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<s>[INST] context: (Liver) (37-Ganong 23rd), Centrioles in hepatocytes cellular and molecular life sciences vol-24, Number 11, 1157-59, DOI 10; 1007/BFO 214785Centrioles which are small cytoplasmic bodies of about 150-200 nm in diameter and 300-350 nm in length concerned with organization in the spindle during cell division have rarely been reported in adult mammalian liver cellsCENTROSOMES - Near the nucleus in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic aniimal cells is a centrosome. The centrosome is made up of two centrioles and surrounding amorphous pericentriolar material* The centrosomes are microtubule - organizing centers (MTOCs) that contain y- tubulin* Centrioles are responsible for the movement of chromosomes during cell divisions (10.K. Sembulingum 5th)* If there is no centriol in the cell, the cell cannot divide. Neurons of postnatal life have no centrioles hence they cannot divide; hence in the post natal life no new neuron formation can occur. But throughout life, death of individuals neurons continue Hence in old age, there is considerable loss of brain mater (8- S.K chaudhari 6th) [/INST] question: Centriole is absent in | options: A: Liver B: Spleen C: Intestine D: Kidney | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Americans love peanut butter. The average child will eat 1,500 peanut butter before he or she graduates high school. But there is a controversy over a new peanut butter. It is called STEEM Peanut Butter. This peanut butter adds a new ingredient: caffeine . Coffee is a popular morning drink because it has caffeine and gives people energy in the morning. Even small amounts of caffeine can be dangerous to children.
United States Senator Charles Schumer says."Peanut butter, one of the snacks most closely connected with children, might have to be stored in the medicine cupboard rather than in the kitchen cupboard. This will shock the Food and Drug Administration." Schumer wants the U.S. FDA to investigate. He observed that earlier the FDA prevented plans for a caffeinated chewing gum.
STEEM, the manufacturer, said, "We are selling the caffeinated peanut butter all over the world. The product provides caffeine in an easily digestible way. Caffeinated foods have been sold in U.S. stores for well over a decade and are in no way a new idea. Customers tell us they want to eat the caffeinated peanut butter so they don't have to drink as much coffee or energy drinks. The peanut butter is not intended for children."
"Peanut butter has been a favorite of children for generations," Schumer continued: "Parents across the country have to worry about a scene in which their child might unknowingly bite into a peanut butter that contains more caffeine than two cups of coffee."
The American Academy of Pediatrics says caffeine in small amounts can help the physical performance of adults. But the academy urges parents not to allow children to take even small amounts of caffeine owing to caffeine's possible negative effects on a child's heart and brain development. [/INST] question: There is a controversy over the STEEM Peanut Butter because it contains _ . | options: A: fat B: peanut C: caffeine D: nutrition | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Not long ago, many doctors in the West laughed at the suggestion that they might learn something from traditional Asian systems of healing. Most of them thought that Asian herbal medicine and acupuncture were believed in only by simple people who knew no better. Western doctors relied mainly on chemical cures as the safest and surest way to treat illnesses. The scientific age of antibiotics , "miracle drugs" and heart transplants encouraged the public to believe that there must be a pill for every illness. It was true that often the drug companies provided what the public wanted: a speedy temporary cure and did not remove the real cause of the illness. Moreover, some people actually became ill through taking too much medicine.
Many people in the West are now beginning to look for more natural cures for their illnesses and often they turn to the ancient wisdom of the East. There are some doctors in Britain now who offer their patients acupuncture treatment. Recently an Indian company which produces a natural medicine based on the biba root has sold some to Germany. The World Health Organization(WHO) encourages doctors not to rely too greatly on expensive Western medicines but to choose them carefully and also use their traditional herbal cures.
The mixture of Eastern and Western medicine has been practiced very successfully in China. China is still the only country in the world where the traditional doctor using herbal medicine and acupuncture is as respected as the Western-trained doctor. Through China all types of doctors are expected to work together. Western-style doctors are required to take at least a one-year course in traditional medicine, and the acupunctures must also study the basics of western medicine. China's way of "having the best of both worlds" has greatly impressed many visiting doctors from the West.
Experts from the WHO have decided that the time has come to study herbal medicine very carefully and to decide, by carefully controlled scientific experiments, what good these medicine might do. They are especially interested in finding cures for illnesses which Western medicine has found "incurable". Six WHO units have been set up in Hong Kong, Seoul, Sri Lanka, London and Chicago, and so far the results have been encouraging. [/INST] question: What is the true reason for Western doctors to turn to the ancient wisdom of the East ? | options: A: Herbal medicine is less expensive B: Western medicines can't work very well in some areas C: China has already set a good example of combining Eastern and Western medicines D: All of the above | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: A study by St.. Louis University has found that a lovable dog named Sparky and a robotic dog, AIBO, were about equally effective at reducing the loneliness of nursing home residents. The study confirmed previous findings that dogs have a good effect on nursing home residents.
Dr. Andrew Smith led the Stanford University team that built a home-assistance robot. "If humans can feel an emotional tie with robots, some day they could be not just our assistants, but also our companions," he said.
To test whether residents responded better to Sparky, a trained dog, or the Sony-made robotic dog, researchers divided 38 nursing home residents into three groups at three long-term care centers in St. Louis.
One group had weekly 30-minute one-on-one visits with Sparky; another group had similar visits with AIBO; a control group had no contact with either dog. The groups' respective levels of loneliness were tested by having them answer a number of questions at the beginning and near the end of the visits.
After two months, both groups that had contact with the dogs were less lonely and more attached. Most of the elderly regarded Sparky, a 9-year-old dog, as an audience for their life stories, said investigator Marian Banks.
"He listened attentively, wagged his tail, and allowed them to pet him," said Banks, who adopted and trained Sparky after finding him in a street behind her home seven years ago.
Those who were together with AIBO took a little longer to warm to the robotic creature. Over time, however, they grew comfortable with him, and petted and talked to him. He would respond by wagging his tail, vocalizing, and blinking his lights..
"AIBO is charming once you start to interact with him," said the study's author, Dr. William Banks, "He's an attractive sort of guy. He gives a feeling of being personal, not just a robot." [/INST] question: Before the new study, it was known that _ . | options: A: robots were effective at reducing people's loneliness B: robots could build close connection with humans C: dogs could help get rid of old people's loneliness D: dogs and robots were equally effective at reducing loneliness | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The very wealthy English Baron Fitzgerald had only one child, a son, who understandably was the apple of his eye. His wife died when the child was in his early teens. So Fitzgerald devoted himself to (...) fathering the kid. Unfortunately the son died in his late teens.
Meanwhile, Fitzgerald's wealth greatly increased. He spent a lot on art works of the masters . Later Fitzgerald himself became seriously ill. Before his death, he had carefully prepared his will as to how his wealth would be settled - to sell his entire collection at an auction .
Because of the large quantity and high quality of his collection, a huge crowd of possible buyers gathered for the auction. Many of them were museum directors and private collectors eager to bid . Before the auction, the art works were shown, among which was a painting of Fitzgerald's son by an unknown artist. Because of its poor quality, it received little attention.
When it was time for the auction, the auctioneer gaveled the crowd to attention. First the lawyer read from Fitzgerald's will that the first art work to be auctioned was the painting of his son.
The poor-quality painting didn't receive any bidders, except one old servant who had served the son and loved him, and who for emotional reasons offered the only bid.
As soon as the servant bought the painting for less than one English pound, the auctioneer stopped the bidding and asked the lawyer to read again from the will. The crowd became quiet, and the lawyer read from the will: "Whoever buys the painting of my son gets all my collection." Then the auction was over. [/INST] question: The English Baron Fitzgerald was _ . | options: A: a museum director B: a master of art C: an art collector D: an art dealer | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Bicycle tour and race
A bike tour and race will be held on August 26 and 27(Sat. & Sun. ). At 5:30am, the riders will leave Tian'anmen Square and ride the first 35 kilometres as a training leg. Then the next 55 kilometre leg, from Yanjiao to Jixian, will be the first competitive part of the tour. The riders and their bikes will then be taken from Jixian to Changli.
The second racing leg of the tour will be from Changli to the seaside of Nandaibe, covering a distance of 20 kilometres. Saturday night includes the stay at Nandaihe and supper. Sunday morning is free for play at the seaside. At noon all the people and their bikes will be taken back to Beijing.
Cost: 200 yuan Telephone: 4675027
Brazilian footballers
The Brazilian Football Club will play Beijing Guo'an Team at the Workers Stadium on August 26. The club has four national team players. Also coming is 1994 US World Cup star Romario ho has promised to play for at least 45 minutes.
Ticket prices: 60,100,150 yuan
Time/Date: 4:30 pm, August 26(Sat. ) Telephone: 5012372
Rock climbing
The Third National Rock Climbing Competition will be held on August 26-27 at the Huairou Mountain-climbing Training Base. More than 10 teams from Beijing, Wuhan, Dalian, Jilin and other places will take part in it. A Japanese team will give an exhibition climbing. Free for spectators .
Take a long-distance bus from Dongzhimen to Huairou.
Time/Dates: 9-12 am, August 26 and 27
Telephone: 7143177, 7144850, Wang Zhenghua [/INST] question: The main purpose of announcing the above events is to give information about _ . | options: A: visiting teams B: famous players C: things to do for the weekend D: prices to pay for the sports events | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: NK cells bind to antibody-coated cells by Fc receptors and destroy these cells. This process is called antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). It was first described as a function of NK cells, which use their Fc receptor, FcgRIII, to bind to antibody-coated cells. FcgRIII/CD16 is a low-affinity receptor that binds clustered IgG molecules displayed on cell surfaces but does not bind circulating monomeric IgG. Therefore, ADCC occurs only when the target cell is coated with antibody molecules. Engagement of FcgRIII by antibody-coated target cells activates the NK cells to synthesize and secrete cytokines such as IFN-g as well as to discharge the contents of their granules, which mediate the killing functions of this cell type. NK cells are the major cell type that carries out antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). ADCC can also be carried out by other cells that express Fc receptors and have the machinery to kill targets. Thus neutrophils,eosinophils, monocytes, and macrophages also carry out ADCC, although they use different effector molecules than NK cells. [/INST] question: Which is the main cell involved in antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC)? | options: A: Natural killer cells B: CD 4+ T cells C: Cytotoxic T lymphocytes D: B lymphocytes | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Acute fulminant liver failure for any cause Following arc the types of liver transplantation: Cadaver donor transplantation: The donor liver is obtained from a person who is diagnosed as brain dead whose family volunteers to donate the organ for transplantation. Living donor transplant: A healthy family member or a volunteer donates pa of his liver for transplantation. Ohotropic liver transplant: it involves the replacement of the patient's diseased liver with the donor's liver. Auxiliary liver transplant Auxiliary transplantation (A-OLTX): Here the patient's liver is not removed. Pa of the liver of a healthy adult donor (living or cadaver) is transplanted into the recipient, alongside pa of the patient's own liver. Auxiliary heterotopic liver transplantation is theoretically attractive because it leaves the recipient's liver in place. The surgical trauma of hepatectomy is avoided, and failure of the graft does not necessarily lead to the death of the patient or a second, emergency transplantation. Another advantage is that matching the body sizes of the donor and the recipient is not mandatory, which increases the number of possible donors The following aicle-"Auxiliary Paial Ohotopic Living Donor Liver Transplantation: Kyoto University Experience" (at the .following website latp://www.inedscape.combiewaicle/500102) mentions four indications for auxiliary paial ohotopic liver transplantation: reversible fulminant hepatic failure non-cirrhotic metabolic liver disease snzall-for-size grafts for ABO-incompatibility Fultninant hepatic failure: Total ohotopic liver transplantation (OLTX) is a lifesaving therapeutic option for patients with FI-1F, but requires lifelong immunosuppression to maintain the graft. Auxiliary paial ohotopic liver transplantation whereby only a poion of the native liver is removed, and the remainder of the native liver is left in situ, provides temporary suppo until the native liver recovers and then immunosuppression can be withdrawn. The advantage claimed for APOLT in non-cirrhotic metabolic liver disease (most commonly Crigler-Najjar syndrome) is that it can compensate for enzyme deficiencies without complete removal of the native liver, which may have to aid the recipient in case of potential graft failure. The remaining native liver could benefit in the future from potential success in gene treatment Transplants of ABO-incompatible grafts are often unavoidable due to the limited number of potential donor candidates. A high incidence of early graft failure with a high rate of binary and vascular complications in ABOincompatible liver transplantation was repoed. The remnant native liver could sustain a patient's life if the anticipated graft failure occurred in an ABO-incompatible case. The rationale of APOLT for a small-for-size graft is that the remnant native liver is expected to suppo the function of the implanted graft during the early post-operative period. The graft liver expands its function in propoion to volume growth. After the graft liver has grown sufficiently, it can be expected to meet the hepatic functional demands of the recipient. The following aicle "Auxiliary paial liver transplantation for end-stage chronic liver disease" in The New England Journal of Medicine Volume 319:1507-1511December 8, 1988Nutnber 23 (at the following website gi/content/abstract/319/23/1507) mentions another indication for A-OLTX - End-stage chronic liver disease who are high-risk patients. These patients are not accepted for ohotopic liver transplantation because of massive ascites, deficient clotting function, cachexia, or poor pulmonary reserve. So we see that all the options except 'b' are indications for A-OLTX We have chosen acute liver ds. as the answer as it's the probably the most common indication as evident by maximum number of aicles on the net describing A-OLTX for acute liver failure. This book -"Atlas of Upper Gastrointestinal and Hepato-Pancrato-Biliary surgery- publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg " mentions only acute liver failure as an indication for A-OLTX. [/INST] question: Auxiliary ohotopic liver transplant is indicated for: | options: A: etabolic liver disease B: As a standby procedure until finding a suitable donor C: Drug induced hepatic failure D: Acute fulminant liver failure for any cause | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Taking photographs at a birthday or a wedding has become as natural as blowing out candles or cutting the cake. But our obsession with recording every detail of our happiest moments could be damaging our ability to remember _ , according to new research. A study has shown that taking pictures rather than concentrating fully on the events in front of us prevents memories taking hold.
Dr. Linda Henkel, from Fairfield University, Connecticut, described it as the "photo-taking impairment effect". She said: "People so often pull out their cameras almost mindlessly to capture a moment, to the point where they are missing what is happening right in front of them. When people rely on technology to remember for them--counting on the camera to record the event and thus not needing to attend to it fully themselves--it can have a negative impact on how well they remember their experiences."
Dr Henkel and her team carried out an experiment in a museum, to learn if taking pictures of the exhibits was hindering the ability of visitors to remember what they had seen.
A group of university students were led on a tour at the Bellarmine Museum of Art at Fairfield University and were asked to either photograph or try and remember objects on display. The next day their memory was tested. The results showed that people were less accurate in recognizing the objects they had photographed than those they had only looked at. It was found that their memory for the details of the objects they had photographed was poorer.
Henkel's lab is currently investigating whether the content of a photo, such as whether you are in it, affects later memory. She is also researching whether actively choosing what to photograph might influence what we remember.
Previous research suggests that reviewing photos we have taken does help us remember the objects, but only if we take the time.
"Research has suggested that the sheer volume and lack of organization of digital photos for personal memories discourages many people from accessing and recalling them. In order to remember, we have to access and interact with the photos, rather than just collect them," said Dr Henkel. [/INST] question: What is the "photo-taking impairment effect"? | options: A: Some unhappy events may impair the effects of photos B: Taking photographs of objects ruins one's memory of them C: The effects of photos are strongly affected by bad cameras D: Memories last forever when people take the photos they like most | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Viral hepatitis is the commonest cause of jaundice in pregnancy in the tropics.
Hepatitis A (HAV):
Infection is spread by faecal-oral route.
Diagnosis is confirmed by detection of IgM antibody to hepatitis A (anti HAV Igm).
Disease is usually self limited and fulminant hepatitis is rare.
Perinatal transmission is rare, chronic carrier state does not exist.
The virus is not teratogenic.
Pregnant woman exposed to HAV infection should receive immunoglobulin 0.02 ml/kg within 2 weeks of exposure. She should also have hepatitis A vaccine single dose 0.06 ml IM. It is safe in pregnancy.
Hepatitis B virus (HBV):
The virus is transmitted by parenteral route, sexual contact, vertical transmission and also through breast milk.
The risk of transmission to fetus ranges from 10% in first trimester to as high as 90% in third trimester and it is specially high (90%) from those mothers who are seropositive to hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and ‘e’-antigen (HBeAg).
Neonatal transmission mainly occurs at or around the time of birth through mixing of maternal blood and genital secretions. Approximately 25% of the carrier neonate will die from cirrhosis or hepatic carcinoma, between late childhood to early adulthood.
HBV is not teratogenic. [/INST] question: Highest transmission of hepatitis B from mother to fetus occurs if the mother is infected during: | options: A: Ist trimester B: IInd trimester C: IIIrd trimester D: At the time of implantation | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The given picture shows pseudohyperophy of calf muscles: seen in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Duchenne muscular dystrophy: MC hereditary neuromuscular disease in children. X-linked recessive deletion of dystrophin gene ( Xp 21)- one of the largest gene C/F: More common in males. Family history present Pseudohyperophy of calf muscles Cardiac involvement Recurrent respiratory infection Proximal muscle weakness in limbs Intellectual disability 'GOWER SIGN' is positive- Gower's sign indicates weakness of the proximal muscles, esp of the lower limbs. Other options Polymyositis: It is a subacute inflammatory myopathy affecting adults, without rash, involvement of eye, family history of neuromuscular disease. GBS :The first symptoms of Guillain-Barre syndrome are numbness, tingling, and pain, alone or in combination. This is followed by weakness of the legs and arms that affects both sides equally and worsens over time. Neuropathy is damage or dysfunction of one or more nerves that typically results in numbness, tingling, muscle weakness and pain in the affected area. [/INST] question: A 8 year old boy with difficulty in walking showed the following finding. What could be the possible diagnosis? | options: A: Muscular dystrophy B: Neuropathy C: GBS D: Polymyositis | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Category : prefix = st1 /Tours/ Guides Ad Number:508
Date Posted: 27/05/2006 Price:$1297 for 7 days
Expires On: 03/12/2007
Description
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Seller Information
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Web Site:http://focusonmexico.com [/INST] question: From Mexico Website, we can get information mainly about_. | options: A: retiring and inventing B: life and work C: living and entertainment D: health and career | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Planning your to-do list for the coming year? To help you out, we've collected our favorite must-see events across Canada. Ready, go!
Red or white?
