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# Hilmer Kenty
**James Kenty**, also known as **Hilmer Kenty** (born July 30, 1955 in Austin, Texas) is a former professional boxer who is a former WBA lightweight (135lb) champion of the world. He was selected a member of the All-American AAU boxing team for 1973, and was named the top lightweight amateur boxer in the nation in 1973 by the National AAU Boxing Committee.
## Early years {#early_years}
Kenty was raised in Columbus, Ohio, and graduated from Linden McKinley High school, where he played on the reserve football team his sophomore year.
## Amateur career {#amateur_career}
Kenty started his amateur boxing career at age 12. He was coached by the greatest amateur coach in history of amateur boxing, Bill Cummings Jr. Kenty won his first Golden Glove\'s title at age 13. In 1972 Kenty went to the finals of the US Olympic trials in the Bantamweight division(119 pounds), losing on a decision to US Olympic Representative Ricardo Carreras. In 1973 Kenty moved up to the 132 pound lightweight division. In 1974 and 1975 Kenty became the National AAU lightweight champion. In 1975 he was considered and awarded the "Outstanding boxer" of the National AAU tournament.
## Professional career {#professional_career}
Kenty turned pro in 1977. In 1980, Kenty captured the WBA Lightweight Title with a TKO over Ernesto España, becoming Emanuel Steward\'s first world champion, and the first world champion from Detroit since Joe Louis decades earlier. Kenty and Thomas Hearns both won WBA belts together and became known as the Motor City Cobras. Kenty defended his belt three times including against Vilomar Fernandez, before losing it to Sean O\'Grady in 1981, and retired in 1984. His only other loss in 31 fights came at the hands of fellow Texan, Roberto Elizondo, by a second round technical knockout when the bout was stopped after Kenty felt ill during the contest
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# Mount Young (Falklands)
**Mount Young** is a mountain on West Falkland in the Falkland Islands, reaching a height of 361 m. It is in the far south of the island, near Cape Meredith and Port Albemarle It is east of Port Stephens and is south west of Mount Emery
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# China National Symphony Orchestra
The **China National Symphony Orchestra** (`{{zh|s=[[wikt:中国|中国]][[wikt:国家|国家]][[wikt:交响乐团|交响乐团]] |p=Zhōngguó Guójiā Jiāoxiǎng Yuètuán}}`{=mediawiki}; abbreviated **CNSO**) is China\'s national orchestra.
It was founded as the **Central Philharmonic Orchestra of China (CPOC)** in 1956 under the baton of the conductor Li Delun. In 1996, it was restructured and renamed the China National Symphony Orchestra.
Xia Guan is the orchestra\'s executive director. The orchestra\'s principal conductor is Michel Plasson, principal resident conductor is Xincao Li, Muhai Tang is the conductor laureate and En Shao is the principal guest conductor.
## History
### Founding and first concert {#founding_and_first_concert}
Li Delun conducted the first concert in Beijing in commemoration of the 200th anniversary of the birth of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart after the founding of CPOC. On October 1, 1959, the concert of Beethoven\'s Ninth Symphony was performed by the orchestra in Beijing, and all the musicians were Chinese. In 1996, the Central Philharmonic was restructured and renamed the CNSO. At that time, the CNSO not only played much western classical music such as Beethoven, Brahms, Tchaikovsky, and Wagner, but it also introduced many works such as Yellow River Cantata by Chinese composers.
### First director {#first_director}
According to ChinaCulture website, the CNSO\'s first director, Delun Li, born in 1917, was a famous musician and conductor in China. He graduated from the Shanghai Conservatory in 1943, and he studied in the Moscow Conservatory from 1953 to 1957. He conducted over twenty orchestras throughout the former USSR. In the fall of 1957, he returned to China to be Conductor and Artistic Director of the CNSO. Delun Li, as a guest conductor, toured Spain, Germany, Canada, and the United States. He introduced many Chinese composers' works abroad, for example, The Yellow River Cantata and Song of Mountain Forest. He was awarded the Liszt Memory Medal by the Ministry of Culture and Education of Hungary in 1986, and in 1997, he was awarded the National Medal of Friendship by President Yeltsin of Russia.
### Beijing Concert Hall {#beijing_concert_hall}
The Beijing Concert Hall was founded as the Center Cinema in 1927. It was rebuilt for the CNSO in 1960 on the Beixinhuajie in Xicheng District which is on the south of Liubukou. The Beijing Concert Hall can accommodate an audience of up to 1,024 people.
## Executive head {#executive_head}
Currently, Xia Guan, a famous composer, is the executive head of the CNSO. He was born in Henan Province. He graduated from the Department of Composition of the China Central Conservatory of Music and played the violin and erhu. Before being the director of the CNSO, he was the director of the Opera Company at the China Opera and Dance Drama Theatre. Also, he was vice director of the China Oriental Song and Dance Ensemble. He has composed a number of songs which leave a deep impression on the audience. His operatic symphony Mulan Psalm was first performed in Beijing in 2004 and at the Lincoln Center in New York in 2005. \"One year later it was the first Chinese opera to be conducted by a foreign conductor, Michael Helmrath, to be played by a foreign orchestra- the Brandenburg Symphony Orchestra and to be sung by foreign artists in Chinese". Guan\'s main compositions include: Fantasies Symphoniques: Farewell My Concubine (2005), the Chinese opera Sorrowful Morning, and Mulan Psalm.
## Principal conductors {#principal_conductors}
The current conductors of CNSO include the French conductor Michel Plasson who was nominated as the Principal Conductor of the CNSO in March 2010. Tang Muhai is the laureate conductor. Xincao Li is the principal resident conductor, Shao En is the principal guest conductor, Xieyang Chen is the guest conductor, and Yunzhi Liu is the concertmaster.
The first principal conductor and artistic director Zuohuang Chen came back from USA and built the CNSO based on the original CPOC. During Chen\'s tenure during 1996 and 2000, CNSO was believed the best orchestra in China at that time. However, Chen did not accept the contract renewal in 2000 even though CNSO hoped he could continue. The famous conductor Muhai Tang took over the artistic director but left the position one year later without formal resignation due to the conflicts with the executive Songlin Yu. There was no principal conductor or artistic director in CNSO until En Shao took the position in 2006. Shao was in the position for one season only and served as guest conductor afterwards. Finally in 2010, CNSO the 4th principal conductor Michel Plass started to lead CNSO, but he has not been with the title artistic director.
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# China National Symphony Orchestra
## Diplomatic occasions (2011) {#diplomatic_occasions_2011}
- In April 2011, the CNSO performed for Hu Jintao, Russian President Medvedev, and other leaders who attended the third BRICS summit.
- In April 2011, the CNSO performed for the leaders who were at Boao Forum for Asia Annual Conference 2011.
- On August 18, 2011, the CNSO performed for the US Vice President Joe Biden, the Chinese Vice President Xi Jinping, and other government officials in the Great Hall of the People.
- On August 26, 2011, the CNSO performed for the ambassadors from different countries at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs
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# Arsenal VG 90
The **Arsenal VG 90** was a French carrier-based jet-engined interceptor developed in the late 1940s. It was intended to compete for an Aéronavale (French Naval Aviation) contract and first flew in 1949. It set a speed record for a French aircraft the following year, but both of the completed prototypes were destroyed in fatal crashes and the program was cancelled in 1952 before the third prototype was finished. The Aéronavale contract was eventually awarded to a license-built British aircraft. The remains of the last VG 90 were scrapped in 1978.
## Development and description {#development_and_description}
After the end of World War II, Aéronavale had only two small aircraft carriers: `{{ship|French aircraft carrier|Dixmude||2}}`{=mediawiki}, which was loaned by the Americans, and `{{ship|French aircraft carrier|Arromanches||2}}`{=mediawiki}, which had been leased from the British, but planned to lay down its own larger PA-28 design in 1947. All of its aircraft were piston-engined and had been rendered obsolete by the advent of jet-propelled aircraft during the war. The French lacked an indigenous turbojet design and licensed the British Rolls-Royce Nene to facilitate their development of jet-propelled aircraft. Aéronavale issued a requirement for a jet-powered interceptor on 29 March 1946 and then issued a request for proposal on 8 June. The aircraft had to exceed a speed of 900 km/h at all altitudes, have a climb rate in excess of 25 m/s at sea level, and an armament of three 30 mm autocannon with the possibility of carrying bombs or unguided air-to-ground rockets. Arsenal de l\'Aéronautique\'s proposal was derived from its earlier VG 70 research aircraft and its related VG 80 carrier-based fighter proposal. The SNCAC NC 1080 and Nord 2200 were the other competitors for the contract for 90 aircraft.
The single-seat VG 90 had a semi-monocoque all-metal fuselage and was fitted with tricycle landing gear. The leading edge of the shoulder-mounted wing was swept back at an angle of 25° and the wing itself was given a dihedral of 4°. Three fuel tanks were housed in the fuselage with a total capacity of 2080 L and each wing was provided with three additional fuel tanks between the two spars; the total capacity of the wing tanks was 720 L. The skins of the wings and tailplane of the first prototype were made from birch plywood, but those of later prototypes were metal. Dive brakes were fitted on the upper and lower surfaces of the folding wings. Air for the license-built 22.2 kN Nene 102 engine was provided by side-mounted intakes below the wings\' leading edge. The entire aft fuselage could be removed to allow access to the engine. The cockpit was armored and the pilot was provided with an ejection seat.
The VG 90\'s armament was intended to consist of three 30 mm Hispano-Suiza HS.602 autocannon mounted in the center portion of the wing, but Arsenal investigated replacing them with four or six 20 mm cannon. A radar was intended to be fitted in the nose and four hardpoints were going to be fitted under the center wing section for drop tanks, bombs or rockets.
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# Arsenal VG 90
## Construction and flight testing {#construction_and_flight_testing}
Design work on the first prototype began in October 1946 and construction began fifteen months later. The aircraft was completed in May 1949 and ground testing began the following month at Melun-Villaroche airfield, although it did not make its first flight until 27 September. This revealed problems with the air intake ducts and the ailerons and rectifying those issue delayed the next flight until December. On the third flight, the dive brakes unilaterally extended and their shape had to be modified to prevent a recurrence. Further flights were uneventful and the prototype was flown to Brétigny-sur-Orge to be evaluated by the test pilots of the Centre d\'essais en vol ((CEV) French Flight-testing Center) on 10 May 1950. Initial evaluations were favorable although the pilots complained that forward visibility while landing was poor and that it was difficult to prevent the aft fuselage from striking the ground. During this time, the aircraft reached a speed of Mach 0.845 between 5000 and, the highest speed yet attained by a French aircraft. Pilot Pierre Decroo was killed on 25 May while making a high-speed pass before coming in to land when pieces of the airframe broke away, causing the aircraft to roll seven times before ploughing into the ground. Flight-data instruments recorded about 15 violent oscillations. The crash investigation concluded that the dive brakes had again spontaneously opened and the high velocity caused them to be torn away, striking the tailplane and sending the aircraft out of control.
Work continued on the second prototype which had a larger vertical stabilizer with a split rudder, enlarged air intakes, modified landing gear, powered controls and a revised dive-brake installation. The aircraft made its first flight in June 1951. After the preliminary tests had been completed, pilot Claude Dellys flew the aircraft to begin its evaluation at CEV on 21 February 1952. It crashed en route after he reported experiencing some turbulence that was unnoticed by the chase plane. Dellys died in the crash because his ejection seat malfunctioned and did not fire because of frozen hydraulic fluid. The accident investigation concluded that the recent removal of some balancing weights in the horizontal stabilizers when the power controls were installed caused aerodynamic flutter that tore off the tail of the aircraft.
The third prototype was intended to be built to production standard as the first VG 91. The VG 90s had been found to be underpowered and the aircraft was to be fitted with a 27.9 kN SNECMA Atar 101C engine to improve upon their performance. It was also going to be equipped with a thinner wing and the intended armament installed. All further work was cancelled after the second crash and a license-built version of the British de Havilland Sea Venom was ultimately selected to satisfy Aéronavale\'s requirement. The incomplete aircraft was tested in the ONERA full-scale wind tunnel at Modane to discover the cause of the flutter. Many years later, it was discovered in the scrapyard at Cazaux Air Base, but could not be restored and was scrapped in July 1978.
## Variants
**VG 90**
: Carrier-based fighter with a Rolls-Royce Nene turbojet, two completed.
**VG 91**
: Production version of the VG 90 with a SNECMA Atar 101 turbojet, one built, but not completed.
**VG 92**
: Land-based version of the VG 90 without folding wings and arrestor hook, project only.
**VG 93**
: VG 90 fitted with wingtip ramjets, project only.
**VG 94**
: VG 92 fitted with an afterburner, project only
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# Pedro Muñoz (baseball)
**Pedro Javier Muñoz González** (born September 19, 1968) is a Puerto Rican former outfielder in Major League Baseball. He played seven seasons in the majors, from `{{Baseball year|1990}}`{=mediawiki} until `{{Baseball year|1996}}`{=mediawiki}, for the Minnesota Twins and Oakland Athletics. He hit his first MLB home run off Darren Holmes of the Milwaukee Brewer\'s on May 16, 1991, and his first grand slam a month later against the New York Yankees.
In 517 games over 7 seasons, Muñoz compiled a .273 batting average (467-for-1708) with 203 runs, 75 doubles, 8 triples, 67 home runs, 252 RBI, 100 bases on balls, 418 strikeouts, .315 on-base percentage and .444 slugging percentage. Defensively, he recorded a .976 fielding percentage
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# Clarisse Machanguana
**Clarisse Machanguana** (born 4 October 1976) is a professional women\'s basketball player and philanthropist from Mozambique. She has played internationally in both the United States (WNBA from 1999 to 2002) and in Spain (FC Barcelona since 2003). She also represented Mozambique at the 2006 Lusophony Games in Macau, China. In 2014 founded the Clarisse Machanguana Foundation, which empowers Mozambiquan youth through sport, education and health. Machanguana was the UNICEF ambassador to Mozambique from 2016 to 2018.
## Early life and college {#early_life_and_college}
Machanguana was born on October 4, 1976, in Mozambique. When she was 19, she moved to Portugal to attend preparatory school and play basketball. She then followed her friend, Portuguese basketball player Ticha Penicheiro, to Old Dominion University. In 1997, Machanguana and Penicheiro led the Lady Monarchs to the NCAA title game.
## Old Dominion University statistics {#old_dominion_university_statistics}
Source `{{NBA player statistics legend}}`{=mediawiki}
--------- ------------------------- -------- --------- ----------- ----------- --------- --------- --------- ----------
Year Team GP Points FG% FT% RPG APG BPG PPG
1994-95 Old Dominion University 33 550 60.5% 59.3% **8.8** 1.8 0.8 16.7
1995-96 Old Dominion University 32 585 62.7% **71.4%** 6.5 1.5 0.8 18.3
1996-97 Old Dominion University **34** **678** **63.6%** 57.3% 7.4 **1.9** **1.0** **19.9**
Career Old Dominion University 99 1813 62.4% 62.5% 7.6 1.8 0.9 18.3
--------- ------------------------- -------- --------- ----------- ----------- --------- --------- --------- ----------
## WNBA career {#wnba_career}
Machanguana was drafted in the 2nd round (16th overall) in the 1999 WNBA draft by the Los Angeles Sparks. She played collegiately at Old Dominion University. In 1997, Machanguana was named to the Final Four All Tournament team. With the Sparks, she played in 59 games in 2 seasons, starting 1 and averaging 3.1 points per game. In 2001, Machanguana played with the Charlotte Sting, where she played in 30 games, starting 8 and averaging 5.4 points per game. In her final season in the WNBA, Machanguana played with the Orlando Miracle. In Orlando, Machanguana played in 29 games, starting 25 of them. She also averaged 4.8 points per game.
## Post-WNBA {#post_wnba}
Since leaving the WNBA after the 2002 season, Machanguana joined F.C. Barcelona in Spain. At the 2006 Lusophony Games, she led the Mozambique women\'s national basketball team to a gold medal.
In 2006, Machanguana was inducted into Old Dominion University\'s Hall of Fame.
## Non-Profit Work {#non_profit_work}
After retiring from playing basketball, Machanguana returned to Mozambique. Local nonprofits approached her to represent them due to her name recognition and wide reach. Through this work, she learned more about the HIV epidemic in Mozambique.
In 2014, founded the Fundação Clarisse Machanguana (Clarisse Machanguana Foundation), which empowers Mozambiquan youth through sport, education and health. This program From May 2016 to May 2018, Machanguana was appointed UNICEF ambassador to Mozambique in recognition of her commitment to child rights, girls empowerment, and adolescent empowerment.
In spring 2016, she began a trek across Mozambique to bring awareness to the country\'s HIV epidemic and obstetric fistula.
During the COVID-19 pandemic, Machanguana approached the U.S. Embassy in Mozambique for aid in obtaining a scholarship to learn about nonprofit management. She was awarded a scholarship through the Fulbright Program. In 2022, she graduated from the University of Arizona with a master's degree in global nonprofit management.
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# Clarisse Machanguana
## Career statistics {#career_statistics}
### Regular season {#regular_season}
\|- \| style=\"text-align:left;\"\|1999 \| style=\"text-align:left;\"\|Los Angeles \| 28 \|\| 0 \|\| 8.8 \|\| .490 \|\| .000 \|\| **.722** \|\| 1.9 \|\| 0.3 \|\| 0.3 \|\| 0.1 \|\| 0.5 \|\| 2.6 \|- \| style=\"text-align:left;\"\|2000 \| style=\"text-align:left;\"\|Los Angeles \| **31** \|\| 1 \|\| 13.6 \|\| **.578** \|\| .000 \|\| .560 \|\| 2.3 \|\| **0.6** \|\| 0.4 \|\| 0.1 \|\| 0.6 \|\| 3.5 \|- \| style=\"text-align:left;\"\|2001 \| style=\"text-align:left;\"\|Charlotte \| 30 \|\| 8 \|\| **19.3** \|\| .500 \|\| .000 \|\| .649 \|\| **4.0** \|\| **0.6** \|\| **0.5** \|\| **0.5** \|\| **1.4** \|\| **5.4** \|- \| style=\"text-align:left;\"\|2002 \| style=\"text-align:left;\"\|Orlando \| 29 \|\| **25** \|\| 14.8 \|\| .535 \|\| .000 \|\| .640 \|\| 2.2 \|\| **0.6** \|\| 0.4 \|\| 0.1 \|\| 1.1 \|\| 4.8 \|- \| style=\"text-align:left;\"\|Career \| style=\"text-align:left;\"\|4 years, 3 teams \| 118 \|\| 34 \|\| 14.2 \|\| .527 \|\| .000 \|\| .650 \|\| 2.6 \|\| 0.5 \|\| 0.4 \|\| 0.2 \|\| 0.9 \|\| 4.1 `{{s-end}}`{=mediawiki}
### Playoffs
\|- \| style=\"text-align:left;\"\|1999 \| style=\"text-align:left;\"\|Los Angeles \| 1 \|\| 0 \|\| 7.0 \|\| **.667** \|\| .000 \|\| .000 \|\| 2.0 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 4.0 \|- \| style=\"text-align:left;\"\|2000 \| style=\"text-align:left;\"\|Los Angeles \| 4 \|\| 0 \|\| 11.8 \|\| .500 \|\| .000 \|\| **.667** \|\| **2.8** \|\| 0.0 \|\| 0.3 \|\| 0.3 \|\| 0.3 \|\| 3.0 \|- \| style=\"text-align:left;\"\|2001 \| style=\"text-align:left;\"\|Charlotte \| **8** \|\| 0 \|\| **16.5** \|\| .531 \|\| --- \|\| **.667** \|\| 2.4 \|\| **0.3** \|\| **0.4** \|\| **0.4** \|\| **0.8** \|\| **4.8** \|- \| style=\"text-align:left;\"\|Career \| style=\"text-align:left;\"\|3 years, 2 teams \| 13 \|\| 0 \|\| 14.3 \|\| .535 \|\| .000 \|\| .667 \|\| 2.5 \|\| 0.2 \|\| 0.3 \|\| 0.3 \|\| 0.5 \|\| 4
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# Pickens Railway
**Pickens Railway** `{{reporting mark|PICK|PKHP}}`{=mediawiki} is a shortline railroad that has operated on two separate divisions in the Upstate Region of South Carolina:
- Easley to Pickens: 9.9 mi - abandoned and lifted in 2013.
- Anderson, through Belton to Honea Path: 28.5 mi
Connections are made with the Norfolk Southern at Easley and Anderson, and with the Greenville and Western Railway at Belton. Rail was 85-100 pounds on the Easley-Pickens segment and 85 pounds on the Anderson-Honea Path segment.
Traffic included transportation equipment on the original Pickens line (in the form of locomotive remanufacture CLCX, Inc. located in Pickens until 2013), while the Anderson-Belton handles kaolin, limestone, synthetic rubber, rubber processing oil, plastics, silica, scrap metal, paper, scrap paper, bird feed ingredients, farm supplies, and electrical equipment.
## Pickens Railroad History {#pickens_railroad_history}
The Easley-Pickens line was chartered on December 24, 1890, by the South Carolina General Assembly after two failed attempts to build a railroad through Pickens from Easley. The line connected with the Atlanta and Charlotte Air Line Railroad (later the Southern Railway) and was completed in 1898.
On the railroad\'s first revenue run, the Pickens Railroad suffered a serious derailment that was caused by a local group of boys that had placed spikes on the rails, in their words, \"to see what would happen.\" No one was seriously injured, but caused the fledgling company a serious financial setback, which operated in the red until 1905.
In its early years, it was nicknamed the \"Pickens Doodle\" because the train would run backwards to Easley and forward to Pickens, which \"looked like a doodlebug,\" according to area residents. The Pickens Railroad, at the time did not have turning facilities until the line built two wye sections of track at each end of the line years later.
The Southern Railway briefly acquired control of the Pickens around 1910, however, it was reverted to local interests several years later.
In the 1920s, Singer Manufacturing located a sewing machine cabinet plant on the Pickens Railroad. The plant eventually became the railroad\'s biggest customer and the line was purchased outright in 1939 by Singer. In 1927, the Appalachian Lumber Company built a network of logging lines in the upper portion of Pickens County. By 1939, it too was also acquired by Singer and organized under the Poinsett Lumber and Manufacturing Company. Passenger service was discontinued in 1928 as better roads were built in the region.
In 1959, The Singer Company consolidated its sawmill and cabinet operations with the woodworking operations from Arkansas and the Craftsman power tools from New Jersey to the Pickens location. In 1963, Poinsett Lumber and Manufacturing Company announced that the Pickens Railroad was for sale. James F. Jones of North Carolina purchased the line for approximately \$50,000. Jones built a new enginehouse and established a carshop for rebuilding and renovating railroad cars.
In 1963 and 1964, \"Jones Tours\" (named after Pickens Railways\' owner, James Jones) purchased all three of Pullman Car Company's *Train X* nine-car articulated lightweight trainsets, (the *Xplorer* from the New York Central, and the two *Dan\'l Webster* trains from the New Haven Railroad) for use in passenger excursions. Jones purchased the trains for little more than their scrap value, and partially refurbished two of them at Pickens\' newly established car rebuilding plant, the third train used for spare parts. These tours ran mostly between Charlotte, North Carolina, and Atlanta, Georgia, but ranged as far as Alabama and Florida. The Baldwin RP-210 diesel-hydraulic prime-movers of the trainsets remained operational for short trips over the Pickens and the Greenville & Northern, but the complete trainsets were pulled by locomotives of the Class-1 hosts on excursions further afield. In 1967 Jones Tours ended its rail-excursion service and parked the trains on a siding of the G&N at Travelers Rest, South Carolina, where they remained until removed for scrapping in 1970.
Jones sold the Pickens in 1973 to Philadelphia-based National Railway Utilization Company (NRUC), which expanded the carshop to build new freight cars.
In the early 1990s NRUC became Emergent Group and sold the railroad to CLC-Chattahoochee Locomotive Corp., which renamed the railroad Pickens Railway Company, according to the Federal Register, 1 May 1996. On April 2, 2013, Pickens Railway pulled the last train to Easley because of lack of business. The final run was pulled by Pickens #9502 and CLCX #12132. The last train ended an era of over 100 years of running to Easley.
## Pickens Expands {#pickens_expands}
In 1991, Norfolk Southern Railway leased the Belton-Honea Path line to the Pickens under the \"Thoroughbred Shortline Program.\" This line was built in the 1840s by the Greenville & Columbia, eventually becoming part of the Southern.
in 1994, the Pickens expanded further by leasing the Belton-Anderson line from Norfolk Southern. This line was built in the 1840s as part of the Blue Ridge Railway. Included was former Anderson trackage that had belonged to CSX previously owned by the Piedmont & Northern and Charleston & Western Carolina.
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# Pickens Railway
## Pickens locomotive history {#pickens_locomotive_history}
The first Pickens locomotive was a secondhand 4-4-0 that was damaged in a derailment on its first trip. It was replaced in 1909 with a new 2-6-0 from Baldwin Locomotive Works and was numbered 1.
The line dieselized in 1947 with a Baldwin VO-660 (built as Singer Manufacturing #2), It was numbered 2 and was later named *T. Grady Welborn*. The 2-6-2 steam engine was sidelined until 1955 when it was sold for scrap. Number 2 is still on the property on the original Pickens trackage but has been out of service for some time as a switcher for CLCX, Inc. as of 2009.
In 1963, after the line was acquired by James F. Jones, the Pickens acquired an EMC SW locomotive. It was built for the Union Terminal Railroad Of St. Joseph as their #5, it later served as Missouri Pacific Railroad #6005 before it became Pickens #3. It was sold to Duke Power in the mid-1970s, which used it to haul construction materials for the building of the Cherokee Nuclear Power Plant near Gaffney, South Carolina. When the plant was sidelined in the early 80s, the unit, as well as the unfinished power plant, was sold to a movie company before being acquired by the Thermal Belt Railway in 1989, becoming their #1.
In the early 1970s a Baldwin S-8 was purchased by Pickens. It was built as Youngstown Sheet and Tube #701 in 1951. It became Pickens #5 (which named it *Allan M. Baum*) and was used as a backup locomotive. Pickens sold off #5 to SMS Rail Service in 2001, becoming their #102.
When the Pickens expanded in the early 1990s, it acquired a pair of ALCO S1s numbered 6 and 7. These were repowered with Caterpillar prime movers. Number 6 remained on the property, stored inoperable, until 2010 when it was scrapped onsite.
In 2000, the Pickens acquired a fleet of former CSX GE U18Bs numbered 9500-9508. One (9501) is used for parts
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# A Girl in Black
***A Girl in Black*** (*Το Κορίτσι με τα Μαύρα*) is a 1956 Greek dramatic film by the Cypriot director Michael Cacoyannis starring Dimitris Horn and Ellie Lambeti. The film takes place on the Greek island of Hydra, where two Athenian visitors become entangled in local feuds after one of them falls in love with a local girl.
It was one of the first Greek films to achieve international recognition (Golden Globe award).
## Cast
- Ellie Lambeti as Marina
- Dimitris Horn as Pavlos
- Giorgos Foundas as Hristos
- Eleni Zafeiriou as Froso
- Stephanos Stratigos as Panagis
- Notis Peryalis as Antonis
- Anestis Vlahos as Mitsos
- Thanassis Veggos as policeman
- Nikos Fermas as Aristeidis
## Awards
The film was among the six Best Foreign Language Film award winners of the 14th Golden Globe Awards. It was also nominated for a Golden Palm Award at the 1956 Cannes Film Festival
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# Trey Hodges
**Trey Alan Hodges** (born June 29, 1978) is an American former professional baseball pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Atlanta Braves and for the Hanshin Tigers of the Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB).
## Career
In `{{By|2008}}`{=mediawiki}, Hodges pitched for the Double-A Frisco RoughRiders in the Texas Rangers organization. On February 27, `{{By|2009}}`{=mediawiki}, he signed a contract with the independent Lancaster Barnstormers of the Atlantic League.
He last played professionally in 2009 with the independent Lancaster Barnstormers.
His brother, Kevin Hodges, also played in the major leagues and Nippon Professional Baseball. Trey pitched at LSU where he won a national title and MOP in the 2000 College World Series
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# British Ever Ready Electrical Company
The **British Ever Ready Electrical Company** (**BEREC**) was a British electrical firm formed in 1906 as the export branch of the American Eveready Battery Company. In 1914 it became independent of its American parent company.
