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<s>[INST] context: • Uncommon inflammatory condition characterized by the proliferation of fibrous tissue in the retroperitoneum
• The fibrosis is usually confined to the central and paravertebral spaces between the renal arteries and sacrum and tends to encase the aorta, IVC and ureters.
• The process usually begins at the level of the aortic bifurcation and spreads cephalad upto renal artery generally.
Etiology
• Around 70% cases are primary or idiopathic (Ormond’s disease)
Causes of Secondary (30%)Q Retroperitoneal Fibrosis
• Inflammatory conditions: CATH (Chronic pancreatitis, Actinomycosis, Tuberculosis, Histoplasmosis)
• Drugs: Methylsergide (Most important), methyldopa, hydralazine, entacapone, beta-blockers, bromocriptine, phenacetin, amphetamines (MAHE-BP)
• Malignancies: CA prostate, NHL, CA stomach, sarcoma and carcinoid tumor
• Autoimmune disorders: SLE, PAN and ankylosing spondylitis
• Radiation
Clinical Features
• More common in males of 40-60 years.
• Early symptoms are vague and non-specific (abdominal or flank pain, weight loss, malaise, and hypertension)
• Obstructive uropathy (dysuria, frequency, fever due to secondary infection of hydroneprotic kidney) is the earliest and MC specific symptom.
• Ureters are MC involved, MC site is lower third of ureter.
• Partial or complete obstruction occurs in 75% patients
Diagnosis: In absence of uremia, diagnosis is made by IVP.
• IVP or RGP:
−− Hydronephrosis with dilated tortuous upper ureter,
−− Medial pulling of ureters or pipestem ureters
−− Extrinsic ureteral compression
• CT scan is IOC for retroperitoneal fibrosis.
• MRI is IOC in cases of compromised renal function, because contrast cannot be given.
Treatment
• Primary, idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis: Ureteral stenting and immunosuppression (TAPS: Tamoxifen, Azathioprine, Penicillamine, Steroids)
• Secondary retroperitoneal fibrosis: Midline transperitoneal ureterolysis with wrapping the ureter with omental flap or lateral retroperitoneal ureteral transposition.
TAPS: Tamoxifen, Azathioprine, Penicillamine, Steroids are used in primary retroperitoneal fibrosis. [/INST] question: Ormond's disease is - | options: A: Idiopathic lymphadenopathy B: Retractile testis C: Idiopathic retroperitonial fibrosis D: Idiopathic mediastinitis | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Born in Ghana,West Africa,in 1989,Freddy Adu has become one of the most promising young soccer players in the world.Soccer fans have been crazy about him since 2003,when he became the youngest player to join a professional sports team in the United States.The next year,he became the youngest athlete ever to play in an allstar game,a match in which the best players from many professional teams compete.
As a child,Adu did what many children in Ghana love to do--play soccer.His mother recognized her son's talentand encouraged it by providing soccer balls,which were expensive for them.Since he had soccer balls,other children always came looking for him and played together.
Education was very important to Adu's mother,and she wasn't sure that her son could receive a good education in Ghana.So she tried hard and moved to Maryland,U.S. in 1997,when he was eight years old.His new school friends soon noticed his talent for soccer,and the parents of one friend encouraged him to join a soccer club.This was his first time playing organized soccer,and he helped his team from the Potomac Soccer Association win a tournament in Italy in 2000.One professional Italian team was so impressed by Adu that they offered him $750,000 to play for them.Adu's mother refused the offer and thought that her eleven-year-old son needed to finish school first.
Adu did finish high school at the age of 14.Nowadays,he is playing professional soccer and living with his mother in a house he bought for her.His salary with the D.C. United team is $500,000 a year,and Adu is also paid to advertise products such as sports shoes and drinks.Adu is happy that his mother no longer has to work at two jobs,and his fans are happy that they can watch him play their favourite sport for many years to come. [/INST] question: Freddy Adu was _ years old when he became the youngest ever allstar team player. | options: A: eight B: ten C: thirteen D: fifteen | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Don't wash your hair every day. Here's why:
It will be easier to style. If you've ever washed your hair just before going to the salon to get another better look, you will be told by the stylist, freshly washed and dried hair isn't as easy to work with as hair that was washed a day or two ago.
Your color will last longer. If you color your hair, washing daily can _ your color and lead to more trips to the salon. Keep your hair looking bright by only washing every other day. When you wash your hair, do so with a shampoo so that you can make sure the color doesn't lose.
It will be healthier. The more you wash your hair, the more you're removing your hair's natural oil. That's right - too much time with the shampoo can really mean your hair become less soft and shining. Over-washing can dry hair out, which isn't a good idea. Keep your hair healthy by avoiding washing your hair every day.
Washing and drying take a lot of time for those of us with long hair. By cutting back on styling time, you will have more time to get ready, sleep or even fit in a quick jog or trip to the gym. [/INST] question: Before going to the salon to style your hair, you'd better _ . | options: A: wash your hai B: not wash your hair immediately C: get a better look D: have a talk with a stylist | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Hypochondriasis. Hypochondriasis is defined as a persistent preoccupation with a fear (or belief) of having one (or more) serious disease(s), based on person's own interpretation of normal body function or a minor physical abnormality. The other impoant features of hypochondriasis are: 1. Complete physical examination and investigations do not show presence of any significant abnormality. 2. The fear or belief persists despite assurance to the contrary by showing normal repos to the patient. 3. The fear or belief is not a delusion but is instead an example of an overvalued idea. The patient may agree regarding the possibility of his exaggerating the graveness of situation, at that time. 4. A preoccupation with medical terms and syndromes is quite common. The patient tends to change the physician frequently, in order to get investigated again Conversion Disorder Conversion disorder is characterized by the following clinical features: 1. Presence of symptoms or deficits affecting motor or sensory function, suggesting a medical or neurological disorder. 2. Sudden onset. 3. Development of symptoms usually in the presence of a significant psychosocial stressor(s). 4. A clear temporal relationship between stressor and development or exacerbation of symptoms. 5. Patient does not intentionally produce the symptoms Somatoform Pain It was previously called as psychogenic pain disorder. In this disorder, persistent, severe and distressing pain is the main feature which is, either grossly in excess of what is expected from the physical findings, or inconsistent with the anatomical distribution of nervous system. Preoccupation with pain is common [/INST] question: A nondiabetic nonhypeensive patient has some extra beast in pulse. Doctor informed it is benign. But patient is still going for investigations from doctor to doctor. This is a type of:- | options: A: Conversion disorder B: Hypochondriac disorder C: Somatoform pain D: Depression | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Jeff Corwin is a scientist and writer. He does these jobs with one life goal help save animals and their habitats. His latest book, 100 Heartbeats: The Race to Save Earth's Most Endangered Species. Is a collection of stories about animals on the edge of _ . Corwin recently talked to a reporter.
Reporter: How would you describe your job?
Corwin: My job is to travel around, look at animals and tell their stories.
Reporter : When did you know this is what your wanted to do?
Corwin: I knew that when I was 6 years old. My dad was a police officer, and we lived in the city. I really enjoyed the time when I could go to the quiet countryside. One day I saw my very first wild snake and I knew that's what I would do for the rest of my life. I didn't know if I would be a teacher or a zookeeper, but I knew I would have a life connected with nature.
Reporter: Why did you write the book?
Corwin: We are losing species very fast. _ If we make big changes, we may have the chance to save what remains.
Reporter: Is it true that humans are the reason that many of these animals are in danger?
Corwin: Human beings have a powerful effect on every other living thing. It's important to make that effect a positive one.
,. [/INST] question: Jeff is a _ . | options: A: teacher B: zookeeper C: writer D: police | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Agnes Miller was one of the earliest leaders of the Women's Liberation Movement in the United States. She was born on a farm in Missouri in 1892. Strangely enough she had a very happy life as a child. She was the only daughter and the youngest child of five. Her parents and her brothers always treated her as their favorite.
In 1896 the family moved to Chicago. Three years later they moved back to St. Louis where Agnes spent the rest of her childhood. She enjoyed her years in school and was an excellent student of mathematics. She also was quite skillful as a painter.
It was when Agnes went off to college that she first learned that women were not treated as equals. She didn't like being treated unequally but she tried not to notice it. After graduating from college she tried to get a job in her major field--physics. She soon found it was almost impossible for a woman.
Agnes spent a full year looking for a job. Finally she gave up in anger. She began writing letters of anger to various newspapers. An editor in New York liked her ideas very much. He specially liked her style. He asked her to do a series of stories on the difficulties that women had in finding a job. And there she began her great fight for equal rights for women. [/INST] question: Where did Agnes spend her childhood? | options: A: Missouri B: Chicago C: New York D: St. Louis and Chicago | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Vancomycin It is a glycopeptide antibiotic discovered in 1956 as a penicillin substitute which has assumed special significance due to efficacy against MRSA Strep. viridans, Enterococcus and Cl. difficile. It is bactericidal to gram-positive cocci, Neisseria, Clostridia and diphtheroids. However, in hospitals where it has been extensively used for surgical prophylaxis, etc., vancomycin-resistant Staph. aureus (VRSA) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) have emerged. These nosocomial bacteria are resistant to methicillin and most other antibiotics as well. Uses: Given orally (125-500 mg 6 hourly), it is the second choice drug to metronidazole for antibiotic associated pseudomembranous enterocolitis caused by C. difficile. Systemic use (500 mg 6 hourly or 1 g 12 hourly infused i.v. over 1 hr) is restricted to serious MRSA infections for which it is the most effective drug. and as a penicillin substitute (in allergic patients 1 for enterococcal endocarditis along with gentamicin. For empirical therapy of bacterial meningitis, i.v. vancomycin is usually combined with i.v. ceftriaxone/ cefotaxime. It is also used in dialysis patients and those undergoing cancer chemotherapy. Penicillin-resistant pneumococca: infections and infection caused by diphtheroids respond very well to vancomycin. It is the preferred surgical prophylactic in MRSA prevalent areas and in penicillin allergi.: patients. ESSENTIALS OF MEDICAL PHARMACOLOGY K.D.TRIPATHI SIXTH EDITION PAGE NO:732 [/INST] question: Which of the following is not an anti-pseudomonal agent? | options: A: Vancomycin B: Ticarcillin C: Ceftazidime D: Tobramycin | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Fusion
Fused teeth arise through union of two normally separated tooth germs. Depending upon the stage of development of the teeth at the time of the union, fusion may be either complete or incomplete. It has been thought that some physical force or pressure produces contact of the developing teeth and their subsequent fusion. If this contact occurs early, at least before calcification begins, the two teeth may be completely united to form a single large tooth. If the contact of teeth occurs later, when a portion of the tooth crown has completed its formation, there may be union of the roots only. The dentin; however, is always confluent in cases of true fusion. The tooth may have separate or fused root canals, and the condition is common in the deciduous as well as in permanent dentition.
Radiological signs
The tooth has a notched incisal margin and there is evidence of conjoined dentine between the involved teeth. The fused tooth may present with two distinct pulp chambers/pulp canal systems or a joined system. [/INST] question: The following radiograph shows; the total number of teeth present in oral cavity are one less than normal: | options: A: Fusion B: Gemination C: Concrescence D: Dilaceration | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: We moved into a beautiful two-story old house. The house was built in 1956. It was repaired in 2003.
At first, really small things began to happen. They didn't make me believe that something was wrong, but as time went on, things started becoming stranger and stranger. Early something was missing, and later on it would be found somewhere else. I just thought I had forgotten where I put it, or perhaps my daughter was playing around with things. Then later on I would hear strange sounds when nobody was at home but me. . . yet it was an old house, and sometimes old houses did make little noises, so again, I didn't really mind.
Then things that I couldn't explain started happening. It was last November and I was at home alone cleaning the house. When I was sweeping the kitchen floor, I felt a very cold wind blowing my hair. I thought the kitchen window must have been opened, but when I checked it, it was closed. The windows were new, and there was no way any cold air came in.
We all felt very strange and moved away from there in October, 2014. I was never really frightened. It was just strange, like something or someone was trying to get my attention or something. [/INST] question: The house is _ years old. | options: A: about 97 B: over 100 C: over 200 D: about 60 | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: A teenager realized her dream of becoming a professional model three years after a serious car accident.
Marita Davies was on her way home from a party when the crash happened. The car that Marita took as a passenger was going the wrong way and crashed into another car driven by a drunken driver named David Hudson, which left her with a broken leg and back. It took the firefighters more than two hours to free the teenager from the damaged car before she was taken to hospital. Marita was in a wheelchair for a year after being bed-ridden for nine months.
Marita feared her dream of a modeling career was over. She said, "I was extremely upset and shocked when I knew about my terrible injuries. I thought my dream of becoming a model was over. My leg and back were broken. The crash had broken my confidence and I became quiet and spent less time with other people. I was 16, and at that age all I wanted to do was to go out with my friends."
But as her health took a turn for the better, Marita finally came out of the wheelchair and learned to walk. She decided she would still try to follow her dreams, and sent some photos off to some modeling agencies. She did a few unpaid jobs while studying at college. Soon, paid commercial modeling jobs started coming in. Marita was a bit doubtful at first, because the crash had left her with huge scars on her leg and back. She was worried that people wouldn't want her to model for them, but this didn't stop her.
Marita had done amazingly well to overcome everything that had been thrown at her in the three years. Finally, Marita became a professional model in 2013. She was signed up for advertising campaigns and appeared in TV ads. [/INST] question: When did the accident happen? | options: A: In 2008 B: In 2009 C: In 2010 D: In 2011 | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Today, an increasing number of people are always looking at their mobile phones with their heads down. These people are called the "Heads-down Tribe" . Are you a heads-down tribe member? Heads-down tribe members now can be seen everywhere.
Using mobile phones may cause accidents and even cost a lot of money. Also, more and more interesting and strange facts happen to the "Heads-down Tribe". Let's have a look at an interesting TV report. A man in America kept using his mobile phone on his way home. As a result, he bumped into a big lost bear on the street. When he lifted his eyes from the phone,he was so scared that he turned around and ran away as quickly as possible. Another fact is that we can often see people in the restaurant eating face to face but looking at their own mobile phones. It's strange that they don't talk to the ones who sit opposite to them during the meal. Some of them even have fun communicating with others on the phone.
Mobile phones are helpful and necessary tools for modern life. Are mobile phones good or bad? It depends on how people use them. Let's be "healthy" users and try to be the "Heads-up Tribe". [/INST] question: Where did the American bump into the bear? | options: A: In the forest B: At a zoo C: On the street D: At a park | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Since the invention of Guitar Hero and similar computer games, it is no longer necessary to imagine what it would be like to play along with the Beatles--you can come together with them in the virtual world.
Bill Wyman, former bass player in the Rolling Stones, has pointed out that music video games discourage kids from learning to play real instruments. My own opinion suggest quite opposite.
Last year, I bought Guitar Hero III for our 14-year-old son, Jack. Jack quickly mastered the process and entered an intense period of playing the game.
A few months later, while I was away on tour, a couple of his friends came around with a real electric guitar. Playing Guitar Hero had taught them how to play along the track. Now they wanted to see if they could apply that to the real thing. Jack's friends taught him how to play along to his favorite songs using just his index finger on the bass string. He got it right away.
Guitar Hero had helped him over the first difficulty for guitar players--how to strum the strings with one hand while making chord shapes with the other. He never plays Guitar Hero now, preferring to rock out in the garage with his mates.
Despite my attempts at getting him to learn an instrument, it was Guitar Hero that taught him the basics of playing and built up his confidence to the extent that he was able to make a recognizable sound the first time he played it.
So let's not complain about a game that encourages kids to become music fans and, in our son's case, gives them the basic skills needed to learn how to play guitar. [/INST] question: What's Bill Wyman's attitude towards music video games? | options: A: Curious B: Approving C: Negative D: Unconcerned | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: News 1
Yuan Longping, the father of hybrid rice, won the World Food Prize on Monday. Yuan developed the world's first popular and widely known hybrid rice. Hybrid rice plants can make more rice than regular ones.
News 2
Have you ever got angry at books that are full of mistakes? Don't worry, things will get better soon. Last week, China started checking textbooks, dictionaries and children's books all over the country. The government said the results of the check would come out at the end of June.
News 3
People will see a new "star" in the sky soon. China plants to send a satellite into space by December 2006.It will stay in space for one year. It will go around the moon and take pictures. It must be very expensive, right? That's for sure; 1.4 billion yuan!
News 4
Have you ever thought of being able to fly around the world in a few hours? One day, maybe you can. Last Saturday, the American X-43A airplane made its first flight. It reached a speed of 8,000 kilometers per hour. This makes it the fastest plane in the world.X-43A is only three to four meters long, but it's very heavy. It weighs 1,270 kilograms. [/INST] question: The satellite sent by China will move around _ . | options: A: the moon B: the earth C: the sun D: the mars | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The mainstay of treatment of chronic venous insufficiency and its complication, venous stasis ulceration, is conservative management. Elastic stocking support, frequent elevation of the legs, and avoidance of prolonged sitting and standing is used for venous insufficiency in the absence of ulceration. If venous stasis ulcers develop, then paste boots (e.g., Unna's boots) are used along with appropriate bed rest and foot elevation until the ulcer heals. Patients whose ulcers fail to heal after such conservative management may need perforator vein ligation. Skin grafting should be considered for chronic stasis ulcers that are large, and perforator incompetence has been treated. Venous reconstruction procedures, including valvuloplasty, can be useful for a selected group of patients, especially those with venous claudication to less than half a block, that have been treated with all the procedures above, including stripping and ligation. Unlike previous opinions, superficial venous stripping and ligation is not always contraindicated in the presence of chronic venous insufficiency and even previous history of deep vein thrombosis. [/INST] question: A middle-age woman has right leg and foot nonpitting edema associated with dermatitis and hyperpigmentation. The diagnosis of chronic venous insufficiency is made. What is the treatment of choice? | options: A: Vein stripping B: Pressure-gradient stockings C: Skin grafting D: Perforator vein ligation | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: When you are travelling in Thailand, which means of transport is the best choice?