Every spring wine growers get together to celebrate the beginning of another grape-growing season at the Okanagan Spring Wine Festival. The best time to visit the Okanagan is usually from May 1 to 10. The festival allows visitors to taste the best wines in Canada together with unique dishes representing the latest developments in local cuisine.
The jazz festival
Montreal's downtown comes alive every summer during the International Jazz Festival.
The Festival International de Jazz de Montreal is an annual jazz festival held in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. The Montreal Jazz Fest held the 2004 Guinness World Record as the world's largest jazz festival. This year the event is scheduled to run from June 29 to July 9. Stages replace cars along busy streets. With a host of free outdoor shows, you'll be snapping your fingers to anything from Dixieland to blues, African beats to modern trip-hop, and everything in between.
Are you ready?
Just head east to the Newfoundland Targa Rally, which runs from September 9 to 16 this year. The 2,200-kilometre race dashes across the eastern and central parts of the province, and is the largest race of its kind in North America. On these sections you race against the clock rather than other competitors. This is a great chance to test your car's limits and your skills.
Hello spring!
In 1945, thousands of tulip bulbs gifts from Holland, were planted on Ottawa's Parliament Hill, Canada. These gifts were a thank-you to Canadian soldiers who helped set Holland free in World WarII. Since then, the capital has become home to the Canadian Tulip Festival. From May 4 to 22, Ottawa and Gatineau (a city of southwest Quebec) will be covered with beautiful flowers. Besides three million tulips, visitors can also attend concerts, featuring some of Canada's brightest musical stars. [/INST] question: Wine lovers can enjoy themselves . | options: A: from May 1 to 10 B: from May 4 to 22 C: from June 29 to July 9 D: from September 9 to 16 | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The first kind of air transportation was not a plane. It was a balloon. People traveled by balloon 100 years before there were planes or jet aircraft. Those early days of ballooning were exciting, but they were also dangerous. Sometimes the balloons fell suddenly. Sometimes they burned. However, the danger did not stop the balloonists.
The first real balloon flight was in France in 1783. Two Frenchmen, the Montgolfier brothers, made a balloon. They filled a very large paper bag with hot air. Hot air is lighter than cold air, so it goes up. The Montgolfier's hot air balloon went up 1,000 feet in the sky.
Later that same year, two other Frenchmen ascended in a basket under a balloon. They built a fire under the balloon to make the air hot. This made the balloon stay up in the air for a few hours. But their balloon was tied to the ground. So it could not go anywhere.
The first free balloon flight was in December, 1783. The balloon flew for 25 minutes over Paris. It traveled about 5.5 miles. Flying a balloon is not like flying a plane. The balloon has no engine and therefore no power of its own. The wind directs the balloon. It goes where the wind blows. The pilot can control only the altitude of the balloon to find the right wind direction. That is how a good pilot controls where the balloons goes.
Soon balloonists tried longer flights. A major event in the history of ballooning was the first long flight over water. In 1785, an American and a Frenchman flew over the English Channel.
During the nineteenth century, ballooning became a popular sport. There were balloon races in Europe. Balloons were also used by scientists to study the air and by armies in wartime. After the airplane was invented, people lost interest in balloons. Planes were much faster and easier to control. But some people today still like to go up in balloons. High up in the balloon basket, they find quietness. They have wonderful view of the world below. [/INST] question: The first kind of air travel was in _ . | options: A: a jet plane B: an aircraft C: a balloon D: a ship | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Smoking in indoor public places including public working places, public transport vehicles and some other special outdoor working places has been banned in China since January 2011. Let's look at the following advantages of banning smoking.
First, banning smoking will not only help in saving smokers from health problems and diseases, but will also be good for passive smokers. When the smoker is smoking in a restaurant, the people around him are sure to breathe in the smoke and suffer from the diseases an active smoker gets. If smoking is banned, spread of these diseases can be controlled.
Next, banning smoking will put stress on smokers to give up. Since a smoker is prevented from smoking, he will learn how to live without smoking for long hours. When a smoker doesn't smell or see anybody around him smoking, it might reduce his wish to smoke too. As a result, people have to give up smoking.
Smoking in public places influences non-smokers to start smoking, especially _ . When teens see people around them smoking, they will follow them easily. Thus the number of teen smokers will increase. Also asthma and other problems are often seen in children living around smokers. So if it is banned, these places will become safe for children and teenagers.
Smoking should be banned to increase work productivity . Employees who smoke usually take breaks to smoke while working. So the number of hours they put in their work is smaller.
If you see from the environment point of view, smoking should be banned. Smoking causes air pollution. If it is banned, it will help keep the environment from getting worse. [/INST] question: _ doesn't belong to a non-smoking place. | options: A: A field B: A hospital C: A library D: A restaurant | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Tabes dorsalis is a feature of tertiary syphilis and is characterized by chronic fibrosing meningitis, which constricts the posterior root of the spinal cord. The posterior roots contain sensory nerves that originate in the spinal ganglia and form the posterior columns of the spinal cord. Compression of sensory nerves that originate in the posterior roots causes lancinating pain in extremities. It also damages the transmission of proprioceptive impulses, causing gait disturbances (ataxia). Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (choice A) is a motor neuron disease that does not affect the posterior columns. Friedreich ataxia (choice B) is an autosomal dominant trait that involves the spinal cord in a complex way. It affects not only the centripetal pathways (spinocerebellar and posterior columns), but also the efferent corticospinal tracts. Subacute combined degeneration (choice E) is due to vitamin B12 deficiency and involves not only the posterior columns, but also the anterior horn cells and the spinocerebellar and corticospinal tracts.Diagnosis: Syphilis [/INST] question: A 50-year-old man presents with a "staggering" gait and "lightning pain" in his hands and legs. His past medical history is significant for an aortic aneurysm and aortic insufficiency. Neurologic examination reveals impaired senses of vibration, as well as touch and pain in the lower extremities. The patient subsequently dies of pneumonia. Autopsy discloses obliterative endarteritis of meningeal blood vessels and atrophy of the posterior columns of the spinal cord. What is the appropriate diagnosis? | options: A: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis B: Friedreich ataxia C: Huntington disease D: Tabes dorsalis | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: This year some twenty-three hundred teenagers(young people aged from 13 --19)from all over the world will spend about ten months in U. S. homes. They will attend U.S. schools, meet U.S. teenagers, and form impressions of the real America. At the same time, about thirteen hundred American teenagers will go to other countries to learn new languages and gain a new understanding of the rest of the world.
Here is a two-way student exchange in action. Fred, nineteen, spent last year in Germany with George's family. In turn, George's son Mike spent a year in Fred's home in America.
Fred, a lively young man, knew little German when he arrived, but after two months' study, the language began to come to him. The school was completely different from what he had expected -- much harder. Students roserespectfully1when the teacher entered the room. They took fourteen subjects instead of the six that are usual in the United States. There were almost no outside activities.
Family life, too, was different. The father's word was law, and all activities were around the family rather than the individual. Fred found the food too simple at first. Also, he missed having a car.
"Back home, you pick up some friends in a car and go out and have a good time. In Germany, you walk, but you soon learn to like it."
At the same time, in America, Mike, a friendly German boy, was also forming his idea. "I suppose I shouldcriticize2American schools," he says. "It is far too easy by our level. But I have to say that I like it very much. In Germany we do nothing but study. Here we take part in many outside activities. I think that maybe your schools are better in training for citizens. There ought to be some middle ground between the two."
Notes:
1 respectfully adv. ,
2 criticize vt. ,
Choose the best answers according to the above: [/INST] question: This year _ teenagers will take part in the exchange programme between America and other countries. | options: A: twenty-three hundred B: thirteen hundred C: over three thousand D: less than two thousand | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: (Duodenum distal to the opening of CBD) (243-Snell 8th, 911-Baily & Love 25th)SUPERIOR MESENTERIC ARTERY - supplies the distal part of the duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum, cecum, appendix, ascending colon and most of the transverse colonIt arises from the front of the abdominal aorta just below the celiac artery and ends by anastomosing with the ileal branch of its own ileocalic branch***SUPERIOR MESENTERIC SYNDROME or Wilkie's syndrome* Characterised by compression of the third portion of the duodenum by the superior mesenteric artery* More commonly seen in young asthenic individuals with women*** Predisposing factor include - Weight loss**, supine immobilization, scoliosis, placement of body cast (cast syndrome)* Diagnosis - barium upper GT series or Hypotonic Duodenography*** Treatment of choice vascular compression of duodenum is duodeno- Jejunostomy*** Most common cause of Acute mesenteric ischaemia is cardiogenic embolism*** Most common occlusion occurs distal to origin of the superior mesenteric artery** [/INST] question: Occlusion to superior mesenteric artery affects jejunum and911 -Baily & Love 25th) | options: A: Pyloric antrum B: Fundus of stomach C: Duodenum distal to the opening of CBD D: Greater curvature | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Hypersensitivity pneumonitis has acute symptoms that occur soon after exposure to an antigen, often actinomycetes or fungi (molds) growing in contaminated HVAC systems (air conditioner or ventilation ducts). The symptoms improve when the patient leaves the environment where the antigen is located. The pulmonary pathologic changes are usually minimal, with interstitial mononuclear infiltrates. It is mainly a type III hypersensitivity reaction, but with more chronic exposure to the antigen, there may be a component of type IV hypersensitivity with granulomatous inflammation and fibrosis. Attachment of antibody to basement membrane occurs in Goodpasture syndrome. Mycolic acid is a component of the cell wall of mycobacteria, and infections with these organisms are chronic, not episodic. Prostaglandins are produced by the cyclooxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism during acute inflammation, and they mediate pain and vasodilation. Histamine release is characteristic of a type I hypersensitivity reaction that more typically occurs in allergic disease. A toxic injury is more typical of inhalation of a toxic gas, such as sulfur dioxide (so-called silo filler's disease). [/INST] question: A 25-year-old man experiences acute onset of fever, cough, dyspnea, headache, and malaise a day after moving into a new apartment. His symptoms subside over 3 days when he visits a friend in another city. On the day of his return, the symptoms recur. There are no remarkable findings on physical examination. A chest radiograph also is unremarkable. Which of the following pathogenic mechanisms is most likely to produce these findings? | options: A: Antigen-antibody complex-mediated injury B: Antibody-mediated injury to basement membrane C: Formation of mycolic acid as a result of tubercular infection D: Generation of prostaglandins by basophil recruitment | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Buckingham Palace is the Queen's house in London and one of only a few working royal palaces left in the world. Located in the heart of London and surrounded by 2 royal parks, a trip to Buckingham Palace is a must for any visitor to London during August and September.
Ticket Pricing
Adult: PS20.50
Over 60/Student (with valid ID): PS18.80
Child (under 17): PS11.80
Child (under 5): Free
Opening Time 2015
1st August - 27th September 2015
There are plenty of exciting things to see and do at Buckingham Palace.
State Rooms
The 19 State Rooms at the palace are regularly used by the Royal family to entertain guests on their State, and official visits to the United Kingdom. During August and September the Queen makes her yearly visit to Scotland allowing the palace to open up these rooms to the public.
A Royal Welcome Exhibition
This special exhibition at the Palace will provide a unique understanding of what goes into creating an official state visit to Buckingham Palace. What food is cooked in the Royal Kitchen? What porcelain and bed linens are to be used? Every detail is examined carefully and perfected by Royal workers at the Palace during visits by VIP guests.
The Garden
The finale of a visit is a walk along the south side of the garden with views over the famous lake and over 350 different species of wild flowers.
If you have any questions, please feel free to get in touch.
Email Address: [email protected]
Please call us on: +44 (0)20 7293 0972
You can write to us at:
The Leisure Pass Group Limited 75 Wells Street London W1T 3QH [/INST] question: The admission for a young couple with a 10 -year son and a 4- year daughter is _ . | options: A: PS52.80 B: PS32.30 C: PS30.60 D: PS39.30 | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Ma Yan is not really a writer, but this 15-year-old girl has written a book that has moved many people around the world. Ma Yan's diary tells us about Ma's life. She lives in a poor village called Zhangjiashu in Tongxin, Ningxia, and she has no money to go to school. However, she is brave and wants to go to school very much.
Her mother gave her diary to a reporter, Pierre Haski when he went to Zhangjiashu in 2001. Now, Ma Yan's diary has been published in France, Italy, Germany, Japan and China.
Ma Yan is now a Junior Three student at Yuwang Middle School in Tongxin. Before this, she had to drop out of school twice. She had to stop going to school the first time, because her mum told her there was no money for her to go to school. She worked for 21 days and saved 13 yuan. With this money, she went back to school. The second time, her family told her she had to leave school while her two brothers could stay.
"I want to study," Ma Yan wrote in her diary. "Why can boys study but girls can't? It would be wonderful if I could stay at school forever."
Ma Yan loves school so much because she wants to have a better life.
"My parents work hard in the fields but they are still poor. They have no knowledge . Most girls in my village leave school early and get married young. I don't want that kind of life," Ma Yan said.
After her story became known, many students sent money to her. She hopes to go to Tsinghua University and become a reporter. "Then, I can find poor kids like me, and help them," she said. [/INST] question: Ma Yan's diary has been published in France, Italy, Germany, Japan and _ . | options: A: America B: Austria C: Russia D: China | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Once upon a time, there was a poor man. One day, after working for hours, he had a rest under a tree in the middle of the field. Just then, he saw a terrible snake coming out of an anthill . The man thought that the snake might be the god of the field. He did not give it anything, so he could not get anything from the field.
At once he went to bring a bowl of milk and offered the milk to the snake. "God of the field! I didn't know that you live here. That's why I never gave you anything. Please _ me. " Then he went home.
The next day, when the man came, he found a gold coin in the bowl near the anthill. From then on, the man gave milk to the snake and found gold coins.
One day the man was so busy that he couldn't send milk to the snake. So he asked his son to take care of the snake. The son brought milk to the anthill and gave it to the snake. The next day, when he came back, he found a gold coin in the bowl. After taking the gold coin, he thought, "This anthill must be full of gold coins. I would kill the snake and take them all."
The next day, the son came to the field with milk and a stick. He gave the milk to the snake and hit it with the stick. The snake escaped the stick and bit the boy to death. [/INST] question: The man might get _ from the field before he found the snake. | options: A: anything B: nothing C: gold coins D: some anthills | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: There is one language that is used in every country in the world. The people who use it are young and old, short and tall, thin and fat. It is everybody's second language. It is easy to understand, although you can't hear it. It is sign language.
When you wave to a friend who is across the street, you are using sign language. When you smile at someone, you are saying, "I want to be friendly", but you are not using speech. You are using body language. When you raise your hand in class, you are saying, "Please ask me. I think I know the correct answer."
Babies who can't talk can point at things. They are using sign language. A policeman who wants to stop traffic holds up his hands. He is using sign language.
Many years ago, a French priest, Charles Michel de Epee, became interested in education for deaf people. He invented a finger alphabet . It is still in use. People can make the sign for letters and spell words with their hands, and deaf people can read and understand them. Soon there were schools for the deaf in many countries. The only university for the deaf is Gallaudet College in Washington, D.C.
Today, in the United States, there are special TV news programs for deaf people. The newsreader tells the news in sign language. At the same time, the words appear on the TV screen.
The actors in the Theatre of Deaf don't spell every word. Sometimes they use hand signs. When they put two hands together, it means sandwich. They can make a roof with their hands when they want to show a house. One finger in front of an actor's mouth can mean quiet. You can talk to people who are behind windows that are closed. And when you go swimming with your friends, you can have conversations under water.
How many hand signs do you use every day? [/INST] question: Which of the following about sign language is TRUE? | options: A: It is a special language used in a few countries in the world B: It is a way to express one's ideas without words C: It is only used by the deaf D: It can be heard | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Ever walked to the shops only to find, once there, you've completely forgotten what you went for? Or struggled to remember the name of an old friend? For years we've accepted that a forgetful brain is as much a part of ageing as wrinkles and grey hair.But now a new book suggests that we've got it all wrong.
According to The Secret Life of the Grown-up Brain, by science writer Barbara Strauch, when it comes to the important things, our brains actually get better with age.In fact, she argues that some studies have found that our brain hits its peak between our 40s and 60s--much later than previously thought.
Furthermore, rather than losing many brain cells as we age, we retain them, and even produce new ones well into middle age.For years it's been assumed that brain, much like the body, declines with age.But the longest, largest study into what happens to people as they age suggests otherwise.
This continuing research has followed 6,000 people since 1956, testing them every seven years.It has found that on average, participants performed better on cognitive tests in their 40s and 50s than they had done in their 20s.Specifically, older people did better on tests of vocabulary, verbal memory (how many words you can remember) and problem solving.
Where they performed less well was number ability and perceptual speed--how fast you can push a button when ordered.However, with more complex tasks such as problem-solving and language, we are at our best at middle age and beyond.In short, researchers are now coming up with scientific proof that we do get wiser with age.
Neuroscientists are also finding that we are happier with ageing.A recent US study found older people were much better at controlling and balancing their emotions.It is thought that when we're younger we need to focus more on the negative aspects of life in order to learn about the possible dangers in the world, but as we get older we've learned our lessons and are sub-consciously aware that we have less time left in life: therefore, it becomes more important for us to be happy. [/INST] question: Barbara Strauch probably agrees that _ . | options: A: the young are better at handling important things B: people's brains work best between their 40s and 60s C: ageing leads to the decline of the function of the brain D: wrinkles and grey hair are the only symbols of ageing | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: This is a true story that happened in Japan. In order to _ the house, a Japanese tore open the walls. Japanese houses normally have a empty space between the wooden walls. When tearing down the walls, he found that there was a lizard stuck there because a nail from outside was hammered into one of its feet. He saw this, feeling pity and curious. When he checked the nail, he found it was nailed 10 years ago when the house was first built.
What happened? The lizard had survived in such a position for 10 years! It has been in a dark wall partition for 10 years without moving! Then he wondered how this lizard survived for 10 years without moving a single step--since its foot was nailed! So he stopped his work and observed the lizard: What has it been doing? What and how has it been eating? Later, he didn't know from where another lizard appeared, with food in its mouth. Ah! He was astonished and touched deeply. The free lizard had been feeding the stuck one for the past 10 years.
Such love, a beautiful love! Such love happened with this tiny creature... What can love do? It can do wonders! Just think about it: one lizard had been feeding the other one untiringly for 10 long years, without giving up hope on its partner. If a small creature like a lizard can love like this, just imagine how we can love if we try. [/INST] question: How did the Japanese feel when seeing the stuck lizard? | options: A: Frightened B: Enjoyable C: Confused D: Usual | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Students learn their lessons in class. In class teachers teach them. Students sit in the classroom listening to the teacher. This is a way of learning. Is this the only way for students to learn something? Of course not. There is another way to learn: students can teach themselves. For example, if you can't remember something when you are doing your homework, you can look at your book to find the answer. This is a way to teach yourself. And it is not a difficult thing. We can do this at any place and at any time.