For decades the firm dominated the UK consumer battery market and had several factories in the UK, the largest of which was built at Tanfield Lea, County Durham, in 1968. Other factories included Dawley, Four Ashes, Maldon, Newburn, London (Victoria Works, Forest Road and from 1936, the St Ann\'s Works in Harringay) and Park Lane, Wolverhampton. The company\'s research effort was centred upon the Central Laboratories, later known as Group Technical Centre, in St. Ann\'s Road, Harringay, London N15. The company\'s head office was Ever Ready House in Whetstone, London N20. Overseas manufacturing sites included South Africa, Nigeria, Sri Lanka and Jamaica. The company also included UK engineering divisions: Cramic Engineering and Toolrite.
In 1972, the company acquired J. A. Crabtree & Co, a manufacturer of electrical accessories.
The company was the subject of a hostile takeover by Hanson Trust in 1981. Hanson closed factories, cut jobs and sold the German (Daimon) and Italian (Superpila) subsidiaries to Duracell. Shortly before this the British Ever Ready Electrical Company changed its name to Berec Group. From the 1950s the BEREC name was only used for exports of batteries and radio sets (as British Ever Ready Export Company). Some Daimon batteries were branded BEREC as were some produced in Switzerland. One of Hanson\'s first decisions was to revert from BEREC to Ever Ready as the UK brand.
In 1992, the company was sold by Hanson Trust to Ralston Purina, owners of the American Eveready company, and is now a part of Energizer Holdings. The company closed Tanfield Lea, its last UK factory, in 1996. Production of some Ever Ready batteries (PP6, PP7 and PP9) continued in the UK until 1999 by Univercell Battery Company, near the old Dawley factory, using the original machinery. Univercell moved to Stafford Park 12 and was sold to the AceOn Group in 2012; AceOn continued to manufacture Ever Ready batteries for specialist applications.
The company was also a producer of torches and bicycle lamps. Ever Ready also manufactured radios from 1934 up until 1964. Ever Ready owned a controlling interest in Lissen (radio sets mostly) from 1928. With the 1922 founder of Lissen forming Vidor in 1934, Ever Ready took over Lissen completely. Many models of radio set were manufactured in both Lissen and Ever Ready versions until 1941, when the Blitz ended production. From 1942 until 1945 only one Ever Ready radio model was produced. In 1981 three \"offshore\" models were produced, one from Hong Kong and two from Malaysia. The \"Saucepan Special\" radio was sold in large numbers to Africa. The Dawley factory was originally set up primarily to make B103 and B136 batteries for the Saucepan radio
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# AME School
The **Association of Modern Education School** (or **AME School**) was opened in early 1972 and ran as an independent community based school in Canberra until late 1996.
## History
### Establishment
Planning for the foundation of the school began around 1970 and the school took over the disused government school buildings in the Canberra suburb of Duntroon, which had recently closed. The AME school first opened in February 1972 with Robin McConnell as headmaster. The school was a progressively run educational institution, which sought to foster an atmosphere in which kids were encouraged to develop their own particular talents, instead of sticking to a rigid set curriculum. The school enrolled students from Kindergarten to year 10.
Being socially and politically progressive, the school attracted an interesting and eclectic mix of students, many being the children of ANU academics and staff. Australian Senator Susan Ryan and former UN chief weapons inspector and diplomat Richard Butler were amongst the community of parents. Parent participation in the school curriculum was encouraged, strengthening strong ties and friendships between the school and families. Kids called teachers by their first names, which was unusual for the time at government schools in the ACT. The school was featured in the book *Good Australian Schools and Their Communities*, published in 1973. The AME school also pioneered the teaching of the Japanese language in ACT schools, with the employment of [Saeko Ogi](https://web.archive.org/web/20071008221057/http://www.basis.act.gov.au/DUSLibrary/ImagesACT.nsf/3506a89b45287c52ca256abc000c49a8/6404b8b313e2f6344a256cc800823bd5!OpenDocument) as Japanese teacher in 1973.
In 1974, Bernie Perrett took over as headmaster and remained at the school until early 1994. 1974 also marked the start of the long step to develop the school on a new site at Weston. During early 1978, the school moved from Duntroon to more permanent newly purpose-built school buildings in the Canberra suburb of Weston. Facilities at the new school were improved over those in Duntroon. The new school buildings were also largely constructed of wood to give the design and structure of the new school an organic feel. Some AME students were involved in Canberra\'s punk music and alternative arts scenes.
During 1988, AME School librarian, Ann Furnass, edited a book in 1988 covering the history of the school, \"*The AME School An Historical Record*\". Former teacher Steve Shann also published the book \"*AME School: School Portrait*\" in 1987.
In 1992, there was a proposal to fully integrate the AME school with the ACT Government school system. However the idea floundered after the ACT Teachers Union amongst other things, knocked the idea on the head, due to compatibility issues. It felt the idea of having a school principal having selection over teaching staff was outside the scope of the Unions control. It came out fighting against the proposal.
### Closure
From 1994, the AME principal was Judith Norris. 1994 was to be a difficult year for AME financially but a short term grant from the ACT Government, staved off disaster. By the end of 1995, Judith Norris had moved on. The school council then appointed Kevin Nicholson, as the new AME school principal. Formerly of Bacchus Marsh Grammar, the appointment of Nicholson was designed to complete the restructuring that the AME school had been going through.
The AME School had continued to run and teach students successfully but around this time, the school had also started to come under pressure with the level of its enrolment numbers. As a consequence, AME as a functioning school, was forced to close its doors during late 1996. The school buildings were then sold to the nearby Orana School, a Rudolf Steiner school, to pay off debts including the AME schools bank overdraft.
## Subsequent developments {#subsequent_developments}
In early 2003, the Canberra bushfires narrowly missed destroying the former buildings of the school, as the nearby Stromlo pine forests were decimated by fire. The area has also faced a number of other challenges, including nearby land development by the ACT Government, which has occurred progressively, since the early 1990s.
During 2010, a group of former AME teachers and students decided to set up an ambitious project to try to bring all the former students, teachers and parents, back together again. The reunion ended up taking place at the former AME site at Weston, on Sunday 18 November 2012. This featured events, displays and history of the AME school. This was attended by many former teachers, parents and students of the school from Australia and overseas. This marked the 40th anniversary of the original concept of the school and its philosophy. There are plans possibly, to hold more such events in Canberra, in the future.
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# AME School
## Notable alumni {#notable_alumni}
- Andrew Barr`{{spaced endash}}`{=mediawiki}MLA, ACT Minister for Education and Training, Tourism, Sport and Recreation, Industrial Relations, Planning. Chief Minister of the A.C.T. (2014 onwards)
- Michael Brissenden`{{spaced endash}}`{=mediawiki}ABC TV, radio news and current affairs journalist
- Kate Buchdahl`{{spaced endash}}`{=mediawiki}classical violinist
- Ben Butler`{{spaced endash}}`{=mediawiki}New York City-based session guitarist, sideman and composer
- Steve Dargavel`{{spaced endash}}`{=mediawiki}former MP, local member for electorate of Fraser (1997--1998); currently Acting AMWU Victorian Secretary
- Liam Egan`{{spaced endash}}`{=mediawiki}Australian film industry Sound Designer. AACTA Award for Best Sound, Australian Film Institute Award for Best Achievement in Sound in a Non-Feature Film
- Deej Fabyc`{{spaced endash}}`{=mediawiki}contemporary artist known for her performance and installation work
- First Dog on the Moon`{{spaced endash}}`{=mediawiki}also known as Andrew Marlton, cartoonist for Crikey
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# Strong Rock Christian School
**Strong Rock Christian School** is a private PK3--12 Christian school in Locust Grove, Georgia, United States.
## Academics
Strong Rock is split into three schools.
- Elementary School (preK 3--4)
- Academy (grades 5--8)
- High School (grades 9--12)
Strong Rock is accredited by AdvancED.
## Athletics
Athletic programs offered include football, baseball, basketball, wrestling, cross country, track and field, soccer, golf, softball, volleyball, cheerleading, lacrosse, swim, shotgun shooting, and tennis.
### Boys\' soccer {#boys_soccer}
In 2013, Strong Rock Christian School varsity boys\' soccer team made it to the first round of the 2013 GHSA Class A Boys\' Soccer State Tournament, losing to Brookstone School 0--1. In 2014, Strong Rock the soccer team made it to the first round of the 2014 Class A Boys\' Soccer State Tournament, where they played two-time Class A State Champion Savannah Country Day School. Strong Rock Christian School lost to Savannah Country Day School in penalty kicks, with a score of 1-1 (3-5 PK).
### Girls\' basketball {#girls_basketball}
In 2012, Strong Rock Christian School varsity girls\' basketball team made it to the preliminary round of the 2012 GHSA Class A Girls\' Basketball State Tournament, losing to Trion High School 39--51. In 2013, the girls\' basketball team made it to the first round of the 2013 GHSA Class A Private Girls\' Basketball State Tournament, losing to St. Francis 13--67. However, after the loss of a NAIA senior who played for Belhaven University, Strong Rock Christian School did not qualify for the 2014 GHSA Class A Girls\' Basketball State Tournament.
### Girls\' soccer {#girls_soccer}
In 2010, Strong Rock Christian School varsity girls\' soccer team won the GISA Class AA Region 1 Regional Championship. They then advanced to the 2010 GISA Class AA Girls\' Soccer State Tournament, losing in the quarterfinals. In 2011, when Strong Rock Christian School joined the GHSA, the varsity girls\' soccer team made it to the second round of the 2011 GHSA Class A Girls\' Soccer State Tournament with a bye in the first round, losing to Fellowship Christian School 0--10. In 2012, the varsity girls\' soccer team made it again to the second round of the 2012 GHSA Class A Girls\' Soccer State Tournament, beating Providence Christian Academy 3-2 before losing to Pace Academy 1--3. In 2013, the varsity girls\' soccer team captured its first GHSA Area 4 Championship and secured a bye for the first round of the 2013 GHSA Class A Girls\' Soccer State Tournament. In the second round of the 2013 Class A Girls\' Soccer State Tournament, Strong Rock Christian School lost to Savannah Country Day School 2--3. In 2014, due to the loss of two NCAA Division II seniors who played for Young Harris College and one NCAA Division III senior who played for Berry College, Strong Rock Christian School did not qualify for the 2014 GHSA Class A Girls\' Soccer State Tournament.
### Softball
In 2010, Strong Rock Christian School varsity softball team made it pass the 2010 GHSA Class A Softball State Playoffs and made it to the 2nd round of the 2010 GHSA Class A Softball State Tournament, where they lost to State runner-up Providence Christian Academy 0--1. In the loser bracket of the 2010 GHSA Class A Softball State Tournament, the varsity softball team lost 5--9 against Bryan County High School. In 2011, the varsity softball team only made it to the 2011 GHSA Class A Softball State Playoffs, where they lost to Wesleyan School 0--2. In 2012, the varsity softball team made it to the 2012 GHSA Class A Private Softball State Playoffs, where they lost to Athens Christian School 2-6 and 1-3 respectively. In 2013, the varsity softball team made it past the 2013 GHSA Class A Private Softball State Playoffs, and made it to the quarterfinals of the 2013 GHSA Class A Private Softball State Tournament, where they lost to Prince Avenue Christian School 4--5. In the loser bracket of the GHSA Class A Private Softball State Tournament, they lost to First Presbyterian Day School 0--4. In 2014, the varsity softball team made it only to the 2014 GHSA Class A Softball State Playoffs, where they lost to First Presbyterian Day School 0-5 and 0-11 respectively.
### Volleyball
In 2010, Strong Rock Christian School varsity volleyball team made it to the 2010 GHSA Class A Volleyball State Playoffs, and lost to Westminster School in the first round 0--3. In 2011, Strong Rock Christian School made it to the 2011 GHSA Class A Volleyball State Playoffs and lost to Athens Academy in the first round again, 0--3. In 2012, the varsity volleyball team lost to The Walker School 0--3 in the first round of the 2012 GHSA Class A Volleyball State Playoffs. In 2013, due to the loss of a NAIA senior who played for Point University, Strong Rock Christian School Varsity Volleyball Team did not see any postseason action. In 2014, the varsity volleyball team recovered from the previous year and made it to the first round of the 2014 GHSA Class A State Volleyball Playoffs, where they lost to The Walker School 0-3 again. Strong Rock Christian School has never made it to the GHSA Class A State Volleyball Tournament
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# Archias of Corinth
**Archias, son of Anaxidotos** (*Ἀρχίας Ἀναξιδότου Πελλαῖος*) was a quasi-mythological Corinthian citizen and founder (oekist) of the colony of Syracuse in Sicily, Magna Graecia.
## Legend
Archias fell in love with the son of Melissus, named Actaeon (distinct from Actaeon, son of Aristaeus) -- the most handsome and modest youth of his age in the city -- and proceeded to court him. Finding that \"no fair means or persuasion\" prevailed upon the youth, Archias made plans to kidnap him. Under the guise of inviting himself to Melissus\' house in order to take part in a feast, Archias and his accomplices laid hands on the boy and attempted to spirit him away. The family resisted, and in the ensuing tug of war Actaeon was torn apart.
Melissus demanded justice of the Corinthians, but was ignored by them. In return he climbed to the top of Poseidon\'s temple, invoked the god\'s wrath as vengeance for his son\'s murder and threw himself onto the rocks. A great drought and famine resulted, and the oracle, upon being consulted, announced that the death of Actaeon had to be avenged. Archias went into voluntary exile, and led a group of Corinthians into Sicily where they established the colony of Syracuse.
After establishing the town and fathering two daughters, Archias was \"treacherously\" slain by Telephus, whom he had taken advantage of when Telephus was still a boy
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# David Glacier
The **David Glacier** (75 19 S 162 00 E) is a glacier over 600 nmi long, flowing east from the polar plateau through the Prince Albert Mountains to the coast of Victoria Land, Antarctica. It enters Ross Sea between Cape Philippi and Cape Reynolds to form the floating Drygalski Ice Tongue. It is the most imposing outlet glacier in Victoria Land. It is fed by two main flows which drain an area larger than 200,000 square kilometres, with an estimated ice discharge rate of 7.8 +/- 0.7 km^3^/year. The David Glacier was discovered by Ernest Shackleton\'s \"Northern Party,\" in November 1908, under the leadership of Prof. T.W. Edgeworth David, of Sydney University, for whom the feature was named.
## Location
The David Glacier flows eastward in a broad stream that gradually narrows towards the coast. The northern flow drains from Talos Dome to the Ross Sea, but the main branch of the stream is fed by a network of tributaries which drain a common area of the inner plateau around Dome C and converge in a spectacular icefall known as the David Cauldron. Mount Kring, Mount Wood and the Martin Nunataks are to the north of the David Glacier\'s head. The Ricker Hills and Trio Nunataks are to the south. The Hollingsworth Glacier joins the David Glacier from the southeast to the east of the Trio Nunataks. East of this the glacier descends through the David Cauldron, then continues east. It is joined from the north by the Woodberry Glacier, flowing between Evans Heights and Mount Fearon, and past Mount Priestley to the east. In its lower section the David Glacier flows past the D\'Urville Wall, Mount Neumayer and Cape Philippi to the north, in the Prince Albert Mountains, and past Hughes Bluff and Cape Reynolds to the south, to form the Drygalski Ice Tongue, which enters the Ross Sea between Relief Inlet to the north and Geikie Inlet to the south.
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# David Glacier
## Features
Features of the glacier, its tributaries and the terrain through which they flow include:
### Mount Kring {#mount_kring}
. A sharply defined nunatak on the northern margin of the upper reaches of David Glacier, 13 nmi southwest of Mount Wood. Previously uncharted, it was used (with Mount Wood) as a reference for establishing a United States Antarctic Research Program (USARP) field party on Nov. 6, 1962. Named by D.B.McC. Rainey of the Cartographic Branch of the New Zealand Dept. of Lands and Survey for Staff Sergeant Arthur L. Kring, USMC, navigator on many United States Navy VX-6 Squadron flights during the 1962--63 season when New Zealand field parties received logistic support by that squadron.
### Mount Wood {#mount_wood}
. An isolated nunatak lying northward of David Glacier and 13 nmi northeast of Mount Kring. Named by D.B. McC. Rainey of the Cartographic Branch of the New Zealand Dept. of Lands and Survey. Named after the foster parents of Staff Sgt. Arthur L. Kring, USMC, navigator with the United States Navy VX-6 Squadron which provided logistic support for the NZGSAE (1962--63).
### Martin Nunataks {#martin_nunataks}
. Two isolated nunataks situated along the northern margin of David Glacier, 9 nmi southeast of Mount Wood. Mapped by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) from surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1956--62. Named by the United States Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) for Robert D. Martin, USGS topographic engineer at McMurdo Station, 1961--62.
### Hollingsworth Glacier {#hollingsworth_glacier}
. A broad glacier of low gradient, draining the vicinity east of the Ricker Hills and flowing northeast to enter David Glacier just east of Trio Nunataks. Mapped by USGS from surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1956--62. Named by US-ACAN for Jerry L. Hollingsworth, meteorologist with the South Pole Station winter party, 1966.
### David Cauldron {#david_cauldron}
75 20 S 160 50 E. An icefall of turbulent iceblocks on the David Glacier. Named by the Southern Party of the NZGSAE, 1962--63, in association with David Glacier.
### Woodberry Glacier {#woodberry_glacier}
. A small tributary glacier flowing south between Evans Heights and Mount Fearon to the north side of David Glacier. Mapped by USGS from surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1956--62. Named by US-ACAN for Barry D. Woodberry, ionospheric physicist with the South Pole Station winter party, 1966.
### D\'Urville Wall {#durville_wall}
. A great glacier-cut wall of granite which rises to 720 m high and forms the north wall of David Glacier near its terminus. Discovered by the British Antarctic Expedition, 1907--09, under Shackleton. He named this feature for Admiral Jules Dumont d\'Urville.
### Cape Philippi {#cape_philippi}
. A rock cape rising abruptly to 490 m high along the coast of Victoria Land, marking the north side of the terminus of David Glacier. Discovered by the British Antarctic Expedition, 1907--09, under Shackleton, who named this feature for Emil Philippi, distinguished geologist, who was a member of the GerAE, 1901--03, under Drygalski.
### Hughes Bluff {#hughes_bluff}
75 24 S 162 12 E. A conspicuous rock and ice bluff, 310 m high, along the south side of David Glacier, 6 nmi west of Cape Reynolds. Mapped by USGS from surveys and United States Navy tricamera aerial photography, 1957--62. Named by US-ACAN for Garrett A. Hughes, USARP researcher (cosmic radiation) at McMurdo Station in 1966.
### Cape Reynolds {#cape_reynolds}
. A rocky cape marking the south side of the terminus of David Glacier. Discovered by the British Antarctic Expedition, 1907--09, under Shackleton, who probably named this feature for Jeremiah (John) N. Reynolds, an American who long agitated for exploration of the Antarctic, and who was one of the principal promoters of the United States Exploring Expedition, 1838--42.
### Geikie Inlet {#geikie_inlet}
. An inlet along the coast of Victoria Land, formed between the cliffs of the Drygalski Ice Tongue on the north and Lamplugh Island and the seaward extension of Clarke Glacier on the south. Discovered by the British National Antarctic Expedition, 1901--04, under Scott, who named it after Sir Archibald Geikie, who gave much assistance in preparing the expedition
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# High Park, Edmonton
**High Park** is a neighbourhood in west Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. The neighbourhood became a part of Edmonton when the Town of Jasper Place amalgamated with Edmonton in 1964.
The neighbourhood is bounded on the north by 111 Avenue, on the south by 107 Avenue, on the east by 149 Street, and on the west by 156 Street.
Most of the residential construction in the neighbourhood occurred between the end of World War II and 1970. It was during this period that about 85% of the residences were built. According to the 2001 Federal Census, approximately four out of five residences in the neighbourhood are owner occupied with only one out of five being rented. The residences in the neighbourhood are almost exclusively single-family dwellings, which make up approximately 96% of the residences.
There is a single school in the neighbourhood, High Park Elementary School.
The community is represented by the High Park Community League, established in 1959, which maintains a community hall and outdoor rink located at 154 Street and 110 Avenue.
## Demographics
In the City of Edmonton\'s 2012 municipal census, High Park had a population of `{{nts|1389}}`{=mediawiki} living in `{{nts|646}}`{=mediawiki} dwellings, a -8% change from its 2009 population of `{{nts|1510}}`{=mediawiki}. With a land area of 0.72 km2, it had a population density of `{{nts|1929.2}}`{=mediawiki} people/km^2^ in 2012.
## High Park Industrial {#high_park_industrial}
The industrial area directly north of High Park is referred to as High Park Industrial. This area is bordered by 114th Avenue to the north, 111th Avenue to the south, 149 Street to the east, and 156 Street to the west.
## Surrounding neighbourhoods {#surrounding_neighbourhoods}
The neighbourhood is surrounded by a mixture of residential and industrial neighbourhoods. Residential neighbourhoods include Britannia Youngstown, Canora, Grovenor, Mayfield, and McQueen. In addition to High Park Industrial, two other surrounding industrial neighborhoods are Huff Bremner Estate, and Sheffield Industrial
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# Alcido Nguenha
**Alcido Nguenha** (born 31 May 1958) is a Mozambican politician. He was the Minister of Education and Culture from his first appointment in 2000 under then President Joaquim Chissano. He was reappointed by President Armando Guebuza upon his election 2004. He left the post in 2005
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# Inferior longitudinal fasciculus
The **inferior longitudinal fasciculus** (**ILF**) is traditionally considered one of the major occipitotemporal association tracts. It is the white matter backbone of the ventral visual stream. It connects the ventral surface of the anterior temporal lobe and the extrastriate cortex of the occipital lobe, running along the lateral and inferior wall of the lateral ventricle.
The existence of this fasciculus and its anatomical description have been the subject of several mutually conflicting studies. Some authors denied its existence because of the unclear results obtained in non-human brains.
Using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), several authors have confirmed the presence of this constant longitudinal pathway in humans.
Some other studies of the ILF based on Klingler\'s dissection method (a type of white matter blunt dissection, providing reliable data on the anatomy of major fibre bundles and, in some cases, additional tractography not only confirmed the classical descriptions of the direct connection between occipital and temporal regions but also sought to detail the subcomponents of this association tract.
Four branches were consistently identified: a fusiform branch connecting the fusiform gyrus to the anterior temporal regions; a dorsolateral occipital branch connecting the superior, middle and inferior occipital gyri to the anterior temporal regions; a lingual branch connecting the lingual gyrus to the anterior part of the middle temporal gyrus; and a minor cuneal branch connecting the cuneus to the anterior mesial temporal gyri.
## Functions of the ILF {#functions_of_the_ilf}
Summarising studies from healthy individuals, intraoperative and lesional findings, this white matter bundle supports functions linked to the ventral visual stream such as object recognition and face perception, Likewise, disorders linked to this white matter tract are disorders with perturbed visual perception such as associative visual agnosia, prosopagnosia, visual amnesia, visual hypo-emotionality; but also some forms of autism spectrum disorders, schizophrenia and alexia.
ILF supports brain functions concerning the visual modality, including object, face and place processing, reading, lexical and semantic processing, emotion processing, and visual memory. Based on these recent findings ILF can be described as a multi-functional white matter pathway involved in visually guided behavior (See Herbet et al. for review)
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# Alfred Gregory
**Alfred Gregory** FBIPP, FRPS (Hon) (12 February 1913 -- 9 February 2010) was a British mountaineer, explorer and professional photographer. A member of the 1953 British Mount Everest Expedition that made the first ascent of Mount Everest, he was in charge of stills photography and, as a climbing member of the team, reached 28,000 feet (8,500 metres) in support of the successful Hillary-Tenzing assault on the summit.
## Early life {#early_life}
The son of a grocer, Gregory was aged three when his father was killed in World War I. Gregory was educated at Blackpool Grammar School, Lancashire. Before World War II he climbed extensively in the Lake District of England, Scotland and the Alps, and during the 1940s he led several new routes in Britain. During the war he became a Major in the Black Watch, serving in North Africa and Italy. In 1952 he joined Eric Shipton's Cho Oyu expedition.
During the 1950s he led several expeditions to the greater ranges. These included the 1955 Merseyside Himalayan Expedition to Rolwaling and the Gauri Sankar massif, where a plane table survey was made and 19 peaks were climbed, including Parchamo. Then to Distaghil Sar (1957), Ama Dablam (1958), the Karakoram and the Cordillera Blanca in Peru.
## Photography
For 20 years he worked freelance for Kodak UK, lecturing on photography and presenting his pictures to large audiences throughout Britain and Europe.
He spent a lifetime travelling on photographic assignments around the world and his pictures were regularly syndicated to 35 countries. Along with his wife Sue he produced many photojournalistic picture stories through the Tom Blau Camera Press News Agency in London. His work has been exhibited throughout Britain, France, Belgium, America, Africa, Poland and Australia.
In 2002 they held a joint exhibition at the 80 Gold Street Gallery, in Collingwood, Victoria, with photographs of \'Walls, Doors and Windows\'.
## Death
Gregory died \"peacefully in his sleep\" on 9 February 2010 in Emerald, Victoria, where he spent the last 15 years of his life with wife Suzanne. He was three days shy of his 97th birthday
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# Ageing, Disability and Home Care NSW
**Ageing, Disability and Home Care NSW** (**ADHC**) was a division of the Department of Family and Community Services in the Government of New South Wales that is responsible for the provision of services to older people, people with a disability, and their families and carers in the state of New South Wales, Australia.
The ADHC division supports approximately 300,000 vulnerable people from its annual budget of `{{A$}}`{=mediawiki}2.5 billion. It employs more than 13,000 staff. ADHC delivers services and manages 900 non-government and local government service providers that are funded to deliver services such as early intervention, therapy, respite, supported accommodation, case management and post-school programs.
## Structure
Nine business streams and two offices deliver ADHC services for older people, people with a disability (particularly those with an intellectual disability) and their carers across six regions in NSW.
- Accommodation Policy and Development: oversees the development and funding of programs and policies to support people with a disability requiring accommodation options
- Respite and Carers: manages the development and funding of programs and policies related to respite services, including respite expansion and integration of a range of respite models
- Community Access: responsible for the development and funding of programs related to access to early intervention and prevention services, community based support (such as community access teams), and participation in the community or workforce. Also provides strategic advice to program and policy areas to enhance access for culturally and linguistically diverse communities.
- Home Care: manages the Home Care Service of NSW by providing strategic policy direction and undertaking program development activities to enhance service quality for clients, including clients with acquired brain injuries, acquired physical disabilities and sensory disabilities
- Aboriginal Service Development and Delivery: develops policies and programs to enhance access to all ADHC programs for Aboriginal communities in NSW. Provides strategic advice to ensure inclusive practices for Aboriginal people in mainstream services
- Large Residential Centres and Specialist Supported Living: develops contemporary, supported living options for current residents of large residential centres, focusing on greater links to the community and participation in community activities for clients
- Sector Development: oversees the development of policies and funding for the non-government sector to ensure quality services, including building the capacity of the service system to better respond to individual needs
- Community Care: oversees the management of the Home and Community Care (HACC) program in NSW collaboratively with the Australian government. Works with key stakeholders to improve community care services for older people, including health
- Prevention and Pathways: develops policies and strategic initiatives to enhance access to mainstream and community supports. Oversees the development of policies and reform agendas to reshape the service system to be person centred and focused on the life span of a person with a disability
Two offices also provide specialist services and support:
- Office of the Senior Practitioner: provides leadership and coordination of services for people with complex needs and challenging behaviour
- Office for Ageing: undertakes social issues research and develops strategic policy on issues that impact older people and their potential to actively participate in the community
## Ancillary functions {#ancillary_functions}
The agency also funds the NSW Disability Council and the Home Care Service of NSW. These are statutory authorities which report directly to the Minister and are not subject to ADHC direction.
