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Hence, any preferences given to pre-existing abstraction/pollution sources should usually be time-limited. Explicit consideration should therefore be given to the possibility that the regulatory approach could be partially replaced by market-based instruments (taxes or trading systems). These taxes provide incentives for polluters and resource users to change their behaviour today. They also provide long-term incentives to innovate for a more water secure future tomorrow. Although water taxes are not strongly supported by the public in all contexts, there are various ways in which this support can be increased over time (e.g. through measures to limit negative impacts on the competitiveness of certain sectors and/or on income distribution).
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By construction, the average of each indicator across OECD countries is equal to 0. The “Adjusted R2" row corresponds to the adjusted R2 of that regression. The EHCI, published by the Health Consumer Powerhouse, measures and ranks the performance of health-care provision in 33 European countries from a consumer point of view.
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Fishing activity with bottom trawlers is prohibited in these FRAs in order to the conserve and manage demersal stocks, including European hake and deep-water rose shrimp. The three FRAs cover a total area of 1 698 km2 (on average 566 km each with a mean depth of 280 m, ranging from 20 to more than 1 700 m). The proposed areas were selected on the basis of the extensive scientific knowledge on the importance and stability of the nursery areas found, on the ecological and biological particularity of the areas for critical life history stages of commercial stocks, and on the long history of overfishing of demersal resources in the northern sector of the Strait of Sicily. Vessels authorized to fish in zone B are subject to fishing effort restrictions.
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Chile’s Prototypes of Social Innovation programme issues calls for innovative solutions to local challenges on an online open innovation platform. Candidates present their ideas on the platform, where they interact with mentors and local communities in order to develop and improve their ideas. Final proposals are submitted for funding and the best solutions are selected.
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AbstractThis article highlights the black movement’s centrality to building anti-racist universities in Brazil. It examines the questioning of the racial democracy myth within Brazilian universities as well as in the Brazilian mainstream media since the beginning of the new millennium. This debate was referred to the Supreme Court, which affirmed the constitutionality of racially oriented affirmative action measures. After the Supreme Court pronouncement, the Federal Government approved Law 12.711/2012 that instituted affirmative action within every federal university in the country. Even if it seems to be a victory in the anti-racist struggle, in this new law the racial dimension is a category tagging along behind that of social class. Considering that, the article concludes by calling for the need to redeem the original meaning of the debate, namely the anti-racist struggle.
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However, relatively remotely located villages in Georgia do not have gas supply. As a result, the demand for fuelwood is high and exceeds the annual increment of forests growing near these villages. The problem is aggravated by the lack of awareness about the ecological and socioeconomic consequences of illegal logging. There are official data on the volumes of resources of Caucasian fir and snowdrops licensed for harvesting (300 tonnes of Caucasian fir cones, 13 million snowdrop bulbs), however, there is no reliable information about the real volumes of collection of these products.
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At the same time, some areas in the country are subject to recurrent flooding. Agriculture is still a key sector in GDP and employment (Chapter 7), and also primarily rain-fed with low access to irrigation facilities. In this context, climate change is expected to reduce average crop yields by 13% for maize and 7.6% for rice by 2050 (Rowhani et al, 2010, recited from Maurel and Kubik, 2014), this in turn will affect rural income and increase the probability of migration, particularly for households that are highly dependent on agriculture (Maurel and Kubik, 2014). Environmental goods such as water, forests and soil are key inputs for production in rural areas.
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Blockchain uses a peer-to-peer (P2P) network, rather than a central authority (e.g., a central bank or financial institution), to conduct transactions (e.g., financial transactions). Due to the decentralized nature, blockchain allows one to undertake and verify transactions in real-time. In recent times, a number of blockchain-based applications have been presented in the literature. One such popular real-world example application is Bitcoin. However, there are underlying security and privacy issues. For example, once a public key has been linked with an individual’s identity, one could browse prior transactions on the blockchain and view all transactions associated with the particular public key. One key research challenge is how to balance security and privacy of an individual with accountability. For example, how can we allow the tracing of illegal activities or users (e.g., money laundering and cybercrime) without breaking the decentralization property of the system?
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It should be noted that a “work opportunity” is a short-term job, i.e. these figures have not been converted to full-time equivalents. As shown in Table 3.5, in 2006/07, the EPWP wage bill was less than R1 billion which should be seen in comparison to the Unemployment Insurance Fund that paid out R2.8 billion that year or the value of Social Assistance Grants which was R57 billion that same year (National Treasury, 2009). Poverty reduction, addressing unemployment, skills development, and service delivery are stated objectives of the EPWP, although various documents and stakeholders articulate and emphasize these differently. In the EPWP foundation documents there is no explicit mention of social protection, rather it is projected that providing temporary employment and training will lead on to further gainful economic activities.
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Extraction of conventional oil and natural gas is done primarily through well drilling, which can cause localized erosion and loss of soil productivity, and carries a risk of spills which can cause serious environmental contamination. However, biofuel production and other uses of biomass require a large input of “raw” biomass feedstock, the production and harvesting of which can have environmental impacts (depending on the biomass source). Electricity production based on combustion of other fossil fuels is also associated with significant environmental impacts, including greenhouse gas and other air emissions.
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First-best instruments may involve entry costs or cause frictions that make them much less affordable than more ad hoc contractual solutions. Taking into account pre-existing regulatory frameworks that address the core constraints of water quantity and quality, the marginal benefit of action may not cover its significant marginal cost. In this setting, ad hoc small-scale contractual arrangements - which have the advantage of addressing a particular city’s specific constraints, and involve a limited number of actors - may have much more appeal than well-defined but complex or challenging institutional responses.
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This section provides an overview of industrialisation and the driving forces of economic prosperity. Developing countries at a low-income stage in particular can still rely on manufacturing as an engine of growth through the creation of employment opportunities in a more productive sector compared to agricultural activities. The income generated by industrial activities is generally higher than that produced in the primary sector, i.e. the process of industrialisation is expected to bring about an overall increase in income.
