text
stringlengths 1.13k
10.8k
|
|---|
<s>[INST] context: Exudative RD is characterized by the accumulation of Sub retinal fluid in the absence of retinal breaks or traction. It may occur in a variety of vascular, inflammatory and neoplastic diseases involving the retina, RPE and choroid in which fluid leaks outside the vessels and accumulates under the retina. As long as the RPE is able to compensate by pumping the leaking fluid into the choroidal cir-culation, RD does not occur. However, when the mechanism is overwhelmed or functions subnormally, fluid accumulates in the subretinal space. Sign in exudative RD: The detached retina is very mobile and exhibits the phenomenon of 'shifting fluid' in which SRF detaches the area of retina under which it accumulates . For example, in the upright position the SRF collects under the inferior retina, but on assuming the supine position for several minutes, the inferior retina flattens and SRF shifts posteriorly, detaching the superior retina. Demarcation lines are present in long standing retinal detachmemts. Tobacco dusting is a sign of rhegmatogenous retinal detachmemt. Fixed folds are seen in tractional retinal detachmemt. [/INST] question: Which of the following is most characteristic of exudative retinal detachments? | options: A: Demarcation lines B: Tobacco dusting C: Fixed folds D: Shifting fluid | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: (Lung) (177-1B. Singh 8lh)Functions of Placenta1. The placenta enables the transport of oxygen, water, electrolyte and nutrition (in the form of carbohydrates, polypeptide, amino acids, and vitamins) from maternal to fetal blood. A full term fetus takes up about 25 ml of oxygen per minutes from the maternal blood. Even a short interruption of oxygen supply is fatal for the fetus.2. It also provides for excretion of carbon dioxide, urea and other waste products produced by the fetus into the maternal blood.3. Maternal antibodies (IgG gamma-globulins) reaching the fetus through the placenta give the fetus immunity against some infections (eg. Diphtheria and measles)4. The placenta acts as a barrier and prevents many bacteria and other harmful substances from reaching the fetus, however most viruses (including poliomyelitis, measles and rubella) and some bacteria can pass across it. Drugs taken by the mother may also enter the fetal circulation and can produce congenital malformations. As a rule, maternal hormones do not reach the fetus. However, synthetic progestins and synthetic oestrogens (eg. Diethylstilbestrol) easily cross the placenta, and can have adverse effects on the fetus(including carcinoma in later life)5. While permitting the exchange of several substances between the maternal and fetal blood, it keeps these blood streams separate, thereby, preventing, antigenic reactions between them.6. The placenta synthesizes several hormones. These are probably produced in the syncytiotrophoblast* The source of oxygenated blood is not the lung but the placenta (262-IBS) only a small portion of this blood reaches the lungs, and passes through it to the left atrium. The greater part is short circuited by the ductus arteriosus into the aortaVesselRemnant(a) Umbilical arteries(b) Left umbilical vein(c) Ductus venosus(d) Ductus arteriosusMedial umbilical ligamentsLigamentum teres of the liverLigamentum venosumLigamentum arteriosum [/INST] question: During intra uterine life, which of the following organ is not dependant upon the placenta | options: A: Liver B: Lung C: Kidney D: Brain | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Fire fighting is a serous matter, knowing what to do during a fire can save people's lives. It is important to know the ways you can use and show them to everyone else in the family, such as stairways and emergency exits, but not elevators.
From the lower floors of building, escape through windows is possible. Learn the best way to get out from a window with the least chance of serious injury.
The second floor window is usually not very high from the ground. An average person, hanging by the fingertips will have a drop of about 6 feet to the ground. It is about twice the height of an average man. Of course, it is safer to jump a short way down than to stay in a burning building.
Windows are also useful when you are waiting for help. Be sure to keep the door closed before opening the window. Otherwise, smoke and fire may be drawn into the room. Keep your head low at the window to be sure you get fresh air rather than smoke that may have leaked into the room.
On the second or third floor, the best windows for escape are those which open onto a roof. From the roof a person can drop to the ground more safely. Dropping onto cement might end in injury. Bushes and trees can help you to have a soft landing. [/INST] question: Which of the following should not be used when trying to escape from a fire? | options: A: Windows B: Elevators C: Fire exits D: Stairways | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Public schools in New York,America's biggest city, commonly have numbers for names.But this is unusual.In the United States,the process of naming a school often involves parents and the community
as well as elected school leaders.
Researchers say school names can show civic values and also shape them. For example,naming a school after a historic person becomes a way to teach students about that person's importance in history.
A new study examines the naming of American public schools.The study is from the Manhattan Institute,an organization that does public policy research.The study shows that fewer and fewer schools are being named after people.Instead. more schools are being named after the local areas or natural features like hills.trees or animals.The researchers say these changes raise questions about the civic duty of public education.
The looked at seven states with 20% of all public school students in the country. They found the similar result in every state: new school are less likely to be named after people. This is true especially with presidents. For example, in Arizona, public school in the past 20 years were almost fifty times more likely to be named after such things as landforms or plants .
School officials say they try to choose names that will not offend anyone. For example, a few years ago the city of New Orleans banned the naming of any school after a person who owned slaves. Other school system have rules against naming new schools after any person, living or dead .
The researchers say naming a school after a person can lead it important debates about democratic values.
call for more research to identify the causes and effects of the changes in school names.
The causes may include changes in American culture as well as in the political control of school systems. One area worth exploring , they say, is the link between trends in school names and weak results for public schools on measures of civic education. [/INST] question: More schools are being named after the following EXCEPT _ . | options: A: hills B: trees C: animals D: people | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: A federal agency on Tuesday called for a ban on all cellphone use by drivers -- the most far-reaching recommendation up to now -- saying its decision was based on a decade of investigations into distraction-related accidents, as well as growing concerns that powerful mobile devices are giving drivers even more reasons to look away from the road.
As part of its recommendation, the National Transportation Safety Board is urging states to ban drivers from using hands-free devices, including wireless headsets. No state now has made laws to ban such activity, but the Board said that drivers faced serious risks from talking on wireless headsets, just as they do by taking a hand off the wheel to hold a phone to their ears.
However, the concern was heightened by increasingly powerful phones that people can use to send e-mails, watch movies and play games.
"Every year, new devices are being on sale." she said. "People are attracted to update their Facebook page, to play music with cellphone, as if sitting at a desk. But they are driving a car."
The agency based its recommendation on evidence from its investigation of numerous crashes in which electronic distraction was a major contributing factor.
