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# Paul Brouardel
**Paul Camille Hippolyte Brouardel** (13 February 1837, Saint-Quentin, Aisne -- 23 July 1906) was a French pathologist, hygienist, and member of the Académie Nationale de Médecine.
In 1858 he became an externe at the Hôpital Cochin in Paris, and in 1865 earned his medical doctorate. In 1873 he became director of medical services at the Hôpital Saint-Antoine and la Pitié. In 1879 he became a professor of forensics at the Faculté de Médecine de Paris, and succeeded Auguste Ambroise Tardieu (1818--1879) as doyen of French forensic medicine. From 1884 to 1904 he was chair of the Consultative Committee of Hygiene, and in 1899 was elected president of the French Association for the Advancement of Sciences (AFAS).
Brouardel was the leading authority of French forensic medicine, and was also a passionate advocate concerning all aspects of public health and hygiene. He was at the forefront of issues such as food safety, tuberculosis, venereal disease, child abuse, alcoholism and public decency. Brouardel was a major influence on the career of neurologist Georges Gilles de la Tourette (1857--1904).
With physician Ernest Mosny (1861--1918), he was co-author of the multi-volume *Traité d\'hygiène*, and with Augustin Nicolas Gilbert (1858--1927) and Joseph Girode, he published the 10-volume *Traité de médecine et de Thérapeutique* (1895--1902).
## Additional writings {#additional_writings}
upright=1.35\|thumb\|Members of the Paris Medical Faculty (1904), caricature by Adrien Barrère: André Chantemesse, Gabriel Pouchet, `{{interlanguage link|Paul Poirier (surgeon)|fr|Paul Poirier}}`{=mediawiki} (1853--1907), Paul Georges Dieulafoy, Georges Maurice Debove, Paul Brouardel, Samuel Jean de Pozzi, Paul Jules Tillaux, Georges Hayem, Victor André Cornil, Paul Berger, Jean Casimir Félix Guyon, Pierre-Emile Launois, Adolphe Pinard and Pierre-Constant Budin
- *De la tuberculisation des organes génitaux de la femme, thèse de médecine*, 1865.
- *Compte rendu des travaux de la Société anatomique de Paris*, 1865.
- *De l\'exercice et de l\'enseignement de la médecine*, 1873.
- *Eloge de M. Félix Bricheteau, lu à la Société anatomique*, 1874.
- *Accidents causés par les substances alimentaires d\'origine animale contenant des alcaloïdes toxiques*, 1889.
- *Recherches expérimentales sur la mort par submersion brusque*, 1889.
- *La Vaccination Obligatoire et la Prophylaxis de la Variole Discours à l\'Académie de médecine*, 1891.
- *Rôle du médecin dans les cas où la communication d\'une maladie vénérienne est invoquée pour obtenir la séparation de corps ou le divorce*, 1900.
- *Accidents causés par l\'addition des antiseptiques aux aliments*, 1903.
- *La nouvelle Loi sur la Santé Publique*, 1904.
- **Le voisinage d\'un établissement dans lequel on soigne des tuberculeux constitue-t-il un danger**, 1906.
- *Les attentats aux moeurs*, 1906
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# Society for Photographic Education
The **Society for Photographic Education** (SPE) is a nonprofit membership organization that provides a forum for the discussion of photography and related media as a means of creative expression and cultural insight. Through its interdisciplinary programs, services and publications, the society seeks to promote a broader understanding of the medium in all its forms, and to foster the development of its practice, teaching, scholarship and criticism.
## History
Prior to the 1960s, photography was taught primarily in departments of journalism at American universities. SPE emerged at a time when art departments were beginning to offer photography in their curriculum. Nathan Lyons, then associate director at the George Eastman House, recognized the newly emerging academic field; he coordinated and hosted a conference in November 1962 in Rochester, NY to address the concerns of these educators. Beaumont Newhall, Walter Rosenblum, Arthur Sinsabaugh, Aaron Siskind, Henry Holmes Smith, John Szarkowski, Jerry Uelsmann and Clarence White were among the thirty attendees at the "Invitational Teaching Conference." Representing the intersection of fine art practice, education and history, these early participants aimed to formulate the goals, future and improvement of photographic education. The first annual national conference was held in Chicago in 1963 and the articles of incorporation were signed in May 1964. Since its establishment, many noted artists, curators, and critics in the field of photography have been involved with SPE or its programs. Although the majority of its 2,100+ members are fine art photographers and educators, curators, critics, historians and artists are also members. The national headquarters is located in Cleveland, OH, and the archives are held at the Center for Creative Photography in Tucson, AZ.
## Events
Every year an annual national conference continues the tradition of gathering some of the greatest artists, students, historians and thinkers of photography's past, present and future. The annual event (52nd to be held in New Orleans, LA, March 12-15, 2015) attracts over 1,500 photographic artists, educators, students, curators, historians and enthusiasts from around the world. Featured speakers include recognized artists and over 45 hours of peer-reviewed programming from artists, historians, and curators, including panel discussions, imagemaker presentations, demos, and workshops. SPE's four-day event also hosts an Exhibits Fair with 75+ representatives from industry, publishing, and academic institutions. Portfolio reviews are conducted throughout the event and programming is open to members and non-members of SPE alike. Contributions help support student scholarships, featured artists\' costs, special events, and all programming.
## Regional organizations {#regional_organizations}
SPE's eight regional organizations (Northeast, Mid-Atlantic, Southeast, South Central, Midwest, Southwest, West, and Northwest) each serve the special needs of its local constituency and hold conferences/events in the autumn months, creating a sense of community within each region. Many regional associations also take an active role in advocacy issues, special publications, and newsletters.
## Caucuses
SPE currently offers membership in three caucuses -- LGBTQ (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer), Multicultural, and Women's. Created to serve underrepresented members of the society, these caucuses provide an environment to discuss, support, and advance the role of LGBTQ, women, and multicultural imagemakers within the society as well as the profession.
## *Exposure* journal {#exposure_journal}
Published since 1973, SPE\'s journal, *Exposure*, is a benefit of membership and is published bi-annually in the Spring (March) and Fall (September), with a print run of 2,700 copies per issue. A leading voice in the conversation on photography and related media for over forty years, *Exposure* publishes an inclusive range of images and ideas by those passionate about photographic discourse. *Exposure* seeks innovative, incisive, and timely submissions from its membership, and also welcomes submissions from non-members including artists, photographers, historians, critics, curators, scholars, educators, and other photography professionals
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# The Hundred Year Lie
thumb\|200px\|*The Hundred Year Lie*, hardback edition ***The Hundred Year Lie: How Food And Medicine Are Destroying Your Health*** (2006) is a book by investigative journalist Randall Fitzgerald that examines the rise of the local and global influence of the United States food and chemical industries, and argues that they have, over the last century, altered, affected and damaged the lives of millions of people in the United States by introducing synthetic chemicals into the mainstream food chain.
## Summary
The book covers a wide range of topics related to the central issue. It starts by describing the myths that the public believes, that toxicity health issues are \'someone else\'s problem\', and then goes on to talk about what is known to the scientific and chemical communities, and charts the history of the cover-up of chemicals in relation to human health, and the level of business made from this by the chemical companies.
The book then goes on in detail about the dangers of food additives, the toxic threats of the processed food humans and animals currently eat, and how this chemical contamination has now affected the water that people drink, and how this has brought on increased biological changes, genetic mutations and newly discovered and increasing illnesses and diseases, in both human and animals.
The book ends with a discussion on Western and Eastern medical approaches and philosophies, a focus on alternative medicine and eating healthily, avoiding synthetic foods, and a practical guide on how to detoxify one\'s body.
## Editions
- (hardback edition 2006, 304pp
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# 1999 State of Origin series
The **1999 State of Origin series** saw the 18th year that the annual three-game series between the Queensland and New South Wales representative rugby league football teams was contested entirely under \'state of origin\' selection rules. The series was drawn and the shield retained by the previous year\'s victors, Queensland. Each team claimed victory in a game and the deciding fixture finished at 10-all. It was the first series to end in a draw.
\_\_TOC\_\_
## Game I {#game_i}
Game I was a dour affair played in hot and steamy conditions at Suncorp Stadium with Queensland scraping in 9-8. The match was memorable for winger Mat Rogers\' debut. Despite straining a ligament and being forced from the field, the gutsy flanker returned to score all of Maroons\' points including a field goal (the first of his career) six minutes from game\'s end to win the encounter.
## Game II {#game_ii}
Game II was played at the new Olympic venue, Stadium Australia, in driving rain and in front of a record crowd. Manly captain, Geoff Toovey returned to the hooking position for NSW after not being selected for Game I. The conditions implied it would be another dour battle, but it turned out otherwise. Melbourne Storm fullback Robbie Ross grabbed his own piece of Origin history by scoring the fastest try in Origin after just 42 seconds. It temporarily took the wind out of the sails of Kevin Walters\' Maroons.
All the scoring was done in the first half with a try to Rogers and conversion which put Queensland momentarily in front before Laurie Daley, making his final Origin appearance in Sydney, tore onto an Andrew Johns pass and scored under the posts. Sideline commentator, Steve Roach, commented during the telecast that the difference between the two teams was the return of Toovey, who kept the opposing \"markers honest\" and whose delivery from hooker to his halves\' partners was sublime throughout the soggy affair. After the match, and in company with other NSW retirees Paul Harragon and Andrew Ettingshausen, Daley completed a lap of honour.
## Game III {#game_iii}
Game III was played at Suncorp in treacherous and wet conditions, featuring plenty of dropped balls. However, some of the skills on show made up for the errors. NSW captain, Brad Fittler was unavailable due to undergoing groin surgery earlier in the month. Laurie Daley once again demonstrated his prowess by miraculously scooping up a ball at his feet and off-loading to Terry Hill who then sent Matt Geyer over. Queensland\'s Paul Green somehow found his way through Ben Kennedy and Luke Ricketson to score and with Lockyer\'s conversion the Maroons led 6-4.
Adrian Lam whose club doctor at the Sydney Roosters had refused to allow him to play because of a dislocated shoulder, was cleared to play for Queensland and proved his worth by squeezing out a miracle pass to put Lockyer over. Geyer then scored for the Blues after an unlikely kick through by prop Rodney Howe to level the scores. Queensland, knowing a draw would be enough to retain the shield, had no interest in a field goal and put all their energy into holding New South Wales out.
The Blues were almost there until an inside pass from Daley to Ross went to ground. The Blues players stood around as the Queenslanders rightly celebrated, having retained the title as per the rules of State of Origin at the time
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# Laird-Dunlop House
**The Laird-Dunlop House** is a historic mansion in the Georgetown section of Washington, D.C. The house stands at 3014 N Street N.W.
## Design
The house was designed by William Lovering, who, \"though a self-trained amateur designer, was a prodigiously talented one.\" The house is tripartite, with a central block set between eastern and western wings. As it stands today, the house is Colonial Revival in design, with red brick, arched windows on the first floor and a course or line of horizontal brownstone breaking up the facade. Arches such as those seen on this house are characteristic of most of Lovering\'s work in Washington, D.C. Construction began in 1792 until 1793 and two wings were later added on to it. It is now a 24-room mansion.
## History
### Original owner {#original_owner}
The central block of the house, or some section thereof, was originally built in 1790 by one of Georgetown\'s richest men, John Laird, the owner of a tobacco warehouse. It was inherited by his daughter Barbara and her husband, Judge James Dunlop.
### Robert Todd Lincoln {#robert_todd_lincoln}
The house was purchased in 1918 by Robert Todd Lincoln, the son of President Abraham Lincoln. He spent time between this home in Georgetown and his estate Hildene in Manchester, Vermont, until his death at Hildene on July 26, 1926. His wife, Mary Harlan Lincoln, continued to live in both homes until her death in Washington, D.C., in 1937.
### Benjamin C. Bradlee {#benjamin_c._bradlee}
Benjamin C. Bradlee, the *Washington Post* editor during the Watergate era, purchased the house in 1983 and lived there with Sally Quinn until his death there at age 93 on October 21, 2014
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# Nanfeng County
**Nanfeng County** (`{{zh|s=南丰县 |t=南豐縣 |p=Nánfēng Xiàn}}`{=mediawiki}) is a county in the east of Jiangxi province, China, bordering Fujian province to the southeast. It is under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Fuzhou. It has an area of 1,920 square kilometers, administers 7 towns, 5 townships, and 2 similar to township units, with a population of nearly 300,000.
## Demographics
As of 2010, Nanfeng has a population of 287,932. 20% are children under the age of 15, 72% are adults aged 15--64, and 6% adults over 65.
## History
In the second year of Wu Taiping of the Three Kingdoms (257), the southern part of Nancheng County was split and incorporated as Feng County, but to differentiate it from Feng County, Jiangsu, it was named Nanfeng County, *Nan* meaning south.
In the 19th year of Yuan Zhiyuan (1282), Nanfeng County was promoted to Nanfeng Prefecture, controlled directly under Jiangxi Province. In the third year of Ming Hongwu (1370), Nanfeng county was restored under the Jianchang House.
In the early years of the Republic of China, the county was part of Yuzhang Subdistrict. In 1927, Yuzhang was abolished, and it was transferred to the Seventh District of Jiangxi Province, seated in Qincheng Town.
After 1949, it was transferred to the jurisdiction of Fuzhou Prefecture.
## Geography
Nanfeng County is surrounded to the east and west by mountains, and the Fu River Valley runs through the middle.
## Climate
## Administrative Divisions {#administrative_divisions}
Nanfeng County has 7 towns and 5 townships.:
7 towns
+-------------------------+-------------------------+
| - Qincheng (*琴城镇*) | - Qiawan (*洽湾镇*) |
| - Taihe (*太和镇*) | - Sangtian (*桑田镇*) |
| - Baishe (*白舍镇*) | - Zixiao (*紫霄镇*) |
| - Shishan (*市山镇*) | |
+-------------------------+-------------------------+
5 towns
+-------------------------+------------------------+
| - Sanxi (*三溪乡*) | - Taiyuan (*太源乡*) |
| - Dongping (*东坪乡*) | - Fufang (*傅坊乡*) |
| - Laixi (*莱溪乡*) | |
+-------------------------+------------------------+
Other
Nanfeng County Governor Red Reclamation Farm, and Nanfeng Industrial Park.
## Transportation
Highways:
- National Road 206
- Jiguang Expressway
Railways:
- Eagle-Yuan Railway (Eagle Tan--Fuzhou--Ruijin--Meizhou--Shantou) Railway (planned)
- Xiangtang--Putian Railway (Changfu) Railway
## Tourist attractions {#tourist_attractions}
Baihua Bridge, Hengshi Mountain, Dishui Rocks, Yangmeizhai, Hanbu Mountain, Geshi Rock, Zixiao View, are all Danxia landforms located in Nanfeng.
Other tourist attractions include the Zeng Gong Memorial Hall, Dizang Temple, Junfeng Mountain (which rises 1760 meters above sea level), and Tanhu Reservoir.
## Notable people {#notable_people}
- Zeng Gong
- Zhao Xingyu
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# Nanfeng County
## Specialties
**Nanfeng tangerine**: The Nanfeng tangerine has been cultivated for more than 1300 years. During the Kaiyuan era, Nanfeng became a major citrus producing area, with an output of more than 100 million jin (110 million lbs, 50 million kg) per year, and the citrus produced was classified as a royal tribute. Also known as the \"tiny tangerine\", the Nanfeng tangerine is small, 2--4 cm in diameter, with thin skin, sweet juice, a rich aroma, golden color, and is nutrient-rich.\" In the 1950s, Joseph Stalin tasted the tangerine and praised it as \"the king of oranges\". In 1962, the tangerine was awarded one of the top ten orange varieties in the country, and in 1986 and 89, was rated as the national high-quality fruit. At the 99 China International Farmer\'s Expo, it was rated as a famous brand product. In 1995, Nanfeng county was named by the Ministry of Agriculture as \"the hometown of the Chinese citrus\".
**Nanfeng mud stoves**: During the 13th year of the Guangxu emperor of the Qing dynasty (1887), Nanfeng County began to produce mud stoves, wood stoves, and charcoal stoves. Previously known as salt furnaces, they were renamed Nanfeng mud stoves in 1953. The raw material that is used is viscous clay, and the production process includes refining, compacting, planing, polishing, baseting, chassis, packaging, and the like. Because of its beautiful appearance, white colour, strong bearing, its ability to withstand high temperatures without cracking, and durability, it has been a special product of Nanfeng for more than 100 years.
**Nanfeng pickled vegetables**: Also known as \"傩菜\" (nuó cài), processed by the traditional pickling process. It is another local specialty agricultural product with a long history of planting and processing in Nanfeng
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# Punk Rock Is Your Friend: Kung Fu Records Sampler No. 4
***Punk Rock is Your Friend: Kung Fu Records Sampler #4*** is the fourth compilation album by the Seal Beach, California record label Kung Fu Records, released in 2003. It features artists signed to the label at the time, as well as others who were not signed to the label but had participated in some of their releases such as *The Show Must Go Off!* live DVD series. It was the first of the label\'s samplers to use a number in its title, as it was the first to repeat the \"Punk Rock is Your Friend\" title. Interspersed between some of the tracks are clips of comedian Neil Hamburger from his Kung Fu Films release *Live at the Phoenix Greyhound Park*. It is an enhanced CD-ROM that also includes several music videos.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. Ozma -- \"Turtleneck Coverup\" (from *Spending Time on the Borderline*)
2. Audio Karate -- \"Drama Club Romance\" (from *Space Camp*)
3. Tsunami Bomb -- \"Say it If You Mean It\" (from *The Ultimate Escape*)
4. The God Awfuls -- \"Disconnected Youth\" (from *Next Stop Armageddon*)
5. The Vandals -- \"Count to Ten\" (previously unreleased)
6. Useless I.D. -- \"Too Late to Start Over\" (from *No Vacation from the World*)
7. One Man Army -- \"S.O.S.\" (live) (from *Live at the Troubadour*)
8. The Ataris -- \"Bad Case of Broken Heart\" (from *End is Forever*)
9. Antifreeze -- \"Useless Words\" (previously unreleased)
10. Ozma -- \"Game Over\" (from *Spending Time on the Borderline*)
11. Audio Karate -- \"Rosemead\" (from *Space Camp*)
12. The Vandals -- \"I\'m Becoming You\" (from *Internet Dating Superstuds*)
13. Tsunami Bomb -- \"Top 40 Hit\" (from *The Ultimate Escape*)
14. Useless I.D. -- \"Bring Me Down\" (from *No Vacation from the World*)
15. Mi6 -- \"Lezbian Girlfriend\" (from *Lunchbox*)
16. Antifreeze -- \"Question\" (from *Four Letter Words*)
17. The Ataris -- \"Take Me Back\" (from *\..
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# Punk Rock Is Your Friend: Kung Fu Records Sampler No. 5
***Punk Rock is Your Friend: Kung Fu Records Sampler #5*** is the fifth compilation album by the Seal Beach, California record label Kung Fu Records, released in 2004. It features artists signed to the label at the time, as well as others who were not signed to the label but had participated in some of their releases such as *The Show Must Go Off!* live DVD series. It also includes audio clips from the Kung Fu Films movie *Cake Boy* interspersed between the songs. It is an enhanced CD-ROM that also includes several music videos.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"Merchandise\"\*
2. Underminded -- \"It\'s Kinda Like a Bodybag\" (from *Hail Unamerican!*)
3. \"Band meeting\"\*
4. The God Awfuls -- \"Watch it Fall\" (from *Next Stop Armageddon*)
5. Underminded -- \"The Heart of a Traitor\" (from *Hail Unamerican!*)
6. Audio Karate -- \"Jesus is Alive and Well (And Living in Mexico)\" (from *Lady Melody*)
7. \"Ska took a dump\"\*
8. The Vandals -- \"How They Getcha\'\" (from *Hollywood Potato Chip*)
9. Antifreeze -- \"Pointless Emotion\" (from *The Search for Something More*)
10. Stiff Little Fingers -- \"Guitar and Drum\" (from *Guitar and Drum*)
11. \"Per diem\"\*
12. The Adolescents -- \"Creatures\" (live) (from *Live at the House of Blues*)
13. Useless I.D. -- \"Pink Stars and Magazines\" (from *Redemption*)
14. Tsunami Bomb -- \"Roundabout\" (Shingo remix) (previously unreleased)
15. \"Bofunk\"\*
16. The God Awfuls -- \"Power Animal\" (from *Next Stop Armageddon*)
17. The Vandals -- \"Lord of the Dance\" (Shingo remix) (previously unreleased)
18. \"LTJ gave us a compliment\"\*
19. Pistol Grip -- \"Claustrophobia\" (live) (from *Live at the Glasshouse*)
20. Useless I.D. -- \"Kiss Me, Kill Me\" (from *Redemption*)
21. Ozma -- \"Utsukushii Shibuya\" (Japanese version) (from *Spending Time on the Borderline*)
22. \"Enthusiasm director\"\*
23. The Matches -- \"Chain Me Free\" (live) (from *Live at the House of Blues*)
24. No Use for a Name -- \"This Ain\'t No Way to Live\" (from the film *Cake Boy*)
25. Tsunami Bomb -- \"Dawn on a Funeral Day\" (from *The Definitive Act*)
26. \"No talent\"\*
27. Guttermouth -- \"1, 2, 3\...Slam!\" (live) (from *Live at the House of Blues*)
28. Audio Karate -- \"Ms. Foreign Friendly\" (from *Lady Melody*)
29
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# Franz Rummel
**Franz Rummel** (January 11, 1853`{{spaced ndash}}`{=mediawiki}May 2, 1901) was a German pianist, born in England and active across continental Europe.
Rummel was born in London into a prominent German musical family, the son of pianist Joseph Rummel and grandson of composer and conductor Christian Rummel. He studied under Louis Brassin at the Brussels Conservatory, winning the first prize in 1872. He gave his first concert in Brussels, on November 24, 1872. In 1877--78 he toured through the Netherlands with Ole Bull and Minnie Hauk, and embarked on American tours in 1878, 1886, and 1898. He taught 1884--85 at Julius Stern\'s Conservatory, and then at Theodor Kullak\'s, both in Berlin. In 1897 he received the title of Professor from Eduard, Duke of Anhalt. By the start of his third American tour in 1898, he had played in about 700 concerts. Franz was the first pianist to play at Carnegie Hall in 1891.
He married a daughter of telegraph inventor Samuel Morse; one of their sons, Walter Morse Rummel, was also a well-known pianist
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# Non-conforming mortgage
A **non-conforming mortgage** is a term in the United States for a residential mortgage that does not conform to the loan purchasing guidelines set by the Federal National Mortgage Association /Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac). Mortgages which are non-conforming because they have a dollar amount over the purchasing limit set by FNMA/FHLMC are often called \"jumbo\" mortgages. Mortgages which are non-conforming because they do not meet FNMA/FHLMC underwriting guidelines (such as credit quality or loan-to-value ratio) are sometimes mistakenly called \"subprime\" mortgages. Non-conforming loans must remain in a lender\'s portfolio, or be sold to other companies who purchase non-conforming loans, or be securitized, with the securities being sold to investors seeking non-conforming mortgage-backed securities. Consequently, a premium is paid by those obtaining non-conforming mortgages, generally .25 or .5 points more than the same loan would cost if it were conforming. The loan amount is adjusted every few years depending upon the average sales price of homes in the U.S.
## History of conforming loan limits {#history_of_conforming_loan_limits}
With passage of the economic stimulus package in 2008, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac were temporarily authorized to purchase loans in high-cost areas, up to 125% of the area\'s median home price, not to exceed \$729,750, except in Alaska, Hawaii, Guam, and the US Virgin Islands, where higher limits may apply
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# Giovanni Biliverti
thumb\|right\|upright=1.3\|*The Archangel Raphael Refusing Tobias\'s Gift* **Giovanni Biliverti** (surname also written as **Bilivelt** and **Bilivert** or other variants; 25 August 1585 -- 16 July 1644) was an Italian painter of the late-Mannerism and early-Baroque period, active mainly in his adoptive city of Florence, as well as Rome.