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To this end, UNITAID has committed up to $4 million for one year. The Patent Pool may license substances and technologies received from patent holders to pharmaceutical producers to supply certain low and middle income developing countries (although licenses will be available without discrimination as to the geographical location of the producer). The rationale behind pooling patented technologies lies in the fact that until now, patents on the most recent drugs owned by different companies have blocked the development of more affordable generic versions of these drugs, as well as of fixed-dose combinations (FDCs) by generic or R&D-based producers.
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Aquaculture, which comprises a varied mix of low-value bulky products (such as seaweed) and small high-value products (such as pearls), and freshwater fisheries production contribute very little value to economic growth in Commonwealth Pacific small states. Consequently, Gillett (2016) has attempted to re-estimate fisheries contribution to GDP given the weaknesses in official data. It was found that while official estimates varied from 1 to 9 per cent, re-estimates varied from 2 to 16 per cent.
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The following analysis highlights the trade dimension of digital technologies, shedding light on the changing composition of trade in goods and services, the determinants of comparative advantage and the effects of digital technologies on the international organization of production along GVCs. This section begins with an analysis of the impact of digital technologies on services trade, and subsequently discusses the effect on the composition of trade in goods. It also briefly touches upon the relationship between IPR and trade.
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The remaining sub-sections will address the implications of the concentration of poverty among particular sections of the population for social cohesion. This will focus on three areas in which poverty has tended to concentrate in the past: i) young people, ii) the migrant population, and iii) area/regional deprivation. The section will assess how trends in family structure and poverty are likely to impact on poverty in these three areas, assessing their implications for social cohesion and public policy intervention.
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Bulent Diken og Carsten Bagge Laustsen: Stalking your own shadow Tell me your enemy and I will tell you who you are. This article takes issue with the significant but often disavowed symbiotic relation between two contemporary enemies: fundamentalism and the politics of security. We start with a metaphorical twinning, showing how these two enemies create, provoke, mimic and ultimately support each other. Then, by way of a discourse analysis, we show the way religion functions in Bush’s and Bin Laden’s discourses. Our claim is not (only) that the discourse of security is as religious as Bin Laden’s, but that politics of security as such is the religion of our times. We conclude by arguing that the dyadic interdependence between the two fundamentalisms – Islamic and Securiticised – is dissolving the democratic habitus in a post-political condition, a condition devoid of self-reflexivity and awareness of guilt.
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Consider social safeguards to address these as needed. They should also include clear timetables and targets for the specified objectives and actions, and define indicators that enable monitoring of progress towards achieving these. To be effective, therefore, NBSAPs should also reflect the links among biodiversity, economic development and where relevant, poverty alleviation priorities (including defining specific objectives, targets and indicators for reciprocal mainstreaming).
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A positive (negative) sign shows a gain (a loss) in income associated with the characteristic between 2007 and 2014. Only statistically significant changes are reported. An important difference between these countries also concerns the way in which the incomes of very low-income families have evolved over this period compared to the trends experienced by families with slightly higher incomes.
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Distribution, structure and function of Nordic eelgrass (Zostera marina) ecosystems: implications for coastal management and conservation. Aquatic Conservation-Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 24(3), 410-434. Utredning for DN 2001-3: Oppdatert av Utredning for DN1997-1. Biodiversity loss and its impact on humanity.
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Employment rates react to changes in tax rates, in leave policies, but the rising provision of childcare formal services to working parents with children not yet three years old is a main policy driver of female labour force participation. Different policy instruments interact with each other to improve overall effectiveness. In particular, the coverage of childcare services is found to have a greater effect on women’s participation in the labour market in countries with relatively high degrees of employment protection. The effect of childcare services on female full-time employment is particularly strong in Anglophone and Nordic countries.
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Significant investment is also needed to upgrade combined sewer overflows, reconstruct trunk sewers and construct storm water detention tanks (MoE, 2010a). Another significant challenge will be to increase drinking water and sewerage connection rates to new houses, as inhabitants have refused to join the networks citing high collection charges and a requirement that they finance the connection. A low connection rate threatens the financial viability of water service networks.
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In Saudi Arabia a recharge of 114 to 240 MCM (equivalent to 4.434 to 19.2 mm/yr35) has been estimated. Groundwater flow across the political border has presumably been disrupted by the heavy abstraction in the Sa'dah-Najran area since the late 1970s. However, available data does not reveal the impact of this cone of depression on the groundwater dynamics of the aquifer system.
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The second dimension, exposure, concerns the degree of potential contact or possibility of interaction between members of the different groups within an organizational unit. Here, a group is said to be segregated if it has little likelihood of meeting members of the other groups in the organizational unit it belongs to. Primary and secondary school pupils are classified on this basis, distinguishing between the poorest (those in the first income quintile) and the rest, and divided by the type of educational establishment they attend (State or private).
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Equally, on marriage, girls receive items considered more appropriate for women, such as kitchen utensils, rather than land. In other districts, property is shared equally between male and female children, but when girls get married and move out of the household, they leave their land behind. While they may resume use of the land once they return to their home village, they do so under their brothers' authority.
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Abstract The independence and equality of sovereign states are today formally enshrined in international law as principles governing the conduct of international relations. Diplomatic protocol, by symbolizing the principles, harmoniously represents the political process. Even if conflicts arising from protocol during difficult negotiations still are not uncommon, seventeenth-century practice as presented in diplomatic dispatches appears to the modern mind to be a curious and never-ending argument about lavish ceremonies arranged for visiting dignitaries. In early modern European diplomacy, the relationship between the ceremonial symbols and the mechanisms of power was closer and carried more weight. Whereas protocol is asked today to anticipate conflicts over status, in early modern Europe it was expressly designed to signify the relative status of the honoured guest and the sovereign host.
