pay regulations do not apply.
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A country can find itself in an emergency situation due to a specific shock that requires a rapid response: a price spike of a staple food or sudden food inflation, a severe drought that produces crop failure, or an economic slowdown reducing the income of the poor, a local natural disaster like an earthquake that destroys assets and livelihoods. The framework set out in this report is not concerned with the management of disasters and emergencies themselves, but rather with the portfolio of policies that can respond to transitory shocks to food availability and access. Many countries are prone to potential events that could occur at any time and plunge large segments of the population into extreme food insecurity of unspecified duration.
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People are more likely to accept the risks associated with familiar and freely chosen activities, even if the risks are large. In risk analysis, the following questions should be kept in mind: Who bears the risk and who stands to benefit? Who decides what risks are acceptable? Furthermore, newer, more complex genetically transformed foods may be more difficult to assess and may increase the possibility of unintended effects.
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The recently agreed ASEAN Plus Three Emergency Rice Reserve (APTERR) being an obvious example. Where possible, Indonesia has sought to remove sensitive agricultural products from tariff reduction commitments under regional trade agreements. Indonesia has not been active in negotiating bilateral agreements outside ASEAN+ agreements.
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In Gender and International Security: Feminist Perspectives on Achieving Global Security, J. Ann Tickner (1992) identified three main dimensions to “achieving global security”—national security, economic security, and ecological security: conflict, economics, and the environment. Much of the work in feminist peace studies that inspired early feminist International Relations (IR) work (e.g., Brock-Utne 1989, Reardon 1985) and many of Tickner's contemporaries (e.g., Enloe 1989, Peterson and Runyan 1991, Pettman 1996) also saw political economy and a feminist conception of security as intrinsically interlinked. Yet, as feminist IR research evolved in the early 21st century, more scholars were thinking either about political economy or about war and political violence, but not both.
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All profits are reinvested in the association. They wanted to include local coastal fisheries in their agenda and decided upon the CSF business model with inspiration from both the concept of community supported agriculture and CSFs in the USA. They realized that fishers themselves were unlikely to be able to mobilize the initial resources in terms of capital, time and knowledge, so SEA-U took on the role as institutional starter.
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From the analysis of the reasons in the The Gambia v. Myanmar case, which discusses in the International Court of Justice the application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, in the face of the genocidal acts against the Burmese Rohingya, attributable to the government of Myanmar, this paper supports the hypothesis that there would be a certain influence of the Ubuntu philosophy in Gambia’s decision to refer the case to international justice. The values inherent in Ubuntu, such as the need to promote justice, peace and interdependence among human beings universally, would be able to explain, at least in part, both Gambia’s transcontinental empathy for the Rohingya people and the reasons why the country mobilized resources to bring the debate about the genocide of that people to the jurisdiction of the ICJ, even though the case did not directly affect their sovereign interests.
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These challenges vary widely, and depend largely on the size of the company as well as the context within which it operates. The scale and extent of private sector involvement in and support for the Paris Agreement is a recent illustration of this. The Global Commission on Business and Sustainable Development, headed by Unilever, highlights why companies need to engage in delivering the SDGs: economic benefits from new markets and innovation, risks to business performance and stability, and the necessity to work closer with the government and other stakeholders in the future (Business and Sustainable Development Commission, n.d.). In a well-publicised speech before COP 21, the Governor of the Bank of England identified three categories of risks to financial stability from climate change: physical risks, liability risks and transitions risks. Physical risks are risks to companies and insurance providers from damages to property (e.g. companies in vulnerable areas) and disruption to trade (e.g. non-resilient value chains).
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It should also be understood that some indicators of gender equality are not likely to be applicable to all countries. For example, literacy rates may be more meaningful in sub-Saharan Africa than in Latin America and the Caribbean, and wage data are less relevant in largely agricultural societies. The development of indicators to assess SDG progress will have to deal with this complexity. Fiscal Policy and Endogenous Growth with Public Infrastructure"Oxford Economic Papers 60:57-88. Canuto, and L. P. da Silva. On Gender and Growth: The Role of Intergenerational Health Externalities and Women's Occupational Constraints."
