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<s>[INST] context: I always feel sorry for world leaders busy dealing with fights between nations. When my three children were young, most days it was hard to keep my house from becoming a battlefield.
It got worse as they grew older. Three years ago, Zack, then 16, couldn't make it through a day without making his sisters, Alex 11 and Taryn 9, angry.
My husband and I tried to be understanding the boy at such an age. We reasoned, punished, and left heartfelt notes on his bed about how he was hurting our family. His answer was "I say it because it's true."
I even tried telling the girls to fight back. Bad idea. Now I had three children at war. Whatever I said to them, they paid no attention. When there was no way out, I told everything to my sister in an e-mail. She replied, "Don't e-mail me. E-mail him."
Our son was online every day, mailing and talking with his friends. Maybe he would actually hear me this way. I didn't say anything different, but e-mail just took the tension away. There'd be no shouting or door banging. Zack wouldn't feel under attack.
Zack didn't reply for days. When he finally did, his entire message was four small words. I smiled when I read them, "You're right. I'm sorry."
The children still fought, of course, but Zack changed. Best of all, I now have a better way to talk with not one but three of them. I like it that they don't _ as much as they used to. They like not having to listen to me shouting to them. Or as Alex says, "You're so much nicer online."
All I know is that the house is quiet. But we're talking. [/INST] question: What was the trouble before the online talk in the family? | options: A: The writer failed to understand her daughters B: The children couldn't get along peacefully C: The family found it difficult to keep the house clean D: The parents were not willing to talk with their children | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Martha's Vineyard has long been considered a favorite quiet of the Northeast. The vineyard is rich in history, breathtaking beaches, and beautiful scenery. It is well known for its unique lighthouses - you'll enjoy the variety and the history of each lighthouse, among the most photographed structures on the Vineyard. When the former First Family, the Clintons, chose to vacation on the island several years ago, it became a more popular tourist attraction.
Martha's Vineyard got its name from its discoverer, Bartholomew Gosnold, who gave it the name of his wife Martha and was in memory of the thick growth of wild trees on the land.
The island of Martha's Vineyard lies south of Cape Cod off the southeastern coast of Massachusetts,United States. It is nearly 20 miles long and runs from 2 to 10 miles in width. There are wide,hard beaches on the southern side. The north is hilly, but in the south and eastern parts there are wide areas of open land covered with wild flowers.
The island was discovered early in the 17th century. The Indians were quiet and friendly, and the new-comers fished for a living, making a lot of money from whaling . With the decline of whaling and sailing ships. Martha's Vineyard was almost forgotten until about 60 years ago when people began to buy the old houses of the whaling captains and the small building of the fishermen near the beaches. Now people go there year after year for their summer holidays. [/INST] question: What is Martha's Vineyard famous for? | options: A: A long history B: Lighthouses C: Friendly Indians D: Fishing industry | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: People in different countries have different ways of doing things. Something that is polite in one country may be quite impolite in another. In Britain, you mustn't lift your bowl to your mouth when you are having some soup. But it's different in China. And in Japan you even needn't worry about making a noise when you have it. It shows that you are enjoying it. Making a noise is considered as bad manners (,) in Britain. If you are a visitor in Mongolia, what manners do they wish you to have? They wish you to give a loud "burp" after you finish eating. Burping shows that you like the food.
In Britain, you should try not to put your hands on the table when you're having a meal. In Mexico, however, they hope you keep the hands on the table during a meal. But Arabians consider you must be very careful with your hands. You mustn't eat with your left hand. Arabians consider it very bad manners eating with left hands. So, what should you do if you are on a visit in another country? Well, you can ask the local people to help you or just watch carefully and follow them if you are on a visit in another country. [/INST] question: It is impolite to lift your bowl to your mouth when you are having some soup in _ . | options: A: Britain B: China C: Japan D: Mexico | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: AMPICILLIN: It is active against all organisms sensitive to PnG; in addition, many gram-negative bacilli, e.g. H. influenzae, E. coli, Proteus, Salmonella and Shigella are inhibited. However, due to widespread use, many of these have developed resistance; usefulness of this antibiotic has decreased considerably. Pharmacokinetics: Ampicillin is not degraded by gastric acid; oral absorption is incomplete but adequate. Food interferes with absorption. It is paly excreted in bile and reabsorbed-enterchepatic circulation occurs. However, primary channel of excretion is kidney, but tubular secretion is slower than for PnG; plasma halflife is 1 hr. COTRIMOXAZOLE: The fixed dose combination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole is called cotrimoxazole. T rimethoprim is a diaminopyrimidine related to the antimalarial drug pyrimethamine which selectively inhibits bacterial dihydrofolate reductase (DHFRase).Trimethoprim adequately crosses blood-brain barrier and placenta, while sulfamethoxazole has a poorer entry. Moreover, trimethoprim is more rapidly absorbed than sulfamethoxazole--concentration ratios may vary with time. AMINOGLYCOSIDE: PRECAUTIONS AND I NTERACTIONS 1. Avoid aminoglycosides during pregnancy: risk of foetal ototoxicity. 2. Avoid concurrent use of other ototoxic drugs, e.g. high ceiling diuretics, minocycline. 3. Avoid concurrent use of other nephrotoxic drugs, e.g. amphotericin B, vancomycin, cyclosporine and cisplatin. 4. Cautious use in patients past middle age and in those with kidney damage. 5. Cautious use of muscle relaxants in patients receiving an aminoglycoside. 6. Do not mix amino glycoside with any drug in the same syringe/infusion bottle. CHLORAMPHENICOL :is rapidly and completehabsorbed after oral ingestion. It is 50-60% bound to plasma proteins and very widely distributed volume of distribution 1 L/kg. It freely penetrate;o serous cavities and blood-brain barrier: CSF concentration is nearly equal to that of unbound drug in plasma. It crosses placenta and is secreted in bile and milk. ESSENTIALS OF MEDICAL PHARMACOLOGY K.D.TRIPATHI SIXTH EDITION PAGE NO:685,700,716,722 [/INST] question: Which of the following drug is safe during pregnancy? | options: A: Aminoglycoside B: Ampiclillin C: Chloramphenicol D: Cotrimoxazole | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The White family come to a new big city , but Mrs. White's son, Bob, is not happy. He doesn't have anyone to play with. "Don't worry!" says his mother. "You will soon make friends here."
One morning, there is a knock at the door. Bob's mother, Mrs. White, opens it. There stands a woman with brown hair. It is Mrs. Miller. She comes to borrow two eggs. She wants to make cakes. Mrs. White gives her two.
In the afternoon there is another knock at the door. Mrs. White opens it and she sees a boy standing there. "My name is Jack Miller," he says. "My mother gives you this cake and two eggs."
"Well, thank you , Jack," says Mrs. White. "Come in and meet my son Bob."
Look! Bob and Jack are having cake and milk. They are playing football. Now they are friends!
Jack says, "I'm glad you live next door." Bob says, "I must thank your mother for coming to borrow eggs." Jack laughs and tells Bob, "My mother doesn't want the two eggs, but she wants to make friends with your mother. " Bob says, "That's a funny way to make friends. It's an easy way, too. It can work! [/INST] question: Bob feels _ when his family moves to a new city. | options: A: unhappy B: happy C: free D: busy | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Cooking food over a smoky fire is found everywhere in the world. It is often difficult to find wood for the fire. People who do not have wood must spend large amounts of money on cooking fuel. However, there is a much easier way to cook food using energy from the sun. Solar cookers, or ovens, have been used for centuries. A Swiss scientist made the first solar oven in 1767. Today, people are using solar cookers in many countries around the world. People use solar ovens to cook food and to heat drinking water to kill bacteria and other harmful organisms.
There are three kinds of solar ovens. The first is a box cooker. It is designed with a special wall that shines or reflects sunlight into the box. Heat gets trapped under a piece of glass or plastic covering the top of the cooker. A box oven is effective for slow cooking of large amounts of food.
The second kind of solar oven is a panel cooker. It includes several flat walls, or panels, which directly reflect the sun's light onto the food. The food is inside a separate container of plastic or glass that traps heat energy. People can build panel cookers quickly and with very few supplies. They do not cost much. In Kenya, for example, panel cookers are being manufactured for just two dollars.
The third kind of solar oven is a parabolic cooker. It has rounded walls that aim sunlight directly into the bottom of the oven. Food cooks quickly in parabolic ovens. However, these cookers are hard to make. They must be re-aimed often to follow the sun. Parabolic cookers can also cause burns and eye injuries if they are not used correctly.
You can make solar ovens from boxes or heavy paper. They will not catch fire. Paper burns at 232 degrees Celsius. A solar cooker never gets that hot. Solar ovens cook food at low temperatures over long periods of time. This permits people to leave food to cook while they do other things.
To learn more about solar cooking, you can write to Solar Cookers International. The postal address is nineteen-nineteen Twenty-First Street, Sacramento, California, nine-five-eight-one-one, USA. Or you can visit the group's Internet Web site. The address is www.solarcooking.org. [/INST] question: How long is the first solar cookers invented? | options: A: About 1767 years B: More than 300 years C: More than 250 years D: Less than 250 years | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: OSTEOSARCOMA : Classification * PRIMARY or SECONDARY * PRIMARY OSTEOSARCOMAS (15 - 25 yrs) Conventional /classic osteosarcoma (high grade, intra medullar y) Low-grade intramedullary osteosarcoma Paraosteal osteosarcoma Periosteal osteosarcoma High-grade surface osteosarcoma Telangiectatic osteosarcoma, and Small cell osteosarcoma. * SECONDARY OSTEOSARCOMAS * Osteosarcoma occurring at the site of another disease process. * more common in >50 years of age most commonly a/w premalignant condition like - Paget disease - Previous radiation treatment - endochondromatosis - Fibrous dysplasia - Osteochondromas - Osteogenesis imperfecta Clinical Presentation * Pain- progressive pain paicularly with activity. * Swelling - Palpable mass in the region of metaphysis. - skin over the swelling shiny with prominent veins. - swelling may be warm & tender. * Decreased range of motion of the involved joint. * Lymphadenopathy - unusual focal & regional lymph node involvement. * Respiratory finding - late stage with lung metastasis. * Fever & night sweats are rare. Treatment Radioloical staging Biopsy to confirm diagnosis Preo perat ivhemotherapy Repeat radiological staging (access chemo response, finalize surgical treatmeni Ian) Surgical resecting with wide margin Reconstruction using one of many techniques Post op chemo based on preop response ref : maheswari 9th ed [/INST] question: A young girl presented with swelling of right thigh, with history of trauma 2 months back. Now she presents with swelling at mid-shaft of femur & low grade fever. ESR is mildly raised. X-ray shows a laminated periosteal reaction. Next line of investigation would be - | options: A: MRI B: Biopsy C: Bone scan D: Blood count & CRP | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Right middle lobe An intra-thoracic radio-opacity, if in anatomic contact with a border of hea, aoa or diaphragm, will obscure that border. This is known as silhouette sign. An intra-thoracic lesion not anatomically contiguous with a border or a normal structure will not obliterate that border. When examining the lung fields of a normal CXR, the silhouettes of the hea borders, the ascending and descending aoa, the aoic knob and the hemidiaphragms should be clear. Obliteration of any of these silhouettes by a radio-opacity can be caused by infection in the lung, blood, pus, etc. All of these silhouettes, or structures, are in contact with a specific poion of the lung. Therefore, by determining exactly which structure is obliterated, you can determine where the lung pathology is located. Silhouette/Structure Contact with lung Upper right hea horderlascending aoa Anterior segment of RUL Right hea border RML (medial) Upper left hea border Anterior a sement of LUL ,,, Left hea border Lingula (anterior) Aoic knob Apicoposterior segment of LUL Hemidiaphragms Basal seg.of lower lobes [/INST] question: . If the right cardiac silhouette is obliterated, it means the pathology involves: | options: A: Right middle lobe B: Right lower lobe C: Right atrium of hea D: Right ventricle of hea | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Thank you for choosing Yale University housing. The following information should answer questions you may have about housing services.
Housing office
There is a housing office in the New Residence Hall and is open seven days a week, 8:30 a.m. to 8:30 p.m., for check-in and check-out. You can call the assistants there for any questions about housing. Telephone: 436-4119. Or if you are moving in, you can call Housekeeping at 436-4108 and ask to have your rooms cleaned.
Common Room and Meeting Rooms
The building has a common room (BO77) for the use of guests for studying and gathering. Do not leave personal things in the common room. Close any windows you open when you leave the room. The meeting rooms 223 (for 10 people) and 323 (for 18 people) each have a television and a VCR. You don't need to reserve the common room and for reservation of meeting rooms, please call the Housing Office.
Computer Rooms
There are two computer rooms (221 &421) in the building. They offer Macintoshes, Windows computers, and printing to guests. These computers are maintained by Yale University's Computing Assistants (www.yale.edu/cas Tel:436-5990). If you have any problems, for example, if there's no printer paper, please report it to the housing office.
Telephone Service
Each room is equipped with a telephone. Your telephone number is 436-4 followed by your room number (for example, Room 112, tel.436-4112). To call a university number, press the last five numbers only. To make a call outside the university, press 9 first and then the number. [/INST] question: When you want to book a room in the New Residence Hall, you should call . | options: A: 436-4119 B: 436-5990 C: 436-4112 D: 436-4108 | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Have you ever read Alice's Adventures in Wonderland? It was written by Lewis Carroll. He was an English writer, poet, scientist, photographer, and priest. His real name was Charles Lutwidge Dodgson, and Lewis Carroll was his pen name. He was born in 1832 and died in 1898.
He is most famous for writing two children's fantasy books about a young girl called Alice. They were titled Alice's Adventures in Wonderland(1865) and through the looking-Glass(1872).
He also wrote two famous poems called "The Hunting of the Snark" and "The Jabberwocky". What is important about these poems is that he made up many new words to use in them. He was an expert at "word play" and used words in many different ways. Some of these ways were quite new. And this has influenced members of the literary elite who are well educated about English. Many people still study his work and his life today.
Although they seem to have been written for children, Lewis Carroll's books and poems have been enjoyed by people of all ages. If you have not read Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, which is also referred to by the short title Alice in Wonderland, you should read it soon. No matter how old you are, you will find it exciting and enjoyable. [/INST] question: Who wrote Alice's Adventures in Wonderland? | options: A: Charles Lutwidge Dodgson B: Santa Claus C: Diana Thimblebottom D: Jane Fleeb | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Do you want to be healthy? Then you must eat well and get a lot of exercise. If you're healthy, your body works well and you also feel well. Here are some trips.
Eat more fruit and vegetables.
"One apple a day, keep the doctor away!"Fruit and vegetables have rich vitamins. They can help us to keep healthy. Remember to eat some fruit and vegetables every day.
Drink water and milk often.
When you are thirsty, water is the best choice. Try to limit soda drinks, such as Coca Cola, Sprite and Fanta. Milk is also very good for your body. Drink a cup of milk every day if possible.
Listen to your body.
You'd better notice how your body feels when you eat. That is to say you should stop eating when you're full. It can make you feel comfortable.
Limit screen time.
Don't spend too much time watching TV or DCDs, playing video games or using the computer. You should do some outdoor activities, such as playing basketball, going riding and swimming.
If you follow the tips, I'm sure you'll have a healthy body. [/INST] question: Eating fruit and vegetables every day can help you _ . | options: A: study well B: stay away from doctors C: keep healthy D: feel happy | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: It was a Sunday morning. Peter, a seven-year-old boy, watched TV in the room while his brother Bill did his homework. Their father watered the flowers in the garden and their mother went out to do some shopping. At ten the woman came back with a heavy basket. Peter ran up to her. He wanted to know what his mother bought. He found a bag of oranges in it. He liked them very much and wanted to eat. His mother stopped him. She gave five to each son and went to cook food. Peter ate his oranges soon but his brother was busy doing his homework and didn't eat his. Suddenly the telephone rang and Bill ran to answer it. Bill's friend asked him to play football with them. And when Bill talked with his friend, Peter took two of his oranges away and ate them. Bill found it and called him out and beat him behind the house. Peter didn't tell his parents about it.
The next morning Peter's teacher, Mrs Ball, taught the students subtraction . Peter didn't listen to her carefully and couldn't understand it. So he couldn't answer her questions. The teacher began to give him an example, "If your brother has five oranges and you take two from him, what will the result be?"
"He'll beat me, madam," answered the boy. All his classmates began to laugh. [/INST] question: When did Peter's mother come back? | options: A: At five B: At six C: At seven D: At ten | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: American Girl
It's packed with the things that matter most to girls: party plans, games, crafts and girl-to-girl advice.
American Girlis an appealing, age-appropriate teen magazine that allows young girls to be themselves.
The magazine features fun contests, puzzles, giggles, and more! Stories, creative games, cool contests and great sports tips for girls aged 7-11 are available in each issue ofAmerican Girl magazine.
Issues per year: 6 Cover price: $ 27.95 Sale price: $22.95
Ladybug
Beautiful, colorful, and delightful to read, each issue is filled with charming read-aloud stories, games for memory and skill building, songs, poems, and activities for beginning readers. Parents can visit our online Parents Companion that recommends additional activities, crafts, and books.
Issues per year: 9 Cover price: $44.50 Sale price: $33.95
Cicada
A monthly magazine for teenagers and young adults aged 14 and up. It offers high-quality fiction and poetry dealing with the issue of growing up, leaving the joys and pains of childhood behind, and becoming an adult. Cicadamagazine also encourages its teen readers to submit their own writing for publication. It's so inspiring and humorous that you will not be able to put it down.