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# Ageing, Disability and Home Care NSW
## Complaints about service provision {#complaints_about_service_provision}
In 2004 under a special report to the NSW Parliament, the New South Wales Ombudsman raised concerns about the way services to children and young people with disability were being provided in NSW. The Ombudsman found that for families seeking support to care for children with disabilities, there was lack of clarity about how to access support and that the service system was fragmented and was characterised by poor coordination of support. A subsequent progress report in 2006 highlighted that while progress had been made to improve systems to support the provision of disability services, there had been no evaluation of the longer-term impacts of the reforms on families requiring those services. In response to these reports, the Iemma government released *Stronger Together*, a 10-year plan to improve and expand services to people with disability and their families. The first five years were funded through an investment of A\$1.3 billion and set out plans to increase capacity of the disability service system by 40 per cent. A subsequent four-year plan, released in February 2007 entitled *Better Together*, focused on improving \'universal\' and \'adapted\' services: such as childcare; school; before and after school care; and vacation care.
Between May and August 2010, the NSW Ombudsman consulted with over 300 parents and carers of children with disabilities in order to report against progress at the mid-way point of *Stronger Together*. A change in government delayed the release of the report. In its assessment of making access to disability services simple, in June 2011 the Ombudsman reported that: `{{blockquote|Families told us that in their experience many health practitioners, social workers, and even some ADHC staff, lack knowledge about the specialist disability service system.}}`{=mediawiki} `{{blockquote|....that their calls to ADHC to seek assistance had not been returned, or there had been extensive delays before they received a call back. This included people who had reapplied for ADHC support after previously receiving some assistance. Other families said that they had received a swift response after contacting ADHC, including a home visit and assessment, but had heard nothing afterwards. Some parents and carers told us that they believed that they were on a waiting list for support, but when they contacted ADHC, found out that there was no record of their contact or they had not been added to the relevant waiting list.}}`{=mediawiki} `{{blockquote|...the work has been slow to date, and it is not yet clear whether the actions will address the problems raised by families
| 422 |
Ageing, Disability and Home Care NSW
| 1 |
11,079,180 |
# Patriotic Country
**Patriotic Country** is a series of three albums featuring American patriotic-themed country music. The series, which has sold over 400,000 copies, is part of Music For a Cause, a record label committed to using the power of song, to help raise awareness and funds for worthy charities. By combining philanthropy with entertainment, they provide a benefit to both those in need and those who contribute. The Patriotic Country series benefits charities related to the Armed Forces such as the USO, Our Military Kids, and the Armed Forces YMCA.
## *Patriotic Country* {#patriotic_country}
Released in 2004, *Patriotic Country* was the first CD released in the Patriotic Country Series. Track 4 on the first album was exclusive to the album. Proceeds from sales of the first album benefit the USO and several other military-related charities. Lee Greenwood and the Warren Brothers were the official spokesman for PC1. `{{Infobox album
| italic_title = no
| name = Patriotic Country
| type = Compilation
| artist = Various artists
| cover = PatrioticCountry.jpg
| alt =
| released = June 15, 2004
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Country music]]
| length = 68:58
| label = [[BMG Heritage Records|BMG Heritage]] <br> [[Music For a Cause]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Music ratings|title=''Patriotic Country''
| rev1 = [[Allmusic]]
| rev1Score = {{Rating|3|5}} [{{AllMusic|class=album|id=r694085|pure_url=yes}} link]
| rev2 = ''[[The Village Voice]]''
| rev2Score = C−<ref name="CG">{{cite news|last=Christgau|first=Robert|authorlink=Robert Christgau|date=November 30, 2004|url=https://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/cg/cgvts-04.php|title=Consumer Guide: Mine Enemy the Turkey|newspaper=[[The Village Voice]]|accessdate=December 13, 2016}}</ref>
}}`{=mediawiki}
### Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"God Bless the USA\" - Lee Greenwood (3:30)
2. \"My Town\" - Montgomery Gentry (4:26)
3. \"Till My Dyin\' Day\" - Brooks & Dunn (3:06)
4. \"God Bless America\" - Martina McBride (3:31)
5. \"Where the Stars and Stripes and the Eagle Fly\" - Aaron Tippin (3:48)
6. \"I\'m Already There\" - Lonestar (4:14)
7. \"America Will Always Stand\" - Randy Travis (3:58)
8. \"American Child\" - Phil Vassar (3:13)
9. \"Back Where I Come From\" - Kenny Chesney (4:11)
10. \"Born Country\" - Alabama (3:18)
11. \"I\'m Your Biggest Fan\" - Neal McCoy (4:05)
12. \"America Will Survive\" - Hank Williams, Jr. (4:52)
13. \"Days of America\" - BlackHawk (3:00)
14. \"This Ain\'t No Rag, It\'s a Flag\" - Charlie Daniels Band (3:32)
15. \"Hey Mr. President\" - The Warren Brothers (4:17)
16. \"Riding With Private Malone\" - David Ball (4:34)
17. \"One Last Time\" - Dusty Drake (3:49)
18. \"Homeland\" - Kenny Rogers (3:34)
### Charts
Chart Position
-------------------------------------- ----------
U.S. *Billboard* The Billboard 200 65
U.S. *Billboard* Top Country Albums 9
U.S. *Billboard* Top Internet Albums 65
| 450 |
Patriotic Country
| 0 |
11,079,180 |
# Patriotic Country
## *Patriotic Country 2* {#patriotic_country_2}
The second album in the series, *Patriotic Country 2*, was released in 2005. A portion of the proceeds of this album benefits the Armed Services YMCA. For more than 140 years, ASYMCA has provided essential support services to the families of junior enlisted military service members & the individuals on the front lines defending nation. "Patriotic Country" was included in the ASYMCA "Send a CD to a Soldier" campaign. The CDs were included in Care Packages and distributed to the troops by the Armed Services YMCA. The gifts were given to a service-member randomly chosen by the Armed Services YMCA. Thoughtful gifts, reminders of home, and inspirational patriotic music are sure to lift the spirits of active-duty troops, making this program in line with Music For a Cause's mission. Buddy Jewell and Chely Wright co-hosted a TV special on GAC that featured performances from Patriotic Country 2.
### Track listing {#track_listing_1}
1. \"If the World Had a Front Porch\" - Tracy Lawrence (3:06)
2. \"You Do Your Thing\" - Montgomery Gentry (3:42)
3. \"Have You Forgotten?\" - Darryl Worley (4:02)
4. \"The Bumper of My SUV\" - Chely Wright (4:40)
5. \"A Country Boy Can Survive\" - Hank Williams, Jr. (4:17)
6. \"Living in the Promiseland\" - Willie Nelson (3:21)
7. \"Somebody\'s Someone\" - Lonestar (4:19)
8. \"This Is God\" - Phil Vassar (3:32)
9. \"Sweet Southern Comfort\" - Buddy Jewell (3:31)
10. \"You\'ve Got to Stand for Something\" - Aaron Tippin (3:02)
11. \"Okie from Muskogee\" - Merle Haggard (2:41)
12. \"American Made\" - The Oak Ridge Boys (2:39)
13. \"Some Gave All\" - Billy Ray Cyrus (4:06)
14. \"Down Home\" - Alabama (3:26)
15. \"They Also Serve\" - John Conlee (3:31)
16. \"Ragged Old Flag\" - Johnny Cash (3:09)
17. \"America the Beautiful\" (live) - Elvis Presley (2:15)
### Charts {#charts_1}
Chart Position
---------------------------------------- ----------
U.S. *Billboard* The Billboard 200 125
U.S. *Billboard* Top Country Albums 22
U.S. *Billboard* Top Compilation Album 6
| 333 |
Patriotic Country
| 1 |
11,079,180 |
# Patriotic Country
## *Patriotic Country 3* {#patriotic_country_3}
The third album in the series, *Patriotic Country 3*, was released in 2008. Proceeds from this album benefited Our Military Kids. Our Military Kids provides tangible support to the children of deployed and severely injured National Guard and Military Reserve personnel through grants for enrichment activities and tutoring. These activities nurture and sustain the children during the time a parent is away in service to our country. `{{Infobox album
| italic_title = no
| name = Patriotic Country 3
| type = Compilation
| artist = Various artists
| cover = PatrioticCountry3.jpg
| alt =
| released = June 24, 2008
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Country music]]
| length = 63:27
| label = [[Razor & Tie]] <br> [[Music For a Cause]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}`{=mediawiki}
### Track listing {#track_listing_2}
1. \"A Lot of Things Different\" - Kenny Chesney (4:43)
2. \"Letters from Home\" - John Michael Montgomery (4:28)
3. \"Blessed\" - Martina McBride (4:36)
4. \"My Front Porch Looking In\" - Lonestar (3:32)
5. \"Politically Uncorrect\" - Gretchen Wilson and Merle Haggard (3:24)
6. \"I\'m from the Country\" - Tracy Byrd (3:37)
7. \"One More Day\" - Diamond Rio (3:36)
8. \"The Last of a Dying Breed\" - Neal McCoy (3:03)
9. \"The Long Arm of the Law\" - Kenny Rogers (4:18)
10. \"The Fightin\' Side of Me\" - Merle Haggard (2:51)
11. \"Not Me\" - Keni Thomas with Vince Gill and Emmylou Harris (4:01)
12. \"God Bless America\" - LeAnn Rimes (3:05)
13. \"If I Don\'t Make It Back\" - Tracy Lawrence (4:03)
14. \"America\" - Waylon Jennings (3:44)
15. \"What Say You\" - Travis Tritt and John Mellencamp (3:20)
16. \"Everyday America\" - Sugarland (3:52)
17. \"Heroes and Friends\" - Randy Travis (3:14)
### Charts {#charts_2}
Chart Position
---------------------------------------- ----------
U.S. *Billboard* The Billboard 200 162
U.S. *Billboard* Top Compilation Album 8
U.S
| 334 |
Patriotic Country
| 2 |
11,079,192 |
# Storm the Studio (radio program)
***Storm the Studio*** was a radio program that aired on Australia\'s 3RRR FM radio station during the late 1980s and early 1990s. DJ \"Steve Polak\" presented the program, which focused on a combination of dance music tracks including house music, hip hop, industrial music and acid house. The program was notable for cultivating a large following within Melbournes dance community and alongside Triple M\'s *Live from the Ivy* program, was one of Australia\'s first radio programs not to focus on rock or pop music.
The programs name was a reference to the cut and paste sampling style of the Meat Beat Manifesto album of the same name.
*Storm The Studio* was a radio program created by Melbourne-based brothers Steve and Roger Polak. Steve Polak was the on mic announcer and also remixed the music live using two Technics SL-1200 turntables with a Numark 1775 mixer. Roger produced the show and did pre-production work, editing interviews and specials. The program was aired on Melbourne radio station 3RRR during the late 1980s and into 1990.
The program, which began as a Saturday evening three hour show (7-10 pm) in 1987 also spawned several side projects. One of these was the on air dance party that ran under the Sonarr banner. These were 12 hour radio programs that featured many different dance and hip hop styles, interviews as well as plenty of guest DJs. Some of DJs included John Course, Mark Hogan and Andy Van. Steve Douglas was also a part of the Sonar team, working with the Polak brothers after having had success with his Triple M *Live at The Ivy* dance programs.
Sonarr and *Storm The Studio* were unusual programs in that they featured two live studios patched in so that they both could be on air simultaneously, with the second studio being used to remix listener phone calls. These were then sampled and added to the dance mix. This was known as the \'Transformation Line\' and was introduced with a weird robotic voice that was generated using a Commodore 64. An old analogue vocoding keyboard was also used at times, as was an Ensoniq EPS 16+ sampler and a Casio FZ 1 sampler. Live beats and loops were often added to the Transformation line and live remixes of dance tracks were also produced. This had never been done before in Melbourne.
*Storm The Studio* was moved to Friday night and became more of a hard core hip hop and dance outlet at that time and led into Tranzmission, another well known underground 3RRR dance program hosted by Kate Bathgate. Roger Polak also did production work for that program and Steve was guest DJ a number of times, focusing on hard techno styles like Gabba House and artists on the Industrial Strength record label.
In 1990-91 *Storm the Studio* changed names, becoming the *Kaos Engine* and was moved to the 10-12 pm Saturday slot. At this time the program mixed more diverse samples from movies (notably Anime films) and even videogames in with the music. Guest presenters Jadon Williams (Jay Man) and Kallum Bluckland would join Steve to discuss videogames, technology and musical development between DJ sets. Steve Polak then also joined the 3RRR team behind one of the oldest technology programs on radio Byte into It. This program is still going, but with a different cast.
*Storm The Studio*, Sonarr and *Kaos Engine* all featured what were at the time rare interviews with Hip Hop and Dance artists. At this point these styles were not mainstream and so such interviews weren\'t aired on mainstream radio in Australia. Some of the artists interviewed included; Ice T, Mase from De La Soul, PM Dawn, Cypress Hill, Ernie C from Bodycount, Lenny Dee, Cosmic Baby, Wreckx-n-Effect, Frank de Wulf, Jack Dangers from Meat Beat manifesto, Boyz II Men and Del the Funky Homosapien.
The program also accepted demo tapes from local artists and pushed pioneering talent, most notably Sydney based rap crew Def Wish Cast
| 668 |
Storm the Studio (radio program)
| 0 |
11,079,310 |
# The Free Design (EP)
***The Free Design*** is a September 1999 EP by the group Stereolab which served as the lead single from their sixth full-length studio album, *Cobra and Phases Group Play Voltage in the Milky Night*. All four of its tracks were later re-released on the *Oscillons from the Anti-Sun* compilation.
The 12\" and CD formats were classed as a budget album for chart purposes, and peaked at #6 on the UK Budget Albums chart. The two-track 7\" format appeared separately on the UK Singles chart at #157.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"The Free Design\" -- 3:46
2. \"Escape Pod (From the World of Medical Observations)\" -- 3:57
3. \"With Friends Like These\" -- 5:49
4
| 120 |
The Free Design (EP)
| 0 |
11,079,394 |
# 12th Hong Kong Film Awards
The **12th Hong Kong Awards** ceremony, honored the best films of 1992 and took place on 23 April 1993 at Hong Kong Academy for Performing Arts, Wan Chai, Hong Kong. The ceremony was hosted by Lydia Shum and John Sham, during the ceremony awards are presented in 16 categories.
## Awards
Winners are listed first, highlighted in **boldface**, and indicated with a double dagger (`{{double-dagger}}`{=mediawiki})
| 71 |
12th Hong Kong Film Awards
| 0 |
11,079,397 |
# Croatian Heraldic and Vexillological Association
The **Croatian Heraldic and Vexillological Association** (*Hrvatsko grboslovno i zastavoslovno društvo*), known as *CHVA* for short, is a non-governmental and non-profit institution which studies Croatian heraldry and vexillology. It was established in 2006.
The association\'s president is Željko Heimer who runs the [Flags and Arms of the Modern Era web site](http://zeljko-heimer-fame.from.hr/home.html). The CHVA participates in International Congresses of Genealogical and Heraldic Sciences
| 68 |
Croatian Heraldic and Vexillological Association
| 0 |
11,079,418 |
# Jirō Asada
, known by his pen name `{{nihongo|'''Jirō Asada'''|浅田 次郎|Asada Jirō}}`{=mediawiki}, is a Japanese writer.
In 1991, his novel *Torarete tamaruka!* (とられてたまるか!) started his literary career. After writing several picaresque novels, his novel *Metro ni notte* (地下鉄に乗って) was awarded the Eiji Yoshikawa Prize for New Writers and made into a 2006 film; a short story collection *The Stationmaster and other stories* (`{{nihongo|Poppoya|鉄道員}}`{=mediawiki}) was also awarded the Naoki Prize. He writes also historical and Chinese historical novels such as *The Firmament of the Pleiades* (*Sōkyū no subaru*, 蒼穹の昴). He writes in the traditional style of Japanese popular fiction.
## Career
Asada was born in Tokyo on 13 December 1951. Asada claims that an ancestor of his was a samurai under the Tokugawa shogunate. He graduated from Suginami High School, which is attached to Chuo University. Inspired by Yukio Mishima, who committed suicide after a failed coup d\'état among Japan Self-Defense Forces, Asada enlisted in the SDF after finishing his studies. He changed jobs many times while endeavoring to find writing opportunities, submitting his works to literary competitions.
His novels often depict yakuza and it has been said that in this respect, they are autobiographical. Asada has stated that he was once connected to a gang, specifically someone who ran businesses to raise funds for organised crime. Asada was connected to a \"Nezumi kou\" (a pyramid scheme fraud). However, Asada has denied ever having been an actual member of a gangster organization. There was a period when he lived on money earned from gambling, and thus he has written many essays related to horse racing.
In 1991, Asada became known for his novel *Torarete tamaruka!* (とられてたまるか!). This novel was his first work that passed through a preliminary selection of a literary prize for new writers, so he took his pen name after this novel\'s protagonist.
Because of the picaresque nature of his early works, Asada has often been described as a picaresque writer. However, after winning the Eiji Yoshikawa Prize for New Writers for *Metro ni notte* (地下鉄に乗って) in 1995, his style and range of writing changed and expanded dramatically. His historical novel *The Firmament of the Pleiades* (*Sōkyū no subaru*, 蒼穹の昴), which vividly described the last stages of the Qing dynasty, was nominated for the Naoki prize of 1996.
## Literary style {#literary_style}
He wrote *Mibu Gishi Den* (壬生義士伝) based on the stories of the Shinsen Gumi, and *Ohara meshi mase* (お腹召しませ). He describes himself as *Shōsetsu no taishū shokudō* (小説の大衆食堂) meaning that he is a \"cheap public restaurant\", delivering any topic that the public wants. He also says that writing is the best hobby for him; consequently he has written more than 70 works in his 14 years of novelist activity, and is still eager to publish new novels. Regarding his modern novels, Asada is nicknamed \"Heisei no nakase ya\" (平成の泣かせ屋), meaning that he is good at moving readers to tears.
Asada acknowledges that he is a heavy smoker, and asserted the rights of the smoker in an essay \"*Yūki rin-rin ruri no iro*\" (勇気凛凛ルリの色). Further, every kind of gambling is his hobby, in addition to the horse racing as mentioned above, so there are essays related to gambling such as \"*Oh my Gah!*\" (オー・マイ・ガアッ!) and \"*Casino!*\" (カッシーノ!).
## Works in English translation {#works_in_english_translation}
- Short story collection
- *The Stationmaster* (original title: *Poppoya*), trans. Terry Gallagher (VIZ Media, 2009 / Shueisha English Edition, 2013)
- *The Stationmaster* (original title: *Poppoya*)
- *Love Letter* (original title: *Rabu retā*)
- *Devil* (original title: *Akuma*)
- *In Tsunohazu* (original title: *Tsunohazu nite*)
- *Kyara* (original title: *Kyara*)
- *The Festival of Lanterns* (original title: *Urabon\'e*)
- *No-Good Santa* (original title: *Rokudenashi no santa*)
- *Invitation from the Orion Cinema* (original title: *Orion-za kara no shōtaijō*)
| 625 |
Jirō Asada
| 0 |
11,079,418 |
# Jirō Asada
## Awards
- 1995 - 16th Yoshikawa Eiji Prize for New Writers for *Metro ni notte* (地下鉄に乗って).
- 1997 - 16th Japanese adventure fiction association special prize and 117th Naoki Prize for *The Stationmaster and other stories* (short story collection).
- 2000 - Shibata Renzaburo prize for *Mibu Gishi Den* (壬生義士伝, When the Last Sword Is Drawn ) and best dresser prize of Japan.
- 2006 - 1st Chuo Koron literature prize for *Ohara meshi mase* (お腹召しませ) and 10th Shiba Ryotaro prize
| 85 |
Jirō Asada
| 1 |
11,079,445 |
# Kevin Sandkuhler
**Kevin M. Sandkuhler** (born August 28, 1953, in Queens, New York) is an American lawyer, and retired brigadier general in the United States Marine Corps. His 2003 memo expressing concerns about the US interrogation of terrorism suspects, released in 2005 after a declassification request by Senator Lindsey Graham, received national and international attention.
## Biography
After receiving his B.A. degree in history from the College of the Holy Cross, Worcester, Massachusetts, in 1975, Sandkuhler was commissioned a second lieutenant via the NROTC Program. He was assigned to the 3rd Battalion, 11th Marines, First Marine Division at Camp Pendleton, California, where he served as a fire direction officer, platoon commander and adjutant. In July 1978, he was selected to attend law school under the Funded Law Education Program.
Sandkuhler attended California Western School of Law, in San Diego, California, from 1978 to 1981. He received his Juris Doctor (cum laude) in May 1981 and was admitted to the Bar of the State of California.
Following the Naval Justice School, he was assigned to the Office of the Staff Judge Advocate, 1st Marine Division, Camp Pendleton, California. He served in a variety of judge advocate positions, including trial counsel, defense counsel, and deputy staff judge advocate. In 1984 he was transferred to Okinawa and served with the 3d Force Service Support Group as the O-I-C of the Review Section and deployed to Korea as the senior judicial advocate for the 35th Marine Amphibious Unit. In January 1985 he was reassigned to Camp Pendleton.
At Camp Pendleton, Sandkuhler served as the senior defense counsel within the Office of the Staff Judge Advocate. In November 1986 he became the director of the Contracting Division, MCB Camp Pendleton and a contracting officer. In 1989, he was selected under the Special Education Program to return to law school and received a Master of Laws degree in Government Contracts from George Washington University in 1991.
Sandkuhler was then assigned as an associate counsel within the Office of Counsel at Marine Corps Systems Command. In 1993 he attended the U.S. Army War College, in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, graduating in June 1994. Subsequently, he was assigned to the Joint Staff, where he served as a non-proliferation planner in the Directorate for Strategic Plans and Policy (J-5). During September 1997, he was transferred to III MEF located on Okinawa, Japan, and served as the staff judge advocate for III MEF and 3d Marine Division.
Upon his return to the United States, he became the director, Appellate Government Division (Code 46) at the Navy-Marine Corps Appellate Review Activity, Washington, D.C. In July 2000, he became the chief defense counsel for the Marine Corps. He was appointed a brigadier general in July 2001.
## Role in rescinding rules for the use of \"extended interrogation techniques\" {#role_in_rescinding_rules_for_the_use_of_extended_interrogation_techniques}
Sandkuhler is notable for his participation in discussions, in December 2002, of reports that interrogators from the Joint Task Force 160 and Joint Task Force 170 were using controversial interrogation techniques on the captives held in the Guantanamo Bay detention camps, in Cuba.
Sandkuhler was the Marine Corps\'s staff judge advocate to the commandant of the Marine Corps when Alberto J. Mora, the Department of the Navy\'s general counsel convened several meetings of the Navy\'s most senior lawyers after David Brant, the director of the NCIS, drew Mora\'s attention to use of the questionable interrogation techniques by the Navy\'s tenants at Guantanamo.
Regarding the threat to American GIs, if the controversial policies weren\'t rescinded, Sandkuhler commented:
Neal Katyal, the attorney for Salim Ahmed Hamdan, one of the Guantanamo detainees who faced charges before a Guantanamo military commissions quoted Sandkuhler and other senior military justice officials. Katyal quoted Sandkuhler\'s comments on civilians in the Justice Department making decisions about how to treat America\'s captives, which would put Americans GIs at risk, if they were taken captive. According to Katyal, Sandkuhler pointed out the DOJ:
## Service career {#service_career}
+------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| 2001--2006 | Staff judge advocate to the commandant of the Marine Corps | - senior uniformed attorney in the Marine Corps |
+------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| 2000--2001 | Chief Defense Counsel for the Marine Corps | |
+------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| 1994--1997 | Served in support of the Joint Chiefs of Staff as a Non Proliferation Planner in the Directorate for Strategic Plans and Policies | Focussed on nuclear non-proliferation issues. |
+------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| 724 |
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| 0 |
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# Kevin Sandkuhler
## Congressional testimony {#congressional_testimony}
Sandkulhler was called to testify before the Senate Judiciary Committee while it was considering replacing the military commissions the Executive Branch had created, which were subsequently struck down by the United States Supreme Court.
## Retirement
Sandkuhler retired from the Marine Corps with the rank of brigadier general. Following his retirement Sandkukhler went to work for Pinkerton Government Services. On January 29, 2007, Pinkerton Government Services announced that Sandkuhler had been appointed its new president and chief executive officer.
## Awards and honors {#awards_and_honors}
His personal and unit awards and decorations include the Distinguished Service Medal , Defense Superior Service Medal, Legion of Merit, Meritorious Service Medal, Joint Service Achievement Medal, Navy and Marine Corps Achievement Medal, Joint Meritorious Unit Award, Navy Unit Commendation, Navy Meritorious Unit Commendation, National Defense Service Medal, Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal, and Sea Service Deployment Ribbon
| 148 |
Kevin Sandkuhler
| 1 |
11,079,466 |
# Mika'il Sankofa
**Mika\'il Sankofa** (born **Michael Lofton**, 10 December 1963 in Montgomery, Alabama) is a sabre fencer and coach. He competed in the individual and team sabre events at the 1984, 1988 and 1992 Summer Olympics.
## Background
During his fencing career, Sankofa trained under Tanya Adamovich, Csaba Elthes, Peter Frohlich, Szabo Adrosh, Christian Bauer and Lazlo Szepesi.
A graduate of New York University with a BA in Economics, Sankofa is a former publicist who has worked for firms such as Ernst & Young, Grey Advertising, Kirshenbaum, Bond & Partners and Shandwick International.
From 1990 - 2009, Sankofa served as co-founder, director of athletics and fencing coach for the Peter Westbrook Foundation. He was responsible for running a year-round class for over 200 participants, including a number of elite-level athletes. Sankofa\'s students have included three NCAA champions, five national champions, six junior world team members, the 2005 Junior Olympic men\'s cadet and junior sabre champions, the 2005 Junior Olympic women\'s sabre champion and the 2005 national cadet men\'s sabre champion.
Sankofa also serves as head fencing coach at the United Nations International School as well as the head sabre coach at the Ross School\'s summer program in East Hampton, New York. He runs the Sankofa Sabre Camp in East Hampton, conducts clinics and does color commentary for fencing competitions around the country.
In 2006, Sankofa received his Maestro's degree with honors from Semmelweis University in Budapest, Hungary.
Sankofa served as the head coach for the Stevens Institute of Technology men\'s fencing team 2005-09.
Sankofa served as an analyst for NBC Sports\' coverage of fencing at the 2008 Summer Olympics.
He currently owns and coaches a fencing academy in Nyack, New York.
## Records
Sankofa had an outstanding career as a competitive sabre fencer. He was a member of the United States Olympic Team in 1984, 1988 and 1992, and reached the pinnacle of his sport when he captured US national sabre championships in both 1991 and 1992.
He took part in the Pan-American Games as member of Sabre Team Silver in 1987 and 1991. In addition, Sankofa was a ten-time National Team Sabre Champion, in 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1994, and 1995.`{{fact|date=December 2024}}`{=mediawiki}
Sankofa was also a four-time NCAA champion for the Violets, capturing the sabre title in 1984, 1985, 1986 and 1987. He is the only male fencer to ever win four NCAA individual championships.
## Hall of Fame {#hall_of_fame}
In 1994, he was inducted into the NYU Sports Hall of Fame, and in the summer of 2005, he was inducted into the United States Fencing Association Hall of Fame
| 436 |
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| 0 |
11,079,471 |
# Wasteland (novel)
***Wasteland*** is a novel written by Francesca Lia Block and published in 2003.
The plot details teenager Marina\'s reaction to her brother\'s suicide. Through flashbacks, it becomes clear that the siblings had developed a physical attraction and were deeply troubled by their feelings for each other. Near the end of the book their mother reveals that one of them was adopted, rendering their relationship star-crossed rather than taboo. It switches narratives and persons throughout the book, alternating between the siblings Marina and Lex, Lex\'s journal, and Marina\'s friend West.
The title comes from a poem by T.S. Eliot and references to his works are scattered throughout the novel.
## Critical reviews {#critical_reviews}
Critics praised *Wasteland* for its effective portrayal of a potentially difficult topic, but often found the narrative itself inconsistent. Hazel Rochman of *Booklist* comments that \"A plot surprise at the end seems patched on, and a long quote from T.S. Eliot\'s \"Wasteland\" may be beyond many readers. It\'s Block\'s simple, beautiful words that reveal the loving connection---and then the fragments.\" Catherine Ensley writes for *School Library Journal*, \"\...chapters switch abruptly\...while parental flakes aren\'t unusual in Block\'s fiction, readers may have a difficult time buying into the mother\'s reason for not telling her children about the adoption
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# Sex & Fury
is a 1973 Japanese *ero guro* *jidaigeki* film directed by Norifumi Suzuki and starring Reiko Ike.
It was followed by *Female Yakuza Tale: Inquisition and Torture* in the same year where Reiko Ike reprises her role as Kyoko Kasai/Ochō Inoshika.
