text
stringlengths 1.13k
10.8k
|
|---|
<s>[INST] context: Measles-like virus has been isolated from the brain cells of patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE). The role of the host immune response in the causation of SSPE has been supported by several findings including the following: (1) progression of disease despite high levels of humoral antibody; (2) presence of a factor that blocks lymphocyte-mediated immunity to SSPE-measles virus in SSPE cerebrospinal fluid (CSF); (3) lysis of brain cells from SSPE patients by SSPE serum or CSF in the presence of complement (a similar mechanism could cause in vivo tissue injury).Higher-than-normal levels of serum antibodies (Ab) to measles virus and local synthesis of measles Ab in CSF, as evidenced by the oligoclonal IgG, imply a connection between the virus and multiple sclerosis (MS). However, the other studies have implicated the other viruses. Several studies of cell-mediated hypersensitivity to measles and other viruses in MS have been done, but the results have been conflicting. Definite conclusions regarding defects in cellular immunity in this disease cannot be reached until further research is completed. [/INST] question: A latent, measles-like viral infection and, presumably, a defect in cellular immunity is associated with which of the following diseases? | options: A: Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) B: Multiple sclerosis (MS) C: Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease D: Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: A recent British study examined the salaries and jobs of people who spent time enjoying the arts when growing up. They found those who enjoyed the arts from an early age had better jobs and higher salaries than those who didn't.
What's the link ?How could visiting a museum, enjoying a symphony ,or improving painting skills lead to career success?
Other studies have found that students who study the arts exercise their reasoning ability. This skill helps with problem-solving. Creative and critical-thinking abilities are also developed through art study. When faced with a real-life challenge ,these skills can be put to good use.
The best kind of art excites our imagination and makes us think. Paintings aren't just pretty pictures. They tell stories about the experience of the painter. See Michelangelo's art, and you will taste the power of his faith in God. Look at the world from Picasso's point of view, and you see everyday life in new ways. In Shakespeare's plays you'll find lessons about character and morality .Chinese poet Li Bai brings the wonder of nature's beauty to every reader.
The arts show and explain the world beyond our own personal knowledge. When we look beyond ourselves, we can appreciate the experience of people from different walks of life. The arts help develop the ability to see things from many different points of view. These things will help us better communicate and cooperate with other people. [/INST] question: The result of the recent British study was that _ . | options: A: those who enjoy arts have better jobs and higher salaries B: those who don't enjoy arts have good jobs and high salaries C: those who likes arts are difficult to find jobs D: those who don't enjoy arts can't find jobs | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The 12-year-old CEO of a Web site design company will be one of 300 business and political leaders accompanying Canadian Prime Minister Jean Chretien on a trade visit to China in March.
Keith Peiris, who founded Cyberteks Design in June 1999 and now has 25 clients in North America, insisted in an interview that he is "just like any other kid".
He and his father will spend nine days on the Team Canada trip to Beijing, Shanghai and Hong Kong, where Chretien aims to showcase the best of Canadian business in the most populous country in the world.
A glance at the complex, elegant animations on his www. cyberteks, com site shows the extent of Peiris talent. "He doesn't want to be No.2," his father Deepal said proudly.
His father, who is now vice president of operations at Cyberteks, said "I am teaching my son what I know. We make decisions together. I haven't done anything my son disagreed with. He makes the final decision."
The company has seven offices in the United States and five part - time employees who, like the Peiris family, work from their London homes.
Keith Peiris admitted some potential clients change their minds when they learn his age, but the well- informed teenager tries to ignore them.
"suddenly, I've been called a whiz kid or geek, which I am not too happy about. A few people have asked if they should call me 'mister', but I stay casual, I am still a kid." [/INST] question: Keith Peiris insisted that he is "just like any other kid", which shows he is _ . | options: A: proud B: modest C: honest D: excited | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Lidocaine stabilizes the neuronal membrane by inhibiting the ionic fluxes required for the initiation and conduction of nerve impulses, thereby effecting local anesthetic action. Epinephrine, in concentrations of 5 mcg/ml, is commonly used to decrease the absorption of local anesthetics. A 5 mcg/ml (1:200,000) dose of epinephrine will significantly reduce the peak blood levels of lidocaine and mepivacaine regardless of the site of administration. Epinephrine does not affect the vascular absorption of etidocaine and bupivacaine in the epidural space. However, the addition of epinephrine does significantly reduce the vascular absorption of etidocaine and bupivacaine when utilized for peripheral nerve blocks. Benefits of decreased absorption include increased neuronal uptake, enhanced quality of analgesia/anesthesia, prolonged duration of action, and decreased risk of toxicity. A concentration of 1:200,000 (5 mcg/ml) is commonly used for peripheral nerve blocks to reduce vascular absorption. [/INST] question: Which of the following represents the concentration of adrenaline which is used with lidocaine ? | options: A: 0.180555556 B: 1.430555556 C: 1:20000 D: 1:200000 | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: .British people are famous for drinking tea. But brother and sister, Sarah and Bobby Green, became young millionaires when they opened a chain of American-style coffee shops in the UK.
Having the idea: It started when Sarah took a weekend trip to New York to visit her brother Bobby. One evening, in a Thai restaurant, Sarah told Bobby how much she wished she could buy American-style coffee in London. Bobby suggested they started their own coffee shop. Sarah fell in love with the idea.
Doing the Research: Back in London, she spent a whole day on the London subway, getting off the train at different stations to taste the coffee. "It was terrible, and I knew there was a gap in the market." In 1995, they opened their first Coffee Republic shop in central London.
Making it work: The first year was very difficult. British people were not used to the names of American coffees, like latte and macchiato. But being successful was their dream and they were not going to give up. Today, there are over 100 Coffee Republic shops all over the country and the company has PS30 million a year.
Advice for others: Sarah has now written a best-selling book about their experience, calledAnyone Can Do It ! She hopes it will help other young people to start their own businesses. She says, "If you think you have the energy, then get out and follow your dream." [/INST] question: What kind of company do they run? | options: A: A fast-food restaurant B: A tea shop C: A coffee shop D: A big hotel | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: USA's participation in World WarIIbrought major changes to the lives of American women. Before the war,there had been a huge pool of female labour,consisting largely of young,single women. Many jobs were closed to them and they were effectively restrictetl to working in domestic service and selling-goods business. Wartime production requirements,however,combined with the loss of the men who entered the military,provided women with the opportunity to move into a far wider range of jobs.
The response to the US govemment's request for more women workers was amazing and the changes marvelous.ln 1941,there were 14.6 million women workers; by 1944 the number had grown to over 19.4 million. At one point during those wars,more than 50 percent of American women worked and by 1945 half of all women workers were over 35 years old.
Women were particularly active in the defense industries. Between 1940 and 1944 women working in enterprises that produced goods increased by 141 percent. In Detroit in 1943 ,'omenmade up 91 percent of the new hirings in 185 war plants. Over 10 percent of all shipbuilders were women. Most of these jobs came with a "pink-slip" attached,as women understood that they would be dismissed when the men returned from the war. Women were also frustrated by unfair pay differentials,for men were paid more money for doing the same job. With the end of the war and armymen being sent home,women were released twice as fast as men. In 1945, three-quarters of the women in aircraft and shipbuilding were let go,and women in the car industry decreased from 25 percent t0 7 percent. Although women found their work satisfying and liberating,postwar publicity focused on women's duty to help the returning soldiers fit in with society by "making him the man of the home again". When the war ended,many women left work to take up the duties of homemaking and raising children. [/INST] question: Before World War II,women in the USA had jobs mostly related to_. | options: A: aircraft production B: shipbuilding C: sales business D: defense industries | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Throughout your life, you spend the most time being with or dealing with yourself, but it is exactly yourself that you have the least understanding of. When you are going upwards in life, you tend to think too highly of yourself. When you are going downhill, you tend to have too low an opinion of yourself. It's likely that you think it wise for yourself to know your place and keep yourself from lacking courage to face whatever problem you meet with, in which case your energy and creativity would remain far from enough for your age.
To get a thorough understanding of oneself is to gain a correct view of oneself and be a clear-minded realistic person-knowing both one's strength and shortage. You may look forward hopefully to the future but be sure not to expect too much, for dreams can never be fully realized. You may be brave to meet challenges, but it should be clear to you where to direct your efforts.
To get a thorough understanding of oneself needs self-appreciation. Whether you hold yourself as a big tree or a thin piece of grass, whether you think you are a high mountain or a small stone, you show a state of nature that has its own reason of existence. If you really admire yourself, you'll have a real sense of self-appreciation which will give you self-confidence. As soon as you gain full confidence in yourself, you'll be enabled to fight and defeat any trouble that will otherwise defeat you.
To get a thorough understanding of oneself also requires that you show yourself loving concern about your health and daily life. Unless you know perfectly well when and how to do yourself a favor, you won't be confident and ready enough even to resist the attack of illness.
Therefore, just do yourself a favor whenever it's needed. In time of anger, do yourself a favor by giving an exit to it in a quiet place so that you won't be hurt by the anger itself; in time of sadness, do yourself a favor by sharing it with your friends so as to change a sad mood into a cheerful one; in time of tiredness, do yourself a favor by getting a good sleep or some other relaxation.
All in all, to get a thorough understanding of oneself is to get a full control one's life. Then one will find one's life full of color1, pleasure and achievement. [/INST] question: Where does our self-confidence come from? | options: A: Our self-appreciation B: Our courage to fight C: Our natural existence D: Our strength and shortage | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: For one tired out from work, autumn is one of the best times to step into the open air to _ and enjoy some great music. And that's what many Beijingers have done this past weekend.
Family, friends, laughter; beautiful grass, fresh air and live music echoing off the forest and the Great Wall that surround this place. A weekend in this music paradise just seems too short. Besides, a brand new world-class outdoor theater has just been open at this year's festival, which will surely make the festival a better and more permanent experience.
A full house is before the new outdoor amphitheater . Even the thunderstorm couldn't break up the crowd completely absorbed in the music. Thanks to the new theater, this year's Great Wall Forest Festival offers even more superb acoustics and an overall outdoor theatrical experience, even though the project is still half complete.
The festival is now in its fourth year. Since its first show in 2010, the festival has seen a steady increase in festival-goers and has expanded its length from two days to four days, divided over two weekends. It has also been experimenting with a variety of styles, from classical to pop, with this year's theme "Celebrating 20 Years of Chinese Folk Song." Folk Song legend Lao Lang explains how folk songs have helped encourage more amateur folks to express themselves through music.
"Before music was reserved for the professionals. But folk songs made young people realize that they can express themselves through music as well. And that's what characterizes folk songs. It's popular music and it always has a story." said Lao Lang.
Unlike some of the other outdoor festivals, the Great Wall Forest Festival appeals to a wide range of audiences. It's a rare place where teens, parents and families can all enjoy the outdoors and have a great time.
Great music and scenery aside, many children's workshops, master music classes, and interactive art activities have also been introduced this year. If music is the reason to come to the festivals, you'll find even more reasons not to leave. [/INST] question: Which of the following is NOT true? | options: A: The place where the Festival is held is near the Great Wall B: The completed project adds to the attraction of this year's Festival C: The audience attending the festival bury themselves in the music D: The year 2010 saw the beginning of the Great Wall Forest Festival | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: We are now accepting submissions for our 13th annual photo contest.
As always, we want creative and beautiful photos. The topic of travel is broad, so have some fun with it: Experiment with lighting, angles, subjects and composition.
One photo per person, and the photo should be taken since July 31, 2013. If you submit several entries, we will consider only the first photo received. Also, you may submit only an image that you have taken yourself.
Please submit clear photos online at wapo.st/travelshot. Include caption information and the date the photo was taken, plus your name, e-mail address and phone number. We promise that we will not publish your personal information online or in any other way.
We're looking for amateurs only; professional photographers (i.e., anyone who earns more than 50 percent of his or her annual income from photography) need not apply. Employees, officers, directors and representatives of The Washington Post, and their family members are not allowed to enter the contest.
Please do not submit images that have been greatly edited. It is acceptable to adjust images to achieve color1 balance that reflects the scene as you observed it. Cutting is also acceptable. The Washington Post keeps the right to disqualify any image that it feels has been overly changed.
The deadline for entries is July 20, 2014. By entering, you give The Washington Post a license to use your photos, including to edit, publish, spread and republish them in any form. Photographers keep the rights to their images.
The winners will be determined by the Travel staff of The Washington Post and world-famous photography professionals invited. Only US residents can enter. The winning photos will be published on or around Aug 25.
The contest is subject to all federal, state and local laws. For complete rules and prize information, go to wapo.st/travelshotrules.
Now, it is time to take out your camera and start shooting. Surprise us with your excellent works. Maybe you will be the winner! [/INST] question: The photo for the contest must _ . | options: A: be in color1 B: be sent online C: be taken in 2014 D: be taken in the USA | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: I work in a busy Emergency Room( E. R. ) . This weekend, I had a patient who was very nervousand paranoid.
After looking at his chart, I saw that he was seeking treatment for alcoholism. There is an immediate prejudice against substance abuse in my E. R. One -we do not have a detox facility.The people seeking treatment for addiction are sometimes looked down on as being less worthy of treatment than other serious physical " ailments" .
At first glance, I found out that the man was now somewhere in his mid-thirties, was very weak and had a generally aggressive character. He could not sit still and had a cough. He had not had a drink in four days. His hands were shaking and there was a scared look in his eyes.
He told me that he began drinking about age 11 when his mother supplied him with it. He had tried to quit many times before but had not been able to." So . what's different this time ?"I asked.
"Because I'm starting to be mean to the people I love, but now I don't want to be. I ca:n see that I'm changing into something else. "
That answer helped change my attitude toward him. I could see the pain behind his eyes. Behind the appearance, there was a terrified person whose goodness was being claimed by the alcohol. He was desperate for help, but not so sure that his condition could be changed.
I, thank this man for showing me that the goodness is dressed in all sorts of disguises . Sometimes we have to undress it. It's worth doing. My patient was admitted to the hospital for help ,despite us not having a detox facility. [/INST] question: How long has the man been drinking? | options: A: 20 years B: 11 years C: Over 30 years D: Over 20 years | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Generally speaking, American food is not very thick in taste. Salads are much liked and are served all year round. Many Americans are trying to keep down their weight. This is shown in menus offering "low calorie " or "weight watchers" meals. In markets, one can find "No Cal" drinks (meaning without calories) such as cola.
Many Americans drink coffee or tea with their meal. If a waiter in an American restaurant asks "Now or later?", what he means is "Do you want coffee with your meal or later?" When eating out in the USA, we can ask for tea, milk, beer, and so on, if we prefer these to coffee. American restaurants cannot serve beer, wine, or liquor unless they are licensed to do so.
The main dish in American meals is usually meat, chicken or fish, but more than one of these is hardly served at the same meal.
Most Americans eat quickly during the day--that is, breakfast and lunch--unless it is a social, business, or family situation. The evening meal, however, is usually a family time. Racing through daytime meals is part of the "American pace" of life, for working hours are considered important.
The nationwide fast-food restaurants are suitable for the ways of American eating. The standard products, of nearly the same price, are served quickly, and taste the same whether bought in New York City or in Los Angeles.
McDonald's is a popular restaurant. It offers many choices of hamburgers, French fries and "cokes". These foods are rich in fats, sugar and salt. Often, they are the major meal of the day of many young working people. [/INST] question: . In American restaurants which of the following is NOT true? | options: A: Many American people like salads B: Coffee can be served after a meal C: One can order tea if he doesn't like coffee D: All restaurants can sell beer and wine | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The top ten hottest English words in 2015
Selfie is "taking a photo by yourself", Now "taking a selfie" is generally a way of self-expression.
Budgetwife is the opposite of budget husband . By name, you can see that the economy strength of budget male is not strong as the "diamond man" , but he is both economically and emotionally reliable.
Phubbing refers to impolite behavior that in social situations people don't pay attention to the people around, but just look at their mobile phones, we can call it "down". People are called phubber "down" .
Bromeo are male girlfriends. He is one of your most loyal friends, will support you in every situation.
"Fangirl" or "fanboy" refers to those who are crazy about something or a star, even to the point of sanity.
Gayriage refers to two people of equal gender form of marriage. Two men to get married, the marriage is called gayriage.
Mompetition, it is the competition between mothers, comparing whose child is more beautiful, more smarter, more fashionable. It can be compared two or more mothers, and the children being compared can be adult.
Social bubble , which means that some people seem to know many people, but only few people could be friends. After "financial bubble", "housing bubble", personal bubbles begin to hit career people. [/INST] question: Tom is a _ , crazy about selfies. | options: A: fanboy B: phubber C: bromeo D: photographer | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: THE MEDICAL TERMINATION OF PREGNANCY (MTP) ACT OF INDIA It clearly states the conditions under which a pregnancy can be ended or aborted, the persons who are qualified to conduct the abortion and the place of implementation. Women whose physical and/or mental health were endangered by the pregnancy.
Women facing the birth of a potentially handicapped or malformed child. Rape. Pregnancies in unmarried girls under the age of eighteen with the consent of a guardian.
Pregnancies in "lunatics” with the consent of a guardian. Pregnancies that are a result of a failure in sterilisation.
The length of the pregnancy must not exceed 20 weeks in order to qualify for an abortion. MTP Act of 1971 legalizes abortion on the following grounds:
Therapeutic. Eugenic. Humanitarian. Social. MTP RULES Only registered medical practitioner can perform MTPs.
Should only be done in Government hospitals or hospitals recognized by Government. Consent of woman is required.
If minor or mentally ill, written consent from guardian is required. If the period of pregnancy is less than 12 weeks, the opinion of the single doctor is enough.
