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# Wendo Kolosoy
## Biography
### Congolese popular music {#congolese_popular_music}
Wendo\'s success rested upon the burgeoning radio stations and record industry of late colonial Leopoldville, which often piped music over loudspeakers into the African quarters, called the \"*Cite*\". A handful of African clubs (closing early with a 9:30PM curfew for non-Europeans) like \"*Congo Bar*\" provided venues, along with occasional gigs at the upscale white clubs of the European quarter, \"*La ville*\". The importation of European and American 78 rpm records into Africa in the 1930s and 1940s (called G.V. Series records) featured much Cuban music, a style that was enjoyed by cosmopolitan Europeans and Africans alike. One writer has argued that this music, sophisticated, based on Africa music, and not produced by white colonialists especially appealed to Africans in general, and newly urban Congolese in particular. Greek and Lebanese merchants, a fixture in colonial Francophone Africa were amongst the first to bring recording and record pressing equipment to tropical Africa. Jéronimidis\' \"*Ngoma*\" company was one of the first and most successful, and Wendo was his star artist. Jéronimidis, Wendo, and other musicians, barnstormed around Belgian Congo in a brightly painted Ngoma van, performing and selling records. The music culture this created not only propelled Congolese rumba to fame, but began to develop a national culture for the first time.
#### 1950s
In 1955, Wendo, along with two other singer/guitarists (Antoine Bukasa and Manuel D'Oliveira) formed an all-star orchestra known as the \"*Trio Bow*\", recording new variations on the rumba and other dance musics for Ngoma, with hits such as \"*Sango ya bana Ngoma*\", \"*Victoria apiki dalapo*\", \"*Bibi wangu Madeleine*\", \"*Yoka biso ban'Angola*\", and \"*Landa bango*\". Although he never achieved comparable international success similar to that of Papa Wemba or Zaiko Langa Langa, he played throughout Africa, Europe and the USA and is recognized as one of the fathers of modern African music and an elder statesman of Congolese Soukous. In reviewing the recent film on Wendo, a writer in the Kinshasa daily Le Potentiel wrote that \"One cannot speak of modern music without evoking the name of Wendo Kolosoy.\" Soukous musicians who have come after him have referred to the 1940s and 1950s as \"*Tango ya ba Wendo*\" (\"*The Era of Wendo*\" in Lingala).
#### 50 year hiatus {#year_hiatus}
At the height of his fame, Wendo developed friendships with some of the DRC\'s future independence leaders, most notably Patrice Lumumba. The murder of Prime Minister Lumumba in 1961, followed by the 1965 seizure of power by Lieutenant General Mobutu Sese Seko, soured Wendo on politics, music, and public life. He decided to stop performing, citing use of music by politicians as his reason.
> \"Because political men at the time wanted to use musicians like stepping stones. That is to say, they wanted musicians to sing their favors. Me, I did not want to do that. That\'s why I decided it was best for me, Wendo, to pull myself out of the music scene, and stay home.\"
When Laurent-Désiré Kabila returned to power in 1997, he (and later his son Joseph Kabila) supported Wendo in restarting his recording and touring career. Performing with old members of his Victoria Bakolo Miziki band and his \"Dancing Grannies\" backup dancers, Wendo toured across the Africa and Europe, recapturing audiences in a fashion similar to the Buena Vista Social Club and Orchestra Baobab. Original members of Victoria Bakolo Miziki who returned to Wendo\'s reformed big band included Antoine Moundanda (thumb piano), Joseph Munange (saxophone), Mukubuele Nzoku (guitar), and Alphonse Biolo Batilangandi (trumpet).
### Later life {#later_life}
Kolosoy gave his last public appearance in Kinshasa, DR Congo in 2004. The last known recording from that time, the album *Banaya Papa Wendo* was released on the IglooMondo label in 2007. A compilation called *The very best of Congolese Rumba - The Kinshasa-Abidjan Sessions* was released in 2007 with Papa Wendo and two other soukous/rumba legends; Antoine Moundanda and the Rumbanella Band. In 2008, prior to his death, French filmmaker Jacques Sarasin released a biographical documentary about Wemba\'s life, entitled *On the Rumba River*.
He became ill in 2005, and ceased performing publicly. At the time he returned to his disgust with politicians, claiming that the Kabila family, who had resuscitated his career in 1997, had abandoned him financially. Wendo Kolosoy died on July 28, 2008, in Ngaliema Clinic in Kinshasa in the Democratic Republic of Congo.
A state funeral in Kinshasa for Wendo is planned, and expected to be \"amongst the biggest the city has seen.\"
## Discography
- *Nani akolela Wendo?* (1993)
- *Marie Louise* (1997) \-- Indigo LBLC 2561 (2001)
- *Amba* (1999) \-- Marimbi 46801.2 (2002) \-- World Village 468012 (2003)
- *On The Rumba River* (Soundtrack) Marabi/Harmonia Mundi 46822.2 (2007)
- *Banaya Papa Wendo* IglooMondo (2007)
### Compilations
- *Ngoma: The Early Years, 1948-1960* Popular African Music (1996)
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# George Stevenson (editor)
**George Stevenson** (13 April 1799 -- 19 October 1856) was a pioneer South Australian newspaper editor and horticulturist. He came to Adelaide as private secretary to the first Governor of South Australia, John Hindmarsh.
## Early life {#early_life}
Stevenson was born at Berwick-on-Tweed, Northumberland, England, the son of a gentleman farmer who died when George was 12 years old. Soon afterwards, Stevenson went to sea with an uncle. Not liking the life, he returned to Great Britain and began studying medicine, but did not continue for long. Stevenson then went with a brother to Canada and worked on the land, and subsequently travelled in Central America and the West Indies. Around this time, he began writing for the press and contributed to the *London Globe and Examiner*. Stevenson returned to England in 1830. It has been stated that he collaborated with Henry Lytton Bulwer in his books on France, which appeared in 1834 and 1836, but Stevenson\'s name is not mentioned in connection with either work. It is possible that he may have been employed to collect materials for them. Stevenson is reported to have been joint editor of the *London Globe* in 1835. An obituary rather has him as an \"extensive contributor\".
Stevenson married Margaret Gorton, of Chester, on 12 May 1836 at St George\'s, Hanover Square, London.
## Australia
In 1836 Stevenson was appointed secretary to the Governor of South Australia, John Hindmarsh, and clerk of the council in the new Province of South Australia. Stevenson travelled on the *Buffalo* arriving at Adelaide on 28 December 1836, and read the governor\'s proclamation to the colonists. Before leaving London he had entered into partnership with Robert Thomas with the intention of starting a newspaper in South Australia. A preliminary number of the *South Australian Gazette and Colonial Register* was published in London on 18 June 1836, and about a year later, on 3 June 1837, this paper made its appearance at Adelaide. It was edited by Stevenson with ability but not without partisanship, and an attack on George Milner Stephen, who became acting governor in July 1838, led to an unsuccessful libel action against the paper.
Governor George Gawler arrived in October 1838 and after some criticism of him appeared in *The Register*, it lost its lucrative *Government Gazette* contract, hence the name change to *South Australian Register*. In the beginning of the 1840s difficult times came to Adelaide, and in 1842 Stevenson was obliged to give up his interest in the paper, selling it for £600 to James \"Dismal Jemmy\" Allen. It continued in the hands of John Stephens, Joseph Fisher, John Howard Clark and J. H. Finlayson for about 90 years; Stevenson afterwards established the *South Australian Gazette and Colonial Register* (1847--1848) and *South Australian Gazette and Mining Journal* (1848--1850), but it did not survive the exodus from South Australia which occurred after the discovery of gold in Victoria.
Stevenson was appointed coroner at Adelaide.
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# George Stevenson (editor)
## Horticulture
Though an able man Stevenson was not fortunate as an editor, but he did useful work in horticulture, often lecturing on the subject. His house at North Adelaide stood in about 4 acre of land and he planted there every obtainable variety of fruit-tree and vine. When settlers complained about the hardness of the soil, Stevenson demonstrated its suitability for fruit and vegetable growing; confidently prophesying that over time South Australia would boast \"orange groves as luxuriant and productive as those of Spain or Italy\". With his gardener, George McEwin (1815--1885), Stevenson supplied most of the colony with vine cuttings, and set up a nursery for fruit trees.
: McEwin was the author of the *South Australian Vigneron and Gardeners\' Manual: containing plain practical directions for the cultivation of the vine; the propagation of fruit-trees, with catalogue and directions for cultivation; and the management of the kitchen garden, with catalogue of culinary vegetables, &c. &c*, and later founded \"Glen Ewin\" orchard
Stevenson has been dubbed the \"Father of Horticulture in South Australia\". He was, with John Barton Hack, one of the two first winegrowers in South Australia. Both Stevenson and Hack planted their first grapes at North Adelaide in 1837: Stevenson at \"Melbourne Cottage\" on his block between Melbourne Street and Finniss Street; Hack on his \"Chichester Gardens\" between Melbourne Street and Stanley Street. These properties were cut up for housing three or four years later.
Stevenson then rented the \"Old Botanic Garden\" (on the River Torrens below McKinnon Parade, North Adelaide) 1842--1843. This area was later rented by William Haines then George Francis, who pressed for a properly constituted Botanic Gardens.
## Legacy
Stevenson died at his home, Lytton Lodge, in Finniss Street, North Adelaide on 18 October 1856, and was survived by a daughter and two sons, one being George J. W. Stevenson (1839--1893), politician and journalist. His daughter Margaret Jane Stevenson (1844--1918) married Ernest Maudslay de Mole in 1868; their daughter Violet de Mole (1874--1946) was a noted teacher of French
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# Equiprobability
`{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2019}}`{=mediawiki}
**Equiprobability** is a property for a collection of events that each have the same probability of occurring. In statistics and probability theory it is applied in the discrete uniform distribution and the equidistribution theorem for rational numbers. If there are $n$ events under consideration, the probability of each occurring is $\frac{1}{n}.$
In philosophy it corresponds to a concept that allows one to assign equal probabilities to outcomes when they are judged to be equipossible or to be \"equally likely\" in some sense. The best-known formulation of the rule is Laplace\'s principle of indifference (or *principle of insufficient reason*), which states that, when \"we have no other information than\" that exactly $N$ mutually exclusive events can occur, we are justified in assigning each the probability $\frac{1}{N}.$ This subjective assignment of probabilities is especially justified for situations such as rolling dice and lotteries since these experiments carry a symmetry structure, and one\'s state of knowledge must clearly be invariant under this symmetry.
A similar argument could lead to the seemingly absurd conclusion that the sun is as likely to rise as to not rise tomorrow morning. However, the conclusion that the sun is equally likely to rise as it is to not rise is only absurd when additional information is known, such as the laws of gravity and the sun\'s history. Similar applications of the concept are effectively instances of circular reasoning, with \"equally likely\" events being assigned equal probabilities, which means in turn that they are equally likely. Despite this, the notion remains useful in probabilistic and statistical modeling.
In Bayesian probability, one needs to establish prior probabilities for the various hypotheses before applying Bayes\' theorem. One procedure is to assume that these prior probabilities have some symmetry which is typical of the experiment, and then assign a prior which is proportional to the Haar measure for the symmetry group: this generalization of equiprobability is known as the principle of transformation groups and leads to misuse of equiprobability as a model for incertitude
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# The Story of My Life (Gangsta Pat album)
***The Story of My Life*** is an album released by Gangsta Pat 1997.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. No Sympathy - 4:02
2. Sittin on tha Porch - 4:31
3. Droppin\' Bombs - 2:51
4. Mind on My Money - 4:30
5. Mad World - 4:17
6. The Story of My Life - 4:42
7. I Wanna Smoke, Pt. 3 - 4:22
8. Bloody Murder - 4:07
9. Back & Forth - 4:06
10. Keep It Real - 4:14
11. Untouchable - 4:31
12. G\'s Aint Suppose to Cry - 5:08
13. Death B-4 Dishonesty - 4:28
14. God Is Real - 4:30
15
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# Washington Catholic High School
**Washington Catholic High School** is a private, Roman Catholic high school located adjacent to the courthouse square in Washington, Indiana. It is a part of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Evansville. It is part of a larger school system that was founded by Mother Theodore Guerin in 1857. Until recently, it was under the care of the Sisters of Providence of Saint Mary-of-the-Woods. The school\'s clubs and extracurriculars consist of M.S./H.S. Choir (Participating in the yearly regional ISSMA vocal contest), Key Club, Beta Club, Art Club, M.S./H.S. Band (Participating in the yearly regional ISSMA instrumental contest), \"Spotlight\" (School Newspaper), Yearbook
The school\'s athletic nickname is the \"Cardinals\", and it participates in the Blue Chip Conference
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# Papyrus (typeface)
**Papyrus** is a typeface designed by Chris Costello, a graphic designer, illustrator, and web designer. Created in 1982 and released by Linotype, it has a number of distinctive characteristics, including rough edges, irregular curves, and high horizontal strokes in the capitals.
## History and overview {#history_and_overview}
Costello created the font in 1982, when he was 23 years old and just out of college. He had been studying the Bible and came onto the idea of what a written font would have looked like in biblical times in the Middle East. He hand-drew the font over a period of six months by means of calligraphy pen and textured paper. Costello described his goal as a font that would represent what English language texts would have looked like if written on papyrus 2,000 years ago. The following year, Costello released the font alongside Letraset.
Papyrus has a number of distinctive characteristics, including rough edges, irregular curves, and high horizontal strokes in the capitals. ITC, the current owner of the typeface, describes it as an \"unusual roman typeface \[that\] effectively merges the elegance of a traditional roman letterform with the hand-crafted look of highly skilled calligraphy\". Costello sold the rights for the font for \$750 (`{{Inflation|US|750|1982|r=-2|fmt=eq}}`{=mediawiki}), and as of 2017, states he still receives \"very low\" royalty payments despite its inclusion since 1997 on all personal computers using a Mac or Microsoft operating system, or Microsoft Office. In any case, Costello claims \"it was not my intent (for it) to be used for everything\...it\'s way overused\".
## Availability
Papyrus has been included in many Microsoft programs for Windows, including Microsoft Office. macOS includes Papyrus font as part of its basic installation (starting with version 10.3 Panther, released in 2003).
## Reception and use in popular culture {#reception_and_use_in_popular_culture}
Over the years, Papyrus has gained infamy for its omnipresence in graphic design, usually in situations for which it was not intended. The criticism towards the typeface is similar to that of Comic Sans. In 2008, a website named \"Papyrus Watch\" was created for documenting the typeface\'s ubiquity and misusage.
In the webcomic XKCD a character annoys a \"typography geek\" by giving her a birthday card printed in Papyrus.
In the movie *Avatar*, standard Papyrus is used in the subtitles, and a modified version is used for the film\'s title. Its use in the film was highlighted in a 2017 *Saturday Night Live* sketch titled \"Papyrus,\" featuring Ryan Gosling, which also claimed that it was widely used for Shakira merchandise, hookah bars, and off-brand tea companies. Jon Landau, the producer of both *Avatar* films, claims that the sketch helped to keep *Avatar* relevant during production of the second film. In preparation for the expansion of the *Avatar* franchise, *Avatar: The Way of Water* saw the film series change to a proprietary font called Toruk; Papyrus is still used for subtitles. Following the release of *The Way of Water*, Gosling starred in a second *Saturday Night Live* short called \"Papyrus 2\" wherein he discovers that despite the sequel\'s enormous budget, the typeface has merely been changed to bold.
*Undertale* features a skeleton named Papyrus, whose dialogue is written in the font. His brother Sans is written in a similarly infamous typeface, Comic Sans
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# 2007 Norwegian Football Cup
The **2007 Norwegian Football Cup** was the 102nd season of Norwegian annual knockout football tournament. The competition started on 19 May 2007 with the first-round games and ended on 11 November 2007 with the final. The defending champions were Fredrikstad.
The format of the Cup has not changed for this season what means that, unlike other European cup competitions, all teams (including Tippeligaen ones) entered the Cup in the first round. In the First and Second Round amateur teams (or at least lower-placed at the time of the draw) were seeded and played the matches at home ground. From the third round until the end the draw was random.
The winners, Lillestrøm, qualified for the second qualifying round of the 2008--09 UEFA Cup.
## Calendar
Below are the dates for each round as given by the official schedule:
Round Date(s) Number of fixtures Clubs
---------------- -------------------- -------------------- ----------
First round 19--20 May 2007 64 128 → 64
Second round 13--14 June 2007 32 64 → 32
Third round 26--28 June 2007 16 32 → 16
Fourth round 25--26 July 2007 8 16 → 8
Quarter-finals 18--19 August 2007 4 8 → 4
Semi-finals 26 September 2007 2 4 → 2
Final 11 November 2007 1 2 → 1
## First round {#first_round}
\|colspan=\"3\" style=\"background-color:#97DEFF\"\|**19 May 2007** `{{OneLegResult|[[Lisleby FK|Lisleby]]||0–5|'''[[Fredrikstad FK|Fredrikstad]]'''}}`{=mediawiki} `{{OneLegResult|'''[[Kvik/Halden FK|Kvik Halden]]'''||2–1|[[FK Sparta Sarpsborg|Sparta Sarpsborg]]}}`{=mediawiki} `{{OneLegResult|'''[[Manglerud Star Toppfotball|Manglerud Star]]'''||5–2|[[Kjelsås Fotball|Kjelsås]]}}`{=mediawiki} `{{OneLegResult|[[SK Gjøvik-Lyn|Gjøvik-Lyn]]||0–3|'''[[Raufoss IL|Raufoss]]'''}}`{=mediawiki} `{{OneLegResult|'''[[Pors Grenland]]'''||2–0|[[Asker Fotball|Asker]]}}`{=mediawiki} `{{OneLegResult|[[Tollnes BK|Tollnes]]||1–4|'''[[FK Arendal|Arendal]]'''}}`{=mediawiki} `{{OneLegResult|'''[[Randaberg IL|Randaberg]]'''||3–2 {{aet}}|[[Sandnes Ulf]]}}`{=mediawiki} `{{OneLegResult|'''[[Åsane Fotball|Åsane]]'''||3–1|[[Fana IL|Fana]]}}`{=mediawiki} `{{OneLegResult|[[SK Træff|Træff]]||0–5|'''[[Kristiansund BK|Kristiansund]]'''}}`{=mediawiki} `{{OneLegResult|'''[[Byåsen Toppfotball|Byåsen]]'''||4–0|[[Levanger FK|Levanger]]}}`{=mediawiki} `{{OneLegResult|'''[[FK Lofoten|Lofoten]]'''||3–2|[[FK Mjølner|Mjølner]]}}`{=mediawiki} `{{OneLegResult|[[Skarp IF|Skarp]]||1–2|'''[[Mo IL|Mo]]'''}}`{=mediawiki} \|- \|colspan=\"3\" style=\"background-color:#97DEFF\"\|**20 May 2007** `{{OneLegResult|[[Fet IL|Fet]]||1–10|'''[[Lyn Fotball|Lyn]]'''}}`{=mediawiki} `{{OneLegResult|[[Flisa IL|Flisa]]||3–6|'''[[Lillestrøm SK|Lillestrøm]]'''}}`{=mediawiki} `{{OneLegResult|[[FK Toten|Toten]]||0–3|'''[[Vålerenga Fotball|Vålerenga]]'''}}`{=mediawiki} `{{OneLegResult|[[Åssiden IF|Åssiden]]||1–9|'''[[Stabæk Fotball|Stabæk]]'''}}`{=mediawiki} `{{OneLegResult|[[Åskollen FK|Åskollen]]||2–6|'''[[Strømsgodset Toppfotball|Strømsgodset]]'''}}`{=mediawiki} `{{OneLegResult|[[Sandar IL|Sandar]]||0–5|'''[[Sandefjord Fotball|Sandefjord]]'''}}`{=mediawiki} `{{OneLegResult|[[Svarstad IL|Svarstad]]||0–5|'''[[Odd Grenland]]'''}}`{=mediawiki} `{{OneLegResult|[[Vindbjart FK|Vindbjart]]||2–6|'''[[IK Start|Start]]'''}}`{=mediawiki} `{{OneLegResult|[[Egersunds IK|Egersund]]||0–6|'''[[Viking FK|Viking]]'''}}`{=mediawiki} `{{OneLegResult|[[IL Trio|Trio]]||0–5|'''[[SK Brann|Brann]]'''}}`{=mediawiki} `{{OneLegResult|[[FK Sykkylven|Sykkylven]]||0–7|'''[[Aalesunds FK|Aalesund]]'''}}`{=mediawiki} `{{OneLegResult|[[Namsos IL|Namsos]]||1–5|'''[[Rosenborg BK|Rosenborg]]'''}}`{=mediawiki} `{{OneLegResult|[[FK Senja|Senja]]||0–3|'''[[Tromsø IL|Tromsø]]'''}}`{=mediawiki} `{{OneLegResult|[[Strømmen IF|Strømmen]]||1–2|'''[[Kongsvinger IL Toppfotball|Kongsvinger]]'''}}`{=mediawiki} `{{OneLegResult|[[Greåker IF|Greåker]]||0–1|'''[[Moss FK|Moss]]'''}}`{=mediawiki} `{{OneLegResult|[[SK Sprint-Jeløy|Sprint-Jeløy]]||0–3|'''[[Sarpsborg FK]]'''}}`{=mediawiki} `{{OneLegResult|'''[[Follo FK|Follo]]'''||3–1|[[Ullensaker/Kisa IL|Ull/Kisa]]}}`{=mediawiki} `{{OneLegResult|[[Nordstrand IF|Nordstrand]]||1–5|'''[[Groruddalen BK|Groruddalen]]'''}}`{=mediawiki} `{{OneLegResult|'''[[Rommen SK|Rommen]]'''||1–0|[[Eidsvold TF]]}}`{=mediawiki} `{{OneLegResult|'''[[Korsvoll IL|Korsvoll]]'''||3–1 {{aet}}|[[Ringsaker IF|Ringsaker]]}}`{=mediawiki} `{{OneLegResult|[[Fagerborg BK|Fagerborg]]||1–3|'''[[Drøbak-Frogn IL|Drøbak-Frogn]]'''}}`{=mediawiki} `{{OneLegResult|'''[[Bærum SK|Bærum]]'''||2–0|[[Lørenskog IF|Lørenskog]]}}`{=mediawiki} `{{OneLegResult|[[Vollen UL|Vollen]]||0–5|'''[[Mjøndalen IF Fotball|Mjøndalen]]'''}}`{=mediawiki} `{{OneLegResult|[[Skjetten Fotball|Skjetten]]||1–2|'''[[Skeid Fotball|Skeid]]'''}}`{=mediawiki} `{{OneLegResult|[[Fjellhamar FK|Fjellhamar]]||2–5|'''[[Nybergsund IL-Trysil|Nybergsund]]'''}}`{=mediawiki} `{{OneLegResult|[[Lillehammer FK|Lillehammer]]||1–4|'''[[Hønefoss BK|Hønefoss]]'''}}`{=mediawiki} `{{OneLegResult|[[Brumunddal Fotball|Brumunddal]]||0–3|'''[[Hamarkameratene|HamKam]]'''}}`{=mediawiki} `{{OneLegResult|[[Åmot IF|Åmot]]||0-4|'''[[KFUM-Kameratene Oslo|KFUM Oslo]]'''}}`{=mediawiki} `{{OneLegResult|[[FK Eik Tønsberg|Eik-Tønsberg]]||1–9|'''[[FK Tønsberg]]'''}}`{=mediawiki} `{{OneLegResult|[[Herkules Fotball|Herkules]]||0–3|'''[[Notodden FK|Notodden]]'''}}`{=mediawiki} `{{OneLegResult|[[Vigør FK|Vigør]]||1–5|'''[[Flekkerøy IL|Fløy]]'''}}`{=mediawiki} `{{OneLegResult|[[Ålgård FK|Ålgård]]||1–4|'''[[FK Mandalskameratene|Mandalskameratene]]'''}}`{=mediawiki} `{{OneLegResult|[[Vardeneset BK|Vardeneset]]||0–4|'''[[Bryne FK|Bryne]]'''}}`{=mediawiki} `{{OneLegResult|[[Åkra IL|Åkra]]||2–3|'''[[SK Vard Haugesund|Vard Haugesund]]'''}}`{=mediawiki} `{{OneLegResult|[[SK Djerv 1919|Djerv 1919]]||1–6|'''[[FK Haugesund|Haugesund]]'''}}`{=mediawiki} `{{OneLegResult|'''[[Kopervik IL|Kopervik]]'''||2–0|[[Stavanger IF Fotball|Stavanger]]}}`{=mediawiki} `{{OneLegResult|[[Norheimsund FK|Norheimsund]]||0–4|'''[[Løv-Ham Fotball|Løv-Ham]]'''}}`{=mediawiki} `{{OneLegResult|'''[[Os TF|Os]]'''||1–0|[[Baune SK|Baune]]}}`{=mediawiki} `{{OneLegResult|'''[[IL Øygard|Øygard]]'''||2–0|[[Fyllingen Fotball|Fyllingen]]}}`{=mediawiki} `{{OneLegResult|'''[[Askøy FK|Askøy]]'''||4–2 {{aet}}|[[Loddefjord IL|Loddefjord]]}}`{=mediawiki} `{{OneLegResult|'''[[Fjøra FK|Fjøra]]'''||3–1|[[IL Hødd|Hødd]]}}`{=mediawiki} `{{OneLegResult|'''[[Stryn TIL|Stryn]]'''||1–0|[[Sogndal Fotball|Sogndal]]}}`{=mediawiki} `{{OneLegResult|'''[[Volda TI|Volda]]'''||2–0|[[IL Averøykameratene|Averøykameratene]]}}`{=mediawiki} `{{OneLegResult|'''[[KIL/Hemne]]'''||3–1|[[Molde FK|Molde]]}}`{=mediawiki} `{{OneLegResult|'''[[Orkla FK|Orkla]]'''||3–0|[[Nardo FK|Nardo]]}}`{=mediawiki} `{{OneLegResult|[[NTNUI]]||3–5|'''[[Strindheim IL|Strindheim]]'''}}`{=mediawiki} `{{OneLegResult|[[Tiller IL|Tiller]]||1–3|'''[[Steinkjer FK|Steinkjer]]'''}}`{=mediawiki} `{{OneLegResult|[[Kolstad Fotball|Kolstad]]||0–5|'''[[Ranheim Fotball|Ranheim]]'''}}`{=mediawiki} `{{OneLegResult|'''[[IL Stjørdals-Blink|Stjørdals-Blink]]'''||2–1|[[IL Harstad|Harstad]]}}`{=mediawiki} `{{OneLegResult|[[Innstranden IL|Innstranden]]||1–3|'''[[Alta IF|Alta]]'''}}`{=mediawiki} `{{OneLegResult|[[Bossekop UL|Bossekop]]||1–3|'''[[Tromsdalen UIL|Tromsdalen]]'''}}`{=mediawiki} `{{OneLegResult|[[Hammerfest FK|Hammerfest]]||0–4|'''[[FK Bodø/Glimt|Bodø/Glimt]]'''}}`{=mediawiki} \|}
