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# Fabian Delph
**Fabian Delph** (born 21 November 1989) is an English former professional footballer who played as a central midfielder or left-back.
He was on the books of Bradford City as a youngster until he moved to Leeds United aged 11. Having played 45 matches for Leeds at League One level and once in the Championship, he transferred to Premier League club Aston Villa in August 2009 for £6 million. In 2012, he returned to Leeds for a short loan spell. Delph had a successful start to the 2012--13 Premier League season, leading Villa manager Paul Lambert to call for his inclusion in the England squad. In July 2015, Delph joined Manchester City for £8 million. In 2019, he moved to Everton, where he went on to spend three seasons, before announcing his retirement from football in September 2022.
Delph represented England at under-19 and under-21 level and made his senior debut in a friendly against Norway on 3 September 2014.
## Club career {#club_career}
### Leeds United {#leeds_united}
Born in Bradford, West Yorkshire, Delph started his career in football as a youngster at Bradford City. Delph left City in September 2001 to join Leeds United after he was recommended to their academy coach Greg Abbott by former Bradford manager Paul Jewell, whose son played with Delph. He went to Tong Secondary School, which he left in 2006 to sign a two-year scholarship with Leeds United, at the age of 16. He completed his studies at the partner school to Leeds, Boston Spa School.
After a string of impressive performances in spring 2007, Delph was made captain of the Leeds Reserves. He was given his debut at Leeds as a substitute in the final match of the 2006--07 season against Derby County on 6 May 2007, a match in which Robert Bayly was also given a debut for Leeds. He was awarded his first professional contract on 11 January 2008, and made two appearances for Leeds in the 2007--08 season, both as a substitute.
Delph impressed in the 2008--09 pre-season friendly against Barnet, earning praise from both manager Gary McAllister and former Leeds player Eddie Gray. He made his first League Cup start in Leeds\' 5--2 win away at Chester City in the first round on 13 August 2008. Having gained more first-team experience, on 5 September 2008, Delph signed a new four-year contract at Leeds. He celebrated his new contract by scoring his first senior goal the following day as Leeds defeated Crewe Alexandra 5--2. He soon followed it up by scoring twice, both \"superb goals\" from long range, against Walsall during a 3--0 win.
Delph\'s form attracted the attention of Premier League managers, with Arsenal\'s Arsène Wenger reported to be lining up a £6 million bid for the midfielder, and Newcastle United having a bid rejected by Leeds chairman Ken Bates. His performances also prompted Stuart Pearce to give Delph his first call-up to the England under-21 squad in November 2008. He was a late substitute for Craig Gardner as England defeated Czech Republic to win his first under-21 cap on 18 November. During the January 2009 transfer window, Leeds rejected another two bids from Premier League for Delph, with Bates saying: \"We explained to both clubs that we don\'t deal in petty cash.\" The following day he scored a \"goal of genuine quality\" against Brighton & Hove Albion by finding the top corner of the goal with a curling shot following a long run. Manager Simon Grayson said: \"If he scores goals like that, his value is going to go up. It certainly won\'t go down.\" Despite the attention of Premier League managers, Delph remained with Leeds as the January transfer window closed.
By March 2009, his performances during the 2008--09 season earned Delph a nomination for the League One player of the year, which was won by Leicester City\'s Matty Fryatt, and helped him to win the young player of the year in the end of season Football League Awards. The awards for the 2008--09 season did not end there, with Delph winning young player of the season, goal of the season, for his strike against Brighton and player\'s player of the season at the club awards. After Leeds lost out in the playoff semi-finals against Millwall, there was much speculation about Delph\'s future at Leeds, however he did manage to play in Leeds\' early pre-season matches, before ultimately Leeds turned down offers from other clubs and Delph completed his move to Aston Villa.
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# Fabian Delph
## Club career {#club_career}
### Aston Villa {#aston_villa}
After Leeds failed to gain promotion from League One, several Premier League clubs including Everton, Manchester City, Fulham, Sunderland, Tottenham Hotspur and Aston Villa were linked with Delph. On 3 August 2009, Villa agreed an undisclosed fee with Leeds for the transfer of Delph to Villa Park. The transfer was concluded the following day after Delph completed a medical and agreed personal terms.
#### Early career {#early_career}
Delph\'s full Premier League debut came at home against Wigan Athletic on 15 August 2009, the first day of the 2009--10 Premier League season. In a match that Villa lost 2--0, Delph received a yellow card and was replaced in the 61st minute by Steve Sidwell. On 23 January 2010 Delph scored his first goal for Aston Villa in the FA Cup win at home against Brighton & Hove Albion.
On 17 April 2010, Delph had to be carried away from training on a stretcher after picking up a \"serious\" knee injury. He was immediately taken for tests on the injury. It was later revealed on 19 April 2010 that Delph had suffered a cruciate ligament injury, set to keep him out of action for up to eight months.
Delph returned to action on 26 February 2011, in a Premier League victory over Blackburn Rovers, when he came on as an impromptu left-back after Nathan Baker was injured in the first half.
On 3 March 2011, Delph signed a new deal with Aston Villa keeping him at the club until 2015. He scored his second goal for Villa against Tranmere Rovers in the League Cup on 28 August 2012.
On 20 January 2012, Delph re-signed for Leeds United on loan, initially until 25 February 2012. He made his second Leeds United debut against Ipswich Town on 21 January. Delph picked up an ankle injury in Leeds\' defeat to Coventry City and returned to Aston Villa for treatment on the injury. It was revealed that Delph would miss the end of the season, so his loan at Leeds was not renewed and he returned to his parent club.
During the 2012--13 Premier League season, Delph established himself as a regular in Paul Lambert\'s team, finishing the season with 24 appearances. In the later half of the season, Fabian put in some good performances and began to show a good partnership with Ashley Westwood and Yacouba Sylla in the centre of midfield.
#### 2013--14 season
Delph started the 2013--14 season very brightly, and put in some of his best performances in a Villa shirt. In the 3--1 away win against Arsenal on the opening day of the season, Delph made a number of successful tackles and dribbles, as well as completing a large number of passes with a high accuracy percentage. He saw a long range, low driven shot from his favoured left foot hit the inside of Arsenal goalkeeper Wojciech Szczęsny\'s left post, coming very close to his first Premier League goal. His good form continued four days later in a controversial 2--1 loss against Chelsea, and again the following weekend in a 1--0 loss against Liverpool. His first goal of the season came in a 3--0 win over Rotherham United in the League Cup third round. He played a neat one-two with Benteke, took the first touch to control with his favoured left foot and finished with his right within the box. His performances in the opening months of the season earned him the Aston Villa Player of the Month award for August, September and October 2013.
Delph scored for the first time in Premier League with \"a goal of brutal brilliance\" to complete a 3--2 win away at Southampton on 4 December. His performances over the season including stand out performances against Everton, Liverpool and Chelsea, resulted in him being voted Player of the Year by Aston Villa supporters.
#### 2014--15 season {#season_1}
After reports that he could leave the club at the end of the season due to his contract expiring, Delph signed a four-and-a-half-year contract on 25 January 2015, keeping him at Villa until 2019.
On 7 March, Delph scored the first goal as Villa defeated local rivals West Bromwich Albion 2--0 to reach their first FA Cup semi-final since 2010. The victory prompted a pitch invasion by fans, who Delph claimed stole his captain\'s armband while kissing and biting him. He scored the winning goal in the semi-final on 19 April, as Villa came from behind to defeat Liverpool 2--1 and reach their first FA Cup final since 2000. On 30 May, Delph captained Aston Villa in the 2015 FA Cup Final at Wembley Stadium, where the team were defeated 4--0 by Arsenal.
On 10 July, Delph was reported to be having a medical ahead of an £8 million transfer to Manchester City. Delph never showed up for his scheduled medical, and subsequently released a statement on the Aston Villa website confirming he would be staying at the club and would not be moving to Manchester City. However, reports a week later emerged that Delph had again changed his mind and was having a medical at Manchester City ahead of a prospective move.
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# Fabian Delph
## Club career {#club_career}
### Manchester City {#manchester_city}
On 17 July 2015, Delph signed a five-year contract with Premier League club Manchester City for a reported fee of £8 million, just six days after saying he would be staying at Aston Villa to captain them into the next season. He made his debut a week later against Real Madrid in the 2015 International Champions Cup at the Melbourne Cricket ground, but was substituted after 18 minutes for Jesús Navas due to injury, and City lost 1--4. Delph scored his first goal for Manchester City on 28 November 2015 against Southampton, the second in an eventual 3--1 win. His third goal for the club came in a 1--0 win over Steaua Bucharest in a Champions League qualifier in August 2016.
After an injury to Benjamin Mendy, Delph established himself as Manchester City\'s starting left-back in the first half of the team\'s record breaking start to the 2017--18 season. He started 14 consecutive matches in the Premier League, scoring once against Crystal Palace, as City set a new record of 18 consecutive league wins. He was sent off in the FA Cup defeat to Wigan Athletic in February 2018 and then suffered a muscle problem, not returning to fitness until April.
### Everton
Delph signed for Everton on 15 July 2019 on a three-year contract for an initial fee of £8.5 million, rising to £10 million in add-ons. On 10 June 2022, the BBC reported he would leave the club at the end of the month once his contract expired.
On 27 September 2022, Delph announced his retirement from professional football.
## International career {#international_career}
In March 2008, Delph started his international career, making his debut as a substitute for the England national under-19 team.
On 28 August 2014, Delph was named in the senior England squad for the first time, ahead of a friendly against Norway and the first Euro 2016 qualifier against Switzerland. He made his international debut in the friendly against Norway on 3 September 2014, coming on as a 69th-minute substitute for Alex Oxlade-Chamberlain as England won 1--0. Five days later, in England\'s first match of UEFA Euro 2016 qualification, Delph made his first start and played the entirety of a 2--0 victory away to Switzerland at St. Jakob-Park, Basel. On 16 May 2016, Delph was announced to have been selected for the provisional UEFA Euro 2016 England squad. However, on 26 May he was ruled out of the tournament with a groin injury.
Delph was named in the 23-man squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup. He made his World Cup debut against Panama, coming on as a 63rd-minute substitute in a 6--1 win. He played the full 90 minutes of the final group game, against Belgium.
Prior to his competitive debut for England, Delph was also eligible to represent Guyana through his ancestry.
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# Fabian Delph
## Personal life {#personal_life}
On 23 December 2008, Delph was arrested by police and charged for drink driving in Rothwell, Leeds, while driving home with four friends. He pleaded guilty at Leeds Magistrates\' Court to the charge of driving whilst over the limit; he was fined £1,400, disqualified from driving for 18 months and ordered to pay costs of £60.
He has three daughters, the youngest of whom was born during the 2018 World Cup
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# Bamboo English
**Bamboo English** was a Japanese English-based pidgin jargon developed after World War II that was spoken between American military personnel and Japanese on US military bases in occupied Japan. It has been thought to be a pidgin, though analysis of the language\'s features indicates it to be a pre-pidgin or a jargon rather than a stable pidgin.
It was exported to Korea during the Korean War by American military personnel as a method of communicating with Koreans. Here it acquired some Korean words, but remained largely based on English and Japanese. Recently, it has been most widely used in Okinawa Prefecture, where there is a significant U.S. military presence.
The Ogasawara Islands feature a similar form of Japanese Pidgin English referred to as Bonin English. This contact language was developed due to a back-and-forth shift in dominant languages between English and Japanese spanning over one hundred years.
The name Bamboo English was coined by Arthur M. Z. Norman, in the article in which he initially described the language.
## Phonology
With the differences between Japanese and English in terms of sounds included in each language and the placement of those sounds within words, the combination of the two within Bamboo English shows some differences between English-speaking and Japanese-speaking individuals even for the same words.
The ending consonants of words are often altered by Japanese speakers for English words that do not end with \[n\], \[m\], or \[ŋ\] (such as can, from, and song, respectively) by adding an /o/ or /u/ to the end of the word.`{{r|FOOTNOTEAvram201761|p=60}}`{=mediawiki} This altering was picked up by English speakers, though applied without the knowledge of why it was done, such as in the case of *saymo-saymo* meaning \'same\'.
Another similar alteration demonstrated in Bamboo English was the addition of the \"ee\" sound (as in cheese) to the end of English words. Words such as \'change\', \'catch\', and \'speak\' then became *changee*, *ketchee*, and *speakie*.`{{r|FOOTNOTEAvram201761}}`{=mediawiki}
As well, Japanese speakers mimicked some aspects of English speech by removing final vowels from some words, such as the word for \'car\' which is normally `{{Transliteration|ja|Hepburn|jidōsha}}`{=mediawiki} in Japanese but which is said as *jidoš* in Bamboo English.
## Morphology
Documentation of the morphology of Bamboo English is rather incomplete and so demonstrating the presence or absence of various characteristics is difficult.
Compounding, for example, has little record of existing within Bamboo English due to this. On the other hand, affixation has been better noted. The presence of the suffix *-san*, taken from Japanese, is often attached to terms of reference and address such as \"mama\", \"papa\", \"boy\", \"girl\", and \"baby\" to produce nouns such as *mama-san* or *baby-san*.
An additional morphological trait shown in Bamboo English is reduplication, though examples shown from the language indicate that this is not true reduplication as there are no forms of these words with only a single occurrence of the root. Such words are *chop-chop* meaning \'food\', *dame-dame* meaning \'bad\', and *hubba-hubba* meaning \'to hurry\'.
## Syntax
As Bamboo English does not make significant use of inflection and the vocabulary was limited, words obtained multiple functions. Nouns often served in this as the initial use, with use as a verb, adjective, or adverb then developing. For example, *chop-chop* means \'food\' but also \'to eat\'. Other such dual-use words are *hayaku* meaning \'quickly\' and also \'to hurry up\', *sayonara* meaning \'absence\' and \'to get rid of\', and *taksan* meaning \'many, many\', \'very\', and \'large\'.
### Example phrases {#example_phrases}
Examples taken from `{{harvp|Duke|1970|p=170}}`{=mediawiki}
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# Ture Rosvall
**Ture Albin Rosvall** (6 July 1891 -- 10 October 1977) was a Swedish rower who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics. He won a silver medal in the coxed four, inriggers, and failed to reach the finals of the eight tournament
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# Philip E. Thomas
**Philip Evan Thomas** (November 11, 1776 -- September 1, 1861) was the first president of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B&O) from 1827 to 1836. He has been referred to as \"The Father of American Railways\". The Thomas Viaduct bridge in Relay, Maryland, was named after him.
## Biography
Philip was born in Mount Radnor, Colesville, Maryland, the third son of Evan and Rachel (Hopkins) Thomas. His mother was the daughter of Gerard Hopkins whose family include Samuel Hopkins and his son Johns Hopkins, the founder of Johns Hopkins University.
He married Elizabeth George of Kent County, Maryland, and worked in the hardware business in Baltimore under Thomas Poultney, his brother-in-law. He commenced his own business in 1800 with Evan Thomas, Jr., his younger brother, and William George, his wife\'s brother. He became active in both the Baltimore community and the banking business. He served as a cashier at Mechanics\' Bank, became the first president of the Mechanical Fire Company, was the founder of the Baltimore Library Company and an organizer of the State Temperance Society. Thomas donated \$25,000 to the State for the Washington Monument. A prominent figure in the Society of Friends (the Quakers) from 1821-1832, he was also served chairman of the Society\'s Indian Affairs Committee. His efforts to help Native Americans earned him the title of \"Hai-wa-nob\" (the Benevolent One) from the Swan tribe of the Seneca people. Thomas was the representative to Washington for the Six Nations of Indians.
He died in 1861 while living with his daughter in Yonkers, New York. He had seven children.
## Baltimore and Ohio Railroad {#baltimore_and_ohio_railroad}
In 1825, Thomas became involved with the early canal enterprises in New England and acted as commissioner of the Chesapeake & Ohio Canal system in Maryland. He became disillusioned with the project after realizing that it would not benefit Baltimore and he resigned his commission in 1828.
Inspired by his brother Evan\'s description of an English mining railroad, Thomas, George Brown and 25 other civic leaders of Baltimore determined to build a railroad from Baltimore to the Ohio River and beyond. They obtained corporate charters from the Maryland and Virginia legislatures in 1827. With Thomas as president, George Brown as treasurer and Alexander Brown as one of several other investors, Thomas founded a railroad to compete with the canals. Construction of the B&O Railroad began in Baltimore in 1828, and the first passenger train to Ellicott\'s Mills (now Ellicott City) began service in 1830. The B&O was the first common carrier railroad in the United States. The B&O merged with the Chesapeake & Ohio Railway in 1987 to form CSX Transportation.
In building the new railroad, Thomas and the B&O encountered many obstacles - political, legal, financial and technical - but construction of the main line continued westward during the 1830s. The line reached the Potomac River across from Harpers Ferry, Virginia (later West Virginia) in 1834. The B&O also completed a branch line from Baltimore to Washington, D.C. in 1835. By 1836, Thomas was in poor health, and he resigned from the B&O presidency on June 30, succeeded by Louis McLane
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# Oroha people
The **Oroha** (pronounced `{{IPA|ora|ˈoroha|}}`{=mediawiki}) are a Melanesian people inhabiting several villages on the southern end of Small Malaita in the Solomon Islands. They typically speak the Oroha language, use Pijin as a lingua franca, can commonly read Sa\'a, and learn English in school
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# Public Castration Is a Good Idea
***Public Castration Is a Good Idea*** is the first live album by American experimental rock band Swans. It was originally released as a semi-officially approved bootleg through Some Bizzare Records in 1986, consisting of performances recorded from shows in London and Nottingham on the tour for the albums *Greed* and *Holy Money*. The performances were recorded from London\'s ICA, The Garage in Nottingham and London\'s ULU.
The CD edition, released by Thirsty Ear on July 6, 1999, was mastered from a vinyl source. An accompanying videocassette (betamax and VHS editions) of the same tour (both containing set lists that are identical to the LP) was released called *A Long Slow Screw*
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# Carripook railway station
**Carripook railway station** was located on the Adelaide-Wolseley line serving the Adelaide Hills suburb of Bridgewater to the east of the Kain Avenue level crossing. It was located 36.3 km from Adelaide station, at an elevation of 396 m.
## History
It is unclear when Carripook station was opened, but it was in service by 1935. It consisted of one 67 metre platform with a waiting shelter.
The station closed on 23 September 1987, when the State Transport Authority withdrew Bridgewater line services between Belair and Bridgewater. It was probably demolished around 1995 when the railway line was converted from broad to standard gauge
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# Gaddi Annaram
**Gaddi Annaram** is a Municipality in Ranga Reddy district located in city of Hyderabad in the state of Telangana in India.
## Geography
Gaddi Annaram is located at 17.3653 N 78.5992 E. It has an average elevation of 481 meters (1581 feet).
## Demographics
India census, Gaddi annaram had a population of 53,622. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Gaddi annaram has an average literacy rate of 81%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 85%, and female literacy is 76%. In Gaddi annaram, 11% of the population is under 6 years of age
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# William Bruhn-Möller
**William Bruhn-Möller** (11 February 1887 -- 13 August 1964) was a Swedish rower who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics. He won a silver medal in the coxed four, inriggers, and failed to reach the finals of the eight tournament
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# Evadne de Silva
Senator **Evadne, Lady de Silva** was one of the first female Senators in Ceylon (present-day Sri Lanka) and a prominent Philanthropist.
She was the daughter of Saranelis D Gunasekara and Eugenie D S Kumarasing. She was married to the Cambridge-educated philanthropist Sir Ernest de Silva. She, together with her husband Sir Ernest, considered to be the wealthiest man in Ceylon, constructed a temple and two major schools in Sri Lanka.
She also founded many orphanages such as the Parakrama Home and Angela Children\'s Home. Along with Mrs. H.M. Gunasekera, she started the inaugural orphanage in Sri Lanka: \'The Gamini Matha\'. Lady de Silva was the inaugural President of the All Ceylon Women\'s Buddhist Congress.
Such was the great philanthropy of her husband, regarded as Sri Lanka\'s greatest philanthropist of the 20th Century, that the Former President of Sri Lanka, The Late Hon.R.Premadasa, stated that \"if there was a Buddhist Temple or school that He (Sir Ernest) did not help, it was not in Sri Lanka\".
Her daughter, Sita, married Construction Magnate Mr. U.N. Gunasekera
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# Wassila Rédouane-Saïd-Guerni
**Wassila Rédouane-Saïd-Guerni** (born 28 April 1980) is an Algerian foil fencer.
She participated in the 2000 and 2004 Olympic Games, but lost her first match on both occasions.
In March 2001 she married retired middle-distance runner Djabir Saïd-Guerni. The couple met at the 2000 Olympic Games and live in Aubervilliers, France. They have divorced since, and Wassila Redouane is currently training and competing for France.
- 2 Olympic Fencer
- 9 African Champion
- 6 french Champion
- Fonder and Coach at A.E
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# Conrad Brunkman
**Conrad Anton Olsson Brunkman** (20 January 1887 -- 27 May 1925), also spelled **Konrad**, was a Swedish rower who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics. He won a silver medal in the coxed four, inriggers, and failed to reach the finals of the eight tournament. His younger brother Gustaf competed alongside in the men\'s eight
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# Mvezo
**Mvezo** is a small village on the banks of the Mbashe River, not far from Mthatha in the Eastern Cape of South Africa. The village is mainly known as being the birthplace of Nelson Mandela, the former president of South Africa and whose family serves as its chiefly dynasty, and the location of the Nelson Mandela Birthplace Museum.
## Transport
### Airport
The nearest airports to Mvezo are Chief Dawid Stuurman International Airport, Mthata Airport and East London Airport.
### Road
The nearest city to Mvezo is East London distance from East London to Mvezo is 198 kilometers
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# Rapid River (Kalkaska County, Michigan)
**Rapid River** is a 17.0 mi river in Kalkaska County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The river empties into the Torch River at the community of Torch River just south of Torch Lake
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# Volodymyr Puzakov
**Volodymyr Tykhonovych Puzakov** (*Володимир Тихонович Пузакóв*, `{{IPA|uk|woloˈdɪmɪr ˈtɪxonowɪtʃ pʊzɐˈkɔu̯|pron}}`{=mediawiki}; born December 28, 1949) is a Ukrainian politician. He is a member of the Communist Party of Ukraine, a former Member of Verkhovna Rada of the 4th convocation (2002--2006), and currently holds the position of both the First Secretary of the Kirovohrad Regional Committee of the CPU and former Mayor of Kirovohrad, having been elected for the latter with much controversy in November 2006.