## Plot
In 1886 Japan\'s Meiji era, Kyoko Kasai, a young girl, and her father (a police detective), are walking along a covered pathway when she chases after a ball rolling by. While they are apart, three men kill her father. The girl runs back to him as he dies, and sees he is clutching three blood-soaked animal gaming cards in his hand. The cards feature drawings of *ino* (boar), *sika* (deer) and *ocho* (butterfly), respectively, potential clues regarding the killers.
Nineteen years later, in 1905, we see a young adult Kyoko (played by Reiko Ike) has changed her name to \"Ochō Inoshika\"---inspired by the animal cards held by her father as he died. She gets by as a petty criminal, pickpocketing and gambling. She has also learned vital skills in martial arts, swordsmanship, firearms, and other self-defense tactics.
After helping to hide a fleeing anarchist---wanted for attempted assassination of the new leader of a powerful yakuza syndicate (who are feuding for Japanese control)---Ochō becomes involved in international intrigue while searching for the sister of a man whose death she witnessed in a gambling-den, as well as finding the men responsible for killing her father. A British agent, along with his latest recruit, the sexy Christina (played by Christina Lindberg), is hoping to plunge Japan into a second opium war, further complicating Ochō\'s attempts at vengeance.
## Cast
- Reiko Ike as Ochō Inoshika/Kyoko Kasai
- Christina Lindberg as Christina
- Akemi Negishi as Shitateya Ogin
- Ryōko Ema as Omiya
- Yōko Hori as Okinu
- Naomi Oka as Okoi
- Katsumasa Uchida as Gentarô Kanô
- Rena Ichinose as Osayo Igirisu
- Tatsuo Endō
- Yōko Mihara as Yaeji
## Production
According to Christina Lindberg, while on a plane to Stockholm in the early 1970s, she was asked by two Japanese men if she would be interested in working in their country. Her reply was, \"Why not?\" Soon thereafter, she was in Japan working for Toei. She spent two and a half months there, appearing in *Sex and Fury* and, later, playing a more prominent role in Sadao Nakajima\'s 1973 film, *Porno Queen: Japan Sex Tour*.
## Availability
The film was made available for U.S. audiences when Panic House released it on region 1 DVD on September 27, 2005
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# Patrick Hepburn (bishop)
**Patrick Hepburn** (1487 -- 20 June 1573) was a 16th-century Scottish prelate. He served as both pre- and post-Reformation Bishop of Moray.
He was born in East Lothian, went to St Andrews University, entered the church, and then exploited his family connections to become Prior of St Andrews and royal secretary. Hepburn moved on to become Bishop of Moray and Commendator of Scone and played an ambiguous role in the Scottish Reformation. During this time he held a notorious reputation for immorality. He was deprived of his ecclesiastical titles two years before his death in 1573.
## Early life and career {#early_life_and_career}
Born to Patrick Hepburn of Beinstoun and Christian *née* Ogilvie in 1487, he entered the college now known as St Mary\'s College, St Andrews - then called simply \"The Pedagogy\" - in 1509. After graduating, he chose an ecclesiastical career and became parson of Whitsome from 1521. On 10 June 1524 Patrick, as a secular clerk, was appointed by Pope Clement VII as coadjutor to his uncle John Hepburn, Prior of St Andrews. This meant he would assist his aged uncle as prior and succeed him as commendator when he died. The coadjutorship gave Patrick a seat in parliament, which he took up in 1525; he became secretary of King James V of Scotland, a position he held between March 1525 and June 1526. Patrick succeeded his uncle when the latter died on 15 January 1526.
## Bishop of Moray and Commendator of Scone {#bishop_of_moray_and_commendator_of_scone}
After the death of Alexander Stewart, Bishop of Moray and Commendator of Scone, Patrick was given crown nomination to succeed to both positions on 1 March 1538. He was provided by the Papacy on 14 June, on the condition he should resign the commend of St Andrews Cathedral Priory. Hepburn\'s episcopate is remembered as notorious for the dilapidation with which his dominions suffered. A huge percentage of his diocese was leased out, and in 1547 Scone Abbey itself went on a 19-year lease to one John Erskine of Dun. Meanwhile, Bishop Hepburn enjoyed an extravagant lifestyle. As early as 1529, when Hepburn was Commendator-Prior of St Andrews, Alexander Alesius, a canon of this Hepburn\'s own priory was preaching against Hepburn\'s ungodly lifestyle.
Nevertheless, Bishop Hepburn did play an important part in Scottish politics of the 1540s and 1550s. Though he was part of the privy council of the Governor of Scotland, James Hamilton, Earl of Arran (after 1548, Duke of Châtellerault), he nevertheless opposed Arran\'s wish to have the young Mary, Queen of Scots, put in English custody. In this he was supporting the staunchly anti-Protestant Cardinal David Beaton. The Bishop of Moray was in attendance at the provincial council of the Scottish church in 1549, an attempt to reform the church internally without abandoning links with Rome. He was present at the burnings of Protestant heretics/martyrs in 1550 and 1558. {{-}}
## Hepburn and the Reformation {#hepburn_and_the_reformation}
In summarising the attitudes of individual Scottish bishops at the Scottish Reformation, the historian Gordon Donaldson described him as follows:
> a voluptuary, \[Hepburn\] was successful in his main object of continuing to enjoy his revenues for his lifetime and there is no evidence that he took any interest in religious developments.
Hepburn co-operated with the reformers in the years leading up to the Reformation of 1560. In 1559, Archibald Campbell, 5th Earl of Argyll and Lord James Stewart, the senior secular figures of the Lords of the Congregation, saved Hepburn\'s palace-abbey from destruction by the reformers. Stewart and Argyll had only protected Hepburn\'s palace-abbey on the condition that the latter aided them with men and arms, and with a vote against the clergy in Parliament. Yet he did not attend the Reformation Parliament of 1560, and in 1561 he and George Gordon, 4th Earl of Huntly, advised Mary, Queen of Scots, to land at Aberdeen rather than Leith, in an effort to improve the prospects of restoring the old catholic order.
## Hepburn the womaniser {#hepburn_the_womaniser}
In his time, Hepburn was notorious for his philandering. The contemporary chronicler Robert Lindsay of Pitscottie wrote that Hepburn \"ever was a master of whores all of his days and committed whoredom and adultery both with maidens and men\'s wives\". By at least five different mistresses he produced at least thirteen illegitimate children. He had four sons and one daughter by Isabel Liddell, namely Patrick, Adam, George, John and Jane; by another mistress, Marion Strang, he had one son, whose name was William; with Janet Urquhart, he fathered another three sons and one daughter, Patrick, David, Thomas, and Joanna; with Elizabeth Innes, he sired a son named Alexander; and by a mistress whose name has not survived he had a further two daughters. Bishop Hepburn eventually had ten of his bastards legitimised, and indeed it is largely down to his efforts to achieve legitimisation that the names of many of these children have been recorded in the *Register of the Great Seal*.
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# Patrick Hepburn (bishop)
## The end {#the_end}
Hepburn seems to have been uneasy with the Scottish Reformation. Although he agreed in principle to modify the structure of Elgin Cathedral to accommodate Protestant forms of worship, few powerful figures on the reformist side trusted him. During the Civil War of 1567, the bishop pledged his support to James Hepburn, Earl of Bothwell, and was accused of giving him shelter during his flight northwards to Scandinavia. Perhaps in an act of reprisal against the bishop\'s defiance, the privy council ordered the removal of the lead water-proofing from Elgin Cathedral and although the council ordered its replacement in 1569, there is no evidence that this was carried out. He was finally forfeited of his bishopric by parliament in August 1571. He held out in Spynie Palace where he died on 20 June 1573. Hepburn, the last pre-reformation bishop of Moray, was buried in the cathedral choir
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# Peter Murphy (JAG)
**Peter M. Murphy** is an American lawyer, and former senior legal advisor to the Commandant of the Marine Corps. Murphy was the Commandant\'s legal advisor twenty years prior to becoming a partner with the legal firm of Holland & Knight. At Holland & Knight Murphy specialized in Government litigation.
Murphy earned his B.A. in 1972, at Long Island University. He earned his J.D. in 1974 at Saint John's University School of Law.
United States Secretary of Defense asked Murphy to serve on a panel to look into the Haditha incident in 2006.
Murphy was senior legal advisor to the United States Marine Corps Commandant in 1989, when he drafted *\"The Importance of Environmental Law Considerations for the Military Commander & Advisor\"*.
In The Pentagon at the time it was hit in the September 11, attacks, Murphy later gave interviews to press and government agencies describing how he was one of the few people to instantly assume the explosion was a plane hitting the building. The Marine Corps flag from behind his desk was taken and memorialised, being flown in Afghanistan, before being sent into outer space. *Seapower* reports that Murphy was injured on 9-11.
He is notable for his participation in discussions, in December 2002, of reports that interrogators from the Joint Task Force 160 and Joint Task Force 170 were using controversial interrogation techniques on the captives held in the Guantanamo Bay detention camps, in Cuba. `{{wikisource|Statement of Alberto J Mora on interrogation abuse, July 7, 2004}}`{=mediawiki} Murphy was the Counsel to the Commandant of the United States Marine Corps\'s when Alberto J. Mora, the Department of the Navy\'s General Counsel convened several meetings of the Navy\'s most senior lawyers after David Brant, the Director of the NCIS, drew Mora\'s attention to use of the questionable interrogation techniques by the Navy\'s tenants at Guantanamo
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# Pellet waggler
A **pellet waggler** is a small, dumpy float used for fishing. It is suited for any small particle baits, but can also be used for larger baits such as cut cubes of meat. Its main use is to present a bait near the surface of the water, usually in the top 60 cm. When fishing deeper than 60 cm it is better to fish with a normal waggler.
## Use of the float {#use_of_the_float}
The pellet waggler is mainly used in fishing for carp during warmer months. It is a float fishing technique that relies on the use of heavy loose feeding of particles to bring the fish in to the area of the suspended bait. It was originally designed to be used with hard particle baits such as trout pellets rather than the softer boilie type baits which are fished using a hair rig. The best bait for this style of fishing is sinking pellets of between 4 mm and 10 mm, depending upon the distance that they need feeding using a hook attachment such as bait-fix.
Unlike the hair rig where the bait is attached to the hook by a hair tied on to the hook, this rig uses a small rubber band attached to the hair, which is used to secure the bait.
Recent modifications to the float include the addition of dart like flights to the top of the float ensuring the float flies straighter when cast over long distances. Another new addition is a washer around the base of the float to stop the float diving under the surface of the water, this is very important when carp are feeding near the surface, as a pellet waggler that dives deep below the surface will scare them
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# Mike Stone (radio personality)
**Michael \"Stoney\" Stone** (born December 29, 1958) is a long-time American radio host that helped pioneer the sports radio format in Detroit, Michigan. He is best known as the former host for *Stoney and Wojo* at WDFN from 1994 to 2009, then became the morning show host at WXYT-FM from 2009 until 2024 where he stepped down from full-time host to fill-in host. He also appears weekly on the late Sunday night sports newscast at WXYZ-TV.
## Early life {#early_life}
Stone is a Philadelphia native, who grew up as a big fan of Bruce Springsteen and Philadelphia sports. He would attend American University in Washington D.C. and graduate in 1980.
## Career
Stone began his sports journalism career as a television producer for *The George Michael Sports Machine* at WRC-TV in the mid-1980s, then quit seeking better opportunities and temporarily worked at a bar greeter until he was sucker-punched on Saint Patrick\'s Day. In 1986, his friend Bernie Smilovitz had offered him a position as sports producer at WDIV-TV in Detroit. He initially lived alone before becoming roommates with *Detroit Free Press* columnist Mitch Albom and Ken Dross in Farmington Hills, then they moved to Franklin where he became a producer and co-host for *The Sunday Sports Albom* at WLLZ-FM (now WDZH-FM) in 1988.
### WDFN (1994--2009) {#wdfn_19942009}
In 1994, Stone had applied to become a radio host at the new all-sports radio station WDFN, initially assigned to do the evening show with Ike \"Mega Man\" Griffin, but was moved to do the afternoon show, *The Odd Couple*, after sports columnist Rob Parker\'s co-host bailed at the last second. Parker left for New York after ten months, so the station would hire *Detroit News* columnist Bob \"Wojo\" Wojnowski to be Stone\'s new co-host, thus the *Stoney and Wojo* show was born in April 1995. The three-hour radio broadcast saw much success with Stone being regarded as a distinct, entertaining straight man, and knowledgeable on-air presence that represented the market. As such, he\'d often appear as a guest on national media outlets, including the nationally syndicated *Jim Rome Show*, to discuss Detroit sports events, which include Malice at the Palace.
The *Stoney and Wojo* show would kick off an annual 28-hour radiothon to support research for a cure for leukemia and lymphoma in 1998, after discovering that WDFN update reporter Sabrina Black had been diagnosed with lymphoma, and raised over \$100,000 in its first year. The radiothon typically took place inside a Metro Detroit restaurant, with many guest appearances including Tony Dungy, Joe Dumars, and many others. After a long battle with her disease, Black died on March 20, 2006. In 2008, the \"Sabrina Black Fund\" raised as much as \$130,000 for The Leukemia and Lymphoma Society of Michigan.
On July 13, 2007, both Stone and Wojnowski were given the opportunity to fill in as guest hosts on *The Jim Rome Show*.
The three-hour afternoon show would eventually come to an end on January 20, 2009, when Clear Channel decided to gut all of WDFN\'s local programming for syndicated radio during the first inauguration of Barack Obama, and the time slot was eventually filled by Matt Shepard and Drew Sharp in September 2009.
### WXYT (2010--present) {#wxyt_2010present}
In 2010, Stone was hired at WXYT-FM to co-host *The Morning Show* with Bill McAllister, renaming the show to the *Stoney and Bill* show. During this time, he also had a segment at WXYZ-TV titled *Sundays with Stoney*.
On September 6, 2016, Jamie Samuelsen was moved from evenings to mornings in order to replace Bill McAllister, renaming the show to the *Jamie and Stoney* show. Samuelsen would end up being diagnosed with colon cancer and died on August 1, 2020, so the station\'s studio was then renamed to \"The Jamie Samuelsen Studios\" in his honor. By October 5, 2020, Samuelsen was replaced by Jon Jansen, renaming the show to the *Stoney and Jansen* show.
Then on August 23, 2023, it was announced that Stone would step down from his position as full-time morning show host after the 2023 NFL season, set to be replaced by Jim Costa. Stone would air his final show as full-time host on February 16, 2024, but he would remain with the station as a fill-in host for two more years.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Stoney is a Jewish man who lives in West Bloomfield, Michigan. He married Cyndi, an occupational therapist, in 1996. He has two twin daughters named Jessica and Marissa
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# Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology
The ***Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology*** was the flagship peer-reviewed scientific journal of the National Institute of Standards and Technology. It was published from 1904--2022. Its former name was ***Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards***. Its section D (***Radio Science***, 1964--1965; ***Radio Propagation***, 1959--1963) was continued as the *Radio Science* journal. The final editor-in-chief was Ron B. Goldfarb. Volume 126 was the last issue
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# André Sonko
**Andre Sonko** (born 4 February 1944 in Ngazobil) is a politician in Senegal.
Sonko was the Senegalese Minister for Education, and presided over the 1998 UNESCO World Conference for Higher Education
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# Jimmy Brown (baseball)
**James Roberson Brown** (April 25, 1910 -- December 29, 1977) was a Major League Baseball infielder and coach.
## Early life {#early_life}
Born in Jamesville, North Carolina, he played college baseball for the North Carolina State College (now North Carolina State University) Wolfpack. Brown was a switch-hitter who threw right-handed; he was listed as 5 ft tall and 165 lb.
## Career
He signed with the St. Louis Cardinals afterwards and made his major league debut two days before his 27th birthday. He made an immediate impact, not only scoring 9 triples his rookie year, but also leading the league in sacrifice hits with 26. His 1938 season was not as impressive, but he did manage to increase his batting average over .300. Brown had a career year in `{{Baseball year|1939}}`{=mediawiki}, not only leading the league in at-bats with 645, but finishing 6th in MVP voting. He began being known as a reliable leadoff hitter and as an infielder that the Cardinals could put anywhere, having played `{{Baseball year|1936}}`{=mediawiki} primarily as a second baseman, `{{Baseball year|1939}}`{=mediawiki} as a shortstop, and `{{Baseball year|1941}}`{=mediawiki} as a third baseman.
After a decent season in 1940, he came back with another great year in 1941, tying a career high in triples with 9, earning a career high batting average with .306, and finishing 4th in MVP voting. This, however, was still not enough to earn an all-star appearance. In 1942 he managed to earn his lone all-star appearance and finish 13th in MVP voting. Despite this and leading the league in at-bats with 606, his batting average dipped to .256, a career low. Despite this, during the 1942 World Series, he led all Cardinals\' hitters in batting average with .300 en route to their World Series victory.
Brown enlisted in the United States Army Air Forces after playing 34 games during the `{{Baseball year|1943}}`{=mediawiki} season. When World War II ended, his contract was sold for \$30,000 on January 5, 1946, to the Pittsburgh Pirates; he played the `{{Baseball year|1946}}`{=mediawiki} season as a utility infielder before being released by the Pirates on November 15.
In 890 games over eight seasons, Brown posted a .279 batting average (980-for-3512) with 465 runs, 146 doubles, 42 triples, 9 home runs, 319 RBI and 231 bases on balls. He finished his career with a .959 fielding percentage playing at second and third base and shortstop. In the 1942 World Series, he hit .300 (6-for-20) with 2 runs, 1 RBI and 3 walks.
Upon retirement, he became a manager in the Pittsburgh farm system, with the Indianapolis Indians in 1947 and the New Orleans Pelicans in 1948. Brown then returned to the National League as a coach for the Boston Braves, working for three seasons (1949--51) under his old Cardinal skipper, Billy Southworth.
## Later life {#later_life}
After leaving Boston in 1952, he was a manager for minor league teams in the farm systems of the Cardinals, Braves and Cincinnati Reds. He died December 29, 1977, in Bath, North Carolina
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# Chicagoland Chamber of Commerce
The **Chicagoland Chamber of Commerce** is a non-profit organization promoting business in the Chicago metropolitan area of the United States. The organization is located in the Wrigley Building at 410 N. Michigan Avenue on Chicago\'s Magnificent Mile.
The Chicago Commercial Association and Industry, as it was originally known, formed in 1904. In 1992, the organization took on the name Chicagoland Chamber of Commerce.
The Chamber is headed by President and CEO, Jack Lavin
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# Paula Stone
**Paula Stone** (January 20, 1912 -- December 23, 1997) was an American theater and motion pictures actress from New York City.
## Early life {#early_life}
She was the daughter of Fred Stone, a stage actor, dancing comedian, and owner of the Fred Stone theatrical stock company. Her mother, Allene Crater Stone, acted with her father and was a singer. The family had a ranch near Lyme, Connecticut, as well as a home in Forest Hills, Queens, New York.
## Theater
Stone made her debut in May 1925, at the Illinois Theater in Chicago, Illinois, in *Stepping Stones*. She was 13 years old. Her sister Dorothy Stone made her stage debut at 16. Dorothy performed with Fred Stone at the Globe Theater in Manhattan in *Criss-Cross* in December 1926. Stone was then 14 and training to be a stage actress within two years. Her first ambition was to be a singer like her mother. Another sister, Carol (age 12), also aspired to go into theater work.
Stone appeared with Fred and Dorothy in *Ripples*, a show which debuted in New Haven, Connecticut, in January 1930. The first New York show of the same production came at the New Amsterdam Theater in February. Stone and her father teamed in *Smiling Faces*, produced by the Shubert Theater owners in 1931. Mack Gordon and Harry Revel wrote the music and lyrics. The musical had its first night in Springfield, Massachusetts.
Stone toured in *You Can\'t Take It With You*, *Idiots Delight*, and other plays. In November 1940 she was cast with Marcy Wescott for the Dennis King musical show. It debuted at the Forrest Theater in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
When her husband was reported missing during World War II, Stone began doing camp and canteen shows with her father. The two collaborated again in a play produced by the Theatre Guild in September 1950.
Stone produced *Sweethearts*, *Carnival in Flanders*, *Rumple*, *The Rain Prince* and *The Red Mill.* She and Michael Sloane co-produced the Broadway musical *Top Banana* (1951).
## Films
She signed with RKO Radio for a singing and dancing role in a musical in May 1935. Her second motion picture role featured her opposite Dick Foran in *Treachery Rides The Range* (1936), a Warner Bros. release. The movie sought to illustrate injustices perpetrated by buffalo traders against Cheyenne Indians. Foran and Stone provided the romantic interest. Her first motion picture paired her with William Boyd in *Hop-Along Cassidy* (1935).
She had the role of Mabel, best friend of the leading lady Pearl, in *The Girl Said No* (1937). The movie was directed by Andrew L. Stone and received an Academy Award nomination. Her final motion picture was *Laugh It Off* (1939), a musical released by Universal Pictures.
## Radio
Stone took singing lessons. She was hired by WNEW in New York City, to broadcast the news and gossip of Broadway to servicemen. She wrote the scripts for this program and later secured her own show on the Mutual Radio Network called *Leave It to the Girls*, a program that would allow a panel of quick-witted women to discuss problems and issues sent in by listeners. Stone served as moderator, and *Girls* ran for four years on the Mutual network, finishing its run in 1949. In 1950 she hosted *Hollywood USA*. The show related entertainment news and she interviewed celebrities. On June 9, 1952, she debuted the *Paula Stone Show* on the Mutual Broadcasting System. She sought to mix her own knowledge of Hollywood people with interviews of celebrities, including Dennis Morgan, Johnnie Ray, Joan Crawford, Carlton Carpenter, and Debbie Reynolds.
## Television
In 1954 Stone worked for Broadway Angels, Inc., in New York City. She was the MC of *Angel Auditions*, a television show which examined prospective Broadway shows. The plays were tried in summer stock and considered for production on Broadway.
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# Paula Stone
## Marriage
Stone wed orchestra leader Duke Daly (whose real name was Linwood A. Dingley) on July 16, 1939, at the Wilshire Methodist Church in Los Angeles. Daly, 30, resided in Miami, Florida, before moving to Beverly Hills in June 1939. He joined the Canadian RAF in January 1942 and flew many missions over Germany before he was killed in action on the return leg of a nighttime bombing raid over Duisburg, Germany, on May 13, 1943. Stone later married Michael Sloane in 1946. She had a son and a daughter.
Stone died on December 23, 1997, at Sherman Oaks Medical Center in Sherman Oaks, California, aged 85
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# Chevalier de Mailly
The courtesy title **chevalier de Mailly** is accorded in France to a younger brother of the marquis or the comte de Mailly in each generation. Though several have carried the designation, the celebrated **Louis (or Jean), chevalier de Mailly** (-?1724)--- possibly a brother of Louis II de Mailly (1662-1699), comte de Mailly, Lords of Rubempré, seigneur de Rieux, seigneur d\'Haucourt--- was the author of literary fairy tales, imaginary adventures, racy novels and romances, often published anonymously by necessity, sometimes published outside France. Departing from the formulas established by Mme d\'Aulnoy, he introduced magic and marvels in his fairy tales to entertain his readers and bring his gallant lovers together. His fairy tales have often been reprinted and collected.
## Life and works {#life_and_works}
He appears to have become embroiled in a gay scandal in 1682, in which an aristocratic underground circle practicing *le vice italien* was uncovered. The supposed *Confrérie italienne* was even ascribed a constitution with a set of rules.
The chevalier de Mailly contributed a poem to the *Mercure Galant* December 1700, on the occasion of the departure for Spain of the duc d\'Anjou as Philippe V. He declaimed his verses in the Café Procope, with the other wits of Paris.
Still, as a result of his scurrilous and anonymous secondary literary career, he could not fail to come to the attention of the lieutenant of police, Marc-Renée de Voyer d\'Argenson, whose notes asserted that, far from being a godson of Louis XIV who had been wounded more than once in the armies of the King, he was actually the bastard of a maid in the hôtel de Mailly, brought up, out of charity by the marquise de Mailly. The wife of a bookseller, Auroy, who had advanced him 50 *écus* testified against him in 1702; it appeared to her that the manuscript, *La Fille capitaine*, instead of working up the personal memoirs of a well-known Parisian woman--- recognizably the adventuress and singer Julie d\'Aubigny--- which Mme Auroy had entrusted to him;, produced a result instead that proved to be too scandalous to publish: it featured bedroom scenes and an escaping nun setting a fire to her convent. It appears that Mailly was required to quit Paris. A follow-up report of 15 September 1711 noted that he had returned to Paris and, being apprehended, spent a month in the Châtelet, following which he retired quietly to Rouen, where he seems to have remained, for his last work was printed there.
In the deductive reasoning shown by his princes of Serendip, taken up by Voltaire in *Zadig*, the chevalier de Mailly is sometimes credited as the originator of the clue-driven detective novel. The tale was retold in English by Horace Walpole, and the idea of *serendipity* passed into the English language.
Scholar Jack Zipes argues that de Mailly \"display\[ed\] a wide knowledge of the literary sources\" of 17th century French *contes de fées*, since at least three of his tales (namely, *Blanche-Belle*, *Guérini* and *Fortunio*) are reworkings of some of Straparola\'s tales. He also suggests that de Mailly had some knowledge of folkloric sources, as demonstrated by the aforementioned tales and the story *Le Bienfaisant ou Quiribirini* (\"The Benefactor or Quiribirini\").
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# Chevalier de Mailly
## Some works {#some_works}
All of the following, partly as listed at www.worldcatlibraries.org, were published at Paris except as noted. The chevallier de Mailly\'s works were quickly reprinted at Amsterdam, for the most part.
- \(1690\)
- *La Rome galante, ou Histoire secrète sous les règnes de Jules César et d\'Auguste* (1695/96) The author\'s name is given as L.C.D.M..
- (1696). It was praised in the *Journal des Savants* ix (1697) and reprinted in 1742, according to Louis-Georges de Bréquigny, who panned the production in his preface to his maiden production, *Histoire des révolutions de Gênes: depuis son établissement jusqu\' à la conclusion de la Paix de 1748*, 1753.
- (anonymously, 1698). These eleven fairy tales were often attributed to Madame d\'Aulnoy. ([on-line text](https://web.archive.org/web/20070617163711/http://lescontesdefees.free.fr/auteurs/Chevalier_de_mailly.htm))
- , a literary variant of tale type ATU 706, \"The Maiden Without Hands\", akin to *Biancabella and the Snake*.
- *Fortunio*, literary variant of ATU 316, *The Nixie of the Mill-Pond*
- *Le Prince Guérini*, a literary variant of type ATU 502, \"The Wild Man as Helper\", akin to *Guerrino and the Savage Man*
- *Incarnat, blanc et noir*, a literary variant of tale type ATU 408, \"The Love for Three Oranges\"
- *La Reine de l\'isle des fleurs* (The Story of the Queen of the Flowery Isles), often misattributed to Madame d\'Aulnoy
- (The Wizard King)
-
- (\"The Benefactor or Quiribirini\")
- \(1697\) and its sequel *L'Heureux Naufrage*
- 1698\. The author\'s name is given as L.C.D.M..
- (anonymously, Amsterdam 1700)
- \(1701\)
-
- \(1701\)
- \(1702\)
- (\"1707\", actually 1706)
- \(1709\)
- \(1709\)
- *Le Voyage et les avantures des trois princes de Sarendip* (1719), a reworking of Cristoforo Armeno, *Peregrinaggio di tre giovanni figlioli del Rè di Serendippo\... dalla Persiana nell\'Italiana trappartato* (1557). An English translation appeared in London in 1722. Horace Walpole\'s retelling introduced *serendipity* to the English language.
- \(1723\)
- \(1723\)
- (Rouen, 1723). This was his last work to appear
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# Frank Plumley
**Frank Plumley** (December 17, 1844 -- April 30, 1924) was an American politician and lawyer from Vermont. He served as United States district attorney and U.S. Representative from Vermont.
## Early life and career {#early_life_and_career}
Plumley was born in Eden, Vermont, son of William Plumley and Eliza Little. He attended the public schools and People\'s Academy in Morrisville, Vermont. Plumley taught school and studied law in Morrisville. He graduated from the University of Michigan Law School and was admitted to the bar in Lamoille County in May 1869. He began the practice of law in Northfield.