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Thus, where housing is highly segregated, schools tend to be segregated as well. The schools perceived to be of better quality are often located in areas where property prices and rents are higher. Good quality schooling thus often has an implicit price in the housing market and migrant students from low socio-economic backgrounds may not have access to it (Field et al.,
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The ERIA-OECD SME Policy Index shows that Malaysia’s SME policy is, in all policy dimensions, ahead of most other ASEAN countries (Figure 5.10) with the exception of Singapore. The gap with the ASEAN average is the greatest for support to technology acquisition and transfer, since Malaysia has implemented well-constructed innovation policies and programmes to facilitate SMEs to embark on R&D&I activities. However, there is still room for the government to introduce and manage new promotional activities to stimulate technological upgrading, especially in the service sector (ERIA-OECD, 2014). All indicators are measured on 5 “levels” of policy development. Level 1 is the weakest level and level 5 the strongest.
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This chapter reviews the existing sets of indicators that help them track and benchmark their environmental performance. There is no ideal single set of indicators which covers all of the aspects which companies need to address to improve their production processes and products/services. An appropriate combination of elements of existing indicator sets could help them gain a more comprehensive picture of economic, environmental and social effects across the value chain and product life cycle. Many manufacturers have had to deal with increasing environmental regulatory measures but have also realised economic benefits by reducing resource use and waste, operating their production processes more efficiently, and promoting environmentally sound products and services.
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What impact will such an increase have on production and value added in upstream (input-supplying) sectors?" Figure 6 displays in graphic form the complex information potentially available from the analysis of forward and backward linkages. This prediction could be attributed to the fact that the majority of inputs into forestry and hunting are at the household level based on labour supply, consistent with the growth in household incomes that we observed in section 3.3. It follows that growth in the forestry and hunting sector is in the interests of the household sector, an argument which the forestry ministry could use in soliciting the support of the household sector in forest conservation.
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Austria introduced a similar exam (the Lehre mit Matura) in 2008 (Musset et al., In Korea, although vocational high schools are designed for direct labour market entry, in fact around three-quarters of graduates immediately enter tertiary education (Kuczera, Kis and Wurzburg, 2009). Upper secondary vocational programmes therefore need to be designed not only for labour market entry but also to prepare students for further education, building into these programmes a sufficient range of study skills, including basic skills - a point emphasised in OECD (2010).
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The QICH programme has learned from and built on international example, including quality measurement initiatives such as the Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set(HEDIS) of the National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA) in the United States (some QICH indicators are based on HEDIS definitions). As the programme is not mandated, its success is attributable to the voluntary involvement of the health funds in the conception and design of the project from the start, their active participation in the indicator development process, and the consensus developed around a scientifically robust quality measurement programme. The QICH project is an exemplar of the practical implementation of a systematised, ongoing scheme for monitoring and improving the quality of primary care, based on scientific research and guidelines.
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This article is a lectio doctoralis made at the Universidad de la Cuenca del Plata, at Corrientes, Argentina, in order to earn the title of doctor Honoris Causa, and talks about criminology since the period of the middle ages and the enlightenment to contemporary times. In the opportunity, the author analyses several criminological theories that has been defended thru centuries of history, showing the evolution of studies inside the criminal law and the criminology itself, and making possible the perception of the reflexes of these vision in the punitive power and in the constitution of state forms. It’s possible to conclude that, even with the advances made in the studies at criminology and with the formation of the Social State, still seeks to legitimate a stronger punitive power to those seen as enemies.
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In the metropolitan area, networked water supply reached 100%, although the sewage network is not complete (Regione del Veneto, 2008c). Though recent efforts have likely lowered this rate, improvements are still needed. To some extent, this reflects generic problems that affect the water supply sector in general. The water supply sector, insofar as it relies on hydraulic technologies, entails high capital costs relative to operating costs and to the tariffs generally charged for water.
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IntroductionEach time users connect to the internet or make a phone call, they leave ‘digital fingerprints’ which may turn out to be useful for identifying people involved in a crime or an act of terrorism. This is why there is great interest by law enforcement authorities in gaining access to traffic and location data, relying on the forced co-operation of telecommunication and internet providers. However, the effectiveness of compelling these service providers to retain such data for the purpose of fighting crime has been questioned. Moreover, data retention obligations interfere with the right to privacy of individuals, as protected by Article 8 European Convention of Human Rights (ECHR), therefore, they may be imposed only for a legitimate objective, i.e. to protect citizens' safety, and in full respect of the principle of proportionality.
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The DESERTEC concept aims to develop 20 GW of renewable energy (mainly solar), with 5 GW to be exported to Europe. Despite the political and economic challenges surrounding regional energy integration, feasibility studies towards this goal are worthwhile. A study by the League of Arab States in cooperation with the Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development in 2014 included three scenarios for interconnecting electricity and natural gas. '“This study can form the basis for further exploration of such integration.
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Private, but publicly funded schools receive direct payments for the salaries of teachers and other staff (e.g. special needs assistants) and grants to cover day-to-day running costs (e.g. heating, cleaning, maintenance). Schools can also undertake fundraising activities, at the secondary level, a small number of schools charge fees, but the majority do not. However, about 20% of schools are oversubscribed, and can apply selection criteria.
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There has also been a growing number of people dying from diabetes, linked to the growing prevalence of Type II diabetes, with mortality being one of the highest in the EU. The number of people dying from Alzheimer's and other dementias has more than tripled since 2000, also reflecting population ageing, better diagnosis and lack of effective treatments, as well as more precise coding. These are leading health problems that, even if not fatal, have serious life-limiting consequences.
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While voluntary donations have a strong tradition in Israel, higher education institutions or the authorities did not seem to well-developed mechanisms to support it. Recognising that the investment in the infrastructure of fundraising can generate real rates of return, some OECD countries, for example the United Kingdom, have sought to stimulate this activity by matched funding schemes (see Box 4.4.). The matched funding scheme began in August 2008 for a three year period. Funding was available to match eligible gifts raised by English higher education institutions and directly funded further education colleges.
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Due to the frequent use of upper contribution limits, and the flat payment schedule below those limits, they are regressive on average and, hence, raise cross-sectional income inequality. With the exception of Poland, the progressivity measure is nevertheless close to zero, indicating that contributions are a relatively constant proportion of market income over most income ranges. As a result, even sizable changes in the overall contribution burden change the redistributive effect by a relatively small amount (top panel).