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Many young men and girls start experimenting with sex at a very early age, due in part to poor living conditions, absence of parents, lack of guidance, and high rates of unemployment. Many young people engage in sex while high on alcohol and drugs, thus use of condoms is limited. At any given time, about 50 per cent of 16-25 year-old girls are pregnant.
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An online data monitor enabled national centres to monitor questionnaire return status at any time, as well as the level of questionnaire completion. A final layout verification step was applied to the paper instruments to ensure high questionnaire quality and comparability with the questionnaires delivered on line. The International Research Consortium took care to provide national project managers (NPMs) and their staff with the training they needed to enable them to fulfil all required tasks and activities to the highest possible quality. The TALIS International Research Consortium provided training for national data managers, as well as software that allowed managers to list, select, and administer TALIS instruments in a standardised and controlled way.
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Outside Asia, the Middle East experiences the fastest rate of increase, at over 2% per year. Primary energy demand in OECD countries grows by around 8% from 2009 to 2035. While the United States remains the second-largest energy consumer in the world in 2035, its total energy demand is only slightly higher than in 2009. From consuming less than half as much energy as the United States in 2000, it now consumes slightly more and, in the WEO-2011 New Policies Scenario, it is projected to consume nearly 70% more than the United States in 2035. Despite this, China’s per-capita energy consumption is still at less than half the level of the United States in 2035. Consequently, the global energy projections in the World Energy Outlook remain highly sensitive to the underlying assumptions for the key variables that drive energy demand in China, including prospects for economic growth, changes in economic structure, developments in energy and environmental policies, and the rate of urbanisation.
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A multivariate analysis of determinants of relative income mobility of the society as a whole, conducted for this review, highlighted characteristics that increased the chances of moving up at least one income decile or decreased the chances of moving down at least one dedle. These induded: living in an urban area, having many household members of working age and/ or increasing the share of workers among household members, the number of members with a second job relative to all working household members, a household head having an upper secondary diploma or occupation as a high-level or mid-level professional, the household head being economically active in the initial period, and the household head becoming economically active after not working in 2004. Factors with a robust positive impact on moving up a dedle or more induded the initial share of agricultural income over total income and moving from low to medium manufacturing. The multivariate analysis produced interesting findings concerning the drivers of downward income mobility.
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Many cases go undocumented due to the perception among victims that the criminal justice system is unresponsive. More than 31 lesbians were murdered in South Africa between 1998 and 2009, but only one of these cases resulted in a conviction. In response to their demands and a petition with 170,000 signatures from 163 countries, the Department of Justice and Constitutional Development established a National Task Team in 2011 to devise a strategy for combating the problem.
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Women still earn substantially less than men and over the last 10 years the gender based wage-gap has only marginally decreased. The wages of women who did not complete upper secondary education amounted to only 66% of men’s wages in 2011, compared to 62% in 2000 (OECD, 2013). Hence, even though it is important to acknowledge the progress that has been made in the past decades, substantial inequalities remain.
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The content of organic matter and also of nutrients is increased by agriculture in Ukrainian territory, also locally (but potentially severely) affecting water entering the territory of Belarus. Higher levels of radionuclides mainly occur in basins within 30 km from Chernobyl. The transboundary transport of "'Sr varies, depending on the extent of annual flooding.
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South African domestic law of jurisdiction informs the assumption of jurisdiction in cross-border commercial litigation. In regard to choice of court agreements, the fragmented nature of High Court jurisdiction and the common law rules relating to submission to jurisdiction present unique challenges. Two types of choice of court agreements can be identified in South African law: foreign exclusive choice of court agreements and optional choice of court agreements in favour of South African courts. It is submitted that the South African law relating to cross-border jurisdiction is in need of reform and this should be undertaken following an international and comparative approach, in keeping with the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996.
