text
stringlengths 1.13k
10.8k
|
|---|
<s>[INST] context: According to given situation, injury is Grade V injury,Pancreaticoduodenectomy to be done. Whipple's procedure/Pancreaticoduodenectomy * 1st - Pancreatico - jejunostomy* 2nd -Hepatico - jejunostomy* 3rd -Gastro - jejunostomy PANCREATIC TRAUMA- In adult: MC cause - Penetrating- In children: MC cause - Blunt trauma- Handlebar - bicycle- MC affected - body of pancreas Pancreatic organ injury scale Grade Hematoma Laceration I Minor contusion withoutduct injury Superficial laceration without duct injury II Major contusion withoutduct injury Major laceration without duct injury III - Distal transection or parenchymal injury with ductinjury IV - Proximal transection or parenchymal injury involvingAmpulla V - Massive disruption of pancreatic head Diagnosis- IOC for Dx - CECT- ERCP - Most reliable test to demonstrate pancreatic duct integrity Management- I - Observation- II - Debridement, drainage, possible repair- III - Distal resection, Roux-en-Y drainage- IV & V - Damage control surgery- Resection + Roux-en-Y drainage- Triple tube decompression- Pyloric exclusion- Duodenal diveicularization- Pancreatico Duodenectomy- MC complication seen after Pancreatic trauma - Pancreatic fistula / Persistent drain output [/INST] question: A young patient presents with a massive injury to proximal duodenum, head of pancreas and distal common bile duct. The procedure of choice in this patient should be: | options: A: Roux-en-Y anastomosis B: Pancreaticoduodenectomy C: Lateral tube jejunostomy D: Retrograde jejunostomy | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Yu Qiuyu is a famous writer. Once, he went to Germany to learn more about the life there. He found a room for renting . The owner was an old man. Yu looked around the room and found it very nice, so he decided to rent it.
The old man smiled, saying, "Don't worry, young man. You haven't lived here. I think you can try living here for a few days. Then you can decide whether to live for a long time or not." Yu thought it fair enough, and finally signed a contract of five days. The room was quite comfortable. The cleaners took away the trash every day. The hallway was always tidy and clean.
On the fifth day, when Yu wanted to talk with the old man about the long-time rent, he broke a glass carelessly. He was very nervous, feeling that the glass was expensive. However, when he told the old man on the phone, the old man said , "Don't worry. It's not a big deal. I'll bring one later." Yu swept the glass pieces into the trash bag together with other things, and put them outside of the door. A moment later, the old man came. After entering the room, he asked before Yu said anything, "Then where are the glass pieces?"
Yu answered quickly, "I put them outside." The old man went out at once. After looking at the trash bag, he came back to the room with a _ face. He said to Yu, "You can move out tomorrow, because I won't rent the room to you."
Yu couldn't believe his ears and asked, "Is it because I broke your favorite glass that you are upset?"
"No, it's because you didn't think of others."
Just then, the old man went out of the room with a pen and another trash bag. He poured out the trash that Yu had put in the bag. Then the old man picked up every piece of glass very carefully. After a long time, he put all the glass pieces into a trash bag, and wrote with the pen on the bag: "Dangerous! Glass pieces inside". And other trash was put into another bag, with "Safe" written on it.
Yu was looking at it. He didn't know what to say. His face burned with shame. [/INST] question: Yu Qiuyu went to Germany to _ . | options: A: teach in a school B: volunteer in a hospital C: join a writing club D: learn more about the life there | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The clinical profile of fever, cough and X-ray revealing bilateral pneumonitis and presence of diarrhea and confusion indicates the presence of Atypical pneumonia. The organism causing atypical pneumonia out of the given choices is Legionella pneumophila Confusion can be explained by hyponatremia due to SIADH. The clinical manifestations of Legionnaires' disease are usually more severe than those of most "atypical" pneumonias. Clinical Clues Suggestive of Legionnaires' Disease Diarrhea High fever (>40degC; >104degF) Numerous neutrophils but no organisms revealed by Gram's staining of respiratory secretions Hyponatremia (serum sodium level <131 mg/dL) Failure to respond to b-lactam drugs (penicillins or cephalosporins) and aminoglycoside antibiotics Occurrence of illness in an area where potable water supply is known to be contaminated with Legionella Onset of symptoms within 10 days after discharge from the hospital (hospital-acquired legionellosis manifesting after discharge or transfer) [/INST] question: A 28-year-old woman presented with high-grade fever, cough, diarrhea and mental confusion for 4 days. X-ray chest revealed bilateral pneumonitis. Search for etiology will most likely reveal? | options: A: Streptococcus pneumonia B: Staphylococcus aureus C: Legionella pneumophila D: Pseudomonas aeruginosa | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: A whale that became stranded in the River Thames in Central London has died after attempts to save its life failed. The whole nation had been hoping for a more successful outcome to the attempted rescue, updates of which were shown on TV news programmes throughout the day and night.
The five- meter long bottle-nosed whale, which probably weighted about four tones, was first spotted in the river on Friday. There had been reports that a pod of whales had swum into the Thames Estuary earlier in the week, which caused terror among naturalists, as this kind of whale only thrives in much deeper water. It was the first sighting of the endangered species in the Thames since records began nearly a century ago.
There was no more news of the pod, which suggests that most of them turned back and swam out to sea. However, one whale clearly became separated from this group.
Incredibly, the first person to raise the alarm was a man who saw the giant mammal from the train he was on when it crossed the river. Almost immediately, a rescue attempt was mounted and further attempts to move the whale began on Saturday morning. After unsuccessfully attempting to gently encourage it to swim downstream of its own accord towards the Thames Estuary and eventually the sea, rescuers decided to move it onto the barge .
The rescue operation involved winching the whale onto an inflatable raft which had been placed on the barge. 3,000 onlookers watched as the whale was treated with extreme care by the rescuers and applauded when the transfer operation was complete. The barge then set off with the intention of freeing the whale in deeper water. Sadly, it began to convulse during the journey and died.
Earlier in the day, naturalist and TV presenter Terry Nuktins had warned that attempts to move the large mammal were misguided and that the proximity of the rescuers to the whale was potentially disastrous. He said that the whale would have been terrified by the people around it and it wouldn't have been used to the sight of boats and the noise of the engines and propellers. [/INST] question: People throughout the country learned about the attempted rescues by_. | options: A: listening to the radio B: reading newspapers C: watching TV news D: asking some rescuers | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: This is the controversial question some people are in favour of mammography and some are in favour of MRI. I have references for both.
"Mammography is the most sensitive and specific diagnostic tool available".
—The physiological basis of surgery
"For DCIS, most studies have found that MRI is more sensitive than mammography for detecting multicentric disease".
—NIH DCIS
"Magnetic resonance mammography (MRI with breast coils) is the most sensitive technique for detection of breast cancel ; approaching 100% for invasive cancer and 80% for ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), but it has a high false positive rate (specificity is low)".
To find the answer of this question. I went through various articles, books and sites. Recent studies show MRI is a more sensitive diagnostic tool but is less specific and costlier.
Following fact will also clear your doubt :
"The sensitivity of mammography for breast cancer is age dependent. The denser the breast, the less effective the method is for detecting early signs of breast cancer. Breast density tends to be higher in younger women and increased density obscures early signs of breast cancer : The sensitivity of mammography for breast cancer in women over 60 years of age approaches 95%, while mammography can be expected to detect less than 50% of breast cancer in women under 40 years age". — Breast in women under 40 years.
The sensitivity of MRI is not very much affected by age.
Therefore, the overall sensitivity of MRI has to be greater than mammography.
According to me, the answer to this question is MRI. You are free to choose yours. Also, read the following information :
According to Author :
Most sensitive investigation for breast cancer in women > 60 years of age → Mammography.
Most sensitive investigation for breast cancer in women < 40 years of age → MRI.
Overall most sensitive investigation for breast cancer → MRI. [/INST] question: The most sensitive investigation for DCIS (Ductal carcinoma in situ) of the breast? | options: A: Mammography B: Ultrasound C: MRI D: PET scan | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Mosquitoes ruin countless American picnics every year, but around the world, this bloodsucking beast isn't just annoying--it causes a health problem. More than a million people die from the spread of mosquito-borne diseases like malaria and yellow fever each year. Attempts to control populations via insecticides like DDT have had ruinous side effects for nature and human health. Neurobiologist Leslie B. Vosshall has a different solution for stopping the insects and the spread of disease. "I believe the key to controlling mosquito behavior is to understand better how they sense us," she says.
At their Rockefeller University lab, Vosshall and her colleagues are studying the chemical sensory processes by which mosquitoes choose hosts. How do they sense heat, humidity, carbon dioxide, and body odor ? What makes some people more attractive to a mosquito than others? It takes blood and sweat to find out. To study how mosquitoes assess body odor, Vosshall and her teammates might wear stockings on their arms and keep from showering for 24 hours to create sample smells, _ They insert their arms into the insects' hidden home to study how mosquitoes land, bite, and feed and then they document how this changes. This can mean getting anywhere from one bite to 400, depending on the experiment. Studying male mosquitoes is more pleasant. Since they don't feed on blood, the lab tests their sense of smell using honey.
Vosshall and her team have also begun to study how genetics contribute to mosquitoes' choice of a host. She's even created a breed that is unable to sense carbon dioxide, an important trigger for the insects. "By using genetics to make mutant mosquitoes, we can document exactly how and why mosquitoes hunt humans," Vosshall says.
Once Vosshall figures out what makes mosquitoes flock to us, she can get to work on making them leave us alone. Many of her lab's proposed solutions sound simple enough, including bracelets that carry long-lasting repellants or traps that can reduce populations, but the breakthroughs, when they come, may save millions of lives in the developing world--and a lot of itching everywhere else. [/INST] question: Vosshall and her colleagues are mainly studying mosquitoes' _ . | options: A: appearance B: size C: behavior D: change | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Every time you turn on the television or take a ride in a car ,you could be adding to a problem called acid rain . In this article, you'll learn how acid is created, and how it affects us, and more importantly, what we all can do to prevent it.
How is acid rain created?
When people use fuels , such as coal and gasoline, poisonous gases are given off. When these gases mix with rain, acid rain forms. Many power stations burn fuels in order to create the electricity that we use in our homes and offices every day. Cars and trucks also send these gases into the air when they burn gasoline .When rain mixes with these gases, harmful things called acids form. This is acid rain.
How does acid rain affect us?
Acid rain damages everything that it touches. It poisons our rivers, ponds, lakes, and oceans along with all the life in them. It pollutes our soil and crops, harms trees, and can even kill fish and plants. Acid rain also eats away at buildings.
How can we prevent acid rain?
We need to cut down on the pollution that gets into our air. Turn off lights, television, and other electrical appliances if you are not using them, Walk or take a bike whenever possible. If you are travelling a long distance, take a bus or train to save fuel.
As research shows, acid rain harms our environment. But people everywhere can take small steps now to help protect our environment for future generations. [/INST] question: When power stations burn fuel, _ . | options: A: acid rain form B: air pollution is caused C: noise pollution is caused D: acid rain gets heavier | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Put technology in the hands of someone like Elon Musk and it can send people into space, make a future of clean and renewable energy a reality, or build electric cars. Put in your hands, and it can help you achieve all sorts of things, from learning to code to learning a language.
Educational apps are becoming increasingly popular as a supplement , and sometimes as an alternative
, to traditional education. Why? Well, for starters, it's extremely convenient to learn on a pocket-sized device that you already carry around with you at all times. The best apps are also highly interactive and adaptive, _ .
But apps, just like textbooks and language lessons, are a medium through which a language can be studied. The way you use them will affect how successful you are. If you flick through a textbook and don't dare say a word in your language lessons, you'll make slow progress. The keen reader who repeats each exercise in the textbook and engages the teacher in the conversation will move ahead. So how do you ensure you get the most out of your app, and what should you consider before you install one?
Before that, a very quick introduction: I developed the following five points from my experience as both a language teacher and learner, and from working in startups in the field of language. I spent six years teaching in Germany and Spain as well as developing a video learning startup. However, I first came to language learning late. I started learning Spanish at 22, and was able to use Spanish and German freely by about 28. I've been using language apps for the last few years, and participated in two successful one-week challenges to go from zero to hero in Italian and French. If you're interested, you can see the French challenge here.
So, just before downloading an app, here's what you should think about... [/INST] question: We infer that Elon Musk is most probably _ . | options: A: an app developer B: a language teacher C: a professor at college D: an engineer and tech company owner | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Escaping from a fire is a serious matter. Knowing what to do during a fire can save a life. It is important to know the ways you can use and show them to everyone in the family, for example, you can use stairways, roofs and fire escapes, but no lifts.
From the lower floors of buildings, to escape through windows is possible. Learn the best way of leaving by a window with the least chance of serious injury.
The second floor window is usually not very high from the ground. An average person, hanging from the window by the fingertips will have a drop of about six feet to the ground--about the height of an average man. Of course, _
Windows are also useful while you are waiting for help. Be sure to keep the door closed, before opening the window. Otherwise, smoke and fire may be drawn into the room. Keep your head low next to the window to be sure you get fresh air.
On the second or third floor, the best windows to escape from are those which open onto a roof . From the roof a person can drop to the ground more safely. [/INST] question: You can try to escape a fire except _ . | options: A: fire escapes B: lifts C: roofs D: stairways | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Reiter syndrome is a type of reactive ahritis that happens as a reaction to a bacterial infection in the body. The infection usually happens in the intestines, genitals, or urinary tract. Reiter syndrome includes redness, joint swelling and pain, often in knees, ankles, and feet, along with inflammation of the eyes and urinary tract. It is not contagious. But the bacteria that trigger it can be passed from one person to another. There is no cure for Reiter syndrome, but you can control the symptoms. For most people, symptoms go away in 2 to 6 months.Signs and Symptoms Ahritis. Includes pain, swelling, stiffness, and redness of joints, usually the hips, knees, ankles, spine, and feet. Conjunctivitis, inflammation of the eye. Usually brief and mild. Iritis, inflammation of the iris of the eye. Less common but needs immediate medical treatment to avoid eye damage. Uveitis, inflammation of the inner eye. Less common but needs immediate medical treatment to avoid eye damage. Urinary tract infection. Pain or burning during urination and frequent urge to urinate. May include inflammation of the prostate or cervix. Men may have pus drainage from penis. Painless, shallow ulcers on the penis. Pus-filled sores on soles, palms, and penis. May also include mouth sores. Rashes of small nodules on the soles of the feet, and, less often, on the palms of the hands or elsewhere. Hea problems, affecting about 10% of people who have Reiter syndrome. [/INST] question: Most common autoimmune disease in young men? | options: A: Reiter's disease B: Ankylosing spondylosis C: Inclusion body myositis D: CIDP | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Would you be surprised to learn that your eyes are like an eagle's eyes in some ways? You and an eagle can see colors. And an eagle's eyes and yours are about the same size. But therre are a lot more of a special type of cell in an eagle's eyes than in your eyes. These cells send information to the eagle's brain. Getting a lot of information helps an eagle see much better than you. In fact, eagle can spot a fish in the sea from a mile away.
You and an eagle have eyes that make tears. Your eyes make watery tears that clean your eyes. An eagle's eyes for watery tears and oily tears. Eagles dive into the sea to catch fish. The oily tears guard their eyes from the saltwater.
Like you, eagles have eyelids. You have two eyelids, and you close your eyes by lowering the top lid. When eagles close their eyes, their bottom lids raise up. Eagles have a third eyelid that moves across the eye every few seconds. It wipes dust away from the eye. An eagle can see through this third eyelid. The eyelid guards the bird's eyes when it _ at 100 miles an hour after its prey . [/INST] question: Your eyes help you learn about the world. An eagle's eyes help it _ . | options: A: catch its prey B: fly fast C: blink its eyelids D: send information | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: I try to be a good son, but no matter how hard I try, my parents never seem to be satisfied. They think I should eat healthier food, should wear cleaner clothes, and I should get better grades. And according to them, my hair should be shorter, my room should be neater, and my friends should be more polite when they come to visit. You know it isn't easy to be a teenager.
We try to be good parents, but no matter how hard we try, our children never seem to be satisfied. They think we should wear more fashionable clothes, we should buy a faster car, and we should listen to more beautiful music. And according to them, we should be more patient when they talk about their problems, we should be more friendly when their friends come to visit, and we should be more understanding when they come home late on Saturday night. You know it isn't easy to be parents, either. Do you and your parents also have such problems?
Well, why don't you take a walk and have a talk on Saturday? May 15th is the International Day of Families. On that day, people around the world give thanks for good things about their families and work on family problems.
A study last year showed that many Nanjing families had the same problem like this. The children, 12 to 15 years old, didn't like talking with their parents much. They weren't happy at home. Of course, lots of kids have the same feeling like that. But you and your parents will be much happier if you can be friends. Parents are the closest people to you in the world. They love you just because you're their child. And they would do anything for you. [/INST] question: What problem are the boy and his parents facing? | options: A: They have no house to live in B: The boy can't go to school because of money C: They have difficulty in communicating and understanding each other D: The parents worry about their son's friends | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Sterilization of culture media
The constituents of culture media must be carefully sterilized.
Two methods are commonly used to sterilize culture media -
1) Autoclaving
- Constituents like water, salts and supplements like peptone, tryptose etc., which are heat stable, are autoclaved.
- Generally autoclaving is carried out at 121°C and at a pressure of 15 psi.
The time required for sterilization depends upon the volume of medium in the vessel-
For small volumes of liquids (100 ml or less), the time required for autoclaving is 15-20min.
For large quantities (2-4 liter) 30-40 min is required.
2) Membrane filtration
- Constituents like serum, trypsin, growth factors, proteins, amino acids, vitamins, hormones, carbohydrates and plant extracts are thermolabile and may decompose during autoclaving.