## Life and work {#life_and_work}
He was born in Maastricht. His father, Jacques Bylivelt (born Jacob Janszoon Bijlevelt; also known as Giacomo Giovanni Biliverti), was a painter and goldsmith from Delft, who went to Florence, where he worked for Ferdinando I de\' Medici.
Biliverti began as an apprentice in the workshops of Alessandro Casolani, in Siena. After his father\'s death in 1603, he worked in the studios of Lodovico Cardi (known as \"Cigoli\"), in Rome, from 1604 until 1607. During that time, they worked on commissions from Pope Clement VIII. In 1609, he joined the Accademia delle Arti del Disegno, which was sponsored by the Medicis.
In 1611, he created his first independent work, a martyrdom of Saint Callistus for the Benedictines. He was employed by Cosimo II de\' Medici from 1611 until 1621, as a designer for the inlay technique known as \"pietra dura\".
His *Grateful Tobias* and *Chastity of Joseph* (c. 1618) may be found in the Palatine Gallery of the Palazzo Pitti. In 1621, he painted a portrayal of Saint Helena discovering the Holy Cross, for the Basilica of Santa Croce. His *Hagar in the Desert* is displayed in the Hermitage Museum. His *Christ and the Samaritan Woman* is at the Belvedere.
Late in life, he became blind. He died in Florence in 1644. His students included Cecco Bravo, Agostino Melissi, Baccio del Bianco, Giovanni Maria Morandi and Orazio Fidani
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# New Economic Mechanism
The **New Economic Mechanism (NEM)** (*Új gazdasági mechanizmus*) was a major economic reform launched in the People\'s Republic of Hungary in 1968. Between 1972 and 1978, it was curtailed by the prevailing winds of Eastern Bloc politics. During the subsequent decade, until the Counter-revolutions of 1989 ended the era, the NEM\'s principles continued to affect the Hungarian economy, even in cases where the \"NEM\" name was not emphasized. Because of the NEM, Hungary in the 1980s had a higher ratio of market mechanisms to central planning than any other Eastern Bloc economy. The ratio was different to an extent that was politically challenging to bring about in the Soviet sphere because of the ideological mixture it required. The name Goulash Communism was jokingly (but tellingly) applied to this mixture. The Hungarian economy under the influence of NEM principles was widely viewed as outperforming other Eastern Bloc economies, making Hungary \"the happiest barrack\" in barracks communism. Many Soviet and Eastern European people enjoyed going to Hungary (for example, on work assignments or on vacations) because of the economic and cultural environment there.
The tensions and harmonies between market mechanisms and central planning, with neither having sole control, are a perennial challenge in all societies that temper capitalism with socialism or vice versa. In some ways Hungary\'s economic reform channels comparisons with the Chinese economic reform, in the sense that both were qualitative challenges to a Stalinist type of system---and thus that such reforms were not politically feasible in most of the Eastern Bloc.
## Reform
The period from 1956--1968 was one of reform in Eastern Europe. The beginning of these transformations was marked by the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, which resulted in János Kádár's placement as the communist leader of the People\'s Republic of Hungary and the creation of the Hungarian Socialist Workers\' Party (HSWP). For the first ten years of his rule, Kádár's objective was to create a united Hungary, announcing in December 1961 that \"those who are not against us are with us.\"
Kádár also focused his attention on economic improvement. On 7 May 1966, the Central Committee of the HSWP announced Kádár\'s plans for the reform of the economy, known as the New Economic Mechanism (NEM). The reform is considered as \"the most radical postwar change\" of any Comecon country. The plan, which became official 1 January 1968, was a major shift to decentralization in an attempt to overcome the inefficiencies of central planning. The NEM represented a move away from the Soviet economic system of compulsory plan indicators in favor of a policy that states profits as the enterprise\'s main goal. The new economic policy was a \"comprehensive reform of the economic system\", creating market relationships among firms, using prices as allocative functions and firms responding to prices to maximize profits, and using profits to budget new investments.
## Enterprises
The Central Committee\'s document on 7 May 1966 details changes in the firm\'s role under the new economic policy. The reform gave producers the freedom to decide what and how much they produce and offer for sale and to establish commercial or co-operative relationships. Buyers were also given the freedom to choose between domestic goods and imports. Additionally, firms were given greater autonomy in carrying out investments and hiring labor. As dictated by the Central Committee, success is to be measured by a firm\'s profitability. The decentralized structure of the New Economic Mechanism marked an improvement in the decision making process, allowing for basic decisions to be made at the local level without information having to be transmitted upward for a more centralized decision. The Hungarian government made 50.5% (enterprises 49.5%) of the investment decisions for the 68 billion forint invested in 1968, while in 1974 enterprises accounted for 53.1% of the decisions for the 128 billion forint invested.
## Prices
The New Economic Mechanism also aimed to create a more active role for prices. A system of free prices reflecting market conditions was implemented. The government wanted flexibility, but also to combat inflation. To do so, they introduced a new practice of price controls declaring an item\'s price as fixed, limited, or free.
***Fixed prices*** were classified as material and basic intermediate goods. The price was fixed because of the good\'s impact on the economy and the overall need to ensure stability. The price was determined by ministries.
***Limited prices*** referred to particular products or products in some product group for which there were no substitutes, such as bread. It was applied on the average price over a period or a window within which prices were free to fluctuate.
***Free prices*** were assigned to goods that formed small parts of individual expenditures or were regarded as luxuries.
The price reform allowed for prices better to reflect the cost of production and the valuation by the market, and to correspond more closely to \"some measure of socially necessary inputs\", helping reach market equilibrium.
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# New Economic Mechanism
## Foreign trade {#foreign_trade}
The goal of the New Economic Mechanism consisted of improving Hungary\'s economy to make Hungary a serious contributor to the international economy. In 1966 the Soviet Union accounted for 32% of Hungary\'s exports and 29% of its imports. Of Hungary\'s exports to Western Developed Countries, 42.7% was Food and Live Animals, 43.5% Manufactured Goods. Meanwhile, trade with Socialist Countries consisted largely of Manufactured Goods (81.3%). Conversely, Hungary\'s imports from the West were primarily Manufactured Goods (70.6%). Because of the pre-existing quota system which placed an emphasis on quantity, not quality, Hungarian goods were inferior and did not meet Western technological standards.
Decentralization provided enterprises with the opportunity to better align with the world market by giving them more freedom in deciding which products and technologies to invest in and manufacture. Additionally, firms were paid for exports in the Hungarian currency equivalent of the foreign currency they earned, as the government aimed to involve enterprises in foreign markets and in improving the quality of goods produced. The new plan established direct connections between the foreign and domestic markets on the basis of an appropriate exchange rate. The primary concern of the New Economic Mechanism was in improving foreign trade and establishing a relationship between success in exportation and a firm\'s profitability
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# Chetwynd, Shropshire
**Chetwynd** is a rural civil parish just to the north of Newport, Shropshire in England.
Although the parish contains no substantial nucleated settlements it includes the Chetwynd Park estate, in addition to Sambrook, Howle, Pickstock and a number of other small hamlets.
The north-eastern boundary of the parish is formed by an old Roman road, now a country lane, while its eastern boundary runs along the Lonco Brook.
The parish church, dedicated to St. Michael and All Angels, was built in 1865 to the designs of Benjamin Ferrey and contains a fine East window [1](https://web.archive.org/web/20110813145644/http://churches.lichfield.anglican.org/edgmond/chetwynd/newpics2/chetwyndew.jpg) depicting \"Christ adored by the hosts of Heaven\", designed by John Hardman in 1881. The chancel windows, one of which is a war memorial to parish dead of World War I and designed by Dunstan Powell, are also by Hardman, while the windows in the nave were designed by Francis Skeat in 1963.
An F1/T2 tornado formed within the civil parish on 23 November 1981, as part of the record-breaking nationwide tornado outbreak on that day. The tornado later moved over Newport, causing some damage there.
The former RAF Chetwynd is nearby
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# Gozzano, Piedmont
**Gozzano** (`{{IPA|it|ɡodˈdzaːno|lang}}`{=mediawiki}; *Gozzoeun*) is a *\[\[comune\]\]* (municipality) in the Province of Novara in the Italian region of Piedmont, located about 100 km northeast of Turin and about 35 km northwest of Novara.
Gozzano borders the following municipalities: Bolzano Novarese, Borgomanero, Briga Novarese, Gargallo, Invorio, Orta San Giulio, Pogno, San Maurizio d\'Opaglio, and Soriso.
## Sport
Gozzano\'s football team is A.C. Gozzano, founded in 1924 and playing its home games at Stadio Alfredo d\'Albertas
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# Jimmy Fleming (footballer, born 1901)
**James William Fleming** (5 December 1901 -- 13 May 1969) was a Scottish footballer who played for St Johnstone, Rangers and Ayr United as a centre forward.
## Career
Fleming made his Rangers debut against Dundee in October 1925 and scored in a 2--1 defeat at Ibrox. His last appearance was in October 1934 against Queen of the South. In one memorable match he got possession of the ball in defence and worked his way down the pitch, avoiding all tackles, to score a spectacular goal.
He holds the record for the most Scottish Cup goals scored by a Rangers player, with 44, as well as the record of having scored the most goals in a single match for Rangers, scoring nine times in a 14--2 Scottish Cup win against Blairgowrie in 1934.
He represented Scotland three times between 1929 and 1930, scoring three goals. Two of these goals were scored in a 5--2 defeat by England at Wembley
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# Virtual racing
**Virtual racing** is an offering from the \"Big Four\" bookmakers in the United Kingdom, along with some smaller firms. They offer punters the opportunity to place a wager on racing even after the day\'s race coverage, then watch the race on a TV screen. The races include virtual dog racing and virtual horse racing.
Virtual Racing tracks include Portman Park, Steepledowns, Sprintvalley, Lucksin\' Downs, Race Of Champions(exclusive to Ladbrokes), Hope Park, Canterbury Hills, Sandy Lanes and Home Straights (all four exclusive to William Hill) for the virtual horse enthusiast, whilst virtual greyhounds have tracks called Brushwood, Millersfield, Trapton Park and Mutleigh Cross amongst others.
## Odds
This opportunity to bet through does go with an edge to the house. Some betting shop punters `{{who|date=October 2010|reason="many". }}`{=mediawiki} have described these races as \'animal roulette\' since the bookmaker knows exactly the chance of each dog winning. Some races have an overround (bookmakers margin) of 2% a runner, sometimes less in races with multiple runners. When these races can be as little as three minutes apart this results in unfavourable conditions for the gambler.
Virtual Racing is a visual representation of a computerised random number draw. The odds of the different horses (or dogs) are created by having the horses with the lower odds have more numbers in the draw than horses with higher odds. However, each number can only be drawn once and therefore the same selection cannot come first and second.
## Online virtual racing {#online_virtual_racing}
With the growth of bookmakers\' share of the online market, they also offer online virtual racing. These are often included in the \'games\' section of the website. Other providers such as SkyBet, William Hill and Betfair let viewers watch it as an event. SkyBet has also used their parent company\'s position of a TV provider and used virtual racing to fill time slots on their Sky Vegas channel (Channel 845).
A new category of virtual racing games has also emerged since 2006 with Newturf.com and Horseracingpark.com, among a growing number of others. These are online multiplayer strategy games where people can breed, train, buy, sell and race virtual horses or dogs against each other with real money involved. These games simulate the management of a virtual stable or kennel based on pure logical mathematical equations (skill games). Each online horse or greyhound disposes of unique genetic information, which has a direct influence on its physical and mental potential
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# Brewarrina railway line
The **Brewarrina railway line** is a closed branch railway line in far-western New South Wales, Australia. It joined the Main West Line at Byrock with the town of Brewarrina on the Darling River. It was 93.67 km long.
## Construction
The residents of Brewarrina realised the benefit of a railway connection and presented a petition to the Minister for Public Works in September, 1881, for a railway to be connected to their town from Byrock. At that date, the Western Line had only reached Dubbo and its extension to Nyngan was under construction.
The Parliamentary Standing Committee on Public Works recommended on 22 June 1898 that the proposed Byrock to Brewarrina branch line should be built, subject to a levee being paid by Crown Lands Lessees in the area served by the proposed line.
The line opened as far as Tarrion Creek in July, 1900 and was completed to Brewarrina on 2 September 1901.
A peculiar feature of this line was the method of construction of the associated signal and telegraph lines. To minimise cost, the wiring was fixed to short pegs nailed to the side of the sleepers rather than the standard method of installation of overhead wiring on telegraph poles.
## Operations
The line replaced the river trade on the Barwon and Darling rivers, and carried large quantities of wool.
For the greater part of its life, the predominant train service was a Mixed train connecting with the Through Mail at Byrock on Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays and returning to Byrock on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays. Conditional stock trains ran as required.
In the 1960s, the Through Mail was replaced by a self-propelled diesel train and the Brewarrina Mixed train operated only twice each week.
## Demise
It was closed after damage by flooding on 18 January 1974 and not re-opened. The last passenger service operated on 12 January 1974. The line was officially decommissioned as at 11 August 1982
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# A-paper
A series}}`{{Globalize|article|USA|2name=the United States|date=December 2010}}`{=mediawiki}
In the mortgage industry of the United States, **A-paper** is a term to describe a mortgage loan (or a Prime loan) for which the asset and borrower meet the following criteria:
- In the United States, the borrower has a credit score of 680 or higher
- The borrower fully documents their income and assets
- The borrower\'s debt to income ratio does not exceed 35%
- The borrower retains 2 months of mortgage payments in reserves after closing
- The borrower injects at least 20% equity
Furthermore, there are some criteria that are guiding factors, such as the borrower having stability in the line of work and/or living in the same property for two or more years
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# Gottlieb Schuler
**Gottlieb Frederick Henry Schuler** (23 February 1853 -- 11 December 1926), who has been referred to authoritatively as **G. Frederick H. Schuler** or **Schüler**, was an Australian journalist, editor of *The Age* for 26 years from 1900.
left \|150px \|Caricature by David Low Schuler was born in Heimerdingen, Württemberg, the son of Jacob Friderich Schüler and his wife Christine Catharine, *née* Frey, though arguably born at sea. Around 1860 Schuler came to Australia with his parents and was educated at Sandhurst (now Bendigo, Victoria). After leaving school he joined the staff of the *Bendigo Independent* did much reading and gained an intimate acquaintance with English, French, and German literature. He later transferred the *Bendigo Advertiser*, where he specialized as a mining reporter, and soon had much knowledge of the industry. In March 1879 he was given an appointment on the Melbourne newspaper *The Age* in connection with which he gained an intimate acquaintance with Victorian politics.
Schuler became chief of staff in 1890 and prepared much of the material which led to the attack on the management of the railways, and the famous Speight action for libel. He was appointed editor of the Age on 1 January 1900 and held the position continuously for the remainder of his life. During the 1914--18 war he was vilified by opposition newspapers for his German origin despite protests that he was born at sea. In 1917 his only son, Lieutenant Phillip Schuler, was killed in action in France. Phillip Schuler had been a war correspondent before enlisting in the First AIF and had published a book on the Gallipoli campaign, *Australia in Arms*, in 1916.
Schuler died suddenly at his home in Hawthorn, Melbourne, on 11 December 1926 leaving a widow and two daughters. Belonging as he did to the old school of anonymous journalism Schuler never came much before the public, but as chief of staff he showed great tact, and as editor had his finger on every department of the paper. It could be said that *The Age* lost prestige under his editorship, but circumstances in Australia were changing rapidly, it is unlikely that any newspaper will have the power wielded by *The Age* under David Syme and Arthur Windsor during the last quarter of the nineteenth century.
## Family
Schuler married S. D. \"Dolly\" Strahan (c. 1863 -- 19 July 1939) on 3 October 1888. She was totally blind, and a noted contributor to blindness support organisations. They had two daughters and one son:
- Minna Schuler (born 17 September 1894)
- Phillip Frederick Edward Schuler (c. August 1893 -- 23 June 1917)
- Dorothy Schuler (born 18 September 1891) married John Denholm on 28 October 1916
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# Saturn IB-C
Studied in 1965, the same year that Project Gemini started, the Saturn IB-C was simply designed as an orbital launch vehicle like the original Saturn IB. The booster would consist of an ordinary Saturn IB with four Minuteman first stages used as strap-on boosters. The Saturn IB core booster did fly from 1966 until 1975, but never with any strap-on boosters
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# Richard Gelles
**Richard James Gelles** (July 7, 1946 -- June 26, 2020) was an American writer and sociologist. His research on family violence and child welfare helped shape government policy and social work practices nationwide.
## Education
Gelles received a B.A. from Bates College in Maine in 1968. In 1970, he graduated with a M.A. in sociology from the University of Rochester, and received a Ph.D. in sociology from the University of New Hampshire in 1973.
## Career
Gelles joined the faculty of the University of Rhode Island in 1971. There he started his research on domestic violence. His study, *The Violent Home*, was the first systematic investigation to provide empirical data on domestic violence. Though originally a supporter of keeping families intact, his research leading to *The Book of David: How Preserving Families Can Cost Children\'s Lives* forced a change in his position. He discovered 2000 children died annually as a result of family violence, even when under the aegis of social welfare. He also used his research to become an advocate for changes in social welfare legislation. During a sabbatical year, he worked as a congressional fellow on the House Ways and Means Committee. His contributions led to the passage of the Adoption and Safe Families Act of 1997. That act included a provision known as the 15/22 rule. If a child had been in foster care for 15 of the previous 22 months, states were required to terminate the biological parents' rights so that the child could be put up for adoption. As a result, more foster children found adoptive homes.
In 1998 he became Professor of Social Policy at the University of Pennsylvania and held the Joanne and Raymond Welsh Chair of Child Welfare and Family Violence in the School of Social Policy & Practice. He was made interim dean of the School of Social Work. He was also director of the Center for Research on Youth & Social Policy and co-director of the Field Center for Children\'s Policy Practice & Research at the University of Pennsylvania.
His *Intimate Violence in Families, Third Edition*, similarly made a significant impact in the study of child welfare and family violence. Gelles also co-wrote *Current Controversies on Family Violence* (2005) with M. Cavanaugh and D. Loseke. He co-wrote another key text, *Intimate Violence and Abuse in Families*. He was eventually the author of 24 books and more than 100 articles, chapters and papers. He also continued to be an advocate, appearing on TV and radio, as well as testifying to political bodies.
Gelles responded forthrightly to prevent the public from purposefully distorting his research findings on family life. For example, in response to father\'s rights groups, Gelles published \"Domestic Violence: Not An Even Playing Field\" to rectify what he calls a \"significant distortion of well-grounded research data.
## Private life {#private_life}
Gelles married Judy S. Isacoff, who later became a visionary photographer of domestic life. They had two sons, David and Jason. A lifelong baseball fan and supporter of the Red Sox, he served on the board of directors for the nonprofit organization Pitch in for Baseball. Gelles\'s mother Evelyn was such a fan that she asked her ashes be left in the Boston Fenway Park field. Richard and son Jason did so.
He died of brain cancer on June 26, 2020, three months after the unexpected death of his wife. On visits to see his dying father, Jason noticed a small bag labelled "Fenway dirt." It was a gift package colleagues gave Gelles when he stepped down from a deanship at Penn. At the burial, Jason tossed the Fenway grit into his father\'s grave, an act baseball fans especially understand
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# Moncrief
**Moncrief** is a surname of Scottish origin. Notable people with the surname include:
- Brianne Moncrief (born 1983), American actress
- Donte Moncrief (born 1993), American football player
- James Moncrief (1741--1793), British military engineer
- Keith W
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# 2005 State of Origin series
The **2005 State of Origin series** saw the 24th time that the annual three-game series between the Queensland and New South Wales representative rugby league football teams was contested entirely under \'state of origin\' selection rules. The three matches drew a total attendance of 187,309 and New South Wales won the series 2-1, their third consecutive series victory, and their last until 2014.
The Wally Lewis Medal for Player of the Series was awarded to New South Wales\' fullback, Anthony Minichiello. The Ron McAuliffe Medal for Queensland player of the series was awarded to Cameron Smith. The Brad Fittler Medal for New South Wales player of the series was awarded to Matt King.
\_\_TOC\_\_
## Game I {#game_i}
The crowd of 52,484 people at Suncorp Stadium was a record for the ground at the time. After fifty minutes, Queensland had raced away to a 19-0 lead. However New South Wales, under new coach Ricky Stuart made a strong comeback, bringing the score to 20-19 in their favour. A field goal from Johnathan Thurston, in his first match for the Maroons, saw the game go into \'golden point\' extra time. Brett Kimmorley, playing halfback in place of an injured Andrew Johns, threw a pass intended for Matt King, but was instead intercepted by Matt Bowen, who snatched a 24-20 victory for the Maroons.
## Game II {#game_ii}
Having made his first NRL reappearance just ten days earlier following recovery from injury, Andrew Johns made his State of Origin comeback for Game II with a man-of-the-match performance to help level the 2005 series. This game opened with the Blues sustaining immense pressure on their own line for the opening 15 minutes of the match before breaking through for a try to Minichiello to open the scoring.
## Game III {#game_iii}
After 25 years the 2005 decider was the 75th game between the two sides, with 36 wins for each side. After an hour New South Wales had raced away to a 32-0 lead and late tries to Queensland proved too little too late. Matt King became only the ninth player (and fourth New South Welshman) to score a hat-trick in State of Origin
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# Conrad L. Raiford
**Conrad Laurel Raiford** (December 27, 1907 -- May 20, 2002) was an American athlete, goodwill ambassador and one of the first African-American police officers in Greensboro, North Carolina.
## Career
In 1946, Raiford was one of only six black men recruited by the then all white Greensboro Police Department. Although Raiford was proud to be a pioneering member of law enforcement, Raiford resented the way he and his fellow black officers were treated in a city that was then one of the more populated incorporated areas in the Tarheel state. At the time, these police officers were not allowed to arrest anyone outside their ethnicity.
\"I had to wear rejects,\" Raiford told his daughter, Sharon Crews during an interview for ABC News. \"I had to wear pants another officer had been wearing for two years. They were shiny. They didn\'t fit.\" Things were not any better in the North and Midwest.
\"They even built a second bathroom down in the cold and rat-infested basement of city hall because we were considered less than human,\" said Raiford. \"It took a special man to take that.\"
Life for America\'s first black police officers was not easy. For Raiford, the tension and humiliation became too much to bear. After a five-year tour of duty, Raiford traded his badge for a rundown schoolhouse for black children located in a remote area of Guilford County called Goodwill. A defunct book titled \"Hiawatha, the Warrior,\" was compulsory reading for all of the first through twelfth graders he taught.
Although Raiford\'s days of patrolling the streets of Greensboro had come to an end in 1951, his commitment to improving the lives of those disenfranchised by Jim Crow was just beginning.
### Other activities {#other_activities}
Raiford went on to become a human rights activist, a Greensboro City Council member, Commissioner of the Greensboro Parks and Recreation Department and the North Carolina Goodwill Ambassador for the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, West Germany.
In 1977, Greensboro city officials honored Raiford by naming the Warnersville Recreation Center swimming pool after him.
### Lifeguard
In 1937, Raiford became one of Greensboro\'s first African-American certified lifeguards. A champion swimmer, Raiford was a swim instructor at the Hayes Taylor YMCA.