Ms. Hersman said she understood that this recommendation would be unwelcome in some circles, given the number of drivers who talk and text. But she compared distracted driving to drunken driving and even smoking, which required wholesale cultural shifts to change behavior.
"It's going to be very unpopular with some people." she said. "We're not here to win a popularity contest. We're here to do the right thing. This is a difficult recommendation, but it's the right recommendation and it is time."
The agency's recommendation is not required for states to adopt such a ban. And it won't likely be agreed upon by state lawmakers who are unwillingly to anger those who have grown accustomed to using their device behind the wheel.
The ban also deserves attention because it is the first call by a federal agency to end the practice completely, rather than the partial ban that some lawmakers have put in place by allowing hands-free talking. [/INST] question: The ban on all cellphone use by drivers was put forward _ . | options: A: after a long discussion and recommendation B: after about ten years' investigation in it C: because of the most powerful mobile devices D: for the reason of heading away from the road | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: alpha blockers Pulmonary hypeension General management Diuretic therapy may be useful as it relieves pulmonary edema. Anticoagulant therapy is advocated for all patients. Specific management Calcium channel blockers Patients who have substantial reductions in pulmonary aerial pressure in response to sho acting vasodilators at the time of cardiac catheterization should he initially treated with calcium channel blockers. Endothelin receptor antagonist Bostenan is a non-selective endothelium receptor antagonist, is an approved t/t ,for patients who are NYHA .functional classes III and IV. Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors Slidenafil is used for patients who are NYHA functional classes II and Prostacyclins Iloprost is a prostacyclin analogue used in PAH patients who are NYHA functional classes III and IV. Pulmonary circulation is unique in that it accommodates a blood flow that is almost equal to that of all the other organs of body but still maintains low pressure. The factors responsible for low pressure in pulmonary circulation (even with large volume of blood) are:- - Larger diameter of pulmonary vessels due to thin wall of pulmonary aery and aerioles. [/INST] question: Drug NOT used in pulmonary hypeension is? | options: A: Calcium channel blocker B: Endothelin receptor antagonist C: Alpha blocker D: Prostacyclin | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: When you don't speak, you may be still communicating. It is true that you may not wish to say anything. But your very silence may show your wish to be left alone or to stay uninvolved, which is the message you want to send.
So it has been said that while we speak with our vocal organs, we _ with our whole bodies. All of us communicate with one anther nonverbally , as well as with words. Sometimes we know what we are doing with the use of gestures such as the thumbs-up sign to indicate that we approve. But most of the time we are not aware that we are doing it.
Body language serves a variety of purpose. Firstly it can replace verbal communication, as with the use of gesture. Secondly, it can modify verbal communication. Loudness and tone of voice is an example here. Thirdly it regulates social interaction: turn taking is largely governed by non-verbal signals. Fourthly it conveys our emotions. Finally it conveys our attitude towards ourselves and towards the people we are communicating with. _ is particularly important for successful cross-cultural communications.
Every culture has its own body language. So in order to achieve a more successful cross-cultural communications, we heed not only what to say but also how to say it appropriately. Observation shows that a truly bilingual person switches his body language at the same time he switches language. [/INST] question: Body language varies _ . | options: A: from culture to culture B: from year to year C: from time to time D: from person to person | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Physical features can vary depending on the type. It forms the basis for Sillence classification.
Type I: Osteogenesis imperfecta
This is the most common and mildest form. In subtype A, dentinogenesis imperfecta is absent, while in subtype B, dentinogenesis imperfecta is present. Symptoms of both subtypes include blue sclera, in utero fractures in 10% of patients (fractures are more common during infancy), mild-to-moderate bone fragility with frequency of fractures decreasing after puberty, kyphoscoliosis, hearing loss, easy
bruising and short stature.
Type II: Osteogenesis imperfecta
Osteogenesis imperfecta type II exhibits extreme bone fragility and frequent fractures. In utero fractures are present in 100% of cases. Many are stillborn, and 90% die before four weeks of age. Blue sclera may be present. Hearing loss is not common to type II OI. Dentinogenesis imperfecta may be present along with small nose, micrognathia and short trunk.
Type III: Osteogenesis imperfecta
Type III is associated with dentinogenesis imperfecta, sclera of variable hue, limb shortening and progressive deformities, triangular facies with frontal bossing and pulmonary hypertension. In utero fractures occur in 50% of cases. The remaining half of the cases have fractures in the neonatal period. No hearing loss has been reported in this type.
Type IV: Osteogenesis imperfecta
In subtype A, dentinogenesis imperfecta is absent, while in subtype B, dentinogenesis imperfecta is present. Symptoms of both subtypes include normal sclera, normal hearing, fractures that begin in infancy (in utero fractures are rare) and mild angulation and shortening of long bones. Bleeding diathesis have not been reported in this type. [/INST] question: According to Sillence classification of osteogenesis imperfecta, most common and mildest form is: | options: A: Type 1 B: Type 2 C: Type 3 D: Type 4 | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: In London, there has always been a main problem. In order to solve this problem, the government has decided to have a bike revolution . It has decided to provide 6,000 bikes for the people to rent. The government encourages local people to ride bikes in order to solve the traffic problem.
More than 12,000 people have agreed to the idea. Some of them ask for more than one key. Although there are not enough bikes, an official from the government said that they would find some ways to deal with such a shortage.
Local people can get these bikes at special docking stations .There are about 315 docking stations across the city. About 12,450 keys have already been handed out to the local people, but only 6,000 keys can be used now.
Let's see the cost you need to pay. One key costs PS3, and the cost of using the bike is PS1 for an hour. The cost per hour increases as the hours increase, so it will cost PS50 if you rent the bike for 24 hours.
The official from the government said they also needed to face a lot of problems, for example, some bikes may be lost. But they said they would try their best to solve all the problems to make sure the success of the program. [/INST] question: In London, the government has decided to provide bikes for local people to rent in order to solve _ . | options: A: the traffic problem B: the population problem C: the family problem D: the health problem | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Ponderal index (PI) in neonate
Ponderal index has been used as an indicator of fetal growth status, especially to assess assymetrical IUGR.
Ponderal index can be used to indentify infants whose soft tissue mass is below normal for the stage of skeletal development.
The Ponderal index is calculated by multiplying the weight in grams by 100 and then dividing it by cube of length in cm.
Ponderal index = Weight (gm) x 100 / Length (cm)3
A ponderal index below the 10th percentile may be used to identify IUGR infants correctly.
A low neonatal ponderal index is defined as less than 1 SD below a mean 2.0.
