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<s>[INST] context: A child with a constellation of findings including fever, disabling arthritis, rash, and blindness is most likely suffering from juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA). JRA is characterized by a chronic synovial inflammation of unknown origin; it most commonly affects the knees, but can also manifest in wrists, ankles, and the atlanto-axial joint in the neck. In general, JRA is more common in girls than boys, but this varies with the type of JRA, which can be divided into the following variant subsets: Still disease (20%), polyarticular (40%), and pauciarticular (40%). Still disease most closely resembles an infectious disease, with spiking fever, a centripetal rash, generalized lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, transient arthralgias and arthritis, and effusions (pericardial and pleural). The polyarticular variant is associated with destructive arthritis, particularly if the patient tests positive for the rheumatoid factor. The pauciarticular variant features polyarthritis and inflammation of the anterior uveal tract 10%-50%), which predisposes the patient to visual loss and blindness. In most cases of JRA, with the exception of the polyarticular variant, the rheumatoid factor is negative. Anemia and leukocytosis are noted in acute attacks. Aspirin is the major anti-inflammatory agent that is used for treatment. Regarding the other choices in the question:
rheumatic fever features polyarthritis, but it is not destructive
Lyme disease displays many of these findings, but blindness is not a key feature
Henoch-Schoenlein vasculitis has palpable purpura, non-disabling arthritis, but is not associated with blindness
dermatomyositis does not usually involve the joints [/INST] question: A child with a constellation of finding including fever, disabling arthritis, rash, and blindness is MOST likely suffering form | options: A: Rheumatic fever B: Lyme disease C: Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis D: Henoch-Schoenlein vasculitis | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: There is very simple way of measuring the height of a water-tower, which we cannot measure by climbing.
Suppose, for example, that we wish to find out the height of the water-tower, AB, in a factory. We first of all go to where the water-tower is standing and measure a distance of, say, 25 feet from it. Then we take a stick, and stand it in the ground at the spot we have just marked.
Let us suppose the stick we are using is 4 feet in height. We now walk farther away from the water -tower in the same straight line as when we measured off the distance of 25 feet. We go from the water-tower until we come to point E, where with our head on the ground, we see the top of the stick and the top of the water-tower in the same height line---that is, the top of the stick just covers the highest part of the water-tower. Every schoolboy can work out the height of the water-tower now.
Suppose that the line CE is five feet. We know that the stick is 4 feet high and the distance BE is 30 feet. Thus, 5 is to 4 as 30 is to AB. [/INST] question: It is clear from this that the problem can be settled by _ . | options: A: a child B: the boy who has little schooling C: everyone D: a girl at middle school | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: How could I turn down an opportunity for a weeklong cruise on a luxury motorsailer in the Andaman Sea? Without a second thought, I packed my bags and jumped on a plane to Singapore, and the following day I found myself looking out the airplane window at the beautiful waters surrounding the island of Langkawi off the coast of Malaysia.
The last time I was in Langkawi was in 2001, when it was relatively quiet. Langkawi has come a long way since then; there are 4, 5, and even 6-star hotels, as well as spas, golfing, horseback riding and even a cable car taking visitors to the highest point on the island.
At the Langkawi International Airport I met my shipmates and we were driven to Pantai Tengah with a quick pit stop for sunblock and duty-free goodies. Many other shopping opportunities abound since Langkawi was designated as a duty-free zone in 1987 to entice tourists to the island.
A luxurious yacht tender picked us up. Phillipe, the first mate, maneuvered the tender between sailboats and as we went around a small island there she was, S/V Blue Gold. This majestic 10-passenger sailboat--all 165 feet of her--had been built in Italy and recently underwent a full retrofit. Once aboard, the crew welcomed us with refreshments and big smiles. Before we got too comfortable and settled into the plush comforts of the boat, Alain, the captain, took us on a tour of Blue Gold's impressive accommodations. The master suite had a king-size bed, with a lounge area and "his & hers" wardrobes. The VIP cabin had a queen-size bed, also with a lounge area. Both had ensuite bathrooms.
The first evening aboard was the perfect start to our voyage--a small cocktail party followed by a light meal of seared tuna salad. It was exactly what our jet-lagged bodies craved, and we all slept very well aboard what would become our new home for the next 7 days.
In the morning after breakfast, we sailed to Pulau Ta Ngah (also spelled "Pulau Tengah"; pulau means island in Malay). In the 1970s the site had been a Vietnamese refugee transit camp. Not long after the end of the war, the camp was shut down and the island was gazetted as a marine park by the Malaysian government. Officially "uninhabited," it does boast a golf course, but we were unable to determine if it was still in operation. The most intriguing event on the island occurs in July when the giant leatherback turtles lay their eggs on a beach on Ta Ngah. [/INST] question: Where is Langkawi? | options: A: In Pulau Ta Ngah B: In Malaysia C: In the Atlantic Ocean D: In The Arctic | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The first summer job is often a signal that you are on your way to adulthood, and it is also a method for earning money to pay for what you dream of. It is never too early to start considering the future. Now, here are some good choices for you!
Retail Sales
Retail offers plenty of opportunity for teens who are looking for a job. This type of work can pay from $10 to $15 an hour depending on the duty you are expected to take on. It can also be great for teens who are friendly and enjoy talking to other people. For more information, call us at 111-222-3333.
Food Service
A job in the food service industry is a natural fit for sociable teens who enjoy communicating with public. It allows employees to work as part of a team while learning about following instructions. It also comes with the opportunity to earn between $8 and $10 per hour. Just call 111-222-3533 for more information.
Babysitter
This job requires someone who is highly responsible. Though it pays generally between $6 and $8 hourly, it also requires a lot of patience. This is a great choice for teens who wish to make a career in teaching, child care, social work or any other field that makes use of social skills or requires interaction with kids. Got a question? Just call 111-222-3336.
Housekeeping
This type of work can bring in about $5 an hour and it will allow teens to learn responsibility and develop their organizational skills. The summer sees _ in the tourism industry, so hotels are often looking for more housekeeping staff, and parks often need more people to assist with keeping public areas clean and organized as well. Telephone: 111-222-3330. [/INST] question: How much can you earn at least in two hours as a retailer? | options: A: $10 B: $12 C: $16 D: $20 | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: CHICAGO (AP) On Jan. l,an order went into effect requiring that every checked bag at more than 400 of the nation's commercial airports be screened for bombs and weapons.
Sunday was expected to the heaviest travel day since Jan. l. Yet spot checks on Sunday at several of the nation's airports showed no major delays caused by the new security measures.
At the international terminal for Northwest Airlines at John F. Kennedy International Airport inprefix = st1 /New York, passengers waited up to 30 minutes longer than usual. Their bags were sent through giant screening machines and workers tore open taped boxes and searched through their contents before closing them up again.
Most travelers simply accepted stricter screening developed since the terrorist attacks on Sept. 11,2001,before which only 5 percent of the roughly 2 million bags checked each day were screened for bombs.
The U. S. government has put an additional 23,000 people into airports to carry out the new order.
Sonny Salgatar, a 23-year-old college student flying home to San Diego fromChicago, was told by an airport officer after the first pass that one of his bags was "hot", meaning there was something he couldn't identify and he wanted to open the bag for an inspection.
The "hot" item turned out to be Salgatar's clothing iron.
"Listen, anything they want to do for security is OK for me," Salgatar said. But not all of the passengers hold the same viewpoint as Salgatar's, complaining that they had to arrive at the airport too much time ahead of their schedule. [/INST] question: The new measure was adopted to guard against. | options: A: . terrorist attacks B: luggage damage C: flight delays D: air crash | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Gerber 2241770 Artifact Pocket Keychain Tool
Product Dimensions:2.1x0.8x0.1 inches
ASIN:B001349MD8
Item Model Number:2241770
Discount Price:$9.90(you save 33%)
Product Description:At just 3.5 inches closed,the Artifact is a little larger than a cigarette lighter,but Gerber still has eight different functions.With a flat and Phillips screwdrivers ,wire stripper and more,the Artifact Pocket Keychain Tool helps you be prepared for office use.
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ResQMe,The Keychain Version of the Original Life Hammer (Black)
Product Dimensions:7x9x2 inches
ASIN:B000IE0EZO
Item Model Number:RQMBLA
Discount Price:$9.95(you save 50%)
Product Description:ResQMe is a handheld rescue tool that provides drivers and passengers with the same level of confidence in the event of a lifethreatening incident in your vehicle.Small,yet designed to provide the instant and easy ability to cut through seat belts and side windows when the need arises,it is the inexpensive,portable power that every car should have in the event of an emergency.
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LaCie iamaKey v2 16 GB USB 2.0 Flash Drive 131106
Product Dimensions:2.2x0.9x0.1 inches
ASIN:B004D2AZ0Q
Item Model Number:131105
Discount Price:$24.99(you save 11%)
Product Description:With the LaCie iamaKey v2 the keyshaped design is functional and memorable ,and the protection that the LaCie iamaKey offers makes it extremely reliable.Best of all,you can fit a very large amount of data in a small flash drive.With its eyecatching design,the iamaKey certainly stands out,and it is one of the most durable and thinnest USB keys on the market.
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Swiss Tech UKCSB1 UtiliKey 6in1 KeyChain MultiTool
Product Dimensions:6x5x1 inches
ASIN:B0001EFSTI
Item Model Number:UKCSB1
Discount Price:$7.88(you save 21%)
Product Description:The lightest and multiuse tool ever developed.This durable tool has a straight knife sharp edge and a flat screwdriver,a Phillips screwdriver,and a bottle opener.The tool makes repairs and hundreds of jobs an easy undertaking.A good choice for indoor or outdoor activities and emergency situations,this tool comes in handy on the road and at home! [/INST] question: Which of the following products has the biggest size? | options: A: Swiss Tech UKCSB1 B: Gerber 2241770 Artifact C: ResQMe D: LaCie iamaKey v2 | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Life is like a train ride. We get on. We ride. We get off. We get back on and ride some more. There are accidents and there are delays .At certain stops, there are surprises. Some of these will change into great moments of joy; some will result in bad results.
When we are born and we first get on the train, we meet people who we think will be with us for the whole journey. Those people are our parents. Sadly, this is far from the truth. Our parents are with us when we completely need them. They, too, have journeys they must complete. We live on with the memories of their love, support and so on.
There are others who get on the train and who finally become very important to us. These people are our brothers, sisters and friends, whom we will learn to love and take care of.
Some people regard their journey as a pleasant tour. They will just go happily along. Others will _ many upsets, tears and losses on their journey. Some others will stay on to offer a helping hand to anyone in need.
Some people on the train will leave a deep impression when they get off. Some will get on and get off the train so quickly that they will hardly leave a sign.
We will sometimes be upset that some passengers, whom we love, will choose to sit in another compartment and leave us to travel on our own. Then again, there's nothing that says we can't look for them anyway. But when we find them, we may not even be able to sit next to them because that seat will already be taken.
That's okay... everyone's journey will be filled with hopes, dreams, challenges, difficulties and goodbyes. [/INST] question: When we first get on the train, the people we meet are our _ . | options: A: parents B: brothers C: sisters D: friends | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: People Born in Autumn Live Longer
People born in the autumn live longer than those born in the spring and are less likely to fall chronically ill when they are older, according to an Austrian scientist.
Using census data for more than one million people in Austria, Denmark and Australia, scientists at the Max Planck Institute in the northern German town of Rostock found the month of birth was related to life expectancy over the age of 50. Seasonal differences in what mothers ate during pregnancy, and infections occurring at different times of the year could both have an impact on the health of a new-born baby and could influence its life expectancy in older age. "A mother giving birth in spring spends the last phase of her pregnancy in winter, when she will eat less vitamins than in summer," said Gabriele Doblhammer, one of a team of scientists who carried out the research. "When she stops breast-feeding and starts giving her baby normal food, it's in the hot weeks of summer when babies are prone to infections of the digestive system." In Austria, adults born in autumn (October-December) lived about seven months longer than those born in spring (April-June), and in Denmark adults with birthdays in autumn outlived those born in spring by about four months. In the southern hemisphere, the picture was similar. Adults born in the Australian autumn--the European spring--lived about four months longer than those born in the Australian spring. The study focused on people born at the beginning of the 20th century, using death certificates and census data. Although nutrition at all times of the year has improved since then, the seasonal pattern persists, Doblhammer said.
But on the other hand, according to a study of more 40,000 people, those born in spring and summer report themselves luckier than those born in autumn or winter. Professor Richard Wise-man who led the research explained that the temperature at the time of birth might influence the development of the brain and seasonal factors make a difference as well. [/INST] question: The census data of the following countries is used for research EXCEPT _ . | options: A: Germany B: Denmark C: Australia D: Austria | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Endometrioma Another clinical based question with insufficient information to make any confirm diagnosis. At the best we can try to make the most probable diagnosis. Let's first see CA-125. CA-125 This is a non-specific tumor marker. Cut off level of CA-125 is < 35 U/ml. Ca 125 levels, as described above, can be raised in all the four options, so not very helpful in reaching a diagnosis. But if we weigh CA-125 level in terms of significance then it is least significant in tuberculosis as it is neither used for diagnosis nor for follow-up in tuberculosis. Palpable mass may be present in all the four conditions. Infeility is a feature of both endometriosis and tuberculosis. But for ovarian cancers infeility is a risk factor, not a feature or presenting symptom. Coming to Age: Patient is 35 yrs old. Age of 35 yrs ours endometrioma most. Peak incidence of invasive epithelial ovarian cancer (most common ovarian cancer) is at 56-60 yrs of age and for border line tumor average age is 46 yrs approximately (Novak). Patients with tuberculosis are in their twenties commonly, the maximum age incidence at diagnosis being 28 yrs. So on the basis of age and infeility, the most probable diagnosis would be endometrioma. [/INST] question: A 35 yr old woman presents with primary infeility & palpable pelvic mass. Her CA-125 level is 0 U/nil. Diagnosis is | options: A: Ovarian Ca B: Endometrioma C: Tuberculosis D: Borderline ovarian tumor | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: "Mommy! Call I go and play outside with Danny? Please? I promise l will only play in the shade!" Kelly said.
What hurt her mother was only being able to stand aside when her daughter needed her most."Kelly...I'm really sorry.You can't go.I'm too concerned about you. You might accidentally go in the sun,which means we have to get you to hospital again."Kelly was allergic to the sun.The doctor said it was incurable.
Kelly looked outside where her brother Danny was playing.Why did she have to be allergic to the sun? Why?
Kelly's mother closed her eyes and she pointed upstairs where Kelly's bed was."Go to bed."she said.Kelly had tears in her eyes.She forced her legs up the stairs and buried her face in her pillow.She wanted Danny to come back , for he could tell her stories about birds and squirrels.She waited,and soon he did come and told her about a blue bird he had seen.Kelly often wondered what a bird looked like.She was really curious about the birds in the yard.Maybe she could find out herself someday.
The next day, Danny entered Kelly's room again to tell her what he had seen.She wasn't there.He called again and again but no one replied.He searched anxiously around and saw a body.His eyes widened.It couldn't be.Was it what he thought it was? Was it...Kelly? With shaking hands,Danny turned over the body.He screamed.It was Kelly.Her skin was swollen and had ugly rashes all over.She was holding a pencil in her right hand.And in her left hand was an almost finished picture of a bird , below which he found some words which read:"I finally get to see you.I will always remember you and love your nature no matter what." [/INST] question: Why did Kelly want to go outside? | options: A: To take pictures B: To tell stories C: T0 100k at animals D: To walk in sunshine | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Washington: A research conducted at the University of Maryland looks at the numerous complex reasons as to why young children decide to include or exclude other kids from their group of friends.
It suggests that the kids' decision-making process is much more complex than previously believed.
"They take into account group information, ranging from cliques and networks, when deciding what makes a group work well. Sometimes kids are excluded because they lack social skills, but a lot of time it has nothing to do with that. Instead it has to do with what we refer to as 'group membership' such as gender, race, nation, and culture," says Professor Melanie Killen, the Associate Director of the Centre for Children Relationships and Culture at Maryland, who led the 4-year project.
Reporting their findings in the journal, the researcher said whatever was the reason, individuals who experienced long-term exclusion from the group of friends suffered from depression, anxiety and loneliness.
The study looked at two models to define how children make decisions regarding acceptance of other kids in their group -- the individual social _ model and the inter-group social cognition model. While the former says that children's rejection occurs due to social deficits like shyness, wariness or fearfulness, the latter says that it happens because of group dynamics, prejudice and exclusion.
It was also found that the age of children was also a factor that influenced their decisions regarding other kids' acceptance as friends.
"With age, kids become more aware of group dynamics, conventions, customs, and rituals. With this comes a greater concern about group functioning, which can lead to exclusion which can be negative from a social justice viewpoint," says Killen.
The researcher believes that her study may have many benefits, as it could provide insights into how to help when children are rejected by their peers. [/INST] question: While making friends, kids think more about the following EXCEPT _ . | options: A: social skills B: culture C: race D: gender | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Johnny Smith was a good math student at a high school. He loved his computer. He came home early every day, then he worked with it till midnight. But Johnny was not a good English student, not good at all. He got an F in his English class. One day after school Johnny joined his computer to the computer in his high school office. The school office computer had the grades of all the students: the math grades, the science grades, the grades in arts and music, and the grades in English. He found his English grade. An F! Johnny changed his English grade from an F to A. Johnny' parents looked at his report card. They were very happy.
"An A in English!" said Johnny's Dad. "You're a very clever boy, Johnny."
Johnny is a hacker. Hackers know how to take information from other computers and put new information in. Using a modem, they join their computers to other computers secretly. School headmasters and teachers are worried about hackers. So are the police, for some people even take money from bank computer accounts and put it into their own ones. And they never have to leave home to do it! They are called hackers. [/INST] question: Johnny changed his English grade with the computer in _ . | options: A: the classroom B: the school office C: a bank near his house D: his own house | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Microsoft founder Bill Gates has talked about to be a good parent, saying that 13 is a right age for a child's first mobile phone. The 57-year-old father of three said on the Today show that his children Jennifer and Rory were not allowed phones until their thirteen birthday and his youngest daughter Phoebe is still waiting for one.
"We've made a rule in our family that it's 13 when you get a phone." He also said as a resulthischild often returned homefromschool complaining, "All the other kids have it, I'm the only without it, it's so embarrassing."