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These are based on cultural, historical and religious contexts. Gender norms can shape incentive systems and support current institutions that restrict women’s rights, freedoms and protection. In most cases, although largely unfavourable for women, traditional gender norms are upheld by both men and women.
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sdg5
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When using establishment survey data, due care should be taken to ensure adequate geographic and industry coverage. Administrative record data from medical insurance schemes can provide up-to-date and comprehensive information to calculate the numerator for this indicator. However, the availability and quality of such data vary across countries, and across schemes within countries.
|
sdg8
|
In response to this, the government of Egypt has developed a strategy to improve the conditions of shelters. Low trends of reporting incidences related to domestic violence also have resulted in few'er prosecutions. Box 7.11 provides further information on the approach to violence against women in Egypt.
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sdg5
|
The minimum wage was raised again to EGP 700 per month in June 2011. See Bell (1997) for Colombia, Maloney and Nunez (2004) for eight Latin American countries, Lemos (2004) for Brazil, and Saget (2001) for further references. See Lemos (2004) for the Brazilian case and Saget (2008) for the Indian state of Punjab, Indonesia and South Africa. In the Uruguayan case, the minimum wage was de-linked from social security benefits in 2004.
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sdg10
|
Following the Grenelle Forum in 2007, a greater stress is laid on stakeholder involvement in the NBS (2011-20). There has been an effort to include stakeholders across various levels of government as well as civil society and the private sector, upstream in the formulation of the strategy and downstream through voluntary subscription and commitment to the NBS. All stakeholders (legal entities) are invited to subscribe to promote and publicise the NBS. Each subscriber is invited to make a commitment to action within 18 months and present an action plan which must involve significant, supplementary, measurable and scalable action.
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sdg15
|
Concomitantly, the disposable income of this group declined from 2.5 times the national average in 1993 to just 1.8 in 2009 (Rodrigues et al, 2012). Successive governments have made a determined effort to improve the general level of education of the Portuguese population, and although such improvements always take time to show up in the data, there are some encouraging results. Between 2001 and 2011 the proportion of people aged 25-34 who attained at least upper secondary education rose from 32% to 56%, and the proportion of people with tertiary education almost doubled. In Portugal, the association between students' socio-economic background and their performance at school is more pronounced than on average in the OECD, and much of this relation lies at the school level (Figure 14).
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sdg1
|
ABSTRACTWe indicate the size of family background effects in Sweden, Finland, and Estonia – countries that differ in both the rhetoric and extensiveness of the system-level school choice policies. Family background effect is defined as the dependence of student achievement on family background characteristics, such as parental education, income, and social status. The number of books at home is used as a proxy when operationalising family background, and its effect is measured as a percentage of individual-level PISA scores. Fixed-effect regression results reveal that family background remains a powerful determinant in the educational results of 15-year-old students in all three cases, being largest in Sweden. Furthermore, we show how the family background effect is moderated by school-level choice policy, that is, how students and schools are matched. The analysis reveals that zoning policies have statistically significant negative effects on the impact of the family background effect, independent of cou...
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sdg16
|
For the last one a comply or explain principle is in use. To enable readers to find the particular sustainability information in the report, GRI is using a mandatory content index table that informs the reader on what page the disclosures or the indicator can be found. The Guidelines of the IIRC are currently in development and will be released as draft in April 2013 and finalized by the end of 2013.
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sdg12
|
For instance, Tanzania developed the following environmental-related policies and acts after these major conferences: the Marine Parks and Reserves Act (1995), the National Environment Policy (1997), the National Fisheries Sector Policy (1997) and the National Integrated Coastal Management Strategy (2003). Similar action was taken by the other WIO countries. Research and academic institutions have contributed to the implementation of some of the aspects of the legal instruments.