PI is usually less than 2 in assymmetric growth retarded baby and 2 or more in a baby who has either normal growth or has symmetrical growth retardation.
The PI of the baby in question is PI = 200 x 100 / (50)3 = 1.6
That means the baby is having assymetic IUGR (PI < 2).
Fetal ponderal index can also be calculated by USG examination and compared with neonatal PI. Fetal PI had been found to be predictor of IUGR with the sensitivity and specificity of 76.9 and 82%, respectively. If the fetal PI is less than 1SD, the fetal and neonatal well being is compromised. [/INST] question: What is the ponderal index of a child with weight 2000 g and height 50 cm – | options: A: 1.6 B: 3.6 C: 2.2 D: 2.6 | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: It is necessary to employ suckling mice for the isolation of coxsackieviruses.
Inoculation is usually made by intracerebral, subcutaneous and intraperitoneal route.
Adult mice are not susceptible.
Human diploid fibroblasts (HDF) cell line is used for cultivation of coxsackie A7,9,16; CMV; Echovirus; enteroviruses; HSV-1,2; Poliovirus: parainfluenzavirus, rhinovirus and VZV.
Cultivation of viruses
‘As viruses are obligate intracellular parasites they cannot be grown on any inanimate culture medium.' Three
methods are employed for cultivation of viruses :
1. Animal Inoculation
Earliest method
Mice are most widely employed animals
Other animals used are guinea pigs, rabbits and ferrets.
2. Embryonated eggs
Sites of inoculation are:
a) Chorioallantoic Membrane ------- visible pocks are produced → HSV, Vaccinia, Smallpox
b) Amniotic Sac
c) Allantoic cavity
→ Influenza o Some paramyxoviruses
d) Yolk Sac → o Some viruses o Chlamydia o Rickettsia
3.Tissue culture
Most important method for virus isolation.
Three types of tissue culture are available
I. Organ Culture
II Explant Culture
III. Cell Culture - (routinely employed)
Cell culture may be
1. Primary cell culture: Rhesus monkey kidney, human amnion, chick embryo fibroblast, human embryonic kidney.
2. Diploid cell strains:- Human diploid fibroblast HL-8, WI-38.
3. Continuous cell line:- Hela, HEP-2, McCoy, Vero [/INST] question: Suckling mice is used for isolation of | options: A: Coxsackie virus B: Pox C: Herpes D: Adenovirus | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Many primary immunologic deficiencies can be classified as defects of T- lymphocyte function (containment of fungi, protozoa, acid-fast bacteria, and certain viruses) and B-lymphocyte function (synthesis and secretion of immunoglobulins). Among the T-cell diseases is DiGeorge anomaly, in which defective embryologic development of the third and fourth pharyngeal pouches results in hypoplasia of both thymus and parathyroid glands. Associated findings with DiGeorge anomaly include CATCH: C for cardiac, A for abnormal faces, T for thymic hypoplasia, C for cleft palate, and H for hypocalcemia.Primary B-cell diseases include X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA, or Bruton disease), a deficiency of all three major classes of immunoglobulins, as well as other selective deficiencies of the immunoglobulins or their subgroups. This condition usually presents after 3 months of age (after maternal antibodies wane) with recurrent and often simultaneous bouts of otitis media, pneumonia, diarrhea, and sinusitis, but usually without fungal and viral infections. Combined T- and B-cell diseases include the X-linked recessive Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome of mild T-cell dysfunction, diminished serum IgM, marked elevation of IgA and IgE, eczema, recurrent middle-ear infections, lymphopenia, and thrombocytopenia. Patients with the catastrophic combined T- and B-cell disease known as severe combined immunodeficiency disease (Swiss-type lymphopenic agammaglobulinemia or SCID), have deficient T and B cells. Consequently, they have lymphopenia and agammaglobulinemia, as well as thymic hypoplasia. Chronic diarrhea; rashes; recurrent, serious bacterial, fungal, or viral infections; wasting; and early death are characteristic. Other T- and B-cell deficiencies include ataxia telangiectasia and chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis.Job-Buckley syndrome is a disorder of phagocytic chemotaxis associated with hypergammaglobulin E, eczema-like rash, and recurrent severe staphylococcal infections. [/INST] question: For the below set of immunologic abnormalities, select the most likely clinical presentation.Serum IgGSerum IgASerum IgMT-cell functionParathyroid functionNormalHighLowDecreasedNormal | options: A: A 5-year-old boy who, after 3 months of age, developed recurrent otitis media, pneumonia, diarrhea, and sinusitis, often with simultaneous infections at two or more disparate sites B: A distinctive-appearing 8-month-old boy with an interrupted aortic arch, hypocalcemia, and cleft palate C: A 1-year-old boy with severe eczema, recurrent middle-ear infections, lymphopenia, and thrombocytopenia D: A 9-year-old boy with an eczema-like rash and recurrent severe staphylococcal infections | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Diaphragmatic hernia occurs with the movement of abdominal contents across a congenital or traumatic defect in the diaphragm. In the newborn, this condition results in profound respiratory distress with significant mortality. Prenatal diagnosis is common and, when found, necessitates that the birth take place at a tertiary-level center. In the neonate, respiratory failure in the first hours of life, a scaphoid abdomen, and presence of bowel sounds in the chest are common findings. Intensive respiratory support, including high-frequency oscillatory ventilation and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), has increased survival. Mortality can be as high as 50% despite aggressive treatment. While surgery may correct the diaphragmatic defect, the lung on the affected side remains hypoplastic and continues to contribute to morbidity. Several fetal surgery centers are investigating surgical techniques to repair the hernia in utero to allow the affected lung adequate time to develop prior to delivery.Pneumonia and pneumothorax may cause respiratory distress with decreased breath sounds, but the radiograph in diaphragmatic hernia shows the nasogastric tube curving into the left thorax, clearly an abnormal placement. A congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation will frequently look like a diaphragmatic hernia on radiographs, but the nasogastric tube would be in the correct location. Choanal atresia is an upper airway abnormality and does not cause these radiographic changes; it would have been difficult to place the nasogastric tube in the first place with this condition, in which there is a bony or membranous septum between the nose and pharynx. [/INST] question: A newborn infant develops respiratory distress immediately after birth. His abdomen is scaphoid. No breath sounds are heard on the left side of his chest, but they are audible on the right. Immediate intubation is successful with little or no improvement in clinical status. Emergency chest x-ray is shown (A) along with an x-ray 2 hours later (B) Which of the following is the most likely explanation for this infant's condition? | options: A: Pneumonia B: Cystic adenomatoid malformation C: Diaphragmatic hernia D: Choanal atresia | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The superior orbital fissure is the opening that allows the passage of the oculomotor nerve and the trochlear nerve; the lacrimal, frontal, and nasociliary branches of ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve; the abducens nerve; the superior and inferior divisions of the ophthalmic vein; and the sympathetic fibers from the cavernous plexus. The sensory and motor components of the corneal reflex are the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve and the oculomotor nerve, whereas the eye impairment is due to a lesion to the oculomotor nerve, all of which are transmitted through the superior orbital fissure. The inferior orbital fissure contains the maxillary nerve, infraorbital vessels, and branches of the sphenopalatine (pterygopalatine) ganglion. The optic canal contains the ophthalmic artery and optic nerve, in addition to sympathetic fibers. The foramen rotundum contains the maxillary nerve. The foramen ovale contains the lesser petrosal nerve, the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve, the accessory middle meningeal artery, and the emissary veins. [/INST] question: A 48-year-old male patient complains of diplopia (double vision). On neurologic examination he is unable to adduct his left eye and lacks a corneal reflex on the left side. Where is the most likely location of the lesion resulting in the symptoms? | options: A: Inferior orbital fissure B: Optic canal C: Superior orbital fissure D: Foramen rotundum | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Nobody knows who first invented it, but the umbrella was used in very ancient times. Probably the first to use it were the Chinese, back in the eleventh century B.C. To use it seems so natural to put up an umbrella to keep the water off when it rains. But actually the umbrella was not invented as protection against rain. It was first used as a shade against the sun.