You can rent a variety of motorbikes or bikes in Thailand. It seems to be very popular in most of the beaches and islands along the places in the north. The most popular bikes are the little 125 cc Honda Dream which you can get for about 150 baht a day or as little as 3,000 baht per month, making it the cheapest way to tour Thailand for the people from other countries.
Sometimes you will have to go somewhere by taxi. When you are in cities in Thailand, especially in Bangkok, always remember to get a taxi that is traveling on the roads. Some drivers outside hotels refuse to use the meter . They will ask a price which is several times the price when they use the meter!
The quality of the roads in Thailand is generally pretty good, so renting cars is another way to get around. The big car rental companies may offer you slightly older cars at a very reasonable price. It is a little surprising considering that the cost of buying a car in Thailand is more than that in the West. Petrol is also reasonably priced in Thailand, more expensive than American prices, but much cheaper than what is paid in Europe. In the past, Bangkok could be a difficult place to drive in--signs were generally in Thai only, making it a hard job to find exactly where you were by looking around. But now, the situation is improved. In a lot of places, even the farthest corners of the country, street signs are in both Thai and English. [/INST] question: To a foreigner, the most economical way to get around Thailand is renting a _ . | options: A: motorbike B: car C: taxi D: bike | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Jennifer Lynn is turning into a master storyteller. She writes about young adults brilliantly. However, I have got to say Stay With Me wasn't my favorite in this series, but I still really enjoyed it and I would absolutely recommend it to fans interested in the world of young adults.
Stay With Me is the third book in Jennifer's Wait For You series, which features a couple that have been in previous books but have their own unique story and can be read as a standalone. I like that about this series. It's nice to be able to pick up a book and read it, finish it and move on to the next, but the Wait For You series has the added bonus of a more deeper character connection, as theyve appeared previously, you have more of a feel for them and you look forward to their story.
Stay With Me is Calla and Jaxs story. Calla has a wreck of a mother, but she is finally coming to the end of college and is looking forward to a career in nursing. She has done pretty well up for herself and now it was her time to shine. Unluckily, it falls through when her mother robbed her of every penny and took her identity. Calla has to go back to her small home town and into the arms of Jax.
Jax is handsome and cheerful! He is a waiter in a bar and knows Calla's mother very well and he agrees to help Calla. He is true alpha, with a sweet side and is very protective of Calla. I loved him, but not as much as Cam, sorry Jax! And that's why Stay with Me isn't as good as Cam's book, Wait for You. Don't get me wrong. Jax is an incredibly great character, well fleshed out and I did care for him, but he just wasn't as lovely as Cam.
As for Calla, I liked her character, and I liked the connection between her and Jax. I loved how he _ and showed her to love herself, despite her unsatisfactory past. There are a lot of intense moments between these two characters and they are so well written. Jennifer's writing is addictive and she wrote the scenes between Jax and Calla beautifully. Calla has never been, what she would call boyfriend material, and so she struggles to see what Jax sees in her and she bats him off and ignores it. There's a lot of push and pull between them, and it's very charming. At times I did get a little annoyed with Calla, especially with her insecurity but Jax soon made up for that!
Overall I really enjoyed Stay with Me. Anyway, they are a wonderful pair together. Despite all the troubles that Calla was going through, their relationship seemed more realistic and was made to last. [/INST] question: Who would like to read Stay with me most? | options: A: Adults B: Young adults C: Fans of young adults D: Parents | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Neuroblastoma, a highly malignant tumor of children, occurs along the distribution of the sympathetic nervous system. It is derived from ganglion cell precursors and thus usually causes an increased excretion of catecholamines and their metabolites. Because of its propensity to metastasize to bone and its histological resemblance to Ewing's sarcoma, its association with elevated catecholamine levels is a major factor in differential diagnosis.Renal stones occur in about half the cases of hyperparathyroidism. Other disorders sometimes associated with hyperparathyroidism include peptic ulcers, pancreatitis, and bone disease; central nervous system symptoms may also arise in connection with hyperparathyroidism. Occasionally, parathyroid adenomas occur in conjunction with neoplasms of other endocrine organs, a condition known as multiple endocrine adenomatosis.Cystic teratomas, or dermoid cysts, include endodermal, ectodermal, and mesodermal elements. They are characteristically cystic and contain poorly pigmented hair, sebaceous material, and occasionally teeth. Dermoid cysts occur in the gonads and central nervous system, as well as in the mediastinum. With rare exceptions, these lesions are benign.Thymomas are associated with myasthenia gravis, agammaglobulinemia, and red blood cell aplasia. These tumors are typically cystic and occur in the anterior mediastinum. Most thymic lesions associated with myasthenia gravis are hyperplastic rather than neoplastic.Persons afflicted with Hodgkin's disease have impaired cell-mediated immunity and are particularly susceptible to mycotic infections and tuberculosis. The severity of the immune deficiency correlates with the extent of the disease. The nodular sclerosing variant of primary mediastinal Hodgkin's disease is the most common type. [/INST] question: For the pathologic sign "Red blood cell aplasia" select the mediastinal tumor with which it is most likely to be associated (SELECT 1 TUMOR) | options: A: Thymoma B: Hodgkin's disease C: Neuroblastoma D: Parathyroid adenoma | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The term "Industry 4.0" refers to the fourth industrial revolution. The first industrial revolution was the production of goods with machines like steam engines, which was followed by the second industrial revolution that introduced mass production with the help of electric power, followed by the digital revolution --the use of electronics and IT in production.
Industry 4.0 is a high-tech project, which promotes the computerization of manufacturing . The basic principle of Industry 4.0 is that by connecting machines, work pieces and systems, we are creating intelligent networks along the entire value chain that can control each other automatically. The goal is the Smart Factory, which adapts well and uses resources efficiently as well as linking customers and business partners with great intelligence. Technological basis are the Internet systems and advanced factories. Experts believe that Industry 4.0 could be a reality in about 10 to 20 years.
So, what effects does this change have on the classic manufacturing? According to an expert, "it is highly likely that the world of production will become more and more networked until everything is connected with everything else." Networks and processes have so far been limited to one factory. But in the time of Industry 4.0, the boundaries of individual factories will most likely no longer exist. Instead, they will be lifted in order to inter-connect multiple factories or even geographical regions.
How is an Industry 4.0 factory different from a today's factory? In current industry environment, providing high-end quality service or product with the least cost is the key to success. Factories are trying to increase their profit as much as possible. In the time of Industry 4.0, various data sources are available to provide worthwhile information about different aspects of the factory. Using data for understanding the current condition and checking faults and failures is a natural thing. _ will enable these connected systems to manage themselves independently, work more efficiently and identify any errors quickly.
The good news is that Europe is much better prepared for the Industry 4.0 revolution than one might think. Europe will position itself as a pioneer in the fourth revolution. Industry 4.0 is a project in the high-tech strategy of the German government. Meanwhile, in the U.S., some companies are also working hard on it. But the success of industry depends on whether business and politics can work together. It's not only politics that needs to help open the door for Industry 4.0. Every company is advised to seize the new digital opportunities. [/INST] question: What marks the coming of Industry 4.0? | options: A: Steam engines B: Mass production C: Use of electronics D: Intelligent networks | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: When Han Duan started her professional career at 16, China's national women's football team was defeated in the final of the World Cup by the US. While she was asked to play in her first World Cup in 2003, she largely remained on the bench after the first match.
But things have changed. Now, Han is one of the most important players in China's team. "
," Han always says like that.
Han wants every possible honor that a football player can get -- an Asian Cup, a World Cup and an Olympic medal. She has always been good at sports, especially swimming and horizontal bars. At school, she was the fastest in the 60m and 100m.
But the reason she picked football was that she wanted to get more compliments . "Football is for boys. But I feel more fulfilled when I can do better than them and win more compliments," she said. Later, when she entered a football school, the coach always asked Han to show others what to do.
However, nobody can be good at everything. Han described her singing as "howling" and the only school subject she was good at was Chinese. "I was very happy every time my essay was posted on the wall for my schoolmates to read." But Han still has some regrets about her school years. Her handwriting was terrible at school. She ever wanted to improve her handwriting but didn't achieve much.
"My fans ask for my signature , so I'd better practice and practice. It's not too late," she says. [/INST] question: In the World Cup in 2003, Han Duan was a(n) _ . | options: A: member of the audience B: unimportant player C: team captain D: fan of a sports star | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Amiodarone is a widely used antiarrhythmic drug. It is related structurally to thyroid hormone and is stored in adipose tissue. The drug has a high iodine content as well. Taking amiodarone on an ongoing basis can lead to hypothyroidism by inhibiting deiodinase activity and by acting as a direct antagonist to T4 . In some cases, amiodarone-induced hypothyroidism resolves within a few months; however, in many, especially when accompanying anti-TPO antibodies are present, treatment with levothyroxine is needed. This can be easily monitored and adjusted. While answer a is a consideration, the patient likely needs the amiodarone given her tendency toward paroxysms of atrial fibrillation and the attendant risk of stroke. While starting a beta-blocker may prevent episodes of rapid ventricular response, this decision would be made with the help of her cardiologist, which is not mentioned. Anti-TPO antibodies increase the risk of hypothyroidism but are not necessary to guide therapy in this patient. Although prednisone may be used for treatment of amiodarone-induced hyperthyroidism, this patient has hypothyroidism, and prednisone is not indicated. [/INST] question: An 80-year-old woman is admitted to the intensive care unit with sepsis due to a urinary tract infection. While in the ICU she develops atrial fibrillation with rapid ventricular response and is treated with a loading dose of amiodarone. She converts to sinus rhythm and is sent home on amiodarone to prevent recurrences of atrial fibrillation. In the following weeks she develops increasing fatigue, dry skin, and constipation and her internist finds her TSH to be 25. She is in sinus rhythm. What is the best approach in this situation? | options: A: Stop the amiodarone and follow the TSH and the clinical response B: Start low dose levothyroxine and repeat TSH in 6 weeks C: Start a beta-blocker and begin weaning off the amiodarone D: Check for anti-TPO antibodies to help guide your decision | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Imagine you are doing this reading in this text on the computer; what else are you doing? Maybe you're eating a sandwich or drinking a cup of Starbucks. Should you eat while reading?
There aren't many believable numbers, but we do know the number of people who eat while sitting in front of some type of screen is growing. A recent study found that 33 percent of families always have the TV on during meal times and another 27 percent people have it on at least half the time. Another 10 percent may be texting, emailing or talking on a cell phone while eating.
Any type of these behaviors is bad, considering the following evidence:
A Canadian study found that children who watch more than three hours of cartoons a day are 50 percent more likely to be fat than children who watch fewer than two hours. The researchers concluded that more than 60 percent of overweight incidents can be connected with screen watching too much.
A three-week study found that adults who usually play with smartphones less burned 119 more calories per day.
One Chicago researcher found that people eat more potato chips while reading online than when they have the laptop turned off.
There has been very little investigation into eating with your eyes staring at a screen or reading a book, but it is likely that his mindless eating is related to weight gain. Simply speaking, your brain has no idea what is going on with your mouth because it is occupied by other things. You don't notice how full your stomach is, and you often don't even notice the taste or the act of chewing and swallowing, as a result of which, developing an adapted dietary habit is a must. [/INST] question: Which of the following statement is true? | options: A: Being focused while eating is a good way to have a good figure B: Adults' weight is not affected by their eating habits C: There exist many investigations into eating while reading D: This text must be found on a website | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Spotlight at Salem Academy and College
Academic Camp: Creative Writing, Environmental Education/ Science, Language
Camp Address
500 Salem Avenue
Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27101
USA
(800) 833-1753
Salem spotlight is designed to arouse intellectual curiosity with emphasis on the experience and development of the individual... (more)
Get more information about Spotlight at Salem Academy and College
Caribbean Summer Sea Camp
Academic Camp: Environmental Education/ Science
Camp Address
Off-Season Address
Box 37 North Coast Road PO Box 1461
Little Cayman, BWI Princeton, New Jersey
Cayman Islands 08542 USA
(609) 933-4559
The Caribbean Summer Sea Camp is a one-week adventure on Little Cayman Island. Campers dive or snorkel to explore the wonders of coral reefs, and view the diverse life in the sea around the island.
Coastal Camp at Headlands Institute
Academic Camp: Environmental Education/ Science
Camp Address
Bldg. 1033 Golden Gate National Recreation Area
Sausalito, California 94965
USA
(415) 332-6961
The Coastal Camp at Headlands Institute combines marine and coastal ecology themes with hands-on educational games and exciting opportunities for discovery in the great outdoors. By promoting environmental work, Coastal Camp allows kids to become responsible earth citizens.
Swift Nature Camp
Academic Camp: Environmental Education/ Science
Camp Address
Off-Season Address
W7471 Ernie Swift Rd 25 Baybrook
Minong, Wisconsin 54859 Oak Brook, Illinois USA
60523
(715) 466-5666
(630) 654-8036
Located in the Northwoods of Wisconsin on a 1,500-acre lake, this small camp offers hands-on nature studies. Self accomplishment is promoted while competition takes a back seat: Horses, Swimming, Scuba, Skiing, Sailing, Canoeing, Arts & Crafts and much more. [/INST] question: Alice, a girl of 10, hopes to learn more about ecology by playing games. Which telephone number should she dial? | options: A: (800) 833-1753 B: (415) 332-6961 C: (345) 948-1094 D: (715) 466-5666 | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The Islands of Hawaii
Hawaii
The "Big Island" of Hawaii is a paradise playground where visitors can enjoy a popular lifestyle and at the same time, witness the attraction of nature: thousands of square miles form a wonderland, featuring breathtaking beaches, forests, snow-covered mountains and amazing active volcanoes. A visit to Volcanoes National Park, which has been described as a true wonder of the world, is a must. It is the state's biggest attraction.
Accommodations
Seasons Resort Hualalai from $ 205.00Fairmont Orchid: from $108.00
Sightseeing and Experiences
Circle Island Tour: from $48.00
Kauai
The beautiful landscape of Kauai has led to it being called the "Garden Isle", but it is also referred to as the "Island of discovery", and with good reason - a land of striking natural contrasts just waiting to be explored. Green mountains, a breathtaking coastline and white sand beaches combine to make it one of the world's most relaxing locations.
Accommodations
Grand Hyatt Kauai: from $ 101.00Sheraton Kauai Resort: from $ 79.00
Maui
Voted the "World's Best Island", Maui is widely regarded as one of the most romantic destinations on earth.
It is known as the "Valley Isle" and was the ancient playground for Hawaiian royalty. The island is largely rural with a small and wonderful population and a host of attractions and nature wonders.
Accommodations
Hyatt Regency Maui Resort & Spa: from $ 87.00 Sheraton Maui: from $ 99.00
Oahu
Oahu has a unique rhythm, filling the air with sweet fragrances , music and language: from lovely beaches and amazing nightlife to beautiful rainforests and quiet valleys. Adventure, history, romance, discovery--Oahu waits for you.
Accommodations
Halekulani: from $ 121.00 Hilton Hawaiia: Village: from $ 73.00
Sightseeing and Experiences
Royal Circle Island Tour: from $ 34.00 Paradise Cove Lu'au: $ 44.00
# All prices are based on per person per night. [/INST] question: For a couple spending two nights in one of the accommodations, they have to pay at least _ . | options: A: $73.00 B: $146.00 C: $136.00 D: $292.00 | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: CYSTIC HYGROMA:
• Cystic hygromas are multiloculated cystic spaces lined by endothelial cells.
• It results due to sequestration of a portion of the jugular lymph sac from the lymphatic system.
• Cysts are filled with clear lymph and are lined by endothelium.
• Turner's syndrome is associated with cystic hygroma.
• Most cystic hygromas involve the lymphatic jugular sacs.
• MC site: Posterior neck region.
• Other common sites: Axilla, mediastinum, inguinal and retroperitoneal regions.
• Approximately 50% of them are present at birth.
• It may show spontaneous regression.
Clinical Features
• Usually present as soft cystic masses. that distort the surrounding anatomy, can result in acute airway obstruction.
• Usually manifests in the neonates or in early infancy (50% present at birth).
• Prone to infection and hemorrhage within the mass.
• Swelling is soft and partially compressible and invariably increases in size, when the child coughs or cries.
• Characteristic features: Brilliantly translucent.
Diagnosis
• MRI play a crucial role in preoperative planning.
Treatment
• Complete surgical excision is the preferred treatment.