## Second round {#second_round}
\|colspan=\"3\" style=\"background-color:#97DEFF\"\|**13 June 2007** `{{OneLegResult|[[Kvik/Halden FK|Kvik Halden]]||0–5|'''[[Lyn Fotball|Lyn]]'''}}`{=mediawiki} `{{OneLegResult|[[Sarpsborg FK]]||0–4|'''[[Fredrikstad FK|Fredrikstad]]'''}}`{=mediawiki} `{{OneLegResult|[[Mjøndalen IF Fotball|Mjøndalen]]||2–3|'''[[Vålerenga Fotball|Vålerenga]]'''}}`{=mediawiki} `{{OneLegResult|[[FK Arendal|Arendal]]||1–3|'''[[Odd Grenland]]'''}}`{=mediawiki} `{{OneLegResult|[[Randaberg IL|Randaberg]]||0–6|'''[[Viking FK|Viking]]'''}}`{=mediawiki} `{{OneLegResult|[[IL Øygard|Øygard]]||0–5|'''[[SK Brann|Brann]]'''}}`{=mediawiki} `{{OneLegResult|[[Fjøra FK|Fjøra]]||0–4|'''[[Stabæk Fotball|Stabæk]]'''}}`{=mediawiki} `{{OneLegResult|[[Stryn TIL|Stryn]]||2–9|'''[[Strømsgodset Toppfotball|Strømsgodset]]'''}}`{=mediawiki} `{{OneLegResult|[[Volda TI|Volda]]||1–3|'''[[Aalesunds FK|Aalesund]]'''}}`{=mediawiki} `{{OneLegResult|[[Orkla FK|Orkla]]||0–5|'''[[Lillestrøm SK|Lillestrøm]]'''}}`{=mediawiki} `{{OneLegResult|[[IL Stjørdals-Blink|Stjørdals-Blink]]||0–6|'''[[Tromsø IL|Tromsø]]'''}}`{=mediawiki} `{{OneLegResult|[[Follo FK|Follo]]||1–1 {{pso|2–4}}|'''[[Korsvoll IL|Korsvoll]]'''}}`{=mediawiki} `{{OneLegResult|[[KFUM-Kameratene Oslo|KFUM Oslo]]||2–3 {{aet}}|'''[[Skeid Fotball|Skeid]]'''}}`{=mediawiki} `{{OneLegResult|[[Rommen SK|Rommen]]||0–7|'''[[Moss FK|Moss]]'''}}`{=mediawiki} `{{OneLegResult|[[Groruddalen BK|Groruddalen]]||0–1 {{aet}}|'''[[Notodden FK|Notodden]]'''}}`{=mediawiki} `{{OneLegResult|'''[[Bærum SK|Bærum]]'''||2–0|[[Hamarkameratene|HamKam]]}}`{=mediawiki} `{{OneLegResult|'''[[Kongsvinger IL Toppfotball|Kongsvinger]]'''||5–0|[[Pors Grenland]]}}`{=mediawiki} `{{OneLegResult|'''[[Nybergsund IL-Trysil|Nybergsund]]'''||4–1|[[Strindheim IL|Strindheim]]}}`{=mediawiki} `{{OneLegResult|[[Raufoss IL|Raufoss]]||0–2 {{aet}}|'''[[Drøbak-Frogn IL|Drøbak-Frogn]]'''}}`{=mediawiki} `{{OneLegResult|'''[[Hønefoss BK|Hønefoss]]'''||3–0|[[Os TF|Os]]}}`{=mediawiki} `{{OneLegResult|[[Flekkerøy IL|Fløy]]||0–1 {{aet}}|'''[[FK Haugesund|Haugesund]]'''}}`{=mediawiki} `{{OneLegResult|'''[[Kopervik IL|Kopervik]]'''||3–1|[[FK Mandalskameratene|Mandalskameratene]]}}`{=mediawiki} `{{OneLegResult|[[Askøy FK|Askøy]]||0–5|'''[[Bryne FK|Bryne]]'''}}`{=mediawiki} `{{OneLegResult|'''[[Løv-Ham Fotball|Løv-Ham]]'''||3–1|[[Åsane Fotball|Åsane]]}}`{=mediawiki} `{{OneLegResult|[[Kristiansund BK|Kristiansund]]||0–0 {{pso|5–6}}|'''[[Manglerud Star Toppfotball|Manglerud Star]]'''}}`{=mediawiki} `{{OneLegResult|'''[[Mo IL|Mo]]'''||3–2|[[Ranheim Fotball|Ranheim]]}}`{=mediawiki} `{{OneLegResult|[[FK Lofoten|Lofoten]]||1–3 {{aet}}|'''[[FK Bodø/Glimt|Bodø/Glimt]]'''}}`{=mediawiki} `{{OneLegResult|'''[[Tromsdalen UIL|Tromsdalen]]'''||3–2|[[Byåsen Toppfotball|Byåsen]]}}`{=mediawiki} `{{OneLegResult|'''[[Alta IF|Alta]]'''||1–0|[[Steinkjer FK|Steinkjer]]}}`{=mediawiki} \|- \|colspan=\"3\" style=\"background-color:#97DEFF\"\|**14 June 2007** `{{OneLegResult|'''[[FK Tønsberg|Tønsberg]]'''||2–0|[[Sandefjord Fotball|Sandefjord]] }}`{=mediawiki} `{{OneLegResult|[[SK Vard Haugesund|Vard Haugesund]]||0–5|'''[[IK Start|Start]]'''}}`{=mediawiki} `{{OneLegResult|[[KIL/Hemne]]||3–4 {{aet}}|'''[[Rosenborg BK|Rosenborg]]'''}}`{=mediawiki} \|}
## Third round {#third_round}
This was the last round in which the Norwegian FA determined match-ups. `{{OneLegStart}}`{=mediawiki} \|colspan=\"3\" style=\"background-color:#97DEFF\"\|**26 June 2007** `{{OneLegResult|'''[[Vålerenga Fotball|Vålerenga]]'''||4–1|[[Mo IL|Mo]]}}`{=mediawiki} \|- \|colspan=\"3\" style=\"background-color:#97DEFF\"\|**27 June 2007** `{{OneLegResult|[[Fredrikstad FK|Fredrikstad]]||1–2|'''[[Nybergsund IL-Trysil|Nybergsund]]'''}}`{=mediawiki} `{{OneLegResult|[[Moss FK|Moss]]||0–3|'''[[Strømsgodset Toppfotball|Strømsgodset]]'''}}`{=mediawiki} `{{OneLegResult|[[Drøbak-Frogn IL|Drøbak-Frogn]]||0–2|'''[[Viking FK|Viking]]'''}}`{=mediawiki} `{{OneLegResult|[[Manglerud Star Toppfotball|Manglerud Star]]||0–1|'''[[IK Start|Start]]'''}}`{=mediawiki} `{{OneLegResult|[[Korsvoll IL|Korsvoll]]||2–5 {{aet}}|'''[[Stabæk Fotball|Stabæk]]'''}}`{=mediawiki} `{{OneLegResult|'''[[Notodden FK|Notodden]]'''||2–1 {{aet}}|[[Kongsvinger IL Toppfotball|Kongsvinger]]}}`{=mediawiki} `{{OneLegResult|'''[[Odd Grenland]]'''||4–1|[[FK Tønsberg|Tønsberg]]}}`{=mediawiki} `{{OneLegResult|'''[[FK Haugesund|Haugesund]]'''||4–0|[[Løv-Ham Fotball|Løv-Ham]]}}`{=mediawiki} `{{OneLegResult|[[Kopervik IL|Kopervik]]||0–5|'''[[SK Brann|Brann]]'''}}`{=mediawiki} `{{OneLegResult|'''[[Aalesunds FK|Aalesund]]'''||2–0|[[Alta IF|Alta]]}}`{=mediawiki} `{{OneLegResult|'''[[FK Bodø/Glimt|Bodø/Glimt]]'''||1–0|[[Hønefoss BK|Hønefoss]]}}`{=mediawiki} `{{OneLegResult|'''[[Tromsø IL|Tromsø]]'''||4–1 {{aet}}|[[Tromsdalen UIL|Tromsdalen]]}}`{=mediawiki} \|- \|colspan=\"3\" style=\"background-color:#97DEFF\"\|**28 June 2007** `{{OneLegResult|[[Skeid Fotball|Skeid]]||0–2 {{aet}}|'''[[Rosenborg BK|Rosenborg]]'''}}`{=mediawiki} `{{OneLegResult|'''[[Lillestrøm SK|Lillestrøm]]'''||4–0|[[Bærum SK|Bærum]]}}`{=mediawiki} `{{OneLegResult|[[Bryne FK|Bryne]]||1–2|'''[[Lyn Fotball|Lyn]]'''}}`{=mediawiki} \|}
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# 2007 Norwegian Football Cup
## Fourth round {#fourth_round}
From this round onwards, matches were drawn by lots. `{{football box
|date = 25 July 2007
|time = 18:00 [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]] ([[UTC+02:00|UTC+2]])
|team1 = [[Lyn Fotball|Lyn]]
|score = 1–0
|report = [https://www.nifs.no/kampfakta.php?matchId=265733&land=1&t=14&u=2336 Report]
|team2 = [[FK Bodø/Glimt|Bodø/Glimt]]
|goals1 = [[Dylan Macallister|Macallister]] {{goal|65}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Ullevaal Stadion]], [[Oslo]]
|attendance = 1,413
|referee = Kristoffer Helgerud<ref name="Fourth">{{cite news|title=Fourth round, 2007|url=https://www.rsssf.no/2007/4cup|work=RSSSF
| 71 |
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# Fix Me (album)
***Fix Me*** is the debut studio album by Canadian rock band Marianas Trench, released on October 3, 2006. Released through 604 Records, the album was produced by the band and Dave Genn. The album is supported by three singles: \"Say Anything\", \"Decided to Break It\" and \"Shake Tramp\".
## Background
On January 8, 2003, it was announced the band had signed to Nickelback frontman Chad Kroeger\'s 604 Records label. The album reflects the drug addiction struggle of lead vocalist Josh Ramsay.
*Fix Me* was recorded at Factory Studios and Mushroom Studios in Vancouver and at The Umbrella Factory in Richmond, British Columbia. The album was engineered and mixed by Mike Fraser while production was handled by the band themselves and by Dave Genn.
*Fix Me* failed to enter the Canadian Albums Chart, selling 35,000 copies in Canada.
## Singles
\"Say Anything\" was released as the lead single from the album on June 13, 2006. The song peaked at number three on the Canadian Singles Chart. \"Decided to Break It\" was released on October 3, 2006, as the album\'s second single. The song reached number 14 on the Canadian Singles Chart. \"Shake Tramp\" was released in September 2007, as the third single from the album and peaked at number 65 on the Canadian Hot 100. The song was nominated for a Juno Award for Video of the Year in 2008.
## Critical reception {#critical_reception}
*Fix Me* was received with generally positive reviews. Matthew Chisling of AllMusic gave the album a mixed review stating, \"their first album is more generic and radio-ready than its follow-ups, which are often quirky and catchy.\" Alternative Addiction called the album, \"an original blend of raw hard rock, pop and punk with the odd twist for good measure.\" Darryl Sterdan of Jam! praised tracks such as \"Shake Tramp\" and \"Vertigo\", comparing it to the likes of Nirvana and Queen. However he criticized the album\'s predictability. Kaj Roth of Melodic gave a positive review for the album. He called the eighth track, \"Far From Home\" as the standout song on the album and complimented the seventh track \"Push\" for its catchiness.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
## Personnel
Credits for *Fix Me* adapted from AllMusic.
Marianas Trench
- Josh Ramsay -- lead vocals, guitar, piano, production
- Matt Webb -- guitar, vocals, piano, production
- Mike Ayley -- bass guitar, vocals, production
- Ian Casselman -- drums, percussion, vocals, production
Production
- Rebecca Blissett -- cover photo
- Mike Cashin -- assistant engineer
- Mike Fraser -- mixing
- Dave Genn -- engineer, keyboard programming, producer, string arrangements
- Laura Hasthorpe -- viola
- George Marino -- mastering
- Mark Maryanovich -- layout design, photography
- Jonathan Simkin -- A&R
- John Stamos -- guitar technician
- Scott Ternan -- engineer
- Sheldon Zaharko -- string engineer
## Certifications
## Awards and nominations {#awards_and_nominations}
Year Organization Award Result Ref(s)
------ ----------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------- --------
2007 SOCAN Awards No. 1 Song
2008 Canadian Radio Music Awards Best New Group/Solo Artist of the Year
Juno Awards Video of the Year
## Marianas Trench EP {#marianas_trench_ep}
***Marianas Trench*** is the first extended play recorded by Marianas Trench. All eight tracks were eventually re-released in studio recordings --- \"Decided to Break It\", \"Push\", \"Far From Here\", and \"Push You Up\" (re-recorded under the title \"Skin & Bones\") were all re-recorded for their debut studio album, *Fix Me* (2006); \"Fix Me\" and \"Feeling Small\" were released as standalone B-side promotional singles on iTunes in 2007 and 2009, respectively; and \"Primetime and \"Sicker Things\" were released alongside two then-new songs as the *Something Old / Something New* EP in 2015.
### Critical reception {#critical_reception_1}
Kaj Roth called the EP a strong debut describing it as \"interesting and fresh.\" He praised the group members vocals and harmonies stating, \"All 5 band members sing and their 5 way harmonies are amazing
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# 1837 Grand Liverpool Steeplechase
The **1837 Grand Liverpool Steeplechase** was the second of three unofficial annual precursors of a Handicap Steeple-chase, later to become known as the Grand National Steeplechase horse race which took place at Aintree Racecourse near Liverpool on 4 March 1837 and attracted a field of four runners. This race did not carry the prestige of the future Grand Nationals and its status as an official Grand National was revoked some time between 1862 and 1873.
## Competitors and betting {#competitors_and_betting}
Four horses lined up for the start of the race for which starting prices were recorded by the Liverpool Mail. The competitors were:
- **Dan O\'Connell**, \[sometimes listed as Daniel O\'Connell\] a 6-year-old ridden by Mr J Knaresborough. 5/4 Favourite
- **The Disowned**, a 6-year-old ridden by Alan McDonough. 3/1
- The Duke, the 8-year-old winner of the 1836 Great Liverpool Steeplechase, ridden by Henry Potts. 6/1
- **Zanga**, a 7-year-old ridden by John Devine, the only rider to have competed in the race the previous year. 12/1
- **Polyanthus** Non Runner
- **Bilk** Non Runner
- **Seagull** Non Runner
## The race {#the_race}
**The Duke** refused at the first fence, jumping into the lane but not jumping out, and had to be put at the fence again. He continued some way behind his three rivals. **Dan O\'Connell** **Zanga** and **The Disowned** all then refused at the 3rd obstacle, known as the Trial fence and had to be put at the fence several times. **The Duke** came to, and cleared, the same fence at the second attempt, continuing on to secure a long lead. **The Disowned** and **Zanga** eventually cleared the fence while **Dan O\'Connell** took a legal, but longer route around the fence. **Zanga** unseated his rider at the next fence and wasn\'t put back into the race once recovered. Victory for **The Duke** was certain, barring a fall once the Trial fence was cleared for the second time and he was slowed to a mere trot long before passing the finishing post. **The Disowned** came home alone in second, having reduced the lead to twelve lengths, while **Dan O\'Connell** was listed as distanced, meaning he was too far behind the second horse to be considered a credible third. **Zanga** was instead entered into a later race on the card, which he won.
## Finishing order {#finishing_order}
Position Horse Jockey Age Weight SP Distance
---------- ---------------- ----------------- ----- -------- ------ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
01 The Duke Henry Potts 8 12-00 6/1 12 lengths {refused to jump out of the lane {1st fence} and the trail {3rd fence} went on both times}
02 The Disowned Allen McDonough 6 12-00 3/1 A distance {over 30 lengths} {Refused the Trial {3rd} fence multiple times before continuing}
03 Dan O\'Connell J Knaresborough 6 12-00 4/5F Last to finish {Refused the Trial {3rd\] fence multiple times before continuing. Some records regard him as a non finisher due to the distance to the second horse}
## Non-finishers {#non_finishers}
Fence Horse Jockey Age Weight SP Fate
------- ------- ------------- ----- -------- ------ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
04 Zanga John Devine 7 12-00 12/1 Refused the Trial {3rd} fence multiple times before continuing, Unseated Rider at the next fence}
The race was won in a time of fourteen minutes, beating the previous year\'s time by five minutes and fifty seconds.
## Aftermath
The race would go on to be regarded as the second running of the Grand National until the mid-1860s when newspapers began omitting the race, and those of 1836 and 1838, from the records of previous winners. This in turn led to a popular, but incorrect, belief that the race was run over a course at Maghull and not Aintree, and became the official view held by Aintree when a board listing the winners of all previous Nationals was erected underneath the stands in 1894, stating that the races of 1837, and 1838 were run at Maghull. Although it is now widely acknowledged that the race was indeed run at Aintree, it is also the official view of Aintree that the races prior to 1839 should not be included as legitimate Grand Nationals and should be regarded more as precursors. As a result, *The Duke* is not listed in official publications as a dual winner of the race
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# Marsh rosemary
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# Edwin Thomas Smith
**Sir Edwin Thomas Smith** `{{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|KCMG}}`{=mediawiki} (6 April 1830 -- 25 December 1919) was an English-born South Australian brewer, businessman, councillor, mayor, politician and philanthropist.
## Early years {#early_years}
Smith was born on 6 April 1830 at Walsall, Staffordshire, England, the son of Edwin Smith. He was educated at Queen Mary\'s Grammar School, Walsall, and on leaving school had business experience with an uncle. By age 20, Smith was taking part in local politics.
## Emigration
In 1853 Smith emigrated to South Australia aboard the *California* and began business as an importer of ironmongery at Adelaide, initially collaborating with his cousin James Alexander Holden. On 25 June 1857 he married Florence Stock, daughter of Robert Stock of Clifton, England. They would have two surviving children before she died in 1862.
## Brewer
In 1860 he went into partnership with Edward Logue\'s brewery on King William Street, Kent Town. When Logue died in 1865, Smith continued the business as Kent Town Brewery. In 1876 he moved the business to the south-eastern corner of Dequetteville Terrace and Rundle Street. In 1888 he amalgamated his business with that of William Knox Simms to form the South Australian Brewing Company.
The malt towers of the old Kent Town Brewery have now been turned into luxury apartments overlooking the Adelaide Park Lands and Adelaide city centre.
## Local government {#local_government}
Smith was Mayor of the Town of Kensington and Norwood during the years 1867--70 and 1871--73, and was afterwards elected to the Adelaide City Council. He served three terms as Mayor of Adelaide: in 1879--82, 1886--87 and 1887--88. It was as a result of his advocacy that Adelaide had its first tramways, King William Street was extended, and the Torrens Lake was formed.
## Member of the House of Assembly {#member_of_the_house_of_assembly}
Smith entered parliament in 1871 as member for East Torrens in the South Australian House of Assembly, and except for a year while he was visiting England, continued to represent this constituency until he retired in 1893. Though an active member of parliament, he was not anxious for office, and only once was included in a government; he was Minister for Education in the Bray ministry from March to June 1884.
He was, however, responsible for some useful legislation including a first offenders act, and he took a leading part in the promotion of the Adelaide Jubilee International Exhibition of 1887--88. For this and his other services to the colony, he was knighted (`{{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|KCMG}}`{=mediawiki}) in 1888. In 1894, he gave the city a bronze statue of Queen Victoria, which was placed in the geographic centre of Adelaide in the centre of Victoria Square.
## Member of the Legislative Council {#member_of_the_legislative_council}
Smith was elected to the South Australian Legislative Council as member for Southern Districts in 1894 and remained a member until 1902. During the whole of his parliamentary experience he never lost an election.
## Other roles, retirement and death {#other_roles_retirement_and_death}
Smith was the founding president of the Kensington and Norwood Institute, and largely responsible for the funding of its building in 1876, now the heritage-listed Norwood Library on The Parade in Norwood.
He was a regular churchgoer and for many years a deacon of Clayton Congregational Church, in Kensington.
Smith retired from the active conduct of his business in 1888, and retired from parliament in 1902. In retirement he took a great interest in a large number of institutions, to which he gave both time and money. He was chairman of the national park commissioners, and a trustee of the Savings Bank of South Australia. He was an active worker in the management of the Blind, Deaf and Dumb Institution; the Adelaide Hospital; the Old Colonists\' Association; the Elder workmen\'s homes; Adelaide Botanic Garden; and Adelaide Zoo.
Smith died of a cerebral haemorrhage on 25 December 1919 at his home, \"The Acacias\", in the eastern suburb of Marryatville.
## Family
On 25 June 1857, Edwin Smith married Florence Stock (c. 1837 -- 12 February 1862), daughter of Robert Stock of Clifton, England, and brother of William Frederick Stock (1847--1913). They had three children:
- Horace Edwin Smith (1858--1858)
- Florence Ida Smith (1859--1932), married George Henry Dean in 1882.
- Sydney Talbot Smith BA LLB (1861-- 3 October 1948), married Florence Oliver Chettle (died died 21 September 1935), in 1887, with whom he had four children.
Sir Edwin married again, in 1869, to Elizabeth Spicer (died 6 June 1911). This union was childless.
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# Edwin Thomas Smith
## Legacies
### Sir Edwin and Lady Smith\'s Gifts, Walsall {#sir_edwin_and_lady_smiths_gifts_walsall}
In 1917, Sir Edwin endowed a gift fund in his native town of Walsall, England, to buy Christmas gifts for the needy elderly of the parish.
### Norwood Football Club {#norwood_football_club}
When the Norwood Football Club decided in December 2005 to set up a \"Hall of Fame\", Smith was appointed one of the 10 non-playing inaugural members. \"Sir Edwin Thomas Smith was patron of Norwood from the club's first day in 1878 until his last, Christmas Day 1919\". \"More than any other individual, Sir Edwin ensured that the club built its early sporting life on solid foundations\". He is known to have discovered a small 2 ounce of gold at Norwood oval in 1902. Edwin donated it to the football club, as well as his old pair of red socks. Ever since, Norwood has been known as the Redlegs.
### Adelaide Oval {#adelaide_oval}
The Sir Edwin Smith Stand at the Adelaide Oval was named in his honour in 1922. One of the roads leading up to the Oval is Sir Edwin Smith Way.
## The Acacias {#the_acacias}
Smith bought the property on the corner of Portrush and Kensington Roads, known as The Acacias, in 1878 and made extensive additions and alterations to it. Upon his death in 1919, his home became Loreto Convent, then later Loreto College, Marryatville
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# Blond Eckbert
***Blond Eckbert*** is an opera by Scottish composer Judith Weir. The composer wrote the English-language libretto herself, basing it on the cryptic supernatural short story *Der blonde Eckbert* by the German Romantic writer Ludwig Tieck. Weir completed the original two-act version of the opera in 1993, making *Blond Eckbert* her third full-length work in the genre. Like its predecessors, it was received well by the critics. She later produced a one act \"pocket\" version of the work. This uses chamber forces rather than the full orchestra of the two act version and omits the chorus. The pocket version receives frequent performances, especially in Germany and Austria, while the full version is available in a recording featuring the original cast.
## Preparation of the libretto {#preparation_of_the_libretto}
Ludwig Tieck wrote *Der blonde Eckbert* in 1796 and had it published in 1797 as part of his *Peter Lebrechts Märchen* (*Peter Lebrecht\'s Fairy-tales*). The story was the earliest example of the genre of *Kunstmärchen*, or German Romantic literary fairy tales.
In the story, both the landscape and the variations in the song sung by the magic bird mirror the changing moods of the characters. A constant motif in the song is the concept of forest solitude or *Waldeinsamkeit*, a word Tieck coined in the story to stand for Romantic joy at being alone in nature. But not everything is joyful, for the story breaks with the fairy-tale tradition of a happy ending. The ruin of the protagonist involves the breaking down of the barriers between the world of the supernatural and that of everyday life, leaving the reader unable to tell where one end and the other begins.
Weir replaces the voice of Tieck\'s narrator with that of the bird. The text consists of a series of nested narratives. The bird tells the story of Eckbert and Berthe to the dog. And in that story, Bertha narrates events in her past and Eckbert reads her letter. *The New York Times* critic Bernard Holland describes the plot as \"inscrutable\" and \"full of effects but bereft of causes\". In looking for an explanation, he suggests that the figure of Walther in his various forms is a representation of memory and his murder as a sign of how what is remembered is intolerable. However, having put this explanation forward, Holland then goes on to say of the text \"Perhaps it is interpretation-proof. This overeagerness to impose sense on nonsense ends up compromising a story meant more to be beheld than understood.\"
Anthony Tommasini, another critic at the same paper, describes the opera as \"balancing between whimsy and terror\". The whimsy can be illustrated by Berthe describing the bird\'s song in terms of instruments in Weir\'s orchestra, (\"you would have thought the horn and the oboe were playing\",) and by a parody of the Tieck\'s *Waldeinsamkeit* verse in which the bird instructed to sing the line \"Alone in the wood, I don\'t feel so good\" as if airsick.
## Performance history {#performance_history}
The opera was first performed on 20 April 1994 by English National Opera at the London Coliseum. This full-length version was expected by the composer to last approximately one hour and twenty minutes, but a recording of the performances takes approximately 65 minutes.
*Blond Eckbert* was given its American debut by the Santa Fe Opera in August 1994. In 2003, the North German Radio Symphony Orchestra gave a concert performance of the opera with slide projections.
A more lightly scored one-act \"pocket\" version of the opera, lasting less than an hour, was premiered on 14 June 2006 at the Linbury Studio of the Royal Opera House by The Opera Group and subsequently toured. Further performances of the pocket version by various German and Austrian groups have taken place in 2007, 2008 and 2009.
## Roles
+------------------------+------------------+---------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| Role | Voice type | Full version Premiere, 20 April 1994\ | Pocket Version Premiere, 14 June 2006\ |
| | | (Sian Edwards) | (Patrick Bailey) |
+========================+==================+=======================================+========================================+
| Blond Eckbert | baritone | Nicholas Folwell | Owen Gilhooly |
+------------------------+------------------+---------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| Berthe, *his wife* | mezzo-soprano | Anne-Marie Owens | Heather Shipp |
+------------------------+------------------+---------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| Walther, *his friend*\ | tenor | Christopher Ventris | Mark Wilde |
| Hugo, *his friend*\ | | | |
| An old woman | | | |
+------------------------+------------------+---------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| A bird | soprano | Nerys Jones | Claire Wild |
+------------------------+------------------+---------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| A dog | non-singing part | Thor | |
+------------------------+------------------+---------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| Chorus | SATB | English National Opera Chorus | None |
+------------------------+------------------+---------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+
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# Blond Eckbert
## Music
The two-act version of *Blond Eckbert* is scored for double woodwind, (second players doubling piccolo, cor anglais, bass clarinet and contrabassoon,) four horns, three trumpets, three trombones, timpani and one other percussion player, harp and strings. The percussion consists of glockenspiel, suspended cymbal, xylophone, tenor drum, bell or small gong and three differently pitched cowbells. The pocket version is written for oboe, 2 clarinets (1 doubling bass clarinet), 2 horns, harp, 2 violins, and 2 cellos with no chorus.