We know it was used in ancient Egypt and Babylon as a sunshade. And there was a strange thing connected with its use; it became a symbol of honor and _ . In the Far East in ancient times, the umbrella was allowed to be used only by royal people or by those in high office.
In Europe, the Greeks were the first to use the umbrella as a sunshade. And the umbrella was in common use in ancient Greece. But it is believed that the first persons in Europe to use the umbrellas as protection against the rain were the ancient Romans.
During the Middle Ages, the use of the umbrella practically disappeared. Then it appeared again in Italy in the late 16thcentury. And again it became a symbol of power and authority. By 1680, the umbrella appeared in France, and later on in England.
By the eighteenth century, the umbrella was used against rain throughout most of Europe. Umbrellas have not changed much in style during all this time, though they have become much lighter in weight. It wasn't until the twentieth century that women's umbrellas began to be made in a variety of color1s. [/INST] question: In Europe, the umbrella was first used against the rain _ . | options: A: in Rome B: by the eighteen century C: in Greece D: during the Middle Ages | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Princeton University
Location
The University is in Princeton, New Jersey. It is an hour's train ride south of New York City and an hour's train ride north of Philadelphia.
Students
There are 4,600 undergraduates . There are also 1,900 graduate students, but Princeton is unusual among universities in having a student body made up largely of undergraduates.
Faculty
Princeton has about 700 full-time faculty members . There are another 300 or so part-time and visiting faculty. All faculty members at Princeton are expected to teach and research.
Degrees
Princeton offers two undergraduate degrees:the bachelor of arts (A. B. ) degree and the bachelor of science in engineering (B. S. E.) degree.
Academic Year
An academic year runs from September to late May and lasts two terms (fall and spring). A normal course load is four or five courses per term, although many students take extra courses.
Residences
Princeton provides housing for all undergraduate students. Freshmen and second-year students are required to spend their first two years in one of five colleges. Each college has its own dining hall, common rooms and computer centers.
Fees and Expenses (Academic Year 2011-2012)
Tuition : $29,910
Room and board: $ 8,387
Other expenses (books, telephone, etc.): $ 3,083
Total: $ 41,380 [/INST] question: How many kinds of faculty members are there in Princeton University? | options: A: One B: Two C: Three D: Four | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Friendship is one of the basic bonds between human beings. While the characteristics of friendship might vary from one country to another, people from all cultures not only enjoy friends but need them.
Many studies have shown that teenagers who have no friends often suffer from psychological disorders. It has been shown that teenagers, perhaps more than any other age group, need companionship and a sense of belonging. The negative consequences of loneliness have also been observed among the elderly. The death of a spouse often leaves a widow or a widower totally bereft . If, however, they are surrounded by friends and relatives and if they are able to articulate their feelings, they are more likely to recover from their grief.
"No man is an island." In other words, we are all parts of society. We all need the love, admiration, respect and moral support of other people. If we are fortunate, our friends will provide us with all of these necessary aspects of life.
As most people observe, there are many levels of friendship. The degree or intensity of friendship varies depending on the personality of the individuals involved and the context of the relationships. Extroverts enjoy being surrounded by many people whereas introverts are perhaps content with fewer but more intense friendships.
Everyone is not equally open with all their friends. The degree of intimacy is determined by many factors. Close friends can be formed at any stage in one's life but they are usually very rare. Not very many people have more than a few really close friends. Irrespective of the level of intimacy, all friendships are based on reciprocity , honesty and a certain amount of love and affection. [/INST] question: The degree of intimacy of friendship mainly depends on _ . | options: A: age B: belonging C: personality D: culture | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Six days before the 63rd birthday of New China, our country received a great gift. The country's first aircraft carrier , Liaoning, has made China become the l0th country in the world to have an aircraft camer.
An aircraft carrier is a kind of ship that planes can fly from and land on--like an airport on the sea. It stands for a country's military strength . It plays an important role in modern wars.
In August last year, the air craft carrier began its trial run at Dalian Port in Liaoning. The carrier was at first called the Varyag. It was built in the former Soviet Union. However, the Soviets failed to finish the ship. China bought the Varyag in 1998. Now after 10 trial runs, the aircraft carrier, renamed Liaoning, is in active service.
Liaoning is about 300 meters long and 70 meters wide. It can take 30 planes and hold 2,000 soldiers.
According to Xinhua News, Liaoning will be used for scientific research and military training.
The aircraft carrier will help protect our country and promote world peace. The BBC said that Liaoning coming into service " marks China as a rising power".