• Injection of sclerosing agents, such as bleomycin or OK-432 (Picibanil), derived from Streptococcus pyogenes may eradicate the cystic hygroma. [/INST] question: Brilliantly translucent swelling in the neck region in a 2 year old child, diagnosis is | options: A: Lipoma B: Teratoma C: Cystic Hygroma D: Thyroglossal cyst | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Veebral aery [Ret Gray's anatomy 38/e section 10 Cardiovascular system)The coarctation may be:Preductal- where the narrowing is proximal to the ductus aeriosus or ligamentum aeriosum orPostductal- where the narrowing is distal to the ductus aeriosus or ligament= aeriosum.Collateral circulation connects the proximal and the distal aspects of the vessels over time. This collateral circulation will develop mainly from the- subclan,- axillary,- internal thoracic,- superior and inferior epigastric and- intercostal aeries.Following collateral connections may be seen:In the anterior thoracic wall, the internal mammary aeries (arising from subclan aeries) and the epigastric aeries join to form collaterals which supply the abdominal wall and the lower extremities.- Internal mammary aery gives rise to anterior intercostal aeries which forms anastomoses with the posterior intercostals (post intercostals arise from descending aoa).- Superior epigastric aery is terminal branch of internal mammary aery and anastomoses with inferior epigastric aery which arises from external iliac aery.Musculophrenic aery is terminal branch of internal mammary aery and it anastomoses with inferior phrenic and post intercostals.The Para scapular aeries (arising from subclan aery and axillary aeries) connect with the posterior intercostal aeries to form collaterals which supply the distal aoic compament.- The suprascapular aery from the subclan, and the thoraco-acrontial, lateral thoracic and subscapular aeries from the axillary and the first and second posterior intercostal aeries from the costocervical trunk anastomose with other posterior intercostal aeries.One smaller route of collateral formation can be subclan aery- veebral a- spinal aeries- post intercostals and lumbar aery - aoa.We have selected veebral aery as the ans as this appears to be least impoant collateral circulation. It is not mentioned in Gray's anatomy. It's stated as route of collateral formation in the website given in the reference. [/INST] question: In case of coarctation of aoa which of the following is not involved in collateral formation: | options: A: Veebral aery B: Posterior intercostal aery C: Axillary aery D: Subscapular aery | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Here is an interview with a painter. Read and choose the best.
Reporter:Mr Shum, you were one of Taiwan's most outstanding youths last year. Why was that?
Mr Shum:Well, I can tell you that there are two reasons.First, I am a painter. Second, and more important reason is I am handicapped . I have no arms and only one leg.
Reporter:Well, how do you paint then if you've got no arms? Do you use your foot?
Mr Shum:Hah! For some handicapped people, it's true and they are able to use their feet.No,I use my mouth. I put my paintbrush or my crayons or pencils or whatever I am using in my mouth. I hold it _ in my teeth and paint or draw like that. It was a little strange for me at first, but it quickly became very easy.
Reporter:I know you feel that you are first a painter and only secondly that you are a disablbed person, but can we talk first about your handicap?
Mr Shum:Well,in fact I think of myself firstly as a person, secondly as a painter and thirdly as someone with a physical handicap. Can I say that I am not happy with the word "handicapped"?
I am a popular painter because my paintings are good, not because they were painted by a handicapped person. "handicapped"means you can't do anything. It is difficult for me to do some things like getting dressed.
Reporter: Were you born with your handicap?
Mr Shum:No. An accident happened to me when I was 15 years old.After that I became depressed and even tried to end my life, but my mother was always there for me. [/INST] question: Mr Shum is a painter who has no _ . | options: A: mouth B: teeth C: feet D: arms | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Good manners play an important part in maintaining peace in society. A man with good manners doesn't hurt others' feelings, and therefore he's on good terms with everyone. In this way he helps to keep the peace in society.
But a man with bad manners has no respect for others. He uses words carelessly and behaves rudely towards others and causes a lot of unpleasantness. In the end, he himself will suffer the most. Everyone avoids him and he is forced to live alone.
To live well in society, money alone is not enough. Even the richest man cannot afford to have bad manners. He may have enough money to buy all things he wants; but if his manners are bad, he will have no friends, and no one can live happily without friends.
We should have good manners, for it's human nature to try to get friendship; and friendship has to be earned through our own attitude towards others. If we are kind to others, they will be kind to us, and kindness is the most basic quality of good manners. Bad manners drive away friends as well as our own family members.
On the other hand, a man with good manners has many friends. He commands the respect of all those who come into contact with him. He doesn't talk ill about others. Even when he's _ , he tries his best not to upset others. He also feels sorry about the weak and the disabled.
There are, however, many people who behave so well outside their homes that they are respected by everyone outside. But in their own homes they are worse than the devil . Such people cannot be said to have good manners. Their behavior will soon be discovered by others.
If one's manners are good, one behaves well everywhere, even when one is away from the critical eyes of others. Only such a person can live well in society. [/INST] question: People with good manners bring society _ . | options: A: peace B: enjoyment C: respect D: friendship | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Ron loved basketball. One afternoon on his way to a basketball game, he was walking and dreaming about playing college basketball the following year. As Ron was walking to the game, a car hit him so hard that he was thrown three feet into the air.
Ron woke up in a hospital room. When he learned that both his legs were broken, he realized his college basketball dreams were over. Ron did what the doctors told him, but his progress was slow. When he left the hospital, Ron was sent to a health center for physical treatment.
A week after he arrived there, he met Sunny. Sunny was a coach.His legs were hurt paralysed from a skiing accident. Even though he couldn't move his legs, Sunny coached of a basketball team called the Suns. Everybody on the team played from a wheelchair. Sunny invited Tony to join the game. Tony played badly, but for the first time since the accident, he stopped feeling sorry for himself.
After becoming a part of the Suns, Ron improved quickly. Basketball was like medicine for him. And whenever Ron became depressed or angry, Sunny was there to encourage and help him. The day before Ron left the center, he had dinner with Sunny. He asked Sunny how he managed to be generous and cheerful, even with his paralysis.
Sunny smiled and said, "It's really quite easy. When you keep your face to the sun, the shadows fall behind." [/INST] question: What happened to Ron on his way to a basketball game? | options: A: A car hit him B: He met his coach C: His doctor called him D: He fell down and cut his foot | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Most people have heard of shakespeare and probably know something of the plays that he wrote. However, not everybody knows much about the life of this remarkable man. Except perhaps that he was born in the market town of stratforduponAvon and that he married a woman called Anne Hathaway,We know nothing of his school life.We do not know,for example,how long it lasted,but we presume that he attended the local grammar school,where the principal subject taught was Latin.
Nothing certain is known of what he did between the time he left school and his departure for London.According to a local legend,he was beaten and even put in prison for stealing rabbits and deer from the estate of neighbouring landowner, Sir Thomas Lucy, It is said that because of this he was forced to run away from his native place.A different legend says that he was apprenticed to a Strstford butcher, but did not like the life and for this reason decided to leave Strstford.
Whatever caused him to leave the town of his birth, the world could be grateful that he did so.What is certain is that he set his foot on the road to fame when he arrived in London, It is said that at first he was without money or friends there, but that he earned a little by taking care of the horses of the gentleman who attended the plays at the theatre.They stopped and spoke to him.They found his conversations so brilliant that finally he was invited to join their compeny. [/INST] question: In the early life of Shakespeare,he_. | options: A: attended a public school B: lived in London C: studied Latin D: was put in prison for stealing cattle | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Wearing ties was originally the mark of Britain's most powerful classes, which made the tie itself a symbol of power and respect. And that led it to be adopted by a much larger tribe--the business tribe.
You cannot wear a tie if you work with machinery. So wearing a tie became a sign that you were a man who used your brain to make a living, rather than your hands. It showed you were serious. It showed you were a professional. It meant that everyone who wanted a job in business had to wear one. It was just impossible to take seriously a man who didn't wear a piece of color1ed silk around his neck.
This is how millions of people came to be wearing ties across the world. They are part of the uniform of business.
"Ties offer a point of indifference," says John Milne, head of the British Guide of Tie Makers. "They give a chance to say something about their own personality."
So if you happen to meet a man with a very brightly color1ed tie, there is a good chance that he is the office joker. There is also a good chance that he will be wearing brightly color1ed socks.
Is there a future for ties? The signs are not promising. Tie wearing seems to be rare among the new bread of entrepreneurs in the Internet and new technology industries. Many political leaders,including British Prime Minister Tony Blair, now go without ties. This shows they are men of the people--but not the people wearing ties.
Up until around 1960, it was common for men across the Western world to wear hats as part of their business uniform. That changed with the election of John F. Kennedy to the presidency of the United States. Kennedy never wore a hat in fact his nickname was"hatless Jack". Seeing that the most powerful man in the world did not have to wear a hat, millions of other men decided that they did not have to, either. Hats simply vanished across the Western world. Perhaps"tieless Tony"(UK Prime Minister Tony Blair) will have the same effect as "hatless Jack". [/INST] question: In Britain, ties were first used as a sign to show a person's _ . | options: A: personality B: social position C: job D: favorite hobby | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Benjamin Franklin was born on January 17, 1706 in Boston, America. He is best known as a scientist and politician today. One of his most famous inventions is the lightning rod .And he is also regarded as "the Founder of the United States" because of his success in politics. However, he is not just an inventor and politician.
Franklin is a great chess player. He started playing chess in 1733 and this made him the first chess player in the American history. He wrote a book about his story of playing chess in December,1786. In this book, he hoped to find connections between chess and life. He and his friend even used chess to learn Italian. It was a very interesting experience in his early life.
Not only a great chess player, Franklin is also known to play the violin ,the harp , and the guitar. He used some glasses to produce a clear and sweet sound just like birds' singing.
Benjamin Franklin died at his home in the USA at the age of 84. There were about 20,000 people who were present at his funeral . People respect him, love him and believe he is one of the four greatest men in the world. [/INST] question: Benjamin Franklin was born in _ . | options: A: Britain B: Italy C: America D: Germany | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Your car is a necessary part of your life. You use it every day. Of course, you want to hold on to it so you make sure it has the latest alarm and immobilizer. But despite all these, cars like yours are still stolen every day. In fact, in this country, one car is stolen almost every minute! And if your car is stolen, you only have a 50:50 chance of seeing it again.
Each year, car crime costs nearly PS3 billion. Of course, if you're insured, you won't lose out, or will you? Firstly, you will have to pay extra insurance later on, and then you may not be offered the full amount by the agent. You will probably have to hire a car and you will also lose the value of the contents and accessories in the car.
Now comes the solution. An RAC Trackstar system, hidden in one of 47 possible secret locations in your car, is the key of our system. If your car is stolen, radio signals are sent at twenty-second intervals from the car to the RAC Trackstar National Control Center via a satellite network. Then a computer gives the vehicle's exact location, speed and direction.
The RAC Trackstar National Control Center, which operates 24 hours a day, 365 days a year, will immediately inform the police in the area where the car is located. Because the police receive information every twenty seconds, they will always know the vehicle's location. Once the thief has been arrested, your car will be returned to you.
RAC Trackstar is unique in being able to provide the National Control Center with details of the exact location of your car, its speed and direction. And speed is the key to successful recovery of a stolen vehicle. RAC Trackstar Control will immediately tell the police if you report your car stolen and under the 24-hour Guardian Option. _ will also tell you if your car has been stolen. RAC Trackstar's constant updates mean the police are kept informed of the car's location. All these greatly improve your chances of seeing your car again. [/INST] question: If your car is stolen, you will have to _ . | options: A: hire a new car B: pay more insurance C: buy a RAC Trackstar system D: inform the National Control Center | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Ref. GG I2!h edp.799 Explanation: Direct Renin Inhibitor DRIs are a novel class of antihypertensive drugs that inhibit the RAS at its origin. Angiotensinogen is the only specific substrate for renin, and its conversion to AngI presents a rate-limiting step for the generation of downstream components of the RAS. Aliskiren is a low-molecular-weight non-peptide that is a potent competitive inhibitor of renin. It binds the active site of renin to blocks the conversion of angiotensinogen to Ang I, thus reducing the consequent production of Ang II. Aliskiren has a 10.000-fold higher affinity to renin than to any other aspartic peptidases. The till is 20-45 hours. Plasma protein binding is 50% and is independent of concentration. Aliskiren is a substrate for P-glycoprotein (Pgp). which accounts for low absorption. Adverse Events- diarrhea, nasopharyngitis, cough (cough was much less common than with ACE inhibitors), elevated uric acid, renal stones, and gout. Like other RAS inhibitors, aliskiren is not recommended in pregnancy. Aliskiren reduces absorption of furosemide by 50%. Note: Vernakalant is an investigational multi-channel blocker that was developed for the treatment of atrial fibrillation. Adverse effects of vernakalant include dysgeusia (disturbance of taste), sneezing, paresthesia, cough, and hypotension. [/INST] question: Which of the following is a direct renin inhibitor? | options: A: Aliskrein B: Losartan C: Perindopril D: Vernakalant | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: By knowing what kind of learner you are,you can organize your study to best suit your particular way of learning.
Visual learning style
These learners like to draw,build,design and make things.They like looking at pictures and enjoy jigsaw puzzles and mazes.They tend to think in pictures rather than words.
Verbal learning style
These learners are very good at listening and are often very good speakers and story tellers.They think in words rather than pictures.They like to read and write,and usually have good memories for such things as names,dates and places.
Logical learning style
These learners are very logical. They easily recognize numerical and word patterns and look for logical connections between ideas.They like to figure things out for themselves and love solving problems.They enjoy working with abstract ideas.
Bodily learning style
These learners like to move around a lot and to touch objects and people.They often wave their hands around when they are talking.They are good at physical activities,such as sport and dancing,and they enjoy making things with their hands.
Naturalistic learning style
These learners love to be outside.They are interested in nature and are usually fond of animals.They are often involved with nature conservation groups.They are excellent at planning picnics and other outdoor activities.They like to understand how things in nature work.
Music learning style
These learners appreciate music.They are usually good at singing or playing musical instruments and can often compose music.They are often very sensitive to noises around them and are sometimes easily distracted by background noises.
Interpersonal learning style
These learners like to be surrounded by people.They usually have lots of friends and like to join groups and clubs.They ale often the leaders of any group they join and they are very good peace makers.
Intrapersonal learning style
These people are quite happy in their own company.They spend a lot of time thinking about things such as their dreams and hopes and their relationships with other people.They prefer to work alone and to follow their own interests. [/INST] question: If a person usually puts things into categories and sorts when thinking,he is most probably _ . | options: A: a bodily learner B: a visual learner C: a logical learner D: a verbal learner | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: .External radiotherapy is given over the breast area, axilla (in selected patients like if axillary dissection is not done or more than 4 positive axillary nodes), internal mammary and supraclavicular area * Total dosage 5000 cGY units * 200-cGY units daily 5 days a week for 6 weeks.indications for radiation therapy for carcinoma breat includes * After total mastectomy, external irradiation is given to axilla. * Patients with higher risk of local relapse after surgery: - a. Invasive carcinoma. b. Extensive in situ carcinoma. c. Patients under 35 years. d. With multifocal disease. * In bone secondaries, to palliate pain and swelling. If there is pathological fracture in the bone, internal fixation has to be done along with external irradiation. * Inflammatory carcinoma of breast. * In atrophic scirrhous carcinoma of breast, as a curative radiotherapy. * As preoperative radiotherapy, to reduce the tumour size and downstage the tumour, so that the operability is better. * More than 4 positive lymph nodes in the axilla, pectoral fascia involvement, positive surgical margins, extranodal spread or in patients with axillary status not known/not assessed. ref:SRB&;s manual of surgery,ed 3,pg no 485 [/INST] question: Radiotherapy after mastectomy would not be required in which of the following case scenarious of breast ca | options: A: Large tumor B: Metastasis C: Axillary nodal involvement D: Positive margins | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: An ancient Egyptian mummy thought to be that of Pharaoh Ramses I has returned home after more than 140 years in North American museums. The body was carried off the plane in Cairo in a box covered in Egypt's flag.
The Michael Carlos Museum gave it back after tests showed it was probably that of the man who ruled 3,000 years ago. The US museum acquired it three years ago from a Canadian museum, which in turn is thought to have bought it from Egyptian garve robbers in 1860. The mummy was welcomed back home with songs and military band music during a ceremony at the national museum in Cairo.
Zahi Hawass, head of Egypt's Supreme Council of Antiquities , traveled from the US with the body and said it would be moved next year to the Luxor Museum in southern Egypt. "We are not 100% sure that mummy is that of Ramses I," said Mr. Hawass. "But we are 100% sure that it is of a king."
Atlanta's Michael Carlos Museum acquired the mummy in 1999, but offered to return it after hi-tech scanning equipment indicated it was likely to be that of Ramses I. The museum website said it had been acquired from the Niagara Falls Museum. It is thought a Canadian collector bought the mummy for the Niagara Falls Museum around 1860 from an Egyptian family which had came across a tomb filled with royal mummies at a site near Luxor.
Mr. Hawass praised the handover as "a great, civilized gesture". And he appealed to other world museums to return Egypt's antiquities, particularly the Rosetta Stone in the Britain Museum and the Bust of Nefertiti in the Berlin Museum. [/INST] question: Where was Ramses mummy kept in just before the handover? | options: A: the Luxor Museum B: the Michael Carlos Museum C: the Niagara Falls Museum D: a Canadian Museum | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: (SLE) (598-R) (408-Basic pathology 8th)In SLE, mitral and tricuspid valvulitis with small sterile vegetatons called Libman-Sachs endocarditis is occasionally encounteredDistinguishing features of vegetations in major forms of EndocarditisFeaturesRheumaticLibman-sachsNon - bacterial thrombotic (merantic)Bacterial1. Valves commonly affectedMitral aloneMitral and aortic combinedMitral, tricuspidMainly bacterial less often aortic and tricuspidMitral, aortic combined mitral and aortic2. Location on valve cusps or leaflets* Occurs along the line of closure, atrial surface of AV valves and ventricularOccurs in both surface of valve leaflets or cusps in the valve pocketsOccurs along the line of closureSABE more often on diseased valve ABE on previously normal surface of semilunar valves valves, location same as in RHD3. MicroscopySmall, multiple, warty, grey brown, translucent firmly attached sterile, generally permanent valvular deformityMedium sized, multiple, generally do not produce significant valvular deformitySmaller but longer than those rheumatic single or multiple brownish firm but more friable than those of rheumaticOften large, grey tawny to greenish, irregular, single or multiple typically friable4. Common causeRheumatic feverSLE* Debilated patients cancer or sepsis* Hyper coagulable states* Promyelocytic leukemia* T estrogen state* BumsInfective endocarditis [/INST] question: Libman sach's endocarditis is found in | options: A: Rheumatoid arthritis B: SLE C: Syphilis D: Systemic sclerosis | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Social change is more likely to occur in societies where there is a mixture of different kinds of people than in societies where people are similar in many ways. The simple reason for this is that there are more different ways of looking at things present in the first kind of society. There are more ideas, more disagreements in interest, and more groups and organizations with different beliefs. In addition, there is usually a greater worldly interest and greater tolerance in mixed societies. All these factors tend to promote social change by opening more areas of life to decision. In a society where people are quite similar in many ways, there are fewer occasions for people to see the need or the opportunity for change because everything seems to be the same. And although conditions may not be satisfactory, they are at least socially accepted customs.