Tommasini recognises Weir\'s musical voice as individual but he considers her to be more interested in consolidating the musical past than innovation or contemporary schools of music. Her music is, in Holland\'s words, \"neither terribly old nor terribly new\". While its language is modernist, it does not go far into the realms of dissonance. Tommasini lists Berg, Messiaen, big band jazz and German romanticism as among the influences on her. When interviewed for the programme notes to the first production, Weir placed herself musically more in a Stravinskian tradition than one based on Britten.
Much of the vocal writing consists of short phrases of speech song, written more to support the text than to be musically interesting in itself. It is accompanied by chordal progressions or brief bursts of melody in the orchestra.
When Tom Service reviewed the chamber version of the opera for the Guardian, he felt that the virtues of Weir\'s compact musical style and her ability to tell a story with the smallest of musical gestures are even more evident in the later version than in the original.
While Tommasini welcomed the recording of *Blond Eckbert* and Service is enthusiastic about both its versions, other critics are more ambivalent. Holland finds the work episodic and lacking in development. He recognises Weir\'s ear for orchestration and graceful writing but feels she could have done more with it. Andrew Clark of the *Financial Times* also feels that more might have been made of the work by providing orchestral interludes or extended vocal numbers. However, he also identifies compactness as one of the works virtues.
Writing in *Grove*, David C. H. Wright sees a deliberate strategy in the understatement of much of the music: the conclusion of the opera, with the orchestra providing the composer\'s commentary on events, is all the more powerful because of the contrast with the first act.
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# Blond Eckbert
## Synopsis
### Act 1 {#act_1}
The bird describes how Eckbert peacefully lives alone with his wife. They have few visitors apart from Walther, a strange man from a few towns over. The opening scene reveals Eckbert and Berthe at home. Eckbert sees a light in the distance which he correctly takes to be Walther. Walther often travels through the forest and has been out collecting natural history specimens. Eckbert speaks about how it is good to be able to tell friends secrets. When Walther arrives, Eckbert decides to get Berthe to tell Walther the story of her youth.
Berthe describes how she grew up in a poor shepherd\'s home and how she ran away because she was a burden on her parents who were often angry. She met an old woman in black who led her to her house. Berthe lived there, cooking and spinning and minding the home. Also in the house were a dog, whose name Berthe has forgotten, and a bird that lays gems for eggs. Eventually Berthe stole the gems, and attempted to steal the bird as well. She set the bird free when it began to sing. She returned to her home village to find her parents dead. She sold some gems and became wealthy enough to buy a home and marry Eckbert.
Walther thanks Berthe for telling the tale and says how he can really imagine the bird and the little dog, Strohmian. Both Eckbert and Berthe are amazed that Walther knows the dog\'s name. They are terribly afraid of Walther stealing their remaining fortune. When Walther goes out the next day, Eckbert follows him with a crossbow.
### Act 2 {#act_2}
The prelude describes Eckbert\'s killing of Walther. Eckbert then reads a letter aloud. The letter was written by Berthe as she was dying. The letter details her fear and anxiety about Walther knowing the dog\'s name.
In a busy town, Eckbert meets Hugo. Eckbert is accused of murdering Walther by the townspeople. Hugo saves him, but suddenly Eckbert recognises him as the deceased Walther. He flees into the forest.
Eventually Eckbert comes to the place described by Berthe as where she met the old woman. He sees another man who reminds him of Walther. The bird flies over head as he approaches the old woman\'s house. The old woman is at the house and asks if Eckbert is bringing back the gems that were stolen from her.
She reveals to Eckbert: \"I was Walther, I was Hugo.\" She also tells him that Berthe was his half-sister, the extramarital child of her father. She had been given a life with the old woman and her time of trials was almost over when she stole the bird and gems. Eckbert goes insane and dies.
## Recordings
A live recording of the original cast of the two-act version of *Blond Eckbert* has been released on CD. A film featuring the same cast, adapted by Margaret Williams from Tim Hopkins\'s ENO production, was broadcast by Channel 4 and later shown at the Huddersfield Contemporary Music Festival
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# Birgitte Price
**Birgitte Price** (earlier known as **Birgitte Bruun**; 29 April 1934 -- 17 July 1997) was a Danish actress of the 1950s and 1960s
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# Isomorphism-closed subcategory
In category theory, a branch of mathematics, a subcategory $\mathcal{A}$ of a category $\mathcal{B}$ is said to be **isomorphism closed** or **replete** if every $\mathcal{B}$-isomorphism $h:A\to B$ with $A\in\mathcal{A}$ belongs to $\mathcal{A}.$ This implies that both $B$ and $h^{-1}:B\to A$ belong to $\mathcal{A}$ as well.
A subcategory that is isomorphism closed and full is called **strictly full**. In the case of full subcategories it is sufficient to check that every $\mathcal{B}$-object that is isomorphic to an $\mathcal{A}$-object is also an $\mathcal{A}$-object.
This condition is very natural. For example, in the category of topological spaces one usually studies properties that are invariant under homeomorphisms---so-called topological properties. Every topological property corresponds to a strictly full subcategory of $\mathbf{Top}
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# St. Theodore Guerin High School
**St. Theodore Guerin High School** or simply **Guerin Catholic High School** is a Roman Catholic high school located in Noblesville, Indiana. The school\'s mascot is the Golden Eagle and school colors are purple and gold. It is part of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Lafayette in Indiana. The enrollment is mostly drawn from local north side suburban municipalities such as Carmel, Fishers, Noblesville, Westfield, and Zionsville.
## History
Founded in 2004, St. Theodore Guerin High School was named after the foundress of the Sisters of Providence, Saint Mother Théodore Guérin. Guerin Catholic was the first privately funded Catholic high school built in the state of Indiana in over thirty years. The first graduating class in 2007 consisted of 25 students, with 100% matriculating into four-year colleges.
## Academics
In the Fall of 2006, St. Theodore Guerin became the first Catholic high school in Greater Indianapolis to become a candidate to offer the International Baccalaureate Diploma Program.
St. Theodore Guerin has been recognized by The Cardinal Newman Society and the Catholic Education Honor Roll each year since 2008 as one of the United States \"Top 50 Catholic High Schools.\" Guerin Catholic is one of only three Catholic high schools in the state of Indiana to receive this award. Catholic high schools that receive the honor roll designation are marked by excellence in academics and the integration of Catholic identity throughout all aspects of their educational and extracurricular programs. Less than five percent of the Catholic high schools in the United States receive this recognition.
The school was recognized by the United States Department of Education as a \"Blue Ribbon School\" for the 2024-2025 school year.
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# St. Theodore Guerin High School
## Campus
The school is located on seventy-two acres, one mile north of 146th street and Gray road, in the heart of Hamilton County.
The St. Joseph Chapel was dedicated in 2004. The chapel contains twelve stained glass windows depicting St. Junípero Serra, St. Elizabeth Seton, St. Martin de Porres, St. Katharine Drexel, Juliette Toussaint, Pierre Toussaint, St. Juan Diego, St. John Neumann, St. Kateri Tekakwitha, St. Frances Xavier Cabrini, St. Isaac Jogues, and St. Théodore Guérin. Daily Mass, Eucharistic adoration, and the Sacrament of Reconciliation are offered in the chapel for students, faculty, and staff.
The Grotto is located east of the main building. It was built in 2008 with Indiana limestone. The Grotto was dedicated and blessed by Bishop William Higi. The Grotto is used by its visitors as a sacred space for prayer, reflection and is the location of the school\'s annual May Crowning ceremony. In 2012, fourteen carvings portraying the Passion of Jesus Christ were installed along the sidewalk leading to the Grotto.
In 2011, Guerin Catholic had a growing enrollment and was in need of additional academic classrooms. On November 23, the school\'s community gathered for the groundbreaking of a new academic wing. The east academic wing was completed in August 2014, adding 24 classrooms to the campus.
St. Isidore Farm is the school vegetable farm. Students can sign up for regular farming time slots and earn one elective course credit.
In the spring of 2021, the school announced the Unite+Build+Soar Capital Campaign to build a new Fine Arts and Wellness Center. The 65,000 square foot addition includes a Fine Arts Auditorium with 500 seats, Athletic Fieldhouse with three gymnasiums, as well as additional academic and gathering spaces.
## Athletics
The Guerin Catholic Golden Eagles are members of the Circle City Conference, but prior to 2016-2017 they were independent. The school colors are purple and gold. The following Indiana High School Athletic Association (IHSAA) sanctioned varsity sports are offered: `{{div col|colwidth=28em}}`{=mediawiki}
- Baseball (boys)
- Basketball (boys and girls)
- Cross country (boys and girls)
- Football (boys)
- Golf (boys and girls)
- Lacrosse (boys and girls)
- Soccer (boys and girls)
- Softball (girls)
- Swimming (boys and girls)
- Tennis (boys and girls)
- Track (boys and girls)
- Volleyball (boys and girls)
- Wrestling (boys)
### Historic rivalries {#historic_rivalries}
St. Theodore Guerin is one of five major Catholic high schools located in Greater Indianapolis. This leads to a natural state of heightened competition between St. Theodore Guerin and the other Catholic high schools in the area: Bishop Chatard High School, Brebeuf Jesuit Preparatory School, Cathedral High School, and Roncalli High School.
The rivalry that is most prevalent is between Guerin Catholic and Brebeuf Jesuit. The schools are quite similar in that both are Catholic, college prep, co-educational high schools located on the north side of the Indianapolis metropolitan area. The proximity of the two schools, as well as their similar size enrollments, lead to both institutions drawing from the same student pool of boys and girls from north side grade schools
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# Volkovo Cemetery
The **Volkovo Cemetery** (also **Volkovskoe**) (*Во́лковское кла́дбище* or Во́лково кла́дбище) is one of the largest and oldest non-Orthodox cemeteries in Saint Petersburg, Russia. Until the early 20th century it was one of the main burial grounds for Lutheran Germans in Russia. It is estimated that over 100,000 people have been buried at this cemetery since 1773.
## Origins 1770--1773 {#origins_17701773}
Between late 1771 and 1772, Catherine the Great, empress of the Russian Empire, issued an edict which decreed that, from that point on, any person who died (regardless of social standing or class origins) no longer had the right to be buried within church crypts or adjacent churchyards. New cemeteries had to be built across the entire Russian Empire and from then on they all had to be located outside city limits.
One of the main motivations behind these measures was overcrowding in church crypts and graveyards. However, the true deciding factor which led to the new laws being enforced on such a mass scale across the entire Russian empire was to avoid further outbreaks of highly contagious diseases, especially the black plague which had led to the Plague Riot in Moscow in 1771.
The Volkovo cemetery was founded in 1773. The first person to be buried in this cemetery was Johann Gebhard Brethfeld, a merchant in Saint Petersburg.
## Current research {#current_research}
The person who has done the most work in investigating the history of the cemetery is Dr. Benedikt Böhm in Saint Petersburg. As of 2007, Dr. Böhm and published four volumes on the history of the cemetery, each of which contain extensive lists of names of those people who were buried there between 1773 and 1936. His 2 main sources for these publications are as follows:
- The original parish registers of burials at the cemetery kept in the states archives in Saint Petersburg.
- Countless personal visits to the cemetery itself since 1989 in which he compiled an inventory of all those graves which are still standing today complete with photographs of each gravestone.
## Dr Böhm\'s publications {#dr_böhms_publications}
- Volume 1 contains 3700 names of those buried in the cemetery between 1773 and 1936 ***whose graves are still standing today*** and a further 17,000 names of those interred who were sold a burial plot *for eternity*, but which no longer have a headstone. The book contains a present-day map detailing the location of all headstones and burial plots.
- Volume 2 contains 40,000 names of those buried between 1863 and 1919, based on the original parish registers of burials.
- Volume 3 contains 40,000 names of those buried between 1820 and 1862, based on the original parish registers of burials.
- Volume 4 is a partial repeat of the information in Volume 3. It contains the names of those buried between 1820 and 1867, indicating which of the 27 non orthodox parishes the deceased person belonged to in Saint Petersburg.
The publications are used by genealogists for family research in pre-revolutionary Russia and the early Soviet period when vital records are missing or prove difficult to find. Historians use them to research the social histories of the city.
## Notable interments {#notable_interments}
- Artur Adamovich Nepokoychitsky (1813-1881), Imperial Russian military leader.
- Maria Alexandrovna Ulyanova (1835-1916), Lenin\'s mother.
- Olga Ilyinichna Ulyanova (1871--1891), Lenin\'s sister
- Aleksandr Ivanovich Kuprin (1870-1938), famous Russian writer
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# Embassy of Australia, Paris
The **Australian Embassy** in Paris is located 400 metres southwest of the Eiffel Tower, on Rue Jean Rey in the 15th arrondissement of Paris, near the Bir-Hakeim bridge on the Seine. The embassy is situated on a triangular shaped block, and comprises a pair of nine-storey buildings. The Chancellery Building houses Australia\'s missions to France, to UNESCO and to the OECD, and the apartment of the ambassador to France; the other building contains 34 staff apartments, all with views of the Seine and the Eiffel Tower.
The embassy, and several pieces of its original furniture, were designed in a modernist style by Australian architect Harry Seidler, with Marcel Breuer and Pier Luigi Nervi as consulting designers. Like many of Seidler\'s other works, the embassy was built from precast modularised concrete, with a quartz and granite faced exterior and prestressed precast floors. Its two buildings are curved to form two quarter circles, the two arcs of an S-shaped complex, with the radii of the circles lined up to match the axes of the Eiffel Tower and the Champ de Mars.
The land for the embassy, that was a part of the disused railway depot near the old station of the Champ de Mars, was purchased by the McMahon government of Australia in 1972. Construction started on the embassy in 1975, and it was completed in 1977.
## History of the Embassy {#history_of_the_embassy}
Australia\'s diplomatic mission, through the Department of Foreign Affairs (DFAT), represents the Commonwealth of Australia on foreign soil. Australia\'s current number of diplomatic missions is over 100 globally with one crucial one with France, and the Australian embassy in Paris spearheading the diplomatic mission there. There is a mutual bond between France and Australia based on common ideals of democracy, historical contacts, deep economic ties, and a strong interest in each other\'s culture. The Australian Embassy in Paris represents Australia\'s national interest within France and serves to see Australia\'s diplomatic mission in France. To reinforce Australian, French prosperity and interests, the Australian-French diplomatic relationship cooperates on topics such as culture, economic and political affiliations. A designer named Harry Seidler built the complex as it has begun its bilateral operation in 1977. The Australian Embassy in Paris manages a foundation that is shared between Australia-France facilitating cultural events and exchanges by publishing an annual newsletter called L'Australia en France supporting Australian affairs placed in France. The cultural awards scheme of the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade has also fostered ties between France and Australia.
Since 1996, the International Energy Agency has leased space within the embassy buildings for their headquarters.
## Architecture & Construction {#architecture_construction}
The embassy\'s construction started in 1973, was finalised in 1977, and officially opened in 1978. The building was designed by Australian architect Harry Seidler as the main architect, with Marcel Breuer and Pier Luigi Nervi. The embassy\'s architectural floor plans offer an interesting look into Harry Seidler\'s traditional sense behind the architecture. There is a detailed overview of the office and the residential areas which offer a valid appreciation of his architectural work. Harry Seidler has employed various methodologies to construct his designs and the architectural reports from him provide insight into various design approaches which consist of technology preparation and aesthetic orientation. The embassy\'s design was formulated from precast modularised combined with a quartz and granite-faced exterior and pressured precast story similar to Seidler\'s different models. The embassy is located on a triangular-shaped complex and consist of quadrant-structured development on nine floors. The two curved complexes were situated to prevent contact with each other as it was designed to maximise a view of the scenery of the river with the city in the same frame. The buildings together follow the axis of the Champ de Mars. The Chancery\'s residence in the complex is Australia\'s missions to UNESCO and OECD and further office rooms are currently rented out in one building with the additional including 34 employees' apartments.
## Ambassadors
The Ambassador of Australia to France is the representative of the Embassy of the Commonwealth of Australia to the French republic and an official of the Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. The position of the Australian Ambassador to France is currently held by Gillian Bird. In 1945, Australia opened its legation in Paris, Australia and France commenced their official diplomatic tie. During this time, Keith Officer was appointed as the Ambassador at the legation in April 1950 to take the place of William Hodgson when it had refurbished to embassy status. Making Keith Officer the first Ambassador of Australia to France at the Embassy of Australia in Paris
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# Marguerite Viby
**Marguerite Viby** (25 June 1909 -- 8 April 2001) was a Danish actress of stage, film and television. Considered one of the great comedy actresses of Danish cinema, Viby received honorary Bodil and Robert Awards in 2000 for lifetime achievement. She appeared in more than 50 films and television shows during a career that spanned from the silent film era in 1929 until a television series in 1983.
## Career
**Marguerite Viby** was born **Ida Marguerite Steenberg Jensen Viby** in Copenhagen, Denmark on 25 June 1909, the daughter of a policeman and a secretary. Her father died when she was 16 and her mother a year later. Viby left school at 14, and worked part-time to pay for dance lessons. She was schooled as a dancer at Emilie Walbom\'s Ballet School as\'a well as through private instruction from the Danish Royal Dancer John Andersen. In 1923, when she was 14 years old, Viby debuted in a summer revue at Tivoli Gardens. She continued to perform in revues and stage musicals throughout her life.
In 1929, Viby began her film career in the silent film *Højt på en kvist* (*High on in the Attic*). She followed with four Fy og Bi comedies film in which her casting was mostly based on her physical attraction, however in *He, She and Hamlet*, the first Danish combined sound film, she danced and sang a romantic duet with leading man Hans W. Petersen.
According to Danish film historian Morten Piil, it was Viby\'s next role which established her most noted persona---the energetic, witty woman who acts as she necessary to maneuver in a man\'s world. In the 1932 George Schnéevoigt film *Tretten År* (*13 Years*), Viby was an office girl who plays a thirteen-year-old Lolita to avoid men\'s advances. Piil wrote that it was only Viby\'s \"fundamental cheerful innocence which saved this erotic farce\...\"
Viby made her next nine films under the direction of her second husband, Emanuel Gregers. This included four films after they divorced in 1938, and she had married the actor Knud Wold. Her greatest success during this period was *Mille, Marie og Mig* (*Mille, Marie and Me*) in which Viby played a woman with three personalities---the prim, bespectacled student Klaus; the erotic nightclub singer Mille; and the homebody Marie. As Mille, in Marlene Dietrich-style men\'s clothing, Viby sings the popular Danish hit *Jeg har elsket dig så længe jeg kan mindes* (*I have Loved You as Long as I Can Remember*).
In the early 1940s, Viby made two popular comedies with the directing duo of Alice O\'Fredericks and Lau Lauritzen Jr. \-- *Frøken Kirkemus* (*Mrs. Churchmouse*) and *Frøken Vildkat* (*Mrs. Wildcat*). The style of direction---quick light-hearted banter similar to American screw-ball comedies---was better suited to Viby than the heavier exposition of Gregers direction. She quickly became one of the most popular actresses and performed in a string of romantic comedies including *Som du vil ha\' mig-!* (*However You Will Have Me-!*)(1943), *Jeg elsker en anden* (*I Love Someone Else*) (1946), and *Den Store Gavtyv* (1956).
During the period 1938-1956 she made over a dozen films in Sweden, including Swedish versions of some of her major Danish film successes. Also three films she first made in Swedish were made in Danish versions, *Fröken Kyrkråtta* (*Mrs. Churchmouse* (1941), *Fröken Vildkatt* (*Mrs. Wildcat* (1942) and *Lyckan kommer* (*Happiness Comes* (1942).
In the 1970s and 80\'s, Viby continued her acting in television, including the continuing role of Olga Mortensen in the comedy series *En Stor Familie* (*One Big Family*). In 2000, Viby was presented with lifetime achievement awards at both the Bodil and Robert awards ceremonies. Viby died the following year on 8 April 2001 at the age of 91.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
While her professional acting life was steady, her personal life was more volatile. Viby married five times. Her first marriage was to actor and dancer Poul Christian Guldager (1926--1931), then to Danish film director Emanuel Gregers (1932--1938). In 1938, Viby married businessman Knud Wold with whom she had her only child, the actress Susse Wold. During the early 1940s, Viby was linked with Prince Bertil of Sweden. In 1953, she married actor Preben Mahrt, and after they divorced, she was married to schoolteacher Erik Henry Tangfelt from 1967 until his sudden death at 48 in 1971. `{{cquote|I don't like the word 'girlfriends.' That's ladies with big hats who sit and drink tea and talk about irrelevant things.
Naturally, I get together with women... but my acquaintances are mostly men. I feel best in the company of men.|30px|30px|Marguerite Viby|1968<ref name="piil"/>}}`{=mediawiki}
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# Marguerite Viby
## Filmography
- *Højt paa en kvist* -- (1929)
- *Pas paa pigerne* (1930)
- *Hr. Tell og søn* (1930)
- *Ve\' den, der lyver* (1930) \... aka *Woe to Him who Lies*
- *Krudt med knald* (1931)
- *Han, hun og Hamlet* -- (1932) \... aka *He, She and Hamlet*
- *Skal vi vædde en million?* -- 1932 \... aka *Do You want to bet a Million?*
- *Tretten år* -- 1932
- *Fem raske piger* -- 1933
- *Så til søs* -- 1933
- *Skaf en sensation* -- 1934
- *Min kone er husar* -- 1935
- *Cocktail* -- 1937
- *Mille, Marie og mig* -- 1937
- *Komtessen på Stenholt* -- 1939
- *En pige med pep* -- 1940
- *Sørensen og Rasmussen* -- 1940
- *Frøken Kirkemus* -- 1941
- *Lykken kommer* -- 1942
- *Frøken Vildkat* -- 1942
- *Op med humøret* -- 1943
- *Som du vil ha\' mig* -- 1943
- *Dolly Takes a Chance* -- 1944
- *Teatertosset* -- 1944
- *Lilla helgonet* -- 1944
- *Jeg elsker en anden* -- 1946
- *Peggy on a Spree* -- 1946
- *I Love You Karlsson* (1947)
- *Den opvakte jomfru* -- 1950
- *Den store gavtyv* -- 1956
- *Hvad vil De ha\'?* -- 1956
- *A Little Nest* (1956)
- *Pigen og vandpytten* -- 1958
- *Mine tossede drenge* -- 1961
- *Don Olsen kommer til byen* -- 1964
- *Far laver sovsen* -- 1967
- *Mordskab* -- (1969) \..
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# Harriet Hunt
**Harriet Vaughan Hunt** (born 4 February 1978 in Oxford) is an English chess player and five-time British Women\'s Chess Champion (which she most recently won in October 2021, 22 years after her fourth win). Having trained as a plant scientist at Cambridge University, she is currently a researcher working at Kew Gardens.
## Playing history {#playing_history}
A high-profile player from an early age, Hunt won five British Junior Girls titles between 1989 and 1991. Even more significant was her (1991) share of the British Junior Under-14 title, when she became the first girl to compete victoriously in the Boys/Open section of the national championships.
At 16, she made her debut for the English Ladies Olympiad Team. Her result at the event included a draw with future Ladies World Champion Antoaneta Stefanova.
Her performances at the World Youth Chess Championships included a bronze at Under-14 level (Duisburg, 1992) and silver from the Cala Galdana Under-18 event of 1996.
Between 1995 and 1999 she was British Ladies Champion four times. She won this title again in 2021.
Then in 1997, she won the World Girls\' (Under-20) Championship in Żagań, at the end of a \"year out\" between school and her Plant Science studies at Cambridge University. In Pula the same year and by then a Woman International Master, she scored 5/7 on board 2 at the European Team Chess Championship and this contributed to the English Ladies Team\'s third-place finish and a team bronze medal. 1997 was also the year that Hunt was invited by chess organiser Johan Zwanepol to compete at the Groningen Open Grandmaster tournament. Zwanepol had been an arbiter at her Zagan victory and was keen to see further progress. Her result of 6/11 was probably as good as could be expected in such a strong competition (the entry included over 30 grandmasters headed by Mikhail Gurevich, Jaan Ehlvest, Tony Miles, Liviu-Dieter Nisipeanu, Suat Atalık, Sergei Tiviakov etc.).
By 1999, Hunt had attained the title of Woman Grandmaster and at the Batumi European Team Championship played board 1, returning a 7/9 performance to win the individual gold medal.
She was awarded the International Master title in 2000, the same year that she graduated with a B.A. from St. John\'s College. Pursuing an academic career, she commenced a PhD and research fellowship at Cambridge, specialising in archaeogenetics, a subject allied to her degree. In July of that year, her chess reached a new career high when an Elo rating of 2454 placed her at 16th in the World\'s top 100 women. In 2001, she led the English ladies once more to the European Team Championship (in León, Spain) and again returned with a team bronze medal.
At the 2004 Chess Olympiad in Calvià, she narrowly missed out on a medal after scoring 9.5/13, for a rating performance of 2558, including a notable victory over Humpy Koneru.
Good results were also forthcoming in individual competition, including international tournaments at London (Agency), Cappelle-la-Grande, Berlin (Summer Festival), Stockholm (Rilton Cup) and Hastings. She regularly matched the performances of male Grandmasters at these events and occasionally defeated them.
Hunt has been a Cambridge team member at the annual Varsity (*Oxford vs Cambridge*) match -- historically the world\'s longest running series of matches. At the millennium event, she contested an all-girl pair-up with former World Girls (Under-18) Champion, Ruth Sheldon. The game was originally slotted as a board 2 encounter, but its elevation to top board brought the match increased publicity and a unique place in the history of the event. Their individual game finished a hard-fought draw, but Cambridge went on to win the match by the narrowest of margins.
In regular University team competition she has represented *Jesus College Chess Society* in the highest student league. The team shared first place in the 2005/06 season, losing only to Emmanuel College, and Hunt scored 100% on top board. At a national level, she plays in the 4NCL, representing *Betsson.com* in the 2006/7 and 2007/08 seasons and more recently, *Pride and Prejudice*. In Germany, she has played in the (Ladies) Bundesliga.
Having completed her doctorate, Harriet Hunt was employed by Cambridge University as a research associate at the McDonald Institute of Archaeological Research, and is now working at Kew Gardens. Less active as a chess player, she nevertheless manages to maintain a high rating, preserving her status as England\'s top woman player and holding a regular place in the world\'s top 50 women.