,. [/INST] question: When was China's aircraft carrier born? | options: A: September 25th B: September 30th C: October lst D: October 6th | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The idea of sailing west to reach the riches of the East Indies and the Asian mainland was much in fashion with cultured Europeans during the late fifteenth century. Learned people agreed that the earth was round: their only questions were how long and how dangerous would be a trip to reach the Orient. Christopher Columbus, the son of an unknown weaver, and himself a weaver of ambitious dreams, made his historic voyage to the New World in 1492. He didn't go to school very much, but be learned to read and write Spanish during his travels. He also taught himself Latin because all the geography books were written in Latin. Sailing with a tiny fleet of three ships, the Santa Maria and two smaller ships, the Pinta and the Nina and a crew of ninety sailors, be found the thirty-three-day crossing easier than his nearly-decade-long effort to find royal sponsors willing to support it. The trip drew not only on his own skills as an expert ship's captain, but also on his ability to plan such an expedition, obtain governmental approval and financing, and finally, demonstrate its success so that such explorations could continue. He tried for years to get King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella to supply him with ships and money. Finally they agreed, but he made more demands. He wanted to be made a knight, admiral of the Ocean Sea. He wanted to be the viceroy and governor general of all lands he would discover. Also he wanted one-tenth of everything he found of value in the new lands. The explorations that followed Columbus-those of Cabot, Verrazano, Cartier, and many others-benefited from a new maritime technology borrowed from Arab sailors and from a variety of new vessels (,) such as the light-weight caravels employed by Columbus. Sailors also perfected sails and various types of riggings that gave ships added stability and greater maneuverability on the open seas. And when leaving sight of the coast, new navigational aids-charts, compasses, and astrolabes-permitted them to determine their position with some, though not perfect, accuracy. Columbus himself made a total of four voyages to the New World but he did not become rich as he had hoped. At the end of his life he only had a pension the king and queen had given him because he was the first to reach the New World. He spent the last few months of his life in bed because of the pain of arthritis . Columbus not only discovered a New World, but led the way for other explorers. [/INST] question: What was the dream destination of Europeans in the late fifteenth century? | options: A: The oriental countries B: The East Indonesia C: The Old World D: The African mainland. | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Picture a typical MBA lecture theatre twenty years ago. In it the majority of students will have conformed to the standard model of the time: male, middle class and Western. Walk into a class today, however, and you'll get a completely different impression. For a start, you will now see plenty more women--the University of Pennsylvania's Wharton School, for example, boasts that 40% of its new enrolment is female. You will also see a wide range of ethnic groups and nationals of practically every country.
It might be tempting, therefore, to think that the old barriers have been broken down and equal opportunity achieved. But, increasingly, this apparent diversity is becoming a mask for a new type of conformity. Behind the differences in sex, skin tones and mother tongues, there are common attitudes, expectations and ambitions which risk creating a set of clones among the business leaders of the future.
Diversity, it seems, has not helped to address fundamental weaknesses in business leadership. So what can be done to create more effective managers of the commercial world? According to Valerie Gauthier, associate dean at HEC Paris, the key lies in the process by which MBA programmes recruit their students. At the moment candidates are selected on a fairly narrow set of criteria such as prior academic and career performance, and analytical and problem solving abilities. This is then coupled to a school's picture of what a diverse class should look like, with the result that passport, ethnic origin and sex can all become influencing factors. But schools rarely dig down to find out what really makes an applicant succeed, to create a class which also contains diversity of attitude and approach--arguably the only diversity that, in a business context, really matters.
Professor Gauthier believes schools should not just be selecting candidates from traditional sectors such as banking, consultancy and industry. They should also be seeking individuals who have backgrounds in areas such as political science, the creative arts, history or philosophy, which will allow them to put business decisions into a wider context.
Indeed, there does seem to be a demand for the more rounded leaders such diversity might create. A study by Mannaz, a leadership development company, suggests that, while the bully-boy chief executive of old may not have been eradicated completely, there is a definite shift in emphasis towards less tough styles of management--at least in America and Europe. Perhaps most significant, according to Mannaz, is the increasing interest large companies have in more collaborative management models, such as those prevalent in Scandinavia, which seek to integrate the hard and soft aspects of leadership and encourage delegated responsibility and accountability. [/INST] question: What characterizes the business school student population of today? | options: A: Greater diversity B: Exceptional diligence C: Intellectual maturity D: Higher ambition | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: In a country that defines itself by ideals, not by shared blood, who should be allowed to come to work and live here? In the wake of the Sept.11 attacks these questions have never seemed more pressing.
On Dec.11, 2001, as part of the effort to increase homeland security, federal and local authorities in 14 states staged "Operation Safe Travel"---raids on airports to arrest employees with false identification.In Salt Lake City there were 69 arrests.But those captures were anything but terrorists, most of them illegal immigrants from Central or South America.Authorities said the undocumented workers' illegal status made them open to blackmail by terrorists.
Many immigrants in Salt Lake City were angered by the arrests and said they felt as if they were being treated like disposable goods.Mayor Anderson said those feelings were justified to a certain extent."We're saying we want you to work in these places, we're going to look the other way in terms of what our laws are, and then when it's convenient for us, or when we can try to make a point in terms of national security, especially after Sept.11, then you're disposable.They are whole families being uprooted for all of the wrong reasons," Anderson said.
If Sept.11 had never happened, the airport workers would not have been arrested and could have gone on quietly living in America, probably indefinitely.Ana Castro, a manager at a Ben & Jerry's ice cream shop at the airport had been working 10 years with the same false Social Security card when she was arrested in the December airport raid.Now she and her family are living under the threat of deportation .Castro's case is currently waiting to be settled.While she awaits the outcome, the government has granted her permission to work here and she has returned to her job at Ben & Jerry's. [/INST] question: How did the immigrants in Salt Lake City feel about "Operation Safe Travel"? | options: A: Guilty B: Offended C: Disappointed D: Discouraged | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Foy percent of retinoblastomas are heritable; the child inherits one mutant allele through the germline and a somatic mutation in the other allele occurs, resulting in the loss of function of that gene. This leads to tumor development, often with multiple tumors in both eyes. Penetrance, however, is not complete, since the second mutation is a chance event. Sixty percent of retinoblastomas are sporadic; both alleles are inactivated by somatic mutation. Because this is a rare event, tumors usually are in only one eye and present at a later age. To detect a mutation in the Rb gene and differentiate between heritable and sporadic cases of retinoblastoma, PCR is the most appropriate technique of the choices given. Using the appropriate primers, a deletion can be detected as a change in size of the DNA band amplified. In heritable cases, one chromosome will show the altered length from the deletion or the translocation in any cell in the body. In sporadic retinoblastoma, samples isolated from anywhere other than the tumor should have two normal alleles. DNA footprinting is a protocol used to detect specific protein binding to DNA molecules by comparing the fragmentation patterns of DNA bound with the protein of interest vs. unbound DNA following digestion with DNase I. If the bound protein protects against DNase I digestion, the position of the protein on the DNA can be deduced by the loss of the characteristic fragment. FACS uses antibodies coupled to fluorescent markers to determine cell surface molecules on whole cells. It is very useful for determining the stage of development or activation of cells, but does not give you any insight into the DNA. Nohern blotting, the RNA counterpa to Southern blotting, will determine the size and abundance of mRNA of a specific gene in a given sample of RNA. RNA is not able to be cleaved by restriction enzymes the way the DNA can; however, RNA molecules for different proteins are of different lengths. The sample is separated by agarose gel electrophoresis, transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane, and probed with a specific, labeled probe. This will be exposed to film and the bands will appear, revealing the size and the abundance of specific mRNAs. [/INST] question: A patient presents with retinoblastoma. He has a single tumor in one eye. Which of the following test could be used to determine whether this is a heritable or sporadic tumor? | options: A: DNA footprinting B: Fluorescence-activated cell soing (FACS) C: Nohern blotting D: PCR | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: In the universe,as we all know,there is the sun,the moon,the earth and a good manystars.Through our geography lessons,we know the earth goes around the sun,and the moon goes around the earth.We have day and night because the earth keeps turning all the time.When our part of the earth turns to the sun,it is day.When our part of the earth turns away from the sun,it is night.