If the period of pregnancy is between 12- 20 weeks, opinion of 2 doctors is required. [/INST] question: According to the MTP Act, abortion can be done till: | options: A: 12 weeks B: 20 weeks C: 28 weeks D: Till viability | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Erythrocytic schizogony: Merozoites are released at the end of erythrocytic schizogony. The amoeboid trophozoites after feeding, grows in size and becomes erythrocytic schizont. Asexual multiplication takes place in schizont and forms merozoites which give pressure to the wall of weak RBC and liberated out in the form of erythrocytic merozoites. The process of formation of merozoites in the RBCs from the metacryptozoites is called erythrocytic schizogony. Many merozoites enter the fresh RBC and repeat the erythrocytic cycle. Pre- erythrocytic schizogony: Sporozoites in liver cell grow in size and become schizonts. The nucleus of schizont multiply asexually (multiple fission) and forms thousands of merozoites. These gives pressure to the wall of liver cell and liberated out in the form of cryptozoites or cryptomerozoites through ruptured liver cell.The process of formation of many cryptozoites from single sporozoites in liver cell is called pre-erythrocytic schizogony. Each sporozoite in the hepatocytes can give rise to 2000-50,000 merozoites. These merozoites - invade RBC's - Erythrocytic schizogony - Invade fresh RBC's. [/INST] question: Erythrocytic schizogony of Plasmodium liberates: | options: A: Sporozoites B: Trophozoites C: Merozoites D: Phanerozoites | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Directions for use of condom
The condom should be put on by unrolling it over the erect penis after pulling back the foreskin, before there is any contact between the male and female organs. An airfree space should be left by squeezing the tip and holding it up, till it is unrolled fully for better collection of semen.
It should be used only once.
It should not be inflated for testing.
Vaseline oils, skin lotions, cold creams, should not be used as they increase the chance of rupture. If lubrication is needed, glycerine, K-Y jelly or spermicidal jelly can be used.
Soon after discharge, the male should withdraw the penis holding the condom firmly against his body
To increase the effectiveness, a dose of spermicidal jelly or foam tablet may be used at the same time. In case of breakage, slippage, or defective use, women should report or use emergency contraceptive within 72 hours and a spermicidal agent should be quicldy inserted into the vagina.
Advantages of condom
Condoms gives very good protection against STDs. These includes syphilis gonorrhea, trichomoniasis, moniliasis, nongonococcal urethritis, and infection with Chlamydia and Herpes virus.
They are the only contraceptives to protect against HIV and against sexually transmitted hepatitis B Virus.
Condoms reduce the chances of developing cervical dysplasia and cancer cervix (by preventing HPV infection)
Disadvantages
It can lead to contact dermatitis in female partners.
Failure rate 12% [/INST] question: Which one of the following is the most common problem associated with the use of condom: | options: A: Increased monilial infection of vagina B: Premature ejaculation C: Contact dermatitis D: Retention of urine | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Zhongshan, China Beijing is a beautiful city with a long history. There are many
Travel Agency famous buildings and mystery stories here. It's a good place to
Complaint telephone: go sightseeing and relax. You will have fun if you join us.
400-581-278
Best of Beijing 5 Days
From Y=799
2 nights Beijing Hotel
&
2 nights Changcheng Hotel
Book online or call
400-581-467
www.zhongshantour.com Beijing Hotel:
Close to Tian'anmen Square
Prize-winning garden
Bars&French restaurant
Swimming pool
Changcheng Hotel:
Gardens with mountain views
Restaurant & Cafe
Buses to the downtown Departure Date Price
Apr 8, 2013 Y=899
May 29, 2013 Y=999
Jun 30, 2013 Y=799
To book, choose your
Preferred date
Business Hours
Monday~Thursday:24 hours
Friday: 8:00 am~9:00 pm
Weekends: 8:00 am~6:00 pm
Zhongshan, China Do you like beautiful sunshine? Do you want to see blue sea and
Travel Agency colorful fish? Do you want to enjoy the fresh air? Do you want to
Complaint telephone: relax yourself on the beach? Come and join us! Let's go to Hainan.
400-581-258
Best of Hainan 5 Days
From Y=1,566
2 nights Haitian Hotel
&
2 nights Blue Sea Hotel
Book online or call
400-581-620
www.zhongshantour.com Haitian Hotel:
Close to Yalong Bay
Delicious seafood
Swimming pool
Blue Sea Hotel:
Five minutes' walk to the nearest beach
Breakfast is free
Night Club
Buses to the downtown Departure Date Price
Mar 6, 2013 Y=1,566
April 8, 2013 Y=1,666
May 10, 2013 Y=1,766
To book, choose your
Preferred date
Business Hours
Monday~Thursday:24 hours
Friday: 8:00 am~10:00 pm
Weekends: 8:00 am~6:00 pm [/INST] question: When you live in _ , you won't pay for the breakfast. | options: A: Beijing Hotel B: Changcheng Hotel C: Haitian Hotel D: Blue Sea Hotel | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Located 40 miles northeast of San Diego, California, Valley Center has more than 27 square miles of countryside beauty and 21,000 acres of agricultural land. Along with the activities mentioned here, the Chamber of Commerce website (www.vcchamber.com) lists a large number of outings for your family to enjoy: Palomar Mountain Observatory, Lakes Wohlford, Hodges and Henshaw, Sengme Oaks Water Park, and Pala Mission.
Bates Nut Farm
15954 Woods Valley Rd.
www. batesnutfarm.biz
760-749-3333
Most people would agree that no visit to Valley Center would be complete without a stop at Bates Nut Farm. Gilbert and Beatrice Bates founded the farm in 1921.The farm has a picnic area and a large store full of nuts, candies and treats. Kids can feed farm animals, and in the fall, find pumpkins along with many fun, seasonal activities for the family. The place, which started out as a nut farm, is now home to many family-friendly events throughout the year like car shows and music festivals.
Valley Center Wellness Spa
28714 Valley Center Rd.
www.valley centerwellnessspa.com
760-751-5303
The Valley Center Wellness Spa invites you to experience some of the special spa treatments in a private environment. Spa-goers can enjoy facials and skin treatments at this spa owned by Jana Limon.
Keys Creek Lavender Farm
12460 Keys Creek Rd.
www.kclfarm.com
760-742-0523
San Diego County's lavender farm has eight acres of lavender fields. Open during harvest time--May through June--it offers lavender picking. English high teas and workshops. Open daily from 9 am to 5 pm.
Valley Center Western Days
28246 Lilac Rd.
www.westerndays.org
760-749-8041
Each May, the week-long series of events kicks off with the Western Days Parade, the Valley Center Stampede Rodeo, and an evening musical performance. You can enjoy the fun and meet some new friends here. [/INST] question: If you want to go somewhere for a picnic, you may call _ . | options: A: 760-742-0523 B: 760-749-8041 C: 760-749-3333 D: 760-751-5303 | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: We all know that different people have different hobbies. Some like planting flowers, some like exercising and others like building model ships. I am Jack and I like collecting stamps.
There are four people in my family and they are my parents, my brother and I. My father works in a big company. He usually goes abroad three or four times a year. Two years ago when he was working abroad, he sent home a letter with a beautiful stamp on the envelope. The stamp was very beautiful and I like it very much. Since then, when my father goes abroad, I always ask him to send me different stamps from different countries.
My brother went to college last year and he often wrote me letters instead of chatting with me or sending e-mail to me, so that I could see the beautiful stamps on the envelopes and I always took them down and put them in my box. Now I have more than a thousand stamps. From these stamps I can learn a lot of knowledge like the history persons. Whenever I look through the beautiful stamps, I will feel relaxed and happy. They are like my "good and nice friends." [/INST] question: Jack likes _ . | options: A: keeping pets B: rising flowers C: collecting stamps D: building model ships | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Alex Wood began fundraising when he was four years old. He sold lemonade and cookies to raise money for a school in Haiti. Later, Alex sent 15 bags of food he collected from his neighbors to a food store near his home which asked for donations .
Alex wanted to help more people. He decided to donate to Heifer International, an organization that gives farm animals and farm training to poor people around the world. His goal: $5,000 for a "gift ark". That amount would mean that 15 pairs of animals would be given to people in need. Those families would agree to give one of their animals' young to other needy families.
Alex decided that baking was the best way to raise money. He started a business, named it Clean Hands Bakery, and now sells his baked goods year round. In his family's kitchen, he created all kinds of cookies and cakes. He says his top sellers are lemon pound cakes and chocolate cupcakes. Alex likes the baking as much as the fundraising. "I like it that you can take so many ingredients that don't taste good on their own and come up with something amazing," he says.
In September 2011, Alex reached his goal of $5,000 and bought a gift ark. "I feel absolutely overjoyed that I got to my goal," he says. "I can't help everybody by myself, but I can do my part, which I hope will inspire other people to do their part, too." One of the people Alex has already inspired is his younger brother. "He had people donate to me, instead of giving him a birthday present." Alex explains. "In the end he donated $200 toward my goal."
So now that he's met his goal of a gift ark, will Alex keep baking and fundraising? He says yes. He wants to end world hunger, one cupcake at a time. [/INST] question: What did Alex Wood donate to Heifer International? | options: A: $5.000 in cash B: Farm animals C: A gift ark D: Lemon Hands Bakery | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Lab investigations of pediatric TB
ESR and blood count: No value in diagnosis or follow up of TB.
Demonstration of AFB: Children don't expectorate out sputum, but swallow it. Therefore sputum is not available for examination. A laryngeal swab may be obtained for smear and culture examination for mycobacteria. It is customary to examine the gastric lavage in children for bacteriological examination on 3 consecutive days. Aspiration of early morning gastric contents (before breakfast) is done with a Ryle's tube and sent for bacteriological examination. Adding vancomycin to the sample improves the yield of mycobacterium. The CSF, Pleural fluid or bronchial aspirate, urine and discharges from tuberculosis sinuses are examined for tubercle bacilli.
Histopathology: Material for histopathology may be obtained by biopsy or FNAC.
PCR: High sensitivity and specificity for pleural fluid and low for gastric aspirate.
CXR and CT may show characteristic features.
USG may be helpful for the detection of enlarged abdominal lymph nodes.
Serology: Elisa or other methods have no utility in pediatric TB. [/INST] question: Which of the following has no role in the diagnosis of childhood TB? | options: A: ELISA B: Mantoux C: CXR D: FNAC | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: This patient's breast mass is characteristic of a fibroadenoma. Fibroadenomas are the second most common benign breast disorder, after fibrocystic changes. They are characterized by being firm, solid, nontender, and freely mobile. Fibroadenomas have an average size diameter of 2.5 cm and are well circumscribed. These lesions most commonly occur in adolescents and women in their twenties. Fibrocystic changes occur in about one- third to one-half of reproductive-age women and represent an exaggerated response of the breast tissue to hormones. Patients with fibrocystic changes complain of bilateral mastalgia and breast engorgement preceding menses. On physical exam, diffuse bilateral nodularity is typically encountered. Cystosarcoma phyllodes are rare fibroepithelial tumors that constitute 1% of breast malignancies. These rapidly growing tumors are the most frequent breast sarcoma and occur most frequently in women in the fifth decade of life. Trauma to the breast can result in fat necrosis. Women with fat necrosis commonly present to the physician with a firm, tender mass that is surrounded by ecchymosis. Occasional skin retraction can occur, making this lesion difficult to differentiate from cancer. It is unlikely that this patient who presents in her twenties has breast cancer. Fine-needle aspiration or excisional biopsy must be performed to rule out the rare chance of malignancy, but breast cancer is not the most likely diagnosis based on the patient's age and lack of any other breast changes consistent with carcinoma (such as a fixed mass, skin retraction, or lymphadenopathy). [/INST] question: A 28-year-old G0, LMP 1 week ago, presents to your gynecology clinic complaining of a mass in her left breast that she discovered on a routine breast self-exam in the shower. When you perform a breast exam on her, you palpate a 2-cm firm, nontender mass in the upper inner quadrant of the left breast that is well circumscribed and mobile. You do not detect any skin changes, nipple discharge, or lymphadenopathy. What is this patient's most likely diagnosis? | options: A: Fibrocystic breast change B: Fibroadenoma C: Breast carcinoma D: Fat necrosis | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Henry was a carpenter of our village. Once I asked him to make a table for my family. A week later, Henry sent us the table and the bill as well.
My wife said to me, "It's a beautiful table, dear, isn't it?"
"I won't decide about that until I see the bill." I said.
Henry was drinking a glass of water. He laughed and gave me a piece of paper. It said,
Bill
One dining table June 10, 2011
Cost of wood 17.00
Paint 1.50
Work, 8 hours (1 an hour) 8.00
Total 36.50
When I was looking at the bill, Henry said," It's a fine day, isn't it? Quite sunny."
"Yes," I said. "I'm glad it is only the 10th of June."
"Me too, " said Henry." You wait. It will be a bit hotter by the end of the month."
"Yes, hotter and more expensive. The table will be 20 more expensive on June 30th, won't they, Henry? " I said, "If it isn't too much trouble, please add it up again. You can forget the date."
"OK, man. You are such a guy." Henry said with a smile in his two blue eyes, and he left with the money he should get. [/INST] question: The table was made of _ . | options: A: Wood B: glass C: Paper D: chair | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: People should go outside and absorb some sunshine to help increase their vitamin D levels, some experts say. Arthritis Research UK. which is a British medical research organization dedicated to curing arthritis , says vitamin D deficiency can cause bone loss, muscle function problems and, in some cases, rickets in children.
The government recommends vitamin D supplements for pregnant women and children aged under five. But on sunny days, a few minutes outdoors should achieve the same results, Arthritis Research UK says.
Figures show that up to a quarter of the population has low levels of vitamin D in their blood and the majority of pregnant women do not take vitamin D supplements. People aged over 65, pregnant and breast-feeding women and children aged six months to five years old are thought to be most at risk.
Vitamin D is essential to help the body absorb calcium from food. Low levels of vitamin D can result in serious problems.
Alan Silman, the medical director of Arthritis Research UK, said, "When the days are sunny, go out for a few minutes and expose your face and arms to the sunshine." But he also had a warning on overexposure. "Don't allow your skin to go red, and take care not to burn, particularly in strong sunshine and if you have fair or sensitive skin. From June to August, just 15 minutes is generally enough time."
"In less sunny months," Alan Silman added, "we recommend that people add more vitamin D in their diet by eating more oily fish such as salmon, tuna, and foods rich in vitamin D, such as cereals ." [/INST] question: Lack of vitamin D may cause the following problems EXCEPT _ . | options: A: bone loss B: muscle function problems C: rickets in children D: high blood pressure | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Metabolic byproduct of halothane can cause autoimmune hepatitis. Halothane hepatitisis rare with an incidence of 1 per 35,000 cases but very fatal, with amoality of 50-75%. It is an immune mediated due to antibodies against highly reactive trifluoroacetyl chloride which is a metabolite of halothane. Risk factors for halothane hepatitis: Multiple exposures to halothane at sho intervals middle-aged obese women - because halothane undergo extensive metabolism in obese patients familial predisposition to halothane Another theory for halothane hepatitis is that it is caused by a hypersensitivity reaction associated with oxidative metabolism of halothane. The liver in halothane hepatitis shows centrilobular necrosis. In a patient with prior history of halothane hepatitis, inhalational induction agent of choice is Sevoflurane. Other points related to effect of halothane on hepatic system : Disrupts dual blood supply of liver ( Among all volatile anesthetic agent , it cause max decrease in hepatic flow) Contraindicated in Pre-existing liver days function C/I in hepatic surgery [/INST] question: Hepatitis can be a complication of ...... | options: A: Halothane B: Enflurane C: Methoxyflurane D: Enflurane | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Alex Rawlings, from Oxford University, Has been named the UK's most multilingual person. The 21-year-old British student can speak 11 language and is learning a 12th, He knows English, Greek, German, French, Dutch, Afrikaans, Spanish,Catalan,ltalian, Russian and Hebrew.Rawlings' mother, who is half Greek, spoke to him in English, Greek and some French when he was growing up. Rawlings is studying German and Russian at university now. He taught himself other languages like Dutch because he wanted to talk to people on his travels or simply because he thought the language was interesting or beautiful."When I was a kid, I always wanted to speak different languages," Rawlings said. "My parents often took me to my mom's family in Greece. My dad worked in Japan for four years. I was always frustrated that I couldn't talk to other kids in those countries because of the language. "
Thanks to his talent for languages, Rawliings has made many friends. He also thinks that picking up new languages getseasier over time.Rawlings plans to perfect his Russian while studying in the small Russian city of Yaroslavi and the next language he plans to learn is Arabic."No matter how many languages I Iearn, my favorite language is always Greek because I have spoken it since childhood," he said. [/INST] question: Alex Rwlings' mother spoke to him in the following languages EXCEPT _ when he was young. | options: A: Greek B: Dutch C: French D: English | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Crime in the city of prefix = st1 /Cliohit a 30-year low last year. "This is ly wonderful for our citizens, our businesses, and our visitors," said Police Chief Louis Gates. Clio has a population of 28,000, but it has at least 30 gangs . The gangs make most of their money from dealing drugs and offering "protection." They also commit violent crimes, such as stealing, robbery or even murder.
There were 1,486 thefts last year. Most of the thefts involved cars. Thieves also robbed the people at gunpoint or pick pocketed them. They broke .into houses and businesses at the alarming rate of two a day two years ago, but that rate was down to only one a day last year. "That's a 50-percent
decrease in one year," said Gates. "I think the police officers deserve a big pat on the back. Even better, maybe they'll get that 10-percent raise that they are all hoping for. "
With an example of how the police force has helped reduce crime, Gates talked about bicycle thefts. "For years and years, kids were locking up their bikes at bike stands in front of schools, libraries, and shopping mails. About 10 percent of the time, the kids would come out of the school or wherever and discover that their bike was no longer there. We wracked our brains( ) trying to find a solution to this problem. Finally, at the beginning of last year, when we simply removed most of the bike stands, then the bicycle theft rate came down quickly.