Plumley held many positions in state and federal government. He served as the state\'s attorney of Washington County from 1876 to 1880. He served in the Vermont House of Representatives (1882), and was chairman of the Republican State convention in 1886. In 1888 Plumley was a delegate to the Republican National Convention.
He was appointed lecturer of constitutional law at Norwich University in 1884 and was named a trustee of the university in 1888. In 1892 Norwich awarded Plumley the honorary degree of Master of Arts.
He served as the United States district attorney for the district of Vermont from 1889 to 1894. In 1894 he served in the Vermont State Senate and was elected President pro tempore. Plumley was a member of the Vermont Court of Claims from 1902 to 1904 and chief justice from 1904 to 1908.
In 1903 President Theodore Roosevelt appointed him as umpire of the mixed commissions of Great Britain and Venezuela, and the Netherlands and Venezuela, sitting in Caracas. In 1905, he was selected by France and Venezuela as umpire in the French-Venezuela mixed commission, which sat in Northfield, Vermont. This is the only instance where an American not serving in a high official office was chosen by these countries to arbitrate the differences between them. Plumley was again a trustee of Norwich University in 1905. Plumley received the honorary degree of LL.D. from Norwich in 1905 and from the University of Vermont in 1909.
In 1909 Plumley was elected to the United States House of Representatives as a Republican. He was reelected twice and served from March 4, 1909, to March 3, 1915. He was one of the four delegates from the U.S. Congress to the Inter-Parliamentary Union of the World in Geneva in 1912. He declined to be a candidate for renomination in 1914.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Plumley married Lavinia Lucretia Smith Fletcher on August 9, 1871. They had two children Charles Albert Plumley and Theodora May Plumley. Their son Charles Albert Plumley was a President of Norwich University who also served in the United States House of Representatives.
## Death
After serving in Congress, Plumley resumed the practice of law in Northfield, Vermont in partnership with his son Charles and Murdock A. Campbell. He died on April 30, 1924, and is interred in Mount Hope Cemetery in Northfield
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# Fluorescences
Released in November 1996, ***Fluorescences*** is an EP by the group Stereolab. All four of its tracks were later re-released on the *Oscillons from the Anti-Sun* compilation.
The title track was voted number 20 in John Peel\'s Festive Fifty for 1996, and held the same position in 1997. A track would not usually be permitted to qualify for the Festive Fifty more than once; however, this result was allowed to stand.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"Fluorescences\" -- 3:23
2. \"Pinball\" -- 3:13
3. \"You Used to Call Me Sadness\" -- 5:10
4
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# Edith Lesley
**Edith Lesley** (27 January 1872 -- 16 May 1953^1^) was an American educator and founder of Lesley University. She was the elder daughter of Alonzo and Rebecca (Cousens) Lesley.
## Early life {#early_life}
Edith Lesley was born in a part of Colombia that is now part of Panama, it was the area then called Panama State. She and her family continued living there until about 1874 when her family moved to Bangor, Maine; Alonzo Lesley had grown up in nearby Carmel, Maine and Rebecca Cousens Lesley was from Trenton, Maine.^2^ Alonzo Lesley worked as a shoemaker in Bangor. Edith\'s sister Olive May Lesley was born in December, 1875 in Bangor.^3^
Edith Lesley attended public elementary school in Bangor.^4^ It is not clear whether she graduated from Bangor High School, or instead attended private classes with Helen L. Newman, who opened Miss Newman\'s School in Bangor in about 1890.^5^ From the late 1870s Rebecca Lesley took in boarders, first at the family\'s rented home at 7 Adams Street, Bangor, and later at their home at One Broadway.^6^
In 1891 the Lesley family moved to Boston, Massachusetts before settling permanently in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Alonzo Lesley continued to work as a shoemaker.^7^ At some time between 1891 and about 1898, Edith Lesley received training in kindergarten education at the Anne L. Page Kindergarten School, Boston, which followed the precepts of Friedrich Wilhelm August Fröbel, widely credited as the inventor of the concept of the kindergarten and an advocate of early childhood education. By 1898 both she and her sister Olive were working as kindergarten teachers at the Riverside School in Cambridge. Later both moved to the Houghton School (which replaced the Riverside).^8^
Between 1904 and 1908 Edith Lesley attended Radcliffe College as a special student, studying philosophy with Josiah Royce, Hugo Munsterberg, and George Herbert Palmer.^9^ She may have taken these classes to prepare to open her school.
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# Edith Lesley
## The Lesley School {#the_lesley_school}
In 1909, Edith Lesley founded The Lesley School in Cambridge, Massachusetts. In its early years the school was also called The Lesley Normal School, the term \"normal\" based on the French *école normale supérieure,* a school to educate teachers. The purpose of the school was to train young women in the classic kindergarten methods of German educator Friedrich Fröbel; most of the students took a two-year course of study. The school enrolled nine students in its first year, and charged \$100 in tuition. Most of the classes were taught by Edith and Olive Lesley, with a few part-time instructors to teach specialty classes.
The school was at first a part-time venture for Edith and her sister Olive, who both continued to teach in the Cambridge public schools. By 1912, with growing enrollments, she appears to have resigned from her teaching job to devote her full attention to The Lesley School.^10^ The school added training for the early primary grades, and in 1917 opened a Household Arts department. Enrollment grew rapidly in the 1920s, peaking at well over 300 students.
In 1912, Edith Lesley married Merl Ruskin Wolfard, an engineer.^11^ Merl Wolfard later participated closely in the expansion of the school, buying several of the properties that became dormitories for the boarding students. Olive Lesley left the school in about 1914, first to work with Wilfred Grenfell in Labrador, then as a proponent of the Girl Scouts of the USA, and finally journeying to France to work in war relief during World War I. She remained in Europe for the balance of her life.
In 1914, Edith Lesley Wolfard hired Getrude Malloch, a kindergarten teacher with experience in both Boston and Cambridge schools, as a part-time instructor. Miss Malloch rapidly moved into administration as well as continuing to teach, and frequently accompanied Mrs. Wolfard in her travels and professional work on behalf of kindergarten education. Both became life members and worked on behalf of the International Kindergarten Union (IKU; now the Association of Childhood Education International).
Edith Lesley purchased the 29 Everett Street house her family had long rented in 1915, turning it into the headquarters of The Lesley School.^12^ A few years later the Wolfards added a one-story brick addition to 29 Everett St. for classes and student boarding, and began to buy up neighboring properties, turning them into dormitories. In 1928-29 the school was rebuilt with a garden and quadrangle between Everett and Mellen Streets, giving the residential campus the form it still has today.
The Lesley School gained a reputation for solid teacher preparation focused on extensive experience; graduates readily found employment across the state as well as in other regions of the country. The school\'s leaders and faculty kept up with changes in teacher education requirements and philosophy, adding a three-year course, more liberal arts, and refining pedagogic methods and theory. Edith Lesley Wolfard continued to set the general direction of the school, and she and husband Merl Wolfard divided the profits of the business; Gertrude Malloch, as Associate Principal and later Principal, was the de facto administrative head of the school.
Edith Lesley Wolfard traveled extensively in the United States, including the territories of Hawaii and Alaska, as well as in Europe, collecting artifacts to add to the educational and cultural experience of Lesley School students.
Enrollments declined in the mid-1930s as a result of the Great Depression, while Edith Lesley Wolfard began to struggle with chronic illness. In 1938, she received an honorary master\'s degree from Suffolk University, which in many ways marked the end of her active involvement in education.
## Transition and the establishment of Lesley College {#transition_and_the_establishment_of_lesley_college}
The Wolfards, Gertrude Malloch and investor John Gordon created a trust and attempted to run the Lesley School on this basis from 1938 to about 1940; however the school continued to struggle with enrollments. The school incorporated in 1941 as a non-profit institution, and petitioned Massachusetts to be able offer the bachelor\'s degree. This petition was granted in 1943. In 1944 The Lesley School officially became Lesley College, the founding institution and now the undergraduate college of Lesley University. While Edith Lesley Wolfard remained a trustee until 1947, her direct involvement in the school had ended by 1941.
The Wolfards continued to live at 29 Everett Street until Edith Lesley Wolfard\'s death in 1953. Merl Wolfard remained a corporator at the college until his death in 1964
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# National Palace (Guatemala)
The **Palacio Nacional de la Cultura** (**National Palace of Culture**), also known colloquially as \"Palacio Verde\", is identified as Guatemala City\'s symbol in its architectural context. It was the most important building in Guatemala and was the headquarters of the president of Guatemala. The building is the origin of all the roads in the Republic and has a spot known as Kilometro Cero (Kilometer Zero). It is presently a museum and is also used for important acts of the government.
## History
In 1528, the first Government House was built in Santiago de Guatemala in the Valle de Almolonga. Then, in 1549, President Alonso López de Cerrato moved the \"Audiencia de los Confines\" from Gracias a Dios in Honduras to Santiago de Guatemala. In 1761 President Alonso Fernández de Heredia began the construction of a new seat, under the direction of Spanish Captain and engineer Luis Diez de Navarro.
### Construction
In celebration of the first century of independence in 1919, President Manuel Estrada Cabrera placed the first stone for a future palace next to the Plaza de Armas. The Italian architect Guido Albani was charged with designing the palace, but it never came to pass due to the collapse of the government soon thereafter. Two years later, in 1921, President Carlos Herrera, with the Centenary very close, ordered the Palacio del Centenario to be built in only three months time with a small budget and few resources. It became popularly known as the Palacio de Cartón (Cardboard Palace). However, in 1925 it was destroyed by a fire.
In 1927 President Lazaro Chacón declared a contest for the design of a new palace. The contest was won by the artist Agustín Iriarte, but this project again never came to be. Finally, in 1932, President General Jorge Ubico published the basis for the design and construction of the palace, and on July 4, 1937, the first stone was placed. The National Palace was built between January 1939 and 1943. On November 10 of that year, the birthday of President Ubico, the present-day Palace was opened.
### 1976 earthquake
The building survived the earthquake of February 4 of 1976, a magnitude 7.5 on the Richter scale.
### 1982 coup and special jurisdiction tribunals {#coup_and_special_jurisdiction_tribunals}
On March 23, 1982, young officers from the Guatemalan Army deposed President Fernando Romeo Lucas García and replaced him with General Efraín Ríos Montt, who had been director of the Guatemala Military Academy while those young officers were cadets.
On June 30, 1982, Ríos Montt, in a speech called \"We are willing to let honesty and justice reign\" (\"Estamos dispuestos que reine la honestidad y la justicia\"), told the Guatemalan people that the government had realized that there were many Guatemalans that were afraid of being killed and that therefore did not apply for the amnesty his government issued in late March. Because of that, he said, the government was going to fight communist guerrillas by any means they wanted, but that they also were going to use open trials. Rios Montt said that in order to accomplish that he had set up \"special jurisdiction tribunals\" which would judge leftist criminals and that they were going to apply capital punishment to those proven guilty.
These secret tribunals, whose members were appointed by the president but were unknown to the Guatemalan people, performed fast and drastic trials, in parallel to the judiciary system of the country. In the end, 15 people were executed less than a month after they had been captured.
The special tribunals were directly under control of the Defense Secretary, general Óscar Humberto Mejía Víctores, and had their headquarters in the National Palace and lasted until Mejia Víctores himself led a coup d\'état that deposed General Ríos Montt on August 8, 1983
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# Tint, shade and tone
thumb\|upright=1.2
In color theory, a **tint** is a mixture of a color with white, which increases lightness, while a **shade** is a mixture with black, which increases darkness. A **tone** is produced either by mixing a color with gray, or by both tinting and shading. Mixing a color with any neutral color (black, gray, and white) reduces the chroma, or colorfulness, while the perceived hue can be affected slightly (see Abney effect and Bezold-Brücke shift).
In the graphic arts, especially printmaking and drawing, \"tone\" has a different meaning, referring to areas of continuous color, produced by various means, as opposed to the linear marks made by an engraved or drawn line.
In common language, the term *shade* can be generalized to encompass any varieties of a particular color, whether technically they are shades, tints, tones, or slightly different hues. Meanwhile, the term *tint* can be generalized to refer to any lighter or darker variation of a color (e.g. \"tinted windows\").
When mixing colored light (additive color models), the achromatic mixture of spectrally balanced red, green, and blue (RGB) is always white, not gray or black. In colorants, such as the pigments in paint mixtures, a balanced mixture a complementaries, or a balanced mixture of three or more colors, will result in a color that is darker and lower in chroma and saturation, than the parent colors. This moves the mixed color toward a neutral color---a gray or near-black.
The Color Triangle depicting tint, shade, and tone was proposed in 1937 by Faber Birren.
## In art {#in_art}
It is common among some artistic painters to darken a paint color by adding black paint---producing colors called *shades*---or to lighten a color by adding white---producing colors called *tints*. However, this is not always the best way for representational painting, since one result is for colors to also shift in their hues. For instance, darkening a color by adding black can cause hue shifts towards rose or green (see Bezold-Brücke shift). Lightening a color by adding white can cause even more noticeable hue shifts (see Abney effect). Another practice when darkening a color is to use its opposite, or complementary, color (e.g. violet-purple added to yellowish-green) in order to neutralize it. When lightening a color this hue shift can be corrected with the addition of a small amount of an adjacent color to bring the hue of the mixture back in line with the parent color (e.g. adding a small amount of orange to a mixture of red and white will correct the shift of this mixture towards pink, that is, it will correct the Abney effect).
thumb\|upright=2.5\|center\|An 3D extension of the color wheel: the color sphere (see color solid). Colors in the axis passing through black, grey, and white are in the achromatic axiz (i.e. they have no chroma). Maximum chroma colors of different hues are called *nuances*. Colors of the same hue and saturation as a maximum chroma color, but of different lightness, are called *tints* and *shades*. Colors of the same hue and lightness, but of different saturation, are called *tones*
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# Ginger Prince
**Ginger Lee Prince** (June 3, 1942--2015) was a child actress, best known for her roles in a handful of Hallmark Productions pictures. She starred in three of Kroger Babb\'s productions. She then returned to Atlanta, GA to host a radio program, \"Ginger from Georgia\".
## Early years {#early_years}
Prince was born on June 3, 1942 in Stuart, Florida. She was the daughter of Hugh Frederick Prince and Gladys Davis.\<ref name\"mgd-hfp\"\>[\"Miss Gladys Davis, Hugh Prince to Be Wed in Clearwater\"](https://www.newspapers.com/image/332326865/?clipping_id=166789333). *The Tampa Tribune*.
Her mother enrolled her in a modeling school when she was 4 years old, and she began modeling then.
## Career
Prince began working on radio at WBGE in Atlanta in 1948, playing records for boys and girls. She supplemented recorded music with interviews of studio guests. Her career shifted from radio to film when Babb saw her modeling in a fashion show. He gave her a seven-year contract to work in films for his Hollywood Productions studio.
She later performed in Babb\'s 1950 narrative on alcoholism, *One Too Many*, with two musical numbers, and in the female beauty film *The Secrets of Beauty* with Hollywood makeup artist Ern Westmore.
She spent the rest of her childhood in Atlanta, dancing and experiencing a typical \'50\'s girlhood before attending Stephens College in Missouri. However, the bright lights beckoned and she headed to New York to fulfill her dreams. She performed in summer stock at Casa Manana, and several other productions before returning to Atlanta and marrying, having two daughters, and becoming a choreographer for the Southern Ballet and later the Atlanta Ballet. She won a National Choreographer\'s Grant for her critically acclaimed modern ballet, \"Lifeline\". She also served on the Georgia Council for the Arts during Jimmy Carter\'s years as governor.
She returned to acting in earnest in the late 1970s. She appeared in many productions at the Golden Apple Dinner Theatre in Sarasota, Florida, and summer stock at The Brunswick Music Theatre in Brunswick, Maine. In the early 1980s, she returned to New York. In 1984, she landed a national tour of *Pippin* with Ben Vereen in the role of Fastrada. Then, the original cast of the Off Broadway *Steel Magnolias* on Christopher Street at the Lucille Lortel Theatre.
Ginger filled in time with other summer stock productions and sharing the love of her acting craft at Sande Shurin\'s acting studio. She taught some beginner courses in acting, and some courses at Marymount Manhattan College. From her early days with the Atlanta Ballet, she always thought of herself as a teacher.
## Later years {#later_years}
In early 2007, Ginger moved to Prospect Park Residence, an assisted living facility, in Brooklyn, New York; she remained there for approximately two years before transferring to The Lillian Booth Actors Home of the Actors Fund in Englewood, New Jersey
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# Stiftungsfest
**Stiftungsfest** is a \"Founder\'s Day\" celebration held in Norwood Young America, Minnesota, United States, on the last full weekend of August every year. The first Stiftungsfest was held in 1861. It is Minnesota\'s oldest celebration.
The Stiftungsfest highlights the German heritage of the city. It features old-time and polka bands from across the United States and Germany as well as ethnic food
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# Subgranular zone
The **subgranular zone** (**SGZ**) is a layer of cells in the dentate gyrus, in the hippocampal formation, which is a site of adult neurogenesis in the brain.
The other major site of adult neurogenesis in the brain is the subventricular zone.
## Structure
The subgranular zone is a narrow layer of cells located between the granule cell layer and hilus of the dentate gyrus. This layer is characterized by several types of cells, the most prominent type being neural stem cells (NSCs) in various stages of development. However, in addition to NSCs, there are also astrocytes, endothelial cells, blood vessels, and other components, which form a microenvironment that supports the NSCs and regulates their proliferation, migration, and differentiation. The discovery of this complex microenvironment and its crucial role in NSC development has led some to label it as a neurogenic "niche". It is also frequently referred to as a vascular, or angiogenic, niche due to the importance and pervasiveness of the blood vessels in the SGZ.
### Neural stem cells and neurons {#neural_stem_cells_and_neurons}
The brain comprises many different types of neurons, but the SGZ generates only one type: granule cells---the primary excitatory neurons in the dentate gyrus (DG)\--which are thought to contribute to cognitive functions such as memory and learning. The progression from neural stem cell to granule cell in the SGZ can be described by tracing the following lineage of cell types:
1. *Radial glial cells*. Radial glial cells are a subset of astrocytes, which are typically thought of as non-neuronal support cells. The radial glial cells in the SGZ have cell bodies that reside in the SGZ and vertical (or radial) processes that extend into the molecular layer of the DG. These processes act as a scaffold upon which newly formed neurons can migrate the short distance from the SGZ to the granule cell layer. Radial glia are astrocytic in their morphology, their expression of glial markers such as GFAP, and their function in regulating the NSC microenvironment. However, unlike most astrocytes, they also act as neurogenic progenitors; in fact, they are widely considered to be the neural stem cells that give rise to subsequent neuronal precursor cells. Studies have shown that radial glia in the SGZ express nestin and Sox2, biomarkers associated with neural stem cells, and that isolated radial glia can generate new neurons *in vitro*. Radial glial cells often divide asymmetrically, producing one new stem cell and one neuronal precursor cell per division. Thus, they have the capacity for self-renewal, enabling them to maintain the stem cell population while simultaneously producing the subsequent neuronal precursors known as transiently amplifying cells.
2. *Transiently amplifying progenitor cells*. Transiently amplifying (or transit-amplifying) progenitor cells are highly proliferative cells that frequently divide and multiply via mitosis, thus \"amplifying\" the pool of available precursor cells. They represent the beginning of a transitory stage in NSC development in which NSCs begin to lose their glial characteristics and assume more neuronal traits. For instance, cells in this category may initially express glial markers like GFAP and stem cell markers such as nestin and Sox2, but eventually, they lose these characteristics and begin expressing markers specific to granule cells such as NeuroD and Prox1. It is thought that the formation of these cells represents a fate-choice in neural stem cell development.
3. *Neuroblasts*. Neuroblasts represent the last stage of precursor cell development before cells exit the cell cycle and assume their identity as neurons. Proliferation of these cells is more limited, although cerebral ischemia can induce proliferation at this stage.
4. *Postmitotic neurons.* At this point, after exiting the cell cycle, cells are considered immature neurons. The large majority of postmitotic neurons undergo apoptosis, or cell death. The few that survive begin developing the morphology of hippocampal granule cells, marked by the extension of dendrites into the molecular layer of the DG and the growth of axons into the CA3 region, and subsequently the formation of synaptic connections. Postmitotic neurons also pass through a late maturation phase characterized by increased synaptic plasticity and a decreased threshold for long-term potentiation. Eventually, the neurons are integrated into the hippocampal circuitry as fully matured granule cells.
### Astrocytes
Two main types of astrocytes are found in the SGZ: radial astrocytes and horizontal astrocytes. Radial astrocytes are synonymous with the radial glia cells described earlier and play dual roles as both glial cells and neural stem cells. It is not clear whether individual radial astrocytes can play both roles or only certain radial astrocytes can give rise to NSCs. Horizontal astrocytes do not have radial processes; rather, they extend their processes horizontally, parallel to the border between the hilus and the SGZ. Moreover, they do not appear to generate neuronal progenitors. Because astrocytes are in close contact with many of the other cells in the SGZ, they are well-suited to serve as sensory and regulatory channels in neurogenesis.
### Endothelial cells and blood vessels {#endothelial_cells_and_blood_vessels}
Endothelial cells, which line the blood vessels in the SGZ, are a critical component in the regulation of stem cell self-renewal and neurogenesis. These cells, which reside in close proximity to clusters of proliferating neurogenic cells, provide attachment points for neurogenic cells and release diffusible signals such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) that help induce both angiogenesis and neurogenesis. In fact, studies have shown that neurogenesis and angiogenesis share several common signaling pathways, implying that neurogenic cells and endothelial cells in the SGZ have a reciprocal effect on one another. Blood vessels carry hormones and other molecules that act on the cells in the SGZ to regulate neurogenesis and angiogenesis.
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# Subgranular zone
## Hippocampal neurogenesis {#hippocampal_neurogenesis}
The main function of the SGZ is to carry out hippocampal neurogenesis, the process by which new neurons are bred and functionally integrated into the granular cell layer of the dentate gyrus. Contrary to long-standing beliefs, neurogenesis in the SGZ occurs not only during prenatal development but throughout adult life in most mammals, including humans.
### Regulation of neurogenesis {#regulation_of_neurogenesis}
The self-renewal, fate-choice, proliferation, migration, and differentiation of neural stem cells in the SGZ are regulated by many signaling molecules in the SGZ, including several neurotransmitters. For example, Notch is a signaling protein that regulates fate-choice, generally maintaining stem cells in a state of self-renewal. Neurotrophins such as brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF) are also present in the SGZ and are presumed to affect neurogenesis, though the exact mechanisms are unclear. Wnt and bone morphogenic protein (BMP) signaling also are neurogenesis regulators, as well as classical neurotransmitters such as glutamate, GABA, dopamine, and serotonin. Neurogenesis in the SGZ is also affected by various environmental factors such as age and stress. Age-related decreases in the rate of neurogenesis are consistently observed in both the laboratory and the clinic, but the most potent environmental inhibitor of neurogenesis in the SGZ is stress. Stressors such as sleep deprivation and psychosocial stress induce the release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex into circulation, which inhibits neural cell proliferation, survival, and differentiation. There is experimental evidence that stress-induced reductions in neurogenesis can be countered with antidepressants. Other environmental factors such as physical exercise and continual learning can also have a positive effect on neurogenesis, stimulating cell proliferation despite increased levels of glucocorticoids in circulation.
### Role in memory and learning {#role_in_memory_and_learning}
There is a reciprocal relationship between neurogenesis in the SGZ and learning and memory, particularly spatial memory. On the one hand, high rates of neurogenesis may increase memory abilities. For instance, the high rate of neurogenesis and neuronal turnover in young animals may be the reason behind their ability to rapidly acquire new memories and learn new tasks. There is a hypothesis that the constant formation of new neurons is the reason newly acquired memories have a temporal aspect. On the other hand, learning, particularly spatial learning, which depends on the hippocampus, has a positive effect on cell survival and induces cell proliferation through increased synaptic activity and neurotransmitter release. Although more work needs to be done to solidify the relationship between hippocampal neurogenesis and memory, it is clear from cases of hippocampal degeneration that neurogenesis is necessary in order for the brain to cope with changes in the external environment and to produce new memories in a temporally correct manner.
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# Subgranular zone
## Clinical significance {#clinical_significance}
There are many neurological diseases and disorders that exhibit changes in neurogenesis in the SGZ. However, the mechanisms and significances of these changes are still not fully understood. For example, patients with Parkinson\'s disease and Alzheimer\'s disease generally exhibit a decrease in cell proliferation, which is expected. However, those who experience epilepsy, a stroke, or inflammation exhibit increases in neurogenesis, possible evidence of attempts by the brain to repair itself. Further definition of the mechanisms and consequences of these changes may lead to new therapies for these neurological disorders. Insights into neurogenesis in the SGZ may also provide clues in understanding the underlying mechanisms of cancer, since cancer cells exhibit many of the same characteristics of undifferentiated, proliferating precursor cells in the SGZ. Separation of precursor cells from the regulatory microenvironment of the SGZ may be a factor in the formation of cancerous tumors
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# 343d Wing
The **343d Wing** is an inactive United States Air Force unit. Its last assignment was with Pacific Air Forces at Eielson Air Force Base, Alaska, where it was inactivated on 20 August 1993. The unit was formed at Eielson as the **343d Composite Wing** and activated in October 1981 to replace the 5010th Combat Support Group. It operated both fighter and forward air control aircraft. In 1991, it also became the administrator for periodic Exercise Cope Thunder operations, which moved to Alaska from the Philippines after the eruption of Mount Pinatubo resulted in the evacuation of units from Clark Air Base When the wing was inactivated, it was replaced at Eielson by the 354th Fighter Wing.
The unit was first activated in September 1942 as the **343d Fighter Group**, a headquarters for three fighter squadrons in Alaska that had been assigned to XI Fighter Command and flew a mix of Curtiss P-40 Warhawks and Lockheed P-38 Lightnings. It added a fourth squadron the following month and participated in the Aleutian Islands Campaign through the fall of 1943. After combat ceased in Alaska, the group continued to fly patrols and participate in the air defense of Alaska until the end of the war. The 343d inactivated in August 1946, when its personnel and equipment were transferred to the 57th Fighter Group.
The group was activated again at Duluth International Airport in August 1955 as part of Air Defense Command\'s Project Arrow, which replaced post-World War II air defense groups with fighter units from World War II. In 1957, a group pilot earned the Bendix Trophy, flying a Convair F-102 Delta Dagger. During the Cuban Missile Crisis the group dispersed its interceptor aircraft and placed all its planes on alert. The 343d continued to provide air defense of the north central United States until it was inactivated in August 1970.
In 1977, the 21st Composite Wing added the group, renamed the **343d Tactical Fighter Group**, as the headquarters for its fighter squadrons at Elmendorf Air Force Base, while the wing\'s air defense units throughout Alaska were assigned to the 531st Aircraft Control and Warning Group. In 1981, the wing\'s air defense units were transferred to Alaskan Air Command and the 343d was inactivated when the 21st reorganized as a standard fighter wing.
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# 343d Wing
## History
### World War II {#world_war_ii}
The **343d Fighter Group** was activated at Elmendorf Field, Alaska on 3 September 1942 and began operations immediately. Its initial squadrons, the 11th and 18th Fighter Squadrons, flying Curtiss P-40 Warhawks, were already operational at Fort Glenn Army Air Base and Big Delta Army Air Field, respectively, while the 54th Fighter Squadron and its Lockheed P-38 Lightnings were flying missions from Adak Army Air Field. All three squadrons had been assigned directly to XI Fighter Command. As soon as it was organized the 343d moved forward to Umnak Island in the Aleutians, where it joined its 11th Squadron.
In October 1942, a third P-40 squadron, the 344th Fighter Squadron, was activated at Elmendorf Field and assigned to the group. The two squadrons stationed on the mainland soon moved to the Aleutians, the 18th Squadron joined the 54th at Adak in November and the 344th deployed to Fort Randall Army Air Field in December. Although all its squadrons were operating in the Aleutians, group headquarters returned to Elmendorf in December 1942. This relocation was brief, however, and headquarters returned to the Aleutians the following March.
The group provided air defense for the Aleutian Islands. It bombed and strafed Japanese camps, antiaircraft emplacements, hangars, and radio stations on Kiska. The group escorted bombers that struck enemy airfields, harbor facilities, and shipping. It flew its last combat mission in October 1943, but carried out patrol and reconnaissance missions in the area until the end of the war.