- These must be sterilized by filtration.
The porosity of the filter membrane should be no longer than 0.2 microns (U m). - Empty glassware that is to hold media must be sterilized in an autoclave before filter sterilization.
These two (autoclaving and membrane filtration) are the most commonly used methods for sterilization of culture media. But when these are not available other methods can be used; e.g.-
- For media containing sugar or gelatin, an exposure of 100°C for 20 minutes on three successive days may be used. This is known as Tyndallization.
Some media containing serum or egg fluid can be sterilized by heating to 80-85°C for 2-4 hours. [/INST] question: Sterilization of culture media containing serum is by- | options: A: Autoclaving B: Micropore filter C: Gamma radiation D: Centrifugation | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Beverage Service We serve a variety of soft drinks, coffee, tea and free of charge. However, as flying has a dehydrating effect, water and non-alcoholic beverages are recommended.
Electronic Equipment Cellphones, FM/AM radios, portable television sets and electronic toys with remote controls must not be used in the cabin, as their signals may interfere with the aircrafts navigational instruments. Laptop computers and CD (MD, MP3) players may be used during cruising portions of the flight but not during the takeoff and landing.
Inflight Entertainment A wide selection of international publications are available for your reading pleasure. You may keep this free copy of Morning Calm magazine, but kindly return all other reading materials after you have finished with them for the benefit of fellow passengers. A selection of music is available on eight channels, from channel 3 to 10. The channel changer is on your armrest. We also offer a selection of popular films; you may listen in English on channel 2. Paduk (go) and chess are available on request, and we have free postcards and stationery.
Medical Needs We keep a selection of nonprescription medicine for any passenger suffering from mild sicknesses. An emergency medical kit is also available for more serious illnesses.
Travelling with Infants and Children Baby bassinets are provided on a first come first serve basis and should be requested at the time of booking. Special meals for children and infants can be served if the request is made 24 hours before departure. Selected giveaways for children aged 2 to 12 are available on all international flights. [/INST] question: The services above are probably offered by _ . | options: A: a traveling agent B: a medical center C: an airline D: a five-star hotel | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Dear Students,
I am delighted to be your guest.
I would like to tell you about myself. I have been a news reporter for the past fifteen years. I chose this job so I could travel the world, but the job has taught me many unforgettable lessons. The work is sometimes difficult. I have seen _ , wars, earthquakes, poverty and death. But I have also seen courage, hope and happiness.
In India, I visited a city where there were many homeless children. Some were as young as four years old. They lived in the streets and survived by begging or stealing. But then a wonderful lady called Rosa opened a home for them. Within one year, she was looking after two hundred children. She clothed them, fed them, and taught them. She gave them hope.
Another time, I was in Turkey after a terrible earthquake, in one place. I found an old lady whose house was in ruins, her son was missing and rescue workers said there was no chance that he was still alive. But the old lady did not give up hope. For four days, she moved heavy stones one at a time by herself. She did not stop until she found her son. He was alive.
Here in China, I met a young boy with a serious condition. He had undergone twenty operations and spent nearly his whole life in hospital. I thought he would be sad, but when I met him, his smile was so warm and welcoming.
In life, we need role models that we can admire and learn from. When my life is difficult, I try to remember the courage and goodness of these three people. [/INST] question: The speaker is giving a speech to students in _ . | options: A: India B: Canada C: Turkey D: China | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Plague, also called Black death or Mahamari or The great death, is a zoonoses caused by yersinia pestis.
Wild rodent (Tetra indica) is the natural reservoir in India. o Most effective and commonest vector for plague is rat flea.
Xenopsylla cheopis is the most important species of rat flea for plague. Other important species are X. astia, X. brasiliensis and Pulex irritans. Both sexes of flea bite and transmit the disease.
A partially blocked flea (a flea with partially blocked proventriculus) is more dangerous than a completely blocked flea.
Rat flea can survive upto 4 years in rat burrows under optimum conditions.
This is considered the most likely mechanism of maintaining the natural focus.
Modes of transmission may be :
Bite of infected flea
Direct contact with tissues of infected animal
Droplet infection (in pneumonic plague),
There are three types of plague :
Bubonic plague (most common type) with incubation period 2-7 days
Pneumonic plague (most virulent and least common) with incubation period 1-3 days
Septicemic plague (less infectious) with incubation period 2-7 days.
Streptomycin is the drug of choice for treatment and tetracycline is the drug of choice for chemoprophylaxis. [/INST] question: Plague is transmitted by the bite of | options: A: Rat flea B: Culex mosquito C: Body louse D: Tse-Tse fly | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Chinese TV viewers are getting a closer look at the changing roles of dads in the new reality show Where Are We Going, Dad? that is showing on Hunan Television. The show follows the adventure of five superstar dads who partner up with their young children(aged 4 to 6) and try to complete a set of tasks. In one show the group travel to a small village where they have to find something to cook a meal. Along the way we see the kids and their dads having fun, but we also see them having a lot of emotions . There are loving moments, tearful moments and uncomfortable moments as the dads try to deal with their cranky children.
The show provides an interesting view on modern family life. In the show, we can see how young dads are trying to find the best way to raise their children.
A father is very important for a family. Psychologists say that a strong fatherly influence is important in a child's development. Father teach their children skills and give them confidence to try new things. A child learns that if something goes wrong, he or she can _ on dad to help fix it. The psychologists also say that without a dad, a child runs a greater risk of dropping out of school and getting into trouble. [/INST] question: Where do the group have to make a meal in one show? | options: A: In a town B: In a big city C: In a small city D: In a small village | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: A few common misconceptions. Beauty is only skin-deep. One' s physical assets and liabilities don' t count all that much in a managerial career. A woman should always try to look her best.
Over the last 30 years, social scientists have conducted more than 1,000 studies of how we react to beautiful and not- so-beautiful people. The virtually unanimous conclusion: Looks do matter, more than most of us realize. The data suggest, for example, the physically attractive individuals are more likely to be treated well by their parents, sought out as friends, and pursued romantically. With the possible exception of women seeking managerial jobs they are also more likely to be hired, paid well, and promoted.
Un-American, you say, unfair and extremely unbelievable? Once again, the scientists have caught us mouthing pieties while acting just the contrary. Their typical experiment works something like this. They give each member of a group--college students, perhaps, or teachers or corporate personnel managers a piece of paper relating an individual' s accomplishments. Attached to the paper is a photograph. While the papers all say exactly the same thing the pictures are different. Some show a strikingly attractive person, some an average-looking character, and some an unusually unattractive human being. Group members are asked to rate the individual on certain attributes, anything from personal warmth to the likelihood that he or she will be promoted.
Almost invariably, the better looking the person in the picture, the higher the person is rated. In the phrase, borrowed from Sappho, that the social scientists use to sum up the common perception, what is beautiful is good.
In business, however, good looks cut both ways for women, and deeper than for men. A Utah State University professor, who is an authority on the subject, explains: In terms of their careers, the impact of physical attractiveness on males is only modest. But its potential impact on females can be tremendous, making it easier, for example, for the more attractive to get jobs where they are in the public eye. on another note, though, there is enough literature now for us to conclude that attractive women who aspire to managerial positions do not get on as well as who may be less attractive. [/INST] question: In "Beauty is only skin-deep", "skin-deep" can be replaced by _ . | options: A: decorating B: superficial C: expressive D: demanding | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Shirley Temple Black, who lifted America's spirit as a bright-eyed child movie star during the Great Depression, peacefully passed away at her California home on Monday evening at 85, surrounded by her family and caregivers.
Temple, born on April 23, 1928, started her entertainment career in the early 1930s and was famous by age 6. Temple was 3 when her mother put her in dance school, where a talent scout spotted her and got her in Baby Burlesks, a series of short movies with child actors playing in adult movies.
Movie studio directors took notice of her and in 1934 she appeared in the film Stand Up and Cheer! and her song and dance caught people's attention. Movies such as Little Miss Marker and Bright Eyes featured her signature song. In 1935, she received a special Oscar for her "outstanding contribution to screen entertainment" in the movie Stand Up and Cheer!
She made some 40 feature movies, including The Little Colonel, Poor Little Rich Girl, Heidi and Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm, in 10 years, starring with big-name actors like Randolph Scott, Lionel Barrymore and Jimmy Durante. Temple was a superstar before the term was invented. She said she was about 8 when crowds shouting their love for her made her realize she was famous. "I wondered why," she recalled. "I asked my mother and she said, 'Because your films make them happy.' "
Her child career came to an end at 12. She tried a few roles as a teenager--including opposite future president Ronald Reagan in That Hagen Girl - but retired from the screen in 1949 at 21.
Temple was only 17 when she married for the first time to John Agar, who would eventually appear with her in two movies. Their five-year marriage produced a daughter. In 1950 she wed Charles Black in a marriage that lasted until his death in 2005. She and Black had two children. Temple's interest in politics was sparked in the early 1950s when her husband was called back into the Navy to work in Washington. [/INST] question: For which movie did Shirley Temple win the Oscar? | options: A: That Hagen Girl B: Little Miss Marker C: Stand Up and Cheer D: The Little Colonel | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The Coalition for the Homeless is an organization that seeks to _ the needs of the homeless population in the United States. It is a network of offices, some of which provide food and houses for the homeless population, and some of which fight for the passing of laws that would give every American the right to a place to call home. According to the Coalition's studies, of over two hundred million people living in the United States, up to three million are homeless--and the number is still growing. Since the late 1970s, fast-rising house prices, large cuts in government supported housing programs, and economic recession have make it impossible for many Americans to meet housing costs. Sadly, this has resulted in a number of persons being forced to leave their homes and/or unable to find new affordable homes. According to another research, families with children appear to be the fastest-growing part of the homeless population, making up 39% of it. The old idea of a homeless person, that of the single man who gets drunk all the time, is no longer true. A much larger part of the population now finds itself homeless. Even worse, once a person becomes homeless, he often finds it impossible to find a job, since most employers require anyone who wants a job from them to provide a home address on a job application. [/INST] question: The word " address" in the first line probably means " _ ". | options: A: talk about B: write to C: fight for D: deal with | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Nonselective antiviral drugs: Ribavirin, Lamivudine, Adefovir dipivoxil, Interferon alpha Lamivudine (3TC): This deoxycytidine analogue is phosphorylated intracellularly and inhibits HIV reverse transcriptase as well as hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA polymerase. Its incorporation into DNA results in chain termination. Most human DNA polymerases are not affected and systemic toxicity of 3TC is low. Point mutation in HIV reverse transcriptase and HBV-DNA polymerase gives rise to rapid lamivudine resistance. Ceain larnivudine-resistant mutants become slow growing. Some cross-resistance with ddl has been noted among HIV. Lamivudine is used in combination with other anti-HIV drugs, and appears to be as effective as AZT. It is also frequently used for chronic hepatitis B. HBV -DNA titre is markedly reduced and biochemical as well as histological indices of liver function improve. However, viral titres rise again after discontinuation. Even with continued medication HBV viraemia tends to return after 1 year due to emergence of resistant mutants. Dose: For chronic hepatitis B-100 mg OD For HIV infection- 150 mg BD ESSENTIALS OF MEDICAL PHARMACOLOGY K.D.TRIPATHI SIXTH EDITION PAGE NO:771,772 [/INST] question: Drug of choice for chronic hepatitis -B is | options: A: Lamivudine B: IFN-alpha C: Ribavirin D: Zidovudine | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: ATP followed by Creatine phosphate Source of energy for muscular activity o The immediate source of energy for all muscle contraction is ATP, followed immediately by creatine phosphate. o In stemous exercise ATP store is sufficient only for 1-2 seconds and creatine phosphate for another 5-7 seconds. o Thus, energy rich phosphagen stores (ATP and creatine phosphate) permit severe muscle contraction for 8-10 seconds only. o After this, energy is obtained from the metabolism of stored glycogen or from circulating glucose and free fatty- acids, depending upon the availability of oxygen. o Energy source during in exercise can be summarized by : - Short burst of intense activity (e.g., 100 meter sprint or weight lifting) : - All energy comes from ATP and creatine phosphate. Breakdow n of these compound is an anaerobic processes. Little longer intense exercise (e.g., 200 meter sprint or 100 meter swim)Besides ATP and creatine phosphate, glycogen is metabolised by anerobic glycolytic pathways to provide a ready source of energy. So, muscle work is anaerobic. Longer duration exercise (e.g., jogging, marathon run) : - The muscle work is aerobic and energy comes from aerobic utilization of glucose and free fatty acids. More glucose is utilized at the initial stage, but as the exercise is prolonged, free fatty acids become the predominant fuel. Immediate energy system Anerobic glycolytic system Oxidative (aerobic) system Substrates ATP, creatine phosphate Glucose or glycogen Glucose or glycogen, fatty acids Energy' production Very fast Fast Slowr Peak at 0-30 sec. 20-180 sec. >3 min Limiting factor Depletion of CrP. ATP Lactic acid accumulation Glycogen depletion Activity example Powerlifting & weight lifting, short sprints Jumping, throwing Longer sprints Middle distance team sports Ball games (Soccer, rugby) Endurance events Team sports Ball games (Soccer, field hockey) [/INST] question: Immediate energy supply for muscle contraction - | options: A: GTP B: ATP C: Creatine phosphate D: Fatty acid | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Once my friend Peterson bought a pack of chicken, the brand of which was very famous at that time. But when he got home he found that the chicken had gone bad. He took the chicken back to the shop and he was paid twice of the price. We may say now he should have been satisfied but my friend would not like to stop. He decided to write a letter to Frank, president of the company, who was also the founder of the chicken brand.
About a week later he received a letter written by the president himself. In the letter he apologized to my friend for it whole -heartedly .There was also a card in the envelope ,with which my friend could get another pack of chicken in any of the shops. In the end my friend was asked to answer some questions.
1. When and where did you buy the chicken?
2. What was the real problem of the chicken?
3. What did the shop ass istant say when you took the chicken back to the shop?
4. W hat do you think is the reason for the chicken to go bad?
5. What do you suggest we should do to get away from such problems?
Two days later, my friend also received a telephone call from the president's office, asking whether he had received the letter as well as the card and then some other questions. Since then, my friend has always bought chicken of this brand whenever he wants to. [/INST] question: What did the friend get when he took the bad chicken back to the shop? | options: A: Another pack of chicken B: Two packs of chicken C: Double the price D: A whole-hearted apology | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: One day, a brave jackal came to the river to drink some water. He saw a lion looking weak and tired, and asked, "What is the matter, King of the Jungle?"
The lion told the jackal his story. The jackal felt sorry for the lion. He pulled and pulled at the lion's tail until the lion became free. The lion was very happy and said, "Thank you so much for helping me. I thought I would die! You are my friend for life! I would like you to come and live with me. From now on, I will hunt and share my food with you."
The jackal moved in with the lion's family and had a wonderful time.
Soon, the lion had children of his own and so did the jackal. The lioness was not happy about the friendship. She complained to her children. Her children complained to the jackal's children; the jackal's children complained to their mother and their mother complained to the jackal.
The jackal was upset and told the lion, "You told me to live with you. If you don't like it any more, you should have said so yourself." The lion was shocked and said, "This is not true. I've never complained about you. I still want you to continue staying with me."
The jackal said, "We understand each other. But our families don't. Perhaps it is better for us to live apart, but continue meeting each other when we are free. We can even hunt together!"
The two families parted, but the lion and the jackal met often and remained friends for the rest of their lives.
From the above paragraphs, we can conclude that in order to keep our good friendship, we have to give something up or give in in some particular cases. However, we can never give up or destroy our families. What do you think of it? [/INST] question: How was the lion when the jackal first met him? | options: A: Strong and happy B: Fierce and cruel C: Kind and friendly D: Weak and tired | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Bolivia has a population of three and a half million. About one tenth of the total population are white; one-fourth are mixed Indians and white; and more than half are full-blooded Indians. The government and the industries are under the control of the white people.
The Indians today live in much the same way as their ancestors. Most of them are farmers. Many work in the mines, for mining is the most important industry on Bolivia's. Of all the mining products, tin is the most important, which makes up three-fourths of all Bolivia's exports. The eastern slopes of the Andes, since there are very few roads there, are fertile but not highly developed. The two primary means of transportation are river boats and porters. East of the hill region is the great plains where tropical plants are grown. A serious problem for Bolivia is the transport of food from the warm regions, where it is grown, to the mountainous regions, where most of the people live.
Bolivia gained its independence from Spain about a hundred years ago. It has been slow in developing, but its rich resources promise a better future in it. [/INST] question: The majority of the Bolivian population are _ . | options: A: full-blooded Indians B: mixed Indian and white C: white citizens D: all whites and mixed-blooded people | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The iPhone, the iPad, each of Apple's products sounds cool and has become a fad . Apple has cleverly taken advantage of the power of the letter "i" - and many other brands are following suit. The BBC's iPlayer - which allows Web users to watch TV programs on the Internet -adopted the title in 2008. A lovely bear - popular in the US and UK - that plays music and video is called "iTeddy". A slimmed-down version of London's Independent newspaper was launched last week under the name "i".
In general, single-letter prefixes have been popular since the 1990s, when terms such as e-mail and e-commerce first came into use.
Most "i" products are targeted at young people and considering the major readers of Independent's "i", it's no surprise that they've selected this fashionable name.
But it's hard to see what's so special about the letter "i". Why not use "a", "b", or "c" instead? According to Tony Thorne, head of the Language Center at King's College, London, "i" works because its meaning has become ambiguous. When Apple uses "i", no one knows whether it means Internet, information, individual or interactive, Thorne told BBC Magazines. "Even when Apple created the iPod, it seems it didn't have one clear definition," he says.