When the United States entered World War II in 1941, Raiford was authorized to aid military personnel and engage in voluntary rescue missions for the American Red Cross.`{{Failed verification|date=April 2013}}`{=mediawiki}
## Activist
Raiford was a key player during the turbulent civil rights movement of the 1960s by becoming one of Greensboro\'s two African-American bail bondsmen. Raiford freed then A&T student body president Jesse Jackson after Jackson\'s first arrest following a protest march in 1963. Jackson and other activists, like Ezelle Blair and Joseph McNeil, committed to memory Raiford\'s home phone number.
When a targeted Jackson began facing a higher bail and stiffer sentence, Raiford often got the peaceful protester out of jail on credit to continue the South\'s expanding Freedom Movement.
### Curfew arrest {#curfew_arrest}
In the wake of riots in American cities following the April 4, 1968 assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. in Memphis, the State of North Carolina enforced a strict curfew that made it illegal for all civilians to leave their homes after 8:00 p.m.
On the evening of April 9, 1968, Raiford dropped off a couple of just-freed A&T students and was returning home when he violated the curfew. Raiford, now age 61, said he glanced at his watch, quietly exited his car, sensing something was not right. Raiford said he attempted to continue stealthily on foot, hoping the darkness of a neighborhood park would protect him.
Once he cleared the brush, Raiford said he was ambushed by four angry police officers who did not care that Raiford was a recognized lawman. Raiford was arrested; he spent the night behind bars.
## Education
Raiford attended North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University (A&T), where he lettered in football, track, baseball and swimming. Raiford graduated in 1936 with a Bachelor of Science degree in biology and was inducted into A&T\'s Sports Hall of Fame in 1971.
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# Conrad L. Raiford
## Family
Raiford and elementary school teacher Myrtle Mary Frances Wright were married for 54 years. They had four children: Conrad Eugene, Janice Artelia, Sharon Daisy and Lisa Rozenia
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# Eumachia
**Eumachia** (1st century AD) was a Roman business entrepreneur and priestess. She served as the public priestess of Venus Pompeiana in Pompeii as well as the matron of the Fullers guild. She is known primarily from inscriptions on a large public building which she financed and dedicated to Pietas and Concordia Augusta.
## Name and family {#name_and_family}
Eumachia was the daughter of Lucius Eumachius, who amassed a large fortune as a manufacturer of bricks, tiles and amphorae. She married Marcus Numistrius Fronto, who may have held the important office of *duovir.* The Numistrii were one of Pompeii\'s oldest and most powerful families. All that is certain is that Eumachia was able to use her wealth and social standing to obtain the position of public priestess of the goddess Venus Pompeiana (the city\'s patron goddess), and she became a successful *patronus* of the economically significant guild of fullers, the guild which consisted of tanners, dyers and clothing-makers.
## Social significance {#social_significance}
Eumachia is essential as an example of how a Roman woman of non-imperial/non-aristocratic descent could become an important figure in a community and be involved in public affairs. She is seen as a representative for the increasing involvement of women in politics, using the power of a public priestess, the only political office able to be held by a woman for social mobility. Female patronage of public construction projects was related to priesthoods in Pompeii; these public responsibilities, paired with familial status, may have given women the authority or opportunity to bequest monuments to communities. As priestesses, these women guarded long-held communal traditions. They used their patronage to erect monuments that reflected their or their families\' predominance and social standing in the town. In exchange, these prominent patrons were honored with honorific sculptures in life and donations of land for tombs or money for funerals after death . The disparities between Mamia, a 1st-century public priestess in Pompeii from a prominent family in Herculaneum, officially sanctioned tomb, and Eumachia\'s private tomb show how diverse the social response may be. However, the range of social functions depicted in sculptures of women is more limited: this reflects both their actual place in society and the ideal of womanly behavior (for the elite, at least). The Romans were caught in a bind when publicly displaying their women in portrait statues: The ideal of the sexually faithful, domestically oriented, heir-producing matron, who was reluctant to be seen in public, clashed with the reality of the politically active women of the imperial court and the financially significant female municipal patrons in towns across the empire. Funerary inscriptions emphasize women\'s domestic and familial values: chastity, material fidelity, wifely and motherly devotion, and attention to household chores.
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# Eumachia
## Building of Eumachia {#building_of_eumachia}
The building of Eumachia, the largest building near the forum of Pompeii, is commonly broken down into three parts, the chalcidicum, the porticus, and the crypta. The chalcidicum encompasses the front of the building and is an important part of the continuous portico running along the east of the forum. The porticus is a four-sided colonnade surrounding a large courtyard. Finally, the crypta is a large corridor behind the porticus on the north east and south sides, separated from the porticus by a single wall that has windows that were probably once shuttered, in earlier descriptions, there were even cisterns, vats, basins, and stone tables in the courtyard. In the center of the court yard, that is said to have been paved of stone slabs, there is a stone block with an iron ring that covered an underground cistern. The dating for the building is somewhat vague, coming in somewhere between 9 BC and 22 AD. A Marcus Numistrius Fronto had a post-mortem inscription dedicated to him on the building, and he held the office of duumvir in 3 AD. For this reason it is believed that he was more likely to have been Eumachia\'s husband rather than her son, at the same time, there is an idealized statue of Eumachia dressed in a tunic, stola, and cloak in a niche toward the back of the building. The purpose of the building is unknown to modern historians, with a number of possible purposes having been suggested, such as the following: A market place for goods, especially those sold by the fullers\' guild of which Eumachia was the matron, a headquarters for the fullers\' guild, where they washed, stretched and dyed wool, with the actual fulling done off site because of the smell, a headquarters for the fullers guild, where they did everything involved with the fulling process, with the idea that smells were of little concern in an ancient city before the invention of modern sewage, a private place for city businessmen, especially those engaged in the wool trade, a private place for transacting business and relaxation within the crypta and porticus, or a place for wool exchange where goods in large quantities were sold in auction. Detailed archaeological investigation of the entrance suggests the building cannot have been used as an active marketplace. If the building of Eumachia was used as a cloth vendor or market, the entrances would be wider and placed in the middle of their respective walls. The entrances at Eumachia allowed for strict observance of those who entered from the N and main entrances through porter\'s lodges which is uncommon in markets such as Macellum and the Basilica.
The building as a whole is dedicated to Augustian Concord and Piety, thought to be in the image if Livia, one of the first women in Pompeii to have their own honorific statues. In front of the building, there are bases of what were once statues of Romulus and Aeneas. Paintings of the street of Abundance, where the building is located, show Aeneas leading his family from Troy and Romulus holding a Spolia opima. In front of the building, there are bases of what were once statues of Romulus and Aeneas. Paintings of the street of Abundance, where the building is located, show Aeneas leading his family from Troy and Romulus holding a Spolia opima.
## Euergetism
Using her immense wealth to finance a large public works project, Eumachia was engaging in the socio-political phenomenon of voluntary gift-giving known as euergetism, which influenced the wealthy people of her time period. In the early Roman empire, wealthy citizens increasingly donated their wealth to groups in their communities in return for public honors.
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# Eumachia
## Statue
Eumachia is dressed in a palla over a tunic and stola, in Hellenistic style. Eumachia has an idealized portrait. Palla, delicate women\'s poses, features, and material, was the aim of Rome\'s social control approach, which alludes to Livia, whose statues popularized the representation of the stola. Family members adopting aspects of the emperor\'s physiognomy emphasize family cohesion in imperial portraits. The wavy strands of hair separated in the center and pushed back from Eumachia\'s face imply that the image incorporates elements of the portraiture of imperial ladies. Moreover, her individualizing characteristics highlight the classicizing traits: her small mouth, slightly bent head revealing her delicate neck, and veiled hair. Her stance is quite dynamic in that her right knee is slightly bent, and her left foot is in the front, reflecting a trait that suggests more active body language in that she looks to step off her pedestal while having a closed form and wearing heavy garments. She is also gazing down on her audience that opposes the social mores and highlights the discrepancy between ideal and actual. Despite her wealth, she still had to balance the demands on her to adhere to conventional fashions with the more rebellious elements of her portrait.
The placing of Eumachia\'s honorific statue extends from the fountain to the porticos, as well as the high level of craftsmanship. Also, the idealizing portrait characteristics emphasize her link to the empress and her fulfillment of Augustan *mores**.* Such references to the central authority solidified her elite reputation in Pompeii, emphasizing her importance to the fullers who sponsored the statue and the general public who benefited from the new complex. The rough translation of this inscription is: \"to Eumachia, daughter of Lucius, public priestess of Pompeian Venus, from the fullers.\" See Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum: \"EVMACHIAE L F SACERD PVBL FVLLONES,\".
A copy of the statue is in Pompeii while the original is at the Naples Archaeological Museum
| 323 |
Eumachia
| 2 |
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# I Get Around (Dragonette song)
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| 23 |
I Get Around (Dragonette song)
| 0 |
11,097,317 |
# Nicaraguan Air Force
The **Nicaraguan Air Force** (*Fuerza Aérea Nicaragüense*) is the air defense branch of the armed forces of Nicaragua. It continues the former Sandinista air units. Before 1979 the Nicaraguan National Guard had some air units (*Fuerza Aérea de la Guardia Nacional*).
## Air force {#air_force}
In 1920, the National Guard received from the United States its first four aircraft, four Curtiss JN-4.
In 1927 the first use of aircraft in combat took place in the country -- on July 5 during the Battle of Ocotal five American Airco DH.4 aircraft attacked the forces of General Augusto Sandino.
The \"Nicaraguan National Guard Air Force\" (*Fuerza Aérea de la Guardia Nacional*) was formed in 1938. From 1942 small numbers of trainers and transports were acquired from the United States and by 1945 a total of 20 aircraft were on strength. In 1952 a US aviation mission arrived and saw an increase of the numbers of trainers and transports delivered followed by combat aircraft such as the P-38, P-51 and P-47. For some years the Nicaraguan air force was the strongest in Central America but after the 1979 civil war most of its US trained pilots defected and thereafter much eastern bloc equipment was acquired.
When the Sandinistas assumed control in 1979, the Sandinista Air Force/Air Defense Force (*Fuerza Aérea Sandinista/Defensa Anti-Aérea---FAS/DAA*) inherited only the remnants of the National Guard\'s small air force. Equipment included a few AT-33A armed jet trainers, Cessna 337s, and some transports, trainers, and helicopters. The time required to train pilots and construct airfields precluded a rapid FAS/DAA buildup. Beginning in 1982, the Sandinistas received from Libya the Italian-made SF-260A trainer/tactical support aircraft and the Czechoslovakian Aero L-39 Albatros, a subsonic jet trainer that could be missile-armed for close-in air defense. In addition to light and medium transport aircraft, the air force acquired a fleet of helicopters from the Soviet Union that served as a vital asset in the war against the Contras. They included Mi-8 and Mi-17 transport helicopters and later the Mi-24, followed by its export variant, the Mi-25, a modern armored assault helicopter. After Humberto Ortega revealed that Nicaragua had approached France and the Soviet Union for Mirage 50 or MiG fighter planes, the United States warned against introducing modern combat jets to the region. Although Nicaragua began construction of a new airbase with a longer runway and protective revetments, it did not succeed in acquiring new fighter aircraft.
A series of radar sites were constructed to give the Sandinistas radar coverage over most of Nicaragua, with the added capability of monitoring aircraft movements in neighboring countries. A Soviet-designed early-warning/ground-control intercept facility gave the air force the potential to control its combat aircraft from command elements on the ground.
After 1990 the FAS/DAA was no longer able to maintain its full aircraft inventory without Soviet support. The personnel complement fell from 3,000 in 1990 to 1,200 in 1993. Airbases at Bluefields, Montelimar, Puerto Cabezas, Puerto Sandino, and Managua remained operational. Combat aircraft were reduced to a single mixed squadron of Cessna 337s, L-39s, and SF-260As. However, the serviceability of all these aircraft was doubtful. In 1992 a number of helicopters and six radar units were sold to Peru. A small fleet of helicopters, transports, and utility/training aircraft was retained. In 1996 the Nicaraguan air force changed its name from *Fuerza Aérea Sandinista* to the *Fuerza Aérea Nicaragüense* (FAN). In 2015 it was reported by some online sources that the FAN intended to acquire a number of Mikoyan MiG-29 fighters for air defense purposes. However as of 2022 this has not taken place.
## Ranks and insignia {#ranks_and_insignia}
| 605 |
Nicaraguan Air Force
| 0 |
11,097,317 |
# Nicaraguan Air Force
## Aircraft
### Current inventory {#current_inventory}
Aircraft Origin Type In service Notes
------------------------ -------- ----------- ------------ -------
Transport
Antonov An-26 Transport 7
Beechcraft King Air 90 Utility 1
Cessna 404 Titan Utility 1
Helicopters
Bell 206 Utility 1
Mil Mi-17 Utility 2
Mil Mi-8 Utility 10
Trainer aircraft
Cessna 172 Trainer 7
Robinson R44 Trainer 1
### Retired aircraft {#retired_aircraft}
Previous aircraft operated by the Air Force consisted of the Aero L-39 Albatros, Antonov An-2, Beechcraft Model 18, Boeing B-17, C-212 Aviocar, Consolidated PBY-5, Consolidated B-24, Douglas C-47, Grumman TBF, Hughes OH-6A Defender, AT-33A, Mikoyan MiG-17, Mikoyan MiG-21, Mil Mi-2, North American P-51 Mustang, North American AT-28D Trojan and SIAI SF-260W
| 115 |
Nicaraguan Air Force
| 1 |
11,097,321 |
# Shackleton (2002 TV series)
***Shackleton*** is a 2002 British television miniseries. It was written and directed by Charles Sturridge and starring Kenneth Branagh as explorer Sir Ernest Shackleton. The film tells the true story of Shackleton\'s 1914 Antarctic expedition on the ship *Endurance*. The cast includes Kevin McNally, Lorcan Cranitch, Embeth Davidtz, Danny Webb, Matt Day and Phoebe Nicholls (also the director\'s wife) as Lady Shackleton. It was filmed in the UK, Iceland and Greenland. The film used first-hand accounts by the men on the expedition to retell the story. Shackleton biographer Roland Huntford was a production advisor.
*Shackleton* was first broadcast in two parts by Channel 4 in January 2002. In North America the film was first broadcast by the A&E Network in April 2002. The film was nominated for seven Emmy Awards, six BAFTA Awards, and a Golden Globe Award.
## Plot
The films tells the true story of explorer Sir Ernest Shackleton (Kenneth Branagh) and his 1914 Antarctic expedition on the ship *Endurance*. The story begins with him planning the expedition and finding sponsors, particularly Sir James Caird. Shackleton\'s goal is to drive dog sled teams from one side of Antarctica to the other, which would make Britain the first nation to undertake such a trans-continental journey.
Once the expedition is underway, trouble arises due to thick sea ice and low temperatures. *Endurance* becomes trapped and eventually crushed by pack ice. Shackleton vows to find a way to rescue the men. He undertakes an epic journey across the ice, followed by 800 miles of the Southern Ocean and then an uncharted mountain range on South Georgia Island. He finds a whaling station from which rescue parties are sent to collect his entire shipwrecked crew. The otherwise failed expedition is made famous for every crew member surviving despite seemingly insurmountable odds
| 304 |
Shackleton (2002 TV series)
| 0 |
11,097,372 |
# 1999 Ronde van Nederland
These are the results for the 39th edition of the **Ronde van Nederland** cycling race, which was held from August 24 to August 28, 1999. The race started in Gouda (South Holland) and finished in Landgraaf (Limburg).
## Stages
### 24-08-1999: Gouda-Tilburg, 178.3 km {#gouda_tilburg_178.3_km}
### 25-08-1999: Utrecht-Coevorden, 186.1 km {#utrecht_coevorden_186.1_km}
### 26-08-1999: Coevorden-Denekamp, 85.5 km {#coevorden_denekamp_85.5_km}
### 26-08-1999: Nordhorn (GER)-Denekamp, 26.2 km {#nordhorn_ger_denekamp_26.2_km}
### 27-08-1999: Nijverdal-Venlo, 187.6 km {#nijverdal_venlo_187.6_km}
### 28-08-1999: Blerick-Landgraaf, 225 km {#blerick_landgraaf_225_km}
## Final classification {#final_classification}
RANK NAME CYCLIST TEAM TIME
------ -------------- ------ --------------
1\. **21:02:32**
2\. **+ 0.07**
3\. **+ 0.17**
4\. **+ 0.19**
5\. **+ 0.23**
6\. **+ 0.29**
7\. **+ 0.30**
8\. **+ 0.33**
9\. **+ 0.38**
10\. **+ 0
| 123 |
1999 Ronde van Nederland
| 0 |
11,097,374 |
# Walter Scott (scholar)
**Walter Scott** (10 September 1855 -- 26 February 1925) was an English classical scholar, professor of classics at the University of Sydney and McGill University, Montreal, Quebec.
Scott was born in Newton Tracey, Devon, England, third son of George Erving Scott and his wife Agnes, *née* Ward. He was educated at Christ\'s Hospital School and Balliol College, Oxford from 1874, where he graduated with first-class honours in classics (1878) and the Ireland, Craven and Derby scholarships.
From 1879--86 Scott was a fellow of Merton College. In 1884, after the death of Charles Badham Scott was appointed professor of classics at the University of Sydney, his inaugural lecture, \'What is Classical Study\', delivered on 23 March 1885, was published as a pamphlet. In the same year his *Fragmenta herculanensia: A Descriptive Catalogue of the Oxford Copies of the Herculanean Rolls Together with the Texts of Several Papyri Accompanied by Facsimiles*, published at Oxford by the Clarendon Press, established his reputation as a scholar. The book is concerned with the classical texts preserved in the papyri found at the Villa of the Papyri in Herculaneum, and contains, besides the catalogue proper, a number of edited papyrus texts with commentary, including works of Philodemus.
At Sydney, Scott took much interest in the university as a whole. He was one of the leaders in the movement for the establishment of the women\'s college, and as dean of the faculty of arts encouraged the teaching of modern literature, history and philosophy, and the inauguration of university extension lectures. His health was, however, not good and in 1890 at his own suggestion his chair was divided, and he became professor of Greek. Scott carried out the duties of this chair for about 10 years, but resigned due to continued ill-health in August 1900.
Scott returned to England and in 1905 became professor of classics at McGill University, Montreal, Quebec. He, however, retired again in 1908 and spent the remainder of his life at Oxford. He contributed several papers to classical journals in England, Australia and Canada, and devoted his later years to the preparation of an edition of the text of the *Hermetica*, subtitled The Ancient Greek and Latin Writings which contain Religious or Philosophic Teachings, ascribed to Hermes Trismegistus, with an English translation and notes. When Scott died of heart disease on 26 February 1925 the first volume had been published, and the second and third were in the press. The fourth volume, completed by Professor A. S. Ferguson, came out some years later.
Though essentially a scholar and shy in nature, Scott\'s work at Sydney and Montreal was much appreciated. His combination of profound and wide scholarship with idealism was a strong influence in university and teaching life. He did distinguished work as a classical scholar, but the amount of it was limited by his precarious health
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Walter Scott (scholar)
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11,097,382 |
# Jan Stanisławski (painter)
**Jan Grzegorz Stanisławski** (24 June 1860 -- 6 January 1907) was a Polish modernist painter, art educator, and founder and member of various innovative art groups and literary societies. In 1906 he became a full professor at the Academy of Fine Arts in Kraków.
## Biography
Stanisławski was born on 24 June 1860, in Vilshana, Russian Empire. He initially studied mathematics at Warsaw University (1879--82), and subsequently at the Imperial Technical Institute in St Petersburg. He began to learn painting at the art studio in Warsaw which later gave rise to the School of Fine Arts, under Wojciech Gerson. In 1883 he enrolled in the School of Fine Arts in Kraków. In 1885, he continued his studies in Paris under Charles Emile Auguste Durand. While based in Paris, he travelled much, visiting Italy, Spain, Switzerland, Germany, Austria and eastern Galicia.
His early works were exhibited at the inauguration of the Salon du Champ-de-Mars in Paris in 1890 and at the Kraków Society of Friends of Fine Arts in 1892. In the 1890s, he travelled extensively and his sketchbooks filled up with drawings from Berlin, Dresden, Prague, Kraków, and various places in Ukraine. Together with Julian Fałat, he painted the landscape parts of *Napoleon's Army Crossing the Berezina*, a panorama by Wojciech Kossak.
In 1897, he initiated and helped organise the Separate Exhibition of Painting and Sculpture at Kraków\'s Cloth Hall. That year, he became a teacher of landscape painting at the School of Fine Arts in Kraków, and in 1906 -- after the school was upgraded to an academy in 1900 -- was granted full professorship and also taught at Teodor Axentowicz's Private School of Painting and Drawing for Women and at Teofila Certowicz's Art School for Women in Kraków.
He co-founded the Society of Polish Artists \"Sztuka\" (\"Art\") in Kraków in 1897. Later he became Deputy Chairman and finally Chairman of that society, and showed his works at numerous exhibitions organised by it. In 1898, he became a member of the Viennese Secession, and his works were exhibited among theirs in 1901, 1902 and 1905. In 1901, he became a founding member of the Polish Applied Arts Society. He worked in the Wawel Castle Reconstruction Committee and was involved in the activities of the Green Balloon (Zielony Balonik) Cabaret.
After his death, two exhibitions were opened at the Palace of Art by the Kraków Society of Friends of Fine Arts in November 1907, one to show 154 of his oil paintings, as well as drawings and watercolours, and the other to present the works of his numerous outstanding students. Stanisławski was buried with honours at the Rakowicki Cemetery in Kraków.
Stanisławski died on 6 January 1907, in Kraków, Austria-Hungary.
## Selected paintings {#selected_paintings}
<File:Stanisławski> Vistula near Tyniec.jpg\|*The Vistula near Tyniec*, National Museum in Warsaw <File:Jan> Stanisławski - Beehives in the Ukraine - MNK II-b-62 - National Museum Kraków.jpg\|*Beehives in the Ukraine*, 1895, National Museum in Kraków <File:Jan> Stanisławski - Orchard - MNK II-b-63 - National Museum Kraków.jpg\|*Orchard*, 1899, National Museum in Kraków <File:Jan> Stanisławski Zmrok 1904-05.jpg\|*Nightfall*, National Museum in Warsaw <File:Stanislawski> sophia.jpg\|*Saint Sophia Cathedral, Kyiv* <File:Jan> Stanislawski 001
| 523 |
Jan Stanisławski (painter)
| 0 |
11,097,429 |
# 89.9 TheLight
**89.9 TheLight** (call sign 3TSC) is a Christian community radio station in Melbourne, Australia attracting more than a million listeners per month. It broadcasts on the FM band with the frequency of 89.9, on DAB+ digital radio and streams online via website and mobile app. Studios are located at 333 Mitcham Road, in Mitcham with FM transmitter on Mount Dandenong
## History
The station\'s beginnings can be traced to 1977, when Melbourne Christian Radio was founded. It conducted test broadcasts in 1980, 1981, and 1982 as 3MCR before purchasing air time on commercial station 3DB.
89.9 TheLight is run by Positive Media Inc, which was formerly called Triple Seven Communications and 89.9 LightFM and Light Melbourne Inc. They conducted a three-month temporary broadcast in late 2001 and was informed in December of that year that they were successful for one of the four community licences available from the Australian Broadcasting Authority, now the Australian Communications and Media Authority. 89.9 TheLight began full-time permanent broadcasting on Sunday 1 December 2002.
In January 2017 it was announced that 89.9 TheLight reaches over a million people a month.
## Initiatives
### LightNews
89.9 TheLight has its own dedicated news service that provides hourly updates throughout the day, and every half an hour during the breakfast (6 am-9 am) program. Previously, 89.9 TheLight had broadcast the Macquarie National News program every hour.
### Nine News simulcast {#nine_news_simulcast}
An exclusive simulcast of *Nine News Melbourne* at 18:00 with Peter Hitchener, Tony Jones and Livinia Nixon airs at 18:00 every night of the week, except if the Nine Network is covering the cricket or the NRL Grand Final. The newsreader for that night chats with 89.9 TheLight every afternoon, previewing the bulletin at 18:00 hours.