## Biography
Volodymyr Puzakov was born on December 28, 1949, in Kuibyshev (present-day Samara, Russian Federation).
- 1966--1969 -- breakdown mechanic at Ukrselkhoztekhnika/Ukrsilhosptekhnika Repair Works (Kirovohrad);
- 1969--1971 -- military service in Soviet Army;
- 1971--1978 -- occupied various positions at Ukrselkhoztekhnika/Ukrsilhosptekhnika Repair Works (Kirovohrad);
- 1978--1983 -- superior of the repair and construction unit, deputy director and the secretary of the Communist Party Committee at Ukrremtrast Repair and Engineering Works (Kirovohrad);
- 1983--1990 -- occupied various positions in the regional Communist Party organizations;
- 1985 -- graduated from [Kirovohrad Institute of Agricultural Engineering](http://www.kdtu.kr.ua/), M. Eng.;
- 1990--1993 -- the Chairman of the Executive Committee of Kirovohrad Raion Council;
- 1993--1996 -- the Head of the Green Plantations Trust (Kirovohrad);
- 1996--2002 -- the Head of the Board of Directors of Viktor Taratuta Repair and Engineering Works (Kirovohrad);
- May 14, 2002 -- May 25, 2006 -- the People\'s Deputy of Ukraine (Communist Party of Ukraine);
- November 2006 -- October 31, 2010 elected the Mayor of Kirovohrad.
## Parliamentary years {#parliamentary_years}
In 2002 Volodymyr Puzakov took part in the Ukrainian parliamentary elections as No. 25 in the Communist party ticket and on March 31 he was elected to the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. In the parliament he was the member of the Communist Party of Ukraine faction and headed the Subcommittee on Securities and Stock Market within the Verkhovna Rada\'s Committee on Finances and Banking. As a parliamentarian Volodymyr Puzakov was among the most active people\'s deputies. According to official statistics during his staying in the Parliament he spoke from the rostrum 369 times and filed 334 interpellations, what correspondingly is the 3rd and the 2nd best results for the then convocation
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# Holy Money
***Holy Money*** is the fourth studio album by American experimental rock band Swans. It was released in March 1986, through record label K.422. The album was recorded in the same sessions as \"Time Is Money (Bastard)\", \"A Screw\", and *Greed*.
## Background
The first CD issue contained the *A Screw* single as bonus tracks. A later compilation released in 1992, *Greed / Holy Money*, combined Holy Money (barring \"A Screw (Holy Money)\", though \"A Screw (Holy Money) (Mix)\" was listed as this) and Greed (barring \"Fool\" and \"Money Is Flesh\", however \"Fool (#2)\" and \"Money Is Flesh (#2)\" were listed as these, respectively), as well as the entirety of the A Screw single and an abridged version of \"Time Is Money (Bastard) (Mix)\" (listed as \"Time Is Money (Bastard)\") from the Time Is Money (Bastard) EP. This compilation, with its entirely re-organized track list, saw re-issue in 1999 in the double-disc set *Cop/Young God / Greed/Holy Money*, which included the Cop album and Young God EP.
## Critical reception {#critical_reception}
AllMusic commented that *Holy Money* \"well documents the continuing transformation of Swans into a more complex, intriguing beast.\" *Trouser Press* called it \"more or less a twin to *Greed*; virtually identical in cover art and musical approach\". Aaron Lariviere of *Stereogum* described *Holy Money* as a \"transitional album\", but called it \"brilliant in \[its\] own right\". Maynard James Keenan of Tool named the album as a major influence
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# Herman Dahlbäck
**Nils Herman Dahlbäck** (7 March 1891 -- 16 July 1968) was a Swedish rower who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics. He won a silver medal in the coxed four, inriggers, and failed to reach the finals of the eight tournament. Dahlbäck worked as a customs inspector in Malmö
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# Leo Wilkens
**Leo Wilhelm \"Willie\" Wilkens** (25 November 1893 -- 4 January 1967) was a Swedish rowing coxswain who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics. He won a silver medal in the coxed four, inriggers, and failed to reach the finals of the eight tournament
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# New Mind (song)
***New Mind*** is a single by the New York City band Swans. The title track appears in a one-minute-longer version on the band\'s next studio album, *Children of God*. \"Damn You to Hell\" and \"I\'ll Swallow You\" are included simply as \"I\'ll Swallow You\" on the CD re-release *Children of God/World of Skin*, but not on the initial release
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# Astra C
The **Astra C** was a 1912 French single engine biplane, manufactured by Société Astra at Villacoublay. In 1913, the Astra CM Hydro-avion three-seat floatplane version was used to make the world\'s first scheduled passenger-carrying flights.
## Design and development {#design_and_development}
The Astra C was initially designed as a single seat biplane, powered by a single 50 hp Renault engine in tractor configuration. It was constructed primarily as wooden framework sections, covered in canvas and wire-braced. The fuselage was of triangular cross section, with a wheeled main undercarriage plus nose skid and tail skid. The wings were of unequal span, and employed wing-warping for roll control.
The Astra CM was developed from the Astra C, with a more powerful engine and added accommodation for two observers, for military reconnaissance.
The **Astra Hydro**, (an Astra CM \'Hydro-avion\' (seaplane)), was a further development in 1913, with a 100 hp Renault V-12 engine and 3 Tellier floats (2 main floats 4.5 x, and one small tail float). The wooden frame elements were largely replaced by steel tubes, and the wing ribs and floats were the principal remaining wooden components. at least two were built and an order for two from the Royal Navy (RN), serialled *106* and *107*, was not completed.
## Operational history {#operational_history}
During the St. Malo races, 14-26 August 1912, the first CM Hydro was flown to first place by Labouret. The second CM Hydro, powered by a horizontally mounted 110 hp Salmson M.9 water-cooled radial engine, flew at Monaco but crashed.
On 22 March 1913, using at least one Astra CM Hydro-avion, French operator Compagnie générale transaérienne started the world\'s first scheduled passenger-carrying flights, operating from Cannes to Nice. Two passengers could be carried. On 29 March 1913, the service was extended to Monte Carlo.
## Variants
Astra C
: Civil version, with 50 hp Renault engine.
Astra CM
: Military version, with 75 hp Renault or 75 hp Chenu engine.
Astra Hydro
: Floatplane version of the Astra CM, with 100 hp Renault engine
| 338 |
Astra C
| 0 |
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# West Tamworth, New South Wales
**West Tamworth** is a suburb of Tamworth, New South Wales, Australia, in the city\'s west. It is between South Tamworth and Taminda (Tamworth Industrial Area). It is an important commercial and residential area of Tamworth. In West Tamworth is the important commercial area of Bridge Street, which is one of the main roads connecting the northern side of Tamworth with the southern. The Oxley Highway runs through part of West Tamworth.
## Commercial area {#commercial_area}
Bridge Street is an important commercial area for Tamworth and many businesses serving the southern side and whole of Tamworth are located upon it. Bridge Street becomes Brisbane Street on the northern side of the Peel River, however Bridge Street is not viewed as a part of the Tamworth Central Business District\> Instead, it is viewed as a separate commercial area. Tamworth Shopping World is located on Bridge Street and is a major commercial centre in Tamworth.
## Clubs
West Tamworth League Club is located in West Tamworth, and is home of the West Tamworth Lions rugby league club. It is also a popular venue during the Tamworth Country Music Festival in January and artists such as John Butler Trio, The Baileys, John Williamson, Pete Murray, The Waifs, Missy Higgins, Grinspoon, Xavier Rudd and Kasey Chambers have all played at the club. Wests and Wests\' Diggers (Kable Avenue in the CBD) are part of the Wests Entertainment Group.
## Sport
The Tamworth netball courts, baseball and softball fields are located riverside on the western side of the Peel River. This area is in both West Tamworth and the industrial suburb Taminda. The Tamworth Touch fields are also located riverside in West Tamworth. The West Tamworth Lions rugby league club play at the West Tamworth Leagues Club at their fields are known as Scully Park. Former Australian representative and St. George, player Nathan Blacklock played one game for the West Lions in early 2007. The Tamworth Pirates rugby club play at grounds near the West Lions Scully Park ground, and across the road from the West and South Tamworth Scully Park Olympic Pool. This Olympic pool is council owned and many swimmers use it for training and competition.
### Rivalries
There is a rich tradition of rivalries in Rugby league and Rugby Union between West Tamworth and North Tamworth as the suburbs\' football teams represent the western and northern suburbs of Tamworth respectively. In rugby league this rivalry is between the West Tamworth Lions and the North Tamworth Bears, with their clash drawing large crowds each year. In rugby union this rivalry is between the Pirates rugby club and the Tamworth Magpies, with their clash each year also drawing large crowds.
## Coledale
Coledale is a section of West Tamworth known to the residents as the area with Gunnedah Road to the north, Duri road to the east and Cole road to the west. Coledale was originally a subdivision named after the late Tamworth mayor Stan Cole. Coledale is notorious for drugs, crime and poverty. Coledale is home to many first nations residents and attracts many racist and derogatory nicknames such as \'\'Vegemite Village\". Coledale has a population of 3,068 down 2.8% from 2001, there are 884 Indigenous residents which make up 28.8% of the population. Coledale underperforms in almost all metrics with a median income 25% lower, and an unemployment rate 3 times higher than the national average. Coledale also has more people without formal educational qualifications, more labourers and less professional workers than the rest of Australia.
Coledale also has a significant amount of social housing consisting of 408 dwellings managed by different authorities. Coledale is a hotspot for crime and various plans by Tamworth Regional Council have been made to reduce crime including their 2017-2022 Crime Prevention Plan.
## Schools
- Parry School SSP (School For Specific Purpose)
- Peel High School
- St Josephs Catholic School
- Tamworth West Public School (TWPS)
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| 0 |
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# West Tamworth, New South Wales
## Gallery
Image:Looking_down_Bridge_Street.jpg\|Looking down Bridge St Image:Former_Students_With_Tamworth_West_Public_School_House_Banners.jpg\|TWPS Banners Image:Tamworthgolfcourse.jpg\|Tamworth Golf Course Image:Street_view_of_Tamworth_West_Public_School
| 18 |
West Tamworth, New South Wales
| 1 |
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# Cronauer
**Cronauer** is the Americanized form of the German language habitational surname **Gronauer**, someone from any of several paces called Gronau or a variant of Kronauer
| 27 |
Cronauer
| 0 |
11,098,430 |
# 1330s in England
| 4 |
1330s in England
| 0 |
11,098,435 |
# Branch trace
**Branch trace** is a computer program debugging tool or analysis technique. It is an abbreviated instruction trace in which only the successful branch instructions are recorded. On IBM System/360 this was implemented as part of Program-Event Recording (PER) but was seldom used at the application programming level. Program Event Recording hardware was used and due to the overhead of this tool, it was removed from customer-available MVS systems.
Branch tracing is also available for Pentium 4, Xeon and later Intel processors. There are dedicated processor commands to enable branch tracing and save executed branches into special Intel Branch Trace Store (BTS) area of resident memory. The Branch Trace Store can be also configured to be a circular buffer, so that last executed branches are recorded. Branch tracing on Intel processors using the Branch Trace Store can cause 40x application run-time slow down. For the Intel Core M and the 5th Generation of Intel Processors, Intel PT (Processor Trace) has been introduced, which aims to provide a full control flow trace. Intel PT is said to have only a minimum impact on the program\'s execution (\< 5%).
## Use
With the availability and reference to a compiler listing of the program together with a branch trace, the full path of executed instructions can be reconstructed. With a lot more effort, the full path can even be reconstructed with a memory dump (containing the program storage) and a branch trace.
## Alternatives
A more comprehensive trace of all the instructions (including instructions between branches) can be obtained by the use of an instruction set simulator (where available on some platforms). A full instruction trace can provide additional information such as address/length and value of memory alterations
| 287 |
Branch trace
| 0 |
11,098,437 |
# Parigi, Vikarabad district
**Parigi** is a town and municipality in the Vikarabad district of the Indian state of Telangana. It is located in Parigi mandal of Parigi division
## Geography
Pargi is at 17.1833 N 77.8833 E. It has an average elevation of about 526 m, and is 68 km from Hyderabad. It relies entirely on ground water, but has an ample supply of it, sustaining a farming industry exploiting its fertile, black soil. The major crops are cotton, maize, and Jowar, and there are also many mango groves.
Parigi has recently been recognised as a municipal corporation by the government of Telangana, Tirumala and Jersey.
## Location
Parigi is located some 66 km west of Hyderabad, and is 60 km from the city\'s outer ring road, 66 km from Shamshabad Airport, 38 km from Shadnagar, 36 km from Chevella and 18 km from Vikarabad.
## Transport links {#transport_links}
### Road
The town is accessible via the new *Hyderabad-Bijapur-Goa*National Highway NH-163. The NH-44 Link road passes by Pargi-Shadnagar.
### Rail
The nearest railway stations are Vikarabad Railway Junction (about 18 km away), Shadnagar Station (about 38 km away) and Hyderabad Deccan(nampally) (about 76 km away).
### Air
The nearest airport is Rajiv Gandhi International Airport-Hyderabad, about 67 km away
| 210 |
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| 0 |
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# The Color of Violence
**The Color of Violence** is an American experimental hardcore band, currently a side project of the post-hardcore band From First to Last. It features drummer Derek Bloom and vocalist/guitarist Travis Richter.
## History
### Formation and early history (2002--2006) {#formation_and_early_history_20022006}
The Color of Violence formed in 2002 originally as a full-time band under the name Skeleton Slaughter vs. Fetus Destroyer. The members attempted to make music that resembled grindcore, specifically the band Discordance Axis. It featured Travis Richter, Derek Bloom, Matt Good, Joey Antillion and Chad Crews. After changing the name to The Color of Violence then recording and releasing an EP and touring in early 2003, all members but Crews put most of their attention into From First to Last (then under the name \"First too Last\"). Between 2003 and most of 2006, The Color of Violence saw little to no activity.
By the end of 2006, Richter and Bloom decided to return to making music as The Color of Violence as a two-piece band. In 2006 they sent a couple of songs to Brett Gurewitz, founder and CEO of Epitaph Records and guitarist for punk rock band Bad Religion. At this time, From First to Last was also signed to Epitaph, but have since switched to Interscope Records, and later Rise Records.
### *Youthanize* (2007--2009) {#youthanize_20072009}
December 19, 2007, COV released a bulletin via their MySpace, announcing they would be recording next year.
> The Color of Violence will be documenting tones and patterns in January of \'08. Please don\'t ask any questions as we have only booked the studio time and have absolutely no idea what we are going to record, just know that its going to be some of the following adjectives, \"Brutal\" ,\"Far out\", \"Hip\" \"Gay\",\"Not gay\" and then of course \"Really gay\" Respectively yours, Guy&Glitch The Color of Violence\"
Recently, the band posted a re-recorded version of "God Gave Me Deeze Nutzz" on their MySpace page. The album is listed as "Youthanize Demos".
November 10, 2008, FFTL released a bulletin via their MySpace, announcing that an album for COV will be out in 2009.
> \"CONSTIPATED? relieve yourself with knowing that Derek and I of from first to last are recording our other band The Color of Violence right now and its slated to come out on epitaph in early \'09 like march or april.. We had the awesome pleasure of flying in two sick drummers for this recording..JonSyverson from [Daughters](http://www.myspace.com/daughters1) and Joel Coan from [The Felix Culpa](http://www.myspace.com/thefelixculpa).. We have 11 songs for this release and are really excited to do some high octane shred! Add us on myspace or facebook! we are trying to build up our fanbase online so we can tour and what not one day!\"
From First to Last announced on December 31, 2008, that a new single will be released in January for the band Color of Violence. The song, a cover of the Pixies\' "Rock Music", was released on February 12, on the band\'s MySpace page.
The Color of Violence played at the 2009 Warped Tour on the Pomona stop on June 26.
The Color of Violence also supported From First to Last on their tour in October 2009 with their sign to Rise Records.
As of late 2009, Travis Richter parted ways with From First to Last. He then became the vocalist for progressive metal band The Human Abstract.
### *New Music* (2017--present) {#new_music_2017present}
Around April 2017, the band\'s Twitter became active, Travis himself also tweeted out on July 11: \"pumped on the new \@colorofviolence !! Jams are turning out exciting and refreshing\"
On February 9, 2018, they released a new single called \"Dreadophile\". This followed a long period of teases from the band and two official mixtapes.
## Band members {#band_members}
Current line-up
- Travis Richter (Guy Nucleosity) -- lead vocals (2002--2003, 2006--2009, 2017--present); guitars (2006--2009, 2017--present)
- Derek Bloom (Glitch Killgasm) -- drums, percussion (2002--2003, 2006--2009, 2017--present); all instruments (2006--2009, 2017--present)
Former members
- Matt Good -- lead guitar, vocals (2002--2003)
- Joey Antillion -- bass (2002--2003)
- Chad Crews -- rhythm guitar (2002--2003)
- Jon Syverson -- drums, percussion (2009)
### Timeline
{{#tag:timeline\| ImageSize = width:900 height:auto barincrement:20 PlotArea = left:120 bottom:80 top:10 right:20 Alignbars = justify DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy Period = from:01/01/2002 till:{{#time:d/m/Y}} TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal format:yyyy Legend = orientation:vertical position:bottom columns:3 ScaleMajor = increment:1 start:2002
Colors =
` id:LV value:red legend:Lead_vocals`\
` id:G value:green legend:Guitars`\
` id:B value:blue legend:Bass`\
` id:D value:orange legend:Drums,_percussion,_keyboards,_synthesizers`\
` id:A value:black legend:Albums`
LineData =
`at:07/04/2009 color:black layer:back`
BarData =
`bar:Travis text:"Travis Richter"`\
`bar:Matt text:"Matt Good"`\
`bar:Chad text:"Chad Crews"`\
`bar:Joey text:"Joey Antillion"`\
`bar:Derek text:"Derek Bloom"`\
`bar:Jon text:"Jon Syverson"`
PlotData =
`width:11 textcolor:black align:left anchor:from shift:(11,-4)`\
`bar:Travis from:01/01/2002 till:01/01/2003 color:LV`\
`bar:Travis from:01/01/2006 till:14/05/2009 color:LV`\
`bar:Travis from:01/01/2006 till:14/05/2009 color:G width:3`\
`bar:Travis from:01/01/2009 till:14/05/2009 color:B width:7`\
`bar:Travis from:01/04/2017 till:end color:LV`\
`bar:Travis from:01/04/2017 till:end color:G width:3`\
`bar:Matt from:01/01/2002 till:01/01/2003 color:G`\
`bar:Matt from:01/01/2002 till:01/01/2003 color:LV width:3`\
`bar:Chad from:01/01/2002 till:01/01/2003 color:G`\
`bar:Joey from:01/01/2002 till:01/01/2003 color:B`\
`bar:Derek from:01/01/2002 till:01/01/2003 color:D`\
`bar:Derek from:01/01/2006 till:01/01/2009 color:D`\
`bar:Derek from:01/01/2006 till:01/01/2009 color:G width:7`\
`bar:Derek from:01/01/2006 till:01/01/2009 color:B width:3`\
`bar:Jon from:01/01/2009 till:14/05/2009 color:D`\
`bar:Derek from:01/04/2017 till:end color:D`\
`bar:Derek from:01/04/2017 till:end color:G width:7`\
`bar:Derek from:01/04/2017 till:end color:B width:3`
}}
| 863 |
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| 0 |
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# The Color of Violence
## Discography
Studio albums
- *Youthanize* (2009)
EPs
- *Winter Tour EP* (2003)
- *Demo 2005* (2005)
- *Cholera Violins* (2020)
Mixtapes
- *Halloween* (2017)
- *I Can\'t Believe It\'s Not Garbage Vol
| 38 |
The Color of Violence
| 1 |
11,098,480 |
# The Revolution Starts Now (album)
***The Revolution Starts\... Now*** is the 11th studio album by American singer-songwriter Steve Earle, released in 2004.
Earle received the Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Folk Album for this album at the 47th Grammy Awards held February 13, 2005 at the Staples Center in Los Angeles, California.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
All tracks composed by Steve Earle
1. \"The Revolution Starts \...\" -- 3:10
2. \"Home to Houston\" -- 2:41
3. \"Rich Man\'s War\" -- 3:25
4. \"Warrior\" -- 4:11
5. \"The Gringo\'s Tale\" -- 4:33
6. \"Condi, Condi\" -- 3:08
7. \"F the CC\" -- 3:12
8. \"Comin\' Around\" -- 3:41
9. \"I Thought You Should Know\" -- 3:46
10. \"The Seeker\" -- 3:11
11. \"The Revolution Starts Now\" -- 4:23
## Personnel
- Steve Earle - guitars, mandola, organ, harmonica, harmonium, vocals
The Dukes
- Eric \"Roscoe\" Ambel - guitars, vocals
- Kelley Looney - bass, vocals
- Will Rigby - drums, percussion, vocals
- Patrick Earle - percussion
- Emmylou Harris - vocals on \"Comin' Around\"
- String quartet on \"The Gringo's Tale\", arranged and conducted by Chris Carmichael:
- Chris Carmichael - viola
- David Angell - violin
- David Henry - cello
- Edward Henry - violin
## Chart performance {#chart_performance}
+-------------------------------------+----------+
| Chart (2004) | Peak\ |
| | position |
+=====================================+==========+
| U.S. *Billboard* Top Country Albums | 12 |
+-------------------------------------+----------+
| U.S. *Billboard* 200 | 89 |
+-------------------------------------+----------+
| U.S
| 244 |
The Revolution Starts Now (album)
| 0 |
11,098,497 |
# Malini Murjani
**Malini Murjani** is a Manhattan-based accessories designer. She is the daughter of fashion mogul Mohan Murjani. Her handbags and belts are sold by Bergdorf Goodman, Saks, and Bloomingdale\'s
| 31 |
Malini Murjani
| 0 |
11,098,499 |
# Lúčky, Michalovce District
**Lúčky** (*Vámoslucska*) is a village and municipality in Michalovce District in the Košice Region of eastern Slovakia.
## History
In historical records the village was first mentioned in 1366.
## Geography
The village lies at an altitude of 107 metres and covers an area of 7.92 km2 (2020-06-30/-07-01)
| 52 |
Lúčky, Michalovce District
| 0 |
11,098,518 |
# Závadka, Michalovce District
**Závadka** (*Fogas*) is a village and municipality in Michalovce District in the Košice Region of eastern Slovakia.
## History
In historical records the village was first mentioned in 1418.