Within a society, social change is also likely to occur more frequently and more readily in the material aspects of the culture than in the non-material, for example, in technology rather than in values; in what has been learned later in life rather than what was learned early; in the less basic and less emotional aspects of society than in their opposites; in the simple elements rather than in the complex ones; in form rather than in substance ; and in elements that are acceptable to the culture rather than in strange elements.
Furthermore, social change is easier if it is gradual. For example, it comes more readily in human relations on a continuous scale rather than on a sharp _ . This is one reason why change has not come more quickly to Black Americans as compared to other American minorities, because of the sharp difference in appearance between them and white counterparts. [/INST] question: Which of the following factors tends to promote social change? | options: A: Different points of view B: Less emotional people C: Advanced technology D: Similar interests | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: (Autosomal dominant) (280- Khurana 4th)RETINOBLASTOMA - Most common intraocular tumour of childhood and malignant melanoma of choroid in adults*** Identified as band on the long arm of chromosome 13(13ql4)* Most hereditary cases are multifocal* Inheritance is autosomal dominant and the risk of transmitting the gene mutation is 50%* Leukocoria ox yellowish - while pupillary reflex** (also called as amaurotic cat's eye appearance) is the commonest features* In the presence of calcification it gives the typical "Cottage- cheese " appearance* Calcification occurs in 75% is almost pathognomic of Retinoblastoma* Enucleation is the treatment of choice when* Tumour involves more than half of the retina* Optic nerve is involved* Glucoma is present and anterior chamber is involved* External beam radiation therapy spares vision and the cosmetic use of the globe* Palliative therapy (chemotherapy, surgical debulking of the orbit or orbital exentration and External beam radiotherapy (EBRT) is given in following cases where prognosis for life is dismal in spite of aggressive treatment* Retinoblastom with orbital extension* Retinoblastoma with intracranial extension* Retinoblastoma with distant metastasis [/INST] question: Retinoblastoma is | options: A: Autosomal dominant B: Autosomal recessive C: X - linked recessive D: X- linked dominant | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Bronchoalveolar lavage in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, a chronic inflammatory disorder of the lower respiratory tract characterized by dyspnea and reticulonodular infiltrates on chest radiography, discloses an abundance of alveolar macrophages. Probably related to locally generated immune complexes, alveolar macro phages become activated and then produce several mediators that recruit and induce fibroblast proliferation, which causes secondary damage. Macrophage-derived mediators believed to be important in this process include fibronectin, a 200-kDa dimeric glycoprotein that interacts with connective tissue matrix as well as specific receptors on fibroblasts, and platelet-derived growth factor, whose chain is encoded by the c-sis protooncogene. Platelet-derived growth factor is believed to play an important role in recruiting fibroblasts to the site of inflammation. Macrophages also producechemotaxins such, as leukotriene 84 and interleukin 8, which attract neutrophils and eosinophils into the region. [/INST] question: The primary pathophysiologic problem in in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is believed to be | options: A: Microorganism mediated activation of pulmonary neutrophils B: Immune complex mediated activation of alveolar macrophages C: Direct immune complex mediated pulmonary interstitial damage D: Primary fibroblast | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Let's say you took violin lessons all through elementary school, but you haven't got the instrument out of its case for years. Were all those lessons a waste of your parents' money because you didn't become a violinist?
Even though it has been a long time since you played the violin, a new study shows that as little as one year of music training can have a positive impact on your brain that will last the rest of your life.
In an experiment, researchers compared children who had taken music lessons to those who hadn't. Laurel Trainor, who studies music and the mind, discovered that the musically-trained children had better brain responses in certain sound recognition exams. Trainor's findings show the possibility that musical education can actually improve the brain's hearing cortex . "The study's results show that music training affects attention and memory, and helps children develop learning skills. In this way music training might lead to better learning across a number of fields," Trainor said in a statement. The effects of music education are even more obvious on children with difficulty in reading and writing and other language-related disabilities.
So, whether you can play a good piece of music or not, it's likely that your years of music lessons have prepared your brain for all the speeches, emails, and adult conversations that are part of your life today. We should help make sure that children today have the same opportunities for music, and help out by volunteering with or donating instruments to your school's music education department. [/INST] question: Compared with children who haven't taken music lessons, musically-trained children _ . | options: A: sing better B: do better in exams C: recognize sounds better D: response more quickly | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Sporotrichosis : Is a subacute or chronic infection caused by sporothrix scheinkii characterised by nodular lesions and ulcers in the skin and subcutaneous tissue and lymph nodes with occasional involvement of internal organs. Etiology : Causative organism:sporothrix scheinkii Dimorphic fungus Mycelia at 26c- bearing flower head endings of mycelia Yeast at 37c Saprophyte in soil and dead plants Route of entry scratches thorn prick Histopathology: Asteroid bodies basphilic yeast like body surrounded by radiating homogeneous eosinophilic material surrounded by granulomatous reaction. Clinical features Lymphocutaneous sporotrichosis =Trauma followed by development of nodules and ulcers along the line of lymphatic stocks Mucocutaneous sporotrichosis Fixed cutaneous sporotrichosis Pulmonary sporotrichosis Disseminated sporotrichosis Laboratory diagnosis. Sabourauds dextrose agar culture Animal inoculation cigar bodies in pus from lesions Sporotrichin skin test Treatment: Treatment of choice for lymphocutaneous lesion: saturated solution of potassium iodide three drops tid Itraconazole Terbinafine Voriconazole Iadvl textbook of dermatology page 306 PSORIASIS:-Inflammatory skin disease.Genetic predisposition. Psoriasis susceptibility 1 (PSORS1) is the most impoant susceptibility locus. 1. Classic lesion-Well defined erythematous plaque with a silvery white scales.2. Size varies from pin point papules to plaques. LICHEN PLANUS:- Inflammatory T cell mediated auto immune disorder affecting skin, hair,nails and mucous membranes. Four Ps- purple , polygonal and pruritic papule. Classic lesion- small polygonal shaped, and red/ violet, flat topped papule. Surface is slightly shiny/ transparent,and a network of fine,white lines called 'Wickhams striae' or small grey white puncta is also seen. [/INST] question: Linear lesion is seen in - | options: A: Sporotrichosis B: Lichen planus C: Psoriasis D: Pemphigus | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The iPhone, the iPad, each of Apple's products sounds cool and has become a fad . Apple has cleverly taken advantage of the power of the letter "i" - and many other brands are following suit. The BBC's iPlayer - which allows Web users to watch TV programs on the Internet -adopted the title in 2008. A lovely bear - popular in the US and UK - that plays music and video is called "iTeddy". A slimmed-down version of London's Independent newspaper was launched last week under the name "i".
In general, single-letter prefixes have been popular since the 1990s, when terms such as e-mail and e-commerce first came into use.
Most "i" products are targeted at young people and considering the major readers of Independent's "i", it's no surprise that they've selected this fashionable name.
But it's hard to see what's so special about the letter "i". Why not use "a", "b", or "c" instead? According to Tony Thorne, head of the Language Center at King's College, London, "i" works because its meaning has become _ When Apple uses "i", no one knows whether it means Internet, information, individual or interactive, Thorne told BBC Magazines. "Even when Apple created the iPod, it seems it didn't have one clear definition," he says.
"However, thanks to Apple, the term is now associated with portability ."adds Thorne.
Clearly the letter "i" also agrees with the idea that the Western World is centered on the individual. Each person believes they have their own needs, and we love personalized products for this reason.
Along with "Google" and "blog", readers of BBC Magazines voted "i" as one of the top 20 words that have come to define the last decade.
But as history shows, people grow tired of fads. From the 1900s to 1990s, products with "2000" in their names became fashionable as the year was associated with all things advanced and modern. However, as we entered the new century, the trend inevitably disappeared. [/INST] question: People use iPlayer to _ . | options: A: listen to music B: make a call C: watch TV programs online D: read newspapers | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: LUDWIG'S ANGINA - Submandibular space lies between mucous membrane of the floor of mouth and tongue on one side and superficial layer of deep cervical fascia extending between the hyoid bone and mandibular on the other.it is divided into two compaments by the mylohyoid muscle. Ludwig's angina is infection of submandibular space. Etiology - dental infections. They account for 80 percent of the cases. Submandibular sialadenitis, injury to oral mucosa and fractures of the mandible account for other cases. CLINICAL FEATURES- There is marked difficulty in swallowing (odynophagia) with varying degrees of trismus. When infection is localized to the floor of mouth are swollen and tongue seems to be pushed up and back. Usually there is cellulitis of the tissue rather than frank abscess. tongue is progressively pushed upward and backward threatening the airway. laryngeal edema may appear. Rx- Systemic antibiotics. Incision and drainage of abscess. RETROPHARYNGEAL SPACE - It lies behind the pharynx between the buccopharyngeal fascia covering pharyngeal constrictor muscles and the preveebral fascia.it extends from the base of skull to the bifurcation of trachea. The space is divided into two lateral compaments (Space of Gillette) by a fibrous raphe. each lateral space contains retropharyngeal nodes which usually disappear at 3- 4 years of age. Parapharyngeal space communicates with the retropharyngeal space. [/INST] question: Ludwig's angina occurs due to infection of: | options: A: Submandibular space B: Retropharyngeal space C: Pharyngomaxillary space D: Peritonsillar space | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Common eating disorders include anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating disorder. Bulimia nervosa is characterized by recurrent and frequent episodes of eating unusually large amounts of food and feeling a lack of control over these episodes. This binge-eating is followed by behavior that compensates for the overeating such as forced vomiting, excessive use of laxatives or diuretics, fasting, excessive exercise, or a combination of these behaviors. Anorexia nervosa is characterized by emaciation, a relentless pursuit of thinness and unwillingness to maintain a normal or healthy weight, intense fear of gaining weight, distoed body image, a self-esteem that is heavily influenced by perceptions of body weight and shape, or a denial of the seriousness of low body weight, lack of menstruation among girls and women, extremely restricted eating. With binge-eating disorder a person loses control over his or her eating. Unlike bulimia nervosa, periods of binge-eating are not followed by purging, excessive exercise, or fasting. As a result, people with binge-eating disorder often are over-weight or obese. Adjustment disorder occurs when an individual is unable to adjust to or cope with a paicular stressor, like a major life event. Conversion disorder is where patients suffer from apparently neurological symptoms, such as numbness, blindness, paralysis, or fits, but without a neurological cause. [/INST] question: A medical student of normal body weight comes with parotid abscess and dental caries. She gets irritated on enquiring about her eating habits. What is the most probable diagnosis? | options: A: Adjustment disorder B: Bulimia C: Anorexia Nervosa D: Conversion reaction | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: If your mother wants to tell you something , she uses words . Birds can not talk as we do . But some birds can make sounds to warn their young of danger . They have their own ways to make the young birds do certain thing .
The jackdaw is a kind of blackbirds that lives in Europe . Jackdaws live together in flocks. Yong jackdaws do not know their enemies . When an older jackdaw sees a dog , it makes a loud tattling sound. The young birds know this sound means an enemy is nearby. The sounds warns them to know their enemy .
If a young jackdaw is in a dangerous place, a jackdaw parent flies over him from behind .The parent bird flies low over the young birds back, the parents' tail feathers move quickly from side to side, It is trying to say , " Follow me ."
At the same time , the parent calls out , " Key-aw ,Key-aw ." The parent means , " Fly home with me ." The young bird then follows the older one home .
Young jackdaws do not have to learn what certain sounds mean. They know the meaning of these sounds from the time they hatch (,). [/INST] question: The jackdaw lives in _ . | options: A: Europe B: Australia C: America D: Africa | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Posture is regulated or acquired by reflex redistribution of tone in various muscle groups. Magnet reaction, also known as positive suppoing reaction, is seen in the spinal animal; Centre - Spinal cord Tonic neck reflex is seen in the decerebrate animal;Center - Vestibular nuclei. Neck righting reflex is seen in the midbrain or thalamic animal. Center - Midbrain nuclei/red nucleus. Optical righting reflex ~ When a person is falling, the surrounding objects will be seen tilted; and, from this visual input the upright posture will be retained. Center - Visual coex. Thus, intact coex is required for this reaction. Postural Reflexes and their centres Reflexes Integrated in Stretch reflex Positive suppoing reaction Negative suppoing reaction Spinal cord Tonic labyrinthine and tonic neck reflexes Medulla Righting reflexes (except optical righting reflexes) Labyrinthine righting reflexes Neck righting reflexes Body on head righting reflexes Body on body righting reflexes Midbrain Conditioned reflex Optical righting reflexes Hopping and placing reaction Coex [/INST] question: Which one of the following postural reflexes/reaction requires intact coex? | options: A: Tonic neck reflex B: Neck righting reflex C: Magnet reaction D: Optical righting reflex | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Kendall Ciesemier says she's like any other schoolgirl. She keeps herself busy with school, friends and family. There is one thing, though. Not many other 14-year-olds can say they run a successful charity helping children in Africa. In three years, the eighth-grader from the US has raised $100,000 for African AIDS orphans .
Kendall knew she had to help the children of Sub-Saharan Africa once their terrible situation was shown on The Oprah Winfrey Show. "I could not imagine how I would go through such a hard time that they would have to go through," Kendall says. She took $360 of her own savings to help a little girl from Zambia that same night.
That was just the start. Kendall sold bread and soft drinks with her classmates at her school to raise more money. She also sold "Bow-Wow Bling Bling" dog necklaces to raise more. The money helps children pay for things like shoes and school uniforms. Kendall says, "A uniform to go to school costs $10. Ten dollars. Here, it's not a lot of money, but there, that means too much money. I mean, it could change a whole kid's life."
Kendall has had her own health struggles. She was born with a disease called biliary atresia , and had two liver transplants in 2004. "I'm just a girl who wants to help those kids who are in trouble," said Kendall. [/INST] question: How did Kendall feel when she watched The Oprah Winfrey Show? | options: A: Happy B: Nervous C: Worried D: Surprised | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: We like to keep our distance from others and there are very specific social rules about how close we can go to others in particular situations. The social distances here are approximate, of course and will vary with people. But they are still a good general rule. Hall identified four zones that are common for Americans:
Public Zone: >12 feet. The public zone is generally over 12 feet. That is, when we're walking around town, we'll try to keep at least 12 feet between us and other people. Of course there're many times when we cannot do this. We'll start to notice other people who are with in this distance. The closer they get, the more we become aware.
Social Zone:4-12 feet. Within the social zone, we start to feel a connection with other people. When they're closer, then we can talk with them without having to shout, but still keep them at a safe distance. This is a comfortable distance for people who are standing in a group but maybe not talking directly with one another.
Personal Zone: 1.5-4feet. In the personal zone, the conversation gets more direct, and this is a good distance for two people who are talking seriously about something.
Intimate Zone: <1.5 feet. When a person is within arm's reach or closer, then we can touch them in intimate ways. Romance of all kinds happens in this space. Entering intimate zone of somebody else can be very threatening.
The rules about social distances vary with different groups of people. People who live in towns spend more time close to one another. In a large and crowded city, the distances will be less than in a small town. Different countries also have different rules about social distances. Watch a Japanese person talking at a party with a person from a Western country. The Japanese will step in and the Westerner will step back. Speeded up, it's like a dance around the room. [/INST] question: In a less crowded place, an American usually keeps a stranger at a distance of _ . | options: A: about 1.5 feet B: less than 4 feet C: about 2 feet D: more than 12 feet | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Glaucoma is a major cause of blindness around the world, especially in developing countries. The World Health Organization says glaucoma is a greater public health challenge than cataracts , because the blindness caused by the latter can be cured after operations.
Glaucoma is a disease that makes people around the world lose their sight, and they usually don't even know they have the disease until it has permanently destroyed at least 40 percent of their sight. The process is usually so painless and subtle , so people don't notice it. Actually, the simplest medical test can discover it.
"It is the leading cause of blindness in the United States. In Hispanics and in African-Americans, it's the second leading cause of blindness and so is the case in the Chinese and Indians." said Dr. Alan Robin, a specialist in treating glaucoma. "The glaucoma we see in sub-Saharan Africa is a much more aggressive blinding disease than the glaucoma we see in Americans or even African- Americans in-the United States." he said. .
Dr. Eric Fleischer also sees
at Medstar Washington Hospital Center. "Pretty much anybody who has ancestors in Africa has an increased chance of developing glaucoma." Age is another thing that may lead to glaucoma, although people of all ages can get it.