Asked if he keeps passwords to his son and daughters' e-mail and Facebook accounts . Mr Gates said that he doesn't for Jennifer, 16, who he says is "old enough".
Besides their wealth Mr and Mrs Gates ,who live in Lake Medina, have said they want to raise
their three children as usually as possible. It is said that their kids have to do housework at home after school and aren't given much pocket money.
And in 2010Mr Gates said that he wanted to give most of his $61 billion away rather than hand it down. "That wouldn't be good either for my kids or society," he said.
Mr Gates left Microsoft in 2008 to put his heart to charity. During the Today interview with host Matt Lauer, he said that helping others made him feel happy as creating software.
" What you really feel is what you've achieved. If a piece of software gets out there and lots of people love it--it lets them get their work down in better ways--that's exciting." he replied. [/INST] question: How old is Phoebe? | options: A: Maybe 11years old B: Maybe 13years old C: Maybe 14years old D: Maybe 15years old | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Years after throwing a bottle-up note into a lake for a class project and just one year after his death, a man's childhood message was found and returned to his mother.
Eleven years ago, a then 10-year-old boy, Joshua Baker, wrote the message, folded and put it in an empty container, his mother, Maggie Holbrook said. He died last February in a motor vehicle accident in California. He had recently returned after a serving in the Middle East as a US marine. "I think he was just letting us know he was OK and keep doing what we are doing." Holbrook said.
The message surfaced in White Lake in late April, just days after the 11th anniversary of its being thrown into the lake. It was found by one of Baker's closest friends, Steve Lieder, she said. Lieder and two friends were chatting near the lake when Lieder looked down and saw the bottle. He broke it open and found the note inside.
"My name is Joshua Baker. I am 10. If you find this, put it on the news. The date is 4/16/98." They immediately took it to Holbrook, who said she is now having the note preserved and will display it in her home.
She can remember when her son wrote the message for the school project. She said she always wondered why he didn't put it in the nearby Wolf River, which has a much stronger current.
"I still remember the day he wrote it, " Holbrook said. "I couldn't understand why he threw I in the lake. No one would never see it again. Now I know." [/INST] question: What was Joshua Baker when he died in motor vehicle accident in California? | options: A: An official B: A soldier C: A worker D: A teacher | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: U.S. billionaire Bill Gates went to watch a game of his friend, U.S. teen player Ariel Hsing, at the ExCel Centre while the girl was playing against Chinese Li Xiaoxia.
Gates wore an orange jacket and dark blue baseball cap. He sat in the front row of thespectators' stand andapplauded for every point Hsing scored.
"I'm wishing her the best of luck, but the opposite player is really great," Gates said.
Hsing was in her third match at London 2012. She had already beaten Mexico's Yadira Silva and Luxembourg's Ni Xia Lian.
Hsing is known in the U.S. as a close friend with billionaires Warren Buffett and Gates. She is close enough to call them "Uncle Warren" and "Uncle Bill".
Buffett met Hsing when she was only 9. Two years later, he invited her to play against his friends. She has returned several times after that. Earlier this year after winning a position on the U.S. team, she took a few points off Buffett and Gates.
When asked whether he has won a point off Hsing, Gates said, "She beat me when she was nine. She has been nice to me." [/INST] question: Bill Gates went to the ExCel Centre to watch a game between Ariel Hsing and _ . | options: A: Li Xiaoxia B: Warren Buffett C: Ni Xia Lian D: Yadira Silva | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Maxillary In the young, the blood comes from Little's area, a highly vascular area at the anteriorborder of the nasal septum. With age the site of bleeding moves posteriorly o The nose and sinuses are supplied by branches of the internal and external carotid aeries. o The superiorpa of the nose receives the anterior and posterior ethmoidal aeries - branches of the ophthalmicaery which itself, is a branch of the internal carotid. o The rest of the nose and sinuses is supplied by the greater palatine, sphenopalatine, and superior labial aeries, all of which are branches of the maxillary aery which itself, is a branch of the external carotid. o Significantly there is a plexus of vessels on the anterior septum - Little's area or Kiesselbach's plexus - where branches of both the internal and external carotid aery anastomose; this is a frequent site for epistaxis. o Venous drainage of the nose and sinuses is the ophthalmic and facial veins (dangerous area of face), and the pterygoid and pharyngeal plexuses. Significantly, drainage is such that infection may spread the veins to the cavernous sinus, leading to cavernous sinus thrombosis [/INST] question: A patient presents with a chief complaint of chronic nose-bleeds. To control the severity of these nosebleeds, his physician decides to ligate the sphenopalatine aery. From which of the following aeries does the sphenopalatine aery arise. | options: A: Internal carotid B: facial aery C: maxillary aery D: Ophthalmic aery | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Five Ways to Rock the Rest of the Semester
With exams around the corner, how can you possibly pack in one more English word, let alone the causes of the Cold War? Don't worry. Here is our handy guide to help you
Power Down
So you stayed up too late last night reading Mockingjay for the fifth time. Oops! When you're that fired, your schoolwork suffers. Instead of studying inefficiently while you are sleepy, allow yourself a 15-minute afterschool power nap. Studies show that even a few minutes of shut-eye can improve memory and concentration.
Take Notes
Not quite grasping that super complicated concept in your chemistry class? You may need to change the way you take notes. Instead of recording every word your teacher says, try using visual hints like pictures, symbols and word bubbles. You can even switch computer fonts or pen color for the important stuff.
Dream On
Your bed's not just for zzz's. Experts say it may be good to study in bed, too. Why? We're able to absorb more right before bed because we're less distracted and the new information stays in our minds as we sleep. So, slide into bed with a textbook or notes, read for 15 minutes, and then turn off the lights for some sweet and smart dreams.
Brain Food
You're in the middle of a biology exam when your mind goes blank. You knew this stuff cold at home, but now you can't tell a ribosome from a chloroplast. What's going on? Your brain's in need of some refueling. Have some snacks like apple slices or cheese before class, and have plenty of water, too. If your teacher doesn't mind, pop in a piece of gum during an exam. Some scientists think the chewing increases the flow of oxygen to the brain.
Smart Move
Ugh! You're taking an English test and you cannot remember the past participle of "understand". What to do? Skip it. Test taking is all about timing, so don't waste it on tricky questions. Move ahead and answer everything you know before returning to the ones you don't. Chances are, once you get back to the toughies, you'll recall the answer or at the very least, you'll have a little more time to come up with one that works. [/INST] question: When taking notes, we can do all these except _ . | options: A: draw pictures B: change the typeface C: switch on the computer D: colour the key points | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The Olympic flame arrived at Culdrose in Cornwall from Athens on a golden plane called "The Firefly" on Friday in four custom-made lanterns.It was carried off the plane by Princess Anne, IOC Member and the president of the British Olympic Association, and then used to light a cauldron to mark the start of the Olympic Torch Relay by football hero David Beckham."Eight thousand inspirational torchbearers are all set to bring the magic of the Games to everyone's doorstep," said Nick Clegg, the deputy prime minister, who was at Culdrose to welcome the London 2012 delegation ."With every step, the excitement will build.Ten weeks from now, the world will watch as the flame arrives at the Olympic Stadium, bringing with it the hopes of a nation."
A gold-liveried air rescue Sea King helicopter flew the torch to Land's End early on Saturday, where at 7.08am it was passed to the triple Olympic gold medalist sailor Ben Ainslie, the first of 8,000 torch-bearers, in front of 3,500 people."It's amazing," he said."For me, growing up in this part of the world, in Cornwall, for the Olympic Torch to set off from here around the nation, is a fantastic moment for the UK, for London 2012.Very exciting." Ainslie carried the torch 300m before 'kissing' it on to Anastasi Swallow, a junior surf champion who has represented her country four times."This is really when the Games begin," said Paul Deighton, the London 2012 Organising Committee's chief executive."Through these 70 days we'll see some magic in our communities." [/INST] question: Who carried the Olmpic flame off the plane? | options: A: Princess Ann B: David Beckham C: Nick Clegg D: Paul Deighton | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Have you thanked your grandma today? You might want to consider it. A recent study found that kids live longer when a grandmother takes part in their daily lives.
Most animals die soon after their childbearing years are over. Women, however, often live for many years after they stop having kids.
To try to understand why, researchers from Finland looked at birth and death records of two communities from the 18th and 19th centuries, one in Finland and one in Canada. In these communities, 537 Finnish women and 3,290 Canadian women were grandmothers who had lived past the age of 50.
For every decade they lived beyond 50, the researchers found that the women ended up with an average of two extra grandkids. It didn't matter what the differences in health or living conditions were between the two communities or from family to family.
Grandchildren were also more likely to live into adulthood if their grandmothers were alive when they were born. If their grandmothers were younger than 60 at the time, that was even better. The study also found that women had children 2 to 3 years earlier if their own mothers were still alive at that time than those whose mothers had died.
The researchers suggested that grandmothers have provided important assistance in raising their grandchildren for at least the past 200,000 years. As a result, they helped extend everyone's lifespan.
So, don't take your grandma for granted! [/INST] question: How many women in the survey in the two communities were grandmothers who had lived past the age of 50? | options: A: 537 B: 3,290 C: 3,827 D: 2,753 | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Let's face it.No one drinks diet soda for the taste.People drink diet soda in the hope that it will help them lose weight or at least keep them from gaining it.Yet it seems to have exactly the opposite effect, according to a new study.
Researchers from the University of Texas said those who drank two or more diet sodas a day had waist size increases that were six times greater than those who didn't drink diet soda."What we saw was that the more diet sodas a person drank, the more weight they were likely to gain," said Sharon Fowler.
The study was based on data from 474 participants in a large, ongoing research project, where the participants were followed for nearly l0 years.
While the findings are surprising, they also offer some explanations.
Nutrition expert, Melanie Rogers, who works with overweight patients in New York, has found that when patients are switched from regular to diet soda, they don't lose weight at all."We weren't seeing weight loss necessarily, and that was confusing to us," said Rogers.
So why would diet soda cause weight gain? No one knows for sure yet, but it could be that people think they can eat more if they drink diet soda, and so over-compensate for the missing calories.
A related study found some sweeteners raised blood sugar levels in some mice."Data from this and other potential studies suggest that the promotion of diet sodas and artificial sweeteners may be risky," said Helen P.Hazuda, professor at the University of Texas's school of medicine." _ may be free of calories, but not of consequences." [/INST] question: People drink diet soda to _ . | options: A: enjoy its taste B: achieve weight loss C: stay in fashion D: gain more energy | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Now throwing shoes at President Bush is a popular game on the Internet. It turns out that there are times when it's good to throw shoes.
After leaving his office in the center of the city, a young man bought a new car and drove it from the city to his home. He was very happy and the car ran very fast. Suddenly, a shoe hit the car door . The man got very angry. He jumped out of the car and caught a boy who still had a shoe in his hand.
"Who are you? Why did you do that?" the young man shouted at the boy.
"I'm sorry. But I don't know what else to do. My sister has been hurt. I cried for help but nobody stopped," the boy said.
The man looked around and saw a girl by the road. Her leg was bleeding .
"She is my sister. She wanted to cross the road but fell out of her wheelchair. She is too heavy for me. I can't get her back into the _ . "The man was moved. He helped the bleeding girl back into her wheelchair.
"Thank you. You're so kind," said the little boy. Life speaks to our hearts. Sometimes we don't have time to listen and it will throw a shoe at us. [/INST] question: The young man drove his new car _ . | options: A: to the city B: home C: to his office D: to his school | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Endangered giant pandas are facing a new threat: the loss of their food source, bamboo. In China's Qinling Mountains, giant pandas spend most of their day eating bamboo. The plant makes up 99% of the panda's diet, with some pandas eating about 40 pounds of it a day. But Qinling's pandas may soon have to find another food source. A new study cause the loss of most of the region's bamboo by the end of the century.
A team made up of researchers from Michigan State University and the Chinese Academy of Sciences studied the effects of climate change on the region's three main bamboo species. They studied the influence of rising temperatures on the spread and growth of bamboo. Bamboo is sensitive to temperature changes. "Even with a 3.6 degrees Fahrenheit increase in temperature, we found that 80% to 100% of bamboo would be gone by the end of the century," Liu Jianguo, one of the study's authors said. Shirley Martin, who came from Paris but not involved in the team said that it's really a demanding challenge for us to get a desired result.
The Qinling Mountains, located in eastern China, are home to about 270 pandas. That is about 17% of the world's wild panda population. The panda is one of the world's most endangered species.
In recent years, China has stepped up efforts to protect pandas. But Liu says the country has yet to consider the long-term efforts of climate change in its conservation planning. Aside from increasing nature reserve areas where pandas are protected, Liu wants China to lower its use of fuels that release greenhouse gases-as should the rest of the world. " The future of pandas," he says, " is in our hands." [/INST] question: The researchers in the team come from _ . | options: A: Britain and China B: The US and China C: France and the US D: Germany and the US | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The child has a primary tuberculosis. Most healthy persons have a sub-clinical disease, and a minority develop clinical manifestations; of those, most have limited pulmonary involvement without dissemination. Primary tuberculosis is marked by the Ghon complex, which is a small subpleural granuloma at mid-lung along with prominent enlarged hilar lymph nodes. These nodes may impinge upon central airways. When the cell-mediated immune response is poor, then there can be numerous small granulomas scattered throughout the lungs, or disseminated to other organs, as a miliary pattern (granulomas that are the size of millet seeds). Progressive primary tuberculosis can lead to more extensive lung involvement with pneumonic infiltrates. Upper lobe cavitary disease is characteristic of secondary tuberculosis (reactivation or reinfection) in persons who have previously mounted an immune response. One pattern of disseminated tuberculosis is Pott disease of the spine, sometimes as an isolated finding. [/INST] question: A 5-year-old child is exposed to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. A month later the child's tuberculin skin test is positive. The child then develops fever, inspiratory stridor, and nonproductive cough. Which of the following findings is most likely to be present on the chest radiograph of this child? | options: A: Hilar lymphadenopathy B: Miliary pulmonary nodules C: Pneumonic consolidation D: Upper lobe cavitation | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Sudden, painless monocular blindness is a sign of carotid disease. The symptom is also called amaurosis fugax . The patient may describe a shade dropping in front of the eye or describe vision like looking through ground glass. If a thrombus propagates up the carotid to the middle cerebral aery, then symptoms seen in middle cerebral aery occlusion or embolization (hemiparesis with sensory symptoms, aphasia depending on hemispheric dominance) will also occur. Midbasilar aery disease produces weakness and sensory loss with diplopia, loss of facial sensation or movement, and ataxia. Branches of the basilar aery supply the base of the pons and superior cerebellum. The symptoms described suggest disease in the posterior circulation, whichincludes paired veebral aeries, the basilar aery, and the paired posterior cerebral aeries. The basilar aery divides into two posterior cerebral aeries that provide branches to the cerebellum, medulla, pons, midbrain, thalamus, and temporal and occipital lobes. A midbasilar aery occlusion could cause ataxia of limbs by involving pontine nuclei; paralysis of the face, arm, and leg by involving coicospinal tracts; and impairment of facial sensation by involvement of fifth nerve nucleus. Occlusion of the entire middle cerebral aery results in contralateral hemiplegia, hemianesthesia, and homonymous hemianopsia. When the dominant hemisphere is involved, aphasia is present. When the nondominant hemisphere is involved, apraxia and neglect are produced. When only a penetrating branch of the middle cerebral aery is affected, the syndrome of pure motor hemiplegia is produced, as the infarct involves only the posterior limb of the internal capsule, involving only motor fibers to the face, arm, and leg (lacunar infarct). [/INST] question: For Contralateral weakness and sensory loss, worse in face and arm; homonymous hemianopsia; aphasia or neglect syndrome select the site of the lesion of cerebrovascular disease, | options: A: Internal carotid aery B: Middle cerebral aery C: Midbasilar aery D: Penetrating branch, middle cerebral aery | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: • “90% all abdominal aortic aneurysms are related to atherosclerotic disease and most of these aneurysms are below the level of renal arteries.”
• Aneurysm: permanent and irreversible localized dilatation of blood vessel with at least 50% increase in diameter
• Ectasia: dilatation <50% of normal diameter
• AAA (abdominal aortic aneurysm) is diagnosed if diameter >3 cm in males or >2.6 cm in females
• MC location: Aorta >Iliac >Popliteal >Femoral (AIPF)
• MC site of extra-cranial arterial aneurysm is infrarenal aorta
• MC site of peripheral aneurysm: Popliteal aneurysm
• Degenerative aneurysms (caused by atherosclerosis) are MC AAA (90%)
• Width of aneurysm is most important predicting factor of rupture.
• Juan Parodi introduced endovascular aortic aneurysm repair (EVAR).