## Geography
The village lies at an altitude of 107 metres and covers an area of 5.018 km². The municipality has a population of about 437 people
| 60 |
Závadka, Michalovce District
| 0 |
11,098,534 |
# Feel Good Now
***Feel Good Now*** is the second live album by the New York City no wave band Swans. It was recorded on a Sony Professional Walkman on their 1987 Children of God tour in Europe. A remaster of the album, along with the studio album *Children of God*, was released on November 13, 2020.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
Notes
- \* Left out of the CD release
- \*\* Merged into one track on the CD release
## 2002 reissue
The album was reissued by Atavistic Records (ALP135CD) in 2002 having been remastered (according to the liner notes) by Gira at Micromoose Studio, Brooklyn, New York. The track listing of the reissue is different:
1. \"Intro\"
2. \"Blind Love\"
3. \"Like A Drug\"
4. \"Blood and Honey\"
5. \"New Mind\"
6. \"Sex God Sex\"
7. \"Beautiful Child\"
8. \"Blackmail\"
9. \"Trust Me\"
10. \"Children of God\"
11
| 150 |
Feel Good Now
| 0 |
11,098,589 |
# TONO
Tono}}
**TONO** is a Norwegian corporation that administers copyrights for music in Norway.
It is owned and governed by its members; composers, music publishers and text-writers. Through the managing agreement the originators give TONO an exclusive right to administer the members\' performing rights in Norway.
By 2006 the number of members reached about 14,000, through agreements of reciprocation with about 60 other corporations, organised under the umbrella-organisation CISAC. TONO *de facto* manages the whole world-repertoire. TONO was originally created in 1928 under the name of *Norsk Komponistforenings Internasjonale Musikkbyrå*. Managing of mechanical rights is transferred to NCB, *Nordisk Copyright Byrå*.
Norway has ratified the Berne Convention protecting literary and artistic productions. Furthermore, the convention\'s articles are continued in Norwegian law through *Lov om opphavsrett til åndsverk* 12. mai Nr.2 1961 (åndsverkloven). The law provides the originator an exclusive right to make productions accessible to an audience. Thereby also granting the originator an exclusive right to consent in public use of their productions. According to the law the production is made accessible when it is performed publicly. An important principle of the Berne Convention is that foreign originators, whose country has ratified the convention, as the same protection has national originators.
On this legal background TONO collects amends for broadcasting and other public use of musical productions. Responsible for paying the fee is the person responsible for making the production accessible to the public. The fees are then distributed to each originator individually. The deductions are made possible by reports made by those responsible for making the productions accessible. The reports contain information of the productions that have been used as well as frequency. As a result of TONO being a non-profit organisation, over 80% of the total income is transferred to the originators. The net result transferred to the originators in 2005 was `{{NOK|218,579,908}}`{=mediawiki}
| 306 |
TONO
| 0 |
11,098,614 |
# Matt Campbell (Australian footballer)
**Matthew Dylan Campbell** (born 21 January 1987) is a former professional Australian rules footballer who played with the North Melbourne Football Club in the Australian Football League from 2006 - 2012.
He is described as being small and lightly framed but is a very fast player with excellent evasive skills.
## Early life {#early_life}
Campbell, of Indigenous Australian heritage with tribal ancestry that can be traced to the Arrente, grew up in Alice Springs, Northern Territory.
He began his senior football in 2005 with North Adelaide in the SANFL and played every game with the club in 2006.
Campbell was drafted by the Kangaroos and moved to Melbourne in 2006.
After being dropped from the Kangaroos\' list at the end of the 2012 season, Campbell was re-recruited by North Adelaide and returned to the SANFL in 2013.
## North Melbourne career {#north_melbourne_career}
Campbell made his AFL debut for the Kangaroos in Round 1, 2007 against Collingwood. He had a poor game, with only 3 possessions, and was dropped for the following game against Port Adelaide, which would have seen him playing back in his hometown. Round 3 saw him re-selected and gather 12 possessions as well as kicking his first AFL goal. He continued his good form with 13 possessions against the Brisbane Lions, and he kicked 2 goals in Round 5 against Geelong. Despite having only 4 kicks in Round 6 against Sydney, he kicked 3 goals; his third coming late in the final quarter when the Swans had got within four points.
## Return to North Adelaide {#return_to_north_adelaide}
He then returned to Adelaide to play for his original club North Adelaide for a three-year stint back at the Prospect Oval and then retired at the end of the 2014 SANFL season
| 298 |
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| 0 |
11,098,620 |
# Saved (Swans song)
*Pandoc failed*: ```
Error at (line 62, column 1):
unexpected '{'
{{singlechart|UKsinglesbyname|96|artist=Swans|accessdate=7 August 2017}}
^
``
| 20 |
Saved (Swans song)
| 0 |
11,098,657 |
# Shababnews
{{Infobox television \| image = Logo shababnews2.png \| caption = studioshababnews.JPG \| alt_name = \| genre = Youth news \| creator = \| developer = \| writer = \| director = \| creative_director = \| presenter = Mohamed al Rimawi, Malak al Khouri \| starring = \| judges = \| voices = \| narrated = \| theme_music_composer = \| opentheme = \| endtheme = \| composer = \| country = \| language = Arabic \| num_seasons = \| num_episodes = \| list_episodes = \| executive_producer = \| producer = \| editor = \| location = Amman - Jordan \| cinematography = \| camera = \| runtime = \| company = \| channel = JRTV \| first_aired = \| last_aired = \| related = }}
***Shababnews*** **(\"Youth News\")** is a television programme in Jordan.
The first TV News Programme for young people in Arabic was launched on Jordan Television on April 5, 2007. *Shababnews* runs for half an hour every week on Thursdays at 5pm and is targeted at teenagers up to 15 years old. In a region where news is often an official \'product\', it is an interesting development, following over two dozen similar programmes in Europe, some of which have been on air for over thirty years.
The *Shababnews* programmes are available to Arabic speakers all over the world, via the web-site.
The first edition of *Shababnews* included a report on one of the biggest local health problems confronting young people \-- diabetes. A cartoon analysis of the causes of the illness was inter-cut with material from Jordan, including an interview with a young person with diabetes. The programme also reported on two 15-year-old local entrepreneurs and students from The Music and Ballet School of Baghdad reflecting on the war and violence in Iraq. Later programmes have had reports on child labour and plastic bags.
*Shababnews* states that it aims to highlight the issues that concern young people and give space for their voices, calling for changes and improvements. It was established with funding from the Dutch government and technical assistance from Jemstone Media, a NGO active in the region for more than 12 years.
The programme has been accepted as an associate member of the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) network of youth news TV programmes, which means that Jordan can be a window on the Arab world for young people in Europe.
The *Shababnews* presenters are: Mohamed al Rimawi and Malak al Khouri. The rest of the team includes: Reema Awadalah, Lana Afanah, Nahed Katatba, Alia Hattouk and Rand Jammal. The studio director is Majed abu Rabieh
| 431 |
Shababnews
| 0 |
11,098,663 |
# Noël Martin
**Noël Martin** (1959 -- 14 July 2020) was a Jamaican-born British man, victim of a neo-Nazi attack in 1996. On 16 June 1996 in Brandenburg, Germany, he was attacked because of his dark skin by neo-Nazis. A block of concrete was thrown through the windshield of his car and his car veered off the road and struck a tree.
Martin became a quadriplegic as a result of the attack, and required 24-hour care. Having outlived his wife, he announced his intention to seek assisted suicide, to take place in Berlin, as a result. His first announcement, in 2006, set 23 June 2007 as the date of his suicide. As of December 2007 he had made arrangements with a doctor through the Swiss organization Dignitas.`{{Update after|2013}}`{=mediawiki}
A documentary film about Martin, *The Finishing Line*, directed and produced by Estephan Wagner, was due to be shown on Channel 4 in August 2009. However, Martin objected to the inclusion of two scenes (referred to in court as the \"hoisting\" and \"song\" scenes), and sought an injunction against Channel 4 preventing them from broadcasting it. In November 2009, Mr Justice Eady rejected Martin\'s application.
Martin died on 14 July 2020, at the age of 60
| 204 |
Noël Martin
| 0 |
11,098,693 |
# Société Astra
***Société Astra des Constructions Aéronautiques*** was a major French manufacturer of balloons, airships, and aeroplanes in the early 20th century. It was founded in 1908 when Henri Deutsch de la Meurthe purchased Édouard Surcouf\'s workshops at Billancourt. Its most significant product was the Astra-Torres airship designed by Spanish engineer Leonardo Torres Quevedo, but beginning in 1909, the firm also produced Wright brothers heavier-than-air designs under licence. In 1912, these were supplanted by Astra\'s own designs, the Astra C and CM.
## Astra Clément-Bayard {#astra_clément_bayard}
Astra Clément-Bayard was established in 1908 by Astra and French industrialist Adolphe Clément-Bayard, to manufacture airships at a new factory in La Motte-Breuil in response to a French Army decision to commence airship operations. Astra provided the envelope and Clément-Bayard provided the gondola and engine.
The Clément-Bayard No.1 airship was offered to the French government but was rejected as too expensive so it was bought by Tsar Nicholas II for the Russian army.
## Demise
In 1921, the firm was absorbed by Nieuport
| 170 |
Société Astra
| 0 |
11,098,703 |
# Anonymous Bodies in an Empty Room
***Anonymous Bodies in an Empty Room*** is the third live album by the New York City band Swans. It was recorded from shows on their The Burning World tour.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
†The second half of an unreleased song from 1988 entitled \"A Young Girl Needs More\". This and another song, \"The Unknown\", appeared only in live form during that tour
| 69 |
Anonymous Bodies in an Empty Room
| 0 |
11,098,749 |
# Suha Taji-Farouki
**Suha Taji-Farouki** is a British specialist in modern Islamic thought.
## Biography
Taji-Farouki completed a BA in Classical Arabic and Islamic Studies with Persian at Durham University in 1987. She obtained her PhD in Islamic Studies and Middle Eastern Politics from the University of Exeter in 1993.
She is Lecturer in Modern Islam at the Institute of Arab and Islamic Studies, University of Exeter, and a research associate at the Institute of Ismaili Studies, London.
## Hizb al-Tahrir {#hizb_al_tahrir}
Taji-Farouki\'s 1996 work *A Fundamental Quest: Hizb al-Tahrir and the Search for the Islamic Caliphate* is the \"only in-depth academic research ever conducted on the movement\". Taji-Farouki was given exclusive access to an extensive range of internal Hizb al-Tahrir material and her work comprehensively documents the emergence, history, ideology, strategy and structure of the movement. Taji-Farouki is the only Western academic to have interviewed Ata Khalil Abu-Rashta, the current leader of Hizb al-Tahrir
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# Body to Body, Job to Job
***Body to Body, Job to Job*** (stylized on the cover as *Body To Body Job To Job.*) is the third compilation album by the American experimental rock band Swans. It was released simultaneously on LP, CD and audio cassette in 1991. It presents various live recordings, tape loops and previously unavailable material recorded between 1982 and 1985. The title is taken from the song \"Job\".
## Release history {#release_history}
While the original CDs and audio cassettes contained 16 songs, the LP version -- due to the limited length of the medium -- omitted 4 songs: \"Whore\", \"Loop 21\", \"Get Out\" and \"Mother, My Body Disgusts Me\".
While the album, in its initial form, would eventually go out of print, it has been reissued various times. It was included on the double-disc set *Filth/Body to Body, Job to Job* in 2000 (which also included the band\'s 1983 recording *Filth*), and it was also included in the 2015 deluxe triple-disc reissue of *Filth*. Both *Filth/Body to Body, Job to Job* and the 2015 reissue of *Filth* containing *Body to Body, Job to Job* add \"Raping a Slave (Live Berlin 1984)\" as a bonus track after the end of \"Thug\".
## Content
\"Whore\" was originally released on the album *Cop* in 1984 as \"Butcher\"; the disparity indicates that the song\'s title may have been taken from an early setlist. \"Your Game\" is an early version of the song \"Your Property,\" which originally appeared on *Cop* as well; the lyric at this time was a spoken word piece titled \"Your Game\" that was later collected in Gira\'s book *The Consumer*. \"Mother, My Body Disgusts Me\" is an early version of the title track from *Greed*, with different lyrics. The recordings used for the album were remastered by Gira at B. Monster Studios, New York City.
The CD and cassette edition track listings reveal the year of origin for each track, with the exception of \"Loop 33\".
## Track listing {#track_listing}
## Personnel
Credits adapted from liner notes for *Body to Body, Job to Job*
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# Chris Laurence
Chris Lawrence}} `{{BLP sources|date=August 2017}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Use British English|date=August 2012}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Chris Laurence
| image = Chris laurence photo.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Chris Laurence
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1949|1|6|df=y}}
| birth_place = London, England
| genre = {{hlist|[[Jazz]]|[[Classical music|classical]]}}
| occupation = Musician
| instrument = [[Double bass]]
| years_active =
| label =
| associated_acts = {{hlist|[[Tony Oxley]]|[[John Surman]]}}
| website =
}}`{=mediawiki}
**Chris Laurence** (born 6 January 1949) is an English musician. Born in London, he studied at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama, and primarily works with jazz and classical music. In the classical world he was principal double bass with the Academy of St Martin in the Fields orchestra until 1995, playing on many of their recordings ranging from the film *Amadeus* to Benjamin Britten\'s *Curlew River*. He has recorded with many jazz artists, including trombonist J. J. Johnson, Tony Coe, Joe Williams, Sarah Vaughan, Clark Terry, Johnny Mathis, and Lena Horne. His most recent recordings include John Surman\'s *The Spaces in Between* (2007), Kenny Wheeler\'s *The Long Waiting* (2012) and *Songs for Quintet* on ECM Records, and Norma Winstone\'s *Manhattan in the Rain* (1998). He has also recorded music for television, film, and albums, most notably *Leaving Las Vegas* (1995), Ken Loach\'s *Looking for Eric* (2009), *The Constant Gardener* (2005), Howard Shore\'s score for *Hugo* (2011), and most recently was featured on the soundtrack of Mike Leigh\'s *Mr. Turner* (2014). In 2007, he recorded a CD with his own jazz quartet titled *New View*, released on the Basho label along with Frank Ricotti (vibes), John Parricelli (guitar), Martin France (drums), and featuring Norma Winstone (vocals).
As well as jazz and classical music, Laurence has also featured on albums with many stars including Elton John, Sting, Peter Gabriel, Mary Chapin Carpenter, Joni Mitchell, David Gilmour, Michel Legrand, and guitarist John Williams.
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# Chris Laurence
## Select discography {#select_discography}
**Chris Laurence Quartet (As leader)**
- *New View* (Basho) (2007)
- *Some Gnu Ones,* Jazzin Britain (*2021)*
**With David Gilmour**
- *On an Island* (Columbia)
- *Rattle That Lock* (Columbia)
**With Barry Guy/The London Jazz Composers\' Orchestra**
- *Ode* (Incus, 1972)
**With Michael Nyman**
- *The Cook The Thief His Wife & Her Lover* (Virgin Venture)
- *The End of the Affair* (Sony Classical)
- *Six Celan Songs/The Ballad of Kastriot Rexhepi* (MN)
- *Love Counts* (MN)
- *À la folie* (Virgin Venture)
**With Emily Rose Laurence**
- *Relativity (2022)*
**With Alan Skidmore**
- *T.C.B.* (Philips)
- *El Skid* w/ Elton Dean
**With John Surman**
- *Morning Glory*
- *The Brass Project* (ECM, 1992)
- *Stranger than Fiction* (ECM, 1995)
- *Coruscating* (ECM, 1999)
- *The Spaces in Between* (ECM, 2006)
**With John Taylor**
- *Pause, and Think Again* (Turtle)
- *Decipher* (MPS)
**With Kenny Wheeler**
- *Kayak* (Ah Um, Ah Um )
- *Dream Sequence* (Psi, 1995-2003 \[2003\])
- *Songs for Quintet* (ECM, 2013 \[2015\])
- Six for Six (Cam Jazz)
- The Long Waiting
**With Brian Miller**
- *Whatever Next?* (2015)
**With John Horler**
- *Not A Cloud In The Sky (2010)*
**With David Forman**
- *Like A Rainbow* (2022)
**Fiachra Trench**
- Essential Classics (1989)
**With Gareth Williams**
- Short Stories (2022)
**With Stan Sultzman**
- On Loan With Gratitude (2023)
**With Frank Ricotti Quartet**
- *Our Point of View* (CBS)
- *Frank Ricotti Stars* (Beiderbecke Collection, 1988)
**With Gordon Beck**
- *Once Is Never Enough* (FMR)
**With John Williams**
- *The Magic Box* (Sony Classical)
**With Elton Dean**
- *They All Be on This Old Road* (Ogun)
**With the Academy of St. Martin in the Fields**
- *Curlew River*
- *Amadeus*
- *Messiah,* (Live In Dublin)
**With Tony Coe**
- *Nutty on Wilisa*
- *Les Sources Bleues Camomil*
- *Mainly Mancini*
**With Lena Horne**
- *A New Album*
**With Sarah Vaughn**
- *The Gold Collection: Sings the Poetry of Pope John Paul II*
**With Harry Beckett**
- *Warm Smiles*
- *Flare Up*
**With Maurice Andrea/ Michel Legrand**
- *Windmills*
**With Geoff Eales**
- *Master of the Game*
- *Transience*
**With Debbie Wiseman, Locrian Ensemble**
- Wolf Hall
**With Johnnie Mathis**
- *In a Sentimental Mood*
**With Norma Winstone**
- *Manhattan in the Rain*
- *Edge of Time*
**With Mike de Albuquerque**
- *We May Be Castle but We All Have Names*
- *First Wind*
**With Peter Gabriel**
- *Scratch My Back (New Blood Orchestra)*
- *New Blood*
**With Gil Evans**
- *Absolute Beginners*
- *Having It All*
- *Va Va Voom*
- *Insignificance*
**With John Warren**
- *Travellers Tale*
**With Mike Figgis**
- *Leaving Las Vegas*
**With Anja Garbarek**
- *Smiling and Waving*
**With Brigitte Baraha**
- *Babelfish*
- *Chasing Rainbows*
- *Once Upon A Tide*
**With Helen Jane Long**
- *Intervention*
**With Michel Legrand**
- *Radio Days*
**With Robert Farnon**
- *Carol Kidd, A Place in My Heart*
- *Jose Careres, Love Is (1984)*
- *Jane Pickles, Hey There (Vocalion)*
- *JJ Johnson,* *Tangence*
- *Joe Williams***,** *Here\'s To Life*
- *Eileen Farrell, Love Is Letting Go*
**With Elton John**
- *Madman Across The Water*
- *Tumbleweed Connection*
**With Joni Mitchell**
- *Both Sides Now*
- *Travelogue*
**With Clark Terry**
- *Clark After Dark*
**With Guy Barker**
- *Holly*
**With Joe Douglas Trio**
- *Visage (Spotlight Records, 1979)*
**With Michael Garrick/ Don Weller**
- *You\'ve Changed (1978)*
**With The Mike Westbrook Concert Band**
- *Metropolis (Citadel 315)*
**With Neil Ardley**
- *Symphony of Amarantis*
**With Andy Sheppard**
- *Dancing Man & Woman*
- *Learning to Wave*
**With Alan Davie**
- *Bird Through The Wall*
**With Alison Moyet**
- *Voice*
**With Elvis Costello**
- *Il Sogno (Ballet)*
**With Mark Hollis**
- *Mark Hollis (Polydor)*
**With Zizi Possi**
- *Per Amore*
**With Dick Walter**
- *Capricorn Rising*
**With the London Trombone Quartet**
- *Some of Our Best Friends*
**With Michael Civisca**
- *Love is Like a Breeze*
**With Beryl Cook**
- *Live From London*
**With Morrissey**
- *He Knows I\'d Love to See Him* (His Master\'s Voice, 1990)
**With Gerd Dudek**
- *\'Smatter* (Psi, 1998 \[2002\])
## Soundtracks
- *Amadeus* -- Peter Shaffer
- *Mr
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# Raúl Rettig
**Raúl Rettig Guissen** (16 May 1909, in Temuco -- 30 April 2000, in Santiago), was a Chilean politician and lawyer.
A member of the Radical Party, between 1938 and 1940 he served as undersecretary of the interior and, later, at the foreign affairs ministry. He was elected to the Senate in 1949. During the Unidad Popular government of President Salvador Allende, he served as ambassador to Brazil until the coup d\'état of 11 September 1973.
During the early days of the government of Patricio Aylwin, he was appointed to chair the National Commission for Truth and Reconciliation, a truth commission set up to examine human rights violations committed under the military dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet. The commission\'s final report, known as the Rettig Report, was published on 9 February 1991
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# Khyber Pass copy
A **Khyber Pass copy** is a firearm manufactured by cottage gunsmiths in the Khyber Pass region in Pakistan.
The area has long had a reputation for producing unlicensed copies of firearms using whatever materials are available; more often than not, railway rails, scrap motor vehicles, and other scrap metal with basic hand tools. The quality of such firearms varies widely, ranging from as good as a factory-produced example to dangerously poor.
## Models
The most commonly encountered Khyber Pass copies are of British military firearms, notably Martini--Henry, Martini--Enfield, and Lee--Enfield rifles, although AK-47 rifles, Webley Revolvers, Tokarev TT-33s, Colt M1911s and Browning Hi-Powers have also been encountered. In the United States, a Kalashnikov-style rifle composed of a mix of parts from various AK-style rifles is sometimes referred to as a Khyber Pass AK (PK-10) and copies of AK-103 (PK-21) because, like Khyber guns, they are unlike any rifle produced by a factory or issued by a regular military force. The typical example of a \"Khyber Pass AK\" is a stamped AKM receiver chambered for the 7.62×39mm cartridge, fitted with the triangular folding stock common to Russian AKS-74 rifles.
The Khyber Pass gunsmiths first acquired examples of the various British service arms during nineteenth-century British military expeditions in the North-West Frontier, which they used to make copies. During World War II, some locally organised irregular forces were issued Khyber Pass-made rifles -- partly for financial reasons, and partly because there was concern that the troops would steal their rifles and desert if they were issued higher-quality British- or Indian-manufactured rifles.
Some Khyber Pass copies such as this Martini-Henry MK11 fell into the hands of the Taliban, and were soon captured by opposing forces and sent home. Khyber Pass gunsmiths go to great lengths to replicate firearms, down to minute details such as proof markings.