Just because the moon is closer to the earth than the sun, it looks much bigger than the sun. Big things will look smaller when they are further, and small things also look bigger when they are nearer.
The sun is big enough to give out very strong light. The moon can't give any light at all, but it looks quite bright, too. Why? In fact, the light from the moon comes from the sun. The moon looks much bigger and brighter than the stars. But actually the stars are much bigger and brighter than the moon.They look smaller than the moon also because they are further away from the earth.
There are many other planets in the universe. But of all the planets, only on the earth there are living things and people can only live on the earth, too. But at 9:00 a.m. on October 15th,2003, Chinese pilot Yang Liwei was sent up to space. He stayed there for 21 hours.It was the first time for Chinese to get into space. [/INST] question: We find the sun is _ than the moon because it is _ to us. | options: A: bigger;farther B: smaller;closer C: bigger;closer D: smaller;farther | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Rotator cuff impingement syndrome is a painful disorder which is thought to arise from repetitive compression or rubbing of the tendons (mainly supraspinatus) under the coracoacromial arch. Normally, when the arm is abducted, the conjoint tendon slides under the coracoacromial arch. As abduction approaches 90 degrees, there is a natural tendency to externally rotate the arm, thus allowing the rotator cuff to occupy the widest pa of the subacromial space. If the arm is held persistently in abduction and then moved to and fro in internal and external rotation (as in cleaning a window, painting a wall or polishing a flat surface) the rotator cuff may be compressed and irritated as it comes in contact with the anterior edge of the acromion process and the taut coracoacromial ligament. This attitude (abduction, slight flexion and internal rotation) has been called the 'impingement position'. Perhaps significantly, the site of impingement is also the 'critical area' of diminished vascularity in the supraspinatus tendon about 1 cm proximal to its inseion into the greater tuberosity. Reference Apley&;s system of ohopaedics-9th edn -pg no 341. [/INST] question: Painful arc syndrome is caused by impingement of - | options: A: Sub acromial bursa B: Sub deltoid bursa C: Rotator cuff tendon D: Biceps tendon | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Once upon a time there was a monster( ). He was very ugly ( ), and had no friends. No one wanted to talk to him. Even other monsters thought he was ugly. He lived alone and was very unhappy because he was so lonely.
"I wish I had a friend." he said to himself every day. "One friend would be enough. Someone to talk to."
"Dear Editor( )." he wrote. " I am an ugly monster. How can I find a friend?"
"Dear Monster." the Editor replied. " Advertise( )for a friend in this magazine." The monster wrote an advertisement.
"Monster wants a friend, male or female. I have two heads, four arms, six legs and three tails. I have one blue eye, one green eye and one brown eye. Smoke comes out of my noses. But I am really a kind monster and will be a good friend to someone. If you would like to meet me, please stand outside Blake's Store at 6 p.m. on Friday, May 22nd. Write to me at Box 45. Everybody's Magazine."
A few days later he went to the magazine.
"Do you have any letters for Box 45?" he asked.
The Editor looked in Box45.
"Yes, there is one." she said, and gave it to him.
The monster opened the letter, and read, "Dear Monster, I think a person's character ( ) is more important than his appearance( ). I will wait outside Blake's Store on Friday. Please carry a flower so that I will recognize you. Yours sincerely, Alice Green. " [/INST] question: Why was the monster unhappy? | options: A: He was so lonely B: He was ugly C: He had two heads D: He had three tails | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: When I was young, I had an old neighbor named Dr. Gibbs. He didn't look like any doctor I'd ever known. He never shouted at us for playing in his yard. I remembered him as a neighbor who was nicer than anyone else in the neighborhood.
When Dr. Gibbs was happy, he was planting trees. And his life's goal was to make it a forest.
Dr. Gibbs had some interesting theories about planting. He talked about trees that weren't watered would grow deep roots in search of water. So he never watered his trees. He planted anoak and, instead of watering it every morning, he beat it with the rolled-up newspaper. I asked him why he did that, and he said it was to get the tree's attention.
Dr. Gibbs died a couple of years. Every now and again, I walk by his house and look at the trees that he planted twenty-five years ago. They're very strong now.
I planted a couple of trees a few years later. I watered them regularly and took good care of them. Whenever a cold wind blows, they shake their leaves and branches.
The funny thing about those trees of Dr. Gibbs was that difficulty seemed to help them in ways comfort and ease never could. [/INST] question: What was Dr. Gibbs' life goal? | options: A: To build a forest B: To save more lives C: To make a lot of money D: To study plants | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Five years ago, when I taught art at a school in Seattle, I used Tinkertoys as a test at the beginning of a term to find out something about my students. I put a small set of Tinkertoys in front of each student, and said:"Make something out of the Tinkertoys. You have 45 minutes today - and 45minutes each day for the rest of the week."
A few students hesitated to start. They waited to see the rest of the class would do. Several others checked the instructions and made something according to one of the model plans provided. Another group built something out of their own imaginations.
Once I had a boy who worked experimentally with Tinkertoys in his free time. His constructions filled a shelf in the art classroom and a good part of his bedroom at home. I was delighted at the presence of such a student. Here was an exceptionally creative mind at work. His presence meant that I had an unexpected teaching assistant in class whose creativity would infect other students.