Most cities in the state have similar problems. They all involve too many people, too much crime, too few police, and too little money. These problems go along with civilization everywhere. They might reduce, but they will probably never disappear. All people can do is hope for the best and prepare for the worst. [/INST] question: Crime in the city of Cliois mainly caused by _ . | options: A: illegal gangs B: protection providers C: cruel murderers D: drug dealers | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Hyperophy and necrosis of visceral epithelium It is the characteristic glomerulopathy associated with HIV infection. HIV can result in various glomerulopathies such as acute diffuse proliferative glonterulonephritis, inesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis including IgA nephropathy, MPGN and membranous glomerulopathy. But the classical glomerulopathy associated with HIV infection is collapsing ehnnerulopathy. Collapsing glomerulopathy is actually an aggressive form of focal segmental glonzerulosclerosis. Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis is characterized by sclerosis of some but not all glomeruli (thus it is focal) and in the affected glomeruli only a poion of the capillary tuft is involved. In contrast, collapsing glomerulopathy is characterized by collapse and sclerosis of the entire glomerular tuft (in addition to the usual. focal segmental glomerular lesions). Characteristic feature is proliferation and hyperophy of glomerular visceral epithelial cells. Remember this The minimum diagnostic criteria for defining a collapsing variant of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis is : The presence by light microscopy of at least one glomerulus showing segmental or global obliteration of the glomerular capillary lumen by wrinkling and collapse of glomerular basement membrance in association with hyperophy and hyperplasia of overlying visceral epithelial cells. The other characteristic features which distinguishes HIV associated nephropathy from FSGS. - Presence of tubuloreticular inclusions Aggresive clinical course. [/INST] question: Collapsing glomerulopathy, features are | options: A: Tuft necrosis B: Mesangiolysis C: Parietal epithelial proliferation D: Hyperophy and necrosis of visceral epithelium | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: It is impoant to identify and treat occult or early sepsis before it progresses to septic shock and the associated complications of multiple organ failure. An immunocompromised host may not manifest some of the more typical signs and symptoms of infection, such as elevated temperature and white cell count; this forces the clinician to focus on more subtle signs and symptoms. Early sepsis is a physiologically hyperdynamic, hypermetabolic state representing a surge of catecholamines, coisol, and other stress-related hormones. Changing mental status, tachypnea that leads to respiratory alkalosis, and flushed skin are often the earliest manifestations of sepsis. Intermittent hypotension requiring increased fluid resuscitation to maintain adequate urine output is characteristic of occult sepsis. Hyperglycemia and insulin resistance during sepsis are typical in diabetic as well as nondiabetic patients. This relates to the gluconeogenic state of the stress response. The cardiovascular response to early sepsis is characterized by an increased cardiac output, decreased systemic vascular resistance, and decreased peripheral utilization of oxygen, which yields a decreased aeriovenous oxygen difference. [/INST] question: A 63-year-old man with a 40-pack per year smoking history undergoes a low anterior resection for rectal cancer and on postoperative day 5 develops a fever, new infiltrate on chest x-ray, and leukocytosis. He is transferred to the ICU for treatment of his pneumonia because of clinical deterioration. Which of the following is a sign of early sepsis? | options: A: Respiratory acidosis B: Decreased cardiac output C: Hypoglycemia D: Peripheral vasodilation | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: It takes two to duet , and one question for scientists is how these coordinated performances arise -- in birds. Are they the result of cooperation, a way in which one pair signals to others that they've got it together? Or are they the result of conflict, evolving to avoid one partner's song interfering with the other's?
A study of duetting in Peruvian warbling antbirds suggests that it might be a little of both, and that context is everything. Joseph A. Tobias and Nathalie Seddon of the University of Oxford show in Current Biology that sexual conflict can cause the female of a pair that normally cooperates to "jam" the male's song by singing over it.
The researchers exposed antbird pairs to recorded songs of other antbirds and monitored the songs the pairs produced. In one experiment, they played the songs of an intruding pair. In this case, the resident pair "both are likely to lose their territory, so both should cooperate," Dr. Tobias said. And they do. They produce a coordinated duet that in effect tells the intruders to keep away.
But when the researchers played the song of a single female, the pair behaved differently. "You'd expect the resident female to be highly motivated to defend her position in the partnership," Dr. Tobias said. And that's what occurs. The male sings its heart out, flirting with the single female, and the female of the pair does its best to interfere with the song by singing over it, apparently to make her mate less attractive to the other female.
"It's clear that the male doesn't like what she's doing," Dr. Tobias said. The behavior "breaks up what is otherwise a very cooperative situation into a more complicated signal," he added.
It's the first evidence of this kind of signal jamming among pairs, Dr. Tobias said.
And in that it leads the male to alter its song to avoid the female's interfering notes, it shows that this kind of conflict could, over a long period, drive the evolution of coordinated song. [/INST] question: What is the key factor of antbirds' duet? | options: A: Their cooperation B: Their conflict C: The context D: Their instinct | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: (Oxidised LDL) (499-Robbins-Pathologic basis of disease 8th)Accumulation of lipoproteins mainly LDL and its oxidized forms in the vessel wall OXIDIZED-LDL1. In ingested by macrophages through scavenger receptors distinct from the LDL receptor thus forming foam cells2. Increases monocytes accumulation in lesions3. Stimulates release of growth factors and cytokines4. Is cytotoxic to endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells5. Can induce endothelial cell dysfunctionPathogenic events in Atherosclerosis* Endothelial Injury - | vascular permeability leukocyte adhesion and thrombosis* Accumulation of lipoproteins (Mainly LDL and its oxidized forms) in the vessel wall* Monocyte adhesion to the endothelium - followed by migration into the intima and transformation into macrophages and foam cells* Plaelet adhesion* Factor release from activated platelets, macrophages and vascular wall-cells, inducing smooth muscle cell recruitment either from the media or from circulating precursors* Smooth muscle cell proliferation and ECMproduction* Lipid accumulation both extracellulary and within cells (macrophages and smooth muscle cells)Apo - B- 100 is responsible for the recognition of LDL receptor sites* Most important function of LDL is to supply cholesterol to this extrahepatic tissues. The LDL particles bind to the specific receptor pits (Identified as glycoprotein) on the cell membraneDeficiency of LDL receptors is observed in Type Ila hvperbetalipoproteinemia this disorder is associated with a very high risk of atherosclerosis (particularly coronary artery)IMPORTANT POINTS* Most common of ascending aortic aneurysm - cystic medial necrosis* Most common cause of descending aortic aneurysm and aneurysm aortic arch - Atherosclerosis.* Raised serum level of lipoprotein (a) is a predictor of Atherosclerosis (coronary and cerebro vascular disease)* In atherosclerosis, LDL is present in the LDL monocyte* In atherosclerosis, Increased LDL in monocytes- macrophages due to- LDL receptors on the macrophages* Most common cause of peripheral limb ischaemia in India is Atherosclerosis* Best predictor for future risk of cardiovascular events is hs CRP* Test for reversible cardiac ischemia is - Thallium scan* Most common change in atherosclerotic vessel is - Dystrophic calcification [/INST] question: Accumulation of lipoproteins in atherosclerosis in the form of | options: A: Oxidised LDL B: HDL C: VLDL D: Glycerides | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: A subgaleal or subaponeurotic hemorrhage can be life threatening; infants may lose a third or more of their blood volume into this potential space, leading to hypovolemic shock. A subgaleal hemorrhage will feel like a cephalohematoma that crosses the midline. Careful monitoring is essential.Subdural hematomas are commonly seen as part of abusive head trauma, formerly known as shaken baby syndrome. This lesion occurs when the bridging cortical veins that drain the cerebral cortex have been ruptured, leading to a collection of blood between the dura and the cerebral mantle. Repeated trauma can lead to additional collections of blood. In many children, additional findings of abuse such as broken bones, bruises, and retinal hemorrhages are found.Caput succedaneum is soft-tissue swelling of the scalp involving the presenting delivery portion of the head. This lesion is sometimes ecchymotic and can extend across the suture lines. The edema may be pitting, and resolves in the first few days of life.Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), also known as germinal matrix hemorrhage, is commonly seen in very small, preterm infants. The incidence of IVH increases with smaller-size infants and in those with perinatal complications. It occurs in the gelatinous subependymal germinal matrix of the brain and can lead to progressive posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus. Hydrocephalus in these children can present with enlarging head circumference, apnea and bradycardia, lethargy, bulging fontanelle, widely split sutures, or no signs at all. Therapy can include ventricular- peritoneal shunting.Cephalohematomas do not cross the suture line, since they are subperiosteal hemorrhages. No discoloration of the scalp is seen, and the swelling usually progresses over the first few hours of life. Occasionally, skull fractures are present as well. Most cephalohematomas resolve within the first few weeks or months of life without residual findings. [/INST] question: A 6-month-old comatose infant has multiple broken bones in various stages of healing, a bulging anterior fontanelle, and retinal hemorrhages. For the mentioned description of head injury that follows, select the major abnormality with which it is most likely to be associated. | options: A: Intraventricular hemorrhage B: Caput succedaneum C: Subdural hemorrhage D: Subarachnoid hemorrhage | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: More than 200 activities have been held so far during the Chinese Language Year in Russia. It has not only made Chinese culture popular in Russia, but also improved understanding and friendship between Russians and Chinese people. More and more Russians begin to enjoy Chinese food and operas, watch TV programs to leam Chinese, and travel in China.
Since the Chinese Language Year program in Russia started, so many events such as movie weeks, operas, Chinese language classes, language contests and teaching programs have been popular in Russia.
Through the activities, Russian people have had a chance to leam more about the Chinese culture, literature, history and its life today. For example, the first group of 500 Russian students visited the Chinese cities of Beijing, Dalian and Qingdao. There they painted both countries' landmarks, including the Tian' anmen Square, the Great Wall, the Kremb ,the Volga River and the Red Square. When the Russian students returned, they took part in a photo contest and a writing contest to show their love for China.
And Russians, especially young people, have become more and more interested in learning Chinese. To date, more than 130 universities in Russia are offering Chinese courses. More than 20 middle and primary schools have also taught Chinese as their first foreign language. [/INST] question: _ activities have been held so far during the Chinese Language Year. | options: A: Over 200 B: 130 C: Less 200 D: 200 | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Imagine a house that keeps itself warm in the wintertime. Think of the savings in terms of fuel bills and unfriendly emissions. Such houses in fact exist, called "passive houses". The concept of these highly energy-efficient buildings took root in the 1990s, before slowly consolidating as a niche construction concept in the 2000s. Are passive houses now actively moving into the mainstream as sustainable buildings?
For Brian McGarry, an economics lecturer who built a family house based on passive housing criteria in the Pyrenees this year, the arguments look convincing. As his first full winter in the low energy house draws in, we asked him to keep us informed. Do passive houses work?
I had never heard of a passive house in February 2012, when I purchased a plot of land. Nor did I expect that I would be persuaded to build a pre-constructed, custom-designed house based on energy-efficient passive house criteria. It promised to be easier and quicker to build, cheaper to run, and more comfortable to live in. The objective was to incorporate the fundamental concepts of passive energy management into my project: an airtight and highly insulated building envelope; large southfacing double or triple-glazed windows (if possible, filled with argon gas) that passively capture the energy of the sun; a heat recovery ventilation system to provide fresh air; and a simple, low-cost heating system consisting of a modern wood-burning stove, a bathroom heater and a portable radiator backup for when the sun doesn't shine and temperatures decline. No significant limitations were placed on the design, and it had excellent environmental credentials. Moreover, the cost was no more than a conventional build.
After six months in use, the house is proving to be both cheap to run and remarkably comfortable-staying cool in the hot summer was effortless, as long as the windows were shuttered or shaded from the sun. Nowstaying warm in the cold, high-altitude December climate also seems easy, so far.
Winter arrived in force in the Pyrenees in November, with abundant snowfalls and temperatures as low as minus 8deg Celsius. Though early days, the house has responded well: the stove is lit during cold evenings but the portable radiator has not yet been needed. This type of construction seems not only to make economic and environmental sense, but to enhance our quality of life, too. [/INST] question: Regarding the passive energy management, the houses have characteristics EXCEPT _ | options: A: using south-facing windows to take in solar energy B: Providing energy for taking a shower when it's rainy C: supplying fresh air with a special heat recovery system D: placing more demands and restrictions on the design | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Billy always loved blueberries. They were his favorite fruit. Today he was going to make juice with his uncle. His uncle liked to make juice out of everything. He made carrot juice, apple juice, vegetable juice, and more juices. He had never made blueberry juice before though!
First, Billy and his uncle went to a blueberry farm. They were each given a basket. They picked for an hour and got several pounds. It was hard work picking the little berries from the trees. Now Billy understood why they were expensive in the store.
Next, they had to wash the fruit. Some of them still had leaves. Those had to be pulled off. Then the bad berries had to be thrown away. They washed the berries and made them air-dry.
After that, they pushed the blueberries through a strainer . The strainer caught most of the seeds and skins, and only left a small glass of dark purple juice to _
When they tasted the juice, it wasn't very sweet. Billy's uncle didn't want to add white sugar to the juice. It was better to use a naturally sweet juice, like apple juice, pear juice, or grape juice. They used grape juice as a sweetener , because grapes had a similar color to the blueberries.
Finally, they could drink it. It was a lot of work to make juice, but it sure was refreshing! [/INST] question: Billy's uncle hadn't made _ juice before. | options: A: carrot B: blueberry C: apple D: vegetable | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Koalas are found only in prefix = st1 /Australia. Even if called koala bear, this animal has nothing to do with the actual bear; it is not even a mammal , but a marsupial , like the kangaroo. Its closest living s are the wombats . A koala is about 60-80cm long and weighs 5-14kg.
The name "koala" means "no drink", and refers to the koala's ability to go for days without water. Koalas get the water content they need from the eucalyptus leaves on which they feed. The koala is the only mammal with a digestive system that can feed only on eucalyptus leaves--incidentally, these leaves are highly poisonous if eaten by humans. One individual consumes about 5kg of eucalyptus leaves daily and it may never drink water!
The koala is a _ mammal. They prefer to move around just after sunset, spending daytime sleeping in the fork of a tree. A koala spends sleeping 75% of its time. The eucalyptus leaves they eat are rich in fiber and poor in proteins and fats. The adult must detoxify leaves with energy expense, while fiber is hard to break down. Because of this poor diet, koalas save energy by sleeping most of the day, while their movements are very slow.
Koalas only have one young per year. In summer, baby koalas are born about a month after mating. The female takes it with her mouth and places it into her poach. In 6 months, the young can get out and feed on leaves. There are probably around 2,000 to 8,000 wild koalas in Australiaat present. The extremely fine gray fur is the reason why koala has been heavily hunted in the past. Koalas are killed every year by dogs, cats, dingoes, eagles and owls. They also die of disease and accidents. [/INST] question: Koalas do not get poisoned when eating eucalyptus simply because of their _ . | options: A: special need B: living habitat C: digestive system D: born laziness | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Barack Obama was born on August 4, 1961 in Honolulu, Hawaii. His father came to America from Kenya, which is a country in Africa. His parents, Ann and Barack, met when they were students at the University of Hawaii. Since Barack had the same name as his father, young Barack went by the nickname "Barry".
In 1979, after he finished high school, Barry went to Occidental College in Los Angeles, California. There, he started to learn about his African roots and decided to use his African name, Barack. After two years in L.A., he went to Columbia University in New York City to study politics.
After college, he moved to Chicago, Illinois, where he worked to help poor people in his city. He traveled to Africa to meet his grandmother and cousins for the first time. He went back many times over the years to visit with his family and learn about where he came from. At work, he met a lawyer named Michelle Robinson. They worked together in a big law firm. Then he left Chicago to go to Harvard Law School in Cambridge, Massachusetts. He did very well in law school.
After he was done with school, Barack moved back to Chicago and in 1992 he married Michelle. He worked as a lawyer, devoted to helping poor people for free who had been treated unfairly. He worked hard to get the people he helped to vote .
He made many people believe that their votes were important, and helped them feel like they could make a difference. [/INST] question: Barack Obama's father was probably born in _ . | options: A: Hawaii B: California C: Illinois D: Kenya | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Each of us can live strong,healthy,energetic lives for a long time to come.The key?Actually,there are many of them.
Eat fewer calories,but more food
Slimming down can help prevent disease,and cutting way back on the amount you eat may even slow the aging process.When nutrition researchers invited themselves over for dinner in kitchens across the globe-from Greece to Japan to the state of Pennsylvania--they discovered a stomach-satisfying secret to good health:Pile your plate high with vegetables and fruits,add respectable parts of beans and whole grains,and ignore high-calorie food like cheeseburgers,cream sauces,and fatty meats.
Use exercise as an anti-aging vaccine
Exercise can help you gain a better quality of life as you age.It's no secret that physical activity strengthens muscles,burn calories,and puts a happy bounce in your step.But recently,researchers discovered a new,extra benefit:Exercise acts as a powerful way against the aging process itself. When exercise physiologists put healthy people aged 60 to 85 on Weight-training programs for six months then tested them for signs of free-radical damage,they were surprised by the results.By the end of the study,low-intensity exercisers had a drop in free-radical damage,while high-intensity exercisers had a slight increase.
Find something interesting to do
Life is always busy no matter what your age.But the truth is,when people are retired,time usually does become more available for adults after 60.With this time come choices.The easy one is merely to relax:watch more TV,eat out more often,talk on the phone as much as you want.The better choice? Discover something more meaningful to devote yourself to and do it wholeheartedly. [/INST] question: Which of the following is what you should eat more? | options: A: Fatty meats B: Whole grains C: Cream sauces D: Cheeseburgers | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Although mobile phones have brought a lot of convenience to people,they have also brought troubles.