In 2008, she participated at the Stockholm Ladies Open, held in Täby, a northern municipality. The event was described by Hunt as one of the largest and best funded women\'s tournaments of all time and she performed well, finishing on 6½/9, a half-point behind overall winner Anna Muzychuk, whom she defeated in their personal encounter in round 6.
## Family
Hunt has two younger brothers; Adam, also an International Master, a professional school chess coach and examinations officer who died in 2024, and Laurence, a cognitive neuroscientist.
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# Harriet Hunt
## Sample games {#sample_games}
- [Koneru-Hunt, 0-1, Calvia Olympiad, 2004.](http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1316920) Black skilfully outmanoeuvres her highly rated opponent on the queenside, obtaining a lasting advantage and a winning ending.
- [Cramling-Hunt, 0-1, Women\'s Chess Cup, Dresden, 2006.](http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1424626) Black\'s understanding of the positional requirements, combined with queenside pressure creates insurmountable problems for a player rated 100 Elo points higher.
- [Hunt-Muzychuk, 1-0, Stockholm Ladies Tournament, 2008.](http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1500215) White\'s provocative central and kingside play exposes the Black king, with lethal consequences
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# Green Weenie
**The Green Weenie** was a sports gimmick in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, co-created by Bob Prince (1916--1985), the broadcaster for the Pittsburgh Pirates Major League Baseball team, and Pirate trainer Danny Whelan. It was most popular during the 1966 season. The Green Weenie was manufactured by Tri-State Plastics, a Pittsburgh plastic thermoforming company between 1967 and 1974 and during the 1989 season.
The Green Weenie was a green plastic rattle in the shape of a hot dog, which, when waved at opposing players, purportedly put a jinx on them. Conversely, when waved at Pirate players it allegedly bestowed good luck. In September, the H.J. Heinz Co. offered a 3 ft inflatable version for one dollar.
The superstition began during a 1966 game against the Houston Astros, when Whelan shouted from the dugout at Astros\' pitcher Dave Giusti, \"You\'re gonna walk him!\" while waving a green rubber hot dog in the direction of the pitcher\'s mound. Giusti did walk the batter, and the Astros lost the game. During the next game\'s broadcast, Prince quizzed Whelan about the frankfurter incident, and the gimmick was born. Within weeks, Green Weenies were being sold to fans at Forbes Field.
The gimmick didn\'t conjure up a pennant for the Pirates in `{{mlby|1966}}`{=mediawiki}, as they finished three games back, swept at home by the Giants in the final three games. Writer Dave Cole has noted that Roberto Clemente did win that year\'s National League MVP Award, Matty Alou won the National League batting title, Bill Mazeroski led the league in double plays, and Willie Stargell had his personal best year in batting.
According to the August 12, 1966 issue of *Time* magazine, however, the hex of the Green Weenie sometimes seemed to work: \"When the Pirates played the Giants two weeks ago, Prince pointed a Weenie at Juan Marichal. Marichal won the game, 2--1, but next day he caught the third finger of his pitching hand in a car door and missed two scheduled turns on the mound. In Pittsburgh, the Pirates were trailing the Philadelphia Phillies 3--1 in the seventh inning when Prince\'s fellow announcer Don Hoak begged Bob to use the Weenie. \'Not yet,\' said Prince. In the eighth inning, with Pittsburgh still behind by two runs, Prince finally waved the Weenie. The Pirates scored four runs and won the game 5--3. \'Remember,\' said Prince to Hoak. \'Never waste the power of the Green Weenie.{{\'\"}}
The Green Weenie was revived several times during subsequent seasons, but failed to stay popular with fans.
In 1974, Prince invented another talisman, encouraging female fans to spark a Pirates rally by waving their babushkas (folded kerchiefs used as head coverings, especially by East European women, a large immigrant minority in Pittsburgh). \"Babushka Power\", as it was called, most likely inspired the Terrible Towel, another sports gimmick created a year later by sportscaster Myron Cope for the Pittsburgh Steelers, the city\'s football team. The Terrible Towel has remained popular with Steeler fans for over thirty years
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# Guillermo Gaviria Correa
**Guillermo Gaviria Correa** (November 27, 1962, Medellín -- May 5, 2003) was the state governor of Antioquia, a province of over 6 million people in northwestern Colombia. Kidnapped by FARC guerrillas during a march against violence on April 21, 2002, he was held captive for over a year deep in the northwestern Colombian jungle, bordering between Antioquia and Chocó, until he was killed there by the FARC along with other nine fellow hostages, including the politician and former Minister of defense, Gilberto Echeverri Mejía, in response to an attempted military rescue on May 5, 2003. Gaviria Correa\'s letters survived his execution, and were published as *Diary of a Kidnapped Colombian Governor*. His gubernatorial agenda also survived, carried on by his younger brother Anibal. Gaviria Correa was nominated posthumously for the 2004 Nobel Peace Prize, but did not receive the prize that year.
## Education and career {#education_and_career}
Gaviria Correa was the eldest of eight children of a prominent family in Antioquia. Having completed his undergraduate studies in 1988 at the Colorado School of Mines in the U.S., he then began work at a Colombian ferronickel mine, Cerro Matoso S.A.
In 1994 Gaviria Correa accepted the invitation of Colombian President Ernesto Samper to lead the newly created Institute of National Roads. In this capacity, he oversaw the improvement and repair of Colombian roads and bridges until 1999.
In 2000 Gaviria Correa was elected Governor of Antioquia. His administration focused on improvement in six areas: housing, education, peace, reforestation, food security and nutrition, and administrative transparency. Gaviria Correa was also chosen by his fellow Governors to preside over the Colombian Federation of Governors.
## Nonviolence and sacrifice {#nonviolence_and_sacrifice}
As part of his \"Congruent Peace Plan\", Guillermo Gaviria Correa took inspiration from Martin Luther King Jr. and Mahatma Gandhi, and began deploying non-violent actions in the department. In 2001, he created the position of Peace Commissioner, naming Gilberto Echeverri Mejía to this post.
From April 17 to 21, 2002, accompanied by Commissioner Echeverri, Gaviria Correa led a 120-kilometer (85-mile) non-violent march for reconciliation and solidarity with the municipality of Caicedo, a town in western Antioquia that had been besieged by guerrillas and paramilitaries since 1995. The march began in Medellin with over a thousand civilians, and was attended by several mayors of Antioquia, as well as internationally known nonviolence leaders such Bernard Lafayette.
As the march neared Caicedo on April 21, FARC guerrillas confronted the march, kidnapping the governor and his peace commissioner. For over a year, the two men were held hostage deep in the jungle. On May 5, 2003, after a year in captivity, Gaviria Correa was killed by the FARC, along with Echeverri and eight other captives, during an attempted rescue by Colombian armed forces.
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# Guillermo Gaviria Correa
## Writings
During his year in captivity, Gaviria Correa kept journals and wrote frequent letters to his two children and his wife Yolanda Pinto de Gaviria, centered on his love for them and his hopes for reconciliation among Colombians. These writings became a book, and were later translated to English as *Diary of a Kidnapped Colombian Governor*.
Weeks before his death, Gaviria Correa wrote these lines in his final letter to his father:
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
*Our task, if we hope for a new Antioquia, is to open the doors to all the possibilities that nonviolence offers and to incorporate them in the different segments of community life -- family, education, relationships among people, communities, and nations -- overcoming poverty and inequalities to build a new nation based on human principles.*
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
In an open letter to the people of Antioquia, written before setting out on the fateful march to Caicedo, Gaviria Correa explained his motives as well as his understanding of the risks involved:
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Dear People of Antioquia:* |
| |
| *The trust you placed in me as your Governor obliges me to seek, without rest, the roads to overcome the pain that the use of violence and injustice cause to our people. This search has moved me to undertake the Nonviolent March of Reconciliation and Solidarity with the people of Caicedo. With this pilgrimage I invite you to apply the strategy of nonviolence.* |
| |
| *The philosophy of nonviolence brings spirits closer, brings souls closer, brings human beings closer and will allow us, together, to build true roads to social transformation. Nonviolence is not simply saying no to violence, because if so it would end up being confused with passively accepting suffering, injustice and abuse. Nonviolence is a way to overcome violence, investigating and discovering just means to oppose injustice. Nonviolence is not only about neutralizing all forms of direct violence, but also all manifestations of structural violence, because it builds peace through justice and solidarity and helps to prevent future forms of violence, by offering methods and models of peaceful struggle to those social groups left out and sacrificed by unbalanced power and systemic maladjustment.* |
| |
| *If you are reading this letter it is surely because the FARC were not able to listen or understand my message. If I have been murdered, my spirit will be praying for peace in Colombia. In this case I hope that Aníbal, my brother, will take up the flag I have been carrying to build a new Antioquia.* |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
## Legacy
In the first election after Gaviria Correa\'s death, his brother Aníbal Gaviria did in fact run and was in fact elected as Governor of Antioquia. After pursuing the same programs begun by his older brother in 2000, Aníbal was selected 2007\'s best Governor in Colombia by Colombia Líder, a national nonpartisan institute. Specific accomplishments cited included extending health coverage to 1.6 million inhabitants, providing new or improved housing for 110,000 low-income families, building schools for 90,000 additional elementary and intermediate students, increasing access to potable water from 24 to 96 municipalities, and a reduction of over 60% in the murder rate during his term.
Varying opinions exist on the legacy of Gaviria Correa\'s movement of nonviolence. In the years following his death, violence decreased markedly. However, most Colombians attributed this improvement not to nonviolence, but to the opposite: namely, strong military offensives by President Álvaro Uribe against the FARC, paramilitary, and other narco-terrorist groups.
On the other hand Gaviria Correa\'s writing, and his story of personal sacrifice, continue to inspire those involved in the cause of nonviolence. In nominating Gaviria Correa for the 2004 Nobel Peace Prize, for instance, nonviolence scholar Glenn D. Paige described him as \"a nonviolent political leader whose legacy is no less significant than those of Gandhi and Martin Luther King, Jr.\" According to Nobel Peace Prize winner Mairead Maguire, \"Governor Gaviria's writings reveal a brave and deeply spiritual man, whose compassionate heart and fine mind were not corrupted by suffering, but deepened to an all-encompassing unconditional love of everyone, including his captors
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# Peter Greenwood
**Peter J. Greenwood** (17 October 1962`{{spnd}}`{=mediawiki}7 January 2021) was an Australian special effects technician, researcher, designer, voice actor and media consultant.
He was related to actress Joan Greenwood.
## Career
He attended Killara High School in Sydney, NSW.
He began his career as a cel painter with Hanna Barbera Australia at age fifteen, followed by a stint on Sydney radio station 2UW on the Rick Melbourne morning comedy radio show *Wood Duck Theatre*. As a commercial actor, he appeared in minor roles in several Australian TV soap operas. He also worked on various advertising campaigns, and was perhaps best known in Australia as the spokesperson for the Matchbox die cast car brand Parasites.
He has also written for magazines published by the Fairfax group, including *Omega Science Digest*, *Woman\'s Day* and *TV Soap* magazine. He also produced several special-issue magazines for the Howitz group, such as issues focused on *The Addams Family* vs. *The Munsters*; *The Simpsons*; Paul Hogan; and James Dean. His name appears as \"Hollywood editor\" on these special editions.
During the 1980s, he worked as a licensing designer/consultant for Hanna Barbera Australia, Reg Grundy Productions and Village Roadshow, before moving to Los Angeles, where he worked in the merchandising and promotions field.
In 1992, he was the supervising producer on the American adaptation of the British sci-fi comedy series *Red Dwarf*, under executive producer Linwood Boomer (creator of *Malcolm in the Middle*). During 1993, he worked as a costume and special effects technician on an episode of *Star Trek: Deep Space Nine* and on the movie *Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles III*.
From 2006, Greenwood was the worldwide licensing manager for Jack Chertok Television. He was recently quoted by the *Los Angeles Times* regarding his search for and restoration of the Chertok show *My Living Doll*. Greenwood continued to search for this program in order to issue a second volume in 2013.
He supervised the recent merchandising reactivation of the show *My Favorite Martian*. His name can be found on the side panel of the Pegasus hobbies kit of Uncle Martin\'s space ship and the Factory Entertainment Bobble collection.
Consulting to the Milton Caniff estate, he can be found credited in the Hermes Press reprints of the Gold Key *Steve Canyon* books and the *Mail Call* art book. In the Hermes Press *My Favorite Martian* volume one comic reprint, he is listed as the visual editor.
For home video, he oversaw the 2012 DVD extras footage for *Alias Smith and Jones*, *Laramie*, *Wagon Train*, and *87th Precinct*.
In 2012, he oversaw the special reprint of a Gold Key *My Favorite Martian* title together with Hermes Press as part of the Free Comic Book Day event across the United States. This was the first 1960s television show to become part of this event.
In 2013, he became the worldwide licensing manager for Anderson Entertainment and oversaw several new products, starting with *Dick Spanner*.
He was also the driving force behind a new push for the Anderson company to return to puppet production, which was slated to begin in 2015 with a new British version of *Firestorm*, which was previously produced as an anime.
Further credits can be found in Keith Scott\'s book *The Mouse That Roared* and the recent *Brady Bunch* history book. All of this made him a sought after consultant for older television projects, and as such could be found quoted heavily in the third volume of the *Star Trek* history *These Are The Voyages* by Marc Cushman.
As an actor, he had voiced a wide range of characters. In his native Australia he was known as a voice over artist for American accented work, having provided tracks for Virgin Games and Victorinox Swiss army knives, the latter of which was nominated for an Australian Clio Award for radio.
On screen, he was mostly seen as a baby faced heavy on several soap operas, from *The Young Doctors* to *The Restless Years* for the Australian production company Reg Grundy Productions.
His first US based voice work was on the Art Clokey-produced *Gumby* adventures remake from 1986--87, where he voiced over twenty characters and provided script elements for the Australian themed episode \"Kangaroo Express\", in which he voiced all the Australian characters. He also created and painted many of the miniature props seen in that episode.
The next Australian themed project was Walt Disney\'s *The Rescuers Down Under*, where he provided the voice of the radio announcer and airplane captain and again ad-libbed the first lines of Australian dialogue heard in this film as the Cody character runs past the kitchen.
From that point, Greenwood provided looping services for Saban\'s *Power Rangers*, *Big Bad Beetleborgs*, and *Masked Rider*.
His laugh and dialogue can be heard on the first installment of the Disney *Pirates of the Caribbean* franchise as crew voices for the Black Pearl.
## Credits
### TV shows {#tv_shows}
- *The Restless Years* \... Thug (1979-1980)
- *Bellamy*
- \"The Axe Man Cometh\" (1981) \... Thug
- *Taurus Rising* (1982) \... Grave Digger
- *Prisoner*
- Episode 1.524 (1985) \... Photographer
- *Rafferty\'s Rules* \... Football Thug (1988)
- *The King of Queens*
- \"Furious Gorge\" (2004) \... Support Group Chubby Guy (uncredited)
- *Lucky Louie*
- \"Kim\'s O\" (2006) \... Tiny the Handyman
- \"A Mugging Story\" (2006) \... Tiny (uncredited)
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# Peter Greenwood
## Credits
### Voice work {#voice_work}
- *Home* (1988) \... Johnny 5 (one episode)
- *Gumby Adventures* (1988) \... Gumby\'s uncle, cousin, outback man, and others
- *The Rescuers Down Under* (1990) \... Radio Announcer/Airplane Captain
- *Big Bad Beetleborgs*
- \"Say the Magic Word\" (1996) \... Sword Warrior
- \"Haunted Hideout\" (1996) \... Mace Warrior
- *Power Rangers Turbo*
- \"Cars Attacks\" (1997) \... Wolfgang Amadeus Griller (uncredited)
- *Power Rangers Lightspeed Rescue*
- \"Neptune\'s Daughter\" (2000) \..
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# Tamiya Madcap
The **Tamiya Madcap** 1/10 scale off-road buggy was released in 1989 by Tamiya and is based on the running gear of the Astute. The Madcap was an entry level buggy but also proved to be very competitive when given some additional \'hop-ups\'. It was 2 wheel drive, had a monocoque chassis tub, and double wishbone suspension. It ran the Astute ball differential (this can prove to be a weakness), and shared many other components with its bigger, more competitive brother. The Lexan body was intended to be painted white with a red wing, and driven by \'Sammy Screwloose\'. Many Madcap\'s survive today, and parts are available on eBay.
## Gallery
This was one of Tamiya\'s better looking buggies and released towards the end of the Radio Control golden era.
Image:Image-madcap.JPG\|*Tamiya Madcap Restored* Image:Image-madcap2
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# Bachelor of Science in Public Health
The **Bachelor of Science in Public Health (BSPH)** (or Bachelor of Public Health) is an undergraduate degree that prepares students to pursue careers in the public, private, or non-profit sector in areas such as public health, environmental health, health administration, epidemiology, nutrition, biostatistics, or health policy and planning. Postbaccalaureate training is available in public health, health administration, public affairs, and related areas.
The University of California at Irvine, [Program in Public Health](http://publichealth.uci.edu), Department of Population Health and Disease Prevention, has the largest enrollment of undergraduate majors in Public Health, with about 1,500 students including \~1,000 in the Bachelor of Science in Public Health Sciences, and another \~500 students in the Bachelor of Arts in Public Health Policy (2014). UC Irvine also offers a minor in Public Health for students of other majors.
The Council on Education for Public Health includes undergraduate public health degrees in the accreditation review of public health programs and schools
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# Prisse Papyrus
The **Prisse Papyrus** is an ancient Egyptian papyrus datable to the Middle Kingdom `{{cn span|date=October 2020|text=which was discovered by the inhabitants of Kurna and given to French orientalist [[Émile Prisse d'Avennes]] at [[Thebes, Egypt|Thebes]] and published in 1847}}`{=mediawiki} and is now in the Bibliothèque nationale de France in Paris.\
Inhabitants of Kurna originally found the papyrus inside the rishi coffin of pharaoh Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef of the 17th Dynasty, whose tomb was probably located in Dra\' Abu el-Naga\' near Thebes.
The papyrus document contains the last two pages of the *Instructions of Kagemni*, who purportedly served under pharaoh Sneferu of the 4th Dynasty, and is a compilation of moral maxims and admonitions on the practice of virtue (*sebayt*). The conclusion of the *Instructions of Kagemni* is followed by the only complete surviving copy of the *Instruction of Ptahhotep*.
## Literature
- *The Instruction addressed to Kagemni* in M. Lichtheim, *Ancient Egyptian Literature*, Volume I, 1973, pp.59ff.
- *The Instruction of Ptahhotep* in M. Lichtheim, *Ancient Egyptian Literature*, Volume I, 1973, pp. 61ff.
- [\"Papyrus Prisse\"](https://books.google.com/books?id=-CtCAAAAcAAJ) by Franz Joseph Lauth retrieved 10:53 24/9/11
- [papyrus \"Prisse\" JW Bone (1887)](https://web.archive.org/web/20160703223403/http://nq.oxfordjournals.org/content/s7-III/59/127.4.full.pdf+html) retrieved 11:34GMT 24/9/11
- [text written-Isaac Meyer](https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/images/1161583009/ref=dp_image_text_0?ie=UTF8&n=283155&s=books) retrieved 13:36GMT 25.9
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# Luggin capillary
A **Luggin capillary** (also **Luggin probe**, **Luggin tip**, or**Luggin-Haber capillary**) is a small tube that is used in electrochemistry. The capillary defines a clear sensing point for the reference electrode near the working electrode. This is in contrast to the poorly defined, large reference electrode
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# Seis am Schlern
**Seis am Schlern** (`{{IPA|de-AT|ˈsaɪs am ˈʃlɛrn|lang}}`{=mediawiki}; *Siusi allo Sciliar* `{{IPA|it|ˈsjuːzi allo ʃʃiˈljar|}}`{=mediawiki}) is an Alpine village in South Tyrol, in the Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol region of northern Italy. It is a *\[\[frazione\]\]* (borough) of the *\[\[comune\]\]* (municipality) of Kastelruth.
## Geography
The village lies in the Dolomites, in the shadow of the 2,563m high Schlern. The summit can be reached by following trail number one from the village.
## History
The peak at the north west end of the mountain was first climbed in 1888 by Johann Santner. It is named the Santner Spitze in his honour.
## Economy
The village is dependent on tourism, in Summer and Winter.
## Famous residents {#famous_residents}
The poet, composer and diplomat Oswald von Wolkenstein lived for a time in Seis. The German philosopher Wilhelm Dilthey died in the village on 1 October 1911.
The Russian scientist, historian and ethnologist Count Aleksey Alekseyevich Bobrinsky died in the Village on 4 December 1938
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# Doppel-Sport Panoramic Camera
The **Doppel-Sport Panoramic Camera** was created in 1912 by Julius Neubronner in Kronberg, Germany to take aerial photographs by means of pigeon photographers. Neubronner had created a pamphlet describing this process in 1909. This camera was carried by pigeons and used to spy on the French during World War I, although it was described as taking pictures that had low quality. The camera used a breast-mounted pneumatically delayed timer camera with a swing lens. The Doppel-Sport had an exposure of 3 cm x 8 cm
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# Tiffany Yellow Diamond
The **Tiffany Yellow Diamond** is one of the largest yellow diamonds ever discovered. Its carat weight was originally 287.42 carats (57.484 g) in the rough when discovered in 1878 in the Kimberley mine in South Africa. It was cut into a cushion shape of 128.54 carats (25.108 g) with 82 facets---24 more than a traditional round brilliant---to maximize its brilliance. The facet pattern features eight needle-like facets pointing outward from the culet (bottom) facet. Jewelry and diamond historian Herbert Tillander refers to this as a \"stellar brilliant cut\", and lists the gem in his book, *Diamond Cuts in Historic Jewelry -- 1381 to 1910* (1995), among other such diamonds: the Cullinan Diamond, the Koh-i-Noor, the Polar Star, the Wittelsbach, and others.
The gem has been displayed across the United States. Its permanent home is at the Tiffany & Co. flagship store in Midtown Manhattan, New York City.
## History
Discovered in South Africa in 1877, the stone was purchased by New York jeweler Charles Tiffany. His gemologist, George Frederick Kunz, studied the gem for a year before beginning to cut it, reducing it from 287 carats (57.5g) to its current size. The cutting was carried out in Paris. It was later mounted by Jean Schlumberger.
In 1879, the Tiffany branch in Paris obtained the Tiffany Diamond, which weighed 287.42 carats in the rough. It was the largest yellow diamond found up to that time. The task of supervising the cutting of this stone was the responsibility of one George Frederick Kunz (1856--1932), a twenty-three-year-old gemologist who had just joined the firm. Kunz modified the accepted square antique brilliant cut, bringing the total facets to ninety. The result is a cut that returns a great deal of light to the eye. Large diamonds of comparable brilliance were not fashioned until well into the 20th century. In 1893 it was part of Tiffany\'s exhibit at the Chicago World\'s Fair.
The gem was on loan from Tiffany & Co. to the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History in Washington, D.C., from April 18, 2007, until September 23, 2007. At the time, Jeffrey E. Post, the museum\'s gem curator, said that this was the largest diamond on display in the U.S. The famous Hope Diamond is only 45.5 carats, which is about one-third the mass of the Tiffany Yellow Diamond.
The diamond is known to have been worn by only four women during its lifetime. It was worn by Mary Whitehouse at the 1957 Tiffany Ball held in Newport, Rhode Island, mounted for the occasion in a necklace of white diamonds. It was subsequently worn by Audrey Hepburn in 1961 publicity photographs for *Breakfast at Tiffany\'s*. In 2019, Lady Gaga wore the diamond at the 91st Academy Awards. Beyoncé wore the necklace in a Tiffany campaign of 2021.
In addition, Gal Gadot wore a replica of the diamond made by Tiffany & Co. in the 2022 film *Death on the Nile*, where the theft of the diamond is a part of the mystery
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# Oklahoma State Highway 109
**State Highway 109** (abbreviated **SH-109** or **OK-109**) is a 54 mile (87 km) long state highway in southern Oklahoma. It runs through southern Choctaw County, connecting to US-70 at each end. It has no lettered spur routes.
## Route description {#route_description}
The highway begins heading southbound from US-70 at Boswell. It turns westbound after about 5 miles (8 km). As it approaches the Red River, it turns back northward and then eastward again to run through unincorporated Gay, 24 miles (38.6 km) into the route. Six miles (9.65 km) later, it meets U.S. Highway 271 and has a concurrency with it lasting about 4 miles (6.4 km), splitting off near Ord. Between Frogville and Huskey it turns back north before ending at US-70 near Fort Towson.
## History
SH-109 originally ran from Fort Towson to Raymond Gary State Park. However, on 1957-04-23 it was redesignated to run from Boswell to Fort Towson. It was realigned several times in the 1960s and once in 1982. Since 1982, the route has remained unchanged
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# Etruscan history
**Etruscan history** is the written record of Etruscan civilization compiled mainly by Greek and Roman authors. Apart from their inscriptions, from which information mainly of a sociological character can be extracted, we do not have any historical works written by the Etruscans themselves, nor is there any mention in the Roman authors that any was ever written. Remnants of Etruscan writings are almost exclusively concerned with religion.
## Origin
There have been three hypotheses as to the origins of the Etruscan civilization in the Early Iron Age: either by autochthonous development *in situ* out of the Villanovan culture of Etruria in northern and central Italy, or via an eastern (Anatolian or Thessalian) colonization of Italy. The third hypotheses was reported by Livy and Pliny the Elder, and puts the Etruscans in the context of the Rhaetian people to the north and other populations living in the Alps. The first Greek author to mention the Etruscans, whom the Ancient Greeks called Tyrrhenians, was the 8th-century BC poet Hesiod, in his work, the Theogony. He mentioned them as residing in central Italy alongside the Latins. The 7th-century BC *Homeric Hymn* to Dionysus referred to them as pirates. Unlike later Greek authors, such as Herodotus and Hellanicus, these earlier Greek authors did not suggest that Etruscans had migrated to Italy from elsewhere.
According to prehistoric and protohistoric archaeologists, anthropologists, etruscologists, geneticists, linguists, all the evidence gathered so far fits the autochthonous origin of the Etruscans. Moreover, there is no archeological evidence for a migration of the Lydians or the Pelasgians into Etruria. It was only in the 5th century BC, when the Etruscan civilization had been established for several centuries, that Greek writers started associating the name \"Tyrrhenians\" with the \"Pelasgians\" or the \"Lydians\". There is consensus among modern scholars that these Greek tales are not based on actual events. The earliest evidence of a culture that is identifiably Etruscan dates from about 900 BC: this is the period of the Iron Age Villanovan culture, considered to be the earliest phase of Etruscan civilization, which itself developed from the previous late Bronze Age Proto-Villanovan culture in the same region, part of the central European Urnfield culture system.