How do you teach yourself? The first thing you must do is reading. Read something you are interested in. or you have to read. The second is that you must ask yourself questions. The question is something you don't understand, or you want to know more about. You can write down these questions. A clever student is usually good at asking questions. The third is to answer the question yourself by thinking hard, by reading the passage or other books, and sometimes by asking other people. This is the way of teaching yourself. And you must do this all by yourself. If you keep doing like for a long time, you are sure to succeed in your study. [/INST] question: Listening to the teacher is _ for students to learn something. | options: A: not a way B: the best way C: the only way D: not the only way | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The sea horse is a magical animal, which has puzzled people for thousands of years. In ancient Rome sea horses were believed to be the babies of Neptune's horses. And Neptune was the god of the ocean. Now we know they are not horses at all -- they are a kind of fish. They still seem as magical as ever, especially to divers who have watched them horsing around in the sea. But today, sea horse populations face an uncertain future. Fishermen are catching too many of them, and their undersea habitats are being destroyed.
At least 20 million sea horses are taken from the ocean each year. More than 95% are used for traditional medicines in Asian countries. The sea horses are usually dried and then made into powder which is used to treat such problems as asthma , throat infections, skin diseases and cuts. How well the medicines work is unclear.
Sea horses are also bought and sold in large numbers as pets. Sea horse expert Amanda Vincent warns against buying pet sea horses. "A lot of people treat them as if they're goldfish," she says. But sea horses require very special care and live food. Most captive sea horses _ diseases and die.
Sea horse experts are trying to teach fishermen to become sea horse farmers. Instead of pulling nets of sea horses from the ocean, fishermen could learn to raise them in specially designed saltwater "farms". That way, fishermen would have sea horses to sell, but ocean populations would not be hurt.
Vincent and her team have only discovered the 35 different species of sea horses, and they still have plenty of sea horse secrets left to unlock. That is why, Vincent told TFK, protecting future sea horse populations is especially important: "I promise your readers that by the time they grow up to be marine biologists, we'll still have a lot to learn." [/INST] question: In the past, Romans thought the sea horse to be _ . | options: A: a kind of horse B: a kind of fish C: the god of the ocean D: one of Neptune's pets | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Discover
Newsmagazine of science devoted to the wonders an stories of modern science, written for the educated general reader. Published by Disney Magazine Publishing Co., Discover tells many of the same stories professionals read in Scientific American. A truly delightful family science magazine, each issue brings to light new and newsworthy topics to make dinnertime and water-cooler conversations interesting.
Cover Price: $59.88
Price: $19.95($1.66/issue)
You Save: $39.93(67%)
Issues: 12 issues/12 months
Self
Published by Conde Nast Publications Inc., Self is a handbook devoted to women's overall physical and mental health. Every issue contains usable articles such as "Style Lab", in which wearable clothes are mixed and matched on non-models and the "Eat-right Road Map", with tips on how to eat properly.
Cover Price: $35.86
Price: $15.00($2.5/issue)
You Save: $20.86(58%)
Issues: 10 issues/12 months
Instyle
Instyle is a guide to the lives and lifestyles of the world's famous people. The magazine covers the choices people make about their homes, their clothes and their free time activities. With photos and articles, it opens the door to these people's homes, families, parties and weddings, offering ideas about beauty, fitness and in general, lifestyles. Publisher: The Time Inc.Magazine Company.
Cover Price: $47.88
Price: $23.88($2.38/issue)
You Save: $24.00(50%)
Issues: 10 issues/12 months
Wired
This magazine is designed for leaders in the field of information engineering including top managers and professionals in the computer, business, design and education industries. Published by Conde Nast Publications Inc., Wired often carries articles on how technology changes people's lives.
Cover Price: $59.40
Price: $10.00($1.00/issue)
You save: $49.40(83%)
Issues: 10 issues/12months [/INST] question: Which of the following magazines is published monthly? | options: A: Discover B: Self C: Instyle D: Wired | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Orthomyxoviruses and paramyxoviruses are RNA viruses that contain a single-stranded RNA genome. The influenza viruses belong to the orthomyxoviruses. They cause acute respiratory tract infections that usually occur in epidemics. Isolated strains of influenza virus are named after the virus type (influenza A, B, or C) as well as the host and location of initial isolation, the year of isolation, and the antigenic designation of the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase. Both the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase are glycoproteins under separate genetic control, and because of this they can and do vary independently. The changes in these antigens are responsible for the antigenic drift characteristic of these viruses. The paramyxoviruses include several important human pathogens (mumps virus, measles virus, respiratory syncytial virus, and parainfluenza virus). Both paramyxoviruses and orthomyxoviruses possess an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase that is a structural component of the virion and produces the initial RNA. Respiratory syncytial viruses (RSV) are not related to the paramyxoviruses. They are 150-nm single-stranded RNA viruses. There are 2 antigen groups, A and B, which play no role in diagnosis and treatment. While the overall mortality is 0.5%, at-risk groups may be 25 to 35% mortality if untreated. Some parainfluenza virus infections (type 3) may be indistinguishable from RSV, but most parainfluenza infections produce a laryngotracheobronchitis known as croup. [/INST] question: This virus is the leading cause of bronchiolitis and community-acquired pneumonia in infants. | options: A: Measles virus B: Influenza virus C: Respiratory syncytial virus D: Parainfluenza virus | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: This is piriformis syndrome. As you may recall from your anatomy, the piriformis is the small muscle that crosses the greater sciatic foramen, cutting it into two spaces as the muscle passes from the edge of the sacrum to the greater trochanter. The sciatic nerve comes out of the greater sciatic foramen below the piriformis, and is liable to compression by the muscle. Symptoms are as described above; bicycle riding and running may also set off the symptoms, which may take the form of chronic nagging ache, pain, tingling, or numbness. Treatment is usually to teach the patient to avoid maneuvers that set off the symptoms. Some patients have been helped by corticosteroid injection near the site where the piriformis muscle crosses the sciatic nerve; this therapy is thought to work by reducing the fat around the muscle and thereby increasing the available space in the area.
Disk compression of the sciatic nerve can also produce sciatic pain, but there is almost always lumbar as well as buttock pain. Fibromyalgia causes achy pain, tenderness, and stiffness of involved sites, including muscles, tendon insertions, and nearby soft tissues. Sites commonly involved include head, neck, shoulders, thorax, low back, and thighs.
Popliteus tendinitis is inflammation of the tendon of the popliteus muscle of the knee.
Posterior femoral muscle strain produces pain in the posterior thigh on jumping. [/INST] question: A patient complains to a physician of chronic pain and tingling of the buttocks. The pain is exacerbated when the buttocks are compressed by sitting on a toilet seat or chair for long periods. No lumbar pain is noted. Pain is elicited when the physician performs Freiberg's maneuver. Most likely diagnosis? | options: A: Disk compression of the sciatic nerve B: Fibromyalgia C: Piriformis syndrome D: Popliteus tendinitis | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The best and worst part about being a twenty-something is that every decision you make can change the rest of your life. Once you're in your 30's or 40's, it gets harder and harder to reinvent yourself. So I made an interview with Dr. Meg Jay, the clinical psychologist. He explains why the twenties matter, and how to make the most of them.
In Dr. Meg Jay's opinion, our 20s are the _ decade of adulthood. 80% of life's most important moments take place by about age 35. And 2/3 of lifetime wage growth happens during the first ten years of a career. More than half of Americans are married or are dating or living with their future partner by age 30. Personality can change more during our 20s than at any other decade in life. Female fertility peaks at 28. The brain caps off its last major growth. When it comes to adult development, 30 is not the new 20. Even if you do nothing, not making choices is a choice all the same. Don't be defined by what you didn't know or didn't do.
On the other hand, I also ask him how the 20s track their progress toward their future goals and whether milestones like 21 and 30 are really important. Dr. Meg Jay think it ly important. Milestones--21, 25, 30, New Year's, birthdays, reunions--are important because they cause self-reflection. What he mentioned are as follows: Am I where I wanted to be by this age? Did I do what I said I would do this year? If not, why not. And if not now, when? A 20-year-old girl who interviewed me recently told me about a question she was advised to ask herself as she moved through adulthood: "If you keep living your life exactly as it is, where will you be in 3 years?" If you don't like the answer, now is the time to change course.
Surely the 20s are for experimenting, but not just with philosophies and vacations and substances . The 20s are your best chance to experiment with jobs and relationships. Then each move can be more intentional and more informed than the last. [/INST] question: Once you make a decision in your 20's, it will _ . | options: A: be the best part B: be the worst part C: change your whole life D: affect your future life | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Once upon a time, there lived a wealthy and kind king. However, the people were worried about him because he was very fat. He didn't do anything other than eat and sleep.
One day, the king finally realized that he couldn't even move his body. There were many good doctors in his country. However, none could cure the king. The king had a lot of wealth, but no amount of wealth could make him healthy.
One fine morning, a holy man visited the country. He heard about the ill health of the king and told the minister to meet him at his place, which was far from the king's palace. When the minister came, the holy man said that he could easily cure the king. Hearing these promising words, the minister became very happy. Since the king could not move his body, the minister asked the holy man to go to the king's palace to treat him. However, the holy man refused and said that he would treat the king only if the king came on foot to his place.
The king was unable to walk even a few steps on the road, but after great efforts, he reached the holy man's place. Unluckily, the holy man was not _ and his wife told the king to come the next day. This was repeated for two weeks. Suddenly, the king realized that he felt a lot lighter. Very soon, the king became healthy, and the people became happy again. [/INST] question: Why did the holy man want the king to walk to his place? | options: A: To punish him B: To play a joke on him C: To help him save money D: To help him lose weight | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Every year, we celebrate many special days-Mother's Day, Father's Day, and New Year's Day. In some countries, there is a special day for playing tricks on others. In North America and parts of Europe, this day is known as April Fool's Day, and is celebrated on April 1.
Many people believe that the French started April Fool's Day. Centuries ago, New Year's Day in Europe was April 1. In 1582, the calendar changed and King Charles IX of France moved it to January 1.
Some people did not like this, and chose to keep April 1 as New Year's Day. Many called these people 'April fools' and played jokes and tricks on them. Over time, April 1 became a day to have fun in France. It then spread to England and Scotland, and later, to North America.
On April Fool's Day, jokes are common. In the United States, for example, a person may move a friend's clock ahead one hour, or change the sugar and salt. In Scotland, April Fool's Day lasts for two days. The second day is called 'Taily Day'-for one's 'tail'. On this day, people might secretly put a sign saying 'kick me' on a person's back or behind. Other countries have their own 'Fool's Day'. In Spain and Mexico, people play tricks on each other on December 28. In India, it happens on March 31.
In many countries around the world, April 1 is a day of fun. Jokes bring about a lot of laughter, and many shouts of 'April Fool'! [/INST] question: It is said that people first celebrated 'Fool's Day' in _ . | options: A: the United States B: France C: Scotland D: Spain | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: There is a growing problem of what to do with electronic waste such as old televisions, computers, radios, cellular telephones and other electronic equipment.
Electronic trash, or e-waste, is piling up faster than ever in American homes and businesses. People do not know what to do with old televisions or computers, so they throw them in the trash.
National Solid Wastes Management Association (NSWMA) state programs director Chaz Miller says the large amount of electronic waste Americans produce is not unexpected.
The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimates more than 400 million consumer electronic items are dumped each year, and there is a push by more states to ban the waste from landfills and create recycling programs. They can be torn apart and sorted for useable parts. Mike Fannon who runs the plant in Baltimore, says, "There are a lot of valuable metals that can be recovered and reused instead of just putting them in the landfill, and in certain components, there are some materials that should not really be in the landfill," Fannon explains.
Fannon says nearly 20 percent of electronic waste is recycled nationwide. Thirteen years ago, it was only about 6 percent. Recycling rates continue to rise as more communities have banned electronics from landfills in an effort to keep e-waste poisons like lead and mercury out of garbage dumps.
This year, several states like Vermont imposed a ban on electronic waste in landfills. More than 25 other states have also adopted landfill bans, e-waste recycling programs or both. Chaz Miller says more can be done to boost electronic waste recycling.
"We can do much better," noted Miller. "I think clearly our goal should be to do as well as we do recycling newspapers." [/INST] question: Which of the following does NOT belong to e-waste? | options: A: Old televisions B: Old computers C: Old cell phones D: Old newspapers | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Drug safety Pharmacovigilance is defined as "All methods of assessment and prevention of adverse drug reactions". National pharmacovigilance program (India) 2004 India's drugs control depament within the ministry of health and family welfare initiated the establishment of a nationwide network to build a comprehensive phannacovigilance data system in 2004. The national pharmacovigilance programme for India is sponsored by World Health Organization (WHO) and is funded by the World Bank. The national pharmacovigilance programme is based on the recommendations made in WHO document titled "safety monitoring of medicinal products - Guidelines for setting up and running (I pharmacovigilance centre". The programme paicularly solicits repos of:- All "adverse events" suspected to have been caused by new drugs and drugs of current interest (list to be published by CDSCO from time to time). All suspected drug interactions. Reactions to any other drugs which are suspected of significantly affecting a patient's management including reactions suspected of causing:- - Death - Life threatening - Hospitalisation (initial or prolonged) - Disability (significant persistent or permanent) - Congenital anomaly - Required intervention to prevent permanent impairment or damage [/INST] question: Pharmacovigilance is done for monitoring aEUR' | options: A: Drug price B: Unethical practices C: Drug safety D: Pharmacology students | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Inventors are always looking for ways to make our lives easier, greener and a lot more fun.Take a look at 2010's biggest and coolest breakthroughs in science and technology.What in the world will inventors dream up next?
Superhero Suit
Have you ever dreamed of becoming a superhero? Dream no more.There's a real Iron Man suit, XOS 2, which provides the power to lift 200 pounds with ease .It was designed to help the military with heavy lifting.One person in the suit could do the work of three soldiers.
Up, Up and Away!
It took him 30 years to develop it, and now Glen Martin's invention is ready to take off.The Martin Jetpack allows its operator to fly 8,000 feet into the air.Unfortunately, you can't soar through the skies too long.The jetpack holds only about 30 minutes' worth of fuel.
Hardworking Robot
The EMIEW2 robot is the perfect office helper.Need a document delivered? No problem! It can also guide visitors to their destinations.The three-foot-tall robot can identify different human voices and respond to commands.One day, it may serve as a receptionist or a security guard.
Green Machine
Say goodbye to gasoline! The AirPod car runs on air power.That means this car won't pollute.A high-pressure air tank can fill the car in minutes.The three-wheeler can travel about 130 miles between fill-ups.
Beef Power
All aboard the beef train! Amtrak's Heartland Flyer runs partly on fuel that is made from cow fat.The goal is to reduce carbon emissions by 10%.The train travels between Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, and Fort Worth, Texas.
Robo-Guard
EMILY is a robotic, four-foot-long buoy .She can swim through riptides at up to 24 miles per hour.Her inventor, Tony Mulligan, says that's 15 times as fast as human lifeguards! EMILY is powered by a tiny electric pump and operated by remote. [/INST] question: Which invention was made to help the military? | options: A: AirPod B: EMIEW2 C: XOS2 D: EMILY | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Trans epithelial nasal potential difference Diagnosis of cystic fibrosis Sweat chloride testing The sweat test is the standard approach to diagnosis. The diagnosis is made by elevated sodium and chloride level in the sweat > 60 meoll. Two tests on different days are required .for accurate diagnosis. A normal sweat chloride dose not exclude the diagnosis. Genotyping and other tests such as measurement of nasal membrane potential difference, pancreatic .function should be done if there is high clinical suspicion of cystic fibrosis. Nasal potential difference Measurement of nasal transepithelial potential difference in vivo can be useful adjunct in the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis. Individuals with cystic fibrosis demonstrate a significantly more negative baseline nasal potential difference, with the topical application of amiloride there is loss of this potential difference. Nasal potential difference is a sensitive test of electrolyte transpo (CFTR) function that can be used to suppo or refute a diagnosis of cystic fibrosis. Genetic analysis Cystic .fibrosis is an autosomal recessive disorder. It is caused due to defect in CFTR (Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator) protein. Cystic fibrosis is associated with large number of mutations. More than 1500 CFTR polymoiphisms are associated with cystic fibrosis syndrome. The most prevalent mutation of CFTR is the deletion of single phenylalanine residue at amino acid 4.508 This mutation is responsible for high incidence of cystic fibrosis in nohern European populations. Approximately 50% of individuals with CF who are of nohern European ancestry are homozygous for 4.508 and > 70% carry at least one 4.508 gene. The remainder of patients has an extensive array of mutation, none of which has prevalence of more than several percent. Testing for cystic .fibrosis mutation was not possible because of the large no. of mutations associated with the disease. Now days commercial laboratories test for 30-80 of the most common CFTR mutations. This testing identifies > 90% individuals who carry 2 CF mutations. No where it is mentioned in the texts that testing only for 4508 is enough for diagnosis. Detection of atleast 2 CF mutations are necessary for making the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis. The patient has features of cystic fibrosis but sweat chloride levels are normal. - To diagnose cystic .fibrosis in this patient, another laboratory evidence demonstrating CFTR dysfunction is required. This can be done by two methods:? - Demonstrating abnormal potential difference - Demonstrating abnormal CF mutations. But the diagnostic criteria for cystic fibrosis requires. - Demonstration of two CF mutations (demonstration of single abnormal F508 mutation is not enough) So we are left with abnormal nasal potential difference. - It is an established laboratory evidence for CFTR dysfunction and is accepted as a diagnostic criteria to establish the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis. Diagnostic criteria for cystic fibrosis Presence of typical clinical features (respiratory, G.LT, genitourinary) OR A history of CF in a sibling OR A positive newborn screening test PLUS Laboratory evidence for CFTR Dysfunction Two elevated sweat chloride concentrations obtained on separate days OR Identification of two CF mutations OR An abnormal nasal potential difference [/INST] question: In a child with respiratory distress, failure to thrive. His sweat chloride leveles were estimated 35 meq/L and 41 meq/L. What is next best test to do cystic fibrosis for diagnosis aEUR' | options: A: Nasal transmembrane potential difference B: DNA analysis AF 508 mutation C: CT chest D: 72 hour fecal fat estimation | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Bronchiectasis:
The most common clinical presentation is a persistent productive cough with ongoing production of thick, tenacious sputum. Physical findings often include crackles and wheezing on lung auscultation, and some patients with bronchiectasis exhibit clubbing of the digits. Mild to moderate airflow obstruction is often detected on pulmonary function tests, overlapping with that seen at presentation with other conditions, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
The diagnosis is usually based on presentation with a persistent chronic cough and sputum production accompanied by consistent radiographic features. Although chest radiographs lack sensitivity, the presence of “tram tracks” indicating dilated airways is consistent with bronchiectasis. Chest CT is more specific for bronchiectasis and is the imaging modality of choice for confirming the diagnosis. CT findings include airway dilation (detected as parallel “tram tracks” or as the “signet-ring sign”) — a cross-sectional area of the airway with a diameter at least 1.5 times that of the adjacent vessel), lack of bronchial tapering (including the presence of tubular structures within 1 cm from the pleural surface), bronchial wall thickening in dilated airways, inspissated secretions (e.g., the “tree-in-bud” pattern), or cysts emanating from the bronchial wall (especially pronounced in cystic bronchiectasis). [/INST] question: A patient presents with haemoptysis, copious sputum and tram lines (abnormal air bronchogram) pattern on the chest X ray. What is the most likely diagnosis? | options: A: Lung abscess B: Pulmonary embolism with infarction C: Bronchiectasis D: Carcinoma of lung | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Sailors used to speak of a "Jack"when they meant a flag which was set near the bow of a sailing ship. The flag showed the country to which the ship belonged. The Union Jack became the flag of Great Britain. Australia's flag has the Union Jack in the top left hand corner together with the stars of the Southern Cross. They have kept this small part of Britain on their flag because their country was first settled by people from Britain.