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As a less desirable (but often the only) alternative, household-level data can be used, provided that these contain either child-focused or generic household-level information that is relevant for children. Child-focused variables contain information on the issues that are primarily relevant for children (for EU-MODA for example the 2009 EU-SILC data have been used because they contain a particular child specific module). However, questions revealing this information are often not asked for a particular child, but rather refer to all children of the household regardless of their age and gender.
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In Mexico, over 53%% of the forests are owned by local communities - either ejidos or indigenous communities (Reyes et al., Although ownership of forests was legally transferred to rural communities long ago, establishing rights-based land tenure policies, including agrarian reform laws and recognition of indigenous peoples’ territories, would provide a sounder basis for conservation and sustainable use of forests and biodiversity. At the same time, opportunities should be sought to reflect the value of ecosystem services and environmental externalities in the pricing system, particularly for those sections of the population that can afford to pay.
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Capacity replacement is much larger in the North because of its huge existing stock of power plants and their substantial ageing. In business-as-usual scenarios with continuous reliance on fossil energy, especially coal in the United States, China, India and the Russian Federation among others, the total new capacity to be installed is almost 50 terawatts electric (TWe) or at least 12 times the current global installed capacity. Even under these scenarios, developing parts of the world would expand installed renewable capacity through 2030 equivalent to that of all power plants in the world today and half as much again as that in additional nuclear plants. The potential improvements of this installed capacity are truly huge in the developing countries alone, indicating important investment opportunities for the private sector. However, in this scenario their impact in terms of climate mitigation would be dwarfed by the expansion of traditional fuel sources. Capacity expansion refers to new power plants, while replacement capacity refers to the power plants that are built in place of those that are to be retired between now and 2030.
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The 4 main stages of the policy cycle are distinguished below. Successful policy requires coordination, integration and institutional change. While policymakers have gained considerable experience about eco-efficiency and cleaner production policies, particularly policies in areas where end-of-the-pipe technologies were available, this is not the case for broader transformational policies and for policies that wish to deal with over-consumption or under-consumption.
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Analyzing mass protest movements in different countries this paper argues that protests against electoral fraud in Moscow in December 2011 do not represent "Russian Spring," "Orange Revolution," or a new version of Perestroika. Rather they have more in common with the Progressive movement that fought political corruption in the U.S. during the early part of the 20th century. The author notes that protest movement can provide new chances for institutional reforms and social development but only if main elite groups are ready to cooperate in elaboration of new more open and more transparent "rules of the game".
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Full integration of sustainable development knowledge, skills and values by all learners, while well in progress, has yet to be realized across all levels and types of education. The three priorities for Phase III—ESD school plans, teacher competences and ESD in TVET—are proving to be challenging but necessary leverage points in whole-system change. Recognition that ESD lies at the core of the purpose of education has increased but remains to be fully secured across all member States.
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In recent days, there are discussions on the introduction of school enrolment and attendance as conditionalities for receipt of the CSG. A comparison between the potential labour market effects of the OAP and the CSG, two programmes with different target populations, eligibility rules and more importantly different levels of benefits paid, allows a better understanding of the mechanism through which CTs may affect labour market outcomes. In the case of most emerging economies, where extended families are the norm, spillover effects of CT receipt on other household members can be particularly important if income is pooled in the household.
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This underlines the special position that OER holds in distinction to open education. However, seeing OER in the context of Mulder’s model for open education highlights that OER are only interesting in the context of Wiley’s recent question: What can be done in the context of open which could not be done before? ( Wiley, 2015) That is to say that the learning opportunities for learners and the support services offered digitally, through other learners or through teachers determine the impact on learning outcomes, which OER can eventually have.
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An ethnography of the legal services provided in Sao Paulo's Citizenship Integration Centers allowed me to analyze the informal and formal rituals of conflict resolution practiced by the Sao Paulo State Police, the Public Prosecutor's Office and the Judiciary in the context of a service integration program. The analysis afforded a political sociology of the state management of conflicts, which emerged as a fragmented and plural field in which logics of conflict resolution and agencies dispute the meaning of extending rights and justice to Brazil's low income population. The plurality of logics aimed at conflict resolution allow, on one hand, a freedom of choice for the public involved in defense of their interests, on the other hand, it reproduces inequalities between public users and legal agents, undermining the effectiveness of state law. Rituals from the legal field also contribute to hierarchizing circumscribed bodies and vulnerable bodies.
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First is the increased linkage between energy and commodity markets. As agricultural production increasingly relies on energy inputs on the supply side, and is increasingly used as feedstock for energy production, commodity prices will tend to be increasingly linked with oil prices and the volatility of energy prices will be transmitted to them. Uncertain energy futures in the context of a recovering and expanding global economy, and apparently fixed supplies of conventional fuel sources, raises fears of “food versus fuel” in times of shortages.
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Peacebuilding is typically viewed in international arenas as processes and activities engaged in during periods of post-conflict reconstruction, following on the heels of peacemaking and peacekeeping. The peacebuilders are often outsiders, and usually Westerners. This chapter upends those traditional notions, offering a more holistic view of peacebuilding, and one in which local women are key players. The focus is not merely on reconstruction, but also on the prevention and resolution of violence and conflict, by ensuring the socioeconomic and political conditions in which people’s rights and basic human needs can be met. This chapter looks at the roles of women in peacebuilding, and then at women peacebuilders in the Ugandan context. It notes ways in which Ugandan women at the grassroots have played and continue to play significant and often unheralded roles in fraught situations.
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Water Subsidies: Impact of higher irrigation rates on Central Valley Project farmers. United States General Accounting Office, GAO/RCED-94-8, Washington, D.C., 92 pages. Bureau of Reclamation: Information on allocation and repayment of costs of constructing water projects. United States General Accounting Office, GAO/RCED-96-109, Washington, D.C., 80 pages.