"However, thanks to Apple, the term is now associated with portability." adds Thorne.
Clearly the letter "i" also agrees with the idea that the Western World is centered on the individual. Each person believes they have their own needs, and we love personalized products for this reason.
Along with "Google" and "blog", readers of BBC Magazines voted "i" as one of the top 20 words that have come to define the last decade.
But as history shows, people grow tired of fads. From the 1900s to 1990s, products with "2000" in their names became fashionable as the year was associated with all things advanced and modern. However, as we entered the new century, the trend inevitably disappeared. [/INST] question: People use iPlayer to _ . | options: A: watch TV programs online B: make a call C: listen to music D: read newspapers | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Traditionally, dentists have relied upon a visual-tactile radiographic procedure for the detection of dental caries. This procedure involves the visual identification of demineralized areas (typically white spots) or suspicious pits or fissures and the use of the dental explorer to determine the presence of a loss of continuity or breaks in the enamel and to assess the softness or resilience of the enamel. Caries lesions located on interproximal tooth surfaces have generally been detected with the use of bitewing radiographs. These procedures have been used routinely in virtually every dental office in the United States for the past 50 years. Tactile probing with an explorer is no longer used for caries detection in most European countries, and this protocol has now been adopted by many U.S. dental schools. The primary concerns that led to the discontinuation of the probing procedure were as follows: (1) the insertion of the explorer into the suspected lesion inevitably disrupts the surface layer covering very early lesions, thereby eliminating the possibility for remineralization of the decalcified area; (2) the probing of lesions and suspected lesions results in the transport of cariogenic bacteria from one area to another; and (3) frank lesions requiring restoration are generally apparent visually without the need for probing. [/INST] question: Which of the following is not a preferred method for diagnosis of incipient caries lesion:- | options: A: Tactile method using Explorer B: Caries Activity Test C: IOPA D: Fibre Optic Trans Illumination | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Sex steroids are synthesized from cholesterol by side chain cleavage (employing a P450 enzyme) to produce pregnenolone.Pregnenolone is then conveed to testosterone in the testis, to estrogen in the ovary, and to coicosterone and aldosterone in the adrenal gland. The enzymes 3b-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 21-hydroxylase, 11b-hydroxylase, and 18-hydroxylase modify pregnenolone to produce other sex and adrenal steroids. Deficiencies in adrenal 21-hydoxylase can thus lead to inadequate testosterone production in males and produce ambiguous external genitalia. Such children can also exhibit low sodium and high potassium due to deficiency of the more distal steroids, coisol and aldosterone. 5a-reductase conves testosterone to dihydrotestosterone, and its deficiency produces milder degrees of hypogenitalism without salt wasting. Deficiency of the androgen receptor is called testicular feminization, producing normal-looking females who may not seek medical attention until they present with infeility. [/INST] question: A newborn with ambiguous genitalia and a 46,XY karyotype develops vomiting, low serum sodium concentration, and high serum potassium. Which of the following proteins is most likely to be abnormal? | options: A: 21-hydroxylase B: An ovarian enzyme C: 5a-reductase D: An androgen receptor | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: When McKenna Pope, 13, went shopping for a Christmas gift for her little brother, she planned to buy him an Easy-Bake Oven, a toy that allows kids to bake treats. Her brother, Gavyn Boscio, 4, loves to cook. But McKenna changed her mind when she discovered that Hasbro, the toy company that produces the popular oven, only makes the toy in purple and pink--and only features girls on the box and in commercials. So instead of buying an oven, McKenna cooked up another plan. She started a campaign to get Hasbro to make a gender-neutral oven. "I don't want them to make a boys' Easy-Bake Oven and a girls' Easy-Bake Oven," McKenna, from Garfield, New Jersey, told the Associated Press. "I want them to make an Easy-Bake Oven for kids."
The Easy-only Bake Oven was first introduced in 1963. At the time, the stereotype was that only women cooked. Today, that's changed, in part thanks to famous male chefs like, Bobby Flay, who used an Easy-Bake Oven when he was a kid. Over the years, Hasbro says the company has featured boys on the packaging and offered the product in several different color1 schemes. But this year, just the purple and pink model is available. McKenna wants that to change, and she's not alone. Her petition , posted on change.org, has received more than 45,000 signatures.
By next summer, McKenna should have her wish. On December 17, Hasbro invited the New Jersey teen and her family to their headquarters in Pawtucket, Rhode Island, to meet with the Easy-Bake Oven team. They showed her a prototype, or model, of their newest Easy-Bake Oven, which is scheduled to hit stores in 2013. The new color1 scheme is black, silver and blue. The company also told McKenna they plan to feature boys in ads.
McKenna was happy with what she saw at Hasbro. "They really met most or even all of what I wanted them to, and they really amazed me," McKenna said. She added that Gavyn thought the new design was "awesome". [/INST] question: How did McKenna probably feel when she found out what kind of oven Hasbro produces? ks5u | options: A: Excited B: Interested C: Disappointed D: Relaxed | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: (Reuters) -- A group of Chinese scientists and explorers are looking for international help to organize a new search for the country's answer to Bigfoot, known locally as the "Yeren", or "wild man".
Over the years, more than 400 people have said they saw the half-man, half-ape Yeren in a remote, mountainous area of the central province of Hubei, state news agency Xinhua said on Saturday.
Expeditions in the 1970s and 1980s found hair, a footprint, and a sleeping nest suspected of belonging to the Yeren, but there has been no _ , the report added.
Witnesses describe a creature that walks upright and is more than 2 meters tall with grey, red or black hair all over its body, Xinhua said.
Now the Hubei Wild Man Research Association is looking for volunteers from around the world to join them on another expedition to look for the Yeren.
"We want the team members to be devoted, as there will be a lot of hard work in the process," Luo Baosheng, vice president of the group, told Xinhua.
But the team will have to come up with about 10 million yuan ($1.50 million) first, and is talking to companies and other bodies to secure the money, so there is no timetable yet for when they may start, the report added.
China is no stranger to _ . There are many tales about mysterious, monster-like creatures in remote parts of the country. For example, Tibetans have long talked about the existence of the Yeti , or "Abominable Snowman", in the high mountains of their snowy homeland. [/INST] question: What the volunteers for this expedition need most is _ . | options: A: experience B: enthusiasm C: confidence D: devotion | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: All living things on the earth need other living things to live. Nothing lives alone. Most animals must live in a group, and even a plant grows close together with others of the same kind. Sometimes one living thing kills another, one eats and the other is eaten. Each kind of life eats another kind of life in order to live, and together they create a food chain . Some food chains are simple, while others are not. But all food chains begin with the sun, and all food chains become broken up if one of the links disappears.
All life needs sunlight to live on. But only plants can use sunlight directly. Plants are 'factories'. They make food from sunlight, water and things in the soil and air. Plants feed all other living things. Animals can only use the sun's energy after it has been changed into food by plants. Some animals feed directly on plants, others eat smaller animals. Meat-eating animals are only eating plants indirectly.
What about humans? We are members of many food chains. We eat rice, vegetables, and fruits and so on. We also eat meat and drink milk. But we often break up the food chains. We kill wild animals and also make rivers, lakes and seas polluted. When these rivers, lakes and seas are polluted, the fish in them can not be eaten. If we eat the fish, we will get strange illnesses.
Each form of life is linked to all others. Breaking the links puts all life in danger. [/INST] question: Which living things can use the sun's energy directly? | options: A: Animals B: Plants C: Animals and plants D: All living things | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Evaluation for pulmonary hemosiderosis Anemia with low RBC count, microcytotosis and hypochromia point towards iron deficiency anemia. - "Bone marrow biopsy" in iron deficiency anemia demonstrates erythroid hyperplasia and micronormoblasts reaction. - Prussian blue staining of the bone marrow aspirate and smear and biopsy demonstrate absent of iron stores. The patient continue to have iron deficiency anemia despite the blood transfusions. - This suggests chronic blood loss leading to iron deficiency anemia. - Chronic blood loss can result .from GIT (melena hematemesis) pathology. - G.I. Endoscopy is done in these cases to rule out GIT pathway. Chronic blood loss may also result from hemolytic anemias. - "Hemosiderin in urine" is found in patients with intravascular hemolysis. - Most of the autoimmune hemolytic anemias cause extravascular hemolysis (urine hemosiderin is absent). - Intravascular hemolysis occurs in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. This leads to chronic iron deficiency anemia. - Hemosiderin is present in urine due to intravascular hemolysis. Urinary hemosiderin can differentiate b/w PNH and other autoimmune hemolytic anemias. Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis - Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis is a rare condition chaeracterized by repeated episodes of intraalveolar bleeding that lead to abnormal accumulation of iron as hemosiderin in alveolar macrophage and subsequent development of pulmonary fibrosis and anemia. - The clinical features are characterized by a triad of - Hemoptysis - Moderate to severe iron deficiency anemia. - Diffuse radiological abnormality Diagnosis in these cases is confirmed by - Iron stains of sputum aspiration of and biopsy. The patient in the question does not give any features that are suggestive of idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis. He does not require evaluation for pulmonary hemosiderosis. [/INST] question: A 60 yr old female with I-1/0 8 blood transfusion in 2 years. Her Hb- 60g/L, TLC-5800, platelet-3.4 lakhs, MCV 60, RBC-2.1 lakhs/mm3. He is having hypochromic microcytic anemia. Which investigation is not needed aEUR' | options: A: Evaluation for pulmonary hemosiderosis B: Urinary hemosiderin C: Bone marrow examination D: G I endoscopy | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The Clinical manifestations of hypocalcemia are mostly due to neuromuscular irritability.
The patients complains of paresthesias which are typically perioral or of the hands and feets
Tetany is the classic manifestation of hypocalcemia, the manifestations are :
Corpopedal Spasm o Laryngospasm o Seizures Latent tetany occurs which can be manifested by
Chvostek sign and Trousseau sign Electrocardiographic manifestations The classic E.C.G.
change with hypocalcemia is prolonged corrected QT interval Other possible E. C. G.
findings are o Prolonged ST interval o Peaked T waves o Arryhtmmias Heart block (hypocalcemia may impair cardiac contractility and decrease blood pressure) GI.
T manifestations o Intestinal cramps and malabsorption NOTE: Corpopedal spasm: o Contraction the muscels of the hand and feet.
The wrists are flexed and fingers extended, with the thumbs adducted over the palms. Chvostek sign:
Tapping the facial nerve anterior to the external auditory meatus elicits a twitch of the upper lip or entire mouth.
This is not a very specific sign because it is positive in about 10% of patients without hypocalcemia. Trousseau sign:
A blood pressure cuff is inflated slightly above the systotic blood pressure for more than 3 minutes.
Corpopedal spasm occurs if hypocalcemia is present as a result of the ischemia of motor nerves. [/INST] question: Chvostek’s sign is elicited by | options: A: BP cuff in arm for 5 minutes B: Facial nerve stimulation by tapping over the parotid C: Tapping over extensor pollicis brevis D: Tapping over flexor retinaculum | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Bill is only fifteen years old,but he's already very rich.Two years ago,Bill began a football website for young people. "I became interested in computers when I was 8 years old because my father's job is with computers.As a little boy,I also loved football and so I decided to make a website,especially for people of my age."
Bill started the "Football OK!" website two years ago,and now more than 20,000 people visit it every day.
Bill is a schoolboy and a businessman as well.He usually gets up at six o'clock and looks at his e-mails.Then he goes to school from nine to four.In the evenings,he always works for about four hours on his website.
Bill's next plan is a new website." At the moment I am thinking about a new website on American football,maybe for next year."
And is Bill the same person that he was three years ago? "'No,I am very different now.I have met a lot of interesting people on the website and I have traveled all over the world." Bill doesn't know about the future."Maybe I will sell the websites. I really don't know.I'll just wait and see."
Some people say that when he is 21,Bill will be a millionaire . He always says, " _ "! [/INST] question: Football OK is the name of _ . | options: A: a young businessman B: a computer game C: a millionaire D: a website | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: A little homeless girl stood crying near a small church from which she had been turned away because it was too crowded. " I can't go to Sunday school." She cried to the priest as he walked by. The priest took her inside. The child was very happy because they found a room for her. She went to bed that night thinking of the children who had no place to sleep or pray in.
Two years later, the girl died there. As her little body was being moved, a worn and red purse was found, which she had found in the rubbish. Inside the purse was 57cents and a note, written in childish handwriting, which read: "This is to help make the little church bigger so more children can go to Sunday school."
After the priest tearfully read that note, he told the story of her unselfish love and devotion to others. Soon, a newspaper reported on it. It was read by a wealthy man who offered the church a piece of land worth many thousands of dollars. When told that the church could not pay much, he offered to sell it to the little church for 57 cents. Soon, the church collected a large amount of money. Within five years, the girl's gift had increased to $250,000. When you are in the city of Philadelphia, visit Temple Baptist Church, Temple University, and the Sunday school building. No child here is left outside on Sunday school days again. One of the rooms of the Sunday school building is hanged with the picture of the sweet face of the little girl whose 57 cents made such a remarkable and real history. [/INST] question: How did the girl feel when she thought of other homeless kids? | options: A: Joyful B: Lucky C: Sympathetic D: Shameful | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: This patient has acute closed-angle glaucoma, as evidenced by the pain and redness of her eye, the steamy cornea, her description of halos around lights, and her markedly elevated intraocular pressure. The fixed mid-dilated pupil indicates ischemia to the iris. Unlike open angle glaucoma, closed-angle glaucoma (also called narrow-angle or angle-closure glaucoma) is a medical emergency, and requires immediate diagnosis and treatment to prevent permanent visual impairment. The anterior and posterior chambers of the eye are filled with aqueous humor, which flows from the posterior chamber, through the pupil, into the anterior chamber, into the trabecular network, and then exits the eye the canal of Schlemm. Individuals with a shallow or narrow anterior chamber or thickened lens may be predisposed to this type of glaucoma because their iris is in close opposition to the chamber angle and cornea (narrow angle). If the aqueous humor is produced at a greater rate than it can be drained, intraocular pressure rises. Any stimulus that causes pupillary dilation (e.g., anticholinergic medications, sympathomimetics, emotional upset, dim lighting) can precipitate an attack. The cornea may look hazy because of edema, but corneal laceration is produced by trauma. There is no history of trauma in this patient and the symptoms exhibited by this patient strongly suggest acute closed-angle glaucoma. Intraocular hypeension is a condition in which IOP is higher than normal (greater than 21 mm Hg), but there is no damage to the optic nerve or visual loss. About 90% of people with elevated IOP never develop glaucoma. There is no associated pain or visual symptoms associated with this. Known as the "sneak thief of sight," open-angle glaucoma has no early warning signs or symptoms, and accounts for 90% of all glaucoma cases. It is a slow progressive condition, usually affecting both eyes, in which there is an increase in resistance to the outflow of aqueous humor. This resistance is associated with a normal rate of production of the fluid and normal anterior chamber angle. Elevated IOP is the most common finding and age-related changes in the trabecular region are the most likely explanation of this disease. [/INST] question: A 55-year-old woman presents to her physician complaining of acute pain and redness in her right eye, with nausea and vomiting. She repos seeing halos around lights. On examination, lacrimation, lid edema, conjunctival injection, a steamy cornea, and a fixed mid-dilated pupil are seen. She has markedly elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), and a visual acuity of 20/200 in her right eye. She has no family history of eye diseases. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? | options: A: Acute closed-angle glaucoma B: Corneal laceration C: Ocular hypeension without glaucoma D: Open angle glaucoma | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: In the 1880s, people drank John Pemberton's tonic to cure headaches. It wasn't a very popular drink, and he sold only about a dozen drinks a day. That's why Pemberton was willing to sell the rights to his medicinal drink. The buyer, Asa Griggs Candler, paid just $ 2,300 for the rights to Coca-Cola. Today, Coca-Cola (or Coke) is worth billions of dollars. It controls 50 percent of the world market in soft drinks.
How did Coca-Cola become so popular? One answer is that Asa Candler was a very clever businessman. He was one of the first people to use mass marketing. How did he do this? First, he made his product unique. When he bought the rights to Coca-Cola, it came in ordinary bottles. It looked like every other drink on the market. To make Coca-Cola look different, Candler modernized the bottles. He also made an eye-catching logo for his products. _
In addition to the unique bottle and logo, Candler spent a lot of time and money advertising his product. He used advertising to make a powerful image of Coca-Cola in the minds of his customers. He gave away free bottles of Coke. He put the name of his drink on pencils, trays, Japanese fans, matches, and many other things. Then he gave the things to people for free. He advertised Coca-Cola in the newspaper and painted the words "Drink Coca-Cola" on the sides of buildings and barns. By 1902, Coca-Cola was the best known product in the United States.
Candler was also able to make memorable advertisements. They often had catchy slogans such as "The Pause That Refreshes." He also used famous athletes to advertise his product. They helped people to think of Coca-Cola as a delicious drink for everyone.