Australia's flag is the same color as the Union Jack--red, white and blue. The act of joining together is called a "Union". The Union Jack was the name of the flag made when England, Scotland and Ireland joined together to make one country.
It all began in 1707 when England and Scotland joined together to become one nation. A flag was made using two crosses--one for the patron saint of each country. The word "patron" means protector. Many centuries before the English had taken St George as their patron saint, his emblem was a red cross on a white background. The Scottish patron saint was St Andrew. In memory of him, they used a white cross on a blue background. This cross was shaped like the letter "X". The new flag was a mixture of both flags with two sets of crosses. When Ireland joined England and Scotland in 1800, another cross was added. St Patrich's cross of Ireland was red and also shaped like an "X". All three flags now made up the Union Jack. [/INST] question: The Union Jack is a kind of _ and contains _ . | options: A: flag; three crosses B: ship; four crosses C: flag; two crosses D: ship; three crosses | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: A.General 1.Bedrest 2.Local heat 3.Analgesics 4.Exercise: Regular walking or other weight bearing exercise for 1 hour 3 times a week protects bone mass 5.Prevention of injury (most hip and wrist fractures are caused by falls). 6.Excessive thyroid hormone replacement therapy should be avoided. B.Antiresorptive agents 1.Oestrogen: Oestrogen 0.625 mg + Medroxyprogesterone (cyclic progestin) 5-10 mg per day 10-14 days/month. Progesterone to be added to prevent endometrial carcinoma. Transdermal oestrogen patches are used to avoid deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Oestrogen therapy is impoant in women with premature or surgical menopause. Contraindications of oestrogen therapy are carcinoma breast or endometrial cancer, recurrent thromboembolic disease, acute liver disease and unexplained vaginal bleeding. 2.Calcium: The recommended daily calcium intake for postmenopausal women is 1,500 mg, and 1,000 mg for premenopausal women. 3.Calcitonin: Salmon calcitonin for 1-2 years increases veebral bone density and decreases the risk of veebral fracture. The usual dose is 50 IU SC per day 3 times a week. (salmon calcitonin 200 units/day as nasal spray). The side effects are nausea, flushing, and rarely allergic reactions. 4.Bisphosphonates: They specifically impair osteoclast function and reduce osteoclast number paly by induction of apoptosis. a.Alendronate 5-10 mg/day b.Risedronate 5 mg/day The prominent adverse effect is esophageal irritation and hence both should be taken with a full glass of water and the patient should remain upright for 30 min after taking the drug. c.Etidronate is given as an intermittent cyclical regimen, 400 mg orally for 2 weeks, has some efficacy against veebral fractures. 5.Selective oestrogen receptor modulators (SERMS) a.Raloxifene 60 mg/day b.Tamoxifen Both reduce bone turnover and bone loss in postmenopausal women. In addition Tamoxifen is beneficial in women at increased risk of breast cancer and Raloxifene reduces serum total and LDL cholesterol, Lp (a), and fibrinogen. C.Bone forming agents a.Fluoride--75 mg/day b.Anabolic steroids: Testosterone is used in the treatment of osteoporotic man with gonadal deficiency. D.Supplementation of Vitamin D metabolites and thiazide diuretics. R ALAGAPPAN MANUAL OF PRACTICAL MEDICINE FOUH EDITION PAGE NO-691,692 [/INST] question: The drugs not used for treatment of osteoporosis are - | options: A: Biphosphonates B: Steroids C: Denosumab D: Calciam | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Divergence and convergence are two evolutionary processes by which organisms become adapted to their environments.
Convergence has been defined as the acquisition of morphologically similar traits between distinctly unrelated
organisms.
Convergence occurs at every level of biological organization.
Functional Convergence
This refers to molecules that serve the same function but have no sequence or structural similarity and carry out their function by entirely different mechanisms.
Mechanistic convergence
Mechanistic convergence occurs when the sequence and structure of molecules are very different but the mechanisms by which they act are similar.
Structural Convergence
This refers to molecules with very different amino acid sequences that can assume similar structural motifs, which may carry out similar functions.
Sequence Convergence
In sequence convergence, one or more critical amino acids or an amino acid sequence of two proteins come to resemble each other due to natural selection. (In protein evolution, sequence divergence, rather than sequence convergence is the rule.) [/INST] question: A different sequence of amino acids having a similar structure of proteins is an example of | options: A: Divergence B: Convergence C: Opportunistic D: Incidental | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The nephritic syndrome is characterized by hematuria, oliguria with azotemia, proteinuria, and hypeension. The most common causes are immunologically mediated glomerular injury; lesions are characterized by proliferative changes and leukocyte infiltration. Acute postinfectious glomerulonephritis typically occurs after streptococcal infection in children and young adults but may occur following infection with many other organisms; it is caused by deposition of immune complexes, mainly in the subepithelial spaces, with abundant neutrophils and proliferation of glomerular cells. Most affected children recover; the prognosis is worse in adults. Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN) is a clinical entity with features of the nephritic syndrome and rapid loss of renal function. Nephrotic syndrome is caused by a derangement in glomerular capillary walls resulting in increased permeability to plasma proteins. The manifestations of the syndrome include: Massive proteinuria, with the daily loss of 3.5 gm or more of protein (less in children) Hypoalbuminemia, with plasma albumin levels less than 3 gm/dL Generalized edema Hyperlipidemia and lipiduria [/INST] question: Which of these is a Nephritic syndrome? | options: A: Minimal change disease B: Membranous Glomerulopathy C: Post infectious Glomerulonephritis D: Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: (Hystrectomy) (1312-Baily & Love 24th) (2275-SB) (1292-B &L 25th)Ureteric injury during operations* The most common cause of injury to the ureter is surgical trauma during hysterectomy or other pelvic surgery* Pre operative catheterization of the ureter makes then easier to identify during surgery.* Injuries discovered at the time of surgery should be repaired immediately.Methods for repairing a damaged ureter* It there is no loss of length - Spatulation and end to end anastomosis* If there is little loss of length - Mobilise kidney, psoas hitch of bladder Boari operation* If there is marked loss of length -- T ransureterostomy- Inter position of isolated bowel loop or mobilized appendix- Nephrectomy* Injuries to the lower third of the ureter - procedure of choice is reimplantation in the bladder combined with psoas- hitch procedure to minimize tension on the ureteral anastomosis* Midureteral injuries - can be managed with primary uretero ureterostomy. If there is not a significant loss of viable ureter between the proximal and distal sites of injuries, otherwise trans ureteroureterostomy is a good option.* Upper ureteral injuries - are best managed with primary ureterostomy. If there is extensive loss of the ureter, autotransplantation of the kidney and transposition of bowel to replace the ureter are potential surgical options. [/INST] question: Commonest cause of ureteric injury during surgical operation is: | options: A: Abdomino-perineal resection B: Hysterectomy C: Prostectomy D: Colectomy | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Lactic acidosis, characterized by elevated blood lactate, decreased aerial blood pH, decreabicarbonate, and electrolyte imbalances with an elevated anion gap (normal = 10 - 12), is a rare but serious complication of metformin administration. The onset of lactic acidosis is usually accompanied by several non-specific signs and symptoms including malaise, myalgias, respiratory distress and increased somnolence. There may be associated hypothermia, hypotension, and resistant bradyarrhythmias as the condition progresses. Choice Glucagon is a polypeptide hormone produced by the alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. It stimulates the conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver. This hormone is available commercially to be administered in an intramuscular injection for the emergency treatment of severe hypoglycemia in diabetic patients when the administration of oral glucose is not possible. The most common adverse effects include pain at the site of the injection as well as hyperglycemia. Choice Glyburide is a sulfonylurea associated with the development of hypoglycemia and cholestatic jaundice (a rare complication). Miglitol (choice C) is an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor commonly associated with the development of abdominal discomfo and flatulence. [/INST] question: A 62-year-old Type 2 diabetic patient presents with complaints of malaise, myalgias, respiratory distress, and increased somnolence. If laboratory examination reveals an anion gap of 26mmol/L, HCO3- of 17 mmol/L and an aerial blood pH of 7.27. You suspect lactic acidosis. The patient is most likely receiving which of the following? | options: A: Glucagon B: Glyburide C: Metformin D: Miglitol | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Welcome to Windsor Castle, the oldest and largest occupied castle in the world. Windsor is one of the official residences of the Queen, who sometimes stays here.
Audio tours
Free audio tours are available on leaving the Admission Centre at the start of your visit. There is a descriptive audio tour for blind and poor sighted visitors.
Guided tours
Visitors can explore the history of the Castle through a tour of the Precincts with an expert guide. Tours depart at regular intervals throughout the day from the Courtyard and finish at the entrance to the State Apartments.
Visitors with children
For those visiting with children, a special family tour and various activities are offered during school holidays and at weekends. Please note that, for safety reasons, pushchairs are not permitted in the State Apartments. However, baby carriers are available to borrow.
St George's Chapel
Visitors arriving at the Castle after 15:00 from March to October are advised to visit St George's Chapel first before it closes.
Shopping
Shops offer a wide range of souvenirs designed for the Royal Collection, including books, postcards, china, jewellery, and children's toys. Please ask at the Middle Ward shop about our home delivery service.
Refreshments
Bottled water can be purchased from the Courtyard and Middle Ward shops. From April to September ice cream is also available. Visitors wishing to leave the Castle for refreshments in the town may obtain reentry permits from the castle shops. Eating and drinking are not permitted in the State Apartments of St George's Chapel.
Photography and mobile phones
Non-commercial photography and filming are welcomed in the Castle. Photography, video recording and filming are not permitted inside the State Apartments of St George's Chapel. Mobile phones must be switched off inside the State Apartments and St George's Chapel in consideration of other visitors.
Security
As Windsor Castle is a _ , visitors and their belongings should get through airport-style security checks. For safety and security reasons a one-way system operates along the visitor route. [/INST] question: A visitor can apply for a free audio tour _ . | options: A: in the Courtyard B: in the State Apartments C: at the Admission Center D: at St George's Chapel | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Music for Little Mozarts is a programme designed to help your little ones develop a love of music. Learning music at an early age helps develop minds and expand cognitive ability. While listening to music can certainly help your youngster pick up songs, actually learning to play the piano can help your child's development.
This programme focuses on little creatures that both entertain and teach. By grasping the attention of a young child's mind and engaging them with stories along with hands on experience, you can provide them with a positive experience that may produce a little Mozart in later years.
Within this multi-book and multi-year lesson plan there are ten little characters that help draw the child into the lesson plan. These little creatures actually can be used to help the child grasp basic concepts in music. The series starts out in the preschool years and provides day by day lessons that can aid the child or a classroom of children right through early adolescence .
The series is designed for both classroom and preschool use and for those at home with homeschoolers. It contains a series of books along with audio CD's, flash cards, and other visual aids that can help very young children develop an ear and an eye for music.
It can be hard to hold the attention spans of children for very long. However, with the right creativity and the proper attention along with simple, easy to master daily lessons, most children will not only grasp music rather quickly, they will also develop a love of real music, not just banging on a piano keyboard and making sounds.
The short, daily lessons are planned out so that children learn to play music by ear. They learn to play real songs and master real passages quickly and easily. This element keeps them involved. They also master playing by ear and then later by reading rather quickly. [/INST] question: Music for Little Mozarts is intended for_. | options: A: children at home B: children at school C: preschool students D: all of above | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: So far, there have been so many successful men and women in the world. And it's no surprise for many of us to dream of doing business when we grow up. However, Moziah Bridge tells us quite different story.
Moziah Bridges is now the CEO of his Mo's Bow's company. He has already earned $200,000 by selling bow ties and other men's fashion accessories . The boy designs all the bow ties together with seven other workers in the company, including his mother and grandmother.
"Mo is the CEO of the company, but I am the CEO of Mo," Bridges' grandma said.
About four years ago, when Bridges went shopping for bow ties, he found they were in ugly" black and red. He wanted a change. So he asked his grandma to teach him to sew and finally he developed the talent of creating bow ties. Though his very first bow tie didn't look nice, the young sewer kept on practicing. He used colorful cloth with different pictures. Then his parents and friends started to like his works.
At first he tried to sell them online to several stores in the south. Soon Mo's bow ties became popular. With the help of Dayond John, CEO of the famous US clothes brand FUBU, Bridges built his own company. Not only did Daymond John provide money for him, but also produced Bridges to the circle of fashion and business industries.
Now the 13-year-old's business has developed rapidly. So you can just start now! You don't have to wait till you're older. If you have a dream, go for it! [/INST] question: How many people are there in Mo's Bow's Company? | options: A: Seven B: Eight C: Nine D: Ten | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Let's Learn More about Each Other
Are the lives of city kids the same as those in villages? In many ways, they are very different. But what are the differences?
Hu Peng of Wuhan and four friends decided to find them out. Earlier this month, they lived for a week in Caidian, a village near Wuhan. Hu and his friends went door to door in Caidian and asked the kids there lots of questions. They wanted to learn more about village kids' everyday lives, so they asked these questions like --Do your parents teach you how to do housework? How much money do you usually spend on dinner? What would you do if a thief came into your house? They also asked 150 city kids the same questions.What's the Difference?
Last week the team gave a report to their class. There are lots of differences between children's lives in cities and those in villages. The biggest difference is independence. Hu's team said that 60 percent of city kids couldn't do much housework, but 90 percent of village kids could care for themselves.
City kids told Hu they cared about school a lot, and they had no time for washing clothes or making their beds. Village kids said they helped their parents with housework a lot. They cooked, did some cleaning and fed animals. Hu's team also found that village kids had less pocket money . Many never used computers. They played in rivers or on mountains. Some didn't really like to make new friends.
Hu and his friends said their trip gave them more self-confidence because they were doing something by themselves. But _ also made them a little worried because they saw they still had a lot to learn. "When we grow up, our parents can't take care of us," said Hu. "We have to learn to take care of ourselves." Shen Guanquan, one of Hu's friends said, "When children learn to care for themselves, they learn to do lots of things." [/INST] question: How many city kids went to learn about village kids' everyday lives? | options: A: Three B: Four C: Five D: Six | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: the p24 antigen is the earliest marker for HIV infections.
Acute HIV syndrome develops 3-6 weeks after the infection.
The acute HIV syndrome represents the initial or primary response of an immunocompetent adult to the HIV infection.
It is characterized by a high level of virus production, viremia and widespread seeding of the lymphoid tissue.
During this phase, the virus can be rapidly isolated from the blood and there are high levels of HIV p.24 Ag in the serum.
Thus, this phase of HIV infection is detected by demonstrating p24 Ag of the HIV virus.
The HIV antibody-based test such as ELISA and western blot cannot be used for diagnosing this phase of infection because the immune response has not yet developed.
Soon, however, a virus-specific immune response develops evidenced by seroconversion (development of antibody).
The seroconversion usually occurs within 3-7 weeks of presumed exposure.
Once the antibody develops, the antibody-based tests ELISA and western blot are used in the diagnosis. [/INST] question: A patient develops hepatosplenomegaly, lymphadenopathy following sexual contact, 3 weeks back. The best test to rule out HIV infection is | options: A: ELISA B: Western blot C: p24 Ag D: Lymph node biopsy | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Coenzymes of B-complex Vitamins* Coenzyme (abbretion) Derived from vitamin Atom or group transferred Dependent enzyme (example) Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) Thiamine Aldehyde or kato Transketolase Flavin mononucleotide (FMN) Riboflavin Hydrogen and electron L-Amino acid oxidase Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD+) Riboflavin Hydrogen and electron D-Amino acid oxidase Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) Niacin Hydrogen and electron Lactate dehydrogenase Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+) Niacin Hydrogen and electron Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase Lipoic acid Lipoic acid Hydrogen and electron Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex Pyridoxal phopsphate (PLP) Pyridoxine Amino or keto Alanine transaminase Coenzyme A (CoA) Panthothenic acid Acyl Thiokinase Tetrahydrofolate (FH4) Folic acid One carbon (formyl, methenyl etc.) Formyl transferase Biocytin Biotin CO2 Pyruvate carboxylase methylcobalamin; Deoxyadenosyl cobalamin Cobalamin methyl/isomerisation Methylmalonyl CoA mutase [/INST] question: Riboflavin is a constituent of | options: A: FMN B: NAD C: PLP D: THF | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: SGOT is normally present in a number of tissues such as hea, liver, muscle, brain, and kidney. It is released into the bloodstream whenever any of these tissues get damaged. For instance, blood AST level is increased in conditions of muscle injury and hea attacks. Hence, it is not highly specific liver tissue damage indicator as it can be elevated in conditions other than liver damage. The aminotransferases catalyze the chemical reactions involving the amino acids, where an amino group is transferred from the donor amino acid to the recipient molecule. Aminotransferases are also referred to as transaminases. Another name for AST is serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT). Similarly, another name for ALT is serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT). Hence, AST is also referred to as SGOT and ALT is also referred to as SGPT. By contrast, SGPT is normally present in large concentrations in the liver. Hence, due to liver damage, its level in the blood rises, thereby, serving as a specific indicator for liver injury. To regard SGOT and SGPT as liver function tests is a misnomer that is commonly prevalent in the medical community as they do not reflect the functioning of the liver. They only detect any type of liver injury or damage done to the liver due to any type of infection and inflammatory changes. The liver may keep functioning normally even in cases when both of these enzymes are highly raised. [/INST] question: Enzymes stored in muscle is | options: A: Alkaline phosphatase B: SGOT C: SGPT D: CPK | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Riding School:
You can start horse--riding at any age.Choose private or group lessons any weekday between 9 a.m.and 8:30 P.m.(3:30 p.m.on Saturdays).There are 10 kilometers of tracks and paths for leisurely rides across farmland and open country.You will need a riding hat.