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sdg14
|
The modern law of evidence has a broad scope and uncertain limits, and it is influenced by two key features of adversarial procedure, autonomy and orality of evidence. The adversarial system in common law jurisdictions usually involves adjudication between two competing version of events advanced by the expert witnesses. Experts sometimes forget that their ultimate duty is to the court and must be independent and objective irrespective of being contracted by a party. The witness qualification to act as an expert is technically a matter of competence to be determined by the court, and it is conceptually linked with the first hurdle in the admissibility of the opinion evidence. Where doubts arise regarding the expert witness qualification, the modern practice is to receive the evidence, although its weight may be open to serious adverse comments if the apparent expertise is not translated to reality.
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sdg16
|
Job creation, which includes job opportunities at low, medium and high skill levels. We do not attempt to calculate net job growth, but rather look at which activities might foster job creation in a particular green growth sector. Increasing the supply and demand of regionally produced greens goods and services, which we define as those that reduce negative environmental externalities, the impact on natural resources and the pressure on ecosystem services. While the metro-region is one of the richest, most populated metro-regions in the world, ranking third in the US and eighth among 90 OECD metro-regions in terms of GDP per capita, growth has slowed since 2000, in terms of both GDP growth and per capita GDP growth. This contributes to the metro-region’s greenhouse gas emissions, which are exacerbated by high demand for energy to heat and cool buildings. This section concludes with an assessment of the strategies and green sectors that hold the most promise for creating jobs and contributing to a regional specialisation in specific clusters of green activities.
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sdg7
|
Decentralisation is increasingly seen as an important part of conflict resolution and peacebuilding strategies within fragile states where increased public accountability and participation help reduce horizontal inequalities and address local grievances. This view assumes a strong political element to decentralisation, however. Drawing on fieldwork conducted in Kinshasa and in Bas-Congo, this article highlights three key sets of challenges to political decentralisation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) which arise from its roots within the elite political settlement. A re-orientation in support is proposed providing for a deeper political decentralisation and a more inclusive political settlement. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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sdg16
|
Further progress could be achieved in mapping and aligning incentives for citizens, providers, municipalities, cantons and insurers. In particular, financial and organisational incentives for prevention and ambulatory care could be revised, e.g. through joint responsibilisation at the local level. As advocated in the new European Health Policy of the WHO Regional Office for Europe (Health 2020), platforms will be needed to improve policy development and practices across cantons and municipalities.
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sdg3
|
Data are from 2015 or 2014, are strongly child-centred, and highly policy relevant (e.g. public childcare policies, school and education policies). This indicators is taken from a survey of women who retrospectively report experiences of violence across their life course. The measure itself aligns strongly to the SDGs, but is only available for European countries, has small sample sizes (in the case of certain items), and is retrospective, self-reported data, collected in 2012.
|
sdg4
|
Digital literacies have fast become indispensable for productive engagement, competency, and citizenship in a rapidly changing world. After-school programs represent an important venue where many young people can develop a mastery of digital literacies, encompassing both the creative and responsible use of a broad range of new media. This paper discusses relational habitus (the configuration of self, tools, tasks, and others in a specific activity) in the development of digital literacies among youth in a network of after-school programs called University-Community Links (UC Links). A collaborative effort among university and local community partners throughout California, UC Links provides informal learning activities that enable underserved K-12 youth to develop their digital literacies. After presenting UC Links' approach to informal learning after school, we offer a cognitive ethnography, describing how a distinctive relational habitus configures the links among self, tools, tasks, and others in infor...
|
sdg16
|
They should also reflect the elements of civil and political rights that are an important part of democratic governance. This includes democracy and specific attention to respecting the rights of minorities and migrants, as well as the elimination of discrimination against women. This extends beyond aid to trade and investment to encompass assistance to poverty eradication initiatives as well as cooperation in setting up an enabling economic environment for development worldwide. In order to achieve inclusive global development, fundamental changes in the global partnership are called for to address current and emerging challenges in such areas as food security, low-carbon development, energy, migration, employment, gender empowerment and climate change adaption.