Helmut Rix\'s classification of the Etruscan language in a proposed Tyrsenian language family reflects this ambiguity. He finds Etruscan on one hand genetically related to the Rhaetic language spoken in the Alps north of Etruria, suggesting autochthonous connections, but on the other hand the Lemnian language found on the \"Lemnos stele\" is closely related to Etruscan, entailing either Etruscan presence in \"Tyrsenian\" Lemnos, or \"Tyrsenian\" expansion westward to Etruria. The Etruscan language was of a different family from that of neighbouring Italic and Celtic peoples, who spoke Indo-European languages. The Tyrsenian languages are generally considered Pre-Indo-European and Paleo-European.
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# Etruscan history
## History
Etruscan expansion was focused both to the north beyond the Apennines and south into Campania. Some small towns disappeared during the 6th century BC, ostensibly consumed by greater, more powerful neighbors. However, there is no doubt that the political structure of the Etruscan culture was similar, albeit more aristocratic, to Magna Graecia in the south.
The mining and commerce of metal, especially copper and iron, led to an enrichment of the Etruscans and to the expansion of their influence in the Italian peninsula and the western Mediterranean sea. Here, their interests collided with those of the Greeks, especially in the 6th century BC, when Phoceans of Italy founded colonies along the coast of France, Catalonia and Corsica. This led the Etruscans to ally themselves with the Carthaginians, whose interests also collided with the Greeks.
### Military history {#military_history}
Around 540 BC, the Battle of Alalia led to a new distribution of power in the western Mediterranean Sea. Though the battle had no clear winner, Carthage managed to expand its sphere of influence at the expense of both the Etruscans and the Greeks. Etruria saw itself relegated to the northern Tyrrhenian Sea.
From the first half of the 5th century BC, Campanian Etruria lost its Etruscan character, and the new international political situation meant the beginning of the Etruscan decline. In 480 BC, Etruria\'s ally Carthage was defeated by a coalition of Magna Graecia cities led by Syracuse. A few years later, in 474, Syracuse\'s tyrant Hiero defeated the Etruscans at the Battle of Cumae. Etruria\'s influence over the cities of Latium and Campania weakened, and it was taken over by Romans and Samnites.
In the 4th century BC, Padanian Etruria saw a Gallic invasion end its influence over the Po valley and the Adriatic coast.
### Roman--Etruscan Wars {#romanetruscan_wars}
In the 4th century BC, Rome began annexing Etruscan cities. By the beginning of the 1st century BC, Rome had annexed all the remaining Etruscan territory.
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# Etruscan history
## Rulers
The institution of kingship was general. Many names of individual Etruscan kings are recorded, most of them in a historical vacuum, but with enough chronological evidence to show that kingship persisted in Etruscan city-culture long after it had been overthrown by the Greeks and at Rome, where Etruscan kings were long remembered with suspicion and scorn. When the last king was appointed, at Veii, the other Etruscan cities were alienated, permitting the Romans to destroy Veii. It is presumed that Etruscan kings were military and religious leaders. The paraphernalia of Etruscan kingship is familiar because it was inherited by Rome; they adopted the symbols of the republican authority wielded by the consuls: the purple robe, the staff or scepter topped with an eagle, the folding cross-framed \"curule seat\", the *sella curulis*, and most prominent of all, the *fasces* carried by a magistrate, which preceded the king in public appearances.
The Etruscan cities would come together under a single leader at a traditional annual council held at the sacred grove of the *Fanum Voltumnae*. The precise site of this meeting is unknown, but the search has exercised scholars since the Renaissance. In times of no emergency, the position of *praetor Etruriae*, as Roman inscriptions express it, was no doubt largely ceremonial and concerned with *cultus*.
### Rulers of Clevsin (Clusium) {#rulers_of_clevsin_clusium}
- Osiniu fl. probably early 11th century BC
- Lars Porsena fl. late 6th century BC
- Aruns fl. c. 500 BC
### Rulers of Caisra (Caere) {#rulers_of_caisra_caere}
- Lausus
- Larthia
- Thefarie Velianas fl. c. late 6th century--early 4th century BC, known from his temple dedication recorded on the Pyrgi Tablets
### Rulers of Veii {#rulers_of_veii}
- Volumnius fl. mid 5th century--437 BC
- Lars Tolumnius fl. late 5th century--428 BC
### Rulers of Arimnus (Ariminum) {#rulers_of_arimnus_ariminum}
- Arimnestos
### Etruscan kings of Rome {#etruscan_kings_of_rome}
- Lucius Tarquinius Priscus (616--579)
- Servius Tullius (578--535)
- Lucius Tarquinius Superbus (535--510/509) BC
### Other Etruscan rulers {#other_etruscan_rulers}
- Mezentius fl. c. 1100 BC
- Tyrsenos
- Velsu fl
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# Richmond, Calgary
**Richmond** is a residential neighbourhood in the southwest quadrant of Calgary, Alberta.
It is located on both sides of the Crowchild Trail, south of 17th Avenue SW. It was the location of Alberta Children\'s Hospital until 2007, when the new facility was opened in the northwest quadrant. The community has an area redevelopment plan in place.
Richmond was established in 1950. It is represented in the Calgary City Council by the Ward 8 councillor, on a provincial level by Calgary-Currie MLA Brian Malkinson, and is currently represented at the federal level by Calgary Centre MP Kent Hehr.
## Demographics
In the City of Calgary\'s 2012 municipal census, Richmond had a population of `{{nts|4229}}`{=mediawiki} living in `{{nts|2259}}`{=mediawiki} dwellings, a 2.8% increase from its 2011 population of `{{nts|4113}}`{=mediawiki}. With a land area of 1.8 km2, it had a population density of `{{Pop density|4229|1.8|km2|sqmi}}`{=mediawiki} in 2012.
Residents in this community had a median household income of \$49,954, and there were 17.6% low income residents living in the neighbourhood. Most buildings are single-family detached home (48.3%).
## Crime
Year Crime Rate (/100 pop.)
------ ------------------------
2018 3.3
2019 3.8
2020 4.1
2021 2.7
2022 3.1
2023 2.6
## Education
The community is served by Richmond Elementary and Chinook College for Continuing Education public schools, as well as various private schools
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# Mount Longhu
**Mount Longhu** (`{{zh|c={{linktext|龙|虎|山}}|p=Lónghǔ Shān|l=Dragon Tiger Mountain}}`{=mediawiki}, Gan: Lung-fu San) is located in Yingtan, Jiangxi, China. It is famous for being one of the birthplaces of Taoism, with many Taoist temples built upon the mountainside. It is particularly important to the Zhengyi Dao as the Shangqing Temple and the Mansion of the Taoist Master (天师府) are located here. It is also known as one of the Four Sacred Mountains of Taoism.
Two notable Taoist temples on Mount Longhu are the temples of Immortal City (*仙岩*) and Zheng Yi (*正一*), both founded by Zhang Daoling (*张道陵*), the Han dynasty founder of the religion. There are more Taoist temples in nearby Shangqing (*上清*), one of which is mentioned in the beginning of the famous Chinese traditional novel, *Outlaws of the Marsh* (*水滸傳*).
Mount Longhu also has cultural significance as a historical burial site of the Guyue people, who placed the deceased in hanging coffins on the mountain\'s cliff faces.
In August 2010 UNESCO inscribed Mount Longhu on the World Heritage List as part of the complex of six sites that make up the China Danxia.
Mount Longhu can be reached from the nearby city of Yingtan.
## Gallery
<File:Longhu> Shan 02.jpg\|A cliff-side Taoist temple <File:Tianshifu> Gate.JPG\|The Tianshifu Gate of the Celestial Master Temple at Mount Longhu <File:Longhushan> 9263.jpg\|View of the mountain\'s cliff <File:Longhu> Shan 01
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# Moscow Central Clinical Hospital
The **Central Clinical Hospital of the Administrative directorate of the President of the Russian Federation** (*Центральная клиническая больница c поликлиникой Управления делами Президента Российской Федерации*) (also called \"**Kremlin Hospital**\", \"Kremlyovka\" and the \"Kremlin Clinic\") is a heavily guarded facility 14 kilometres west of the Kremlin in an exclusive, wooded suburban area known as Kuntsevo. The hospital is guarded by the Federal Protective Service.
Among patients are political, business, cultural and scientific elite of Russia (and Soviet Union before 1991, like presidents Yuri Andropov or Konstantin Chernenko) and representatives of the diplomatic corps. The hospital now accepts an increasing number of private, self-paying patients and it is common to pay for one\'s treatment. While the hospital is open to the public and anyone may theoretically be admitted and treated there, its fees and charges are well beyond the means of most Russians and so it retains its elitist image.
## History
On 13 August 1946, the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union issued a decree on the design and construction of a new building Kremlin Hospital (Suburban Hospital) with 500 beds. In March 1947, the Government has identified the volume of financing (consolidated estimates for the construction of buildings of the Central Clinical Hospital is only closed December 20, 1963), and in April 1947, decided to place a new hospital in the forest in Kuntsevo. Initially, it was allocated 150 hectares of land, and in 1953 the total area of the hospital reached 209 hectares.
Construction of the hospital and its infrastructure started in 1948. However, despite the measures taken, the construction was carried out slowly. Much of the credit for the construction of hospitals and organization of its follow-up belongs to Vasily Kholodkova.
In 1957, the construction of the first two buildings (No.6 and No.7) housing 123 beds was complete. The hospital was opened for patient treatment on 29 November 1957. On December 2, the hospital admitted its first patient.
In September 1960, the Suburban Hospital was renamed the Central Clinical Hospital of the Fourth Main Department of the Ministry of Health of the Soviet Union.
From 1961 to 1963, the main building was constructed. It housed the main branch of specialized therapeutic and surgical, as well as large medical-diagnostic department (X-ray, physiotherapy, functional diagnostics).
In 1968, the first hemodialysis center in the Soviet Union opened, and in 1973 a computing center was established.
In the late 1970s and early 1980s, the hospital carried out specialized therapeutic care for basic medical specialties: cardiology, gastroenterology, pulmonology, nephrology, endocrinology, allergology, hematology, neurology.
Later on, new buildings were put into operation: in 1981 - anatomopathological, 1982 - therapeutic, 1985 - Pharmacy, 1989, 2001 - operationally intensive care.
In October 2011, a branch of assisted reproductive technologies was opened, and in November 2012, the Department of Neurosurgery.
On 30 August 2022, at the age of 91, Mikhail Gorbachev died at the Moscow Central Hospital. According to the hospital, his death followed a \"severe and prolonged illness.\"
On 1 September 2022, Ravil Maganov, the chairman of the board of Lukoil and a critic of Russia\'s invasion of Ukraine, allegedly died due to injuries he suffered after falling from the 6th floor of the hospital following a visit to the hospital that day by Russian President Vladimir Putin
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# Mariusz Zaruski
**Mariusz Zaruski** (18 January 1867 -- 8 April 1941) was a brigadier-general in the Polish Army, a pioneer of Polish sports yachting, an outstanding climber of the winter and caves of Tatra Mountains. He was a photographer, painter, poet and writer, a seamen and traveler, a conspirator, legionnaire and lancer in Polish cavalry.
During his active life, he was a devoted social activist, sportsman and teacher.
## Biography
Zaruski was born on 18 January 1867 in Dumanowo near the Kamieniec Podolski in Poland. During his youth at Odessa University, where he studied mathematics and physics, he was attracted to maritime activities. He worked as a seaman on various ships. He visited distant regions including Siberia, China, Japan, India, Egypt and Syria.
For his participation in a Polish patriotic anti-Russian organization, the Russian government exiled him to Arkhangelsk in 1894. There, while a prisoner, he was able to graduate from the Seaman School. Conditionally, he was allowed to work on the merchant ship *Derzhava*. On his first sea journey on the ship, he went to Norway with a log and fur cargo. Later he became captain of the ship *Nadezhda*.
After finishing his prison term, Zaruski returned to Odessa, where he lived for two years. There he married Izabela Kietlińska. Later, he moved to Kraków, where between 1901 and 1906, he studied painting at the Academy of Fine Arts. In 1907, after graduation, the couple moved to Zakopane for Izabela\'s health.
For many years, Mariusz Zaruski worked in Zakopane as a mountain guide for tourists and rescues. He organized the Tatra Mountain Rescue Service. In his articles in Polish newspapers, he publicized and popularized the tourism of the Zakopane region. He was the first to ski down from Kozi Wierch and Kościelec mountains. Zaruski was also noted for leading a rescue expedition that saved Maria Bandrowski, who was trapped in the Tatra Mountains with her brother, the Polish philosopher Bronisław Bandrowski.
At the start of the First World War, he organized 11th Polish Cavalry Regiment and became its commander. For his bravery during the offensive on Wilno City on 16 April 1919, he was decorated with the highest Polish military distinction, the Order of Virtuti Militari, 5th Class, and several times with the Cross of Valour. He ended up his military career as a brigadier-general and Adjutant to Polish President Stanisław Wojciechowski. He retired before the May Revolt in 1926.
In his retirement, he devoted his time to popularize moral, economic and political benefits of Poland\'s access to the Baltic Sea. He introduced the Polish elite to the sport of yachting. Through his teaching he attracted countless number of Polish youth to seamanship and yachting.
Together with Antoni Aleksandrowicz, he organized the Yacht Club of Poland. Thanks to his government connections, he was able to acquire for the club the first ocean-going yacht in Poland\'s history, *Witeź*. On his initiative, the Sea and River League and the Committee of National Flotilla were established. The committee founded`{{clarify|date=November 2020}}`{=mediawiki} the sailing ship *Dar Pomorza*. He was an organizer of the Inspectorate of Youth Marine Education. He helped to establish the Marine Terminology Commission, which included representatives from Marine Academy`{{clarify|date=November 2020|reason=The Marine Academy or marine academies?}}`{=mediawiki} and universities. The Commission edited six volumes of the Polish -- English -- French -- German - Russian Marine Dictionary. In Poland, before the Second World War, the Boy Scouts movement was an important part of marine education among Polish youth.
General Zaruski played a leading role as a seamanship instructor for Polish Scouts units in Jastarnia, located on the shore of the Baltic Sea. He used to say that the hardship of a sailor\'s duties strengthened the sailor\'s moral character. In 1935 he became captain of the schooner *Zawisza Czarny (ship)*. At the same time, he was elected President of the Polish Sailing Association. During his presidency, youth at universities, the Boy Scouts and yacht clubs all over Poland were integrated in one mass movement devoted to seamanship and marine education. As captain of *Zawisza Czarny*, he was treated with such respect and adoration by youths that they called him no other than "Sir General". His last voyage on *Zawisza Czarny* was in 1939.
Deliberately, despite the fact that he could leave Poland at the outbreak of the Second World War, he did not abandon his motherland. He was arrested, then imprisoned by the Soviet NKVD in Lwów after the Red Army invaded Poland in September 1939. On 29 March 1941, NKVD sentenced him, as a *socially dangerous element*, to penal resettlement to Krasnoyarsk Krai in Siberia. He died of cholera in a Soviet prison in Kherson on 8 April 1941.
In autumn of 1991, thanks to the efforts of Związek Harcerstwa Polskiego, the Polish Scouts, the ashes of Gen. Zaruski were brought to Poland and buried in Zakopane Cemetery. He was decorated posthumously by the Polish state with the Grand Cross of Order of Poland's Rebirth in 1997.
## Family
Father Seweryn, mother Eufrozyna, older brother Stanisław, younger brother Bolesław. His devoted wife: Izabella Kietlińska.
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# Mariusz Zaruski
## Literary legacy {#literary_legacy}
Includes: collection of poems and novels about the Tatra mountains titled *Na bezdrożach tatrzańskich* (1923) as well as his marine novels titled *Wśród wichrów i fal* (1935). He expressed his passion for horses in several of his poems.
He gave countless speeches, lectures and published many articles. He wrote several textbooks for sailors and first in Polish history textbook of marine navigation.
## Honours and awards {#honours_and_awards}
- Polish:
- Silver Cross of Virtuti Militari (1922)
- Grand Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta (posthumously, 7 November 1997)
- Commander\'s Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta (7 November 1925)
- Cross of Independence (12 May 1931)
- Officer\'s Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta (2 May 1923)
- Cross of Valour (five times)
- Gold Cross of Merit (three times)
- Commemorative Medal for the War of 1918--1921 (1928)
- Medal of the 10th Anniversary of Regained Independence (1928)
- Foreign:
- Commander of the Order of the Sword (Sweden, 1923)
- Commander of the Legion of Honour (France, 1925)
- Commander of the Order of the White Lion (Czechoslovakia, 1926)
- Grand Officer of the Order of St. Sava (Yugoslavia, 1927)
- Commander of the Order of the Star of Romania (Romania)
- Commander of the Order of Orange-Nassau (The Netherlands)
- Knight of the Order of St
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# From Dusk Till Dawn (video game)
***From Dusk Till Dawn*** (*Une nuit en enfer*) is a 2001 third-person shooter video game that is based on events that transpire directly after the end of *From Dusk till Dawn*. Released for Windows, it was distributed by Cryo Interactive.
## Plot
Seth Gecko, one of the two survivors of the movie *From Dusk till Dawn*, has been condemned to death for the murders his dead brother Richie committed. He is now an inmate of the fictional Rising Sun high-security prison, a converted tanker floating off the coast of New Orleans.
Vampires infiltrate the prison by posing as inmates. They murder the transport guards and the warden and begin a rampage. In the chaos, Seth gains a weapon and escapes his cell.
At the end, Seth kills the vampires and escapes the prison along with the other survivors.
## Reception
The game was met with mixed reception upon release, as GameRankings gave it a score of 63.11%, while Metacritic gave it 58 out of 100
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# The Hat Factory
**The Hat Factory** is an arts facility in the centre of Luton, England that seeks to develop the arts in the town and surrounding region. The Hat Factory opened in April 2004, and includes theatre, music, comedy, dance and film programmes.
The Hat Factory contains a studio theatre, sprung dance studio and space for music rehearsal and recording, as well as meeting rooms and conference facilities. It is home to several creative companies, including the organisers of the Luton Carnival. The Hat Factory Gallery is a joint venture between Luton Borough Council, the Hat Factory and the University of Bedfordshire
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# Nutcracker Fantasy
is a Japanese-American stop motion animated film produced by Sanrio, very loosely based on Tchaikovsky\'s 1892 ballet *The Nutcracker* and E.T.A. Hoffmann\'s 1816 story \"The Nutcracker and the Mouse King\". It is directed by Takeo Nakamura and written by Shintaro Tsuji, Eugene A. Fournier and Thomas Joachim. It was officially released in Japan on March 3, 1979 and later in the United States on July 6, 1979. The film was nominated for the 1980 Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film and the 1980 Young Artist Award for Best Motion Picture featuring youth and won the 1980 Young Artist Award for Best Musical Entertainment.
*Nutcracker Fantasy* was the first stop-motion project by Sanrio. The film\'s overall animation style is reminiscent of all the original Rankin/Bass \"Animagic\" productions, shot at Tadahito Mochinaga\'s MOM Production (later renamed Video Tokyo Production) in which Nakamura had previously worked for. A remastered version of the film was announced by Sanrio, with an advanced screening at the 27th Tokyo International Film Festival on October 29, 2014 and released formally in theaters on November 29, 2014 as part of *Hello Kitty*\'s 40th anniversary.
## Plot
Narrated by the adult Clara, she tells the story of Ragman, a mysterious old man who roams about the city looking into people\'s houses and turns children into mice if he catches them up past their bed time.
Clara is excited about her friend Fritz coming to visit the next day and refuses to go to sleep. Her Aunt Gerda tries to frighten her with stories about the Ragman, but Clara says she\'s too grown up to believe in him. Uncle Drosselmeyer startles them with his arrival. He gives Clara a nutcracker doll, which she adores. She promises to go to bed immediately if she can keep it.
Clara awakens in the middle of the night to find her nutcracker gone. She sees a group of mice carrying it down the stairs and follows them into the living room. As she takes back the doll, she\'s confronted by the leader of the mice, a two-headed rat queen. The queen orders Clara to hand over the nutcracker, but she refuses. Clara is knocked out just as the nutcracker springs to life to defend her against the mice.
The next morning, Clara finds herself back in her bedroom. She tells her aunt about the mice and her doll being missing, but Gerda insists that she is talking nonsense and is ill with a fever. In her delirious state, Clara goes down to the living room and stares at the grandfather clock. Thinking she sees Uncle Drosselmeyer inside, she climbs in, only to be scared by the Ragman.
She wanders, looking for Drosselmeyer, until she finds herself in a palace. There she sees a portrait of a girl identical to her and a glass coffin containing a sleeping mouse person. A king and a group of mourners appear, believing Clara to be their Princess Mary returned. After Clara corrects their mistake, King Goodwin explains that she\'s in the Doll Kingdom. They were at war with the mice, led by the two-headed queen Morphia. When defeat seemed inevitable, the dolls surrendered. However, the King refused to agree to Morphia\'s final term: Princess Mary must marry her son, Gaar. As punishment for refusing, Morphia cursed the princess to look like a hideous mouse and lie in sleep until King Goodwin agrees to the marriage.
King Goodwin gathers all the world\'s wise men in hopes they can find a way to break the curse, but all their ideas are far fetched and illogical, and an argument quickly breaks out between them. Despairing that no one knows how to help, Clara leaves the castle and wanders the streets. A street singer points her in the direction of The Queen of Time, who is known for having the answer to everything. Clara goes to her and asks if she knows how to save the princess and defeat Morphia. The Queen of Time uses her magical crystal ball to spy on Morphia, revealing the only way to save the princess is to destroy the queen\'s source of power, the Nut of Darkness. This can only be done if the magical Sword of Pearl is wielded by someone with a pure heart. The Queen of Time provides the sword, but it\'s up to Clara to find someone to carry it into battle.
Clara returns to the castle, believing Franz, the captain of the guard, has a pure enough heart. She tells him what he must do in order to save the princess. King Goodwin promises Franz his daughter\'s hand in marriage if he\'s successful, and Franz leads the doll army off to battle. They arrive as the mice are celebrating Gaar\'s eminent marriage to the princess. Just as it seems the toy soldiers are losing, Franz destroys The Nut of Darkness and kills Morphia - but not before she places a curse on him, turning him into a nutcracker doll.
Clara carries the Nutcracker back to the palace, where she finds the court and King Goodwin are celebrating Princess Mary\'s awakening. Seeing Franz\'s new state, the princess abandons the marriage promise and calls the Nutcracker ugly. Clara leaves the kingdom to wander in search of anyone who knows how to return Franz to human, unaware that Gaar survived the attack and is following her. She eventually comes across the Watchmaker, who tells her the only way to save Franz is through an act of true, unselfish love. Clara declares she loves Franz, but the Watchmaker says that isn\'t enough.
Exhausted from travelling, Clara falls asleep. She dreams that Franz is human again and they enter a magical kingdom made of candy. As they\'re about to ascend the stairs to live happily ever after in their castle, Clara\'s foot becomes stuck. Franz continues without her, leading Clara to grab his foot and beg him not to go. She wakes up to realize she\'s clutching the Nutcracker as Gaar tries to pull him away. She begs Gaar to spare Franz and kill her instead, but Gaar insists Franz must die for killing his mother. As he\'s about to stab the Nutcracker, Clara uses her own body as a shield. This frees Franz from the spell and destroys Gaar.
Clara wakes up in bed, with Uncle Drosselmeyer beside her. As Clara is recounting what happened and trying to ask Drosselmeyer what he was doing in the clock, Aunt Gerda comes in to say Fritz has arrived. He comes in, identical to Franz. Older Clara narrates that she and Fritz lived happily ever after.
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# Nutcracker Fantasy
## Voice Cast (in order of appearance) {#voice_cast_in_order_of_appearance}
+---------------------+-----------------------------------------+------------------+
| Character | Japanese | English |
+=====================+=========================================+==================+
| Clara | Kaoru Sugita\ | Melissa Gilbert |
| | Kasumi Arimura (remastered version) | |
+---------------------+-----------------------------------------+------------------+
| Aunt Gerda | Shizue Natsukawa\ | Lurene Tuttle |
| | Saori Yuki (remastered version) | |
+---------------------+-----------------------------------------+------------------+
| Uncle Drosselmeyer | Kō Nishimura\ | Christopher Lee |
| | Masachika Ichimura (remastered version) | |
+---------------------+-----------------------------------------+------------------+
| Street Singer | | |
+---------------------+-----------------------------------------+------------------+
| The Puppeteer | | |
+---------------------+-----------------------------------------+------------------+
| The Watchmaker | | |
+---------------------+-----------------------------------------+------------------+
| Queen Morphia | Atsuko Ichinomiya\ | Jo Anne Worley |
| | Ryōko Hirosue (remastered version) | |
+---------------------+-----------------------------------------+------------------+
| Chamberlain | Hisao Dazai | Ken Sansom |
+---------------------+-----------------------------------------+------------------+
| The Poet Wiseman | Shuichiro Moriyama | |
+---------------------+-----------------------------------------+------------------+
| King Goodwin | Kiiton Masuda | Dick Van Patten |
+---------------------+-----------------------------------------+------------------+
| Franz/Fritz | Taro Shigaki\ | Roddy McDowall |
| | Tori Matsuzaka (remastered version) | |
+---------------------+-----------------------------------------+------------------+
| The Indian Wiseman | Shunji Fujimura | Mitchel Gardener |
+---------------------+-----------------------------------------+------------------+
| The Viking Wiseman | Hiroshi Tamaoki | |
+---------------------+-----------------------------------------+------------------+
| The Chinese Wiseman | Jirō Sakagami | Jack Angel |
+---------------------+-----------------------------------------+------------------+
| The Executioner | Kinya Aikawa | |
+---------------------+-----------------------------------------+------------------+
| Gar Morphia | Takao Yamada | |
+---------------------+-----------------------------------------+------------------+
| Otto Von\'Atra | Ichiyō Itō | Gene Moss |
+---------------------+-----------------------------------------+------------------+
| The French Wiseman | Arihiro Fujimura | |
+---------------------+-----------------------------------------+------------------+
| Clovis | Shinji Maki | |
+---------------------+-----------------------------------------+------------------+
| Queen of Time | Haruko Kitahama | Eva Gabor |
+---------------------+-----------------------------------------+------------------+
| Princess Mary | Yukari Uehara | Robin Haffner |
+---------------------+-----------------------------------------+------------------+
### Additional English Voices {#additional_english_voices}
- Michele Lee (Narrator)
- Joan Gerber (Mice)
- Maxine Fisher (Mice)
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# Nutcracker Fantasy
## Remake
A remastered version of the film was greenlit by Sanrio on August 1, 2014 and was released on November 29, 2014 as part of Hello Kitty\'s 40th anniversary. Sebastian Masuda, the illustrator to Kyary Pamyu Pamyu\'s official albums, was in charge of directing the film while Kasumi Arimura voiced the film\'s lead character, Clara.