## Identification
Khyber Pass rifles are usually copied exactly from a \"master\" weapon (which may itself be a Khyber Pass copy), markings and all. It is not uncommon to see Khyber Pass rifles with numerous errors and particular identifying factors, notably:
- Spelling errors in the markings (the most common of which is EИFIELD for ENFIELD)
- V.R. (*Victoria Regina*) cyphers dated after 1901 -- Queen Victoria died in 1901, so any rifles made after this should be stamped \"E.R\" (*Edward Rex*, referring to King Edward VII)
- Generally inferior workmanship, including weak or soft metal, poorly finished wood, and poorly struck markings.
Afghanistan was a point of conflict between the British Empire and Imperial Russia throughout the 19th century, from which it is reasonable to assume that tools and expertise relevant to both cultures were accumulated by local gunsmiths. Rather than a translation error, a reversed \"N\" or \"L\" in ENFIELD may be the Cyrillic \"И\" or \"Г\" character, with the gunsmith using whichever available letter punch best resembled the original letters.
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# Khyber Pass copy
## Ammunition
Along with firearm copies, cottage gunsmiths usually also produce corresponding ammunition. Typically they are based on low-powered modern cartridges. Calibre .30 bore cartridges are compatible with 7.63×25mm Mauser or 7.62×25mm Tokarev, .32 bore cartridges are compatible with .32 Auto Colt Pistol (7.65mm Browning (7.65×17mmSR)), and 12 bore cartridges are compatible with 12 gauge (18.5x70mmR) shotgun shells.
.44 bore cartridges are compatible with the 7.92×33mm Kurz cartridge made for the World War II era German StG 44 assault rifle. Pakistan has a ban on rifles designed to fire military cartridges; the use of the 44 bore cartridge was a loophole in the law until specifically banned in 2012. It was used in AKM copies chambered or modified for it. It was a popular cartridge because it was easy to modify AKMs to fire it but still fed from standard AK magazines. Saquib brand makes 44 bore ammunition.
The ammunition used in the Khyber Pass region is often underloaded, being made from a variety of powders or even old film (which contains nitrocellulose, a key component of smokeless powder); Khyber Pass copy rifles cannot be expected to withstand the pressures generated by modern commercial ammunition. A few collectors have made extremely mild handloaded cartridges for their Khyber Pass rifles and fired them, at substantial personal risk.`{{Failed verification|date=February 2024|reason=Not stated in the video}}`{=mediawiki}
The packaging and headstamps are often forged versions of quality foreign brands like GECO (*Gustav Genschow & Co.*), Golden Tiger (Vympel IIRC), China Sport (NORINCO), MEN (*Metallwerk Elisenhütte Nassau*), and PPU (Prvi Partizan Užice). Local counterfeits have colorful brand-name packaging like Buffalo, Diamond, Double Dragon, Double Star, Federal SKF, Goodluck, Gorilla, and Tiger SBR.
The Khyber Arms Company, a local ammunition manufacturer, makes the Expert or X-Pert brand. It uses counterfeit Winchester ammunition packaging with cartridges stamped with fake NORINCO *State Factory 311* headstamps.
New casings and bullet jackets are usually copper-washed steel, like Chinese ammunition. The casings are sometimes recycled from scrounged US or NATO military brass casings. 5.56mm NATO cases are cut-down and reshaped to make .30 bore rounds such as 7.63×25mm Mauser or 7.62×25mm Tokarev. 9×19mm Parabellum cases are cut down to make reloaded .380 ACP / 9×17mm Short or 9×18mm Makarov rounds
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# Auhausen
**Auhausen** is a municipality in the Swabian district Donau-Ries in Bavaria in Germany. The municipality is within the Oettingen central administrative body. Auhausen was the site of the 1608 meeting that formed the Protestant Union, also known as the *Union of Auhausen*. Schloss Hirschbrunn, a castle owned by the House of Oettingen-Spielberg, is in Auhausen
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# William Hargraft
**William Hargraft** (October 16, 1829 -- July 8, 1887) was an Ontario merchant and political figure. He represented Northumberland West in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1875 to 1879 as a Liberal member.
He was born in Templemore, County Tipperary, Ireland in 1829, the son of the local postmaster, George Hargraft. He came to Cobourg, Upper Canada with his family in 1833. In 1853, he married Mary Ross. Hargraft served on the town council for Cobourg, also serving as mayor and a commissioner of the Cobourg Town Trust. He was a director of the Hand-in-Hand Fire Insurance Company.
His son John later served as a member of the House of Commons
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# John Hargraft
**John Hargraft** (February 26, 1865 -- July 10, 1918) was an Ontario merchant and political figure. He represented Northumberland West in the House of Commons of Canada in 1891 as a Liberal member.
He was born in Cobourg, Canada West in 1865, the son of William Hargraft. He was educated in Cobourg and at Trinity College School in Port Hope. In 1888, he married Anna Eva Boyes. Hargraft was a grain and coal merchant. He was elected to the House of Commons in 1891; his election was declared invalid after an appeal and he was defeated by George Guillet in the by-election that followed in 1892
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# Charly Konstantinidis
**Charalambos Konstantinidis** (born 25 June 1985, in Charleroi) is a Belgian football player of Greek descent, he currently plays for RJS Heppignies-Lambusart-Fleurus.
## Career
Konstantinidis began his career 1990 with RES Couvin-Mariembourg, before was transferred in summer 1992 to R.O.C. de Charleroi-Marchienne, after eleven years with ROC Charleroi signed for local rival R. Charleroi S.C. He played two years in the youth side for Charleroi and joined than in 2005 to R.A.E.C. Mons in the Belgian First Division. He signed on 20 May 2008 for Nea Salamis and was in October 2008 released from his contract with the Cyprus club. He turned back to his homeland Belgium and signed for a half-year with Royale Entente Sportive Couvin-Mariembourg. In summer joined from Royale Entente Sportive Couvin-Mariembourg on 12 August 2009 to Boussu Dour Borinage
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# Mauperthuis
**Mauperthuis** (`{{IPA|fr|mopɛʁtɥi|-|LL-Q150 (fra)-Xenophôn-Mauperthuis.wav}}`{=mediawiki}) is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
The village is famous for having produced five Musketeers including d\'Artagnan, who was made famous in Alexandre Dumas, père\'s books. The ruined Château d\'Artagnan still exists. Much of the land once belonged to the Montesquieu Family.
This one tiny village billeted some of the U.S. Air Service (precursor to the U.S. Air Force) while the men flew out of the adjacent village of Saints. They were in Mauperthuis probably for just short of two months -- from 8 July to 1 September 1918 out of the seven months it saw combat.
Two adjacent villages -- Saints and Touquin -- also play a role in the lives of these men and the U.S. Air Service. The men were based in Touquin from the end of June until 8 July, when they moved to Saints. The men were lodged in Mauperthuis, half a mile from Saints, while they were flying out of Saints.
Quentin Roosevelt was billeted here when he was shot down and killed on 14 July 1918.
Mauperthuis was occupied by the Prussians during the Franco-Prussian War of 1870--1871. It was also overrun by the Germans for one or two days in September, 1914 before being liberated by the British under General French. It was once again in German hands from 1940 to 1944. American tanks of the US 3rd Armored Division under General Maurice Rose liberated Mauperthuis on 27 August 1944.
## Geography
The river Aubetin forms part of the commune\'s south-western border.
## Demographics
The inhabitants are called the *Malperthusiens*
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# Love of Life (album)
***Love of Life*** is the eighth studio album by American experimental rock band Swans. It was released in 1992 on Young God Records.
## Background
Like its predecessor, *White Light from the Mouth of Infinity*, *Love of Life* was out of print for a long time and had not been reissued until December 2015. Six of the eleven songs appear on the *Various Failures* compilation, and a further four appear on the *Forever Burned* compilation. These two compilations therefore contain all the material on this release, except the Jarboe composition \"She Cries (For Spider)\", as well as tracks 1 and 9.
The cover art is a painting by Deryk Thomas. All of the untitled segues, listed as both \"(---)\" and \"(\-\--)\", are credited to the band Beautiful People LTD, which is a one-off collaboration between Jarboe and then-Swans bass player Lary 7.
## Critical reception {#critical_reception}
*Trouser Press* wrote, \"Not as stunning in its passion as the band\'s best work, *Love of Life* is still an often beautiful, haunting record.\" AllMusic wrote, \"*Love of Life* unsurprisingly proves to be yet another Swans masterpiece
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# Mauregard
**Mauregard** (`{{IPA|fr|moʁɡaʁ|-|LL-Q150 (fra)-Xenophôn-Mauregard.wav}}`{=mediawiki}) is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
Parts of the Charles de Gaulle International Airport (France\'s largest and busiest airport) are located in Mauregard, including Terminal 1 and Terminal 3. The large airport property (over 8000 acre) straddles land in three *départements* and six communes, with the Roissy-en-France commune providing its alternate name of Roissy Airport.
## Demographics
Inhabitants are called *Mauregaulois*.
## Education
There is a single preschool and elementary school, Ecole de Mauregard
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# May-en-Multien
**May-en-Multien** (`{{IPA|fr|mɛ ɑ̃ myltjɛ̃|-|LL-Q150 (fra)-Xenophôn-May-en-Multien.wav}}`{=mediawiki}) is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
## Demographics
Inhabitants are called *Mahouyots*
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# Craig Boyce
**Craig Vincent Boyce** (born 2 August 1967 in Sydney, Australia) is a former motorcycle speedway rider who primarily rode for the Poole Pirates in the British Elite League. After retiring from riding, Boyce became manager of the Australian national team until 2012.
Boyce is a three-time Australian Solo Champion. He won all of his championships (1991, 1996 and 1997) with a 15-point maximum.
## Career
### Australia
Craig Boyce started riding at the now defunct Liverpool Speedway in western Sydney during the mid-1980s and established himself as one of not only the most promising young riders from New South Wales, but in Australia, finishing third in the 1988 Australian Under-21 Championship. He won his first NSW State Championship at the Newcastle Motordrome with a 15-point maximum from defending champion and World #3 Todd Wiltshire on 26 December 1990, before going on to win the 1991 Australian Championship at the Arunga Park Speedway in Alice Springs, again with a 15-point maximum, defeating two-time defending champion Glenn Doyle of Western Australia. Boyce inflicted Doyle\'s only defeat of the night when the pair clashed in Heat 18 with each going into the race unbeaten. Boyce beat Doyle out of the gate and was never headed to win his first national championship while Dolye had to be content with second in both the race and on the night.
As reigning Australian Champion, Boyce was seeded to the 1992 Australian Championship at North Arm in Adelaide after he finished in third place in the NSW championship (under the old single meeting format, only the top two from each state or territories title were automatic qualifiers for the Australian Championship). However, his lackluster form continued in Adelaide when he could only manage 8th place in defense of his Australian title, scoring 8 points with only one win on the night.
Boyce would win the NSW title another three times during his career (1993, 1994 and 1995) while also winning the Australian Championship twice more, in 1996 at the Motordrome, and 1997 at the Brisbane Exhibition Ground.
In 1996, Craig Boyce won the 10 round Australian Speedway Masters Series (also known as the \"Series 500\"), easily winning the series from Sam Ermolenko and defending champion Tony Rickardsson. He would finish second in the Masters Series to Leigh Adams in 1997.
### UK, Poland and Sweden {#uk_poland_and_sweden}
Boyce made his debut for the Poole Pirates in 1988 and rode for the Pirates until 1990 before moving to the Oxford Cheetahs in 1991. He returned to Poole in 1992 and stayed until 1994 when he again moved, this time to the Swindon Robins. After being at Swindon for only a season he moved back to Poole in 1996 and stayed until 1998. In 1999 he re-signed with Oxford before moving to King\'s Lynn for 2000. Boyce was on the move again in 2001, this time to the Ipswich Witches where he stayed until 2003, following which he signed with the Isle of Wight Islanders for 2004 and 2005 before moving one last time, back to Poole for 2006 and 2007.
During his time in the United Kingdom, Boyce won the National League with Poole in 1989 and 1990 as well as the National League Knockout Cup in 1990. He also won the British League Championship in 1994 With Poole. Boyce also won the British League Cup with Poole in 2003.
While racing in the British leagues during his career, Craig Boyce also rode for Västervik Speedway in the Swedish Elite League starting in 1991, also riding for the team in 1992, 1994 and from 1996 until his last year in Sweden in 2004. Boyce also rode in Poland for various teams during his career including Stal Rzeszów (1996), Unia Leszno (1997), Stal Gorzów Wielkopolski (2000), Polonia Piła (2001) and WKM Warszawa in his last year in Poland, 2002.
### International
Craig Boyce represented Australia in numerous Test Matches against teams such as Great Britain, England and Sweden as well as representing his home state of NSW against the first ever USSR team to tour Australia in 1990.
Boyce was also the captain of the Australian team that won the 2001 Speedway World Cup Final in Wrocław, Poland. Boyce scored 9 of Australia\'s 68 points to defeat host nation Poland with Sweden finishing in third. He also rode for Australia in the 1992 World Pairs Championship in Lonigo, Italy, finishing 7th (and last) with Leigh Adams and reserve Shane Parker and improving to 6th in 1993 as reserve to Adams and Jason Lyons. The Pairs Championship was merged with the World Team Cup from 1994 with Boyce once again reaching the final, finishing in 4th with Adams. Boyce was involved in a three rider a run-off to decide 3rd, 4th and 5th places at the final with Tommy Knudsen of Denmark winning from Boyce and 1993 World Champion Sam Ermolenko of the USA. Boyce teamed with Adams and future World Champion Jason Crump to finish 5th for Australia in the 1995 World Team Cup Final before finishing 4th in 2000.
Craig Boyce qualified for one World Championship Final during his career in 1994 at Vojens, Denmark where he finished in a surprise 3rd place behind Sweden\'s Tony Rickardsson and Denmark\'s Hans Nielsen. All three riders tied on 13 points for the Final and a run-off was needed to decide the podium places with Rickardsson winning the run-off from Neilsen and Boyce.
Boyce also rode in the Speedway Grand Prix series during his career. He finished 11th in 1995, 14th in 1996 with 30 points and 20th in 1998 which was his last year riding the series.
## Retirement
In November 2007, Boyce announced his retirement from racing and has since continued running his own speedway engine tuning company. He ended his career as the Poole\'s highest ever points scorer after amassing 4,490 points in all competitions for the Pirates
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# The Golden Rendezvous
***The Golden Rendezvous*** is a novel written by Scottish author Alistair MacLean, and was first published in 1962. One of MacLean\'s most popular works, it combines mystery, suspense, action, clever bluffs and double bluffs, with MacLean\'s trademark self-deprecating wit.
## Plot introduction {#plot_introduction}
Aboard the cargo vessel converted into a luxury cruise ship SS *Campari* somewhere in the Caribbean, all is not well. For Johnny Carter, the Chief Officer, the voyage has already begun badly; a revolution in the small Caribbean nation where the Campari lies in port; a tragedy that causes some passengers to be summoned home, while their places are taken by mysterious newcomers; and even the disappearance of a tactical nuclear missile from an area the ship had just visited. In addition, he suffers from a moody captain and unwanted attention from beautiful young Susan Beresford, traveling with her immensely wealthy family. However, when the *Campari* sails after a succession of delays attributable to sabotage, he realizes something is seriously wrong. A member of the crew is suddenly missing and the unsuccessful stem-to-stern search only increases tension. Then violence erupts and suddenly the whole ship is endangered by a master criminal whose intention is not a simple hijacking and ransoming of the wealthy hostages on board. The exact nature of his goal forms part of the mystery.
## Film, TV or theatrical adaptations {#film_tv_or_theatrical_adaptations}
*Golden Rendezvous* appeared in cinema in a 1977 release directed by Ashley Lazarus. The protagonist, John Carter, was played by Richard Harris, romantic interest Susan Beresford by Ann Turkel, and with Gordon Jackson, David Janssen and Burgess Meredith in supporting roles.
The basic film plot follows that of the book for almost the entire story with only a few differences; for example, in the book Captain Bullen is wounded by gunfire during the taking of the \'Campari,\' whilst in the film, Bullen is shot dead. As the book character spent the remainder of the story incapacitated, the plot continued in much the same way without him. However a different ending was scripted for the film in order to increase plot tension and create something far more dramatic and spectacular. The concluding fifteen minutes of the screenplay led to an ending that bore little resemblance to the book plot.
Perhaps because of this deviation from the original story, and any resulting disagreements following its release, the film was later renamed *Nuclear Terror*.
## Historical background {#historical_background}
The often-referenced Caribbean island nation which had experienced a Socialist revolution some time before the plot begins, and which suffers from serious economic problems due to sanctions imposed by the US, is clearly Cuba, with its leader, \"The Generalissimo\", being Fidel Castro -- though neither name is ever mentioned explicitly.
An older historical reference, from which the book\'s name derives, is to the fabulous Spanish treasure fleets of the 17th and 18th centuries, which attracted the attention of English pirates during the Golden Age of Piracy. In the book is depicted a reversal of the historical linguistic roles, with 20th-century Spanish-speaking pirates seeking to loot a large consignment of gold ingots being secretly transported between the United States and Britain.
## Reception
The *Observer* called the book \"a bit crude and crazy; reminds you rather of a serial in a boys newspaper at the turn of the century.\" The *Los Angeles Times* said that \"for pure undiluted excitement with constant fun along the way, *Golden Rendezvous* is a runaway success.\"
The book became a best seller
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# Which Way You Goin' Billy? (album)
***Which Way You Goin\' Billy?***, released in 1969, was the first album from Vancouver, British Columbia band The Poppy Family.
They scored their biggest hit with title track, \"Which Way You Goin\' Billy?\", which went to #1 in both Canada and Ireland and #2 on both the *Billboard* Hot 100 chart and the Cash Box Top 100 in the US in mid-1970. The album has been reissued on CD with the second album included as bonus tracks, however the original vinyl remains rare and collectable.
Their songs \"What Can the Matter Be?\" and \"Of Cities and Escapes\" were prominently sampled in the songs \"Things You Can Do\" and \"Madness\" by hip-hop group Deltron 3030 on their self-titled debut album, respectively.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
Words and music by Terry Jacks.
### Side 1 {#side_1}
1. \"That\'s Where I Went Wrong\" -- 2:28
2. \"Free From the City\" -- 2:15
3. \"Beyond the Clouds\" -- 2:30
4. \"A Good Thing Lost\" -- 2:00
5. \"You Took My Moonlight Away\" -- 2:40
6. \"There\'s No Blood in Bone\" -- 2:55
### Side 2 {#side_2}
1. \"Happy Island\" -- 2:45
2. \"Which Way You Goin\' Billy?\" - 3:18
3. \"Shadows on My Wall\" - 2:25
4. \"What Can the Matter Be?\" - 2:17
5. \"For Running Wild\" - 2:14
6
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# Patron-Minette
**Patron-Minette** was the name given to a street gang in Victor Hugo\'s 1862 novel *Les Misérables* and the musical of the same name. The gang consisted of four criminals: Montparnasse, Claquesous, Babet, and Gueulemer/Brujon. They were well acquainted with the Thénardiers, who recruited them to assist in robbing Jean Valjean.
Hugo explains that the name \"Patron-Minette\" is an old-fashioned slang expression for the early dawn, \"the hour at which their work ended, the dawn being the vanishing moment for phantoms and for the separation of ruffians\".
## Character descriptions {#character_descriptions}
**Montparnasse** was, in the words of Hugo, \"scarcely more than a child, a youth of under twenty with a pretty face, cherry-lips, glossy dark hair and the brightness of Springtime in his eyes. \... The gamin turned vagabond and the vagabond become an assassin \... A fashion plate living in squalor and committing murder.\" He is referred to as Thénardier\'s \"unofficial son-in-law\" after having an intimate liaison with Éponine during the attempted robbery at Gorbeau house. In a later attempt to mug Valjean he is easily overpowered. After lecturing the thief, Valjean gives him a purse with a little over six napoléons inside, but Gavroche steals it to give to M. Mabeuf, an old horticulturist that was falling into debt. Montparnasse later seeks out Gavroche to help Thénardier escape from prison.
**Claquesous** is described by Hugo as a creature of the night, and a vague underworld dweller at best, a ventriloquist, more often masked than not and shrouded in a thick cloud of mystery. He is possibly a police informer, given his almost miraculous talent for escaping police custody, most notably after Javert captures the gang at Gorbeau house. Javert ponders, \"Had Claquesous melted into the shadows like a snow-flake in water? Had there been unavowed connivance of the police agents?\" Under the name of Le Cabuc he joins the revolutionaries at the barricade, where he is shot by Enjolras for murdering an innocent citizen. Hugo suggests that he may have been sent to discredit the revolutionaries.
**Babet** was a jack of all trades, a performer, a doctor, tall and thin with \"daylight \... visible through his bones\". He had a family (a wife and children) at one point, but lost them \"as one loses a pocket handkerchief\".
**Gueulemer** is described as the most physically imposing of the gang members, \"a Hercules \... come down in the world\". However, he was known to have very little brain.
## In the novel {#in_the_novel}
The gang are introduced with one of Hugo\'s long philosophical disquisitions on the relationship between different kinds of underground culture, set up as a contrast with the student revolutionaries of the Friends of the ABC. Their identities are constantly shifting, via a series of assumed names.
Anne Ubersfeld notes that they are associated with theatre, all having worked in street theatre as bit-part actors or clowns, creating \"a theatricality in the lower depths, a social theatre of crime, a carnival of horror\". When they are contacted by Thenadier to rob Valjean, they wear theatrical masks. Valjean frees Javert from the revolutionaries, just as Javert\'s intervention rescued Valjean from the gang\'s attempt to rob him.
They are also linked to irrationality and superstition. When Éponine intervenes to disrupt their plan to invade Valjean\'s house, the gang withdraws after convincing themselves that they have witnessed a series of bad omens.
Book 7 of Part 3 (Marius) is called Patron-Minette. Initially, the books had 9 chapters but Victor Hugo allowed the publisher, Albert Lacroix to excise 7 digressive chapters (chapters 3 to 9) and split the first 2 chapters into the 4 chapters Book 7 of Part 3 currently contains. This is the only cut that the author allowed the publisher to make. The chapters are included in some French Editions in the Notes and Variants section at the end of the book. The English translators have left the excised chapters untranslated.
## In the musical {#in_the_musical}
The character of Gueulemer is replaced by Brujon, a criminal who appears in the novel as an associate of the gang but not as one of the Patron-Minette quartet. The gang first appears in *Look Down/The Robbery/Javert\'s Intervention* at which point they are introduced to the audience by Thénardier (\"Everyone here?/You know your place./ Brujon, Babet, Claquesous!/ You, Montparnasse/ Watch for the law with Éponine\...\"). Montparnasse also appears in a brief scene with Éponine at the beginning of \"The Attack on Rue Plumet\", in which she discovers the impending attack on Valjean\'s house. That scene is often cut from recordings. The gang attempts to rob Jean Valjean\'s house until Éponine, afraid that Marius will think her a criminal, screams to send them away
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# Jaime Castillo Velasco
**Jaime Castillo Velasco** (`{{IPA|es|ˈxajme kasˈtiʝo βeˈlasko}}`{=mediawiki}; 14 March 1914 -- 29 October 2003) was a Chilean politician who served as president and vice-president of the Christian Democrat Party on several occasions.