Classification
• True (all three layers of vessel are involved), false (do not have all three layers of vessel)
• Infected (mycotic) aneurysm are false aneurysm
• Dissecting aneurysm (dissection with aneurysmal dilatation of false lumen)
• Fusiform (symmetrical enlargement involving whole circumference of artery)
• Saccular (affect only part of the arterial circumference) have higher risk of rupture [/INST] question: Most common cause of abdominal aortic aneurysm is: | options: A: Trauma B: Vsculitis C: Syphilis D: Atherosclerosis | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: a. Hemiveebrai. Most common type of failure of formation anomaly.ii. This is where a poion of the veebra is missing resulting in a small, triangularshaped "half veebra" or hemiveebra.iii. Hemiveebrae can be subclassified based on their relationship to the adjacentspine (segmented, semisegmented, nonsegmented).b. Block veebrai. When several veebral segments fail to separate bilaterally, a block veebra resultsproducing fused veebral bones.c. Unilateral unsegmented veebral barsi. are caused by the failure of segmentation only on the left or right side of the spine.The thoracic curves have the poorest prognosis, with the worst anomaly being aunilateral unsegmented bar combined with single or multiple convex hemiveebrae,followed by a unilateral unsegmented bar, double convex hemiveebrae, and a singleconvex hemiveebra, with the bloc veebra having the best prognosis.Classification of Congenital Scoliosisa. Failure of formation (see Fig. 38-120)i. Paial failure of formation (wedge veebra)ii. Complete failure of formation (hemiveebra)b. Failure of segmentationi. Unilateral failure of segmentation (unilateral unsegmented bar)ii. Bilateral failure of segmentation (block veebra)c. Miscellaneous [/INST] question: Which of the following is least likely to be associated with progressive congenital scoliosis? NOT RELATED - PATHOLOGY | options: A: Hemiveebra B: Block veebra C: Wedge veebra D: Unilateral unsegmented veebra with bar | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: PROPOFOL The active ingredient in propofol, 2,6-diisopropylphenol, is essentially insoluble in aqueous solutions and is formulated only for IV administration as a 1% (10 mg/ml) emulsion in 10% soybean oil, 2.25% glycerol, and 1.2% purified egg phosphatide. In the United States, disodium EDTA (0.05 mg/ml) or sodium metabisulfite (0.25 mg/ml) is added to inhibit bacterial growth. The induction dose of propofol in a healthy adult is 1.5 to 2.5 mg/kg and it has an onset and duration of anesthesia similar to thiopental. As with barbiturates, dosages should be reduced in the elderly and in the presence of other sedatives and increased in young children. Because of its reasonably sho elimination half-life, propofol often is used for maintenance of anesthesia as well as for induction. For sho procedures, small boluses (10% to 50% of the induction dose) every 5 minutes or as needed are effective. An infusion of propofol produces a more stable drug level (100 to 300 mg/kg per minute) and is better suited for longer-term anesthetic maintenance. Infusion rates should be tailored to patient response and the levels of other hypnotics. Sedating doses of propofol are 20% to 50% of those required for general anesthesia. However, even at these lower doses, caregivers should be vigilant and prepared for all of the side effects of propofol discussed below, paicularly airway obstruction and apnea. Propofol elicits pain on injection that can be reduced with lidocaine and the use of larger arm and antecubital veins. Excitatory phenomena during induction with propofol occur at about the same frequency as with thiopental, but much less frequently than with methohexital. Side Effects: Nervous System: The CNS effects of propofol are similar to those of barbiturates. Propofol decreases CMRO2, cerebral blood flow, and intracranial and intraocular pressures by about the same amount as thiopental. Like thiopental, propofol has been used in patients at risk for cerebral ischemia; however, no human outcome studies have been performed to determine its efficacy as a neuroprotectant. Results from studies on the anticonvulsant effects of propofol have been mixed; some data even suggest it has proconvulsant activity when combined with other drugs. Thus, unlike thiopental, propofol is not a proven acute intervention for seizures. Cardiovascular. Propofol produces a dose-dependent decrease in blood pressure that is significantly greater than that produced by thiopental. The fall in blood pressure can be explained by both vasodilation and mild depression of myocardial contractility. Propofol appears to blunt the baroreceptor reflex or is directly vagotonic because smaller increases in hea rate are seen for any given drop in blood pressure after doses of propofol. As with thiopental, propofol should be used with caution in patients at risk for or intolerant of decreases in blood pressure. Respiratory and Other Side Effects: At equipotent doses, propofol produces a slightly greater degree of respiratory depression than thiopental. Patients given propofol should be monitored to ensure adequate oxygenation and ventilation. Propofol appears to be less likely than barbiturates to provoke bronchospasm. It has no clinically significant effects on hepatic, renal, or endocrine organ systems. Unlike thiopental, propofol appears to have significant anti-emetic action and is a good choice for sedation or anesthesia of patients at high risk for nausea and vomiting. Propofol provokes anaphylactoid reactions and histamine release at about the same low frequency as thiopental. Although propofol does cross placental membranes, it is considered safe for use in pregnant women, and like thiopental, only transiently depresses activity in the newborn. [/INST] question: The most suitable agent for IV induction and maintenance in a day care surgery | options: A: Etomidate B: Ketamine C: Propofol D: Thiopentone | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Basics of Instrumental delivery The criteria for applying low forceps (1) Leading point of fetal skull at station= 2 cm and not on the pelvic floor, (2) Rotation is 45 or less. If the fetal head is at station below this or rotation doesn't exceed 45, then one can apply outlet forceps. Mid forceps are for station above+ 2 cm and high forceps are not applied and considered unsafe It's better to do a 'Safe' caesarean section than to do a 'complicated' high forceps Classification for operative vaginal delivery Outlet Fetal scalp visible without separating the labia Fetal skull has reached the pelvic floor Sagittal suture is in the anterio - posterior diameter or right or left occiput anterior or posterior position (rotation does not exceed 45o) Fetal head is at on the perineum Low Leading point of the skull (not caput) is at station plus 2 cm or more and not on the pelvic floor. Two Subdivisions: Rotation of 45o or less from the occipito - anterior position. Rotation of more than 45o including the occipito - posterior position Mid Fetal head is no more than 1/5th palpable per abdomen Leading point of the skull as is above station plus 2 cm but not above the ischial spines. Two Subdivisions: Rotation of 45o or less from the occipito - anterior position Rotation of more than 45o including the occipito - posterior position. High Not included in the classification as operative vaginal delivery is not recommended in this situation where the head is 2/5th or more palpable abdominally and the presenting pa is above the level of the ischial spines. Indications of Operative delivery: Fetal Indication: Presumed fetal compromise Maternal To shoen and reduce the effects of the second stage Cardiac disease Class III or IV hypeensive crises, myasthenia gravis, spinal cord injury patients at risk of autonomic dysreflexia, proliferative retinopathy Inadequate progress Nulliparous women - lack of continuing progress for 3 hours with regional anaesthesia, or 2 hours without regional anaesthesia Multiparous women - lack of continuing progress for 2 hours with regional anaesthesia, or 1 hour without regional anaesthesia Maternal fatigue/exhaustion Prerequisites for operative vaginal delivery Head is <=1/5th palpable per abdomen Veex presentation Cervix is fully dilated and the membranes ruptured. Assessment of caput and moulding. Pelvis is deemed adequate. Irreducible moulding may indicate cephalo-pelvic dispropoion Although traditional teaching says that vacuum can be applied after 6-7 cms cervical dilatation, Forceps and vacuum extractor deliveries before full dilatation of the cervix are contraindicated. Forceps can be used for the after-coming head of the breech Avoid use of vacuum extraction below 34 weeks +0 days of gestation susceptibility of the preterm infant to cephalohaematoma, intracranial haemorrhage, subgaleal haemorrhage and neonatal jaundice. Higher rates of failure with instrumental delivery are associated with: maternal body mass index over 30 estimated fetal weight over 4000 g or clinically big baby occipito-posterior position mid-cavity delivery or when 1/5th of the head palpable per abdomen. Vacuum extraction compared with forceps is: more likely to fail delivery more likely to be associated with cephalhaematoma more likely to be associated with retinal haemorrhage less likely to be associated with significant maternal perineal and vaginal trauma Forceps and Vacuum have same likelihood of Delivery by caesarean section Associated with low 5-minute Apgar Associated with the need for phototherapy [/INST] question: Manisha is a 25 years primigravida in labour. She has spend 1 hr during second stage of labour (after complete dilatation of cervix). Now on examination the leading point of fetal skull is at +2 station and rotation is 45. You can manage this case fuher by - | options: A: Applying outlet forceps B: Applying low forceps C: Applying mid forceps D: Applying high forceps | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Romberg Test: The patient is asked to stand with the feet closely approximated, first with his/her eyes open, and then closed. The test is 'positive' when the patient is able to stand with his/her feet together while his/her eyes are open, but sways or falls when they are closed. Any lesion along the proprioceptive pathway can result in a positive Romberg test. Proprioceptive pathway: Proprioception is the ability to sense the position of one's extremities without the aid of vision. The peripheral sense organs are located in the muscle, tendons, and joints. The first cell body is situated in the dorsal root ganglion, going without a synapse to the ipsilateral fasiculi cuneatus and gracilis (dorsal column) to the lower medulla where the synapse occurs. Following a decussation of the internal arcuate fibers, the impulses ascend in the medial lemniscus to the thalmus, terminating in the parietal lobe, posterior to those that convey touch. Conditions commonly causing a positive Romberg test: Posterior column dysfunction Sensory polyneuropathy Intracranial lesions [/INST] question: Positive Romberg test with eyes closed detects defect in: | options: A: Proprioceptive pathway B: Cerebellum C: Spinothalmic tract D: Peripheral nerve | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: "Would you tell me which way I should go from here?" asked Alice.
"That depends a good deal on where you want to get," said the Cat.
"I really don't care where" replied Alice.
"Then it doesn't much matter which way you go," said the Cat.
--- from " Alice in Wonderland "
My name is David. And I have a brother called Mike.
One day, my brother called me and asked me for some advice. He was trying to decide between two job offers:
Job 1 - The first job was your typical 40 hour a week "office" job.
Job 2 - The second job was more of a career in the insurance industry , where he would start at the bottom, and after many years and many long hours eventually rise to the top (if he was good).
The second job did not pay as well as the first job (at the beginning), but the pay-off of the second job (in the future) was much greater than the first job. So which job should my brother take? Well the answer is...it depends.
Just like the Cat was trying to tell Alice, which road you take depends a great deal on where you want to end up.
Begin with the End in Mind
I asked my brother what was his life's purpose. He said his purpose was to "teach," but he wanted to make a lot of money first. I told my brother to forget about the money, and I advised him to focus on his purpose. I then asked him which job best supported his end result of "teaching." He said the first job best supported his goal because he would only have to work 40 hours a week, which would give him spare time to teach. He continued on to say, "but if I take job number two, I can work hard and make more money, then I can retire early and "teach" later in life." I again advised him to "focus" on his purpose, not money. Things don't end wrong, they begin wrong!
You Can't Ride Two Horses Well
It would be very difficult to have a successful teaching career while you're working 70-80 hours a week in the insurance business; no one can ride two horses well. As they say, you can do anything, but not everything. I advised him to get started today by choosing the job that best supported that decision.
Tomorrow Never Comes
My brother was thinking that he could always start teaching later in life, but the reality is, tomorrow never comes. Unless you decide right now to follow your feelings, they will probably never be completed. You only live once, don't go to the end of your life with one regret.
The Money Will Come
My brother seemed to be overly concerned with making money. I told him not to be anxious about making money. You will always have greater money when you're doing what you love.
In a word, whenever you're at a cross-road, be sure to make the decision that best supports the goal of your life. If you do, then you will be well on your way. [/INST] question: Mike _ David one day. | options: A: visited B: met C: made a telephone call to D: found | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: YOUR KIDS ARE AMAZING --especially compared with everybody else's (who seem to cry all the time). How do you show your love for your kids this holiday season? With toys that are smooth and colorful, interactive and exciting. And with ones that have educational value -- because you are the boss.
FLAX ART HOSPITAL PUZZLE AND PLAY SET
Here is a toy that doesn't need power, and the kids have to put it together themselves. This 50-piece-puzzle set is made of soft-edged hardwood and makes a complete hospital, with an X-ray room. It also includes eight patients, a car and a driver. $135.
TINY LOVE ACTIVITY BALL
Sure, it's cool, but this colorful baby toy also develops problem solving and motor skills. It has a head and legs, a magnetic hand and a tail. Suitable for little ones from 6-36 months. $19.95; tiny-love.com.
ROBOSAPIEN
This small, remote-control robot is really powerful. It performs 67 preprogrammed functions, including throwing, kicking, picking up and dancing. You can even program your own function -- which, sadly, does not include doing windows. $99 robosapienonline.com.
MINI PEDAL CAR
Want a mini Cooper but can't fit the family inside? Get one for the kids. They can jump into this mini car, which comes in hot orange with a single adjustable seat, and ride away. But it could spoil them for that used car they'll be driving when they turn 16. For ages 3 to 5. $189; minicar.com (click on "gear up" then "mini motoring gear") [/INST] question: What website can you visit if you want a baby toy for your kid? | options: A: flaxart.com B: tiny-love.com C: robosapienonline.com D: minicar.com | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: In amphibians, the spinomedullary region of the central nervous system is compressed rostrocaudally because of the absence of a neck. In Ranid frogs, the hypoglossal nerve emerges as the ventral ramus of the second spinal nerve. The first spinal nerve, though present in tadpoles, is absent as a separate nerve in adults. To investigate the central nervous system components of the hypoglossal nerve in Rana pipiens, we soaked identified, transected branches of this nerve in horseradish peroxidase, a retrograde and anterograde tracer. We found that the hypoglossal nerve in these frogs originates from two efferent nuclei located in the caudal medulla, a medial and a lateral one. Afferent fibers, primarily from the tongue, are also found in the hypoglossal nerve and travel in the dorsolateral funiculus of the spinal cord, descending to thoracic levels of the cord. Efferents to intrinsic tongue muscles and the genioglossus muscle originate in the medial medullary nucleus. Efferents to the sternohyoid muscle, which travel through the hypoglossal nerve, originate in the lateral medullary nucleus. Since in mammals the sternohyoid muscle is innervated by the first spinal nerve, we have obtained experimental evidence that the hypoglossal nerve in Rana pipiens contains components of this spinal nerve. [/INST] question: Nerve of grass is related to? | options: A: Facial nerve B: Glossopharyngeal nerve C: Vagus nerve D: Hypoglossal nerve | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: farmer had a faithful horse which had grown old and could do no more work, so his master no longer wanted to give him anything to eat and said, "I can certainly make no more use of you, but if you prove yourself still strong enough to bring me a lion here, I will keep you. " And with that he chased him into the open field.
The horse was sad. There the fox met him and said, "Why do you hang your head, and go about all alone?"
"Alas," replied the horse, " My master has forgotten what services I have done for him for so many years, and because I can no longer plow well, he will give me no more food, and has driven me out. "
" Without giving you a chance?" asked the fox.
" The chance was a bad one. He said , if I were still strong enough to bring him a lion , he would keep me , but he knows that I cannot do that. "
The fox said, "I will help you. Just lie down, _ as if you were dead. " The horse did as the fox asked, and then the fox went to the lion, and said, "A dead horse is lying out there. Just come with me, and you can have a rich meal. "
The lion went with him, and when they were both standing by the horse, the fox said, "After all, it is not very comfortable for you here--l tell you what--l will fasten it to you by the tail, and then you can pull it into your cave and eat it in peace. "
The advice pleased the lion. He positioned himself in order that the fox might tie the horse fast to him, and he kept completely quiet. But the fox tied the lion's legs together with the horse's tail. When he had finished his work , he tapped the horse on the shoulder and said, "Pull, white horse, pull! "
Then up sprang the horse at once, and pulled the lion away with him. The lion began to roar so that all the birds in the forest flew up in fear, but the horse let him roar, and drew him and pulled him across the field to his master's door. When the master saw the lion, he was moved, and said to the horse, " You shall stay with me and I will treat you well. " And he gave him plenty to eat until he died.
,. [/INST] question: What do you think of the fox? | options: A: Funny B: Silly C: Smart D: Careless | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: As long as you have broadband service in your home, you can turn on your desktop computer and connect to the Internet. If you have a wireless router , a device that spreads the broadband connection to other devices, you can set up a Wi-Fi network, which enables your cellphones and tablets go online too. And when you are outdoors where is no Wi-Fi, such as in the park or at the beach, having 3G service allows you to stay connected.
It seems that lots of us have Internet coverage everywhere we go. So why have mobile companies around the world lately been so enthusiastic about a new term, "4G"? First, you need to know that the letter :G" stands for "generation". Even if you have no idea what 4G is, at least you can figure out that it is a step up from 3G since it's the latest generation of mobile internet service.
Unlike broadband, mobile Internet uses the same signal towers that provide voice service to your cellphone, which means wherever you can make phone calls with your cellphone you also have an Internet connection.
But mobile connections have their _ : they don't carry as much information as broadband does, making opening websites and downloading music slower than they are on a Wi-Fi connection. This is why mobile connections have been constantly upgraded since the first generation was launched back in the 1980s.
According to BBC, 4G is five to seven times faster than current 3G network speeds, almost as fast as home broadband. Because of this, 4G is widely suited for services like video downloading, mapping, online shopping and even video conferencing.
To achieve the high speeds, network companies have to spend a lot of money on building new signal towers, which will eventually lead to a higher phone bill if you switch to 4G, and you will also have to get a new phone with 4G capacity. [/INST] question: What is the weakness of 3G compared with 4G? | options: A: Its voice is not as clear as 4G B: It can't satisfy the users' basic needs C: Its network speeds are much slower D: It has much less popularity than 4G | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Yersinia pestis Amongst the given options, only yersinia pestis produces stalactite growth. The girl has: - i) Signs of septicemia --> Fever, hypotension. ii) Axillary and inguinal lymphadenopathy iii) Stalactite growth These features are suggestive of septicaemic plague, which is caused by yersinia pestis. The clinical features mentioned in the question can also occur in rest of the options but the clincher is "stalactite growth", which is seen only in yersinia pestis infection. Survival in cold environment (girl lives in slamla) also ours yersinia pestis. Clinical features of plague Y. pestis infection 4, 4, `If Bubonic Pneumonic Septicaemic Uncommon Plague Plague Plague forms . Always primary . Mostly secondry . Mostly secondary . Meningitis . t14, C. type of plague due to metastatic spread due to metastatic . Pharyngitis . LP. 2-7 (hot from Bubonic plague spread from Bubonic . Endoplithalmitis . C/Ps are fever; chills . 1.P. 1-3 days . I.P. -4 2-7 clays. . Lymphadenills enlarged tender & . Highly infectious . Often presents with at multiple sites painful lympnodes; . Initially ore lobe is GI symptoms (nausea papule, pustule or ulcer affected, later it spreads vomiting. diarrhea and at the site of bite to other lobe abdominal paint along . M.C. lymphnode femoral . C/Fs are dyspnea, cough with other signs of and inguinal with sputum chest pain and tachycardia septicemia [/INST] question: A girl from shimla presented to OPD with fever,hypotension, malaise and axillary and inguinal lymphadenopathy. Culture in glucose broth shows stalactite growth. Most likely causative organism is | options: A: Yersinia pestis B: Francisella tularensis C: Brucella abous D: Coxiella burnetti | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Hello,everyone.Because of the high rate of school violence in some areas,teenagers'safety becomes a serious problem.We are planning to set up an organization named School Watch to make sure that students have a safe school environment.Please be part of our plan!
What is School Watch?
School Watch is a volunteer project in our school.It helps us stop violence and improve the quality of school life.It will keep yourself and your schoolmates safe.The other members of School Watch care for you and your classroom and you do the same for them.