Issues per year: 6 Cover price: $51.00 Sale price: $33.95
Sorts Illustrated for Kids
It covers sports kids like. Featuring interviews with sports heroes, entertaining comics, breathtaking action photos, tips from the pros , news items of recent notes, games, puzzles, cartoons, fiction, advice from athletes, etc.Sports Illustrated for Kidsis a magazine for children aged 8 and up.
Issues per year: 12 Cover price: $47.88 Sale price: $ 24.95 [/INST] question: Which of the four magazines is the most suitable for a 4-year-old child? | options: A: American Girl B: Ladybug C: Cicada D: Sports Illustrated for Kids | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: People who breathe infected air from a TB patient can become infected with the tuberculosis bacteria . However, most people with active tuberculosis do not expel (,)very many TB bacteria. So, the spread of the disease usually does not happen unless a person spends a large amount of time with a TB patient. Those most at risk are family members, friends and people who live or work closely with a patient.
Tuberculosis can attack any part of the body. However, the lungs are the most common targets of the bacteria. People with the disease show several signs. They may expel air from the lungs suddenly with an explosive noise. This kind of cough continues for a long period of time. People with a more severe case of tuberculosis also may cough up blood.
People with the disease often have high body temperatures. They suffer what are called night sweats, during which their bodies release large amounts of water through the skin. TB victims also are tired all the time. They are not interested in eating. So their bodies lose weight.
One thing that is especially dangerous about TB is that people with moderate signs of the disease may not know they have had it. They may spread the disease to others without even knowing it. So, it is very important for people to get tested for tuberculosis. [/INST] question: The spread of the TB is through _ . | options: A: food B: air C: clothes D: touching | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: One day at a park, a woman sat down next to a man on a bench near a playground. "That's my son over there," she said, pointing to a little boy in a red sweater.
"He's a lovely boy," the man said. "That's my daughter on the bike in the white dress." Then, looking at his watch, he called to his daughter, "We have to leave for home now, Rosa."
"Just five minutes, Dad," Rosa said, "Please, just five more minutes."
The man agreed and Rosa went to ride his bike happily. Five minutes later, the father stood and called again to his daughter, "Time to go now?"
"Five more minutes, Dad," Rosa said again, "Just five more minutes."
The man smiled and said, "OK."
"Oh, you are really a patient father," said the woman.
The man smiled and then said, "Her elder brother Tommy died in a traffic accident last year when he was riding his bike near here," the man said, "I never spent much time with Tommy and now I'd like to give anything for just five more minutes with him. I vowed not to make the same mistake with Rosa. She thinks she has five more minutes to ride her bike. In fact, I get five more minutes to watch her play." [/INST] question: The woman's son was wearing _ . | options: A: a red T-shirt B: a red sweater C: a white sweater D: a white dress | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: It is widely acknowledged that it is by no means an easy task to bring up a child well.And our ancestors already understood it well."It takes an entire village to raise a child."That's an old proverb that is being quoted more and more often these days.And I'm pleased about that.
Today,more and more schools are reaching out to involve parents, community members and businesses to help shape a child's future.
Parents need to be involved in their children's education in many ways.Helping children with homework and studying,going on a field trip,teaching a craft or coaching a child's sports team are all great ways to be involved with your child's education.And don't forget to communicate with teachers -- they need and respect your input.Studies show that children learn more and schools function better when parents and schools work together.It's important to stay in touch with your child's education all through his or her school career.
Communities can help children create and achieve new goals.Help with homework, read to a child,coach a children's team,or provide emotional support.Help solve problems and build self-esteem .Kids need role models and advisers can be role models by sharing their experiences and wisdom.
Businesses can also help shape our children's future.invite a class from your local school to visit your workplace.You may be providing a glimpse that opens a new world of possibilities.Show students what goes on during a typical day.Give a mini course for students:how to use a computer;how products are made;how machinery works.You may have a developing electrician,teacher,nurse,or even a newspaper reporter on your hands.
It really does take an entire village to raise a child.So share the responsibility-- and the joy-- of bringing a child to his or her full potential. [/INST] question: The implied advice in the proverb"It takes an entire village to raise a child." is that _ . | options: A: All the people in a village should give food to a child B: More than one party is responsible for a child's future C: Children should be brought up in the village where they were born D: Schools should be set up in the village where a child was raised | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: It is an X-linked dominant pattern of inheritance.
The features which suggest the X-linked dominant pattern of inheritance are-
A single abnormal X chromosome is sufficient to express the disease.
All of the female offspring’s of a diseased male XY will receive the abnormal X chromosome and express the disease, whereas none of the male offspring to the diseased father will have the disease (as sons don't receive X chromosome from their father).
A diseased mother can transmit the abnormal X chromosome to both daughter and sons equally.
Important facts
If a female is transmitting the disease to all offspring’s (both males and females) and a male is not transmitting the disease to any child, it is mitochondrial inheritance.
If a male is transmitting the disease only to daughters (all daughters) and not to the sons whereas female transmit the disease to half daughters and half of the sons, it is X-linked dominant.
If only males are affected in a pedigree, it is likely to be an X-linked recessive disease (females act as carriers; only transmit the disease and themselves remain unaffected).
If there is no sex-predilection and affected individuals transmit the disease to half of the offspring’s, it is an autosomal dominant disorder.
If there is no sex-predilection and affected individuals transmit the disease to one-fourth of the offspring’s, it is likely to be an autosomal recessive disorder. [/INST] question: Which of the following is the most likely inheritance pattern in the pedigree given below- | options: A: Autosomal dominant B: Mitochondrial C: Autosomal recessive D: X-linked dominant | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: There's no danger of 88-year-old Harry Ward forgetting his wife Doris's Valentine's Day card - the couple still use the same one he bought her 70 years ago.
When 17-year-old Harry Ward presented Doris with a Valentine's Day card as he boarded a train to join the wartime effort on February 14, 1941, he must have been fairly confident about his affections . After all the couple had been dating since they met in a cafe three months earlier.
But little can he have imagined that 70 years on, not only would he still be happy about having married Doris, but that every year she would present him with the very same card he gave her that Valentine's Day. "I bring it out of the cupboard and put it on our mantelpiece every Valentine's Day," she said. "It's a special to me now as it was 70 years ago. Harry has never bought me one since, because I have this one every year."
They first met in a cafe. "Harry was in the cafe drinking and he said hello. He asked me my name and we got talking happily. He offered to walk me to the bus stop but when we got outside, a bombing raid had started and we had to run to a nearby air-raid shelter ," Doris said.
Mr. Ward said,"I knew Doris was the one for me the moment I met her. I gave her the Valentine's card then and she is still my Valentine now." Mrs. Ward's card is not the only thing that has endured the passing of time.
"Harry is quite romantic and we are as still in love as the day he first gave me this card,"Dorris said. [/INST] question: When did the couple first meet? | options: A: In 1940 B: In 1939 C: In 1941 D: In 1942 | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: On July 4,1986,Americans celebrated the Statue of Liberty's 100th birthday.Parades,speeches,fireworks,and other activities contributed to the great joy of the event.The celebration caused reporters and the 1ocal people to 1ook back a century to the similar great joy that marked the official opening of the statue.The Statue of Liberty was completed in 1886,but the story began earlier.The idea for a statue was first suggested at a dinner party by Edouard de Laboulaye, a French historian .A guest at the party was Frederic Bartholdi,a young sculptor.
Most people who attended the dinner party soon forgot the idea,but Laboulaye and Bartholdi remembered it.In 187l, Bartholdi came to the United States to interest Americans in a statue that would link France and the United States in friendship.Many people in France had already been persuaded and contributed money to the project.Americans were also persuaded to build a fund for the statue.Much of the money came from school children.
After the idea had been accepted,Bartholdi set to work. He worked hard for many years.His friend Laboulaye died before the statue was completed.At last,in 1885,the statue was sent to the United States.It had to be shipped in sections and then put together for its weight and size.
Ever since then, 1886,the Statue of Liberty has stood as a symbol of freedom to millions of immigrants entering New York Harbor. [/INST] question: Bartholdi made his first trip to the United States to talk about the Statue of Liberty in _ . | options: A: 1986 B: 187l C: 1885 D: 1886 | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: China is the first developing country to host the Olympic Games in modern Olympic history. It hopes to learn from other countries that have held Olympic Games. As well as new buildings, the government wants more people to work in all the services in Beijing. There are a lot more people in the city, because of all the visitors to the Olympics. The city also need more places to eat and drink, because visitors eat out a lot.
The government says the Beijing Olympics are "green", "hi-tech" , and "the People's Olympics". They want everyone to feel part of the Olympics. So the Chinese people have prepared for the Olympics too. Many people learn English to work as guides in 2008.
The Beijing organizers make sure everything that is built for the Olympics can be used after the Games are over. So the Chinese people work for the Olympics and they can benefit from the Olympics too. When the Olympics are over, the people of Beijing can use the swimming pools and other Olympics sports centers. [/INST] question: Why does the government want more people to work in Beijing? | options: A: Because the services in Beijing used to be very poor B: Because many people can't find jobs in their hometown C: Because many visitors will come to Beijing D: Because there are too many buildings | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Vending machines are found in 16% of U.S.elementary schools, 52% of middle schools and 88% of high schools.About 22% of students in grades 1 through 12 buy food in vending machines each day--and those purchases added an average of 253 calories to their diets, according to a new study in the September issue of the Journal of School Health.
Just to be clear, those were not 253 calories' worth of tofu, yogurt or carrot.The most popular vending machine items included soft drinks, candy, chips, crackers, cookies, cakes and ice cream.On the plus side , kids also bought low-fat milk, fruit juice and even fruit, the study found.
But the eventual effect on kids' diets was not good.Those who bought from vending machines ate an average of 156 grams of sugar per day, compared with 146 grams for those who abstained .They also consumed less fiber, iron and vitamin B.
_ Vending machine customers ate 4% less sodium than other students--an average of 3,287 milligrams per day compared with 3,436 mg for those who didn't buy from vending machines.That's probably because the extra snacks made kids too full to eat as much at mealtimes, when dishes are especially Salty.In any event, kids should eat no more than 1,200 to 1,500 mg of sodium each day, according to the Mayo Clinic.Even for adults, the government recommends a daily limit of 2,300 mg.
Overall, vending machines in school appear to be a threat to children's health.The researchers calculated that all that snacking adds up to about14 extra pounds per child per school year.For some students this might be a serious contributor to weight issues.The study was based on data collected from 2,309 children nationwide for the third School Nutrition Dietary Assessment Study, which was
conducted by the U.S.Department of Agriculture's Food and Nutrition Service. [/INST] question: The students using vending machines take in less of all the following EXCEPT . | options: A: sugar B: fiber C: vitamin D: iron | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Every day, about one-quarter of American adults eat at fast-food restaurants. Cheap, tasty, and convenient, fast food is rich in fat and calories, and it's low in fiber and nutrients. Thanks in large part to fast food, half of America's adults and one-quarter of its children are fat, double the rate of a generation ago. In the past two decades, eating habits have changed as people pay more attention to their health. However, many Americans continue to eat red meat (beef in particular) as well as pork, chicken and other foods. Although beer and wine are popular in most areas, many Americans _ alcohol, because they think they will become healthier without drinking it. Various kinds of mineral water are commonly available.
Eating styles and habits vary between people of different backgrounds, but Americans generally eat with the fork in the hand with which they write. A knife is used for cutting and spreading; otherwise, it is laid on the plate or table. Fast foods, such as chips, fried chicken, hamburgers, and pizza, tend to be eaten with the fingers. There is an obvious difference between what people may do at home or in a fast-food restaurant, and how they act in a more formal restaurant. Because both parents often work outside the home, some Americans are less likely to sit down as a family to eat once the children are older and able to prepare their own food or serve themselves. [/INST] question: How many adults became fat after eating fast foods a generation ago? | options: A: 12.5% of them B: 25% of them C: 50% of them D: 75% of them | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: For 40 years, people in London have been happy to see parakeets in their parks. The shocking green body and long tail have brought a bright color to the parks, which have attracted a lot of people.
However, the parakeets are no longer welcome. They will push out local birds from trees to build their own nests, and will also take most of the food in the parks, such as seeds, fruit and nuts.
Sometimes by accident, plants and animals are carried to new places. They are transported by trains, ships or even planes. Often, animals like fishes get transported in the water containers of ships. When these ships reach new places and pump out the water from their tanks, these animals will start a new life in a new place.
Sometimes people take plants and animals from one part of the world to the other to solve a problem. But it will create a bigger problem. Years ago, the farmers of northern Australia brought the toads from South America to their farms. They thought they would kill the beetles that harm the sugarcane crops. But the toad has done much more. It is now killing Australia's native animals, such as snakes, water birds and so on. [/INST] question: People get interested in parakeets mainly because of _ . | options: A: their appearance B: their singing C: their behavior D: their living environment | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Finding a winter job is often a proof that you're growing up, and it's also a method for earning money to pay for what you dream of. It's never too early to start considering the future. Now, here are some good choices for you!
Retail Sales
Retail offers plenty of opportunity for teens who are looking for a job. This type of work can pay from $10 to $15 an hour depending upon the duty you are expected to take on. It can also be great for teens who are friendly and enjoy talking to other people. For more information, call us at 4005075.
Food Service
A job in the food service industry is a natural fit for sociable teens who enjoy communicating with the public. It allows employees to work as part of a team while learning about following instructions. It also comes with the opportunity to earn between $8 and $10 per hour. Just call 4005077 for more information.
Babysitter
This job requires someone who is highly responsible. Though it pays generally between $6 and $8 hourly, it also requires a lot of patience. This is a great choice for teens who wish to make a career in teaching, child care, social work or any other field that makes use of social skills or requires interaction with kids. Got a question? Just call 4005076.
Housekeeping
This type of work can bring in about $5 an hour and it will allow teens to learn the tourism industry, so hotels are often looking for more housekeeping staff, and parks often need more people to assist with keeping public areas clean and organized as well. Telephone:4005079 [/INST] question: How much can you earn at least in two hours as a retailer? | options: A: $20 B: $12 C: $16 D: $10 | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: What Are the Symptoms of Megaloblastic Anemia? shoness of breath. muscle weakness. abnormal paleness of the skin. glossitis (swollen tongue) loss of appetite/weight loss. diarrhea. nausea. fast heabeat MORPHOLOGY Ceain morphologic features are common to all forms of megaloblastic anemia. The bone marrow is markedly hyper- cellular and contains numerous megaloblastic erythroid pro- genitors. Megaloblasts are larger than normal erythroid progenitors (normoblasts) and have delicate, finely reticu- lated nuclear chromatin (indicative of nuclear immaturity) (Fig. 11-11). As megaloblasts differentiate and acquire hemo- globin, the nucleus retains its finely distributed chromatin and fails to undergo the chromatin clumping typical of normo- blasts. The granulocytic precursors also demonstrate nuclear- cytoplasmic asynchrony, yielding giant metamyelocytes. Megakaryocytes may also be abnormally large and have bizarre multilobed nuclei. In the peripheral blood the earliest change is the appear- ance of hypersegmented neutrophils, which appear before the onset of anemia. Normal neutrophils have three or four nuclear lobes, but in megaloblastic anemias they often have five or more. The red cells typically include large, egg- shaped macro-ovalocytes; the mean cell volume often is greater than 110 fL (normal, 82 to 92 fL). Although macro- cytes appear hyperchromic, in reality the mean cell hemoglo- bin concentration is normal. Large, misshapen platelets also may be seen. Morphologic changes in other systems, espe- cially the gastrointestinal tract, also occur, giving rise to some of the clinical manifestations. Refer robbins 9/e pg 422 [/INST] question: Earliest manifestation of megaloblastic anaemia is | options: A: Macrocytosis B: Hypersegmented neutrophils C: Basophilic stippling D: Cabot ring | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Food safety will become the food industry's key target as the nation tries to adopt international food standards. The National Development and Reform Commission, the Standardization Administration of China, the Ministry of Agriculture and six other departments announced their 2004-05 development programme for national food standards over the weekend.
China is conducting a rectification within two years. Inspectors will search for all known banned materials in food production. To reduce trading barriers, China will raise the ratio of adopting international standards in the food industry to 55 percent from today's 23 percent. "Safety is the first consideration for anything entering people's mouth followed by its nutritious value," said Hao Yu, secretary-general of the National Food Industry Standardization Technique Committee. He added the usage of food addictives will be a major field for consideration in setting the new standards. On-the-spot checks during the past two years have shown the abuse or misuse of addictives in food production and processing has become the biggest threat to food safety. In one case, talcum powder was found in flour products, which is outlawed according to national food standards.
"At present there are no methods or standards to test the content of talcum powder in flour," said Shang Yan'e, an official with the national watchdog on grain and oil inspections. Under the guidelines, all banned addictives will be recorded as inspections increase, Relevant departments have allocated funds to conduct risk evaluations on current food addictives to fix the limits of their usage. China will adopt international advanced techniques and standards so as to find out the harmful materials in food within a shortest period. [/INST] question: China will raise the ratio of adopting international standards in the food industry by _ . | options: A: 55% B: 32% C: 23% D: 78% | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Friends and Buddies
This program is planned for teenagers who have special needs with the goal of meeting within a community with other peers . The purpose of the program is that it will lead to a better understanding of friendships. Gym, Swim, Surprise Guest, and Pizza are included. Ages 12-18, numbers of members are limited. Contact: Gloria Bass. This program is held 2 Fridays per month. Fees: $65/$85
Club Saturday Swim
This program is available to anyone aged 5-14 who is challenged by mental, physical, or emotional trouble. The program will be held each Saturday afternoon, 12:00-12:30 pm or 12:30-1:00 pm. Fees: $136/$260
Sibshops (Ages 10-13)
Sibshops is a program for siblings of children with challenges. It includes group activities and talk treatment ways with the focus on improving sibling relationships and whole family happiness. Location: Hope Church, Wilton CT. Wednesday: 4:00-5:00 pm. Fees: $50/$65
Banana Splits
Banana Splits is an educational support group for children in family trouble. Children aged 9-13 will have the opportunity to meet other children whose parents have separated or divorced, learn to recognize feelings, think of healthy coping skills and have a place to share their struggles through verbal , physical, and artistic experiences. Location: Hope Church, Wilton CT. Tuesday:4:30-5:30 pm. Fees: $50/$65 [/INST] question: If you have free time only on Saturday, you can go to _ . | options: A: Friends and Buddies B: Club Saturday Swim C: Sibshops (Ages 10-13) D: Banana Splits | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Odland remembers like it was yesterday working in an expensive French restaurant in Denver. The ice cream he was serving fell onto the white dress of a rich and important woman.