Besides endless spam text messages( ),another problem seems even more
annoying.That is the so-called "one ring"call.It is a phone call that only rings one time and stops before the receivers is able to pick it up .When the receiver calls back,the other side is usually a recorded advertisement.And by the time people realize that they have been _ they've already paid for the call.
An article in the China Youth Dailysays that these terrible calls trouble many mobile users day and night.But up till now,the government hasn't taken any steps to solve the problem. It seems that if someone chooses to use a cellphone,he must bear( )the trouble.
The number of mobile phone users in China has risen to more than 570 million.Thanks to news reports,many people have come to understand the harm of the "one ring"call.Some users say they won't call back if it is an unknown number.But the article points out that this doesn't mean the related government departments should turn a blind eye to it.
According to an online survey of more than 200,000 Chinese netizens ( ),
nearly 70 percent believed telecommunication( )operators make money from these annoying phone calls.The article argues that "one ring"calls not only take away people's money,but also trouble their lives.
New technology should not do harm to society.Instead,people should enjoy the convenience of information technology. Thus, the article advises that laws should be set up to protect people's legal rights. [/INST] question: Who helped the mobile users most to realize the harm of the "one ring"call? | options: A: Netizens B: Government officials C: News reporters D: Telecommunication operators | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The teacher invited a little boy's mother to attend his elementary school's first parents' meeting. His mother said she would go but the boy was disappointed. This would be the first time that his classmates and teacher met his mother and he was embarrassed by her appearance. Although she was a beautiful woman, there was a severe scar that covered nearly the whole right side of her face. The boy never wanted to talk about why or how she got the scar.
At the meeting, the people were impressed by the kindness of his mother, but the little boy was still embarrassed and hid himself from everyone. However, he heard a conversation between his mother and his teacher.
"How did you get the scar on your face?" the teacher asked.
The mother replied, " When my son was a baby, the room he was in caught fire. Everyone was too afraid to go in because the fire was out of control, but I rushed in at once. As I was running towards his crib , I saw a beam coming down and I placed myself over him trying to protect him. I was knocked down. But fortunately, a fireman came in and saved both of us. " She touched the burned side of her face. " This scar will be _ , but until today, I have never regretted doing what I did. "
At this point, the little boy came out running towards his mother with tears in his eyes. He hugged her and felt the love of his mother.
,. [/INST] question: What did the people think of the boy's mother? | options: A: Shy B: Ugly C: Careful D: Kind | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Albert Hofmann was a Swiss Scientist who was fascinated by nature. This led him to a career in chemistry in which he sought answers to his uncertainties. He worked at Sandoz Laboratories where he nurtured his research work, and there he made a lot of success by working with various plants and changing them into something useful. He became famous when he became the first person to produce lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) . In addition, he was also the first person to taste it and learn about its hallucinogenic effects. He was deeply connected to the nature and argued that LSD, besides being useful for psychiatry , could also be used to promote awareness of mankind's place in nature. However, he was disappointed that his discovery was being carelessly used as a drug for entertainment. Because of his discovery, LSD fans have fondly called him "The father of LSD". Besides carrying out his scientific experiments, he also authored numerous books and more than 100 scientific articles. In 2007, he featured in a list of the 100 greatest living geniuses , published by The Telegraph Newspaper.
Childhood & Early Life
Albert Hofmann was born in Baden, Switzerland, on January 11, 1906. He was the eldest of four children. His father was a poor toolmaker in a factory and they lived in a rented apartment. He spent much of his childhood outdoors, and grew up with a very deep connection with nature.
He had mind-blowing experiences in childhood, wherein nature was changed in magical ways that he didn't understand. These experiences caused questions in his mind, and chemistry was the scientific field which allowed him to understand them.
He studied chemistry at Zurich University, and his main interest is the chemistry of plants and animals. At 23, he earned his Ph. D with honors. [/INST] question: What led Albert Hofmann to a career in chemistry? | options: A: His nature B: His father C: His family D: His interest | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: What do people drink in Western countries? They drink coffee, of course. Tea is the drink of us Chinese. Think again. In the West, tea is seeing to be cool again.
In Western countries like the UK, coffee used to be the fashionable drink. Jenny Northam, a 28-year-old English woman, remembers that ten years ago tea was unfashionable. "At that time young people didn't like tea. We thought drinking tea was uncool and old-fashioned. Tea was _ something we only drank when visiting grandparents."
Several years ago US _ Madonna, who lived in Britain, published a children's book _ called The English Roses. She launched the book with a tea party. Since Madonna is the "Queen of Cool", she took a big part in making tea fashionable. The British tradition of afternoon tea was fashionable again.
In Britain, hotels accept bookings for afternoon tea weeks in advance. The trend had also taken off in the US. In New York and Los Angeles, more and more cafes are serving tea.
The tea craze is not only down to Madonna, of course. People drink tea because they connect it with the idea of living life at a slower pace.
People drink coffee and tea at different times. Coffee is seen as the drink of people in a hurry; tea of those who like to spend their time.
,. [/INST] question: Ten years ago, tea was _ . | options: A: in style B: fashioned C: old-fashioned D: cool | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Anyone who cares about what schools and colleges teach and how their students learn will be interested in the memoir of Ralph W. Tyler, who is one of the most famous men in American education.
Born in Chicago in 1902, brought up and schooled in Nebraska, the 19-year-old college graduate Ralph Tyler became _ while teaching as a science teacher in South Dakota and changed his major from medicine to education.
Graduate work at the University of Chicago found him connected with honorable educators Charles Judd and W. W. Charters, whose ideas of teaching and testing had an effect on his later work. In 1927, he became a teacher of Ohio State University where he further developed a new method of testing.
Tyler became well-known nationality in 1938, when he carried his work with the Eight-Year Study from Ohio State University to the University of Chicago at the invitation of Robert Hutchins.
Tyler was the first director of the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences at Stanford, a position he held for fourteen years. There, he firmly believed that researchers should be free to seek an independent spirit in their work.
Although Tyler officially retired in 1967, he never actually retired. He served on a long list of educational organizations in the United States and abroad. Even in his 80s he traveled across the country to advise teachers and management people on how to set objectives that develop the best teaching and learning within their schools. [/INST] question: Who are most probably interested in Ralph W. Tyler's memoir? | options: A: Top managers B: Language learners C: Serious educators D: Science organizations | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The cause of auto-immune thyroid disease is not completely known by medical science. However, a combination of genetic and environment factors are thought to play a role.(30) Molecular Mimicry New theory which explains how an immune system can be "tricked"into attacking the thyroid cells. Yersinia resides in intestinal bacteria has been found to share identical amino acid sequences when compared to the TSH receptor, thyroglobulin, thyroperoxidase , and sodium iodide sympoer . Borrelia burgdorferi has also been implicated This explains the increased antibodies found on lab panels in Hashimoto's patients. These are the antibodies to thyroglobulin and thyroperoxidase (TPO) commonly used by the doctor to confirm a diagnosis of Hashimotos Thyroiditis. TSH Receptor Antibodies Comes in 2 varieties. -First type, the TSH receptor is stimulated-Grave's Disease and hypehyroidism. -Second variety, the TSH recepter is blocked -Hashimotos's disease. -Although both Graves and Hashimotos have a common orign in the molecular mimicry theory -Grave's causes a hypehyroid state, and Hashimoto's causes a hypothyroid state. -Both Graves and Hashimotos antibodies can coexist in the same patient and one can transform into another [/INST] question: Which of the following endocrine disorder is a result of molecular mimicry ? | options: A: Addisons disease B: Diabetes Mellitus C: Hashimoto's thyroiditis D: Hypoparathyroidism | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: This boy is having:-
Hallucination (hearing of voices)
Aggressive behavior
Altered behavior (muttering to self and gesticulation)
Symptoms for 2 days
So, the patient is having psychotic symptoms for 2 days (less than one month) → Diagnosis is an acute and transient psychotic disorder (brief psychotic disorder).
However, there is one problem in diagnosing acute & transient psychotic disorder → This patient is having a fever. So, we can not exclude organic cause (e.g. CNS infection) as a cause of psychotic symptoms.
While the diagnostic criteria for acute & transient psychotic disorder state that there should be the absence of organic cause.
So, the diagnosis of the acute & transient psychotic disorder cannot be made without addressing the organic basis of the disease.
Actually, the best answer here would have been organic psychosis, which is not provided in the options.
Amongst the given options, Acute psychosis is the best answer because of two reasons:-
Other three options can be excluded easily.
Symptoms and duration of symptoms are meeting the criteria for acute & transient psychosis (except for the Presence of fever)
About other options
The major symptoms in dementia are memory impairment and impairment of intellectual functions.
For Diagnosis of delirium, symptoms should be present in each one of the following areas:-
Impairment of consciousness & attention.
Global disturbance of cognition and perceptual disturbances.
Psychomotor disturbances.
Disturbance of sleep-wake cycle
Emotional disturbances
For Delusional disorder, symptoms should be there for more than 3 months. [/INST] question: A 20 year old boy c/o hearing of voices, aggressive behavior for 2 days. He has a fever for 2 days. When asked to his family, they say that he has been muttering to self and gesticulating. There is no h/o of psychiatric illness. Likely diagnosis is- | options: A: Dementia B: Acute psychosis C: Delirium D: Delusional disorder | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Every people uses its own special word to show its ideas and feelings. Some of these expressions(,) are commonly used for many years. Others are popular for just a short time. One such American expression is "Where's the beef?" It is used when something is not as good as it is said to be. In the early 1980s "Where's the beef?" was one of the most popular expressions in the United States. It seemed as if everyone using it at the time.
Beef, of course, is the meat from a cow, and food is more popular in America than a hamburger made from beef. In the 1960s a businessman named Ray began building small restaurants that sold hamburgers at a low price. Ray called this "McDonald's". Ray became one of the richest businessmen at last in America.
Other business people watched his success. Some of them opened their own hamburger restaurants. One company called "Wendy's" said its hamburgers were bigger than those sold by McDonald's or anyone else. The Wendy's Company began to use the expression "Where's the beef?" to make people know that Wendy's hamburgers were the biggest. The Wendy's television advertisement showed three old women eating hamburgers. The bread that covered the meat was very big, but inside there was only a bit of meat. One of the women said she would not eat a hamburger with such a little piece of beef. "Where's the beef?" she shouted in a funny way. The advertisement for Wendy's hamburger restaurants was success. As we said, it seemed everyone began using the expression "Where's the beef?". [/INST] question: _ started McDonald's restaurant. | options: A: Ray B: McDonald C: Wendy D: Three old women | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: o Most common ovarian tumour (over all) - Epithelial celt tumour o Most common tumour in young women - Germ celt tumour o Most common malignant tumour of the ovary - Serous cystadenocarcinoma o Most common benign tumour of the ovary (over all) - Dermoid cyst o Most common benign epithelial tumour of the ovary - Serous cystadenoma o Most common germ cell tumour of the ovary - Mature teratoma (Dermoid cyst) o Most common malignant germ cell tumour of the ovary - Dysgerminoma o Most common ovarian tumour in pregnancy (remains undiagnosed) - Serous cystadenoma o Most common benign rumour diagnosed in pregnancy - Dermoid cyst o Most common tumour diagnosed in pregnancy over all - Dermoid cyst o Most common malignant tumour diagnosed in pregnancy - Dysgerminoma o Most common ovarian tumour to undergo torsion in pregnancy - Dermoid cyst o Most common tumour to involve opposite ovary by metastasis - Granulosa cell tumour o Most radiosensitive ovarian tumour - Dysgerminoma o Most rapidly growing ovarian tumour - Yolk sac tumour o Most common connective tissue tumour - fibroma [/INST] question: Most common germ cell tumor is -' | options: A: Teratoma B: Choriocarcinoma C: Endodermal sinus tumor D: Mixed germ cell tumor | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Revised Jones criteria for acute rheumatic fever (2015) American Hea Association and World Health Federation For all populations with: - Initial episode of acute rheumatic fever: Two major / one major + two minor criteria - Recurrent episodes of acute rheumatic fever: Two major / one major + two minor / three minor criteria - Essential criteria: Previous evidence of group A beta hemolytic streptococcal infection Low - Risk Populations - Incidence <2/100,000 in school-going children; rheumatic hea disease prevalence <1/1000 Moderate & High-Risk Populations Incidence >2/100,000 in school-going children; rheumatic hea disease prevalence >1/1000 Major criteria - Carditis: Clinical or subclinical - Ahritis: Polyahritis only - Chorea - Erythema marginatum - Subcutaneous nodules Major criteria - Carditis: Clinical or subclinical - Ahritis: Polyahritis or monoahritis - Polyahralgia - Chorea - Erythema marginatum - Subcutaneous nodules Minor criteria - Polyahralgia - Fever (>38.5deg C) - ESR >=60 mm in the first hour; CRP >=3.0 mg/dL - Prolonged PR interval, after accounting for age variability (unless carditis is a major criterion) Minor criteria - Monoahralgia - Fever (>=38deg C) - ESR >=30 mm in the first hour; CRP >=3.0 mg/dL - Prolonged PR interval, after accounting for age variability (unless carditis is a major criterion) [/INST] question: Which of the following is a new Major Jones criteria in high risk population, according to AHA & world hea federation 2015 criteria:- | options: A: Monoahralgia B: Chorea C: Monoahritis D: Polyahritis | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: OK, I admit it: emoticons are popular. Some people even think they are fun. Many seem unable to get through an e-mail or Instant Message chat sentence without using one. Some feel that they add feeling and character to otherwise cold digital communications.
Some people, such as a Hollywood scriptwriter John Blumenthal, however, _ the use of emoticons as "infantile just like the people who use them". He believes that words themselves should be enough. "If you're funny, happy or sad, that should be apparent from the comment that goes before the emoticons," he argues.
In the eyes of Blumenthal, the use of emoticons is a gender issue. "Men don't use emoticons very much. Maybe not at all," he said, "Teenage girls and women seem to use them a lot. Maybe there's an emoticon gene."
It's an interesting opinion, but it is not shared by all.
In an interview with The New York Times, Dacher Keltner, professor of psychology at the University of California, said that emoticons are popular because our brains are programmed "to seek out representations of humanity". He believes that they are popular not because they are shortcuts for the lazy, but because they bring in something beyond language. They satisfy our needs to be with and communicate with people.
All of these arguments may be somehow right. Each one of us will choose to communicate in our own way. I tried to use one once and felt like I was stealing into a primary school class that I had no place being in. I'd rather let my words do the talking.
Friends, however, send me messages and e-mails full of emoticons. I have no problem with this. I don't regard any of my friends as lazy or immature. It's just a question of individuality. [/INST] question: Which of the following views would John Blumenthal agree with? | options: A: It's enough to use language in digital communication B: Instant Message chatters are childish C: Men never use emoticons D: There must be an emoticon gene in everybody | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: You've see news reports about people who need help after a natural disaster or animals in need. Or perhaps you've watched TV programs about how lonely older people can get.
So what can you do about any of those things? The answer: You can volunteer. Volunteering gives you an opportunity to change people's lives, including your own. Helping others in need is such an important part of the American way of life that many high schools require their students to spend a certain number of hours volunteering in order to graduate.
Volunteering isn't like school: Instead of having the choices made for you about where to go and what subjects to learn,you can choose what really interests you and who (or what) is most deserving of your time.
If you like animals, help out at a local animal shelter. Most shelters depend on volunteers to keep the cats and dogs happy and well exercised.
If you have a friend or who has or had a medical problem(like cancer,HIV,for example), you might be inspired to donate your time to help an organization that raises money for research, delivers meals,or offers other help to people with the illness.
If you like children,there are lots of volunteering opportunities--from being a Big Brother or Big Sister to helping out in an after-school sports program.
You also can: serve food at a homeless shelter; take part in a park cleanup day.
And if you have more than one thing you love,you can combine the two. For example,if you love kids and are great at arts and crafts , visit your local children's hospital and offer to lead art activities for young patients. [/INST] question: If you want to finish your high school in America, you're required to _ . | options: A: pass all your subjects B: help your classmates C: volunteer for some time D: spend a certain number of hours caring for animals | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Dear Mr Zhu,
I am writing to your magazine's "Teenagers Now" column to ask for some help with my 16-year-old son. At the moment, he refuses to do almost everything his mother and I ask him to do. He is our only child and we treat him very well. His grandparents buy him many things, and yet he is still rude to us. He refuses to spend time with us or do as we tell him. Sometimes he acts as if he doesn't even love us at all.
Now he refuses to do his homework, and instead insists on wasting his time watching DVDs and listening to foreign music. I cannot understand this music, but I don't like it. He also spends too much time in Internet cafes, where he either plays games or chats online. He is wasting valuable time during this important period in his life!
What am I to do? At present, to prevent making his mother unhappy with an argument, I am allowing him his freedom. However, I am worried that if I keep allowing him to do what he wants, he may fail at school, or worse.
How can I help my son without harming our relationship?
Yours
Liu Zhenhua [/INST] question: What's Mr. Zhu's job? | options: A: A teacher B: A magazine columnist C: A youth worker D: A doctor | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: These days picture news is very popular with young people. Here are some chosen from the Internet by Jack. Read on to find out which one you like best.
SPRING is coming, together with butterflies ! On March 31,the Natural History Museum in London, UK, had a butterfly show. Children came over and played with these beautiful creatures. They also got to know how butterflies grow up. Colorful butterflies flew freely at the show. They sometimes landed on visitors. Look! A large blue butterfly sits on the nose of the girl.