Today, businesses all over the world use mass marketing, but the makers of Coke were the first. [/INST] question: Candler bought the rights to Coca-Cola from _ . | options: A: the inventor of a medicinal drink B: a well-known businessman C: a doctor D: a carpenter | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Conjugation Sexual contact through the formation of a bridge or sex pilus is common among gram-negative bacilli of the same or another species. This may involve chromosomal or extrachromosomal (plasmid) DNA. The gene carrying the &;resistance&; or &;R&; factor is transferred onlv if another &;resistance transfer factor&; (F) is also present. Conjugation frequently occurs in the colon where large variety of gram-negative bacilli come in close contact. Even nonpathogenic organisms may transfer R factor to pathogenic organisms, which may become widespread by contamination of food or water. Chloramphenicol resistance of typhoid bacilli, streptomycin resistance of E. coli, penicillin resistance of Haemophilus and gonococci and many others have been traced to this mechanism. Concomitant acquisition of multidrug resistance has ocurred by conjugation. Thus, this is a very impoant Mechanism of horizontal transmission of resistance. ESSENTIALS OF MEDICAL PHARMACOLOGY K.D.TRIPATHI SIXTH EDITION PAGE NO:671 [/INST] question: Multiple drug resistance is transferred through: | options: A: Transduction B: Transformation C: Conjugation D: Mutation | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Acute adrenal insufficiency can occur in patients with severe stress, infection, or trauma or as a result of abrupt cessation or too rapid tapering of chronic glucocoicoid therapy, and is classically manifested as changing mental status, increased temperature, cardiovascular collapse, hypoglycemia, and hyperkalemia. The diagnosis can be difficult to make and requires a high index of suspicion. Its clinical presentation is similar to that of sepsis; however, sepsis is generally associated with hyperglycemia and no significant change in potassium. The treatment for adrenal crisis is intravenous steroids, volume resuscitation, and other suppoive measures to treat any new or ongoing stress. Dexamethasone should be used as steroid replacement when additional testing with an adrenocoicotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulation test is planned, since hydrocoisone can interfere with measurement of coisol levels. Steroid treatment can be subsequently conveed to oral medication and tapered after treatment of the adrenal crisis [/INST] question: An elderly diabetic woman with chronic steroid-dependent bronchospasm has an ileocolectomy for a perforated cecum. She is taken to the ICU intubated and is maintained on broad-spectrum antibiotics, renal dose dopamine, and a rapid steroid taper. On postoperative day 2, she develops a fever of 39.2degC (102.5degF), hypotension, lethargy, and laboratory values remarkable for hypoglycemia and hyperkalemia. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for her deterioration? | options: A: Sepsis B: Hypovolemia C: Adrenal insufficiency D: Acute tubular necrosis | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Welcome to the future. It's year 2050 and Scotland is now powered completely by"clean"energy.
Homes have entire roofs made of solar materials, rooms are kept warm by wallpaper, and people go to and from work in electric and hydrogen( ) cars.
Oil is still being found in the North Sea, but it's not now only used to keep aircraft flying. And a new 500---mile underwater link with Iceland has been built to catch heat from the hot springs. There's still a role for king coal--but _ are now environment---friendly.
People will be able to import the electricity they need and export any excess they make through rooftop windmills . New technology will store electricity better and provide it on demand. Heat exchangers will provide heating and hot water.
Harmful carbon dioxide waste is being piped offshore to St Fergus and from there into some of the remaining oil--producing fields to be stored safely without entering the atmosphere. Gas remains the preferred energy source of industry and is now shipped in liquid form. But hydrogen is imported through pipelines from France and from a geothermal plant in Iceland.
Hydrogen--fuelled cars have become popular. Electric bikes are common in cities using the new urban two--wheel network. Electric vehicles have become common, and their performances have been improved because of the developments in electrical drive technology like high--temperature super conducting motors. Many people leave their vehicles in a giant park where they can be recharged from the national electrical system . Oilseed rape is widely grown to fuel some motors . [/INST] question: Which sources of energy play a more important role in people's daily life in the future ? | options: A: Oil and coal B: Hydrogen and gas C: Electricity and gas D: Solar energy and wind | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Archery may be the oldest sport in the world. There are prehistoric drawings which show that bows and arrows were used 20 000 years ago. In early times, animals were always hunted and killed with bows and arrows. Good archers were very important when country fought against country. One of the most famous legends(,) in European history is the story of Wilhelm Tell. He was a Swiss who refused to work for an Austrian, and was ordered to shoot an apple from the head of his son. He hit the apple, and then shot the Austrian. Switzerland has been free since then, so the story goes.
Archers shoot at targets at 30, 50, 70 or 90 meters' distance from them. The targets are round,80 centimeters across, and have 5 circles painted round the centre. Bows are made of steel, wood and strong plastic, and arrows of wood. The sport is enjoyed in the open air in summer and in a building in winter. Archery is good for the chest, the arms and the back. Men and women can shoot together since being strong is not so important. Women usually use lighter bows. People who can't walk or who have been ill can also enjoy it. For Zen Buddhists archery is not only a sport but also something deeper. It helps the individual to understand himself and the meaning of life. [/INST] question: Good archers, were needed by countries in order to _ . | options: A: make bows and arrows B: hunt animals C: do drawings D: kill enemies | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: During adolescence , peers play a large part in a young person's life and typically replace family as the center of a teen's social activities. Some kids give in to peer pressure because they want to be liked or because they worry that other kids may make fun of them if they don't go along with the group. Others may go along because they are curious to try something new that others are doing. The idea that "everyone's doing it" may influence some kids to leave their better judgment, or their common sense, behind.
As children grow, develop, and move into early adolescence, contacts with one's peers and the attraction of peer identification increases. As pre-adolescents begin rapid physical, emotional and social changes, they begin to question adult standards and the need for parental guidance. They find it good to turn for advice to friends who understand-- friends who are in the same position themselves. By trying new things and testing their ideas with their peers, there is less fear of being laughed at.
There are two levels of peer pressure. The first is in the large group: for most teens a school or a youth group are examples. This is the situation that gets the most attention. The second is in the close relationship with one or several best friends. This is the situation that is sometimes _ . The large group puts a general pressure on its members. It sets the standard for clothing, music, entertainment, and "political correctness". The pressure can be avoided by keeping quiet or by putting on the appearance of agreement. [/INST] question: Why can't some children follow their common sense? | options: A: Because they want to be liked by everybody B: Because they don't want to make fun of others C: Because they are curious about their new friends D: Because they think all the children will do the same | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: An old gentleman who lives a few doors away from me can always be seen with a bag. He goes out by himself and picks up plastic bottles, plastic bags and pieces of paper everywhere. He does it all carefully and never complains.
The children in the nearby school are probably responsible for some of that litter. "There will come a time when they know better," he said. "It's just not yet. So, I'll do it for them."
Well, this morning I was out walking my neighbor's dog when I saw another neighbor, a much younger man, out doing the same thing! He had his two little sons with him and they were having good fun trying to pick up the litter.
"What a good job you are doing", I said to him. "Well, an older fellow in our street does this", said he. "And my friend and I thought it wasn't fair that he had to do it all the time, so now we take turns."
Not only was he taking a turn, not only did he have a friend join in as well, but he was passing on the lesson to the nextgeneration !
By the time I had returned the dog to my neighbor, I looked again and his children's friends had joined in!
This man was teaching a whole group of young children to keep their own streetclean. An older man had set an example for him and now he was passing it on--the next generation is doing what he did and the generation to come after that! [/INST] question: The old gentleman picks up the litter _ . | options: A: to make money B: to help the cleaners C: to have a good fun D: to keep the environment clean | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Hepatic encephalopathy - Defined as an alteration in mental status and cognitive function occurring in the presence of liver failure. Clinical features - Earliest symptom - Change in sleep pattern. This is followed by change in personality, irritability, and mental dullness Fuher sequelae are confusion, disorientation, stupor and Coma Physical findings include asterixis , Fetor hepaticus Earliest sign - Change in handwriting which is assesed by use of the Trail-making test , - Normal connect the-dot time - 15-30 sec - In hepatic encephalopathy patients - >30 sec TREATMENT - Hydration and correction of electrolyte imbalance The mainstay of treatment is to correct precipitating factors is use of lactulose Lactulose is a nonabsorbable disaccharide, which results in colonic acidification. Catharsis ensues, contributing to the elimination of nitrogenous products in the gut that are responsible for the development of encephalopathy. The goal of lactulose therapy is to promote 2-3 soft stools per day. Antibiotics like Rifaximin, neomycin or metronidazole can also be used Zinc supplementation Electroencephalography- Triphasic Wave pattern [/INST] question: Which of the following is earliest symptom of Hepatic encephalopathy - | options: A: Change in sleep patterns B: Asterixis C: Electroencephalogram (EEG) changes D: Disorientation | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Last year, I met a little boy to whom my heart went out. He would talk to me every single day, and always seemed to have a smile on his face. His problem was that he stuttered extremely badly when he tried to talk. It was really hard to understand what he was saying, although he loved to tell big tales!
One morning, I was talking to the teachers who ran the school store. The boy stopped by and said hello to all of us. Afterwards they told me that the boy would stop every day to ask if they would be there the next day. But of course, he never had money to buy anything.
I decided that I would get him a little something just as a surprise. So I picked out a pencil, a rubber, and a small notebook for just $1.00. I cannot describe the look on his face when I gave him the three little things. Then, without a stutter, he loudly said, "Thank you so much!" and just kept repeating, "Thank you! Thank you!" He gave me a big hug before going off to class.
I was touched to see someone appreciate something that much. As he walked off, he was showing his new stuff to other kids walking to class. I have to say that I have never spent a dollar that would me an so much to me. [/INST] question: Why did the boy never buy anything from the store? | options: A: Because he couldn't make himself understood B: Because the teachers were unwilling to sell him anything C: Because he couldn't afford anything D: Because he could never decide what to buy | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: It took some time for spring to arrive but now it's here that UK's gardens are enjoying it. Many flowers that would usually be over by now are still at their best. Here are some of the best gardens right now.
Kew Gardens, London
The rock garden is one of the places to head for at Kew right now. It will be at its peak in the days ahead. The garden has waterfalls and streams over the land, and many plants and flower buds are all at their best. Equally those who can not be missed are the flowering cherry trees.
Open daily 9:30 am-6:30 pm, adults PS16, children free.
Wentworth Castle Gardens, near Barnsley
A yellow carpet surrounds Wentworth Castle at the moment, as the daffodils are still in full bloom. Another wonderful spot is the Victorian flower garden, created from an old bowling green in the 19th century.
Open daily 10:00 am- 5:00 pm, adults PS5.50, children PS2.95, family PS12.50.
Harlow Carr, Harrogate
The earlier bad weather means many daffodil varieties were extremely late, but at Harlow Car plenty of the plants can be found at the moment. The garden also has one of the longest streamside plantings in the country.
Open daily 9:30 am-6:00 pm, adults PS8.50, children PS4.25, family PS20.70.
Bon Stewart, Newtownards
There are great smells as well as great sights at Bon Stewart: Lady Londonderry, who created the garden in the 1920s and 1930s, love plants with a sweet smell. So go up to rhododendron hill. It's one of the best places here right now.
Open daily 10:00 am-6:00 pm, adults PS6.63, children PS3.31, family PS16.00. [/INST] question: To enjoy pleasant-smelling flowers, you might visit _ . | options: A: Kew Gardens B: Harlow Carr C: Bon Stewart D: Wentworth Castle Gardens | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: September is a difficult month for all students as they return to continue their education, but for high school and university green hands, it is not just the heavy study tasks they need to follow. They will also go through military training, which aims to help students improve their health and help them adapt to college life. The Ministry of Education requires that universities should carry out at least 14 days' military training for freshmen.
Hou Zhengfang, an education expert, questioned the benefits of military training. "It does little to improve students' physical health over only two weeks' time," she said. "Maybe some disaster prevention training, such as earthquake survival or escaping from fires, would be of greater benefit."
A freshman who fainted during training said that many students, especially girls, are unwilling to train in direct sunshine. "For me, military training is physically challenging and even damages my health," said the 19-year-old.
Although Chu Jinjing, a Tsinghua University freshman, did feel some discomfort while training in the heat, the 18-year-old did recognize the benefits of military training. "By going through this tough training, I've become more independent and determined," said Chu. "I have also managed to make a lot of friends."
Wang Hui from Xi'an Jiaotong University sees the advantages of military training besides character building. "From senior high school to college, we join military training to start a new journey," said Wang. "I would feel a bit incomplete without it." [/INST] question: Hou Zhengfang might advise the Ministry of Education to _ . | options: A: cut students' heavy study tasks B: introduce other trainings for students C: encourage students to work out D: shorten the time of military training | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The blue eyes that looked at him from outside the door were like the light through a maginifying glass when it is at its brightest and smallest, when paper and leaves begin to smoke.
"Hey . " said the man in the door. " Remember me? "
" Yes. " the boy said. whispering. "Rick. "
He felt so surprised to see Rick. All of Rick seemed to be shown in the eyes. With a strong feeling that ought to have hurt him.
" You knew me." Rick said. " You hadn't forgotten. "
" You're--just the same. " the boy said. and felt much thankful.
He seemed even to be wearing the same clothes, the same blue shirt and grey trousers. He was thin, but he was built to be lean; and he was still, or again. sunburnt. After everything, the slow white smile still showed the slight feeling of happiness.
" Let's look at you." Rick said, dropping into a chair. Then slowly he felt more at home, and he became once more just Rick as if nothing had happened. There were lines about his eyes. and deeper lines on his cheeks. but he looked like-just Rick, lined by sunfight and smiling.
" When I look at you." he said, " You make me think about me, for we look like each other. "
" Yes, " said the boy, eagerly, " they all think we both look like my grandfather. " [/INST] question: On his return. Rick _ . | options: A: had not changed much B: looked very old C: was much thinner than before D: was wearing different clothes | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: THIS is an excerpt from therapist Laura Trice's speech at TED in 2008:
Hi. I'm here to talk to you about the importance of praise, admiration and "thank you"s, and making them specific and genuine.
The way I got interested in this was, I noticed that when I was growing up, and until about a few years ago, I would want to say thank you to someone. I would want to praise them. I would want to take in their praise of me and then I'd just stop myself. I asked myself: why? I felt shy. I felt embarrassed. And then my question became: am I the only one who does this? So I decided to study that question.
I'm fortunate enough to work in a rehab facility, so I get to see people who are facing life and death with addiction. Sometimes it comes down to something as simple as their core wound is how their father died without ever saying he's proud of them. But then, they hear from all the family and friends that the father told everybody else that he was proud, but he never told the son. It's because he didn't know that his son needed to hear it.
I used to take my bike into the bike store and they'd do something called "truing " the wheels. The guy said: "You know, when you true the wheels, it's going to make the bike so much better." I get the same bike back, and they'd have taken all the little warps out of those same wheels I've had for two and a half years, and my bike would feel like new. So, I'm going to challenge all of you. I want you to true your wheels: be honest about the praise that you need to hear. What do you need to hear? Go home to your wife and ask her: "What do you need?" Go home to your husband and ask him what he needs. Go home and ask those questions and then help the people around you.
It's simple. But why should we care about this? We talk about world peace. How can we have world peace with different cultures, different languages? I think it starts in each of our households. So, let's make things right in our own backyards. [/INST] question: The purpose of the speech is most likely to _ . | options: A: surprise B: persuade C: describe D: entertain | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Alex stared through the cabin window at the darkness. Soon his dad would call him. And he didn't want to go. He wished he hadn't come to the lake for the weekend. "We're ready," Dad said as he came in from the porch. " Grab your rod." Alex turned away from the window and slowly picked up his fishing rod. "Have fun!" Mom said. "Sure," said Alex, trying to make his voice bright. "We should have done this before." Dad said. "Let's catch a big one!" Dad picked up his tackle box, rod, and bait can from the porch. He clicked on the flashlight.
They walked down the hill toward the lake in the narrow beam of light. The only thing Alex could see was the circle of weeds and rocks at their feet, lit by the flashlight. Insect voices filled his ears---clicks, hums, buzzes, whines. Hundreds of bugs waited in the darkness to attack. "Ow!" he blurted as he felt a sting on his arm. "Mosquitoes," Dad said. "I have brought some spray to keep them off."
When they reached the boat, Alex stumbled as he climbed over the side. "I don't like this much," he said. "It's so dark." Dad squeezed his shoulder. "Don't worry. It's not as dark as you think. After a while your eyes will get used to the night." Suddenly something rushed past Alex's head. He gasped. "What was that?" "Probably a bat," Dad said. How could Dad act as if it were nothing! "Will bats be flying around our heads the whole time?" "This is their time to be out catching insects," Dad explained. "They won't hurt you. They're too busy grabbing dinner." He pushed the boat off the gravel and jumped in. Alex gazed back at the cabin. A square of light from the window glowed in the darkness.
Dad rowed to the middle of the lake and stopped. "We'll just let the boat drift. Keep the flashlight in the bottom of the boat. The fish won't bite if they see light flashing around. When we've done baiting our hooks , we'll turn the light off." Leaning down to get closer to the light, Alex tried to thread a worm on his hook, but he couldn't seem to work his fingers right. So what if the worm was only partly on the hook? He didn't want to fish anyway. He didn't even want to be there. [/INST] question: Whom did Alex go fishing with? | options: A: No one B: His mother C: His parents D: His father | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: One day in summer, little Jack was playing on the beach with his father. Suddenly, he saw a little tortoise moving slowly on the sand. He started to look at it carefully and began to touch it with his hand. To his surprise, the tortoise stopped moving. It pulled in its head and legs, and closed its shell tightly. He touched it again but the tortoise didn't move at all. Jack became angry. He used a stick and tried to make it open.
When his father saw this, he stopped him and said, "No, son, you mustn't do that! You will kill the tortoise. You won't get it open with a stick." Jack asked, "Why?" "Just wait and see," his father answered. Then he picked up the tortoise and put it in a bag.
After they came back home, the father took the tortoise out of the bag. He put it near the fireplace . After a few minutes, the tortoise began to move a little. Then the tortoise stretched out its head and legs. At last, the tortoise began to move across the room. How excited Jack was when he saw this!