The 343d later trained, carried mail, and served as part of the defense force for Alaska. In 1943, the 11th and 18th Fighter Squadrons began flying P-38s in addition to their P-40s, as did the 344th in 1944. It was not until 1945 that all four squadrons lost their last P-40s and the group became an all-Lightning unit. In 1945, the group and three of its squadrons were united at Shemya Army Air Base, at the end of the Aleutian chain. Early in 1945 the 54th Squadron began to fly special high-altitude missions designed to intercept Japanese fire balloons drifting toward the United States on the jet stream. These weapons were launched from the Japanese home islands into the upper atmosphere to carry incendiary charges which would be released onto the United States and Canada. The balloons\' flight path crossed the Aleutians, where American planes had the first chance to shoot them down. The airfield at Alexai Point was directly in the flight path of the balloons, which passed overhead at between 30000 to(-).
The 18th Fighter Squadron returned to the Alaskan mainland, where it converted to North American P-51 Mustangs in 1946. The group\'s 54th Squadron returned to the United States in March 1946 for inactivation, while the group and its remaining squadrons were inactivated later that year, in August. The group\'s mission, personnel and equipment were transferred to the 57th Fighter Group, which was simultaneously activated at Shemya.
**343d Ftr Gp**
Aerial Victories Number Note
------------------------ -------- ------
Group Hq 1
11th Fighter Squadron 8
18th Fighter Squadron 2
54th Fighter Squadron 12
344th Fighter Squadron 0
Group Total 15
| 526 |
343d Wing
| 1 |
11,080,001 |
# 343d Wing
## History
### Air Defense Command {#air_defense_command}
The group was redesignated the **343d Fighter Group** (Air Defense) and activated at Duluth International Airport in August 1955, replacing the 515th Air Defense Group and assuming the 515th\'s personnel and equipment as part of Air Defense Command (ADC)\'s Project Arrow, which was designed to bring back on the active list the fighter units which had compiled memorable records in the two world wars. The 11th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, flying Northrop F-89 Scorpions, was reassigned from the 515th as the group\'s operational squadron. The group was also the host organization for active United States Air Force units at Duluth and was assigned several support organizations to fulfill this mission.
In June 1956, the 11th Squadron upgraded from Scorpions to Convair F-102 Delta Daggers. Flying its new \"Deuces\" in 1957, group aircraft placed first and second in the Bendix Trophy competition. In July 1960 the group converted to the Convair F-106 Delta Dart. Prior to February 1962, ADC required two aircraft of each of its squadrons to be on five-minute alert. This requirement was expanded and in addition one third of the groups\'s interceptor aircraft were placed on fifteen-minute alert.
On 22 October 1962, at the beginning of the Cuban Missile Crisis, when President Kennedy announced the presence of Soviet intermediate-range ballistic missiles in Cuba, Continental Air Defense Command (CONAD) directed the dispersal of interceptors within the United States. Although the group\'s planned dispersal base was RCAF Portage la Prairie, Manitoba, dispersed aircraft were not sent to Canadian airfields. Instead, the group sent one third of its aircraft to Volk Field, Wisconsin. All group aircraft, including those at home and those at Volk Field were armed and placed on fifteen-minute alert status. The increased alert posture was maintained through mid-November, when CONAD returned units to their normal alert status, except for those under the control of its 32d Region, which controlled air defense in the Southeastern United States.
The 11th Squadron was discontinued in the fall of 1968 and replaced by the 87th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, which was activated and took over the 11th\'s personnel and Delta Darts. The group performed the air defense mission for the upper Great Lakes region of the north central United States until 1970, when it was inactivated. The 87th Squadron was reassigned directly to the 23d Air Division and the group\'s support functions, personnel, and equipment at Duluth were transferred to the newly organized 4787th Air Base Group.
| 411 |
343d Wing
| 2 |
11,080,001 |
# 343d Wing
## History
### Return to Alaska {#return_to_alaska}
#### Group at Elmendorf {#group_at_elmendorf}
The group was redesignated as the **343d Tactical Fighter Group** and activated at Elmendorf Air Force Base, Alaska in November 1977 to serve as the headquarters for the two fighter squadrons of the 21st Composite Wing. These were the 43d Tactical Fighter Squadron, which had been flying McDonnell F-4 Phantom IIs at Elmendorf since 1970 and the recently activated 18th Tactical Fighter Squadron, also flying the F-4E. The 21st Tactical Fighter Wing\'s other operational group was the 531st Aircraft Control and Warning Group, which controlled air defense units and stations throughout Alaska. The following year aircraft maintenance was transferred from the wing and three maintenance squadrons were added to the group\'s strength. The group was inactivated in January 1980. Its operational squadrons were reassigned directly to the 21st Wing, which converted from a composite wing to a standard fighter wing and became the 21st Tactical Fighter Wing. The personnel and equipment of the group\'s maintenance squadrons were transferred to squadrons assigned directly to the wing.
#### Wing at Eielson {#wing_at_eielson}
The 343d became Eielson Air Force Base\'s host unit on 1 October 1981 as the **343d Composite Wing**, when it replaced the 5010th Combat Support Group and absorbed the 5010th\'s personnel and equipment. The 25th Air Support Operations Squadron, flying the Cessna O-2 Skymaster, was transferred from the 5010th as the wing\'s initial operational squadron. In January 1982, the wing received its second operational squadron when the 18th Tactical Fighter Squadron moved from Elmendorf to Eielson with its Thunderbolt IIs and was again assigned to the 343d. That fall, the wing\'s maintenance organization was converted to the Production Oriented Maintenance Organization, and three new maintenance squadrons were activated to replace the existing single maintenance squadron. As Eielson\'s host organization, one of the wing\'s major collateral missions was to provide support to Strategic Air Command\'s 6th Strategic Wing, which conducted aerial refueling and reconnaissance missions from the base until becoming non-operational in June 1992.
On 8 June 1984, the **343d Composite Wing** was redesignated the **343d Tactical Fighter Wing**. In July 1986, the 25th\'s O-2s were retired and replaced by North American Rockwell OV-10A Broncos. A little more than three years later, on 15 September 1989, the squadron inactivated.
On 1 July 1991, the wing was redesignated as the **343d Wing** and converted to the USAF Objective Wing organization. The 18th Tactical Fighter Squadron was assigned to the newly activated 343d Operations Group, while the maintenance squadrons that had been assigned directly to the wing became part of the 343d Logistics Group. Also that year, the 343d gained a second flying unit, the 3d Fighter Training Squadron, which moved from Clark Air Base following the eruption of Mount Pinatubo, which forced the closure of Clark. Despite the \"Fighter\" in its name, the 3d flew Bell UH-1N Twin Hueys. The squadron was responsible for range support and administration of Exercise Cope Thunder, which had also moved from Clark, its home since 1976, to Alaska. The Alaskan Air Combat Maneuvering Instrumentation Range achieved Initial Operational Capability at the Stony Military Operating Area, which permitted the move. During 1991, the 18th Squadron handed off its Thunderbolts to the 11th Tactical Air Support Squadron of the 11th Air Control Wing and transitioned to Block 40 General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcons.
On 20 August 1993, the wing inactivated and its personnel and equipment were transferred to the 354th Fighter Wing, which moved to Eielson without personnel or equipment from Myrtle Beach Air Force Base, South Carolina.
| 595 |
343d Wing
| 3 |
11,080,001 |
# 343d Wing
## Lineage
- Constituted as the **343d Fighter Group** on 3 September 1942
: Activated on 3 September 1942
: Inactivated on 15 August 1946
- Redesignated as **343d Fighter Group** (Air Defense) on 20 June 1955
: Activated on 18 August 1955
: Inactivated on 28 August 1970
- Redesignated **343d Tactical Fighter Group**
: Activated on 15 November 1977
: Inactivated on 1 January 1980
- Redesignated **343d Composite Wing**
: Activated on 1 October 1981
: Redesignated **343d Tactical Fighter Wing** on 8 June 1984
: Redesignated **343d Wing** on 1 July 1991
: Inactivated on 20 August 1993
### Assignments
- XI Fighter Command, 3 September 1942
- Eleventh Air Force, 31 March 1944 -- 15 August 1946
- 31st Air Division, 18 August 1955
- 37th Air Division, 1 January 1959
- 30th Air Division, 1 April 1959
- Duluth Air Defense Sector, 15 November 1959
- 29th Air Division, 1 April 1966
- 34th Air Division, 15 September 1969
- 29th Air Division, 14 November 1969
- 23d Air Division, 19 November 1969 -- 28 August 1970
- 21st Composite Wing (later 21st Tactical Fighter Wing), 15 November 1977 -- 1 January 1980
- Alaskan Air Command (later Eleventh Air Force), 1 October 1981 -- 20 August 1993
### Stations
- Elmendorf Field, Alaska, 11 September 1942
- Fort Glenn Army Air Base, Alaska, September 1942
- Elmendorf Field, Alaska, 3 December 1942
- Adak Army Airfield, Alaska, 7 March 1943
- Amchitka Army Airfield, Alaska, 25 July 1943
- Alexai Point Army Air Field, Alaska, 22 January 1944
- Shemya Army Air Base, Alaska, 5 October 1945 -- 15 August 1946
- Duluth International Airport, Minnesota, 18 August 1955 -- 28 August 1970
- Elmendorf Air Force Base, Alaska, 15 November 1977 -- 1 January 1980
- Eielson Air Force Base, Alaska, 1 October 1981 -- 20 August 1993
### Components
#### Operational Units {#operational_units}
**Group**
- 343d Operations Group, 1 July 1991 -- 20 August 1993
**Squadrons**
- 11th Fighter Squadron (later 11th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, 11th Tactical Air Support Squadron): 11 September 1942 -- 15 August 1946, 18 August 1955 -- 30 September 1968,
- 18th Fighter Squadron (later 18th Tactical Fighter Squadron): 11 September 1942 -- 15 August 1946, 15 November 1977 -- 1 January 1980, 1 January 1982 -- 1 July 1991
- 25th Tactical Air Support Squadron: 1 October 1981 -- 15 September 1989
- 43d Tactical Fighter Squadron: 15 November 1977 -- 1 January 1980
- 54th Fighter Squadron: 11 September 1942 -- 21 March 1946
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
- 87th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron: 30 September 1968 -- 28 August 1970
- 344th Fighter Squadron: 10 October 1942 -- 15 August 1946
#### Support Units {#support_units}
**Groups**
- 343d Combat Support Group (later 343d Support Group): 1 October 1981 -- 20 August 1993
- 343d Logistics Group: 1 July 1991 -- 20 August 1993
- 343d Medical Group (see USAF Clinic, Eielson)
**Squadrons**
- 11th Fighter Control Squadron: c. February 1943 -- 1 October 1943
- 343d Comptroller Squadron, 1 September 1987 -- 1 October 1991
- 343d Air Base Squadron (later 343d Combat Support Squadron): 18 August 1955 -- 28 August 1970
- 343d Aircraft Generation Squadron: 1 April 1978 -- 1 January 1980, 1 October 1982 -- 1 July 1991
- 343d Component Repair Squadron: 1 April 1978 -- 1 January 1980, 1 October 1982 -- 1 July 1991
- 343d Consolidated Aircraft Maintenance Squadron: 8 September 1957 -- 28 August 1970, 1 October 1981 -- 1 October 1982
- 343d Equipment Maintenance Squadron: 1 April 1978 -- 1 January 1980, 1 October 1982 -- 1 July 1991
- 343d Materiel Squadron: 18 August 1955 -- 1 April 1964
- 343d Supply Squadron: 1 April 1964 -- 28 August 1970, 1 October 1981 -- 1 July 1991
- 1995th Communications Squadron (later 343d Communications Squadron): c. 1 July 1991 -- 20 August 1993
- 1 Photographic Flight: 5 May 1943 -- c
| 669 |
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| 4 |
11,080,045 |
# Norifumi Suzuki
, was a Japanese film director and screenwriter. He is best known for the *Torakku Yarō* series.
## Biography
Suzuki was born in 1933 in Shizuoka. He dropped out of Ritsumeikan University\'s Department of Economics, and subsequently joined Toei\'s Kyoto Studio as an assistant director in 1956, learning his craft under Masahiro Makino, Tai Kato and Tomu Uchida. He made his screenwriting debut on director Kōkichi Uchide\'s 1963 film *Zoku: Tenamonya Sandogasa* (co-written with Takaharu Sawada), and his directorial debut in 1965 with *Osaka Dokonjō Monogatari: Doerai Yatsu*, starring Makoto Fujita.
At the behest of Toei producer Shigeru Okada, Suzuki wrote the script for female gambler film *Red Peony Gambler* (1968) starring Junko Fuji, which became a hit series spanning eight films.
He directed *Star of David: Beautiful Girl Hunter* (1979).
His 1975 film *Torakku Yarō: Goiken Muyō*, starring Bunta Sugawara and co-written with Shinichiro Sawai, was also a huge success and spawned nine sequels.
After directing and co-writing *Kōtaro Makaritōru!* (1984), Suzuki left Toei to go freelance.
At the 1985 Yokohama Film Festival, he was awarded a special prize for his career.
Suzuki\'s last film was *Binbari High School*, released in 1990 and produced by Kōji Wakamatsu. He died at the age of 80 in May 2014.
## Filmography
### As director {#as_director}
- *Shinobi no Manji* (1968)
- *Kyōdai Jingi Gyakuen no Sakazuki* (1968)
- *Hibotan Bakuto: Isshuku Ippan* (1968)
- *Shiruku Hatto no Ō-oyabun: Chobi-hige no Kuma* a.k.a. *Big Boss in a Silk Hat: The Short-Mustached Bear* (1970)
- *Shiruku Hatto no Ō-oyabun* a.k.a. *Big Boss in a Silk Hat* (1970)
- *Mesubachi no Gyakushū* (1971)
- *The Insatiable* (1971)
- *Ero Shogun to 21-nin no Aishou* a.k.a. *The Lustful Shogun and his 21 Concubines* (1972)
- *Onsen Mimizu Geisha* a.k.a. *Hot Springs Mimizu Geisha* (1972)
- *Mesubachi no Chōsen* (1972)
- *Kyōfu Joshikōkō: Bōryoku Kyōshitsu* a.k.a. *Women\'s Violent Classroom* (1972)
- *Gendai Porno-den: Senten-sei Inpu* (1972)
- *Tokugawa Sekkusu Kinshi-rei: Ahikijō Daimyō* a.k.a. *The Erotomaniac Daimyo* (1972)
- *Onsen Suppon Geisha* a.k.a. *Hot Springs Turtle Geisha* (1972)
- *Girl Boss Guerilla* (1972)
- *Mamushi no Kyōdai: Gōdatsu San-oku-en* (1973)
- *Sukeban* (1973)
- *Furyou Anego-den Inoshika Ochou* a.k.a. *Sex & Fury* (1973)
- *Terrifying Girls\' High School: Lynch Law Classroom* (1973)
- *School of the Holy Beast* (1974)
- *Torakku Yarō: Goiken Muyō* (1975)
- *Torakku Yarō: Bakusō Ichiban Hoshi* (1975)
- *Shōrinji Kenpō* (1975)
- *The Erotomania Daimyō* (1975)
- *Karei naru Tsuiseki* a.k.a. *The Great Chase* (1975)
- *Torakku Yarō: Tenka Gomen* (1976)
- *Torakku Yarō: Hōkyō Ichiban Hoshi* (1976)
- *Torakku Yarō: Otoko Ippiki Momojirō* (1977)
- *Torakku Yarō: Dokyō Ichiban Hoshi* (1977)
- *Dokaben* (1977)
- *Torakku Yarō: Totsugeki Ichiban Hoshi* (1978)
- *Torakku Yarō: Ichiban Hoshi Kita e Kaeru* (1978)
- *Tarao Bannai* (1978)
- *Torakku Yarō: Neppū 5000 Kiro* (1979)
- *Torakku Yarō: Furusato Tokkyūbin* (1979)
- *Star of David: Beautiful Girl Hunter* (1979)
- *Shogun\'s Ninja* (1980)
- * Hoero! Tekken* a.k.a. *Roaring Fire* (1982)
- *Iga-no Kabamaru* (1983)
- *Kōtarō Makari-tōru!* (1984)
- *Pantsu no ana* (1984)
- *Karibu: Ai no Shinfoni* a.k.a. *Caribe: Symphony of Love* (1985)
- *Ō-oku Jyūhyakkei* a.k.a
| 527 |
Norifumi Suzuki
| 0 |
11,080,055 |
# Allegany County Fairgrounds
*The Allegany County Fairgrounds* is located just west of Cumberland, Maryland along McMullen Highway. Throughout the year the fairground holds musical concerts, car races, and private events. Once annually the Allegany County fair is held on the grounds, called the **Allegany County Fair and AgExpo**. As of 2006, the annual fair is an 8-day event customarily in the middle of July. Another major event is **[DelFest](http://delfest.com/)**, a 4-day bluegrass festival originated by Del McCoury, and held annually since 2008 over the Memorial Day weekend.
Neither of the above events were held in 2020
| 97 |
Allegany County Fairgrounds
| 0 |
11,080,066 |
# Kirill Lavrov
**Kirill Yuryevich Lavrov** (*Кирилл Юрьевич Лавров*; 15 September 1925 -- 27 April 2007) was a Soviet in Russian stage, a film actor and a director. He was honoured with the following titles; People\'s Artist of the USSR (1972), Hero of Socialist Labour (1985), Order of Lenin (1985) and People\'s Artist of Ukraine (2003).
## Biography
### Childhood
Kirill Yuryevich Lavrov was born in Leningrad (now Saint Petersburg). He was baptised by the Russian Orthodox Church of St. John the Divine in Lavrushinskoe Podvorie Monastery in Leningrad. Young Kirill Lavrov was brought up in Leningrad, in a multi-ethnic Ukrainian and Russian family with deep roots in St. Petersburg society. His grandfather, Sergey Vassilevich Lavrov (1873---1944) was Dean of College at Russian Humanitarian Society and later was a notable figure among White émigré. His father, Yury Lavrov, was a popular Russian and Ukrainian stage and film actor designated People\'s Artist of Ukraine in 1948. Young Kirill Yuryevich Lavrov was fond of literature and theater from an early age, and was exposed to a highly stimulating intellectual environment in his family. He was also a good sportsman: he took gymnastics, fencing, skiing, and was a member of the youth football (soccer) team at \"Spartak\" sports club in Leningrad.
### War
During World War II he was evacuated from besieged Leningrad to Kirov, then to Novosibirsk in Siberia. There he worked as a metal worker at a military-industrial plant. In the beginning of 1943, then 17-year-old Lavrov applied to join the Red Army to fight the Nazis. He was sent for training to Astrakhan at Technical School of Aviation, from which he graduated in 1945. Then he served as an aircraft technician in the Air Force, he was stationed at an Air Force Base on the Kuril Island of Iturup until 1950. There he was also involved in acting with an amateur troupe at a local army club. In 1950 he was discharged from the Red Army.
### Stage career {#stage_career}
In 1950, after being discharged from the Red Army, Kirill Lavrov went to Moscow and tried to enter the acting school at Moscow Art Theatre, but he was refused due to incomplete High school education which he could not have because of his military service during the war. Now disappointed and still single at age 25, Kirill Lavrov went to Ukraine and reunited with his parents in Kyiv. There he joined the troupe at Kyiv Lesya Ukrainka National Academic Theater as understudy actor and soon made appearances in classic and contemporary plays. After five years at Kyiv theatre, Kirill Lavrov was invited to become permanent member of the troupe at Leningradsky Bolshoi Drama Theater and moved to Saint Petersburg.
### Film career {#film_career}
In 1955, Kirill Lavrov made his film debut at Lenfilm studios in *Vasyok Trubachyov and His Comrades*, directed by Ilya Frez. In 1964, Lavrov shot to fame with his leading role as Sintsov in *The Alive and the Dead*, a war drama by director Aleksandr Stolper. Kirill Lavrov received international acclaim for the leading role as Ivan Karamazov in an Oscar-nominated film *The Brothers Karamazov* (1969), which he also directed together with his co-star, Mikhail Ulyanov, after the death of the original film director Ivan Pyryev. Among Lavrov\'s other achievements were his roles in such films as *Tchaikovsky* (1969), *Taming of the Fire* (1972), and *Trust* (1976).
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Kirill Lavrov was married to a fellow actress Valentina Nikolaeva and the couple had two children; their son, Sergei Lavrov, is a businessman, and daughter Maria Lavrova, is a film and stage actress and a permanent member of the troupe at Bolshoi Drama Theater in Saint Petersburg.
| 611 |
Kirill Lavrov
| 0 |
11,080,066 |
# Kirill Lavrov
## Filmography
### Actor
- 1955: *Vasyok Trubachyov and His Comrades*
- 1956: *Maksim Perepelitsa* as Army Photojournalist (uncredited)
- 1964: *The Alive and the Dead* *(*Живые и мертвые*)* as Ivan Sintsov
- 1966: *A Long Happy Life* as Victor
- 1969: *The Brothers Karamazov* as Ivan
- 1970: *Tchaikovsky* as Władysław Pachulski
- 1970: *Lyubov Yarovaya* *(*Любовь Яровая*)* as Fyodor Shvandya
- 1972: *Taming of the Fire* as Andrei Bashkirtsev
- 1976: *Story of a Human Heart* as Oleg Somov
- 1976: *Trust* *(*Доверие*)* as Vladimir Lenin
- 1977: *A Declaration of Love* *(*Объяснение в любви*)* as Gladishev
- 1978: *A Hunting Accident* as Count Karneyev
- 1978: *A Declaration of Love* as Gladishev
- 1979: *Yaroslavna, the Queen of France* as Yaroslav the Wise
- 1979: *A Glass of Water* (TV Movie) as Henry St. John, Viscount Bolingbroke
- 1980: *Journey to Another City* as Sergey Kirillov
- 1981: *20 December* as Vladimir Lenin
- 1983: *Magistral* *(*Магистраль*)* as Urzhumov
- 1983: *From the Life of a Chief of the Criminal Police* as Col. Malych Ivan Konstantinovich
- 1984: *Charlotte\'s Necklace* as Seryogin
- 1986: *Red Arrow* as CEO Valeri Petrovich Kropotov
- 1988: *Bread is a Рroper Noun* as Communist Shabatin
- 1997: *Schizophrenia* as Kolobov
- 2000: *Tender Age* as Grandfather
- 2000: *Bandit Petersburg* (TV Series) as Mikheev
- 2005: *The Master and Margarita* (TV Mini-Series) as Pontius Pilate
- 2009: *Attack on Leningrad* as Radio host (final film role)
## Stage works {#stage_works}
- Ocean
- Uncle Vanya
- The Three Sisters
- Boris Godunov
- And Quiet Flows The Don
- Before Sunset
- The Quartet
| 276 |
Kirill Lavrov
| 1 |
11,080,066 |
# Kirill Lavrov
## Honours and awards {#honours_and_awards}
- Order \"For Merit to the Fatherland\";
- 2nd class (2 September 2005) for outstanding contribution to the development of theatrical art, and many years of creative activity
- 3rd class (13 September 2000) for his great personal contribution to the development of theatrical art
- 4th class (5 August 1995) for services to the state and many years of fruitful work in the arts and culture
- Hero of Socialist Labour (1985)
- Order of Lenin (1985)
- Order of the October Revolution (1971)
- Order of the Red Banner of Labour (1975)
- Order of the Badge of Honour (1967)
- Medals For Victory over Germany in World War II, Victory over Japan, To commemorate the 30th anniversary of the Soviet Army and Navy, commemorative medals of the anniversary of Victory
- People\'s Artist of the USSR (1972)
- People\'s Artist of the RSFSR (1970)
- Honored Artist of the RSFSR (1963)
- People\'s Artist of Ukraine (2003)
- Lenin Prize (1982) for his role of Lenin in the play *On Reading Again\...* (1980) on the stage LBADT Gorky
- USSR State Prize (1978) a performance of *And Quiet Flows the Don* by Mikhail Sholokhov, placed on the stage LBADT Gorky (1977)
- Vasilyev Brothers State Prize of the RSFSR (1974) for his role Andrey Ilyitch Bashkirtseva in the movie \"The Taming of the Fire\" (1972)
- Russian President\'s Award for Literature and the Arts (1997)
- Russian Presidential Prize for outstanding contribution to the development of Russian cinema (2000)
- Diploma of the Government of Russia (2000)
- Honorary citizen of St
| 273 |
Kirill Lavrov
| 2 |
11,080,090 |
# 18th Fighter Interceptor Squadron
The **18th Fighter Interceptor Squadron** (18th FIS) is a subordinate unit of the 354th Fighter Wing based at Eielson Air Force Base in Alaska, and flies the Block 30 General Dynamics F-16C/D aircraft.
## Mission
The **18th Fighter Interceptor Squadron** provides aerospace control for homeland defense missions in the Alaska Theater of Operations.
## History
Activated in 1940 as a Southwest Air District pursuit squadron, equipped with a variety of 1930s-era pursuit aircraft. Re-equipped with P-38 Lightning fighters and deployed to Alaska, engaged in combat during the Aleutian Campaign, 1942--1943. Remained in Alaska as part of the air defense forces until inactivated in August 1946.
### Air Defense Command {#air_defense_command}
Reactivated in 1952 as part of Air Defense Command as an air defense squadron, initially equipped with F-86A Sabre day fighters, initially being assigned to Minneapolis Airport, Minnesota with a mission for the air defense of the Upper Great Lakes region. Re-equipped in 1954 with F-89D Scorpions and moved to Ladd AFB, Alaska for interceptor duty in the Fairbanks area as part of Alaskan Air Command. Returned to the CONUS in 1957 and upgraded to F-102 Delta Dagger interceptors at the new Wurtsmith Air Force Base, Michigan.
Reassigned to Grand Forks AFB, North Dakota in 1960 and received the new McDonnell F-101B Voodoo supersonic interceptor, and the F-101F operational and conversion trainer. The two-seat trainer version was equipped with dual controls, but carried the same armament as the F-101B and were fully combat-capable. Inactivated in April 1971 as part of the drawdown of ADC interceptor bases, the aircraft being passed along to the Air National Guard.
### Modern era {#modern_era}
On 1 October 1977 the squadron was reactivated under the 343rd Tactical Fighter Group, assigned to the 21st Composite Wing of Alaskan Air Command flying the McDonnell Douglas F-4E Phantom II at Elmendorf AFB, Alaska. The squadron specialized in air-to-ground operations within the 21st Composite Wing. The squadron moved to Eielson AFB, Alaska at the end of 1981 and began converting to the Fairchild Republic A-10A Thunderbolt II.
From 1981 to 1991 the squadron conducted air-to-ground operations with the A-10, assigned to the 343rd Tactical Fighter Wing before converting to the Lockheed Martin F-16 Fighting Falcon.
In 1991, the squadron converted to the Lockheed Martin F-16 Fighting Falcon. In 1997, elements of the 18th FS deployed to Singapore and Malaysia to take part in dissimilar air combat tactic training as part of Exercises Commando Sling and Cope Taufan, respectively. The Cope Taufan deployment marked the first time Pacific Air Forces\' F-16s had flown against MiG-29s. The unit deployed to Ahmad al-Jaber Air Base, Kuwait, October--December 1998 to support Operation Southern Watch. Later, the squadron deployed to Incirlik Air Base, Turkey, September--December 2000, in support of Operation Northern Watch. For this deployment, the squadron employed 5 F-16 aircraft and 110 personnel, conducting the first ever Combat Search and Rescue support tasking for an F-16 squadron. After the 11 September 2001 attacks, the 18th FS was called to provide eight aircraft for Alaska NORAD air defense during Operation NOBLE EAGLE, though the aircraft were not launched.
The squadron\'s next deployment was to Ahmed Al Jaber Air Base from December 2001 to March 2002 to support simultaneous combat operations for Operations Southern Watch and Operation Enduring Freedom. They flew more than 3,200 hours in only 3 months, an amazing feat for the 142 Blue Foxes who deployed with only 10 aircraft. During that time, the 18th FS flew missions in support of Operation Anaconda, including one in the Shah-i-Kot Valley on 2 March when U.S. forces, engaged in a firefight with Taliban and Al Qaeda forces, called for aerial assistance. A number of Blue Foxes responded, dropping bombs with pinpoint accuracy on the opposing forces. Lt. Col. Burt Bartley, the 18 FS commander at the time, received the Silver Star for strafing and dropping 500 lbs Laser-guided bombs on what would later be known as \"The Battle for Roberts Ridge\".