Thirty years have passed, but Odland can not get the memory out of his mind, nor the woman's kind reaction . She was shocked, regained calmness and, in a kind voice, told the young Odland. "It is OK. It wasn't your fault." When she left the restaurant, she also left the future Fortune 500 CEO with a life lesson: You can tell a lot about a person by the way he or she treats the waiter.
Odland isn't the only CEO to have made this discovery. Instead, it seems to be one of those few laws of the land that every CEO learns on the way up. It's hard to get a dozen CEO's to agree about anything, but most agree with the Waiter Rule. They say how others treat the CEO says nothing. But how others treat the waiter is like a window into the soul.
Watch out for anyone who pulls out the power card to say something like, "I could buy this place and fire you," or "I know the owner and I could have you fired." Those who say such things have shown more about their character than about their wealth and power.
The CEO who came up with it, or at least first wrote it down, is Raytheon CEO Bill Swanson. He wrote a best-selling book called Swanson's Unwritten Rules of Management. "A person who is nice to you but rude to the waiter, or to others, is not a nice person," Swanson says. "I will never offer a job to the person who is sweet to the boss but turns _ o someone cleaning the tables." [/INST] question: What happened after Odland dropped the ice cream onto the woman's dress? | options: A: He was fired B: He was blamed C: The woman comforted him D: The woman left the restaurant at once | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The World Health Organization estimates that more than 4 million people die each year from the effects of smoking tobacco . That number is increasing.
WHO officials expect 150 million people to die from tobacco use in the next twenty years. Seven in ten of those deaths will be in developing countries. These numbers are frightening. Yet people around the world continue to smoke.
It is not easy to stop smoking. However, doctors say you will live longer if you do stop smoking. You will feel better and look better. You will also protect the health of family members who breathe in your smoke.
The American Cancer Society says there is not just one right way to stop smoking. It says that one method or a unit of methods may be successful. These include attending self-help programs or following
directions in a book. The group says any way to stop smoking that is legal, moral and effective is worth trying. This could include taking long walks or spending time in areas where smoking is not allowed. Also, you could eat a small piece of fruit instead of having a cigarette.
The American Cancer Society says the sooner smokers stop smoking, the more they reduce their chances of getting cancer and other diseases. It says blood pressure returns to normal twenty minutes after a smoker smoking the last cigarette. Carbon monoxide (CO) gas levels in the blood return to normal after eight hours. In a day, the chances of a heart attack decrease. In a year, the risk of heart disease is half that of a smoker. [/INST] question: Most people who will die from smoking are from _ . | options: A: big countries B: small countries C: developing countries D: developed countries | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: (Pseudomonas) (447-current diagnosis & Treatment 4th)Most common Organism in Osteomyelitis* Acute osteomyelitis- children under 4 years of age. H. influenzae* Acute osteomyelitis in older children, adults - Staph.aureus* Sickle cell disease - Salmonella* Heroin addicts and immunocompromized - Pseudomonas, aeruginosa, proteus mirabilis, Bacteroids* Sub acute haematogenous osteomyelitis - Staph, aureus* Post traumatic osteomyelitis, Infected metal implants Staph, aureus* Post operative osteomyelitis - Mixed infection (Staph, aureus Proteus, Pseudomonas)* Osteomyelitis of the spine - Staph, aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa* Squamous cell carcinoma arising from a chronic osteomyelitis - occurs in areas of bum scars, chronic pressure ulcers, and ostomies as well as as sites of chronic draining osteomyelitisStable chronic osteomyelitis for an average of approximately 20 years (447-CDT- orthopedics 4th)* Earliest site of bone involvement in hematogenous osteomyelitis is - Metaphysis**Markers of Bone formationMarkers of Bone resorption* Serum bone specific alkaline phosphatase*** Serum osteocalcin* Serum propeptide or type I procollagen* Urine and serum N- telopeptide* Urine and serum C- telopeptide** Urine total free deoxypyridinoline* Urine Hydroxyproline** Serum tartarate resistant- Acid phosphatase** Serum bone sialoprtein* Urine hydroxylysine glycosides* Infective endocarditis due to pseudomonas is most commonly seen with IV drug abuse of pentazocin**Classification systems for Osteomyelitis1.Traditional system- Acute (<2 weeks) subacute (weeks to months) chronic (>3months)2.Waldvogel system- Hematogenous- Arising from contiguous infection No vascular disease- Vascular disease present chronic3.Cierny- Mader systemAnatomic extent of infection1. Medullary only (acute hematogenous)2. Superficial cortex (continguous spread or soft tissue trauma)3. Localized (cortical and medullary, mechanically stable)4. Diffuse (cortical and medullary mechanically unstable)5.Subtype by host's physiologic statusA HealtyBs Compromised because of systemic factorsB1 Compromised because of local factorsB1s Compromised because of both local and systemic factorsC Treatment worse than the disease [/INST] question: Most common organism in drug abusers chronic osteomyelitis is | options: A: Staph.aureus B: Pseudomonas C: Granulmatous D: klebsiella | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Edith Cavell was born in a little English village. She was a clever; hard-working girl and did well at school; especially in music and French. After she left school; her first job was to take care of the children of a rich family in Belgium . The language they spoke was French; so she found that her school studies were useful. She could understand them easily; at the same time she taught the children to speak English and play the piano.
After hearing that her father was seriously ill; Edith returned home to look after him. She then decided to become a nurse. Afterwards for five years she worked in an English hospital where she proved to be highly professional at her job. A Belgian doctor was so impressed that he invited her to his country to organize a training school for nurses. The First World War broke out in 1914 and Edith Cavell's school of nursing became a hospital. She stayed there to look after the sick and wounded soldiers . Edith treated them with kindness. Between November 1914 and August 1915 she secretly helped about 200 wounded soldiers and prisoners escape from the Germans. Later the German army found out what Edith had done and they arrested her. Finally; the Germans killed her; but they could not _ . A tall statue has been built in Trafalgar Square; London; in honor of the brave English nurse. [/INST] question: Edith Cavell was from _ . | options: A: France B: England C: Belgium D: Germany | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Living next to next is the principle of a neighbor. Good neighborliness is the ideal to be aimed at. As the saying goes, no man is an island; he has to live with his neighbors. To make life easy and pleasant, he must cooperate with his neighbors.
Whether one likes it or not, one cannot do without neighbors. Normally one may think he can do without neighbors because he can manage all comforts and services, so the services or the need for a friend may not happen. However, the sympathy , admiration and appreciation which a neighbor may offer will have a great humanizing influence. To share one's view and sometimes even sadness, one needs some neighbors.
But all neighbors are not always keeping the friendly relationship. Stresses and tension develop because of misunderstanding. Very often children may be the cause for tense feelings. The neighbor's son may pick a flower or a fruit from your garden and an argument may follow. Again he may throw his ball at your window breaking it. These are common cases so far as the younger one is concerned but it is for the elders to view them with calmness and make up for it. This may read easy on paper but not so in real life. But being broad minded, one must be able to tolerate . Another reason for tension may be the animals. Your neighbor's dog may be a real trouble or his chickens would come into your garden and eat away your plants.
In all these cases to keep up good neighborliness, some understanding between the neighbors is important. _ Try to be friendly and the problem will not be difficult to solve. Care can at times play a good part and help the neighbors in a small or big way. Nobody is perfect and it is better not to speak ill of your neighbors. A cheerful word, a nod or a small talk will strengthen the feeling of good neighborliness.
Neighborliness is not only for people but it is also largely important between neighboring countries. History has got a lot to teach on this. Unless countries learn to live as good neighbors, there cannot be peace on earth. So children must be taught at home and in the school to cooperate with the neighbors and be friendly with them. The basic rule is to give and take and to develop a sense that the other man has as much right as you do, and some degree of tolerance is very necessary. [/INST] question: Which of the following may cause misunderstanding? | options: A: Hobbies and habits B: Children and pets C: Sports and games D: Likes and dislikes | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Started in 1636, Harvard University is the oldest of all the many colleges and universities in the United States. Yale, Princeton, Columbia and Dartmouth were opened soon after Harvard.
In the early years, these schools were much alike. Only young men went to college. All the students studied the same subjects, and everyone learned Latin, Greek and Hebrew. Little was known about science then, and one kind of school could teach everything that was known about the world. When the students graduated, most of them became ministers or teachers.
In 1782, Harvard started a medical school for young men who wanted to become doctors. Later, lawyers could receive their training in Harvard's law school. In 1825, besides Latin and Greek, Harvard began teaching modern languages, such as French and German. Soon it began teaching American history.
As knowledge increased, Harvard and other colleges began to teach many new subjects. Students were allowed to choose the subjects that interested them.
Today, there are many different kinds of colleges and universities. Most of them are made up of smaller schools that deal with special fields of learning. There's so much to learn that one kind of school can't offer it all. [/INST] question: The oldest university in the US is _ . | options: A: Yale B: Harvard C: Princeton D: Columbia | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: (Secondary to infected sebaceous cyst) (594-BaiIy & Love 25th)Cock's peculiar tumour - (Infected ulcerated sebaceous cyst)An infected cyst may discharge its contents. If an ulcerated surface remains, it can resemble an epithelioma, and to which the term 'Cock's peculiar tumour may be appliedALSO - REMEMBERS* MoIIuscum fibrosum - are polypoid or filiform soft flashy skin tags which occur on the neck trunk andface* Cylindroma (syn 'turban' tumour) - extensive turban like swelling over the scalp, relatively benign* Glomus tumour is seen in fingers (Subungual) role - thermal regulation* RANULA is a retension cyst of minor salivary glands transluscent bluish swelling in the floor of the mouth** Treatment - complete excision or marsupialization for large cystGLOMANGIOMA or Glomovenous malformation* Typical glomus tumour are sub categorized as solid glomus tumour, glomangioma & glomangiomyoma* Solid glomus tumour is the most common variety of glomus tumour* Glomangioma, comprises approximately 20% of glomus tumour are characterized by dilated veins surrounded by small clusters of glomus cells* Glomangioma occure more often during childhood are rarely subungual & are less likely to be painful or symptomatic* Most predominate on the hand and forearm*** Histologically they are usually poorly circumscribed, occasionally plaque like lesion that resemble cavernous hemangioma* Secondary thrombosis & phlebolith formation may occur in these lesions just as they would in an ordinary hemangioma* Hidradentitis suppurativa - is a chronic suppurative condition of apocrine gland (Modified sweat gland**) bearing skin which is found in the axillae, sub mammary regions, nape of the neck, groin, mons pubis, inner thigh & sides of the scrotum as well as the perineum & buttocks* Fordyce's spot's - are ectopic sebaceous glands*, which has no erythcmous halos & are found in the mouth of healthy individuals**. It is not a sign of internal malignancy* Miliaria - is a disorder that occurs as a result of either obliteration or disruption of the Eccrine sweat gland*** Milium - is a small sub epidermal keratin cyst that occurs in under developed sebaceous glandDercum's disease (Adiposis Dolarosa) - It is characterized by the presence of multiple circumscribed or diffuse painful sub cutaneous fat depositions on the trunk and limbs**, particularly near the kneeAcute Febrile Neutrophilic Dermatosis (SWEET'S SYNDROME)Characterized by, fever, neutrophilia, erythematous, tender papulo- nodulo- plaques and targetoid lesions with pseudo vesiculation. Common women following RTIAssociated with malignancy, AML, lymphoma, myeloma, myelodysplastic syndromes and solid tumours (primarily of the genitor-urinary tract) as well as drugs (cg-all- transretinoic acid) [/INST] question: Cock's peculiar tumour is | options: A: Secondary to infected sebaceous cyst B: Secondary to osteomyelitis of skull bones C: Secondaries in skull bones from carcinoma thyroid D: Epithelioma of scalp | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Scotland is a well-developed tourist destination, with tourism generally being responsible for sustaining 200, 000 jobs mainly in the service sector, with tourist spending averaging at PS4 bn per year. Tourists from the United Kingdom make up the bulk of visitors to Scotland. In 2002, for example, UK visitors made 18.5 million visits to Scotland, staying 64.5 million nights and spending PS3.7 bn. In contrast, overseas residents made 1.58 million visits to Scotland, staying 15 million nights and spending PS806 m. In terms of overseas visitors, those from the United States made up 24% of visits to Scotland, with the United States being the largest source of overseas visitors, and Germany (9%), France (8%), Canada (7%) and Australia (6%), following behind.
Scotland is generally seen as clean, unspoilt destination with beautiful scenery which has a long and complex history, combined with thousands of historic sites and attractions. These include prehistoric stone circles, standing stones and burial chambers, and various Bronze Age, Iron Age and Stone Age remains. There are also many historic castles, houses, and battlegrounds, ruins and museums. Many people are drawn by the culture of Scotland.
The cities of Edinburgh and Glasgow are increasingly being seen as a cosmopolitan alternative to Scotland's countryside, with visitors year round, but the main tourist season is generally from April to October inclusive. In addition to these factors, the national tourist agency, VisitScotland, have deployed a strategy of niche marketing, aimed at exploiting, amongst other things, Scotland's strengths in golf, fishing and food and drink tourism. Another significant, and increasingly popular reason for tourism to Scotland -- especially by those from North America-- is genealogy, with many visitors coming to Scotland to explore their family and ancestral roots. [/INST] question: People from _ visited Scotland most. | options: A: the USA B: France C: the UK D: Germany | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Some pessimistic experts feel that the automobile is bound to fall into disuse. They see a day in the not-too-distant future when all autos will be abandoned and allowed to rust. Other authorities, however, think the auto is here to stay. They hold that the car will remain a leading means of urban travel in the foreseeable future.
The motorcar will undoubtedly change significantly over the next 30 years. It should become smaller, safer, and more economical, and should not be powered by the gasoline engine. The car of the future should be far more pollution-free than present types.
Regardless of its power source, the auto in the future will still be the main problem in urban traffic congestion ( ). One proposed solution to this problem is the automated highway system.
When the auto enters the highway system, a retractable ( ) arm will drop from the auto and make contact with a rail, which is similar to those powering subway trains electrically. Once attached to the rail, the car will become electrically powered from the system, and control of the vehicle will pass to a central computer. The computer will then monitor all of the car 's movements.
The driver will use a telephone to dial instructions about his destination into the system. The computer will calculate the best route, and reserve space for the car all the way to the correct exit from the highway. The driver will then be free to relax and wait for the buzzer ( ) that will warn him of his coming exit. It is estimated that an automated highway will be able to handle 10,000 vehicles per hour, compared with the 1,500 to 2,000 vehicles that can be carried by a present-day highway. [/INST] question: One significant improvement in the future car will probably be _ . | options: A: its power source B: its driving system C: its monitoring system D: its seating capacity | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Since two years ago, Where Are We Going, Dad? ( <<?>> ) has become one of the most popular TV shows. On the shows, the five fathers and their children traveled around China, riding camels through the western deserts, fishing on the east coast, and selling vegetables for their bus fare home in southwestern Yunnan Province.
One dad doesn't know how to do his daughter's hair, so some people try to help him. Another one must _ with his son for three days in the desert. Because the father can't cook, they only eat instant noodles .
Why is Where Are We Going, Dad? so popular? Because it is about how Chinese parents look after their kids. The show makes modern parents think about what they should do with their kids. "In traditional Chinese culture, the father is strict and the mother is kind. But on the show, we see fathers who are much gentler on their kids and more involved in their upbringing " said Li Minyi, a professor of early childhood education.
In the past, children were taught to obey their parents' wishes and look after them in their old age. But today Chinese parents increasingly realize that respecting their children's choices may be a better way to prepare them for modern society. As they raise their children, parents are growing up at the same time.
,. [/INST] question: How many fathers and their children are mainly mentioned on Where Are We Going, Dad? | options: A: Two B: Three C: Four D: Five | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The Enigma of Beauty
The search for beauty spans centuries and continents.Paintings of Egyptians dating back over 4,000 years show both men and women painting their nails and wearing makeup.In 18th-century France,wealthy noblemen wore large wigs of long,white hair to make themselves attractive.Today,people continue to devote a lot of time and money to their appearance.
There is at least one good reason for the desire to be attractive: beauty is power.Studies suggest that good-looking people make more money,get called on more often in class,and are regarded as friendlier.
But what exactly is beauty? It's difficult to describe it clearly,and yet we know it when we see it.And our awareness of it may start at a very early age.In one set of studies,six-month-old babies were shown a series of photographs.The faces on the pictures had been rated for attractiveness by a group of college students.In the studies,the babies spent more time looking at the attractive faces than the unattractive ones.
The idea that even babies can judge appearance makes perfect sense to many researchers.In studies by psychologists,men consistently showed a preference for women with larger eyes,fuller lips,and a smaller nose and chin while women prefer men with large shoulders and a narrow waist.According to scientists,the mind unconsciously tells men and women that these traits--the full lips,clear skin,strong shoulders--equal health and genetic well-being.