Glaucoma is a group of diseases that commonly produce pressure in the eye. An eye is sort of like a watch. And behind the face of the watch, liquid is made. It goes through your pupil and into the front of the watch between the face and the crystal.There's an area around the edge of the watch that drains the liquid. When that drain is blocked, the liquid can't leave the eye as fast as it is produced. The rising pressure within the eye damages and eventually kills the optic nerve. The result is blindness.
Fortunately, if caught early, glaucoma can be controlled. Glaucoma is not curable. But as researchers worldwide lean more about it, they grow more hopeful that glaucoma can one day be cured or even prevented. [/INST] question: In which country is glaucoma the biggest danger to people's sight? | options: A: In China B: In India C: In the USA D: In Japan | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Lean body mass if normal usually rules out PEM. Normal extracellular fluid or serum potassium doen not help in ruling out PEM Normal skin fold thickness in a child does not rule out PEM, as skinfold thickness can increase in children with edema (fluid in the subcutaneous tissue) A skinfold caliper is used to assess the skinfold thickness, so thata prediction of the total amount of body fat can be made. This method is based on the hypothesis that the body fat is equally distributed over the body and that the thickness of the skinfold is a measure for subcutaneous fat. The sum of four skinfolds To estimate the total amount of body fat, four skinfolds are measured: Biceps skinfold (front side middle upperarm) Triceps skinfold (back side middle upperarm) Subscapular skinfold (under the lowest point of the shoulder blade) Suprailiac skinfold (above the upper bone of the hip) For this measurement the patient must be able to sit or stand in an upright position For this measurement the patient must be able to sit or stand in an upright position. [/INST] question: Which of the following if normal rules out PEM? | options: A: Skin fold thickness B: ECF Fluid C: Lean body mass D: Serum Potassium | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Causes of cherry red spot
GM2 gangliosidoses (Tay sachs & sandhoff)
GM1 gangliosidoses
Niemann - Pick's disease
Gaucher's disease
Metachromatic leukodystrophy
Central retinal artery occlusion (CRAG)
Trauma (Berlin's edema / commotio retinae)
Quinine and Dapsone
Farber's disease
Goldberg's disease
Cryoglobulinemia
Laber's congenital amaurosis
Sialidosis (galactosialidosis)
Mucopolysacharidosis VII
Multiple sulfatase deficiency
Poisoning :- Carbon mono-oxide, methanol
Shprintzen-Goldberg syndrome
Hallervorden spatz disease
Rarely in krabbe's disease [/INST] question: Cherry red spot found in –a) Gangliosidosisb) Retinopathy of prematurityc) Tay– Sach\'s diseased) Gaucher's diseasee) Retinal detachment | options: A: abc B: acd C: bc D: bde | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: New Orleans, Louisiana, was established as part of the French Empire in 1718.
Its location on the east bank of the Mississippi River gave it control of the American hinerland and it became strategically important to many nations. It was transferred from France to Spain, returned to France, and finally sold by Napoleon to the United States in 1803. The city was the site of a famous battle fought in 1815 between the British, who hoped to control it, and the Americans under General Andrew Jackson.
The riverbed of the Mississippi is constantly silting and the river is now actually higher than the city. Levees hold back the river and giant pumps are used to move water from the city into the river.
Although New Orleans has been a part of the United States for almost two centuries, its population takes great pride in its French heritage. Louisiana still retains parts of the Code Napoleon which, for many years, was its only law.
New Orleans is carefree city and it boasts its hot, spicy Creole seafood and its native Dixieland Jazz. The Jackson Square neighborhood maintains its French colonial homes and in other sections are pre-Civil War mansions. Visitors are surprised to find that behind this interesting surface of yesteryear is a busy industrial and port city. Grain and coal come from the Midwest and foreign goods are unloaded here. New Orleans is no longer a sleepy Southern town----but it's still fun to visit. [/INST] question: The battle of New Orleans was fought by Jackson against _ . | options: A: France B: Britain C: Spain D: The North | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Britain's most popular lie has been disclosed, with one in four people admitting using "sorry I had no signal" when returning a missed mobile phone call, a survey found.
Researchers found the average Briton tells on average four lies every day or almost 1500 every year. Almost one in six men admitted they were most likely to lie to their wife or girlfriend, on average at least twice a day. The most popular lie was saying you had no mobile phone signal, with one in four people admitting regularly using the little white lie. It usually came after they hit the "ignore" button when their mobile rang.
Three quarters of people think women are better liars. The research found 46 per cent of girls have been caught lying, compared to 58 of men.
The second most common _ is "I haven't got any cash on me" when asked for money by beggars and Big Issue sellers. "Nothing's wrong - I'm fine" came third followed by "You look lovely" and "Nice to see you".
Modern technology turned out to have contributed to many lies with "I didn't get your text" in 18th, "Our server was down" in 20th and "My battery died" in 26th place. Other lies to make the top ten included "I'll give you a ring", "We're just good friends" and "We'll have to meet up soon". "I'm on my way" and "No, your bum doesn't look big in that" completed the top ten.
In many cases perhaps it is better to delight someone with a fib than destroy someone with the truth, according to a spokesman for OnePoll, which carried out the research of 4,300 adults. He added: 'As a nation we just like trying to be nice and not upsetting people. Often little white lies can cover what we actually want to say. Most of these were considered completely harmless. ' [/INST] question: "You look lovely" and "Sorry, I had no signal" ranked _ on the popular-lie list. | options: A: fourth and tenth B: fourth and first C: third and tenth D: third and first | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The baby monkey is much more developed at brith than the human baby. Almost from the moment it is born,the baby monkey can move around and hold tightly to its mother. During the first few days of its life the baby will approach and hold onto almost any large,warm, and soft object in its environment , particularly if that object also gives it milk. After a week or so , however, the baby monkey begins to avoid newcomers and focuses its attentions on "mother"-----the real mother or the mother-substitute .
During the first two weeks of its life warmth is perhaps the most important psychological thing that a monkey mother has to give to its baby. The Harlows, a couple who are both psychologists, discovered this fact by offering baby monkeys a choice of two types of mother-substitutes ----one covered with cloth and one make of bare wire. IF the two artificial mothers were both the same temperature, the little monkeys always preferred the cloth mother. However, if the wire model was heated, while the cloth model was cool, for the first two weeks after brith the baby monkeys picked the warm wire mother-substitutes as their favorites. Thereafter they switched and spent most of their time on the more comfortable cloth mother.
Why is cloth preferable to bare wire? Sometime that the Harlows called contact comfort seems to be the answer, and a most powerful influence it is. Baby monkeys spend much of their time rubbing against their mothers' skins, putting themselves in as close contact with the parent as they can. Whenever the young animal is frightened, disturbed, or annoyed, it typically rushes to its mother and rubs itself against her body. Wire does n't "rub"as well as does soft cloth. Prolonged "contact comfort" with a cloth mother appears to give the babies confidence and is much more rewarding to them than is either warmth or milk.
According to the Harlows, the basic quality of a baby's love for its mother is trust. If the baby is put into an unfamiliar playroom without its mother, the baby ignores the toys no matter how interesting they might be. It screams in terror and curls up into a furry little ball. If its cloth mother is now introduced into the playroom, the baby rushes to it and holds onto it for dear life. After a few minutes of contact comfort, it obviously begins to feel more secure. It then climbs down from the mother-substitute and begins to explore the toys, but often rushes back for a deep embrace as if to make sure that its mother is still there and that all is well. Bit by bit its fears of the new environment are gone and it spends more and more time playing with the toys and less and less time holding onto its mother". [/INST] question: Psychologically, what does the baby monkey desire most during the first two weeks of its life? | options: A: Warmth B: Milk C: contact D: trust | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: ERCP carries additional risks. Pancreatitis occurs in about 5% of patients undergoing ERCP and is seen in up to 25% of patients with sphincter of Oddi dysfunction. Young anicteric patients with normal ducts are at increased risk. Post-ERCP pancreatitis is usually mild and self-limited but may infrequently result in prolonged hospitalization, surgery, diabetes, or death. Bleeding occurs after 1 % of endoscopic phincterotomies. Ascending cholangitis, pseudocyst infection, and retroperitoneal perforation and abscess may all occur as a result of ERCP. Common cause of pancreatitis 1. Gallstones (including microlithiasis) 2. Alcohol (acute and chronic alcoholism) 3. Hyperiglyceridemia 4. Endoscopic retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), especially after biliary manometry 5. Trauma (especially blunt abdominal trauma) 6. Postoperative (abdominal and non abdominal operations) 7. Drugs (azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine, sulfonarnides, estrogens, tetracycline, valproic acid, anti-HIV medications) 8. Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction. [/INST] question: The most common complication of ERCP | options: A: Acute pancreatitis B: Acute Cholangitis C: Duodenal perforation D: Acute cholecystitis | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: When many people are worried that there are no more heroes in the modern times, two university students who lost their lives to rescue drowning children have shown that heroes still exist.
According to the Inner Mongolia Morning Post, the tragedy
on the afternoon of December 14, 2002 when three school students skating on a frozen lake in Qingcheng Park in Hohhot fell through the ice into the freezing water.
More than 20 university students who happened to be near the place where it happened immediately went to the rescue of the children.
Two children were quickly rescued, but the third died. The child's body was not found for three hours. Two of the rescuers, Liu Ye and Hao Longbiao, also died of cold and tiredness.
The body of Hao who took the lead in jumping into the lake was not found until the next day.
A student who was unwilling to tell his name said he and his classmates from the local college were taking photos at the lake. When they heard the children's cries for help, they went to the ice hole hand in hand to rescue the children. But the ice kept breaking, causing most of them to fall into the icy water.
Local people held mourning ceremonies at the lake.
Eight of the students were seriously affected by the freezing water and were being kept in hospital for further observation , but their lives were no longer in danger. [/INST] question: When the three students fell into water, the university students were _ . | options: A: skating on the ice B: taking photos at the lake C: having a picnic D: walking along the lake | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: For most South Africans, Nelson Mandela is the father of their nation - many even called him "Tata", a local word for father. It was sometimes forgotten that he was also a real father of six, grandfather of 18, great-grandfather of eight, and husband to three women.
He earned a place in history just like another father of a nation, Mahatma Gandhi. But there was a fundamental difference between these beloved men. While Gandhi was thought to be a depressed family man, Mandela was a strong and loving family man. Even so, Mandela and his family paid dearly for his devotion to his country's freedom.
Mandela himself offered a glimpse into his personal war. "To be the father of a nation is a great honor, but to be the father of a family is a greater joy. _ " he said in April 1992, announcing his separation from Winnie.
In 1944, Nelson Mandela married Evelyn. "I could not give up my life in the struggle," Mandela explained in his autobiography , Long Walk to Freedom, "and she (Evelyn) could not live with my devotion to something other than herself and her family... I never lost my admiration for her, but in the end we could not make our marriage work." They divorced in 1958.
When Evelyn died in 2004, Mandela stood at her graveside with his third wife, Graca. Winnie also attended the funeral.
Mandela married Winnie in 1958. But Winnie bore the hardship of life as Mandela, enduring her husband's 27-year imprisonment. From prison, Mandela wrote some of the greatest love letters to Winnie. "I dust it (your photo) carefully every morning - I even touch your nose with mine to regain the electric current that used to run through my blood whenever I did so."
For many South Africans, it was the end of a fairytale love story when their separation was made public in 1992. "Tensions" had arisen and they had agreed on a separation. The hurt in his words was clear: "Perhaps I was blinded to certain things because of the pain I felt for not being able to play my role as a husband to my wife and a father to my children."
"Unstable personal lives seemed freedom fighters' destiny ," he said. "When your life is the struggle, as mine was, there is little room left for family. That has always been my greatest regret, and the most painful aspect of the choice I made." The couple divorced in 1996. [/INST] question: The first wife of Nelson Mandela is _ . | options: A: Winnie B: Evelyn C: Graca D: not mentioned | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Rafting the GRAND CANYON Welcomes You!
For an exciting,fun and challenging white water tours,Rafting the GRAND CANYON is here to help you plan the right tour for you.Whether you want to travel for two days or ten,hike in or not,go on an oar raft or motorized trip,we will help you find the trip that meets your needs.
For those who will be vacationing on the offseason a trip on the Native American Red River rafting is available year around or a one day trip is available on the Colorado River from Diamond Creek to Pierce Ferry (about three hours from Las Vegas).
Most of the trips depart from Lees Ferry,Arizona (approximately 21/2hours from the south rim of the Grand Canyon).We offer partial trips which allow you to get on or off at Phantom Ranch located at the bottom of the Grand Canyon National Park South Rim.Requiring a hike in or out,with proper planning the horse ride up or down is also an option.Most trips occur between April and October.
Since all rafting on the Colorado requires a permit,planning and reserving your trip requires reservations well in advance.Please let us know when you would like to go and we will contact all the river concessionaires to help you find the best trip for you.
For planning your trip,questions,concerns or to make your reservations,please email or call the toll free number below.Since these trips are limited we highly recommend you make your reservations months in advance.
To talk to a live person call us toll free:18002226966or 7026556060
If you have any questions regarding a trip,please CLICK _ HERE to fill out our form.This will speed up the process of getting you accurate information regarding your trip.
If you would like to send us an email other than about an upcoming trip you can contact us at [email protected].
We look forward to helping you plan your trip!(Please NO Travel Agents) [/INST] question: If you don't want to take an all distance trip,you can start at . | options: A: Diamond Creek B: Lees Ferry C: Phantom Ranch D: Pierce Ferry | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: A recent Living Social survey showed that Americans may live up to their poor reputation while travelling abroad. But what's more surprising is that many of those surveyed self-identified themselves as 'ugly' Americans and the world's worst travelers.
Those in the U.S. ranked themselves as the worst travellers by a shocking 20 per cent, followed by 15 per cent saying the Chinese were the most substandard tourists.
Americans topped the list as being the worst-behaved travelers in a survey of 5,600 respondents, 4,000 of whom were Americans. Other respondents were in Australia, Canada, Ireland and the United Kingdom. But even American respondents considered their compatriots as the worst travelers from a list of 16 nationalities.
Canadians and Australians also put Americans in the No. 1 spot. Irish respondents pointed to U.K. residents and U.K. respondents gave Germans the nod. On the other hand, 37% of Americans opted for "none of the above" in answer to the worst-tourists question, displaying more tolerance and open-mindedness than the other nationalities.
Other survey questions had respondents admitting _ from hotels. Four in ten U.S. survey-takers said they'd stolen something - mostly towels (28%) and bathrobes (8%). Other popular pinched items included pillows, remote controls, Bibles and sheets.
Not surprising is that Americans have less time off from work than other nationalities. Americans reported getting 16 days off, compared with 28 days for the Irish, 27 days for Australians, 23 days for U.K. workers; and 21 days for Canadians.
In the travel mishaps department, the most common travel disaster reported by Americans was lost luggage on an airline (21%); bad weather (21%); and getting very lost (16%).
As for places Americans most want to see, Disney World and Las Vegas made the top 10, but they weren't at the top of the heap. And New York didn't make the cut. [/INST] question: What percentage of American respondents is in the survey? | options: A: 20 % B: 15% C: 71% D: 37% | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Ketoconazole (KTZ) It is the first orally effective broad-spectrum antifungal drug, useful in both dermatophytosis and deep myc osis. The oral absorption of KTZ is facilitated by gastric acidity because it is more soluble at lower pH. Hepatic metabolism is extensive; metabolites are excreted in urine and faeces. Elimination of KTZ is dose dependent: tlh varies from llh to 6 hours. Penetration in CSF is poor: not effective in fungal men ingitis. However, therapeutic concentrations are attained in the skin and vaginal fluid. In spite of relatively sho tlh, a single daily dose is satisfactory in less severe cases. The usual dose is 200 mg OD or BD; higher doses are sometimes required. Clotrimazole It is effective in the topical treatment of tinea infections like ringworm: Econazole It is similar to clotrimazole; penetrates superficial layers of the skin and is highly effective in dermatophytosis, otomycosis, oral thrush, but is somewhat inferior to clotrimazole in vaginitis Miconazole It is a highly efficacious (>90% cure rate) drug for tinea, pityriasis versicolor, otomycosis, cutaneous and vulvovaginal candidiasis. Because of its good penetrating power, it has been found effective, though paially, even in onychomycosis; single application on skin acts for a few days. ESSENTIALS OF MEDICAL PHARMACOLOGY K.D.TRIPATHI SIXTH EDITION PAGE NO:762 [/INST] question: Which of the following is a broad spectrum systemic antifungal agent? | options: A: Econazole B: Miconazole C: Ketoconazole D: Clotrimazole | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Digoxin's primary mechanism of action involves inhibition of the sodium potassium adenosine triphosphatase (Na+/K+ ATPase), mainly in the myocardium. This inhibition causes an increase in intracellular sodium levels, resulting in decreased activity of the sodium-calcium exchanger, which normally impos three extracellular sodium ions into the cell and transpos one intracellular calcium ion out of the cell. The reversal of this exchanger causes an increase in the intracellular calcium concentration that is available to the contractile proteins. Increased intracellular calcium lengthens phase 4 and phase 0 of the cardiac action potential, which leads to a decrease in hea rate. Increased amounts of Ca2+ also leads to increased storage of calcium in the sarcoplasmic reticulum, causing a corresponding increase in the release of calcium during each action potential. This leads to increased contractility (the force of contraction) of the hea without increasing hea energy expenditure Refer kDT 7/e p 212 [/INST] question: Mechanism of action of disgitalis is | options: A: Inhibits Na +K+ ATPase pump B: Inhibits Na+ H+ ATPase pump C: Active metabolite are produced in liver D: Inhibit calcium concentrations in blood | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The patient is an adult with decreased pain and temperature sensation in the upper extremities, atrophy of the intrinsic muscles of his hand, and brisk deep tendon reflexes in the upper extremity. This constellation of clinical findings strongly suggests syringomyelia, which most commonly affects the cervical spinal cord. Syringomyelia refers to a fluid-filled space within the cervical spinal cord that produces (1) cervical cord enlargement, best visualized with magnetic resonance imaging; (2) cape-like neurologic abnormalities involving the shoulders and upper extremities; (3) decreased pain and temperature sensation from involvement of the crossed lateral spinothalamic tracts, with preservation of light touch and proprioception; (4) atrophy of the small muscles of the hands from anterior horn cell involvement, simulating amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; (5) involvement of the lateral corticospinal tract with upper motor neuron findings; (6) Horner's syndrome, consisting of pupillary constriction, lid lag, and anhidrosis; (7) and associations with Arnold-Chiari malformation and Dandy-Walker cysts.