### Careline
The 89.9 TheLight Careline is a supportive service for people who would like prayer, an explanation of Christianity, or simply an understanding ear. Callers may also request to be referred to a local church. The Lord Mayor\'s Charitable Fund assisted with the operating costs of the Careline in 2003, 2004 and 2005. Careline is an independent nationwide service. \"\'Careline Connections\' is a not for profit Company\...provided as a Community service to listeners of Christian media across Australia.\"
## DAB+ Digital radio {#dab_digital_radio}
89.9 TheLight is simulcast on Digital Radio in Melbourne.
TheLight MIX (formerly LightDigital) is an online and DAB+ digital station broadcasting 100% Christian music, and was launched on 1 December 2011
TheLight Christmas (formerly LightChristmas) broadcasts every year from 1st Of November through to The 5th Of January online and on DAB+ digital radio. In 2014, for the first time, TheLight Christmas appeared as a \'pop up\' digital radio station.
## Presenters
### 89.9 TheLight on-air team {#thelight_on_air_team}
The presenters of 89.9 TheLight include Lucy Holmes, Kel McWilliam for Breakfast, Shaylee Wieckmann and Rob Anderson for your Drive home, Cam Want during the day with his nationally syndicated show \"The Daily\", Clayton Bjelan on Sunday Nights, as well as the Nine News Melbourne team
### Shows
89.9 TheLight has many full-time and some part-time announcers employed at the radio station. 89.9 TheLight promotes Lucy & Kel primarily, with spots on air throughout the day. In 2021, Lucy and Kel were featured on a billboard advertising campaign around Melbourne suburbs. Lucy and Kel are the longest running duo on Melbourne radio, celebrating 10 years as a team, having both worked at the station for 15 years. Lucy and Kel have won numerous CMAA awards for Show of the Year.
## Music
### Christian
89.9 TheLight plays a wide array of music of both Christian and censored secular music, with references to controversial topics deleted via Light Remixes of secular music. Christian music on the station is generally a mixture of pop, modern rock, and gospel. 89.9 TheLight plays up to 40% Christian music.
### Mainstream
89.9 TheLight generally play a mix of adult contemporary music. This makes up the other 60% of music they play. This quite often results in the station playing songs from the Billboard 100 Adult Contemporary. They also include music from the Top 40 Australia and United States singles charts. However, they still play a variety of pop and Soft rock songs from the 1990s and early 2000s
| 707 |
89.9 TheLight
| 0 |
11,097,433 |
# Jarvis (rocket)
**Jarvis** was a proposed American medium-lift launch vehicle for space launch, designed by Hughes Aircraft and Boeing during the mid-1980s as part of the joint United States Air Force (USAF)/National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Advanced Launch System (ALS) study. Intended to utilize engines and tooling in storage from the Saturn V rocket program along with Space Shuttle components, and projected to be capable of carrying up to six satellites into multiple orbits using a single launch (e.g. GPS constellation), the proposal failed to meet the ALS requirements, and the Jarvis rocket was never built.
## History
Jointly proposed by Hughes and Boeing as a heavy-lift rocket, using propulsion systems and equipment built for the Saturn V rocket and placed in storage at the end of the Apollo program, as well as Space Shuttle components, Jarvis was intended to be capable of launching multiple GPS satellites, major components of the planned Space Station Freedom and commercial satellites. The rocket was named after Hughes employee and NASA mission specialist Gregory Jarvis, who died in the Space Shuttle *Challenger* disaster in January 1986.
Submitted as part of the Advanced Launch System studies jointly conducted by the United States Air Force and NASA for a new heavy-lift rocket system capable of substituting for the Space Shuttle and expanding upon its capabilities, Jarvis was planned as a three-stage rocket capable of launching a payload of up to 83000 lb to low Earth orbit, or 28000 lb to geosynchronous orbit; the rocket was projected to cost under \$300 million USD per launch; some estimates had a per-launch cost of the Jarvis vehicle at a cost as low as \$150 million each, with \$1 billion being cited as the projected development cost of the rocket system.
The first stage of the Jarvis vehicle was designed to use two Rocketdyne F-1 engines, powered by RP-1 rocket fuel and liquid oxygen (LOX); these were the same engines used by the Saturn V\'s first stage. The second stage would use a single Rocketdyne J-2 LOX/liquid hydrogen (LH2) engine, while the third stage was intended to utilise eight Marquardt R-4D reaction control system thrusters, fueled by a hypergolic mix of nitrogen tetroxide and monomethylhydrazine (N~2~O~4~/MMH), to provide final boost, and to allow for the deployment of multiple payloads into different orbits. Jarvis was designed to be capable of carrying payloads of up to 26 ft in diameter; as many as six satellites could be carried on a single rocket, and it was suggested that the Global Positioning System (GPS) constellation be deployed in this manner.
While the Hughes proposal for the \"Jarvis\" would have been powered by a pair of Saturn V F-1 engines, when Boeing joined the proposal they quickly shifted the proposal toward a Shuttle-derived in-line design consisting of an External Tank powered by a single aft-mounted Space Shuttle Main Engine (SSME) augmented by a pair of Solid Rocket Boosters. This Revised Jarvis would be able to lift 80000 lb to LEO.
Although Hughes received an Air Force contract to study the Jarvis vehicle, the Jarvis failed to meet the Air Force\'s requirements for the ALS, being too large in size compared to the specification. In 1986, Hughes stated that the rocket could be operational by the 1990s, with launches beginning two years after project go-ahead; however the U.S. Air Force rejected the Hughes-Boeing proposal. Consideration was given to continuing the Jarvis project as a private venture, and the Jarvis was mentioned as meeting the requirements for a launch vehicle to be used in the establishment of a lunar base in a 1992 conference on the subject, however nothing further came of the proposal, while the entire Advanced Launch System development effort was scaled back into the National Launch System before being cancelled in 1992
| 630 |
Jarvis (rocket)
| 0 |
11,097,437 |
# 1998 Ronde van Nederland
These are the results for the 38th edition of the **Ronde van Nederland** cycling race, which was held from August 25 to August 29, 1998. The race started in Naaldwijk (South Holland) and finished in Landgraaf (Limburg).
## Stages
### 25-08-1998: Naaldwijk-Hoorn, 178.1 km {#naaldwijk_hoorn_178.1_km}
RANK NAME CYCLIST TEAM TIME
------ -------------- ------ --------------
1\. **04:10:59**
2\. **---**
3\. **---**
### 26-08-1998: Harlingen-Leeuwarden, 197 km {#harlingen_leeuwarden_197_km}
RANK NAME CYCLIST TEAM TIME
------ -------------- ------ --------------
1\. **04:53:59**
2\. **---**
3\. **---**
### 27-08-1998: Leeuwarden-Groningen, 83 km {#leeuwarden_groningen_83_km}
RANK NAME CYCLIST TEAM TIME
------ -------------- ------ --------------
1\. **01:48:22**
2\. **---**
3\. **---**
### 27-08-1998: Groningen-Groningen (Time Trial), 25.7 km {#groningen_groningen_time_trial_25.7_km}
RANK NAME CYCLIST TEAM TIME
------ -------------- ------ --------------
1\. **00:32:07**
2\. **+ 0.02**
3\. **+ 0.12**
### 28-08-1998: Zwolle-Venray, 179.2 km {#zwolle_venray_179.2_km}
RANK NAME CYCLIST TEAM TIME
------ -------------- ------ --------------
1\. **05:29:17**
2\. **---**
3\. **+ 0.01**
### 29-08-1998: Venray-Landgraaf, 237 km {#venray_landgraaf_237_km}
RANK NAME CYCLIST TEAM TIME
------ -------------- ------ --------------
1\. **04:04:43**
2\. **---**
3\. **+ 8.21**
\
## Final classification {#final_classification}
RANK NAME CYCLIST TEAM TIME
------ -------------- ------ --------------
1\. **21:08:06**
2\. **+ 0.02**
3\. **+ 0.10**
4\. **+ 0.11**
5\. **+ 0.12**
6\. **+ 0.15**
7\. **+ 0.19**
8\. **+ 0.02**
9\. **+ 0.51**
10\. **+ 0
| 219 |
1998 Ronde van Nederland
| 0 |
11,097,459 |
# 1980 State of Origin game
The **1980 State of Origin game** was the first game between the Queensland Maroons and the New South Wales Blues rugby league teams to be played under \"state of origin\" selection rules. It was the third match of 1980s annual interstate series between the Blues and the Maroons, and was only allowed to go ahead because the first two matches (and the title) were already won by New South Wales under established \'state of residency\' rules. It was played on 8 July 1980 under the newly configured rules by which a player would represent his \"state of origin\", i.e. the state in which he was born or in which he started playing registered first grade rugby league football.
The first two matches had been played under the existing residential selection rules - i.e. Blues players could only be sourced from clubs south of the border and the Maroons only from north of it before the single experimental match took place. This was often a source of angst for Queensland as the old state-of-residence rules had long seen some of Queensland\'s top players actually representing New South Wales as players could earn better money in the Sydney premiership thanks to clubs cashed up with poker machine money. As poker machines were illegal in Queensland, most of the clubs couldn\'t hope to match the money on offer to their star players, with a steady stream of players leaving to play for Sydney clubs. The list of players who had headed south in the 1960s and 1970s had included Arthur Beetson, John Lang, Rod Reddy, Rod Morris, Mitch Brennan and Kerry Boustead.
After a match involving intense all-in brawling, the Maroons won the first state of origin game 20--10.
| 292 |
1980 State of Origin game
| 0 |
11,097,459 |
# 1980 State of Origin game
## Background
The first match of the annual best-of-three interstate series was played at Lang Park in Brisbane and won by NSW 35--3. In the second game at Leichhardt Oval in Sydney (described by Qld `{{rlp|HB}}`{=mediawiki} Wally Lewis as being played on a Tuesday night in front of two men and their dog, with the dog going home at half-time. The official paid attendance was just 1,368 compared to the 25,000 crowd for Game 1 in Brisbane), the Maroons put up more of a fight against a NSW side that was missing a number of players through injury, but were defeated again, this time 17--7. The first State of Origin game very nearly didn\'t go ahead in 1980. The Queenslanders had put in a spirited and much improved performance in the second game at Leichhardt Oval, with officials confirming that had they actually won the game then the third game of the series would have been played under the State of Residency rules and Origin as it has become might have died then and there. Queenslanders Kerry Boustead, Rod Reddy, Rod Morris, John Lang and Graham Quinn had actually played for NSW in the first two games of the 1980 Interstate series, with all bar Quinn being selected to represent Queensland in the Origin game.
Prior to the experimental match, the State of Origin concept was derided by the Sydney Media. *The Daily Mirror\'s* Ron Casey showed his opposition to the game, and his bias towards Sydney as a whole when he called it a \'Phoney Promotion\' and wrote in his newspaper column: *\"To the Queensland hillbillies in Premier Joh\'s Bananaland, the State of Origin match might be a big deal, but to those in the land of the living, here in Sydney, its just another match without much meaning\".* One member of the Sydney media who welcomed the game was Ray \"Rabbits\" Warren, who wrote in the *Sunday Telegraph*: *\"I know a lot of people are upset at the go-ahead of the State of Origin game, but I congratulate those who pushed it through. Queensland and NSW Country areas need an injection of life and this match can do nothing but good for the game north of the border.\"*
Former Australian test captain and at the time coach of Eastern Suburbs Bob Fulton, who would later go on to be a successful Australian coach and ironically become a long-term NSW Origin selector, was also against the concept. He wrote in *The Daily Mirror* that *\"Rugby league\'s non-event of the century will be staged in Brisbane next month, a totally useless State of Origin clash between NSW and Queensland. Only the AU\$30,000 gate could make it acceptable to administrators \... No Sydney club could possibly want the match but no doubt it will go ahead. As far as I\'m concerned it\'s strictly a non-event and will achieve absolutely nothing\".*
Prior to the game getting the go ahead, the President of the NSWRL Kevin Humphreys, had called a meeting with league delegates from the 12 Sydney based clubs and allowed all to put forward their views on having the Origin style match. In the end, a vote was held with the vote 9--3 in favour of it going ahead (and proving Fulton wrong in the process). Only South Sydney, Eastern Suburbs and St. George opposed the game. Following the meeting, Humphreys rang his QRL counterpart, Senator Ron McAuliffe, with the good news.
Queensland players such as captain-coach Arthur Beetson and Kangaroos back rower Rod Reddy were enthused to be able to represent their home state while some, such as Australian winger Kerry Boustead, believed that players should represent the state in which they lived (at the time Boustead was playing for Sydney club Eastern Suburbs). However, the test winger offered no objections to his selection for the Maroons and went on to become the first Qld player to score a try in Origin football.
| 659 |
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| 1 |
11,097,459 |
# 1980 State of Origin game
## Match summary {#match_summary}
The NSWRL demanded a neutral referee for the game. As a consequence, respected British referee Billy Thompson was flown from England to control the game. Queensland went into the game not having won a match since 1975. Before the game, QRL President McAuliffe entered the Maroons dressing room to make a personal plea to the players. He said: *\"The future of the game is in your hands. We have taken this bold step. If we are beaten we cannot retreat to any other position. We must win\".*
In front of a capacity Lang Park crowd of 33,210, which included State of Origin\'s instigator, Senator Ron McAulliffe, Federal Defence Minister Jim Killen, and journalist Hugh Lunn, the Maroons were led out by former Kangaroos skipper, 35-year-old Arthur Beetson who was playing for Queensland for the first time. Beetson, after starring for Redcliffe in Brisbane in 1964 and 1965, had been told by the QRL that if he stayed in Brisbane he would be in line for state selection in 1966. However, he received an offer he couldn\'t refuse from Sydney club Balmain and ended up playing 18 games for NSW between 1966 and 1977 under the old state of residency rule. Beetson was actually playing Reserve Grade for the Parramatta Eels in Sydney at the time that Ron McAulliffe approached him and offered him the chance to finally play for his home state.
The first points scored in Origin Football was a penalty goal by heavyweight Queensland `{{rlp|ce}}`{=mediawiki} Mal Meninga - the first of seven goals from seven attempts he would kick in the match (on his 20th birthday no less), while New South Wales\' winger Greg Brentnall had the honour of scoring the first try in State of Origin football following good lead up work by Kangaroos pair Graham Eadie and Mick Cronin. After an all-in brawl in the first half and leading 9--5 at the break, Queensland took over the game and with Mal Meninga kicking 7/7 goals defeated NSW 20--10, the first time the Maroons had won a state game over NSW since 1975. Queensland centre Chris Close was the standout player from both sides, scoring a try in the second half and was a clear choice as Man of the Match. From a standing start, Close received the ball only 25m out from Meninga. He then simply accelerated through a big hole in the NSW defence and evaded fullback Graham Eadie to put the ball down next to the goal posts without a NSW player touching him.
Alan Clarkson, a journalist for *The Sydney Morning Herald* wrote of the State of Origin experiment, *\"I was strongly against such a match, but last night\'s gripping clash showed that such a fixture would be a welcome addition to the League program.\"*
Although they had already represented Queensland in under the old residency rules, the win by the Maroons brought Queensland\'s new generation players such as heavyweight centres Chris Close and Mal Meninga, as well as lock forward Wally Lewis into the spotlight. The trio, along with other Queensland-based players such as Colin Scott, Gene Miles, Brad Backer, Mark Murray, Bryan Niebling, Wally Fullerton-Smith and Greg Conescu would dominate Origin football over the next 4 years.
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| 2 |
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# 1980 State of Origin game
## Teams
Of the twenty-six players taking the field in the first State of Origin match, twenty were selected from the New South Wales Rugby Football League clubs while six were from Queensland Rugby League clubs.
### New South Wales {#new_south_wales}
Position Player Club
------------- ---------------------- -------------------------------
Fullback Graham Eadie Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles
Wing Chris Anderson Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs
Centre Mick Cronin Parramatta Eels
Centre Steve Rogers Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks
Wing Greg Brentnall Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs
Five-eighth Alan Thompson Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles
Halfback Tommy Raudonikis (c) Newtown Jets
Prop Gary Hambly South Sydney Rabbitohs
Hooker Steve Edge Parramatta Eels
Prop Craig Young St. George Dragons
Second Row Bob Cooper Western Suburbs Magpies
Second Row Graeme Wynn St. George Dragons
Lock Jim Leis Western Suburbs Magpies
Reserve Robert Stone St. George Dragons
Reserve Steve Martin Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles
Coach Ted Glossop Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs
### Queensland
With Queenslanders playing for New South Welsh clubs now available for selection, seven of the Maroons\' starting thirteen were selected from Sydney clubs.
Position Player Club
------------- -------------------- ---------------------------
Fullback Colin Scott Eastern Suburbs Tigers
Wing Kerry Boustead Eastern Suburbs Roosters
Centre Mal Meninga Southern Suburbs Magpies
Centre Chris Close Redcliffe Dolphins
Wing Brad Backer Eastern Suburbs Tigers
Five-eighth Alan Smith North Sydney Bears
Halfback Greg Oliphant Balmain Tigers
Prop Rod Morris Balmain Tigers
Hooker John Lang Eastern Suburbs Roosters
Prop Arthur Beetson (c) Parramatta Eels
Second Row Rohan Hancock Toowoomba Clydesdales
Second Row Rod Reddy St
| 244 |
1980 State of Origin game
| 3 |
11,097,461 |
# Lead Us Not into Temptation
***Lead Us Not into Temptation*** is an album by David Byrne, released in 2003 for the movie *Young Adam*, a film directed by David MacKenzie.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
All songs written by David Byrne except where noted.
\"Haitian Fight Song,\" \"Bastard\" and \"Ineluctable\" were not included on the vinyl edition
| 57 |
Lead Us Not into Temptation
| 0 |
11,097,470 |
# SizeChina
**SizeChina** is a 3D anthropometric research project at the School of Design at the Hong Kong Polytechnic University. It is also referred to as SizeChina.com.
The purpose of the research project is to \"create the first-ever digital database of Chinese head and face shapes\". It was created in response to the lack of information about Chinese head sizes and shapes, and the fact that most products designed for the head or face are based on Western face shapes. It contains over 1.3 billion faces.
The results from the SizeChina project are invaluable to industries such as medical, optical, entertainment and sports, all those concerned with headgear such as sunglasses, helmets, sanitary face masks, etc. As this database, and the models created from it, provides information on Chinese features, the market will start creating the first China fit products. The first product designed using the SizeChina data, a military/police goggle, has been commercialized.
The database is compiled of data from digital scanning equipment based on people from six different regions in the People\'s Republic of China; Guangzhou, Hangzhou, Lanzhou, Chongqing, Beijing, and Shenyang. The Director of this project is Dr.Roger Ball, an accomplished Industrial Designer and Design Professor. He won the 2009 Presidents Award for Research at The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
## Awards
SizeChina won four major international design awards in 2008: IDEA/BusinessWeek Gold Medal - Research Category, IDEA/BusinessWeek - Best in Show (co-winner with Apple iPhone), Fortune Magazine(China)- China\'s Most Successful Design Award, Design For Asia Award - Grand Prize. In 2009 SizeChina won the Red Dot Design Award and was a Finalist for the Index: Award - Design to Improve Life. SizeChina data products were commercialized starting in October 2008 by Hong Kong based www.certiform.org
| 289 |
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| 0 |
11,097,480 |
# Ride This – The Covers EP
***Ride This -- The Covers EP*** is an EP by Los Lobos, released August 3, 2004 by Hollywood Records. It is a companion piece to the album *The Ride*, released three months earlier, which featured numerous guest musicians. On *Ride This*, Los Lobos covers songs by seven of these artists, namely Tom Waits, Bobby Womack, Elvis Costello, Rubén Blades, Richard Thompson, 1960s Chicano rock band Thee Midniters, and the Blasters.
## Reception
AllMusic rated the album three-and-a-half stars out of five, writing that \"Los Lobos honor the spirit of the originals while putting their own spin on the material\". Giving the same rating, *Rolling Stone* felt similarly, writing: \"The band deftly rearranges the dynamics of each song \... the often exquisite results reveal new dimensions in every cut.\"
## Track listing {#track_listing}
## Personnel
Credits adapted from the EP liner notes
| 148 |
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| 0 |
11,097,509 |
# 1997 Ronde van Nederland
These are the results for the 37th edition of the **Ronde van Nederland** cycling race, which was held from August 26 to August 30, 1997. The race started in Tilburg (North Brabant) and finished after 895.7 kilometres in Landgraaf (Limburg).
## Stages
### 26-08-1997: Tilburg-Alkmaar, 199 km {#tilburg_alkmaar_199_km}
RANK CYCLIST TEAM TIME
------ --------- ------------------- --------------
1\. Aki - Safi **04:53:57**
2\. TVM - Farm Frites **---**
3\. Mapei - GB **---**
### 27-08-1997: Alkmaar-Haarlem, 168 km {#alkmaar_haarlem_168_km}
RANK CYCLIST TEAM TIME
------ --------- ------------ --------------
1\. Rabobank **04:04:05**
2\. Rabobank **---**
3\. Aki - Safi **---**
### 28-08-1997: Hoogeveen-Denekamp, 91 km {#hoogeveen_denekamp_91_km}
RANK CYCLIST TEAM TIME
------ --------- ---------- --------------
1\. Rabobank **02:05:31**
2\. Banesto **---**
3\. Rabobank **---**
### 28-08-1997: Nordhorn-Denekamp (Time Trial), 23 km {#nordhorn_denekamp_time_trial_23_km}
RANK CYCLIST TEAM TIME
------ --------- ----------------------- --------------
1\. Rabobank **00:27:02**
2\. US Postal Service **+ 0.06**
3\. Team Deutsche Telekom **+ 0.14**
### 29-08-1997: Almelo-Venray, 178 km {#almelo_venray_178_km}
RANK CYCLIST TEAM TIME
------ --------- ----------------------- --------------
1\. Team Deutsche Telekom **04:43:10**
2\. TVM - Farm Frites **---**
3\. Aki - Safi **---**
### 30-08-1997: Venray-Landgraaf, 236 km {#venray_landgraaf_236_km}
RANK CYCLIST TEAM TIME
------ --------- ----------------------- --------------
1\. Team Deutsche Telekom **06:01:16**
2\. Brescialat - Oyster **---**
3\. US Postal Service **---**
\
==Final classification==
RANK CYCLIST TEAM TIME
------ --------- ----------------------- --------------
1\. Rabobank **22:14:52**
2\. US Postal Service **+ 0.15**
3\. Team Deutsche Telekom **+ 0.23**
4\. US Postal Service **+ 0.24**
5\. Rabobank **+ 0.36**
6\. Mapei - GB **+ 0.40**
7\. Banesto **+ 0.46**
8\. TVM - Farm Frites **+ 0.49**
9\. TVM - Farm Frites **+ 0.55**
10\. TVM - Farm Frites **+ 1
| 282 |
1997 Ronde van Nederland
| 0 |
11,097,510 |
# Lancelot Stirling
**Sir John Lancelot Stirling**, `{{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|sep=,|KCMG|OBE}}`{=mediawiki} (5 November 1849 -- 24 May 1932), generally known as Sir Lancelot Stirling, was an Australian politician and grazier. He was a member of the South Australian House of Assembly from 1881 to 1887, representing Mount Barker, and 1888 to 1890, representing Gumeracha. He was then a member of the South Australian Legislative Council from 1891 to 1932, representing the Southern District. He was President of the Legislative Council from 1901 to 1932 and was Chief Secretary in the seven-day Solomon Ministry of 1899. His non-continuous terms over several decades add up to a total of just under 49 years of service. He is, to date, the longest-serving politician in the history of South Australia.