|
sdg1
|
To emulate the success of East Asian economies poses a challenge for developing countries when, at present, rules of multilateral regulating bodies, such as the World Trade Organization, make protection more difficult. Despite their differential treatment, as defined under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the Uruguay Round of multilateral trade negotiations, developing countries, aside from the poorest ones, have in practice had to apply the same rules as the developed countries. It will therefore be necessary for developing countries to make better use of the policy space that remains and for international organizations to consider expanding the policy space so as to allow more developing countries to prepare themselves to succeed in the global marketplace. In the period between the Second World War and the late 1970s, social policy was seen as a fundamental part of overall development strategy.
|
sdg1
|
Bargaining in the Nordics is more inclusive than in the average OECD country, with high shares of organised workers (Figure 8) and firms, and high coverage of collective agreements (OECD 2017c). This also contributes to trust, together with long-standing cooperation, peace clauses, effective mediation and a high level of firm-level worker representation. Unionisation has steadily declined in the OECD since the 1980s. This is also the case in the Nordics (except for Iceland), but membership is still very high compared to other countries.
|
sdg10
|
Among the countries that experienced growing fiscal vulnerability during this period some were highly indebted while some experienced a large debt increase. The former group includes the United Kingdom, Malta, Austria, France, Belgium, Japan, USA, Netherlands, Germany, Israel, and Canada all of which had a Debt/GDP ratio higher than 60 per cent in 2012. The latter includes Finland, Romania, Slovenia and the Slovak Republic that experienced an increase of the Debt/GDP ratio above the average (see Figs.
|
sdg1
|
In practice, if no other instruments are available, proxy means-tested cash transfers will be systematically too little, too late. Indeed, ownership of productive assets is often a factor in eligibility calculation. In a study of four Latin American countries based on nationally representative household surveys, da Costa et al (2011) find that 44 million of the 72 million workers in households with adult equivalent income between 50 and 150% of median earnings are informal. Figure 6.8 illustrates this point.
|
sdg10
|
The right to be heard is well known as a fundamental right of the European Union legal order. Less well known is its relation to customary international law predating international human rights law. This paper sets forth two arguments. First, the right to be heard enshrined in the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU must be interpreted in conformity with the right to be heard as protected under the customary international minimum standard of treatment of aliens. Second, the latter standard implies that the right to be heard is an emanation of the broader concept of adjudicatory transparency, which is a primary aspect of the rule of law, with the extended implication that the right to be heard serves to enable individuals to participate in and influence adjudicatory decision-making by engaging in a rational dialogue with the decision-making authority.
|
sdg16
|
However, adults seen at primary practices with the attributes of a PCMH - where clinicians are accessible, know patients’ medical history, and help co-ordinate care - rated their care higher and were less likely to experience co-ordination gaps or report medical errors. The conclusion supports the need for redesigning primary care, developing care teams accountable across sites of care, and managing transitions well. Primary care is at the centre of the care system in Sweden, and well positioned and qualified to take on such a role.
|
sdg3
|
Oil demand will grow from 85 million barrels a day in 2008 to about 105 mb/d in 2030, demand for coal, a highly polluting source of energy, will grow to 7000 Mtce between 2007 and 2030, the world will need additional power-generation capacity of about 4800 GW of electricity by 2030. C02 emissions today are almost 40% higher than they were in 1990 - the Kyoto base year - and since 2000 have been growing at over 3% per year. Global extraction of metal ores -iron ore, bauxite, copper and nickel - is now rising faster than world GDP.
|
sdg12
|
This is particularly the case in countries where the level of social spending is comparatively low (as for instance in Greece and Mexico) and/or where support already targets poor families (as, for instance, in Belgium and Slovenia). To reduce poverty effectively, a redistribution of benefits also involves correcting the "losses" of income that can be induced by interactions between different benefits and/or with tax rules (Bradshaw et al., In addition, while a redistribution of child benefit and/or housing benefit may provide a greater income to the poorest children, it should be accompanied by a reinforcement of measures enabling parents to take up a job and reconcile work and family life in the more or less short term so that such a redistribution is not a factor discouraging work.