Encouraging this kind of thinking has a downside. I ran the risk of losing those students who had a different style of thinking. Without fail one would declare, "But I'm just not creative."
"Do you dream at night when you're asleep?"
"Oh, sure."
"So tell me one of your most interesting dreams." The student would tell something wildly imaginative. Flying in the sky or in a time machine or growing three heads. "That's pretty creative. Who does that for you?"
"Nobody. I do it."
"Really-at night, when you're asleep?"
"Sure."
"Try doing it in the daytime, in class, okay?" [/INST] question: The teacher used Tinkertoys in class in order to _ ? | options: A: know more about the students B: make the lessons more exciting C: raise the students' interest in art D: teach the students about toy design | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: One day I went to a store with a list. "Excuse me," I said. A lady with glasses looked up, saying, "I'm Miss Bee. Come closer and let me look at you. I want to be able to describe you to the police if something is missing from the store."
"I'm only a little girl, not a thief !" I was surprised.
"But I think you're potential ," she said.
"I need these," I said, holding up my list.
"So what? I am not a person who works for you. Go to get them." she said.
The store was a puzzle to me. It took me two hours to find everything on the list. "That packet of beans is only 29 cents, but you asked me for 35 cents. " I corrected her. She didn't seem unhappy, just looked at me over her glasses.
The following summer I visited Miss Bee some times a week. She always found ways to fool me. Or shortly after I remembered the places of something on the shelf, she arranged the shelves again and made me hunt for them again. By the end of the summer the shopping trip that had once taken me an hour was done in 15 minutes.
One morning I was to get a packet of chocolate. "Miss Potential, what did you learn this summer?" she said. "That you're a meanie !" I answered angrily. But she laughed, "Well, I believe my job is to teach every child I meet life lessons to help them. When you get older, you'll be glad our paths crossed!" Glad I met Miss Bee? Ha! It was _ .
Until one day my daughter said, " Could you finish my math problems for me?" "How will you ever learn to do it yourself if I do it for you?" I said. Suddenly, I was back at that store where I had learned the hard way to check my bill. Now I have known what Miss Bee did for me. She is my good teacher. [/INST] question: Why did Miss Bee arrange the shelves again and again? | options: A: To laugh at the writer B: To teach the writer some skills C: To think about other customers' need D: To avoid her things being stolen | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Japanese students work very hard, but many are unhappy. They feel heavy pressure from their parents to do well in school. Most students are always being told by their parents to study harder so that they can have a wonderful life. Though this may be a good idea for those very smart students, it can have terrible results for many students because they are not talented enough.
As it is reported, a number of students killed themselves. Others try to get the feelings of taking drugs . Some join the groups of troublemakers and turn to crime . Many of them have tried very hard at school but have failed in the exams and have their parents lose hopes. Such students felt that they are hated by everyone else they meet and they don't want to go to school any longer.
It is surprising that though most Japanese parents are worried about their children, they do not help them in any ways .Many parents feel that they are not able to help their children and it is the teachers' work to help their children. To make matter worse, a lot of parents send their children to those school opening in the evenings and on weekends-- they only help students to pass exams and never teach students any real sense of the world. It is a great surprise that almost three quarters of middle school students have been to such kind of schools. Many Japanese schools usually have rules about everything from the students' hair to their clothes and the things in their bags. Child psychologists now think that such strict rules are harmful to the feelings of the students. Almost 40% of the students said that no one had taught them how to get on with others, how to tell right from wrong, how to show love for others, even for their parents. [/INST] question: Why do the Japanese student feel unhappy? | options: A: Because they don't work hard enough B: Because their parents give them little pressure C: Because they can't do well in their schoolwork D: Because their parents want them to do well in school, it give them much pressure | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Three friends, Tom, David and John, came to New York for their holiday. They stayed in a very large hotel. Their room was on the 45thfloor.
In the evening, the three men went to the cinema and came back to the hotel very late.
"I'm very sorry," said the man of the hotel, "but our lifts do not work tonight. If you don't want to walk up to your room, I'll make beds for you in the hall . "
"No, thanks," said Tom, "we don't want to sleep in the hall. We will walk up to the 45thfloor. But I know how to make it easier. On the way to our room, I'll tell you some jokes. Then you, David, will sing us some songs. Then you, John, will tell us some stories, all right?"
So they began to walk upstairs. Tom told them many jokes. David sang them some songs. At last they came to the 34thfloor. They were tired and had a rest.
"Well," said Tom. "Now it's your turn, John. After all these jokes and songs, tell us a long and interesting story with a sad ending. "
"OK, I'll tell a sad story," said John, "It's not long but very sad. I forgot to bring the key to our room with me. It's still in the hall. " [/INST] question: The three friends came to New York to _ . | options: A: sing songs B: tell jokes C: spend their holiday D: find work | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: During the early years of American settlement, a new form of English was beginning to develop in the islands of the West Indies and the southern part of the mainland, spoken by the black population. The beginning of the seventeenth century saw the happening of the slave trade. Ships from Europe travelled to the West African coast, where they exchanged cheap goods for black slaves. The slaves were shipped in terrible conditions to the Caribbean islands and the American coast, where they were in turn exchanged for such products as sugar and molasses . The ships then returned to England, completing an "Atlantic triangle"of journeys, and the process began again. Britain and the United States had outlawed the slave trade by 1865, but by that time, nearly 200 years of trading had taken place. By the middle of the nineteenth century, there were over four million black slaves in America.
The policy of the slave-traders was to bring people of different language backgrounds together in the ships, to make it difficult for groups to plan rebellion. The result was the growth of several pidgin forms of communication, and in particular a pidgin between the slaves and the sailors many of whom spoken English. Once arriving in the Caribbean, this pidgin English continued to act as a major means of communication between teh black population and the new landowners, and among the blacks themselves. Then, when children came to be born, the pidgin became their mother tongue, thus producing the first black Creole speech in the region. This Creole English rapidly came to be used throughout the cotton plantations , and in the coastal towns and islands. [/INST] question: Which of the following shows the route of slave trade correctly? | options: A: Europe B: Europe C: West African coast D: West African coast | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Computers have many uses today. Computers can solve difficult problems and control other machines. Many people use small computers called calculators to solve simple maths problems quickly. Scientists use large computers to solve many problems at the same time. You can play games with computers, and some computers can help you learn languages. The Kurzweil Reading Machine is a special kind of computer. It can read books for blind people.