Earlier in April 2014, Sanlian Taofen Bookstore became the first 24-hour bookstore in Beijing. It hopes to encourage more people to read books.
"We welcome everyone who loves to read books at any time." The general manager of the store told China Youth Daily.
Although many people can now buy books online, many readers still like the feeling in bookstores. They can touch the books and smell the print.
This year, many children in the UK will have a new language to study: Chinese.
Starting in 2014, students aged 7-11 in the UK need to study one of seven foreign languages. They can choose from French, German, Spanish, Italian, Latin, Greek and Chinese.
The British government is offering to train a group of Chinese-language teachers. They will teach Chinese to more than 3,000 primary school students.
China and the UK work together in many fields. So it's important that the future generation can speak Chinese. [/INST] question: What could children get from visiting the butterfly show? | options: A: Beautiful creatures B: Pleasure and knowledge C: Colorful butterflies D: Care by the visitors | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Ransom Myers of Dalhousie University in Nova Scotia warned, using solid science and careful analysis, of the dangers of overfishing. _ and he wasn't afraid to report bad news. As the Guelph Mercury reported, the 54-year-old biologist, originally from Mississippi, was known for his research and warnings about the extinction of marine life around the world.
He developed a passion for marine protection during his days in St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada, where he worked for the Department of Fisheries and Oceans at a time when the industry was watching the collapse of the cod fishery. He became, says the Guelph Mercury, a lone, unpopular voice in the discussion about the cause of the collapse, insisting overfishing was the main factor. The world was spending its energy fighting over the few fish left instead of cutting catch limits before it was too late.
He warned governments, the fishing industry and consumers, that unless commercial fishing was reduced, many large marine species would become extinct, leading to economic disruptions, food shortages, and lasting damage to marine ecosystems. He said his conclusions were shocking because people had lost sight of the true effect of the declines and they did not look back far enough in history. In other words, he said, "We've forgotten how big fish used to be and how many of them once lived in the sea." [/INST] question: Ransom Myers was known for his scientific work in _ . | options: A: physics B: chemistry C: biology D: economics | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: First know about the layers of skin —
Epidermis (from superficial to deep) -
Stratum corneum (Horny layer)
Stratum granulosum (granular cells layer)
Stratum spinosum (Prickle cell layer)
Stratum basale (Basal cell layer)
Dermis —
Papillary dermis
Reticular dermis
Pemphigus is characterized by acantholysis. Acantholysis is separation of epidermal cells from one another. This separation occurs due to antibodies (IgG) against the intercellular substances.
Acantholysis occurs in different layers of epidermis in different types of pemphigus.
Pemphigus vulgaris and ----> Acantholysis occur in between basal cells and cells of prickle cell layer (Stratum pemphigus vegetans spinosum). Some books also state that acantholysis occurs in suprabasal layer. Suprabasal layer is most probably, stratum spinosum as it is seen above basal layer
Pemphigus foliaceous and-- Acantholysis occurs in stratum granulosum.
Pemphigus erythematosus
So, Stratum spinosum is involved in pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigus vegetans and stratum granulosum is involved in pemphigus foliaceous and pemphigus etythematosus.
But, the answer should be stratum spinosum, as pemphigus vulgaris is the most common type of pemphigus and most probably they have asked about it. [/INST] question: Acantholytic cells in Pemphigus are derived from - | options: A: Stratum granulosum B: Stratum basale C: Langerhans cell D: Stratum spinosum | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: There are two coagulation pathways - extrinsic and intrinsic. In the extrinsic system, tissue thromboplastin (a lipoprotein) interacts with factor VII. The intrinsic pathway requires factors XII, XI, IX, and VIII. Factor XII is the initial step in the coagulation cascade. Factor XII, activated by contact with a nonendothelial substance, will activate factor XI (plasma thromboplastin antecedent). However, factor XI can be activated even when factor XII is deficient. Calcium is required for nearly all of the enzyme reactions in both the intrinsic and extrinsic systems. The amount of ionized calcium required for these reactions is extremely small, and clinical hypocalcemia itself is not a cause of abnormal bleeding. Fibrin split products are not part of the normal pathway in either the intrinsic or extrinsic system. The excessive breakdown of fibrinogen results in measurable amounts of the breakdown products of fibrinogen in the blood. Their presence may signal DIC if the PT and platelet count are deranged. In pure fibrinolysis, fibrinogen breakdown product levels also may be increased. [/INST] question: What is the coagulation factor involved exclusively in the extrinsic coagulation system? SELECT ONE. | options: A: Factor II (prothrombin) B: Factor V C: Factor VII D: Factor VIII | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Option 1, 2, 3, 4 Mitogens like Phytohemagglutinin (PHA), Concanavalin (Con A), and Anti CD-3 induces T-cell blast transformation (multiplication). Option 2 Eosinophil chemotactic factor (ECF-A)- Eosinophil chemotaxis Neutrophil chemotactic factor (NCF-A)- Neutrophil chemotaxis Option 3, 4 Various cells and complement components of innate immunity cordinate and exe their effects through the production of soluble mediators. These mediators include cytokines, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes. Mediators released from activated macrophages and other cells include prostaglandins and leukotrienes. These inflammatory mediators regulate changes in local blood vessels such as vasodilataion During dilation, plasma escapes and accumulates in the area of injury. Fibrin is formed which occludes the lymphatic channels, limiting the spread of organisms. Prostaglandins and leukotrienes in Type I Hypersensitivity: Prostaglandins and leukotrienes are newly formed mediators derived from arachidonic acid the cyclooxygenase pathway. Prostaglandins induce edema and bronchoconstriction. Leukotriene B4 is a chemoattractant that activates and recruits leukocytes to the site of injury. Leukotrienes C4 and D4 cause vasodilation and vascular permeability. These mediators, along with TNF-a and IL-4, are referred to as secondary mediators of a type I reaction. [/INST] question: What enhances multiplication of T cells in culture | options: A: Phytohemagglutinin B: Chemotactic factor C: Leukotrienes D: Prostaglandins | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Causes of Non-Anion Gap Acidosis
I Gastrointestinal bicarbonate loss
Diarrhea
External pancreatic or small-bowel drainage
Ureterosigmoidostomy, jejunal loop, ileal loop
Drugs
1. Calcium chloride (acidifying agent)
Magnesium sulfate (diarrhea)
Cholestyramine (bile acid diarrhea)
II. Renal acidosis
A. Hypokalemia
Proximal RTA (type 2)
Distal (classic) RTA type 1)
B. Hyperkalemia
1. Generalized distal nephron dysfunction (type 4 RTA)
Mineralocorticoid deficiency
Mineralocorticoid resistance
Na+ delivery to distal nephron
Tubulointerstitial disease
Ammonium excretion defect
III. Drug-induced hyperkalemia (with renal insufficiency)
Potassium-sparing diuretics (amiloride, triamterene, spironolactone)
Trimethoprim
Pentamidine
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and AT-II receptor blocker.
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
Cyclosporine
IV Other
A. Acid loads (ammonium chloride, hyperalimentation)
B. Loss of potential bicarbonate: ketosis with ketone excretion
C. Expansion acidosis (rapid saline administration)
D. Hippurate
E. Cation exchange resins. [/INST] question: A normal-anion-gap metabolic acidosis occurs in patients with - | options: A: Diarrhoea B: Diabetic ketoacidosis C: Methyl alcohol poisoning D: Acute renal failure | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Health and development are intimately interconnected.
Proper nutrition of children is fundamental to the achievement of sustainable development.
Anthropometric measurements are the most widely used indicators of nutritional status in a community.
The commonly used anthropometric measurements are -
Weight
Length / height
Arm circumference
Chest circumference
Skinfold thickness
Measurement of weight and rate in gain in weight are the best single parameters for assessing physical growth.
The comparison of a child's height and weight with the standard growth chart helps to determine if the particular child is within the expected normal range for his age, sex and socioeconomic status.
It does not indicate if the rate of growth of child was normal in the recent past.
The point to stress here is that it is very difficult to recognize a recent disturbance in growth by comparing weight or height with the reference standards because a clearly abnormal percentile position on the growth chart becomes evident only when the factors retarding growth are profound or if they have persisted for a considerable time.
Measurement of the velocity of growth or increment in unit time is a better tool for early identification of factors affecting growth and also for assessment of the usefulness of social and remedial measures. [/INST] question: Best indicator for nutritional status for a child is – | options: A: Mid arm circumference B: Head circumference C: Rate of increase of height and weight D: Chest circumference | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: China has a long tradition of respecting education. But its present education is not that respectable.
According to the Hurun Report, which conducted one-on-one interviews with 980 wealthy Chinese people with net assets of more than 60 million yuan ($9.5 million) in 18 mainland cities from May to September, about 14 percent of them said they had either already moved overseas or had applied to do so, and another 46 percent said they planned to emigrate within three years. All cited the higher-quality education available for their children overseas as the reason.
Such a mindset has resulted in a growing number of Chinese students studying abroad.
To be fair, our primary and high schools are a leader in content throughout the world. The Program for International Student Assessment last year offered a feather in the cap for our education. Participating in the program administered by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, teenagers in Shanghai were far in advance of their peers from 64 countries, including the United States, in reading literacy, mathematics and science.
So why does education in this country leave so many wealthy parents cold?
Children in China have no say in what they learn. They normally learn by rote and are forced to study the subjects that help them in examinations for a school of a higher grade, especially the college entrance exams.
Studies conducted by the China Youth and Children Research Center show that more than half of Chinese secondary school students study overtime and they don't get enough sleep. And more than 70 percent of students in primary and middle schools take after-school tutoring classes, which is considered a heavy burden on children.
And this situation turns many parents into demons like "Wolf Father" Xiao Baiyou in Guangdong province, who supported his children's learning with verbal abuse and physical violence. Xiao doesn't pale in comparison to Tiger Mother Amy Chua in the United States. He is satisfied with his parenting skills, as he has sent three of his four children to Peking University, one of China's most prestigious higher learning institutions.
Such ways of stimulating children to learn are certainly scary enough to make those Chinese parents with deep pockets choose a foreign school for their kids.
As long as exams-oriented education continues, parents will look overseas for a better way to educate their children. [/INST] question: How many of the wealthy Chinese interviewed were in favor of moving overseas? | options: A: 14% of them B: 46% of them C: 32% of them D: 60% of them | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Abdominal wall defects Omphalocele- Intestine fails return to the intra-abdominal cavity- Covered by 2 layers* Amnion* Peritoneum- For Small defect - Protrusion of small amounts of bowel- For Large defect - Protrusion of small bowel along with liver- Associated with Trisomy 13, 18, 21- Associated with congenital malformations - CVS > Musculoskeletal system >Gastrointestinal system > Genito urinary system- MC cause of death - congenital malformations- Associated with BECKWITH - WEIDMAN SYNDROME (variant of Wilms tumour)* Hemi hyperophy* Macroglossia* Visceromegaly* Omphalocele* Hepatoblastoma- Poor prognosis (associated with congenital malformations) Gastroschisis- Splitting of abdominal wall from right side with herniation of bowel.- Bowel is exposed, not covered and becomes thickened,matted and edematous- Associated with Intestinal atresiaRisk factors- If mother has history of intake of* Alcohol* Smoking* Aspirin during first trimester* Ibuprofen* Pseudoephedrine- Age of mother - < 20 years age- Not associated with congenital anomalies - so good prognosis [/INST] question: A male neonate is born with an omphalocele. This entity can be distinguished from gastroschisis, because in an omphalocele, the protrusion is: | options: A: Not covered by a sac B: A defect in the abdominal musculature C: Associated with Intestinal atresia D: Associated with congenital malformations | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: ANS. B* Sensitivity: A/(A+C) x 100Sensitivity is the probability that a test will indicate 'disease' among those with the disease.* Specificity: D/(D+B) x 100Specificity is the fraction of those without disease who will have a negative test result.* Positive Predictive Value: A/(A+B) x 100Positive predictive value--diagnostic power of a screening test to correctly identify the disease.* Negative Predictive Value: D/(D+C) x 100Negative predictive value--diagnostic power of a screening test to exclude the disease.# Important formulas in SPM1. Extra edge in sensitivity, specificityIn sequential testing (one diagnostic test is done, if that test is positive, same test is repeated again):- False positivity decreases- Specificity increases- Sensitivity decreasesIn parallel testing (two different diagnostic tests are done together):- False negativity decreases- Sensitivity increases- Specificity decreases(This question was asked in May and November session JIPMER 2017)2. Normal distribution curve3. Positive and negative skew* In positive skew: Mean > Median > Mode* In negative skew: Mean < Median < Mode4. Odds ratio = P/(l-P) {where, P is the probablity}.5. Sample size of a study = 4PQ/D2 {where, P = prevalence, Q = (1-P), D is error6. Standard error of a population[?] (PQ/sample size)7. Crude birth rate = (8 x total fertility rate) + 1. [/INST] question: High sensitivity in a study means | options: A: If the disease is rare, then it means that patient is definitely having it B: High chance of having a disease if the prevalence is high C: High chance of definitely having the disease D: High chance of not getting the disease | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: In the 1700s, a scientist was someone who thought about the way things work and tried to find out ways to make things work better. Today. that definition is still true. Every time Ben Franklin saw a question and tried to answer it. he was a scientist. Ben is most famous for his questions about electricity, hut he also experimented with many other ideas in nature.
In 1743. Ben observed that northeast storms begin in the southwest. He thought it was strange that storms travel in an opposite direction to their winds. He predicted that a storm's course could be charted . Ben rode a horse through a storm and chased a whirlwind three-quarters of a mile in order to learn more about storms. So, in a way, Ben was a weatherman too!
Since Ben spent so much time sailing go Europe across the Atlantic Ocean, he became very interested in both ocean currents and shipbuilding .Ben was actually one of the first people to chart the Gulf Stream.
In November of 1783. Ben happened to be in Paris, France, working on a peace tre"0' to end the American war against England. From his hotel window. he was able to watch the world's first known hot-air balloon flight. The balloon lifted the Montgolfier brothers off the ground as the first human beings ever known to fly. Ben ,vas very interested in the idea of flight, predicting that one day balloons would be used for milita0 ( ) spy flights and dropping bombs during battle. Soon. balloons were actually being used for entertainment. military, and scientific purposes. Even though they could not yet be steered, many people volunteered to take a ride just for fun! Sadly, Ben Franklin died three years before the first American hot-air balloon voyage. In 1793, Jean-Pierre Blanchard lifted off from the Walnut Street Prison Yard in Philadelphia, beginning the hot-air balloon craze in America. [/INST] question: Ben Franklin went to Paris in November of 1783 to----. | options: A: sign a treaty B: have a talk with Britain C: seek support from France D: experiment with hot-air balloons | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Yes, it's still 2015, but as USA Today says, "it's never too early to plan your 2016 travels". With so many hot destinations around the globe, "where should I go?" can be difficult to answer. According to Lonely Planet, though, Brazil is a fine choice - on April 29, the travel guide named that country the top one to visit in 2016.
"As if endless strands of coast and mountains splashed with rainforest didn't already add up to an unfair share of heaven , Brazil held one of the greatest sporting events in the world, the 2014 FIFA World Cup, and the 2016 Summer Olympics, another greatest one, will be followed ," explained Lonely Planet.
Brazil is the largest and most populous country in South America. It boasts the Amazon, the world's largest jungle , which is home to a variety of plants and animals. But the great landscape is not the only thing Brazilians take pride in.
The colors green and yellow might make most people think of Brazil's soccer team even more than its national flag. Soccer is more than a sport in Brazil; it's a way of life. In fact, the World Cup brings Brazilians together. It is interesting to note that the general elections in Brazil are usually held during the same year as the World Cup. Political parties try to take advantage of the patriotic enthusiasm created by soccer to inspire political energy.
Alongside soccer, samba is another emblem of Brazil. The country's most traditional dance is highlighted every February at the Rio Carnival, which is one of the world's biggest.
"Brazil has left its second-class nation status ," said former Brazilian president Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva in 2009 after Rio de Janeiro was awarded the 2016 Olympics.
Brazil's growing economy, fueled by oil and aircraft factories, has made it more than just a nation of samba, soccer and beaches. These days, it might just be the best tourist destination in the world. [/INST] question: We can tell Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva is _ his country from his words. | options: A: honest about B: ashamed of C: modest about D: proud of | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Peristalsis is a reflex response that is initiated when the gut wall is stretched by the contents of the lumen, and it occursin all pas of the gastrointestinal tract from the esophagus to the rectum.An excellent example of the integrated activity of the enteric nervous system. Intesto-intestinal reflex: If an area of the bowel is grossly distended, contratile activity in the rest of the bowel is inhibited. It depends on the extrinsic neural connections with the ENS; sectioning of the extrinsic nerve will abolish this reflex. Recto-sphincteric reflex: When the rectum is distended by fecal material, the internal anal sphincter relaxes. This reflex will also signal the urge for defecation. (When the rectum is filled to about 25% of its capacity, there is an urge for defecation).If the environmental conditions are not suitable for defecation, then there will be voluntary contraction of the external anal sphincter to overcome the urge for defecation. When it is convenient to defecate, there is voluntary relaxation of the external anal sphincter and evacuation of feces occurs. Gastro-ileal reflex: Sholy after eating food , there is relaxation of the ileo-cecal sphincter and increase in the contractile activity of the ileum. It promotes passage of small intestinal contents into the colon. This reflex is mediated by the extrinsic autonomic nerves to the intestine. [/INST] question: Which of the following motor events is integrated entirely within the Enteric Nervous System? | options: A: Intesto-intestinal reflex B: Recto-sphincteric reflex C: Gastro-ileal reflex D: Peristaltic reflex | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Once there was a rich,beautiful and wise princess.Tired of those who were only interested in her money,she said that she would only marry whoever managed to present her with the most valuable and sincere gift of all.