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The private sector must continue to play a vital role in technological development, particularly in developing and adapting basic inventions for actual application. For example, developing-country Governments and firms could be allowed to adapt technology but begin paying royalties only when its use has begun to yield commercial returns. Where exclusive private-sector rights of use to vital technology are a hindrance to the development of other needed technology or to widespread use, the technology regime must have a mechanism (such as exists in certain areas of public health) for granting a “compulsory licence” that places said technology in the public domain.
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In the context of the fight against religiously/culturally motivated violence against women, a distinction must be made between two categories of international instruments: on the one hand, women-specific treaties and, on the other, general non-women-specific human rights treaties. The CEDAW Convention contains no explicit provision requiring states to counteract violence against women. The core regional and international conventions such as the European, African, and Inter-American human rights conventions, the two UN Human Rights Covenants and the Convention on the Rights of the Child contain a prohibition of gender-based discrimination and enshrine the right to life and to protection against torture and cruel, inhuman, and degrading treatment. The concept of due diligence denotes the minimum amount of state action that is required to implement the human rights embodied in international and regional treaties. Keywords: CEDAW Convention, due diligence, human rights, UN Human Rights Covenants, violence against women
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In the Fiji PETER THOMSON is President of the seventy-first session of the General Assembly of the United Nations. Spawned by the Ocean, puffy cumulus clouds propelled by the trade winds brought us the fresh afternoon rain that filled our water tanks. Fishermen replenished the market with their catch beside fisherwomen selling coconut-leaf bags of shellfish and edible seaweed.
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Overall, two-thirds of non-regular workers are women. Data from business and labour force surveys since the 1990s (JILPT, 2009a) indicate that an increasing proportion of employers cite reducing labour costs as the most important reason for hiring non-regular employees, regardless of their particular category. Indeed, firms can save wage and non-wage costs by paying workers less on an hourly basis {e.g. in 2006, part-time workers were paid only 40% of hourly wages of full-time workers), by paying lower or no bonuses and retirement allowances, and by using current exemptions of certain worker categories from health, pension and El contributions.
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Although partly financed from social contributions, Russia’s health system de facto operates along the same lines. In India and Mexico, the social health insurance programmes not only cover costs but also provide health services through their own infrastructure and staff. The Mexican programme provides free access to a sizeable number of health services, the Indian programme covers hospitalisation expenses for a large number of health problems - but up to a certain amount and for a maximum of five persons per household, and not non-surgery-outpatient care, finally, the Chinese programmes cover major diseases and hospitalisation fees, but with a much lower reimbursement rate than the contributory programme.
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What has worked, with regard to voice connectivity offered in LDCs and to populations with similar characteristics in other developing countries, is innovation driven by competition.13 What is likely to work with regard to data connectivity in LDCs is some variant of this solution. It is now diffusing throughout the developing world. The evidence lies in the two "snapshots" taken by Nokia in 2007 and 2009 across 77 emerging economies, where the cost of the same basket of OECD low-user voice calls, monthly rentals, l/36th of connection charges and the cheapest available Nokia handset and all associated taxes were compared.14 As illustrated in Chart 3.1 below, in 2007, the average was USD 13.16, and only four countries were below the USD 5 threshold. This included one LDC, Bangladesh.
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All requests for public or commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to [email protected]. Requests for permission to photocopy portions of this material for public or commercial use shall be addressed directly to the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) at [email protected] or the Centre frangais d‘exploitation du droit de copie (CFC) at contact@c/copies.com. We owe particular thanks to Nolitha Vukuza-Linda, Gerda Magnus and Monica Koen, who were most directly involved in facilitating the work of the OECD and the mission. Promote effective college leadership by ensuring more systematic training for prospective and current college leaders.
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It was created in 1994 to assess households’ eligibility for the subsidised health care system. In 2010, 8 institutions and 31 social programmes were using the Sisben score as eligibility criteria (including Familias en Action and SENA). Sisben aims at assessing households’ quality of life, based on interviews (29 million people are covered) with questions along 5 main dimensions (health status, education, housing and access to public services, individual vulnerability (mainly age and disability), and social vulnerability (environmental and public health risks, security conditions). On the basis of their answers, households are grouped into one of the six Sisben levels - level 1 is the most deprived group, levels 1 and 2 are entitled to the subsidised health system.
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The overarching objective is nevertheless to reduce energy and water demand in tourism. In order to achieve this, a programme of certification and best practice will be developed. Two studies of GHG emissions in the tourism sector and the potential to participate in carbon markets will be carried out, and strategies to increase the use of renewable energy in accommodation will be developed. Moreover, a Working Group with the National Commission for the Efficient Use of Energy has been established to encourage the reduction of energy demand in the tourism sector.
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sdg13
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With a few exceptions, in the developed world these solutions are often inefficient and many of them are neither economically viable nor environmentally sustainable. Water losses through evaporation from conventional water storage devices are also significant. The amount of water lost through evaporation from water reservoirs is higher than the total amount of water consumed in industrial and domestic uses (Shiklomanov, 19991. By 1995, as a result of efficiency gains in water supply and demand management, total world water withdrawal was only about half what planners had predicted thirty years earlier based on historical trends iGleick, 1998).
|
sdg6
|
Civil rights in this sense refer to aspects such as legal protections and free speech, political rights to voting and standing as a representative, and social rights to education, health and welfare. Of these, the final category is the most controversial, and in most countries they have been very imperfectly realised to date. There are ‘maximal’ and ‘minimal’ positions on the extent of rights accorded to citizens (McLaughlin, 1992), with socialists advocating very extensive rights including social ones, and at the other extreme libertarians advocating the protection only of property rights.
|
sdg4
|
Purpose – This paper aims to explore the governance and performance reporting practices of Scottish charities at a time of unprecedented legislative and regulatory reform. Such reforms include the revision of the SORP governing charity reporting and the Charities and Trustee Investment (Scotland) Act which led to the establishment of the Office of the Scottish Charity Regulator. Design/methodology/approach – This paper provides a descriptive examination of the Trustees' Reports (TRs) produced by a sample of Scottish charities, this assessment was facilitated by means of a content analysis of these documents following the introduction of the new regulatory regime. Findings – The findings indicate that the regime change had a significant impact on the provision of performance, governance and accountability-related information in Scottish charities' TRs. Originality/value – The paper provides the first detailed descriptive account of reporting practices across a range of charities in Scotland at a time of un...