|
sdg1
|
For example, income grants reduce the need for workers to send remittances to their families, thus increasing the wage available for their own consumption, or for skills upgrading. This, in turn, could increase productivity through better health and human resources outcomes. Higher productivity will increase overall output and labour demand. If a basic income grant is successful in boosting long-term growth, the fiscal burden of the transfer would be reduced. The issue of whether a basic income grant can serve as a key intervention for poverty reduction has been debated in the case of South Africa. According to them, taxpayers will oppose financing universal programmes.
|
sdg1
|
Both economies have shown a considerable increase of the SSDI followed by a sharp decrease of it. This explains an important increase of the SSDI during the 1990s. In the second part of the 1990s, Russia (a non-OECD country) became the primary oil supplier to Finland. Because of this, the SSDI values decreased during the last 15 years. After 1987, the SSDI values for Korea started to fall, and only since 1996-97 has the country’s score begun to rise. One may note that total energy demand in Korea was growing very fast since the mid-1970s, in line with economic development.
|
sdg7
|
Development interventions are agreed by states and international organisations which administer public development funds of huge proportions. They have done so with debatable success, but, unlike the good governance of recipients, the rules applying to donors have hitherto received little scrutiny. This analysis of the normative structures and conceptual riddles of development co-operation argues that development co-operation is increasingly structured by legal rules and is therefore no longer merely a matter of politics, economics or ethics. By focusing on the rules of development co-operation, it puts forward a new perspective on the institutional law dealing with the process, instruments and organisation of this co-operation. Placing the law in its theoretical and political context, it provides the first comparative study on the laws of foreign aid as a central field of global public policy and asks how accountability, autonomy and human rights can be preserved while combating poverty.
|
sdg16
|
However, service providers can add more photovoltaic systems at the current price. Because the total cost of the minimum required photovoltaic system becomes approximately half with $1.0/W solar modules, they can provide the same scale of energy supply to customers as the AP, which feeds 60 W constant energy to more 35.2% (= 60 x 24/4092) customers. It is interesting to consider the return on investment of additional photovoltaic systems, but that is outside the scope of this paper.
|
sdg7
|
Authorship is usually collective, but principal w'riters are named. The papers are generally available only in their original language - English or French - with a summary in the other. The opinions expressed and arguments employed are those of the author(s). Comments on Working Papers are welcomed, and may be sent to the Directorate for Employment, Labour and Social Affairs OECD, 2 rue Andre-Pascal, 75775 Paris Cedex 16, France. The author remains responsible for any errors and omissions. The opinions expressed in the paper are the responsibility of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of the OECD or its Member Countries.
|
sdg3
|
With the exception of Japan, all of the member countries in this group are located in Europe. The growth of material extraction is weaker than in lower income countries, implying that incremental value added remains dependent on resource extraction. This group is generally characterised by, but not limited to, large resource-rich countries with relatively low population densities.