Opening Hours:Monday through Friday:9:00 a.m.--8:30 p.m.
Phone:(412)396--6754 Fax :(412)396--6752
Sailing Club:
Our Young Sailor's Course leads to the Stage 1 Sailing qualification .You'll learn how to sail safely and the course also covers sailing theory and first aid.Have fun with other course members , afterwards in the clubroom.There are 10 weekly two-hour 1essons (Tuesdays 6 p.m.~8 p.m.).
Opening Hours:Tuesdays:6:00 p.m.--8:00 p.m. Phone:(412)396--6644 Fax:(412)396--6644
Diving Centre: Our experienced instructors offer one-month courses in deep-sea diving for beginners.There are two evening lessons a week,in which you learn to breathe underwater and use the equipment safely.You only need swimming costume and towel.Reduced rates for couples.
Opening Hours:Monday and Friday:6:30 p.m.--8:30 p.m.
Phone:(412)396--6312 Fax:(412)396--6706
Medical Center:
The staff of the Medical Center aim to provide convenient and comprehensive medical care to students and staff of the university.The center is well equipped and the staff here are trained to deal with a broad range of medical problems.Both female and male doctors as well as nursing staff are available for consultation .Also,all kinds of medicines are sold here and are cheaper for students than other drugstores.
Opening Hours:24 hours from Monday to Sunday
Phone:(412)396--6649 Fax:(412)396--6648
Water sports Club:
We use a two-kilometer length of river for speedboat racing,and water-skiing,A beginners' course consists of ten 20-minute lessons.You will learn to handle boats safely and confidently,but must be able to swim.The club is in a convenient central position and is open daily from 9 a.m to 4 p.m,with lessons all through the day.
Opening Hours:Monday through Friday:9:00 a.m.--4:00 p.m. [/INST] question: .If you want to experience a new activity in the countryside in the mornings,you may fax _ . | options: A: (412)396--6752 B: (412)396--6648 C: (412)396--6876 D: (412)396--6706 | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: here: -Topical corticosteroids enhance fungal replication and corneal invasion and therefore, contraindicated in a fungal corneal ulcer.
Now, option 'a' requires specific mention here:-
Topical corticosteroids are contraindicated in herpetic keratitis. But not in all forms of herpetic keratitis :-
Epithelial herpetic keratitis (Dendritic ulcer, geographic ulcer) → Topicla corticosteroids are contraindicated.
Stromal keratitis (Disciform & Diffuse necrotic) → Topical corticosteroids along with topical antiviral drugs are used as the first line of treatment.
So, my opinion for this type of question is that :-
i) If herpetic keratitis has given as the option, then look at other options. If any of the other options is a clear cut contraindication for corticosteroid (e.g. fungal corneal ulcer in this question), consider that option as your answer. If no ther option is a contraindication for topical corticosteroid, consider herpetic keratitis as the answer.
ii) If examiner has specifically mentioned dendritic ulcer as an option, consider it as the answer. [/INST] question: Steroid is contraindicated in – | options: A: Herpes keratitis B: Atropic dermatitis C: Fungal corneal ulcer D: Exposure keratitis | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The old man woke up before sunrise, as he often did, to walk by the beach and greet the new day. As he moved through the early morning, he saw a young man , bending and reaching and throwing, in celebration of the perfect day soon to begin
As he came near, he realized that the young man was not dancing to the day, , but rather bending to check the debris (, ) left by the night's tide , stopping now and then to take starfish and then standing, to throw it back into the sea.
He asked the young man the purpose of the effort."The tide has washed the starfish onto the beach and they cannot return to the sea by themselves ," the young man repied."when the sun rises, they will die, unless I throw them back into the sea."
As the young man explained, the old man looked at the beach ."But there are more starflish on this beach than you can ever save before the sun is up. Surely you cannot expect to make a difference."
The young man listened politely. Then he bent down to take another starfish, threw it into the sea and said,"It made a difference for that one."
There is something very special in each and every one of us. [/INST] question: The old man walked by the beach as usual to _ | options: A: meet his friends B: greet the new day C: 1ook for the starfish D: dance to the wind | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The most common causes of acute severe liver injury in a young pregnant women are:
Viral hepatitis (HAV, HBV)
Eclampsia, preeclampsia (HELLP syndrome)
Acute fatty liver of pregnancy
Budd-Chiari syndrome.
Let us discuss each option separately
Preeclampsia and eclampsia/HELLP syndrome:
It is the most common cause of abnormal liver function test in women.
Amniotransferases are modestly elevated.
But in these cases delivery of the fetus is followed by rapid normalization of the hepatic abnormalities.
Moreover the question does not mention any history of PIH, hemolysis and thrombocytopenia (HELLP syndrome).
Acute fatty liver of pregnancy:
Acute fatty liver develops in the third trimester.
Jaundice develops a few days after the onset. The serum bilirubin is rarely above 10 mg/dL.
Alkaline phosphate is markedly elevated.
Aminotransferases are moderately elevated.
A markedly raised serum ammonia is the most diagnostic finding in establishing the diagnosis of acute fatty liver of pregnancy and symptoms rapidly abate with parturition in most patients.
Fulminant hepatic failure:
The patient presents with features of severe acute hepatitis leading to the development of hepatic encephalopathy within 8 weeks of onset.
The bilirubin increases to 20-30 mg/dL.
The aminotransferase levels are very high (>1000)
Alkaline phosphatase moderately elevated.
Delivery is usually the best treatment.
Budd-Chiari syndrome:
It is a disorder characterized by thrombotic occlusion of the hepatitis veins.
It is a rare complication of pregnancy.
Most of the cases presents within few weeks of delivery but in several cases onset occurs during pregnancy.
Clinical triad of Budd-Chiari syndrome includes sudden onset of abdominal pain, hepatomegaly and ascites (ascites with high protein content is almost always present) near term or shortly after delivery.
Tender hepatomegaly is one of the hallmark of Budd-Chiari syndrome.
Aminotransferases are mildly elevated.
Jaundice is seen in only half of the cases. [/INST] question: A 9 month old pregnant lady presents with jaundice and distension, pedal edema after delivering normal baby. Her clinical condition deteriorates with increasing abdominal distension and severe ascites. Her bilirubin is 5 mg/dl, S. alkaline phosphatase was 450u/L and ALT (345lu). There is tender hepatomegaly 6cm below costal margin and ascetic fluid show protein less than 2 mg% Diagnosis is: | options: A: Acute fatty liver of pregnancy B: HELLP syndrome C: Acute fulminant, liver failure D: Budd chiari syndrome | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Frei's test is not a heterophile reaction Frie's test is used in the diagnosis of LGV. Antigen made from sterile pus aspirated from previously unruptured LGV abscesses, produces a reaction in patients with lymphogranuloma inguinale when injected intradermally. Heterophile reactiion Similar antigens on dissimilar organisms are called heterophile antigens Antibodies reacting with such antigens are called heterophile antibodies. Serologic tests employing such antigens are called heterophile tests. Heterophile agglutination tests include- Sheep RBCs agglutinate in the presence of heterophile antibodies and are the basis for the Paul-Bunnell test in Infectious mononucleosus. Agglutination of horse RBCs on exposure to heterophile antibodies is the basis of the Monospot test in Infectious mononucleosus. Patients suffering from some rickettsial diseases develop agglutinins against ceain nonmotile strains of Proteus. This is the basis of Weil Felix test. Patients suffering from some Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection develop agglutinins against human blood group O RBC's. This is the basis of cold agglutination test. Patients suffering from some Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection develop agglutinins against Group F Streptococcus. This is the basis of Streptococcus MG test [/INST] question: Which of the following is not a 'heterophile reaction': | options: A: Weil Felix test B: Paul Bunnell test C: Frei's test D: Cold agglutinin test | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The Lunar New Year, which starts in late January this year, is the most important festival for Chinese people as most of them drop any business at hand to go back to their hometown to see their families. It is a tradition that has been cherished since ancient times, but as social mobility increases in modern times, the road to family reunions has become very uneasy.
It is not the higher travel costs, nor the expected big spending on gifts and other festival items, but the train ticket that has driven many travelers mad. I've heard some colleagues complain that they have tried every means to secure a train ticket, only to find it a mission impossible. Some of them have turned to the latest software to aid online booking; others have sought help from friends to increase the possibility of successful booking.
No doubt chunyun, the Spring Festival travel season, is the largest-scale annual human migration in the world. Last year, 220 million passengers traveled by train during the Spring Festival season, which usually lasts 40 days. It is a huge jump from 10 years ago, when the number was 128 million.
With the big sudden increase in demand, the railway company has increased investment in railway construction; still, it cannot bridge the supply gap, leading to fierce public complaints and criticism.
Admittedly, it is almost impossible for the railway company to suddenly improve its capacity to meet the explosive demand during the Spring Festival holiday. Moreover, any temporary increase in capacity would become unnecessary after the holiday and mean great commercial losses during the off season.
What the company can reasonably do is gradually improve its capacity while focusing on better distribution of its existing resources during the special peak season. At any rate, however, the problem cannot be solved overnight. [/INST] question: Compared with ten years ago, the percentage of passengers last year increased by _ . | options: A: 40% B: 58% C: 71% D: 83% | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Friends around the word
The sun shines on new friends in new places. Some of the places are similar to the places where you live and some are not. But all of these friends love to sing and play.
A Friend in Korea
Hi, I'm Chang--Yong, and I'm 15 year old. My family lives in an apartment in Seoul, the capital of South Korea. The spring here is warm and beautiful. On special days, I dress in a silk jacket called Hanbok.
A Friend in Australia
Hi, John is my name. I'm an Aboriginal Australian, Aborigines have lived in Australia for many years. I live with our mother in the country. My favorite season is autumn. It's cool. We often wear T--shirts.
A Friend in Tanzania
Hello, my name is Manka, and I live in Tanzania. It's always hot here. Most of us live in wooden huts with grass roofs. My father takes care of the cattle. Cattle are very important for us.
A Friend in Canada
Hi, I am called Kipanik . We live in northern Canada .near the North Pole. It is snowy and cold most of the time here. So I often wear a heavy coat. My family often uses a dog sled to travel through areas covered with snow. [/INST] question: On special days,Chang-Yong wears _ . | options: A: a silk jacket B: a T- shirt C: a dress D: a coat | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Jilin is a good place. It is in the north-east of China. On the north of it is Heilongjiang, the south is Liaoning, the west is Inner Mongolia and the east is North Korea .
It has a long and snowy winter. Usually the winter here starts from October and lasts for six months. Every year people come here for the Ice Lantern Festival and the winter sports.
Changbai Shan is the first mountain in the north-east of China. There is a lot of snow on the main mountain-"Baitou Shan" all the year, so it is named "Changbai Shan". It has great forests on it. There are tigers, deer, black bears and many other animals in the forests and there are a lot of hot springs and more than l,500 kinds of plants. On the very top of the mountain is Tianchi. If you come to the lake, you might see the monster in it.There is also a great waterfall where the Songhua River comes from.
Another place in Jilin is Xianghai in Tongyu County . There are more than 100 pieces of wetlands here. And they are of different sizes. There are 170 kinds of birds, some fish that we can't often see and over 250 different herbal plants and trees here. [/INST] question: Winter in Jilin is from _ to _ . | options: A: January; April B: September; December C: October; April D: November; May | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: 1970 was World Conservation Year. The United Nations wanted everyone to know that the world was in danger. They hoped something could be done.
Here is one example of the problem. At one time there were 1,300 kinds of plants, trees and flowers in Holland ,but now only 866 are left. The others have been destroyed by modern people and their science. We are polluting earth, air, water and everything around us. We can't live without these things. If things go on like this, we shall destroy ourselves.
What will happen in the future? Perhaps it's more important to ask "What must we do?" More and more young people have known this. Many of them are helping to save our earth. For example, they plant trees. In a small town in the United States, a large group of girls cleaned the banks of 11 kilometers of their river. Young people may hear about conversation through a song called "No one's going to change our world". It was made by Cliff Gichard and other singers. The money from it will help to conserve tigers, elephants and pandas on the earth. [/INST] question: The United Nations hoped something could be done _ . | options: A: to conserve the world B: to change the world C: to develop the world D: to destroy the world | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: .Ampullary tumours mainly present with jaundice and weight loss.b. Carcinoma of head and neck region present with weight loss and jaundice. c. Cystadenocarcinoma of pancreas present with pain, weight loss . * Silvery stool (due to mixing of undigested fat with metabolised blood derived from the ooze of periampullary growth). * Loss of appetite and weight. * Scratch marks on the back. * Migratory superficial thrombophlebitis--Trousseau's sign (10%) is due to release of platelet aggregating factors from the tumour or its necrotic material. (Trousseau himself died of carcinoma pancreas who had migrating thrombophlebitis.) * Ascites. * Left supraclavicular palpable lymph node. * Secondaries in rectovesical pouch (Blumer's shelf). * Gall bladder may be palpable which is nontender, soft, globular, smooth, moving with respiration, mobile horizontally, dull on percussion. (30% in carcinoma head of pancreas; 50% in periampullary carcinoma). Courvoisier law ours gall bladder enlargement. * Liver is enlarged, smooth, firm, nontender, due to dilated bile filled biliary radicles--Hydrohepatosis. Liver can show multiple hard nodules due to secondaries. * Cystadenocarcinoma of pancreas can present with mass in epigastric region, which is nonmobile, not moving with respiration, smooth, soft, nontender. * Splenic vein thrombosis with splenomegaly (10%) can occur. ref:SRB&;S manual of surgery,ed 3,pg no 632 [/INST] question: Carcinoma of pancreas associated with | options: A: Hypoglycemia B: Syndrome of inappropriate secretion of ADH C: Erythropoisis is due to erythropoitin D: Hypercalcemia | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: If you have no special plans for your free time, why not spend your time helping others? Don't listen to people who say that young people today often think only of themselves. It is not true at all. More and more young people in the United States volunteer(,) to spend their school holidays working for others. And they don't do it for money. Here are some of their stories.
Alice Hamiton, 17
I'm going to help the Forest Centre build new hiking paths in the mountains. It sounds terrible. I'll spend the whole summer living in a tent and breathing the clean mountain air. I'm going to sleep under the stars. It will be nice, and I'll be able to do something good at the same time!
Jason Moore 18
This summer, I'm going to volunteer with Special House Program.They build good, low-cost houses and sell them to families that are not very rich. They'll teach me what to do, so I'll help people and also have a chance to learn how to build houses.
Trish Anderson, 16
I'm going to teach kids who have trouble in reading. I'll work for a program called Reading For Life. Every day, I'm going to help kids choose and read books that they like. I want to be a teacher, and I love children and reading, so this is going to be a great experience for me.
,. [/INST] question: Young people in the USA volunteer to help others _ . | options: A: on school holidays B: on weekdays C: every morning D: every afternoon | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Precontemplation and preparation Five stages of change have been conceptualized for a variety of problem behaviours The five stages of change are: ?- Precontemplation- Contemplation- Preparation- Action- MaintenancePrecontemplationIt is the stage at which there is no intention to change behaviour in the forseeable future. Many individuals in this stage are unaware or underaware of their problems.ContemplationIt is the stage in which people are aware that a problem exists and are seriously thinking about overcoming it but, have not yet made a commitment to take an action.PreparationIt is a stage that combines intention and behavioural criteria.Individuals in this stage are intending to take action in the next month and have unsuccessfully taken action in the past yearActionIt is the stage in which individuals modify their behaviour experiences or environment in order to overcome their problems.Action involves the most ove behavioural changes and require considerable commitment of time and energy.MaintenanceIt is the stage in which people work to prevent relapse and consolidate the gains attained during action.For addictive behaviour this stage extends from six months to indeterminate period past the initial action. [/INST] question: A man taking 20 cigarettes per day, staed coughing, his family suggested quitting cigarettes. He is ready to quit but thinks that quitting will make him irritable, the best health planning model followed is aEUR' | options: A: Cost and survival B: Persuasion C: Precontemplation and preparation D: Precontemplation and preparation | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Causes of stricture of bile duct - MCC -iatrogenic Vascular injury Choledochotomy incision: longitudinal incision because transverse incision may injure collateral blood supply. Vascular supply or biliary tract Supra duodenal & infra hilar bile ducts are predominantly supplied by two axial vessels that run in a 3 and 9-0'clock These vessels are derived from the superior pancreaticoduodenal, right hepatic, cystic gastroduodenal, and retro duodenal aeries It has been estimated that only 2% of the aerial supply to this poion of the bile duct is segmental and arises directly off of the proper hepatic aery. Approximately 60% of the blood supply to the supra duodenal bile duct originates inferiorly from the pancreaticoduodenal and retro duodenal aeries. Whereas 38% of the blood supply originates superiorly from the right hepatic aery and cystic dust aery The blood supply to the common bile duct and common hepatic duct is illustrate: right hepatic aery (a); 9:00 aery (b); retroduodenal aery (c); left hepatic aery (d); proper hepatic aery (e); 3:00 aery (f); common hepatic aery (g); gastroduodenal aery (h). [/INST] question: Which aery should be saved while operating common bile duct stricture? | options: A: Common hepatic aery B: Right hepatic aery C: Left hepatic aery D: Celiac trunk | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: It does not have to be January 1stto give yourself a chance to make the most out of your day. Every day is a new day and a fresh start to learn, grow, develop your strengths, free yourself from past regrets or hurts, and move forward older and wiser. Every day gives you a chance to reinvent yourself. It is never too late to change things that are not working in your life.
Each day is a new beginning and a piece of blank paper. How would you like to create your day? What would you like to paint on it? If you wake up in a negative mind, you are more likely to paint a dark picture throughout the day, and your picture will not show hope, happiness and joy.
If you take each day to think actively, and have a positive intention for how you would like to create your day, how would your life be different? What can daily positive intentions do for you? Every day you will give yourself the gift of an "attitude of gratitude ".
Each day is a chance to look at things in a different way. You can experience each day in the beauty of the world-and the beauty of you who are in it! You find yourself changing from "I can't" to "I can". With a focus on positive intentions, you feel you are full of power and more like a "winner" than a "loser".