"Son, now you see," said his father, "sometimes, you can't make someone do things he doesn't like. But if you get him warm first, he will do what you want him to do." [/INST] question: One day Jack and his father were playing _ . | options: A: in the zoo B: on the hill C: on the beach D: in the garden | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: It's going to be a chaotic day. How do I know? It's Monday. OK, joking. But, I do predict that today will be filled with the normal last-minute tasks, fire drills, and unforeseen events. So, how do you keep yourself from being swept away in the stream of chaos? How do you remain calm while others are rushing and panicking? There's a problem... Panic! When things don't go as planned, how do you react? Are you the calm one who works to fix things? Or the one running around like Chicken Little screaming that the sky falling? Getting upset or alarmed can seem like natural reactions to a problem.
Here are a few tips to kelp you remain calm in the face of the storm:
* Don't Panic You are better able to find a solution if you aren't panicking. If you can keep your head when others are losing theirs, you will be able to make a dear decision in the chaos.
* There Aren't Many True Emergenaes My time as a Naval Officer taught me about true emergencies. In the military, when there is a problem, people can get hurt or die. This is not usually the case when the office copier or email server goes down. Keep things in perspective. There are very few true emergencies in life.
* Avoid the "Fight or Flight" When you are stressed, your body will want to go into "fight or flight." Your body was designed to keep you safe from danger, but its natural reflexes aren't always the best solution against a project gone away. Keep your emotions in check and ensure that your physical reflexes don't make bad decisions for you.
* Head Into The Problem While everyone else is running away, true leaders walk into a problem. Sticking your head in the sand only makes things worse. Instead of trying to ignore the situition, get to the heart of the issue as soon as possible. Only then can you address it
How Will You React? When you find yourself ready to lose it, take a step back. Ask, "In this truly an emergcncy?" Keep your head when others are losing theirs. And you'll find that you are that much closer to a solution. [/INST] question: In order to make a wiser decision in the chaos, you should _ . | options: A: low your head B: keep your head C: shake your head D: stick your head | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Dear Boarding Students,
At this time of school year,we can feel some students begin to experience excitement as the summer vacation comes. But some others still don't want to start packing. I once again ask for your attention as we will have summer camps for the new students. There is much work to be done in packing and cleaning-up,especially during exam week.
Each student will get a task list and each task has a deadline .The dorm teachers will work with each student each night to make sure you are getting the tasks done on time. It would be helpful if your parents encourage you to do a little packing and cleaning from now on. It means you can take the posters off the wall,pack up winter clothes,return all borrowed books to the library,etc. Spending twenty minutes a day on your tasks will make the last week of the term very easy,and you can spend more time on the important preparation for exams. If you plan to travel home,I'd like to remind you to take some of your _ with you.
The coming weekend is a"closed weekend".During that time no one is allowed to leave school. After packing we need to prepare the dorms for moving out,and store students' large belongings.
The last exam is on Thursday and all students leave after their exam. The dorm will remain open until 5 p. m. on Friday for those students that could not get a ride or flight. Please let us know if you need transportation to the airport.
Thank you again for all your attention during the last,busy month of school. As always,you,welcome to call or email me with any questions.
Peter Margio
Director of Campus Life
453-757-2630
pmargioC baylinschool. com [/INST] question: This email is from Director of Campus Life to _ . | options: A: dorm teachers B: boarding students C: parents and students* D: parents of boarding students | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: It is not clear who first fried potatoes in hot oil. However, it is widely agreed that French fries were prepared as early as the 1700s in Europe. Most people believe that it was the Belgians , instead of the French, who invented "French"fries. They think that French fries got this name from the cooking word "to french" --- to cut green beans into long thin strips .
When Thomas Jefferson traveled to France, he enjoyed the deep-fried potatoes very much and brought them home with him. Ever since he served French fries to his guests at a Whitehouse dinner in 1802, the dish has become very popular in America.
In the summer of 1853, an American Indian called George Crum worked as a cook at Moon Lake Lodge, a hotel in Saratoga Springs, New York. He was good at making French fries. One evening, a dinner guest found Crum's French fries too thick and sent them back to the kitchen. Crum then cut and fried some thinner French fries, but _ . This time, the cook got angry. So he decided to play a trick on the guest. He finally made fries that were too thin to eat with a fork. To his surprise, the guest loved the browned, paper-thin chips. The browned chips, then called Saratoga Chips, became one of the most popular dishes of the hotel. Soon they were being sold, first in local restaurants, then throughout New England. [/INST] question: The French fries were believed to be introduced to America in _ . | options: A: the early 1700s B: the early1800s C: the early 1900s D: the summer of 1853 | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Dick was driving a large American car. As soon as the race started, he pulled out in front. As the race went on, he kept the first place. And he was far ahead of Wilson, the man in the second place.
When the race was almost over, some people stood up and left. "Why did stay?" they thought. They were sure they knew who would win.
But things did not go as they thought. A strange noise came from Dick's car. It slowed down. Something was wrong. Dick knew his car would not go far. His only hope was that he would make it to the finish. But on his last lap , the car stopped. Wilson's car roared by. Dick saw it go by. He knew he could not win now. "But I can finish the race," he thought. And he got out of his car. So did his assistant. They began to push the car to the finish.
Wilson went by them again and again. He was on his last lap. He was going to win. Dick and his friend did not care. They went on pushing.
At first, all eyes were on Wilson. He crossed the line. And the race was over. He won! Dick and his friend pushed on. At last, the car crossed the line. By then all the people shouted for them. They shouted more than they did for Wilson. This was a different kind of winner! [/INST] question: Dick was driving a large car that made in _ . | options: A: China B: Japan C: The United States D: Canada | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: It is said that people born on different dates have different characteristics. For example, people who were born between March 21 and April 20 are likely to be active and strong. They like power and enjoy adventures.
People who were born between April 21 and May 21 are likely to learn more slowly, but they can remember what they learn well. They love children and usually have many friends.
People who were born between May 22 and June 21 are bright and humorous. They like to talk and enjoy wearing fine clothes.
People who were born between June 22 and July 22 think deeply. They would rather hide their feelings than express them.
People who were born between July 23 and August 22 are interested in many subjects and it is interesting to hear them talk.
People who were born between August 23 and September 22 are said to be calm and thoughtful. They like to read and often become successful scientists.
If you have free time, you can read about star signs to see if your characteristics match your birth date. [/INST] question: People who were born between March 21 and April 20 are _ . | options: A: patient B: modest C: energetic D: kind | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: In the evaluation of cyanosis, the first step is to differentiate central from peripheral cyanosis. In central cyanosis, because the etiology is either reduced oxygen saturation or abnormal hemoglobin, the physical findings include bluish discoloration of both mucous membranes and skin.
In contrast, peripheral cyanosis is associated with normal oxygen saturation but slowing of blood flow and an increased fraction of oxygen extraction from blood; subsequently, the physical findings are present only in the skin and extremities. Mucous membranes are spared.
Peripheral cyanosis is commonly caused by cold exposure with vasoconstriction in the digits.
Similar physiology is found in Raynaud’s phenomenon. Peripheral vascular disease and deep venous thrombosis result in slowed blood flow and increased oxygen extraction with subsequent cyanosis. Methemoglobinemia causes abnormal hemoglobin that circulates systemically. Consequently,the cyanosis associated with this disorder is systemic.
Other common causes of central cyanosis include severe lung disease with hypoxemia, right-to-left intracardiac shunting, and pulmonary arteriovenous malformations. [/INST] question: Which of the following is not a potential etiology of peripheral cyanosis? | options: A: Cold exposure B: Deep venous thrombosis C: Methemoglobinemia D: Peripheral vascular disease | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Today, people want to keep healthy through sports and exercise. But some of them have some wrong ideas about it.
"A plate of chicken is a good meal before games because it has much energy."
In fact, the best meal before games should have carbohydrates . Food like potatoes, bread, bananas are rich (......) in it, but chicken and meat are not.
"The best time to exercise is early in the morning."
No. Morning is a good time to exercise, but it may not be suitable for you. If an afternoon or evening period is suitable for you, and you enjoy the feeling of getting healthier, you can choose any time to exercise. So there is no _ time for you to exercise.
"If you drink water when you exercise, you'll feel tired."
The fact is that you must have some water during breaks when you exercise. And after exercising, you must have enough water. If you don't drink enough water, then you may feel tired.
"Exercising every day is quite important."
Wrong. Too much exercise is bad for our health. You need to give your body a day of rest. [/INST] question: It is good for you to eat _ before games. | options: A: bananas B: chicken C: meat D: beef | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The Global Heritage Fund organization recently released a list of cultural treasures in the developing world that are in danger of disappearing. These"On the Verge" places face many threats. They included war, development pressures, stealing and misuse by visitors. The Global Heritage Fund says these places are important because they are records of our human civilization. And the group says countries can learn to use these treasures to help support responsible development in the future.
One such place is the town of Lamu. Lamu was once a very important trading center in East Africa. This ancient city became part of the United Nations Heritage list in 2001. But it still faces threats. For example, a modern port might be built nearby.
Other endangered places include Ani, a city in Turkey, the town of Maluti in India, the ancient city of Ninevah in northern Iraq, the Sans-Souci palace in Haiti, and the former capital of Ayutthaya in Thailand.
The Global Heritage Fund is nonprofit organization based in California. The group says it only focuses on developing countries which often have few resources to protect places of cultural importance. And, other major cultural organizations often pay more attention to protecting places in the developed world. For example, the fund points out the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization has forty-five World Heritage places in Italy. UNESCO has forty-two in Spain. But Peru, famous for its ancient Incan buildings, has only nine World Heritage places. Guatemala has only three.
The Global Heritage Fund says its new report tries to place a value on cultural places so that they can also be considered as economic resources. It estimates that by 2025 these places of cultural importance could produce one hundred billion dollars a year in income for developing countries. [/INST] question: The town of Lamu faces danger from _ . | options: A: development pressures B: stealing C: misuse by visitors D: a war | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Genital HPV infection is extremely common and most often cause no symptoms. A propoion of individuals infected with low-risk HPV types such as HPV-6 or HPV-11 will develop genital was, whereas a subset of women with high-risk HPVs such as HPV-16 or HPV-18 will develop preneoplastic lesions of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). Low-grade cervical dysplasias are common and most regress spontaneously. In contrast, the minority of lesions that progress to high-grade dysplasias tend to persist and/or progress to carcinomas in situ before becoming invasive cancers. The majority of adenocarcinomas of the cervix and of squamous cell cancers (SCC) of the vulva, vagina, penis and anus are caused by HPV-16 and HPV-18 (together accounting for about 70% of cases globally), the remaining 30% being due to other high-risk HPV types (such as HPV-31, -33, -35, -39, -45,-51, -66). HPV is also associated with other cancers of the anus, head and neck, and rarely, recurrent respiratory papillomatosis in children. [/INST] question: Which type of Human papilloma virus is most commonly associated with Cervical cancer ? | options: A: HPV 16 B: HPV 24 C: HPV 32 D: HPV 36 | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: A little girl walked to and from school every day.Though it was not fine and clouds appeared in the sky that morning, the little girl made her daily trip to school as usual. When school was over, winds became stronger and it began to rain.
The mother of the little girl felt worried that her daughter would be afraid when she walked home from school and that lightning might make her child scared. Following the bright light of lightning, the mother quickly got into her car and drove to her child's school.
As the mother drove along the road, she saw her little girl walking alone in the rain. To her great surprise, she found that when a lightning came, her daughter stopped, looked up and smiled. Another lightning came and then another followed. With each lightning, the little girl stopped, looked up and smiled.
Inside the car, the motherasked her daughter, "What were you doing? Why did you look up and smile when the lightning came ?" The little girl answered with a smile, "Mum, you know, God was looking at me. Each time I felt a little afraid walking in the rain.God would take a picture of me. I knew he was playing a game with me''. [/INST] question: How did the little girl go to school every day? | options: A: By car B: On foot C: By bus D: By bike | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Bali is an Indonesian island rich in indigenous culture. A lot of people say that Balinese culture is unique and that the people of Bali have always been content with the "now". If you ask a Balinese person what heaven is like, the probable answer will be "just like Bali". This only goes to show that most Balinese people are happy to be where they are and never worry.
One factor that contributes to this laidback lifestyle is the culture of close family ties in Bali. In the Balinese culture, support is always available. Balinese extended families are so tightly knit that all members usually reside in the same complex.
Balinese culture is based on a form of this religion, which is called "Hindu Darma". This religion reached the island during the eleventh century. Most of the family customs and traditions as well as community lifestyles of the Balinese people are influenced by this.The religious influence even expands widely into the arts, which makes Bali distinct from the rest of Indonesia.
In spite of the fact that tourists flood to the island every year, Balinese people have managed to conserve their culture. Almost every native of Bali is an artist in some form or another. Parents and villagers have passed on their skills to their children, who all seem to have preference either for music, dance, or painting.
Another remarkable mark of the Balinese culture is the series of ceremonies and rituals known as the Manusa Yadnya. This marks the different stages of Balinese life. Cremation is very popular on this island--and unlike in the West, death is a joyous and color1ful event for the Balinese. [/INST] question: Bali is distinguished from the rest of Indonesia by _ . | options: A: people's tight family relationship B: the family customs and traditions C: people's great affection for religion D: the influence of Hinduism on their culture | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: A new study gives us the warning that about thirty percent of the world's people may not have enough water by the year 2025.
A private American organization called Population Action International did the new study. It says more than three-hundred-thirty-five-million people lack enough water now. The people live in twenty-eight countries. Most of the countries are in Africa or the Middle East.
P-A-I researcher Robert Engelman says by the year 2025, about three-thousand-million people may lack water. At least 18 more countries are expected to have severe water problems. The demand for water keeps increasing. Yet the amount of water on Earth stays the same.
Mr. Engelman says the population in countries that lack water is growing faster than in other parts of the world. He says population growth in these countries will continue to increase.
The report says lack of water in the future may result in several problems. It may increase health problems. Lack of water often means drinking waters not safe. Mr. Engelman says there are problems all over the world because of diseases, such as cholera, which are carried in water. Lack of water may also result in more international conflict. Countries may have to compete for water in the future. Some countries now get sixty percent of their fresh water from other countries. This is true of Egypt, the Netherlands, Cambodia, Syria, Sudan, and Iraq. And the report says lack of water would affect the ability of developing to improve their economies. This is because new industries often need a large amount of water when they are beginning.
The Population Action International study gives several solutions to the water problem. One way, it says, is to find ways to use water for more than one purpose. Another way is to teach people to be careful not to waste water. A third way is to use less water of agriculture.
The report also says long-term solutions to the water problem must include controls on population growth. It says countries cannot provide clean water unless they slow population growth by limiting the number of children people have. [/INST] question: _ are expected to have severe water problems by the year 2025 | options: A: No countries B: 18 countries C: 46 countries D: 28 countries | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Want to find Bigfoot? Matt Moneymaker, president of Animal Planet's Finding Bigfoot, says the creatures have been seen in every state but Hawaii.
Redwoods State Park, California
With its towering redwoods and thick forest, it's hard to beat the atmosphere at this Northern California park.Moneymaker recommends taking a walk along the Smith River on Howland Hill Road."We heard of lots of different sightings and sounds in there,"he says."I've found tracks crossing that road."7074657335.
SalmonHuckleberry Wilderness, Oregon
You don't have to go far to find Bigfoot.This area 20 miles east of Portland in the Mount Hood National Forest is prime spotting territory.Bigfoot apparently has a sweet tooth and goes ape for huckleberries, which grow in the area.Scores of campers have been scared off by noises and have had rocks thrown at them.5036681700.
Valles Caldera National Preserve, New Mexico
The high density of deer attracts Bigfoot to this place.The creatures may use the park's mountainous lookouts to watch over deer in spring.Even when there's no wind, dead trees often
mysteriously, with their roots above the earth."They let you know that they're there."5056613333.
Bird Mountain Wildlife Management Area, Vermont
This prominent mountain peak outside the town of Rutland has had its share of activity, including a trailcam picture famous in Bigfoot circles of what appears to be a female one carrying her offspring . Centuries ago,American Indians reported seeing an apelike creature and,more recently, hikers say that they have come upon a Bigfoot.8007568880.
Fahnestock State Park, New York
There's a long history of Bigfoot in this mountain park a mere 90 minutes from New York City. Moneymaker says investigators have found mysterious markings in the snow.8452257207.
Ponca Wilderness Area, Arkansas
Moneymaker says he had several good Bigfoot moments on a recent expedition in this area along the Buffalo National River in northern Arkansas.Most of the Bigfoot action centered on the area near Steel Creek Campground.8704392502. [/INST] question: Visitors are likely to see Bigfoot in the following places EXCEPT _ . | options: A: California B: New Mexico C: Hawaii D: Arkansas | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Who is greatest teacher in Chinese history? You can't think of anyone else when you hear people read Confucius 2,500 year-old words: "All study but no thinking makes people puzzled." All thinking but no study makes people lazy.
Tuesday was Confucius' birthday. He was born on September 28,551 BC in the Kingdom of Lu , in today's Shandong Province. Chinese look upon Confucius as the greatest thinker and also the greatest teacher. He had about 3,000 students. For more than 2,000 years, Confucius' ideas have been around in people's everyday lives. Now they have gone far into Western countries and south Asia. People can still hear _ today.
Why are his ideas so popular? They help not only in everyday life but also society.
Confucius' most important ideas are kindness and good manners. Confucius said young people should take care of the old. People should give up thinking of themselves and work for others. As a great teacher, Confucius said that all should go to school if they wanted to learn.
Some of Confucius' popular words are "A kind person should care others" and "Be strict with yourself, but be kind to others". People use his ideas to help themselves and society. Now, more than 100 Internet web sites are teaching people about Confucius and his ideas.