## Early life {#early_life}
Stirling was born at Strathalbyn, South Australia, the son of Edward Stirling (1804--1873) and his wife Harriett, *née* Taylor and brother of Sir Edward Charles Stirling. His father was the illegitimate child of a Scottish planter in Jamaica and an unknown woman of colour.
Stirling was educated at St Peter\'s College, Adelaide and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. and LL.B Stirling was a good athlete and, representing Cambridge against Oxford, won the 120 yards hurdles. Stirling also won the amateur championship of England in this event in 1870 and again in 1872, his time in the latter year being 16.8 seconds, considered a good performance at that time.
## Career
Stirling read for the bar and was admitted at the Inner Temple in 1872, but never practised. Stirling returned to South Australia soon afterwards, became a pastoralist, and bred prize horses and merino sheep. He entered the South Australian Legislative Assembly in 1881 for Mount Barker, which he held until April 1887, and afterwards represented Gumeracha until 1890, when he became a member of the then-conservative South Australian Legislative Council, representing the Southern District. In December 1899 Stirling was chief secretary in the conservative Solomon government but this ministry was defeated as soon as the house met. In 1901 Stirling was elected President of the South Australian Legislative Council, and would serve in the position for a record 31 years.
Stirling was made a knight bachelor on 14 August 1902, after the honour had been announced in the 1902 Coronation Honours list published on 26 June 1902. He was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG) in 1909 and Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in 1918.
He continued his interest in sport all his life, pioneering polo in South Australia and captaining the team which twice beat Victoria. For a time Stirling was master of the Adelaide Hounds and was a well-known figure at racing meetings. He was a member of the Royal Agricultural and Horticultural Society and its president from 1891 to 1893; he was president of the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, the Pastoralists\' Association, the St Peter\'s Old Collegians Association, the South Australian Zoological and Acclimatization Society, and was a member of the University of Adelaide council. He was a member of the Caledonian Society of South Australia, and its Chief 1885--1886.
Stirling also possessed a good business sense and was a director of well-known companies. In politics he was respected as a man of individuality but not regarded as a first-rate speaker. Stirling found his ideal position as president of the council, admirably carrying out his duties; as the years passed becoming a kind of elder brother to the newer members.
## Family
On 2 December 1882, Stirling married Florence Marion, daughter of Sir William Milne and was survived by his wife, three sons and two daughters. His elder daughter Madge Mary Stirling (1887--1940) married Knox Lister Colley (1885 -- 7 December 1934) on 28 January 1914. Knox was a grandson of R. B. Colley, first mayor of Glenelg
| 646 |
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| 0 |
11,097,520 |
# International Academy of Management and Economics
**International Academy of Management and Economics** or **IAME** is a private, non-sectarian, degree-granting educational institution, primarily focused on business courses, in Makati, Philippines.
## History
In 1979, IAME\'s precursor was established under the name International University Foundation. It was founded by lawyer and educator Emmanuel T. Santos, PhD.
The first batch of graduates held ceremonies in Hotel Miramar in Hong Kong in 1982.
In 1985, IAME was accredited as a local institution by the Commission on Higher Education (CHED) of the Philippines.
On March 21, 2003, IAME became the first Makati-based business school to fulfill the requirements of ISO 9001:2000 for establishing a Quality Management System for the Provision of Higher Education in Management, specifically for the design, delivery, and testing of business courses, and overall facilities\' management.`{{verify source|reason=Reliable source needed for the whole sentence|date=July 2015}}`{=mediawiki}
## Academics
IAME provides undergraduate and graduate programs in management. Degrees/diplomas issued by IAME before 2012 have full CHED accreditation, CHED accreditation also covers students enrolled at the time of the CHED decision. Since then, IAME has been issuing degrees citing \"accreditation\" from World Education Services, a New York-based degree equivalency assessment firm. It also opened Senior High School in compliance to K-12.
- Diploma in Management
- International Bachelor of Business Administration / Business Management
- International Master of Business Administration / Technology Management / International Management
- International Doctor of Philosophy in Management
### Controversy
In February 2012, CHED ordered the closure of three IAME programs---Bachelor of Science in Business Administration (BSBA); Master in Business Administration (MBA) and Philosophy in Management (Ph.D. Management)\--due to substandard quality. In July 2012, the Philippines Supreme Court upheld CHED\'s decision.
In August 2012, CHED cautioned prospective students from enrolling at IAME in connection to its closure order. IAME reportedly moved its operations to Hong Kong and released a statement stating that it is \"beyond the jurisdiction of the Republic of the Philippines.\"
In May 2014, IAME stated that it has obtained a Temporary Restraining Order from a Makati Court against CHED\'s closure of the pertinent programs.
## Management
IAME was owned and managed by its founder, chairman and chief executive officer, Dr. Emmanuel T. Santos.
## Facilities
IAME is located in Makati with a business library, an IT resource center, a publishing house, an auditorium, a gym, executive conference suites, and a restaurant. IAME was housed in a four-storey mother building with a European Facade and a castle-like lobby and stairway
| 412 |
International Academy of Management and Economics
| 0 |
11,097,538 |
# Saturn V-3
The **Saturn V-3**, also known as the Saturn MLV 5-3, was a conceptual heavy-lift launch vehicle that would have utilized new engines and new stages that were never used on the original Saturn V. The Saturn V-3 was studied by the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center in 1965.
The first stage, called MS-IC-1, was to have used new F-1 engines designated F-1A which utilized a pump-fed design, an anticipated 20% additional thrust, and a six-second improvement in specific impulse on an F-1, with the first stage stretched 20 feet.
The second and third stages, MS-II-2 and MS-IVB-2, were proposed to use new HG-3 engines in place of the J-2 engines, but were never used, although the HG-3 led to the development of the Space Shuttle Main Engine.
The V-3 booster was one of six Saturn MLV designs that never flew, but if these vehicles had been manufactured, they could possibly have been used for the Apollo Applications Program, Manned Orbiting Research Laboratory, Mars fly-by and Mars landing missions in the 1970s and 1980s
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Saturn V-3
| 0 |
11,097,549 |
# Luke the Spook
***Luke the Spook*** was the name of a Boeing B-29-50-MO Superfortress (serial 44-86346, Victor number 94) configured to carry the atomic bomb in World War II.
## History
*Luke the Spook* was one of the fifteen Silverplate B-29s delivered to the 509th Composite Group for use in the atomic bomb operation and assigned to the 393d Bomb Squadron. Built at the Glenn L. Martin Aircraft plant at Omaha, Nebraska, it was accepted by the USAAF on June 15, 1945, after most of the 509th CG had already left Wendover Army Air Field, Utah, for North Field, Tinian. Assigned to Crew C-12 (Capt. Herman S. Zahn, Aircraft Commander), it was flown to Wendover in early July and briefly used in training and practice bombing missions.
On July 27, 1945, Zahn and his crew flew the airplane from Wendover to Kirtland Army Air Field, Albuquerque, New Mexico, accompanied by another 509th B-29 and one from the Manhattan Project test unit at Wendover (216th Base Unit). There each loaded one of three Fat Man atomic bomb assemblies (without the plutonium core, which had left the day before by courier on one of the 509th CG\'s C-54 Skymaster transports) in its bomb bay for conveyance to Tinian.
The three bombers flew to Mather Army Air Field, California, on July 28, and took off for Hawaii on July 29, finally reaching Tinian on August 2. It was assigned the square P tail identifier of the 39th Bomb Group as a security measure and given Victor (unit-assigned identification) number 94 to avoid misidentification with actual 39th BG aircraft.
The airplane was not given a name or nose art. It arrived too late to participate in any training, practice, or combat operations. After only a week on Tinian, 44-86346 was reassigned to the group deputy commander, Lt.Col. Thomas J. Classen, and his crew A-5. It left Tinian on August 9, 1945, and returned to Wendover accompanied by the B-29 Jabit III, with the maintenance crews for both airplanes aboard, to await orders to transport components of the third bomb.
The airplane flew to Roswell Army Air Field, New Mexico, in November 1945, where it rejoined the 509th CG. There its crew gave it the name *Luke the Spook*. Between April and August 1946 it was part of the Operation Crossroads task force based on Kwajalein.
In June 1949 it was transferred to the 97th Bomb Group at Biggs Air Force Base, Texas, and in April 1950 was converted to a TB-29 trainer at Kelly Air Force Base, Texas, and the Oklahoma City Air Materiel Area at Tinker Air Force Base.
It was subsequently assigned to:
- 10th Radar Calibration Squadron, Yokota Air Base, Japan (August 1952),
- 6023rd Radar Evaluation Flight, Yokota AB (March 1954), Johnson Air Base, Japan (May 1957), and Naha AB (November 1958),
- 6431st Air Base Group, Naha Air Base, Okinawa (December 1959),
- 51st Air Base Group, Naha AB (July 1960), where it was dropped from inventory and scrapped
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Luke the Spook
| 0 |
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# 1996 Ronde van Nederland
The 36th **Ronde van Nederland** cycling race was held from August 27 to August 31, 1996. The race started in Gouda (South Holland) and finished after 880.2 kilometres in Landgraaf (Limburg).
## Stages
### 27-08-1996: Gouda-Haarlem, 167 km {#gouda_haarlem_167_km}
RANK NAME CYCLIST TEAM TIME
------ -------------- ---------- --------------
1\. Mapei-GB **03:43:05**
2\. Rabobank **---**
3\. Palmans **---**
### 28-08-1996: Haarlem-Almere, 195 km {#haarlem_almere_195_km}
RANK NAME CYCLIST TEAM TIME
------ -------------- --------------------- --------------
1\. Motorola **04:39:06**
2\. Collstrop--Garden **---**
3\. U.S. Postal Service **---**
### 29-08-1996: Almere-Doetinchem, 125 km {#almere_doetinchem_125_km}
RANK NAME CYCLIST TEAM TIME
------ -------------- ---------- --------------
1\. Polti **02:35:29**
2\. Rabobank **---**
3\. Motorola **---**
### 29-08-1996: Doetinchem-Doetinchem (Time Trial), 19.6 km {#doetinchem_doetinchem_time_trial_19.6_km}
RANK NAME CYCLIST TEAM TIME
------ -------------- ---------- --------------
1\. Rabobank **00:22:40**
2\. Motorola **+ 0.01**
3\. Rabobank **+ 0.29**
### 30-08-1996: Zevenaar-Venray, 187 km {#zevenaar_venray_187_km}
RANK NAME CYCLIST TEAM TIME
------ -------------- ----------------- --------------
1\. Telekom **04:28:30**
2\. TVM-Farm Frites **---**
3\. Mapei-GB **---**
### 31-08-1996: Roermond-Landgraaf, 202 km {#roermond_landgraaf_202_km}
RANK NAME CYCLIST TEAM TIME
------ -------------- ----------------- --------------
1\. Telekom **04:48:02**
2\. Polti **+ 0.05**
3\. TVM-Farm Frites **---**
\
## Final classification {#final_classification}
RANK NAME CYCLIST TEAM TIME
------ -------------- ----------------- --------------
1\. Rabobank **20:36:54**
2\. Motorola **+ 0.02**
3\. Rabobank **+ 1.07**
4\. MG-Technogym **+ 1.16**
5\. Rabobank **+ 1.23**
6\. Telekom **+ 1.25**
7\. Rabobank **---**
8\. TVM-Farm Frites **+ 1.33**
9\. Telekom **+ 1.34**
10\. TVM-Farm Frites **+ 1
| 245 |
1996 Ronde van Nederland
| 0 |
11,097,576 |
# Saturn V-Centaur
Studied by Marshall Space Flight Center in 1968, the **Saturn V-Centaur** booster would have been used for deep space missions if it had flown. It consisted of an ordinary Saturn V launch vehicle, except that the Apollo spacecraft would be replaced with a Centaur upper stage (known as the **S-V** in the plans), as a high-energy liquid-fueled fourth stage, which would provide a 30% performance improvement over Saturn V-A/Saturn INT-20. This combination never flew.
## History
The Centaur upper stage was initially a proposal by the United States Air Force (USAF) which was accepted by the Advanced Research Products Agency (ARPA, who would later go on to be renamed as DARPA in 1972) in August 1958 as a way to respond to the USSR\'s successful Sputnik 1 mission the year before by ramping up their launch capabilities. The proposal, studied by the USAF with General Dynamics/Convair had the intention to develop a new high energy rocket stage to launch heavy payloads in the shortest possible time. It would use either one or two RL10 liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen engines, with a specific impulse of 425 seconds, and would operate as the upper stage of the Atlas and Titan rockets.
In the same year, NASA took control of the Centaur program and designated it for use as the third stage of the Saturn 1 rocket with the designation S-V. However, it only every carried water as a test for Project Highwater an was never active nor carried propellant. Centaur was only ever present on the SA-2, SA-3, and SA-4 missions. It never flew on a Saturn again.
According to a 1959 report on Saturn development, the vehicle A-1 configuration, which has a modified Titan stage 1 and a Centaur upper stage as upper stages, was considered due to have early flight availability and low costs. How, it fails to meet the mission requirements for lunar and 24 hour missions. The slender 3.05m diameter would also have made the A-1 a structurally marginal configuration. The success of the Centaur engine program did encourage the addition of liquid hydrogen to the upper stages of the Saturn launch vehicle
| 359 |
Saturn V-Centaur
| 0 |
11,097,620 |
# The Mystery of the Great Pyramid, Volume 2: The Chamber of Horus
***The Mystery of the Great Pyramid, Volume 2: The Chamber of Horus*** (*Le Mystère de la Grande Pyramide, Tome 2*) by the Belgian artist Edgar P. Jacobs was the fifth comic book in the Blake and Mortimer series, first published in *Tintin* magazine. It first appeared in book format in 1955, then was reprinted in a single-volume edition with Part 1 in 2011 (`{{ISBN|9782870971697}}`{=mediawiki}).
## Synopsis
Captain Blake having been assassinated at Athens Airport, Olrik seems to have won the first round. A furious Mortimer swears that he'll never stop trying to avenge his friend. He goes on the hunt, but information is scarce. Sheik Abdel Razek, an old man with mysterious powers, protects him against Doctor Grossgrabenstein's foreman. The doctor is a devoted Egyptologist who has undertaken excavations not far from the Great Pyramid. Strange happenings occur and Mortimer may sometimes feel like he's losing his way in this investigation that will lead him into the darkest depths of the Great Pyramid.
## Plot
At the beginning of Volume 2, Mortimer understands Großgrabenstein is in danger and goes one evening to his villa. He discovers Olrik and Großgrabenstein are one and the same person before being captured and taken to the basement of the villa alongside Nasir, who has been kidnapped. That\'s when Kamal and his men launch an assault on the villa. Olrik, in the guise of Großgrabenstein abandons his men while Mortimer and Nasir are saved from execution by Blake, dressed as Egyptian worker. Indeed, feeling followed, he had donned a bulletproof vest and pretended to be killed in order to continue its investigation incognito in Cairo. After these explanations, the villa is taken by the police: Mustapha, one of the men of Olrik, is killed and Jack is wounded and captured by Razul and Sharkey. One then finds the real Großgrabenstein sequestered for several days in his sarcophagus and everyone is taken to the police. Everyone except Blake and Mortimer who decided to go to the site where the German Egyptologist was digging. Following Olrik, they find the road which was built for his men who infiltrated the site and eventually succeed, after many adventures, in finding the House of Horus.
Meanwhile, Nasir, worried for his masters, goes to Sheikh Abdel Razek who travels from his home by a secret passage to the chamber of Horus. After destroying the spirit Olrik by his magical powers, he explains everything to them: the return of the cult of Amun came after Akhenaten\'s death (which established the monotheistic worship of Aten) the faithful cult that were Mérira and Paatenemheb decided to take the mummy of Akhenaten, his treasure and that of Aten, who were in danger, to safety. One night, in secret, they carried everything in the room and Paatenemheb was appointed as Initiated and responsible for maintaining secrecy until the return of this cult. A worthy descendant of that Paatenemheb, Razek saved the treasure from Olrik and erases some of the memories of Blake and Mortimer. The two friends, coming out of the Great Pyramid, then celebrate their victory against traffickers in antiquities. They believe first of all not having found the Horus room but only had an extraordinary dream, until Mortimer sees a ring on his finger as he told the sheik before partial memory loss. After a last look at the Great Pyramid of Cheops, on which stands Abdel Razek, the two heroes leave the Giza Plateau under the gaze of the sheikh. In the distance, Olrik become insane and wanders off into the desert.
## Translations
### English
*The Mystery of the Great Pyramid, Vol. 2* was first published in English by Les Editions Blake and Mortimer in 1987.(`{{ISBN|9782870971697}}`{=mediawiki}) Comcat Comics planned to publish a translation in 1990 called *Secret of the Great Pyramid, Vol 2,* but the company went bankrupt before it could come out. Cinebook Ltd published a translation in January 2008 (`{{ISBN|9781905460380}}`{=mediawiki})
| 663 |
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# 1992 Philippine presidential election
The **1992 Philippine presidential and vice presidential elections** were held on May 11, 1992. This was the first general election held under the 1987 Constitution and after the EDSA People Power Revolution. An estimated 80,000 candidates ran for 17,000 posts from the presidency down to municipal councilors.
The new constitution limited the president to a single six-year term with no possibility of reelection, even if nonsuccessive. Although some of President Corazon Aquino\'s advisers suggested that she could run for a second term, as she was sworn in before the 1987 Constitution took effect, Aquino did not run again.
In the presidential election, retired general Fidel Ramos of Lakas--NUCD narrowly defeated populist candidate Miriam Defensor Santiago of the People\'s Reform Party. Ramos also got the lowest plurality in the Philippine electoral history, and beat the previous election for the closest margin of victory, percentage-wise (this record would later be beaten by the 2004 election).
Santiago led the canvassing of votes for the first five days but then was overtaken by Ramos in a few days. Santiago cried fraud and filed an electoral protest citing power outages as evidence. Various media personnel became witnesses to the fraud made in the election, where the phrase, \'Miriam won in the election, but lost in the counting\' became popular. However, her protest was eventually dismissed by the Supreme Court of the Philippines.
The 1992 election was the second time both president and vice president came from different parties. Movie actor and Senator Joseph Estrada, running with presidential candidate Eduardo Cojuanco, won a six-year term as vice-president.
Under the transitory provisions of the Constitution, 24 senators were elected in this election. The first 12 senators who garnered the highest votes would have six-year terms while the next 12 senators would have three-year terms. Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino (LDP) received a large share in the Senate race. Television personality and Quezon City vice mayor Vicente Sotto III (also known as Tito Sotto) received the highest number of votes.
## Candidates
Presidential candidate Previous position Party Vice presidential candidate Previous position
-------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ----------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Danding Cojuangco Former Member of the House of Representatives from Tarlac\'s 1st congressional district (1969--1972) colspan=1 bgcolor=`{{party color|Nationalist People's Coalition}}`{=mediawiki}\| Nationalist People\'s Coalition Joseph Estrada Senator
Miriam Defensor Santiago Former Secretary of Agrarian Reform (1989--1990) colspan=1 bgcolor=`{{party color|People's Reform Party}}`{=mediawiki}\| People\'s Reform Party Ramon Magsaysay Jr. Former Member of the House of Representatives from Zambales\'s at-large congressional district (1965--1969)
Salvador Laurel Vice President colspan=1 bgcolor=`{{party color|Nacionalista Party}}`{=mediawiki}\| Nacionalista Party Eva Estrada Kalaw Former Mambabatas Pambansa from Manila (1984--1986)
Imelda Marcos Former First Lady (1965--1986) colspan=1 bgcolor=`{{party color|Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}`{=mediawiki}\| Kilusang Bagong Lipunan Vicente Magsaysay Former Governor of Zambales (1978--1986)
Ramon Mitra Jr. Speaker of the House of Representatives colspan=1 bgcolor=`{{party color|Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino}}`{=mediawiki}\| Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino Marcelo Fernan Former Chief Justice (1988--1991)
Fidel V. Ramos Former Secretary of National Defense (1988--1991) colspan=1 bgcolor=`{{party color|Lakas-NUCD-UMDP}}`{=mediawiki}\| Lakas--NUCD Lito Osmeña Governor of Cebu
Jovito Salonga Former Senate President (1987--1992) colspan=1 bgcolor=`{{party color|Liberal Party (Philippines)}}`{=mediawiki}\| Liberal Party Nene Pimentel Senator
## Debates
A debate was held between presidential candidates Salvador Laurel and Ramon Mitra Jr. on the ABS-CBN television program *Magandang Gabi\... Bayan* on March 7, 1992. It was considered an especially heated debate between the two candidates, with the *Manila Standard* noting the \"barbs, insults, and witticisms\" exchanged during the program.
On March 15, the Commission on Elections (COMELEC) began its series of six presidential and vice-presidential debates held over the next six Sundays, with the first debate held among presidential candidates Fidel V. Ramos, Miriam Defensor-Santiago, and Jovito Salonga, moderated by Dong Puno and broadcast live on GMA Network. Estrada, then a presidential candidate, was scheduled to participate in the debate but had to withdraw due to a prior commitment.
The second COMELEC-sponsored presidential debate was held on March 22 among Laurel, Mitra, and Eduardo Cojuangco Jr., moderated by Puno and broadcast live on RPN. The debate was also broadcast live on radio through the government-owned Radyo ng Bayan, but was interrupted 45 minutes into the debate when the station switched instead to a broadcast of a Lakas-NUCD rally in Dumaguete led by President Aquino.
The first vice-presidential debate as set by COMELEC was held on March 29 among Marcelo Fernan, Ramon Magsaysay Jr., and Vicente Magsaysay, moderated by Mario C. Garcia and broadcast live on the government-owned PTV.
## Results
### For President {#for_president}
#### Breakdown
Region Ramos Santiago Cojuangco Mitra
---------------------------------- --------------- ----------- --------------- ----------- ------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- -------------------------------------
Votes \% Votes \% Votes \% Votes \%
Ilocos Region **526,653** **36.84** 74,084 5.18 376,465 26.33 67,009
Cordillera Administrative Region 76,643 18.10 66,348 15.67 **`{{white|89,441}}`{=mediawiki}** **`{{white|21.12}}`{=mediawiki}** 76,224
Cagayan Valley 110,237 13.20 46,378 5.55 **`{{white|282,798}}`{=mediawiki}** **`{{white|33.87}}`{=mediawiki}** 91,970
Central Luzon 692,515 27.57 519,769 20.69 **`{{white|754,737}}`{=mediawiki}** **`{{white|30.05}}`{=mediawiki}** 216,944
National Capital Region 679,171 20.54 **990,288** **29.94** 572,301 17.30 193,398
Southern Tagalog 442,563 13.93 **579,563** **18.24** 517,724 16.30 538,869
Bicol Region 285,370 21.49 177,202 13.35 227,718 17.15 **`{{white|287,970}}`{=mediawiki}**
Western Visayas 326,701 16.04 **1,240,002** **60.88** 253,649 12.45 134,834
Central Visayas **618,520** **35.25** 168,240 9.59 244,732 13.95 545,245
Eastern Visayas 254,258 22.91 49,021 4.42 87,285 7.86 192,090
Western Mindanao **225,268** **30.18** 114,861 15.39 145,368 19.48 150,098
Northern Mindanao **351,575** **27.71** 86,290 6.80 169,334 13.35 233,657
Southern Mindanao **363,059** **23.51** 192,283 12.45 223,966 14.50 272,978
Central Mindanao 119,335 20.99 **124,506** **21.90** 74,134 13.04 91,188
ARMM 152,118 25.31 38,197 6.36 109,470 18.22 **`{{white|224,015}}`{=mediawiki}**
Absentee voters 1,819 23.19 1,141 14.55 **`{{white|3,201}}`{=mediawiki}** **`{{white|40.81}}`{=mediawiki}** 172
**Total** **5,342,521** **23.58** 4,468,173 19.72 4,116,376 18
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# Tom Rosenstiel
**Tom Rosenstiel** is an American author, journalist, press critic, researcher and academic. He is the Eleanor Merrill Visiting Professor on the Future of Journalism at the Philip Merrill College of Journalism at the University of Maryland. He was for the previous nine years the executive director of the American Press Institute. He is also a non-resident senior fellow at the Brookings Institution. Rosenstiel was founder and for 16 years director of the Project for Excellence in Journalism (PEJ), a research organization that studies the news media and is part of the Pew Research Center in Washington, D.C. His first novel, *Shining City*, was published by Ecco of HarperCollins in February 2017 and his second, \"The Good Lie,\" in 2019.