|
sdg16
|
The projection also assumes that robust growth of 6-8% will be sustained in Cambodia, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Myanmar, the Philippines and Viet Nam where domestic demand is generally buoyant on the back of rapid real income and credit growth and foreign investment. Downside risks include negative trade and financial spillover effects from China, slow progress on economic stimulus and reform measures and adverse weather conditions. However, this trajectory is subject to various factors, such as global oil prices, fuel subsidy reforms, tax reforms and currency movements.
|
sdg8
|
This study has sought to identify and analyze the key agents, relationships and processes characterizing the evolving of micro-drug traffic-king and retail-drug dealing as the present phase of drug-trafficking in Colombia. We build an analytical model in a sequential network game-theoretic structure, which takes into account the trafficker’s corruption strategies. The most important finding is that Higher levels of reprisal could can be counterproductive due to the strategic responses of traffickers leading them to invest more resources invest in corruption activities.
|
sdg16
|
Therefore, they affect larger shares of population (for instance in Switzerland and the Netherlands). In countries where health coverage is mainly linked to occupation, policies ensuring universal access to health coverage are all the more important in times of crisis. Countries have to make sure that people who lose their job do not lose health coverage at the same time.
|
sdg3
|
All countries have supported improved forest management (related to SDG15). In Bolivia (Plurinational State of) for example, a forest-rich country with a history of inequitable land ownership, one key policy has supported land redistribution (including forests) to indigenous people, potentially addressing SDG Target 1.4 regarding improved access to land, especially for the poor. In Burkina Faso the priority was to support more sustainable woodland, agriculture and pastoral land-use practices following droughts and famine, potentially addressing SDG Target 13.1 on climate resilience.
|
sdg15
|
The lack of readily identifiable and realisable value in the assets created via expenditure on innovation increases the risk that such investments could become “short-termist” and cyclical, especially among resource-constrained SMEs, which are likely to be juggling many conflicting priorities. A recent study shows that 40% of SME applicants at the European Patent Office applied for a patent in order to facilitate securing external finance, compared with 15% of applications from large firms (de Rassenfosse, 2012). In France, SMEs rely more on internal funds for their R&D expenditure than large enterprises, according to data from BPI France.
|
sdg8
|
Immediate action is needed to make Vietnamese roads safer through better regulated motorcycle traffic, address noise and air pollution through promoting the use of e-bikes and e-scooters, and allocate a greater proportion of the real cost of car usage to the owners of the vehicles themselves, particularly through fiscal measures such as congestion and parking charges. Longer-term transport investments should explore such financing means as public-private partnerships and value capture mechanisms. Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) initiatives in Ha Noi and elsewhere require specific efforts to harmonise with the principles of Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) and intermodal connectivity to ensure ridership and maximise the investment benefit. Nonetheless, under the unprecedented urbanisation process, access to affordable and high-quality housing is one of the foremost challenges for Viet Nam’s urban areas.
|
sdg11
|
These include SDG 5 (’Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls’): and also, via the strong association this goal has with many of the other SDGs. By assessing women and girls' health and well-being (SDG 3). The SDG indicators are classified by tier, with the following definitions: Tier 1: indicator is conceptually clear, has an internationally established methodology and standards are available, and data are regularly produced by countries for at least 50 per cent of countries and of the population in every region where the indicator is relevant. However, it is expected that indicators remaining at the Tier 3 classification in 2020will be removed from the SDG monitoring list.
|
sdg5
|
In this regard, as mentioned above, the initial $1-a-day poverty line was based on the common (national) poverty lines of 6 of the poorest countries out of a sample of 33 developing countries studied by Ravallion, Datt and van de Walle (1991) who used 1985 Penn PPP values. However, Chen and Ravallion (2001), after having recomputed this line using 1993 Penn PPP values and taking the median of the lowest 10 national poverty lines of the same country sample, suggested a poverty line of $1.08 per day. They later switched to a new set of PPPs (for 2005) computed by the World Bank and suggested a poverty line of $1.25 per day based on the mean of the poverty lines of the 15 poorest countries of the sample (Chen and Ravallion (2008)).
|
sdg1
|
Benefit durations may be limited, but more often are not. Compared with UI, changes since the mid-1980s to unemployment assistance rules were fewer and smaller. Benefit amounts tended to become less generous, while employment or contribution requirements (where they exist) changed little. For the purpose of the present study, an attempt was made to assemble data for 1995 and 1985 for selected countries in a similar format. This section draws on the resulting policy database, and on various editions of the “Benefits and Wages” series, to summarise relevant policy changes since 1985. To keep the discussion focussed, it is limited to able-bodied prime-age workers.
|
sdg10
|
In 2014, Indian law enforcement agencies seized 32 kg of ketamine, a significant decrease from the 1,353 kg seized in 2013. Seizures indicate that ketamine trafficking may now be declining as a result of the authorities’ stringency that followed the recent amendments to the Act. Most countries in South Asia do not regularly carry out national drug surveys, information on abuse and prevalence therefore needs to come from other sources. Cannabis is the most common drug of abuse in the region.
|
sdg3
|
The first is to contribute to the Sustainable Forest Management program and to the following integrated approaches to be piloted in GEF-6: Taking Deforestation out of Commodity Supply Chains, and Fostering Sustainability and Resilience for Food Security in Africa. Alternatively, the NFPs of the Biodiversity-related Conventions (and the GEF OFP) would need to coordinate their efforts prior to the ECW in order to enable the CBD NFP to present and discuss the integrated project concept at the workshop (or in the margins of the workshop).
|
sdg15
|
The OECD study by Sauvage (2014) indicates that, in 2011, 9% of global trade in environmental goods concerned those related to the management of solid and hazardous waste and recycling systems. To this end, international trade could possibly contribute to the transition towards a circular economy. The magnitude of such effects could be further investigated.