Is it for everyone?
Anybody can become a member of School Watch because everyone has something to offer.
What else can it do?
School Watch makes it possible for us not only to help each other but also to make friends with each other.Some members may offer to help schoolmates who have problems with their homework.
Who is the Best School Watcher?
Our school will look for the Best School Watcher and give him or her lots of prizes.You could be the one!
How do you start?
To be part of this plan,the only thing you need to do is to talk to the director of the plan in your grade.If you want to get more information, check the official website at www.schoolwatch. com. [/INST] question: The members of School Watch are probably _ . | options: A: teenagers B: parents C: policemen D: teachers | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: ANTIVIRAL DRUGS: CLASSI FICATION 1.Anti-Herpes virus Idoxuridine, Acyclovir, Valacyclovir, Famciclovir, Ganciclovir*, Foscarnet* 2 Anti-Retrovirus (a) Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (Nis): Zidovudine (AZT), Didanosine, Zalcitabine*, Stavudine, Lamivudine, Abaca vir (b) Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNis): Nevirapine, Eirenz, Delavirdine* (c) Protease inhibitors: Ritonavir, Indinavir, Nelfinavir, Saquinavir, Amprenavir*, Lopinavir 3. Anti-Influenza virus Amantadine, Rimantadine* 4. NonselectiVe antiviral drugs Ribavirin, Lamivudine, Adefovir dipivoxil, Interferon a * Not yet marketed in India. (b) Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNis): Nevirapine, Eirenz, Delavirdine* (c) Protease inhibitors: Ritonavir, Indinavir, Nelfinavir, Saquinavir, Amprenavir*, Lopinavir 3. Anti-Influenza virus Amantadine, Rimantadine* 4. Nonselective antiviral drugs Ribavirin, Lamivudine, Adefovir dipivoxil, Interferon a * Not yet marketed in India. Acyclovir: This deoxiguanosine analogue antiviral drug requires a virus specific enzyme for conversion to the active metabolite that inhibits DNA synthesis and viral replication. Acyclovir is preferentially taken up by the virus infected cells. Because of selective generation of the active inhibitor in the virus infected cell and its greater inhibitory effect on viral DNA synthesis, acyclovir has low toxicity for host cells: a several hundred-fold chemotherapeutic index has been noted. Acyclovir is active only against herpes group of viruses; H. simplex type I is most sensitive followed by H. simplex type II > varicella-zoster virus= Epstein-Barr virus; while cytomegalovirus (CMV) is practically not affected. Both H. simplex and varicella-zoster virus have been found to develop resistance to acyclovir during therapy; the former primarily due to mutants deficient in thymidine kinase activity and the latter primarily by change in specificity of virus directed enzyme so that its affinity for acyclovir is decreased. ESSENTIALS OF MEDICAL PHARMACOLOGY K.D.TRIPATHI SIXTH EDITION PAGE NO:768 [/INST] question: Drug of choice for herpes simplex virus infection is: | options: A: Acyclovir B: Zidovudine C: Indinavir D: Ribavarin | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Music can be a great power to change people's lives. Regina del Carmen Sanchez, 14, always believes this. The girl from Kansas City, US, leads a hard life. She lives in a small house with her mom and grandparents. Her mom gets a very low pay.
But it doesn't stop Sanchez's love of music. She wrote her first song Keep Your Head Up when she was 12. It described the bad situation at her home, but it also sent the message of hope: "My house is old and poor, but it beats being homeless... Love yourself and never give up. You'll see a better life if you keep your head up..."
It took Sanchez several months to finish the song. Sometimes during a break in class, when lyrics came into her head, "I would have to write them down right then," she told the local newspaper The Kansas City Star.
Jeremy Lillig was a spokesman for Bright Futures, a charity fund. When he saw the video of the song, he was _ He shared it through social media . The fund has provided money for poor students in Kansas City.
Now Sanchez often plays the song in public. "I want to help people understand what is happening in the world in an easy way," she said. [/INST] question: There are _ people in Sanchez's family. | options: A: three B: four C: five D: six | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: V _ , an artist of tremendous energy and prodigious output. He killed himself when he was only 37, but he left behind him more than 2,000 paintings and drawings, which established his reputation in a way he would never have considered possible.
Van Gogh was born on March 30, 1853 at Groot Zundert Province of Noord Nrabant in Dutch. He was the son of a clergyman. His first artist impressions were formed as a boy, from his uncle who was an art dealer. The motivation bore early fruit and from the age of 12 the young Vincent was drawing. The interest led to an apprenticeship in an art dealer's firm, Groupil's, in the Hague. When he was only 20, he was transferred to the firm's London office.
In London Van Gogh faced his first major crisis, when he was rejected in love. After that, he turned to religion, expressed disapproval with art-dealing and neglected his work. Groupil transferred him from London to Paris but, when his work was still unsatisfactory, dismissed him in 1876.
The young Van Gogh made religion a consuming interest and during the next few years travelled in Britain, Belgium and Holland, trying to establish himself as a preacher, but without success.
In 1880, at the age of 27, he found himself drawn back to art. He had a job as an assistant evangelist in the mining village of Borinage in Belgium but realized an artist drive which was to motivate him unceasingly until his death 10 years later.
Late in 1881, he moved to the Hague and established a relationship with a woman, Christine Hoornik, with whom he lived for a time. He broke with her in 1883, however, and never again established a significant intimate relationship with a woman.
In 1886 Van Gogh left Holland forever and travelled via Antwerp to Paris, and to major changes in artistic style. Van Gogh's work became more youthful in Paris. He
lived with his brother, Theo, who managed the modern department of an art dealer's. A new, more animated, painting style emerged and the impressionist tendencies of earlier work weakened somewhat.
Van Gogh developed a taste for personalized brushwork and brilliant, unmixed color1s. Among his most prominent experiments with color1 were a series of some 30 flower paintings, a fascination which stayed with him until his death. [/INST] question: When did Van Gogh die? | options: A: 1890, B: 1892 C: 1886 D: 1883 | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: In a Police Mess , an officer wanted to get some fresh vegetables. He was so pleased with his mushrooms that he decided to share them. When their breakfast arrived the next day, each officer found some mushrooms on his plate.
"Try the dog with a piece first." Suggested one cautious officer who was afraid that the " mushrooms" might be poisonous.
The dog seemed to enjoy its mushrooms, and the officers then began to eat their meal, saying that the mushrooms tasted wonderful.
An hour later, however, there was great confusion when the gardener rushed in to announce that the dog was dead. Immediately, the officers jumped into their cars and rushed to the nearest hospital. Stomach pumps were used and the officers had a very unpleasant time getting rid of the remains of the mushrooms.
When they returned to the mess, they sat down and started to discuss the symptoms of the mushroom poisoning. The gardener was called in to give a full account of the way the poor dog had died. " Did it suffer much before death?" asked one of the officer, feeling very pleased that he had escaped a painful death himself. The gardener looked rather surprised , " No, " he said in a puzzled tone. " It was killed when a car ran over it."
, . [/INST] question: What did the officers share the next morning ? | options: A: Meat B: Mushrooms C: Fresh fruit D: Nothing | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: (CML) (215-HM) (315, 697-98-R) (464-Basic pathology 8,h)BCR-ABL hybrid gene - ABL gene is a non GF receptor proto-oncogene having tyrosine kinase activity. ABL gene from its normal location on chromosome 9 is translocated to chromosome 22. Where it fuses with BCR (breakpoint cluster region) gene and forms an ABL, BCR hybrid gene which is more potent in signal transduction pathway ABL-BCR hybrid gene is seen in CML and some acute lymphocytic leukaemias* n MYC-HSR - neuroblastoma* ERB-B in breast and ovarian cancersImportant oncogenes, their-mechanism of Activation and Associated Human Tumours (216-HM)TypeONCOGENEAssociated human tumours1. Growth factors (GFs)(i) PDGFGlioblastoma (ii) TGF-aSarcoma (iii) FGFCa-bowel, breast2. Receptors for GFs(i) ERB-B,Squamous cell Ca (ii) HER2 (a ERB2)Ca breast, Ovary, stomach, lungs3. Signal transduction proteins(i) RASCommon in 1/3 human tumours Ca lung, colon, pancreas, (ii) *BCR-ABLCML, Acute leukaemia4. Nuclear regulatoryMYC (Translocated)Burkitt's lymphoma(Transcription proteins)MYC (Amplified)Ca-lung, breast, colon5. Cell cycle regulatory proteinsCyclin DCa breast, liver, mantle cell lymphoma CDK4Glioblastoma, melanoma, sarcoma* * RB gene - Retinoblastoma, osteosarcoma* * BRCA 1 and 2 - Ca breast, ovary [/INST] question: BCR - ABL hybrid gene is present in | options: A: Burkitt's lymphoma B: Retinoblastoma C: Breast carcinoma D: CML | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: A volcanic eruption in Iceland has sent ash across northern Europe Airlines have stopped or changed the flights across the Atlantic Ocean, leaving hundreds of passengers stuck in airports.
Grimsvom is one of the largest and most active volcanoes in Europe. What makes Grimsvom different is that it lies under a huge glacier of ice up to 12 maters thick. The hot volcano heats up the ice above it, which then forms a layer of water between the glacier and the volcano This layer of water puts pressure on the volcano, keeping it stable, As the water flows out from under the glacier, the pressure lifts. The lava from the volcano then comes up to the surface. This is exactly what happened today.
Now, airlines have to make changes to their flights so as not to fly through the clouds of volcanic ash. according to KLM, one of Europe's biggest airlines, airplanes cannot go under the cloud or over it. Going through the cloud can result in ash getting stuck in the airplane's engines, causing damage to the plane.
The eruption has also caused problems for animals in Iceland. The volcano left ash and sharp. Glass-like rocks all over the countryside. Farmers are keeping their animals inside to stop them from eating ash--covered grass to the sharp object. [/INST] question: What makes Grimsvom different from other volcanoes? | options: A: It is below ice B: It lies under the sea C: It is the largest volcano D: It is lava affects the airlines | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Malignant mesothelioma is a rare form of cancer that affects the thin lining of the body's internal organs, known as the mesothelium. As the word malignant implies, it is a deadly disease that often has a poor prognosis. There are three primary types of mesothelioma: Malignant pleural mesothelioma - occurs in the lining of the lungs (pleura) Malignant peritoneal mesothelioma - occurs in the lining of the abdomen (peritoneum) Malignant pericardial mesothelioma - occurs in the lining of the hea (pericardium)Asbestosis is a chronic inflammatory and scarring disease affecting the tissue of the lungs. People with the condition may experience severe shoness of breath and are at an increased risk for ceain cancers, including lung cancer and, less commonly, mesothelioma. Asbestosis specifically refers to fibrosis within the lung tissue from asbestos, and not scarring around the outside of the lungs. It is caused by the breathing in and retention of asbestos fibers. It usually occurs after high intensity and/or long-term exposure to asbestos (paicularly in those individuals working on the production or end-use of products containing asbestos) and is therefore regarded as an occupational lung disease. People with extensive occupational exposure to the mining, manufacturing, handling, or removal of asbestos are at risk of developing asbestosis. [/INST] question: Which of the following causes malignant mesothelioma?- | options: A: Smoking B: Asbestosis C: Pneumoconiosis D: Silicosis | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Long ago there lived a powerful king. Some of his ideas were good, but others caused people to suffer. One of the king's ideas was to set up a public arena . When a person was accused of a crime, his future would be decided in this arena. It had two doors, side by side, exactly alike. The accused person was taken into the arena and asked to open one. Behind one door was a hungry tiger, while behind the other was a lady chosen especially for him. To this lady he would be immediately married, in honor of his innocence.
The king had a beautiful daughter whom he loved very much , and she secretly loved a young commoner . When the king discovered their relationship, the man was immediately put in prison, and a day was set for him to enter the arena.
The princess knew behind which door stood the tiger, and behind which a lady. She also knew that the lady was one of the loveliest in the kingdom. The princess hated the woman behind that silent door.
As he entered the arena and his eyes met the princess's, the young man knew that she knew behind which door waited the tiger, and behind which stood the lady. The princess raised her hand, and made a short, quick movement toward the right. No one but her lover saw it. Every eye was fixed on him. He turned, and with a firm, quick step he walked across the empty space to the door on the right and opened it.
Now, the point of the story is this: Did the tiger come out of that door, or did the lady? The more we think about this question, the harder it is to answer. It involves a study of the human heart. The soul of the princess loved the young man but also burned under the fires of sadness and jealousy .
The question of her decision cannot be easily answered. And so I leave it with all of you: which came out of the open door? The lady or the tiger? [/INST] question: When a person was accused of a crime, his future would mainly depend on _ . | options: A: the princess B: luck C: the judges D: the viewers | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: A ban on smoking in public places has come into force in China - home to a third of the world's smokers.
The move is aimed at controlling the number of deaths from smoking-related diseases, running at a million a year.
But the rules have been criticized, because they do not include punishments for those who choose to ignore them.
Many business owners hate rules that force them to ban smoking on their premises because many customers do not like the rules and complain.
The rules do not allow smoking in places like restaurants, hotels, railway stations or theatres, but not at the office.
Employers have a duty to warn staff off the dangers of smoking but do not have to forbid them from lighting up at their desks.
Shanghai introduced similar rules a year ago, but people do not seem to take much notice of them. Often you find people smoking at the next table while you are eating your meal or having a drink in a bar. The problem is that the rules do not include punishments for businesses or individuals who ignore them.
It appears that many Chinese people _ the dangers of smoking. Research suggests that only one in four knows the harm cigarettes of second-hand smoke can cause.
Officials say they have to try to persuade people not to smoke to reduce the numbers dying from smoking-related diseases.
At the same time the government makes a lot of money from the sales of cigarettes by the state-owned firm that makes and sells all tobacco products throughout the country. [/INST] question: The number of smokers in China makes up about _ of the world's smokers. | options: A: 66% B: 44% C: 33% D: 55% | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Four decades ago a group of college students visited the mountains of Borneo to examine moth populations. Now a team of British scientists, including a member of the original trip, has returned to the same sites to repeat the survey. They have found that, due to rising temperatures, the insects now live 68 meters higher.
Global warming is forcing tropical species uphill to escape the rising temperatures at a rate of nearly 2 meters a year, the new study from Borneo suggests.
Since this was the only chance to repeat the original survey, the scientist did everything they could to do it exactly the same way, going at the same time of year, in July and August, using photographs to find the exact original sites of the moth traps.
"While this is the first study of insects, a few other studies of tropical species are starting to appear," said Thomas. "If you look across all those studies, you'll find the same results, and it's extremely difficult to think of any other explanation for them."
While some species might survive by finding places on the mountains with temperatures similar to those of their original habitats, others may run out of habitat on the rocky peaks, warns the study.
In a paper in the journal Naturein 2004, Thomas and 13 other experts analyzed the habitats of 1,100 species on five continents, and estimated that on average one quarter were at risk of extinction.
Last year a paper published in the Public Library of Science in the US warned that the risk of extinction in the tropics was becoming more and more serious. The authors, Jana and Steven Vamosi, estimated that 20-45% of tropical species were at risk of extinction. [/INST] question: If the temperature continues to rise at the same rate for ten years, the insects will live about _ . | options: A: 6.8 meters higher B: 19 meters higher C: 34 meters higher D: 68 meters higher | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The Mapleson D may be described as a co-axial modification of the basic T-piece system, developed to facilitate scavenging of waste anaesthetic gases. Function: The Bain circuit is a modification of the Mapleson D system. It is a co-axial system in which the fresh gas flows through a narrow inner tube within the outer corrugated tubing. Essentially, the Bain circuit functions in the same way as the T-piece, Except that the tube supplying fresh gas to the patient is located inside the reservoir tube. Inspiration - The patient inspires fresh gas from the outer reservoir tube. Expiration - The patient expires into the reservoir tube. Although fresh gas is still flowing into the system at this time, it is wasted, as it is contaminated by expired gas. Expiratory pause - Fresh gas from the inner tube washes the expired gas out of the reservoir tube, filling it with fresh gas for the next inspiration. Spontaneous ventilation Normocarbia requires a fresh gas flow of 200-300 ml/kg. Controlled ventilation A fresh gas flow of only 70 ml/kg is required to produce normocarbia. Bain and Spoerel have recommended the following: 2 L/min fresh gas flow in patients <10 kg 3.5 L/min fresh gas flow in patients 10-50 kg 70 ml/kg fresh gas flow in patients >60 kg The recommended tidal volume is 10 ml/kg and respiratory rate is 12-16 breaths/minute [/INST] question: Mapleson's classification of an anaesthetic breathing system | options: A: Describes four systems A, B, C, D B: Classifies the Bain system as Mapleson C: Describes the T-piece as M D: Describes the T-piece system as requiring a fresh gas flow rate of 1.5 - 2 times the minute volume | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: (Elderly menopausal patients with advanced prolapse) (329-S) (307-S14th)Operative treatment of ProlapseAnterior colporrhaphyOperation is performed to repair a cystocele and cystourethrocelePosterior-colporrhaphy and colpoperineorrhaphyOperation is done to correct a rectocele and repair a deficient perineumFothergill's repair (Manchester operation)In this operation, the surgeon combines an anterior colporrhaphy with amputation of cervix* It is suitable for women under 40 years who are desirous of retaining their menstrual and preporductive functionsVaginal hysterectomy with pelvic floor repairThis operation is suitable for women over the age of 40 years, those who have completed their families and are no longer keen on retaining their childbearing and menstrual functionsLe Fort's repairOperation is reserved for the very elderly menopausal patient with an advanced prolapse or for those women who are poor medical risks and are considered unfit for any major surgical procedureAbdominal sling operationsI) AbdominocervicopexyII) Shirodkar's abdominal sling- operationIII) Khanna's abdominal sling operation* This operation is designed for young women suffering from second or third degree uterovaginal prolapse [/INST] question: Le Fort's operation is done is | options: A: Elderly menopausal patients with advanced prolase B: Young woman suffering from second or third degree prolapse C: Women under 40 years who are desirous of retaining their menstrual and reproduction function D: Women over 40 years, those who have completed their families | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Mrs. Blake teaches English in a large school in the inner area of a big city on the west coast. Even since she was a young girl, she has wanted to become a teacher. She has taught eight years now and hasn't changed her mind. After she graduated from high school, she went on to college. Four years later, she received her bachelor's degree (BA) in English and her teaching certificate . Then she went to teach in the secondary schools of her state. In the summers, Mrs. Blake takes more classes; she hopes to get a master's degree ( MA ). With an MA, she will receive a higher salary and if possible, she hopes to get a doctor's degree as well. The school day at Mrs. Blake's high school, like that in many high schools in the United States, is divided into one hour each. Mrs. Blake must teach five of these periods. During her free period, which for her is from 2 to 3 P.M, Mrs. Blake must meet with parents, make our examinations, check assignments at all, Mrs. Blake works continuously from the time she arrives at school in the morning till the time she leaves for home late in the afternoon. [/INST] question: How long is it since Mrs. Blake graduated from middle school? | options: A: four years B: eight years C: twelve years D: twenty years | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: A man accused of failing to return more than 700 children's books to five different libraries in the county was released from prison after a book publisher agreed to post his bond of $1,000.The publisher said."There's a story here.This is a man who loves books.He just can't let go of them.He hasn't stolen a single book.So what's the crime ? We think that Mr.Banish has story to tell.We plan to publish his story."