The squadron deployed to Andersen Air Force Base, Guam in support of Operation Noble Eagle during March 2003. The unit also participated in Exercise Commando Sling in October 2003.
### Red Flag -- Alaska {#red_flag_alaska}
As part of the change from COPE THUNDER to Red Flag-Alaska, the 18th FS was re-designated the 18th Aggressor Squadron. The squadron trains in the same manner as the aggressors at Nellis Air Force Base, learning the flying styles and abilities of foreign air forces in order to train USAF pilots against realistic opposition. Aircraft changes entail sending all 18 of its Block 40 F-16 Fighting Falcons to Kunsan Air Base, Korea, and receiving 18 Block 30 F-16s from Kunsan.
In 2013, the Air Force, responding to the Department of Defense strategy guidance of December 2012, proposed consolidating all fighter units in Alaska at Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson. This would involve the move of the 18th from Eielson Air Force Base to Elmendorf. While the move was pending, in response to the sequestration of defense funds, the squadron\'s aircraft were grounded in the middle of April for a period of three months. The squadron move was strongly opposed by civic leaders from both Fairbanks and Anchorage, Alaska. The civic leaders were joined by the Alaska congressional delegation, who wrote language barring the use of funds in the Defense Appropriations Bill to move the squadron, and delayed the promotion of a lieutenant general until the Air Force addressed their questions concerning the move. The widespread opposition in Alaska to the squadron\'s move caused the Department of Defense to withdraw its recommendation and leave the squadron at Eielson.
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# 18th Fighter Interceptor Squadron
## Lineage
- Constituted **18th Pursuit Squadron** (Interceptor) on 22 December 1939
: Activated on 1 February 1940
: Redesignated **18th Fighter Squadron** on 15 May 1942
: Redesignated **18th Fighter Squadron**, Single Engine on 20 August 1943
: Redesignated **18th Fighter Squadron**, Two Engine on 6 March 1945
: Inactivated on 15 August 1946
- Redesignated **18th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron** on 10 October 1952
: Activated on 1 December 1952
: Inactivated on 15 April 1971
- Redesignated **18th Tactical Fighter Squadron** on 19 September 1977
: Activated on 1 October 1977
: Redesignated **18th Fighter Squadron** on 1 July 1991
: Redesignated **18th Aggressor Squadron** on 1 October 2007
: Redesignated **18th Fighter Interceptor Squadron** on 2 February 2024
### Assignments
- 35th Pursuit Group, 1 February 1940
- 28th Composite Group, c. 24 February 1941
- XI Fighter Command, 7 June 1942
- 343d Fighter Group, 11 September 1942 -- 15 August 1946
- 31st Air Division, 1 December 1952
- 514th Air Defense Group, 16 February 1953
- 11th Air Division, 1 September 1954
- 5001st Air Defense Group, 20 September 1954
- 11th Air Division, 1 October 1955
- 412th Fighter Group, 20 August 1957
- 30th Air Division, 1 April 1960
- 478th Fighter Group, 1 May 1960
- 478th Fighter Wing, 1 February 1961
- Grand Forks Air Defense Sector, 1 July 1963
- Duluth Air Defense Sector, 4 September 1963
- 29th Air Division, 1 April 1966
- 28th Air Division, 15 September 1969
- 24th Air Division, 19 November 1969 -- 15 April 1971
- 21st Composite Wing, 1 October 1977
- 343d Tactical Fighter Group, 15 November 1977
- 21st Tactical Fighter Wing, 1 January 1980
- 343d Composite Wing (later 343d Tactical Fighter Wing), 1 January 1982
- 343d Operations Group, 1 July 1991
- 354th Operations Group, 20 August 1993 -- Present
### Stations
- Moffett Field, California, 1 February 1940
- Hamilton Field, California, 10 September 1940 -- 8 February 1941
- Elmendorf Field, Alaska, 21 February 1941
- Big Delta Army Air Field, Alaska, 18 April -- 23 November 1942
- Adak Army Air Field Alaska, 6 December 1942
- Amchitka Army Air Field Alaska, 15 February 1943
- Alexai Point Army Air Field, Attu, Alaska, 28 March 1944
- Elmendorf Field, Alaska, 6 November 1945
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- Ladd Field, Alaska, 20 June -- 15 August 1946
- Minneapolis-Saint Paul International Airport, Minnesota, 1 December 1952
- Ladd Air Force Base, Alaska, 28 August 1954
- Wurtsmith Air Force Base, Michigan, 20 August 1957
- Grand Forks Air Force Base, North Dakota, 1 May 1960 -- 15 April 1971
- Elmendorf Air Force Base, Alaska, 1 October 1977
- Eielson Air Force Base, Alaska, 1 January 1982 -- present
### Aircraft
- Curtiss P-36 Hawk, 1940--1941
- Curtiss P-40 Warhawk, 1941--1945
- Bell P-39 Airacobra, 1943
- Lockheed P-38 Lightning, 1943--1946
- North American P-51 Mustang, 1946
- North American F-51D Mustang, 1952--1953
- North American F-86A Sabre, 1953--1954
- Northrop F-89D Scorpion, 1954--1957
- Convair F-102 Delta Dagger, 1957--1960
- McDonnell F-101B Voodoo, 1960--1971
- McDonnell F-4 Phantom II, 1977--1981
- Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II, 1982--1991
- General Dynamics F-16C Fighting Falcon, since 1991
### Operations
- Combat in Northern Pacific, and defense of Alaska, during World War II
- Air Defense of US, 1952--1971 and 1977--1982
- Close air support for Alaskan/PACAF areas of responsibility, since 1982
### Decorations
- Air Force Outstanding Unit Awards: 1 June 1962 -- 31 May 1964; 7 June 1966 -- 8 June 1968; 1 January -- 31 December 1978; 1 January 1983 -- 30 June 1984; 1 July 1985 -- 30 June 1987; 1 January 1988 -- 31 December 1989; 1 July 1990 -- 30 June 1992
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# The Knight of Malta
***The Knight of Malta*** is a Jacobean era stage play, a tragicomedy in the canon of John Fletcher and his collaborators. It was initially published in the first Beaumont and Fletcher folio of 1647.
## Date and source {#date_and_source}
No firm information is available on the play\'s date of authorship or earliest stage production. The cast list for the original King\'s Men\'s production, added in the second Beaumont and Fletcher folio of 1679, cites Richard Burbage, Henry Condell, Nathan Field, Robert Benfield, John Underwood, John Lowin, Richard Sharpe, and Thomas Holcombe, indicating that the play was performed in the 1616--1619 period -- after Field joined the troupe in 1616 but before Burbage\'s death in March 1619.
The authors depended upon the *Filocolo* of Giovanni Boccaccio as their source, specifically the section of that work called \"The Thirteen Questions of Love.\"
## Authorship
Scholars, from F. G. Fleay to Cyrus Hoy and after, have attributed the authorship of the play to Fletcher, Field, and Philip Massinger. While not unanimous on all points, critics have generally favoured a division of authorship along these lines:
:
: Field --- Acts I and V;
: Fletcher --- Act II;
: Fletcher and Massinger --- Acts III and IV.
The play was roughly contemporaneous with *The Queen of Corinth,* another work by the same trio of writers. The play\'s villainess is called Zanthia in Act I, and Abdella through the remainder of the play, suggesting that the text was set into type from the authors\' \"foul papers\" or working draft. The name conflict would have been corrected in the theatre promptbook.
## Politics
In the period in which the play was written, King James I was pursuing a policy of Spanish appeasement; the play\'s choice of subject, the Knights of Malta, has been interpreted in light of that policy, as a gesture at royal flattery. Modern critics have focused on the play\'s Christian/Muslim conflict, its sexual politics, and the racial implications of making the play\'s villain an African woman.
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# The Knight of Malta
## Synopsis
The play is set on Malta, in the era when the Knights of Malta used that island as their base in their conflict with the Ottoman Empire. The action opens with a soliloquy by the play\'s villain, Mountferrat, a French member of the Order. Mountferrat, one of the Order\'s most formidable warriors, has reached a point in his life when he is no longer willing or able to adhere to his monastic vows. He maintains a sexual relationship with an African serving woman, Zanthia; more recklessly, he has also been propositioning Oriana, sister to Valletta, the Grand Master of the Order. Oriana has spurned his overtures, though she has kept them secret to avoid a scandal that would damage the Order\'s reputation. Zanthia, a longtime servant of Oriana, has learned to imitate her mistress\'s handwriting, in a plan to use that skill against Oriana.
Mountferrat has also grown resentful of the newer members of the Order who are receiving the kind of attention that he enjoyed in the past. Two prominent probationers, Miranda and Gomera, are being honoured for their victories; each is given the opportunity to accept promotion from \"Squire at Arms\" to full membership as a Knight of the Order. Both, however, refuse; Miranda, the younger man, hesitates to take the monastic vows due to qualms of conscience. Gomera, an older man, confesses that he is in love, and therefore not prepared to take the vow of chastity. He admits that he loves Oriana, and Valletta and other knights approve of the potential match. Mountferrat interrupts this scene to present Zanthia\'s forged letter. Oriana has received a marriage proposal from the Basha of Tripoli, though she has no intention of accepting the Muslim ruler\'s proposal. Zanthia\'s forged letter indicates that Oriana will marry the Basha and will betray the Knights in the process.
Gomera rejects this slander, stating that Mountferrat is known to have pursued Oriana himself; he insists in defending Oriana in a trial by combat. Meanwhile, Miranda is engaged in warfare with the Turks; in the process, a beautiful young woman named Lucinda has come into his custody. Miranda subjects her to the kind of \"chastity tests\" that are such a noteworthy feature of Fletcherian drama; she passes all of them, consistently resisting his advances. Miranda had also been an admirer of Oriana; when he learns about the scandal and the coming combat between Mountferrat and Gomera, he goes to see Mountferrat. The villain plays upon Miranda\'s ego, suggesting that Gomera has dismissed him as a \"boy.\" Miranda pleads to be allowed to take Mountferrat\'s place in the combat, and Mountferrat cynically agrees.
The combat is held; Gomera wins. Miranda\'s participation is not revealed until the duel is over, and the visor of his helmet is lifted. Miranda claims to have saved Miranda\'s honour, suggesting that he threw the combat deliberately; the implication is that Mountferrat would most likely have killed Gomera if the two had fought (\"Gomera\'s old and stiff\"). Both men appeal for Oriana\'s hand. Valletta decides that Gomera will marry Oriana, while Miranda becomes a knight of the Order. Mountferrat is sought as a criminal, and goes into hiding.
Gomera and Oriana settle into married life, and Oriana becomes pregnant. Zanthia/Abdella serves Oriana, and tries to provoke Gomera\'s jealousy over Oriana\'s admiration of Miranda. (The servant helps Mountferrat in his plan to seduce Oriana, because Mountferrat has promised to marry her.) In a confrontation between husband and wife, Oriana faints, and Abdella administers a sleeping potion that mimics death. Oriana is believed dead, and her body is taken to a crypt in a church. What follows borrows heavily from the climax of *Romeo and Juliet.* Mountferrat and Abdella intend to go to the church and abduct Oriana when she wakes; but Miranda and his friend Norandine come to the church first. Miranda is there to pray after his most recent chastity test of Lucinda. The two men find Oriana as she awakens, and rescue her, leaving the church with her. Mountferrat and Abdella arrive soon after, only to find that Oriana is already gone. Gomera also arrives, mourning his wife; he finds and challenges Mountferrat.
The group leaves the church to fight in the open. Both Mountferrat and his servant attack Gomera with their swords, but are unable to defeat him; Abdella decides to resolve the combat with a pistol. Her shot wounds Gomera in the arm---but the report of the pistol attracts the attention of Norandine, which leads to the apprehension of Mountferrat and Abdella. In Miranda\'s care, Oriana gives birth to a son. In the play\'s denouement, Oriana and her son are re-united with Gomera, as Lucinda is with the man who was her intended husband prior to her capture. Mountferrat is stripped of his membership in the Order, while Miranda is promoted to full membership, thus becoming the Knight of Malta of the title.
The play\'s comic relief is provided by the character Norandine, a Danish probationer who is a bluff, lusty, passionate character. Norandine\'s banter with his compatriots, with his surgeon, with soldiers and servants, supplies diversions of levity. Like Gomera, Norandine also refuses full knighthood; he likes drink and women too much to accept the monastic vows
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# Byrne's Kentucky Battery
**Byrne\'s Battery** was a light artillery battery in the Confederate Army during the American Civil War. It fought exclusively in the Western Theater and suffered among the highest casualties of Confederate batteries at the Battle of Stones River.
The unit was formed by Edward P. Byrne, a native Kentuckian living in Washington County, Mississippi. After South Carolina\'s secession, Byrne was determined to raise a battery of artillery for service in the Confederate Army. With help from donations from the citizens of Washington County and his own substantial wealth, he raised his company and obtained many horses. He also ordered six guns from a firm in Memphis, Tennessee. He began recruiting in Mississippi and later in his native Kentucky. He went to Louisville, Kentucky, to recruit volunteers, which he helped to secretly move to Camp Boone, where several other pro-Confederacy Kentucky regiments were forming, despite the state\'s official policy of neutrality.
## Armament
Bryne armed his men with the finest cannons available at the time. He initially acquired four six-pound smoothbore field guns and two twelve-pound howitzers from the Quniby and Robinson foundry firm in Memphis. He also captured several another field piece during the push into Bowling Green. He mounted his men on the finest horses (horses were in such abundance that he gave 30 of them to unmounted men of now famous Captain (later General) John Hunt Morgan\'s cavalry squadron) and gave them fine well-crafted carriages, caissons, limbers and other accoutrements he had special-ordered from another firm in Memphis.
## Service
Byrne first offered his services to P.G.T. Beauregard in South Carolina, but upon learning that Fort Sumter had already fallen, he decided to attach his battery to the organization now forming at Camp Boone that would later become famous as the Orphan Brigade. The battery saw its first minor action on the advance into Kentucky led by General Simon B. Buckner. Byrne\'s Battery, along with the 2nd Kentucky Infantry, led the advance into Kentucky late in 1861 and captured guns and men along the way, along with many of the pro-Union Homeguard of Kentucky and some of regular and volunteer troops. This advance led to the capture of Bowling Green and the subsequent set-up of the later exiled Confederate Government of Kentucky.
After the withdrawal from Kentucky, Byrne\'s battery saw heavy action at the Battle of Shiloh, where the battery was in danger of being overrun. The battery recovered its position to support Daniel Ruggles\' assault on the \"Hornet\'s Nest\" as part of Ruggles\' Grand Battery. Because of its tremendous losses at Shilon, Byrne\'s Battery was forced to disband and disperse itself amongst the other Kentucky units and even units outside the Orphan Brigade in May 1862. Most were simply directly transferred to Lyon\'s (Cobb\'s) 1st Kentucky Artillery Battery.
After their disbandment, Edward Byrne was commissioned a colonel and placed in command of all Kentucky cavalry companies not already organized into regiments. Byrne was ordered to report to General Morgan after the organization of these companies. But this did not satisfy Byrne and he requested permission to form another battery and be made Chief of Artillery of Morgan\'s cavalry. His request was granted, but his commission was amended by Confederate Congress to that of a Major. He began forming this new battery from elements of his old battery and from new recruits from Kentucky.
Byrne went on to serve with distinction under Morgan and commanded the artillery on several of his raids until he was court-martialed for his involvement in a bank robbery on one of those raids. The men not transferred back to his new unit continued to serve in various units. The 1st Kentucky Artillery Battery, having had other batteries including Cobb\'s battery merged into it, was surrendered by Confederate Lieutenant General Richard Taylor at Citronelle, Alabama on May 4, 1865
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# Evangelicals (band)
**Evangelicals** are an indie rock band from Norman, Oklahoma. Currently`{{when|date=September 2021}}`{=mediawiki} there are four members of the group: Josh Jones (lead vocals, guitar), Kyle Davis (bass guitar, keyboards), Austin Stephens (drums) and Todd Jackson (guitar). Their music is renowned for its energy and unabashed enthusiasm. Their 2006 debut album, *So Gone* issued by Misra Records, received an 8.1/10 score from *Pitchfork Media*. They are currently signed to Dead Oceans Records. In January 2008 they released *The Evening Descends*, which scored 8.3 from Pitchfork
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# Growing Up in the Universe
***Growing Up in the Universe*** was a series of televised public lectures given by British evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins as part of the Royal Institution Christmas Lectures, in which he discussed the evolution of life in the universe. The lectures were first broadcast on the BBC in 1991, in the form of five one-hour episodes.
The Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science was granted the rights to the televised lectures, and a DVD version was released by the foundation on 20 April 2007.
Dawkins\' book *Climbing Mount Improbable* (1996) was developed from the ideas presented in the lectures, and the title itself was taken from the third lecture in the series.
## Parts
### Part 1: Waking Up in the Universe {#part_1_waking_up_in_the_universe}
To start off part one, Dawkins discusses the amazing capabilities of the human body and contrasts these with the limited capabilities of computers and other man-made machines. He uses a small totem pole (which is used in ancestor worship) to illustrate the importance of studying our ancestors to understand how we\'ve evolved. To contrast ease of reproduction with the difficulty of becoming an ancestor, Dawkins uses the example of paper folding to explain exponential growth. Dawkins then tells the audience that exponential growth does not generally happen in the real world -- natural factors come into play which control the population numbers, meaning that only an elite group of organisms will actually become distant ancestors. To be in this elite group, the organism must \"have what it takes\" to survive and pass on their genes to offspring.
The long chain of successful ancestors means that the probability of our existence is very small, and we are lucky to be alive. By turning down the lights and shining a small spotlight on a large ruler in front of him, Dawkins illustrates the darkness of the distant past and of the unknown future.
After expounding on how lucky we are to be alive, and urging us not to waste the precious time that we have, Dawkins brings up the usefulness of science in aiding our understanding of the universe. He mentions the reply that Michael Faraday gave to Sir Robert Peel when asked about the use of science. Faraday\'s response was \"What is the use of a baby?\" Dawkins explains that Faraday was either referring to the vast potential of a baby, or to the idea that there must be something more to life than growing up, working, getting old, and dying. There must be a point to it all; Perhaps science can uncover the answers to our biggest questions.
To shake off the \"anesthetic of familiarity,\" Dawkins shows the audience a number of strange terrestrial organisms which he humorously nicknames \"By-Jovians,\" playing off a term we might use to refer to living organisms from another planet, for instance Jupiter. He uses a scanning electron microscope to look at small organisms including mites, mosquitoes, and a bee being parasitized by a strepsiptera. Using a model of a eukaryotic cell, he discusses the mitochondria and presents the audience with a complicated diagram of the metabolic pathways.
Dawkins suggests that we can also shake off the familiarity by stepping backwards in time. By using a single pace to represent going back 1000 years, he starts at year zero and takes four steps in front of his desk, going back to 4000 BCE. Pointing to a portrait of Homo habilis, he states that to go back to the time of habilis, he would have to walk about two kilometers. He has audience members hold up portraits of other human ancestors, telling them how far he would have to walk to get back to the time of each one.
By imagining what an advanced alien species would think of humans if they were to arrive on Earth, Dawkins suggests that their science would be similar to ours. They would know about pi, the Pythagorean theorem, and the theory of relativity. However, Dawkins explains that the alien anthropologists would most likely scoff at our local, parochial religious beliefs. He then contrasts evidence-based beliefs with revealed, tradition-based, and authority-based beliefs.
To explain the problem with beliefs in the supernatural, Dawkins conducts a small experiment with the audience to \"find the psychic.\" Using a coin, he assigns half the audience to will it to land on heads, and assigns the other half to will it to land on tails. After each flip, the section of the audience that was wrong is eliminated from the experiment, and he repeats the experiment using the remainder. After eight coin flips, only one boy in the audience remains. Dawkins then asks the question \"Is he psychic?\" Obviously, because of how the experiment was set up, one person was bound to have been correct about the result of each coin flip. Dawkins argues that this is exactly how seemingly supernatural events occur in the real world, especially when the \"audience\" is the entire population of the planet.
To conclude the lecture, Dawkins claims that there is nothing wrong with having faith in a proper scientific prediction. To illustrate this, he takes a cannonball which has been suspended from the ceiling with a rope, pulls it aside and touches it to his forehead. He announces that he is going to release the cannonball, letting it swing away from him, and that when it comes back to him, he is going to ignore his natural instinct to run because he has faith in his scientific prediction of what will happen -- the cannonball should stop about an inch short of his forehead. He releases the cannonball, and his prediction is proved correct.
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# Growing Up in the Universe
## Parts
### Part 2: Designed and Designoid Objects {#part_2_designed_and_designoid_objects}
Dawkins\' second lecture of the series examines the problem of design. He presents the audience with a number of simple objects, such as rocks and crystals, and notes that these objects have been formed by simple laws of physics and are therefore not designed. He then examines some designed objects -- including a microscope, an electronic calculator, a pocket watch, and a clay pot -- and notes that none of these objects could have possibly come about by sheer luck. Dawkins then discusses what he calls \"designoid objects\", which are complex objects that are neither simple, nor designed. Not only are they complex on the outside, they are also complex on the inside -- perhaps billions of times more complex than a designed object such as a microscope.
Dawkins then shows the audience a number of designed and designoid objects, including the pitcher plant, megalithic mounds built by the compass termite, and pots made by trapdoor spiders, potter wasps, and mason bees. He examines some designoid objects that use camouflage, such as a grasshopper that looks like a stone, a sea horse that looks like sea weed, a leaf insect, a green snake, a stick insect, and a collection of butterflies that look like dead leaves when their wings are closed. Dawkins notes that many animals share similar types of camouflage or protection because of a process called convergent evolution. Examples of such designoid objects include the hedgehog and the spiny anteater (both of which evolved pointed spines along their back) and the marsupial wolf (which looks like a dog but is actually a marsupial). He illustrates the reason why convergent evolution occurs by using two small models of commercial aircraft. The reason they look similar isn\'t due to industrial espionage, it is due to the fact that they are both built to fly, so they must make use of similar design principles.
Using a camera and a model eye, Dawkins then compares the designed camera with the designoid eye. Both are involved in similar processes -- using a lens to direct light onto a film or a retina. Both the camera and the eye also have an iris, which is used to control the amount of light which is allowed in. Using a volunteer from the audience, Dawkins demonstrates the contraction of the human iris by shining a light into her right eye.
The lecture then moves into an explanation of natural selection, which brings forth designoid objects. To explain natural selection, Dawkins first explains artificial selection by discussing the evolution of wild cabbage into broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage, red cabbage, kohlrabi, and Brussels sprouts. He continues the discussion of artificial selection by explaining the evolution of the ancestral wolf into the many varieties of modern dog. Starting with the ancestral wolf, Dawkins imagines that everyone on one side of the room is breeding for small wolves, while everyone on the other side is breeding for big wolves. By selectively breeding the smallest or largest of each litter for a number of years, you may eventually end up with something like the Chihuahua on one side of the room, and something like a Great Dane on the other side of the room.
Dawkins then introduces an Arthromorphs computer program (similar to the Biomorphs program), explaining how it works while a volunteer uses the computer to selectively breed more and more generations.
At this point, Dawkins switches from explaining artificial selection to explaining natural selection. To demonstrate natural selection in a computer program, Dawkins uses a program written by Peter Fuchs to simulate the evolution of the spiderweb. The program builds \"genetic\" variations of a parent web, as if the web was actually being built by a child spider. For each generation, a simulation is run which randomly generates flies -- some of which will hit the web, and others that will miss it. The child web that is able to capture the highest number of flies is selected as the parent for the next generation of webs. Dawkins shows the audience the \"fossil record\" that the program recorded after simulating a large number of generations overnight. The web starts off very simple and inefficient, but by the end it has evolved into a web that is highly efficient and highly complex. This is the same process that has led to the existence of all designoid objects.
Dawkins now discusses the most popular alternative to natural selection, which is known as creationism. He explains that creationists mistakenly believe designoid objects to be designed objects created by a divine being. Quoting from William Paley\'s *Natural Theology*, Dawkins discusses the argument from design using the example of the watch and the watchmaker. Even though designoid objects appear to be designed, Darwin proved that this is not the case. Although Darwin\'s theory was discovered well after Paley developed his watchmaker argument, Dawkins explains that the argument of a divine watchmaker was still a bad argument, even in Paley\'s day. Paraphrasing David Hume, Dawkins explains that anything capable of creating humans must itself be highly complicated. Thus, the argument from design actually explains nothing -- \"shooting itself in the foot.\" While it is true that designoid objects cannot come about by chance, evolution provides a non-random method of creation -- namely, natural selection.
After developing the argument against a divine creator, Dawkins examines a number of designoid objects that contain imperfections, which is something you would not expect to find in an object that is supposedly created by a divine being. Showing the audience a halibut flatfish, he explains how they evolved from an upright swimming ancestor with one eye on each side of the head into a bottom-hugging flatfish with a distorted set of eyes on one side of the body. Dawkins claims that this is poorly designed, as any proper engineer would design an organism more like a skate, which flattened out on its belly instead of on its side. This is an example of something you would expect from an evolved/designoid object, but not something you would expect from a created/designed object.
Using labeled building blocks, Dawkins shows the audience how designed objects came to be. He starts off by placing the simple block on the bottom, and explaining that you don\'t have to start with a complex being, but can start with a very simple foundation. If you have a simple foundation, you can place the next block on top -- the designoid block. From this block, you can get complex organisms. Only after complex designoid objects come to be can you get the final building block of design (microscopes, clay pots, etc.).
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# Growing Up in the Universe
## Parts
### Part 3: Climbing Mount Improbable {#part_3_climbing_mount_improbable}
Dawkins starts the lecture coming in with a stick insect on his hand. He describes with how many details such a being imitates its environment, its almost like a key that fits a lock. He then shows another insect, namely a Leaf Insect, which basically looks exactly like a dead leaf. He gives some more examples for this amazing imitation of the surrounding, e.g. a Potoo, which looks like a branch of tree and a thorn bug, which gains protection by looking like a rose thorn.
He, once again, makes the point that you can compare these beings with a key, which they represent themselves, whereas nature is the lock. Professor Richard Dawkins then explains that a key has to fit a lock exactly, and demonstrates this with a model of a lock. He mentions that a key is something very improbable. However it is hard to measure the probability of such a key, therefore Dawkins takes a bicycle lock for illustration, where you can calculate how likely it is to open the lock, because there is a fixed number of dials with a fixed number of positions. In Dawkin\'s case we have 3 dials, with 6 positions each, so the probability that you open the lock by sheer luck is one in 216.
Dawkins then shows the mechanism of the lock with a big model: Each dial has to be in the correct position in order to open up the lock. The model is then adapted to demonstrate a staged or gradualist solution to finding the right combination to open the lock. The probability of unlocking the combination in three separate phases falls to one in eighteen.
In this illustration, Dawkins identifies the role of sub-stages in Darwinian evolution. It is to increase the efficiency of mutation without affecting the probability of evolutionary success. The single stage requires 216, while the series of sub-stages requires only 18 non-random mutations at 100% probability of evolutionary success. That is an efficiency factor of 12 for mutations due to sub-staging without any change in probability. Similar efficiencies are achieved with random mutation without any change in probability.
After addressing the claim by Fred Hoyle that probability alone could not produce the complexity of a typed text by Shakespeare, Dawkins introduces the notion of inherited improvements over a number of generations. Nature proceeds through small evolutionary steps, rather than large leaps. This idea is illustrated by a model of the ascent of Mount Improbable, which provides the title for this lecture.
Dawkins then illustrates the difference between the reproduction of inanimate phenomena, such as fires spread through sparks, with the inter-generational transmission of DNA in living structures. The gradual evolutionary adaption of these organisms is demonstrated through the examples of the eye, varieties of wings and protective camouflage.
The example of the gradual emergence of the eye is first shown: starting with a simple light sensitive flat surface and demonstrating the evolutionary benefits of a cone shaped proto-eye for detecting shadows and shapes. Dawkins then relates this model to the simple pinhole eye structure of a nautilus mollusc.
The benefit of wing structures is illustrated by way of body flattening behaviour in tree snakes, the web like skin of flying squirrels and similar adaptions to be found on flying lizards.