Regarding the other choices:
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis involves motor neurons producing upper and lower motor neuron disease. Sensory findings are not present. Multiple sclerosis has sensory and motor deficits. Subacute combined degeneration occurs in vitamin B12 deficiency and involves the dorsal columns and the lateral corticospinal tract. Guillain-Barre syndrome is an ascending paralysis without the type of sensory deficits described in this patient. [/INST] question: A 32-year-old patient has decreased pain and temperature sensation in the upper extremities, atro¬phy of the intrinsic muscles of his hand, and brisk deep tendon reflexes in the upper extremity. Your diagnosis? | options: A: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis B: Multiple sclerosis C: Syringomyelia D: Subacute combined degeneration | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA, formerly known as juvenile rheumatoid arthritis) frequently causes spindle-shaped swelling of finger joints and can involve unusual joints such as the sternoclavicular joint. Presentation of JIA occurs as either polyarthritis (five or more joints, systemic symptoms not so severe or persistent), pauciarticular (four or fewer joints, lower-extremity joints, extra-articular disease unusual), or systemic disease (severe constitutional disease, systemic symptoms prior to arthritis, rheumatoid rash, high spiking fevers, variable joint involvement, also known as Still's disease). This disorder can be associated with spiking high fevers and diffuse rash, which are not a feature of rheumatic fever, toxic synovitis, or osteoarthritis. Although septic arthritis can affect any joint, it would not be likely to affect finger joints by causing spindle-shaped swellings. Toxic synovitis usually involves larger joints, such as the hip, and osteoarthritis is not a disease of childhood. [/INST] question: A child has a 2-week history of spiking fevers, which have been as high as 40degC (104degF). She has spindle-shaped swelling of finger joints and complains of upper sternal pain. When she has fever, the parents note a faint salmon-colored rash that resolves with the resolution of the fever. She has had no conjunctivitis or mucositis, but her heart sounds are muffled and she has increased pulsus paradoxus. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? | options: A: Rheumatic fever B: Juvenile idiopathic arthritis C: Toxic synovitis D: Septic arthritis | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: For thousands of years, people have used plants to make medicines. They used different parts of the plants --the roots, the leaves, the flowers, and the bark . Today, doctors have rediscovered more medicinal values of some plants. Let's look at some examples.
Foxglove is a common plant. People have used it to make the heart slow down. Recently scientists have developed another drug from it. This new drug helps prevent other heart problems.
In some areas, _ has been a problem. Scientists have learned that the bark of a South American tree, the cinchona, can be made into a drug to prevent malaria. For a long time, the Chinese have known that a special plant, wormwood, can also fight malaria. Scientists have been working with it to develop new drugs against malaria.
In Germany, some scientists studied garlic for four years. They found that it helps prevent the build-up of plaque because too much plaque is bad for health. This very common plant continues to be studied.
As we know, there are about 250,000 kinds of flowering plants in the world. Scientists have only studied little more than one percent of plants for their medicinal value. Maybe medicines for AIDS and cancer will be made from the other 99 percent. [/INST] question: What can foxglove be used for? | options: A: Studying plants B: Building up the plaque C: Treating AIDS and cancer D: Preventing heart problems | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: June 6this National Eye Care Day. It is a good chance for us to improve our eye health. What are common eye problems we have today? How can we protect our eyes? Read on to find out the answer.
Eyes are important in our everyday life. We use them to read books, see colors and view the wonders of the world. But sometimes, we use them too much and it hurts them.
In the past, nearsightedness was a common eye problem among children. This is mostly because of their bad eye habits, such as watching TV too long and reading books in bed.
However, today's technology is changing the way we live. Children spend more time working and playing in front of computers, smartphones and iPads. US children spend more than 42 hours a week in front of electronic screens , US' ABC news reported.
This has caused a new problem for our eyes: digital eyestrain . People with digital eyestrain may get headaches, dry and red eyes, eye pain, watering and other eye problems.
But don't worry. The following tips can help you protect your eyes. Try them out.
Screen advice:
1. When you are watching electronic screens, keep them at least 30 cm from your eyes. Try not to use your smartphone in direct sunlight.
2. Blink more often when you are looking at the screen. This can help to stop dry eyes.
3. Remember to take a 20-20-20 break: every 20 minutes, take a 20-second break and look at something 20 feet (about 6 meters) away.
4. Spend less time in front of screens. One to two hours a day is OK for your eyes. [/INST] question: People get a good chance to care about their _ on June 6thevery year. | options: A: tooth health B: physical health C: eye health D: heart health | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: One day, I happened to talk to a stranger on the bus. When he found out that I was from Chicago, he told me that one of his good friends lived there and he wondered if I happened to know him. At first I wanted to say that it was foolish to think like that, for from all the millions of people in Chicago, I could not possibly know his friend. But, instead, I just smiled and said that Chicago was a very big city. He was quiet for a few minutes, and then he began to tell me all about his friend.
He told me that his friend was an excellent tennis player and that he even had his own tennis court . He added that he knew a lot of people with swimming pools, but that he only knew two people in the country who had their own tennis courts. And his friend in Chicago was one of them. I told him that I knew several people like that, for example, my brother and my next-door neighbor. I told him that my brother was a doctor and he lived in California. Then he asked where my brother lived in California. When I said Sacramento, he said that last year his friend spent the summer in Sacramento and lived next door to a doctor. The doctor had a tennis court. I said that my next-door went to Sacramento last summer and lived in the house next to my brother's. For a moment, we looked at each other, but we did not say anything.
"Would your friend's name happen to be Roland Kirkwood?" I asked finally. He laughed and said, "Would your brother's name happen to be Dr. Ray Hunter?" It was my turn to laugh. [/INST] question: Which of the following is true? | options: A: The story happened in Chicago B: The writer's brother lived in Sacramento C: Both the writer and the stranger lived in Chicago D: Both the writer and his brother lived in California | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Mechanism of action of Tetanospasmin is Inhibition of GABA release. C. tetani produces:- Tetanolysin:heat labile, oxygen labile hemolysin. It plays no role in the pathogenesis. Tetanospasmin or tetanus toxin (TT) : neurotoxin responsible for the pathogenesis of tetanus: - It is oxygen stable but heat labile; coded by plasmid. - Mechanism of action: Toxin acts pre-synaptically at the inhibitory neuron terminals and prevents release of inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA and glycine - leads to spastic muscle contraction. -Strychnine poisoning has a similar mechanism except that it acts post-synaptically. - BT (Botulinum Toxin) blocks the release of acetylcholine in neuromuscular junction, which leads to flaccid paralysis. Options 2, 3 4: Mechanism of Action of some impoant Bacterial Toxins: Heat Labile toxin of E.coli Increase cAMP Heat stable toxin of E.coli Increase cGMP Botulism toxin Inhibit release of acetylecholine from peripheral nerves Tetanus toxin Inhibit release of glycine and GABA at presynaptic terminals Diphtheria toxin Inhibit protein synthesis by inactivating EF 2 [/INST] question: Mechanism of action of Tetanospasmin:- | options: A: Inhibition of GABA release B: Inhibition cAMP C: Inactivation of Ach receptors D: Inhibition of cGMP | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Tree-planting is an important part of the ongoing Richmond renaissance that has been changing the city for the last few years. And you are invited to be a part of this transformation on Saturday, November 2, 2013, from 9 am to 1 pm. Volunteers of all ages and abilities are invited to participate.
Residents of the City of Richmond will be joined by community volunteers from Richmond Trees, Groundwork Richmond and The Watershed Project to celebrate the fall's Harvest Festival and Tree Planting event.
9:00 am Harvest festivities begin with a volunteer orientation about planting trees.
9:30 am Volunteers will divide into seven planting teams, each captained by an experienced Tree Steward, to plant 30 new street trees along Roosevelt, and on the 500 and 600 blocks of 29th, 30th, 31st, 32nd, 35th & 36th streets in the surrounding neighborhood. Richmond Trees and the City of Richmond will provide shovels and vests. Those who would like to participate in planting trees are encouraged to wear sturdy shoes.
11 am La Rondalla del Sagrado Corazon, a local musical ensemble, will play traditional Mexican serenade music.
12 pm Speakers including Chris Magnus, Richmond's Chief of Police and Chris Chamberlain, Superintendent of Parks & Landscaping will speak about the many benefits of growing the urban forest.
Healthy harvest refreshments, water and coffee will be available for a small donation that will support the work Richmond Trees is doing in the community to grow the urban forest. There will be art activities and games for children.
For more information about the Harvest Festival and Tree Planting event, or planting trees in your own Richmond neighborhood, contact gro.seertdnomhcir@ofni, 510.843.8844. [/INST] question: If you want to join the activity, you _ . | options: A: should bring your own shovel B: must wear a special type of shoes C: needn't have experience in tree planting D: will be able to enjoy music while planting trees | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Wounds Class Definition I: Clean Uninfected operative wound without inflammation Respiratory, alimentary, genital or infected urinary tract is not entered Examples of Clean Wound Inguinal hernia Mastectomy Abdominal aoic aneurysm (AAA) repair II: Clean contaminated Operative wound in which respiratory tract GIT or genitourinary tract is entered under controlled condition without unusual contamination Exampled of Clean Contaminated Wound Cholecystectomy CBD exploration Elective GI surgeries (elective colonic resection, gastrectomy) III: Contaminated Open, fresh accidental wounds Operations with major break in sterile techniques Gross spillage from GIT Exampled of Contaminated Wound Spill during elective GI surgery Perforated gastric ulcer Appendicular perforation Penetrating abdominal trauma Enterotomy during bowel obstruction IV: Diy Old traumatic wound with retained devitalized tissue Wound with clinical infection or perforated viscera with high degree of contamination. Organism causing post-op infection is already present in the wound before operation. Associated with severe inflammation Examples of diy wound Perforated diveiculitis. Fecal peritonitis Nectotizing soft tissue infection. [/INST] question: Which of the following is an example of clean contaminated wound? | options: A: Cholecystectomy B: Appendicular perforation C: Inguinal hernia surgery D: Mastectomy | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Option B: Primary CNS Lymphoma Option C: J.C virus leads to damage of gray / white matter by crossing the blood brain barrier causing progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy Option D: Cryptococcal meningitis is the causative organism Definitive AIDS Diagnosis (with or without laboratory evidence of HIV infection) 1. Candidiasis of the esophagus, trachea, bronchi, or lungs. 2. Cryptococcosis, extrapulmonary. (pigeon dropping) 3. Cryptosporidiosis with diarrhea persisting longer than 1 month. 4. Cytomegalovirus retinitis disease of an organ other than liver, spleen, or lymph nodes. 5. Herpes simplex virus infection causing a mucocutaneous ulcer that persists longer than 1 month; or bronchitis, pneumonitis, or esophagitis of any duration. (Punched out) 6. Kaposi sarcoma in a patient younger than 60 years of age. 7. Lymphoma of the brain (primary) in a patient younger than 60 years of age. NHL = immunoblastic DLBCL 8. Mycobacterium avium complex or Mycobacterium kansasii disease, disseminated (at a site other than or in addition to lungs or cervical or hilar lymph nodes). 9. Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia. (CD4 < 200) 10 Progressive mulitfocal leukoencephalopathy. (JC Virus) 11. Toxoplasmosis of the brain. (MC Co2 Seizures in AIDS (+)) [/INST] question: Not an AIDS defining illness? | options: A: Teiary Syphilis B: Lymphoma of brain < 60 years of age C: Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy D: Extrapulmonary Cryptococcosis | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: "This is really a very fast game, the fastest I've seen so far this year. Both sides are fighting for the ball all the time. The crowd is loving every minute of it. They are shouting at the top of their voices."
"Wills has the ball now. This is only his third game for Scotland, but he's playing so well that it won't be his last. I'm quite sure."
"Wills passes the ball to Cotton. Cotton kicks it over the heads of the waiting Frenchmen, towards the goalmouth. But he's too far away, Dupond picks it up easily, and throws it to Patou, put on the left."
"France and Scotland still have one goal each, and there are only two minutes left of the game. But during that time, anything can happen. Patou kicks the ball across to Croat. It is a beautiful kick, but Steven jumps and just stops the ball with the side of his head. Meunier is there. He passes to Crozat, and Crozat, without waiting a second, puts the ball into the back of the goal. It takes everybody by surprise. I have never seen a goal like it."
"The game is over. France has won the cup." [/INST] question: The game between France and Scotland is an_game. | options: A: interesting B: exciting C: terrible D: easy | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: What would life be like without rich, creamy, mouthwatering, melt-in-your-mouth chocolate?
Life would be bitter for most Americans. They spend about $13 billion a year buying all sorts of chocolate treats.
However, for the African children who toil under slavelike conditions on cacao plantations, life is not sweet. The cacao bean is the main ingredient in the chocolate. According to a 2002 survey by the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture and the US Agency for International Development, about 284,000 children work in dangerous conditions on cacao farms in western Africa.
More than half those children are younger than 14. Many were sold into forced labor to work 12 hours or more a day on the cacao plantations.
A number of international organizations, including several African governments, recently began a program to eliminate child labor on cacao plantations. Under the program, government officials will remove children from abusive working situations while teaching farmers about child labor issues.
The program will also make borrowing money easier for cacao farmers. Officials hope farmers will use the money to invest in their farms and hire paid laborers. [/INST] question: The cacao bean is the main ingredient in _ . | options: A: treats B: coffee C: chocolate D: cigarettes | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: BEIJING -Starting today,all indoor public places and many outdoor public places in Beijing are required to be 100-percent smoke-free, including primary and middle schools,seating areas of sports stadiums and hospitals that treat women or children.
Those who break the law will face fines of up to 200 yuan( $32),and owners of the establishment will be fined up to 10,000 yuan. The Beijing government is training several thousand inspectors to be responsible for inspecting and issuing fines,and thousands of community volunteers will also come to help. But it would he difficult to carry out the law in some areas where smoking is common,such as nightclubs
"Relying on punishment to control smoking is not enough. We hope that more cookers are willing to quit not because of strict rules, but because of their awareness of the harm caused by smoking"said Wang Benjin, deputy director of the Beijing Health Inspection Bureau.
China has more than 300 million smokers,and more than I million people die each year due to smoking-related diseases. Beijing is home to about 4. 2 million smokers, accounting for 23. 4 percent of people. _ smoke an average of 14.6 cigarettes per day, according to a survey conducted by the Beijing Center for Disease Control last year.
Just ahead of the regulation taking effect,Beijing MTR Corporation put up tobacco control posters on all trains on Subway Line 4 as part of the smoke-free campaign by the WHO
"Beijing was honored with the World No Tohacco Day Award for its leadership in adopting a tough new tobacco control law. The award is a wonderful gift to people of Beijing and a wonderful gift to children of Beijing on International Children's Day-the gift of air free from secondhand smoke,"said Shin Young-soo, regional director for the WHO. [/INST] question: If a person smokes in a nightclub, the owner and the person will face fines of up to _ | options: A: 200 yuan B: 10, 000 yuan C: $32 D: 10, 200 yuan | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: We know that cigarette smoking kills. So, producers made electronic cigarettes as a safer smoking choice - safer than tobacco. Although e-cigarettes contain the drug nicotine like cigarettes, they do not use tobacco and you do not light them. They are powered by battery .
However, if e-cigarettes are so safe, why has the United States Center for Disease Control(CDC) seen an increase in telephone calls about e-cigarette poisonings?
The answer is children. Most of the calls are from people worried about children who have played with the devices, In the period of one month this year, the Center said 215 people called the Center with e-cigarette concerns. More than half of these calls were for children aged five and younger. The devices had made them sick.
Tim McAfee is director of the Center's Office on Smoking and Health, He says the problem is regulation. Meaning, the U.S. federal government does not control e-cigarettes even though they contain liquid nicotine. Mr.McAfee adds that liquid nicotine is a well-known danger. Mr.McAfee explains that nicotine poisoning happens when it gets into the skin, gets into the eyes or is swallowed. It can cause stomach pain or a sense of unbalance. And too much nicotine can kill,
Tim McAfee says e-cigarettes do not create the level of risk to people that tobacco products do.He notes that almost 500,000 Americans die each year from cigarettes. "So, cigarettes are the winner in that contest." E-cigarettes do not contain hundreds of harmful chemicals that are found in real cigarettes. So, the U.S.Surgeon General Boris D. Lushniak has suggested that e-cigarettes may be a useful tool for adults trying to end their tobacco use.