When asked why he didn't return the books, Mr.Banish said,"Well,how could I? They became family to me.I was afraid to return them,because I knew that kids or dogs would get hold of these books and chew them up,throw them around,tear the pages,spill soda on them,get jelly on them,and drown them in the toilet.
He continued,"Books are people,too! They talk to you,they take care of you,and they enrich you with wisdom,humor and love.A book is a guest in my home.How could I kick it out? I repaired tor n pages.I dusted them with a soft clean cloth.I turned their pages so they could breathe and get some fresh air."
"Every week I reorganized them on their shelves so they could meet new friends,My books were HAPPY books.You could tell just by looking at them.Now they're all back in the libraries,on the lower shelves,on the floors,at the mercy of all those runny-nosed kids I can hear them calling me.I need to rescue them.Excuse me.I have to go now." [/INST] question: Why was the man put into prison? | options: A: Because the book publisher persuaded the police to do so B: Because he stole 700 children's books from the five different libraries C: Because he refused to return the books that he had borrowed D: Because he wanted to publish his story | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Mondor's disease Thrombophlebitis of the superficial veins of the anterior chest wall and breast although it has also been seen in the arm. Frequently involved veins are a lateral thoracic vein, thoracoepigastric vein and superficial epigastric veins, Aeology is unknown o Also known as 'string phlebis\ it presents as a tender cord-like structure. The women may present with acute pain in the lateral aspect of breast or the anterior chest wall. A tender cordlike superficial thrombosed vein is formed and when the skin over the breast is stretched by raising the arm, a narrow r shallow subcutaneous groove alongside the cord becomes apparent, Rarely it may be bilateral. Management It's a benign self-limited disorder. The differential diagnosis is lymphatic permeation from an occult carcinoma of the breast. When the diagnosis is unceain or a mass is present near the cord, a biopsy may be done. Treatment An inflammatory drugs and warm compresses Restricted arm movements as well as brassiere suppo of breast o It usually resolves within 4 to 6 weeks. When symptoms persist or are refractory to treatment, the involved vein the segment may be excised ref - srb's manual of surgery 5e p525 [/INST] question: Mondors disease involves which of the following | options: A: Axilla B: Neck C: Thymus D: Breast | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Shift Happens by Robert Holden
Price: $ 6.49
It's an excellent book that will greatly improve your life. It has insightful wisdom that is easy toapply in everyday life. It's written in a very thoughtful and humorous way. Read it when you are stressed and it will help you remember what is important in your life.
Balancing Work & Life by Robert Holden
Price: $ 10.50
The book deals with the key challenges of our life. It is a must-read for anyone who is trying to balance work success, family joy and daily life.
Practical techniques show you how to set your goals and make proper choices.
Clear text and illustrations cover every aspect of defining success and achieving balance.
Accessible charts and diagrams explore different choices for taking actions and provide examples.
Happiness Now by Robert Holden
Price:$8.00
This book explains what holds us back from being happy in our lives. Holden analyzes these similar questions and inthe process you will become more informed about what's really going on in your mind. This is a must-have book for anyone wanting to understand how your thoughts keep you from your happiness.
The Secrets of Relationships by Renshaw
Price: $9.50
Are you looking for a satisfying relationship? If so, you should read this book and discover:
The secret of findingthe right partner
The secret of communicating successfully
The secret of getting along well with others
The secret of getting what you want
This book is your passport to a whole new relation-ship experience.
Order online now and you can get a 20% discount.
For more information, please click here. [/INST] question: If you find it hard to get along with others, which book can offer you help? | options: A: Happiness Now B: Balancing Work & Life C: Shift Happens D: The Secrets of Relationships | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Isoniazid (H) may show cross-resistance with ethionamide due to mutation in inhA gene. Isoniazid: It is a prodrug activated by catalase-peroxidase (coded by KatG). Both inducer and inhibitor. Potent inhibitor of CYP2C19,CYP3A. Weak inhibitor of CYP2D6. Inducer of CYP2E1 It is effective against intra- as well as extra-cellular mycobacteria. Action is most marked against rapidly multiplying bacilli (less effective against slow multipliers). It is widely distributed in the body and has maximum CSF penetration. It is effective orally and metabolized by ACETYLATION which is genetically controlled. Fast acetylators require high dose and slow acetylators are predisposed to toxicity (paicularly peripheral neuritis). It is an essential component of multi-drug therapy of tuberculosis and is drug of choice (used solely) for prophylaxis of tuberculosis and for treatment of latent tuberculosis infection. Resistance occurs due to mutation in Kat G (gene for catalse-peroxidase) or inhA. Mutation in kat G is responsible for high level resistance. It causes peripheral neuritis that can be prevented and treated by pyridoxine. It is also hepatotoxic. Rash, fever, anemia, optic neuritis, seizures, lupus like syndrome, transient memory loss, psychosis and gynaecomastia has also been repoed with this drug. [/INST] question: Isoniazid may show cross-resistance with which of the following anti-tubercular drugs? | options: A: Rifampicin B: Cycloserine C: Streptomycin D: Ethionamide | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Like human beings, dogs may catch cold because of cold weather, wet conditions or can also get it from other sick dogs. If a dog has a running nose and watery eyes, coughs or sneezes , then it is quite probable that the dog has caught cold.
A dog's cold can get over after a few days without treatment but it totally depends upon the owner to treat it with medications or improve its immune power to get rid of the cold naturally. Following are some of the things you can do if your dog gets a cold.
You can improve its immune power by giving it proper nutrient diet. Healthy food can really do wonders. Try to give it food which is either suggested by the vet or is healthy for your pet. Increase the intake of food which is rich in vitamins A, C and E.
Keep your dog warm. The best place for your dog in winter is inside your house. Do not keep your dog outside when it is cold and wet. At home you can also keep the dog warm with the help of carpets. This will make him comfortable and help him to recover fast.
Increase the fluid intake as it helps a lot. Water can be the best choice but you can also add broth in water which will give your dog strength. Warm water will make your dog more comfortable and will also keep the dog away from the respiratory infections .
Steam treatment is considered to be effective in getting rid of cold. It makes the nasal passage wet, which helps proper breathing. Just fill your bathroom with steam and leave your dog inside the bathroom for 15 minutes. Do it nearly 2 to 3 times a day and you will see your dog recovering.
These are some of the things you can do to help your dog recover from cold. However, if you are not able to find any improvement in its health, then turn to the vet for help immediately. Take your dog for regular checkups so as to avoid complications . [/INST] question: When your dog catches cold, you should feed it on _ . | options: A: its favorite food B: the suggested food by the vet C: some meat and water D: food rich in vitamin B | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The common carotid aeries bifurcate at the level of the thyroid cailage into the external and internal carotid aeries. The external carotid aery sends branches to the neck and face, whereas the internal carotid aery ascends to the base of the skull, entering the carotid canal. Upon exiting the carotid canal, the internal carotid aery courses horizontally over the foramen lacerum and enters the cavernous sinus and, after turning superiorly, divides into its terminal branches. The terminal branches of the internal carotid are as follows:Ophthalmic aery: Courses through the optic canal to supply the retina, orbit and pa of the scalp.Posterior communicating aery: Joins the posterior cerebral aery with the internal carotid aery.Anterior cerebral aery: Courses superior to the optic chiasma and enters the longitudinal cerebral fissures. The anterior cerebral aery courses superiorly and then posteriorly along the corpus callosum, providing blood supply to the medial sides of both cerebral hemispheres.Anterior communicating aery: Is a very sho aery that connects the two anterior cerebral aeries.Middle cerebral aery: Courses into the lateral fissure between the parietal and temporal lobes. It sends many branches to the lateral sides of the cerebral hemispheres and central branches into the brain. [/INST] question: Ophthalmic aery is a branch of ? | options: A: Cavernous pa of ICA B: Cerebral pa of ICA C: MCA D: Facial aery | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: In the year 480 BC the Greek allies faced invasion by the King of Persia,Xerxes,who commanded a huge army of about half a million men. When the Persian army marched into northern Greece,the Greek states,led by Athens and Sparta,were ill equipped to deal with the threat. The Persians were well supplied with food and weapons. Their army included infantry,cavalry,and a large navy. It seemed that they would easily defeat the Greeks.
The Greek allies decided to send 10,000 men northwards to slow down the Persians,while the rest prepared to defend their homelands. A group of 300 best Spartan soldiers were chosen to lead the force going north,with Leonidas in command. Leonidas realised that the only hope of slowing the Persians would be to block the narrow passage of land at Thermopylae. The Pass of Thermopylae was the route between the mountains and the sea,and was so narrow that only a few men could get through at a time.
When the Persian army arrived at Thermopylae,they found Leonidas' tiny army opposing them. The Persians attacked,but could not get through. They attacked again and again,but each time they were driven back by the Greeks,led by the fearless Spartans. Leonidas'plan worked well until a Greek traitor called Ephialtes went to Xerxes. He told the Persian king about a goat's path in the mountains that would take the Persian army past Thermopylae. When Leonidas saw the enemy crossing the mountains,he realised that he could no longer hold Thermopylae. He sent all the Greek soldiers except the 300 Spartans back to their homelands.
The Spartans waited for the 500,000 Persians at the goat's path. Although hopelessly outnumbered,the Spartans fought bravely. They all died,but the other Greeks were able to get home to strengthen the defences. [/INST] question: Compared with the Persian army,the Greek allies were very _ . | options: A: powerful B: wise C: weak D: foolish | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Injury to midarm fracture to mid shaft of humerus (at lower pa of radial groove) resulting in High Radial nerve Injury. Wrist drop due to extensor muscles paralysis Finger drop due to extensor digitorum paralysis Loss of sensation in fingers on dorsum of hand Elbow extension is done by triceps supplied from radial nerve trunk in axilla & also in radial groove. High Radial nerve Injury Very high radial nerve palsy Low radial nerve palsy Aetiology shaft or humerus Prolonged application of tourniquet Pressure on arm as in Saturday night paralysis Injections From excessive callus formation of old fracture impinging on the nerve C/F- Elbow extension spared Lost: Wrist, thumb and finger extension; sensation over 1st web space Aetiology Crutch palsy Aneursysm of axillary vessels C/F - Total palsy Aetiology Dislocation of elbow neck of radius Enlarged bursae Rheumatoid synovitis of elbow During operation for excision of radius head C/F- Elbow extension spared with weak wrist extension and radial detion Lost-thumb, finger extension: sensory over dorsum of 1st web space *Crutch palsy patient pushes crutches into the axilla & compresses the radial nerve in axilla triceps will be paralysed resulting in loss of extension it is very high radial nerve injury. *Posterior interosseous nerve injury sensory loss will not be there because it is pure motor nerve. [/INST] question: A 26 years male person has got injury to mid-arm. Patient developed wrist drop, finger drop and loss of sensation on dorsum of hand. Patient is able to do elbow extension. The diagnosis is | options: A: Very high radial nerve injury B: High radial nerve injury C: Low radial nerve injury D: Posterior interosseus nerve injury | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Many people go to school for an education. They learn languages, history, politics, geography, physics, chemistry and mathematics. Others go to school to learn a skill so that they can make a living.
School education is very important and useful. Yet, no one can learn everything from school. A teacher, no matter how much he knows, can not teach his students everything they want to know. The teacher's job is to show his students how to learn. He teaches them how to read and how to think. So, much more is to be learned outside school by the students themselves.
It is always more important to know how to study by oneself than to memorize some facts or a formula . It is actually quite easy to learn a certain fact in history or a formula in math. But it is very difficult to use a formula in working out a math problem.
Great scientists before us didn't get everything from school. Their teachers only showed them the way. Edison didn't even finish primary school. But they were all so successful. They invented so many things for mankind. The reason for their success is that they knew how to study. They read books that were not taught at school. They would ask many questions as they read. They did thousands of experiments. They worked hard all their lives, wasting not a single moment. Above all, they knew how to use their brain. [/INST] question: People go to school to _ . | options: A: learn several subjects B: make a living C: get an education D: learn from teachers | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Yang Yunjing is a tour guide volunteer in Tibet. She went there five times as tour guide . Her parents and friends couldn't understand why she chose the hard work. But facing all the confusion( ), Yang just smiled and said, "Tibet is full of charm ."
When Yang finished her studies at the university three years ago, she had two choices: being an exchange student in Germany, or volunteering for Tibet. Finally, she chose the latter . Her father said, " I'll support( ) you. But no matter what happens, you have to face it on your own."
When Yang went to Tibet for the first time, she got a " gift" -- altitude sickness( ). She had to be in hospital, but she didn't tell her parents about it. During her volunteer work, she did a great job because she worked very hard.
One day when she returned to her room at night, she got a call from another tour guide volunteer. She told her that a woman of the group was badly hurt when climbing the mountains. Hearing that, Yang went to the hospital quickly and decided to stay there and look after the woman.
Yang learnt a lot from the volunteer experience." As long as I think of the sky there, I can laugh it off, no matter what difficulties I may meet," she said. [/INST] question: What did Yang Yunjing's friends think of her work? | options: A: Exciting B: Easy C: Relaxing D: Hard | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Hyaline arteriosclerosis consists of homogeneous pink hyaline thickening of the wall of the arterioles with loss of underlying structural detail.
Encountered frequently in elderly patients whether normotensive or hypertensive, hyaline arteriosclerosis is more generalized and more severe in patients with hypertension.
It is also common in diabetes as a part of the characteristic microangiopathy.
Pathogenesis
The lesion reflects leakage of plasma components across vascular endothelium and excessive extracellular matrix production by smooth muscle cells secondary to the chronic hemodynamic stress of hypertension or a metabolic stress in diabetes that accentuates endothelial cell injury.
Also, know
Hyperplastic arteriosclerosis
It is characteristic of malignant hypertension.
There is concentrically laminated thickening of arteriolar wall → onion thickening.
There is mucinous intimal thickening and fibrous intimal thickening.
There may be accompanied fibrinoid deposited with necrosis of the vessel wall → fibrinoid necrosis. [/INST] question: Commonest histological finding in benign hypertension is - | options: A: Proliferative endarteritis B: Necrotizing arteriolitis C: Hyaline arteriosclerosis D: Cystic medial necrosis | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: oxygen concentrator They are also known as pressure swing adsorbers. They can be considered as an alternative to a traditional supply where no reliable liquid oxygen supply is available, such as an off-shore site or a site where the safety criteria for liquid installations cannot be met. These devices can be small, designed to supply oxygen to a single patient or they can be large enough to supply oxygen for a medical gas pipeline system. The components of this system are: Duplex compressors and molecular sieves, receivers, dryers, vacuum pumps, filters, line pressure regulators, control system, oxygen performance monitoring system and back up cylinder manifold. Oxygen concentrators operate on the principle of adsorbing (under pressure) other gases in the atmosphere onto the surface of an adsorbent material, known as zeolite. Because oxygen is not adsorbed by the zeolite, it is free to pass through into the storage for use. Zeolite is hydrated aluminium silicates of the alkaline eah metals in a powder or granular form. The zeolite is sealed in a vessel known as sieve bed. The sieve beds operate in pairs, one adsorbs whilst the other regenerates. Ambient air is filtered and pressurised to about 137 kPa by a compressor and then exposed to a zeolite molecular sieve column, forming a very large surface area, at a ceain pressure. The sieve selectively retains nitrogen and other unwanted components of air. These are released into the atmosphere after heating the column and applying a vacuum. The changeover between the columns is made by a time switch. The process is capable of producing oxygen concentrations of about 95%. The remainder is made up of mainly argon with a small percentage of nitrogen. During closed circuit anaesthesia, argon accumulation could occur. Therefore, to avoid this, higher fresh gas flows are required. As the process generates a great deal of heat, hence ventilation and cooling are mandatory. If the plant fails, the emergency cylinder manifold will feed into the pipeline at higher concentrations (99.5%) than the plant's operating norm of 95%. This may have an effect on down line equipment, paicularly in the critical care areas. This low-flow (2-4 L/min), low-pressure system can provide continuous oxygen to the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. A typical unit operates on mains supply and can provide up to 5 L/min of oxygen at a concentration of 94%. It can be piped around the home in small wall mounted outlets . [/INST] question: What is the concentration of oxygen supplied by oxygen concentrator:- | options: A: 90% and 96% B: 100% C: 30 and 60% D: 60% and 90% | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Today's world is very unsafe for children. We all listen to news of child abduction everyday on TV and feel concerned about the safety of our children. So, it is necessary for parents to know about the methods of protecting children from illegal elements and criminals. GPS tracking system comes in handy for such a purpose and gives a sigh of relief to the worried parents. With the help of GPS child tracking device you can locate your child
easily at any time.
GPS child tracking system is also very helpful for watching the activities of teenagers.This age is called the most risky age, as in this age it is very easy to attract child towards effortless shortcut ways of achieving success. money etc. Bad-intentioned people try to misuse the innocence of children. With the GPS child tracking system, you can keep a watch on your child and prevent him from falling in bad company.