### Part 4: The Ultraviolet Garden {#part_4_the_ultraviolet_garden}
Dawkins begins by relating the story of asking a little girl \"what she thought flowers were \'for\'.\" Her response is anthropocentric, that flowers are there for our benefit. Dawkins points out that many people throughout history have thought that the natural world existed for our benefit, with examples from Genesis and other literature. Author Douglas Adams, who is sitting in the audience, is called to read a relevant passage from his novel *The Restaurant at the End of the Universe*.
Dawkins then asks his audience to put off the idea that the natural world exists for our benefit. He considers the question of flowers seen through the eyes of bees and other pollinators, and performs a series of demonstrations which use ultraviolet light to excite fluorescence in various substances.
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# Growing Up in the Universe
## Parts
### Part 5: The Genesis of Purpose {#part_5_the_genesis_of_purpose}
Dawkins opens by talking how organisms \"grow up\" to understand the universe around them, which requires certain apparatus, such as a brain. But before brains can become large enough to model the universe they must develop from intermediate forms. Dawkins then discusses the digger wasp and the set of experiments conducted by Nikolaas Tinbergen of how the digger wasp models the local geography around its nest. He then talks about the limitations of the digger wasps\' brain and concludes that only the human brain is sufficiently developed to model large-scale phenomena about the world. He then shows an MRI scan of a human brain (later revealed to be his own brain) and describes how an image develops from the eye onto the visual cortex.
Dawkins discusses how the image on the retina is upside-down and in two dimensions but the overlapping images from each of the eyes are composited to form a three-dimensional model in the brain. He shows this by asking the audience to focus on him while holding their hand at eye level which causes them to see two images of their hand; one from each eye. He then describes how using his finger to wriggle his eyeball that the outside world appears to move because he is moving the image on his retina. However this does not happen when he voluntary rolls his eyes from side to side. This is due to the brain using the internal model to compensate for the relative change in position of images on the retina. Dawkins gets someone to wear a virtual reality headset and move around in a 3-D computer generated world and draws an analogy between the model of the universe developed in one\'s head with the virtual reality universe developed in the computer.
He then goes on the show that the brain uses models to describe the universe by looking at how the brain interprets various optical illusions, such as the hollow-face illusion using a rotating hollow mask of Charlie Chaplin, the \"impossible\" geometry of a Penrose triangle, the shifting interpretations of the Necker cube and the ability of humans to find faces in random shapes.
Dawkins then begins to discuss the evolution of the human brain. He shows an animation of the increasing skull size from *Australopithecus* to *Homo habilis* to *Homo erectus* and then finally to modern day humans.
The ability of a brain to run complex simulations is a powerful evolutionary advantage. Dawkins talks about how this ability to model future events by showing a painting suggesting a hypothetical situation in which a female *Homo erectus* uses a mental model of a tree fallen across a gorge as a possible solution to crossing the gorge. The group then burns a tree so that it would create a bridge over the gap. He goes on to describe how the complex modelling ability of the brain may have developed due to this imaginative simulation of various possible scenarios or by the development of language, which would allow ideas to be passed from generation to generation, or by technology, which is an extension of human hands and eyes; or, indeed, if it is a combination of all three.
Dawkins concludes that purpose has arisen in the Universe due to human brains. The simulations developed in our brain allow us to develop intent and purpose; and over time our collective understanding of the Universe will improve as we continue to study and exchange ideas
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# Anthony Mitchell (journalist)
**Anthony Mitchell** (born c. 1967--1968; died 5 May 2007) was a British journalist for the Associated Press. He was initially stationed in Ethiopia, but on 21 January 2006 he was expelled from the country by government press secretary Solomon Abebe. He then moved to Kenya.
Mitchell died on Kenya Airways Flight 507 when it crashed in Cameroon with 114 passengers and crew.
He is buried in Chertsey Cemetery in Surrey
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# Keiichi Hara
is a Japanese director of animated films.
## Biography
What started Hara on his career as an animation creator was visiting an animation film company as part of his job hunting activities after graduating from Tokyo Designer Gakuin College (TDG). He recklessly left the tour, an act normally forbidden for visitors, and then begged an artistic director to give him a job. A few days later he returned with some continuity drawings he created, as requested. As a result, he was introduced to a commercial film studio.
After working at the studio for eighteen months, he joined Shin-Ei Animation on the recommendation of the president Keijiro Kurokawa. At Shin-Ei he began working on a TV series *Kaibutsu-kun* as a production manager, then was moved to *Doraemon*. There for the first time he took on the role of animation director. In working on *Doraemon*, he was influenced by the chief director Tsutomu Shibayama. Since Hara admired Fujiko Fujio, *Doraemon*\'s original author, he worked hard and became known for improving quality. He appeared in an animation magazine as a new director to look out for. After *Obake no Q Taro* and *Doraemon*, he was chosen as chief director of *Esper Mami* and worked for this TV series for two and a half years. When *Esper Mami* ended, he took a break for ten months. Then he returned by working on *21 emon*. After *21 emon*, he worked on *Crayon Shin-chan*. For \"Shin-chan\" he did direction and continuity both for the TV series and the movies, becoming director in October 1996. The 2001 Crayon Shin-chan movie *Crayon Shin-chan: The Storm Called: The Adult Empire Strikes Back* earned critical praise, and raised his profile. The following year\'s *Crayon Shin-chan: The Storm Called: The Battle of the Warring States* was commended by the Agency for Cultural Affairs.
As of 2012 Hara has begun shooting his first live-action film, *Hajimari no Michi*, which was released in June, 2013
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# These Cities, Our Graves
***These Cities, Our Graves*** is the first full-length album released by the New Zealand metalcore band Antagonist A.D. It was released in August 2006. In 2008 the album was re-released in Australia on Trial & Error Records, featuring two more songs, \"Distance\" and \"Stranger\", which are both on the 2007 *Distance* EP.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
**2006 release**
1. \"These Cities, Our Graves\" - \"1:12\"
2. \"The Walking Dead\" - \"2:53\"
3. \"Hollywood\" - \"3:14\"
4. \"Show Some Heart (Go Vegan)\" - \"2:46\"
5. \"R.E.S.P.E.C.T\" - \"3:05\"
6. \"The Birth of Tragedy\" - \"2:49\"
7. \"(Not Even) Silver Bullets\" - \"2:44\"
8. \"Suicide Girls\" - \"2:34\"
9. \"Q. What Do You Call Getting A Handjob From Mrs Calloway In The Back Of Her Jaguar? A. A Fucking Lie\" - \"3:18\"
**2008 re-release**
1. \"Distance\" - \"2:46\"
2
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# The Professor's Beloved Equation (film)
is a Japanese film released January 21, 2006 and directed by Takashi Koizumi. It is based on the novel *The Housekeeper and the Professor*, written by Yōko Ogawa.
## Background
In contrast to the original work, which is told from the perspective of *the narrator*, the film is shown from the perspective of a 29-year-old *Root* as he recounts his memories of the professor to a group of new pupils. Though there are a few differences between the film and the original work (for example, the movie touches on the relationship between the professor and the widow while the book does not give much detail), the film is generally faithful to the original
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# Glenn Kilpatrick
**Glenn Matthew Kilpatrick** (born 29 August 1972) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for `{{AFL Ess}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{AFL Gee}}`{=mediawiki} in the Australian Football League (AFL) and West Adelaide in the South Australian National Football League (SANFL).
Originally with the `{{AFL NM}}`{=mediawiki} Under-19s, Kilpatrick transferred to Essendon and made his senior AFL debut in 1992. He appeared just 26 times in three seasons for the Bombers and then spent a season playing for the West Adelaide Football Club in the SANFL. He was a joint winner of the 1995 Magarey Medal, with Norwood\'s Garry McIntosh.
In 1996, Kilpatrick moved to Geelong and would play 120 games for the club, finishing second in their 1997 best and fairest award.
Kilpatrick was often called \"Oysters Kilpatrick\" by commentator Rex Hunt
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# Clear Lake Volcanic Field
The **Clear Lake Volcanic Field** is a volcanic field beside Clear Lake in California\'s northern Coast Ranges. The site of late-Pliocene to early Holocene activity, the volcanic field consists of lava domes, cinder cones, and maars with eruptive products varying from basalt to rhyolite. The site\'s threat level is ranked \"High\" at #33 in the top volcanic threats in the United States according to \"2018 Update to the U.S. Geological Survey National Volcanic Threat Assessment\". The last eruption was about 11,000 years ago. Cobb Mountain and Mount Konocti are the two highest peaks in the volcanic field, at 4724 ft and 4285 ft respectively.
The field\'s magma chamber also powers a geothermal field called The Geysers, which hosts the largest complex of geothermal power plants in the world. These can generate approximately 2000 megawatts, enough to power two cities the size of San Francisco.
The Clear Lake volcanics are thought to have been the heat source for the hot springs and hydrothermal activity that formed the mercury ores at the Sulphur Bank Mine, and the gold ore at the McLaughlin Mine
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# I Got the Feelin'
\"**I Got the Feelin**\'\" is a funk song by James Brown. Released as a single in 1968, it reached No. 1 on the R&B chart and #6 on the pop chart. It also appeared on a 1968 album of the same name.
The Jackson 5 auditioned for Motown founder Berry Gordy in 1968 with a filmed performance of \"I Got the Feelin\'\", with the ten-year-old Michael Jackson closely mimicking Brown\'s vocal style and dance moves.
In 1986, the song was prominently featured in the third-season episode of *The Cosby Show* entitled \"Golden Anniversary\", with most of the cast performing a lip-synch routine led by a 16-year-old Malcolm-Jamal Warner.
A version of the song is featured in the musical *Fela!*
The song has been featured in the films *Dead Presidents*, *Undercover Brother* and *Another 48 Hrs.*
## Personnel
- James Brown --- lead vocal
*with the James Brown Orchestra:*
- Waymon Reed - trumpet
- Joe Dupars --- trumpet
- Levi Rasbury --- trombone
- Alfred \"Pee Wee\" Ellis --- alto saxophone
- Maceo Parker --- tenor saxophone
- St
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# Wow and Flutter
Wow-and-flutter}} `{{More footnotes|date=January 2012}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Infobox album
| name = Wow and Flutter
| type = ep
| artist = [[Stereolab]]
| cover = WowAndFlutter.jpg
| alt =
| released = 20 October 1994<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/Wow-Flutter-Stereolab/dp/B000005RP4|title=Wow and Flutter|website=Amazon UK}}</ref>
| recorded =
| studio =
| genre =
| length = 17:31
| label = {{flatlist|
* [[Duophonic Records|Duophonic]]
* [[Elektra Records|Elektra]]
}}
| producer =
| prev_title = [[Mars Audiac Quintet]]
| prev_year = 1994
| next_title = [[Music for the Amorphous Body Study Center]]
| next_year = 1995
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Album ratings
| rev1 = [[Allmusic]]
| rev1Score = {{Rating|3|5}}<ref>{{AllMusic|class=album|id=r210780}}</ref>
| noprose = yes
}}`{=mediawiki}
***Wow and Flutter*** is an EP by the post-rock band Stereolab, which served as the second single from their 1994 album *Mars Audiac Quintet*. A limited edition of 3,000 7\" copies was released with hand-painted covers. The EP was also released on CD and 10\" vinyl.
Two of the tracks are alternative versions of songs on *Mars Audiac Quintet*. \"Wow and Flutter\" itself is a re-recording, while \"Nihilist Assault Group, Pts. 3-5\" comprises sections excised from the album version, which was originally planned to be a side-long suite similar in concept to the 18-minute \"Jenny Ondioline\" on *Transient Random-Noise Bursts with Announcements*.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"Wow and Flutter\" -- 3:07
2. \"Heavy Denim\" -- 2:49
3. \"Nihilist Assault Group, Pts. 3--5\" -- 7:12
4. \"Narco Martenot\" -- 4:23
All tracks appear on the *Oscillons from the Anti-Sun* 2005 compilation album
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# Brad Pearce (footballer)
**Brad Pearce** (born 16 August 1971) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for Carlton and the Brisbane Bears in the Australian Football League (AFL).
Pearce played both football and cricket as a junior, and after having focussed on cricket in 1987, where he played for the Victorian schoolboy team he returned to football in 1988 as part of the `{{AFL Stk}}`{=mediawiki} junior system, playing in the Victorian Under-17 Teal Cup team. He played with the St Kilda minor grades from 1988 until 1990, but injuries interrupted his progress to the senior grade for the club.
In 1992, Pearce played in the TFL Statewide League for the South Launceston Football Club, where impressive performances in the forward-line attracted the attention of AFL recruiters. He was drafted by the Brisbane Bears in the 1992 mid-season draft, and played two senior matches in 1993 before a nasty groin injury led to his delisting at the end of the season.
Pearce was then recruited by Carlton with its second-round selection in the 1994 pre-season draft. He played only two senior games in his first season, before enjoying a break-out season in 1995, at the age of 24. Playing as a fast-leading forward pocket, Pearce provided Carlton\'s forward-line with variety and an alternative avenue to goal to long-time full forward Stephen Kernahan, and he played 23 of 25 possible games for the season, kicked 52 goals, and kicked four goals in Carlton\'s Grand Final victory against `{{AFL Gee}}`{=mediawiki}.
Pearce played for Carlton for a further four seasons, playing an average of thirteen games per season interrupted by a range of injuries, including a ruptured patella. He retired at the end of the 1999 AFL season, having played 77 games and kicking 151 goals over six seasons for Carlton. Had it not been for injuries, Pearce\'s legacy would have been much greater. Carlton fans though, hold him in great esteem as he was the speed that was required for the 1995 flag that the club was lacking.
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# Brad Pearce (footballer)
## Statistics
:
\|- \|- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" \| 1993 \|style=\"text-align:center;\"\|`{{AFL BB}}`{=mediawiki} \| 13 \|\| 2 \|\| 1 \|\| 1 \|\| 6 \|\| 3 \|\| 9 \|\| 1 \|\| 0 \|\| 0.5 \|\| 0.5 \|\| 3.0 \|\| 1.5 \|\| 4.5 \|\| 0.5 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 0 \|- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" \| 1994 \|style=\"text-align:center;\"\|`{{AFL Car}}`{=mediawiki} \| 19 \|\| 2 \|\| 0 \|\| 1 \|\| 6 \|\| 2 \|\| 8 \|\| 4 \|\| 0 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 0.5 \|\| 3.0 \|\| 1.0 \|\| 4.0 \|\| 2.0 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 0 \|- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" \|style=\"text-align:center;background:#afe6ba;\"\|1995† \|style=\"text-align:center;\"\|`{{AFL Car}}`{=mediawiki} \| 19 \|\| 23 \|\| 52 \|\| 40 \|\| 205 \|\| 50 \|\| 255 \|\| 104 \|\| 26 \|\| 2.3 \|\| 1.7 \|\| 8.9 \|\| 2.2 \|\| 11.1 \|\| 4.5 \|\| 1.1 \|\| 4 \|- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" \| 1996 \|style=\"text-align:center;\"\|`{{AFL Car}}`{=mediawiki} \| 19 \|\| 15 \|\| 35 \|\| 24 \|\| 115 \|\| 26 \|\| 141 \|\| 58 \|\| 12 \|\| 2.3 \|\| 1.6 \|\| 7.7 \|\| 1.7 \|\| 9.4 \|\| 3.9 \|\| 0.8 \|\| 0 \|- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" \| 1997 \|style=\"text-align:center;\"\|`{{AFL Car}}`{=mediawiki} \| 19 \|\| 11 \|\| 16 \|\| 14 \|\| 84 \|\| 16 \|\| 100 \|\| 44 \|\| 7 \|\| 1.5 \|\| 1.3 \|\| 7.6 \|\| 1.5 \|\| 9.1 \|\| 4.0 \|\| 0.6 \|\| 0 \|- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" \| 1998 \|style=\"text-align:center;\"\|`{{AFL Car}}`{=mediawiki} \| 19 \|\| 14 \|\| 32 \|\| 22 \|\| 110 \|\| 17 \|\| 127 \|\| 51 \|\| 7 \|\| 2.3 \|\| 1.6 \|\| 7.9 \|\| 1.2 \|\| 9.1 \|\| 3.6 \|\| 0.5 \|\| 2 \|- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" \| 1999 \|style=\"text-align:center;\"\|`{{AFL Car}}`{=mediawiki} \| 19 \|\| 12 \|\| 16 \|\| 12 \|\| 60 \|\| 10 \|\| 70 \|\| 38 \|\| 5 \|\| 1.3 \|\| 1.0 \|\| 5.0 \|\| 0.8 \|\| 5.8 \|\| 3.2 \|\| 0.4 \|\| 0 \|- class=\"sortbottom\" ! colspan=3\| Career ! 79 ! 152 ! 114 ! 586 ! 124 ! 710 ! 300 ! 57 ! 1.9 ! 1.4 ! 7.4 ! 1.6 ! 9.0 ! 3.8 ! 0
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# Marty Grosz
**Martin Oliver Grosz** (born February 28, 1930) is a German-born American jazz guitarist, banjoist, vocalist, and composer born in Berlin, Germany, the son of artist George Grosz. He performed with Bob Wilber and wrote arrangements for him. He has also worked with Kenny Davern, Dick Sudhalter, and Keith Ingham.
Marty Grosz is influenced by the Jazz guitarists of the 1930s, particularly Carl Kress, and uses a lower Banjo derived tuning for his guitar similar to that used by Kress. This produces a much more robust sound for both rhythm playing and chord solo breaks.
Grosz is also known as a witty raconteur often introducing songs with long amusing anecdotes.
## Career
Grosz was born in Berlin, Germany, but became resident in the United States by the age of three. In Chicago during the 1950s, Grosz recorded with Dave Remington and Art Hodes. In the 1970s, he was a vocalist and rhythm guitarist for the Soprano Summit In the 1980s, he was a member of the Classic Jazz Quartet with Dick Wellstood. He played, sang, and wrote most of the group\'s arrangements. He has also performed at concerts with Joe Pass, Herb Ellis, and Charlie Byrd.
## Discography
### As leader {#as_leader}
- *Hooray for Bix!* (Riverside, 1957)
- *The End of Innocence* with Ephie Resnick (Silver Crest, 1964)
- *Let Your Fingers Do the Walking* with Wayne Wright (Aviva, 1977)
- *Take Me to the Land of Jazz* with Dick Wellstood (Aviva, 1978)
- *Goody Goody* with Wayne Wright (Aviva, 1979)
- *I Hope Gabriel Likes My Music* (Aviva, 1982)
- *The Classic Jazz Quartet* (Jazzology, 1985)
- *MCMLXXXVI* with the Classic Jazz Quartet (Stomp Off, 1986)
- *Marty Grosz and the Keepers of the Flame (and the Imps)* (Stomp Off, 1987)
- *Sings of Love and Other Matters* (Statiras, 1987)
- *Swing It!* (Jazzology, 1988)
- *Extra* (Jazzology, 1989)
- *Laughing at Life* (Stomp Off, 1991)
- *Unsaturated Fats* with Keith Ingham (Stomp Off, 1991)
- *Donaldson Redux* with Keith Ingham (Stomp Off, 1992)
- *Songs I Learned at My Mothers Knee and Other Low Joints* (Jazzology, 1993)
- *Ring Dem Bells* (Nagel-Heyer, 1995)
- *Just Imagine* with Keith Ingham (Stomp Off, 1995)
- *Thanks* (Jazzology, 1997)
- *Just for Fun!* (Nagel Heyer, 1997)
- *Going Hollywood* with Keith Ingham (Stomp Off, 1997)
- *Rhythm for Sale* (Jazzology, 1997)
- *At Bob Barnard\'s Jazz Party 1999* (Nif Nuf, 1999)
- *Left to His Own Devices* (Jazzology, 2000)
- *Rhythm Is Our Business* (Sackville, 2003)
- *Stringin\' the Blues: A Tribute to Eddie Lang* with Bucky Pizzarelli, Frank Vignola, Howard Alden, Al Viola (Jazzology, 2003)
- *Chasin\' the Spots* (Jump, 2005)
- *Acoustic Heat* with Mike Peters (Sackville, 2006)
- *Marty Grosz and His Hot Combination* (Arbors, 2006)
- *The James P. Johnson Songbook* (Arbors, 2011)
- *Keep a Song in Your Soul* (Jazzology, 2014)
### As sideman or guest {#as_sideman_or_guest}
**With Randy Sandke and the New York All Stars**
- *Stampede* (Jazzology, 1992)
- *Play Jazz Favorites* (Nagel-Heyer, 1993)
- *The Bix Beiderbecke Era* (Nagel-Heyer, 1993)
- *Randy Sandke Meets Bix Beiderbecke* (Nagel-Heyer, 2002)
**With Soprano Summit**
- *Soprano Summit in Concert* (Concord Jazz, 1976)
- *Chalumeau Blue* (Chiaroscuro, 1976)
- *Soprano Summit Live at the Big Horn Jazzfest* (Jazzology, 1976)
- *Crazy Rhythm* (Chiaroscuro, 1977)
- *Live at Concord \'77* (Concord Jazz, 1978)
- *Soprano Summit* (Chiaroscuro, 1994)
- *Recorded Live at Illiana Jazz Club, November 7, 1978* (Storyville, 1996)
- *1975\...and More!* (Arbors, 2008)
**With others**
- Ruby Braff, Bobby Hackett, Ralph Sutton, *Recovered Treasures* (Jump, 2006)
- Jim Cullum Jr., *New Year\'s All Star Jam* (Pacific Vista 1993)
- Wild Bill Davison, *Exactly Like You* (Nagel-Heyer, 1996)
- Peter Ecklund, *Strings Attached* (Arbors, 1996)
- Peter Ecklund, *Peter Ecklund and the Melody Makers* (Stomp Off, 1988)
- Don Ewell, *Yellow Dog Blues* (Audiophile, 1959)
- Bob Greene, *World of Jelly Roll Morton* (G.H.B
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# Ping Pong (EP)
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{{singlechart|UKsinglesbyname|45|artist=Stereolab|accessdate=7 August 2017}}
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``
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| 0 |
11,080,585 |
# Harold Edwin Hurst
**Harold Edwin Hurst** (1 January 1880 -- 7 December 1978) was a British hydrologist from Leicester. Hurst\'s (1951) study on measuring the long-term storage capacity of reservoirs documented the presence of long-range dependence in hydrology, especially concerning the fluctuations of the water level in the Nile River. In doing so, he developed the empirical rescaled range methodology for measuring long-range dependence. Much of Hurst\'s research was motivated by his empirical observations of the Nile. The Hurst exponent, which has been used in other fields, such as finance and cardiology, was named after him.
His work in Egypt started in 1906 and lasted 62 years doing his best work after he reached 65. He championed the prelude to the new Aswan High Dam project which was built using his plan
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11,080,599 |
# Mallee (habit)
thumb\|upright=1.1\|Typical form of a mallee, *Eucalyptus stricta* **Mallee** are trees or shrubs, mainly certain species of eucalypts, which grow with multiple stems springing from an underground lignotuber or xylopodium, usually to a height of no more than 10 m. The term is widely used for trees with this growth habit across southern Australia, in the states of Western Australia, South Australia, New South Wales and Victoria, and has given rise to other uses of the term, including the ecosystems where such trees predominate, specific geographic areas within some of the states and as part of various species\' names.
## Etymology
The word is thought to originate from the word *mali*, meaning water, in the Wemba Wemba language, an Aboriginal Australian language of southern New South Wales and Victoria. The word is also used in the closely related Woiwurrung language and other Aboriginal languages of Victoria, South Australia, and southern New South Wales.
## Overview
The term *mallee* is used describe various species of trees or woody plants, mainly of the genus *Eucalyptus*, which grow with multiple stems springing from an underground bulbous woody structure called a lignotuber, or mallee root, usually to a height of no more than 10 m. The term is widely used for trees with this across southern Australia, across the states of Western Australia, South Australia, New South Wales and Victoria. The term is also applied to other eucalypts with a similar growth habit, in particular those in the closely related genera *Corymbia* and *Angophora*.
Some of the species grow as single-stemmed trees initially, but recover in mallee form if burnt to the ground by bushfire.
Over 50 per cent of eucalypt species are mallees, and they are mostly slow-growing and tough. The lignotuber enables the plant to regenerate after fire, wind damage or other type of trauma.
## Range
Mallees are the dominant vegetation throughout semi-arid areas of Australia with reliable winter rainfall. Within this area, they form extensive woodlands and shrublands covering over 250000 km2 in New South Wales, north-western Victoria, southern South Australia and southern Western Australia, with the greatest extent being in South Australia (118,531 km2).
There are also some species found in the Northern Territory, namely *Eucalyptus gamophylla* (blue mallee), *Eucalyptus pachycarpa* and *Eucalyptus setosa*.
## Farming on mallee land {#farming_on_mallee_land}
Grubbing the land of mallee stumps for agricultural purposes was difficult for early settler farmers, as the land could not be easily ploughed and sown even after the trees were removed. In the colony of South Australia in the late 19th century, legislation which encouraged closer settlement made it even tougher for farmers to make a living.
Grubbing the mallee lands was a laborious and expensive task estimated at £2--7 per acre, and the government offered a £200 reward for the invention of an effective machine that would remove the stumps. To assist with the challenges of farming on mallee lands, some settlers turned their minds to the invention of technologies that could make some of the tasks easier. First the scrub or mallee roller was invented, which flattened the stumps and other vegetation, after which it would all be burnt and crops sown. The technique became known as \"mullenising\", as the invention of the device was attributed to a farmer called Mullen.
A few years later the stump jump plough was invented on the Yorke Peninsula by Richard Bowyer Smith and perfected by his brother, Clarence Herbert Smith. This machine had individually movable ploughshares, enabling the whole plough to move over stumps rather than having to steer around them, and proved a great success.
## Uses of the term {#uses_of_the_term}
The term is applied to both the tree itself and the whole plant community in which it predominates, giving rise to the classification of mallee woodlands and shrublands as one of Australia\'s major vegetation groups.
Several common names of eucalypt species have \"mallee\" in them, such as the Blue Mountains mallee (*Eucalyptus stricta*) and blue mallee (*E. gamophylla* and *E. polybractea*).
The term is used in the phrase *strong as a mallee bull*, and is colloquially used is for any remote or isolated area, or as a synonym for outback.
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# Mallee (habit)
## Species
Widespread mallee species include:
- *E. dumosa* (white mallee)
- *E. socialis* (red mallee)
- *E. gracilis* (yorrell)
- *E. oleosa* (red mallee)
- *E. incrassata* (ridge-fruited mallee)
- *E
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# Cycling at the 1976 Summer Olympics – Men's track time trial
The men\'s track time trial at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, Canada, was held on July 20, 1976. There were 30 participants from 30 nations, with each nation limited to one cyclist. One additional cyclist, Elmabruk Kehel from Libya, was entered but did not start because of the last-minute boycott from the African countries. The event was won by Klaus-Jürgen Grünke of East Germany, the nation\'s first victory in the men\'s track time trial. Michel Vaarten of Belgium took silver. Niels Fredborg became the only man to win three medals in the event, adding a bronze to his 1968 silver and 1972 gold.
## Background
This was the 12th appearance of the event, which had previously been held in 1896 and every Games since 1928. It would be held every Games until being dropped from the programme after 2004. The returning cyclists from 1972 were gold medalist (and 1968 silver medalist) Niels Fredborg of Denmark, fifth-place finisher (and 1968 bronze medalist) Janusz Kierzkowski of Poland, sixth-place finisher Dimo Angelov Tonchev of Bulgaria, eighth-place finisher Eduard Rapp of the Soviet Union, fifteenth-place finisher Jocelyn Lovell of Canada, eighteenth-place finisher Harald Bundli of Norway, and non-finisher Hector Edwards of Barbados. Fredborg, Rapp (1974 world champion), and Klaus-Jürgen Grünke (1975 world champion) were favored.
Antigua and Barbuda, Bolivia, Hong Kong, and Yugoslavia each made their debut in the men\'s track time trial. France and Great Britain each made their 12th appearance, having competed at every appearance of the event.
## Competition format {#competition_format}
The event was a time trial on the track, with each cyclist competing separately to attempt to achieve the fastest time. Each cyclist raced one kilometre from a standing start.
## Records
The following were the world and Olympic records prior to the competition.
No new world or Olympic records were set during the competition.
## Schedule
All times are Eastern Daylight Time (UTC-4)
Date Time Round
----------------------- ----------- -----------
Tuesday, 20 July 1976 **15:00** **Final**
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