## Early life {#early_life}
Born in Santiago, he studied at the Liceo Alemán before progressing to a law degree at the University of Chile, from where he graduated in 1935. He became a lawyer, in 1939, after he finished his studies at Pontifical Catholic University of Chile. He later studied philosophy at both the University of Chile and the Sorbonne in Paris.
## Career
During the government of Eduardo Frei Montalva, Jaime Castillo was appointed to serve as the Minister of Land and Human Settlement and, later, as Minister of Justice (1966 to 1968).
He was a professor at the University of Chile and the Catholic University, School of Political Science; directed the policy and Spirit magazine; chaired the Institute of Political Studies and Training (IDEP), was a member of the World Ideological Commission of the Christian Democrats and the founder and director of the Latin American Secretariat of Human Rights. In the 1990s under the government of Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle, Jaime Castillo was the director of *La Nación*.
He was forced into exile in Caracas following the coup d\'état of 11 September 1973 that overthrew President Salvador Allende. That did not prevent him, however, from founding the Chilean Human Rights Commission *(Comisión Chilena de Derechos Humanos)* in 1978, an agency that worked to defend human rights during the *de facto* government of General Augusto Pinochet. In that capacity, he defended several human rights cases, including cases involving Chilean exiles or the murder of Orlando Letelier. In August 1976 Castillo Velasco and Eugenio Velasco Letelier, were accused of posing a threat to \"national security\" and were expelled to Buenos Aires. While in exile he tried a few times to return to his country but the Junta did not allow him.
Following the restoration of democracy, President Patricio Aylwin appointed him to the National Truth and Reconciliation Commission (the \"Rettig Commission\"), which, on 9 February 1991, published the *Rettig Report*, analysing the human rights violations committed during the military regime.
In the last years of her life to preside over the Chilean Institute of Humanistic Studies (ICHEH) reflection of social organization-Christian stream (linked to the Christian Democratic Party), between 2000 and 2003.`{{what?|date=March 2025}}`{=mediawiki}
## Awards
He received several decorations from the governments of Venezuela and France. In 1999, he was handed the award for Meritorious Service of the Republic of Chile.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
He was married to Mercedes Zavala Parga, had no children. His father was poet and lawyer Eduardo Castillo Urízar and his mother was Elena Velasco. His brother was Fernando Castillo Velasco, mayor of the Municipality of La Reina
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# Omniscience (album)
***Omniscience*** is the fifth live album by the American experimental rock band Swans. It was recorded from shows on their 1992 world tour. It is out of print and has never been reissued. The front cover photograph is by Larry Lame with many Deryk Thomas paintings in the booklet.
## Critical reception {#critical_reception}
*Trouser Press* called it \"a nicely-presented live document\". Allmusic critic Ned Raggett wrote: \"Ending with a fine version of \"God Bless America\"`{{sic}}`{=mediawiki} and the new, slow-grinding \"Omnipotent,\" *Omniscience* is yet another excellent addition to Swans\' body of work.\"
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"Mother\'s Milk\" - 4:37
2. \"Pow R Sac\" - 3:38
3. \"Will Serve\" - 3:36
4. \"Her\" - 8:43
5. \"Black Eyed Dog\" (Nick Drake) - 3:35
6. \"Amnesia\" - 6:19
7. \"Love of Life\" - 8:32
8. \"Untitled\" - 2:29
9. \"Other Side of the World\" - 3:57
10. \"Rutting\" - 2:07
11. \"God Loves America\" - 6:31
12
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# Frank Knox Memorial Fellowship
The **Frank Knox Memorial Fellowship** program is a scholarship program which funds students from Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the United Kingdom to undertake graduate study at Harvard University.
The program is named after the businessman, soldier and politician Frank Knox and was established by his wife, Annie Reid Knox. It is administered by the Committee on General Scholarships at Harvard University. The scholarship program has two primary parts, both associated with graduate schools at Harvard University and administered by the Committee on General Scholarships.
## Frank Knox {#frank_knox}
William Franklin Knox was born in Boston, Massachusetts, on 1 January 1874. He attended Alma College, in Michigan, and served in Cuba with the First Volunteer Cavalry (the \"Rough Riders\") during the Spanish--American War. Following that conflict, Knox became a newspaper reporter in Grand Rapids, Michigan, the beginning of a career that grew to include the ownership of several papers. He changed his first name to Frank in about 1900. During World War I, Knox was an advocate of preparedness and United States participation. He served as an artillery officer in France after America entered the hostilities.
In 1930, Frank Knox became publisher and part owner of the *Chicago Daily News*. An active Republican, he joined with the party\'s presidential nominee Kansas Governor Alf Landon as nominee for Vice President in the 1936 election. Knox, who was an internationalist and supporter of the World War II Allies, became Secretary of the Navy in July 1940, as President Roosevelt strove to create bi-partisan appeal for his foreign and defense policies following the defeat of France.
Knox was an outspoken proponent of cooperation between all English-speaking countries.
## The Fellowships {#the_fellowships}
### Inward-Facing {#inward_facing}
The inward facing part of the scholarship program funds students from Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom to undertake graduate study at Harvard University. Through in-country competitions, Knox Fellowships are typically awarded to 15 newly admitted graduate students each year. Knox Fellowship funding is guaranteed for up to two years of study at Harvard for students in degree programs requiring more than one year of study. All Knox Fellowship applicants must also apply for admission to the Harvard graduate school of their choice.
### Outward-Facing {#outward_facing}
The outward facing part of the scholarship program provides funding for graduate students finishing at Harvard University to spend an entire academic year abroad after their graduation. Generally, Knox Fellowships support research and/or study in Commonwealth countries: including Australia, Canada, New Zealand, South Africa, or the United Kingdom. Applicants must be citizens of the United States.
The fellowship award amount changes from year to year. For the 1965--66 academic year, the fellowship award was \$3,000. For the 2010--2011 academic year, the fellowship award is \$24,000.
### Administration
The inward-facing and outward-facing fellowships are administered independently. The inward-facing fellowship is better publicized, while the outward-facing fellowship is only detailed within the Harvard community.
The outward-facing fellowship is administered jointly with two substantially similar Harvard Fellowships: the Sinclair Kennedy and Fredrick Sheldon Traveling Fellowships. Like Knox, Sinclair Kennedy and Fredrick Sheldon were outspoken proponents of cooperation between the United States and Britain, in a federation of the English-speaking world.
## Past recipients {#past_recipients}
Despite the dearth of a public list of past recipients, it would seem that many of the past Knox fellowship recipients, both inward-facing and outward-facing, have later built reputations as academics or public servants.
For example, a Harvard Crimson article from 1965 lists a host of winners, including Howard E. Gardner (who is now a professor at the Harvard Graduate School of Education) and Alan M. Tartakoff (who is now a professor at Case Western Reserve University Medical School). Fiona Hill, former official at the National Security Council, was also a Frank Knox Memorial Fellow
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# Wombat, New South Wales
**Wombat** is a town in South West Slopes region of New South Wales, Australia. It is situated on the Olympic Highway, 15 km south-west of the regional centre of Young. It is in the local government area of Hilltops Council.
## History
The area was occupied by the indigenous Wiradjuri people for thousands of years.
- 1860 -- Gold discovered at nearby Young. 20,000 miners converge on surrounding areas. Wombat Post Office opened on 16 July 1862.
- 1865 -- The village of Wombat was established. Many Chinese miners moved to the area taking plots of land.
- 1867 -- Wombat Public School was founded in a bark hut
- 1873 -- foundation stone of St Matthew\'s Church of England laid
- 1875 -- Roman Catholic Church built
- 1877 -- Wombat Hotel began trading
- 1880 -- Carlo Lazzarini, (1880--1952), NSW politician and trade unionist was born in Wombat
- 1895 -- Mechanics Institute opened
- 1903 -- Wombat Hotel\'s current building constructed
- 1910 -- Roman Catholic convent opened
- 1921 -- shop and post office destroyed by fire
- 1923 -- Wombat Soldiers\' Memorial hall officially opened
- 1924 -- the old hall was destroyed by fire
- 1950s & 1960s -- The Olympic Way highway was built through
At the `{{CensusAU|2016}}`{=mediawiki}, Wombat had a population of 225.
## Attractions
- \"The Wombat Hotel\", which has had a continuous liquor licence since 1877, making it the longest in New South Wales.
- \"Allambie Orchard\", A cherry orchard that allows people to pick their own fruit in season
- \"Wombat Heights\", a farm on a hill which produces jam, fruit wine and liqueurs from traditional recipes. Visitors are invited to do-it-themselves.
- \"Wilkies Cottage Restaurant/Café\".
- \"The Old Convent Geranium Nursery\", Hope St, offers many colours & varieties of miniatures of variegated, climbing and scented *Pelargonium* geraniums.
The highway into Wombat is graced with a statue of a wombat, made of local material, which was unveiled in 2002
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# Richard Richardson (Canadian politician)
**Richard Richardson** (June 23, 1820 -- January 8, 1885) was an Ontario political figure. He represented Norfolk South in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1875 to 1879 as a Conservative member.
He was born in Lincoln, Lincolnshire, England in 1820, the son of Richard Richardson. In 1844, he married Louisa Munro. Richardson served as reeve for Walsingham Township. He was captain in the local militia
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# Poppy Seeds
***Poppy Seeds***, released in 1971, was the second and final studio album from Vancouver, British Columbia band The Poppy Family. The album has yet to be released on modern formats and remains a rare vinyl. The tracks are available as part of the CD release of their first album, however.
Singles released from the album were \"Where Evil Grows,\" \"I Was Wondering,\" \"No Good to Cry\" (previously a minor 1966 hit by The Wildweeds), \"Good Friends?,\" and \"I\'ll See You There.\" \"Where Evil Grows\" was the album\'s biggest hit, reaching #6 in Canada and #45 in the United States.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"No Good to Cry\" -- 2:35 (Al Anderson)
2. \"Tryin\'\" -- 3:03 (Terry Jacks)
3. \"Good Friends?\" -- 2:37 (Terry Jacks)
4. \"I Started Loving You Again\" -- 2:14 (Merle Haggard)
5. \"I\'ll See You There\" -- 3:17 (Terry Jacks)
6. \"I Was Wondering\" -- 3:00 (Terry Jacks)
7. \"Where Evil Grows\" -- 2:48 (Terry Jacks)
8. \"Living Too Close to the Ground\" -- 2:12 (T. Slater)
9. \"Someone Must Have Jumped\" -- 3:40 (Terry Jacks)
10. \"So Used to Loving You\" -- 1:59 (Sonny Curtis)
11. \"Remember the Rain\" -- 2:46 (Bob Lind)
12
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# 1340s in England
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# Frédéric Jay
**Frédéric Jay** (born 20 September 1976) is a French professional football manager and former player. He is the head coach of Championnat National 2 club Louhans-Cuiseaux.
## Managerial career {#managerial_career}
Jay was the manager of Mâcon from 2015 to 2017. In 2018, he became the manager of Louhans-Cuiseaux
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# Union Mondiale de Billard
The **Union Mondiale de Billard** (English: `{{Gloss|World Union of Billiards}}`{=mediawiki}) is the world governing body for carom (carambole) billiard games.
## History
The organization was founded in Madrid, Spain on 1 June 1959, and is dedicated to promoting the modern carom billiards games. However, the actual founding of the World Federation took place in 1923 under the name \"Union Internationale des Fédérations des Amateurs de Billard\" (UIFAB). The UMB monitors and controls international carom competitions and tournaments, and organizes annual team and individual championships in three-cushion billiards and five-pin billiards.
## Subordinate groups {#subordinate_groups}
- Billiards World Cup Association
## Events
- Three-Cushion World Cup
- UMB World Three-cushion Championship
- UMB Women\'s World Three-cushion Championship
- UMB World Three-cushion Championship for National Teams
- UMB Five-pins Individual World Championship
- UMB Five-pins National Team World Championship
## Work
The goals of the UMB include favoring the development of billiard games as sports at the international level, and representing the interests of billiards in general. The UMB provides a permanent and stable liaison with its affiliated regional confederations, and constitutes the largest governing body in carom billiards.
The UMB is a co-founding member, and the sole representative of carom billiards, in the World Confederation of Billiards Sports (WCBS), the international umbrella organization encompassing the major cue sports (billiards-type games), including carom billiards, pool games of several varieties, and snooker.
Four large confederations are recognized by UMB, namely:
1. Confédération Européenne de Billard (31) (CEB - European Billiard Confederation),
2. Confederación Panamericana de Billar (21) (CPB - Pan-American Billiard Confederation),
3. Asian Carom Billiard Confederation (11) (ACBC - Asia and the Pacific)
4. African Carom Confederation (8) (ACC).
The national federations subsumed within these broad, regional confederations, along with independent federations in the US, is recognized UMB affiliates. (Note: Some US-based organizations are CPB affiliates, such as the United States Snooker Association
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# Lucille Lortel Awards
The **Lucille Lortel Awards** recognize excellence in New York Off-Broadway theatre. The Awards are named for Lucille Lortel, an actress and theater producer, and have been awarded since 1986. They are produced by the League of Off-Broadway Theatres and Producers by special arrangement with the Lucille Lortel Foundation, with additional support from the Theatre Development Fund.
Other awards for off-Broadway theatre (although not necessarily exclusive to off-Broadway theatre) include the Drama League Award, Outer Critics Circle Awards, Drama Desk Awards and the Obie Awards, as well as the Henry Hewes Design Awards presented by the American Theatre Wing.
## Voting committee {#voting_committee}
The voting committee is composed of representatives from the Off-Broadway League, Actors\' Equity Association, Stage Directors & Choreographers Society, the Lucille Lortel Foundation, as well as theatre journalists, academics, and other Off-Broadway professionals.
## Ceremonies
The awards ceremony for the 2008--2009 season was held on May 3, 2009, at the Marriott Marquis Hotel (New York City); the nominations were announced on April 2.
The nominations for the 2009--2010 season were announced on April 1, 2010, and the winners were announced at a ceremony on May 2, 2010, held at Terminal 5 in New York City.
The nominations for the 2010--2011 season were announced on March 31, 2011, and the winners were announced on May 1, 2011, at the NYU Skirball Center, with hosts Zach Braff and Samantha Bee. Special Awards were given to Lynne Meadow (Lifetime Achievement Award); Gary Glaser (Service to Off-Broadway Award); *Gatz* -- Produced by The Public Theater (Outstanding Alternative Theatrical Experience).
The nominees for the 2011--2012 season were announced on March 29, 2012; the award ceremony was held on May 6, 2012, at the Skirball Center with host Mario Cantone. Special (non-competitive) awards were announced: Richard Frankel (Lifetime Achievement Award); Richard Foreman (Playwrights\' Sidewalk Inductee); Fire Department of the City of New York (FDNY) (Service to Off-Broadway Award); and Voca People -- Produced by Doron Lida, Revital Kalfo, Leeorna Solomons and Eva Price (Outstanding Alternative Theatrical Experience).
The awards for the 2012--2013 season were announced on May 5, 2013, with hosts Aasif Mandvi and Maura Tierney. Special Awards were presented to: Todd Haimes, Lifetime Achievement Award; Neil LaBute, Playwrights\' Sidewalk Inductee; Theatre Development Fund, Outstanding Body of Work Award; and *Old Hats* by Bill Irwin and David Shiner, Outstanding Alternative Theatrical Experience.
The awards for the 2013--2014 season were announced on May 4, 2014, with hosts Megan Mullally and Nick Offerman. Special Awards were presented to: producer Robyn Goodman, Lifetime Achievement Award and Richard Nelson, Playwrights\' Sidewalk Inductee.
The award nominations for the 2014--15 season were announced on April 2, 2015. Special Awards were given to Terrence McNally (Lifetime Achievement Award), Jeanine Tesori (Playwrights\' Sidewalk Inductee) and general manager Nancy Nagel Gibb (Edith Oliver Service to Off-Broadway Award). The winners were announced on May 10, 2015, with Jesse Tyler Ferguson and Anna Chlumsky hosting.
The 2015--2016 awards were announced on May 8, 2016, at the NYU Skirball Center. Special Awards were presented to: Oskar Eustis, Lifetime Achievement Award; The Wooster Group, Outstanding Body of Work Award.
The 2016--2017 awards were announced on May 7, 2017. Special Awards were presented to: David Hyde Pierce, Lifetime Achievement Award; Elevator Repair Service, Outstanding Body of Work Award.
The 2017--2018 awards were announced on May 6, 2018. Special Awards were presented to: Kathleen Chalfant, Lifetime Achievement Award; The York Theatre Company, Outstanding Body of Work Award.
The 2018--2019 awards were announced on May 5, 2019. Special Awards were presented to: Edward Albee (posthumously), Lifetime Achievement Award; Page 73 Productions, Outstanding Body of Work Award.
The 2019--2020 awards were postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, reflecting the widespread impact on the theater industry.
The 2020--2021 awards were held virtually, recognizing the adaptation of theater to digital platforms during the pandemic.
The 2021--2022 awards returned to an in-person format, recognizing a full season of live performances.
The 2022--2023 awards were held on May 7, 2023, recognizing ongoing contributions to Off-Broadway theater as it continues to recover and innovate.
## Categories
At the beginning, the *Lead Actor/Actress* and *Featured Actor/Actress* awards encompassed both plays and musicals. Starting in 2014, the acting awards were split into separate play and musical categories.
Starting in the 2022 awards, the acting categories were made gender-neutral.
### Current categories {#current_categories}
Awards are given in the following categories:
- Outstanding Play
- Outstanding Musical
- Outstanding Revival
- Outstanding Solo Show
- Outstanding Alternative Theater Experience
- Outstanding Director
- Outstanding Choreographer
- Outstanding Lead Performer in a Play
- Outstanding Featured Performer in a Play
- Outstanding Lead Performer in a Musical
- Outstanding Featured Performer in a Musical
- Outstanding Ensemble
- Outstanding Scenic Design
- Outstanding Costume Design
- Outstanding Lighting Design
- Outstanding Sound Design
- Outstanding Projection Design (permanently added 2017)
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# Lucille Lortel Awards
## Categories
### Discontinued Categories {#discontinued_categories}
- Outstanding Lead Actor in a Play
- Outstanding Lead Actress in a Play
- Outstanding Lead Actor in a Musical
- Outstanding Lead Actress in a Musical
- Outstanding Featured Actor in a Play
- Outstanding Featured Actress in a Play
- Outstanding Featured Actor in a Musical
- Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical
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# Lucille Lortel Awards
## Award winners in key categories {#award_winners_in_key_categories}
Source:
### Production Awards {#production_awards}
#### Outstanding Play {#outstanding_play}
- 1987: *The Common Pursuit*
- 1989: *The Cocktail Hour*
- 1991: *Aristocrats*
- 1992: *Lips Together, Teeth Apart*
- 1993: *The Destiny of Me*
- 1994: *Three Tall Women*
- 1995: *Camping with Henry & Tom*
- 1996: *Molly Sweeney*
- 1997: *How I Learned to Drive*
- 1998: *Gross Indecency: The Three Trials of Oscar Wilde*
- 1999: *Wit*
- 2000: *Dinner With Friends*
- 2001: *Proof*
- 2002: *Metamorphoses*
- 2003: *Take Me Out*
- 2004: *Bug*
- 2005: *Doubt*
- 2006: *The Lieutenant of Inishmore*
- 2007: *Stuff Happens*
- 2008: *Betrayed*
- 2009: *Ruined*
- 2010: *The Orphans\' Home Cycle*
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
- 2011: *The Elaborate Entrance of Chad Deity*
- 2012: *Sons of the Prophet*
- 2013: *The Whale*
- 2014: *Bad Jews*
- 2015: *Between Riverside and Crazy*
- 2016: *Guards at the Taj*
- 2017: *Oslo*
- 2018: *Cost of Living* and *School Girls; Or, the African Mean Girls Play*
- 2019: *Pass Over*
- 2020: *Heroes of the Fourth Turning*
- 2022: *English*
- 2023: *Wolf Play*
- 2024: *The Comeuppance* (produced by Signature Theatre, written by Branden Jacobs-Jenkins)
- 2025: *Here There Are Blueberries*, written by Moisés Kaufman and Amanda Gronich (produced by New York Theatre Workshop and Tectonic Theater Project)`{{col-end}}`{=mediawiki}
#### Outstanding Musical {#outstanding_musical}
- 1991: *Falsettoland*
- 1992: *And the World Goes Round...*
- 1993: *Forbidden Broadway*
- 1994: *Wings*
- 1995: *Jelly Roll!*
- 1996: *Floyd Collins*
- 1997: *Violet*
- 2000: *James Joyce's The Dead*
- 2001: *Bat Boy: The musical*
- 2002: *Urinetown*
- 2003: *Avenue Q*
- 2004: *Caroline, or Change*
- 2005: *The 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee*
- 2006: *The Seven*
- 2007: *In the Heights* and *Spring Awakening*
- 2008: *Adding Machine*
- 2009: *Fela! A New Musical*
- 2010: *The Scottsboro Boys*
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
- 2011: *Bloody Bloody Andrew Jackson*
- 2012: *Once*
- 2013: *Dogfight*
- 2014: *Fun Home*
- 2015: *Hamilton*
- 2016: *FUTURITY*
- 2017: *The Band\'s Visit*
- 2018: *KPOP*
- 2019: *Rags Parkland Sings the Songs of the Future*
- 2020: *Octet*
- 2022: *Kimberly Akimbo*
- 2023: *Titanique*
- 2024: *(pray)*
- 2025: *Three Houses*`{{col-end}}`{=mediawiki}
#### Outstanding Revival {#outstanding_revival}
- 1991: *Measure For Measure*
- 1992: *Boesman and Lena*
- 1993: *Henry V*
- 1994: *Owners, Traps*
- 1995: *Merrily We Roll Along*
- 1996: *Entertaining Mr
| 418 |
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# Kill the Child
***Kill the Child*** is the sixth live album by the New York City band Swans, released in 1996. It was recorded from shows in 1985, 1986 and 1987 in Germany, Yugoslavia, the United Kingdom, and (unlisted) the United States. The album was mastered as a single track in an attempt to recreate the concert experience, and focuses primarily on Gira-sung material from *Children of God*
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# Peddemul
**Peddemul** is a village in Vikarabad district of the Indian state of Telangana. It is located in Peddemul mandal of Tandur revenue division.