Not everyone thinks the same way,however."Our hardwiredness can be changed by all sorts of expectations--mostly cultural," says C.Loring Brace,an anthropologist at the University of Michigan.What is considered attractive in one culture might not be in another.Look at most Western fashion magazines: the women on the pages are thin.But is this "perfect" body type for women worldwide? Scientists' answer is no; what is considered beautiful is subjective and varies around the world.They found native peoples in southeast Peru preferred shapes regarded overweight in Western cultures.
For better or worse,beauty plays a role in our lives.But it is extremely difficult to describe exactly what makes one person attractive to another.Although there do seem to be certain physical traits considered universally appealing,it is also true that beauty does not always keep to a single,uniform standard.Beauty really is,as the saying goes,in the eye of the beholder. [/INST] question: People's ideas about beauty _ . | options: A: have existed since ancient times B: can be easily described C: have little influence on a person's success D: are based upon strict criteria | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: In muscle, glycogen phosphorylase is activated by hormones and neural signals such as epinephrine, that stimulate phosphorylase kinase which phosphorylates the Ser-14 residue of the protein. A second messenger of a cyclic AMP (cAMP) increases in concentration due to epinephrine or glucagon, and this increase results in an enzyme cascade. Activation of phosphorylase kinase is due to increased concentrations of Ca2+ or by the phosphorylation by protein kinase A which is cAMP-dependent. The activated kinase, in turn, activates the glycogen phosphorylase enzyme by phosphorylating the Ser-14 residue. In the liver, glucagon is the primary signal which catalyzes this enzyme cascade. Glycogen phosphorylase b is not always inactive in muscle, as it can be activated allosterically by AMP. An increase in AMP concentration, which occurs during strenuous exercise, signals energy demand. AMP activates glycogen phosphorylase b by changing its conformation from a tense to a relaxed form. This relaxed form has similar enzymatic propeies as the phosphorylated enzyme. An increase in ATP concentration opposes this activation by displacing AMP from the nucleotide binding site, indicating sufficient energy stores. [/INST] question: In muscle, phosphorylase b is inactivated by | options: A: cAMP B: Ca ions C: Glucose D: ATP | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Las Vegas cab driver Gerardo Gamboa thought someone must have left a bag of chocolates in the back seat of his vehicle,but it turned out to be $300,000 in cold hard cash.
Now,Gamboa is winning honors for honesty after turning in the money he found Monday.The money was returned to an unidentified poker player working in a club.Yellow Checker Star Transportation named Gamboa its driver of the year and rewarded him with $l,000 and a dinner for two at a restaurant.
A message left Wednesday to interview Gamboa at the cab company wasn't immediately returned.
Gamboa told the Las Vegas Review-Journal he had another passenger by the time he began wondering what kind of chocolates were in the brown paper bag.He cast a glance inside the bag at a traffic light.
"I told my passenger,'You are my witness on this,'"the 13-year taxi driver told the Las Vegas Sun,"and then immediately called my company."
Gamboa took the six bunches of $100 bills to the company's main office,where Las Vegas police and the club officials returned it to the poker player.
Gamboa saidthemangave him a $5 tip after a trip from the Cosmopolitan Resort to the Palms Place Tower,and Gamboa then drove to the Bellagio Resort,where a doorman helping a passenger into the car noticed the bag.
It took several hours to check the identity of the owner and return the cash.He took Gamboa's information,but didn't leave a reward.
"If he doesn't give me anything,that's OK,"Gamboa told the Sun."I'm not waiting for any kind of return.I just wanted to do the right thing,and I appreciate what the company did for me." [/INST] question: Who proved the driver found $300.000? | options: A: Adoorman B: A passenger C: The poker player D: The police | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: As we know, it is common for people to catch a cold in winter and most people believe they know the reason for colds. However, scientists say people have some wrong beliefs about the cause of colds.
Many people think that once you get infected by colds, you will not be easy to be attacked by colds for the rest of your life. That's not the case. There are about 200 different viruses that cause the common cold. You catch a cold because of one kind of them this time, but you might catch a cold next time because of another.
Others believe that people get sick just because of the cold weather in winter. That is also wrong.
It's because people tend to stay closer in winter and the cold virus is _ from one person to another through handshakes, sneezing, or coughing.
While there is no actual cure for the common cold, scientists say there are still a few things you can do to help you. Some experts say honey and chicken soup are effective against colds. Especially honey. There is increasing evidence that it helps shorten the duration of the common cold sometimes even by two to three days particularly in children. Chicken soup also helps reduce the duration of the cold.
In addition, if you do have a cold and you don't feel like eating anything, it's not going to hurt you but you have to drink a lot and you can drink water or tea because doctors say the water cycle in your bodies helps to cure colds. That's very important. Though there is more than one way to deal with colds, doctors say the best advice is to continue using whatever works best for you. [/INST] question: If you have a cold, you can do the following except _ . | options: A: drinking a lot of water B: drinking chicken soups C: eating honey D: forcing yourself to eat | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Macrophages are a type of white blood cell, of the immune system, that engulfs and digests cellular debris, foreign substances, microbes, cancer cells, and anything else that does not have the type of proteins specific to healthy body cells on its surface in a process called phagocytosis.
This large phagocytes are found in essentially all tissues, where they patrol for potential pathogens by amoeboid movement. They take various forms (with various names) throughout the body (e.g., histiocytes, Kupffer cells, alveolar macrophages, microglia, and others), but all are part of the mononuclear phagocyte system. Besides phagocytosis, they play a critical role in nonspecific defence (innate immunity) and also help initiate specific defence mechanisms (adaptive immunity) by recruiting other immune cells such as lymphocytes. For example, they are important as antigen presenters to T cells. In humans, dysfunctional macrophages cause severe diseases such as a chronic granulomatous disease that result in frequent infections. [/INST] question: Which of the following white blood cells act as scavengers when they engulf and digest pathogens? | options: A: Macrophages B: T cells C: B cells D: Lymphocytes | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Organisms may be transmitted in a number of ways, such as by air, food, hands, sexual contact, and infected needles. However, for each disease or disease category, there is usually a portal of entry not always unique to the organism. The respiratory tract is a common portal of entry to such airborne organisms as M. tuberculosis. This is why respiratory precautions must be taken when patients are harboring viable M. tuberculosis.The gastrointestinal tract is usually infected from ingestion of contaminated food or water (Shigella, Salmonella, Campylobacter) or by an alteration of the normal microbial flora such as with C. difficile disease. The skin is a tough integument and intact, is resistant to most infectious organisms except those that may break down human skin. Breaches of the skin as by wounds, burns, and the like predispose patients to a variety of infections such as tetanus caused by wound contamination with spores of C. tetani, or direct infection by Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, or Gram-negative rods (such as Serratia or Pseudomonas).The genital tract may become infected either by sexual contact or by alteration of the genital environment as often occurs with yeast infections. Several bacteria such as N. gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia, and Treponema pallidum are transmitted by direct sexual contact with infected partners. [/INST] question: Shigellosis is common in travelers to developing countries. Infection is commonly acquired through the | options: A: Skin B: Gastrointestinal tract C: Respiratory tract D: Genital tract | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Hering-Breuer Reflex: Receptor: Pulmonary stretch receptors lie within the smooth muscle of large and small airways (bronchi and bronchioles). Stimulus for receptor: Distension of the lungs, when TV is more than 1.5 L Afferent: Vagus nerve large myelinated fibers. The Hering-Breuer inflation reflex (also called inhibitoinspiratory reflex): Inflation of the lungs tended to inhibit fuher inspiratory muscle activity. Hering-Breuer Deflation reflex (or excito-inspiratory reflex): Deflation of the lungs tends to inhibit fuher deflation (initiate inspiratory activity). It decreases duration of expiration. Diving reflex: Stimulation of nasal or facial receptors with cold water elicits apnea, or cessation of breathing, and bradycardia. Head's paradox reflex: Inflation of the lungs augment fuher inflation J-Reflex (pulmonary C-fiber receptor): Discovered by: Indian physiologist AS Paintal in 1954. Location: Juxtapulmonary capillary (J) receptors are located in alveolar walls or, lung interstitial tissue close to pulmonary capillary. Afferent: The impulses pass up the vagus nerve in slowly conducting nonmyelinated fibers (pulmonary C-fiber receptors). Stimulus: pulmonary congestion and chemicals like capsaicin. Not stimulated under normal/resting ventilation. Response: Rapid shallow breathing, bradycardia, hypotension [/INST] question: The afferent (sensory) endings for the Hering-Breuer reflex are mechanoreceptors located in the | options: A: Carotid aeries B: Alveoli C: Diaphragm D: Bronchi and bronchioles | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Americans use many expressions with the word dog.People in the United States love their dogs and treat them well.They take their dogs for walks,let them play outside and give them good food and medical care.However, dogs without owners to care for them lead a different kind of 1ife.The expression,to lead a dog's life,describes a person who has an unhappy existence.
Some people say we live in a dog-eat-dog world.That means many people are competing for the same things,like good jobs.To be successful,a person has to work like a dog.Such hard work can make people dog-tired,or sick as a dog.
Still,people say every dog has its day.This means that every person enjoys a successful period during his or her life.To be successful, people often have to learn new skills.Yet.some people say that you can never teach all old dog new tricks.They believe that older people do not like to learn new things and wilt not change the way they do things.
Husbands and wives use this doghouse term when they are angry at each other.For example,a woman might get angry at her husband for coming home late or forgetting their wedding anniversary.She might tell him that he is in the doghouse.She may not treat him nicely until he apologizes.However,the husband may decide that it is best to 1eave things alone and not create more problems.He might decide to let sleeping dogs lie.
Dog expressions are also used to describe the weather.The dog days of summer are the hottest days of the year.A rainstorm may cool the weather.But we do not want it to rain too hard.We do not want it to rain cats and dogs. [/INST] question: The correct statement about the dog in the expression"to 1ead a dog's life"is _ . | options: A: a lucky dog B: a homeless dog C: a clever dog D: a tamed dog | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Calcium Channel Blockers (CCBs) These are the drugs that block L-type of voltage gated calcium channels present in blood vessels and hea. Three groups of CCBs include phenylalkylamines (verapamil, nor-verapamil), benzothiazepines (diltiazem) dihydropyridines (nifedipine, nicardipine, nimodipine, nisoldipine, nitrendipine, isradipine, lacidipine, felodipine and amlodipine). By inhibiting the calcium channels, these agents result in vasodilation and decreased activity of the hea (decrease hea rate, AV conduction and contractility). Dihydropyridine (DHP) group has little direct cardiac activity and acts mainly on blood vessels, therefore are also called peripherally acting CCBs. Verapamil and diltiazem have strong direct cardiodepressant (verapamil > diltiazem) activity. CCBs tend to cause reflex tachycardia (because of their vasodilatory action), which is nullified by the direct depressant action on the hea (except DHPs). Nicardipine is longest acting parenteral calcium channel blocker and is drug of choice for hypeensive emergencies. It is combined with beta blockers to avoid tachycardia. Nimodipine is a relatively cerebro-selective vasodilator, thus used to reverse the compensatory vasoconstriction after sub-arachnoid hemorrhage. Verapamil has maximum depressant action on the hea and it causes vasodilation by causing blockade of calcium channel. It is indicated for the treatment of angina, PSVT, hypeension and hyperophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM). Diltiazem has lesser effect on the hea than verapamil and is also indicated for these conditions. CCBs are especially suitable for elderly patients, patients with low renin hypeension, patients with diseases like asthma, migraine or peripheral vascular disease and in cases of isolated systolic hypeension. DHPs are safe in pregnancy. CCBs (verapamil and diltiazem) should be avoided in conditions involving decreased conductivity of the hea like sick sinus syndrome, CHF and along with beta blockers (both cause myocardial depression). Clevidipine is an ultrasho acting DHP, recently approved for hypeensive emergencies. [/INST] question: Which of the following drug is used for reversal of cerebral vasospasm and infarct following subarachnoid hemorrhage? | options: A: Nimodipine B: Amlodipine C: Diltiazem D: Verapamil | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Growing up the daughter of an outstanding educator,Andrea Peterson knew at a young age that she wanted to serve others.It was with this mindset that she started to pursue a degree in medicine.However,while visiting her brothers who were away at college studying music education,she realized that she was drawn to teach music,too.
In her ten years at Granite Falls,she has revitalized the music programs at both the elementary and high school levels,to the extent that an additional music faculty member was hired by the district to assist with the workload.The growth of the music program in Granite Falls School District has encouraged students to participate in country,state and national music competitions,and won numerous prizes for the district.
Teaching music is only a part of Peterson's instruction-it serves as a vehicle to other areas."Music is an amazing tool to unlock students' potential.The most visible benefit from their success in music is their increased confidence and selfesteem," Peterson said."However,I don't believe it is the only benefit,nor the most powerful.It is truly exciting to see how my music teaching can transfer to other classrooms." With this philosophy,Peterson introduced a crosscurriculum program,wherein she takes lessons taught in other classes,such as English and math,and expands upon them in an eightweek unit.
One of the most popular projects in Peterson's classes is the creation and performance of a musical,and whereby students create a play from one of the books they have read in another class.Students work together to choose the music that best fits with the overall feel of the play and then perform it for the greater community."Through Andrea's efforts these kids have helped to put Granite Falls,Washington,on the map for musical talents.Parents,staff and community members continue to be in awe of what she is able to bring forth from the children,"said Debra Rose Howell,a colleague of Peterson's at Monte Crisco Elementary School. [/INST] question: Initially Andrea Peterson planned to work as a(n) _ . | options: A: teacher B: doctor C: educator D: musician | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Penguins are lovely animals. Most people like them. But now as many as 10 of the 17 kinds of penguins are in danger of disappearing. The number of penguins has decreased by ( ) 30% since 1987.
Penguins are black and white birds that live in the southern part of the world. They are common in the Antarctic Continent ,New Zealand, Australia and South America. Many live near cold waters . But some live near warm waters in Galapagos Islands. Penguins cannot fly, but they are fine swimmers. The shape of their body helps them to survive. Penguins eat fish and krill . They have short wings that help them to dive up to 900 feet to catch larger fish. They can swim 10-15 kilometers an hour which lets them protect themselves. They also have lots of body oil that helps in keeping them dry in the water.
The warming of the earth is the reason for the decrease in the number of penguins. The hotter and hotter air has caused ocean waters to become warmer. Higher water temperature has decreased the fish and krill. Some years later these birds are completely unable toreproduce. And many adult penguins die of hunger.
Too much fishing, exploration for oil and oil leaks also make penguins be in danger. Poisonous things in ocean waters are another danger. Penguins also have their enemies, including sharks, seals and sea lions. [/INST] question: Penguins can do the following except _ . | options: A: diving B: flying C: swimming D: catching fish | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Picky eaters may have good reasons for their behaviour. No matter why your child has become picky, how you handle the situation can affect his or her future. Therefore, you should know the following reasons for picky children first of all.
_ is common in children; it often happens at the dinner table. Some children just refuse to try new food because they don't know what it will taste like, while others dislike new food before even smelling it. Some children take it to the extreme and will only eat a few foods that they like. Psychologist Dr. Elizabeth Capaldi says that, by the time children reach the age of two, they have formed their own eating habits that they don't want to be disturbed by new offerings at the table.
A newly published study led by Dr. Lucy Cooke of University College London showed that picky eating in children results from genetic and environmental causes. The research, which followed the eating habits of 5,390 pairs of twins between the ages of 8 and 11, found that about 75% of the neophobia in the children was from their parents, while 25% was due to the influence of environment.
Children grow at a high speed during their first year, but that fast-paced growth tends to slow down by their second year. When children are not experiencing one of those fast growth periods, their body needs less energy; and that results in a smaller appetite . When children are not hungry, they tend to enjoy only food they like. They refuse new food and food that is not their favourite. Some children will limit the amount of food to only one kind, like hamburgers or pancakes, leaving all the other foods untouched.
In some cases, many real reasons why a child behaves as a picky eater exist. About 5% of children who are 10 years of age or younger have some type of neurological dysfunction that influences their eating habits. These children may be easily hurt by some special smells, or their brain may not be able to process such sensory information properly. [/INST] question: What can we learn about the study led by Dr. Cooke? | options: A: It paid more attention to the environmental effects on children's eating habits B: It followed the eating habits of 5,390 children aged between 8 and 11 C: It showed that genetics greatly affect children's eating habits D: It suggested that parents should have good eating habits | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: ANTIVIRAL DRUGS: CLASSI FICATION 1.Anti-Herpes virus Idoxuridine, Acyclovir, Valacyclovir, Famciclovir, Ganciclovir*, Foscarnet* 2 Anti-Retrovirus (a) Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (Nis): Zidovudine (AZT), Didanosine, Zalcitabine*, Stavudine, Lamivudine, Abaca vir (b) Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNis): Nevirapine, Eirenz, Delavirdine* (c) Protease inhibitors: Ritonavir, Indinavir, Nelfinavir, Saquinavir, Amprenavir*, Lopinavir 3. Anti-Influenza virus Amantadine, Rimantadine* 4. NonselectiVe antiviral drugs Ribavirin, Lamivudine, Adefovir dipivoxil, Interferon a * Not yet marketed in India. Acyclovir This deoxiguanosine analogue antiviral drug requires a virus specific enzyme for conversion to the active metabolite that inhibits DNA synthesis and viral replication. Acyclovir is active only against herpes group of viruses; H. simplex type I is most sensitive followed by H. simplex type II > varicella-zoster virus= Epstein-Barr virus; while cytomegalovirus (CMV) is practically not affected. Both H. simplex and varicella-zoster virus have been found to develop resistance to acyclovir during therapy; the former primarily due to mutants deficient in thymidine kinase activity and the latter primarily by change in specificity of virus directed enzyme so that its affinity for acyclovir is decreased. ESSENTIALS OF MEDICAL PHARMACOLOGY K.D.TRIPATHI SIXTH EDITION PAGE NO:767,768 [/INST] question: Acyclovir is indicated in: | options: A: Candida B: Herpes simplex C: Mycoplasma D: Pneumocystis | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Wealth is what you accumulate ,not what you spend.If you make $1 million a year and spend $1 million,you're not getting wealthier,you're just living high.