But McAfee worries that teenagers may think electronic cigarettes are harmless. They could become addicted to the nicotine and then start smoking real cigarettes. In other words, he fears that for young people fake e-cigarettes could be a "gateway" to the real thing. [/INST] question: What do the producers think of e-cigarettes? | options: A: Dangerous B: Expensive C: Safer D: Cheaper | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Global Positioning Systems (GPS) are now a part of everyday driving in many counties.These satellite-based systems provide turn-by-turn directions to help people get to where they want to go. But, they can also cause a lot of problems, send you to the wrong place or leave you completely lost. Many times, the driver is to blame. Sometimes a GPS error is responsible. Most often, says Barry Brown, it is a combination of the two.
Barry Brown is with the Mobile Life Centre in Stockholm, Sweden. The center studies human-computer interaction, or HCI, especially communications involving wireless devices.
He told us about an incident involving a friend who had flown to an airport in the eastern United States. There he borrowed a GPS-equipped car to use during his stay. "And they just plugged in an address and then set off to their destination. And, then it wasn't until they were driving for thirty minutes until they realized they actually put in a destination back on the West Coast where they lived. They actually put their home address in. So again, the GPS is kind of 'garbage in garbage out'."
Mr. Brown says this is a common human error. But, he says, what makes the problem worse has to do with some of the shortcomings, or failures, of GPS equipment. "One problem with a lot of the GPS units is they have a very small screen and they just tell you the next turn. Because they just give you the next turn, sometimes that means that it is not really giving you the overview that you would need to know that it's going to the wrong place." [/INST] question: In most cases, driving to wrong places or being lost is caused by _ . | options: A: the driver B: GPS C: the driver and GPS D: strange places | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Some people believe that a Robin Hood is at work, others that a wealthy person simply wants to distribute his or her fortune before dying. But the donator who started sending envelopes with cash to deserving causes,accompanied by an article from the local paper, has made a northern German city believe in fairytales
The first envelope was sent to a victim support group. It contained EUR10,000 with a cutting from the Braunschtveiger Zeitung about how the group supported a woman who was robbed of her handbag; similar plain white anonymous envelopes, each containing EUR10,000, then arrived at a kindergarten and a church.
The envelopes keep coming, and so far at least EUR190,000 has been distributed. Last month, one of them was sent to the newspaper's own office. It came after a story it published about Tom, a 14-year-old boy who was severely disabled in a swimming accident. The receptionist at the Braunschweiger Zeitung opened an anonymous white envelope to find 20 notes of EUR500 inside , with a copy of the article. The name of the family was underlined.
"I was driving when I heard the news," Claudia Neumann, the boy's mother, told DerSpiegel magazine. "I had to park on the side of the road; I was speechless. "
The money will be used to make the entrance to their house wheelchair-accessible .and for a course of treatment that their insurance company refused to pay for.
"For someone to act so selflessly, for this to happen in such a society in which everyone thinks of himself, was astonishing," Mrs. Neumann said. Her family wonder whether the donator is a Robin Hood character, taking from banks to give to the needy.
Henning Noske, the editor of the Braunschweiger Zeitung, said: "Maybe it is an old person who is about to die. We just do not know. " However, he has told his reporters not to look for the city's hero, for fear that discovery may stop the donations. [/INST] question: The Braunschweiger Zeitung is the name of _ . | options: A: a church B: a bank C: a newspaper D: a magazine | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The ligament of the head of the femur conveys a small blood vessel for supply of the head of the femur (primarily in childhood). The ligament is stretched during abduction and lateral rotation of the hip joint and has an important role in stabilizing an infant's hip joint before walking. It has the potential to increase stability of the joint in hip reconstruction in developmental hip dysplasia in the pediatric population. The strength of this ligament is comparable to the anterior cruciate ligament of the knee. The iliofemoral ligament (the "Y-shaped ligament of Bigelow") on the anterior aspect of the hip bone resists hyperextension of the hip joint. The pubofemoral ligament arises from the pubic bone and is located on the inferior side of the hip joint; it resists abduction of the joint. The ischiofemoral ligament is a triangular band of strong fibers that arises from the ischium and winds upward and laterally over the femoral neck, strengthening the capsule posteriorly. The transverse acetabular ligament attaches to the margins of the acetabular notch and provides origin for the ligament of the head of the femur. The transverse acetabular ligament is fibrous, not cartilaginous, but is regarded as part of the acetabular labrum. [/INST] question: A 42-year-old mother of three children visits the outpatient clinic complaining that her youngest son cannot walk yet. Radiographic and physical examinations reveal an unstable hip joint. Which of the following ligaments is responsible for stabilization of the hip joint in childhood? | options: A: Iliofemoral B: Pubofemoral C: Ischiofemoral D: Ligament of the head of the femur | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Cocaine was the first local anesthetic to be used for regional anaesthesia. In 1884, Austrian ophthalmologist Karl Koller (1857-1944) instilled a 2% solution of cocaine into his own eye and tested its effectiveness as a local anesthetic by pricking the eye with needles. His findings were presented a few weeks later at annual conference of the Heidelberg Ophthalmological Society. The following year, William Halsted (1852-1922) performed the first brachial plexus block. Also in 1885, James Leonard Corning (1855-1923) injected cocaine between the spinous processes of the lower lumbar veebrae, first in a dog and then in a healthy man. His experiments are the first published descriptions of the principle of neuraxial blockade. On August 16, 1898, German surgeon August Bier (1861-1949) performed surgery under spinal anesthesia in Kiel. Following the publication of Bier's experiments in 1899, a controversy developed about whether Bier or Corning performed the first successful spinal anesthetic. [/INST] question: First Local anesthetic to be used for spinal block: | options: A: Cocaine B: Procaine C: Prilocaine D: Lignocaine | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Say you are a 17th century construction worker who's worked long and hard to build a splendid tower for the dead wife of your emperor.
Now say that the emperor orders your fingertips cut off so you can never build another one. Yes, that is the Taj Mahal,one of the most famous buildings in the world. And the tale behind the construction is just as impressive as the building itself.
First, there's the emperor of northern India, Shah Jehan,also called the King of the World. In 1612,Shah Jehan married Mumtaz Mahal. Madly in love, they had 14 children over the next 20 years. But then sadness came. As Mumtaz was about to give birth to child'number 14, she said she had heard her unborn baby cry out. It was a sign of death. And as Mumtaz lay dying, she asked Jehan to build a lasting memorial to celebrate their love.
When the heartbroken Jehan appeared eight days after his wife's death, his people were shocked to see that his coal-black hair had turned snow-white.
Putting away his sadness, Jehan ordered his wife's dying wish carried out. More than 20,000 workers labored nearly 22 years to complete the construction. In 1653,Jehan placed Mumtaz's remains in the center under the building.
And then, son number five, Aurangzeb, murdered his brothers and took over the power from his aging father. Hehan lived the rest of his days-eight years, to be exact-imprisoned not far from the Taj Mahal. Jehan was only allowed to climb onto the top of his prison to see the timeless
treasure from a distance. But never again would he be allowed to visit it--until he was buried next to his wife.
Today 25,000 people visit the Taj Mahal each day. Though the reason for building the tower was a strange, sad story, those who see its breath-taking beauty are reminded of the happiness that inspired its construction. [/INST] question: The Taj Mahal was first built as _ . | options: A: a prison B: a gift to Mumtaz C: a memorial building D: a tourist attraction | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: There are many wetlands in China and some of them are the world's important wetlands. The Chinese Yellow Sea Wetlands are among them. They are in Yancheng, Jiangsu Province, the east of China. They are homes for many different kinds of birds and animals. The world's largest Milu Deer Nature Reserve is in them. More than 700 milu deer live freely there. There are not many red-crowned cranes in the world, but every winter you can see some in the Red-Crowned Cranes Nature Reserve in the Yellow Sea Wetlands.
The temperature in the wetlands is usually neither too high nor too low. There is a lot of rain and sunshine, too. They are really good places for wildlife. Offering food and home for some special kinds of animals and birds is not the only reason why we need to protect wetlands. Wetlands are important because they also prevent flood. But some people want to change the wetlands to make more space for farms and buildings. This means there will be less and less space for wildlife.
Luckily, more and more people are beginning to realize the importance of wetlands and wildlife. Every year, on February 2, people hold many activities to tell more about wetlands. [/INST] question: The Chinese Yellow Sea Wetlands are in the _ of China. | options: A: east B: south C: west D: north | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Eddie McKay, a once-forgotten pilot, is a subject of great interest to a group of history students in Canada.
It all started when Graham Broad, a professor at the University of Western Ontario, found McKay's name in a footnote in a book about university history. McKay was included in a list of university alumni who had served during the First World War, but his name was unfamiliar to Broad, a specialist in military history. Out of curiosity, Broad spent hours at the local archives in a fruitless search for information on McKay. Tired and discouraged, he finally gave up. On his way out, Broad's glance happened to fall on an exhibiting case showing some old newspapers. His eye was drawn to an old picture of a young man in a rugby uniform. As he read the words beside the picture, he experienced a thrilling realization. "After looking for him all day, there he was, staring up at me out of the exhibiting case," said Broad. Excited by the find, Broad asked his students to continue his search. They combed old newspapers and other materials for clues. Gradually, a picture came into view.
Captain Alfred Edwin McKay joined the British Royal Flying Corps in 1916. He downed ten enemy planes, outlived his entire squadron as a WWI flyer, spent some time as a flying instructor in England, then returned to the front, where he was eventually shot down over Belgium and killed in December 1917. But there's more to his story. "For a brief time in 1916 he was probably the most famous pilot in the world," says Broad. "He was credited with downing Oswald Boelcke, the most famous German pilot at the time." Yet, in a letter home, McKay refused to take credit, saying that Boelcke had actually crashed into another German plane.
McKay's war records were destroyed during a World War II air bombing on London -- an explanation for why he was all but forgotten.
But now, thanks to the efforts of Broad and his students, a marker in McKay's memory was placed on the university grounds in November 2007. "I found my eyes filling with tears as I read the word 'deceased' next to his name," said Corey Everrett, a student who found a picture of Mckay in his uniform. "This was such a simple example of the fact that he had been a student just like us, but instead of finishing his time at Western, he chose to fight and die for his country." [/INST] question: What made Professor Broad continue his search for more information on McKay? | options: A: A uniform of McKay B: A footnote about McKay C: A book on McKay D: A picture of McKay | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: PROTEIN MISFOLDING AND DISEASES- (1) Amyloidosis - Amyloids is used to refer to the altered proteins (with beta-sheets) that accumulate in the body, paicularly in the nervous system Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder Accumulation of beta amyloid. Other example of amyloidosis:- Type Protein Implicated Primary Principally light chains of immunoglobulins Secondary Serum amyloid (A (SAA) Familial Transthyretin; others:- apolipoprotein A-1, Cystain C, fibrinogen, gelsolin, Lysozyme Alzheimer's disease Amyloid b peptide (see Chapter 57, case no. 2) Dialysis - related b2 - microglobulin (2) Prion disease - Etiology:-Proteinaceous infectious agents No change in 1o structures and post translation modification Change in 3D structures (major change is replacement of alpha helix by beta sheets) Can act as template to conve non-infectious proteins (with cl-helices) to infectious forms Example - Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) and Creutzfeldt Jakob disease in humans. Scrapie disease - sheep Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (popularly known as mad cow disease) in cattle [/INST] question: Defect in Amyloid protein folding occurs in: | options: A: Alzheimer disease B: Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease C: Scrapie disease D: Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Pseudopolyps (inflammatory polyps) can be seen in both Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis
In ulcerative colitis, the distribution of these pseudopolyps can be diffuse but in Crohn's disease, the distribution cannot be diffuse because a classic feature of crohn's disease is the sharp demarcation of diseased bowel segments from the adjacent uninvolved bowel. When multiple bowel segments are involved the intervening bowel is essentially normal (skip lesions).
Mucosal edema
- The hallmark of both ulcerative colitis and crohn's disease is mucosal inflammation and chronic mucosal damage. So mucosal edema is a feature of both of these diseases.
- The important point is that while in Ulcerative colitis these processes are limited to mucosa or submucosal, in crohn's disease these processes extend beyond the mucosa and submucosa and involves the entire wall.
Crypt abscesses -
- Crypt abscesses are produced due to infiltration of the neutrophil into crypt lumen.
- These crypt abscesses are not specific for ulcerative colitis and may be observed in crohn's disease or any active inflammatory colitis.
Lymphoid aggregates in mucosa
The characteristic mucosal feature of idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease on histology includes —
i. Distortion of crypt architecture
ii.Destruction and loss of crypt
iii.A marked increase in lymphocytes and plasma cells in lamina propria.
iv. These features are specific to inflammatory bowel disease and help to differentiate idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease from acute infectious colitis and other chronic colitis. [/INST] question: Which of the following would be the best morphological feature to distinguish ulcerative colitis from Crohn's disease - | options: A: Diffuse distributions of pseudopolyps B: Mucosal edema C: Crypt abscesses D: Lymphoid aggregates in the mucosa | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Every people uses its own special word to show its ideas and feelings. Some of these expressions are commonly used for many years. Others are popular for just a short time. One such American expression is "Where's the beef?" It is used when something is not as good as it is said to be. In the early 1980s "Where's the beef?" was one of the most popular expressions in the United States. It seemed as if everyone using it at the time.
Beef, of course, is the meat from a cow, and food is more popular in America than a hamburger made from beef. In the 1960s a businessman named Ray began building small restaurants that sold hamburgers at a low price. Ray called this "McDonald's". Ray became one of the richest businessmen at last in America.
Other business people watched his success. Some of them opened their own hamburger restaurants. One company called "Wendy's" said its hamburgers were bigger than those sold by McDonald's or anyone else. The Wendy's Company began to use the expression "Where's the beef?" to make people know that Wendy's hamburgers were the biggest. The Wendy's television advertisement showed three old women eating hamburgers. The bread that covered the meat was very big, but inside there was only a bit of meat. One of the women said she would not eat a hamburger with such a little piece of beef. "Where's the beef?" she shouted in a funny way. The advertisement for Wendy's hamburger restaurants was a success. As we said, it seemed everyone began using the expression "Where's the beef?" [/INST] question: _ started McDonald's restaurant. | options: A: McDonald B: Ray C: Wendy D: Three old women | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: 109-year-old Anna Ferris of Washingtonville kicks a soccer ball Saturday with the help of her grandson Joe Begendorf at the Orange County Senior Games. Ferris has been _ at the event.
She was born on Feb. 11, 1900, in New York City, before the radio or crossword puzzle was invented.
Anna carries the seasons lightly for her age. Family and friends say she walks around the house and sometimes does laps with her walker around the driveway to keep her legs strong.
"She's doing this well because we try to keep her out of the wheelchair as much as possible," said Begendorf, who helped steady his grandmother Saturday during each athletic event.
Last New Year's Eve, she toasted 2010 by holding a glass of white wine high above her head at 1 am.
But the public legend of Anna Ferris began at last year's Senior Games when she finished the 100-meter dash with support only from her walker.
"When they said she was going to race last year, we thought it was a joke," said Anne Coon, co-chairman of the games. "She walked away with a whole chest full of medals by the end of the day."
On Saturday, Anna threw a softball 16 feet and used a metal bat to hit a softball 15 feet off a tee . She threw a football more than 9 feet. She scored 10 points in "crazy water bocce ".
She even tried soccer. Her first two kicks landed short of the goal and Anna shook her head in disappointment. But her third try rolled gently into the back of the net. That's when Anna Ferris smiled with the excitement of a little girl. [/INST] question: Before Anna Ferris was born, _ . | options: A: her parents died B: her family lived in New York for a long time C: people didn't know radio or crossword puzzle D: the First World War broke out | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: FUNGUS
A fungus is a member of a large group of Eukaryotic organism that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and moulds, as well as more familiar mushrooms.
The fungi are classified as a kingdom that is separate from plants, animals and bacteria.
One major difference is that the fungal cell wall is composed of chitin and glucans → The only organism that combines these two structural molecules in their cell wall.
Fungi are mostly saprophytes, meaning they obtain their nutrition from the dead organic material.
Fungi have the following characteristics-
Eukaryotic
Possess cell wall
Grows by extending filamentous cells called hyphae, or by budding
Saprophytic
Have no chlorophyll
The cells of fungi are quite similar to those of plants, protists and animals but-
Lack of chlorophyll and the presence of chitin separates it from plants.
Saccharolytic property separates it from animals → Fungi do not ingest their food by eating while animals do.
Filamentous or budding growth habit and presence of cell wall separate it from protists. [/INST] question: Fungi are - | options: A: Prokaryotes B: Eukaryotes C: Plant D: Animals | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: 6-Day Trek in the Highland National Parks
Destinations: Saigon--Cat Tien National Park--Buon Ma Thuot--Lak Lake--YokDon National Park
Estimated trekking time: Average 4-5 hours/day
Summary: This trip is ideal for those who love trekking in natural forests. From the southern part of Vietnam up to the central highlands, you will cross through two national parks. There will be opportunities to see wildlife and challenge yourself physically at a moderate level.
Indulge yourself in the beauty of nature, escape from the hustle and bustle of the city, rediscover yourself in the natural world and refresh both mind and body.
Highlights:
1) Private tour
2) Walk through the forest to a fascinating and beautiful wetland area. If you are lucky, you may be able to see many different kinds of animals using only binoculars .
3) Night time wildlife-spotting excursion
4) Elephant riding
Includes:
1) Travel insurance
2) Private transportation
3) English-speaking guide
4) Guest house-twin shared room
5) Meals as indicated in the itinerary
6) Elephants
7) Canoe
8) Mineral water
9) Entrance fees & all permits
Excludes:
1) Surcharges for other guides in other languages, festival season and peak season surcharges, which will be advised at time of booking
2) Visa
3) Gong show (80 USD/show)
4) Tips
5) Personal expenses [/INST] question: During the tour, visitors will trek through _ national parks. | options: A: 2 B: 3 C: 4 D: 5 | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: A ban on smoking in public places has come into effect on May 1,2011 in China--home to one third of the world's smokers.