The remake film\'s theme song is a newly remixed version of Kyary Pamyu Pamyu\'s song *Oyasumi*, composed by Yasutaka Nakata of Capsule.
## Home media {#home_media}
Discotek Media released the movie to Region 1 DVD in both its English and original Japanese versions on August 29, 2017. A Blu-ray, featuring a new transfer and a restoration of the English dub, was released on November 26, 2019
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# Colchester United L.F.C.
**Colchester United Ladies Football Club** was an English ladies football team based in Colchester, Essex, and affiliated to Colchester United FC. In 2013, the club folded.
## History
The club was founded in 1992 under the name of Colchester Royals. In 1998, it became affiliated to Colchester United FC.
The club won the 2006--07 South East Combination Women\'s Football League winning promotion to the FA Women\'s Premier League Southern Division, the second tier of English women\'s football.
The club folded in 2013 and no longer competes in any football league.
## Reformed women\'s team {#reformed_womens_team}
In May 2023, Colchester United Community Foundation released plans to reform a women\'s team in time for the 2023/24 season.
Trials were held in June and July 2023, with successful players being informed of their position on 6 July. The founding of newly-named Colchester United Women Football Club was confirmed at Colchester United\'s Annual Open Day held at Colchester Community Stadium on 16 July.
The reformed team play home matches in the city at Colchester Garrison B Pitch, Circular Road North, CO2 7SZ
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# Riegelsville Bridge
The **Riegelsville Bridge** is a suspension bridge crossing the Delaware River at Riegelsville, Pennsylvania, connecting it with Riegelsville, New Jersey, United States.
## History
Traffic across the Delaware River at Riegelsville, Pennsylvania, was handled by Wendel and Anthony Shenk\'s oar powered ferries until December 15, 1837, when a three-span, wooden covered bridge was opened to horse, wagon, and pedestrian use. The Pennsylvania and New Jersey legislatures had approved the formation of the private Riegelsville Delaware Bridge Corporation in 1835 and the company engaged Solon Chapin and James Madison Porter of Easton, Pennsylvania as the contractors. A major flood struck the Delaware Valley on January 8, 1841, just three years after the bridge opened, and the span nearest the Jersey shore was destroyed. The bridge was repaired and survived another flood in June 1862.
The \"Pumpkin Flood\" occurred on October 10, 1903, and the Delaware waters rose to 33.8 ft above normal. The two spans nearest to New Jersey were quickly swept down the river. The third section collapsed soon after.
The wire rope and engineering firm of John A. Roebling\'s Sons Co., based in Trenton, New Jersey, were soon commissioned and replaced the covered bridge with a cable suspension bridge. This new bridge incorporated the original piers which were repaired and raised several feet, allowing it to survive major damage from the flood of 1936 and to come through a 1955 deluge relatively unscathed. Together, the three spans are 585 ft in length and the final cost of construction was \$30,000. It opened on April 18, 1904.
Roebling\'s original design for the bridge employed main cables 2+5/8 in in diameter. Professor James Madison Porter III, the grandson of the builder of the earlier Riegelsville bridge, was asked to evaluate the new design and felt the need for additional cables of 1+3/4 in diameter, which were added to the plans.
The Riegelsville suspension bridge collected tolls until it was purchased by the Joint Commission for Eliminating Tolls and is currently maintained by the Delaware River Joint Toll Bridge Commission using revenues generated from larger, more heavily trafficked crossings. The bridge has a 3-ton weight limit. It was added to the New Jersey Register of Historic Places on March 22, 2010.
## Gallery
<File:Riegelsville> Bridge 2.jpg\|Roebling\'s 1904 suspension bridge at Riegelsville <File:Riegelsville> Bridge - looking east
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# Kenya Wildlife Service
**Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS)** is a state corporation under the Ministry of Tourism and Wildlife established by an act of Parliament; Wildlife Conservation and Management Act CAP 376, of 1989, now repealed and replaced by the Wildlife Conservation and Management Act, 2013. At independence, the Government of Kenya committed itself to conserving wildlife for posterity with all the means at its disposal, including the places animals lived, forests and water catchment areas.
Kenya Wildlife Service conserves and manages national parks, wildlife conservation areas, and sanctuaries under its jurisdiction.
## History
In 1989 Richard Leakey was appointed the head of the Wildlife Conservation and Management Department (WMCD) by President Daniel Arap Moi in response to the international outcry over the poaching of elephants and the impact it was having on the wildlife of Kenya.
Well-armed anti-poaching units were formed and were authorized to shoot poachers on sight. The poaching menace was dramatically reduced. The transformation of the Kenya Wildlife Service got World Bank approved grants worth \$140 million. Richard Leakey, President Moi, and the WMCD made the international news headlines when a stockpile of 12 tons of ivory was burned in 1989 in Nairobi National Park.
These successes saw David Western appointed to serve as Director of the Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS) by retired President Moi in 1994. Others who served as KWS Directors are:
- Brig. (Rtd) John Waweru
- Kitili Mbathi
- William Kiprono
- Julius Kipng\'etich
- Michael Wamithi
- Nehemiah Rotich
- Joseph Kioko
- Evans Mukolwe
On 20 July 2011 Kenya's President Mwai Kibaki set on fire nearly 5 tonnes of elephant *ivory (*335 tusks), with an estimated value of USD\$16m.
On 30 April 2016, Kenyan President Uhuru Kenyatta set alight the largest ever pile of ivory for destruction in the Nairobi National Park. The pile consisted of 105 tonnes of elephant ivory from about 8,000 elephants and 1.35 tonnes of horns from 343 rhinoceroses. Estimates for the total black market value of the destroyed contraband range from \$150 million to \$220 million. The ivory was transported to the site in shipping containers then stacked into towers up to 10 ft (3.0 m) tall and 20 ft (6.1 m) in diameter. The ivory towers took personnel from the Kenya Wildlife Service ten days to build. The pyre also contained exotic animal skins. The amount of ivory destroyed equaled about 5% of the global stock. Gabonese President Ali Bongo Ondimba was also in attendance.
## National parks and reserves {#national_parks_and_reserves}
Kenya has over 40 designated national parks and reserves, including: `{{colbegin}}`{=mediawiki}
- Aberdare National Park
- Amboseli National Park
- Arabuko Sokoke National Park
- Arawale National Reserve
- Bisanadi National Reserve
- Boni National Reserve
- Central Island National Park
- Chyulu Hills National Park
- Dodori National Reserve
- Hell\'s Gate National Park
- Kakamega Forest Reserve
- Kisite-Mpunguti Marine National Park
- Kisumu Impala Sanctuary
- Kora National Park
- Lake Bogoria National Reserve
- Lake Nakuru National Park
- Losai National Reserve
- Malindi Marine National Park
- Malka Mari National Park
- Marsabit National Reserve
- Meru National Park
- Mombasa Marine National Park and Reserve
- Mount Elgon National Park
- Mount Kenya National Park
- Mount Longonot National Park
- Mwea National Reserve
- Nairobi National Park
- Ndere Island National Reserve
- Ol Donyo Sabuk National Park
- Ol Pejeta Conservancy
- Ruma National Park
- Saiwa Swamp National Park
- Samburu National Reserve
- Shaba National Reserve
- Shimba Hills National Reserve
- Sibiloi National Park
- Tana River Primate Reserve
- Tsavo East National Park
- Tsavo West National Park
- Watamu Marine National Park
## Conservation programmes {#conservation_programmes}
KWS runs specific programmes to assist Kenyan species and their habitats that are in particular danger. They have forest and Wetland conservation programmes, as well as specific elephant and rhino projects to help them recover from poaching. The hirola, which is in danger of extinction, is also being monitored.
Within KWS there are several services, each responsible for a different area of work:
### Community Wildlife Service {#community_wildlife_service}
This branch of the KWS works outside the national parks. They work instead in areas such as wildlife corridors, and teach the communities living there to encourage conservation and look after their resources.
### Security Services {#security_services}
The job of this service is to eliminate poaching in the national parks and stop illegal trade. The Kenyan government has also erected fences which keeps the precious animals/wildlife inside the national park.
The Kenya wildlife service, through its rangers, offer extensive patrols and protection of the country's wildlife in its wild spaces and as a result hundreds of rangers have lost their lives in the line of duty.
| 790 |
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# Kenya Wildlife Service
## Conservation programmes {#conservation_programmes}
### Veterinary Services {#veterinary_services}
This service ensures that healthy breeding populations of species are maintained throughout the country.
| 26 |
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# Kenya Wildlife Service
## Ranks
---------------------------- -- -- ---------- -- ----------------- -- --------------------------- -- -------------------- -- --------------- --
**Kenya Wildlife Service**
Director Deputy director Senior assistant director Assistant director Senior warden
---------------------------- -- -- ---------- -- ----------------- -- --------------------------- -- -------------------- -- --------------- --
---------------------------- ---------------- -- -- -- -- -- --
**Kenya Wildlife Service**
Sergeant major
---------------------------- ---------------- -- -- -- -- -- --
## Training
KWS has a training institute, also referred to as Kenya Wildlife Service Training Institute. The facility located in Naivasha, is a middle-level college registered with the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology as a TVET institution. It offers specialized certificate and diploma courses in natural resource management, ecology and tourism in an effort to enhance conservation, management and sustainability of wildlife bio-diversity in Kenya and globally.
KWS also has a Law Enforcement Academy is situated in Manyani Area, which caters for all law enforcers\' paramilitary training. Manyani area was established in 1990.
## Education
KWS run several education centres:
- Nairobi Safari Walk
- Nairobi Education Centre
- Lake Nakuru Education Centre
- Tsavo East Education Centre
- Tsavo West Education Centre
These are located inside National Parks, and run programs to encourage people to care for their environment. It is aimed at local people, particularly school groups, but is open to anyone.
## Influential administrators {#influential_administrators}
- Dr. Erastus Kanga (Current Acting Director-General)
- Brig. (Rtd.) John M
| 237 |
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# 1,3-Dehydroadamantane
**1,3-Dehydroadamantane** or **tetracyclo\[3.3.1.1^3,7^.0^1,3^\]decane** is an organic compound with formula C~10~H~14~, which can be obtained from adamantane by removal of two hydrogen atoms to create an internal bond. It is a polycyclic hydrocarbon, and can be viewed also as being derived from \[3.3.1\]propellane by addition of a methylene bridge between the two larger rings.
Like other small-ring propellanes, this compound is substantially strained and unstable.
## Synthesis
1,3-Dehydroadamantane was obtained in 1969 by Richard Pincock and Edward Torupka, by reduction of 1,3-dibromoadamantane according to the scheme below:
:
## Reactions
### Oxidation
On standing in solution, it reacts with oxygen from air (with a half-life of 6 hours), yielding a peroxide. The latter converts to a dihydroxide by reaction with lithium aluminium hydride.
### Polymerization
Like \[\[1.1.1-Propellane\|\[1.1.1\]propellane\]\], 1,3-dehydroadamantane can be polymerized by breaking the axial bond and joining the resulting radicals into a linear chain:
:
In this scheme, 1,3-dehydroadamantane is reacted with acrylonitrile in a radical polymerization initiated with lithium metal in tetrahydrofuran
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# Malone Park
**Malone Park** is a private avenue in Belfast, Northern Ireland. It forms a conservation area.
The majority of the houses are Victorian and have large grounds surrounding them. There is a gate lodge at each end of the avenue. The Lisburn Road end is inaccessible to vehicular traffic as is the Balmoral Avenue gate. Traffic can only enter from the Malone Road entrance. The avenue is lined by lime trees with grass verges outside every house.
Malone Park has been called Belfast\'s most exclusive street. At the height of the property bubble in 2007, a Ballymena businessman agreed on £3.5 million for a six-bedroom Victorian property on Malone Park, making it the most expensive residence on the local market at the time. `{{Commons|Category:Malone Park, Belfast|Malone Park}}`{=mediawiki}
## Former residents {#former_residents}
- Lady Edith Stewart Dixon
- Sir George Clark, 1st Baronet
- David Wilson Smyth, High Sheriff of Down
## In popular culture {#in_popular_culture}
Gareth Russell\'s young adult novel *Popular* was set in the fictional Mount Olivet Grammar School, with the main character living in Malone Park
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# Black Rock, South Georgia
**Black Rock** (*Roca Negra*) (53 39 S 41 48 W source:GNIS) is a low rock 10 mi southeast of Shag Rocks and some 105 mi west-northwest of South Georgia. Black Rock may have been considered as part of the \"Aurora Islands\" reported in this vicinity by the ship *Aurora* in 1762. It was charted in 1927 by Discovery Investigations personnel on the *William Scoresby*.
Argentina lays claim to many islands of the area, including Black Rock and Shag Rocks. The Falklands War of 1982 was fought by Britain and Argentina not only over the territories of the Falkland Islands, but also over South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. Black Rock and Shag Rocks are on the route from the Falkland Islands to South Georgia Island, on the seamount of Scotia Ridge
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# Bassas de Pedro
**Bassas de Pedro**, also known as **Manjappar** or **Pedro Bank**, is a submerged bank or sunken atoll belonging to the Amindivi Subgroup of islands of the Union Territory of Lakshadweep, India, with a distance of 1795 km south of the city of Delhi.
## Geography
It is the largest feature of Lakshadweep, with a lagoon area of 2474.33 km2, which is more than half of the sum of all lagoon sizes in Lakshadweep (59 percent). It is also one of the northernmost features, second only to Cora Divh. Bassas de Pedro, Cora Divh and Sesostris Bank, all submerged, form the north of Lakshadweep. Bassas de Pedro stretches over 130 km from 12°31\'N to 13°41\'N, in the shape of an arch open to the east. Its width ranges from 15 km in the north to 33 km in the south. Its southern end is 63 km east of North Cay of Cherbaniani Reef, the closest land feature.
There are no emergent cays or islands. The general depth ranges from 46 to 50 meters, with extremes between 16.4 and 73 meters. The bank is steep-to, smooth with minor undulations in topography, and composed of sand, shells, and decayed coral. The water on the bank is not discolored.
## Administration
The bank belongs to the township of Chetlat Island of Aminidivi Tehsil
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# Framnaes Point
**Framnaes Point** (54 8 S 36 39 W source:GNIS display=inline,title) is a point 1 mi southwest of Cape Saunders, on the north side of Stromness Bay, South Georgia. The name was given prior to 1920, probably by Norwegian whalers operating in the area.
Just 0.5 mi southeast of Framnaes Point are a small group of rocks called the Black Rocks. The name Blenheim Rocks has appeared for these rocks, but since about 1930 the name Black Rocks has been used more consistently
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# Smolensky Lutheran Cemetery
The **Smolenskoye(-oe) Cemetery** (in German *Smolensker Friedhof*) is a Lutheran cemetery on Dekabristov Island in Saint Petersburg, Russia. It is one of the largest and oldest non-orthodox cemeteries in the city. Until the early 20th century it was one of the main burial grounds for ethnic Germans.
## History
The Lutheran cemetery on Dekabristov Island is known to have existed in 1747. The Smolenka River divides it from the Smolensky Orthodox Cemetery on Vasilievsky Island. This cemetery contained the burials of the parishioners of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Saint Katarina and the Catholic Church of St. Catherine, including Leonhard Euler, Xavier de Maistre, Germain Henri Hess, José de Ribas, Moritz von Jacobi, Agustín de Betancourt, Jean-François Thomas de Thomon, Ludvig Nobel, Fyodor Litke, Georg Friedrich Parrot, Karl Nesselrode, Vladimir Lamsdorf, Vasily Radlov, Wilhelm Sauerbrey
Some tombstones of notable people were transferred to the necropolis of famous people at Alexander Nevsky Lavra. Among them are Thomas de Thomon (relocated in the 1930s), Euler (1956), Betancourt (1979), and others.
In the last perestroika years of the Soviet Union two parts of the cemetery were destroyed. The first was a large section in the far north west corner of the cemetery which was entirely flattened to make way for a building for a local fire department in 1985. The second was a small section at the entrance which was replaced with a petrol station in the early 1990s.
<File:Могила> Нессельроде К.В..jpg\|The grave of Karl Nesselrode <File:Могила> Купфера А.Я..jpg\|The grave of Adolph Theodor Kupffer <File:Могила> Литке Ф.Н..jpg\|The grave of Fyodor Nikolajewitsch Litke <File:Могила> Де Рибаса И.М..jpg\|The grave of José de Ribas <File:The> grave of Louisa Catherine Adams.jpg\|alt=\|The grave of Louisa Catherine Adams
## Index of burials {#index_of_burials}
The person who has done the most work in investigating the current status of the cemetery is Robert Leinonen, a longtime resident of Saint Petersburg who moved to Germany in 1991.
Between 1988 and 1991, Leinonen went on countless personal visits to the cemetery itself and compiled an inventory of all those graves that are still standing today, copying the exact writing on each headstone. He has published a two-volume book on the cemetery detailing its history (*Deutsche in St. Petersburg: ein Blick auf den Deutschen Evangelisch-Lutherischen Smolenski-Friedhof und in die europäische Kulturgeschichte*, 1998). The second volume contains an index of all those buried there whose graves are still standing today.
The publications are used by genealogists for family research in pre-revolutionary Russia and the early Soviet period when vital records are missing or prove difficult to find. Historians use them to research the social histories of the city.
Somewhere in the cemetery lies the little body of infant Louisa Catherine Adams (August 12, 1811 - September 15, 1812), the fourth and last child and only daughter of John Quincy and Louisa Adams
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# Mutton Island
**Mutton Island** (`{{Irish place name|Oileán Caorach}}`{=mediawiki}) is an uninhabited island and townland off the coast of County Clare, Ireland, about 1.5 km from the mainland. The nearest village is Quilty, which is roughly 3.5 km from the island.
It is used mainly for grazing sheep, and is host to several abandoned houses and two forts.
There is no public ferry service to the island, on which there is no jetty or boat slipway. It contains no roofed buildings, but there is a limited supply of fresh water.
## History
The fortifications on the island were likely constructed by Thomas Burgh around 1702.
The island was populated as late as the 1920s and is believed to have been part of the mainland until the year 804.
<File:Mutton-island
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# John Mistler
**John Andrew Mistler** (born October 28, 1958) is an American former professional football player who was a wide receiver in the National Football League (NFL) for the New York Giants and the Buffalo Bills in addition to the Arizona Outlaws of the United States Football League (USFL). He was selected in the third round of the 1981 NFL draft by the Giants out of Arizona State University.
Mistler worked as a color analyst on Arizona Cardinals radio broadcasts from 1994 to 2005. He was inducted into the Sahuaro High School Alumni (Cougar Foundation) Hall of Fame in 1999
| 101 |
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# 1999 Ashfield District Council election
The **1999 Ashfield District Council election** took place on 6 May 1999 to elect members of Ashfield District Council in Nottinghamshire, England. The whole council was up for election and the Labour party stayed in overall control of the council
| 46 |
1999 Ashfield District Council election
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11,102,407 |
# Ben Rudolph
**Benjamin Rudolph** (born August 29, 1957) is an American former professional football player who was a defensive tackle/defensive end in the National Football League (NFL). Rudolph was selected in the third round (60th overall pick) of the 1981 NFL draft by the New York Jets out of Long Beach State University
| 54 |
Ben Rudolph
| 0 |
11,102,418 |
# Canon 7
The **Canon 7** is a focal-plane shutter rangefinder system camera with an integrated selenium light meter introduced by Canon Inc. in September 1961, the last model compatible with the Leica M39 lens mount. Later versions, branded **Canon 7s** and **Canon 7s Type II** (or Canon 7sZ), had a cadmium sulfide light meter.
## History
The Canon 7 came when the first Canon single-lens reflex cameras were already on the market, but it was felt that there was a need for a fast-shooting rangefinder camera for reportage. In this niche, the Canon 7 came into direct competition with the Leica M3.
Some Canon 7s were sold in the US branded Bell & Howell, in a partnership that lasted until 1975
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# Riverton–Belvidere Bridge
The **Riverton--Belvidere Bridge** is a bridge that crosses the Delaware River and connects Belvidere, New Jersey in the east with Riverton, Pennsylvania in the Lehigh Valley region of eastern Pennsylvania in the west.
There is no toll for crossing on either side; tolls were abolished by the Joint Commission for the Elimination of Toll Bridges in 1929. The bridge is 653 ft long, and can carry a traffic load of 8 ST from County Route 620 Spur (Water Street) in Belvidere to the former Pennsylvania Route 709 on the Riverton, Pennsylvania side of the river.
The board of freeholders for Warren County, New Jersey supported the replacement of the ferry with a bridge for safety of passengers. In 1832, the state created the Belvidere Delaware Bridge Company, which was paid to build a bridge from Riverton to Belvidere. The bridge was constructed in 1836 by Solon Chapin, a contractor from Easton, Pennsylvania.
The bridge survived two large storms in 1836 and 1841, but sustained major damage both times. In 1903, the floods that destroyed bridges along the Delaware River Valley destroyed the bridge. It was rebuilt the following year, in 1904, with a steel instead of wood foundation. The bridge has since been renovated several times but remains sound and operational.
## History
### The first bridge (1836--1903) {#the_first_bridge_18361903}
Original reports indicate that a ferry, which opened in approximately and was operated by a physician known as \"Dr. Belvidere\", ran along the alignment of the Riverton--Belvidere Bridge. The ferry crossed one of the most dangerous parts of the Delaware River.
On May 17, 1825, the Board of Chosen Freeholders for the ferry authorized raising the toll rate to cross the river via ferry. By 1832, however, the ferry crossing had become dangerously busy, and required a bridge be constructed in its place. That year, the Belvidere Delaware Bridge Company was established by the states of New Jersey and Pennsylvania. In constructing the bridge, however, the company was only allowed \$20,000 in 1832 USD (equal to \$`{{Inflation|US|20000|1832|fmt=c}}`{=mediawiki} today) to construct it. The bridge company was provided designs for it by Solon Chapin, a contractor from Easton, Pennsylvania. Chapin was also the construction contractor on the nearby Riegelsville Bridge.
Construction on the bridge began in 1834, and the bridge was constructed very quickly as a wooden bridge. When completed in the spring of 1836, it was 654 ft long. Within days of its opening, on April 9, 1836, a storm blew through the Lehigh Valley, destroying two of the bridge\'s three piers and rendered the new bridge unusable. After restarting construction later, the bridge was redone using the same piers. In 1839, it was completed and opened.
In January 1841, another storm, known as the Bridges Freshet of January 1841, inflicted major damage in the Lehigh Valley, destroying most of the region\'s bridges and causing major damage to the structure from Riverton to Belvidere. This time, however, the Riverton--Belvidere Bridge survived the storm. A local historian said that, because of the constant repair work on the bridge, the bridge company never paid one dividend of money to its stockholders. The company did ultimately paying dividends to its stockholders.
In 1903, a violent storm, dubbed the Pumpkin Flood of 1903, struck both communities and the bridge in between, causing the loss of many lives. On October 17, the bridge\'s toll collector closed the gate and prohibited passengers from crossing. At 6:40pm that evening, a crash was heard as the bridge collapsed, tumbling into the Delaware River below. Remnants of the bridge were swept downstream, and smashed on the side of the new Northampton Street Bridge that was constructed several years earlier. After the storm cleared, Belvidere restored a ferry service to Riverton.
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# Riverton–Belvidere Bridge
## History
### Construction of the current bridge (1904) {#construction_of_the_current_bridge_1904}
After the 1903 destruction of the original wooden bridge at Belvidere, plans to construct another bridge started immediately. After the storm, the substructure of the crossing had survived the strong storm. The bridge corporation set a completion date, August 17, 1904, which was the day that the Farmer\'s Picnic was held in Belvidere. The contractor hired to reconstruct the bridge, the New Jersey Bridge Company in Manasquan, New Jersey, believed that the new bridge would need new abutments and piers to be completed by that time, instead of using the old wooden bridge\'s piers. The three piers from the wooden bridge were used, and would require them to be heightened to be above any high flood waters. On June 3, 1904, the bridge construction began on a barge in the river, with promises to be complete by the set date of August 17. On August 17, the bridge was not complete, but usable, that when the Farmer\'s Picnic, the predecessor to the Warren County Fair occurred, people were allowed to cross a majority of the bridge. The picnic itself was a success, attracting over 15,000 people, most of who walked the bridge.
Although the bridge was usable, work still had to be completed on the new bridge. The contractor promised the bridge corporation that the bridge would be finished by Labor Day of 1904, or September 5, 1904. The bridge corporation and a local group called The Red Men scheduled festivities and the official turnover of the bridge back to the corporation. On September 5, 1904, the day of the transfer, the chief executive of the contracting company, W.H. Keepers arrived, he found the bridge to be unacceptable. Bolts were missing in places of the bridge and paint was not completed, both of which were in violation of the contract. The festivities for the bridge were canceled, and visitors were disappointed. The Red Men held events, but the turnout was light. A high point of the events that day was done by a man named Murphy Jones, who as a stunt, jumped a 65 ft plunge into the Delaware River from the bridge. The festive stunt got Jones a total of \$15 (1904 USD, equal to \$`{{Inflation|US|15|1904|r=2}}`{=mediawiki} today) and the event became an annual one. Work finally came to a conclusion in 1904, and the people were beginning to cross the new structure. However, since the turnover had never occurred, the bridge was free of charge.
### Current bridge (1904--present) {#current_bridge_1904present}
On September 5, 1904, the bridge finally got its transfer to the bridge corporation, and a new toll-taker was hired for the new bridge. After this, life went back to normal in both communities. In October 1928, after the charter and opening of the Delaware River Joint Toll Bridge Commission, the bridge company was asked to sell the bridge to the commission for \$60,000 (1928 USD, equal to \$`{{Inflation|US|60000|1928|fmt=c}}`{=mediawiki} today), and on June 14, 1929, the commission abolished tolls along the bridge, making it free to cross at either end. With the bridge now under the control of the toll bridge commission, extensive repairs began on the 25-year-old structure. This construction included new beams for the bridge, new flooring, and an extensive repair to one bridge pier. Although the construction had only taken four months to complete, it still caused havoc in commuting across the structure. In 1940, the Pennsylvania approach to the bridge was designated as Pennsylvania Route 709, a designation that lasted six years and was decommissioned in 1946.
The structure would face its most recent strength test in 1955, after the massive flooding from Hurricane Diane wreaked havoc in the area. The structure received minor damage in the flood, and the traffic was only halted for a day or two afterward. The design in the 1904 plan worked, as the structure was not at flood level.
Starting in October 2006, the Toll Bridge Commission began an \$8.8. million rehabilitation of the structure. The rehabilitation helped extend the life of the bridge for years rather than shutting the bridge down constantly for the next 15 years for major repairs. The Commission replaced the flooring, repairing or replacing of certain steel portions of the bridge, blast-cleaning and repainted the structure
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# Catherine Battistone
**Catherine Battistone** is an American voice actress who has provided voices for several anime titles and video games.
## Biography
She is well known for having done the voice of Alpha 6 in the 1997 *Power Rangers* series, *Power Rangers: Turbo*.