The most successful accumulators of wealth spend less than they can afford on houses,cars,vacations and entertainment.Why? Because these things offer little or no return.The wealthy would rather put their money into investments or their businesses.It's an attitude.
Millionaires understand that when you buy an expensive house,you buy an expensive life-style too.Your property taxes ,insurance,and the prices of nearby services tend to be higher.
The rich man's attitude can also be seen in his car.many drive old cars.Sam Walton,billionaire founder of the Wal-Mart Store,Inc,drove a pickup truck.
Most millionaires measure success by net worth ,not income.Instead of taking their money home,they put as much as they can into their businesses.Why? Because the government doesn't tax wealth;it taxes income you bring home for consumption .
The person who piles up net worth fastest tends to put every dollar he can into investments,not consumption.
The best wealth-builders pay careful attention to their money and seek professional advice.
The self-made rich develop clear goals for their money.They may wish to retire early,or they may want to leave something to their children.The goals vary,but two things are consistent:they have a goal in mind-- the amount they want to save by age50,perhaps--and they work unceasingly toward that goal.
One thing may surprise you.If you make wealth---not just income--your goal,the expensive house you've been dreaming about won't seem so attractive.you'll have the attitude. [/INST] question: Which of the following statements is true? | options: A: Wealth is judged according to the life style one has B: Inheritance builds an important part in one's wealth C: Wealth is more of what one has made than anything else D: High income may make one live high and get rich at the same time | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Jolly Joe always arrived at my neighborhood at exactly half past noon. The clang of the bell on his red and black truck was then the sweetest sound in the world. Brightly colored stickers advertising his amazing kinds of treats could be found on all sides of his truck. The whole neighborhood would magically come to life.
Holding a nickel , I'd run to the back of the vehicle, where children were already gathering. Jolly Joe would jump out of his truck, the sun shining on his hair. He was an older man, short and round, with a pleasant face and a welcoming smile.
I don't know how, but he knew us all by name, as well as which treats we preferred. My favorite was the Buried Treasure. By eating all the ice cream, you'd discover the treasure inside: a lion, a dog or even a funny clown -- printed onto a plastic stick.
When it was finally my turn, he'd put his arm deep inside one of the boxes, and pause for a moment, a puzzled look crossing his face. Then, suddenly, he'd pull it out: the Buried Treasure! I couldn't wait to enjoy the cool, sweet ice cream.
As quickly as he arrived, it was time for Jolly Joe to go, leaving behind laughing, excited children with sticky hands and faces. Soon the sound of his clanging bell would slowly disappear in the distance.
I always hated to see Jolly Joe go, because I knew the rest of the day would be as hot and boring as before. But I took some comfort in knowing that the next day he'd come round the corner at half past noon and once again spread his magic. [/INST] question: Jolly Joe was liked mostly by _ . | options: A: children B: passengers C: advertisers D: drivers | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Lost iPhone
Unexpectedly, I lost my white iPhone 5s in Midtown on Friday night. It had a blue green cover on it. There are many pictures of my son in it, and I'm heartbroken. Please return, no questions asked. Reward. Reply to: -2652255359@craigslist. org
Do you need a babysitter that you can trust? [:++]
My name is Tina. I am a responsible babysitter that you can trust. If you are looking for someone dependable and affordable I am that person! I HAVE MORE THAN 30 YEARS OF EXPERIENCE (including disabled children)! I am a retired Home Health Aid and absolutely love children. I work with my sister Iris who has also more than 20 years' experience as a teacher's assistant. WE LOOK FORWARD TO MEETINC YOU! Available 24 hours and flexible with fees! I am fully bilingual--Spanish/English. Please email me or call 712-867-7688.
I BABYSIT ONLY AT MY HOME
I accept children from all ages. Fee starts from $100~$150 a week depending on the hours. I am very flexible and my fee can change. Feel free to contact me via email or on my cell phone 566-67-1873 and we can work something out.
Part-time Chinese Babysitter Wanted
Part-time Chinese speaking babysitter needed to assist with one-year-old twins and to perform some light housework as needed. Assistance needed Fridays and occasional weekends. Please provide your salary expectation. College students are welcome to apply.
Reply to: comm-encbq-2652113885@craigslist. org [/INST] question: If you want to send your kids to the babysitter's home, you can find one in _ . | options: A: Ad 1 B: Ad 2 C: Ad 3 D: Ad 4 | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Years ago I worked at a factory in a small county.Every day I got up very early and often did much extra work at night.I was so tired and exhausted.My whole life was hopeless.Then one day I read the following article from a magazine:
"A woman went to live with her husband in camp on the Mojave Desert during the war.She simply hated the place:the heat was almost _ ,125 degree in the shade,the wind blew incessantly,and there was sand--sand everywhere.Finally,in desperation she wrote her parents in Ohio that she couldn't stand it another minute and was coming home.
Quickly came the reply by airmail from her father--just two lines:
'Two men looked out from prison bars.One saw the mud,and the other saw stars.'
The daughter did some real thinking,not only with the intellect but also with her heart.She decided to stick to her post.
She made friends with the natives,learned to love the country,and eventually wrote a book about it.
The desert hadn't changed,but her attitude had.Because she listened with her heart to the words her father sent,a whole new world opened up to her."
A change of attitude could change everything.
After reading the article,I was deep in thought ... [/INST] question: After she received her father's reply,the woman _ . | options: A: went back home B: was coming home C: decided to stay there D: decided to go back home with her husband | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: When the dog named Judy spotted the first sheep in her life, she did what comes naturally. The four-year-old dog set off racing after the sheep across several fields and, being a city animal, lost both her sheep and her sense of direction. Then she ran along the edge of cliff( ) and fell 100 feet, bouncing off a rock into the sea.
Her owner Mike Holden panicked and celled the coastguard of Cornwall, who turned up in seconds . Six volunteers slid down the cliff with the help of a rope but gave up all hope of finding her alive after a 90-minute search.
Three days later, a hurricane hit the coast near Cornwall. Mr. Holden returned home from his holiday upset and convinced his pet was dead. He comforted himself with the thought she had died in the most beautiful part of the country.
For the next two weeks, the Holdens were heartbroken . Then, one day, the phone rang and Steve Tregear, the coastguard of Cornwall, asked Holder if he would like his dog bark.
A birdwatcher, armed with a telescope, found the pet sitting desperately on a rock. While he sounded the alarm, a student from Leeds climbed down the cliff to collect Judy.
The dog had initially been knocked unconscious but had survived by drinking water from a fresh scream at the base of the cliff. She may have fed on the body of a sheep which had also fallen over the edge. "The dog was very thin and hungry," Steve Tregear said , "It was a very dog. She survived because of a plentiful supply of fresh water," he added.
It was ,as Mr. Holden admitted, "a minor miracle ". [/INST] question: The dog Jody fell down the cliff when she was | options: A: rescuing her owner B: caught in a hurricane C: blocked by a rock D: running after a sheep | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Measles Both measles and tetanus toxoid are highly efficacious vaccines (>95% efficacy). But if we compare the doses required and duration of immunity achieved, measles vaccine is clearly ahead of tetanus toxoid. - A single dose of measles vaccine if given at 12 months can achieve 95% efficacy, and if given at 15 months can achieve 98% efficacy. A 2" dose of measles vaccine achieves >99% efficacy. "This immunity appears to be of long duration probably for life."-Park 20/e p138 - Tetanus toxoid achieves the same efficacy (>95%) after 3 doses and boosters are required every 5 to 10 yrs to maintain the immunity. (Whereas measles requires no boosters) BCG and OPV can be easily ruled out. BCG has variable efficacy of 0-80%. OPV has >90% efficacy in industrialised countries and 72-98% in hot climates when cold chain is properly maintained. (Lower protection against type 3 which can cause rare vaccine associated paralytic polio.) Ghai writes-"Primary vaccine failure occasionally occurs after three doses of oral polio vaccine." [/INST] question: Vaccine with maximum efficacy is | options: A: OPV B: Measles C: BCG D: TT | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Addition of nucleotides requires a free OH group on the 3' end of the DNA strand The Sanger method of DNA sequencing is also known as chain termination sequencing. In this method, DNA strands are synthesized in the presence of a low concentration of dideoxynucleosides (ddNTPs) in addition to deoxynucleosides (dNTPs). Incorporation of a dNTP allows synthesis to continue as there is a free 3'-OH group for addition of the next nucleotide. Incorporation of a ddNTP terminates synthesis of the DNA strand as there is no free 3-OH group for addition of the next nucleotide. In Sanger sequencing, four reactions (A, C, T, and G) are run, each containing the appropriate ddNTP. The mixture of DNA strands generated in each reaction includes strands that are terminated at each given nucleotide (e.g., the A reaction contains DNA strands terminated at each A). The four reactions are run adjacent to one another on an acrylamide gel to separate the strands by size. The sequence of the DNA is determined by reading the order of the terminated chains going up the gel. [/INST] question: DNA sequencing by the Sanger method takes advantage of which propey of DNA synthesis to generate a sequencing ladder? | options: A: Addition of nucleotides requires a free OH group on the 3' end of the DNA strand B: DNA has a free 5' phosphoryl group C: DNA polymerase has proofreading capabilities D: Nucleotides are linked by phosphodiester bonds | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Antiepileptic drugs interfere with metabolism of folate, and patients taking phenytoin may therefore become deficient in folate, leading to the development of macrocytic anemia and possible, complications during pregnancy. Maternal side effects : Nystagmus, Ataxia, Hirsutes, Gingival hyperplasia, Pripheral neurotoxicity, Vit d and Folate deficiency Fetal side effects: Fetal Hydantoin syndrome, Facial clefting, Hea malformations, Limb anomalies, Vit K and D deficiency Possible cognitive effects Folic acid supplements can increase the activity of hepatic microsomal enzymes and thus hasten the clearance of antiepilepsy drugs, leading to a reduced concentration of phenytoin. This situation necessitates the careful monitoring of both folate and phenytoin levels after therapy is initiated. The normal range for folate is 5 to 25 ng/mL. Additionally, phenytoin therapy may increase the metabolism of vitamin D, leading to a decrease in vitamin D levels that can in turn cause alterations in calcium homeostasis that lead to osteomalacia and osteoporosis. Pregnant women taking phenytoin should receive the recommended 400 IU/day of cholecalciferol throughout pregnancy to prevent problems in vitamin D levels and calcium absorption. [/INST] question: Which vitamin deficient is most commonly seen in a pregnant mother who is on phenytoin therapy for epilepsy? | options: A: Vitamin B6 B: Vitamin B12 C: Vitamin A D: Folic acid | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Tips for avoiding traffic jams
The radio has more than just music. Check the local news station for the latest traffic report. Or go online and check traffic cameras before you set out. If there is a jam, you'll be prepared and can try another route.
Take the road less traveled. Although highways may be the most direct route, back roads can be much less crowded, which can save you from the frustration of the stop-and-go traffic.
Rush hour isn't just a lovely nickname. It means the morning and afternoon traffic lasts for several hours, but they are still called "rush hour" for a reason--everyone's on the road and in a hurry to get somewhere. Treat rush hour like bad weather--if you don't have to go anywhere, stay off the roads.
Tips for those unavoidable traffic jams
Don't break the law. You've gone 30 feet in 30 minutes and all of a sudden you see people using the shoulders . Don't behave like them. Not only is this illegal, but also there's a good chance they'll get caught or cause even more problems.
Pay extra attention to zig-zaggers when some people are anxious, they may start changing lanes every 5 seconds or cut you off. Keep checking your windows and mirrors for these lane changers.
Look for an escape. If it is possible to exit the road safely, do it. Use a GPS unit, and you can change your route mid-trip if needed.
Be courteous. Good manners could help you avoid a possible accident. Allow people in from a lane that is ending. Speeding up to keep them out increases your chances of an accident. [/INST] question: To avoid traffic jams, we are advised to do the following EXCEPT_. | options: A: get traffic news before leaving B: choose back roads C: avoid rush hours D: change lanes frequently | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Have you ever been to a wedding and simply loved the bride's bouquet ? More than likely some part of it was the Hawaiian Wedding Plant. This foreign houseplant can be enjoyed by anyone,not just brides. With a little proper attention and careful planning on location,this foreign houseplant, native to Madagascar, can be brought into the home where it can become an interesting focus.
Caring for the Hawaiian Wedding Plant is not much different than that of any other houseplants that may already be in your home. The only difference between this type of houseplant and others is the amount of the basic requirements that this foreign houseplant needs to survive and perform beautifully. During the growing season,this plant requires its wet soil,but when winter rolls around, this plant needs its soil to be kept drier.
Hawaiian Wedding Plants should also be put in well-drained soil and placed in a location that receives full sun. That the soil must be kept wet does not mean that it should sit in water, so the soil must drain easily or this plant will not survive. Water the plant daily and feed this plant every two to three weeks with a little fertilizer for acid -loving plants. Prune in early spring,even as early as February. If these needs are met,this plant will stay beautiful.
The most special feature of this foreign houseplant is its long lasting blooms combined with its unbelievable sweet smell. The Hawaiian Wedding Plant blooms the heaviest in the spring months,but has been known to bloom in any warm months,so do not be surprised to find blooms most time of the year except maybe _ [/INST] question: The Hawaiian Wedding Plant comes from _ . | options: A: Hawaii B: China C: Madagascar D: Alaska | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Appendicitis is often characterized by acute inflammation and is indicated with both a positive psoas test and rebound pain over McBurney's point. McBurney's point lies 1 inch lateral to the midpoint of an imaginary line in the right lower quadrant, joining the anterior superior iliac spine and the umbilicus. In patients with appendicitis, rebound tenderness may be felt over McBurney's point after quick, deep compression of the left lower quadrant. An ectopic pregnancy would be associated with generalized abdominal pain instead of the localized pain felt over McBurney's point. Cholecystitis results from an inflammation of the gallbladder and would result in pain over the epigastric region shifting to the right hypochondriac region. Kidney stones result in referred pain to the lumbar or possibly inguinal regions. Perforation of the duodenum could result in pain to palpation of the abdomen, together with adynamic (paralytic) ileus, rigidity of the abdominal wall, and referral of pain to the shoulder. [/INST] question: A 37-year-old woman was admitted to the emergency department with high fever (39.5deg C), nausea, and vomiting. Physical examination revealed increased abdominal pain in the paraumbilical region, rebound tenderness over McBurney's point, and a positive psoas test. Blood tests showed marked leukocytosis. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? | options: A: Ectopic pregnancy B: Appendicitis C: Cholecystitis D: Kidney stone | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Maybe you can not imagine what a hotel made of trash looks like. But in Rome, Italy, there is a campaign called Save the Beach that has created a hotel out of 12 tons of trash in order to raise awareness of our waste.
Save the Beach is an environmental awareness campaign set up by the makers of Corona Beer. They collected all the trash from all the beaches all across Europe. Then they built the special hotel.
It was reported that the hotel was fully booked . And it was open only for four days there in early June, the same time as World Environment Day. Next to the "trash hotel" was the slogan of Save the Beach. It said, we have built the first hotel made of trash in the world. This will be the future of our holidays if we do nothing to protect our beaches.
The hotel was built just to show the _ we were causing to the sea and the coastline . We live in the time of trash and we are running the risk of becoming trash ourselves. Do we really want such a world?
The trash hotel in Rome was just the beginning to support healthy, clean and trash-free beaches all across Europe by Save the Beach. Maybe there will be more surprising ideas in the future. Let's wait and see. [/INST] question: Where was the trash hotel built? | options: A: In Europe B: In Asia C: In America D: In Africa | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: When splenectomy is performed, we are prone to injure the tail of pancreas, there is a high chance of Acute pancreatitis to occur or a duct maybecut leading to fistula. Sometimes, the blood may be collected below the diaphragm which may lead to sub-diaphragmatic abscess. Since, the spleen is in relation to the left dome of the diaphragm, due to pain post-operatively there is ipsilateral collapse of left lung leading to ATELECTASIS. Generally, after splenectomy, there is a rise in platelet count- if indicated for ITP, the patient is immobilized which increases the risk of DVT & Embolism. Complications of Splenectomy are: - 1. Lung related complications of Splenectomy: ATELECTASIS MC REACTIVE PLEURAL EFFUSION CONSOLIDATION 2. Pancreas related complications: ACUTE PANCREATITIS INJURY TO TAIL OF PANCREAS PANCREATIC FISTULA 3. Diaphragm related complications: SUB-DIAPHRAGMATIC ABCESS 4. Thrombo-embolic complications: STASIS THROMBOCYTOSIS | DVT - |PE 5.OPSI (Overwhelming Post Splenectomy Infection): Caused by capsulated organisms such as S. pneumoniae, N. meningitides, H. influenza [/INST] question: Most common immediate complication of splenctomy: | options: A: Hemorrhage B: Fistula C: Bleeing from gastric mucosa D: Pancreatitis | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Exploit your parking space
An unused parking space or garage can make money. If you live near a city center or an airport, you could make anything up to PS200 or PS300 a week. Put an advertisement for free on Letpark or Atmyhousepark.