"Kindness and honesty are the best values of the world today," said 79-year-old Kong Fanjin who was studying Confucius. [/INST] question: Confucius was born about _ . | options: A: 500 years ago B: 2,500 years ago C: 3,000 years ago D: 2,000 years ago | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Filaria Transmission of ahropod-borne diseases occur by following methods: 1.Direct contact - In this method of spread, the ahropods are directly transferred man to man e.g. scabies, pediculosis 2.Mechanical Transmission - Here the disease agent is transmitted mechanically by the ahropod. e.g. housefly transmitted diseases 3. Biological Transmission - In biological transmission the disease agent multiplies or undergoes some developmental change with or without multiplication in the ahropod host.It is of three types: a. Propagative - The agent merely multiplies in vector, but no change in form e.g. plague bacilli in rat flea. b. Cyclopropagative - The agent changes in form & multiplies in the body of ahropod e.g. malarial parasites in mosquito c. Cyclodevelopnzental - The disease agent undergoes cyclical changes but no multiplication e.g. filarial parasite in culex mosquito and guinea worm embryo in cyclops. Other methods Transovarian transmission - The infectious agent is transmitted veically from the infected female to her progeny in the vector e.g. Ticks transmitting Ricketssial diseases Trans-stadial transmission - Transmission of the disease agent from one stage of the life cycle to another as for example nymph to adult e.g. Ticks. [/INST] question: Cyclodevelopmental life cycle is seen in: | options: A: Malaria B: Plague C: Yellow fever D: Filaria | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Chinese space trainer Wang Yuan has been chosen as one of the volunteers for the Mars-500 test project. He was very happy to be chosen and will accept the meaningful challenge Another five volunteers are all space lovers., including three Russians, an Italy-Colombian and a Frenchman. They are about to feel what it's like to travel to Mars, only without leaving the earth. They are locked up together for a year and a half under a similar condition to the red planet during the whole process. So the experiment is called Mars-500.
When reporters asked what they would miss most during the 520-day special life, French trainer Charles said:"For me, it will be mainly my family, the sun and fresh air."
The Mars-500 test will be in a special building in Moscow, Russia. Although the people won't leave the building, they will fell as if they are on a real trip to the Mars. The most difficult thing will be to be separated from the people that they used to live with. The trainer won't see sunsets, sunrises, won't feel rain for 18 months. That will be hard.
The main task is to study the "Man and environment". It'll care about the astronauts' getting experience and physical effects. The 520-day-test is divided into three parts,the first 250days to Mars, the middle 30days of landing on Mars, the last 240 days to return to the earth. Everyone will stay there alone for a long time and will work lonely. They will have to make decisions themselves and only then report to the earth, and the earth will tell them whether they do the right thing or not.
Each astronaut is preparing for the great challenge. It is learned that they will be launched early in June. And the experiment will end in November 2011. [/INST] question: _ members were chosen as volunteers. | options: A: Five B: Six C: Three D: Four | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The Celerifere, an early version of the bicycle, was built around 1791 by a French man, Comte Mede de Sivrac. It was basically a scooter with a high seat. There were no pedals---you had to push with your feet like you do with a skateboard or a scooter.
Around 1816 Baron Karl Drais de Sauerbrun in Germany added a moveable steering handle. These early machines were often known as dandy horses or hobby horses, but weren't very popular.
The improvement that made them popular was added by a Scottish blacksmith around 1839. Kirkpatrick Macmillan added pedals to enable it to get up hills. It was this improvement that made the bicycle a serious form of transportation.
Bike were called velocipedes or bone-shakers, because of the lack of the proper tires made for a rough ride! It wasn't until around 1869 that they began to be called bicycles ("two-wheels"). Carriage makers in Paris (either Pierre and Ernest Michaux, or their employee Pierre Lallement) switched the pedal to the front wheel. That's why it is usually either Lallement or the Michauxs, not Macmillan, who are considered as the inventor of the bicycle.
In 1869 the penny-farthing or high-wheeler was invented. With the large wheel the rider could go much farther with each push of the pedal, but caused many accidents because the seat was so far off the ground.
In the mid-1880s Englishman James Starley manufactured what he called the "safety bicycle" , which had two similarly-sized wheels and a major improvement--- a chain and sprocket driven rear wheel, with the pedals between the two wheels like modern bicycles.
One more historical note---it's possible that the idea of the bicycle was thought of almost 400 years before it was actually invented. There is a drawing of a bicycle-like machine in one of Leonardo da Vinci's notebooks, which dates back to about 1493. [/INST] question: Who is recognized as the inventor of the bicycle? | options: A: The Michauxs B: Macmillan C: Comte Mede de Sivac D: Baron Karl von Drais de Sauerbrun | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The earth is not the only body that travels around the sun. With it are eight other planets, fellow members of the sun's family.
Two of them, Mercury and Venus, are nearer while the other six, namely Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto, also in their given order from the sun, are farther from the sun than the earth is. The farther they are, the longer trips they make around the sun. People noticed long ago that these traveling bodies moved around in the sky in definite paths. It is a force called gravity that holds them in their paths.
We know that every little bit of matter in the universe pulls upon every other bit of matter. The pull between two bodies is proportional to the product of their masses. Because the sun is so large the pull between the sun and the planets are thus great. If it were not for this pull, the planets would fly off into space. In the same way there exists a pull between the earth and the moon, which keeps the moon traveling in its orbit around our planet, the earth. Gravity holds you to its surface, and pulls back to it the ball which you throw into the air. Of course the ball also pulls on the larger earth but the earth is so much larger that the pull is not noticed.
Now remember that large bodies exert a greater pull than smaller ones which contain less material. But each object in the universe, no matter how small, pulls on all other objects to some degree. [/INST] question: There are _ that travel around the sun in the sun's family. | options: A: nine planets B: eight planets C: one star and ten planets D: the earth and the sun | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Small talk is meaningless conversation in terms of content,but is often seen as socially important in certain situations,or context.In many English-speaking countries,it can be viewed as rude or unfriendly not to make small talk.
Discussing the weather with people who you don't really know is an example of small talk that many of us are very familiar with on a daily basis.We may chat about the weather with the cashier at the supermarket or with the attendant at the gas station.Small talk may also be related to the situation such as waiting in line.People in the line may comment to others about how slow it is in the post office or bank that day,for instance.We also engage in small talk with people we may see every day but don't really know such as those we share the elevator with in our office building.
Small talk is common at parties when guests may know the host but not each other.It is considered rude not to mingle and speak with other guests at social functions,so small talk can break the ice and get guests chatting.Compliments may be a type of small talk such as one woman at party complimenting another on her dress.
Some people like small talk because they find silence uncomfortable and/or they enjoy communicating verbally.Others enjoy meeting new people and use small talk to start conversations. When making small talk,especially with strangers or those you don't know very well,it's important to observe certain socially acceptable conventions.First,small talk should be general and not personal or about controversial topics. Second,while compliments are acceptable,they shouldn't refer to the person's body or sound like a pick-up line. [/INST] question: What do people usually talk about in small talk? | options: A: Light topics B: Personal topics C: Meaningless things D: Controversial affairs | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Hyperplasia is an increase in cell number, whereas metaplasia is the replacement of one adult cell type by another adult cell type. Hyperplasia occurs when there is increased trophic stimulation (e.g., hormones, growth factors), increased functional demand, or persistent cell injury. Only labile and stable cells undergo hyperplasia; labile cells have stern cells that frequently divide, and stable cells have resting cells that are stimulated to enter the cell cycle. The presence of increased goblet cells in the mainstem bronchus of a smoker is an example of hyperplasia, because goblet cells are normally present in this area. However, their presence in the terminal bronchiole or gastric mucosa, where they are not normally found, is an example of metaplasia. Squamous epithelium in the bladder of a patient with Schistosoma haernatobium is an example of metaplasia, because the epithelium of a normal bladder is transitional. Irritation from the eggs of the schistosomes induces squamous metaplasia and the potential for dysplasia and squamous carcinoma. A distal esophagus with glandular epithelium intermixed with squamous epithelium is an example of Barrett esophagus. Chronic acid injury to the distal esophagus from gastroesophageal reflux stimulates the formation of mucoussecreting glandular epithelium, which is a type of glandular metaplasia and predisposes the patient to adenocarcinoma. Goblet and Paneth cells in the glands of the gastric mucosa is called intestinal metaplasia and is commonly seen in chronic atrophic gastritis of the body and fundus (type A) or pylorus and antrum (type B). It is a precursor lesion of adenocarcinoma of the stomach. Squamous epithelium in the mains tern bronchus of a smoker is squamous metaplasia, because normal epithelium is pseudostratifiecl, ciliated, and columnar. The squamous epithelium is a reaction to injury induced by cigarette smoke. It predisposes the patient to squamous dysplasia and carcinoma. [/INST] question: Which of the following growth alteration is an example of hyperplasia rather than metaplasia? | options: A: Increased gobbler cells in the mainstem bronchus of a smoker B: Squamous epithelium in the bladder of a patient with Schistosoma haematobium C: Distal esophagus with glandular epithelium intermixed with squamous epithelium D: Goblet and Paneth cells in the glands of the gastric mucosa | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Why does the rate of heart attacks increase during the World Cup football finals? How can we help an overweight patient to lose weight? They're just some of the topics covered in a new book by University of Sussex academics, which is helping student doctors to consider the importance of psychology in medical practice.
Psychology for Medicineis the first textbook of its kind, providing medical trainees and new doctors with all the relevant psychological knowledge they need. Previously, students had to refer to many different books for the relevant psychology.
The book, by Sussex psychologists Dr. Sussex Ayers and Dr. Richard de Visser, has been well received by fellow academics and medical doctors and was finished with the help of the students and staff of the Brighton and Sussex Medical School. The studentsproofread the chapters, provided ideas for the content and even modeled for the photographs. The book provides a solid grounding in psychological study relevant to medicine, along with practical tips and advice for practice. One student, Simon Hall, drew cartoons for the book.
The study psychology is important for doctors for a number of reasons. Psychological and physical symptoms are highly related. Up to a third of patients will have psychological disorders, while physical causes are usually only found in around 15 per cent of people's symptoms. In treatment, a lot of the effect drugs can be due to patients believing they will recover rather than the drug itself.
Dr. Ayers says, "The important thing about this book is that it's applied science --- it shows why psychology is important to medicine and how we should use it. The book's presentation is really important. It's not just lots of theory, but full of tips and advice so that students can take what they learn in the classroom and apply it to real-life situations." [/INST] question: The bookPsychology for Medicine is mainly written for _ . | options: A: scientists B: overweight people C: patients D: student doctors | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Television, which made its first serious appearance in 1939, did not become common until the early 1950s. Since then, millions of children have grown up in front of the set, and many people now worry about the effect that TV has on the young, and on society in general. Educators, psychologists, and crime experts wonder if television should be abolished . Many ordinary parents wish it had never been invented. Why are they so afraid? Is television as harmful as they think it is?
Like almost anything else, television has its good and its bad sides. One should surely thank its inventors for the joy and interest that they have brought into the lives of the old, the sick, and the lonely -- all those who, without it, would have no pleasure and no window on the world.
In truth, television has opened windows in everybody's life. No newspaper has ever reached so many people and shown so clearly what was happening right now in their own country and everywhere else. TV not only gives the news instantly, it also shows it in pictures more powerful than words. It can be said that TV has brought reality to the public. Millions of people now have seen the effects of a battle, a flood, a fire, a crime, disasters of every sort on the screen.
Unfortunately, television's influence has been extremely harmful to the young. Children do not have enough experience to realize that TV shows present an unreal world. They want to imitate what they see. They do believe that the violence they see is normal and acceptable. By the time they are out of high school, most young people have watched about 15,000 hours of television, and have seen about 18,000 killings or other acts of violence. All educators and psychologists agree that the "television generations" are more violent than their parents and grandparents,
According to the same experts, the young are also less patient. Used to TV shows, where everything is quick and entertaining, they do not have the patience to read an article without pictures; to read a book that requires thinking; to listen to a teacher who doesn't do funny things like the people on children's programs. And they expect all problems to be solved happily in ten, fifteen or thirty minutes. That's the time it takes on the screen.
It is certain that television has deeply changed our lives and our society. It is certain that, along with its benefits, it has brought many serious problems. To these problems we must soon find a solution because, whether we like it or not, television is here to stay. [/INST] question: First TV set was made _ . | options: A: in 1939 B: in the 1950s C: in the 1940s D: in 1919 | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Cell-mediated (Type) hypersensitivity
It is initiated by activated T-lymphocytes.
It includes
1. Delayed-type hypersensitivity - mediated by CD-4 T cells.
2. T-cell mediated cytotoxicity - mediated by CDS- T cells.
1. Delayed-type hypersensitivity
In delayed hypersensitivity reactions, CD-4 T cells and macrophages are primarily involved.
The term delayed is used to differentiate it from a secondary' cellular response, which appears at 48-72 hours after antigen exposure and from an immediate hypersensitivity response, which generally appears within minutes,
Delayed hypersensitivity is a major mechanism of defence against various intracellular pathogens, including mycobacteria, fungi and certain parasites.
Pathophysiology
Delayed hypersensitivity is characterized by the formation of granuloma - a localized mass that contains activated macrophages (epithelioid) cells surrounded by colour of lymphocytes and giant cells.
It is also called granulomatous Inflammation.
The cellular events start when an antigen (eg tuberculin antigen) on antigen presenting cell comes in contact with naive CD-4 T cells → naive CD-4 T cells recognize this peptide antigen in association with MHC – II and differentiate into T4-l cells.
Induction of T4-l cells is of central importance because the expression of delayed hypersensitivity largely depends on the cytokines secreted by T4-l cells.
2. T-cell mediated cytotoxicity
In this type of hypersensitivity, cytotoxic T cells kill virus-infected or tumor cells. [/INST] question: Cell-mediated immunity is- | options: A: Type I B: Type II C: Type III D: Type IV | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Wanted
Project Management Assistant
Responsibility:
Provide service for the project in Chongqing.
Provide assistance to the project manager for everyday work.
Responsible for file management, customer service for students & parents.
Requirements:
College degree and above.
Good English and computer skill.
Related working experience in an international organization.
Patient, careful, supportive. Have strong team work spirit.
English Teacher
Responsibility:
Conduct English teaching according to British education system.
Requirements:
University degree and above in English major or normal English.
Eager to learn and open-minded with creativity.
With deep understanding for different cultures.
(Warmly welcome the fresh graduates to apply for this position.)
Marketing Assistant
Responsibility:
Responsible for the local management of marketing & sales activities according to the instructions from the head office.
Collect related information to the head office.
Develop relationship with local media and customers.
Requirements:
College degree and above with good English (speaking & writing).
With basic idea of sales and marketing, related experience is preferred.
Working experience in the international organizations is a must.
Good communication and presentation skills
Accountant
Responsibility:
Accountant work for Chongqing office and project.
Perform the finance management locally according to the rules & policy of the company.
Requirements:
College degree and above in finance area.
Good English and good computer skill.
Have sense of finance management.
At least 2 years' experience as an accountant in an international organization is a must.
Self-management, hardworking, independent and able to deal with pressure.
You can go to _ for more information.
Please mail or fax your resume (both in English & Chinese), diploma, training certificates and expected salary to the following address within two weeks. No personal visit or telephone call before that. Your materials will be kept in ACE files.
Add: Room 1806 Plaza Building Yuzhong District Chongqing 40010
Fax No: 023- 63728428
Email: acercq @ cta.cq.cn [/INST] question: If you have just graduated from a university, you should apply for the position as _ . | options: A: a project management assistant B: an accountant C: a marketing assistant D: an English teacher | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: In urban areas, Malaria is mainly transmitted by Anopheles stephensi.
Recommended measures for Urban Malaria contro l: Breeds in man-made water containers in domestic / peridomestic situations such as tanks, wells, cisterns, which are of permanent nature and hence can malaria transmission throughout the year.
Measures for Urban Malaria Control:
Lids of overhead tanks must be checked and maintained monthly basis; any leakage be repaired immediately (most effective).
Cover-up of underground and open tanks.
Open tanks used for animals be dead dried once in week Never to throw any containers in open capable of holding water.
Construction sites: Building bye-laws be implemented to prevent fault in designs, water flow on roof, gully traps open tanks for curing be treated with larvicides on weekly basis.