Soon the palace was filled with gifts of every kind.Among all these gifts,she found a simple dirty stone.She wondered who had offered this gift.She pretended to be very angry because of the gift when the young man was brought before her. He explained,"Dear Princess,this stone stands for the most valuable thing one can give---- it is my heart.It is also sincere.And because it is not yet yours,it is as hard as a stone.Only when it is filled with love will it become softer than any other thing."
The young man quietly left,leaving the princess surprised.She was so in love that she took the little stone with her wherever she went.And for months she gave the young man gifts and all her attention.But his heart remained as hard as the stone in her hands.Losing hope,she ended up throwing the stone into a fire. Then in the heat of the fire,the stone became a golden figure .Then the princess understood that she herself would have to be like fire.
During the following months,she contributed her life, her wisdom and her wealth to her country.And the people started to call her the "Princess of Fire".
And,as with the stone,the Princess of Fire melted the hardness of the young man's heart.And, just as he had promised,he became so soft that he made the princess happy till the end of her days. [/INST] question: How did the princess feel When she first saw the stone? | options: A: Angry B: Excited C: Curious D: Sad | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Scientists have written a report on the future of trade and industry. They talk about the role robots will play in industry.
What is a robot?Basically ,it is a machine which is designed to do the work of a human being. It is usually controlled by a computer. Once it has been given a set of things to do,it will do the job on its own.
Nowadays,Britain has 120 robots at work in industry. This compares badly with other industrial countries. In Japan,there are 4,000 robots in use. In the USA there are 2,000 and in Germany there are 500. According to the report,the government must help people understand how robot technology can be used. Also,people must be educated to know how important this new technology is. The designing of new robots will be very important in the future. The report says that special robot centres should be set up where people who design robots and people who will use them work together. The assembly work of the future will be complex . So firms must develop robots to do it. [/INST] question: The report was written by _ scientists. | options: A: English B: American C: German D: Japanese | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Two graduates from Cambridge University in the United Kingdom found themselves about to graduate, yet with loans to pay off. The pair decided to begin a strange, year-long project to battle their debt.
The men, Ross Harper and Ed Moyse, set up the site BuyMyFace.co.uk. last October as a way to get rid of the $80,000 they shared as student loans. The idea behind the project was to earn money by selling their faces as advertising space every day for a year. Each day, they advertise a different business on their site by painting the brand's logo or name on their faces and including a link to the company's site. After they paint their faces and publish them on the site, Harper and Moyse go out to highly populated areas such as music festivals and theme parks to maximize their faces' exposure.
At this time, Harper and Moyse have advertised their faces for over four months without skipping a day and they're more than halfway to their goal. Though they first started charging a minimum of about USD $1.60 per company, the prices have risen as their popularity increased. For advertising space during the remainder of April, they range between USD $250 and $750.
Terri L. Rittenburg, associate professor of marketing at the University of Wyoming, said she had heard of people tattooing logos on themselves before, but this idea is much better. According to her, at first the idea would be new and novel and attract attention, but she is unsure how long it would last.
At least for now, companies that have bought Harper and Moyse's faces have written positive comments on the pair's website. "We had a three percent increase in website traffic on the very day and for two days more afterwards," said an alcoholic beverage company. [/INST] question: Harper and Moyse go to highly populated areas to _ . | options: A: have fun B: make friends C: show their faces D: find new customers | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Behcet syndrome is a multisystem disorder that usually presents with recurrent oral and genital ulcers. Onefouh of patients develop superficial or deep vein thrombophlebitis. Iritis, uveitis, and nondeforming ahritis may also occur. The 50-year-old drug abuser also has a multisystem disease, including systemic complaints, hypeension, skin lesions, neuropathy, and an abnormal urine sediment. This complex suggests a vasculitis, paicularly polyaeritis nodosa. The disease is a necrotizing vasculitis of small and medium muscular aeries. The pathology of the kidney includes an aeritis and, in some cases, a glomerulitis. Nodular skin lesions show vasculitis on biopsy. The 19-year-old with low back pain, morning stiffness, and eye pain has complaints that suggest ankylosing spondylitis. This is an inflammatory disorder that affects the axial skeleton. It is an autoimmune disorder that has a close association with HLA-B27 histocompatibility antigen. Anterior uveitis is the most common extraaicular complaint. Aoic regurgitation occurs in a few percent of patients. The elderly male presents with nonspecific joint complaints typical of polymyalgia rheumatica. The high erythrocyte sedimentation rate is characteristic. The transient loss of vision suggests concomitant temporal aeritis, an impoant association seen paicularly. [/INST] question: A young male presents with leg swelling and recurrent aphthous ulcers of his lips and tongue. He has also recently noted painful genital ulcers. There is no urethritis or conjunctivitis. On exam, he has evidence of deep vein thrombophlebitis. (SELECT 1 DIAGNOSIS) | options: A: Behcet syndrome B: Ankylosing spondylitis C: Polymyalgia rheumatic D: Polyaeritis nodosa | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: My father was Chief engineer of merchant ship, which was sunk in Word War II. The book Night of the U-boats told the story.
Memories
In September, 1940, my mother, sister and I went to Swansea, where my father's ship was getting ready to sail. We brought him a family photograph to be kept with him at all times and keep him safe.
Then I remember my mother lying face down, sobbing. She had heard from a friend that the ship had been sunk by a torpedo .
I can remember the arrival of the telegram , which in those days always brought had news. My grandmother opened it. It read, "Safe, Love Ted."
My most vivid memory is being woken and brought down to sit on my father's knee, his arm in a bandage.
He was judged unfit to return to sea and took a shore job in Glasgow for the rest of the war. For as long as I can remember, he had a weak heart. Mother said _ was caused by the torpedoes. He said it was because of the cigarettes. Whichever, he died suddenly in his early 50s.
Ten years later I read Night of the U-boats and was able to complete the story.
Torpedo
One torpedo struck the ship. Father was in the engine room, where the third engineer was killed. He shut down the engines to slow the ship making it easier for it to be abandoned.
By the time he got on deck he was alone. Every lifeboat was gone except one which had stuck fast. When he tried to cut it free, it swung against the ship, injuring his hand and arm. He had no choice but to jump -- still with the photograph in his pocket.
Three days later, he and other survivors were safe in Glasgow. All 23 with him signed the back of the photograph.
A Toast
In my room is the book and the photograph. Often, glass in hand, I have wondered how I would have dealt with an explosion, a sinking ship, a jump into a vast ocean and a wait for rescue? Lest we forget, I have some more whisky and toast the heroes of the war. [/INST] question: We can infer that the mother and children went to Swansea _ . | options: A: to meet a friend B: to see the father off C: to take a family photo D: to enjoy the sailing of the ship | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: While beach vacations may be a great way to take your mind off work,lakes surrounded by mountains make for an even grander experience.If you are looking for some peace on your vacation,we have some recommendations for you in the Caucasus .
Lake Sevan
Lake Sevan is situated in the central part of Armenia,in the Gegharkunik province.It is the largest lake in Armenia,located 6,200ft above sea level.Along the lake shore,there are various accommodations such as resorts and hotels with plenty of activities to partake in such as windsurfing,swimming and sunbathing.While there,do not forget to visit one of the famous cultural monuments,the Sevanavank Monastery,and it offers a great view of the lake as well.
Lake Paravani
Lake Paravani,located at 6,801ft above sea level,is in the south of Georgia,near the Javakheti plateau.At this level,altitude sickness can occur and it is a good idea to be prepared to adapt to it properly,or bring medication for altitude sickness.Being a volcanic lake makes for a more interesting experience.The lake is best known for fishing.Do not come home during the winter months when the lake freezes.
Lake Cildir
Lake Cildir is located in the Ardahan province,East Turkey,near the borders of Georgia and Armenia.It is the second largest freshwater lake of Eastern Turkey,and many tourists are not aware of this beautiful attraction.Lake Cildir is surrounded by mountains of the Caucasus.The lake freezes during late November.If the winter is not extremely cold,you can try some lake activities like ice skating and ice fishing.
Lake Van
Lake Van is the must visit of all lakes in this list.The largest lake in Turkey,Lake Van is located on the eastern shore of Turkey and is also the most accessible lake here.It's situated at 5,380ft above sea level,and unique to lakes around the world,the water is high in salt content. [/INST] question: If you want to visit some historic sites during your travel by a lake,you can go to _ . | options: A: Lake Cildir B: Lake Parvani C: Lake Sevan D: Lake Van | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: In autophagy, senescent organelles or denatured proteins are targeted for lysosome-driven degradation by encircling them with a double membrane derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and marked by LC3 proteins (microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3). Gene associated with autophagy: ATG-3. Marker of autophagy: LC-3. Protein responsible for autophagy: BECLIN-1. Beclin -1 when it forms a complex with BCL-2 which inhibit apoptosis, the complex inhibits the autophagy process. Inhibition of autophagy might lead to malignancy. Exposure of cells to radiation or chemotherapeutic agents induces apoptosis by a mechanism that is initiated by DNA damage (genotoxic stress) and that involves the tumor-suppressor gene TP53. p53 protein accumulates in cells when DNA is damaged, and it arrests the cell cycle (at the G1 phase) to allow time for repair. However, if the damage is too great to be repaired successfully, p53 triggers apoptosis. When TP53 is mutated or absent (as it is in many cancers), cells with damaged DNA fail to undergo p53-mediated apoptosis and instead survive. In such cells, the DNA damage may result in mutations of various types that lead to neoplastic transformation. Thus, p53 serves as a critical "life or death" switch following genotoxic stress. Among the proteins whose production is stimulated by p53 are several pro-apoptotic members of the BCL2 family, notably BAX, BAK and some BH3-only proteins. [/INST] question: Apoptotic gene which is also associated with autophagy is | options: A: p53 B: BAX C: BCL-2 D: BID | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Dear God,
I am a boy. I live in a poor village. My Parents used to be farmer but now they are working in a big city. They want to build a new house. Our old house is _ It becomes wet after a heavy rain. I think our new house must look clean and smart. I don't mind if it is big or small. It is not in the centre of the city or near the sea. _ lies in a peaceful valley. There are flowers and grasses around the house. My father can ride his horse to look after his sheep; my mother can milk her cows. My brother's cat is lying in the sun while I am reading under the tree. How beautiful!
Our new house has three bedrooms. There is a bedroom for my mother and father , one for me and one for my brother. There is a living room, a kitchen and a bathroom. There is a small balcony in front of the house, and a armchair stands there quietly. There are some plants on the balcony, too. My family will be very happy in the new house. God, tell me, can my dream come true? What should I do for that?
Sincerely yours,
Amos [/INST] question: How many people are there in Amos' family? | options: A: Five B: Two C: There D: Four | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The median nerve provides innervation to the flexor compartment of the forearm; cutaneous innervation of the second, third, and fourth digits and palmar and dorsum aspects of the hand; and innervation of four intrinsic hand muscles: first and second lumbricals, abductor pollicis brevis, opponens pollicis, and flexor pollicis brevis. The thenar compartment contains the muscle abductor pollicis brevis, opponens pollicis, and flexor pollicis brevis, and these muscles are innervated by the recurrent branch of the median nerve. The patient has weakening of the first two lumbricals and not simply the thenar muscles, so the median nerve is most likely to be compressed. Another indication that the median nerve is compressed is the vigorous shaking of the wrist. Because the median nerve traverses the carpal tunnel, carpal tunnel compression could lead to this action on part of the patient. The ulnar nerve provides innervation for part of the flexor digitorum profundus and flexor carpi ulnaris. These muscles are not weakened in this patient. The radial nerve provides cutaneous supply to the dorsum of the hand and forearm as well as extensor muscles of the forearm. The posterior interosseous nerve is a branch of the radial nerve and provides innervation of the extensor muscles in the forearm. [/INST] question: |A 69-year-old woman visits the outpatient clinic with a complaint of numbness and tingling of her hand for the past 3 months. Physical examination reveals she has numbness and pain in the lateral three digits of her right hand that are relieved by vigorous shaking of the wrist. In addition, the abductor pollicis brevis, opponens pollicis, and the first two lumbrical muscles are weakened. Sensation was decreased over the lateral palm and the volar aspect of the first three digits. Which of the following nerves is most likely compressed? | options: A: Ulnar B: Radial C: Recurrent median D: Median | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Different countries have different customs. When you travel to another country, please follow their customs, just as the saying goes, " _ ."
Very often people who travel to the United States forget to tip . It is usual to tip _ who help carry your bags, taxi drivers and waiters. Waiters expect to get a 15% tip on the cost of your meal. Taxi drivers expect about the same amount.
In England, make sure to stand in line even if there are only two of you. It's important to respect lines there. It's a good idea to talk about the weather. It's a favourite subject of conversation with the British.
In Spain, it's a good idea to have a light meal in the afternoon if someone invites you for dinner. People have dinner very late, and restaurants do not generally open until after 9 pm.
In Arab countries, men kiss one another on the cheek . Your host may welcome you with a kiss on both cheeks. It is polite for you to do the same.
In Japan, people usually give personal or business cards to each other when they meet for the first time. When a person gives you a card, don't put it into your pocket right away. The person expects you to read it.
Don't forget to be careful of your body language to express something in a conversation. A kind of body language that is used in one culture may be impolite in another. [/INST] question: When you travel to the USA, you don't need to tip _ . | options: A: porters B: waiters C: actors D: taxi drivers | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: In 1995, Susan Boyle went to Glasgow toaudition forMy Kind of people, a televised talent show popular in the UK. She was immediately rejected. She was nervous during the audition, and felt she didn't perform well, but her brother said that she was rejected because of her plain looks. Boyle was not discouraged and continued to sing at church and at the karaoke nights in a local pub.
Boyle suffered a personal loss in 1997, when her father passed away. After his death. Boyle put her big dreams on hold to care for her sick mother Bridget Boyle. The mother and daughter often talked of Susan's possible fame. Bridget Boyle encouraged her daughter to take part in singing competitions. "She was the one who said I should enterBritain's Got Talent. We used to watch it together." Susan later told reporters. "She thought I would win."
In 1999, Boyle used all of her savings to pay for a professionaldemo tape. which she sent to record companies. In 2002, Boyle began taking singing lessons from voice coach Fred O'Neil.
In 2007, Boyle's mother passed away at the age of 91. A neighbor reported that when Bridget Boyle died, her daughter "wouldn't come out for three or four days or answer the door or phone." She lived alone with her cat, Pebbles. For over a year, she refused to sing. But in August of 2008, O'Neil urged her to try out forBritain's Got Talent. Convinced that the performance would be an honor to her mother, Boyle auditioned in Glasgow, Scotland. She sangI Dreamed A Dreamin the first round of the show, which was aired on 11 April 2009.
The 47-year-old Scottish woman's plain looks provided a sharpcontrast to her powerfully beautiful voice. The performance astonished the audience and the judges. Online videos of her performance totaled over 40 million views within a week. Although she failed to win the final ofBritain's Got Talent, Susan Boyle became globally popular. Her first albumI Dreamed A Dreamhas sold over five million copies. [/INST] question: Bridget Boyle's attitude towards her daughter's musical talent can be described as _ . | options: A: critical B: doubtful C: indifferent D: optimistic | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: In the United States,when one becomes rich,he wants people to know it. And even if he does not become very rich,he wants people to think that he is. That is what "keeping up with the Joneses" is about. It is the story of someone who tried to look as rich as his neighbors.
The expression was first used in 1913 by a young American called Arthur Momand. He told this story about himself. He began earning $125 a week at the age of 23.That was a lot of money in those days. He got married and moved with his wife to a very wealthy neighborhood outside New York City. When he saw that rich people rode horses,Momand went horseback riding every day. When he saw that rich people had servants. Momand and his wife also hired a servant and gave big parties for their new neighbors.
It was like a race,but one could never finish this race because one was always trying to keep up. The race ended for Momand and his wife when they could no longer pay for their new way of life. They moved back to an apartment in New York City.
Momand looked around him and noticed that many people do things just to keep up with rich lifestyle of their neighbors. He saw the funny side of it and started to write a series of short stories. He called it "Keeping up with the Joneses" because "Jones" is a very common name in the United States. "Keeping up with the Joneses" came to mean keeping up with rich lifestyle of the people around you. Momand's series appeared in different newspapers across the country for over 28 years.