You pay more attention to the present, and will be more likely to live fully in the present each moment of each day. After all, the past is a great place to visit, but you don't want to live there! So how about starting each day taking a moment to think of a positive intention for the day? [/INST] question: If you have daily positive intentions, you will _ . | options: A: get a positive result B: have a busy life C: get gifts from others D: be a complete loser | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: October 15th2008 is the first Global Handwashing Day, whose goal is to create a culture of hand washing with soap. Activities are planned in more than twenty countries to get millions of people in the developing world to wash their hands with soap.
150,000 bars of soap were given to schools in prefix = st1 /Ethiopia, where the Education Ministry asked 1,000,000 schoolchildren to wash their hands for _ .
Experts say people around the world wash their hands but very few use soap at critical moments such as after using the toilet, after cleaning a baby and before touching food.
The organizers say all soaps are equally effective at removing disease-causing germs . They say the correct way to wash is to wet your hands with a small amount of water and cover them with soap. Rub it into all areas, including under the fingernails. Rub for at least 20 seconds.
Then, wash your hands well under running water. Finally, dry your hands with a clean cloth or wave them in the air.
They say soap is important because it increases the time that people spend washing. Soap also helps to break up the grease and dirt that hold most of the germs. And it usually leaves a pleasant smell, which encourages people to wash again.
They say washing with soap before eating and after using the toilet could save more lives than any vaccine or medicine. It could help reduce cases of diarrhea by almost half. And it could reduce deaths from pneumonia and other breathing infections by one-fourth.
Diarrhea is the second leading cause of child deaths, killing more than 1,500,000 children a year. Pneumonia is the leading cause, killing about 2,000,000 children under five each year. Hand washing can also prevent the spread of other diseases.
When people get germs on their hands, they can infect themselves by touching their eyes, nose or mouth. Then they can infect others. [/INST] question: Which of the following situation doesn't belong to a critical moment? | options: A: Before having dinner B: When cleaning a baby C: After using the toilet D: While washing the dishes | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: " Edema is not seen in primary aldosteronism, even though there is marked sodium and water retention."
Lack of edema is due to the fact that increased atrial natriuretic factor secreted by cardiac tissues limits sodium retention.
When the cause of hyperaldosteronism lies within the adrenal gland itself the condition is known as primary hyperaldosteronism (Conn's syndrome)
The most common cause of primary hyperaldosteronism is unilateral adrenal adenoma.
Clinical features of primary hyperaldosteronism (Conn's syndrome)
In primary hyperaldosteronism there is excess secretion of mineralocorticoid (aldosterone) by adrenal cortex.
Aldosterone is the major mineralocorticoid secreted by the adrenals. The major physiological effect of aldosterone is
It increases absorption of sodium and simultaneously increases secretion ofpotassium by the renal tubular epithelial cells in the collecting tubules. Therefore aldosterone causes sodium to be conserved in the extracellular fluid while increasing potassium excretion in the urine.
Now,
The effect of excess aldosterone secretion.
Excess aldosterone does not cause significant increase in serum sodium
Excess aldosterone increases extracellular fluid volume and arterial pressure but has only a small effect on plasma sodium concentration.
Although, aldosterone has a potent effect in decreasing the rate of sodium excretion by the kidneys, the concentration of sodium in the extracellular fluid rises only a few milliequivalents. The reason is that when sodium is reabsorbed by the tubules there is simultaneous osmotic absorption of almost equivalents amount of water. Also, small increase in extracellular fluid sodium concentration stimulates thirst and increased water intake, if water is available.
Therefore the extracellular fluid volume increases almost as much as the retained sodium but without much change in sodium concentration.
Therefore even though aldosterone is one of the body's most powerful sodium retaining hormones, only transient sodium retention occurs when excess amounts are secreted.
Excess aldosterone does not produce edema
Aldosterone mediated increase in extracellular fluid volume lasting more than 1-2 days also leads to increase in arterial pressure.
Increase in extracellular fluid increase the B.P. to 15-20 mm Hg and this elevated B.P. in turn increases kidney excretion of both salt and water called pressure natriuresis and pressure diuresis.
This return to normal of salt and water excretion by the kidneys as a result of pressure natriuresis and diuresis is called aldosterone escape (this mechanism does not allow edema to develop).
Thereafter, the rate of gain of salt and water by the body is zero, and balance is maintained between salt and water intake and output by the kidneys despite continued excess aldosterone.
In the meantime however the person has developed hypertension, which lasts as long as the person remains exposed to high levels of aldosterone.
Excess aldosterone causes hypokalenzia and muscle weakness
Normally aldosterone increases the secretion of potassium by renal tubular epithelial cells. Excess aldosterone further enhances this process.
Excess aldosterone not only causes loss ofpotassium ions from the extracellular fluid but also stimulates transport of potassium from the extracellular fluid into intracellular fluid.
Therefore, excessive secretion of aldosterone causes serious decrease in plasma potassium concentration.
Excess aldosterone increases tubular hydrogen ion secretion, with resultant mild alkalosis
Aldosterone not only causes potassium to be secreted into the tubule in exchange for sodium reabsorption in the cells of renal collecting tubules but also causes secretion of hydrogen ions in exchange for sodium in the intercalated cells of the cortical collecting tubules.
The obvious effect of this is to decrease the hydrogen ion concentration in the extracellular fluid. This effect usually causes a mild degree of alkalosis [/INST] question: NOT a feature of primary hyperaldosteronism is - | options: A: Pedal edema B: Diastolic hypertension C: Polyuria D: Hypokalemia | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Answer the following questions by using the information taken from a dictionary page.(You may read the questions first.)
jaguar: n.a type of large, yellow-colored cat with black markings found in the southwestern region of the U.S.and in Central and South America.
jargon: 1.n.an unknown language that seems strange or impossible to understand.2.n.a language made up of two or more other languages: His jargon was a mixture of French and English- 3.n. the special vocabulary of a field or profession: Her report on computers was filled with jargon.4.n.speech that doesn't make sense.
jaunt: 1.n.a trip taken for fun.2.v.to go on a brief pleasant trip: We jaunted to the country last
Saturday.
javelin: 1.n.a spear most commonly used as weapon or in hunting.2.n.the contest in which a javelin is thrown.3.n.a lightweight metal or wooden spear that is thrown in track-and-field contests.4, v.to strike, as with ajavelin.
jazz: 1.n.a type of music that originated in New Orleans and is characterized by rhythmic eats.2.n.popular dance music influenced by jazz..3.n.slang empty talk.4.ad.of or like jazz: a jazz band, jazz records.
Jennet; n.a small Spanish horse. [/INST] question: Which meaning of the word javelin is used in the sentence below? | options: A: Definition 1 B: Definition 2 C: Definition 3 D: Definition 4 | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Juvenile onset Respiratory Papilloma: - Most common benign neoplasm of the larynx in children. - Causative organism: HPV 6 and 11. - HPV 6 is more common, HPV 11 is more aggressive - Mostly affect supraglottic and glottic regions of larynx. - Rx Preferred Method: Excision with Microdebrider under Microscopic view. Aim of the therapy is to maintain airway, preserve voice and avoid recurrence. CO2 Laser excision is not preferred nowadays as fumes emitted during surgery contain HPV virus which can infect Operating Surgeon and OT personnel. Coblation & Photodynamic therapy (PDT) are also being tried to decrease recurrence rate = Medical Therapy is mainly used as Adjuvant therapy to prevent recurrence. They act by 3 actions: Antiviral Antiproliferative ImmunomodulatoryExamples: S. No Drug Name Action 1. INTERFERON-a (Interferon-alpha) a. Interferes with normal host cell translation mechanisms and induces synthesis of intracellular enzymes that act to control viral growthb. depletes essential metabolites in papilloma cells and increases the length of their multiplication cyclec. facilitates recognition of papilloma cells by circulating leucocytes by enhancing expression of cell surface antigens 2. BEVACIZUMAB recombinant monoclonal antibody : inhibits angiogenesis (VEGF-A) 3. CIDOFOVIR(Intralesional) acyclic nucleoside phosphonate : inhibition of viral DNA polymerases 4. RIBAVIRIN(aerosol) synthetic nucleoside (broad spectrum antiviral) 5. ACYCLOVIR nucleoside analogue which inhibits thymidine kinase 6. INDOLE-3-CARBINOL affects oestrogen metabolism shifting production to antiproliferative oestrogen 7. CIMETIDINE histamine receptor type 2 (H2) antagonist [/INST] question: Which of the following treatment is done for Juvenile Onset Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis: | options: A: Bevacizumab B: Aerosol Cidofovir C: Interferon Beta D: Steroids | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: John Milton was born in 1606. His father expected him to enter the church of England, but Milton wanted to be a poet. At twenty-nine Milton set off for a travel on the _ He traveled in France, Switzerland and Italy, winning the friendship of many artists and scientists, including Galileo, the famous Italian scientist who suffered for his discovery in prison. In 1639, he was planning to go on this journey when the news reached him of the break between the king and Parliament . Milton returned to England immediately, and put himself into the struggle against the king, for which he had long been prepared. During the Civil war, Milton worked as the spokesman of the revolution. By the beginning of 1652, Milton had become completely blind, yet he didn't stop fighting. After the Restoration , his books were burnt, and he himself avoided being killed because of his blindness.
John Milton was not only a brave revolutionary but also a great poet. His famous poem Paradise Lost was an immediate success. But, for its publication (being published), Milton received only 18 pounds. He died in 1671. [/INST] question: Milton set off for a travel on the continent here "continent" means _ . | options: A: Asia B: Europe C: America D: Africa | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: "Sleep-disordered breathing" is a term for a group of conditions that can interfere with nornlal breathing while people sleep.These include snoring,mouth-breathing and sleep apnea .Sleep-disordered breathing can do more than just leave people feeling tired the next day.It can also affect people's health.In children the effects can include behavioral and emotional problems.
In a new study.1ed by Karen Bonuck at the Einstein College of Medicine.researchers asked parents about their children's breathing from when they were babies up to about age seven.The study finds sleep-disordered breathing is associated with a fifty percent increase in outcomes including hyperactivity ,aggressiveness and problems relating to other children.
Ms.Bonuck says the more serious the breathing problems,the more serious the behavioral issues were likely to be.Other studies have:linked sleep with children's behavior,but this study was extensive enough to:reject other possible causes.
How well do you sleep?A popular belief is that sleep gets worse with age.But. in another new study,those who reported the fewest problems with the quality of their sleep were people in their eighties.
Researchers did a telephone survey of American aduhs.Michael Grandner at the University of Pennsylvania medical school says the original goal was to confirm that aging is connected with increased sleep problems.The survey did find an increase during middle age,worse in women than men.But except for that,people reported that their sleep quality improved as they got older.At least they felt it did.
Mr.Grandner says."Even if sleep among older Americans is actually worse than in younger adults,feelings about it still improve with age."
In the study,health problems and depression were linked with poor sleep.But,based on the study.Mr.Grandner says older people who are not sick or depressed should be reporting better sleep."If they're not.they need to talk to their doctor."he says.He says heahtlh care providers generally dismiss sleep complaints from older adults as a normal part of aging. [/INST] question: Sleep-disordered breathing makes it hard for people to have _ while sleeping. | options: A: mouth-breathing B: snoring C: sleep apnea D: normal breathing | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Metaplasia is a reversible change in which one adult cell type (epithelial/mesenchymal) is replaced by another adult cell type. Often seen in response to chronic irritation. Makes the cells able to withstand stress. Metaplasia is thought to arise by reprogramming of stem cells to differentiate along a new pathway. May result in reduced function or increased propensity for malignant transformation Two types - squamous metaplasia & columnar metaplasia. Squamous metaplasia: The normal columnar epithelial cells are focally or widely replaced by squamous epithelial cells. Eg: Chronic smokers - to survive the noxious chemicals in cigarette smoke Squamous metaplasia - columnar epithelial changes to squamous type. Eg: In chronic gastric reflux, the normal stratified squamous epithelium of lower oesophagus undergoes metaplastic transformation to gastric or intestinal type columnar epithelium. Metaplasia may also occur in mesenchymal cells but in these situations, it is generally a reaction to some pathologic alteration not an adaptive response to stress. Epithelial metaplasia is exemplified by the squamous change that occurs in the respiratory epithelium of habitual cigarette smokers (Fig. 1-5). The normal ciliated columnar epithelial cells of the trachea and bronchi are focally or widely replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells. The rugged stratified squamous epithelium may be able to survive the noxious chemicals in cigarette smoke that the more fragile specialized epithelium would not tolerate. Although the metaplastic squamous epithelium has survival advantages, impoant protective mechanisms are lost, such as mucus secretion and ciliary clearance of paiculate matter. Epithelial metaplasia is therefore a double-edged sword. Moreover, the influences that induce metaplastic change, if persistent may predispose to malignant transformation of the epithelium In fact, squamous metaplasia of the respiratory epithelium often coexists with lung cancers composed of malignant squamous cells. It is thought that cigarette smoking initially causes squamous metaplasia, and cancers arise later in some of these altered foci. Since vitamin A is essential for normal epithelial differentiation, its deficiency may also induce squamous metaplasia in the respiratory Refer robbins 9/e p5 [/INST] question: Replacement of columnar epithelium of respiratory tract to squamous epithelium is | options: A: Hyperplasia B: Metaplasia C: Hypoplasia D: Atrophy | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Cytokeratins are proteins of keratin-containing intermediate filaments found in the intracytoplasmic cytoskeleton of epithelial tissue. The term "cytokeratin" began to be used in the late 1970s (for example, see "Intermediate-sized filaments of human endothelial cells" by Franke, Schmid, Osborn and Weber when the protein subunits of keratin intermediate filaments inside cells were first being identified and characterized. In 2006 a new systematic nomenclature for keratins was created and now the proteins previously called "cytokeratins" are simply called keratins. Cytokeratin Sites Cytokeratin 4 Non-keratinized squamous epithelium, including cornea and transitional epithelium Cytokeratin 7 A subgroup of glandular epithelia and their tumors Transitional epithelium and transitional carcinoma Cytokeratin 8 Glandular epithelia of the digestive, respiratory and urogenital tracts, both endocrine and exocrine cells, as well as mesothelial cells Adenocarcinomas originating from those above Cytokeratin 10 Keratinized stratified epithelium Differentiated areas of highly differentiated squamous cell carcinomas Cytokeratin 13 Non-keratinized squamous epithelia, except cornea Cytokeratin 14 Basal layer of stratified and combined epithelia Cytokeratin 18 Glandular epithelia of the digestive, respiratory, and urogenital tracts, both endocrine and exocrine cells, as well as mesothelial cells Adenocarcinomas originating from those above Cytokeratin 19 Glandular-type epithelia Does not react with hepatocytes and hepatocellular carcinoma[ Cytokeratin 20 Glandular-type epithelia. Signet ring/round clear cells [ GI stromal tumor (Krukenberg)[ [/INST] question: A 56 year old Chronic smoker, mass in bronchus resected. Most useful immunohistochemical marker to make a proper diagnosis would be | options: A: Cytokeratin B: Vimentin C: Epithelial membrane cadherin D: Leucocyte common antigen | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: If you are a book-lover, you may be interested in the following.
Dietland, by Sarai Walker
If you're sick of the stick-thin and perfectly slim models of society today, Dietland is for you. The funny novel follows Plum Kettle, an over-weight advice journalist who answers fan mail for a teen girls' website. She's convinced that her life won't really start until she saves up enough money for her weight-loss operation -- when she'll finally look like the "perfect" woman. But after she gets pulled into a series of adventures with a group of women who live life on their own terms, she begins to reconsider her own opinions of what "beauty" really is.
Orhan's Inheritance, by Aline Ohanesian
After Orhan's Turkish grandfather dies, he learns that while he's taken over his grandfather's successful business, the house that's been in his family for generations was not left to him. Instead, it went to an 87-year-old woman who lives in L.A. that no one in his family has ever heard of. To get to the bottom of this, Orhan travels to L.A. to meet with the woman. It's then that he uncovers the secrets of his family.
Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind, by Yuval Noah Harari
If the story of evolution has always interested you, this book is for you. In it, Dr. Yuval Noah Harari explores how, if 100,000 years ago there were six different kinds of humans on Earth, only one lived through to today: homo sapiens. He takes both an historical and biological approach to his discussion of how humans have evolved over time. He talks about the society created by sapiens and cultural wonders. And perhaps what is most fascinating is the evolution of humans. [/INST] question: What does Plum Kettle want before she joins the women in the adventures? | options: A: Natural beauty B: A large sum of money C: A healthy lifestyle D: A slim shape | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Coffee is one of the most popular drinks throughout the world today. In fact, according to some estimates, over 30% of all adults in the world drink coffee at least once a day on the average. Coffee contains a kind of drug called caffeine. Caffeine is a chemical that stimulates the nerves of the body. Drinking coffee tends to make people a little bit more awake--at least for a short time--because of this stimulating effect on the nervous system. A cup of coffee has, on the average, about 3% caffeine in it.
One story of the discovery of the coffee plant relates to this effect of caffeine. According to the story, coffee was discovered in East Africa. The story says that coffee was first found by a goat farmer named Kaldi. This was about the year 850. Kaldi was leading his animals through the mountains and the goats were stopping repeatedly to eat the plants near the path. Suddenly, some of the goats started jumping up and down in a very strange way. Kaldi figured out that the goats were acting this way because of the plants they were eating. Kaldi himself tried eating some of the green beans that the goats had been eating. He, too, felt the stimulating effect of the beans. Kaldi wanted to prove what had happened, so he picked some of the beans and took them back to the village, where he told his story.
The green bean got the name "Kaffa" and later "coffee" because the beans were discovered in a place called Kaffa in Africa. Then for years, people used to eat a few of the green Kaffa beans when they were in the mountains and needed extra energy to do their work. It was later found that the coffee beans could be picked and then dried until they turned brown, and then they could be stored. If the beans were dried and stored, they could be used at any time. [/INST] question: What is the purpose of drinking coffee? | options: A: To become more awake B: To become more healthy C: To become more happy D: To become more clever | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: 12-year-old Romina Mohaqqeq, believed to be Iran's youngest filmmaker, is dreaming of winning an Oscar someday.
"I will not regard myself a filmmaker until I win an Oscar," she remarks. Born in 1998, she has so far directed several documentaries and short films and has received several awards at national and international festivals.
"I made my first documentary when I was eight years old. The idea came to my mind when I saw an Afghan boy who was collecting paper in a dustbin near our house. I thought it might be a good topic for a documentary," she said.