Battistone has also made minor appearances on-screen, in TV shows including *Murder, She Wrote*, *Simon & Simon*, and *Tales from the Darkside*, and movies including *Problem Child*.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
She officially retired from voice acting in 2008
| 83 |
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# Ray Stachowicz
**Raymond Mark Stachowicz** (born March 6, 1959) is an American former professional football player who was a punter in the National Football League (NFL). Stachowicz was selected in the third round by the Green Bay Packers out of Michigan State University in the 1981 NFL draft. Stachowicz is of Polish descent
| 54 |
Ray Stachowicz
| 0 |
11,102,519 |
# Reservation against Cancellation
A **Reservation Against Cancellation** (RAC) is a type of ticket that can be sold for travel on the Indian Railways. Although it ensures certainty of travel, it does not guarantee a berth. A berth will be allocated to the ticket who reserves an RAC ticket if passengers who already have a confirmed ticket do not board before the train departure or get their confirmed ticket cancelled. A berth is split into 2 seats for 2 RAC ticket holders.
An RAC ticket holder is given an empty berth if:
- If there are any last minute cancellations.
- If any quota remains unsold.
- If any confirmed ticket holders are given a free upgrade according to seat availability in upper class.
If this happens the other RAC ticket holder can then convert the 2 seats into a berth.
Generally, RAC/WL tickets will have two numbers - RAC8/RAC2, WL20/WL15, WL12/RAC2, etc. The first number shows the status of the ticket at the time of booking. The second number after the slash (/) shows the current status of the ticket. So, RAC8/RAC2 means that when the ticket is purchased, it was the 8th such ticket under RAC category, which has moved 6 places after 6 cancellations. It can be assumed that it was the 8th ticket in the queue and is now the 2nd. So having a RAC ticket means that it is possible to travel without confirmed berth allocation
| 241 |
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| 0 |
11,102,532 |
# Jeff Griffin
**Jeffery Earl Griffin** (born July 19, 1958) is an American former professional football player who was a defensive back in the National Football League (NFL) for the St. Louis Cardinals and the Philadelphia Eagles.
## Early career {#early_career}
Griffin played high school football at Banning High School in Wilmington, California.
He played college football at the University of Utah and was selected in the third round of the 1981 NFL draft
| 74 |
Jeff Griffin
| 0 |
11,102,534 |
# Martin Bouygues
**Martin Pierre Marie Bouygues** (`{{IPA|fr|maʁtɛ̃ pjɛʁ maʁi bwiɡ}}`{=mediawiki}; born 3 May 1952) is the chairman and chief executive officer of the French company Bouygues, which employs around 130,000 people globally. It was founded by his father Francis Bouygues in 1952.
In 2015, he was ranked by Forbes as the world\'s 481st richest person, and is a billionaire.
## Beginnings
Martin Bouygues joined the Bouygues group with a high school diploma in 1974 as a works supervisor. After conducting works on site of the Forum des Halles in 1976, he was commissioned by his father to create a new subsidiary *Maison Bouygues* as a catalogue real estate business with his brother Nicolas. In 1982, he was appointed to Bouygues' Board of Directors. In 1984, he was involved in the Bouygues group and Maison Bouygues\' acquisition of SAUR, a French water treatment and distribution company. In 1986, he became chairman and CEO of Maison Bouygues. In 1987, he was appointed vice-chairman of the board.
While Nicolas Bouygues, the eldest son of Francis Bouygues and graduate engineer of the École Centrale Paris (like his father and his grandfather Georges Bouygues), was for a long time the designated successor to the paternal enterprise, his overly confrontational relations with other leaders of the group forced him to part ways to pursue his own business in 1986. Subsequently Martin assumed the position of CEO of the company on September 5, 1989.
## Management
In the 1990s, Martin, supported by a close circle of men of the late Francis Bouygues, developed the group\'s activities around three sectors: construction --- especially at the international level, telecommunications (Bouygues Telecom in 1994) and media (TF1, LCI in 1994), but he was mainly credited as a worthy successor to the family business for his resistance to Vincent Bolloré\'s takeover attempt in 1997.
In the 2000s, he reinforced the group\'s investments in these strategic sectors through subsidiaries Bouygues Telecom and Colas and made a number of key management decisions, such as rejecting the initial bidding conditions for awarding a UMTS licence in France in 2001, as well as establishing a cooperation agreement with Alstom in 2006.
Since 2010, he has been a member of the Skolkovo Foundation Council.
Between 1993 and 2013, Bouygues expanded his group's revenues by a factor of 3, from around 11 billion euros to 32.706 billion and was ranked as the 6th best performing CEO in the world by Harvard Business Review in November 2017.
## Commitment
In 2004, Martin Bouygues created the Francis Bouygues Foundation in memory of his father, founder of the group. This foundation helps high school students to pursue college education by offering them a scholarship.
In 2006, Martin Bouygues also initiated the support of his group for the United Nations Global Compact. This commitment reflects the group's positioning in sustainable development and responsible policies.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Martin Bouygues is the father of three children: Edward, William and Charlotte. Since April 2016, Edward Bouygues joined the Board of Directors of Bouygues Group with his cousin Cyril, son of Olivier Bouygues, as permanent representatives
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| 0 |
11,102,565 |
# 2003 Ashfield District Council election
The **2003 Ashfield District Council election** took place on 1 May 2003 to elect members of Ashfield District Council in Nottinghamshire, England. The whole council was up for election with boundary changes since the last election in 1999. The Labour party lost overall control of the council to no overall control.
## Election result {#election_result}
The results saw Labour lose their majority on the council after independents gained 12 seats and Labour lost 15 seats.
\|}
7 Labour candidates were unopposed
| 87 |
2003 Ashfield District Council election
| 0 |
11,102,605 |
# Marvin Harvey (American football)
**Marvin Dwight Harvey** (born October 17, 1959) is an American former professional football player who was a tight end in the National Football League (NFL). Harvey was selected in the third round by the Kansas City Chiefs out of the University of Southern Mississippi in the 1981 NFL draft. He retired after a neck injury, but later returned to the NFL and played for Tampa Bay for a short period before joining the USFL from 1983 to 1985. He married Benita \"Bonnie\" Marshall in 1981. The following year she founded the NFL Player\'s Wives Association with the support of Al Davis and Ed. DeBartolo Jr. The association was run out the NFLPA office in San Francisco, which was headed by Eugene Upshaw. Harvey and Marshall divorced in 1985 and remain friends.
Marvin is currently a Florida State Trooper living in Tallahassee, Florida. He dedicates his free time to helping teens and young boys to excel in life
| 162 |
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| 0 |
11,102,613 |
# Rusty Schwimmer
**Rusty Schwimmer** (born August 25, 1962) is an American character actress and singer. She has appeared in films such as *A Little Princess* (1995), *Twister* (1996), *The Perfect Storm* (2000), *Runaway Jury* (2003), *North Country* (2005), *The Informant!* (2009), and *The Sessions* (2012).
## Early life {#early_life}
Schwimmer was raised in Chicago. She attended New Trier High School in suburban Winnetka, with her best friend, actress Virginia Madsen.
## Career
Schwimmer made her film debut in 1988, appearing in *Memories of Me*. She had small parts in *Highlander II: The Quickening*, *Sleepwalkers* and *Candyman*, before playing Joey B in *Jason Goes to Hell: The Final Friday* (1993). In 1995, she starred as Amelia Minchin in*A Little Princess* directed by Alfonso Cuarón. She went on to appear as Mrs. Thornton (Jo Harding\'s mother) in *Twister* (1996), Mrs Pendleton in *Amistad* (1997), *Gridlock\'d* (1997), Alice in *EDtv* (1999), Irene \"Big Red\" Johnson in *The Perfect Storm* (2000), Millie Dupree in *Runaway Jury* (2003), Big Betty in *North Country* (2005), and as office worker Peggy Displasia in *The Belko Experiment* in 2016.
On television, Schwimmer had a starring role in the 2006 Western miniseries *Broken Trail* playing \"Big Rump\" Kate Becker. From 2001 to 2003, she had a recurring role as Barbara Ludzinski on the CBS legal drama *The Guardian*. Schwimmer has also appeared in guest starring roles in several television series, including *Parker Lewis Can\'t Lose*, *In the Heat of the Night*, *The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air*, *Tales from the Crypt*, *Married\... with Children*, *ER*, *Chicago Hope*, *Ally McBeal*, *Judging Amy*, *The X-Files*, *Gilmore Girls*, *CSI: Crime Scene Investigation*, *Criminal Minds*, *Heroes*, *Desperate Housewives*, *Boston Legal*, *Private Practice*, *Six Feet Under*, *Drop Dead Diva*, *Louie*, *Lucifer*, *Grey\'s Anatomy*, *Bones* and *Better Call Saul*. She also appeared in \'\'The Guardians of the Galaxy Holiday Special .
Schwimmer also appeared in Paul Thomas Anderson's teenage short film *The Dirk Diggler Story*, an early version of *Boogie Nights*.
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# Rusty Schwimmer
## Filmography
### Film
Year Title Role Notes
------ -------------------------------------------------- --------------------------- ------------
1988 *Memories of Me* Strawberry
*The Dirk Diggler Story* Candy Kane Short
1989 *Angels of the City* Bookworm
1991 *Highlander II: The Quickening* Drunk
1992 *Sleepwalkers* Housewife
*Candyman* Policewoman
1993 *Reckless Kelly* Entertainment Reporter
*Jason Goes to Hell: The Final Friday* Joey B.
1994 *The Crazysitter* German Nanny
1995 *A Little Princess* Amelia Minchin
*Lone Justice 2* Emma
1996 *Twister* Mrs. Thornton
1997 *Gridlock\'d* Nurse
*Amistad* Mrs. Pendleton
*Los Locos* Sister Drexel
1998 *Almost Heroes* Execution Witness Uncredited
*The Thin Pink Line* Nora Finkelheimer
1999 *EDtv* Alice
*Ballad of the Nightingale* Distributor
2000 *The Perfect Storm* Irene \'Big Red\' Johnson
*I\'ll Wave Back* Zeola
2003 *Runaway Jury* Millie Dupree
*Harold Buttleman, Daredevil Stuntman* Ronette
2005 *Mozart and the Whale* Gracie
*North Country* Big Betty
2006 *The Hawk Is Dying* Precious
*Beautiful Dreamer* Jeannie
2008 *Fly Like Mercury* Dr. Sims
*Pants on Fire* Peggy
2009 *The Informant!* Liz Taylor
2012 *The Sessions* Jan
*Scrooge & Marley* Freda
*Melvin Smarty* Margie
2014 *Perfect Sisters* Aunt Martha
*Sunken City* Wanda
2015 *The Life and Death of an Unhappily Married Man* Kim
2016 *American Fable* Ethel
*Blood Stripe* Dot
*The Belko Experiment* Peggy Displasia
2017 *Wild Honey* Gabby
2018 *30 Miles from Nowhere* Officer Marsh
2019 *The Short History of the Long Road* Marcie
2020 *Killing Eleanor* Pam
2021 *Rushed* Joan
2022 *North of the 10* Jackie
TBA *You Can\'t Win* Salt Chunk Mary
TBA *Penitentia* Shelly Wolf
### Television
Year Title Role Notes
------------ ----------------------------------------------- --------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------
1988 *Addicted to His Love* Woman at Video Dating Service Television film
1990 *Running Against Time* Sales Rep
1991 *Parker Lewis Can\'t Lose* Lady Episode: \"Teens from a Mall\"
1991 *Life Goes On* Teacher Episode: \"Armageddon\"
1992 *Stand by Your Man* Gloria Television film
1992 *Getting Up and Going Home* Julia Stevenson
1992 *T Bone N Weasel* Verna Mae
1992--1995 *Picket Fences* Julia Boles / Sheila 3 episodes
1993 *Darkness Before Dawn* Evelyn Television film
1993 *In the Heat of the Night* Betty Simms 2 episodes
1993 *Ned Blessing: The True Story of My Life* Big Emma 5 episodes
1994 *The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air* Big Bertha Episode: \"Fresh Prince: The Movie\"
1994 *Tales from the Crypt* Carla Episode: \"In the Groove\"
1995 *Married\... with Children* Babs Episode: \"And Bingo Was Her Game-O\"
1995 *ER* Grollman Episode: \"Men Plan, God Laughs\"
1995 *18 Minutes in Albuquerque* Bus Driver Television film
1995 *Down, Out & Dangerous* Bartender
1996 *The Louie Show* Nurse Episode: \"Louie\'s Little Trip\"
1996 *Chicago Hope* Veronica Sarison Episode: \"Quiet Riot\"
1996 *If These Walls Could Talk* Prayer Group Television film
1996 *The Man Who Captured Eichmann* Rosa
1997 *North Shore Fish* Nurse
1997 *Prison of Secrets* Carla
1997 *Ally McBeal* Angela Tharpe Episode: \"The Promise\"
1997 *Heartless* Connie Television film
1999 *Providence* Ms. Polly Maravich Episode: \"All Good Dogs Go to Heaven\"
1999 *Tracey Takes On\...* Protester Episode: \"Erotica\"
1999 *Ally* Angela Tharpe Episode: \"The Promise\"
2000 *Judging Amy* Alice Benedict Episode: \"Culture Clash\"
2000 *The X-Files* Driver Episode: \"Roadrunners\"
2000--2001 *Ladies Man* Mel 4 episodes
2001, 2002 *Arliss* Inkeeper / Rusty Schwimmer 2 episodes
2001--2003 *The Guardian* Barbara Ludzinski 9 episodes
2002 *Six Feet Under* Marilyn Johnson Episode: \"It\'s the Most Wonderful Time of the Year\"
2003 *My Big Fat Greek Life* Permit Office Clerk Episode: \"The Free Lunch\"
2003 *Gilmore Girls* Bruce 2 episodes
2003 *Clifford\'s Puppy Days* Voice Episode: \"Clifford\'s Field Trip/Helping Paws\"
2004 *Boston Public* Billy\'s Mom Episode: \"Chapter Eighty\"
2004 *LAX* Pam Episode: \"The Longest Morning\"
2004 *Boston Legal* Helen Binder Episode: \"An Eye for an Eye\"
2004 *Dragnet* Lorraine Watson Episode: \"Killing Fields\"
2004 *CSI: Crime Scene Investigation* Lorna Tenney Episode: \"No Humans Involved\"
2006 *Broken Trail* Big Rump Kate 2 episodes
2006 *Without a Trace* Sharon Zenowich Episode: \"Watch Over Me\"
2006 *Shark* Wendy Dunmiller Episode: \"Sins of the Mother\"
2006 *American Dad!* Mama Squirrel Episode: \"Irregarding Steve\"
2006--2007 *Holly Hobbie & Friends* Aunt Jessie Beech 3 episodes
2007 *Criminal Minds* Lila May Episode: \"No Way Out\"
2007 *Heroes* Dale Smither Episode: \"Unexpected\"
2007 *Desperate Housewives* Toni Episode: \"Into the Woods\"
2007 *State of Mind* Conchata Gluck / Diner Operator 3 episodes
2007 *Private Practice* Ashley Minahan Episode: \"In Which Sam Gets Taken for a Ride\"
2009 *Numbers* Deanne Drake Episode: \"Arrow of Time\"
2009 *The Secret Life of the American Teenager* Episode: \"Summertime\"
2009 *Days of Our Lives* Sister Claire 5 episodes
2010 *Bones* Erica Turner Episode: \"The Devil in the Details\"
2010 *Drop Dead Diva* Sandra Episode: \"Will & Grayson\"
2010 *Donna\'s Revenge* Dr. Skinner 2 episodes
2011 *Louie* Gretchen Episode: \"Pregnant\"
2012 *Longmire* Darla Lamebull Episode: \"Dogs, Horses and Indians\"
2012 *Georgia* Sunshine Episode: \"Hello, I\'m Sunshine\"
2013 *Film Pigs* Trudy / Self Episode: \"A Little Rusty\"
2014 *Greetings! From Prison* Mom Episode: \"Mother Knows Nothing\"
2015 *Backstrom* Analeigh Kee Episode: \"Corkscrewed\"
2016 *Heartbeat* Dr. Risa Bennett Episode: \"Sanctuary\"
2016 *Lucifer* Roberta Beliard Episode: \"Everything\'s Coming Up Lucifer\"
2016 *Grey\'s Anatomy* Patricia Phillips Episode: \"Catastrophe and the Cure\"
2017 *Doubt* ADA Courtney Carmody Episode: \"Faith\"
2018 *Chicago Fire* Jill Episode: \"The One That Matters Most\"
2018 *Mr
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# Automated exception handling
**Automated exception handling** is a computing term referring to the computerized handling of errors. Runtime systems (engines) such as those for the Java programming language or .NET Framework lend themselves to an automated mode of exception or error handling. In these environments, software errors do not crash the operating system or runtime engine, but rather generate exceptions. Recent advances in these runtime engines enables specialized runtime engine add-on products to provide automated exception handling that is independent of the source code and provides root-cause information for every exception of interest.`{{Fact|date=July 2007}}`{=mediawiki}
## How it works {#how_it_works}
Upon exception, the runtime engine calls an error interception tool that is attached to the runtime engine (e.g., Java virtual machine (JVM)). Based on the nature of the exception, such as its type and the class and method in which it occurred, and based on user preferences, an exception can be either handled or ignored.
If the preference is to handle the exception, then based on handling preferences such as memory search depth, the error interception utility extracts memory values from heap and stack memories. This snapshot then produces the equivalent of a debugger screen (as if there had been a debugger) at the moment of the exception.
## Effects
This mechanism enables the automated handling of software errors independent of the application source code and of its developers. It is a direct artifact of the runtime engine paradigm and it enables unique advantages to the software life cycle that were unavailable before
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# Drakensberg prinia
The **Drakensberg prinia** or **saffron-breasted prinia** (***Prinia hypoxantha***) is a small passerine bird. It lives in eastern South Africa and Eswatini.
It lives in the Drakensberg\'s forest edges, wooded gullies and bracken covered slopes. The Drakensberg prinia was formerly considered to be a subspecies *P. m. hypoxantha* of the Karoo prinia, *P. maculosa*.
## Description
The Drakensberg prinia is 12 -- long, with short rounded wings, a longish tail, strong legs and a short straight black bill. The head has a whitish eyebrow and the upperparts are otherwise brown. The throat and lower face are whitish with no streaking and the rest of the underparts are yellowish with dark streaking. The long tail has a dark spot near the end and is typically cocked up at an angle. The feet and legs are pinkish-brown, and the eye is pale. The sexes are identical, but juveniles are paler below than the adults.
The calls of this species include a sharp *`{{not a typo|chleet-chleet-chleet-chleet-chleet-chleet}}`{=mediawiki}*, and a fast buzzy *`{{not a typo|tit-tit-tit-tit-tit}}`{=mediawiki}*.
The Drakensberg prinia can only be confused with the closely related Karoo prinia, but that species has less yellow underparts with heavier spotting.
## Behaviour
The Drakensberg prinia builds a thin-walled oval nest with a side entrance from green grass. It is well hidden deep inside a leafy shrub or bush.`{{fact|date=October 2023}}`{=mediawiki}
The Drakensberg prinia is usually seen in pairs or small groups, typically low in scrub, but sometimes perching on the top of a bush. It actively forages for small insects, with tail cocked and frequently swung side-to-side.`{{fact|date=October 2023}}`{=mediawiki}
## Conservation status {#conservation_status}
This common species has a large range, with an estimated extent of 50,000-100,000 km². The population size is believed to be large, and the species is not believed to approach the thresholds for the population decline criterion of the IUCN Red List (i.e. declining more than 30% in ten years or three generations). For these reasons, the species is evaluated as least concern.
## Gallery
Drakensberg Prinia 2013 06 14.jpg Drakensberg Prinia (Prinia hypoxantha).jpg Prinia Drakensberg 2011 12 13 07 34 29 7260.jpg Prinia Drakensberg 2011 12 13 07 33 44 7225 Cedara
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# Gyula Dávid
**Gyula Dávid** (6 May 1913 -- 14 March 1977) was a Hungarian violist and composer.
## Life and career {#life_and_career}
Gyula Dávid was born in Budapest, Hungary on 6 May 1913. He studied composition with Zoltán Kodály at the Franz Liszt Academy of Music (FLAM) where he began his studies with the composer in 1938. He assisted Kodály with folk song collecting and a song he collected in Karád was utilized by Kodály as the basis for his composition *Karádi nóták*.
Dávid played viola with the Municipal Orchestra in Budapest from 1940 to 1943, and was a conductor at the National Theatre from 1945 to 1949. In 1950 he joined the faculty of the FLAM as a professor of wind chamber music. He remained in that position through 1960, and later became professor of chamber music at FLAM in 1964.
Dávid\'s music can largely be divided into two periods: his early compositions were influenced primarily by Hungarian folk song but also by Gregorian chant and Renaissance polyphony. This period lasted until 1960. ne of the most famous compositions of his first period is his *Viola Concerto* (1950). Those from his second period are more chromatic or 12-tone serial. He was awarded the Erkel Prize in 1952 and again in 1955. In 1957 he was the recipient of the Kossuth Prize.
Gyula Dávid died in Budapest on March 14, 1977.
## Selected works {#selected_works}
Orchestral
- Symphony No. 1 (I. szimfónia) (1947)
- *Tánczene, magyar népdalfeldolgozások* (Dance Music, Based on Hungarian Folk Songs) (published 1952)
- Symphony No. 2 (II. szimfónia) (1957)
- Symphony No. 3 (III. szimfónia) (1960)
- *Sinfonietta* for small orchestra (1961)
- *Színházi zene* (Theatrical Music; Theatermusik) (published 1963)
- Symphony No. 4 (IV. szimfónia) (1970)
- *Festive Overture* (Ünnepi előjáték) (1972)
Concertante
- Concerto (Brácsaverseny) for viola and orchestra (1950)
- Concerto (Hegedűverseny) for violin and orchestra (published 1970)
- Concerto (Kürtverseny) for horn and orchestra (published 1976)
Chamber music
- Wind Quintet No. 1 (I. Fúvósötös) (published 1954)
- Sonata (Sonata fuvolára és zongorára) for flute and piano (published 1954)
- *Serenade* for wind quintet (1955)
- *Preludio* for flute and piano (1964)
- Wind Quintet No. 3 (III. Fúvósötös) (published 1965)
- Sonatina for viola and piano (1969)
- *Miniature* for 3 trumpets, 2 trombones and tuba (published 1971)
- Wind Quintet No. 4 (IV. Fúvósötös) (published 1971)
- *Pezzo* (Piece) for viola and piano (1974)
- Piano Trio (published 1974)
- String Quartet No
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# John Simmons (American football)
**John Christopher Simmons** (born December 1, 1958) is an American former professional football player who was a defensive back for seven seasons in the National Football League (NFL) during the 1980s. Simmons played college football for the SMU Mustangs, earning consensus All-American honors in 1980. He played professionally for the Cincinnati Bengals, Green Bay Packers, and Indianapolis Colts of the NFL.
Simmons was born in Little Rock, Arkansas
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11,102,737 |
# Master of Chemistry
A **Master of Chemistry** (or **MChem**) degree is a specific master\'s degree for courses in the field of Chemistry.
## United Kingdom {#united_kingdom}
In the UK, the M.Chem degree is an undergraduate award, available after pursuing a four- or five-year course of study at a university. It is classed as a level 7 qualification in the National Qualifications Framework.
In England the M.Chem degree is a 4-year course, whereas in Scotland the M.Chem degree is a 5-year course.
## Structure
In terms of course structure, M.Chem degrees have the same content that is usually seen in other degree programmes, i.e. lectures, laboratory work, coursework and exams each year. There are also usually one or more substantial projects undertaken in the fourth year, which may well have research elements. At the end of the second or third years, there is usually a threshold of academic performance in examinations to be reached to allow progression into the final year. Final results are awarded on the standard British undergraduate degree classification scale
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11,102,763 |
# Greg LaFleur
**Gregory Louis LaFleur** (born September 16, 1958) is an American former professional football player who was a tight end in the National Football League (NFL). LaFleur was selected in the third round by the Philadelphia Eagles out of Louisiana State University in the 1981 NFL draft. LaFleur has also been a member of the Indianapolis Colts and St. Louis Cardinals. He had career statistics of 64 Receptions and 3 Touchdowns. He is the father of former NBA center Robert Sacre. His youngest son Greyson LaFleur is a linebacker at College of the Desert.
In 1995 he served as the national spokesperson for the Kennedy Center Alliance for Arts Education. LaFleur was the athletic director at Texas State University from 2001 to 2004 and Chicago State University from 2004 to 2005. He was the athletic director at Southern University from 2005 until April 6, 2011. In 2016, LaFleur ran for mayor-president of Baton Rouge and the East Baton Rouge Parish
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11,102,764 |
# 1838 Grand Liverpool Steeplechase
The **1838 Grand Liverpool Steeplechase** was the last of three unofficial annual precursors of a Handicap Steeple-chase, later to become known as the Grand National Steeplechase horse race which took place at Aintree Racecourse near Liverpool on Monday 5 March 1838 and attracted a field of only three runners. This race did not carry the prestige of the future Grand Nationals and its status as an official Grand National was revoked sometime between 1862 and 1873.
## Competitors and betting {#competitors_and_betting}
Three competitors faced the starter and were quoted as follows.
- 1/2 Favourite, The Duke the winner of the 1836 & 1837 runnings, ridden by his partner from the first of those victories, Captain Martin Becher
- 2/1 Sir William, ridden by Allen McDonough
- 3/1 Scamp, also a debut ride for Mr Clarendon
## The race {#the_race}
*Scamp* led the trio to the Sunken Lane, which was the first obstacle. All three jumped the first element, into the lane, but only *The Duke* successfully navigated the second element, back out of the lane. *Scamp* bolted down the lane while *Sir William* refused. This allowed *The Duke* to build a substantial lead over the course of a circuit and a half of the race. However, his stride began to shorten as he approached the racecourse proper for the final time and *Sir William*, who had been ridden at a much more measured pace on testing ground, began closing the gap. He came upsides *The Duke* at the penultimate flight before leaving him behind to win easily by 15 lengths. *The Duke* was exhausted by the time he reached the final flight of hurdles, barley getting over the obstacle. *Scamp* came upsides and once past *The Duke* the latter gave up the chase and was walked to the finish. *Sir William* completed the course in a time of fifteen minutes, over a minute slower than the previous year\'s renewal.