A journalist for more than 30 years, Rosenstiel worked as a media critic for the *Los Angeles Times* and chief congressional correspondent for *Newsweek* magazine and as co-founder and vice chairman of the Committee of Concerned Journalists. Among his seven books of non-fiction, he is the co-author of *The Elements of Journalism: What Newspeople Should Know and the Public Should Expect*. Rosenstiel appears often on radio, television and in print, and has written widely on politics and media.
## Career
A graduate of Oberlin College and the Columbia School of Journalism, Rosenstiel began his career as a reporter for muckraking political columnist Jack Anderson. He worked at the *Peninsula Times Tribune*, his hometown paper in Palo Alto, CA, as a business reporter and business editor from 1980 to 1983. He then spent 12 years at the *Los Angeles Times*, most of those as a media critic and Washington correspondent. He left the *Times* in 1995 to join *Newsweek Magazine*, where he served as chief congressional correspondent and covered the Gingrich revolution.
In 1997, he founded the Project for Excellence in Journalism, an institute that studies the press performance. PEJ is non-partisan, non-ideological, and non-political.
From 1997 to 2006, PEJ was affiliated with Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism Columbia University. In 2006 PEJ separated from Columbia and became part of Pew Research Center, funded by the Pew Charitable Trusts, a private organization. PEJ, among other studies, produces the annual State of the News Media Report that takes stock of the news industry, the weekly News Coverage Index that monitors the coverage of the mainstream media and the weekly New Media Index that monitors social media and blogs.
Rosenstiel co-founded the Committee of Concerned Journalists, an organization of journalists around the world working in different media concerned about the future of public interest journalism. Rosenstiel directed CCJ\'s daily activities until 2006. During those years, Rosenstiel was co-author of CCJ\'s \"Traveling Curriculum,\" a mid-career education program that trained more than 6,000 U.S. journalists. CCJ was later affiliated with the University of Missouri in Columbia, Missouri, where Rosenstiel also has served as adjunct professor of Journalism Studies. During the nearly nine years of his tenure, API was transformed into an important force in journalism reform and has a staff of fifteen and scores of consultants working with the group to carry on the work.
In January 2013, Rosenstiel became executive director of the American Press Institute, which was founded in 1946 to train newspaper professionals. In 2012, API was merged with the Newspaper Association of America Foundation and became affiliated with the association. When Rosenstiel arrived, API had one employee and its operations were all but shut down. Rosenstiel reimagined the institute from conducting seminars to being an applied think tank looking ahead at the challenges facing the news industry. API began to conduct original research in a collaboration with AP NORC called The Media Insight Project. The Institute created the Metrics For News product, which helped publishers convert their basic analytics into journalism analytics. In 2019, API assumed management of the \"Table Stakes\" change management program funded by the Knight-Lenfest Local News Transformation Fund, which takes newsrooms through extensive training in entrepreneurial management techniques. API also created a source auditing program called Source Matters.
In August 2021, Rosenstiel joined the faculty of the Philip Merrill College of Journalism at the University of Maryland as the Eleanor Merrill Visiting Professor on the Future of Journalism. He will remain involved with API\'s research and its change management work as an advisor
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# Saturn V-A
**Saturn V-A** was a proposed American orbital launch vehicle. It was studied by Marshall Space Flight Center in 1968. the Saturn V-A was identical to the Saturn INT-20, except it consisted of an ordinary S-IC first stage and S-IVB second stage. For deep-space missions, a Centaur third stage could also have been used.
## Details
Details of Saturn V-A:\
Gross mass: 2,478,120 kg (5,463,310 lb).\
Payload: 60,000 kg (132,000 lb).\
Height: 72.00 m (236.00 ft).\
Diameter: 10.06 m (33.00 ft).\
Thrust: 33,737.90 kN (7,584,582 lbf).\
Apogee: 185 km (114 mi)
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# List of highways numbered 292
| 6 |
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# Kamarou Fassassi
**Kamarou Fassassi** (October 10, 1948 -- December 4, 2016) was a Beninese politician.
Fassassi was born in Porto-Novo. He was director of the Cabinet of the president of the National Assembly of Benin, Adrien Houngbédji, from 1992 to 1995, and he was elected to the National Assembly in the March 1995 parliamentary election. When Mathieu Kérékou returned to the Presidency in 1996, Fassassi became Minister of Public Works and Transport, serving in that position until 1998. He was again elected to the National Assembly as a candidate of the Democratic Renewal Party in the March 1999 parliamentary election, but in 2000 he formed a new party, the Party of the Awakening of the Democrats of the New Generation (*Parti du Réveil de Démocrates de la Nouvelle Génération*, PRD-*Nouvelle Génération*), which supported the re-election of President Kérékou in the March 2001 presidential election. In May 2001 he was appointed Minister of Mines, Energy and Hydraulics, serving until April 2006, when Yayi Boni became president.
Fassassi was elected to the National Assembly as a candidate of the Union for Future Benin in the March 2003 parliamentary election. In Copargo in January 2006, he announced that he would be the PRD-*Nouvelle Génération*\'s candidate in the March 2006 presidential election, saying that he wanted to defend Kérékou\'s legacy. In the election, which Boni won, Fassassi took ninth place with 0.98% of the vote.
He died on December 4, 2016, at CNHU (national university hospital center)
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# West Galician Code
The **West Galician code** (also **The civil code of Western Galicia**, *Westgalizisches Gesetzbuch*, rarely --- *Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch von Westgalizien*) was a civil code created in the 18th century. Karl Anton Freiherr von Martini was the leading drafter. The code was introduced in West Galicia, an administrative region of the Habsburg monarchy, created after the Third Partition of Poland, prior to the introduction of ABGB, the civil code of Austria. It contained little in the way of solving feudal-class problems, but was based on the ideals of freedom and equality before the law shaped by natural law.
## Publications of the Code {#publications_of_the_code}
- Codex civilis pro Galicia occidentali. --- Wien, 1797
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# Preface (liturgy)
In liturgical use the term **preface** is a formal thanksgiving that immediately precedes (or forms part of) the Canon, Eucharistic Prayer, Prayer of Consecration or analogous portion of the Eucharist (Holy Communion, Mass or Divine Liturgy). The preface, which begins at the words, \"It is very meet and just, right and salutary\" (or a variation thereof) is ushered in, in all liturgies, with the *Sursum corda* (\"Lift up your hearts\") and ends with the *Sanctus* (\"Holy, Holy, Holy\").
In most Western liturgies, proper prefaces are appointed for particular occasions. In the various Eastern liturgies there is great variation. Among those who follow the Rite of Constantinople the audible portion of the preface does not change, but the silent prayer said by the priest will differ depending upon whether it is the Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom or the Liturgy of St. Basil the Great. Among the Oriental Orthodox Churches the preface will take different forms, depending upon the liturgical rite or the particular feast day.
## Anglican forms {#anglican_forms}
In the 1662 *Book of Common Prayer*, the preface omits the *Dominus vobiscum* (\"The Lord be with you\") and is in the form:
: Priest: Lift up your hearts.
: People: We lift them up unto the Lord.
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
: Priest: Let us give thanks unto our Lord God.
: People: It is meet and right so to do.
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
: Priest: It is very meet, right, and our bounden duty, that we should at all times, and in all places, give thanks unto thee, O Lord, Holy Father, Almighty, Everlasting God.
: (A proper preface may follow for certain occasions)
: Priest: Therefore with Angels and Archangels, and with all the company of heaven, we laud and magnify thy glorious Name; evermore praising thee, and saying:
Then the Sanctus is said or sung. In more modern orders of service, it is common for the *Dominus vobiscum* to introduce the *Sursum corda*.
## Methodist form {#methodist_form}
In Methodism, the preface opens as follows, in accordance with the Book of Worship:
: Elder: The Lord be with you.
: People: And also with you.
: Elder: Lift up your hearts.
: People: We lift them up to the Lord.
: Elder: Let us give thanks to the Lord our God.
: People: It is right to give our thanks and praise. (At this point, the Elder gives a proper preface)
## Byzantine form {#byzantine_form}
In the Byzantine Rite, the preface opens with the following:
Greek original English translation
-------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Deacon Ἂς σταθοῦμε καλά· ἂς σταθοῦμε μὲ φόβο· ἂς προσέξουμε νὰ προσφέρωμε τὴν ἁγία ἀναφορὰ μὲ εἰρήνη. Let us stand well; let us stand with fear; let us attend, that we may offer the Holy Oblation in peace.
People Εἰρηνικὴ ἡ ἀγάπη μας, δοξαστικὴ ἡ θυσία μας. A mercy of peace, a sacrifice of praise.
Priest Ἡ χάρη τοῦ Κυρίου μας Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, καὶ ἡ ἀγάπη τοῦ Θεοῦ καὶ Πατέρα, καὶ ἡ ἑνότητα τοῦ Ἁγίου Πνεύματος ἂς εἶναι μὲ ὅλους σας. The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ, and the love of God the Father, and the communion of the Holy Spirit, be with you all.
People Καὶ μὲ τὸ πνεῦμα σου. And with thy spirit.
Priest Ἂς ὑψώσουμε πρὸς τὸ Θεὸ τὶς καρδιές μας. Let us lift up our hearts.
People Ἔχομε τὴν καρδιά μας στραμμένη στὸ Θεό. We lift them up unto the Lord.
Priest Ἂς εὐχαριστήσουμε τὸν Κύριο. Let us give thanks unto the Lord.
People Ἀξίζει καὶ πρέπει. It is meet and right.
(to worship the Father, and the Son, and the Holy Spirit, the Trinity one in essence and undivided.)
## Lutheran forms {#lutheran_forms}
In Lutheran liturgies, the preface has many different translations that can be used in the Divine Service. The following is a common form:
: Pastor: The Lord be with you.
: People: And also with you.
```{=html}
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```
: Pastor: Lift up your hearts.
: People: We lift them up to the Lord.
```{=html}
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```
: Pastor: Let us give thanks to the Lord our God.
: People: It is right to give him thanks and praise.
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# Preface (liturgy)
## Roman Catholic form {#roman_catholic_form}
In the Roman Rite, the preface opens with the following:
: Priest: Dominus vobiscum.
: People: Et cum spiritu tuo.
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
: Priest: Sursum corda.
: People: Habemus ad Dominum.
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
: Priest: Gratias agamus Domino Deo nostro.
: People: Dignum et justum est.
The current English translation has:
: Priest: The Lord be with you.
: People: And with your spirit.
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
: Priest: Lift up your hearts.
: People: We lift them up to the Lord.
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
: Priest: Let us give thanks to the Lord, our God.
: People: It is right and just.
There are a wide variety of proper prefaces for every mass, depending on the missal used. As an example, a preface appointed for masses in the first Sunday in Advent is:
: Vere dignum et justum est, aequum et salutare, nos tibi semper et ubique gratias agere: Domine, sancte Pater, omnipotens aeterne Deus: per Christum Dominum nostrum.
: Qui, primo adventu in humilitate carnis assumptae, dispositionis antiquae munus implevit, nobisque salutis perpetuae tramitem reseravit: ut, cum secundo venerit in suae gloria maiestatis, manifesto demum munere capiamus, quod vigilantes nunc audemus exspectare promissum.
: Et ideo cum Angelis et Archangelis, cum Thronis et Dominationibus, cumque omni militia caelestis exercitus, hymnum gloriae tuae canimus, sine fine dicentes:
In English:
: It is truly right and just, our duty and our salvation, always and everywhere to give you thanks, Lord, holy Father, almighty and eternal God, through Christ our Lord.
: For he assumed at his first coming the lowliness of human flesh, and so fulfilled the design you formed long ago, and opened for us the way to eternal salvation, that, when he comes again in glory and majesty and all is at last made manifest, we who watch for that day may inherit the great promise in which now we dare to hope
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# Basheerabad
**Basheerabad** is a village in Vikarabad district of the Indian state of Telangana. It is located in Basheerabad mandal of Tandur revenue division.
## Geography
Bashirabad is located at 17.2167 N 77.4333 E. It has an average elevation of 431 meters (1417 feet). The neighbor mandals of Basheerabad are Tandur and Yalal. It is 130 km away from the Hyderabad, capital city of Telangana
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# Original Sin: Illuminating the Riddle
***Original Sin: Illuminating the Riddle*** is a short theological monograph based on Lectures given by Henri Blocher in 1995 at Moore Theological College in Sydney, Australia. It articulates the major contours of the Christian doctrine of original sin. D. A. Carson, a theologian from Trinity Evangelical Divinity School, writes that Blocher \"is able to think through the interlocking contributions of historical theology, biblical theology and systematic theology, and come to fresh conclusions in the light of Scripture, without overturning all that is valuable from the past.\"
## Synopsis
Blocher begins by outlining the doctrine of Original Sin in its four parts. Universal sinfulness, the shared culpability of all humanity. Natural sinfulness, the innate or natural tendency to sin in people. Inherited sinfulness, the transmission of the Adam\'s original sin. Adamic sinfulness the idea that sin had its origin in the Garden of Eden with an act of rebellion by Adam, also known as \"The Fall\".
Blocher then analyses the status of \"The Fall\" in the context of Genesis, modern science and a wider theological context. Blocher favours the \'framework\' interpretation of the early chapters of Genesis, which means he understands \"The Fall\" as a complex type of \'myth\' containing historical elements such as Adam, Eve, the Garden itself and an actual act of original rebellion.
The core of the book is centred on Blocher\'s discussion of Romans 5. In this chapter Blocher compares two common theological views of understanding \"The Fall\" with some of his own ideas about the topic.
Blocher concludes the book with two chapters about the significance of \"The Fall\" for humanity and the solution provided by the atonement of Jesus Christ
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# Joe Mihaljevic
**Joe Mihaljevic** (born September 19, 1960, in St. Louis, Missouri) is a retired soccer forward. He runs a reputable year-round soccer school in Folsom, California
## Youth
His father, Djuro George Mihaljevic, a native of Croatia, played professionally in Europe before immigrating to the U.S. He eventually settled in St. Louis, Missouri where he became the first head coach of the North American Soccer League\'s St. Louis Stars. In 1966, George established the first soccer school in the United States in St. Louis,Missouri \"Mihaljevic Soccer School\", and developed many talented players. At age 8, Mihaljevic began attending his father\'s school and played for its competitive team, Missouri Mules. The team won 2 international youth tournaments in the Netherlands & Canada.
## College
After graduating from high school in 1978, Mihaljevic was sent to live with relatives in the former Yugoslavia to train & play soccer. He reluctantly turned down a 4-year contract with 1st Division Teams, Red Star Belgrade and OFK Beograd due to the country\'s impending civil war. Upon returning to the United States,he attended Meramec Community College and was a first team \"All AMERICAN\" after he graduated junior college Mihaljevic was offered a full NCAA, Division I scholarship to Hartwick College in Oneonta, New York in 1978. Coached by one of the top coaches in the United States Jim Lennox a United States Staff Coach where Joe said he received the best training of his life along with his father George. In addition to playing collegiate soccer, Mihaljevic played on amateur clubs. In 1981, he was on the Anheuser-Busch Soccer Club when it won the U.S. Amateur Cup. Mihaljevic scored the winning goal 2--1 against Philadelphia Bayern.
## Professional career {#professional_career}
In 1982, the Pittsburgh Spirit of the Major Indoor Soccer League (MISL) drafted Mihaljevic as its 2nd-round draft pick and played on a line with Stan Terlecki of Poland the Co-MVP of the League with Steve Zungul. In 1988, Mihaljevic joined the Fort Wayne Flames of the American Indoor Soccer Association (AISA) for the Challenge Cup Playoffs. In 1986, the San Jose Earthquakes of the Western Soccer Alliance (WSA) signed Mihaljevic. The next year, he was the Alliance\'s \"Leading Goal Scorer\" and became the \"United States\' Leading Goal Scorer\" in 1987 with seven goals and two assists. He moved east to the Miami Sharks for the 1988 American Soccer League (ASL) season, under the coaching of 1970\'s World Cup Captain, Carlos Alberto Torres, of Brazil where he established himself as a force on the team by scoring 5 goals in the last 25 minutes of his 2nd game, defeating the Washington Diplomats, 5--1, a record for \"Most Goals Scored in a Game\". He also had Dirceu Guimares as a midfielder on the Miami Sharks. Dirceu Guimares was voted 3rd \"Most Valuable Player in the World at the 1978 World Cup for Brazil behind Mario Kempes of Argentina and Robbie Rensenbrink of Holland.
In 1990, he joined the San Jose Oaks Soccer Club and remained with the team through the 1992 season when the team took the U.S. Open Cup. Mihaljevic was voted 1992 U.S. Open Cup \"Most Valuable Player\" with a goal and 2 assists in the final game (3--1).
## Coaching
After retiring from playing professionally Mihaljevic re-opened his father\'s soccer school in Folsom, California in September 2003, also named \"Mihaljevic Soccer School\".
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# Joe Mihaljevic
## Personal
Mihaljevic has 4 children with Lynette Trinidad-Mihaljevic (married 1994. divorced 2018): Joey, Dominique, John Paul & Milan
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# Natty Dominique
**Anatie** \"**Natty**\" **Dominique** (August 2, 1896 -- August 30, 1982) was an American jazz trumpeter, who was born in New Orleans, Louisiana, United States, and most notable for his long body of work with Johnny Dodds
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# The 601st Phone Call
***The 601st Phone Call*** (`{{zh|s=第601个电话|t=第601個電話|p=Dì liù líng yī ge diàn hùa}}`{=mediawiki}) is a 2006 Chinese drama film directed by Zhang Guoli and written by Zou Jingzhi. It was released in mainland China on August 18, 2006.
## Plot
A young woman named Yishu believes she has no luck at all and she blames her name for it. One day she starts receiving phone calls from people thinking that she is the popular singer Tianyou. It turns out that someone has leaked 600 phone numbers of famous people to the internet and Yishu\'s phone number got mixed up in the bunch.
While Yishu finds it annoying at first, she soon receives a text message from Xiaowen, who is the singer in an amateur rock band. He wishes to write a song for Tianyou and wants Yishu - who he thinks is Tianyou\'s assistant - to deliver the song to Tianyou. Tianyou is a popular singer, but hasn\'t had a hit number lately. While she wants to sing for the sake of art, her cruel agent cares only for money and pressures her into recording an album she does not want to record because it doesn\'t contain any good songs. This decision gets her into a lot of trouble and she is attacked, furthering her personal depression.
While Yishu hears more of Xiaowen\'s song through their phone calls and text messages, Yishu is distracted from the problems she attributes to her bad luck. However, Xiaowen conceals the fact he is dying from a terminal illness, thus his desperation to finish his song and have it delivered to Tianyou. Meanwhile, Tianyou has lost interest in singing, since none of the songs she has been forced to record mean anything to her, and she contemplates suicide, a path that her agent secretly delights in because it will mean her unreleased record will sell-out after her death.
On the night that Tianyou is about to commit suicide, Xiaowen calls her cellphone from his hospital bed, having received the correct phone number from Yishu\'s efforts to find it, and sings her his song. Tianyou is inspired to continue and her career is revitalized; at her next concert, she dedicates the song Xiaowen has written to him and thanks him for saving her before singing it. Tianyou sends Yishu tickets to her concert, for one each for Yishu and Xiaowen, and Yishu invites Xiaowen, hoping to finally meet him. However, at the end of the concert, she finds Xiaowen\'s bandmates and learns from them that Xiaowen has already died
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# Court card (postcard)
**Court card** or **court sized card** was the name given to a size of picture postcard, mainly used in the United Kingdom, which were approximately 4.75 x 3.5 inches and predates the standard size of 5.5 x 3.5 inches.
Court cards were smaller and squarer in shape than later cards and were used from about 1894 to 1902. In keeping with the regulations of the time, they had an undivided back for the address only and the message had to be written on the \'front\' of the card. Many fine examples of these still exist and are sought after by postcard collectors and philatelists alike. Although mainly used in the UK, many were printed by chromolithography in Germany
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# Saturn V-B
Studied in 1968 by Marshall Space Flight Center, the **Saturn V-B** was considered an interesting vehicle concept because it nearly represents a single-stage to orbit booster, but is actually a stage and a half booster just like the Atlas. The booster would achieve liftoff via five regular F-1 engines; four of the five engines on the Saturn V-B would be jettisoned and could be fully recoverable, with the sustainer stage on the rocket continuing the flight into orbit. The rocket could have had a good launch capability similar to that of the Space Shuttle if it was constructed, but it never flew.
## Concept
With use of the Saturn V vehicle during Apollo, NASA began considering plans for a hypothesized evolutionary Saturn V family concept that spans the earth orbital payload spectrum from 50,000 to over 500,000 lbs. The \"B\" derivative of the Saturn V was a stage and one- half version of the then current S-IC stage and would become the first stage in an effective and economical assembly of upper stages of the evolutionary Saturn family.
The booster would achieve liftoff via five regular F-1 engines; four of the five engines on the Saturn V-B would be jettisoned and could be fully recoverable, with the sustainer stage on the rocket continuing the flight into orbit. The vehicle would be capable of a LEO payload of 50,000 lb with a standard S-IC stage length of 138 ft. Increases in the length of the stage could significantly increase this capability
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# Chadian Arabic
**Chadian Arabic** (*لهجة تشادية*), also known as **Shuwa Arabic**, **Western Sudanic Arabic**, or **West Sudanic Arabic** (WSA), is a variety of Arabic and the first language of 1.9 million people in Chad, both town dwellers and nomadic cattle herders. Most of its speakers live in central and southern Chad. Its range is an east-to-west oval in the Sahel. Nearly all of this territory is within Chad and Sudan. It is also spoken elsewhere in the vicinity of Lake Chad in the countries of Cameroon, Nigeria and Niger. Finally, it is spoken in slivers of the Central African Republic. In addition, this language serves as a lingua franca in much of the region. In most of its range, it is one of several local languages and often not among the major ones.
## Naming and classification {#naming_and_classification}
This language does not have a native name shared by all its speakers, beyond \"Arabic\". It arose as the native language of nomadic cattle herders (*baggāra*, Standard Arabic *baqqāra* *بَقَّارَة*, means \'cattlemen\', from *baqar*).
In 1913, a French colonial administrator in Chad, Henri Carbou, wrote a grammar of the local dialect of the Ouaddaï highlands, a region of eastern Chad on the border with Sudan. In 1920, a British colonial administrator in Nigeria, Gordon Lethem, wrote a grammar of the Borno dialect, in which he noted that the same language was spoken in Kanem (in western Chad) and Ouaddaï (in eastern Chad). Since its publication, this language has become widely cited academically as \"Shuwa Arabic\"; however, the term \"Shuwa\" was in use only among *non-Arab people* in Borno State, Nigeria. Around 2000, the term \"Western Sudanic Arabic\" was proposed by a specialist in the language, Jonathan Owens. The geographical sense of \"Sudanic\" invoked by Owens is not the modern country of Sudan, but the Sahel in general, a region Arabs dubbed *Bilad al-Sudan* \"the Land of the Blacks\" as far back as the medieval era. In the era of British colonialism in Africa, colonial administrators too used \"the Sudan\" to mean the entire Sahel.