Unused wells either be closed or treated with larvicides Ornamental tanks, fountains be checked periodically and larvivorous fish be introduced
Public health engineers be involved for proper drainage, building designs, periodic flushing of water logged areas and drainage. [/INST] question: Most efficient antilarval measure to prevent urban malaria is | options: A: Clean drainage and sewerage systems B: Cover overhead tanks properly C: Filling cesspools and ditches D: Cover pits | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: ANS. A# Important dermatomesCl-No sensory supplyC2-OcciputC5-Shoulder region (deltoid)C7-Middle finger areaT2/T3-AxillaT7-EpigastriumT10-UmblicusT12-Pubic symphysisL3-KneeL5-Outer aspect of legS1-Lateral aspect of sole (walking on S1)S3, S4, S5-Around the anus (sitting on S3,4,5)# Important spinal segments to rememberC5-Abduction of shoulderC6-Flexion of elbowC7-Extension of elbowC8-Wrist flexion and extensionT1-Small muscles of handL1-Flexion of hipL2-Adduction of hipL3-Extension of kneeL4-Dorsiflexion of ankle and inversion of footL5-Eversion of footS1-Plantar flexion of ankleS2, 3-Small muscles of footL4, L5-Abduction of hipL5, SI-Extension of hip and flexion of kneeL5-Extensor digitorum hallucisS1-Flexor digitorum hallucis# Root value of reflexesSuperficial reflexesConjunctival and corneal reflex: Trigeminal (ophthalmic division)Superficial abdominal reflex: T7-T12 spinal segmentsAnal reflex: S2, 3, 4Bulbocavernous reflex: S3, 4 (pudendal nerve)Plantar reflex: L5, S1Cremastric reflex: L1, L2 (ilioinguinal nerve--afferent and genitofemoral nerve--efferent).Deep reflexesBiceps reflex: C5, 6 (musculocutaneous nerve)Supinator reflex: C5, 6 (radial nerve)Triceps reflex: C6, 7 (radial nerve)Knee jerk: L2 ,3, 4 (femoral nerve)Ankle jerk: SI, 2 spinal segments [/INST] question: Root value of cremastric reflex? | options: A: L1-L2 B: L2-L3 C: S1-S2 D: L4-L5 | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: - The nurse will give quinine infusion through 5% dextrose. - Hypoglycaemia is the most impoant side effect which can be prevented by infusing quinine in 5% dextrose. Note: Adverse effects of quinine infusion: Hypoglycemia is also common, mostly in the treatment of severe malaria, and can be life threatening if not treated promptly with intravenous glucose. Hypotension is rarer but also serious and most often is associated with excessively rapid intravenous infusions of quinine or Quinidine. Quinine diluted preferably in 5% (w/v) glucose solution to counteract hypoglycemia. In the absence of glucose, physiological saline may be used. This method of administration minimizes the danger of severe hypotension and subsequent respiratory collapse. Don't give quinine as bolus. OTHER ADVERSE EFFECTS: 'Cinchonism' Syndrome Large single dose or higher therapeutic doses taken for a few days. Consists of ringing in ears, nausea, vomiting (due to both gastric irritation and CTZ stimulation), headache, mental confusion, veigo, difficulty in hearing. Visual defects (due to direct neurotoxicity as well as constriction of retinal and auditory vessels). Diarrhoea, flushing and marked perspiration. Completely STOPS once the drug is stopped. - Seldomly cause hemolyisis and idiosyncratic reactions. [/INST] question: A patient is diagnosed with chloroquine resistant falciparum malaria. His treating physician advises nurse to administer quinine by IV infusion. The preferred IV fluid for quinine infusion is: | options: A: Normal saline B: 5% dextrose C: Ringer lactate D: 1/2 Normal saline | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: There was once a little orphan girl who had no family and no one to love her. She felt sad and lonely .
One day, while she was walking in a garden, she noticed a small butterfly caught in a bush. The more the butterfly tried to free itself, the deeper the thorn cut into its body. The girl carefully helped the butterfly out. Instead of flying away, the little butterfly changed into a beautiful fairy .
"For your wonderful kindness," said the fairy, "I will grant you any wish you like."
The little girl thought for a while and answered, "I want to be happy!"
"Very well!" The fairy leaned toward her and whispered in her ear. Then the good fairy disappeared.
As the little girl grew up, she stayed happy. Everyone asked her the secret of her happiness. She would only smile and answer, "The secret of happiness is that I listened to a good fairy when I was a little girl."
When she was very old and on her death bed, her neighbors were afraid that her secret of happiness would die with her. "Tell us, please," they asked. "Tell us what the good fairy said."
The lovely old woman simply smiled and said, "She told me that everyone, no matter how secure they seemed, how old or young, how rich or poor, had need of me."
Everyone has need of you. [/INST] question: What happened when the butterfly tried to get itself free from the bush? | options: A: It saved itself B: It got cut deeper C: It got tired D: It got sick | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The basic flag of the United States is one of the world's oldest national flags. Only the basic flags of Austria, Denmark, Great Britain, the Netherlands, Sweden, and Switzerland are older.
During the discovery and settlement of what is now the United States, the flags of various European nations were flown over the land, as symbols of possession. Later, in the Colonial and Revolutionary War periods, flags representing famous persons, places, and events were flown in the American Colonies.
The first official flag of the United States was created by Congress on June 14,1777. It consisted of 13 alternate red and white stripes and 13 white stars in a field of blue, representing the 13colonies that had declared their independence in 1776. Congress adopted a new flag of 15 stars and 15 stripes in 1795, to give representation to the two new states admitted into the Union, Vermont and Kentucky.
By 1817 there were 20 states in the Union, and it became apparent that adding one stripe for each new state would destroy the shape of the flag. As a result, Congress in 1818 restored the original design of 13 stripes and provided that each state was to be represented by one star. In 1921 Preside William H. Taft made the first official provision for the arrangement of the stars. He ordered that there be six even rows of eight stars each. Previously the arrangement of the stars had been left to the flag- maker's fancy.
The evolution of the stars and stripes reflects the growth of the United States. After the admission of Hawaii into the Union in 1959, the flag was officially changed for the 26th time since its creation.
There are many government flags flown in the United States in addition to the national flag. Among them are the president's and vice-president's flags and those of the federal departments and some federal agencies. Each state in the Union has an official flag. The United States Navy uses special flags for signaling. [/INST] question: Before the War of Independence the flags of various European nations flown over the land were symbols of_. | options: A: self-rule B: occupation C: peace and friendship D: independence | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: For anyone still doubting the belief that our emotions influence our physical health, a new study from New Zealand should be able to settle the matter. It reports that the physical wounds of healthy seniors healed more quickly if they wrote about their most upsetting experiences.
This confirms the results of a 2010 study, and extends those findings to cover older adults--a group that is likely to suffer wounds (as from surgery), and one with less access to other ways of lowering tension (such as exercise).
Reported in the journal Psychosomatic Medicine, a research team led by the University of Auckland's Elizabeth Broadbent made a study featuring 50 healthy adults ranging in age from 64 to 97. They were asked to write for 20 minutes per day for three consecutive days.
Half were asked to write about the most upsetting experience in their life, describing their deepest thoughts, feelings, and emotions about the events, ideally not previously shared with others. The others were asked to write about their daily activities without mentioning emotions, opinions or beliefs.
Two weeks after the third day of writing, all participants received a standard 4mm skin biopsy on their inner arm. The very tiny wounds caused by the biopsy were photographed regularly over the following days to determine the rate at which they healed.
On the 11th day after the biopsy, the wounds completely healed on 76.2 percent of those who had done the expressive writing. That was true of only 42.1 percent of those who had written about everyday activities.
"The biological and psychological mechanisms behind this effect remain unclear," the researchers wrote, noting that those who had done the expressive writing did not report lower stress levels or fewer depressive symptoms than the others in the control group. Even if they weren't consciously aware of feeling more relaxed or positive, the expressive writing appeared to have caused some sort of bodily reaction--probably involving their immune systems--that _ their recovery. [/INST] question: What was the difference between the two groups of participants in the study? | options: A: What they wrote B: Where they wrote C: When they wrote D: How often they wrote | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: This case is an example of Burkitt's lymphoma, which may affect the tonsils or other lymphoid tissues. The translocation places the myc oncogene on chromosome 8 downstream of the very active heavy chain locus on chromosome 14, activating myc gene expression in B cells and their derivatives. The translocation is likely an aberrant form of the normal DNA rearrangements that generate unique heavy chain genes in each B cell. The translocation joins one chromosome 8 to one chromosome 14, leaving their homologues unaffected. The cause for the phenotype must therefore be trans-acting, since cis-acting effects would peain only to the translocated loci and not affect the homologous untranslocated loci. Activation of a tumor-promoting gene (oncogene) on chromosome 8 could produce an enlarged tonsil, while underactivity of immunoglobulin production due to one-half expression could decrease immune function but would not completely ablate the processes in choices a, b, d, and e. At the genetic level, trans-acting events are autosomal dominant in that one of the two homologous loci is abnormal and produces a phenotype. Mutations of cis-acting events must disrupt both homologous loci to produce phenotypes, making them autosomal recessive at the genetic level. [/INST] question: A middle-aged man presents with a markedly enlarged tonsil and recurrent infections with serum immunoglobulin deficiency. Chromosome analysis demonstrates a translocation between the immunuglobulin heavy chain locus on chromosome 14 and an unidentified gene on chromosome 8. Which of the following is the most likely cause of his phenotype? | options: A: The translocation has deleted constant chain exons on chromosome 14 and prevented heavy chain class switching B: The translocation has deleted the interval containing diversity d. and joining (J) regions C: The translocation has activated a tumor-promoting gene on chromosome 8 D: The translocation has deleted the heavy chain constant chain Cu so that virgin B cells cannot produce IgM on their membranes | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Singapore is a beautiful and clean country. It welcomes visitors and tourists. When you come to visit Singapore, please keep the laws of this country. Here is something that you must remember.
SMOKING: Cigarette smoking is a danger to health. It's not allowed in lifts, cinemas, theatres, all government offices and on buses. If you break it, you will have to pay a fine of up to Singapore $500.
LITTER: Singapore is the Garden City of Asia----clean and green. Dropping litter in public places is not allowed. You can be fined up to Singapore $500 for dropping litter----even if it is only a piece of waste paper or a cigarette end.
LONG HAIR: Men visitors should not have longer hair than the top of their shirt collars . Long-haired men will be served last of all visitors in government offices.
JAYWALKING: You must always use the zebra crossing. You can be fined Singapore $50 for crossing the streets less than 50 metres from a zebra crossing, These laws are also for children who are old enough to be in the street by themselves. [/INST] question: If you _ , you will be fined most. | options: A: smoke at home B: drop a cigarette end in public C: have long hair D: cross the street less than 50 metres from a zebra crossing | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Fortunately for early humans,the huge primate's diet consisted mainly of bamboo.
Scientists have known about Gigantopithecus since some of its teeth were discovered on sale in a Hong Kong pharmacy about 80 years ago.The idea of a giant ape aroused the interest of scientists around the world,but It remained unclear when this beast became extinct.
Now Jack Rink,a geochronologist at McMaster University in Canada,has used a high-precision -dating method to determine that this ape-the largest primate ever--roamed Southeast Asia for nearly a million years before the species died out 100,000 years ago.By this time,humans had existed for a million years.
"Gigantopithecus is a primate that co-existed with humans at a time when humans were undergoing a major evolutionary change,"said Rink.
Some of Gigantopithecus fossils were found in Guangxi.It is the region where some believe the modem human race originated.according to Rink.Scientists have been able to piece together a description of Gigantopithecus using just a handful of teeth and a set of jawbones.
"The size of these specimens--the crown of the molar,for instance,measures about an inch (2.54 cm)across--helped us understand the extraordinary size of the primate,"Rink said.
Scientists can only guess at what killed off a beast this size.Some scientists believe that a diet of bamboo combined with increasing competition from more nimble humans eventually led to its extinction.
While most scientists agree that Gigantopithecus died out long ago,some people--Big-foot and Yeti enthusiasts in particular-believe that this ape is the source of tales of giant,hairy beasts living in the woods.
Even though mainstream scientists dismiss these claims,it isn't impossible.The coelacanth a type of fish thought to have died out millions of years ago-was discovered swimming off the coast of Africa in 193& [/INST] question: We can gain some information about Gigantopithecus EXCEPT_. | options: A: their diet B: their appearances C: their habitats D: their language(s) | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: HSG A didelphic uterus results when there is failed fusion of the paired mullearian ducts. This anomaly is characterised by the presence of two endometrial cavities each with a uterine cervix. A longitudnal vaginal septum runs between the two cervices in most of the cases. "To confirm the diagnosis (of didelphic uterus) HSG is recommedned to identity the possibility of communication between the uterus." ...Williams Gynae. lle, p 417 As far as other options are concered - Laparascopy can diagnose uterine didelphys accurately but is not the procedure of choice as it is an invasive procedure. Option 'b' role of IVP in uterine anomalies is only to rule out associated renal anomalies. Option 'cl' role of USG in uterine anomalies - For identificatiion of congenital malformation, standard two -dimensional transvaginal ultrasound compliments HSG and improves diagnostic accuracy in differentiating septate and bicornuate uteri by revealing the shape of the fundal contour. . Also know : - Of all the major uterine malformations, the didelphic uterus has the best reproducjtive prognosis. - Surgery should be reserved for highly selected women in whom repeated late trimester losses or premature delivery has occured with no apparent etiology. [/INST] question: To diagnose uterus didelphys, procedure of choice is : | options: A: Laparoscopy B: IVP C: HSG D: USG | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: A job is more than just a job,especially to the older generation."It's not the money that matters,but the sense of selfworth," 56yearold Cheng Wonlan said.So,every day Ms Cheng carries a bag of parcels,letters and documents of all shapes and sizes and does her rounds in North Point.She's a courier .
Five years ago,Ms Cheng was a nurse at a private clinic.She had worked there for almost 30 years but was made jobless when the doctor migrated .It was extremely difficult for her to find another job."People do not trust my ability when they learn how old I am," she said.After two years of searching,the mother of two eventually found another nursing job.But then after two years,she quit.Why?
"My colleagues were young and they didn't understand me because of my age.They often asked me,'You are so old;what are you working for?' I was very unhappy." she said.So while the rest of her family left for work,she was left to lonely boredom at home.The urge to work drove her to suffering.Then,one of Ms Cheng's neighbours told her about Employee's Retraining Board (ERB) offering retraining courses for older people on specific occupations,such as convenience store assistants,junior clerks and so on.
"I was interested in courier work.I didn't think my age was a barrier because I was fit and healthy.So I thought why not give it a try." she said.Upon graduation from the ERB,Ms Cheng was offered a job by the Speeding Shuttle Courier Service Company Limited.But then Ms Cheng was faced with a conflict:she was caught between honour and employment.It took Ms Cheng 24 hours to make up her mind and eventually came to the conclusion that there was nothing wrong or embarrassing about doing the job.So she took heart and went off to work as a courier.
Ms Cheng's employer is delighted with her,"Ms Cheng has been working with us for two months and has shown a good responsible attitude to work."Anthony Chong,who runs the company,said.Currently,Mr Chong has 60 couriers working for his company:five of them are over fifty,four of whom have been through the ERB plan.Mr Chong said he hired older people because they were able and reliable."Age is not an important factor but attitude is.Many old people are more capable than the youngsters.They will not run from difficulties but the young ones will," he said."It is not easy to recruit young people since they shy away from hardship and challenges." [/INST] question: Why was it difficult for Ms Cheng to find another nursing job? | options: A: Nursing clinics were hard to find B: People thought that old people couldn't be trusted C: People thought she was too old to take on a new job D: People didn't think she had enough working experience | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: David Moore taught science at the City School. He needed some expensive books, and so he bought them. He put the books in his car in a quiet street. Then he went to other shops to buy something else. At six he came back to the car. One door was open - and the books were not there! David drove home to Fry Road.
On Friday people read this in the newspaper:
Books: Have you any old books? I buy old and modern books.
Open all day on Saturdays. David Moore, 26 Fry Road.
David stayed at home on Saturday. The first man came at eight. David took him to the kitchen. At half past nine another man arrived. He had a bag under his arm.
"Mr Moore?" the man asked.
"That's right," David said. "Can I help you?"
"I've got some good books. You buy books, don't you?"
"Yes. Bring them in. Let me have a look."
Soon the books were on the dining-table. "Come in now," David called, "and bring the list."
A policeman came into the dining-room. He read the names on the books and the names on the list in his hand. They were the same.
"Come with me, sir," the policeman said to the man. [/INST] question: Mr Moore was a _ . | options: A: doctor B: bookseller C: teacher D: musician | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Cleaner Wanted
Here is a job in Lanzarote for anyone suitable. Mrs. Smith is looking for a person to clean her home three times a week. If you want this job, you can email her at [email protected].
Salesperson Wanted
A position has opened for a part-time shop assistant. The assistant is needed to work for about three hours every morning, six days a week in a fashion jewellery shop. You need to be able to speak at least one language (English or German) and Spanish. Please email [email protected].
Chef Wanted
The Cutty Sark is seeking a new chef. The applicant must have experience and be able to start working immediately. A full-time chef is required to work about 37.6-45 hours per week.
If you are interested , please come to see Mark or Rebecca at the Cutty Sark pub or call 650316301.
A School Student Needed
Montana Villas and Polls in Playa Blanca is seeking a school student to show rooms to their customers in summer. Any applicant must be fluent in both English and Spanish. The minimum age of the student is sixteen, and the work days are from Monday to Saturday. This is to run through July and August, and the first couple of weeks in September. To apply for this position, email [email protected].
Part-time Person Needed
Tots To Travel is looking for a part-time salesperson. The applicant needs to be confident in sales and more importantly, he or she must have the ability to work with computers. Please contact us via email at [email protected]. [/INST] question: Alice, a 17-year-old schoolgirl, should email _ for a job in a summer vocation. | options: A: [email protected] B: [email protected] C: [email protected] D: [email protected] | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: NUCLEI OF THE NEURAL COLUMNS IN BRAINSTEM - SSA Vision (CN II) Hearing & balance Vestibulocochlear nuclei (CN VIII) Pontomedullary junction - GSA Trigeminal nerve (CN V) Nuclei of trigeminal nerve : Main sensory - Pons mesencephalic nucleus - midbrain Spinal sensory - lateral medulla - SVA Smell (CN I) taste Chemo/ presso-reception Nucleus tractussolilarius (tip) Bottom of nucleus tractus solitarius - GVA Same as SVA - GSE Skeletal Muscle eye CN III, IV, VI tongue CN XII Oculomotor (pons), trochlear nuclei, abducent Hypoglossal nucleus (midbrain) - SVE 1st arch 2nd arch 4h & 6th arch Muscles of pharyngeal arches Trigeminal nerve Facial nerve muscles of palate pharynx & larynx Trigeminal &facial nuclei in pons Nucleus ambiguous Nucleus ambiguous CN IX, X, XI, Muscles of palate Pharynx, larynx SVA Glossal nucleus of vagus Parasympathetic to cardiac & smooth muscles GVE Mesencephalic nucleus of CN V GSA SENSORY -Spinothalamic tract Sums contralateral after ascending 1-2 segments ipsilaterally Contralateral loss of pain and temperature 1-2 segments below lesion -MOTOR coicospinal tract Motor control contralateral from the coex Ipsilateral spastic paralysis below the lesion (UMN lesion) At the level of lesion flaccid paralysis (LMN lesion) [/INST] question: Which of the following belong to special visceral efferent column | options: A: Nucleus tractus solitarius B: Nucleus ambigus C: Dorsal nucleus of vagus D: Mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The first Olympics took place at Olympia in Greece in 721 B. C. almost 3,000 years ago. Many different sports, such as boxing, running and throwing the discus were played there, though there were much fewer sports than in the modern Olympics. People fr0m all over Greece came and watched the Games at the foot of Olympus, and even those at war stopped fighting and went on with the games.