## Geography
Peddemul is located at 17.3333 N 77.6667 E. It has an average elevation of 496 m
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# Kuch Reh Jeewiyal Pall
***Kuch Reh Jeewiyal Pall*** is an Indian drama-series aired on DD National, which was later dubbed in Sindhi. The story revolves around a rivalry between two sisters.
This show started with telecast of three episodes a week, but due to a high public demand the telecast was increased from 3 to 5 episodes a week.
It airs from Wednesday to Sunday, 9:20pm Pakistan time on Kawish Television Network (KTN TV). It also has repeats during the week.
## Plot
The story is of two sisters, their love and sacrifices for each other. Circumstances put them opposite each other as mother--in-law and daughter--in--law and they have to find their own path towards their values and ethics.
A family that united by its belief and faith in its bonds never dreamt that it would just take a split second for this delicate bond to break. This story is a showcase of fragile relationships.
## Trivia
- It recently completed 100 episodes which is a landmark for Sindhi Television industry.
- This show started with telecast of 3 episodes a week, but due to its popularity the telecast was increased from 3 to 5 episodes a week.
- This show is distributed in Pakistan by Platform Productions.
- This show went off air in May 2007. Its repeat is scheduled to start soon
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# Black flight
**Black flight** is a term applied to the migration of African Americans from predominantly black or mixed inner-city areas in the United States to suburbs and newly constructed homes on the outer edges of cities. While more attention has been paid to this since the 1990s, the movement of black people to the suburbs has been underway for some time, with nine million people having migrated from 1960 to 2000. Their goals have been similar to those of the white middle class, whose out-migration was called white flight: newer housing, better schools for their children, and attractive environments. From 1990 to 2000, the percentage of African Americans who lived in the suburbs increased to a total of 39 percent, rising 5 percentage points in that decade. Most who moved to the suburbs after World War II were middle class.
Early years of residential change accelerated in the late 1960s after passage of civil rights legislation ended segregation, and African Americans could exercise more choices in housing and jobs. Since the 1950s, a period of major restructuring of industries and loss of hundreds of thousands of industrial jobs in northeast and Midwest cities began. Since the late 20th century, these events led to reduced density in formerly black neighborhoods in cities such as Chicago, Detroit, and Philadelphia, which have also had absolute population decreases, losing white population as well. Since the 2000 census, the number and proportion of black population has decreased in several major cities, including New York, Los Angeles, Atlanta, Austin, Cleveland, Denver, Miami, San Francisco, Seattle, St. Louis and Washington, DC.
In addition to moving to suburbs, since 1965 African Americans have been returning to the South in a New Great Migration, especially since 1990 to the states of Georgia, Texas, and Maryland, whose economies have expanded. In many cases, they are following the movement of jobs to the suburbs and the South. Because more African Americans are attaining college degrees, they are better able to find and obtain better-paying jobs and move to the suburbs. Most African-American migrants leaving the northern regions have gone to the \"New South\" states, where economies and jobs have grown from knowledge industries, services and technology.
Achieving higher education has contributed to an increase in overall affluence within the African-American community, with increasing median income. According to a 2007 study, average African-American family income has increased, but the gap with white families has increased slightly.
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# Black flight
## History
### Suburban flight {#suburban_flight}
Since the 1960s, many middle-class African-Americans have been moving to the suburbs for newer housing and good schools, just as European Americans had done before them. From 1960 to 2000, the number of African Americans who moved to suburbs was nine million, a number considerably higher than the Great Migration of African-Americans from the rural South to the North during the first half of the century. As C. Hocker writes,
> The fact is African Americans desire the same things all Americans want for their families: employment opportunities with well-paying positions that can keep up with -or stay ahead of- the cost of living; the chance to own affordable homes in safe neighborhoods; quality options for educating our children; and the social and cultural amenities that make it all worthwhile. Right now, the South, more than any other region of the country, is living up to that promise.
#### By city {#by_city}
In the last 25 years, for example, the population of Prince George\'s County, Maryland, where suburban housing was developed near Washington, DC, became majority African American. By 2006 it was the wealthiest majority-black county in the nation. Similar to White Americans, African Americans continue to move to more distant areas. Charles County, Maryland has become the next destination for middle-class black migrants from Washington and other areas; by 2002, the students in the school system were majority black. Charles County has the fastest-growing black population of any large county in the nation except the Atlanta suburbs. Randallstown near Baltimore has also become a majority-black suburb. Other major majority-black suburbs include Bessemer, AL; Miami Gardens, FL; Pine Hills, FL; College Park, GA; East Point, GA; Harvey, IL; Matteson, IL; Maywood, IL; Merrillville, IN; Eastpointe, MI; Inkster, MI; Oak Park, MI; Southfield, MI; East Orange, NJ; Irvington, NJ; Orange, NJ; Plainfield, NJ; Willingboro, NJ; Hempstead, NY; Mount Vernon, NY; Ferguson, MO; Forest Park, OH; Darby, PA; Rankin, PA; Wilkinsburg, PA; Yeadon, PA; Desoto, TX; Glenn Heights, TX; Lancaster, TX; Missouri City, TX and others.
In 1950 few northern cities yet had majority or near majority percentages of black people, nor did southern ones: Washington, DC was 35 percent African American and Baltimore was 40 percent. From 1950 to 1970, the black population increased dramatically in Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Newark, Chicago, Detroit, Cleveland, St. Louis, Kansas City, Cincinnati and Indianapolis. By 1960, 75 percent of black persons lived in urban environments, while white people had been moving to suburbs in large numbers following WWII. Black flight has altered the hyper-urban density that had resulted from the Second Great Migration to cities (1940--70), with hyper-segregation in inner-city areas, such as in Chicago, St. Louis, and East St. Louis.
Job losses in former industrial cities have often pushed population out, as people migrate to other areas to find new work. In the 1950s and 1960s, numerous black people from Chicago began to move to suburbs south of the city to improve their housing. Industry job losses hit those towns, too, and many people have left the area altogether. Chicago lost population from 1970 to 1990, with some increases as of the 2000 census, and decreases again from 2000 to 2005. Since 2000, nearly 55,000 black people have left Chicago, although one million still live in the city. The migrants caused losses in businesses, churches, and other African-American community institutions. The concentration of poverty and deterioration of inner-city public schools in many cities also contributes to pushing black parents to move their families to suburban areas, with traditionally better funded schools. Detroit and Philadelphia are two other major industrial cities that have suffered dramatic population losses since the mid-20th century due to the loss of industrial jobs.
Reviews of the 2000 census showed that African Americans have also left New York, but continued in-migration of young whites and immigrants has appeared to stabilize the white proportion of residents. Joseph J. Salvo, director of the New York Department of City Planning\'s population division, noted the diversity within the white population, as older White Americans are replaced by new immigrants, including the many Hispanics who identify as white. Similarly, black out-migration from Boston since 2000 resulted in the city\'s becoming majority white again by 2006. In 1970 at the peak of African-American expansion in Washington, DC, black people comprised 70% of the capital\'s population. The percentage of black population has decreased significantly - to 55.6% in 2007, down nearly 8% since 2000, and much more since the 1970s.
California cities, a destination for black migrants from 1940 to 1970, have changed as well. The state has lost black migrants for the first time in three decades. San Francisco has had the largest decrease in black population, 23 percent from 1990 to 2000, but Oakland, Los Angeles and San Diego also have had losses. In Los Angeles, the percentage of population that is black has dropped by half to 9.9% since 1970, a proportion that also reflects recent increased Hispanic and Asian immigration.
The large inner-city area of South Los Angeles offers an example of change caused by ethnic succession, where new immigrants replace former residents who move away or where an older generation is replaced by young people with children. This also often occurs because African Americans have emulated the white flight of their European American counterparts and move to the outer sections of the Greater Los Angeles areas to escape the ever-increasing Hispanic population. In 1985 African Americans made up 72% of the population of the area. By 2006 the black proportion of the population had decreased to just 46%. The Latino population had risen from 21% in 1985 to 51% in 2006, as one population replaced another. From 2004 to 2005, Latino demand for housing caused prices to rise more than 40 percent in Watts and South Central Los Angeles.
### New Great Migration {#new_great_migration}
With the reverse movement of the New Great Migration, the South has been the gaining region for black migrants coming from all three other census regions, especially from 1995 to 2000. The chief gaining states have been Georgia, Texas, North Carolina, Florida, Maryland, Virginia and Tennessee. In the same period, Georgia, Texas and Maryland attracted the most black college graduates. Atlanta, Dallas, and Houston have the highest increase of African Americans respectively. Several smaller metro areas also saw sizable gains, including San Antonio; Raleigh and Greensboro, N.C.; and Orlando. In a change from previous settlement patterns, new regional migrants settle directly in the suburbs, the areas of largest residential growth and often the location of jobs as well. In addition to Atlanta, the top metropolitan areas attracting African Americans include Charlotte, Houston, Dallas, Raleigh, Washington, D.C., Tampa, Virginia Beach, San Antonio, Memphis, Orlando, Nashville, Jacksonville, and so forth.
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# Black flight
## Phenomena
### Economic disparities {#economic_disparities}
The economic disparities between some classes of European Americans and African Americans have diminished. Black Americans today`{{When|date=May 2025}}`{=mediawiki} have a median income level much higher than they did in the 1990 census and as compared to the 2000 census, after inflation is considered. African Americans occupy a higher percentage of high-paying jobs within the USA than they used to. This has led to a rapidly increasing black middle class. Many of United States suburbs are becoming diversified with black and white residents coexisting in affluent neighborhoods. With the economic division within similar classes declining between races, African-American movement to the suburbs has resulted in some suburbs becoming more diverse.
The extent to which increased economic prosperity among African Americans has led to integration among white people and black people is debatable. Some scholars suggest that the narrowing economic divide is helping the US to become an increasingly \"color-blind\" society, but others note the *de facto* segregation in many residential areas and continuing social discrimination.
### Inner-city home value appreciation {#inner_city_home_value_appreciation}
In other instances, longtime black homeowners in central city areas have \"cashed out\" at retirement age and profited from increasing home values. These longtime residents have relocated to more affordable condominiums in outlying suburban areas, or in other regions altogether.
### School shifts {#school_shifts}
The term \"black flight\" has also been used to describe African-American parents in some cities moving their children from public schools to charter schools or suburban schools featuring open enrollment. This has taken place in a variety of places, including the Twin Cities and the Dallas/Fort Worth Metroplex. Other issues in the city proper of Dallas include an increase in immigration of Latinos. In the 1980s and 1990s, the school district had a majority of black students. Today it has a preponderance of Latino students, in a kind of ethnic succession that reflects residential changes in the city. Latinos constitute 68 percent of students, while black people are 26 percent, and whites are 5 percent. In addition, 87 percent of the Latino students qualify as \"economically disadvantaged,\" and many are just learning English. Middle-class black people are moving to suburbs in a repetition of earlier migration of middle-class whites. The issues of schools and residential patterns are strongly related to economic class, as well as parents\' preferring that their children go to schools with native speakers of English
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# Christof Lauer
**Christof Lauer** (born 25 May 1953) is a German jazz tenor and soprano saxophonist, born in Melsungen, Germany, perhaps most well known in Europe where he has done projects with various musicians, such as Palle Danielsson, Carla Bley, Anthony Cox, Michel Godard and Gary Husband, Vince Mendoza\'s Jazzpaña, Michel Portal, Maria João, Alphonse Mouzon, and Peter Erskine.
Since 1979 he is member of the *Jazzensemble des Hessischen Rundfunks* led by Albert Mangelsdorff. In 1994 Lauer joined the United Jazz and Rock Ensemble and replaced Charlie Mariano, and is also a member of the *Hamburg NDR Radio Orchestra*.
## Discography
- *Perlboot* (L+R Records, 1987), quartet with Ralf R. Hübner
- *Christof Lauer* (CMP, 1989), quartet with Joachim Kühn, Palle Danielsson and Peter Erskine
- *Moabiter Blues* (L+R Records, 1991), duo with Ralf R. Hübner
- *Bluebells* (CMP, 1992) with Wolfgang Puschnig, Bob Stewart and Thomas Alkier
- *Evidence* (CMP, 1995), trio featuring Anthony Cox and Daniel Humair
- *Mondspinner* (Free Flow Music, 1996), quartet with Ralf R
| 170 |
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# Peter Meinert Nielsen
**Peter Meinert Nielsen** (born 24 May 1966) is a retired road bicycle racer from Denmark, who was a professional rider from 1990 to 2000. He represented his native country in the men\'s individual road race at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea
| 48 |
Peter Meinert Nielsen
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11,099,134 |
# List of artists who reached number one on the Billboard R&B chart
This is a list of all the musicians and music groups who reached number one on the *Billboard* R&B singles chart.
The chart was officially titled as follows:
: Oct 1942 -- Feb 1945 The Harlem Hit Parade
: Feb 1945 -- Jun 1949 Race Records
: Jun 1949 -- Oct 1958 Rhythm & Blues Records
: Oct 1958 -- Nov 1963 Hot R&B Sides
: Nov 1963 -- Jan 1965 *No chart published*
: Jan 1965 -- Aug 1969 Hot Rhythm & Blues Singles
: Aug 1969 -- Jul 1973 Best Selling Soul Singles
: Jul 1973 -- Jun 1982 Hot Soul Singles
: Jun 1982 -- Oct 1990 Hot Black Singles
: Oct 1990 -- Jan 1999 Hot R&B Singles
: Jan 1999 -- Dec 1999 Hot R&B Singles & Tracks
: Dec 1999 -- Apr 2005 Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks
: April 2005 -- present Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs
**Lists are alphabetical by year.**\
**NOTE :** Annual totals may not sum to 52 weeks because:
1. sometimes the No. 1 place was shared
2. totals are counted from the start of the stay at No. 1 - for example, a hit which reached No. 1 in November 1945 and stayed there 11 weeks is included in the 1945 list but not 1946.
As well as the R&B best sellers (BS) chart, between 1948 and 1957 there was also an R&B juke box (JB) chart, and from 1955 to 1958 there was an R&B airplay (JY - jockeys) chart. These charts were consolidated into one in October 1958. Years at No. 1 on these different charts are listed where appropriate.
## 1942
- Bing Crosby (3 weeks)
- Earl Hines (1 week)
- Andy Kirk (1 week)
- Lucky Millinder (2 weeks)
- Freddie Slack (2 weeks)
- Paul Whiteman and Billie Holiday (3 weeks)
## 1943 {#section_1}
- Bea Booze (4 weeks)
- Nat \"King\" Cole (3 weeks)
- Bonnie Davis (5 weeks)
- Duke Ellington (5 weeks)
- Erskine Hawkins (14 weeks)
- Dick Haymes (4 weeks)
- The Ink Spots (9 weeks)
- Harry James (1 week)
- Louis Jordan (1 week)
- Lucky Millinder (3 weeks)
- Ella Mae Morse (2 weeks)
## 1944 {#section_2}
- Benny Carter (2 weeks)
- Nat \"King\" Cole (14 weeks)
- Duke Ellington (12 weeks)
- Benny Goodman (1 week)
- Lionel Hampton (6 weeks)
- The Ink Spots and Ella Fitzgerald (12 weeks)
- Buddy Johnson (1 week)
- Louis Jordan (7 weeks)
- Johnny Mercer (1 week)
- The Mills Brothers (1 week)
## 1945 {#section_3}
- Cecil Gant (2 weeks)
- Erskine Hawkins (6 weeks)
- Louis Jordan (8 weeks)
- Joe Liggins (18 weeks)
- Lucky Millinder (8 weeks)
- Roosevelt Sykes (7 weeks)
- Cootie Williams (1 week)
## 1946 {#section_4}
- Ella Fitzgerald (with Louis Jordan) (5 weeks)
- Lionel Hampton (16 weeks)
- The Ink Spots (3 weeks)
- Louis Jordan (35 weeks, inc. 5 weeks with Ella Fitzgerald)
## 1947 {#section_5}
- Savannah Churchill (8 weeks)
- Louis Jordan (40 weeks)
- Julia Lee (12 weeks)
- Eddie Vinson (2 weeks)
## 1948 {#section_6}
- Roy Brown (1 week JB)
- Pee Wee Crayton (1 week BS, 3 weeks JB)
- Wynonie Harris (1 week BS, 1 week JB)
- Ivory Joe Hunter (3 weeks BS, 3 weeks JB)
- Bull Moose Jackson (11 weeks BS, 7 weeks JB)
- Lonnie Johnson (7 weeks BS, 7 weeks JB)
- Louis Jordan (2 weeks JB)
- Julia Lee (9 weeks)
- Memphis Slim (2 weeks JB)
- Amos Milburn (7 weeks BS, 7 weeks JB)
- Red Miller (4 weeks BS, 5 weeks JB)
- The Orioles (1 week JB)
- Hal Singer (4 weeks BS, 4 weeks JB)
- Arbee Stidham (1 week BS, 1 week JB)
- Sonny Thompson (4 weeks BS, 3 weeks JB)
- Dinah Washington (1 week JB)
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# List of artists who reached number one on the Billboard R&B chart
## 1949 {#section_7}
- Charles Brown (15 weeks BS, 11 weeks JB)
- Larry Darnell (6 weeks BS, 8 weeks JB)
- Wynonie Harris (1 week BS, 2 weeks JB)
- John Lee Hooker (1 week JB)
- Louis Jordan (12 weeks BS, 12 weeks JB)
- Big Jay McNeely (1 week BS, 1 week JB)
- Amos Milburn (2 weeks JB)
- The Orioles (1 week BS)
- Dinah Washington (2 weeks BS, 1 week JB)
- Paul Williams (12 weeks BS, 14 weeks JB)
- Jimmy Witherspoon (1 week BS)
## 1950 {#section_8}
- Roy Brown (3 weeks BS)
- Ruth Brown (11 weeks BS, 7 weeks JB)
- Nat \"King\" Cole (4 weeks JB)
- Lowell Fulson (1 week BS, 4 weeks JB)
- Ivory Joe Hunter (2 weeks BS, 7 weeks JB)
- Louis Jordan (7 weeks BS, 4 weeks JB)
- Joe Liggins (11 weeks BS, 13 weeks JB)
- Percy Mayfield (2 weeks BS, 1 week JB)
- Joe Morris (4 weeks BS, 3 weeks JB)
- Johnny Otis and Little Esther (13 weeks BS, 10 weeks JB) (9 weeks BS / 5 weeks JB with The Robins, 4 weeks BS / 5 weeks JB with Mel Walker)
## 1951 {#section_9}
- Earl Bostic (4 weeks BS)
- Jackie Brenston (3 weeks BS, 5 weeks JB)
- Charles Brown (13 weeks BS, 14 weeks JB)
- The Clovers (8 weeks BS, 3 weeks JB)
- The Dominoes (14 weeks BS, 12 weeks JB)
- The Five Keys (4 weeks BS, 2 weeks JB)
- Lloyd Glenn (2 weeks JB)
- Peppermint Harris (1 week BS, 2 weeks JB)