Rent a room
Spare room? Not only will a lodger earn you an income, but also, thanks to the government-backed "rent a room" program, you won't have to pay any tax on the first PS4500 you make per year. Try advertising your room on Roomspare or Roommateeasy.
Make money during special events
Don't want a full-time lodger? Then rent on a short-term basis. If you live in the capital, renting a room out during the Olympics or other big events could bring in money. Grashpadder can advertise your space.
Live on set
Renting your home out as a "film set" could earn you hundreds of pounds a day, depending on the film production company and how long your home is needed. A quick search on the Internet will bring up dozens of online companies that allow you to register your home for free--but you will be charged if your home gets picked.
Use your roof
You need the right kind of roof, but some energy companies pay the cost of fixing solar equipment(aroundPS14,000) and let you use the energy produced for nothing. In return, they get paid for unused energy fed back into the National Grid. However, you have to sign a 25-year agreement with the supplier, which could prevent you from changing the roof. [/INST] question: If you earn PS5000 from renting a room in one year, the tax you need to pay will be based on _ . | options: A: PS300 B: PS500 C: PS4500 D: 5000 | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Pityriaisis rubra pilaris is a rare chronic papulosquamous disorder characterised by 1. reddish orange scaly plaques 2.palmoplantar keratoderma 3.keratotic follicular papules etiology: unknown.sometimes autosomal dominantly in herited, hypovitaminosis A, HIV, hypogammaglobulinemia, staphlococcus are the predisposing factors. clinical features: 1.children <19 years and adults 40-60 years are commonly involved 2.small follicular pinkish yellow scaling papules coalese to form plaques. 3.reddish orange erythema is present 4.scalp: diffuse erythema and scaling 5. nutmeg grater - horny follicular papules on the back of proximal phalanges feel like a nutmeg grater 6.papules and plaques progress to erythroderma with islands of normal skin- nappes claires 7.palms and soles- hyperkeratosis with painful fissures with yellowish hue- PRP sandal histopathology- alternating ohokeratosis with parakeratosis in both veical and horizontal directions- Checker board pattern IADVL text book of dermatology, page 1020. [/INST] question: A child is presenting with erythmatous follicular papules on trunk. There are areas of normal skin within the lesions. There is thickening of Palms & soles. This child is suffering from - | options: A: Pityriasis rosea B: Pityriasis rubra pilaris C: Psoriasis D: Seborrheic dermatitis | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SEAMs) Tamoxifen citrate: Though chemically related to clomiphene, it has complex actions; acts as potent estrogen antagonist in breast carcinoma cells, blood vessels and at some peripheral sites, but as paial agonist in uterus, bone, liver and pituitary. Inhibition of human breast cancer cel b and hot flushes reflect antiestro.e;enic action while the weak estrogen agonistic action manifests as stimulation of endometrial proliferation,lowering of Gn and prolactin levels in postmenopausal women as well as improvement in their bone density. Tamoxifen is the standard hormonal treatment of breast cancer in both pre- and post menopausal women, though aromatase inhibitors are gaining prominence. Side effects Hot flushes. vomiting, vaginal bleeding, vaginal discharge, menstrual irregularities , increased risk of venous thromboembolism,dermatitis,anorexia, depression, mild leucopenia and ocular changes are infrequent. It is much less toxic than other anticancer drugs. ESSENTIALS OF MEDICAL PHARMACOLOGY K.D.TRIPATHI SIXTH EDITION PAGE NO:304 [/INST] question: Use of tamoxifen in carcinoma of breast patients does not lead to the following side effects: | options: A: Thromboembolic events B: Endometrial carcinoma C: Cataract D: Cancer in opposite breast | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Cubitus valgus -medial closing wedge osteotomy, lateral opening wedge osteotomy * Milch devised two osteotomies * Milch type I fractures (Salter-Harris type IV) -- Little lateral displacement when the nonunion is seen relatively early. -- Cubitus valgus usually is not as marked. -- Types * Closing wedge medial osteotomy (Speed) * Opening wedge lateral osteotomy (Milch) -- Combine the osteotomy with an autogenous bone graft and smooth pin fixation to the epiphysis. Cubitus varus -lateral closing wedge osteotomy, medial opening wedge osteotomy Lateral closing wedge osteotmy * Easiest, the safest, and the most stable osteotomy. * Lateral closing wedge osteotomy with a medial hinge will correct the varus deformity, with some minor correction of hyperextension * Types -- Lateral closing wedge osteotomy (Voss et al) -- French osteotomy -- Modified french osteotomy * Different methods of fixation -- Two screws and a wire attached between them -- Plate fixation -- Crossed Kirschner wires -- Staples french osteotomy : * Posterior approach * Detach the lateral half of the triceps from its inseion * Coex is broken * Medial periosteum left intact * Approximate the cut surfaces, and correct the rotation deformity by rotating the distal fragment externally until the distal screw is directly distal to the proximal screw. * Approximate the wedge till the 2 screws are parallel * Two parallel screws that are attached by a single figure-of-eight wire that is tightened for fixation. * Danger of damaging the physis is minimized Medial Opening Wedge Osteotomy with bone grafting (King & Secor) : * Requires bone grafting * Disadvantages -- Gains length -- Creates a ceain amount of inherent instability. -- Stretches and damages the ulnar nerve (due to lengthening) Refer : maheswari 9th ed [/INST] question: Preferred treatment for Cubitus varus is | options: A: Medial closing wedge osteotomy B: Lateral closing wedge osteotomy C: Medial opening wedge osteotomy D: Lateral opening wedge osteotomy | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Ticket price increases at HK Disney
Source:Xinhua | 02--05--2009 11:39
Hong Kong Disneyland announced on Tuesday it will raise weekday admission prices for mainland and overseas tourists by about 19 percent.But Hong Kong residents and tourists who purchase tickets through travel agents can still enjoy the old prices until June 30.
A one-day admission will cost HK $350($45)for adults and HK $250 for children aged up to 11 from Monday, the previous charges for weekends.Adults were previously admitted for HK $295 and children HK $210.
A Hong Kong Disneyland spokesman said the park does not expect the new pricing structure to have an immediate impact on attendances, as research shows guests choose when to visit the attraction based on time available rather than ticket prices.But the hikes(the rise of prices)drew immediate criticism from the industry.The greater tourism industry fears it may harm mainlanders willingness to visit Hong Kong.
Joseph Tung Yao-chung, executive director of Travel Industry Council of Hong Kong, said the decision was unwise in the current financial climate.He also urged the company to rethink its decision, during an interview with Southern Metropolis Daily. [/INST] question: On September 10 of 2009(weekday), Hong Kong residents and tourists will have to spend _ buying three children tickets. | options: A: HK $360 B: $ 360 C: HK $750 D: HK $885 | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Herds of zebra, impala and giraffe from South Africa's Kruger Park found a new home as part of the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park (GLTP) wildlife relocation project.
About 1,000 animals, from the large blue wildebeest to the stocky warthog, have been relocated to the park straddling South African, Mozambican and Zimbabwean territory.
The game from South Africa arrived in the Massingir area of Mozambique's southern Maputo province after a one-and-a-half-hour trip by truck.
South African National Parks chief executive Mavuso Msimang and the Peace Parks Foundation officially handed over the animals to Mozambican representatives.
"This project is not only about the management of an ecosystem, but also about community empowerment and tourism," Msimang said.
Border fences are coming down with the establishment of the park, which will be the world's biggest game reserve, to allow elephants and other herds to follow ancient migration routes.
The park, due to be officially opened next year, will be bigger than the Netherlands, covering some 38,600 square kilometers (15,440 square miles).
Under a three-year plan, about 6,000 animals are to be moved into the area, where wildlife was decimated during Mozambique's 25-year civil war.
African Wildlife Foundation community development officer Jeremiah Machavi said 62 communities living in the area would be affected by the establishment of Transfrontier Park. Tourists will be able to travel across international boundaries in the park without having to show their passports.
The relocation process started in October last year when about 30 elephants were released into the park. [/INST] question: _ is being established to relocate some African animals. | options: A: Kruger Park B: GLTP C: South African National Park D: African wildlife Foundation | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Cyclophosphamide Hemorrhagic cystitis is commonly associated with Cyclophosphamide Cyclophocphamide is the most common cause of hemorrhagic cystitis. The drug Cyclophosphamide itself is not toxic. The drug toxicity is due to its hepatic conversion to the metabolite "acrolein" which is excreted in the urine and causes damage to the bladder mucosa - It is believed that urothelial damage occurs due to direct contact of the bladder wall with acrotein which causes edema, ulceration, neovascularisation, hemorrhage and necrosis - Thus patients receiving cyclophosphamide should always receive good hydration and a .foley's catheter is often placed to ensure immediate drainage of the bladder. The hemorrhagic cystitis caused by cyclophosphamide can be reduced in intensity or prevented by intravenous administration of "MESNA" -MESNA is a thiol compound. The .free (Thiol) groups of MESNA combine directly with double bond of acrolein of form a stable nontoxic compound. MESNA is given orallyQ. - Cyclophosphamide induced hemorrhagic cystitis appeare to be dose related and is most prevalent in patients who are dehydrated and those receiving intravenous cyclophosphamide. [/INST] question: Hemorrhagic cystitis is caused by aEUR' | options: A: Busulphan B: Cisplatin C: Cyclophosphamide D: Doxorubicin | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Selective Anesthesia
When symptoms are not localized or referred, the diagnosis may be challenging. Sometimes the patient may not even be able to specify whether the symptoms are emanating from the maxillary or mandibular arch. In these instances, when pulp testing is inconclusive, selective anesthesia may be helpful.If the patient cannot determine which arch the pain is coming from, then the clinician should first selectively anesthetize the maxillary arch. This should be accomplished by using a periodontal ligament (intraligamentary) injection. The injection is administered to the most posterior tooth in the quadrant of the arch that may be suspected, starting from the distal sulcus. The anesthesia is subsequently administered in an anterior direction, one tooth at a time, until the pain is eliminated. If the pain is not eliminated after an appropriate period of time, then the clinician should similarly repeat this technique on the mandibular teeth below. It should be under-stood that periodontal ligament injections may anesthetize an adjacent tooth and thus are more useful for identifying the arch rather than the specific tooth.
Cohen's Pathway of the Pulp ed:11th Pg20 [/INST] question: Anesthetic testing is most effective in localizing pain | options: A: to a specific tooth B: to the mandible or maxilla C: across the midline of the face D: to a posterior tooth | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Jeans have become one piece of clothing worn by the most people in the world. Everybody wears them, from the farmer to the lawyer and from models to housewives. But why have jeans become so popular?You'll get many answers. For some people they look cool, for others jeans are just comfortable.
Jeans were first stronger trousers made for farm workers in the states of the American west. In the eastern part of the US jeans were hardly worn at all. They were connected with farm people and the workers. So the rich wouldn't like to wear them.
It was James Dean and Marlon Brando that made them popular in movies and everyone started to wear them. They were a symbol of the _ of young people during the 1950s and 1960s. So these new trousers were not allowed in American schools and sometimes in theatres and cinemas. As time went on,jeans became more acceptable. American people in Europe and Japan often wore them when they were not on duty to show that they were Americans. The trousers showed the world a happier way of life, something that people needed, especially after what they had gone through in World War II.
Jeans had other advantages as well. They didn't need to be washed as often as other trousers and women didn't need to iron them. This became more important as more and more women started working and had less time for housework.
Today jeans are an important part of our lives. They are always washed a few times before they are sold to give them a faded look. [/INST] question: Jeans first appeared _ . | options: A: in eastern America B: in western America C: in Middle America D: all over America | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Summer School for Effective Leadership 2014
The Hong Kong Federation of Youth Groups (HKFYG) partners with 2 world-class universities, The University of Hong Kong (HKU) and The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST) to offer you the best international summer schools in town! This year the Summer School for Effective Leadership (SSEL) is divided into the HKU Chapter--An Overture to Global Leadership, and HKUST Chapter--The Art of Public Speaking. Please find out more from the introduction below:
HKU Chapter--An Overture to Global Leadership
An Overture to Global Leadership, now in its seventh year, is cooperation between the Hong Kong Federation of Youth Groups and the University of Hong Kong with the aims:
1. To nurture youth leaders with solid fundamental knowledge and intensive leadership skills;
2. To strengthen their critical thinking skills, interpersonal skills and problem solving abilities;
3. To reinforce their willingness to serve the community;
4. To further develop global perspective and promote intercultural awareness amongst participants.
Date
Between 18 July 2014 (Friday) and 26 July 2014 (Saturday).
Full attendance is _ for the 9-day-8-night programme. Shared-room accommodation in the University dormitory is required.
Application Deadline
Non-residents of Hong Kong: 6:00 p.m., Friday, 16 May 2014 (Hong Kong Time)
Non-residents of Hong Kong may need to apply for a student visa, please visit the website: http://l21.hkfyg.org.hk/ssel/hku/overview.html for further details.
For application, please visit: http://l21.hkfyg.org.hk/ssel/hku/application.php
HKUST Chapter--The Art of Public Speaking
The Art of Public Speaking is a new collaboration between the Hong Kong Federation of Youth Groups, and the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology with the aims:
1. To enhance the leadership skills and public speaking skills of participants;
2. To allow youth leaders and speakers to learn from one another, and encourage cultural exchanges;
3. To demonstrate how public speaking skills can be used by leaders to communicate to the public;
4. To allow outstanding student leaders to serve and understand the local community.
Date
Between 14 July 2014 (Monday) and 19 July 2014 (Saturday)
Full attendance is mandatory for the 6-day-5-night programme. Shared-room accommodation in the University dormitory is required.
Application Deadline
Non-residents of Hong Kong: 6:00p.m., Friday, 9 May 2014 (Hong Kong Time).
Non-residents of Hong Kong may need to apply for a student visa, please visit the website: http://l21.hkfyg.org.hk/ssel/hkust/overview.html for further details.
For application, please visit: http://l21.hkfyg.org.hk/ssel/hkust/application.php [/INST] question: The Art of Public Speaking is organized by _ . | options: A: HKFYG & HKU B: HKFYG & HKUST C: HKU & HKUST D: HKUST & SSEL | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Are You Right Handed or Left Handed?
Which hand do you use when write? About 8 to 15 percent of people are left handed. They often have to use tools that are designed for right-handed people. So it is difficult for left-handers to use most tools. If you are right handed, try this experiment: Take a knife with your left hand and try cutting a potato into pieces. Don't be surprised if you feel awkward .
In the past, people thought it was strange to use the left hand. Young students looked down upon their left-handed classmates. Some children were even punished for using their left hand to write. But these days parents and teachers have accepted that. In almost every school in the world, left-handed students can use their left hand to write.
What causes people to be left handed or right handed? Experts have searched long and hard on this. They conclude that left-handed people are left handed for the same reason that right-handed people are right handed. One out of every ten people just is a left-handed people are right handed. One out of every ten people just is a left-hander. It's simply like the color of our eyes - some people have brown eyes, while some others have black eyes.
However, may researchers think that left-handers and right-handers are different in some aspects. Right-handers are more talkative and outgoing than left-handers. Many right-handed people understand spoken words better. For example, after they listen to directions to a supermarket, they can find it easily. Right-handers are good at organizing people, too. They are also better basketball guards. Just ask Yao Ming.
Research shows that left-handers are creative and artistic. Many famous performers, like Jim Carrey and Paul McCartney, are left handed. Many left-handers learn better visually . In art, both Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo were left handed. In music, Ludwig van Beethoven was left handed. In science, you find Newton and Einstein. The left-handed people are also really good at tennis and other single sports.
If you prefer one hand, but you are still good at writing with the other, you are mixed. Research shows mixed-handers can remember everyday things better than other people. What did you eat for lunch two weeks ago? If you're mixed handed, you can probably remember. [/INST] question: If right-handers cut up potatoes with there left hand, they will _ . | options: A: get hurt B: give up cutting C: feel awkward D: change their tools | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Condylar guidance
Definition: The mechanical form located in the upper posterior region of an articulator that controls movement of its mobile member (GPT8).
Condylar guide inclination: The angle formed by the inclination of a condylar guide control surface of an articulator and a specified reference plane (GPT8).
This is the mandibular guidance generated by the condyles traversing the contours of the glenoid fossa.
It is duplicated in the articulator. The extent of duplication depends on the articulator’s capability, whether it is semi-adjustable or fully adjustable.
Protrusive condylar guidance is obtained using protrusive records,while the lateral condylar guidance is obtained using Hanau’s formula or lateral records
It is designated as an inclination or angle – condylar guidance angle or inclination – and is expressed in degrees.
This is the only factor that is obtained from the patient and is not under the dentist’s control.
A shallow condylar guidance will cause less posterior tooth separation in protrusion and requires teeth with shorter cusps and flatter fossa to achieve balanced occlusion, than a steep guidance.