|
sdg12
|
Foreword Sudha Pai Introduction Harihar Bhattacharyya and Lion Koenig 1. The Globalization-Decentralization Nexus: The Indian Predicament Mohit Bhattacharya 2. Changes in Indian Politics until the 1990s: Issues and Trends T.R. Sharma 3. Cultural Globalization in India: Towards a 'Third Space' Lion Koenig 4. Challenges to Democratic Governance in India: An 'Unfinished Symphony'Asok Kumar Mukhopadhyay 5. The New Political Economy of Judicial Review in India Mahendra Pal Singh 6. Globalization, Extremist Violence and the Indian Left: A Critical Appraisal Sobhanlal Datta Gupta 7. Policing in India: A Failed Case of Institutional Reform? Surajit C. Mukhopadhyay 8. The Problems of Statehood in Indian Federalism: A Case for Territorial Pluralism Rekha Saxena 9. Regional Movements in India: Evaluating Telengana and Uttarakhand Jhumpa Mukherjee 10. Governing India's Localities: Limits of Structural and Governance Reforms Harihar Bhattacharyya 11. Conclusion: India's Second 'Tryst with Destiny' Harihar Bhattacharyya and Lion Koenig
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sdg16
|
Part of the reason for this is that we have not yet figured out reliable methods of accreditation, so that it is difficult for learners to convert their MOOC experience into qualifications that are relevant in the labour market. Holm Keller, former vice president of Leuphana University in Germany, developed an interesting collaborative variant of a MOOC for PISA, called PISA4U.20 He asked potential learners, most of them professional educators, to subscribe to a course and then grouped them based on an algorithm so that members of the group shared common aspirations about their education goals, but were as diverse as possible in virtually every other way. Those diverse groups then identified and worked on problems collaboratively, with each individual supported by an online mentor, and each group supported by an experienced tutor.
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sdg4
|
This is because, in Africa and other developing country regions, the vast bulk of food is produced and consumed locally. A lesson from the recent food crisis is that as food import prices rise and global stocks drop, the need to improve local production becomes more acute. Desertification is estimated to put the food security of one billion poor people at risk, particularly in dryland areas of Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. While the explosive transfer of population from rural to urban settings can weaken the productive capacity of vulnerable agricultural sectors, experience suggests such trends can be slowed and even reversed by well designed policy interventions to improve the attractiveness of agriculture and rural livelihoods.
|
sdg2
|
With the breakdown of the Soviet Union and loss of traditional markets, the agricultural industry collapsed and the area of cultivated agricultural land fell by almost half. According to 2009 data, the percentage of the population living below the poverty line was one third higher in rural areas than in the cities. In terms of food security, small farmers and people residing in high mountainous regions belong to high-risk groups and are especially sensitive to threat. In the current unstable economic situation, food security is an issue for Georgia.
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sdg15
|
Complex systems do not operate in a linear manner, but rather exhibit a series of well-defined characteristics: tipping points, feedback loops, path dependence and sensibility to local contexts. Understanding complexity is thus an important element in policy making and reform, as complex systems cannot be successfully governed with the linear mechanisms of the traditional policy cycle. Devolving power to local authorities will not improve the functioning of the system unless it is accompanied by attention to the connections and interactivity present. This interactivity means that a single intervention may generate both positive and negative effects in different parts of the system. For example, disclosing information about school performance might have a very different impact on a school that is thriving than on a school that is struggling to attract well-performing students.
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sdg4
|
According to Eistrup and Kahlig, the Greenlandic men became the losers (Eistrup and Kahlig 2005: 204, with reference to Arnfred 1991:105). Rasmussen (2009) further suggests that even successful fishermen and hunters in practice often rely on their spouses' income. Thus, a growing number of households depend on income from the women, and more than half of the homes where hunting and fishing represent a significant part of the revenues, it is women who earn most of the money. As Rasmussen states: "Single men without these income sources, however, are confronted with severe economic problems" (Rasmussen 2009: 526), and an increasing number of these may in practice often rely on living as "couch surfers” with family and friends, or receive help from ageing parents, which according to Rasmussen only amplifies the extent of social problems in the small villages.
|
sdg5
|
For example, the countries with the highest proportion of undernourished during the period 2010-2012 - Bangladesh (16.8%), Cambodia (17.1%), India (17.5%), Nepal (18%), the Philippines (17%) and Sri Lanka (24%) - spend about 1% of their GDP on agriculture. The 2008 Survey noted that “growth and productivity in agriculture have stalled, and the green revolution that boosted agricultural yields in the 1970s has bypassed millions. Farmers are now facing mounting pressure, evident in declining subsidies, rising input prices, intensifying protests over landlessness and an alarming number of suicides among the indebted”.
|
sdg10
|
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