The Games were held every five years, until they were ordered to stop by the Romans in 383 A. D. It was nearly 1500 years since the Romans stopped the Olympics. Later in 1884 Baron Pierre de Coubertin thought it's possible to start the Games again, so he invited sportsmen from different countries to the competition. Many others agreed to his proposal and in 1896 the first modern Olympics was held in Greece.
Only 50,000 people watched the Games, but the rest of the world soon became enthusiastic about them and from 1900 the Games were held every four years in a different country. 0nly three Olympics were crossed out because of the wars 1916,1940 and 1944. In Tokyo in 1960, the Games reached their highest point in size -- there were over 5650 competitors from 84 countries. [/INST] question: Compared with the first Olympics held in 721 B. C. there are _ in the modern Olympics. | options: A: more spurts B: as many sports as there were C: less sports D: twice as many sports as there were | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The following are the branches of the internal carotid aery, listed by segmentC1: Branches from the cervical poion - none.C2: Branches from the petrous poionCaroticotympanic aeriesAery of pterygoid canal (vidian aery)C3: Branches from the lacerum poion - noneC4: Branches from the cavernous poionBranches of the meningohypophyseal trunk:Tentorial basal branchTentorial marginal branchMeningeal branch - helps supply blood to the meninges of the anterior cranial fossaClivus branches - tiny branches that supply the clivusInferior hypophyseal aeryCapsular branches - supplies wall of cavernous sinusBranches of the inferolateral trunk:Branches to trigeminal ganglion - provide blood to trigeminal ganglionAery of the foramen rotundumBranches to nervesC5: Branches from the clinoid poion - noneC6: Branches from the ophthalmic poionOphthalmic aerySuperior hypophyseal aeryC7: Branches from the communicating poionPosterior communicating aeryAnterior choroidal aeryAnterior cerebral aery (a terminal branch)Middle cerebral aery (a terminal branch) [/INST] question: Which of the following is NOT a branch of internal carotid aery? | options: A: Ophthalmic aery B: Posterior cerebral aery C: Superior hypophyseal aery D: Aery of Pterygoid canal (Vidian aery) | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The Olympic Flame from the ancient games was reintroduced during the 1928 Olympic Games. An employee of the Electric Utility of Amsterdam, lit the first Olympic flame in the Marathon Tower of theOlympic Stadiuminprefix = st1 /Amsterdam.
The modern practice of moving the Olympic Flame via a relay system from Olympia to the Olympic venue began with the 1936 Summer OlympicsinBerlin,Germany.
The relay, captured in Leni Riefenstahl'sfilm, "Olympia", was part of the Nazi propaganda machine's attempt to add myth and mystique to Adolf Hitler's regime. Hitler saw the link with the ancient Games as the perfect way to illustrate his belief that classicalGreecewas an Aryan forerunner of the modern German Reich.
Although most of the time the torch with the Olympic Flame is still carried by runners, it has been transported in many different ways. The fire traveled by boat in 1948 to cross the English Channel, and it was first transported byairplanein 1952, when the fire traveled toHelsinki. All carriers in the torch relay toStockholm, where these events were held instead, traveled on horseback.
Remarkable means of transportation were used in 1976, when the flame was transformed to a radio signal. From Athens, this signal was transmitted bysatellitetoCanada, where it was received and used to trigger alaserbeam to re-light the flame. In 2000, the torch was carried under water by divers near theGreat Barrier Reef. Other unique means of transportation include aNative Americancanoe, acamel, andConcorde. In2004, the first global torch relay was undertaken, a journey that lasted 78 days. The Olympic flame covered a distance of more than 78,000 km in the hands of some 11,300 torchbearers, traveling to Africa and South America for the first time, visiting all previous Olympic cities and finally returning toAthensfor the2004 Summer Olympics.
Another means of catching attention has been the lighting of the fire in the stadium. At the 1992 Barcelona Games,ParalympicarcherAntonio Rebolloshot a burning arrow over the cauldron from a platform at the opposite end of the stadium. Two years later, the Olympic fire was brought into the stadium ofLillehammerby aski jumper. [/INST] question: The practice of the Olympic Flame has been carried on for about _ . | options: A: 72 years B: 80 years C: 60 years D: 56 years | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: An inventor has created his perfect girlfriend,a robot who can do the cleaning,remember his favorite drink and read the newspaper to him.
Le Trung,33,has spent 14000 dollars creating the robot.He made the robot look like a woman in her twenties with shiny hair and blue eyes.
She can speak English and Japanese and she is also good at math.She can help Mr.Trung deal with his accounts.
Mr.Trung comes from Canada.He said he has never had time to find a real girlfriend--so he designed and created a robot as his girlfriend using the latest technology.He used to be a software programmer.In order to make this robot,he has taken out his credit cards,sold his car and spent all his life saving.
Now he is trying to find a corporate sponsor to help him complete and perfect his robot.He said his robot is what happens when science meets beauty.He said."I want to make her look,feet and act as human as possible so she can be the perfect companion.I chat a lot with her and hope to improve her knowledge."
So far the robot can understand and speak 13,000 different sentences in English and Japanese,so she's already fairly intelligent.She can _ faces and says hello when any of his family comes around to visit.She helps him what to have for dinner and knows what drinks he likes.
She doesn't need holidays,food or rest,she will work almost 24 hours a day and never goes shopping.She is very patient and never complains.What a perfect woman she is ! [/INST] question: The robot can do many things EXCEPT _ for the inventor. | options: A: cleaning B: reading newspapers C: dealing with math problems D: cooking | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The patient most likely has a gonadoblastoma, which is sometimes associated with certain types of Turner syndrome.
Turner syndrome is characterized by an XO genotype (~ 60%) without any Barr body. Approximately, 40% of patients are mosaics with an XX/XO, a 45 XO/46 XX, or an XO/46 XY karyotype. The presence of a Y chromosome poses an increased risk for germ cell tumors of the streak gonads (ovary without eggs). Dysgerminomas and gonadoblastomas (germ cell plus sex cord stromal tumor) are the two most common tumors associated with this abnormality. Both of these tumors are also seen in certain types of gonadal dysgenesis where there is female pseudohermaphroditism, that is, genotypic females with male appearing external genitalia. Gonadoblastomas, unlike dysgerminomas, frequently contain foci of calcification that are visible on abdominal films, as in this patient. Other primary ovarian tumors that frequently produce visible calcifications on abdominal films are cystic teratomas (bone and teeth) and fibromas.
Dysgerminomas of the ovary are the female counterpart of seminomas of the testicle and pinealomas in the central nervous system. They are the most common malignant germ cell tumor of the ovary, whereas cystic teratomas are the most common benign germ cell tumor. Dysgerminomas are bilateral in 10% of cases. They are solid tumors that contain large, anaplastic cells with prominent nucleoli intermixed with a benign lymphoid infiltrate. Dysgerminomas, like seminomas, are extremely radiosensitive tumors and have an excellent 5 year survival rate.
Cystic teratomas, fibromas, and Brenner tumors of the ovary are not associated with Turner syndrome. [/INST] question: A 22-year-old woman with Turner syndrome has a 2.5-centimeter mass in the right adnexa. An abdomi¬nal radiograph reveals focal areas of calcification in the mass. The patient has a? | options: A: Cystic teratoma B: Dysgerminoma C: Fibroma D: Gonadoblastoma | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Calcaneum 1Ref. Apley's 8/e, p 750-75]; Ebnezar Ohopedics 3/e, p 263-264; Maheshwari 3/e, p 1401 Bohler's angle (also k/a Tuber joint angle) measures the angular relationship between talus and calcanecum. Flattening of this angle is a classic x-ray sign of depressed fracture of calcaneum. Other angle which is of impoance in calcaneal fracture is Crucial angle of "Gissane" More about calcaneal Calcaneum is the most commonly fractured tarsal bone In 5-10% of cases is bilateral * Most common mechanism of injury is fall front height, often from a ladder, onto one or both heels. The calcaneum is driven up against the talus and is split or crushed. About one fifth of these patients suffer associated injuries of the spine, pelvis or hip. * Also k/a loveri fracture' * Plain x-rays done for calcaneal fracture include lateral, oblique and axial views, Axial view of calcaneum is also k/a Hans view. * CT is the inv. of choice * With severe injuries and especially with bilateral fractures - it is essential to x-ray the knees, the spine and the pelvis as well Other angles of impoance Cobb's angle - Scoliosis (Apley's 8/e, p 377; Maheshwari 3/e, p 235) Kite's angle - CTEV (Apley's 8/e, p 489; Maheshwari 3/e, p 196) Meary's angle _> Pes cavus (plantaris (Apley's 8/e, p 497) deformity) Hilgenreiner's epiphyseal angle Congenital coxa vera (Apley's 8/e, p 420) Baurnann's angle Supra condylar (Apley's 8/e, p 597) C alcaneum 1Ref. Apley's 8/e, p 750-75]; Ebnezar Ohopedics 3/e, p 263-264; Maheshwari 3/e, p 1401 * Bohler's angle (also k/a Tuber joint angle) measures the angular relationship between talus and calcanecum. [/INST] question: Bohler's angle is decreased in fracture of | options: A: Calcaneum B: Talus C: Navicular D: Cuboid | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Susan wang
I have a best friend. His name is James. He is from the USA. We look _ different! I have blonde hair but he has red hair. I wear glasses but he doesn't. I am short but he is very tall. I'm very outgoing but he is very quiet. However, we both love singing and dancing.
Sam Green
I don't really have a best friend but one of my good friends is Kristi. She is from America. I sometimes call her Kwiti. She is funny and kind. And she really cares about everyone and almost everything. She became one of my good friends at the age of five.
Mary Smith
My best friend's name is Edna. She comes from Australia. She likes to talk a lot and hardly keeps quiet. Edna has curly brown hair and brown eyes. She always makes me laugh. Also, she sometimes helps me with my homework.
Lisa Brown
I have a best friend from India. Her name is Sinsha. I call her Kuttu. She is short. She has a round face and black eyes. She has long black hair. I can hardly get sad or angry when I'm with her. She often makes me happy. [/INST] question: Sinsha has _ hair. | options: A: curly brown B: long black C: red D: blonde | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: After the "Big Bang ",the earth was just a cloud of energetic dust. What it was to become was a mystery until the dust began to slowly combine into a ball moving around the sun. The problem was that the earth became violent because it was not clear whether the solid shape was to last or not. It exploded loudly with fire and rock, which were in time to produce the water vapor, carbon dioxide, oxygen, nitrogen and other gases, which were to make the earth's atmosphere. As the earth cooled down, water began to appear on its surface. Nobody knew that it was going to be different from other planets going round the sun. Water had already disappeared from planets like Mars or satellites like the moon, but it stayed on the earth. This is how the earth began to show its special qualities. Many people think that this was important for the beginning of life. It allowed the earth to dissolve harmful gases, which had become part of the earth's atmosphere, into the oceans and seas. That made it possible for life to begin to develop.
What scientists think is that the earth was different because of the arrival of small plants growing in the water on its surface. Nobody understood that these plants were the start of many changes. They multiplied and filled the first oceans and seas with oxygen .This encouraged the development of early shellfish and all sorts of fish.
Many millions of years later the first green plants began to appear on land. Scientists believe that taking carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and filling the air with oxygen helped life to develop. Later land animals appeared. Some were insects. Others, called amphibians, were able to live on land as well as in the sea. When the plants grew into forests, reptiles appeared for the first time. They produced young generally by laying eggs. Later, some huge animals, called dinosaurs, developed, They laid eggs too. They became the most important animals on the earth for millions of years. But when they disappeared, mammals became more important. They were the last group of animals and they were different because they produced their young from within their bodies.
Small clever animals, now with hands and feet, appeared and spread all over the earth. They developed new methods of growing food, hunting and moving around. As time went by they covered the earth and have become the most important animals on the planet. But they are not taking care of the earth very well. They are putting too much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, which prevents heat from escaping from the earth into space. The earth may become too hot for the lives on it. Whether life will continue on the earth for millions of years to come will depend on whether this problem can be solved. [/INST] question: Why was the earth different from other planets? | options: A: It produced a lot of heat B: The water remained C: Water disappeared D: It was the oldest planet | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The 115m Christmas Bird Count is officially underway. The count is an annual investigation of local and migratory birds and it's organized by the National Audubon Society. From December 14 to January 5, volunteers will gather in more than 2,000 locations in North, Central and South America to count the birds in their area.
Each count takes place in a circle about 24 kilometers wide. The volunteers follow specific routes within the circle and record the number of individual birds and the different species they see there in a single day. The results are sent to the National Audubon Society and later published on Audubon's Christmas Bird Count website. The data collected during the bird count is a key source Of information for ornithologists, scientists who study birds.
This information is used to develop conservation programs to protect bird habitats and the environment /n general. Data from the bird count was also used to determine that three species-the Western screech owl, the rusty blackbird and the Newfoundland red crossbill - should be added to Canada's list of species at risk.
The annual bird count was created to protest another Christmas tradition at the very beginning .in the United States in the 19th century, people would often hold "side hunts" on Christmas Day.
Teams of hunters would compete to see who could kill the most birds or other animals that day. In December 1900, Frank Chapman, an American ornithologist, suggested that instead of hunting birds, people should count them.
Twenty-seven people in 25 locations joined in the first Christmas bird count Last year, more than 70,000 volunteers took part. This year, counts are scheduled to take place in 17 countries, ranging from the Arctic to the Antarctic, with most located in Canada and the United States .instead of taking place only on Christmas day, counts are now held on different days for different areas. [/INST] question: How long will the 115th Christmas Bird Count last? | options: A: About 3 weeks B: A single day C: About a month D: About 2 weeks | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Although hurricane season doesn't begin until June 1, a Pacific storm has already struck. El Salvador, which was ruined by a Caribbean storm in 1995, was hit by Hurricane Adrian on Friday. This is the first Pacific-born hurricane to ever reach land in this Central American country.
Some 14,000 people left from the western coast of El Salvador. The storm weakened as it crossed land, heading east. Heavy rains created deadly flooding problems in the hurricane' s wake.
Adrian is the first Pacific storm of the season. It reported maximum continuous winds of 75 miles per hour, the minimum strength of a hurricane. A Category 3 hurricane, Adrian also caused damage and flooding in Honduras. It is expected to break up before reaching the Caribbean Sea on the eastern coast of Central America.
Hurricane season typically begins June 1 and lasts through November 30. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has predicted seven to nine hurricanes for the 2005 season.
"It is difficult to make any kind of an exact prediction of how many of these will strike land," NOAA administrator Conrad Lautenbacher said. He predicts two to three hurricanes will strike the U.S. this season.
Last year, six of nine hurricanes reached Category 3 strength or higher. Four of those hit Florida within a six-week period. Altogether, Hurricanes Charley, Frances, Ivan, and Jeanne caused more than $40 billion in damage in the Sunshine State.
This year' s forecast is based on ocean temperatures. Warmer temperatures produce more tropical storms, which can then turn into hurricanes.
"The issue, really, this year is the unusually warm sea surface temperatures in the Atlantic," said Frank Lepore of the National Hurricane Center. [/INST] question: Which of the following is the 2005 first hurricane? | options: A: Charley B: Adrian C: Jeanne D: Frances | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: (Rubella) (96, 168-Park 19fh) (97-140-Park 20th)Passive Immunity - when antibodies produced in one body (human or animal) are transferred to another to induce protection against disease* Body does not produce its own antibodies but depends upon ready- made antibodies(a) By administration of an antibody- containing preparation (immune globulin or antiserum)(b) By transfer of maternal antibodies across the placenta Human milk also contains protective antibodies (IgA)(c) By transfer of lymphocytes to induce passive cellular immunity - this procedure is still experimentalPassive immunity differs from active immunity in the following respects1. Immunity is rapidly established2. Immunity produced is only temporary (days to months till the antibody is eliminated from the body3. There is no education of the reticulo endothelial systemPoliomyelitis - The maternal antibodies gradually disappears during the first 6 months of life. Immunity following infection is fairly solid although re infection can occur since infection with one type does not protect completely against the other two types of viruses. Type 2 virus to be most effective antigens* Neutralizing antibody is widely recognized as an important index of immunity to polio after infection * *Mumps - Most infents below the age of 6 months are immune because of maternal antibodies* One attack clinical or subclinical is assumed to induce life -long immunity. Second attack can occure (132-Park 19th)Rubella - Infants of immune mothers are protected from 4 to 6 months**.* One attack gives life long immunity, secondary attack is rare- Transplacental (or vertical) transmission - TORCH agents (Toxoplasm, gondii, rubella virus, CMV and herpes virus) Varicella virus, syphilis, hepatitis, Coxsackie- B and AIDSActive immunity may be acquired1. Following clinical infection eg. Chickenpox, rubella, measles2. Following sub clinical or in apparent infections eg polio, Diptheria3. Following immunization with antigen which may be a killed, live attenevnted or toxoidMeasles (Rubeola) - Infant are protected by maternal antibodies upto 6 months of age or may persists 9 months. (127-P) [/INST] question: Congenital passive immunity is NOT found in | options: A: Polio B: Mumps C: Rubella D: Measles | answer: C </s> |
Subsets and Splits