|
sdg12
|
Identify possible synergies with other policies or public investments (e.g. opportunities to bundle public services or to equip public buildings with RETs). Identify and exploit multi-stakeholder platforms at the regional and international levels for providing advice on appropriate RET deployment strategies in combination with job- and income-generation programmes. Combine financial support with consumer education, and managerial and technical capacity-building. The poverty and gender impacts of rural electrification investments have been poorly integrated into projects so far, and while the poorest households tend to benefit from electrification as coverage expands, effectively reaching the most vulnerable remains a priority.
|
sdg7
|
A growing proportion of initiation ceremonies are being devised by Christian groups to teach young people about what is expected of them as they enter adulthood - including pre-marital sexual abstinence - as an alternative to the alleged sexual focus of teaching in traditional practice (Munthali, 2007). Ncaca, 2014).The last decade has seen increasing public debate about whether and how male circumcision should be continued following media reports of problems including commercialisation, malpractice by guardians, and deaths or permanent injury from botched circumcision (Ntombana, 2011b). However, studies also report the beneficial role of circumcision against sexually transmitted infections (Lagarde et al.,
|
sdg5
|
However, it is also an issue of methodology. A focus on the implementation of actions in the NAS is important, but it is not sufficient to inform the revision of future iterations of the strategy. Some other OECD countries, including Germany and the UK, are developing systems that also provide information on key trends in climate-sensitive sectors, for example losses from flood damage.
|
sdg13
|
Residential segregation cannot occur without social inequality, because a society that is wholly egalitarian in its socioeconomic make-up will contain no groups (classes or strata) that can be differentiated by their geographical location. Conversely, high levels of socioeconomic inequality may be found in both segregated and unsegregated cities. The territorial character of segregation means, however, that people's geographical mobility is a key factor, as it can alter their residential situation and, in the aggregate, change the levels and patterns of residential segregation.
|
sdg10
|
Recently, the West African Economic and Monetary Union launched connectuemoa.com, a platform offering information about business opportunities within the region and providing a directory of relevant companies so that members can connect and network with potential partners. The latter can be cheaper in the short run and can provide automatic access to the most advanced technologies. Yet services obtained this way may be less tailored and TIPOs may lose some control over data, information and the services offered.
|
sdg9
|
This has been borne out by countries that have proved successful in reducing poverty despite rising income inequality during periods of growth acceleration, with China being the most prominent example, along with Viet Nam. Close scrutiny shows that the acceleration of growth in these countries had its roots in a relatively egalitarian initial distribution of assets. Of course, the poverty reduction effect of rapid growth is greatest when both initial and current inequalities are relatively low, as was the case, during their early development stages, of other East Asian countries and areas such as the Republic of Korea and Taiwan Province of China. Their experience also shows that it may not be necessary for inequality to first rise with development before falling, thereby contradicting the Kuznets hypothesis of an inverted U-shaped relationship between income level and degree of inequality.
|
sdg1
|
The current chapter and the two that follow share a common aim: to examine FBO engagement in various controversial issues at the UN. Chapter 4 engages with the topic of women’s sexual and reproductive health rights (SRHR). The issue is especially controversial as both conservative and liberal FBOs lock horns on this key human rights issue: that is, “a woman’s right to choose” versus the “rights of the unborn child.” As the quotations above indicate, what Bob calls “conservative religious groups” focus on “family policy,” incorporating a range of issues, including “feminism, abortion and gender politics.” The second quotation, from a recent Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (NORAD) report, emphasizes that the SRHR “health policy” issue straddles the intellectual and conceptual division between secular and faith, bringing together both conservative and liberal entities at the UN in pursuit of certain goals.
|
sdg16
|
In a number of countries, government spending on cash transfers to working-age individuals and families has remained more or less constant over the entire period (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Japan, Korea, Portugal, Spain), despite sometimes sizable trend increases in total spending-to-GDP ratios. As discussed above, public spending on income support for the non-elderly has, relative to GDP, dropped significantly in a few countries. A similar comparison can be made on the revenue side. However, while OECD Revenue Statistics indentify the revenue components that are most relevant in the context of studying income redistribution (personal income taxes and social contributions), it is not possible to approximate the share of these taxes that are paid by “non-elderly” households only.
|
sdg10
|
The authors analyze the content of the concept of “health protection” in international law, taking into account the fundamental importance of the right to health in the system of basic human rights. There is a lack of a uniform interpretation of this term, as well as a difference in the approaches to its understanding in the most important regulatory legal acts, which creates certain difficulties for law enforcement practice. In addition, the interpretation of the concept of “health protection”, according to the authors, is of decisive importance in the process of legal consolidation of the fundamental human right in the field of health, and also determines the meaning of the entire health care of states and their cooperation in this area.
|
sdg16
|
Yet, as shown in the previous chapters, gender gaps still exist - namely in employment, unpaid work, violence, and access to decisionmaking positions. A fundamental piece of the puzzle is establishing a system than can deliver Mexico’s commitments to gender equality. In addition to building a gender perspective into the policy process (Chapter 6), Mexico’s capacity to overcome gender gaps depends on the quality of the institutional framework for designing and, most importantly, implementing gender-sensitive policies. This chapter seeks to complement Chapter 6 on gender mainstreaming and to single out the key elements of effective governance for gender equality.
|
sdg5
|
Sources of energy like geothermal, tidal power, hydrogen, nuclear fusion and so forth will require a more visionary approach and even greater scientific and technological advancement. These advances, in turn, will require substantial investment which, at present, is not forthcoming from public and private sources on a large enough scale. Only by ensuring a reliable, affordable supply of energy will it be possible to chart a stable course for economic recovery and growth. Addressing energy insecurity and transforming the global energy system must therefore constitute a major priority for any long-term programme of economic and climate stabilization in advanced countries. Such a course will simultaneously address the climate challenge.
|
sdg7
|
The operations considered and sources of data used are given in Table A.2. Such activities were isolated using a keyword search of project descriptions, followed by a manual review to validate the findings of the keyword search. Support to state-owned enterprises were also included within this category, where they could be identified using the keyword search.