A less than 2 inches square device, it is very easy to operate and doesn't need much technical expertise . You can put it in the backpack of your child. With this device, you can keep a watch on your child 24 hours via your personal computer. If you witness some threat or if the child feels some danger in any situation, he can press the SOS button. The device is easily rechargeable and battery runs 18~24 hours after each recharge. [/INST] question: Why are teenagers at the most risky age? | options: A: They are not fully aware of the danger B: They don't know how to protect themselves C: They want to get immediate success or quick money D: They don't know how to succeed or get money | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Raising Money to Find a Cure, One Ribbon Barrette at a Time
How many times a day do we tell our kids that we're proud of them? Probably not nearly enough. As a daughter of Chinese parents, it's not in our culture's nature to celebrate incredible accomplishments by announcing them to the world, but I'm going to break the rule and announce that I'm so proud of my 10-year-old daughter and all that she has done to raise money to support research to find a cure for Cystic Fibrosis(CF,)
"Mommy, " said Emily as we rushed around the house packing our things for another day at the pool last summer. "I'm going to bring my ribbon barrettes to sell during adult swimming"
Emily's best friend is one of the 30,000 children and adults living in the United States with Cystic Fibrosis, a life-threatening genetic disease that affects the lungs and digestive system. In the 1950s, very few children with CF lived to attend elementary school. Although great progress in understanding and treating CF has led to great improvements in the length and quality of life for those with CF, there still isn't a cure.
Last spring, Emily donated $ 140 CFF's Great Walk in honor of her best friend living with Cystic Fibrosis. She had no idea what the summer would bring for her CFF ribbon barrette fundraise when school ended for the year. Fortunately, every time I shared a photo of Emily's ribbon barrettes on the Internet, we received orders that privately message me or email me with requests for barrettes in their favorites colors.
Three weeks into the summer, Emily had raised $ 297 and I was spending a lot of time running her to the craft store to restock her supplies for a very good cause while my husband was packing and shipping orders all over the country. My social media accounts have served as the most powerful tool for Emily to spread the _ . People notice kids doing great things and want to help the girls who are raising money to help find a cure, one ribbon barrette at a time.
Emily and her best friend have named their activity Ribbon Barrettes for Research. They have business cards and a brand new shiny website developed on a free platform, to show that any kid can do what she has been doing.
To my daughter, each sale is a victory and each order that goes out is an opportunity to spread awareness about CF. The handwritten thank-you note included in each order further shows the importance of teaching kids and parents how much their purchase support research that we hope will one day find a cure for CF.
As a parent, I love that Emily has found the power in her own voice and she has inspired others to advocate causes they care about. [/INST] question: What is Emily's attitude towards treating Cystic Fibrosis? | options: A: Unconcerned B: Pessimistic C: Hopeful D: Unworried | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: It was something she had dreamed of since she was five. Finally, after years of training and intensive workouts, Deborah Duffey was going to compete in her first high school basketball game. The goals of becoming an outstanding player and playing college ball were never far from Deborah's mind.
The game was against Mills High School. With 1 minute and 42 seconds left in the game, Deborah's team led by one point. A player of Mills had possession of the ball,and Deborah ran to guard against her. As Deborah was running to block the player, her knee went out and she fell down on the court in burning pain. Just like that, Deborah's season was over.
After suffering the bad injury, Deborah found that, for the first time in her life, she was in a situation beyond her control. Game after game, she could do nothing but sit on the sidelines watching others play the game that she loved so much.
Injuries limited Deborah's time on the court as she hurt her knees three more times in the next five years. She had to spend countless hours in a physical clinic to receive treatment. Her frequent visits there gave her a passion and respect for the profession. And Deborah began to see a new light in her life.
Currently as a senior in college, Deborah focuses on getting a degree in physical treatment. After she graduates, Deborah plans to use her knowledge to educate people how to best take care of their bodies and cope with the feelings of hopelessness that she remembers so well. [/INST] question: How did Deborah feel when she first hurt her knee? | options: A: Calm B: Confused C: Ashamed D: Disappointed | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: One Canada, Two Languages
Canada is one of the few nations in the world to have two official languages: English and French. There are 10 provinces in the country but only one of these--Quebec is known as "French Canada". This is because it was founded by French explorers while British adventurers discovered the rest.
Canada left the British empire in 1867 to become an independent country, and English and French have been recognized as the official languages ever since.
Most people speak English as their first language and the two national television networks broadcast in English throughout the country. Apart from in Quebec and a few places on the east coast, French television is very rare.
The same goes for traffic signs and menus. For example, outside of Quebec, there are only a few places where you'll see traffic signs in French. In restaurants, it's almost impossible to find French on the menu unless you are in the heartland of French Canada. However, all products sold in Canada must, by law, have labels and instructions in both languages.
In Canada's English speaking provinces, official bilingualism means that students can choose to complete a special French language course. Under this programme, they are taught most of their subjects in French.
If a student begins the course in kindergarten or Grade One, it is likely that all their lessons will be in French. However, if they start at junior high school,25 per cent of the teaching will continue to be in English. [/INST] question: How many provinces are there in Canada? | options: A: Ten B: Nine C: Eleven D: Two | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Phyllodes tumor of the breast is a proliferation of stromal elements accompanied by a benign growth of ductal structures. These tumors usually occur in women between 30 and 70 years of age. Phyllodes tumors resemble fibroadenomas in their overall architecture and the presence of glandular and stromal elements. Like fibroadenoma, benign phyllodes tumor is sharply circumscribed, and the cut surface is firm, glistening, and grayish white. Microscopically, the stroma of a benign phyllodes tumor is hypercellular and has mitotic activity. The distinction from fibroadenoma is made not on the size, but on the histologic and cytologic characteristics of the stromal component. Malignant phyllodes tumors have an obviously sarcomatous stroma with abundant mitotic activity, and the stromal component is increased out of proportion to the benign duct elements. They are usually poorly circumscribed, with invasion into the surrounding breast tissue. Sarcomatous elements are not features of the other choices.Diagnosis: Phyllodes tumor of the breast [/INST] question: A 60-year-old woman presents with a large breast mass that she first detected 3 months ago. Mammography reveals a well-circumscribed mass measuring 8 cm in diameter. A breast biopsy shows loose fibroconnective tissue with a sarcomatous stroma, abundant mitoses, and nodules and ridges lined by cuboidal epithelial cells. Which of the following is the appropriate diagnosis? | options: A: Fibroadenoma B: Medullary carcinoma C: Paget disease D: Phyllodes tumor | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The story is about two old people named David and Rosy Jackson. Both of them had very bad memories. For example, Rosy would forget to cook dinner or take vegetables home after paying for them. David would show up for work on Sundays, thinking it was Monday. One winter they were to take a long plane trip. When they arrived at the airport, there were only ten minutes left. In that situation, anyone would get into the plane right away. But David and Rosy didn't do so. They went to buy some flight insurance instead. Immediately after they put a two-pound note into a machine, their policy came out.
"Who would get the money if the plane crashed, I wonder?" asked Rosy. "My mother, of course," her husband replied. "We should post the policy to her. Now, be quick! Give me a stamp, will you?" he said to Rosy. "The plane is going to take off in another minute." David put the stamp on the envelope, dropped it into a postbox, and suddenly he let out a cry.
What do you suppose happened to him? He had posted their plane tickets to his mother. [/INST] question: Rosy is David's _ . | options: A: friend B: mother C: sister D: wife | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: NASHVILLE, Tenn. -- A line of severe thunderstorms and tornadoes marched across the South on Friday, peeling away roofs, overturning cars and killing at least 11 people in Tennessee, officials said.
It was the second wave of violent weather to hit the state in less than a week. Last weekend, tornadoes killed 24 people in the western part of the state and destroyed more than 1,000 homes and buildings.
The storms crossed an area from northern Mississippi to northern Virginia as they moved to the northeast late Friday after developing from a low-pressure system in the central Plains.
The Nashville suburbs were the hardest hit, with at least eight deaths happening northeast of the city. Three more people were killed in a rural area about 65 miles southeast of Nashville.
Tornadoes were also reported in some other places. The storms pulled up trees, knocked down power lines and damaged buildings. What's worse, phone lines and most businesses were out of service. Hospitals admitted at least 60 people with storm-related injuries and transferred at least nine badly injured patients to Nashville hospitals.
In southern Indiana, the storms damaged some areas with golf ball-sized hail. High winds blew the roof off a country club and overthrew a semitrailer . As the storms moved farther east, parts of West Virginia were lashed with heavy rain and winds, great damages caused.
The number of tornadoes in the US has jumped through the first part of 2006 compared with the past few years. Through the end of March, an estimated 286 tornadoes had hit the US, compared with an average of 70 for the same three-month period in each of the past three years.
The number of tornado-related deaths was 38 before Friday's storms. The average number of deaths from 2003 to 2005 was 45 a year, the prediction center said. [/INST] question: How many deaths have the thunderstorms and tornadoes on Friday caused? | options: A: Three B: Eight C: Eleven D: Twenty-two | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: What's on ?
The Conjuring 2 (2016)
Certificate R 134 min--Horror
Viewer points: 8.2 / 10
Lorraine and Ed Warren travel to north London to help a single mother raising four children alone in a house troubled by evil spirits .
Director : James Wan
Stars : Vera Farmiga , Patrick Wilson , Madison Wolfe , Frances O'Connor
Warcraft (2016)
Certificate PG-13 123 min--Action | Adventure | Fantasy
Viewer points : 7.7 / 10
The peaceful land of Azeroth stands on the edge of war as its civilization faces a fearsome race of invaders : orc warriors escaping their dying home to conquer another . As a tunnel opens to connect the two worlds , one army faces destruction and the other faces extinction . From opposing sides , two heroes are set on a collision course that will decide the fate of their family , their people , and their home .
Director : Duncan Jones
Stars : Travis Fimmel , Paula Patton , Ben Foster , Dominic Cooper
Now You See Me 2 (2016)
Certificate PG-13 129 min--Action | Comedy | Thriller
Viewer points : 7.1 / 10
The Four Horsemen resurface and are forcibly hired by a tech genius to pull off their most impossible magic show yet .
Director : Jon M. Chu
Stars : Jesse Eisenberg , Mark Ruffalo , Woody Harrelson , Dave Franco
Me Before You (2016)
Certificate PG-13 110 min--Drama | Romance
Viewer points : 7.9 /10
A girl in a small town forms an unlikely bond with a recently-disabled man she's taking care of .
Director : Thea Sharrock
Stars : Emilia Clarke , Sam Claflin , Janet McTeer , Charles Dance [/INST] question: Which actor will show in a movie that scares you ? | options: A: Sam Claflin B: Jon M. Chu C: Patrick Wilson D: Travis Fimmel | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Pretending to be happy can actually make you more miserable--especially if you're a woman, according to a new study. Researchers found that walking around with a forced smile and faking happiness simply led to people feeling gloomier. So, putting a brave face on your woes could actually be counterproductive.
The research found that women suffered more than men when pretending to be happy. Psychologist, Dr. Brent Scott, who led the study, said employers should take note because forcing workers to smile when workers were dealing with clients could backfire . He said:"Smiling for the sake of smiling can lead to emotional exhaustion, and that's bad for the organization."
Dr. Scott said the research showed customer service workers who"faked smiles"throughout a day worsened their moods and then withdrew from work, so their productivity dropped. He added:"Bosses may think that getting their staff to smile is good for the organization, but that's not necessarily the case."Dr. Scott, assistant professor of management at Michigan State University, analyzed a group of bus drivers during a two -week period.
The study is one of the first of its kind to examine emotional displays over a period of time and compare the different effects that they have on men and women. His team examined the effects of"surface acting"--or fake smiling--compared to what was termed"deep acting", or cultivating positive emotions by recalling pleasant memories.
Dr. Scott said: "Women were harmed more by'surface acting', meaning their moods worsened even more than men and they withdrew more from work. However , they were helped more by'deep acting',which meant their moods improved more."
Dr. Scott suggested women tended to suffer more when pretending to be happy because they were expected to be more emotionally expressive than men. Therefore, faking a smile while they are feeling down is more likely to go against their normal behavior and cause more harmful feelings.
Although,"deep acting"seemed to improve moods in the short term, Dr. Scott said it was not a long-term solution to feeling unhappy.
He said:"You're trying to cultivate positive emotions, but at the end of the day you may not feel like yourself any more" [/INST] question: The finding of the research might serve as a warning to . | options: A: men B: employees C: customers D: bosses | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Albert Szent-Gyorgyi was born in Budapest on September 16, 1893. In 1911 he entered his uncle's laboratory where he studied until the outbreak of World War One, when he joined the army. He served on the Italian and Russian fronts, and he was permitted to leave the army in 1917 after being wounded in action. He completed his studies in Budapest before he went to Hamburg for a two-year course in physical chemistry. In 1920 he became an assistant at a university in Leiden, the Netherlands and from 1922 to 1926 he worked with H. J. Hamburger at the Physiology Institute, Groningen, the Netherlands.
In 1926, Szent-Gyorgyi was ready to end his own life after an embarrassing problem in his career. The scientist, thirty-two, had written a paper and handed it to his boss for approval to publish. His boss threw it in the dustbin. Concluding his life was a failure, the young researcher quit. Unable to support his wife and child, he sent them home to her parents. His final wish was to attend one last scientific meeting, to be among scientists, to have one last good time. So he went to the 1926 International Physiological Society Congress in Sweden.
Sitting in the audience, lost in self-pity, Szent-Gyorgyi listened to the president of the society, Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins, refer to the fine work of a researcher: Szent-Gyorgyi! After the speech, collecting his courage, he introduced himself to Hopkins. The great man invited the young scientist to Cambridge to do further work.
Szent-Gyorgyi's life changed. He discovered the oxidation-preventing action of vitamin C. He won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1937. He accounted for his success by saying that discovery is seeing what everyone else has seen but thinking what nobody else has thought. [/INST] question: Why did Szent-Gyorgyi want to end his own life in 1926? | options: A: His pride was hurt by his boss B: He was not satisfied with his paper C: He couldn't support his family D: His boss stopped him attending a conference | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: German scientists say that eating a little chocolate every day may keep you away from cardiovascular disease. The scientists have found that chocolate, especially dark chocolate , can help you cut down 39 percent of heart disease, including taking a very small amount . However, the study advises people not to eat too much chocolate, because too much chocolate is bad for our bodies. So the scientists advise people to eat small amount of chocolate instead of sugar or high-fat snacks.
Scientists said, "Dark chocolate shows the greatest effects, milk chocolate fewer , and white chocolate no effects." The results showed chocolate may cut down blood pressure, but they also say that further study is needed.
In the eight-year study, people's daily diet, exercise habits, and blood pressure were studied in 19,357 persons aged 35 to 65. They found that people who are an average of 7.5 grams of chocolate a day had a very lower chance of heart disease than those who ate much less chocolate , and average of 1.7 grams a day. [/INST] question: It took the scientists _ years to prove that small amount of chocolate is good for people. | options: A: 8 B: 35 C: 39 D: 65 | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: POSTERIOR URETHRAL VALVE Symmetrical folds of urothelium extending distally from prostatic urethra to external urinary sphincter. - Exclusively an anomaly of male urethra. - Four types, Type 1 is MC (lies just distal to the verumontanum or at the verumontanum) ASSOCIATED WITH Oligohydramnios Renal parenchymal dysplasia (most impoant factor in overall prognosis) Abnormal bladder function (25%) Pulmonary hypoplasia (MC cause of death) INVESTIGATIONS Investigation of choice: MCU (shows proximal urethral dilatation with distal stricture) Cystoscopy Prenatal diagnosis by ultrasound(Keyhole sign on prenatal USG). MANAGEMENT First a small polyethylene feeding tube is inseed in the bladder and left for several days. Then fuher management is done according to serum creatinine level. - Normal serum creatinine - Transurethral ablation (endoscopic fulguration) of the valves - Increased serum creatinine and the worsening of condition - Vesicostomy (Blockson's technique is best) to bypass the obstruction. [/INST] question: A three years old boy presented with poor urinary stream. Most likely cause is: | options: A: Stricture urethra B: Neurogenic bladder C: Urethral calculus D: Posterior urethral valve | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: BIG DAY: New Canadian citizen Pemelika Fiaui poses with his son Tyler, 4, outside of The Playhouse on Tuesday.
The ceremony marked the end of a five-year journey for Pemelika Fiaui of Western Samoa.
Fiaui, a 6'4", 240-pound member of local rugby team Black Spruce, said the day was emotional.
"I was really happy to get my citizenship today; it was a long process," he said. "I couldn't have done this without the support of my wife, my in-laws and my two kids, who have been so supportive of me."
Fiaui, a firefighter by trade, arrived in New Brunswick in 2003 and found work with the parks and trails department with the City of Fredericton. He became involved with the local rugby scene, and for the past three years is back in his chosen field as a relief firefighter with the Fredericton Fire Department.
"I've met so many great people since I've been in Fredericton, and this is a very special day for me and my family. I'm happy to be a Canadian, but I'm also glad that I still hold dual citizenship in Western Samoa as well."
The citizenship ceremony was overseen by a number of dignitaries , including Lt.-Gov. Hermenegilde, Chiasson, MP Andy Scott, Mayor Brad Woodside and John Barrett, director of operations for Citizenship and Immigration Canada.
Chiasson joked by welcoming the new Canadians "to the country that invented ice skates, maple syrup and the case of beer with the built-in handle."
The day was also special for Jean-Jacques Tshimenga, his wife Sarah, and their three children, formerly of the Democratic Republic of Congo.
"Canada Day is the day to celebrate the independence and freedom that we have in this country," he said. [/INST] question: Most probably, Finaui's son Tyler was born in _ . | options: A: Western Samoa B: the Democratic Republic of Congo C: Canada D: Black Spruce | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Guide to Stockholm University Library
Our library offers different types of studying places and provides a good studying environment.
Zones
The library is divided into different zones. The upper floor is a quiet zone with over a thousand places for silent reading, and places where you can sit and work with your own computer. The reading places consist mostly of tables and chairs. The ground floor is the zone where you can talk. Here you can find sofas and armchairs for group work.
Computers
You can use your own computer to connect to the wi-fi specially prepared for notebook computers; you can also use library computers, which contain the most commonly used applications, such as Microsoft Office. They are situated in the area known as the Experimental Field on the ground floor.
Group-study Places
If you want to discuss freely without disturbing others, you can book a study room or sit at a table on the ground floor. Some study rooms are for 2-3 people and others can hold up to 6-8 people. All rooms are marked on the library maps.