Based on population movements and shared genealogical histories, Sudanic and Egyptian varieties of Arabic have traditionally been classified into a larger Egypto-Sudanic grouping. However, alternative analysis of linguistic features supports the general independence of Sudanic Arabic varieties from Egyptian Arabic.
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# Chadian Arabic
## Distribution and varieties {#distribution_and_varieties}
### Dialects
Two clear subdialects of Western Sudanic Arabic are discernable:
- Bagirmi Arabic -- spoken from eastern Nigeria to Chad in the southern fringe of the area. Characterized by syllable final stress in forms such as *katáb* \'he wrote\'.
- Urban varieties of Chad -- spoken in Ndjamena and Abbeche, and characterized by simplification tendencies.
### Speakers by country {#speakers_by_country}
#### Chad
The majority of speakers live in southern Chad between 10 and 14 degrees north latitude. In Chad, it is the local language of the national capital, N\'Djamena, and its range encompasses such other major cities as Abéché, Am Timan, and Mao. It is the native language of 12% of Chadians. Chadian Arabic\'s associated lingua franca is widely spoken in Chad, so that Chadian Arabic and its lingua franca combined are spoken by somewhere between 40% and 60% of the Chadian population.
#### Sudan
In Sudan, it is spoken in the southwest, in southern Kordofan and southern Darfur, but excluding the cities of al-Ubayyid and al-Fashir.
#### Nigeria
In Nigeria, it spoken by 10% of the population of Maiduguri, the capital of Borno State, and by residents elsewhere in Borno State. It is locally known as Shuwa Arabic. `{{as of|2024}}`{=mediawiki}, a total of 265,000 Chadian Arabic speakers are found in Nigeria.
#### Other
Its range in other African countries includes a sliver of the Central African Republic, the northern half of its Vakaga Prefecture, which is adjacent to Chad and Sudan; a sliver of South Sudan at its border with Sudan; and the environs of Lake Chad spanning three other countries, namely part of Nigeria\'s (Borno State), Cameroon\'s Far North Region, and in the Diffa Department of Niger\'s Diffa Region. The number of speakers in Niger is estimated to be 12,900 people.
## History
How this Arabic language arose is unknown. In 1994, Braukämper proposed that it arose in Chad starting in 1635 by the fusion of a population of Arabic speakers with a population of Fulani nomads.
During the colonial era, a form of pidgin Arabic known as Turku was used as a lingua franca. There are still Arabic pidgins in Chad today, such as Bongor Arabic, however, most of them have not been described, so it is not known if they descend from Turku.
## Phonology
+-------------+---+--------+---+-----------------+---+---------+
| | | Labial | | Dental/Alveolar | | Palatal |
+=============+===+========+===+=================+===+=========+
| | | | | | | |
+-------------+---+--------+---+-----------------+---+---------+
| Nasal | | | | | | |
+-------------+---+--------+---+-----------------+---+---------+
| Plosive/\ | | | | | | |
| Affricate | | | | | | |
+-------------+---+--------+---+-----------------+---+---------+
| | | | | | | |
+-------------+---+--------+---+-----------------+---+---------+
| | | | | | | |
+-------------+---+--------+---+-----------------+---+---------+
| Fricative | | | | | | |
+-------------+---+--------+---+-----------------+---+---------+
| | | | | | | |
+-------------+---+--------+---+-----------------+---+---------+
| Tap/Trill | | | | | | |
+-------------+---+--------+---+-----------------+---+---------+
| Approximant | | | | | | |
+-------------+---+--------+---+-----------------+---+---------+
: Consonants
Front Back
------- --------------------------------- ---------------------------------
Close `{{IPA link|ː|iː}}`{=mediawiki} `{{IPA link|ː|uː}}`{=mediawiki}
Mid `{{IPA link|ː|eː}}`{=mediawiki} `{{IPA link|ː|oː}}`{=mediawiki}
Open `{{IPA link|ː|aː}}`{=mediawiki}
: Vowels
Notes:
- Old Arabic \*`{{IPAslink|ɣ}}`{=mediawiki} \> `{{IPAslink|q}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{IPAslink|x}}`{=mediawiki}
- Old Arabic \*`{{IPAslink|ħ}}`{=mediawiki} \> `{{IPAslink|h}}`{=mediawiki}
- Old Arabic \*`{{IPAslink|ʕ}}`{=mediawiki} \> `{{IPAslink|ʔ}}`{=mediawiki}
- Old Arabic \*`{{IPA|/ṭ/}}`{=mediawiki} \> `{{IPAslink|ɗ}}`{=mediawiki} (`{{IPAplink|ɗˤ}}`{=mediawiki})
It is characterized by the loss of the pharyngeals `{{IPA|[ħ]}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{IPA|[ʕ]}}`{=mediawiki}, the interdental fricatives `{{IPA|[ð]}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{IPA|[θ]}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{IPA|[ðˤ]}}`{=mediawiki}, and diphthongs. But it also has `{{IPA|/lˤ/}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{IPA|/rˤ/}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{IPA|/mˤ/}}`{=mediawiki} as extra phonemic emphatics. Some examples of minimal pairs for such emphatics are `{{IPA|/ɡallab/}}`{=mediawiki} \"he galloped\", `{{IPA|/ɡalˤlˤab/}}`{=mediawiki} \"he got angry\"; `{{IPA|/karra/}}`{=mediawiki} \"he tore\", `{{IPA|/karˤrˤa/}}`{=mediawiki} \"he dragged\"; `{{IPA|/amm/}}`{=mediawiki} \"uncle\", `{{IPA|/amˤmˤ/}}`{=mediawiki} \"mother\". In addition, Nigerian Arabic has the feature of inserting an `{{IPA|/a/}}`{=mediawiki} after gutturals (`{{IPA|ʔ,h,x,q}}`{=mediawiki}).
## Grammar
A notable feature is the change of Standard Arabic Form V from *tafaʕʕal(a)* to *alfaʕʕal*; for example, the word *taʔallam(a)* becomes *alʔallam*. The first person singular perfect tense of verbs is different from its formation in other Arabic dialects in that it does not have a final *t*. Thus, the first person singular of the verb *katab* is *katáb*, with stress on the second syllable of the word, whereas the third-person singular is *kátab*, with stress on the first syllable
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# Nan Zhang (actress)
**Nan Zhang** (born November 1, 1986, `{{zh|s=张楠|p=Zhāng Nán}}`{=mediawiki}) is an American actress and model. She co-starred as Kati Farkas in The CW teen drama, *Gossip Girl*, until the show ended in 2012.
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
Born in Bengbu in the province of Anhui, China, Zhang and her family moved to the United States when she was six years old and settled in Slidell, Louisiana. She is an only child. After being selected in Chanel/Seventeen Magazine\'s New Model of the Year contest at the age of 16, Zhang decided to pursue modeling.
## Career
Her acting debut came about when Zhang was discovered by a casting director while she was at a nail salon in New York which landed her a bit part in *The Shanghai Hotel* and followed with an uncredited bit part in *West 32nd*. Zhang\'s short lived break into showbiz came in March 2007 when she was cast in the supporting role of Kati Farkas in the television adaptation of the popular young adult novels, *Gossip Girl*.
Before acting, Zhang started her career as a model in New York
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Zhang had previously wanted to be actively involved with neuroscience research and returned to Johns Hopkins University to pursue her pre-med/neuroscience degree. She graduated in 2012, while filming simultaneously. She then went on to attain her graduate degree from Johns Hopkins University
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# Tony Steele
**John Anthony \"Tony\" Steele** (born 13 November 1942 in Waverley, Sydney, New South Wales) is a former first-class cricketer who played 15 Sheffield Shield matches for New South Wales from 1968--69 to 1970--71.
Steele was educated at North Sydney Boys High School. A right-handed batsman, he appeared in 22 first-class matches between 1968 and 1971, scoring 1,168 runs at 36.50 with three hundreds against Queensland (158), South Australia (152) and Western Australia (123). He also took 27 catches and, as an occasional wicket-keeper, made two stumpings. He scored 10 in his only List A match. He also played for New South Wales Colts in the 1966/67 season and appeared for a Tasmania Combined XI in a first-class match in 1970/71.
He toured New Zealand with an Australian team in 1969-70, playing three matches for Australia against New Zealand and three for the Australians against domestic first-class teams. His games against New Zealand do not count as Test matches although New Zealand fielded their full-strength Test team
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# The Ultimate Collection (Santana album)
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unexpected '{'
{{album chart|Flanders|8|artist=Santana|album=The Ultimate Collection|rowheader=true|accessdate=June 6, 2024}}
^
``
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# Escape from Rungistan
***Escape from Rungistan*** is an interactive fiction video game written by Bob Blauschild for the Apple II and released by Sirius Software in 1982. Blauschild also wrote *Critical Mass* which was published by Sirius in 1983.
## Plot
The instructions at the opening of the game describe the situation:
## Gameplay
Rungistan combines graphical elements with text-based commands. The game begins with the player sitting in a jail cell and one is asked to enter a command. In certain situations, the player is required to perform a certain action before the time runs out, such as defusing a bomb. It also includes arcade-like sequences, such as skiing down a hill and avoiding trees.
## Reception
*Softline* in 1982 liked the \"precise, colorful graphics\", animated arcade sequences, and built-in hints, and stated that \"The puzzles are otherwise challenging enough for the average adventurer\"
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# Saturn V-C
The **Saturn V-C**, was just like the Saturn V-B, studied in the same year as the V-C, except it would use a S-IVB second stage to get a payload into a higher orbit. A Centaur third stage was optional for deep space missions
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# Max Herseth
**Magnus Herseth** (25 April 1892 -- 13 September 1976), known as **Max Herseth**, was a Norwegian rower who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics.
He was a crew member of the Norwegian boat that won the bronze medal in the coxed four, inriggers. He died on 13 September 1976
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# The Definitive Collection (Santana album)
***The Definitive Collection*** is a compilation album by Santana.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
### Disc 1 {#disc_1}
1. \"Jingo\"
2. \"Evil Ways\"
3. \"Soul Sacrifice\"
4. \"Black Magic Woman/Gypsy Queen\"
5. \"Oye Como Va\"
6. \"Samba Pa Ti\"
7. \"Everybody\'s Everything\"
8. \"Song of the Wind\"
9. \"Let the Children Play\"
10. \"Europa (Earth\'s Cry Heaven\'s Smile)\"
11. \"She\'s Not There\"
12. \"I\'ll Be Waiting\"
13. \"Well\...All Right\"
14. \"Hold On\"
15. \"They All Went to Mexico\"
16. \"Say It Again\"
### Disc 2 {#disc_2}
1. \"Hope You\'re Feeling Better\"
2. \"No One to Depend On\"
3. \"Stone Flower\"
4. \"One Chain (Don\'t Make No Prison)\"
5. \"Winning\"
6
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# Venture to the Moon
***Venture to the Moon*** is a group of six linked science fiction short stories by English writer Arthur C. Clarke. It was originally published in the British newspaper *Evening Standard* in 1956. The stories describe the first crewed mission to the Moon in 1975, as a joint American-Russian-British mission, and are narrated in first person from the point of view of the British team commander. Despite the death described in the third story, they are written in a humorous vein. They are collected in *The Other Side of the Sky*.
## Plot summary {#plot_summary}
- \"The Starting Line\" tells of the launch of the first lunar expedition jointly by British, American and Russian rockets which have been assembled in Earth orbit. The plan is for all three ships to leave Earth orbit and land simultaneously, but the narrator has secretly been ordered to depart ahead of the other two ships.
- \"Robin Hood FRS\" tells of the efforts by the joint expedition members to recover an automatic supply rocket that has landed just out of reach, through the unorthodox method of utilising one team member\'s archery skills.
- \"Green Fingers\" describes how a Russian team member - a botanist - secretly engineers plant life that could survive on the Moon\'s surface, and the accident that causes his death.
- \"All that Glitters\" deals with a geophysicist who discovers diamonds on the Moon - only to learn that back on Earth, synthetic diamonds have just been successfully created at negligible cost.
- \"Watch this Space\" tells how a scientific experiment conducted on the Moon - creating a giant sodium cloud that is made luminescent by the Sun\'s rays and visible from Earth - is sabotaged by \"the greatest advertising coup\" in history (strongly implied to be by Coca-Cola).
- \"A Question of Residence\" tells of how at the end of the mission one of the ships would have to stay behind to clean up their equipment while the others return and get the early glory, and how the British team end up volunteering\... in order to take advantage of a legal loophole so they can sell their stories tax-free.
## Reception
Damon Knight dismissed the stories as \"remarkably trivial
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# Frithjof Olstad
**Karl Frithjof Olstad** (23 November 1890 -- 16 December 1956) was a Norwegian rower who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics.
He was the strokeman of the Norwegian boat that won the bronze medal in the coxed four, inriggers
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# Saturn V-D
The **Saturn V-D** was a conceptual booster with the ability to launch three times as much payload as the Russian Energia booster. Studied in 1968, it was considered to be the mightiest of the proposed variations of the Saturn V rocket, rehashed as one of the boosters from the Boeing 1967 Saturn studies and utilizing the stage and a half Saturn V-B, four 100 ft tall SRBs, and the ordinary second and third stages of the original Saturn V. This booster never flew, but if it had been manufactured it would have had the capability to launch all the necessary components for a space station in one shot
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# Letters to Felice
***Letters to Felice*** is a book collecting some of Franz Kafka\'s letters to Felice Bauer from 1912 to 1917. Schocken Books acquired these letters from Felice Bauer in 1955, in addition to roughly half of Kafka\'s letters to Grete Bloch, Bauer\'s friend. Additional letters to Bloch were acquired at a later date. During the period of the correspondence Kafka and Bauer were engaged twice, and Kafka produced some of his most famous works, including *The Metamorphosis*, \"In the Penal Colony\", and his first attempts at writing *The Trial*.
Originally published in German in 1967 as *Briefe an Felice*, the collection was first published in English by Schocken Books in 1973. It was translated by James Stern and Elisabeth Duckworth.
Bulgarian novelist Elias Canetti wrote about the correspondence in *Kafka\'s Other Trial: The Letters to Felice*. Through a reading of the letters along with sections of *The Trial* Canetti examined Kafka\'s struggle between a comfortable middle-class life and individual isolation
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# Olav Bjørnstad
**Olav Trygve Olsen-Bjørnstad** (16 December 1882 -- 13 June 1963) was a Norwegian rowing coxswain who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics.
He coxed the Norwegian boat that won the bronze medal in the coxed four, inriggers
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# Treasure of San Gennaro
***Treasure of San Gennaro*** (*\'\'\'Operazione San Gennaro\'\'\'*) is a 1966 Italian comedy film starring Nino Manfredi, Senta Berger, Totò and Claudine Auger. Directed by Dino Risi, it is the story of a heist gone wrong. It won a Silver Prize at the 5th Moscow International Film Festival.
## Plot
A group of American criminals arrive in Naples to steal the holy treasures of its patron saint. They enlist the help of the local mafia, who are torn between the multibillion-lire proposition and their loyalty to the community.
## Cast
- Nino Manfredi as Armandino \"Dudu\" Girasole
- Senta Berger as Maggie
- Harry Guardino as Jack
- Claudine Auger as Concettina
- Totò as Don Vincenzo
- Mario Adorf as Sciascillo
- Ugo Fangareggi as Agonia
- Dante Maggio as Il capitano
- Giovanni Bruti as Il cardinale
- Pinuccio Ardia as Il barone
- Vittoria Crispo as Mamma Assunta
- Ralf Wolter as Frank
- Carlo Croccolo dubbed the voices of at least 15 characters, including those portrayed by Harry Guardino, Totò, Mario Adorf, Pinuccio Ardia, and Ralf Wolter
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# Grant Hedger
**Grant Hedger** (Bondi, New South Wales) is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1970s. He played in Australia\'s major competition -- the New South Wales Rugby League (NSWRL).
Hedger played for the Eastern Suburbs club, progressing through the lower grades he made his 1st grade debut in 1975. The hard working Rugby league Forward played in 36 matches for the Eastern Suburbs Roosters in the years 1975--78. During the 1976 NSWRFL season, Hedger played in the forwards to help Eastern Suburbs claim victory in their unofficial 1976 World Club Challenge match against British champions St. Helens in Sydney.
During his first season Hedger was a member of Easts\' premiership winning side that defeated St George by a record 38--0 margin
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# Gino Robair
**Gino Robair** is an American composer, improvisor, drummer, percussionist, and magazine editor. In his own music work (as a soloist and in improvisation ensembles), he plays prepared/modified percussion, analog synthesizer, ebow and prepared piano, theremin, and bowed objects (polystyrene, customized/broken cymbals, faux daxophone, metal). Robair resides in the San Francisco Bay Area, California.
## Biography
Gino Robair has recorded with Anthony Braxton, Tom Waits, John Butcher, LaDonna Smith, Otomo Yoshihide, Terry Riley, Lou Harrison, Eugene Chadbourne, Club Foot Orchestra, ROVA Saxophone Quartet, Birgit Ulher, Beth Custer, and Fred Frith, and many others. In addition, he has performed with John Zorn, Nina Hagen, and Thinking Fellers Union Local 282. He is a founding member of the groups Splatter Trio, and Pink Mountain.
From January 4, 1994 to January 14, 1997, \"The Dark Circle Lounge\" was a weekly improvisational music series, that later became a festival, founded and led by Gino Robair at the Hotel Utah. The Bay Area Improv Scene participated in The Dark Circle Lounge. At the time, Robair was a member of the Splatter Trio, alongside saxophonist Dave Barrett, and guitarist-bassist Myles Boisen.
It is not always clear what instruments Robair is playing (for example, the duo CD \"Sputter\" with Birgit Ulher). In interviews (Paris Transatlantic, The Wire), he notes that the term \"energized surfaces\" refers to the use of drums as resonators for other objects, which he bows, scrapes, rubs, or activates with an ebow, motors, or compressed air through a horn. \"Voltage made audible\" is used to describe analog electronics and circuit bent instruments.
As a composer, Robair has written pieces for a variety of ensembles (including the ROVA Saxophone Quartet), scored numerous Shakespearean plays with the California Shakespeare Festival (where he was music director for five years), and created jingles for radio and television. He also served as music director and composer (within the Club Foot Orchestra) for the CBS/Film Roman Saturday morning cartoon series \"The Twisted Tales of Felix the Cat\".
His large-scale work, \"I, Norton,\"`{{When|date=November 2022}}`{=mediawiki} is an opera based on the life of Emperor Norton, which combines improvisation, graphic scores, game pieces, and fully notated scores. The piece was featured in the documentary *Noisy People,* by Tim Perkis. Robair is currently involved in a multi-year research project developing real-time, computer-mediated, ensemble-improvisation systems with Palle Dahlstedt (Chalmers University, Gothenburg, Sweden), Per Anders Nilsson (Academy of Music and Drama, Gothenburg, Sweden), and Tim Perkis. This project grew out of The Bucket System developed by Dahstedt, Nilsson and Robair and presented at the 2015 NIME conference. Robair is also a member of Anne Pajunen's Stockholm-based S.M.O.K (Svenska Moderna Operaensemblen) 2.0, producing theatrical works with live electronics.
Gino Robair is the former editor-in-chief of *Electronic Musician* magazine, and *Keyboard* magazine. He has written for *Mix*, *Option*, *Remix*, *Guitar Player*, and *Acoustic Guitar* magazines, authored two books---*Making the Ultimate Demo* (Artistpro, 2000) and The *Ultimate Personal Recording Studio* (Cengage, 2006)---and contributed chapters to *Less Noise, More Soul* (Hal Leonard, 2013) and *The Hub: Pioneers of Network Music* (Kehrer Verlag, 2021). Robair is a member of the San Francisco Chapter of the Recording Academy/Grammys and served a term as national trustee. He has presented papers and chaired roundtable discussions at then NAMM, AES, and New Interfaces for Musical Expression (NIME) conferences.
His academic work includes composition studies with Barney Childs at the University of Redlands and Lou Harrison, David Rosenboom, and Larry Polansky at Mills College. He studied percussion with Ron George, William Kraft, William Winant, and Eddie Prévost of AMM. He also studied Javanese Gamelan with Jody Diamond, and wrote several works for the instruments. Robair is currently pursuing a PhD in Performance Studies at the University of California, Davis.
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# Gino Robair
## Discography
- \"Blue Moon\" Sabrina Siegel, Gino Robair, Tania Chen, Tom Djll, Bryan Day, 2019
- \"NoNoNo Percussion Ensemble: Excantatious\" with Stefano Giust and Cristiano Calcagnile, Setola di Maiale (Italy) SM4340, 2021. CD.
- \"Trio Music Minus One (For Dennis Palmer)\" with Thollem McDonas, Setola di Maiale (Italy) SM2650, 2014. CD.
- \"I, Norton: an opera in real time.\" Rastascan Records, 2009. CD.
- \"Postage Paid Duets - Vol. 2\" David Sait w/Glen Hall w/Gino Robair w/LaDonna Smith. Apprise AP-03, 2009. CD.
- \"Other Destinations\" (solo). Rastascan Records (San Francisco). CD.
- \"Singular Pleasures\" (solo). Rastascan Records (San Francisco). CD.
- \"Sputter\" with Birgit Ulher (tpt). Creative Sources (Lisbon, Portugal). CD.
- \"New Oakland Burr\" with John Butcher. Rastascan Records (San Francisco). CD.
- \"Blood Money,\" \"Alice,\" \"Orphans,\" \"The Tiger and the Snow\" and \"Bad As Me\" with Tom Waits.
- \"Duets 1987,\" \"Nine Compositions (DVD) 2003,\" and \"Six Compositions (GTM) 2001\" with Anthony Braxton.
- \"Grosse Abfahrt: Luftschiffe zum Kalifornien\" 2007 Serge Baghdassarians - electronics; Boris Baltschun - electronics; Chris Brown - piano; Tom Djll - trumpet; Matt Ingalls - clarinet; Tim Perkis - electronics; Gino Robair - electronics; John Shiurba - guitar. Creative Sources (Lisbon, Portugal). CD.
- \"Supermodel Supermodel\" 2006 Gail Brand trombone; Tim Perkis electronics; Gino Robair percussion, faux dax, horns, Styrofoam, ebow snare; John Shiurba electric guitar; Matthew Sperry double bass and preparations. On Emanem (UK). CD.
- \"Six Fuchs\" 2004 Wolfgang Fuchs (reeds), Tom Dill(tpt), Gino Robair(perc), John Shiurba(gtr), Matthew Sperry(bass), and Tim Perkis (electronics). Rastascan Records (San Francisco). CD
- \"Gino Robair Live on the Artship\" 2002 The Artship Recordings are a series of live solo improvisations each by a different artist, and each performed in \"The Artship\", a decommissioned US Navy troop transport which was docked in Oakland and served as a floating arts center for several years. (3.5-in CD).
- \"Buddy Systems\" 1998 Gino Robair plays selected duos and trios, with John Butcher and Tim Perkis, Otomo Yoshihide, Carl Kihlstedt and Matthew Sperry, Dan Plonsey, LaDonna Smith, Splatter Trio, Oluyemi Thomas, and Myles Boisen On Meniscus(Minneapolis). CD
- \"Matthew Sperry Trio\" 1997 Actually a quartet, that didn\'t include the late Matthew Sperry! Matt Ingalls, Tim Perkis, Gino Robair, John Shiurba. On Limited Sedition (Oakland)
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# Thomas Henry Flewett
**Thomas Henry Flewett** (29 June 1922 -- 12 December 2006) was a founder member (and subsequently Fellow) of the Royal College of Pathologists and was elected (by distinction) a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of London in 1978. He was chairman of the World Health Organization (WHO) Steering Committee on Viral Diarrhoeal Diseases, 1990--3, and a member until 1996. His laboratory in Birmingham was a World Health Organization Reference and Research Centre for Rotavirus Infections from 1980 until his retirement in 1987. He was an external examiner, visiting lecturer, and scientific journal editor. He was a member of the board of the Public Health Laboratory Service (now UK Health Security Agency) from 1977 to 1983 and was chairman of the Public Health Laboratory Service\'s Committee on Electron Microscopy from 1977 to 1987.