|
sdg13
|
It also promotes a greater interaction between the budgetary plans and the programmes of various state agencies in order to ensure that interests converge towards common tourism development goals. However, Morelos’ tourism policy is being implemented through the use of instruments that are common to all Mexican states in their relationship with the federal government. These include agreements with the Tourism Promotion Council of Mexico (marketing) and its counterpart at the state level, but also agreements and reallocation of resources from the Ministry of Tourism of Morelos with its national counterpart (SECTUR). Spreading and promoting more effectively information on the strong tourism assets that exist in many areas of the state should be a central concern to Morelos’ destination development policy. Employment in the tourism sector in Morelos benefits 66 000 people, representing 8.1% of the economically active population (Ministry for Tourism, 2016a). The state is host to approximately 361 hotels, which are ranked 23rd in a national ranking.
|
sdg11
|
The global rate of decline in MTL in the three oceans is about 0.1 trophic level per decade. Climate change may affect the seasonality of biological processes and alter marine food webs with unpredictable consequences for fish production. For small pelagic fish stocks, such as anchovy, sardine, pilchard and squid, the effect of climate variability is decisive over that of fishing mortality.
|
sdg14
|
In a context where smart applications are plentiful and originate in a variety of sectors (energy, water, transport, health and safety, media, etc.), This creates business opportunities for telecommunication operators, IT companies, or metering companies: in developing cloud services for smart metering, they all are potential competitors in this market. Alternatively, smart systems can come with their own management interface, which may be controlled by a different company. There is ample evidence of energy and telecommunication companies moving up the value chain, not just delivering connectivity and energy, but also actively managing devices in the home or in businesses.
|
sdg6
|
In 2012, only 39% of wastewater was treated (MCid, 2014) and only a fraction of that received treatment to remove phosphorus, hormones and antibiotics, which affect both ecosystems and human health. Other major pressures on water quality include mining, industrial effluent, diffuse flows from urban and agricultural soil drainage, and solid waste discharge. The indt 'moderate' (36-51), “poor’(19-36), "very poor' (£19). The last two categories (index values £ Source: ANA (2013), Conjuntura dos Recursos Hidricos no Brasil.
|
sdg15
|
Ultimately, return migration has not solved labour shortage problems and, like the Cook Islands, Fiji, Palau and other Pacific island states, Samoa and Tonga have turned towards Asian labour markets for replacements, although not without tensions and social conflicts. The most obvious means of preventing international migration of skilled health workers (SHWs) is simply to ban migration, and refuse to recognise or issue passports. This has never been discussed in Samoa or Tonga for obvious reasons, and outright bans on the emigration of SHWs, and others, are implausible for ethical, political and, above all, economic reasons.
|
sdg10
|
The organic load of the industrial treated wastewater discharged into natural receiving waters represents 3.142 per cent of the organic load of urban wastewater discharged into natural receiving waters. Council Directive 76/464/EEC of 4 May 1976 on pollution caused by certain dangerous substances discharged into the aquatic environment of the Community has been transposed into Romanian legislation by MO No. Annex 2 of this amending GD sets limit values for pollutants in surface waters which are highly toxic, persistent and bioaccumulative, in addition to stipulating environmental standards and quality standards. Annex 6 contains guidelines for developing an inventory of emissions, discharges and losses of priority substances and specific pollutants.
|
sdg6
|
We protested against political parties requesting huge sums of money as part of the party nomination process.' In 2016, the organisation signed an agreement with the Cameroon government to empower hundreds of youth and women in elections participation. This process involved building capacity to reinforce leadership and civic education.
|
sdg5
|
This paper is a response to Pan Wei's rule of law regime reform proposal. It agrees with Pan that the direction of political reform taken and discussed inside China is indeed different from the democratization that has been pushed by outside pro-democracy activists, including Chinese dissidents. While some Chinese scholars and think-tank analysts talk about political reform, they are not proposing to democratize the polity but to make the single party rule of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) more efficient or to provide it with a more solid legal base. They have looked upon political liberalization without democratization as an alternative solution to many of China's problems related to the extant authoritarian system. Pan Wei's proposal for building a rule-of-law regime is a representative work of this group of Chinese intellectuals.
|
sdg16
|
From an equity perspective, the concern is that disparities in science performance related to students' socio-economic and demographic backgrounds might extend to students' attitudes towards science, including their expectations - or lack thereof - of a career in science or their appreciation of scientific approaches to enquiry. Students' attitudes towards science and their self-beliefs about learning science are discussed in greater detail in Chapters 2 and 3. In PISA, a student's socioeconomic background is estimated by the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status (ESCS), which is based on information about the students' home and background (Box 1.6.1).
|
sdg4
|
These are vivid examples of how AfT is helping LDC exporters integrate into GVC or upgrade their products to capture greater value. Policy actions to streamline administrative procedures and rationalise export taxes could be particularly fruitful. Over the long term, governments can help build a national quality culture aimed at improving product competitiveness.
|
sdg10
|
This was later supplemented by the addition of cash crop agriculture, particularly cocoa and (to a much lesser extent) coffee (Gocking, 2005). To a very large extent, the trade patterns created from the late 15th century onward continue to this day. The British formally declared the Gold Coast a colony in 1874, which was accepted by the time of the Berlin Conference in 1884-5 (Boahen, 2002).3 At the Conference, the British reserved a rectangular area which consisted of about 500kms of coastline and about 1000km forest and savannah hinterland.
|
sdg8
|
In Koulikoro 46% are poor, 41% are deprived, and 24% of the children who are simultaneously poor and deprived are found in this region. For Tombouctou the deprivation rate is remarkably high at 75%, but this region has a lower poverty rate (33%). Since the region has a low population density rate only 5% of all children poor and deprived are living in Tombouctou. As a result of data limitations no indicators on nutrition and health are included, though both are acknowledged to be important aspects of well-being for children regardless of their age.
|
sdg1
|
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