There are 40 group-study rooms that must be booked via the website. To book, you need an active University account and a valid University card. You can use a room three hours per day, nine hours at most per week.
Storage of study material
The library has lockers for students to store course literature. When you have obtained at least 40 credits , you may rent a locker and pay 400 SEK for a year's rental period.
Rules to be followed
Mobile phone conversations are not permitted anywhere in the library. Keep your phone on silent as if you were in a lecture and exit the library if you need to receive calls.
Please note that food and fruit are forbidden in the library, but you are allowed to have drinks and sweets with you. [/INST] question: The library's upper floor is mainly for students to _ . | options: A: read in a quiet place B: have group discussions C: take comfortable seats D: get their computers fixed | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Pneumothorax: is the presence of gas in the pleural space.
Types :
(a) Spontaneous pheumothorax → is one that occurs without antecedent trauma to the thorax
(i) Primary spontaneous - Occurs in the absence of an underlying lung disease (usually d/t apical plural blebs).
(ii) Secondary spontaneous - d/t an underlying lung disease.
Traumatic pneumothorax → results from penetrating or non-penetrating injuries to the chest.
Tension pheumothorax → Any pneumothorax in which the pressure in the pleural space is positive
throughout the respiratory cycle.
In this pt. it's not specified the type of spontaneous pneumothorax; still, let's see the t/t
Treatment
Primary spontaneous pneumothorax
Initial recommended treatment is a simple aspiration
If the lung does not expand with aspiration, or if the pt. has a recurrent pneumothorax, thoracoscopy with stapling of blebs and pleural abrasion is indicated (100% success rate)
Secondary Spontaneous pneumothorax
Sec. spon. pneumothorax can occur in any lung ds but are commonly seen in COPD.
Nearly all pts are t/t with tube thoracostomy and the installation of a sclerosing agent such as doxycycline or talc.
Pts. with a persistent air leak, an unexpanded lung after 3 days of tube thoracostomy, or a recurrent pneumothorax should be subjected to thoracoscopy with bleb resection and pleural abrasion.
Traumatic pneumothorax
Traumatic pneumothorax should be t/t with tube thoracostomy unless they are very small. If a hemopneumothorax is present, one chest tube should be placed in the superior part of the hemithorax to evacuate the air, and another should be placed in the inferior part of the hemithorax to remove the blood.
Tension pneumothorax
It is an emergency situation.
A large bore needle is inserted into the pleural space through the Second anterior intercostal space. The needle should be left in place until a thoracostomy tube is inserted.
I assume that the pt. has primary spontaneous pneumothorax as there is no past history of any disease. [/INST] question: A case of spontaneous pneumothorax comes to you. What will be the earliest t/t of choice - | options: A: IPPV B: Needle aspiration C: ICD D: Wait and watch | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: *AmericanMalinois
We have extra large,strong and healthy puppies born on May 29,2014 and raised on 2.5 acres fenced in Williston Highlands by American Malinois Foundation.
They are not caged or home-raised Malinois.They have taken swimming training and full exercise routine with their parents to make sure they know how to guard themselves and other things this breed can do.I work specifically on the ones which have service dog qualities.
My ideal buyer would be a disabled person in need of a mobile or medical alert service dog.The American Malinois is a working dog and is most content to bond with one person and only follow this person' s orders.Potential owners should be familiar or experienced with this breed.
My fee represents the cost of feeding,grooming,boarding,training,medical and registration with the CKC(Continental Kennel Club).Puppies will have health certificates from vets.
To see videos of the puppies and their parents, go to YouTube and search: American Malinois Foundation.
*MiniSchnauzers
We have 4 males and 4 females.Our puppies come with a health guarantee.They are trained and all of them have great personalities and would be a great addition to any home.These puppies are for pets only.To keep our bloodlines pure, we do not allow our puppies to be bred. We have been breeding for over 13 years and we only breed Mini Schnauzers. They are the best dogs. They are very smart. We will not ship our puppies. We have had people drive over 1500 miles to purchase our babies. [/INST] question: Which of the following can be used to describe Mini Schnauzers? | options: A: Socialized and cute B: Clever and brave C: Healthy and clever D: Professional and strong | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Long: Principles and Practice of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, (3rd ed chapter 91) writes-
"Diagnosis of infectious complications in a burn victim is challenging. Although fever and elevated peripheral white blood cell count with a left shift are usual indicators of infection, their positive predictive value for diagnosis of infectious complications in burn victims is very low because they are commonly seen in uninfected burned children whose wounds are uncovered. Neither severity of fever (frequently > 39°C) nor response to antipyretic therapy is a reliable indicator of infection. Peak fever in burned children without infection usually occurs on the second day after the burn, with a second peak around the sixth and seventh days. Fever is probably the result of an increase in metabolic rate and an alteration of hypothalamic temperature regulation. Fever usually subsides without specific therapy, coincident with re-epithelialization of the burn wound or successful grafting of all open areas. Thus, fever alone in the burned child is not a reliable indicator of infection or of the need to investigate for infection or prescribe antibiotic therapy." [/INST] question: Fever in burnt patient is caused by:a) Due to hypermetabolismb) Toxin released by dead tissuec) Infectiond) Dead tissue products | options: A: a B: ac C: ad D: b | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences, argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school. Cognitive researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on approval and gifts from others.
The latter view has gained many supporters, especially among educators. But the careful use of small monetary rewards sparks creativity in grade-school children, suggesting that properly presented inducements indeed aid inventiveness, according to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
"If kids know they're working for a reward and can focus on a ly challenging task, they show the most creativity," says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. "But it's easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation for rewards."
A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for ordinary achievement ends up with uninspired students, Eisenberger holds. As an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restore failing grades.
In earlier grades, the use of so-called token economies, in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows promise in raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims. [/INST] question: Psychologists are divided with regard to their attitudes towards _ . | options: A: the choice between spiritual encouragement and monetary rewards B: the amount of monetary rewards for student' creativity C: the study of relationship between actions and their consequences D: the effects of external rewards on students' performance | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Auramine-rhodamine stains are the fluorescent stains that are used as variation of the traditional ZN stain for demonstration of AFB. In this method, the smears are stained with auramine-rhodamine or auramine-phenol fluorescent dyes and are examined by fluorescent microscope under ultraviolet illumination. This AFB appear as bright fluorescing rods against a dark background. The bacilli, because of their contrast, are visualized even under a high power objective in contrast to oil immersion objective in ZN stain, thus enabling rapid screening of the larger areas of the smear. These fluorescent-stained slides can be screened faster, because the AFB stands against the nonfluorescent background. This is the major advantage of this staining method, hence is adopted in the laboratories where many smears are to be examined for AFB. However, it is always essential to confirm fluorochrome-positive smears by ZN staining.
Parija SC. Textbook of Microbiology & Immunology. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2014. Page: 352 [/INST] question: Rapid examination of tubercle bacilli is possible with: | options: A: Ziehl–Neelsen stain B: Kinyoun stain C: Auramine-Rhodamine stain D: Giemsa stain | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Here in the question vital are unstable. so best therapy will be DC cardioversion Normal qRS complex = 0.08-0.1 sec. Prolonged QRS suggestive of: 1. Atrial fibrillation with ventricular pre-excitation (AVN) 2. Ventricular tachycardia Diagnostic criteria for ventricular tachycardia are: Presence of qRS duration >140 ms in the absence of drug therapy. Superior and rightward qRS frontal plane axis, Bizarre qRS complex that does not mimic the characteristic qRS pattern associated with left or right bundle branch block Slurring of the initial poion of the qRS Hence the pt. is not having Ventricular Tachycardia. In patients who manifest pre-excitation and AF--> therapy should be aimed at preventing a rapid ventricular response. In life-threatening situations, DC cardioversion should be used to terminate the AF. Vagal stimulation with the Valsalva maneuver and carotid sinus pressure may create sufficient AV nodal slowing to terminate the AV. Intravenous administration of adenosine, 6-12 mg, is first-line pharmacologic therapy; the calcium channel blockers verapamil and diltiazem or beta blockers may also be effective. [/INST] question: A 40-year-old lady intraoperatively develops HR = 220 bpm and Blood pressure of 70/40, ECG shows qRS complex =120 milliseconds. What is the best management? | options: A: Adenosine 6 mg/12 mg B: Amiodarone C: DC cardioversion D: Esmolol | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Australia has promised to introduce the most comprehensive carbon trading program outside Europe in 2010. The government in Canberra plans to cut greenhouse gas emissions by at least five percent by 2020, but it could make bigger reductions if other countries agree to tougher targets.
The Australian government warns that without tough environmental measures the country could lose key industries and jobs. Climate Change Minister Penny Wong says the economy is under threat and decisive action is needed.
Central to the government's climate change plan is a carbon emissions trading program that will be introduced within two years. It would involve one thousand of the nation's biggest companies and would cover about three-quarters of Australia's greenhouse gas emissions.
Many scientists believe that greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide and methane, contribute to global warming. Many of them are released by burning fuels such as coal and oil.
Companies will be required to buy permits for each ton of carbon they emit, although big polluting exporters will receive up to 90 percent of their carbon licenses free.
Many business leaders want the government to delay the plan because of the current global financial crisis, which is slowing the Australian economy. Peter Anderson from the Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry says it is irresponsible to bring in a carbon trading plan now.
Environmentalists, on the other hand, say Prime Minister Kevin Rudd has not properly addressed the threat of climate change. Activists had sought a minimum emissions cut of 25 percent.
Instead, the Rudd government aims to cuts carbon emissions by at least five percent of 2000 levels by 2020. That amount could rise to 15 percent, if future global agreements set such a target.
Ray Nias of the environmental group WWF says Australia will pay the price for low targets. "This is a deeply, deeply disappointing target," Nias said. "It commits Australia to long-term climate change. It will make Australia's ability to negotiate global agreements very, very difficult. It is much lower than even we had imagined."
Australia has one of the highest per-person greenhouse emissions rates in the world because of its reliance on coal for electricity.
_ [/INST] question: Which group supports to cut carbon emissions by at least 25%? | options: A: Environmentalists B: The government C: Business leaders D: Scientists | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Nowadays, many children spend hours a day looking at computer screens or other digital products. Some eye care doctors say all the screen time has caused more children to have what they call computer vision syndrome .
Nathan Warford is an optometrist in the US. He says he has seen more children having eye problems. "More children come into my office because their parents have noticed that they have headaches or red eyes, or because their degree of short-sightedness appears to be increasing very fast and they're worried," he said.
Dr. Warford says part of the problem is that even if their eyes start to feel uncomfortable or they start to get a headache, some children don't tell their parents, because they don't want their games or the computer to be taken away. Another part of the problem is that people blink less often when they look at the screen.A person who uses a computer or a digital product blinks about a third as much as we normally do in everyday life. If eyes can't stay wet or are too tired, they will not be protected like normal. [/INST] question: Which of the following may be caused by too much screen time? | options: A: Having wet eyes B: Having headaches C: Having small eyes D: Having a toothache | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Diseases associated with mitochondrial inheritance are rare and many of them affect the Neuromuscular System. Leber hereditary optic neuropathy is a prototype of this disorder. It is a neurodegenerative disease that Manifests itself as progressive bilateral loss of central vision. Visual impairment is first noted between ages 15 and 35, and it leads to blindness. Cardiac conduction defects & minor neurologic manifestations have also been seen in some families. Mitochondrial diseases
DNA in human may be found at two locations
Nuclear DNA in nucleus
Organelle DNA in the mitochondria
Mitochondrial DNA is the only non-chromosomal DNA in human cells. Mitochondrial DNA is always maternally inherited. Why is it so, let’s see:-
Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA are located in different places in the cell. During fertilization, the sperm and egg cell nuclei fuse to form an embryo. The egg cell is very large compared to the sperm, so although the cells’ nuclei fuse, the rest of the cell mass in the embryo comes from the egg only. Nuclear DNA is therefore co-inherited but the mitochondrial DNA, which is located outside of the nucleus, is always maternally inherited because all mitochondria in a foetus and later adult are derived from the Mitochondria in the mother’s egg. All children from affected mother will inherit the disease but it will not be transmitted from an affected father to his children. [/INST] question: Mitochondrial chromosomal abnormality leads to - | options: A: Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy B: Angelman syndrome C: Prader-willi syndrome D: Myotonic dystrophy | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Miss Evans was going to give a lecture on Friday afternoon. But on Thursday night she was told that she had to go to an important meeting the next day at the same time. "No one can be in two places at the same time. What shall I do?" she thought. But soon, she had an idea. At five to three on Friday afternoon, Miss Evans went to the lecture room. There were twenty students waiting there for her. "I'm sorry," she told them, "I won't be able to give my lecture today." The students looked surprised. Miss Evans explained that she had an important meeting. "However," she went on, "though I can't be with you myself, my voice can." Then she put a small tape recorder on the desk, "You see, I've recorded my lecture and you can listen to it without me." Miss Evans turned on the recorder and left.
The meeting ended a little early. Miss Evans decided to go back to her students. She stood for a moment outside the lecture room, listening to her own voice. Then quickly, she opened the door. To her surprise, the room was empty. As she looked around, she saw a number of small recorders "listening" to her lecture!
"Well," she thought, "If I can be in two places at the same time, why can't they?" [/INST] question: Miss Evans had to _ on Friday afternoon. | options: A: give a lecture B: go to a meeting C: record her lecture D: both A and B | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Adequate breathing ensures that sufficiently oxygenated blood is in circulation. Breathing is assessed by the Look-Listen feel technique. The clinician observes the rise and fall of the chest and at the same time feels and listens to the breath sounds.
If the child is breathing adequately, then maintain the head tilt chin-lift and monitor the child. Alternatively, the child can be turned to a lateral position.
If the child does not show any signs of breathing, then oxygen has to be administered to the child under positive pressure using an Ambu bag. Care should be taken to see that the airway is held open using the head tilt chin lift during the process. The mouth to mouth or the mouth to nose techniques are not described here, because it is prudent that every dental setup be equipped with the indispensable and inexpensive Ambu bag.
In addition to being more hygienic, the Ambu bag also delivers 21% oxygen as compared to 18% using the mouth to mouth technique. It can also be attached to an oxygen cylinder to deliver 100% oxygen. Give two full puffs before proceeding to assess circulation. [/INST] question: To assess which of the following, Look Listen Feel technique is used? | options: A: Airway B: Breathing C: Circulation D: Definitive therapy | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: One kilogram----that was all it took to crown(......) the world's strongest man.
German weightlifter Matthias Steiner pulled ahead of Russian rival Evgeny Chigishev to win the Olympic men's +105 kg weightlifting gold medal on Tuesday.
Steiner lifted a total of 461kg, 203kg in the snatch and 258kg in the clean and jerk , to beat Chigishev by a single kilogram. The German won the battle of giants in his last lift, winning his country's first gold medal in the event at this year's Games.
Steiner's winning lift was also the last effort of the sport for this Olympics at which China earned eight of the 15 golds.
Steiner was born in Austria and represented his country of birth at the Athens Olympics four years ago, placing seventh in the lower 105kg category, but had a falling out with Austria's weightlifting federation afterwards.
He applied for German citizenship in 2005 and got married, but his career went into deep freeze as he could not compete without a passport. He finally obtained the document last January.
The German, who turns 26 on Monday, had come to these Games on a mission to win the title for his wife Susann, who died in a car accident in July last year. The German team said he used the personal tragedy to motivate himself to win the gold medal.
Chigishev was the strongest in the snatch session Tuesday. He kissed his fists after a 210-kg lift that gave him a 7-kg advantage over fourth-placed Steiner going into the second event -- the clean and jerk. He let out a victorious roar after clearing 250 kg in his last lift, but the glory was short-lived as Steiner stunned everyone with his final, winning clean and jerk effort.
Steiner had finished seventh in the 2004 Olympics in the 105kg weight category, and took the gold in the 2008 European Championship +105kg snatch competition, bronze in the clean and jerk and silver overall, with a total weight of 446kg.
World champion Viktors Scerbatihs of Latvia settled for bronze. [/INST] question: Four years ago at the Athens Olympics Steiner represented _ . | options: A: Australia B: Germany C: Austria D: Russia | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The most important clinical aspect of retroperitoneal fibrosis is that the fibrotic process frequently entraps and constricts the ureters thereby causing obstructive uropathy.
Retroperitoneal fibrosis -
It is a nonspecific, nonsuppurative inflammation of fibro-adipose tissue of unknown cause that produces symptoms by the gradual compression of tubular structures in retroperitoneal space.
Aetiology of retroperitoneal fibrosis -
About 2/3rd cases are primary idiopathic, are also known as Ormond's disease
Secondary Retroperitoneal fibrosis
a variety of inflammatory conditions - chronic pancreatitis, histoplasmosis, tuberculosis, or actinomycosis.
drugs
methysergide (most imp.)
β blockers
hydralazine
α methyldopa
Etacapone (used in the t/t of Parkinson's ds.) -
malignancies (prostate, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, sarcoma, characinoid & gastric cancer).
antoimmune disorders (ankylosing spondylitis, SLE PAN etc.)
Symptoms of retroperitoneal fibrosis -
It is more common in men between 40-60 yrs of age
Early symptoms are nonspecific and vague. These are
Pain → Dull noncolicky and insidious in onset.
Anorexia, nausea
General malaise, diarrhea
Later on, symptoms result from compression of tubular retroperitoneal structures. The major structure involved are-
Ureter - Most commonly involved
Aorta
Inferior venacava
Symptoms due to the involvement of ureter (usually b/1 involvement)
Dysuria
Frequency of urination
Chills and fever occur with secondary infection of a hydronephrotic kidney.
Hematuria can occur.
Diagnosis
The diagnosis of retroperitoneal fibrosis usually can be made accurately by intravenous pyelography if uremia is not present.
The characteristic finding on pyelogram are
Hydronephrosis with a dilated tortuous upper ureter.
Medial deviation of the ureter
Extrinsic ureteral compression
Note: In a retroperitoneal tumor, ureter is laterally deviated while in retroperitoneal fibrosis ureter medially deviates.
Currently, the imaging procedure of choice is the CT scan.
But if renal function is compromised contrast agents are not given and then MRI is the procedure of choice.