People never seem to get tired of keeping up with the Joneses. And there are "Joneses" in every city of the world. But one must get tired of trying to keep up with the Joneses because no matter what one does,Mr. Jones always seems to be ahead. [/INST] question: Some people want to keep up with the Joneses because they _ . | options: A: want to be happy B: want others to know or to think that they are rich C: don't want others to know they are rich D: want to be as rich as their neighbors | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Xeroderma Pigmentosum Patients with another inherited disorder, xeroderma pig- mentosum, are at increased risk for the development of cancers of sun-exposed skin. The basis for this disorder is defective DNA repair. Ultraviolet (UV) rays in sunlight cause cross-linking of pyrimidine residues, preventing normal DNA replication. Such DNA damage is repaired by the nucleotide excision repair system. Several proteins are involved in nucleotide excision repair, and an inherited loss of any one of these can give rise to xeroderma pigmentosum. Diseases with Defects in DNA Repair by Homologous Recombination A group of autosomal recessive disorders comprising Bloom syndrome, ataxia-telangiectasia, and Fanconi anemia is characterized by hypersensitivity to other DNA- damaging agents, such as ionizing radiation (in Bloom syn- drome and ataxia-telangiectasia), or to DNA cross-linking agents, such as nitrogen mustard (in Fanconi anemia). Their phenotype is complex and includes, in addition to predisposition to cancer, features such as neural symptoms (in ataxia-telangiectasia), anemia (in Fanconi anemia), and developmental defects (in Bloom syndrome). The gene mutated in ataxia-telangiectasia is ATM, which encodes a protein kinase that is impoant in recognizing DNA damage caused by ionizing radiation and initiating p53 activation. Evidence for the role of DNA repair genes in the origin of cancer also comes from the study of hereditary breast cancer. Mutations in two genes, BRCA1 and BRCA2, account for 50% of cases of familial breast cancer. In addi- tion to breast cancer, women with BRCA1 mutations have a substantially higher risk of epithelial ovarian cancers, and men have a slightly higher risk of prostate cancer. Like- wise, mutations in the BRCA2 gene increase the risk of breast cancer in both men and women, as well as cancer of the ovary, prostate, pancreas, bile ducts, stomach, melano- cytes, and B lymphocytes. Although the functions of these genes have not been elucidated fully, cells that lack these genes develop chromosomal breaks and severe aneuploidy. Indeed, both genes seem to function, at least in pa, in the homologous recombination DNA repair pathway. For example, BRCA1 forms a complex with other proteins in the homologous recombination pathway and also is linked to the ATM kinase pathway. BRCA2 was identified as one of several genes mutated in Fanconi anemia, and the BRCA2 protein has been shown to bind to RAD51, a protein required for homologous recombination. Similar to other tumor suppressor genes, both copies of BRCA1 and BRCA2 must be inactivated for cancer to develop. Although linkage of BRCA1 and BRCA2 to familial breast cancers is estab- lished, these genes are rarely inactivated in sporadic cases of breast cancer. In this regard, BRCA1 and BRCA2 are dif- ferent from other tumor suppressor genes, such as APC and TP53, which are inactivated in both familial and spo- radic cancers. ref Robbins 8/e p275; 9/e p314 [/INST] question: Which of the following is DNA repair defect | options: A: Retinoblastoma B: Neurofibromatosis C: Xeroderma pigmentosum D: MEN1 | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: "Regardless of social class, race and age, men say they hate to shop," says Zukin, City University of New York sociology professor."Yet when you ask them deeper questions, it turns out that they like to shop.Men generally like to shop for books, music and hardware.But if you ask them about the shopping they do for books or music, they'll say, " Well, that's not shopping.That's research."
In other words, what men and women call "buying things" and how they approach that task are different.
Women will wander through several 1,000-square-meter stores in search of the perfect party dress.Men will wander through 100 Internet sites in search of the perfect digital camcorder .Women see shopping as a social event.Men see it as a special task or a game to be won.
"Men are frequently shopping to win," says Ann, a marketing professor at Loyola University of Chicago."They want to get the best deal.They want to get the best one, the latest one and if they do that it makes them happy." When women shop, they're doing it in a way that they want everybody to be very happy," says Ann."They're kind of shopping for love."
" Teenage girls learn to shop from their moms and older sisters, but they also learn to shop by examining articles in magazines like Seventeen," City University Zukin says. "And although men's magazines such as GQandEsquire have long had shopping articles, it's TV that has the eye of young male shoppers," say Ann and Zukin.
"Television shows are used by young men in the same way Seventeenmagazine orLuckyis used by girls," says Zukin, "to help make clothing and toiletry choices."
"Of course, there are men who love to shop and are proud of it," Loyola's Ann says.And that is important no matter whether you buy a car or a frying pan.All men love to buy but don't want to get cheated. Ann adds, "There actually are men who are interested, for example, in cooking or shopping or chinaware or things around the home-----they become kind of girl _ .Women like it." [/INST] question: Compared to women, men usually treat shopping _ . | options: A: honestly B: seriously C: emotionally D: foolishly | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: After the Summer Olympics are over, when all the athletes have gone home and the television audience has switched off, another group of athletes and fans will arrive at the host city, and another competition will begin. These are the Paralympics, the games for athletes with a disability. But in Beijing in 2008, for the first time, one of the greatest Paralympics athletes did not take part.
She is a British athlete by the name of Tanni Grey-Thormpson. Born with spine hifida which left her paralysed from the waist. Tanni used a wheelchair from the age of 7. at first, she did not like sports, apart from horse-riding, which gave her a sense of freedom. But in her teens, she started taking sports more seriously. She tried swimming, basketball and tennis. Eventually she found she began to love athletics, and never looked back.
Indeed, Tanni's athletic career took off . In 1984, when she was 15, she pulled off a surprise victory in the 100metres at the Junior National Wheelchair Games.
In 1988, Tanni went to her first Paralympic Games in Seoul. She won bronze in the 400 metres. Even greater success followed at the 1992 Barcelonn. Paralympics. Tanni won gold in the 100, 200, 400 and 800 metres relay, setting two world records in the process. In the same year she achieved the first of her six London Wheelchair Marathon victories.
Tanni's success had been part motivation , part preparation, "The training I do that enables me to be a good sprinter enables me to be good at a marathon too. I train 50 weeks of the year and that keeps me prepared for whatever distance I want to see.... I am still competing at a very high level, but as I get older, things get harder and I want to retire before I fall apart."
Indeed Tanni retired finally after the Visa Paralympic World Cup in 2007. Her wish is to coach young athletes for Beijing 2008 Olympic Games.
In spite of ups and downs, she never takes her fate lying down. In her splendid life, she has won an amazing eleven gold medals, four silvers and one bronze in series of Paralympics- a top level athletic career covering two decades. She has won the London Wheelchair Marathon six times, more than any other competitor, and she has set over thirty world records.
What advice does she have for young athletes? "Work hard at your studies, and then train, train and train again." [/INST] question: Which of the following sports did Tanni like before thirteen? | options: A: Basketball B: Swimming C: Tennis D: Horse-riding | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: A woman was collecting money for a church charity. The money she collected was going to be given to poor children who had no parents to take care of them. She went from apartment to apartment and from house to house. She knocked on doors and asked for money. She always said the same thing. "Good morning, I'm collecting for a church charity. Please give generously. We need $5,000." Then she held out a collecting box. Most people put a few coins in the box. An artist lived in one of the apartments. He opened the door. "Good morning." she said. "I'm collecting for a church charity. Please give generously. We need $5,000." The artist thought for a moment, then he said, "I'm sorry, but I don't have any money. However, I'll give you a painting. It's worth $ 400." The woman thanked the artist and took the painting away. A week later she called on him again. "I'm sorry to trouble you again," she said, "but we still need more money. I need another $ 100. Can you help?" "Of course," the artist said. "I'll increase the value of my painting to $ 500." [/INST] question: Who was the woman collecting money for? | options: A: Poor children B: Herself C: Her friends D: A church | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: A new report says more and more international students are attending colleges and universities in the United States. It also notes a large increase in the number of international students form China. These findings are from the latest edition of the Open Doors Report.
The report tells the record number of international students in the United States during the 2011-2012 school year. It says more than 764,400 such students were attending American colleges and universities during that period. That means an increase of almost 6% compared to one year earlier. By comparison ,the number of Americans who are studying overseas increased by 1%.
The report says 194,000 students at American colleges and universities are from China. That is an increase of more than 23% over the year before. Peggy Blumenthal is an assistant to the president of the Institute of International Education. She says many Chinese families are able to pay for the highest-quality education for their children. The children mainly choose to study in America." We know many of them have enough income to be able to afford to send them anywhere in the world that they want to go. And for the most part, looking around the world, Chinese students still prefer to come to the United States as their destination of choice." She says.
Chinese students are not the only ones who want to attend American colleges and universities . After China, India sends the second largest number of students to the United States for higher education. India has about 100,000 students in American schools. South Korea is third with about 70,000 students.
Why do so many foreign students study in the United States ? Peggy Blumenthal provides one reason. " The advantage America has is that we have a huge system and a very diverse system. So there are over four thousand universities and colleges in the United States, and what it tells us is that there is still a lot of room to contain international students." [/INST] question: The number of Chinese students at American colleges and universities has increased by _ compared to the year before. | options: A: 6% B: 23% C: 1% D: 20% | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The best method used for diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency is ACTH stimulation test.
Addison's disease is produced due to deficiency of serum cortisol, but the measurement of these hormones is not the best way to diagnose addison's disease.
Addison's disease is best diagnosed by ACTH stimulation test.
The ACTH stimulation test detects the adrenal deficiency at very early stage of addisons disease when serum cortisol levels are normal.
During the early phase of addison's disease, the serum cortisol levels are normal, but the adrenal reserve is decreased.
During these phases the adrenal deficiency is precipitated by stress.
ACTH stimulation can expose the cortisol deficiency even at these stages
"Upon ACTH stimulation the increase in cortisol level is less than normal."
ACTH stimulation test is performed by assessing cortisol response upon administering 250 IV of consyntopin i.v. or i.m.
The criteria for normal response is serum cortisol level >500 nmol/l (>18 µg/d1).
If the response is subnormal addison's disease is diagnosed.
To further differentiate between primary and secondary addison's disease, serum aldosterone level is measured from the same serum sample.
Serum aldosterone
Primary addison's disease → Decreased
Secondary addison's disease → Normal [/INST] question: In Addison's disease, the most diagnostic test is - | options: A: Serum Na+,K+ renin B: S. Na+,K+, saline suppression C: Serum creatinine/urea ratio D: ACTH stimulation test | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Willam Shakespeare was a writer of plays and poems. Some of his most famous plays are Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, Macbeth .He wrote thirty-seven plays in all. They are still popular today.
He was born in 1564 in England. At school he liked watching plays. He decided to be an actor when he finished school at the age of fourteen. In 1582, he married a farmer's daughter. She was eight years older than he was. Their first child was a daughter .Later they had twins. In1585, Shakespeare left his hometown, Stratford-upon-Avon. His wife and children stayed behind .No one knows why he left or what he did between 1585 and 1592.
At twenty-eight he moved to London and joined a theatre company which opened the Globe Theatre in 1599. He became an actor, and he also wrote plays. He usually acted in his own plays .He earned almost no money from his writing. But he made a lot of money from acting. With the money he bought a large house in his hometown.
At the age of forty-nine, Shakespeare retired and went to live in Stratford-upon-Avon. He died at the age of fifty-two. He left his money to his family. He left his genius to the world. You still see his plays in English and in many other languages. He is one of the most famous writers in the world.. [/INST] question: Shakespeare wrote many famous plays except _ . | options: A: Hamlet B: Macbeth C: Romeo and Juliet D: Man and Superman | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: June 11,2013 was another big day for Chinese space exploration. Shenzhou X, China's fifth manned spacecraft, was sent into space. Three astronauts, Nie Haisheng, 49, Zhang Xiaoguang, 47, and Wang Yaping, 33, stayed in space for 15 days.
Tiangong-1 is China's first space module . It was sent into space in 2011. It will be developed into a large space station around 2020. A space station is a lab for scientific studies.Shenzhou X performed its first docking with Tangong-1 on June 13. It docked twice during the 15 days.
The US, Russia, Japan, Canada and Europe are working together on the International Space Station (ISS).China wanted to join the ISS but was refused by the US. China decided to build its own space station.
Shenzhou X flew around the Tianggong-1 lab for the first time. This was to make sure that spacecraft could dock from more than just one direction. The astronauts carried out repair work and did experiments on the Tiangong-1.
Teaching from space
Wang Yaping, China's second woman astronaut, taught high school and primary school students about space science. Wang talked about how things move in a micro-gravity environment. This helped the students better understand some physics ideas, like Newton's Law. The lessons aimed to encourage more students to learn about the universe and science.
Life up in space
The three astronauts followed a work and rest schedule that is similar on the Earth. They had Chinese dishes, such as Kung Pao Chicken and fried rice. The food was kept in special bags. At the time of the Dragon Boat Festival, they had Zongzi. [/INST] question: Shenzhou X, China's fifth manned spacecraft was sent into space _ . | options: A: on June 11, 2013 B: on June 13, 2013 C: on June 11, 2011 D: on June 13, 2011 | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Reperfusion injury refers to myocardial vascular or electrophysiological dysfunction that is induced by the restoration of blood flow to previously ischemic tissue.
o Manifestation includes:
Reperfusion arrhythmias.
Endothelial cell damage leading to microvascular dysfunction,
Myocardial stunning.
Myocyte death and infarction.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY-
When blood flow to cardiac myocytes is disrupted by occlusion of a coronary artery, a series of events is set in motion that results in cellular injury and death. These processes are largely related to energy production and utilization and include the following :
Reduced energy production with a fall in intracellular ATP levels,
A transition from aerobic to anaerobic energy utilization,
An accumulation of the products of anaerobic metabolism,
Reduced intracellular pH.
Factors that contribute to reperfusion injury include the following :
Damage to cellular and organelle membranes, including mitochondria,
Myocyte hypercontracture.
Free radical formation.
Aggregation of leukocytes and inflammatory mediators,
Platelet activation.
Complement activation.
Activation of the pro-apoptotic signalling cascade.
Endothelium damage and vasoconstriction.
Oxygen and other free radicals -
Free radicals are produced within a minute of reperfusion and continue to be generated for hours after the restoration of blood flow to ischemic tissue.
Superoxide anion (O2)
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
Hypochlorous acid (HClO)
Nitric oxide-derived peroxynitrite.
Hydroxyl radical (OH)
Several mechanisms have been proposed for the development of these free radicals including xanthine oxidase, activated neutrophils, electron leakage from ischemic mitochondrion, catecholamine oxidation, as well as cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase enzymes.
The relative importance of each of these pathways is not clear, but they are probably interrelated and may potentiate one another.
Free radicals damage myocytes directly by altering membrane proteins and phospholipids. Because these membrane constituents play crucial roles as receptors, enzymes, and ion channels, free radical injury can lead to fatal metabolic and structure derangements. As an example, oxygen radicals inure the sarcolemma and may impair the contractile function of the myocyte on this basis. The role for free radicals as a source of significant myocardial damage is further supported by studies showing that free radical scavengers, such as superoxide dismutase, administered during thrombolytic therapy help preserve myocardial function. Finally, reactive oxygen species stimulate leukocyte activation, chemotaxis, and leukocyte-endothelial adherence. [/INST] question: In myocardial, the Reperfusion injury maximum effect is caused due to - | options: A: Neutrophil B: Monocytes C: Free radicals D: Eosinophils | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Our village, Cinderland, was founded in 2000. It is a fully-sustainable eco-village on the Big Island of Hawaii located about 29 miles southeast of Hilo and 9 miles east of Pahoa. And it is within easy walking distance of the coastline--one mile north of Hwy 132, just off Hwy 137.
Solar power supplies our electrical needs, and water catchment tanks hold enough rain water for our use. Fruit trees and vegetable gardens are located throughout our tropical landscape and can be harvested at any time by the residents for their own personal consumption .
We accept all lifestyles and belief systems, and encourage individuality and diversity. A good attitude and an easy-going manner are most important to us; those qualities go a long, long way here!
Tuesdays are a fun and big day here. In the morning, we all get together for a few hours for various work projects. In the afternoon, many will hop in the truck for a trip to the town of Pahoa. That evening, we then are all treated to what is well-known throughout this region as "Taco Tuesday". Anyone is welcome to join us from the surrounding areas, which makes for a large gathering each week. It's certain that drummers and other musicians will be playing around the fire pit each "Taco Tuesday".
With the exception of the few hours of work on Tuesdays, residents are free to do whatever they please. Some just relax, while others may snorkel , surf, swim, shop, backpack, camp, go sightseeing, watch the lava flow, etc.
It's rare that someone leaves this area without feeling it is a life-changing experience. There are also many who decide to make it their permanent home.
We are very welcoming. Come to give us a visit! Mahalo! [/INST] question: Residents in Cinderland grow fruit trees and vegetables to _ . | options: A: treat guests B: make money C: satisfy their own needs D: attract tourists | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: You may have heard of the famous saying,"East or West,home is the best."What does the word"home"mean to you? How do you say the word in French? In Chinese? In your language? Although people usually know what the word means,it sometimes has no exact translation.It's not surprising,because the idea of home is different from country to country,and from person to person.A home is more than a roof and four walls.It's the cooking,eating,talking,playing and sleeping that go on inside.And at home you usually feel safe and relaxed.
Homes look different in different countries.They also have different things inside.For example,in cold northern Europe,there's a fire in the living room or kitchen and all the chairs face it.In the south,where the sun shines a lot and it's more important to keep the heat out,there are small windows and cool stone floors.
We asked some people about their homes.
How often do people move house in your country?
"In my country many people don't stay in one place for a very long time.They often move every ten years or so."
--Chery,Boston,USA.
What are features of homes in your country?
"In Britain,even in town,there's always a garden.We have separate bedrooms and living rooms.But we don't often have balconies .The weather isn't warm enough!"
--Pat.Exeter,England [/INST] question: Why is it important to keep the heat out of the houses in southern Europe? | options: A: Because they want to breathe fresh air outside B: Because there's a fire in the living room C: Because they wear heavy clothes all day long D: Because the sun there shines a lot | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Criteria for screening
The criteria for screening are based on two consideration.
Disease to be screened
Screening test to be applied
Disease to be screened
The disease to be screened should fulfill the following criteria before it is considered suitable for screening.
The condition sougth should be an important health problem (in general, prevalence should be high).
There should be a recognizable latent or early asymptomatic stage.
The natural history of the condition, including development from latent to declared disease, should be adequately understood (so that we can know at what stage the process ceases to be reversible).
There is a test that can detect the disease prior to the onset of signs and symptoms.
facilities should be available for confirmation of the diagnosis.
There is an effective treatment.
There should be an agreed-on policy concerning whom to treat as patients (e.g., lower ranges of blood pressure; border-line diabetes).
There is good evidence that early detection and treatment reduces morbidity and mortality.