Flewett received his medical education at Queen\'s University, Belfast, where he graduated with honours at the end of the World War II in 1945. In 1951 he married June Evelyn Hall who predeceased him. He was survived by their two daughters, Janet Anne and Judy Elizabeth. Another daughter, Pamela Margaret Jane, died in infancy.
## Childhood
Flewett was born in Shimla India, where his father, William Edward Flewett (born 1894) a graduate of Oxford University, was a member of the Imperial Forestry Service, that, in 1966, became the Indian Forest Service of the Indian Civil Service. In 1915, his father joined the Indian Reserve Army, as required by law, becoming a Second Lieutenant in July 1916. He was transferred to Lahore in 1924. Thomas Flewett was educated at Campbell College in Belfast.
## Early years 1945--1956 {#early_years_19451956}
Flewett studied medicine at Queen\'s University Belfast, where he graduated with honours in 1945. He worked at the Royal Victoria Hospital in Belfast and, from 1946 to 1948, was a demonstrator in bacteriology and pathology at Queen\'s University. His scientific interest in viruses began with his membership of the scientific staff of the National Institute for Medical Research at Mill Hill, where he spent three years between 1948 and 1951 researching common cold viruses and exploring the effect of influenza viruses on cells in culture. This led to his first use of electron microscopy, in which he became a leading authority. In 1951 he moved as lecturer in bacteriology to Leeds University, where he was involved in the 1953 smallpox outbreak. This experience proved invaluable twenty-five years later when a laboratory-associated case of smallpox at the Medical School of the University of Birmingham, UK, led to the death of Janet Parker. In 1951 he married June Evelyn Hall who bore him three daughters.
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# Thomas Henry Flewett
## Regional Virus Laboratory, Birmingham, England 1956--1987 {#regional_virus_laboratory_birmingham_england_19561987}
In 1956 Flewett was appointed consultant virologist to East Birmingham Hospital (now Heartlands Hospital) , where he established one of the first virus laboratories in England. His laboratory was close to an infectious diseases unit and this enabled him to provide confirmation of the clinical diagnosis of diseases that included poliomyelitis, diarrhoea, smallpox and AIDS. He was a member of the hospital\'s senior management team and helped to establish the regional immunology laboratory there.
Flewett\'s interests included influenza, coxsackie A and coxsackie B viruses, the major and minor variants of smallpox virus, and hepatitis B virus. Although he discovered the cause of hand, foot and mouth disease, the work that gained him an international reputation began in the early 1970s with the discovery of viruses causing diarrhoea, particularly in infants and young children. Flewett named one of the then most frequent causes of death in infants in tropical countries, rotaviruses. Norwalk virus had been discovered by Albert Kapikian using immune electron microscopy and Ruth Bishop and colleagues had seen different particles that they thought were viruses in gut biopsies by thin section electron microscopy. But the preparation of thin sections was too cumbersome for routine use, and Flewett and his co-workers showed that these viruses could be seen by electron microscopy directly in faeces. Flewett and his colleagues in his Birmingham laboratory had observed these viruses in the faeces of sick children before the publication of Ruth Bishop\'s paper but they failed to realise that they were the cause of the infection. The virus particles have a wheel-shaped appearance by electron microscopy, and it was Flewett who gave them the name \"rotavirus,\" by which they have been known since. Flewett wrote: \'At the South Wiltshire Virology Society I met Gerald Woode, then at Compton, in late 1973. He described a virus causing diarrhoea in calves. I realized we had much the same in children. We found his virus and ours were related -- something new. We called them rotaviruses\'
His original idea was to suggest the name \"urbivirus\" because of the structural similarity of rotavirus to orbivirus. Ruth Bishop, who was the first to describe rotaviruses as a cause of gastroenteritis had suggested \"duovirus\" because these viruses replicate in the duodenum and, at the time, were thought to have a double protein outer coat. The early research papers from the 1970s use both names.
Flewett did much collaborative work on rotaviruses with others to establish the varieties of rotavirus which infect the young of virtually every species of animal. His research group were the first to describe the different serotypes of rotavirus. This work was important to the development of a rotavirus vaccine. He also identified two new species of adenoviruses (later called types 40 and 41), as well as confirming the presence of caliciviruses, astroviruses, and faecal coronaviruses. He, along with H.G. Pereira also discovered picobirnaviruses, and with other colleagues first described human torovirus.
## Birmingham smallpox tragedy {#birmingham_smallpox_tragedy}
Janet Parker was the last person to die from smallpox. The diagnosis was made by Professor A. Geddes at East Birmingham Hospital where she had been admitted. Before the diagnosis had been confirmed, a member of Flewett\'s laboratory had collected fluid from Janet Parker\'s vesicles and taken it across the grounds of the hospital for examination in the virus laboratory. Flewett ordered his staff to fumigate the laboratory with formaldehyde. The ward in which Janet Parker had been initially cared for was also fumigated. The building housing wards 31 and 32 were later demolished. Two members of Flewett\'s team were subsequently quarantined but apart from Janet Parker\'s mother, no further cases of smallpox occurred. This tragedy led to the suicide of Professor Henry Bedson.
## WHO Reference and Research Laboratory 1980--1987 {#who_reference_and_research_laboratory_19801987}
Flewett\'s work on rotaviruses brought him international recognition both as a virologist and an electron microscopist. He was one of the first western virologists to be invited to the People\'s Republic of China (in 1983) to lecture. He was a judge for the King Faisal International Prize in 1983, which was awarded to Professor John S. Fordtran, Dr William B. Greenough III and Professor Michael Field, for their work on oral rehydration therapy in reducing mortality and morbidity due to cholera and other acute infectious diarrhoeal diseases.
During these years he travelled widely as a World Health Organization consultant to most countries in which childhood diarrhoea is a major problem. He established The WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Rotaviruses, (known as The WHO Lab), at his laboratory which was supported by The World Health Organization from 1980 until his retirement in 1987. This laboratory was formerly a small tuberculosis bacteriology laboratory.
As well as continuing with basic research on the viruses that cause gastroenteritis, his laboratory produced reagents for the laboratory diagnosis of rotavirus infections based on monoclonal antibodies developed by his research team. These reagents were sent regularly to numerous hospital laboratories throughout the developing world. The WHO laboratory attracted many visiting scientists from many countries and his team of research scientists contributed to the development of a vaccine against rotavirus infections. His laboratory was active in the search for other, undiscovered causes of viral infections which Flewett called \"the diagnostic gap\", because many causes of gastroenteritis are still unknown.
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# Thomas Henry Flewett
## Legacy
Flewett was educated at a time when very little was known about viruses and viral illness and when there were no laboratory tests to aid or confirm a diagnosis. Flewett was a pioneer---today diagnostic virology laboratories, like the one he established in 1956, can be found throughout the world. Flewett published over 120 scientific and medical articles and papers. Following the introduction of the rotavirus vaccine, worldwide the incidence of deaths of children caused by rotavirus has fallen from around 500,000 each year in 2000, to around 200,000 in 2013. As more countries use the vaccine, the incidence is decreasing
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# Michel Juneau-Katsuya
**Michel Juneau-Katsuya** is a former senior intelligence officer and manager at the Canadian Security Intelligence Service.
## Career
He started his career as a police officer with the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) before transferring to the Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS). He has performed duties as a criminal investigator, and intelligence officer in both counterintelligence and counterterrorism, and also as a strategic analyst on global and emerging issues.
In 1994, he stated that the most imminent threat to the world was not nuclear proliferation, but simple machetes - a prophecy he considers to have been fulfilled by the Rwandan genocide later.
Today he is the president and CEO of The Northgate Group, and sometimes cited in media stories as a source on international espionage.
## Works
He is the co-author with Fabrice de Pierrebourg of *Nest of Spies: The Startling Truth About Foreign Agents At Work Within Canada\'s Border* published in September 2009 (HarperCollins, `{{ISBN|1554684498}}`{=mediawiki}) and *Ces espions venus d\'ailleurs: Enquête sur les activités d\'espionnage au Canada*, published September 2009 (Stanké). These books reveal various spy activities in Canada and share some points on how to defend its company against it.
Juneau-Katsuya wrote the afterword in the book, *The Mosaic Effect*, co-authored by Canadian Military Intelligence Analyst, Scott McGregor and Journalist Ina Mitchell. In it, Juneau-Katsuya was critical of the Canadian Governments failure to recognize the threat of the People\'s Republic of China (PRC) in Canada saying *\"Regrettably, throughout my 40-year career I\'ve, encountered all three of these attitudes from our Canadian political elite.\"*
## In Popular Media {#in_popular_media}
In 2017, Juneau-Katsuya was interviewed in the documentary film *\"In the Name of Confucius\"* by Canadian filmmaker Doris Liu, the film, is about the controversies around one of China's largest overseas soft-power initiatives, China's Confucius Institutes (CI). He also participated in a panel discussion at the official Ottawa premiere screening held at the One World Film Festival on Sept. 30, 2017. Where he said that the CI is promoted as a Chinese language and cultural program, as a way "to collect information in order, eventually, for intelligence officers to target certain individuals that went to that institute to study.\"
In 2021, Juneau-Katsuya testified to the Parliament of Canada about Project Sidewinder, a joint Canadian intelligence task force, composed of members of the Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS) and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) in 1997. Juneau-Katsuya was one of the officers who worked on the original project. In his testimony, Juneau-Katsuya said that he believed there was political interference leading to the shuttering of Project Sidewinder and that evidence was destroyed
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# Time Is Money (Bastard)
\"**Time Is Money (Bastard)**\" is a song by American experimental rock band Swans. It was released as a 12-inch single in 1986, through record label K.422. The single is notable for the first official appearance of vocalist Jarboe.
## Critical reception {#critical_reception}
*Trouser Press* described \"Time Is Money (Bastard)\" as a \"great single\", and Ned Raggett of AllMusic called the song \"an underground industrial/dance hit\" and noted its aggressively explicit lyrics. John Leland at *Spin* said, \"Swans make brutal, headbanging noise with no concessions to listenability and wail monochromatic homilies for a living descent into hell. They have no fun. Their music can be cathartic---like a sledgehammer to your solar plexus---or it can sound like someone\'s been hitting the French lit a little too hard.\"
## Track listing {#track_listing}
## Personnel
- Michael Gira -- vocals, production
- N. Westerg (Norman Westberg) -- guitar
- Ronaldo Gonzalez -- drums
- H. Crosby (Harry Crosby) -- bass guitar
- Jarboe -- scream
- Jorgé Estabon -- engineering, production assistance
- P. White -- sleeve artwork
- M.G
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11,098,045 |
# 11th Hong Kong Film Awards
The **11th Hong Kong Awards** ceremony, honored the best films of 1991 and took place on 5 April 1992 at Hong Kong Academy for Performing Arts, Wan Chai, Hong Kong. The ceremony was hosted by Philip Chan and Lawrence Cheng, during the ceremony awards are presented in 15 categories.
## Awards
Winners are listed first, highlighted in **boldface**, and indicated with a double dagger (`{{double-dagger}}`{=mediawiki})
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# Régis Campo
**Régis Campo** (born 6 July 1968) is a French composer.
## Biography
He studied composition with Georges Boeuf at the Conservatory of Marseille. Then he entered the Conservatoire de Paris in the classes of Alain Bancquart and Gérard Grisey, where he obtained his first composition prize in 1995. In 1992 he studied with Edison Denisov who considered him \"one of the most gifted of his generation.\" His style, often described as playful and colorful, departs the great aesthetic trends of the late twentieth century with emphasis on melodic invention and tempos of great vitality.
From 1999 to 2001 he was resident at the Villa Medici. In Europe and around thirty countries around the world, many artists have played his music.
His work has received numerous awards including the Gaudeamus Prize (1996), the Special Award Young Composers (1996), the Dutilleux Prize (1996), SACEM prices Hervé Dujardin (1999) and Pierre Cardin (1999) The Institute of France, the SACEM Prize for Young Composers (2005), the "Georges Bizet" Prize of the Institute of France (2005), Prize of the Simone and Cino Del Duca Foundation (2014).
In 2001, his work Lumen, for orchestra, is created by the Berkeley Symphony Orchestra under the direction of Kent Nagano, California, in April 2003, the same performers become successful with the creation of his First Symphony. In November 2003, Felicity Lott and the Ensemble Orchestral de Paris, conducted by John Nelson, created Happy Birthday at the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées. She also created his Bestiary after Apollinaire with the Orchestre National de France under the direction of Altinoglu in November 2008 in Dijon and Paris. His CD "Pop-Art" received the Academy Charles Cros "coup de cœur" in 2005. His Second Symphony "Moz'art" was created in September 2005 by the Ensemble Orchestral de Paris under the direction of John Nelson at the opening of its 2005--2006 season at the Théâtre des Champs-Elysées. The Orchestre symphonique de Montréal conducted by Kent Nagano has created in 2008 in Montreal his orchestration of Erik Satie Sports and divertissements.
His second opera "Quai ouest" based on the play by Bernard-Marie Koltès was created in September 2014 at the Strasbourg Opera House during the Festival Musica, then given back during the 2014--2015 season in German language at the National Theatre in Nuremberg (Staatstheater Nürnberg).
His catalog -- containing over two hundred works -- comprises various instrumental or vocal ensembles as: Commedia (1995) for 19 musicians, the Chamber Concerto for 7 musicians (1996), the Violin Concerto (1997-- revised 2001), the Livre de Sonates (1997--1999) for organ, the Piano Concerto (1998--1999), Nova (1999) for 12 mixes voices, mixes choir and ensemble, Faërie (2000--2001) for orchestra, Happy Bird (2001) concerto for flute, 2 horns, percussion and string orchestra, Lumen (2001) for orchestra, Pop-art (2002), Symphony no 1 (2002--2003) for orchestra, Ouverture en forme d'étoiles (2004) for orchestra, String Quartet no 1 "Les Heures maléfiques" (2005), Symphony no 2 "Moz'art" (2005) for orchestra, String Quartet no 3 "Ombra felice" (2007), Lumen 2 (2006--2013), Le Bestiaire after Apollinaire for soprano and orchestra (2007--2008), Les Quatre Jumelles, opera buffa for 4 singers and 9 instruments (2008), String Quartet n°5 " Fata Morgana" (2012), Quai-ouest, opera (2013--2014). The theremin concerto \"Dancefloor With Pulsing\" by the French composer Regis Campo was written for Carolina Eyck and premiered with the Brussels Philharmonic in 2018
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11,098,077 |
# Diane McGuinness
**Diane McGuinness** (February 20, 1933 -- May 13, 2022) was an American cognitive psychologist who wrote extensively on sex differences, education, learning disabilities, and early reading instruction.
McGuinness was born in 1933, in Pasadena, California. She attended Occidental College and received a B.A. in 1954. In the late 1960s she worked as a secondary school music teacher in the U.K. In the early seventies she received a Bachelor of Science at Birkbeck College (with first class honours, 1971), and a PhD in cognitive psychology at University College London in 1974.
Over the course of a long academic career, she taught at many institutions, including UC Santa Cruz, Stanford University, and the University of South Florida. Prior to her death in May of 2022, she was Emeritus Professor of Psychology at the University of South Florida.
McGuinness published over 100 papers, chapters, and books on a number of subjects in the field of psychology.
McGuinness was an outspoken critic of whole language instruction but also of phonics as it is traditionally taught in the United States. She was not opposed to an approach to early reading instruction known as synthetic phonics or linguistic phonics, in which the starting point for instruction is the 40 or so phonemes of English. In synthetic phonics instruction, each sound (or phoneme) is introduced initially with a single \"basic code\" spelling, which is usually the most common spelling for that sound. For example, the /f/ sound might be introduced with the \'f\' spelling (or grapheme). Additional \"spelling alternatives\" for this sound \-- e.g., \'ff\' as in *stuff*, \'ph\' as in *graph*, \'gh\' as in *rough* \-- will generally be introduced later. In synthetic phonics, students are taught to read by blending all of the sounds in the word, and the focus is on single sounds, not onsets and rimes or other multi-sound units. Whole-word recognition and \"sight word\" instruction are generally discouraged, as are multi-cueing strategies and contextual guessing. Students are encouraged to read by blending sounds and to spell with their basic-code spellings while they are learning spelling alternatives. Generally, a heavy emphasis is placed on showing the students mostly words they can read with their current code knowledge \-- that is, using materials that are \"decodable\" in relation to what has been taught previously. This is the currently mandated approach in England, however 27% of children still cannot read by age 11.
McGuinness\'s book *Why Our Children Can\'t Read* contains a comprehensive analysis of the English writing system, its sounds and spellings. This has been useful for synthetic phonics instructors teaching English vowel sounds, because many English vowels can be spelled several different ways. For example, the /ee/ sound can be spelled \'ee\' as in *see*, \'ea\' as in *sea*, \'y\' as in *funny*, \'e\' as in *me*, \'ie\' as in *cookie*, \'i\' as in *ski*, \'ey\' as in *key*, etc. McGuinness popularized the term \"spelling alternatives\" to describe the various ways of writing a sound. She also introduced the term \"code overlap\" to describe a spelling (or grapheme) that can stand for more than one sound (or phoneme). For example, the spelling \'ow\' can stand for the /ou/ sound as in the word *now*, or for the /oe/ sound as in the word *snow*.
McGuinness\'s views on reading instruction have been influential (but also controversial) in the UK and cited by the Reading Reform Foundation of the UK (https://rrf.org.uk/) who have been a major proponent of synthetic phonics and the ideas of McGuinness.
In the United States, synthetic phonics is not nearly as well known. Phono-Graphix was developed by McGuinness\'s daughter-in-law, Carmen McGuinness and has been used for many years in schools and clinics. Carmen McGuiness is vehemently opposed to synthetic phonics as seen in a Special Report: Phono-Graphix and Synthetic Phonics (https://www.phonographixcourses.com/SPECIAreportFINAL.pdf) and has written about her program being plagiarised by Sounds Write.
McGuinness stirred up controversy with her views on dyslexia and teaching letter names. She argued that dyslexia is not a biological condition but a socially created problem that results from a complex spelling code combined with ineffective teaching methods. She argued against teaching the letter names in the early phases of reading instruction on the grounds that letter names can confuse students. What is really important, McGuinness maintained, is that students be taught the *sound values* and the relationships that obtain between sounds and letters.
McGuinness died on May 13, 2022, at the age of 89.
## Written works {#written_works}
- *When Children Don\'t Learn,* Basic Books (New York City), 1985.
- (Editor) *Dominance, Aggression, and War*, Paragon House Publishers (New York City), 1987.
- *Evolution: The Transdisciplinary Paradigm*, ICUS Books, 1987.
- *Why Our Children Can\'t Read, and What We Can Do about It*, Free Press (New York City), 1997. (This is McGuinness\'s most influential book.) [1](https://www.amazon.com/Children-Cant-Read-What-About/dp/0684853566/ref=sr_1_1?crid=YP6IBI0Y1TIZ&dib=eyJ2IjoiMSJ9.C_GyntgeInPzffonV81TRm7WoXMILXU3b8Lamdj_AuJ0-GC3W0cIXLYiEbsJkDqgo7VI-UkO2Dnsx3oIqWIljdB4Yt6pxg38_scEGzrOeKUObvZhHKB0-OdDq0l8nEUBsPdfL2-KNriFlnAYrkRgVUrHX4IcsmW4gVRS5Z36LNoihc4UYFluPXxTPrRx5dUvQpB0-QnvLweoz0rHjA1hfBKj9VyN-m3frX6tDzsvOOo.KJdBSfyfn8bj-XttqpfAEuSZoBaSyoUNEt873vNR5KU&dib_tag=se&keywords=Why+Our+Children+Can%27t+Read&qid=1729965400&sprefix=why+our+children+can%27t+read%2Caps%2C110&sr=8-1)
- *My First Phonics Book*, Dorling Kindersley (New York City), 1999.
- *Growing a Reader from Birth: Your Child\'s Path from Language to Literacy*, W.W. Norton and Co. (New York, NY), 2004.
- *Early Reading Instruction: What Science Really Tells Us about How to Teach Reading*, MIT Press (Cambridge, MA), 2004.
- *Language Development and Learning to Read: The Scientific Study of How Language Development Affects Reading Skill*, MIT Press (Cambridge, MA), 2005.
- [*Sound Steps to Reading: Parent/Teacher Handbook (Foolproof, Scripted Lessons for Reading and Spelling)*, Trafford Publishing, 2008.](https://www.trafford.com/BookStore/BookDetails/701439-Sound-Steps-to-Reading-Storybook-Sound-Targeting-Storybook-Sound-Steps-to-Reading-Handbook-Parent-Teacher)
- [*Sound Steps to Reading: Sound-Targeting Storybook*, Trafford Publishing, 2008.](https://www.trafford
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# Soul Sacrifice (song)
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{{single chart|Wallonia|33|artist=Santana|song=Soul Sacrifice|rowheader=true|access-date=October 30, 2023}}
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11,098,098 |
# Summertime on Icarus
\"**Summertime on Icarus**\" is a science fiction short story by British writer Arthur C. Clarke, first published in *Vogue* in 1960. It was also published under the title \"The Hottest Piece of Real Estate in the Solar System\".
## Plot summary {#plot_summary}
This story tells of engineer Colin Sherrard on an expedition as part of the International Astrophysical Decade, which is intended to get a research spaceship within seventeen million miles of the Sun, shielded by the asteroid Icarus.
Travelling in his one-man mechanical pod, he suffers an accident and loses consciousness. When he comes to, he is not sure where he is - nor are the explorers in the mother ship. His pod is damaged and his communications are unreliable. Just as he is about to fry in the heat of the sun, he finds that he cannot even commit suicide as the controls do not respond. With seconds to go, he is spotted by a two-man capsule sent out by the expedition, and which is shielding him from the sun\'s heat in its shadow. He is rescued in the nick of time, but admits that, even on Earth, he will never enjoy summer again
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# Vladimir Kim
**Vladimir Sergeyevich Kim** (*Владимир Серге́евич Ким*; born 29 October 1960) is a Kazakhstani businessman and billionaire who is the richest person in Kazakhstan. He made his wealth in Kazakhstan\'s natural resources sector. He owns a network of offshore companies.
## Early life {#early_life}
Kim was born in 1960. He is of Korean ethnicity. He graduated from the Kazakh Leading Academy of Architecture and Civil Engineering (then known as the Alma-Ata Architectural Institute) in 1982 with a degree in civil engineering. He holds an MBA degree, and received his PhD in business and administrative management at the John F. Kennedy University in California in 1998.
## Career
In 1995, Kim was appointed managing director and chief executive officer of Zhezkazgantsvetmet JSC, Kazakhmys\' core subsidiary at the time. He was elected chairman of the board of directors of Zhezkazgantsvetmet in 2000, and Chairman of Kazakhmys upon its listing on the London Stock Exchange in October 2005. Kim stepped down as chairman of Kazakhmys in May 2013 to become a non-executive director. Following the completion of the Group restructuring in 2014, Kim remained a non-executive director and a major shareholder in KAZ Minerals PLC, a mining company quoted on the London Stock Exchange, Hong Kong Stock Exchange and Kazakhstan Stock Exchange.
He holds approximately 33% of KAZ Minerals.
In 2022, Kim was ranked as Kazakhstan\'s wealthiest individual for the fifth year in a row by Forbes, with a fortune of \$5 billion. He sits at 584th in the global rankings
In June 2023, Hitech Grand Prix motor racing team announced that Kim had bought a 25% stake of the company.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Kim is married and has four children. He resides in Almaty, Kazakhstan
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