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# 1838 Grand Liverpool Steeplechase
## Aftermath
The race had been delayed due to the weather and the resulting clash with the much more prestigious St Albans chase saw a field of competitors that failed to capture the imagination of the public. The waning finances of the race organiser, William Lynn resulted in a committee being formed to try and boost the race. Before the next renewal they ensured it wouldn\'t clash with any other events in the calendar, moved the start beyond the sunken lane, which had caused issues in both the previous renewals, increased both the prize money and the quality of the fences but, most importantly, would benefit from the arrival of the railway next to the track, which would make it easier for competitors from farther afield to enter the race.
For many years after this event the race was regarded as the third running of the Grand National by racegoers and pressmen alike, however this stance began to change during the 1860s when national newspapers began listing the former winners of the National back only as far as 1839. When the official honours board at Aintree was erected in 1894 it stated that the race of 1838 was run at a nearby course in Maghull and that the winner was a horse named Sir Henry, ridden by Mr Olliver against nine rivals.
Racing returns from this period show that racing at Maghull ceased in 1835 and that there was no horse in training in 1838 named Sir Henry. The only jockey named Olliver in racing at the time was Tom Olliver and on the date of the race he was riding at St Albans.
For over a century the detail recorded on the honours board was accepted as fact until evidence was presented to show the real events of the 1838 Great Liverpool chase. While it is now accepted among the majority of racing writers that the 1838 race was indeed run at Aintree and not Maghull it is still the official view that the lack of prestige in the race prior to 1839 warrants its continued omission from being declared an official Grand National
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# Brazilian Gold Rush
The **Brazilian gold rush** was a gold rush that started in the 1690s, in the then Portuguese colony of Brazil in the Portuguese Empire. The gold rush opened up the major gold-producing area of Ouro Preto (Portuguese for *black gold*), then known as Vila Rica. Eventually, the Brazilian Gold Rush created the world\'s longest gold rush period and the largest gold mines in South America.
The rush began when bandeirantes discovered large gold deposits in the mountains of Minas Gerais. The bandeirantes were adventurers who organized themselves into small groups to explore the interior of Brazil. Many bandeirantes were of mixed indigenous and European background who adopted the ways of the natives, which permitted them to survive in the interior.
More than 400,000 Portuguese and 500,000 African slaves came to the gold region to mine. Many people abandoned the sugar plantations and towns in the northeast coast to migrate to the gold region. By 1725, half the population of Brazil was living in the country\'s southeast.
Officially, 800 metric tons of gold were sent to Portugal in the 18th century. Other gold circulated illegally, and still other gold remained in the colony to adorn churches and for other uses.
The municipality of Ouro Preto became the most populous city of Latin America, counting on about 40 thousand people in 1730 and, decades after, 80 thousand. At that time, the population of New York was less than half of that number of inhabitants and the population of São Paulo did not surpass 8 thousand.
Minas Gerais was the gold mining center of Brazil. Slave labor was generally used for the workforce. The discovery of gold in the area caused a huge influx of European immigrants and the government decided to bring in bureaucrats from Portugal to control operations. They set up numerous bureaucracies, often with conflicting duties and jurisdictions. The officials were generally uncapable of controlling this highly lucrative industry. In 1830, the St. John d\'el Rey Mining Company, controlled by the British, opened the largest gold mine in Latin America. The British brought in modern management techniques and engineering expertise. Located in Nova Lima, the mine extracted ore for 125 years.
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# Brazilian Gold Rush
## Cuiabá gold rush {#cuiabá_gold_rush}
In 1718 or 1719 gold was found on the Cuiabá River. This was about 1400 km northwest of São Paulo and Ouro Preto across mostly uncolonized country. The lasting effect of the gold rush was to extend a finger of Portuguese settlement northwest from São Paulo to the current Bolivian border.
The discoverers were Pascoal Moreira Cabral Leme and Antonio Pires de Campos. Miguel Sutil found half an arroba of gold in one day near the present town of Cuiabá. The area soon had a population of 7000 including 2600 slaves and was producing 400 arrobas of gold a month. Bom Jusus de Cuiabá was founded 1727. Prices were enormous due to the long distance. In 1728, when chests of Cuiabá gold were opened in Lisbon, they were found to contain lead instead. The culprits were never found. The deposits soon played out and by 1737 there were only 7 white men and a few slaves in Cuiabá town.
The 3500-km route to the gold fields ran 155 km overland from São Paulo to Porto Feliz, down the Tietê River and Paraná River, up the Rio Pardo, 13-km portage at Camapuã, down the Coxim and Taquari River through the Pantanal swamps, and up the Paraguay and Cuiabá. There were around 100 rapids. The route was just north of the 'vacaria' of cow country. The outbound journey, loaded with passengers and freight, started during high water from March to June and took from five to seven months. The return journey, loaded with gold, took a few months. The 1726 convoy had 305 canoes and over 3000 people. These convoys were called 'monsoons' (:pt:Monções (expedições fluviais)).
In addition to rapids and mosquitoes, there were also Indians. The 1720 convoy was wiped out by unknown persons. In 1725 the Payaguá (a canoe people on the Paraguay) annihilated a convoy with only two escaping. In 1728 they attacked some Bandeirantes and liberated their Paraesi captives. In 1730 they killed 400 people and captured 60 arrobas of gold. They did not understand its value. One Spaniard traded a tin plate for six pounds of gold. Some survivors of the 1730 raid walked overland to Camapuã. A 1733 convoy had only four survivors. Punitive expeditions failed until 1734 when an 842-man force destroyed a Payagua town. In 1735 they killed all but four of a convoy. Attacks declined as the gold ran out and because the Payagua quarreled with their Guayacuru or Mbayá neighbors, a horse people on both sides of Paraguay
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# IÉ 2800 Class
The **2800 Class** is a type of diesel multiple unit operated on the Irish railway network by Iarnród Éireann, used mainly for short-haul InterCity and Commuter services.
## Description
The 2800 Class were built in Japan by Tokyu Car Corporation. Ten were built and entered into service in 2000. Like the 2600, 2700 and 2750 Classes, they were delivered in \"Arrow\" livery, however the Arrow logo was removed shortly after they entered service and replaced with the National Development Plan logo. The units were rebranded to Commuter livery from 2003. They were the last of the IÉ railcar fleet to retain the IÉ orange livery, the last unit being repainted into Commuter livery in late 2005. Although rare, the units can operate attached to 2600 class units. The 2800 Class were the first Irish trains to be fitted with PA systems which included both on-board announcements and message boards at either end of the coach. The 2800 Class underwent rebranding using a new livery with the silver green Irish Rail livery for use on InterCity routes. Following refurbishment, the cab-end gangways were removed.
## Deployment
The 2800 Class was bought for use on the Western Commuter (then Western Suburban) service, where they replaced the Cravens stock then used on the line in conjunction with the 2600 Class. This meant an end to the use of locomotive-hauled stock on the line. Although intended for this service, they were largely redeployed following the introduction of the 29000 Class which now mostly operates the line, along with the 22000 Class, which was introduced on the Western Commuter service in 2012. They now operate on a variety of lines. Because of their design, which allows movement between sets of multiple units working together, they were used on Rosslare line InterCity services where it was possible to run a minimal catering service on the line using these units. They were redeployed back onto Commuter services when the 22000 Class entered service on the Rosslare line. Since the 2800 Class were replaced with the 22000 Class on all Dublin Commuter services, the entire fleet was moved to Limerick. The 2800 Class now`{{When|date=November 2024}}`{=mediawiki} operate the following routes:
- Limerick-Ennis-Galway
- Limerick-Nenagh
- Limerick-Ballybrophy
- Limerick-Limerick Junction
- Manulla Junction-Ballina
They also operate on the Cork Commuter on occasions where they substitute for a 2600 class, but this is not a regular event.
- Cork-Cobh
- Cork-Midleton
- Cork-Mallow
## Fleet details {#fleet_details}
Class Operator Number Year Built Cars per Set Unit nos
| 420 |
IÉ 2800 Class
| 0 |
11,102,811 |
# Robert de Foy
**Robert Herman Alfred de Foy** CBE (23 March 1893 in Geraardsbergen -- 15 August 1960 in Brussels) was a Belgian magistrate who served as head of the State Security Service during the Nazi occupation of Belgium. His conduct in that role is the subject of considerable historical debate, though after the Second World War, he returned to his pre-war positions, was decorated as a Grand Officer of the Order of Leopold II, and was honoured by the State of Israel as a Righteous Among the Nations.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Robert de Foy was the son of the civil servant Léon de Foy (1852--1942) and his wife Mathilde (née de Vos; 1860--1943). His brother Marcel de Foy (1890--1964) ended his career as President of the Court of Appeal in Brussels, and his brother Joseph de Foy (1897--1967) was an officer in the Belgian Army. In 1919, Léon obtained the change of his name from \"Defoy\" to \"de Foy\", and in 1934, he was elevated to the Belgian nobility.
In 1941, Robert de Foy married Françoise du Monceau de Bergendal (b. 1910), the sister of Count Ivan du Monceau de Bergendal (1909--2005), who had been deputy prosecutor in Brussels during the war, and founder of the satirical weekly called *Pan*. They divorced in 1943. In 1946, he married the widow Marguerite Tallon (1893--1960). Both marriages remained childless.
## Early career {#early_career}
After serving in the Belgian Army during World War I, Robert studied law, obtaining a PhD. He decided to become a magistrate. From 1922 to 1925 he was a judge within the military court in the Belgian army of occupation of the Ruhr, Germany. From 1925 to 1929 he was first substitute of the Public Prosecutor in Antwerp.
He then became deputy administrator in the Department of Belgian Public Security. From 8 August 1933, after the sudden death of his predecessor, Baron René Beltjens (1879--1933), he became acting administrator.
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# Robert de Foy
## Administrator-general of the Belgian State Security Service: 1933--1940 {#administrator_general_of_the_belgian_state_security_service_19331940}
Appointed as head of the Belgian civil intelligence service, the State Security, on 30 December 1934, de Foy had to deal with the problems of rising international tensions.
Many countries considered communism as the most important threat. Security services of neutral countries like the Netherlands, Switzerland and Belgium attended conferences with other nations, including Nazi Germany, to consider their position towards communism. Such a conference took place in Berlin from 30 August until 3 September 1937; de Foy attended only at the end. He was rather reserved about such meetings, and reduced his own participation to a minimum. After the war he declared to an investigating magistrate and to a journalist of the Associated Press that there had never been deals made between the Gestapo and the Belgian police services for a joint battle against communism.
During De Foy\'s tenure German espionage in Belgium was on the rise. De Foy became the first head of the Belgian secret service to give the media an interview about the work of the State Security, in which he paid particular attention to its counterespionage mission.
In June 1938, de Foy and J. Schneider, the Director of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade, represented Belgium at the Evian Conference in France. By March 1938, after Germany had annexed Austria in the Anschluss, the number of non-Belgian resident Jews had risen to 30,000. The Evian Conference was seen by all as a failure, failing to reach agreement on the number of Jews that were to move onwards to the United Kingdom and the United States.
With war approaching, the Belgian government, represented by the then minister of Justice Charles du Bus de Warnaffe, ordered De Foy to draw up lists of \"suspect Belgians and foreigners.\" On the list were the leaders of extreme right and fascist movements, such as REX (Leon Degrelle), the Flemish nationalist movement, Verdinaso (Joris van Severen), and others, but also communist leaders. If the Germans attacked they would have to be arrested and confined into safe places. The list also mentioned Germans or other foreigners of whom it was not certain if they sympathised with the Nazis, despite the fact that many of them were Jewish refugees. On 10 May 1940, the Germans having invaded Belgium, telegrams were sent to local police authorities, signed \"de Foy\" (it is still disputed if he actually sent them) to set in motion the arrests and the deportations to France.
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# Robert de Foy
## During the war {#during_the_war}
After Belgium was attacked and its army surrendered on 28 May 1940, Adolf Hitler chose not to install a civilian government (as he had done in the Netherlands), but a military occupation, headed by Wehrmacht General Alexander von Falkenhausen. The Belgian administration remained in place and, under German supervision, governed Belgium, according to the developed theory of \"the lesser evil\". The State Security was abolished by the Germans, but it remained in existence in exile in London, under the directorship of Fernand Lepage.
Upon the return in July 1940 of the deported Flemish nationalists, de Foy and other civil servants branded as responsible were arrested. He was transported to Germany, initially held in a hotel in Münster and then transferred to Berlin. Questioned and held for a few weeks, he was released and returned to Belgium. Police Chief Reinhard Heydrich communicated directly to General Eggert Reeder that de Foy was to remain untouched and resume his activities. Allowed to stay in position, de Foy was ordered by the Nazi-run government to share his lists of suspect persons with all state organisations and then to round them up. This included Flemish nationalists, communists and non-Belgian citizens, most of them Jewish refugees from Germany and Poland. These people were exported to France on so-called \"phantom trains\", the records for which were destroyed, but it is known that at least 3,000 were arrested in Antwerp alone. A phantom train on which Joris van Severen, leader of the pro-Belgian Fascist party, was among 79 people deported is well recorded, as 21 people were killed by French soldiers at Abbeville. Of the people deported on \"phantom trains,\" most including the Belgian Jews were released by the Wehrmacht, the only Jews released by the Nazi German Army. 3,537 Jews holding German and Austrian passports were kept prisoner and transported to Auschwitz-Birkenau for processing.
On 1 October 1943, de Foy succeeded Gaston Schuind as Secretary General of the Department of Justice. At the same time, the Wehrmacht took over the policing of foreigners in Belgium, and arrests and deportation greatly escalated.
Upon the Allied Forces\' invasion of Normandy in June, the Nazis relieved de Foy of his position. In part, this was driven by the rumours that he was \"London\'s man\", having made contact, according to post-war records, with the Belgian Resistance via both Walter Ganshof van der Meersch and William Ugeux.
After Robert Jan Verbelen was made head of the *De Vlag Veiligheidscorps*, a Nazi SS security force in Belgium, an attempt on the life of de Foy failed. During the last weeks of the occupation, he went into hiding.
## Post World War II {#post_world_war_ii}
On 1 September 1944, like most other Belgian officials in the administration, de Foy was suspended by the Belgian government returning from exile in London, although it was stated that he had acted correctly. A judicial investigation was initiated against him, but unlike many others, he was not jailed. The result was that his conduct was judged as having been blameless. From April 1946 to March 1947, he was appointed a judge in the international court seated in Tangier.
Upon his return to Belgium, de Foy resumed his duties as head of the State Security Service. The major part of his work consisted of tracking Soviet agents and spies as part of Cold War NATO activities. State Security was also tasked with organising \"stay behind\" groups, who would have resisted any Soviet Army invading force. De Foy retired in 1958, handing over operations to Ludovic Caeymaex.
## Honours
De Foy was vice-president of the Carnegie Hero Fund.
On 1 December 1975 he was posthumously recognised as \"Righteous Among the Nations\" by Yad Vashem, for the help he had provided to Jews in Belgium.
He was the beneficiary of many honours, mainly after World War II, including:
- **Belgium:**
- Grand Officer of the Order of Leopold II
- Commander of the Order of Leopold
- Commander of the Order of the Crown
- Civic Cross First Class
- **Other Countries**
- Grand Officer of the Order of Ouissam Alaouite (Morocco)
- Grand Officer of the Order of Merit (Italy)
- Grand Officer of the Order of Orange-Nassau (Netherlands)
- Grand Officer of the Order of Vasa (Sweden) (1937)
- Grand Officer of the Crown (Romania)
- Grand Officer of the Order of the Phoenix (Greece)
- Commander of the Order of the Redeemer (Greece)
- Commander of the Legion d\'Honneur (France)
- Commander of The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (CBE)
- Commander of the Order of the White Eagle (Estonia)
- Commander of the Order of Merit (Austria)
- Commander of the Order of Polonia Restituta (Poland)
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# Robert de Foy
## Literature
- J. GERARD-LIBOIS & José GOTOVICH, *L\'an 40. La Belgique occupée*, Brussels, 1971
- Albert DE JONGHE, *De strijd Himmler-Reeder om de benoeming van een HSSPF te Brussel. Deel 3*, Bijdragen tot de geschiedenis van de Tweede Wereldoorlog, 5, 1978, p. 133--147.
- Jean VANWELKENHUYZEN, *Les avertissements qui venaient de Berlin, 9 octobre 1939 -- 10 mai 1940*, Brussels, 1982
- Maurice DE WILDE, *België in de Tweede wereldoorlog*, Deel 3, Kapellen, 1982
- Rudi VAN DOORSLAER & Etienne VERHOEYEN, *L\'Allemagne nazie, la police belge et l\'anticommunisme en Belgique (1936--1944) -- Aspects des relations belgo-allemandes*, in: Belgisch tijdschrift voor nieuwste geschiedenis, 1986, blz. 61--121
- M. VAN DEN WIJNGAERT, *Tussen vijand en volk. Het bestuur van de secretarissen-generaal tijdens de Duitse bezetting 1940--1944*, in: België in de Tweede Wereldoorlog. Deel 9, Het minste kwaad, uitg. DNB, Pelckmans, Kapellen, 1990
- Rudi VAN DOORSLAER, *De Belgische politie en magistratuur en het probleem van de ordehandhaving*, in: België in de Tweede Wereldoorlog. Deel 9, Het minste kwaad, uitg. DNB, Pelckmans, Kapellen, 1990
- Fred ERDMAN & Hervé HASQUIN (rapporteurs), *Parlementair onderzoek naar het bestaan in België van een geheim internationaal inlichtingennetwerk*, Belgische Senaat, 1990--1991 (referentie: 1117-4)
- Guy BEAUJOUAN, Anne-Marie BOURGOIN, Pierre CEZARD, Marie-Thérèse CHABORD, Élisabeth DUNAN, Jean-Daniel PARISET, Christian WILSDORF, *La France et la Belgique sous l'occupation allemande 1940--1944. Les fonds allemands conservés au Centre Historique des Archives nationales. Inventaire de la sous-série AJ 40, (revu par Christine Douyère-Demeulenaere avec la collaboration de Michèle Conchon. Index établi par Sandrine Bula. Introduction par Stefan Martens et Andreas Nielen)*, Paris 2002.
- Maxime STEINBERG, *La persécution des Juifs en Belgique (1940--1945)*, Brussels, 2004
- Nico WOUTERS, *Oorlogsburgemeesters 40--44. Lokaal bestuur en collaboratie in België*, Tielt, 2004
- Dan MIKHAM, Israel GUTMAN, Sara BENDER, *The encyclopaedia of the righteous among the nations: rescuers of Jews during the Holocaust. Belgium*, Volume 2, Yad Vashem, 2005
- Emmanuel DEBRUYNE, *Un service secret en exil. L'Administration de la Sûreté de l'État à Londres, novembre 1940 -- septembre 1944*, in: Cahiers d\'Histoire du Temps présent, n° 15, 2005, p. 335--355.
- P. PONSAERTS, M. COOLS, K. DASSEN, R. LIBERT, *La Sûreté. Essais sur les 175 ans de la Sûreté de l\'État*, Politeia, 2005
- Nico WOUTERS, *De Führerstaat. Overheid en Collaboratie in België, 1940--1944*, Tielt, 2006
- Humbert DE MARNIX DE SAINTE ALDEGONDE, *État présent de la noblesse belge. Annuaire de 2006*, Brussels, 2006
- Rudi VAN DOORSLAER e. a., *La Belgique docile, les autorités belges et la persécution des Juifs en Belgique*, Volume 1, Antwerp, 2007
- Emmanuel DEBRUYNE, *La guerre secrète des espions belges, 1940--1944*, Brussel, 2008
- \*
- Kenneth LASOEN, *[Geheim België. Geschiedenis van de inlichtingendiensten, 1830-2020](http://www.lannoo.be/nl/geheim-belgië)*, Tielt: Lannoo 2020
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# Mirjana Joković
**Mirjana Joković** (`{{lang-sr-cyr|Мирјана Јоковић}}`{=mediawiki}; born 24 November 1967) is a Serbian film and stage actress, best known for her role as Natalija Zovkov in Emir Kusturica\'s *Underground* (1995). She currently is Director of Performance for Acting and an acting teacher in the Theater Faculty of the California Institute of the Arts near Los Angeles.
## Early career in Yugoslavia {#early_career_in_yugoslavia}
Mirjana Jokovic was born in Užice, SFR Yugoslavia. She spent her early years in Zambia, where her father was an industrial engineer. She graduated from the Academy of Dramatic Arts in Belgrade and began to perform at the National Theater and the Yugoslav Drama Theater in Belgrade and in films and television. She made her acting debut in the drama series *Put na jug* (*Southbound*). She was a regular character in the popular Yugoslav television series *\"Grey Home\"*, and in 1988 she was named Best Leading Actress at the Rio de Janeiro Film Festival and Best International Actress at the San Sebastian Film Festival in Spain.
In 1989, she starred with Daniel Day-Lewis in the Argentine-British film \"Eversmile, New Jersey\" directed by Carlos Sorin and won best actress for the role at the San Sebastián International Film Festival. in 1991 she played the lead in the German film *The Serbian Girl*, then she moved to the United States, though she continued to make films in Europe. She starred in *\"Vukovar\"* (1994) which earned her the Yugoslav Best Actress Award. In 1995 she played the female lead in the film *\"Underground\"*, directed by Emir Kusturica, which won the Palme d\'Or for best film at the Cannes Film Festival in 1995 and the New York Critics Circle Award for best foreign film. She also made *Three Summer Days* (1997), for which she received another Yugoslav Best Actress Award, and *Cabaret Balkan,* which won a Special Venice Film Festival Award in 1999.
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# Mirjana Joković
## Career in the American theater and film {#career_in_the_american_theater_and_film}
Her career in the United States began in theater, as she appeared in the off-Broadway production of *\"Mud, River Stone\"* by Lynn Nottage at the Playwrights Horizon Theater. She also appeared in the chorus and as Chrysothemis in the Broadway production of *Electra* directed by David Leveaux.
From 1999 through 2001 she worked at the American Repertory Theater in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Her roles at ART included Dulle Griet in *\"Full Circle\"* by Chuck Mee, Hermione in Shakespeare\'s *\"The Winter\'s Tale\"*, Desdemona in *\"Othello\"*, the part of Natasha/Olga Knipper in *\"Three Farces and a Funeral\"* by Robert Brustein, and *\"Mother Courage and Her Children\"* by Bertolt Brecht.
In 2003 she played in *\"Romeo and Juliet\"*, directed by Emily Mann, at the McCarter Theater and made the film *\"A Better Way to Die\"* directed by Scott Wiper for HBO. She also starred Off-Broadway in *\"Necessary Targets\"* by Eve Ensler, *Electra* by Sophocles at the Hartford Stage, and *Three Sisters* by Anton Chekhov at the American Conservatory Theater in San Francisco.
After her starring role in *\"Underground\"*, she appeared in several European and American films. She played the part of Elena Iscovescu in *\"Side Streets\"*, in 1998; the part of Adrijana, in *\"Strsljen\"* (also known as *The Hornet*, *Le frelon*, and *Grenxa*) in 1998; the part of Ana in *Bure baruta* (also known as *Cabaret Balkan*, *The Powder Keg*, and *Baril de poudre*) in 1998; the part of a hotel maid in \"Maid in Manhattan\" in 2002; and as Tess in *\"Private Property\"* in 2002.
In 2005 she began to teach in the Theater Faculty at the California Institute of the Arts in Valencia.
In April 2010 she helped to organize the first theater workshop via Internet between CalArts and the Moscow Art Theater School in Moscow, under the auspices of the Binational Presidential Commission created by President Barack Obama and Russian President Dmitri Medvedev. In June 2010 she was invited to come to Moscow by the U.S. Embassy as the first Binational Presidential Commission cultural envoy to stimulate new exchanges with Moscow theaters and theater schools.
In 2019 she starred in the Canadian film *Easy Land*
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# Glen Titensor
**Glen Weston Titensor** (born February 21, 1958) is an American former professional football player who was an offensive lineman in the National Football League (NFL) for the Dallas Cowboys. He played college football at Brigham Young University.
## Early life {#early_life}
Titensor attended Bolsa Grande High School and was a three-year starter at tackle on both offense and defense for the football, receiving All-County honors as a junior. He was injured in the first game of his senior year and missed the entire season. He also practiced track & field.
He received a football scholarship from UCLA, where he played at nose guard and defensive tackle backing up All-American Manu Tuiasosopo for two years. He transferred at the end of his sophomore season to Brigham Young University and sat out the 1978 season.
He was named the starter at left defensive tackle as a junior, before moving to defensive end, where he received All-WAC and honorable-mention All-American honors.
As a senior, he registered 41 tackles (5 for loss), 13 sacks (led the team) and 38 quarterback hurries. He finished his college career with 88 tackles (12 for loss), 17 sacks, 57 quarterback hurries and 3 forced fumbles.
## Professional career {#professional_career}
Titensor was selected by the Dallas Cowboys in the third round (81st overall) of the 1981 NFL draft as a defensive end. The Cowboys offense needed help and like Blaine Nye, John Fitzgerald, Pat Donovan and Kurt Petersen before him, he was switched to the offensive line to play tackle as a rookie. During the season he was also tried at center and guard during practice, but on game days he played mainly on special teams. He played briefly at left guard in the playoffs against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in place of Herbert Scott who suffered a minor injury.
In 1982, he missed 5 of 9 games when he suffered a left knee injury in the fourth game of the season, but returned a month later and was available for the playoffs.
In 1983, he played center during the second half of the game against the Minnesota Vikings and started against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in place of an injured Tom Rafferty.
A reserve guard/center during his first three seasons, Titensor took over the left guard position four games into the 1984 season, after Scott went down with an injury in the preseason and couldn\'t regain his playing level. He started every game in 1985 and 1986.
In 1987, he suffered a knee injury in training camp and was placed on the injured reserve list. He was replaced on the starting lineup with Nate Newton. He was waived on August 28, 1988, but was re-signed because of injuries on September 24. He appeared in 10 games (one start). He was released on June 1, 1989.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Titensor is currently the owner of Timbercreek Golf Center in Lewisville, Texas
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# Lake Robertville
**Lake Robertville** is an artificial lake located in Wallonia near the city of Malmedy in Belgium. The water volume is 8,000,000 m³ and the area is 0,62 km². The lake is located in the High Fens park. The dam on the river Warche was built in 1928.
Lake Robertville is situated in the municipality of Waimes. It is named after the village of Robertville. The lake is an official swimming lake in Wallonia
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# James Warren (engineer)
**James Warren** (1806`{{ndash}}`{=mediawiki}1908) was a British engineer who, around 1848 to 1907 (along with Willoughby Monzoni), patented the Warren-style truss bridge and girder design. This bridge design is mainly constructed by equilateral triangles which can carry both tension and compression. The first suspension bridge to utilise a Warren truss in its design was the Manhattan Bridge in New York City.
The Warren truss design was used in early aviation when biplanes were dominant, the alternating diagonal truss being used for the interplane struts in aircraft such as the Handley Page H.P.42 airliner and the Fiat CR.42 fighter. The Warren truss is one of the most widely used and known bridge styles worldwide
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