"I asked my dad to make a movie about this boy but he said that it would not be an interesting topic. He told me to work on the topic myself if I liked it, so I made my first documentary and named it Long Way".
Romina's "Long Way" took the best film award at Roshd International Film Festival in 2007, encouraging her to continue filmmaking. "Next, I adapted a story published in a magazine and made the short film A Box Full of Affection".
She is now working on Thought, a new documentary about positive thinking.
Romina admits that her dad has been her only advisor all these years.
"When Romina decided to work on a topic herself at the age of 8, I taught her the whole process of filmmaking within 6 to 7 months. I even worked as a cameraman in some of her productions." her father said.
"We also reviewed the book Film Directing Shot by Shot. We read all the sections together where she learned the entire process from pre-production to post-production."
Romina also played in one of her dad's productions when she was 6, and acted in the
movie The Earrings. She was among the judges of 39th edition of the Roshd International
film Festival. [/INST] question: Which of the following films is not directed by Romina? | options: A: Long Way B: A Box Full of Affection C: Thought D: The Earrings | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: What is art? According to one definition, it is the creation of something that appeals to our sense of beauty. This definition may include painting, drawing, sculpture, and architecture, or performing arts such as music and drama. Cultural and historical influences, as well as one's own consciousness of what is aesthetically( )pleasing, play a role in what one believes to be art. To some people, art is the description of an object--- a painting or sculpture of a person, for example. For others, art may be a blank canvas, or a piece of chalk.
In order to talk about the different artistic styles that have existed over time, art historians have classified these styles into different periods and organized them in chronological order. The works of art produced within each period mirror the culture and events of that time.
The earliest forms of art, from the prehistoric era , include simple cave paintings and figures made from stone. There were followed by the sculptures and carvings of Ancient Civilizations era. Styles of the later Classical era (800 B.C. to 200 A.D.), reflect the culture of the time--- one that favored simplicity and balance. The period of the Middle Ages followed, and was succeeded by a revival of classical styles in the Renaissance era, beginning around 1400. Well-known artists of this time include Michelangelo and da Vinci. One hundred years of Baroque style, and then fifty years of Rococo followed the 200-year Renaissance. The start of the nineteenth century saw the rise of the Premodern era, followed by the Modern era, a period that lasted until 1945. This was followed by Postmodern era that characterizes the present day.
In addition to differences in artistic styles between eras, there are also differences within each era. The Postmodern era, for example, has featured innovative artistic styles such as Pop Art ( which includes work by Andy Warhol), Minimalism, and Conceptualism. Since the 1960s, Conceptualism has grown in popularity. This style focuses more on the idea or 'concept' of art using realistic objects, rather than on art that is created using traditional materials such as paint, canvas, stone, or clay. Whereas Warhol used a can of beans as the basis for a painting, for example, a conceptual artist might say that the can itself is a work of art.
Conceptualism has become an increasingly controversial art style, particularly as result of numerous conceptual artists winning the Turner Prize. This PS20,000 award is presented annually to a British artist under the age of fifty, in recognition of an outstanding work. Sponsored by the Tate Gallery of Britain, it is recognized as one of Europe's most prestigious awards for visual arts. Its aim is to promote discussion about contemporary British art. In 2002, pop music icon Madonna presented the Turner Prize to conceptual artist Martin Creed.
...... [/INST] question: One of the artistic styles that many people today discuss and arguing about is _ . | options: A: classic style B: Conceptualism C: Pop art D: Baroque style | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: HOTEL INFORMATION
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Room Information:
Rooms are equipped with Double, Queen, or King bed (s) .smoking or non-smoking based on location and availability. Provided in each guest room is a hairdryer, coffee maker, iron, ironing board and cable TV.
Check-in Time: 7:00 P. M.
Hotel Amenities : Air Conditioner, Parking, 24 Hour Front Desk, Pool, Television with Cable, Coffee Maker in Room, Hairdryers Available.
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Room Information:
The oceanfront accommodations at Beach Plaza Hotel are some of the most affordable on Fort Lauderdale Beach. Each room has direct-dial telephone, cable television and daily maid service. Full kitchens available! All rooms surround the private poolside garden courtyard.
Check-in Time: 7:05 P. M.
Hotel Amenities: Air Conditioner, Coffee Maker in Room, 24 Hour Front Desk, Free Parking, Hairdryers Available, Pool, Television with Cable. w.w.^w.k.&s.5*u.c.#om
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Guest rooms include TVs, in-room movies, Internet access, in-room safes, alarm clock radios, hairdryers, refrigerators, microwaves and balconies.
Check-in Time: 7:00 A. M.
Hotel Amenities: Parking, Heated Pool, Cable TV and Coffee Maker in Room. [/INST] question: Which hotel gives a promise? | options: A: Fort Lauderdale Plaza Hotel B: Beach Plaza Hotel C: Baymont Hotel D: All the three hotels | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: If you ask me to tell how to get along in the United States, I think the following "do's" and "don'ts" would be helpful.
Generally speaking, it isn't easy to find anyone to talk to in a busy city, so you should try to do the following. First, get or borrow a dog! Walk him several times a day! Americans love dogs and cats and usually stop to talk to anyone with a dog. Then, try to eat in a restaurant. People generally share the same table and will sometimes talk to you if they see you are new there. Next, take your dirty clothes to a laundry ! It takes about an hour to wash and dry them and people there often pass the time talking with each other. Always ask for information from a woman if you are a man, and from a man, if you are a woman! Learn to say, "Please" "Thank you" and "You're welcome" and use them all the time!
There are some things you shouldn't do. Don't tell the truth when people ask, "How are you?" The only answer they want is "Fine". Never ask people their age--especially women! Everyone wants to be young. Don't tell heavy people they are fat. Tell them they are losing weight. Everyone wants to be thin. Don't be late when meeting people! When someone says six o'clock, be sure to be there by six. Americans respect time and want everyone to be "on time". [/INST] question: It isn't easy to find anyone to talk to in the USA because _ . | options: A: the streets are empty B: you are new there C: people there are busy D: you don't have time | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: At present we will explain a very old saying that has had a great effect on rock-and-roll music. That saying is "A rolling stone gathers no moss ".It has several meanings. One meaning is that a person who never settles down in one place will not be successful. Another is that someone who is always moving, with no roots in one place, avoids responsibilities.
This proverb was said to be first used in the 1500s. But in the 1960s, the expression "rolling stone" became famous in the world of rock-and-roll music. It became the name of a song, a rock group and a magazine.
Experts say it all started with a song by the American singer and guitarist Muddy Waters. He was one of the country's top blues musicians until his death in 1983. His music influenced singers like Elvis Presley and Bob Dylan. In 1950, Muddy Waters recorded a song called "Rolling Stone".
A British rock group is said to have taken its name from Muddy Waters' song. The Rolling Stones performed for the first time in 1962.The group's members called themselves "the world's greatest rock-and-roll band".
In 1965, Bob Dylan released his song "Like a Rolling Stone".It is one of his best known and most influential works.
It is an angry song about a woman who was once rich and successful. But now she is on her own, "with no direction home, like a complete unknown, like a rolling stone".
In 1967, a young man named Jann Wenner started a magazine and he named it "Rolling Stone". The magazine reported on rock music and the popular culture that the music created. By 1971, "Rolling Stone" had become the leading rock music and counterculture publication. It is still popular today. [/INST] question: All of them are musicians except _ . | options: A: Jann Wenner B: Muddy Waters C: Elvis Presley D: Bob Dylan | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The British are very polite and have good manners--they are never tired of saying "Thank you","I am sorry", or "Excuse me." They have good table manners. They enjoy their breakfasts and most of all the traditional tea around 4 or 5 o'clock.
The normal working week has five days. Factory workers usually start at 8 am and offices, shops and schools open at 9 am. Workers have 3 weeks' holidays and professional workers(people with higher education ) have usually longer holidays (a month or more). Except these holidays they have public holidays: e.g. New Year's Day, Good Friday, Easter Monday, Christmas Day and Boxing Day.
An average Englishman like to live in his own house. Houses are made of red bricks, stone and wood. The house usually has from 4 to 6 rooms, two floors, small front and back gardens. On the ground floor there is a hall, a kitchen, a living room with a fireplace and on the first floor there are parents' and children's bedrooms and a bathroom. The prices of houses depend on the area--the most expensive are the houses in London and South England (about 200,000 pounds); smaller houses in other areas may cost about 50,000 pounds.
Social Welfare--The National Health Service gives largely free treatment for everyone living in Britain. People can choose their family doctors. In case of emergency you can call the ambulance by dialing 999 from everywhere. Health centres are run by local authorities. About 7 percent of hospitals, dentists and family doctors work as private.
There are about 130 daily and Sunday newspapers and a lot of weekly papers and magazines. The oldest newspaper is The Times. Other famous newspapers are Daily Mirror, Daily Mail, Financial Times, etc. [/INST] question: If you are a student in Britain, when do you begin to go to school? | options: A: At 6 am B: At 9 am C: At 8:00 am D: At 9:30 am | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: "It takes an entire village to raise a child." That's an old proverb that is being quoted more and more often these days. And I'm pleased about that.
Today, more and more schools are reaching out to involve parents, community members and businesses to help shape a child's future.
Parents need to be involved in their children's education in many ways. Helping children with homework and studying, going on a field trip, teaching a craft or coaching a child's sports team are all great ways to be involved with your child's education. And don't forget to communicate with teachers ---- they need and respect your input. Studies show that children learn more and schools function better when parents and schools work together. It's important to stay in touch with your child's education all through his or her school career.
Communities can help children create and achieve new goals. Help with homework, read to a child, coach a children's team, or provide emotional support. Help solve problems and build self-esteem . Kids need role models and advisers can be role models by sharing their experiences and wisdom.
Businesses can also help shape our children's future. Invite a class from your local school to visit your workplace. You may be providing a glimpse that opens a new world of possibilities. Show students what goes on during a typical day. Give a mini course for students: how to use a computer; how products are made; how machinery works. You may have a developing electrician, teacher, nurse, or even a newspaper reporter on your hands.
It really does take an entire village to raise a child.So share the responsibility -- and the joy -- of bringing a child to his or her full potential . [/INST] question: The implied advice in the proverb "It takes an entire village to raise a child." is that _ . | options: A: All the people in a village should give food to a child B: Schools, parents, and other organizations should share the responsibility of shaping a \nchild's future C: Children should be brought up in the village where they were born D: Schools should be set up in the village where a child was raised | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Eisenmenger syndrome This syndrome is secondary pulmonary hypeension that can develop with any cardiac lesion in which pulmonary vascular resistance becomes greater than the systemic vascular resistance and there should also be some right to left shunting. The most common underlying defects are atrial or ventricular septal defects and persistent ductus aeriosus. Patients usually are asymptomatic but eventually pulmonary hypeension becomes severe enough to cause right to left shunting. The prognosis for pregnancy depends upon the severity of pulmonary hypeension. The moality rate in Eisenmenger's syndrome is 50%. It is the maximum moality for any cardiovascular disorder in pregnancy. So termination of pregnancy is done in most cases. Maternal tolerance to specific hea conditions Well tolerated * Pulmonary stenosis * Aoic insufficiency * Mitral insufficiency * Congenital hea block Well tolerated if pulmonary hypeension is not present * Atrial septal defects * Ventricular septal defects * Patent ductus Variable tolerance depending on the functional capacity of the hea * Uncomplicated Aoic coarctation * Aoic stenosis * Mitral regurgitation * Aoic regurgitation Poorly tolerated and source of significant problems during pregnancy. * Mitral stenosis * Peripaum cardiomyopathy * Primary pulmonary hypeension * Eisenmenger's syndrome * Marfan's syndrome with dilated aoic root * Metallic valve prosthesis * Congenital cyanotic hea disease * Conditions listed in group C if pulmonary hypeension is present. * Any class III or IV lesion. [/INST] question: Most common hea disease which is associated with maximum moality during pregnancy | options: A: >Eisenmenger syndrome B: >MS C: >AS D: >VSD | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Increased serum ACTH and serum coisol * Regardless of etiology all cases of endogenous Cushing's syndrome are due to an increased production of coisol by the adrenal gland. * In most cases, cause is bilateral adrenal hyperplasia due to hypersecretion of pituitary ACTH or ectopic production of ACTH by a nonpituitary source. * The incidence of pituitary-dependent adrenal hyperplasia is three times greater in women than in men. * The primary defect is a pituitary adenoma, as tumor is found in >90% of patients with pituitary-dependent adrenal hyperplasia. * Alternatively, the defect may occasionally reside in the hypothalamus or in higher neural centers, leading to a release of CRH inappropriate to the level of circulating coisol. * This primary defect leads to hyperstimulation of the pituitary, resulting in hyperplasia and tumor formation. * Most individuals with hypersecrete tion of pituitary ACTH are found to have a microadenoma (<10mm) in diameter and macroadenoma (>10 mm). * Traditionally, only an individual who has an ACTH producing pituitary tumor is defined as having Cushing's disease, where Cushing's syndrome refers to all causes of excess coisol: exogenous ACTH tumor, adrenal tumor, pituitary ACTH-secreting tumor, or excessive glucocoicoid treatment. [/INST] question: Cushing's disease is characterized by | options: A: Increased urinary catecholamines B: Increased serum ACTH and serum coisol C: Increased serum ADH D: Decreased serum ACTH and increased serum coisol | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: When an ant dies, other ants move the dead insect out. Sometimes, the dead ant get moved away very soon--within an hour of dying. This behavior is interesting to scientists, who wonder how ants know for sure--and so soon--that another ant is dead.
One scientist recently came up with a way to explain this ant behavior. Dong-Hwan Choe is a biologist. Choe found that Argentine ants have a chemical on the outside of their bodies that signals to other ants, "I'm dead--take me away."
But there's a _ to Choe's discovery. Choe says that the living ants--not just the dead ones--have this death chemical. In other words, while an ant crawls around, perhaps in a picnic or home, it's telling other ants that it's dead.
What keeps ants from dragging away the living ants?Choe found that Argentine ants have two additional chemicals on their bodies, and these tell nearby ants something like, "Wait--I'm not dead yet." So Choe's research turned up two sets of chemical signals in ants: one says, "I'm dead," and the other set says, "I'm not dead yet."
Other scientists have tried to figure out how ants know when another ant is dead. If an ant is knocked unconscious, for example, other ants leave it alone until it wakes up. That means ants know that unmoving ants can still be alive.
Choe suspects that when an Argentine ant dies, the chemical that says "Wait-I'm not dead yet" quickly goes away. Once that chemical is gone, only the one that says "I'm dead" is left. "It's because the dead ant no longer smells like a living ant that it gets carried to the graveyard, not because its body releases new unique chemicals after death," said Choe. When other ants detect the "dead" chemical without the "not dead yet" chemical, they drag away the body.
Understanding this behavior may help scientists figure out how to stop Argentine ants from invading new places and causing problems. Choe would like to find a way to use the newly discovered chemicals to spread ant killer to Argentine ant nests.
The ants' removal behavior is important to the overall health of the nest. "Being able to quickly remove dead individuals and other possible sources of disease is extremely important to all animals living in societies, including us," says Choe. "Think about all the effort and money that we invest daily in waste management." [/INST] question: Ants judge whether another one is dead or not depending on _ . | options: A: the sense of taste B: the sense of smell C: the sense of touch D: the sense of sight | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: ARIEL, West Bank: A suicide bomber blew up near Israeli soldiers outside a Jewish settlement in the West Bank yesterday, killing at least three people and wounding about 30
Ron Nachman, mayor of the settlement of Ariel. "Soldiers were among the casualties . "People on the spot said the bomber blew up after soldiers eating at a food stand in a petrol station at the entrance of the settlement found him. According to some people on the spot accounts reported by Israeli media, a soldier shot and wounded the bomber, who then exploded.
The Magen David Adorn ambulance service said at least three people were killed and at least 30 wounded in the blast , which set the bomber burning at Ariel, about 25 kilometers east of Tel Aviv.
A fire brigade official said: "The bomber was still burning when we got there and we put out the fire immediately."
Meanwhile, a blast shook homes in Lebanon's largest Palestinian refugee camp early yesterday, damaging buildings but causing no injuries, Palestinian sources said. They said the bomb was planted outside the home of a member of Palestinian President Yasser Arafat's Fatah faction in Ain el-Hilwch camp, and exploded while the family was sleeping. [/INST] question: Some of people including _ were killed or wounded in the blast accident. | options: A: mayor B: soldiers C: rescue workers D: a fire brigade official | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Hello Sandy,
We have just returned form our holiday. We went with our friends,Edward Smith and his wife Tina, to the Yorkshire Moors. It is a beautiful natural park. There are lots of places to walk on the tops of the hills,miles of grassland with no people,just sheep and birds.
Edward had just come out of hospital and he could not walk as far as before. However, this meant that we walked in the mornings, and then stopped at a restaurant for lunch each day before returning to the place we lived in. Edward and I slept in front of the fire all afternoon, while the ladies went for another walk. Very pleasant!
I took lots of photos from the place we lived in, across the valley below us, of the morning sunrise, and the mist in the valley. Also, in England, the old steam-powered trains are very popular. I took many photos of the train.
Yesterday we had the first snow of this winter. It is very early. We usually have snow in January. It rained all day, then snowed in the evening .Today we have bright sunshine! Both Jenny and I are well. I don't know if I told you, in the last e-mail , that Jenny is now working in a hotel. Although she has to work hard, people there are nice, and she is enjoying the work.
Please write to us to tell us your news.
Yours, Victor [/INST] question: What can they see on the tops of the hills? | options: A: Sheep and birds B: Snow C: Many people D: Forests | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: In many countries, heart disease kills a lot of women and even more men. There are four major causes of this disease and these are smoking, poor or bad diet, a family history of heart disease and stressful work. Among these main wrong-doers, the most common cause is stress.
What is stress and how do you feel when you are under stress? Imagine you live alone - you are lying in bed at night and, suddenly, you hear someone in the kitchen. Immediately your heart begins to beat very fast and you feel that you can hardly breathe. What you are feeling is not stress, but fear. However, your body changes in the same way when you feel stress. That means that if you feel anxious and worried during an important examination, your heart may beat very fast and you may feel breathless too. You are experiencing stress. Another common situation in which a person is likely to feel stress is to have to do something, for example, performing a boring duty, every day.
Let us look at the case of Annie who was a nurse. She felt a lot of stress in her work and began to have very bad headaches at the end of the day. Each morning she woke up more tired than she was when she went to sleep. She did not want to go out in the evening with her friends and she felt unhappy all the time.