- John Lee Hooker (4 weeks JB)
- Amos Milburn (1 week BS, 3 weeks JB)
- Jimmy Nelson (1 week JB)
- Tab Smith (2 weeks BS)
## 1952 {#section_10}
- Johnny Ace (9 weeks BS)
- Eddie Boyd (2 weeks BS, 7 weeks JB)
- Ruth Brown (7 weeks BS, 6 weeks JB)
- Tommy Brown with The Griffin Brothers (3 weeks JB)
- The Clovers (1 week BS, 1 week JB)
- Fats Domino (1 week BS)
- The Dominoes (7 weeks BS, 10 weeks JB)
- Jimmy Forrest (6 weeks BS, 7 weeks JB)
- The Four Blazes (3 weeks JB)
- Rosco Gordon (1 week BS)
- B. B. King (7 weeks BS, 5 weeks JB)
- Little Walter (1 week BS, 8 weeks JB)
- Willie Mabon (8 weeks BS, 7 weeks JB)
- Lloyd Price (7 weeks BS, 1 week JB)
- Johnnie Ray (1 week BS, 1 week JB)
## 1953 {#section_11}
- Johnny Ace (5 weeks BS, 4 weeks JB)
- Faye Adams (9 weeks BS, 10 weeks JB)
- Ruth Brown (5 weeks BS, 5 weeks JB)
- The \"5\" Royales (8 weeks BS, 8 weeks JB)
- B.B. King (3 weeks JB)
- Willie Mabon (2 weeks BS)
- Clyde McPhatter and The Drifters (11 weeks BS, 1 week JB)
- The Orioles (4 weeks BS, 5 weeks JB)
- Big Mama Thornton (6 weeks BS, 7 weeks JB)
- Big Joe Turner (8 weeks JB)
## 1954 {#section_12}
- Faye Adams (6 weeks BS, 5 weeks JB)
- Ruth Brown (5 weeks BS, 9 weeks JB)
- The Charms (9 weeks BS, 2 weeks JB, 2 weeks JY)
- Clyde McPhatter and The Drifters (8 weeks BS, 8 weeks JB)
- Guitar Slim (6 weeks BS, 14 weeks JB)
- Roy Hamilton (8 weeks BS, 5 weeks JB)
- B.B. King (2 weeks JB)
- The Midnighters (9 weeks BS, 4 weeks JB)
- Big Joe Turner (3 weeks JB)
## 1955 {#section_13}
- Johnny Ace (9 weeks BS, 9 weeks JB, 10 weeks JY)
- Chuck Berry (9 weeks BS, 11 weeks JB, 9 weeks JY)
- Ray Charles (1 week JB, 1 week JY)
- Bo Diddley (2 weeks JB)
- Fats Domino (11 weeks BS, 8 weeks JB, 10 weeks JY)
- The Drifters (1 week JB)
- Roy Hamilton (3 weeks BS)
- Al Hibbler (1 week JB)
- Etta James (4 weeks JY)
- Little Walter ( 4 weeks BS, 5 weeks JB, 2 weeks JY)
- Jay McShann (3 weeks BS, 2 weeks JB, 2 weeks JY)
- The Moonglows (2 weeks JB, 1 week JY)
- The Penguins (3 weeks BS, 3 weeks JB, 1 week JY)
- The Platters (7 weeks BS, 6 weeks JB, 5 weeks JY)
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# List of artists who reached number one on the Billboard R&B chart
## 1956 {#section_14}
- Ray Charles (2 weeks JB, 1 week JY)
- Bill Doggett (13 weeks BS, 1 week JB, 5 weeks JY)
- Fats Domino (15 weeks BS, 17 weeks JB, 20 weeks JY)
- The El Dorados (1 week JB)
- Little Willie John (3 weeks BS, 1 week JB, 5 weeks JY)
- Little Richard (8 weeks BS, 9 weeks JB, 5 weeks JY)
- Frankie Lymon and The Teenagers (5 weeks BS, 2 weeks JY)
- Clyde McPhatter (1 week JB)
- The Platters (10 weeks BS, 11 weeks JB, 13 weeks JY)
- Elvis Presley (1 week BS, 6 weeks JB)
- Shirley and Lee (3 weeks JB, 3 weeks JY)
## 1957 {#section_15}
- Paul Anka (2 weeks BS)
- LaVern Baker (1 week JY)
- Chuck Berry (1 week BS, 1 week JB, 5 weeks JY)
- Bobby Bland (2 weeks JY)
- The Bobbettes (4 weeks JY)
- The Coasters (13 weeks BS, 2 weeks JB, 7 weeks JY)
- Nat \"King\" Cole (2 weeks JY)
- Sam Cooke (6 weeks BS, 6 weeks JY)
- Fats Domino (14 weeks BS, 13 weeks JB, 12 weeks JY)
- The Everly Brothers (1 week JY)
- Ivory Joe Hunter (3 weeks JB, 1 week JY)
- Jerry Lee Lewis (2 weeks BS, 1 week JY)
- Little Richard (2 weeks JB)
- Clyde McPhatter (1 week JY)
- Mickey & Sylvia (2 weeks JY)
- Elvis Presley (10 weeks BS, 4 weeks JB, 5 weeks JY)
- Jimmie Rodgers (2 weeks BS, 1 week JY)
- Larry Williams (1 week JY)
- Chuck Willis (2 weeks JY)
## 1958 {#section_16}
- Chuck Berry (3 weeks BS, 3 weeks JY)
- The Champs (4 weeks BS, 4 weeks JY)
- Jimmy Clanton (1 week BS)
- The Coasters (7 weeks BS, 6 weeks JY)
- Cozy Cole (6 weeks)
- Sam Cooke (1 week JY)
- Danny & The Juniors (5 weeks BS)
- Bobby Darin (2 weeks JY)
- Bobby Day (3 weeks JY)
- Tommy Edwards (3 weeks BS)
- The Elegants (4 weeks BS, 4 weeks JY)
- The Everly Brothers (5 weeks BS, 3 weeks JY)
- Ernie Freeman (2 weeks JY)
- Bill Justis (1 week JY)
- The Kalin Twins (1 week JY)
- Clyde McPhatter (1 week)
- The Platters (3 weeks BS)
- Perez Prado (2 weeks BS, 1 week JY)
- Elvis Presley (3 weeks JY)
- David Seville (1 week JY)
- The Silhouettes (4 weeks BS, 6 weeks JY)
- Chuck Willis (1 week JY)
- Jackie Wilson (7 weeks)
## 1959 {#section_17}
- Brook Benton (16 weeks)
- James Brown (1 week)
- Ray Charles (1 week)
- The Coasters (4 weeks)
- Fats Domino (1 week)
- The Drifters (1 week)
- Wilbert Harrison (7 weeks)
- Phil Phillips (1 week)
- Lloyd Price (11 weeks)
- Della Reese (2 weeks)
- The Spacemen (3 weeks)
- Jackie Wilson (1 week)
## 1960 {#section_18}
- Hank Ballard and The Midnighters (3 weeks)
- Brook Benton (23 weeks, inc. 14 weeks with Dinah Washington)
- Bill Black (8 weeks)
- Buster Brown (1 week)
- Jerry Butler (7 weeks)
- The Drifters (1 week)
- The Everly Brothers (1 week)
- Bobby Marchan (1 week)
- Dinah Washington (15 weeks, inc. 14 weeks with Brook Benton)
- Jackie Wilson (7 weeks)
## 1961 {#section_19}
- Bobby Bland (1 week)
- Ray Charles (6 weeks)
- Chubby Checker (2 weeks)
- Lee Dorsey (1 week)
- The Jive Five (3 weeks)
- Ernie K-Doe (5 weeks)
- Ben E. King (4 weeks)
- Bobby Lewis (10 weeks)
- The Marcels (2 weeks)
- The Marvelettes (7 weeks)
- The Miracles (8 weeks)
- The Pips (1 week)
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# List of artists who reached number one on the Billboard R&B chart
## 1962 {#section_20}
- Booker T. & the MGs (4 weeks)
- Gene Chandler (5 weeks)
- Ray Charles (15 weeks)
- Sam Cooke (3 weeks)
- King Curtis (2 weeks)
- The Four Seasons (1 week)
- Barbara George (4 weeks)
- Little Eva (3 weeks)
- Barbara Lynn (3 weeks)
- Esther Phillips (3 weeks)
- Dee Dee Sharp (4 weeks)
- Mary Wells (1 week)
## 1963 {#section_21}
- Bobby Bland (2 weeks)
- The Chiffons (4 weeks)
- Sam Cooke (1 week)
- The Essex (2 weeks)
- Jimmy Gilmer and the Fireballs (1 week)
- Lesley Gore (3 weeks)
- The Impressions (2 weeks)
- Barbara Lewis (2 weeks)
- Little Peggy March (1 week)
- Martha and the Vandellas (4 weeks)
- Garnet Mimms and the Enchanters (3 weeks)
- The Miracles (1 week)
- Paul and Paula (2 weeks)
- Ruby and the Romantics (2 weeks)
- Jimmy Soul (1 week)
- Little Johnny Taylor (1 week)
- Mary Wells (4 weeks)
- Jackie Wilson (3 weeks)
- Little Stevie Wonder (6 weeks)
## 1964 {#section_22}
**NOTE:** *No R&B charts were published between November 1963 and January 1965. The following R&B artists (as assessed by Joel Whitburn) had No. 1 hits on the Billboard Hot 100 pop chart during that period :*
- The Dixie Cups (3 weeks)
- The Shangri-Las (1 week)
- The Supremes (6 weeks)
- Mary Wells (2 weeks)
## 1965 {#section_23}
- Fontella Bass (4 weeks)
- James Brown (14 weeks)
- Solomon Burke (3 weeks)
- The Four Tops (9 weeks)
- Marvin Gaye (2 weeks)
- Little Milton (3 weeks)
- Wilson Pickett (1 week)
- The Supremes (1 week)
- The Temptations (6 weeks)
- Joe Tex (3 weeks)
- Jr. Walker & the All Stars (4 weeks)
## 1966 {#section_24}
- James Brown (2 weeks)
- Ray Charles (1 week)
- Eddie Floyd (1 week)
- The Four Tops (2 weeks)
- Slim Harpo (2 weeks)
- Wilson Pickett (8 weeks)
- Lou Rawls (1 week)
- Sam & Dave (1 week)
- Percy Sledge (4 weeks)
- The Supremes (6 weeks)
- The Temptations (16 weeks)
- Joe Tex (1 week)
- Stevie Wonder (6 weeks)
## 1967 {#section_25}
- James Brown (3 weeks)
- Aretha Franklin (17 weeks)
- Gladys Knight & The Pips (6 weeks)
- Martha and the Vandellas (1 week)
- Aaron Neville (5 weeks)
- Wilson Pickett (1 week)
- Sam & Dave (7 weeks)
- Freddie Scott (4 weeks)
- The Supremes (2 weeks)
- Bettye Swann (2 weeks)
- Jackie Wilson (1 week)
- Stevie Wonder (4 weeks)
## 1968 {#section_26}
- Archie Bell & The Drells (2 weeks)
- James Brown (8 weeks)
- Jerry Butler (1 week)
- The Dells (3 weeks)
- Aretha Franklin (10 weeks)
- Marvin Gaye (13 weeks, inc. 6 weeks with Tammi Terrell)
- The Intruders (1 week)
- Hugh Masekela (4 weeks)
- Otis Redding (3 weeks)
- Smokey Robinson & The Miracles (1 week)
- Johnnie Taylor (3 weeks)
- The Temptations (4 weeks)
- Stevie Wonder (1 week)
## 1969 {#section_27}
- James Brown (4 weeks)
- Jerry Butler (2 weeks)
- Tyrone Davis (3 weeks)
- The Dells (1 week)
- Aretha Franklin (5 weeks)
- Marvin Gaye (6 weeks)
- The Impressions (1 week)
- The Isley Brothers (4 weeks)
- The Originals (5 weeks)
- Diana Ross and The Supremes (4 weeks)
- Joe Simon (3 weeks)
- Sly & The Family Stone (2 weeks)
- The Temptations (7 weeks)
- Jr. Walker & the All Stars (2 weeks)
## 1970 {#section_28}
- Brook Benton (1 week)
- James Brown (2 weeks)
- Tyrone Davis (2 weeks)
- Aretha Franklin (5 weeks)
- The Jackson Five (20 weeks)
- The Moments (5 weeks)
- Smokey Robinson & The Miracles (3 weeks)
- Diana Ross (1 week)
- Sly & The Family Stone (5 weeks)
- The Supremes (1 week)
- Stevie Wonder (6 weeks)
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# List of artists who reached number one on the Billboard R&B chart
## 1971 {#section_29}
- James Brown (3 weeks)
- The Chi-Lites (2 weeks)
- King Floyd (4 weeks)
- Aretha Franklin (5 weeks)
- Marvin Gaye (9 weeks)
- The Honey Cone (5 weeks)
- The Jackson Five (3 weeks)
- Gladys Knight & The Pips (1 week)
- Jean Knight (5 weeks)
- Denise LaSalle (1 week)
- The Persuaders (2 weeks)
- Wilson Pickett (1 week)
- Sly & The Family Stone (5 weeks)
- Johnnie Taylor (2 weeks)
- The Temptations (3 weeks)
- Rufus Thomas (2 weeks)
## 1972 {#section_30}
- James Brown (5 weeks)
- The Chi-Lites (2 weeks)
- The Dramatics (4 weeks)
- Roberta Flack and Donny Hathaway (1 week)
- Aretha Franklin (2 weeks)
- Al Green (12 weeks)
- Luther Ingram (4 weeks)
- Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes (2 weeks)
- The O\'Jays (1 week)
- Billy Paul (4 weeks)
- Billy Preston (1 week)
- Joe Simon (2 weeks)
- The Spinners (5 weeks)
- The Staple Singers (4 weeks)
- Joe Tex (1 week)
- Bill Withers (1 week)
- Bobby Womack (1 week)
## 1973 {#section_31}
- Aretha Franklin (2 weeks)
- Marvin Gaye (6 weeks)
- The Independents (1 week)
- Eddie Kendricks (2 weeks)
- Gladys Knight & The Pips (8 weeks)
- Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes (2 weeks)
- The Ohio Players (1 week)
- The O\'Jays (4 weeks)
- Billy Preston (1 week)
- The Spinners (5 weeks)
- The Staple Singers (3 weeks)
- Sylvia (2 weeks)
- Johnnie Taylor (2 weeks)
- The Temptations (2 weeks)
- Timmy Thomas (2 weeks)
- Fred Wesley & The J.B.s (2 weeks)
- Barry White (2 weeks)
- Stevie Wonder (6 weeks)
## 1974 {#section_32}
- Blue Magic (1 week)
- James Brown (5 weeks)
- Shirley Brown (2 weeks)
- B.T. Express (1 week)
- William DeVaughn (1 week)
- Roberta Flack (5 weeks)
- Aretha Franklin (3 weeks)
- Al Green (1 week)
- The Impressions (2 weeks)
- The Jackson Five (1 week)
- Eddie Kendricks (3 weeks)
- Gladys Knight & The Pips (5 weeks)
- Kool & The Gang (2 weeks)
- Latimore (2 weeks)
- George McCrae (2 weeks)
- MFSB featuring The Three Degrees (1 week)
- Rufus featuring Chaka Khan (1 week)
- The Spinners (2 weeks)
- Tavares (1 week)
- The Temptations (1 week)
- Barry White (3 weeks)
- Bobby Womack (3 weeks)
- Stevie Wonder (4 weeks)
## 1975 {#section_33}
- B.T. Express (1 week)
- Natalie Cole (2 weeks)
- The Commodores (1 week)
- Carl Douglas (1 week)
- Earth, Wind & Fire (2 weeks)
- Faith Hope & Charity (1 week)
- Graham Central Station (1 week)
- Al Green (3 weeks)
- Major Harris (1 week)
- The Isley Brothers (3 weeks)
- K.C. & The Sunshine Band (2 weeks)
- Eddie Kendricks (1 week)
- Ben E. King (1 week)
- Kool & The Gang (1 week)
- LaBelle (1 week)
- Love Unlimited (1 week)
- Van McCoy (1 week)
- Gwen McCrae (1 week)
- The Moments (1 week)
- New Birth (1 week)
- The Ohio Players (4 weeks)
- The O\'Jays (2 weeks)
- Sharon Paige with Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes (1 week)
- Peoples Choice (1 week)
- The Pointer Sisters (2 weeks)
- Smokey Robinson (1 week)
- Shirley and Company (1 week)
- Silver Convention (1 week)
- Joe Simon (2 weeks)
- The Spinners (1 week)
- The Staple Singers (2 weeks)
- Tavares (1 week)
- The Temptations (2 weeks)
- War (1 week)
- Barry White (2 weeks)
## 1976 {#section_34}
- Brass Construction (1 week)
- Brick (4 weeks)
- The Brothers Johnson (1 week)
- Natalie Cole (2 weeks)
- The Commodores (2 weeks)
- Tyrone Davis (1 week)
- Earth, Wind & Fire (4 weeks)
- Aretha Franklin (4 weeks)
- Marvin Gaye (1 week)
- K.C. & The Sunshine Band (4 weeks)
- L.T.D. (2 weeks)
- The Manhattans (1 week)
- Marilyn McCoo and Billy Davis Jr. (1 week)
- Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes (2 weeks)
- The Ohio Players (1 week)
- The O\'Jays (3 weeks)
- Lou Rawls (2 weeks)
- Rose Royce (2 weeks)
- Diana Ross (1 week)
- David Ruffin (1 week)
- Rufus featuring Chaka Khan (2 weeks)
- The Spinners (1 week)
- Candi Staton (1 week)
- The Sylvers (1 week)
- Johnnie Taylor (6 weeks)
- Wild Cherry (2 weeks)
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# List of artists who reached number one on the Billboard R&B chart
## 1977 {#section_35}
- William Bell (1 week)
- The Brothers Johnson (1 week)
- Natalie Cole (5 weeks)
- The Commodores (1 week)
- Earth, Wind & Fire (7 weeks)
- The Emotions (4 weeks)
- The Floaters (6 weeks)
- Aretha Franklin (1 week)
- Marvin Gaye (5 weeks)
- Thelma Houston (1 week)
- The Isley Brothers (1 week)
- K.C. & The Sunshine Band (1 week)
- L.T.D. (2 weeks)
- The O\'Jays (1 week)
- Rufus featuring Chaka Khan (2 weeks)
- Slave (1 week)
- Tavares (1 week)
- Barry White (5 weeks)
- Stevie Wonder (6 weeks)
## 1978 {#section_36}
- Bootsy\'s Rubber Band (1 week)
- Chic (5 weeks)
- Natalie Cole (2 weeks)
- The Commodores (3 weeks)
- Con Funk Shun (2 weeks)
- Earth, Wind & Fire (1 week)
- Enchantment (1 week)
- Roberta Flack and Donny Hathaway (2 weeks)
- Foxy (2 weeks)
- Funkadelic (6 weeks)
- The Isley Brothers (2 weeks)
- Rick James (2 weeks)
- Quincy Jones (1 week)
- Chaka Khan (3 weeks)
- L.T.D. (2 weeks)
- Johnny Mathis and Deniece Williams (4 weeks)
- The O\'Jays (5 weeks)
- Parliament (3 weeks)
- Teddy Pendergrass (2 weeks)
- Stargard (2 weeks)
- A Taste Of Honey (1 week)
## 1979 {#section_37}
- Chuck Brown & The Soul Searchers (4 weeks)
- Chic (6 weeks)
- The Commodores (1 week)
- Earth, Wind & Fire (1 week)
- Funkadelic (3 weeks)
- G.Q. (2 weeks)
- Instant Funk (3 weeks)
- The Isley Brothers (1 week)
- Michael Jackson (5 weeks)
- Kool & The Gang (3 weeks)
- Cheryl Lynn (1 week)
- McFadden & Whitehead (1 week)
- Parliament (4 weeks)
- Peaches & Herb (4 weeks)
- Prince (2 weeks)
- Rufus and Chaka Khan (3 weeks)
- Sister Sledge (2 weeks)
- Donna Summer (1 week)
- Anita Ward (5 weeks)
## 1980 {#section_38}
- George Benson (3 weeks)
- The Brothers Johnson (2 weeks)
- Tom Browne (4 weeks)
- Larry Graham (2 weeks)
- The Isley Brothers (4 weeks)
- Jermaine Jackson (6 weeks)
- Michael Jackson (6 weeks)
- Kool & The Gang (6 weeks)
- Ray, Goodman & Brown (1 week)
- Diana Ross (4 weeks)
- Shalamar (1 week)
- The S.O.S. Band (5 weeks)
- The Whispers (5 weeks)
- Stevie Wonder (7 weeks)
## 1981 {#section_39}
- Earth, Wind & Fire (8 weeks)
- The Four Tops (2 weeks)
- The Gap Band (2 weeks)
- Rick James (5 weeks)
- Chaka Khan (2 weeks)
- Evelyn King (1 week)
- Kool & The Gang (1 week)
- Lakeside (2 weeks)
- Ray Parker Jr. & Raydio (2 weeks)
- Smokey Robinson (5 weeks)
- Roger (2 weeks)
- Diana Ross and Lionel Richie (7 weeks)
- Frankie Smith (4 weeks)
- A Taste Of Honey (1 week)
- Luther Vandross (2 weeks)
- Yarbrough & Peoples (5 weeks)
## 1982 {#section_40}
- George Benson (1 week)
- The Dazz Band (5 weeks)
- Richard \"Dimples\" Fields (3 weeks)
- Aretha Franklin (4 weeks)
- The Gap Band (3 weeks)
- Marvin Gaye (10 weeks)
- Daryl Hall & John Oates (1 week)
- Jennifer Holliday (4 weeks)
- Evelyn King (5 weeks)
- Skyy (2 weeks)
- Deniece Williams (2 weeks)
- Stevie Wonder (9 weeks)
- Zapp (2 weeks)
## 1983 {#section_41}
- George Clinton (4 weeks)
- DeBarge (5 weeks)
- Aretha Franklin (2 weeks)
- The Gap Band (1 week)
- Michael Jackson (13 weeks, inc. 3 weeks with Paul McCartney)
- Rick James (6 weeks)
- Gladys Knight & The Pips (1 week)
- Mtume (8 weeks)
- New Edition (1 week)
- Lionel Richie (7 weeks)
- Rufus and Chaka Khan (1 week)
- Donna Summer (3 weeks)
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# List of artists who reached number one on the Billboard R&B chart
## 1984 {#section_42}
- Ashford & Simpson (3 weeks)
- Cameo (4 weeks)
- Chaka Khan (3 weeks)
- Kool & The Gang (2 weeks)
- Patti LaBelle (4 weeks)
- Cheryl Lynn (1 week)
- Midnight Star (5 weeks)
- New Edition (1 week)
- O\'Bryan (1 week)
- Billy Ocean (4 weeks)
- Ray Parker Jr. (2 weeks)
- Prince (9 weeks)
- Lionel Richie (3 weeks)
- Rockwell (5 weeks)
- Deniece Williams (3 weeks)
- Stevie Wonder (3 weeks)
- Yarbrough & Peoples (1 week)
## 1985 {#section_43}
- The Commodores (4 weeks)
- DeBarge (1 week)
- Aretha Franklin (5 weeks)
- Whitney Houston (2 weeks)
- Isley Jasper Isley (3 weeks)
- Freddie Jackson (8 weeks)
- Kool & The Gang (2 weeks)
- Loose Ends (1 week)
- Maze featuring Frankie Beverly (2 weeks)
- New Edition (3 weeks)
- Ready For The World (2 weeks)
- Rene & Angela (2 weeks)
- Diana Ross (3 weeks)
- USA for Africa (2 weeks)
- Eugene Wilde (4 weeks)
- Stevie Wonder (6 weeks)
## 1986 {#section_44}
- Gregory Abbott (2 weeks)
- Bobby Brown (2 weeks)
- Cameo (3 weeks)
- Jean Carn (2 weeks)
- El DeBarge (1 week)
- Gwen Guthrie (1 week)
- Whitney Houston (1 week)
- Freddie Jackson (5 weeks inc. 1 week with Melba Moore)
- Janet Jackson (4 weeks)
- Oran \"Juice\" Jones (2 weeks)
- Shirley Jones (2 weeks)
- Patti LaBelle & Michael McDonald (4 weeks)
- Levert (1 week)
- Stephanie Mills (2 weeks)
- Melba Moore with Freddie Jackson (1 week)
- Meli\'sa Morgan (3 weeks)
- Billy Ocean (3 weeks)
- Prince (4 weeks)
- Ready For The World (2 weeks)
- Rene & Angela (1 week)
- Lionel Richie (2 weeks)
- Timex Social Club (2 weeks)
- Dionne Warwick with Elton John, Gladys Knight and Stevie Wonder (3 weeks)
## 1987 {#section_45}
- Herb Alpert with Janet Jackson (2 weeks)
- Atlantic Starr (2 weeks)
- Cameo (2 weeks)
- Earth, Wind & Fire (1 week)
- Force M.D.\'s (2 weeks)
- Freddie Jackson (3 weeks)
- Janet Jackson (5 weeks, inc. 2 with Herb Alpert)
- Michael Jackson (8 weeks)
- Levert (2 weeks)
- Lisa Lisa and Cult Jam (3 weeks)
- L.L. Cool J (1 week)
- Loose Ends (1 week)
- Stephanie Mills (4 weeks)
- Melba Moore (1 week)
- The O\'Jays (1 week)
- Alexander O\'Neal (2 weeks)
- Prince (3 weeks)
- Roger (1 week)
- The System (1 week)
- Luther Vandross (3 weeks, inc. 1 with Gregory Hines)
- Jody Watley (3 weeks)
- The Whispers (1 week)
- Angela Winbush (2 weeks)
- Stevie Wonder (2 weeks)
## 1988 {#section_46}
- Al B. Sure! (5 weeks)
- Anita Baker (2 weeks)
- The Boys (1 week)
- Bobby Brown (4 weeks)
- Cherrelle (1 week)
- Terence Trent D\'Arby (1 week)
- Morris Day (2 weeks)
- E.U. (1 week)
- Freddie Jackson (4 weeks)
- Michael Jackson (2 weeks)
- Rick James feat. Roxanne Shante (1 week)
- Johnny Kemp (2 weeks)
- Gladys Knight & The Pips (1 week)
- Levert (2 weeks)
- The Mac Band featuring the McCampbell Brothers (1 week)
- Teena Marie (1 week)
- Ziggy Marley & The Melody Makers (2 weeks)
- George Michael (1 week)
- Billy Ocean (1 week)
- Jeffrey Osborne (1 week)
- Pebbles (3 weeks)
- Teddy Pendergrass (2 weeks)
- Cheryl Pepsii Riley (1 week)
- Sade (1 week)
- Keith Sweat (3 weeks)
- Tony! Toni! Tone! (1 week)
- Luther Vandross (1 week)
- Karyn White (1 week)
- Stevie Wonder (1 week)
## 1989 {#section_47}
- Atlantic Starr (1 week)
- Babyface (2 weeks)
- Anita Baker (1 week)
- Regina Belle (1 week)
- Chuckii Booker (1 week)
- The Boys (1 week)
- Bobby Brown (2 weeks)
- Peabo Bryson (1 week)
- Natalie Cole (1 week)
- De La Soul (1 week)
- Roberta Flack (1 week)
- Eric Gable (1 week)
- The Gap Band (2 weeks)
- Miki Howard (1 week)
- Janet Jackson (2 weeks)
- Jermaine Jackson (1 week)
- Levert (1 week)
- Maze feat. Frankie Beverly (2 weeks)
- Stephanie Mills (2 weeks)
- New Edition (2 weeks)
- The O\'Jays (2 weeks)
- Prince (1 week)
- Teddy Riley feat. Guy (1 week)
- Skyy (2 weeks)
- Soul II Soul (3 weeks)
- Surface (5 weeks)
- Today (1 week)
- Luther Vandross (2 weeks)
- Jody Watley (1 week)
- Karyn White (5 weeks)
- Vanessa Williams (2 weeks)
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# List of artists who reached number one on the Billboard R&B chart
## 1990 {#section_48}
- After 7 (3 weeks)
- Al B. Sure! (2 weeks, inc. 1 week with Quincy Jones)
- Babyface (1 week)
- Bell Biv DeVoe (3 weeks)
- Regina Belle (1 week)
- The Boys (1 week)
- Mariah Carey (3 weeks)
- En Vogue (3 weeks)
- Johnny Gill (5 weeks, inc. 2 weeks with Stacy Lattisaw)
- Whitney Houston (2 weeks)