T/T of Retroperitoneal fibrosis
Corticosteroids, with or without surgery, are the mainstay of medical therapy.
Surgical treatment is required in patients who present with moderate or massive hydronephrosis. It consists primarily of ureterolysis (freeing the ureter from adhesions and surrounding tissue) or ureteral stenting..
Also, know
Partial or complete ureteral obstruction occurs in 75 to 85% of patients.
Most common site of urethral obstruction is lower third of the ureter. [/INST] question: Most common organ involved in retroperitoneal fibrosis is - | options: A: Aorta B: Ureter C: Inferior vena cava D: Sympathetic nerve plexus | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Ternang, Mon, more than 10, 000 people were made homeless in Ternang after six days of continuous heavy rain. The wooden bridge across the river has been swept away, . The town is cut by flood waters. At the fifth mile Jalan Tengku, the water is not two metres deep. It is closed to all traffic. Motorists going south are advised to use Jalan Hisamuddin. Flooding first appeared at mid - afternoon yesterday along the river banks. People moving to higher ground were just in time to escape from the flood. Most of the people had to leave their possessions behind. Helped by the army, police, Red Cross Society, the whole town was moved out of danger. They are new houses near the town ofprefix = st1 /Tulang. "Everything possible is being done to help the unfortunate people, " a government official said, " In fact, money, food and clothing have begun to come in from organizations and people. "
According to the latest reports it is still raining heavily at Ternang. The whole town is expected to be totally covered. So far nobody has been reported dead. [/INST] question: Motorists to the south were advised to _ . | options: A: return home B: stay at home in Jalan Hisamuddin C: move to higher ground D: travel by Jalan Hisamuddin | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Since her husband died, Mrs. Jackson has lived alone in their big old suburban house, The house was bought by her husband almost fifty years ago.
For the sake of safety , her son has tried hard to ask her to sell the house and buy a new and small one in the town , But Mrs. Jackson doesn't like the idea. She says that she has to look after her husband's old house. But recently she often hears stories about unknown people stealing things around here.
That was a cold day before Christmas Eve. Around four o'clock in the afternoon, Mrs. Jackson was enjoying the Christmas music when someone knocked at the door. She heard the sound but didn't move. Another knock. Who could it be? Mrs. Jackson was a bit afraid. She decided not to answer the door but keep waiting.
One minute another minute and yet another minute. Nothing happened and no more knocks , She walked quietly to the door, and listened. She heard nothing but the wind outside. She slowly unfastened the door and peeped through the crack . She then gave a surprised cry and threw the door wide open! At the door she saw a tall, beautiful Christmas tree! In the tree stood a Christmas card with these words:
Merry Christmas!
Your new neighbor [/INST] question: The house bought by Mr. Jackson is _ . | options: A: in the town B: small but new C: outside the town D: fifty years old | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Chicco Red Bullet Balance Training Bike
Price: $32.99 & FREE Shipping($49.99)
Soft tires & Help the child gain balance.
Recommended for ages 3+years.
Seat Pets Car Seat Toy
Price: $19.97 & FREE Shipping on orders over $35($19. 99)
Seat Pets are seat belt attachments that provide comfort and support to your child's neck and head. Each Seat Pet has three pockets, designed to store all of the things that kids need when they're in the car. Seat Pets are 21'' long and are made of high-quality machine-washable material. Easily attaches to seat belts.
Fisher-Price Infant to Toddler Swing in Red
Price: $19.97 & FREE Shipping on orders over $35($26. 99)
The Infant to Toddler Swing is an outdoor swing that spans the development of a child from infant to toddler. The tray holds toys or snacks and lifts up out of the way for easy in and out.
This swing is as friendly to parents as it is to kids and now it can be reclined for use with infants as young as six months.
Laugh & Learn Crawl Around Car
Price: $44. 88 & FREE Shipping (You Save:$59. 99)
The Laugh & Learn Crawl Around Car helps your little ones develop gross motor skills by encouraging babies to crawl around the car. In addition, babies will enjoy busy activities and sing-along songs.
Stationary car encourages babies to sit up, crawl, pull up, stand and move all around. Introduce babies to letters, numbers, colors, first words, greetings & more. For ages 6-36 months old. [/INST] question: If you buy Chicco Red Bullet Balance Training Bike now, you can save _ . | options: A: $17.00 B: $ 0.77 C: $7.02 D: $15.11 | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Michael Jackson's sudden death really astonished his fans, but soon they are glad to find another younger "King of Pop" has appeared.
Wang Yiming, who is known as Xiao Bao, has already been popular across the world with his wonderful dance moves. He once appeared on U.S. television show "Ellen" and performed successfully at the World Expo 2010. About seven years ago, Xiao Bao was born prematurely , which made his mother really worried. He was so weak. What could he do? Doctors suggested that moving his body to music would help make him strong, but soon his parents were surprised by how quickly Xiao Bao fell in love with music!
"When he was young, we just started playing music to him and he started moving around like this. But we didn't think that he had such a strong feeling for music. When he was just several months old, we would let him listen to music and he would stop crying and calm down at once," the proud mother once said.
So far, Xiao Bao has learned the moonwalk and other Jackson's moves well. His fans are crazy about his wonderful shows. He has drawn more people's attention. He is fast becoming internationally popular.
There are lots of problems waiting for him, but Xiao Bao will never give up. He is serious about his dancing career . Where there is a will, there is a way. We are sure that Xiao Bao's dream will come true one day. [/INST] question: Xiao Bao has been famous for _ . | options: A: his young age B: his dance moves C: his television shows D: his strong body | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: • Esophageal contractions are repetitive, simultaneous, and of high amplitude.
• Basic pathology is related to a motor abnormality of the esophageal body that is most notable in the lower two thirds of the esophagus.
• More common in women and is often found in patients with multiple complaints. Clinical Features]
• Clinical presentation: Chest pain and dysphagia (may be related to eating or exertion and may mimic angina)
• Complain of a squeezing pressure in the chest that may radiate to the jaw, arms, and upper back.
• The symptoms are often pronounced during times of heightened emotional stress.
Diagnosis
• Barium swallow:
−− Corkscrew or rosary-bead esophagus, segmental spasm or pseudodiverticulosis appearance
−− Due to presence of tertiary contractions
−− Indicative of advanced disease
• Hypermotility disorder also known as supersqueeze esophagus.
• Esophagus with hypertensive peristalsis or high-amplitude peristaltic contractions.
• Most common and most painful esophageal hypermotility disorder.
• Associated with hypertrophic musculature resulting in high-amplitude contractions of the esophagus
Clinical Features
• Chest pain and dysphagia are typical symptoms.
Diagnosis
• The gold standard of diagnosis is the subjective complaint of chest pain with simultaneous objective evidence of peristaltic esophageal contractions 2 standard deviations above the normalQ values on manometric tracings.
• On manometry, amplitude >180 mmHg and duration of contraction >6 seconds
Treatment
• The treatment of nutcracker esophagus is medical (Calcium channel blockers, nitrates, and antispasmodics)
• The LES pressure is above normal, motility of esophageal body may be hyperperistaltic or normal.
Clinical Features
• Patients with hypertensive LES present with chest pain or dysphagiaQ.
Diagnosis
• Diagnosis is made by manometry.
−− Elevated LES pressure (>26 mm Hg) and normal relaxation of the LES.
−− Esophageal body may be hyperperistaltic or normal.
Treatment
• Botox injections alleviate symptoms temporarily, and hydrostatic balloon dilation may provide long-term symptomatic relief.
• Surgery in patients who fail interventional treatments and those with significant symptoms.
• A laparoscopic modified Heller esophagomyotomy is the operation of choice. [/INST] question: Corkscrew esophagus is seen in which of the following conditions ? | options: A: Carcinoma esophagus B: Scleroderma C: Achalasia cardia D: Diffuse esophagus spasm | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Spiders are not insects as many people believe. They belong to a class of animals called arachnids . Spiders have eight eyes, four pairs of legs, and can grow a new leg if they lose one. A spider's body is divided into two sections: the abdomen and the thorax .The legs, eyes, and mouthparts are in the thorax section.
Most spiders have poison glands and sharp teeth. They use their sharp teeth to force poison into the insects they catch for food. This poison can make an insect lose the ability to move, and the helpless insect is then _ by the spider.
Spiders usually have silk glands under their abdomen. They produce a liquid that is thicker than water from their glands. When the liquid comes into the air, it dries into silk. Many spiders use this silk to form webs to catch insects and to make cocoons that protect their eggs. This amazing silk is also used to create lines that spiders hang onto as they travel to new areas.
Spiders live in almost everywhere on earth. The only places where there are no spiders are the coldest places, the highest mountains and the seas. [/INST] question: What will happen if a spider loses one leg? | options: A: It will die B: It will lose its way C: It will grow a new one D: It will have seven legs forever | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Teens don't understand the big fuss .As the first generation to grow up in a wired world,they hardly know a time when computers weren't around,and they eagerly catch the chance to spend hours online,chatting with friends.So what?
But researchers nationwide are increasingly worried that teens are becoming isolated ,less skillful at person-to-person relationships,and perhaps numb to the cheatings that are so much a part of the e-mail world."And a teen's sense of self and values may be changed in a world where personal connections can be limitless,"said Sherry Turkle.
Another researcher,Robert Kraut,said he's worried about the "opportunity costs" of so much online time for youths.He found that teens who used computers,even just a few hours a week,showed increased signs of loneliness and social isolation."Chatting online may be better than watching television,but it's worse than hanging out with real friends,"he said.
Today's teens,however,don't see anything strange in the fact that the computer takes up a central place in their social lives."School is busy and full of pressure.There's almost no time to just hang out,"said Parker Rice,17."Talking online is just catch-up time."
Teens say they feel good about what they say online or taking the time to think about a reply.Some teens admit that asking someone for a date,or breaking up,can be easier in message form,though they don't want to do so.But they insist there's no harm. [/INST] question: The researchers argue that _ . | options: A: teens may develop a different sense of values B: nothing is wrong with teens' chatting online C: teens can manage their social connections D: spending hours online does much good to teens | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Steve knew he'd been adopted as a baby, and when he turned 18, in 2003, he decided he'd try to track down his birth mother. The agency from which he'd been adopted gave him his mother's name: Tallady. But online searches didn't turn up any results about it, and Steve had to let it go.
In 2007, though, he searched for the name again online. This time, the search results included a home address near the Lowe's store where Steve, then 22, worked as a deliveryman. When he mentioned the coincidence to his boss, his boss said, "You mean Tallady, who works here?"
Steve and Tallady, a cashier, had said hello to each other a few times at the store, but they'd never really talked. He hadn't even known her name. Steve thought there was no possible way she was his mother though they shared the same name. For a few months, Steve avoided Tallady. "I wasn't sure how to approach her," he told a local reporter. Finally, the agency volunteered to arrange their reunion.
When Tallady realized that the nice guy she'd been waving at was his son, she sobbed. She'd always hoped to meet her birth son one day. Later that day, mother and son talked for almost three hours at a nearby bar. She'd given him up for adoption in 1985, when she was 23. "I wasn't ready to be a mother," she told him. Married with two other children, Tallady says, "I have a complete family now." [/INST] question: Steve gave up the online search for his birth mother in 2003 because _ . | options: A: the agency didn't give him any help B: there was no information about his mother C: his mother didn't turn up online D: he missed the information about his mother | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Chronic lead poisoning (plumbism or saturnism)
It is characterized by -
i. Facial pallor particularly around the mouth is one of the earliest and most consistent features.
ii. Anemia with punctate basophilia (basophilic stippling) is also an early feature.
There is reticulocytosis, poikilocytosis, anisocytosis, sideroblasts and eosinophilia.
iii. Burtonian line (stippled blue line) is seen on the gums on upper jaw.
iv. Colic abdominal pain and constipation (dry belly ache): is a late manifestation.
v. Encephalopathy is more in children and in poisoning with tetraethyl lead.
vi. Paralysis in the form of wrist and foot drop is a late manifestation, called lead palsy and is due to peripheral neuropathy. It occurs only in less than 10% of cases.
vii. Renovascular manifestations (nephropathy): Hypertension, arteriolar degeneration and arteriosclerotic nephritis may occur. Rarely, lead poisoning may cause proximal tubular necrosis.
viii. Other features include optic atrophy, CVS and reproductive anomalies. [/INST] question: Basophilic stippling is seen in poisoning with- | options: A: Lead B: Arsenic C: Copper D: Phosphorus | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Once there were two crows whose opinions were always opposite.
One day, one of the crows said to the other, " You should realize, of course, that I can fly much higher than you."
" Don't be ridiculous ." the other crow said. " Everyone knows that I can fly much higher than you."
"No, you can't" the first crow said.
"Yes, I can" the second crow replied, and the argument went on and on.
At last they decided to have a contest to solve the argument.
" We will compete to find out who can fly higher while carrying a bag" the first crow said.
They argued for some time because of the size of the bag, but at last _ .
Then there was a further argument about what each bag would be filled with. Finally, they agreed that the first crow would fill his bag with cotton and the second crow would fill his with salt.
The first crow thought he was clever to agree to this, because salt is much heavier than cotton. At last they were ready for the contest. Holding their bag in their mouths, they flew into the sky.
They had not been flying for long. However, when it began to rain- as the second crow had expected it would. Can you guess who could fly higher? [/INST] question: The two crows were arguing about _ | options: A: who was much clever B: who can fly higher C: how to fly into the sky D: how to carry the bag | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: A- Gallstones in gallbladder B- Bile duct obstruction due to gall stones C- Premature activation and leakage of pancreatic enzymes This middle-aged woman has the typical symptoms of biliary colic, which is intermittent crampy abdominal pain in the epigastric region of the RUQ, sometimes radiating to the right shoulder. These symptoms typically appear after meals, paicularly fatty meals. The more concerning signs are the light-colored stools (acholic) and jaundice (icterus). Gallstones (cholelithiasis) are precipitated bile salts in the gallbladder, which may produce inflammation of the gallbladder (cholecystitis). Stones can pass into the cystic duct and into the common bile duct. Since the common bile duct is formed by the union of the cystic and common hepatic ducts, obstruction of the common bile duct prevents bilirubin produced in the liver from reaching the small intestines. The stools thus lack this pigment. As a secondary result of the obstruction, serum bilirubin is elevated, and precipitates in the skin, resulting in the yellow tint. Ultrasound (DOUBLE BARREL/DUCT SIGN) can often make the initial diagnosis. Removal of a common bile duct stone can be performed by upper GI endoscopy through the ampulla of Vater or surgically. [/INST] question: A 45-year-old woman is seen by her primary care physician complaining of intermittent colicky pain in the right upper quadrant (RUQ), staing sholy after eating a meal, and lasting about 30 min. During these episodes, she feels bloated and nauseated. The patient also states that over the past 2 days, her stools have become very light in color, like the color of sand, and her skin has become yellow. What is the anatomical basis for the clinical condition? | options: A: <img style="max-width: 100%" src=" /> B: <img style="max-width: 100%" src=" /> C: <img style="max-width: 100%" src=" /> D: Inflammation of hepatic Glisson's capsule | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: It was eleven o'clock that night when Mr. Pontellier returned from his night out. He was in an excellent humor, in high spirits, and very talkative. His entrance awoke his wife, who was in bed and fast asleep when he came in. He talked to her while he undressed, telling her anecdotes and bits of news and gossip that he had gathered during the day. She was overcome with sleep, and answered him with little half utterances.
He thought it very discouraging that his wife, who was the sole object of his existence, showed so little interest in things which concerned him and valued so little his conversation.
Mr. Pontellier had forgotten the candies and peanuts that he had promised the boys. Still, he loved them very much and went into the room where they slept to take a look at them and make sure that they were resting comfortably. The result of his investigation was far from satisfactory. He turned and shifted the youngsters about in bed. One of them began to kick and talk about a basket full of crabs.
Mr. Pontellier returned to his wife with the information that Raoul had a high fever and needed looking after. Then he lit his cigar and went and sat near the open door to smoke it.
Mrs. Pontellier was quite sure Raoul had no fever. He had gone to bed perfectly well, she said, and nothing had made him sick. Mr. Pontellier was too well familiar with fever symptoms to be mistaken. He assured her the child was burning with fever at that moment in the next room.
He reproached his wife with her inattention, her habitual neglect of the children. If it was not a mother's place to look after children, whose on earth was it? He himself had his hands full with his business. He could not be in two places at once; making a living for his family on the street, and staying home to see that no harm done to them. _
Mrs. Pontellier sprang out of bed and went into the next room. She soon came back and sat on the edge of the bed, leaning her head down on the pillow. She said nothing, and refused to answer her husband when he questioned her. When his cigar was smoked out, he went to bed, and in half a minute was fast asleep.
Mrs. Pontellier was by that time thoroughly awake. She began to cry a little, and wiped her eyes on the sleeve of her nightdress. She went out on the porch, where she sat down and began to rock herself in the chair.
It was then past midnight. The cottages were all dark. There was no sound except the hooting of an old owl and the everlasting voice of the sea, which broke like a mournful lullaby upon the night.
The tears came so fast to Mrs. Pontellier's eyes that the damp sleeve of her nightdress no longer served to dry them. She went on crying there, not caring any longer to dry her face, her eyes, her arms.
She could not have told why she was crying. Such experiences as had just happened were not uncommon in her married life. They seemed never before to have weighed much against theabundance of her husband's kindness and a uniform devotion which had come to be self-understood.
An indescribable oppression, which seemed to generate in some unfamiliar part of her consciousness, filled her whole being with vague pain. It was like a shadow, like a mist passing across her soul's summer day. It was strange and unfamiliar; it was a mood. She did not sit there inwardly scolding her husband, expressing sadness about Fate, which had directed her footsteps to the path which they had taken. She was just having a good cry all to herself.
The mosquitoes succeeded in driving away a mood which might have held her there in the darkness half a night longer.
The following morning Mr. Pontellier was up in good time to take the carriage which was to convey him to the ship. He was returning to the city to his business, and they would not see him again at the Island till the coming Saturday. He had regained his calmness, which seemed to have been somewhatweakened the night before. He was eager to be gone, as he looked forward to a lively week in the financial center. [/INST] question: Mr.Pontellier comes back home from his night out in a/an _ state of mind. | options: A: excited B: confused C: depressed D: disappointed | answer: A </s> |
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