Finally, she sat down and thought about her life. She saw a lot of illness and death in her work but that was not the reason why she was under stress. The real reason was that she felt unable to make a positive decision in her job - she had to do what the doctors and sisters told her.
So, Annie went back to college for further study. When she graduated, she found a job where she
was part of a team as before, but where she had responsibility in making decisions. Her working hours were longer and her work more difficult than when she was a nurse but she enjoyed it. She felt she was in control of her life and her work. For Annie, stress in her old job had made her change her life and end a difficult situation. Stress in her new job became a good thing because it helped her achieve satisfaction in her life and in her work. [/INST] question: Feeling _ is one form of stress. | options: A: tired B: alone C: anxious D: breathless | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Is crying good therapy? Experts say yes. Having a good weep at the weekend is becoming more popular among office workers in China.
"I need to cry to let my feeling out," said 22-year-old Guo Meng, a smart-looking young woman. "I remember one day when I got home I felt so down but I had no one to talk to, so I just curled up with my teddy bear and cried myself to sleep," Guo said. The next day, she said, she felt much better and life seemed not so bad after all.
Because crying is taken as a sign of weakness, people make a great show of being strong and not displaying emotion. Psychologists and medical practitioners agree that crying is beneficial for mental health but people still regard it as a sign of failure and bottle up their feelings. A famous Chinese author once said to cry is normal, and even brave. Those who display their emotions can deal with their troubles bravely after the tears dry, while those who soldier on let problems fester .
In the Chaoyang district of Beijing, there is a special place for people to cry their sadness out. It is called "Cry Bar". On the door of each of its "cry rooms" there is a saying encouraging people to let the tears flow freely.
"Crying is a kind of therapy, but it needs some direction," said Milulu, a psychologist.
"People should realize the point of crying is to relieve pressure, but some of the young people who come to the Cry Bar simply sit and weep. The purpose of crying is to make it easier to improve your life after the tears dry, not to get lost in bad memories."
Crying is only one way of relieving pressure, and we need to face problems squarely and solve them once the tears have dried, said Mululu. [/INST] question: Crying _ made Guo Meng feel better. | options: A: with some friend B: all the night with a toy C: during her sleep D: in bed before sleep | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: For years, children in the industrial areas of Europe and America seldom left their smoky cities to see the beauties of the countryside. This was not because the woods and fields were always far away, but because they were too far from the city to permit people to make a day trip between morning and nightfall.
In 1907, a young German schoolmaster had an idea which changed this state of affairs. He decided to turn his little schoolhouse into a dormitory for the summer holidays. Anyone who brought his sleeping bag and cooking equipment along could stay there for a very small quantity of money. The idea was a success. A few years later, the schoolhouse was much too small to hold the many young people who wanted to stay there. As a result, a dormitory was set up in an old castle nearby. This was the first Youth Hostel.
Today, young students and workers of every country can meet in the hostels and get to know each other. When young people arrive at a hostel, they have only to show their card of membership in a hostel organization in their own country. This card will permit them to use the facilities of hotels all over the world for a very low price.
Often, at the evening meal, a group of boys and girls from various parts of the country or the world will happen to meet at the same hostel. They may put their food together and prepare a dinner with many kinds of dishes. Sometimes a program will be organized after the meal, with dances, songs, or short talks followed by a question period. One can learn a lot of things about other places, just by meeting people who come from those places. For this reason, a few weeks spent "hosteling" can be just as useful a part of one's education as classes in school. [/INST] question: The first youth hostel was opened in _ . | options: A: America B: Australia C: Europe D: Asia | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Dense core granules Paragangliomas The paragangliomas have been known historically by a variety of names including glomus tumours, chemodectonza, non chromaffin paraganglionza, glomercytomas, carotid body and tympanic body tumours and receptomas. Essentially these tumours make up a family of neoplasms that develop from the paraganglial tissues which are atually chemoreceptor organs that are distributed throughout the body. These chemoreceptor organs are of neural crest origin and have similar functions and similar histological appearance. Their cells of origin are a pa of the diffuse neuroendocrine system (DNES). Paragangliomas are composed of characteristic cell called 'C' cell. The chief cell is probably the principal component involved and seems to be the actual chemoreceptor of the paraganglia containing acetyl choline, catecholamine and serotonin. Chief cell is of neural crest origin and it contains hormone thus it is neuroendocrine in nature. It renders the paraganglia receptive to hypoxia and pH changes and to fluctuations in blood carbon dioxide concentration. These chief cells migrate with the autonomic ganglion cells. They are in close association with the sympathetic ganglia and Aoa in its main branches. Many head and neck paraganglia and their respective neoplasms are distributed in relation to the vessel and cranial nerves of the primitive branchial arches. Because of this they are also called branchiomeric paraganglioma. Pathology of paraganglioma : Like other neuroendocrine tumour the ultrastructure shows dense core granules (neurosecretory grangules) The tumour cells balls are arranged in distinctive cell balls called Zellaballen (the cell balls are composed of chief cells). These cells are separated by fibrovascular stroma and surrounded by sustentacular cells. Immunohistochemistry of paraganglioma Chief cells are neuroendocrine cells and are thus positive for regular neuroendocrine markers e.g. Chromogranin Synaptophysin Neuron specific enolase Serotonin Neurofilament The chief cells are S-100 protein negative but the sustentacular cells are S-100 positive and are focally positive for glial fibrillary acid protein. On histochemistry they are argyrophilic. PAS negative, mucicarnzine negative and argentalfin negative. An impoant point in d/d is that they are never positive for cytokeratin like other neuroendocrine tumours. [/INST] question: Ultrastructural finding in case of paraganglionia ? | options: A: Deposition of glycogen B: Enlarged mitochondria C: Shrunken mitochondria D: Dense core granules | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Spos Hernia (Athletic Pubalgia) * Very Painful soft tissue injury that occurs in the lower abdominal or groin area. * Occurs in spos that involve sudden change of direction or intense twisting movement. * Most often affects the muscles within the lower abdomen CLINICAL SIGNS * Pain in the inguinal region, which may radiate to the thigh adductor muscle origins or to the scrotum and testicles, deeper , more proximal and more intense than an adductor or iliopsoas strain * Symptoms are usually unilateral (usually progresses to bilateral) * Point tenderness to the external ring of the inguinal canal and the pubis tubercle, the lower rectus abdominis musculature, or the pubic symphysis, without any palpable hernia. * Acute or chronic * Symptoms are usually exacerbated by kicking, sprinting, side-stepping, cutting, and/or performing sit-ups. * May complain of point tenderness over the superior-lateral pubis. * Pain exacerbation with cough or sneezing, or testicular pain in males Treatment * 4-6 week injury * Non-Surgical treatment: First 7-10 days, rest and ice (not directly to the skin) 15-20 minutes, 3-4 times a day. * 2 weeks in you may sta physical therapy exercises to improve strength and flexibility. * N SAID &;s * If pain returns after 4-6 weeks one may need surgery ref : maheswari 9th ed [/INST] question: Cause of athletic pubalgia is | options: A: Gluteus medius strain B: Hamstring strain C: Abdominal muscle strain D: Rectus femoris strain | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Researchers designing the 'classroom of the future' have found that multi-touch, multi-user desks can improve skills in mathematics.
New results from a 3-year project working with over 400 pupils, mostly 8-10 year olds, show that cooperation learning increases both fluency and flexibility in maths.It also shows that using an interactive 'smart' desk can have Benefits over doing mathematics on paper.
Using multi-touch desks in the new classroom, the children were able to work together in new ways to solve problems using inventive solutions.Seeing what your friends are doing, and being able to fully participate in group activities, offers new ways of working in class, the researchers say.The 'Star Trek classroom' could also help learning and teaching in other subjects.
Lead researcher, Professor Liz Burd, said: "Our aim was to encourage far higher levels Of active student engagement, where knowledge is obtained by sharing, problem-solving and creating, rather than by passive listening.This classroom enables both active engagement and equal access."
"We found our tables encouraged students to cooperate more effectively.We were delighted to observe groups of students improving their understanding of mathematical concepts.Such cooperation just did not happen when students used paper-based approaches."
The teacher plays a key role in the classroom and can send tasks to different tables to individuals and groups.The teacher can also send one group's answers on to the next group to work on and add to, or to the board for a class discussion.A live feedback of the desks goes directly to the teacher who can come quickly to help an individual while allowing the group work to continue.
Such a classroom may be some way off being a regular feature of schools across the.World due to the costs in setting it up.However, in just 3 years the project team have noted major improvements in the technology, and a reduction in costs. [/INST] question: What improves students' fluency and flexibility in the new classroom? | options: A: Passive listening B: Doing maths on papers C: Cooperation learning D: Learning other subjects | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: From her first women's hat shop, opened in 1910, Gabrielle Coco Chanel rose to become one of the most important fashion designers in Paris. Her fashion themes included simple suits and dresses, women's trousers, perfume and so on.
She claimed a birth date of 1893 and a birthplace of Auvergne; she was actually born in 1883 in Saumur, though. Her mother worked in a nursing home for pool people. Gabrielle was born there. Her mother died whet she was only six.
She began to use the name Coco during a brief career a, a cafe and concert singer from 1905 to 1908. By the 1920s,her fashion house had expanded greatly. Her relaxing fashions, such as short skirts with casual look, were very different from the fashions popular in the formal decades.
In 1922 Chanel introduced a perfume, Chanel No.5 which became very popular and still remains a popular product today. Pierre Wertheimer became her partner in the perfume business in 1924. Wertheimer owned 70% of the company, Coco Chanel 10% and her friend, Bader, 20%. The Wertheimers continue to control the perfume company today.
She briefly served as a nurse in World War I. The fashion business in Paris was thus off for some years. In 1954 she came back and her women's clothing business returned to its former popularity. Her natural, casual clothing once again caught the eye of women. She was still working in 1971 when she died. [/INST] question: All of the following fashions belong to Chanel's design style EXCEPT _ | options: A: a comfortable suit B: a tight dress C: a short skirt D: a loose sweater | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: There once was a man and a woman. They had been married for more than 60 years. They kept no secrets from each other except that the old woman had a shoe box on the top of her closet . She told her husband never to open it or ask about it.
For all these years , he had never thought about the box, but one day the little old woman got very sick and the doctor said she would never get better.
The woman said it was time that he should know what was in the box. The old man took down the shoe box and took it to his wife's bedside.
When he opened it , he found two beautiful doilies and some money. The money was over $25,000.
"When we got married," she said, "my grandmother told me that the secret of a happy family was never to argue. She told me that if I ever got angry with you, I should just keep quiet and crochet a doily."
The little old man was so moved. Only two doilies were in the box. She had only been angry with him twice in all those years.
"My dear," he said, " but what about all this money?" Where did it all come from?"
"Oh," she said, "that's the money I made from selling the doilies." [/INST] question: The old woman let her husband open her shoe box because _ . | options: A: she was badly ill B: it was 60 years old C: she believed in her husband D: her husband made her angry | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The Basics of Math--Made Clear
Basic Math introduces students to the basic concepts of mathematics, as well as the fundamentals of more tricky areas. These 30 fantastic lectures are designed to provide students with an understanding of arithmetic and to prepare them for Algebra and beyond.
The lessons in Basic Math cover every basic aspect of arithmetic. They also look into exponents , the order of operations, and square roots. In addition to learning how to perform various mathematical operations, students discover why these operations work, how a particular mathematical topic relates to other branches of mathematics, and how these operations can be used practically.
Basic Math starts from the relatively easier concepts and gradually moves on to the more troublesome ones, so as to allow for steady and sure understanding of the material by students. The lectures offer students the chance to "make sense" of mathematical knowledge that may have seemed so frightening. They also help students prepare for college mathematics and overcome their anxiety about this amazing--and completely understandable--field of study.
By the conclusion of the course, students will have improved their understanding of basic math. They will be able to clear away the mystery of mathematics and face their studies with more confidence than they ever imagined. In addition, they will strengthen their ability to accept new and exciting mathematical challenges.
Professor H. Siegel, honored by Kentucky Educational Television as "the best math teacher in America," is a devoted teacher and has a gift for explaining mathematical concepts in ways that make them seem clear and obvious. From the basic concrete ideas to the more abstract problems, he is master in making math lectures learner-friendlier and less scary.
With a PhD in Mathematics Education from Georgia State University, Dr. Siegel teaches mathematics at Central Arizona College. His courses include various make-up classes and a number of lectures for future primary school teachers.
If the course fails to provide complete satisfaction to you, you can easily exchange it for any other course that we offer. Or you can get your money back. [/INST] question: What does the course Basic Math mainly cover? | options: A: Algebra B: College Mathematics C: Arithmetic D: Mathematics Education | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Riding School:
You can start horse-riding at any age. Choose private or group lessons any weekday between 9 a.m. and 8:30 p.m. (3:30p.m. on Saturday). There are 10 kilometers of tracks and paths for leisurely rides across farmland and open country. You will need a riding hat.
Opening Hours: Monday through Friday: 9:00a.m.---8:30 p.m.
Phone: (412) 396---6754 Fax: (412)396---6752
Sailing Club:
Our Young Sailor's Course leads to the Stage 1 Sailing qualification.You'll learn how to sail safely and the course also covers sailing theory and first aid.Have fun with other course member , afterwards in the clubroom.There are 10 weekly two-hour 1essons (Tuesdays 6 p.m.~8 Pp.m.).
Opening Hours:Tuesdays:6:00 p.m.--8:00 p.m.
Phone:(412)396--6644 Fax:(412)396--6644
Diving Centre:
Our experienced instructors offer one-month courses in deep-sea diving for beginners.There are two evening lessons a week,in which you learn to breathe underwater and use the equipment safely.You only need your own swimming costume and towel.Reduced rates for couples.
Opening Hours:Monday and Friday:6:30 p.m.--8:30 p.m.
Phone:(412)396--6312 Fax:(412)396--6706
Medical Center:
The staff of the Medical Center aim to provide convenient and comprehensive medical care to students and staff of the university.The center is well equipped and the staff here are trained to deal with a broad range of medical problems.Both female and male doctors as well as nursing staff are available for consultation.Also,all kinds of medicines are sold here and are cheaper for students than other drugstores.
Opening Hours:24 hour from Monday to Sunday
Phone:(412)396--6649 Fax:(412)396--6648
Watersports Club:
We are a two-kilometer length of river for speedboat racing, and water-skiing, A beginners' course consists of ten 20-minute lessons. You will learn to handle boats safely and confidently, but must be able to swim. The club is in a convenient central position and is open daily from 9a.m. to 4 p.m. with lessons all through the day.
Opening Hours: Monday through Friday: 9:00a.m. ---4:00 p.m.
Phone: (412)396---6899 Fax: (412)396---6890 [/INST] question: If you want to swim and enjoy activities which are fast and a bit dangerous,you should join _ . | options: A: Watersports Club B: Diving Centre C: Sailing Club D: Riding School | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The "blue ear drum" generally refers to a condition in which blood or blood products are found in the middle ear. After all possible causes for hemotympanum, including blood dyscrasias and trauma are searched for and ruled out, the patient may have chronic serous otitis media accompanied by bloody effusion. Treatment for all of these patients is conservative, consisting of medical therapy and, if need be, myringotomy and inseion of ventilation tubes. In spite of proper treatment, rarely the condition may progress, over a long period of time, to a state of intractability. Characteristic findings are a hypocellular mastoid, hyperplastic and metaplastic mucoperiosteal lining, including the presence of glands and cysts and Cholesterin granuloma. The recommended procedure is a modified radical mastoidectomy, placement of silicone rubber sheeting in the middle ear and inseion of a ventilation tube. It is to be emphasized that mastoid surgery is rarely indicated for these patients and only after all else has failed. [/INST] question: Blue ear drum is seen in: | options: A: Tympanosclerosis B: Secretory otitis media C: Otosclerosis D: Myringitis bullosa | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Years ago, the American writer Kurt Vonnegut often said there was one story that would always make a million dollars: Cinderella.
In Hollywood and in today's economy, it is more like $70 million and that is just a start. "Cinderella" made that amount in ticket sales when it opened last weekend. But the merchandising deals linked to the movie are also hugely valuable.
So the artistic success of the film is open to debate. What is clear, however, is the movie's business success. It is a hit in the theaters but it is also a hit in retail . And Disney widened its usual market for "Cinderella" products.
There are products connected to the Disney film targeted not only at little girls, but women, too. For example, the famous shoe designer Jimmy Choo partnered with Disney to create a version of Cinderella's "glass slippers" or shoes. You can buy them for about $5,000. At that price, you would not want to lose one at the ball, even if that is the way you get your prince. Several other shoemakers also accepted Disney deals to design versions of the famous footwear.
The makeup company MAC quickly sold all its products with official links to "Cinderella." But lucky buyers were soon selling the products on the online marketplace eBay for many times the original price.
HSN is a popular television and online retailer of jewelry, clothing and objects for the home. The marketer is now an exclusive seller of "Cinderella" products.
So, is there anything left for the children, those people we think of as the traditional audience for the age-old fairy tale? Yes, you can find toys and other children's products at the American retailer JC Penney. Of course, you can also visit a Disney store.
Disney also produced an animated version of "Cinderella." It came out in 1950 and is considered a classic. Which do you think the Disney company does better: live action or animated films? Post your thoughts in the comments section. [/INST] question: Products connected to the film "Cinderella" are generally aimed at _ . | options: A: toy retailers B: shoe designers C: female consumers D: make-up producers | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Kindergartens may teach you very important things you need to know. Dancy, a 5-year-old boy, saved his father's life with the skills he learned.
The boy's father became seriously ill on the way home from a father-son shopping. He couldn't speak and could hardly move, but he tried hard to stop the car safely. At that point, Dancy used his father's phone to call his mother for help. The 5-year-old boy tried his best to give her useful information and he was able to tell where they were. Just as he had learned in the kindergarten, Dancy read the letters he saw on a nearby store sign: "F,U,R,N,I,T,U,R,E." But that wasn't enough for his mother to find them. Then he added that they were near a bridge. Finally, his mother understood he was talking about a store called Furniture 22 on New Jersey's Route 22. The mother called 911 and the father was saved in time.
"He just thought his dad needed help," Dancy's mother told the reporter. She also pointed out that her husband was a hero, too. "It is surprising for him to get off the highway and get himself and his child to safety even when he was so sick," she said.
Shine, head of the kindergarten, felt proud of his pupil. "Dancy's spelling skills helped him seize the moment," he said. "And that's the real value of education." [/INST] question: When the father became seriously ill, he and his son were _ . | options: A: on the wayhome B: in the kindergarten C: in a shopping center D: at a bus station | answer: A </s> |
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