The expected benefits (e.g., the number of lives saved) of early detection exceed the risks and costs. [/INST] question: Screening for condition recommended when - | options: A: Low case fatality rate B: Diagnostic tools not available C: No effective treatment available D: Early diagnosis can change disease course because of effective treatment | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Down syndrome or mongolism is caused by trisomy of chromosome 21.
- It is characterized by short stature and small rounded head, narrow, tilted eye slits, malformed ears, short broad hands, lax limbs, mental retardation, cardiac defects and atresia of alimentary tract.
- The frequency of mongolism increases with rising maternal age but is unaffected by the age of the father. Polygenic or multifactorial disorders are essential hypertension, schizophrenia, mental retardation, duodenat ulcer, ischaemic heart disease of early onset, diabetes mellitus, congenital heart malformation, familial cancer syndromes including familial polyposis coli, familial non polyposis colon cancer and some thyroid thncers. Also in cancer of colon and breast, there is a major genetic component but it is difficult to distinguish familial from non familial cases.
The mode of inheritance of multifactorial disorders, is complex because environmental factors are also involved. The relative contributions of genetic predisposition and environmental factors to the aetiology will vary greatly from patient to patient. [/INST] question: Which one of the following is not a polygenic disorder? | options: A: Down's syndrome B: Diabetes mellitus C: Coronary heart disease D: Congenital heart disease | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: A few minutes ago , walking back from lunch , I started to cross the street when I heard the sound of a coin dropping . It wasn't much but , as I turned , my eyes caught the heads of several other people turning too . A woman had dropped what appeared to be a dime .
The tinkling sound of a coin dropping on sidewalk is an attention-getter . It can be nothing more than a penny . Whatever the coin is , no one ignores the sound of it . It got me thinking about sounds again .
We are surrounded by so many sounds that attract the most attention . People in prefix = st1 /New York Cityseldom turn to look when a fire engine, a police car or an ambulance comes screaming along the street .
When I'm in New York, I'm a New Yorker . I don't turn either . Like the natives . I hardly hear a siren there .
At home in my little town in Connecticut, it's different . The distant loud noise of a police car , an emergency vehicle or a fire siren brings me to my feet if I'm seated and brings me to the window if I'm in bed .
It's the quietest sounds that have most effect on us , not the loudest . In the middle of the night , I can hear a dripping tap a hundred yards away through three closed doors . I've been hearing little creaking noises and sounds which my imagination turns into footsteps in the middle of the night for twenty-five years in our house . How come I never hear those sounds in the daytime ?
I'm quite clear in my mind what the good sounds are and what the bad sounds are .
I've turned against whistling , for instance . I used to think of it as the mark of a happy worker but lately I've been connecting the whistler with a nervous person making noises .
The tapping , tapping ,tapping of my typewriter as the keys hit the paper is a lovely sound to me . I often like the sound of what I write better than the looks of it . [/INST] question: The sound of a coin dropping makes people_. | options: A: think of money B: look at each other C: pay attention to it D: stop crossing the street | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: In the UK, most children have their lunches at school, but in some schools, parents can choose what their children eat. The children can have a school dinner-a hot, cooked meal; or they can take a packed lunch with them, which usually includes cold food like sandwiches.
Often parents know what their children want. Cath, a mother of three children, told us, "My children have packed lunches because they say they don't like to have school dinners. So I make three packed lunches every morning."
However, another mother, Susan, made a different choice. She said, "My daughters have a always had school dinners. I think they probably get healthier food at school than a few sandwiches I make for them."
But how healthy are school dinners? Kaz, a father, thought poorly of them. He said, "Fizzy drinks were offered and I think there were a lot of chips."
Jamie Oliver spent a year working in a school kitchen. He was worried about the unhealthy food which included burgers, pizzas and chips. So he tried to cook healthy food such as good stews and curries for the children instead.
So Jamie improved the school dinners, and trained the dinner ladies to cook healthy food in that school. Then he advised the government to improve school food across the country. And it seems that the changes have begun.
Anna, a pupil, told us, "We used to have a fast food window where you got chips and coke, but they stopped that this year. There's a salad restaurant, which is good, so it's healthier than it was."
,. [/INST] question: How many meals do most children in the UK have at school? | options: A: One B: Two C: Three D: Four | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: According to a new survey, students' safety has become a big problem. Nearly 50% of students say they are worried about robbery on the way to and from school. Now in main big cities in China, some schools have taught an unusual lesson: self-protection. Students like this lesson because there are no exams or boring classes. And they can learn how to save lives and know how to get away from danger before it really happens.
Chen Haoyu, a teacher at Beijing No. 25 Middle School, gives young students advice on how to deal with danger.
If you are robbed
Keep calm if you can not cry for help or run away. Give the robber your money. Try to remember
what the robber looks like and tell the police later.
If you are in a traffic accident
If a car hits you, you should remember the car number. If it is a bicycle, try to call your parents before you let the rider go. This is because you don't know how seriously you are hurt.
If it is raining hard and there is lighting
Don't stay in high places and stay away from trees.
If there is a fire
Get away as fast as yon can. Put wet things on your body and try to find an exit . Do not take the lift.
If someone is drowning
If you can't swim, don't get into the water. Cry out for help.
Remember that danger is never as far away as you think. Take care of yourself at all time! [/INST] question: What will you do if a bicycle hurts you? | options: A: I will remember the bicycle number B: I won't let the rider go until I call my parents C: I will let the rider go before I call my parents D: I will let the rider go because I know how seriously I am hurt | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Phagocytosis In the previous discussion we have seen that with phagocytosis neutrophils gets activated and there is rapid burst of oxygen consumption and activation of hexose monophosphate shunt. The rapid burst occurs due to rapid activation of the enzyme complex NADPH oxidase which oxidizes NADPH and in the process reduces oxygen to superoxide anion (0,-). It catalyzes the reduction of oxygen to superoxide anion which is then conveed to hydrogen peroxide and other toxic oxygen products (011-) (free radicals). H.,02 then combines with myeloperoxidase and halide to form an effective antibacterial compound. (HOCC-) Chronic granulomatous disorder Chronic granulomatous disease is a disorder of phagocytes. Patients suffering from chronic granulomatous disease have leucocytes that ingest microbes normally but lack the fully functional NADPH oxidase system, required to produce the superoxide anion. In these patients there is no respiratory burst due to lack of one of the four NADPH oxidase subunits in neutrophils. Thus, these patients are not able to generate superoxide, H202 and OH- ions (free radicals). (Thus the), are not able to kill the bacterias). Leucocytes from the patients of chronic granulomatous disease fail to reduce nitroblue tetrazolium during phagocytosis. This propey has been used as a screening method for the diagnosis of chronic granulomatous disease. More on chronic granulomatous disease:- Inheritence - X linked (more common) - Autosomal recessive There is increased incidence of bacterial infection. The bacterias involved in recurrent infections are catalase positive pyogenic pathogens such as staphylococci and colifonns. Catalase negative pathogens are handled normally There is excessive inflammation with granuloma formation. Clinical features are ? - Suppurative lyrnphadenopathy - Gingivitis - Aphthous ulceration - Seborrhic dermatitis - Obstruction of gastrointestinal or genitourinary system - Autoinimune complications - Immune thrombocytopenic purpura - Juvenile rheumatoid ahritis Tests for diagnosis Nitroblue tetrazolium test Dihydrorhodamine (DHR) oxidation test Immunoblot for NADPH oxidase components [/INST] question: Nitroblue tetrazolium test is used for ? | options: A: Phagocytosis B: Complement C: T cell D: B cell | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The train started moving. There were many people of all ages. Most of them were working men and women and young college boys and girls. Near the window sat an old man with his son, who looked about thirty years old.
As the train moved, the son was filled with joy because he was very excited at the scenery outside. He said in a high voice, "See, Dad, the green trees and the scenery are very beautiful!" It made the other people feel very strange. Everyone started talking in a low voice about the old man's son. A few minutes later it started raining. Raindrops fell on the travelers through the opened window. Seeing the rain, the old man's son said happily, "See ,Dad, how beautiful the rain is!" Hearing these words, a young lady became angry with the man, as the raindrops were dropping on her new clothes. She shouted at the noisy son and his father. "Can't you see it is raining? You! Old man! If your son is not feeling well, get him to a mental hospital quickly and please don't disturb us any more!" The old man's face turned red and then he answered in a low voice, "We are on the way back from hospital. He couldn't see anything at birth. Only last week he could see again. The rain and the nature are new to him. Please _ him." All the other people became quiet. [/INST] question: How old was the old man's son? | options: A: About 7 years old B: About 20 years old C: About 50 years old D: About 30 years old | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: This year some twenty-three hundred teen-agers (young people aged from 13-19)from all over the world will spend about ten months in U. S. homes. They will attend U. S. schools, meet U. S. teen-agers, and form impressions of the real America. At the same time, about thirteen hundred American teen-agers will go to other countries to learn new languages and gain a new understanding of the rest of the world.
Here is a two-way student exchange in action. Fred, nineteen, spent last year in Germany with George's family. In turn, George's son Mike spent a year in Fred's home in America.
Fred, a lively young man, knew little German when he arrived, but after two months' study, the language began to come to him. School was completely different from what he had expected --much harder. Students rose respectfully when the teacher entered the room. They took fourteen subjects instead of the six that are usual in the United States. There were almost no outside activities.
Family life, too, was different. The father's word was law, and all activities were around the family rather than the individual . Fred found the food too simple at first. Also, he missed having a car.
"Back home, you pick up some friends in a car and go out and have a good time. In Germany, you walk, but you soon learn to like it."
At the same time, in America, Mike, a friendly German boy, was also forming his idea. "I suppose I should criticize American schools", he says. "It is far too easy by our level. But I have to say that I like it very much. In Germany we do nothing but study. Here we take part in many outside activities. I think that maybe your schools are better in training for citizens . There ought to be some middle ground between the two. " [/INST] question: This year _ teen-agers will take part in the exchange programme between America and other countries. | options: A: twenty three hundred B: thirteen hundred C: over three thousand D: less than two thousand | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: ANS. BDried blood drop test:Advantage: Minimal volume, minimal training, ease of transport.Usedfor:* Phenylketonuria (PKU)* Galactosemia* Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD)* Sickle cell disease.Inborn errors of amino acid metabolism associated with peculiar odorInborn error in metabolismUrine odorGlutaric acidemia (Type II)Sweaty feet, acridIsovaleric acidemiaSweaty feet, acridMaple syrup urine diseaseMaple syrupHypermethioninemiaBoiled cabbageMultiple carboxylase deficiencyTomcat urinePhenylketonuriaMousy or mustyTrimethylaminuriaRotting fishTyrosinemiaBoiled cabbage, rancid butter# Rate limiting enzymes in metabolic pathways* Glycolysis--Phosphofructokinase 1* Citric acid/TCA cycle--Isocitrate dehydrogenase* Bile acid synthesis--7 alpha dehydroxylase* Cholesterol synthesis--HMG CoA reductase* Ketone body synthesis--HMG CoA synthase* Fatty acid synthesis--Acetyl CoA carboxylase* Fatty acid oxidation--Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1* Urea cycle--Carbamoyl phosphate synthase 1* Pyrimidine synthesis--Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 2* Purine synthesis--PRPP glutamyl amidotransferase* Heme synthesis--ALA synthase* Testosterone synthesis--Cholesterol desmolase* Catecholamine synthesis--Tyrosine hydroxylase [/INST] question: Dried blood drop of an infant can be used to know: | options: A: Blood sugar B: Inborn errors of metabolism C: Hepatitis D: Cataract | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: A Paul Zindel's death on March 27,2003 ended the brilliant life of a famous writer.
Not only did Paul Zindel win a Pulitzer Prize as well as an Obie Prize for his 1970 play The Effect of Gamma Rays on Man-in-the-Moon Marigolds, but he was one of the earliest writers in the field of contemporary literature for young adults . The Pigman, published in 1968. is still one of the most well-known and widely-taught novels in the genre, the American Library Association has named it one of the 100 Best of the Best books for Young Adults published between 1967 and 1992, and Zindel's autobiography. The Pigman and Me, was among the 100 Best of the Best Books published for teenagers during the last part of the twentieth century. Six of Zindel's books, in fact, have been voted the Best Books for Young Adults, and most of his recent horror books--such as The Doom Stone and Rats--have been chosen as Quick Picks for Reluctant Young Adult Readers. Clearly, he was a writer who knew how to interest contemporary children. Recognizing that, the American Library Association in 2002 honored Paul Zindel with the Margaret A. Edwards Prize for his lifetime achievements , and later that same year he was presented with the ALAN Prize for his contributions to Young Adult Literature. With his passing, young readers, teachers, and librarians have lost a great friend. [/INST] question: Which of Paul Zindel's books was the most popular with young adults in the20th century? | options: A: The Pigman B: The Doom Stone C: The Pigman and Me D: The Effect of Gamma Rays on Man-in-the-Moon Marigolds | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Long long ago, there lived two girls named Emily and Tina. Both of them had long black hair and blue eyes. One day while they were playing in the back yard , Emily heard a tinkling sound. She jumped up. "Listen," she told her twin. They listened. The noise came again.
This time Tina heard it. She sat up. "It came from over there," She whispered, looking at the zinnias far away. They came near to find it out. Then something flew out, making the same tinkling sound they had heard before. The children looked at one another. "Was it a bee?" asked Tina. "I don't think so," replied Emily. "Do bees make a sound like bells?" "Let's call it the Tinkle Bee anyway," said Tina. Emily nodded, listening with a little difficulty. What had made that noise?
The next day, Emily and Tina brought their cookies outside. Tina took her plate by the zinnias. Suddenly she caught something. "Emily!" she called. "I've got the Tinkle Bee!" Emily rushed over. They sat down on the grass. Tina opened her hand very carefully. There was that sound! Something was shining in Tina's hand. They smiled. Then Emily cried, "It's a fairy !" Tina looked down at it in her hand. It looked like a girl. A _ girl with wings! Tina dropped it before she noticed that a wing was torn . The little fairy could not fly away so she took a piece of grass out of the ground and sat on it.
Emily and Tina were surprised at what they saw. The fairy turned to Emily and said, "Hello, I am Marabella." Then she said again, "Marabella the Fairy." Emily smiled. "I'm Emily," she said. Tina said, "I'm Tina. Are you really a fairy?" "Oh, yes!" replied Marabella. "I've always been a fairy." [/INST] question: How did the sound come out? | options: A: A bee behind the zinnias made the sound B: It came out from the fairy's flying C: It came out when the fairy shouted for help D: The bell by the zinnias rang | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The cAMP-dependent pathway, also known as the adenylyl cyclase pathway, is a G protein-coupled receptor-triggered signaling cascade used in cell communication G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a large family of integral membrane proteins that respond to a variety of extracellular stimuli. Each GPCR binds to and is activated by a specific ligand stimulus that ranges in size from small molecule catecholamines, lipids, or neurotransmitters to large protein hormones. When a GPCR is activated by its extracellular ligand, a conformational change is induced in the receptor that is transmitted to an attached intracellular heterotrimeric G protein complex. The Gs alpha subunit of the stimulated G protein complex exchanges GDP for GTP and is released from the complex. In a cAMP-dependent pathway, the activated Gs alpha subunit binds to and activates an enzyme called adenylyl cyclase, which, in turn, catalyzes the conversion of ATP into cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Increases in the concentration of the second messenger cAMP may lead to the activation of cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels [/INST] question: The adenylate cyclase system is mediated by | options: A: cAMP B: Phosphodiesterase C: GTP regulating proteins D: Nuclear receptors | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: There was a gardener who looked after his garden with great care.To water his flowers,he used two buckets.One was a shiny and new bucket.The other was a very old and _ one,which had seen many years of service,but was now past its best.
Every morning, the gardener would fill up the two buckets.Then he would carry them along the path,one on each side,to the flowerbeds.The new bucket was very proud of itself.It could carry a full bucket of water without a single drop spilled .The old bucket felt very ashamed because of its holes:before it reached the flowerbeds,much water had leaked along the path.
Sometimes the new bucket would say,"See how capable I am ! How good it is that the gardener has me to water the flowers every day ! I don't know why he still bothers with you.What a waste of space you are !"
And all that the old bucket could say was,"I know I'm not very useful,but I can only do my best.I'm happy that the gardener still finds a little bit of use in me,at least. "
One day,the gardener heard that kind of conversation.After watering the flowers as usual,he said,"You both have done your work very well.Now I am going to carry you back.I want you to look carefully along the path."
Then the two buckets did so.All along the path,they noticed,on the side where the new bucket was carried,there was just bare earth;on the other side where the old bucket was carried,there was a joyous row of wild flowers,leading all the way to the garden. [/INST] question: What was the old bucket ashamed of ? | options: A: His past B: His aging C: His manner D: His leaking | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Information has always been at the center of human communication. You may ask why. Well, communication between people contains giving and receiving information. The way we give and receive information today has experienced a revolution in the development of the mass media in the 20th century.
The first truly mass communication medium was the newspaper. For the first time in history, people could read about events in their country and from around the world every day. However, there were two problems with newspapers of that time. Firstly, newspapers were available only in large cities, for getting newspapers to the countryside was a difficult and time-consuming task. Secondly, newspapers weren't always reliable, as there was a limited range of opinions.
Nowadays, we can choose from a wide variety of sources to get information. Television and the Internet have given us the chance to be informed about everything the minute it happens. Large numbers of radio and TV stations, satellite channels and millions of websites help people keep up with the latest news. People live in history and are part of it.
The media have come a long way in the last century and there is no doubt that we now live in the information age. Whatever type of media we choose, it all comes down to the need for information. This will always be a basic need as long as communication is part of human nature. [/INST] question: Information is considered the center of human communication because _ . | options: A: human communication means information exchange B: human communication involves people's participation C: information is now experiencing a revolution D: information helps people gather together | answer: A </s> |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.