The ban is aimed at controlling the number of deaths from smoking-related diseases, running at a million deaths a year.That figure is predicted to double by 2020.The new smoking ban is an attempt to prevent that prediction coming true.
The new rules forbid people from smoking in places like hotels, railway stations or theatres, but not including the office.Employers can warn their staff of the dangers of smoking but cannot forbid them from smoking at their desks.
But the new rules have been criticized because they do not describe in detail the punishments for businesses or individuals who _ them.Quite many smokers do not seem to take much notice of them.Often you find people smoking at next table while you are eating your meal or having a drink in a bar.In bus stops as well as in railway stations smoking can also be seen here and there.Business owners are also angry at the efforts to force them to ban smoking on their premises , because many customers refuse to go to restaurants or places of entertainment where smoking is forbidden.
It appears that many Chinese people are unaware of the dangers of smoking.Research suggests that only one in four knows the harm cigarettes can cause.Officials say they have to try to persuade people not to smoke to try to reduce the numbers dying from smoking-related diseases.At the same time, however, the local governments make a lot of money from the sales of cigarettes by the state-owned firm that makes and sells tobacco products throughout the country. [/INST] question: From May 1, 2011, it is forbidden to smoke _ . | options: A: at the restaurant B: in the car C: in the office D: in any places | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The pemphigoid group includes a series of chronic diseases in which blisters form within the lamina lucida of the basement membrane dermoepidermal junction). The blister roof is thus the entire epidermis so it is stable. Frequently the blisters are hemorrhagic, fluid filled and tense. No accantholysis occurs, so the Tzanck test is negative. Antibodies are directed against various components of the basement membrane zone. Characteristic of pemphigus vulgaris is an intradermal blister occurring immediately above the basal cell layer and associated with acantholytic cells. The blisters rapidly ruptures, leaving non healing, painful erosions. Pemphigus vegetans usually presents clinically as serpiginous ulcers. Microscopically, the epithelium tends to proliferate and become verruciform. Acantholytic cells may not be conspicuous and eosinophil microabscesses are the most typical histological feature. Drug induced pemphigus can present as pemphigus foliaceous, pemphigus erythematosus, or as pemphigus vulgaris. Moist erythematous crusted scaling plaques and superficial friable blisters are seen. Common drugs responsible are thiol compounds, drugs having a sulph-hydryl group, penicillamine. [/INST] question: A person presents with hemorrhagic fluid in a tense blister at dermoepidermal junction. Most probable diagnosis is: | options: A: Pemphigoid B: Pemphigus vulgaris C: Pemphigus vegetans D: Drug induced pemphigus | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: You may have heard some respectable elders say, "It's not what you want in this world, but what you get."
Psychology teaches that you do get what you want if you know what you want and want the right things.
You can make a mental blueprint of a desire as you would make a blueprint of a house, and each of us is continually making these blueprints in the general routine of everyday living. If we intend to give a dinner for friends, we plan the menu, make a shopping list, and decide which food to cook first, and such planning is essential and necessary for any type of meal to be served.
Similarly, you can make a blueprint for your could-be-job, take a sheet of paper, and write a brief account of yourself. In making a blueprint for a job, begin with yourself, for when you know exactly what you have to offer, you can intelligently plan where to sell your service.
This account of yourself is actually a description of your working life and should include education, experience and references. Such an account is valuable. It can be referred to filling out standard application blanks and it is extremely helpful in personal interviews. While talking to you, your could-be employer is deciding whether your education, your experience and other qualifications will pay him to employ you, and your abilities must be displayed on an orderly and reasonably connected manner. When you have carefully prepared a blueprint of your abilities and desires, you have something exact to sell. Then you are ready to hunt for a job.
Get all the possible information about your could-be job. Make your eyes and ears open, and use your own judgment. Spend a certain amount of time each day seeking in the employment you wish for, and keep in mind: Obtaining a job is your job now! [/INST] question: When the elders say, "It's not what you want in the world, but what you get", they mean _ . | options: A: you will certainly get what you want B: it's no use dreaming but be practical C: you should never be satisfied with what you have D: it's essential to be ambitious | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Directions: Read the following four passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are 4 choices marked A,B,C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage.
I've always known that my son uses his cellphone a lot, but his cellphone bill last month really got my attention, He had received nearly 2,000 text messages ,and had sent nearly as many. Of course, he was out of school for the summer, and communicating more with friends who were far away. However ,I had to wonder how he found time to keep a summer job and complete a summer course in between all that typing with his thumb.
I was even more surprised to learn that my son is normal. Teenagers with cellphones send and receive an average of 2. 272 text messages a month, Nielsen Mobile says, author of a book called The Dumbest Geheraiion: How the Digital Age Stupefies Young Americans and Jeopardizes( ) Our Future
Some experts say that all that text messaging is making our children stupid, and unable to read nonverbal cues such as facial expressions, gestures, postures and other silent signals of mood and attitude. "Unlike telephoning, text messaging doesn't even allow tones or pauses to be sent to others," says Mark Bauerlein
Beyond that ,though, I'm not sure I see as much harm as critics of the trend do. I've written before on how I initially tried to control my sons texting. But over time, I've seen that my son suffers no apparent bad effects, and that he gains a big benefit of easy and continuing contact with many friends. Also, the time he spends texting replaces the hours teenagers used to spend on the phone; he dislikes talking on the phone ,and says he really doesn't need to do so to stay in touch.
I don't think texting makes children stupid. It may make them annoying, when they try to text and talk to you. And it may distract them from math problems or what they have to do for school.
I don't see that texting harms the ability of teenagers to communicate, either. My son is as good at interpreting nonverbal cues as any of the older members of our family. If anything , I've found him more engaged and easier to communicate with from a distance ,since he's constantly available through texting, and responds with faithfulness and speed that any mother would find reassuring . [/INST] question: Which of the following may Mark Bauerlein encourage children to use more? | options: A: Text messaging, B: Net chatting C: Telephoning D: Letter writing | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: One evening in November, Berlin received a telephone call from Mrs. Green. "Please,
Dr Berlin, come to my house. I had 50,000 dollars on my desk and now it is gone."
Dr Berlin arrived at Mrs. Green's house at eight o'clock. First he asked Mrs. Green, "When did you see the money last?"
"At seven o'clock. I put it on my desk in my living room. Then I went to wash my hair. I came back at seven thirty and the money was gone."
"I see." Dr Berlin said. "Were you alone in the house?"
"No. My sister's son Jack is here, too." Then Dr Berlin and Mrs. Green went to Jack's room.
"Please, sit down," Jack said. Dr Berlin sat on the only chair in the room, and the chair was cold. He also saw some books on the ground near his feet.
"What have you been doing this evening?" Dr Berlin asked.
"I came home at six-thirty, and went right to my room. I've been sitting in that chair and reading all the evening. I never got up and I never left the room. Maybe somebody came into the house and took my aunt's money."
After hearing that, Dr Berlin was clear about who had taken the money. [/INST] question: When did Dr Berlin answer the phone from Mrs. Green? | options: A: At 6:30 B: At 7:00 C: After 7:30 D: At 8:00 | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Human insulin (Humulin) is produced from bacterial cells (E. coli) using 'Recombinant DNA' technology. Here a DNA segment containing a gene to be cloned is inserted into plasmid DNA of the bacterium. Plasmids are circular segments of DNA, which are independent of the chromosomes and capable of replication thus producing multiple copies. When the bacterial cell divides, the plasmids are split between the two daughter cells. These daughter cells then produce more plasmids which are then passed on to their daughter cells, etc. With cells dividing as fast as every 20 minutes, a bacterium containing human DNA encoding insulin will, in a relatively short time, produce many millions of similar cells (clones) containing the same human gene. These bacteria containing insulin gene are then grown under conditions that will lead to optimal insulin production. The insulin is then collected, isolated, and purified.
The process begins with obtaining a human DNA containing the insulin gene. Isolation of a specific gene from the human DNA is a laborious process. It is thus easier to start the process by obtaining insulin mRNA from the beta cells of the pancreas where insulin is being produced in abundance. A complementary copy of DNA (cDNA) containing the insulin gene is then produced from the insulin mRNA using reverse transcriptase technology. This cDNA is then cloned by inserting into the plasmid vector. [/INST] question: Starting material for the production of insulin from bacteria is - | options: A: Genomic DNA from beta pancreatic cells of human B: Genomic/DNA from lymphocytes of human C: mRNA from beta pancreatic cells of human D: mRNA from lymphocytes of human | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: English Conversation
Leader: Mandi Ashmore
english@ iwc-lausanne. org
We meet on Mondays at 14:30 at the IWC clubhouse. We chat for about an hour and discuss everything. Mandi asks "students" to contact her on Monday to confirm the class as sometimes she needs to cancel for various reasons or occasionally she may choose to hold the class at a different venue or at an earlier time for us to be able to have lunch together.
French Conversation, Advanced Beginner
Leader: Marielle Sulmoni
frenchconvo@ iwc-lausanne. org
I'm French (born in Bordeaux) and Swiss by marriage. I hold an advanced beginners' French conversation class on Tuesday afternoons from 14:30 16:00. We meet weekly at the clubhouse in a friendly atmosphere. I hope to help you use your knowledge of French, allowing you to speak with no fear of making mistakes, which in time will become fewer and fewer.
French Language Lab, Beginner
Leader: Maija Remlinger
frenchlab@ iwc-lausanne. org
The group meets on Thursday afternoons from 15:00-16:30 at the clubhouse. The first half of the class is devoted to reading out loud from the book "Easy French Reader", working on pronunciation and phrasing. During the second half, we listen to audio recordings from "New French with Ease" and work on oral comprehension.
French Conversation, Advanced
Leader: Juliette Brull
french@ iwc-lausanne, org
We meet every Tuesday at the IWC clubhouse from 9:30-11:00. Most of our time is devoted to very lively discussions about current events and various topics. We also read a book written by a French author and sometimes we see a French movie. [/INST] question: Why are you advised to contact Mandi? | options: A: To check the arrangement B: To exchange ideas C: To decide the topics D: To ask for leave | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Once there was a forest where all the animals lived happily together. One day a family went to spend the day in the forest, and the son left his socks there. After the family left, a bear came by, found the socks, and decided to try them on. They fit so well, and he liked them so much that he wouldn't take them off.
All the animals talked about the bear's new look. Soon, in that forest, there began appearing squirrels in shirts, rabbits in shoes, and even rats wearing hats! The forest doctor shook his head, telling animals, "This can't be good. Animals don't need clothes!" But no one listened to him. They said he was just out of fashion.
However, _ Several times the squirrel caught his shirt on trees, stopping him in mid-jump and sending him falling to the ground from a tree. The rat couldn't go into his hole without taking off his hat first. Even the bear, because of his socks, slipped from the river rock and almost killed himself.
When the animals came to see the doctor, he gave them all the same advice, "Take off those clothes before one day they're going to kill you." Those who listened to the doctor's advice stopped having accidents. And the animals realized that they didn't need clothes at all. Starting to wear them had been very dangerous, and they had only done it to make others admire them, and to get attention. [/INST] question: _ found the socks and tried them on. | options: A: The son B: The bear C: The rabbit D: The rat | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: A South African farmer is receiving phone calls from his sheep after equipping them with cell phones to keep tabs on the flock amid recent livestock thefts, according to local press Wednesday.
When the sheep call, it is always bad news for farmer Erard Louw of the Cape Town suburbs, as the phones around their necks are only set to switch on when the sheep start running, a sign that thieves have cut through the fences.
"As they run it gives me a phone call and says 'Sheep One' or 'Sheep Two' and so on, so at least I know where to start looking because the farm is 750 hectares (1,850 acres)," Louw told the Cape Times daily.
Louw attached the phone-like security device to the collars of four sheep in separate flocks after thieves sneaked in and stole 27 sheep and 13 lambs a couple of weeks ago, driving Louw to _ for ways to protect his animals.
He said there was no use calling nearby police, as they were stationed too far away and in his experience they either lacked an available car or the vehicle was out of fuel or missing tyres -- also the work of thieves.
According to Louw, the cell phones have already proved their worth, with one sheep-snatcher caught thanks to the device.
Still, with theft attempts currently at their peak, given long winter nights and early nightfall, a few sheep-robbers managed to get away in spite of the device.
"The phone did start ringing that night and I went out," he said, but added that he was too late. [/INST] question: Why did Erard Louw attach the phone-like device to the sheep he raises? | options: A: Because he thought it was fun to do B: Because the police there didn't care about animals C: Because he liked hi-tech very much D: Because he wanted to protect them against thieves | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Isoniazid (lsonicotinic acid hydrazide, H) Isoniazid is the antitubercular drug parexcellence, and an essential component of all antitubercular regimens, unless the patient is not able to tolerate it or bacilli are resistant. lt is primarily tuberculocidal. Fast multiplying organisms are rapidly killed, but quiescent ones are only inhibited. It acts on extracellular as well as on intracellular TB (bacilli present within macrophages); is equally active in acidic and alkaline medium. It is one of the cheapest antitubercular drugs. However, most atypical mycobacteria are not inhibited by INH. The most plausible mechanism of action of INH is inhibition of synthesis of mycolic acids which are unique fatty acid component of mycobacterial cell wall. This may explain the high selectivity of INH for mycobacteria (it is not active against any other microorganism). The lipid content of mycobacteria exposed to INH is reduced. A gene labelled inh A which encodes for a fatty acid synthase enzyme is the target of INH action. Adverse effects INH is well tolerated by most patients. Peripheral neuritis and a variety of neurological manifestations (paresthesias, numbness, mental disturbances, rarely convulsions) are the most impoant dose-dependent toxic effects. These are due to interference with utilization of pyridoxine and its increased excretion in urine Pyridoxine given prophylactically (10 mg / day) prevents the neurotoxicity even with higher doses, but routine use is not mandatory. INH neurotoxicity is treated by pyridoxine lOO mg/day. Hepatitis, a major adverse effect of iNH, is rare in children, but more common in older people and in alcoholics. It is due to dose-related damage to liver cells and is reversible on stopping the drug. Other side effects are rashes, fever, acne and ahralgia. ESSENTIALS OF MEDICAL PHARMACOLOGY K.D.TRIPATHI SIXTH EDITION PAGE NO:740,741 [/INST] question: ATT most commonly implicated in causing peripheral neuropathy is: | options: A: Rifampicin B: Pyrazinamide C: INH D: Ethambutol | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: All of us have taken an instant dislike to someone, and then felt guilty about being too judgmental. But now it seems we should place more trust in our first impressions. Most people can accurately judge a total stranger following a short meeting, according to scientists.
And in general, the more confident the people are, the more likely they are to be correct in their assumptions. Jeremy Biesanz, who led a team of researchers from the University of British Columbia, said: "Many important decisions are made after very brief encounters -- which employee to hire, which person to date, which student to accept". Although our first impressions are generally accurate, it is necessary for us to recognize where they may be not good enough.
The researchers arranged for two groups of more than 100 people to meet in a meeting. Much like speed-dating, the volunteers spoke to everyone in their group for three minutes each. At the end of each three-minute chat, they were asked to rate each other's personalities, and how well they thought their impressions "would _ someone who knows this person very well".
To find out what the person was "really" like, the scientists had his friends and family fill out his personality reports. Generally speaking, the more confident the volunteers felt in accurately rating another's personality, the closer their ratings were to those of the other person's friends and family, the researchers said.
However, the participants with the highest accuracy were those who rated themselves moderately accurate -- those highly confident of their judgment were less successful. The scientists concluded that, although we know people are different from each other, a good judge of character knows that in many ways people are mostly alike. For example, almost everyone would prefer being kind to being unfriendly.
Therefore, while first impressions can be generally accurate, they are not conclusive in working out whether somebody really is "better" than someone else. [/INST] question: The volunteers joined a meeting which was _ . | options: A: interesting B: complex C: serious D: brief | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Listed here are four of the thousands of impressive museums around the world.
The Guggenheim Museum Bilbao in Bilbao, Spain
Built in 1997, the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao is one of the newest in the world. It has transformed the industrial city of Bilbao into a travelers' desired destination. The beautiful architecture of the museum has provided a dramatic background for movies and commercials.
The Louvre in Paris, France
Probably the most famous Louvre also holds the most famous painting in the world, the"Mona Lisa"by Leonardo da Vinci. Crowds can be found any day surrounding the small, but mysterious painting of the smiling woman. But, the Louvre is much more than a home to the"Mona Lisa". The Louvre is visited by more people each year than any other museum in the world.
The Barnes Foundation in Philadelphia, America
Just opened in its new downtown location in 2012, the Barnes Foundation is unique in that it is a completely reproduced display from one man's private collection. Dr. Albert C. Barnes started collecting art in the early 20th century and collected, among others, the largest number of original Renoir paintings in the world.
The Uffizi Gallery in Florence, Italy
Walking on the marbled floors feels like stepping back in time. The building itself is a beautiful palace-like structure with frescoes decorating the ceilings and walls. Viewers are bowled over by the works by Botticelli, such as"The Birth of Venus". Classic artworks from nearly 1,000 years ago describe religious events of the time. [/INST] question: Which of the following is the most popular? | options: A: The Louvre B: The Guggenheim Museum Bilbao C: The Barnes Foundation D: The Uffizi Gallery | answer: A </s> |
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