Key Concept:
Out of the five factors of balanced occlusion, only condylar guidance is recorded from the patient by the means of protrusive records. [/INST] question: Which of the following factors of balanced occlusion is given by the patient? | options: A: Condylar guidance B: Incisal guidance C: Inclination of the cusps D: Orientation of the occlusal plane | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Erythromycin is not effective against H pylori The agents used with the greatest frequency include amoxicillin, metronidazole, and tetracycline, clarithromycin, and bismuth compounds. Multiple drugs have been evaluated in the therapy of H. pylori. No single agent is effective in eradicating the organism. Combination therapy for 14 days provides the greatest efficacy. A shoer course administration (7-10 days), although attractive, has not proved as successful as the 14-days regimens. Regimens Recommended for Eradication of H pylori Infection Drug Dose Triple Therapy 1. Bismuth subsalicylate plus Metronidazole plus Tetracycline 2 tablets qid 250 mg qid 500 mg qid 2. Ranitidine bismuth citrate plus Tetracycline plus Clarithromycin or metronidazole 400 mg qid 500 mg qid 500 mg qid 3. Omeprazole(Lansoprazole) plus Clarithromycin plus Metronidazole or Amoxicillin 20 mg bid (30 mg bid) 250/500 mg bid 500mg bid (1 g bid) Quadruple Therapy Omeprazole(Lansoprazole) plus Bismuth subsalicylate Metronidazole Tetracycline 20 mg (30 mg ) daily 2 tablets qid 250 mg qid 500 mg qid Two anti-H pylori regimens are available in prepackaged formulation (14 days):- Prevpac (Lansoprazole, Clarithromycin, and Amoxicillin ---- Twice per day Helidac (bismuth subsalicylate, tetracycline, and metronidazole)------Constituents are taken four times per day with an antisecretory agent (PPI or H2blocker) [/INST] question: Which drug is not effective against H pylori? | options: A: Colloidal bismuth B: Metronidazole C: Amoxycilline D: Erythromycin | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The Internet has changed our habits, including our habit of sending greeting cards. There are many e-card websites that make it easy to find the right greeting cards. They have greatly changed the way we send greetings to each other.
Our lives have become so busy that we have limited personal time. These e-card websites have allowed everyone to easily share their feelings with each other. They include plenty of greeting cards that can be used immediately. The users can choose any card they like, from festival greetings to birthday wishes. In fact, e-cards are perfect for any event. That's why more and more people like to send e-cards. If the users are interested in making their own greeting cards on the Internet, they can create a card within only a few minutes.
They allow you to send your greetings on a special date. So you can plan for the occasion when you want to send the card. For example, you can send your e-card on a certain day and then visit the person with some flowers the next day. This will surely create a good impression on the persons you love and give them a great surprise.
We have never forgotten the importance of saying sorry to our beloved ones. But sometimes we fail to do so, because we are not brave enough to face those we hurt. Some e-cards allow us to express our feelings in a more thoughtful way.
Although some people still would rather buy traditional cards in the shops for the persons they love, especially when they want the cards to last a long time, more and more people are choosing to send greetings on the Internet. [/INST] question: More and more people like sending _ to each other. | options: A: traditional cards B: e-cards C: flowers D: computers | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: This chest x-ray shows right upper zone opacity with multiple air-fluid levels. Surrounding this opacity and the air-fluid levels is an ill-defined infiltrate. Note that the right apex and lower lung zones are clear. The left lung is also clear, and no pleural or mediastinal disease is noted. This x-ray is consistent with a necrotizing process in the posterior segment of the right upper lobe, with an air-fluid level such as in a lung abscess. The presence of a subacute illness with foul-smelling sputum and clubbing is a classical presentation for a lung abscess, which is caused by mixed aerobic and anaerobic infection. Pneumococcal pneumonia generally does not produce a necrotizing picture, and PCP in an immune-compromised patient usually appears as a diffuse reticular pattern, but cystic and cavitary areas may be present. A lung abscess represents a localized area of lung necrosis with a thick wall and an acute angle to the chest wall. An air-fluid level is seen, representing a communication with the bronchial tree. The fluid level diameter is usually similar on PA and lateral chest films with a lung abscess and is often considerably different with empyema. Differentiation between an empyema and a lung abscess is crucial since the former requires tube thoracostomy, while the latter is adequately treated with antibiotics and postural drainage. Immediate bronchoscopy may not be needed unless an endobronchial obstruction is suspected or there is a history of choking or aspiration. Contrast CT scans may be helpful to see the split pleural sign with marked visceral and parietal pleural thickening in an empyema. [/INST] question: A 40-year-old man with a history of substance abuse and HIV infection is seen in the ER with complaints of fever, weight loss, production of foulsmelling sputum, and shoness of breath for 2 wk. On physical exam he is tachypneic and has clubbing of his digits. Lung exam reveals diffuse rhonchi and an area of egophony with whispering pectoriloquy in the right chest posteriorly. ABGs reveal PaO2 of 59 mm Hg on room air. CXR is shown.What is the most likely diagnosis? | options: A: Pneumococcal pneumonia B: PCP pneumonia C: Lung abscess D: Squamous cell carcinoma | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Many of us have had this annoying experience: You are waiting at a bus station when someone nearby begins to smoke. You move away, but there isn't much you can do about it.
In Beijing, a new law is set to fight against smoking. It is regarded as China's toughest ever tobacco control rule . Smoking is not allowed in all indoor or public places. If people break the rules, they will have to pay up to 200 yuan.
Smoking in schools is specially mentioned in this law. Teachers can not smoke in front of students in schools. Schools should also help students give up smoking and teach them about the danger of smoking.
To get everybody to take part in the activity, Beijing has set up a report hotline and WeChat account . The public is invited to _ on no-smoking signs on WeChat The most popular sign is a picture of a gir1. It has got more than 1 million votes unti1 now.
China is not the only country fighting smoking. In March 2004 Ireland became the first country to introduce a law on smoking in workplaces and public places. Many countries, including England and the US, then fo1lowed. [/INST] question: When someone begins to smoke, there is little you can do except _ | options: A: staying there B: moving away C: Smoking together D: getting mad | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Robert Burns, the son of a hard-working and intelligent farmer, was the oldest of seven children. Although always hard pressed financially, their father encouraged his sons with their education. As a result, Burns not only read the Scottish poetry of Ramsay and the collections by Hailes and Herd, but also the works of Pope, Locke, and Shakespeare.
By 1781, Burns had tried his hand at several agricultural jobs without success. Although he had begun writing, and his poems were spread widely in manuscript , none were published until 1786, when Burns published Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect (1786), which was an immediate success. Later Burns brought out a second edition of his poems at Edinburgh in 1787, and for two winters he was socially active in the Scottish city. In 1788 he retired to a farm at Ellis land. By 1791 Burns had failed as a farmer, and he moved to Dumfries, where he held a position as a tax collector. He died of illness at 37.
Burns's art is at its best in songs such as My Heart's in the Highlands. Some of his songs, such as Auld Lang Syne and Comin' thro' the Rye, are among the most familiar and best-loved songs in the English language. But his talent was not limited to songs; two descriptive pieces, Tam o' Shanter and The Jolly Beggars, are among his masterpieces.
Burns had a fine sense of humor, which was reflected in his satirical , descriptive, and playful poems. His great popularity with the Scots lay in his ability to describe the life of his fellow rural Scots. His use of dialect brought an energetic, much-needed freshness into English poetry. [/INST] question: Robert was not officially accepted by readers until _ . | options: A: 1781 B: 1786 C: 1787 D: 1791 | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The British Museum
Description:
The British Museum is a museum in London, which is one of the world's greatest museums of human history and culture. Its collections, which number more than 13 million objects, are amongst the largest and most comprehensive in the world and originate from all continents, illustrating and documenting the story of human culture from its beginning to the present.
The British Museum was established in 1753, largely based on the collections of the physician and scientist Sir Hans Sloane. The museum first opened to the public on 15 January 1759 in Montagu House in Bloomsbury, on the site of the current museum building. Its expansion over the following two and a half centuries was largely a result of an expanding British colonial footprint and has resulted in the creation of several branch institutions. Until 1997, when the British Library (previously centered on the Round Reading Room)moved to a new site, the British Museum housed both a national museum of antiquities and a national library in the same building. The museum is a non-departmental public body sponsored by the Department for Culture, Media and Sport. Since 2002 the director of the museum has been Neil MacGregor.
Admission and opening hours:
The museum is open every day from 10am to 6pm (Fridays 10am to 5:30pm)and it charges no admission fee, except for loan exhibitions.
How to get there:
By train: 7:00-18:30 every day.
By Underground: 8:00-18:30 every day.
By bus: 7:30-18:30 every day.
By coach: 7:00--19:30 every day.
Nearest underground stations:
Tottenham Court Road (500m)
Holborn (500m)
Russell Square (800m) [/INST] question: When was the British Museum opened to the public for the first time? | options: A: In 1753 B: In 1759 C: In 1997 D: In 2002 | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Venacaval opening lies in the central tendon of the diaphragm at the level of T8 and it transmits inferior vena cava and branches of right phrenic nerveDiaphragmT8 Level: Caval hiatus (through central tendon of the diaphragm) transmitting the inferior vena cava, branches of right phrenic nerveT9 Level: Foramen of Morgagni also called stemocostal hiatus two on each side of the xiphoid process. Transmitting the superior epigastric vessels.T10 Level: Esophageal hiatus (through muscular pa) transmitting the esophagus, gastric (vagus) nerve and esophageal branches of the left gastric aery and accompanying veinsT12 Level: Aoic hiatus (osseoaponeurotic) transmitting the aoa, the azygous vein, and the thoracic duct.A commonly used mnemonic to remember the level of the diaphragmatic apeures is this: MnemonicAoic hiatus = 12 letters = T12Oesophagus = 10 letters = T10Vena cava = 8 letters = T8Embryology:The central tendinous poions are derived from the pleuroperitoneal folds and the septum transversum.While the crura are derived from the dorsal esophageal mesentry, the peripheral muscular poions of the diaphragm are derived from the body wall. [/INST] question: Structure passing through the central tendon of diaphragm is: | options: A: Esophagus B: Right Phrenic nerve C: Subcostal nerve D: Left phrenic nerve | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Do you know the late leader of China, Deng Xiaoping? He was called the"chief architect of China's reform and opening-up ". August 22 is the 110 anniversary of his birth. President Xi Jinping held an important meeting for the event on August 20 , 2014 in Beijing. Senior leaders Li Keqiang, Zhang Dejiang, Yu Zhengsheng, Liu Yunshan, Wang Qishan and Zhang Gaoli also attended the event.
Deng was born on Aug, 22, 1904 in the southwest China's Sichuan Province. He also had the name Deng Xiaosheng. His father , Deng Wenming , was a middle-level landowner . His mother died early in Deng's life. He has three brothers and three sisters. Deng's first wife , one of his schoolmates from Moscow , died when she was 24, a few days after giving birth to Deng's first child, a baby girl, who also died. His second wife left him in 1933. His third wife, Zhuo Lin, was the daughter of an industrialist in Yunnan Province. She married him in 1939 in Yan'an. They had five children:three daughters and two sons.
Deng was sent to private primary school at the age of five. In the summer of 1919, Deng Xiaoping graduated from the Chongqing School. Then he went to study and work in France in the 1920s. His father strongly supported him, the night before going to France, Deng's father took his son aside and asked him what he hoped to learn there. He repeated the words he had learned from his teachers:"To learn knowledge and truth from the West in order to save China."He joined the Communist Party of China in 1924. In late 1927 , Deng left Moscow to return to China. He joined the army to save China. He died on February 19 , 1997. [/INST] question: Deng Xiaoping's birthday is _ . | options: A: August 20 B: February 19 C: August 22 D: September 18 | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: A couple of years ago on a hot summer day in south Florida, a little boy decided to go for a swim in the old swimming hole behind his house. In a hurry to dive into the cool water, he ran out of the back door, leaving behind shoes, socks, and shirt as he went. He flew into the water, not realizing that as he swam toward the middle of the lake, an alligator was swimming toward the shoe. His mother in the house was looking out of the window and saw the two as they got closer and closer together. In great fear, she ran toward the water, shouting to her son as loudly as she could.
Hearing her voice, the little boy became worried and made a return to swim to his mother. It was too late. Just as he reached her, the alligator reached him.
From the bank. the mother caught her little boy by the arms just as the alligator _ his legs. That began a tug-of-war between the two. The alligator was much stronger than the mother, but the mother was much too determined to let go. A farmer happened to drive by, heard her screams, raced from his truck, took aim and shot the alligator.
After weeks and weeks in hospital, the little boy survived. His legs were extremely scarred by the attack of the animal and on his arms were deep scratches where his mother's fingernails dug into his flesh in her effort to hang on to the son she loved.
The newspaper reporter, who interviewed the boy after the injury, asked if he would show him his scars. The boy lifted his pants legs. And then, with obvious pride, he said to the reporter. "But look at my arms. I have great scars on my arms, too. I have them because my mom wouldn't let go. [/INST] question: The boy's legs were scarred by _ . | options: A: his mother B: an alligator C: a farmer D: a reporter | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The finding of pulmonary hypertension in a young individual without any known pulmonary or cardiac disease is typical for primary pulmonary hypertension. The increased pulmonary arterial pressure leads to hypertrophy of the right side of the heart. The large pulmonary arteries show atherosclerosis; the arterioles show plexogenic arteriopathy with a tuft of capillary formations producing a network, or web, that spans the lumens of dilated thin-walled arteries. BMPR2, a cell surface protein belonging to the TGF-b receptor superfamily, causes inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and favors apoptosis. In the absence of BMPR2 signaling, smooth muscle proliferation occurs, and pulmonary hypertension ensues. Inactivating germline mutations in the BMPR2 gene are found in 50% of the familial (primary) cases of pulmonary hypertension and in 26% of sporadic cases. None of the other molecules listed regulate pulmonary arterial wall structure. Endothelial nitric oxide controls vascular caliber. B-type natriuretic peptide and renin regulate sodium and water homeostasis, plasma volume, and systemic arterial pressure. Mutation in the gene for fibrillin-1 (FBN1) occurs in Marfan syndrome. Lysyl hydroxylase is required for cross-linking collagen, and its loss gives rise to one form of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. [/INST] question: A 25-year-old woman has had progressive dyspnea and fatigue for the past 2 years. On physical examination, she has pedal edema, jugular venous distention, and hepatomegaly. Lung fields are clear on auscultation. Chest CT scan shows right heart enlargement. Cardiac catheterization is performed, and the pulmonary arterial pressure is increased, without gradients across the pulmonic valve, and no shunts are noted. A transbronchial biopsy is performed, and microscopic examination shows plexiform lesions. A mutation in a gene encoding for which of the following is most likely to cause her pulmonary disease? | options: A: B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) B: Bone morphogenetic receptor 2 (BMPR2) C: Endothelial nitric oxide synthetase (eNOS) D: Fibrillin-1 | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Long thoracic nerve (C5-C7): It branches off the C5-C7 roots, descends posteriorly to the roots of the plexus and the axillary aery and along the lateral surface of the serratus anterior muscle, with the lateral thoracic aery, while supplying the muscle. The long thoracic nerve is one of the few nerves found superficial to the serratus anterior muscle. Phrenic nerve (C3-C5): Courses veically along the anterior scalene muscle between the subclan aery and the subclan vein en route to innervate the diaphragm. ("C3-C5, keep the diaphragm alive" is a mnemonic that is used to remember the spinal nerve levels of the phrenic nerve.) Transverse cervical nerve (C2-C3): Innervates the skin over the anterior pa of the neck. Supraclavicular nerve (C3-C4): Innervates the skin over the lower poion of the neck, upper pa of the chest, and the shoulder. Also Know:Erb's palsy (brachial plexus bih injury) is caused by a stretch injury of the brachial plexus that occurs during a difficult bih, specifically to nerve roots C5 and C6 and sometimes C7.Klumpke's palsy results from injury to the inferior trunk of the brachial plexus. The intrinsic muscles of the hand are affected and a "claw hand" may result. [/INST] question: What is the root value of long thoracic nerve? | options: A: C3 4 5 B: C5 6 7 C: C7 8 T1 D: C2 3 4 | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Great white sharks! Just hearing that name _ . In reality, these big fish have more to fear from us than we do from them. For many years, people killed countless great white sharks in the waters around the United States.
But thanks to conservation efforts, great whites are making a comeback in the U.S. Two recent studies show that the population of these sharks is rising along the east and west coast.
Why is the growing population of a killer fish something to celebrate? "When you fish too many of them, you start to lose balance in the environment," says shark researcher Tobey Curtis. As the biggest killer, sharks help keep the populations of fish, seals, and other creatures they eat from growing too large.
In spite of their importance, great white sharks had long been hunted for their meat and their fins . Then, in 1997, the U.S. government passed a law that didn't allow the hunting of great whites. Afterwards, the numbers of these sharks in the U.S. waters started to increase.
The law wasn't the only thing that has helped great whites. Conservationists have also played a part in the sharks' comeback. The research group OCEARCH is using a method called tagging to help change people's attitudes about great white. They let the public follow each shark as it travels the world's oceans. OCEARCH also gives each tagged shark a name to help people form a closer connection with the big fish.
The group's most well-known shark is named Katharine. She was tagged last year near Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Since then, thousands of people have tracked Katharine's movements on Twitter and the OCEARCH website.
This helps people see sharks in a new way. Chris Fischer, the founder of OCEARCH believes learning to appreciate great whites will encourage people to do more to protect them. [/INST] question: The law passed in 1997 _ . | options: A: seemed very helpful B: let scientists down C: needed to be changed D: made people like great whites | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: (Maldescent of testis leads to malignancy) (1411-LB) (1385-B & L 25th)Tumours of the Testes* About 99% of testicular neoplasm are malignant and although they make up only about 1 -2% of malignant tumours (MC tumours in young males)* **Maldescent undoubtedly predisposes to malignancy.* Tumours of testis = Seminoma (40%) Teratoma (32%) combined (14%) interstitial tumours (1.5%) lymphoma (71%).* Malignant teratoma intermediate teratocarcinoma is the most common histologic variants of teratoma.* Clinical features(i) First noticing that he has a testicular lump. A sensation of heaviness.(ii) Only 30% of patients experience pain (Normally painless)(iii) There is a history of trauma to the affected side in over 10%(iv) 10% of patients have lax secondary hydroceleEssentials of Diagnosis (1070-CSDT 11th)* Painless firm mass within the testicle in a man aged 18-40* Elevated serum levels of the beta subunit of(i) Human chorionic gonadotropin (P-hCG) (ii) Alpha fetoprotein (AFP) (iii) Lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) or all three* Enlarged retroperitoneal nodes on abdominal CT scan* Palpable abdominal mass in advanced cases. [/INST] question: In testicular tumours | options: A: Only 10% are malignant B: Maldescent of testes leads to malignancy C: Extremely painful D: Excoriation of the superficial skin | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Get ready to cycle your heart out at these local and overseas destinations perfect for cycling.
1. Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
With more bikes than people, the city has a large number of cyclists. Low speed limits in the centre control the impact of cars, while bike racks( ) on public transport make it easy to travel long distances. You can also find rental shops everywhere.
2. Berlin, Germany.
With over 1000 km of bike paths, the vast majority of which are protected lanes, it's no wonder Berliners love to get around by bike. For the traveller, the major sights are within easy reach on a bicycle. The "Call A Bike" share system allows you to simply lock the bike to any fixed object and call in a code to return it.
3. Paris, France.
Home to the Velib' public bike sharing system that has over 20, 000 bikes, and with 500km of bike paths, Paris cyclists can enjoy the city safe from motorists. A Velib' station is almost always within sight, or just around the next corner.
4. Tokyo, Japan.
Despite being home to one of the most developed public transportation networks on the planet, Tokyo residents still cycle in large numbers. Though the extent of bike lanes is limited, safe drivers ease the tension between car and cyclist. Unique automatic underground bike parking garages are provided when you need to store your bicycle.
5. Perth, Australia.
A large part of Perth's intelligent basic facilities are made up of bike paths, which allow commuters to get into and around their city with ease. There are free bike lockers and racks across the city. For the visitor, numerous scenic routes line the coastline and the local Swan River. [/INST] question: In which country can you find the "Call A Bike" system? | options: A: The Netherlands B: France C: Germany D: Australia | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Should universities focus on training workers for the next decade or curing diseases for the next century? A group of governors, educators, and CEOs weighed in on the best way universities can prepare for the future. They debated how the U.S. can take the responsibility for research while still preparing students for real jobs.
Oklahoma Governor Mary Fallin said that the first thing she thinks about as governor is educating Oklahoma students and strengthening the workforce. So she's carrying out a program called "America Works: Education and Training for Tomorrow's Jobs" that aims to "reorganize our education system with the current needs of our employers".
The state governor added that this new educational approach doesn't just benefit students and companies, but also improves the state economy. "We've been able to attract new companies to our state because of what we're doing with our universities, because our students are a pipeline for the workforce," she said. "General Electric Company (one of the world's biggest companies) is coming to Oklahoma."
Other group members were more focused on the long-term goals of a research university. Amy Gutmann pointed out that "basic research is the foundation for everything else that happens at a university. And if we don't do it, nobody else will."
"And if nobody does that research, we'll pay the price in health care bills," argued Vagelos, who is a former CEO of Merck & Co., Inc, one of the largest pharmaceutical companies in the world. "The jobs of universities are basic research, which is what is needed for attacks on disease," he said. "There has been a reduction in coronary heart disease by 60% in the last forty years because of this research, and that reduces health care costs."
James Hunt, former North Carolina governor, argued for a happy medium. Effective communication, he said, would help the public see that the research conducted at universities actually serves a practical purpose.
Eli Broad, founder of the Broad Foundations, agreed. "We have to show the public what research has achieved," he said. "We have to show how it actually goes from basic research to something they can understand." [/INST] question: Why does Oklahoma appeal to General Electric Company? | options: A: University graduates in the state are well trained B: There's much support from the local government C: Many students in the state hope to be workers D: The state economy has been growing rapidly | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Here are some news from China Daily in February, 2016.
1. Air quality in 271 out of 338 prefecture-level or above cities failed to meet national standards on the Chinese New Year Eve to 6 am the next morning on Feb 8, primarily because of pollution caused by firecrackers .
2. According to data released by CCTV, the Spring Festival Gala was watched on TV domestically by 690 million views while 138 million people watched it online.
3. Kung Fu Panda 3 and The Mermaid<<>> were very popular movies during the Spring Festival. But The Mermaid has earned more than 2 billion yuan after nine days in Chinese mainland theaters. It is expected to break the box office records Fast & Furious 7<<7>> and Monster Hunt<<>> set on the Chinese mainland to become the highest earning film in China's film history.
4. After the universal two-child policy, China will have a baby boom. Especially Chinese people have traditionally believed babies born in the Year of the Monkey to be smart and confident, due to their love of the animal because it is cute and resembles humans in many ways. [/INST] question: What caused the air pollution on the Chinese New Year Eve to 6 am on Feb 8? | options: A: Cities B: Firecrackers C: Population D: Movies | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: (a) Source: GAS 888-889; GA 108-109Miosis, partial ptosis, and anhydrosis are a clinically important constellation of symptoms possibly indicating Horner syndrome. Horner syndrome is a lesion of the cervical sympathetic chain and sympathetic chain ganglia and is often a result of a Pancoast tumor, also known as a superior pulmonary sulcus tumor of the apex of the lung. The pupil, eyelid (superior tarsal muscle), and sweat glands are all under sympathetic nervous system control. The arch of the aorta and phrenic nerve are not part of the autonomic nervous system. The vagus nerve does carry parasympathetic fibers to muscles of the trachea, bronchi, digestive tract, and heart but not to any structure in the head and neck (laryngeal supply, and Von Ebner's glands in the tongue). A lesion to the phrenic nerve would result in paralysis of the diaphragm. The cardiopulmonary nerves are splanchnic nerves that are postganglionic and sympathetic. They originate in cervical and upper thoracic ganglia and innervate the thoracic cavity. The cardiopulmonary plexus is the autonomic supply to the heart. [/INST] question: A 45-year-old woman is admitted to the hospital with severe dyspnea. Radiographic examination confirms the presence of a Pancoast tumor. Physical examination reveals that the patient has miosis of the pupil, partial ptosis of the eyelid, and anhydrosis of the face. Which of the following structures has most likely been injured? | options: A: Sympathetic chain B: Vagus nerve C: Phrenic nerve D: Arch of aorta | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: (| CO2 tension) (500-1-K.S) (597-GN) (563-Ganong 23rd)Local vasodilatorsVasodilators of metabolic originVasodilators of endothelial origin* The vasodilators of metabolic origin are carbon dioxide, lactate, hydrogen ions and adenosine, Histamine* The metabolic changes that produce vasodilation include in most tissues decrease in O2 tension and pH** These changes causes relaxation of the arterioles and precapillary sphincters. Increase in CO2 tension and osmolality also dilate the vessels. The direct dilator action of CO2 is most pronounced in the skin and brain* Hyperthermia exerts direct vasodilator effect* K+ is another substance that accumulates locally has demonstrated dilator activity* Nitric oxide (NO) is an endothelium derived factor (EDRF). It is synthesized from Arginine** NO is a vasodilator, deficiency of this leads to hypertension. The other functions of this are penile erection with vasodilatation and engorgement of corpora cavernosa, activation of macrophages in brain, destruction of cancer cells and relaxation of smooth muscles of GIT.Local vasoconstrictors - The local vasoconstrictor substances are of endothelial origin are known as endothelins (ET). The production of endothelins is because of the stretching of blood vessels. The endothelins act by activating phospholipase, which in turn activates the prostacyclin and thromboxane A2. These two substances cause constriction of blood vessels and increase in blood pressure. [/INST] question: Which of the following act to cause local Vasodilators | options: A: | O2 tension B: | PH C: | CO2 tension D: | CO2 tension | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Frogs are animals that can live both in water and on land.There are more than 5.000 kinds of frogs on the earth.The earliest known frogs lived about 190 million years ago and the frogs today still look the same.Here are some fun things that you might not know about frogs.Enjoy!
The Biggest and the Smallest Frogs
Some frogs can be very big.The biggest kind of frog is the Goliath Frog in West Africa.Its body can be nearly 30cm long,about the size of a large cat.The Gold Frog and the Poison Frog are the smallest frogs in the world.They are less than lem long.Though the Poison Frog is very small,it is not weak at all.It is dangerous.Any animal that eats it will die very soon.
The Best Jumpers
Frogs are very good at jumping.They developed jumping legs so that they would not be eaten by other large animals.Using their big strong legs,most frogs can jump over 20 times their own length.It is like a person jumping over about 30.48m.The Australian Rocket Frog can even jump over 2m,which is 50 times its body length(5.5cm).That might be the reason why frogs are called the best jumpers on the earth.
The Cryogenic Animal
Some frogs like the Common Wood Frog have a special ability to live in very cold places.When the temperature goes down,they become ice frogs.2/3 of their body water freezes.Their hearts stop,and their breathing stops too.You may think they are dead,but in fact they are not.Maybe we humanscan learn thc way that the frogs do for medical purpose. [/INST] question: The earliest frogs lived about _ million years ago. | options: A: 20 B: 30 C: 50 D: 190 | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: A rich man was riding along the road and saw an old man digging in his garden. There was a young tree lying on the ground. The rich man asked the old man. "What kind of tree are you planting there. My good man?"
"This is a fig tree, sir." He said.
"A fig tree? The rich man was very surprised. "Why, how old are you, may I ask?"
"I am ninety years old."
"What!" shouted the rich man. "You're ninety years old, you are planting a very young tree now and it'll take years to give fruit. You certainly don t hope to live long enough to get any fruit from this tree. "The old man smiled and said, "Tell me, sir, did you eat figs when you were a boy?" Sure," the man did not know why he asked this question.
The old man asked, "Who planted the fig trees?"
"Why - why: I don't know."
"You see, sir." The old man said slowly, "our forefathers planted trees for us to enjoy and l am doing the same for the people after me."
The rich man was quiet, then said," you are right, my good man. We should do some things for the people after us. Thank you very much." Then he rode away. [/INST] question: The old man was planting _ when the rich man saw him. | options: A: an apple tree B: a fig tree C: a pear tree D: a banana tree | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: A Samoan airline says that it is the world's first carrier to charge passengers by their weight. Samoa Air, which opened in 2012, asks passengers to give their personal weight during booking, which is then charged according to the length of a flight. The customers will also be weighed just before they board the plane.
"It is believed that all people throughout the world are the same size," Samoa Air CEO Chris Langton said. "Airplanes always run on weight, not seats."
"There is no doubt in my mind that this is the concept of the future. This is the fairest way of your travelling with your family or yourself."
Though the airline introduced the plan last November, it caught people's attention last week when the carrier began international flights to neighboring American Samoa.
Almost at the same time, a Norwegian economist, Bharat Bhatta, published a report suggesting that airlines should charge obese passengers more.
The Pacific Islands contain some of the world's most common countries for obesity, many ranking in the top 10, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). Samoa is ranked number four, with 59.6 percent of the population considered obese, said the most recent WHO report.
According to Samoa Air's latest schedule, the airline charges up to $0.57 per kg for flights in Samoa and $1.03 per kg for its only international flight to American Samoa, around 250 miles.
Children under 12 are charged 75 percent of the adult rate, with fares also based on weight. Any overweight baggage is calculated at the same rate as the passenger's personal weight.
The plan could actually prove cheaper in some cases, such as for families travelling with small children, and Langton said customer reaction has mainly been "amazingly positive".
The idea of charging passengers by weight has been hotly discussed before, and in the US some airlines require those who do not fit into a seat comfortably to buy a second seat. [/INST] question: In Bharat Bhatta's eyes, Samoa Air's plan might be _ . | options: A: funny B: acceptable C: strange D: disappointing | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: World's Best Places to Visit
We hope the following places can help you choose where to go on your next vacation.
Zurich
From swimming in Lake Zurich in summer to skiing the Alps in winter, Zurich attracts visitors year-round. As a fairytale city, Zurich is set on the banks of both a river and a lake, with the snow-topped Swiss Alps rising in the background. Clean cobblestone streets hug a hilly land and medieval church tops reach heavenward. Despite its reputation for being the center of old-school international banking and a capital for chocolate, Zurich is also a very modern city that chooses to enjoy life at an unhurried pace. Travelers desiring a real experience should strive to do the same.
The City of Angels
The City of Angels, the Entertainment Capital of the World--Los Angeles needs no introduction. But its notoriety both helps and hurts its reputation. The traffic on the "101" will tire you out just as much as an evening at a lively West Hollywood club. And your dislike at the thick smog over the city will ruin your enjoyment of a sunset overlooking Santa Monica Beach. To appreciate Los Angeles, visit the area more than once and get advice from locals.
Prague
A prosperous and busy city, Prague now attracts more tourists than ever. But its picturesque downtown veils both a dark legacy and a resilient past; in its 1,100 years, Prague has survived numerous overthrows, invasions, fires and floods. It's this reputation for survival and perseverance that has made the Czech capital so fascinating. Today, its storied churches, narrow streets, hilltop castle and statue-lined bridges create the scene of an urban fairy tale. Even the most tired traveler would have trouble resisting this city's charms.
Puerto Rico
Pick a vacation experience you're looking for, and Puerto Rico can help. Puerto Rico is an old town with a lot of historic architecture and cobblestone streets. Look no further than Old San Juan and its El Morro fortress.Consider the bioluminescent bays of Culebra and Vieques. Puerto Rico is a global destination with high-end shopping and exciting nightlife.
Yellowstone
More than 3,000 square miles of nature's finest canyons, hot springs and rocky cliffs are an easy sell for outdoors enthusiasts. Geothermic wonders like the Mammoth Hot Springs, Old Faithful and Yellowstone Lake are not to be missed at this national park. With dramatic peaks and lakes, Yellowstone is an outdoor enthusiast's paradise. Multicolor1ed pools go around hot springs; green forests weave past wide meadows; and hot springs launch streams of steaming water toward the sky. With so much unspoiled natural beauty, there's no doubt that the park is indeed extraordinary. While you go across the park's 3,000-plus square miles of mountains, canyons, and waterfalls, be prepared to share the trails with permanent residents like buffalo, elk and sometimes even grizzlies. [/INST] question: Which of the following places could be most suitable for the winter sports lovers? | options: A: The City of Angels B: Zurich C: Yellowstone D: Prague | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: We walked in so quietly that the nurse at the desk didn't even lift her eyes from the book. Mum pointed at a big chair by the door and I knew she wanted me to sit down. Then, Mum took off her hat and coat and gave them to me to hold. She walked quietly to the small room by the lift and took out a wet mop . She pushed the mop past the desk and as the nurse looked up, Mum nodded and said, "Very dirty floors." "Yes, I'm glad they've finally decided to clean them," the nurse answered. She looked at Mum strangely and said, "But aren't you working late?"
Mum just pushed harder, each swipe of the mop taking her farther and farther down the hall. I watched until she was out of sight and the nurse had turned back to writing in the big book. After a long time Mum came back. Her eyes were shining.
She quickly put the mop back and took my hand. As we turned to go out of the door, Mum bowed politely to the nurse and said, "Thank you."
Outside, Mum told me "Grandma is fine. No fever ."
"You saw her, Mum?"
"Of course. I told her about the hospital rules, and she will not expect us until tomorrow. Dad will stop worrying as well. It's a fine hospital. But such floors! A mop is not good. You need a brush." [/INST] question: When she took a mop from the small room what Mum really wanted to do was _ . | options: A: to see a patient B: to please the nurse C: to clean the floor D: to surprise the story-teller | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: STEPS IN WOUND HEALING Within 24 hours, neutrophils are seen at the incision margin ,migrating toward the fibrin clot (neutrophilic infiltration + blood clot) Within 24 to 48 hours, epithelial cells from both edges have begun to migrate and proliferate along the dermis and form continuous thin epithelial layer. day 3, neutrophils have been largely replaced by macrophages, and granulation tissue progressively invades the incision space , Collagen fibers are now evident at the incision margins but donot bridge the incision day 5, neovascularization reaches its peak as granulation tissue fills the incisional space , collagen fibrils bridge the incision , full epithelial thickness with surface keratinisation second week, there is continued collagen accumulation and fibroblast proliferation end of the first month, the scar consists of a cellular connective tissue, largely devoid of inflammatory cells, replacement of collagen type 3 with collagen type 1 ref:-basic pathology,robbins 9thed , page 71 [/INST] question: Which occurs first in wound healing? | options: A: Thin continuous epithelial cover appears B: Fibroblasts lay down collagen fiber C: Granulation tissue fills the wound D: Neutrophils line the wound edge | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Restorative Materials Used for Treatment of Root Caries
Direct filling gold was material of choice because of its ability to adapt the preparation walls with good marginal adaptation. But since isolation of these areas is difficult, the use of direct filling gold is decreased.
Dental amalgam is easy to manipulate, can be used in areas which are difficult to isolate and has self-sealing property. Traditional glass-ionomer cements have the desirable properties of being biocompatible, bonding chemically to tooth and showing anticariogenicity. But they have poor esthetics and excessive wear with time.
Resin-modified glass ionomers are biocompatible, bond to tooth, have thermal expansion and contraction characteristics that match tooth structure, and fluoride releasing feature.
Microfilled composites are recommended for root surface restorations as they have lower elastic modulus than hybrid composites. This is an advantageous property, since the teeth flex during mastication and a flexible material will be a better choice to restore the root surface.
Nisha Garg, Amit Garg. Textbook of Operative Dentistry. Edition 3. Page: 68 [/INST] question: Which of the following restorative material is recommended for root surface caries? | options: A: GIC B: Composites C: Direct filling gold D: Amalgam | answer: A </s> |
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