- Janet Jackson (2 weeks)
- Quincy Jones (4 weeks, inc. 2 weeks with Ray Charles and Chaka Khan; 1 week with Al B. Sure!, James Ingram, El DeBarge and Barry White; 1 week with Tevin Campbell)
- Stacy Lattisaw with Johnny Gill (2 weeks)
- M.C. Hammer (1 week)
- Pebbles (3 weeks)
- Prince (1 week)
- Samuelle (2 weeks)
- Skyy (1 week)
- Lisa Stansfield (3 weeks)
- Keith Sweat (1 week)
- The Time (1 week)
- Tony! Toni! Tone! (6 weeks)
- Ralph Tresvant (1 week)
- Troop (3 weeks)
- Ruby Turner (1 week)
## 1991 {#section_49}
- Boyz II Men (1 week)
- Peabo Bryson (2 weeks)
- Mariah Carey (1 week)
- C & C Music Factory feat. Freedom Williams (1 week)
- Color Me Badd (3 weeks)
- Damian Dame (2 weeks)
- DJ Jazzy Jeff & the Fresh Prince (1 week)
- En Vogue (1 week)
- Lisa Fischer (2 weeks)
- Johnny Gill (1 week)
- Hi-Five (3 weeks)
- Whitney Houston (2 weeks)
- Phyllis Hyman (1 week)
- Freddie Jackson (3 weeks)
- Jodeci (2 weeks)
- Levert (1 week)
- Gerald Levert (1 week)
- Lisa Lisa and Cult Jam (1 week)
- Pebbles (2 weeks)
- Teddy Pendergrass (1 week)
- Phil Perry (1 week)
- The Rude Boys (2 weeks)
- Shanice (4 weeks)
- Tracie Spencer (1 week)
- Surface (1 week)
- Keith Sweat (1 week)
- Tony! Toni! Tone! (2 weeks)
- Luther Vandross (2 weeks)
- Keith Washington (1 week)
- Karyn White (1 week)
- Christopher Williams (1 week)
- Vanessa Williams (2 weeks)
- BeBe & CeCe Winans (3 weeks, inc. 1 week feat. Mavis Staples)
## 1992 {#section_50}
- Al B. Sure! (1 week)
- Mariah Carey (3 weeks)
- Arrested Development (1 week)
- Mary J. Blige (3 weeks)
- Chuckii Booker (1 week)
- Boyz II Men (5 weeks)
- Bobby Brown (2 weeks)
- Tevin Campbell (2 weeks)
- En Vogue (3 weeks)
- Aaron Hall (2 weeks)
- Whitney Houston (11 weeks)
- Miki Howard (1 week)
- Michael Jackson (3 weeks)
- Jodeci (4 weeks)
- Glenn Jones (1 week)
- R. Kelly and Public Announcement (3 weeks)
- Gerald Levert (1 week)
- Lo-Key? (1 week)
- Prince (1 week)
- Lionel Richie (1 week)
- Lisa Stansfield (1 week)
- Keith Sweat (2 weeks)
- TLC (2 weeks)
- Troop (1 week)
- Luther Vandross and Janet Jackson with BBD and Ralph Tresvant (1 week)
- Vanessa Williams (3 weeks)
## 1993 {#section_51}
- Tevin Campbell (3 weeks)
- Dr. Dre featuring Snoop Doggy Dogg (2 weeks)
- D.R.S. (6 weeks)
- Mariah Carey (10 weeks)
- H-Town (4 weeks)
- Ice Cube featuring Das EFX (1 week)
- Janet Jackson (4 weeks)
- Jodeci (4 weeks)
- Naughty By Nature (1 week)
- Silk (8 weeks)
- SWV (Sisters With Voices) (9 weeks)
- Tag Team (1 week)
- Xscape (4 weeks)
## 1994 {#section_52}
- Aaliyah (3 weeks)
- Mariah Carey (2 weeks)
- Boyz II Men (9 weeks)
- Brandy (4 weeks)
- Janet Jackson (10 weeks)
- Jodeci (4 weeks)
- R. Kelly (12 weeks)
- TLC (9 weeks)
- Barry White (3 weeks)
- Xscape (2 weeks)
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# List of artists who reached number one on the Billboard R&B chart
## 1995 {#section_53}
- Brandy (4 weeks)
- Mariah Carey (6 weeks)
- Whitney Houston (8 weeks)
- Michael Jackson (4 weeks)
- Montell Jordan (7 weeks)
- R. Kelly (1 week)
- Method Man feat. Mary J. Blige (3 weeks)
- Monica (2 weeks)
- The Notorious B.I.G. (9 weeks)
- Shaggy (1 week)
- Soul For Real (3 weeks)
- Xscape (1 week)
## 1996 {#section_54}
- Monica (2 weeks)
- Mary J. Blige (5 weeks)
- R. Kelly (15 weeks inc. 1 with Ronald Isley)
- SWV (1 week)
- Mariah Carey (1 week)
- Bone Thugs N Harmony (7 weeks)
- Toni Braxton (2 weeks)
- 2Pac (3 weeks)
- K-Ci & JoJo (3 weeks with 2Pac)
- Roger Troutman (3 weeks with 2Pac)
- Keith Sweat (6 weeks inc. 3 with Athena Cage)
- New Edition (3 weeks)
- Aaliyah (2 weeks)
- Az Yet (1 week)
- Blackstreet (4 weeks)
- Dr. Dre (4 weeks with Blackstreet)
- Ginuwine (2 weeks)
## 1997 {#section_55}
- En Vogue (1 week)
- Mariah Carey (3 weeks)
- Erykah Badu (2 weeks)
- Dru Hill (3 weeks)
- Puff Daddy (14 weeks)
- The Notorious B.I.G
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# Christine Chapman
Welsh \| majority = 6,515 (34.7%) \| term_start = 6 May 1999 \| term_end = 6 April 2016 \| predecessor = *New Assembly* \| successor = Vikki Howells \| birth_date = `{{birth date and age|1956|4|7|df=yes}}`{=mediawiki} \| birth_place = Porth, Rhondda, Wales \| death_date = \| death_place = \| restingplace = \| birthname = Christine Price \| nationality = \| party = Welsh Labour Co-op \| otherparty = \| spouse = `{{marriage|Michael Chapman|5 September 1981}}`{=mediawiki} \| relations = \| children = 2 \| residence = \| alma_mater = University of Wales, Aberystwyth (BA Hons)\
South Bank Polytechnic (Dip.)\
University of Wales, Cardiff (MSc Econ\
University of Wales, Swansea (PGCE) \| profession = \| cabinet = \| committees = \| portfolio = \| religion = \| signature = \| signature_alt = \| website = `{{Official website|https://christinechapmancareercoach.co.uk/}}`{=mediawiki} \| footnotes = \| education = Porth County School for Girls }} **Christine Chapman** (born 7 April 1956) is a Welsh Labour Co-operative politician who was a Member of the National Assembly for Wales for Cynon Valley from 1999 to 2016.
Chapman has not held senior government posts and has been described in the Assembly Handbook as \"one of the quietest women AMs \... \[whose\] effectiveness lies in her quiet willingness to discuss\".
## Early life and career {#early_life_and_career}
Christine Price was born on 7 April 1956 in Porth, Rhondda, Wales, the only child of John Price and Edith Jean Price. In an interview from 2014, she described her father as a trade unionist who worked at the British Overseas Airways Corporation and then British Airways, while she said her mother worked in factory offices until she was 70 years old. She was educated at Porth County School for Girls in Rhondda. She then studied at the University of Wales, Aberystwyth, where she graduated with a bachelor of arts in classical studies and history in 1978. She later studied part-time at South Bank Polytechnic, where she obtained a diploma in careers guidance, the University of Wales, Cardiff, where she obtained a master of science in economics, and also the University of Wales, Swansea, where she obtained a postgraduate certificate in education.
Prior to her career in national politics, Chapman worked as a teacher, careers adviser and youth worker. From 1979 to 1980, she was a supervisor at the Mid Glamorgan Community Services Agency. From 1980, she worked as a supervisor at the Mid Glamorgan Careers Service, where she remained until 1993. She was seconded to the Mid Glamorgan Education Business Partnership from 1993 to 1994 before working as a consultant and secondary school teacher from 1995 to 1996. From 1996 to 1999, she was a co-ordinator at the Torfaen Education Business Partnership. She was also the chair of governors at Trerobart Primary School and a member of the Institute of Careers Guidance, chairing its branch in South Wales. She also became the director of Mid Glamorgan Careers Ltd following the completion of her postgraduate studies.
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# Christine Chapman
## Early political career {#early_political_career}
Chapman joined the Labour Party in 1979. In an interview from 2014, she attributed her politicisation to her feminist views, an aspiration to \"make a difference\" and her \"anger\" at an encounter with an \"arrogant\" local councillor who spoke down to her during her time as a careers adviser. She later stood for Labour in the 1991 local elections to Taff-Ely District Council, as one of two party candidates for the electoral ward of Trallwng; she won 560 votes but was not elected. From 1992 to 1994, she was the political education officer of the Cynon Valley Labour Party.
In the first election to the new local authority of Rhondda Cynon Taf County Borough Council in 1995, Chapman stood as the Labour candidate for the electoral ward of Ynysybwyl. She stood on a platform of listening to and acting on the concerns of ward residents. Her main opponent was former ward councillor Gernant Jones of Plaid Cymru, who ran on a platform of prioritising the needs of the young and the elderly. Chapman won the ward by one vote after a six-hour count, narrowly defeating Jones with 696 votes to his 695. At the same time, she was also elected to serve on Ynysybwyl Community Council.
In Rhondda Cynon Taf County Borough Council, Chapman served as the vice-chair of the Community Development and Libraries Sub-Committee from 1995 to 1998. She also served as the chair of the Management Committee of the Pupil Referral Unit in 1998. She stood down from the county council at the 1999 council election.
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# Christine Chapman
## National Assembly for Wales {#national_assembly_for_wales}
In January 1999, Chapman was selected by a ballot of local party members as the Labour Party\'s candidate for the constituency of Cynon Valley in the 1999 National Assembly for Wales election, the first election to the devolved legislature since the passage of a referendum which enabled its creation in 1997. On her selection, she said her priorities if elected to the assembly would be to improve local communities by addressing the causes of deprivation and poverty, which she said had been \"fostered\" by the 18 years of UK governance under the Conservative Party from 1979 to 1997. She also confirmed that she would stand down from Rhondda Cynon Taf County Borough Council at the 1999 council election, explaining that she wanted to focus her attention on her work in the assembly and her campaign to support Rhodri Morgan in the 1999 Welsh Labour leadership election.
At the assembly election in May 1999, Chapman was elected as the new assembly member (AM) for Cynon Valley with 9,883 votes, a majority of 677 over the second-place candidate, Phil Richards of Plaid Cymru. She was re-elected in the 2003 assembly election with 10,841 votes, on an increased majority of 7,117 over Plaid\'s candidate David Walters. She was re-elected again in the 2007 assembly election with 11,058 votes, this time on a decreased majority of 5,623 over Plaid Cymru candidate Liz Walters, and again in the 2011 assembly election with 11,626 votes, this time on an increased majority of 6,515 over the Plaid Cymru candidate Dafydd Trystan Davies.
In the National Assembly for Wales, Chapman took an interest in the policy areas of education, training, social exclusion and equal opportunities. She aligned herself with the devolutionist faction of the Labour group in the National Assembly. In its first term, she was a member of the Audit Committee, the Equality of Opportunity Committee, and the Post-16 Education and Training Committee. She served as Deputy Secretary for Education and Economy from February to October 2000. From 2000 to 2004, she chaired the Objective One Programme Monitoring Committee, finding the time to complete an MPhil degree at Cardiff University in June 2001.
She was Chair of the Assembly\'s Women and Democracy Group and Secretary of the Labour UNISON Group. She supported the \"Children Are Unbeatable Alliance\" which seeks prohibit all corporal or physical punishment of children.
Chapman stood down in 2016 and was succeeded at the 2016 Welsh Assembly elections by Vikki Howells.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Chapman married her husband Michael Chapman, a general practitioner, on 5 September 1981. They have two children, a son named Stephen and a daughter named Rhiannon. The family live in Ynysybwl in Cwm Clydach, Rhondda Cynon Taf, where she has lived with her husband since 1992. Following her election to the National Assembly for Wales in 1999, she planned to attend lessons to learn the Welsh language. In an article from 2020, Chapman revealed that she previously had bulimia nervosa since the age of 15, but that she had undergone successful therapy to treat the disorder since 2016
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# Die Tür ist zu
****Die Tür ist zu**** (German for *The Door Is Closed*) is the fifth EP by the American rock band Swans, initially released in 1996 only in Germany as a CD, and later released worldwide on vinyl on Record Store Day 2018.
It is particularly notable for its unusual combination of both studio and live recordings in a wide variety of contexts. Specifically, it contains early, German-language versions of two songs on the then unreleased *Soundtracks for the Blind* album, two studio outtakes (\"Surrogate Drones\" which would also appear later on *Soundtracks for the Blind*, and \"You Know Everything (reprise 1991)\" recorded for *White Light From the Mouth of Infinity* and already released on the \"Celebrity Lifestyle\" CD single), a radio performance excerpt from the VPRO session on 14 December 1994, and two live songs from the Astoria, London, 1995
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# Marco Zanotti (cyclist, born 1974)
**Marco Zanotti** (born 21 January 1974 in Rovato) is a road bicycle racer from Italy, who was a professional rider from 1997 to 2008, with the exception of the year 1999. Zanotti most recently rodes for the UCI Professional Continental team Preti Mangimi
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# Pterophylla racemosa
***Pterophylla racemosa***, commonly known as the **kāmahi**, is an evergreen tree endemic to New Zealand. It is a member of the Cunoniaceae family of plants, and it is often referred to by its former botanical name *Weinmannia racemosa.*
Most members of the Cunoniaceae are native to tropical wet parts of the Southern Hemisphere, with the majority of *Pterophylla* species being native to either Malesia and Papuasia or to Madagascar; however, two *Pterophylla* species are endemic to New Zealand: *Pterophylla racemosa*, and *Pterophylla sylvicola*. Whilst *P. sylvicola* is restricted to subtropical forests in the far north of North Island, *P. racemosa* is found growing across vast areas of the country as far south as Stewart Island and is found in a variety of climatic conditions from mild coastal areas to mountainous (sub)-alpine areas inland.
The abundance of the kāmahi (*P. racemosa*) across New Zealand has led to it long being described as the common tree in the country.
## Description
A very common tree throughout New Zealand, kāmahi is evergreen that grows up to 25 m in height (rarely higher) with a trunk up to 24 cm (Wardle & MacRae, 1966). The tree has dark green leathery leaves approximately 7.5 cm long and 4 cm wide. It produces masses of creamy flowers between October and March which have a sweet, scented smell. The flowers form in erect spikes like clusters and are highly attractive to a range of insects and birds.
## Distribution and habitat {#distribution_and_habitat}
Kāmahi is native to New Zealand although the genus *Pterophylla* has a more widespread distribution in Madagascar, Malesia, and the southwest Pacific. Most species of this genus are tropical or sub-tropical. In New Zealand, however, kāmahi is found south in colder climate such as alpine terrain.
Kāmahi appears in lowland, montane, and subalpine forests and shrubland from central North Island south to Stewart Island.
Kāmahi\'s habitat is coastal to subalpine. It is very commonly widespread in coastal, lowland and montane forest, often becoming dominant in higher elevation montane forest in the higher areas of the North Island and western South Island.
## Life cycle {#life_cycle}
Kāmahi is durable, hardy, and persistent meaning it will grow in most situations. Kāmahi often starts life as a dense shrub; however, given the space, it can develop into a hulking tree that grows erratically. The white candle-like flowers that bloom in spring open to release fine seeds to be blown in the wind. Spreading their seed easily in spring. It is a slow growing plant that takes time to establish roots, however, once established, they will grow to 25 m at their best.
## Ecology
Kāmahi prefers well drained sites and tolerates infertile soil reasonably well. It is found on hillslopes, roadside cuttings and can even start out life perched on the trunks of tree ferns. It has medium water requirements, preferring the soil to become dry between waterings. Kāmahi enjoys free draining soil which is suited to silt and sand-based soil, although it is accepted that this tree does not necessarily need particular climates and it is an adaptable plant that grows in diverse areas.
Kāmahi flowers in spring and bees use its nectar for honey. Plenty of insects and other invertebrates use the trees to feed off and move around. A study in the Ōrongorongo Valley forest near Wellington called "Invertebrate fauna of four tree species in Ōrongorongo valley, New Zealand, as revealed by truck traps" discovered that tree trunks provide an important pathway (especially at night) for many ground-living invertebrates that move from the forest floor to feed or breed on tree stems and in the canopy.
The Department of Conservation are monitoring a kāmahi forest on the Kaitake Range. This investigation brings up the problem of possums and the damage they do to kāmahi trees. Their results showed how possums were damaging the trees from the canopy to the ground floor. This shows that one of the threats to kāmahi are introduced species. Kāmahi have not adapted and have very little protection against invaders. However, with kāmahi being a very common tree throughout New Zealand, possums should not pose much of a threat to the species.
## Fruit
The fruit is about 5mm in diameter. The berries are not edible according to Crowe, the main authority on New Zealand edibles. He said the first error probably started with the confusion with tawa, which has a similar Māori name. He does not, however, say it is actually poisonous and it has not found out if it is anywhere (Nicholls, 2000). It was, however, very valuable to Māori for other uses (see below).
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# Pterophylla racemosa
## In human culture {#in_human_culture}
Before the arrival of Europeans, kāmahi was valuable to Māori and because of this, it was protected by tapu (spiritual restriction, means that kāmahi was almost sacred to Māori). Back when the land was being transformed by Māori and being set up for cultivation, there are legends that say Māori were careful not to cut down all the tree\'s limbs, if they did they or their spouse may suffer unfortunate consequences.
Kāmahi bark is a rich source of tannins and a reddish, permanent dye can be obtained by boiling and soaking the bark. It was historically used by some Māori to dye cloaks and mats and was considered to have a preservative effect on fishing lines. Following the arrival of Europeans to New Zealand, Kāmahi-based dyes were exported during the 1800s.
## Medical uses {#medical_uses}
Inner bark is a purgative decoction. \"Bark from west side of the tree, from which the outer rind has been scraped off, is steeped in hot water and the decoction taken internally as an aperient in cases of abdominal and thoracic pain\". Bark infused in boiling water is a good tonic. Inner bark is also a laxative.
## Gallery
Weinmannia racemosa L.f. (AM AK184482).jpg\|Herbarium specimen WeinmanniaRacemosa.jpg\|Botanical illustration Weinmannia racemosa in Paparoa National Park.jpg\|Trunk Weinmannia racemosa flowers.jpg\|Flowers Weinmannia racemosa kz5
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# Keesara
**Keesara**, also known by its ancient name **Kesarigiri**, is a major village and mandal headquarters in the Medchal-Malkajgiri district of the Indian state of Telangana. It is the mandal and divisional headquarters of Keesara mandal in **Keesara revenue division** and also outer suburb of Hyderabad, also a part of Hyderabad Metropolitan Region. It is located near Outer Ring Road, Hyderabad. It is in the center of Shamirpet - Keesara - Ghatkesar, ECIL - Keesara - Bommalaramaram - M.Turkapalli Routes . It is also a part of Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority.
## Administration
This Gram Panchayat has Vannigudem Hamlet, Keesaragutta (Uninhabited Ancient village) with Keesara village, comes under Keesara Revenue Village.
## Transportation
No railway connections are available in Keesara. TSRTC buses are available from Hyderabad (Secunderabad railway station) and other suburbs like Ghatkesar, Bhongir, Shamirpet, Yadagirigutta.
## Important places {#important_places}
- Collectorate Office at Outer Ring road.
- Keesara Police station.
- Keesaragutta Temple
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