To use the Kurzweil machine, a blind person can simply open the book and put it down on the scanner . The machine "reads" the words on the page. When one page is finished, the blind person turns the page and puts the book on the scanner again. The Kurzweil machine can read in a normal voice or in a special fast voice. _ can read words with small letters and large letters.
Blind people like the Kurzweil machine because they can "read" anything with it: newspapers, magazines, books, even typed letters. Many libraries now have Kurzweil Machine for blind people to use. The Kurzweil machine can also help short-sighted children learn to read. [/INST] question: Which of the following is TRUE? | options: A: Computers can solve all the problems people can't do B: Large computers can only solve one problem at a time C: When using the Kurzweil machine, a blind man needn't do anything D: The Kurzweil machine can help blind people and short-sighted children | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: April Fool's Day , was a day of laughing and jokes. This day is kept in many countries, not only in Britain and the USA. This is a day to play jokes and make people laugh. Nobody knows when was the beginning of this custom. Some people connect it with the end of winter and the return of spring which make people merry and ready to play jokes.
In Scotland young people were sent for hen's teeth or bird's milk and everybody laughed when they could find such things. In the USA and Britain some people could place a sign on a person's back with the words "push me!" Children often tell a grown-up that his sock is torn or he has something black on his face, and then shout "April Fool!" There is also the old purse trick. A purse is left lying in the street, but when someone wants to take it, it is quickly pulled back by a string which the hidden joker holds in his hand. Or the purse may be filled with stones. Sometimes invitations are sent to people, asking them to come and visit somebody, but when they come they see that nobody expects them. Some people like to telephone to the zoo on the day and ask for Mr. Fish, Miss Fox or Mrs. Cat. All these jokes are very old but still they make people laugh. [/INST] question: _ knows when the custom of April Fool's Day started. | options: A: One B: Anyone C: Nobody D: Someone | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Pediatric Airway Management - Equipment . Tracheal intubation remains the standard for airway maintenance during many procedures. Generally, a tracheal tube of the largest possible internal diameter should be chosen to minimize resistance to gas flow and avoid an excessive leak around the tube. It is impoant, however, to avoid inseing too large tube, which may cause mucosal damage. The length of the tube is calculated as: Length =+ 12 cm For orotracheal intubation Length = + 15 cm For nasotracheal intubation Uncuffed tubes are used in children - as there is potential for mucosal damage with the cuffed tubes (with high volume, low pressure cuffs) In older children approaching pubey - Cuffed endotracheal tubes are used, reflecting the anatomical development of the airway. Endotracheal tubes are available in a variety of materials although the use of PVC and silicone rubber is now almost universal. As far as blades are concerned - A huge range of laryngoscopes blades are available. Anatomical considerations and to some extent personal choice, determine the most appropriate blade to use. In general, position of the infant larynx and the long epiglottis makes intubation easier with a straight blade and are often used in children under 6 months of age. So from above description, it is clear that in children straight blade with uncuffed tube is the best for intubation. [/INST] question: In a one-year-old child intubation is done using: | options: A: Straight blade with uncuffed tube B: Curved blade with uncuffed tube C: Straight blade with cuffed tube D: Straight curved blade with cuffed tube | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: In the West, advertisements are the fuel that makes mass media work. Many TV stations, newspapers, magazines, radio stations are privately owned. The government does not give them money. So where does the money come from? From advertisements. Without advertisements, there would not be these private businesses.
Have you ever asked yourself what advertising is? Through the years, people have given different answers to the question. For some time it was felt that advertising was a means of "keeping your name before the public". And some people thought that advertising was "truth well told". Now more and more people consider it in this way: Advertising is the paid, non-personal, and usually persuasive presentation of goods, services and ideas by some certain sponsors through various media.
First, advertising is usually paid for. Various sponsors pay for the advertisements we see, read, and hear over the various media. Second, advertising is non-personal. It is not face-to-face communication. Although you may feel that a message in a certain advertisement is aimed directly at you, in fact, it is directed at large groups of people. Third, advertising is usually persuasive. Directly or indirectly it asks people to do something. All advertisements try to make people believe that the product, idea, or service advertised can benefit them. Fourth, the sponsors of the advertisement must show their names. From the advertisement, we can see if the sponsor is a company, or a single person. Fifth, advertising reaches us through old and modern mass media. Included in the old media are newspapers, magazines, radio, television, and films. Modern media include emails, matchbox covers, and boards on top of buildings. [/INST] question: The existence of the privately owned mass media depends on the support of _ . | options: A: the government B: their owners families C: advertisements D: the TV stations | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Mobile phone technology is developing rapidly. What will the future mobile be able to do and what will it look like? Take a look at the following mobile phones, and you'll find that some amazing phones are now coming our way.
Packet
The packet has five touch screens with different usages . When folded, the Packet is in a simple square shape. You can see the time and any messages you've received. Once you open it, the five screens will _ .
Cob alto
It has taken only two years for touch screen mobile phones to be used worldwide. Why not the 3D phones then? With an almost all-glass design, the Cobalto phone can make Google Maps even more useful, as shown here.
Human-body Phone
We often save photos of someone we love. When we miss them, we can see the photos. And now, Japanese scientists' human-body phone is more than just photos. With a human body shape, it's coated with a material just like human skin. When you're holding the phone, it feels as if you're holding someone you miss.
Paper Phone
How many times have you wanted to smash your phone when talking to annoying people? With the Paper Phone, you'll soon be able to do it. As the world's first flexible mobile phone, it can be bent freely while you're making calls, reading e-books and playing music. [/INST] question: When we miss someone very much, we can save photos of him or her with _ . | options: A: the Packet B: the Cobalto C: the Human-body Phone D: the Paper Phone | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The musculocutaneous nerve supplies the biceps brachii and brachialis, which are the flexors of the forearm at the elbow. The musculocutaneous nerve continues as the lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve, which supplies sensation to the lateral side of the forearm (with the forearm in the anatomic position). The biceps brachii is the most powerful supinator muscle. Injury to this nerve would result in weakness of supination and forearm flexion and lateral forearm sensory loss. Injury to the radial nerve would result in weakened extension and a characteristic wrist drop. Injury to the median nerve causes paralysis of flexor digitorum superficialis and other flexors in the forearm and results in a characteristic flattening of the thenar eminence. The lateral cord of the brachial plexus gives origin both to the musculocutaneous and lateral pectoral nerves. There is no indication of pectoral paralysis or weakness. Injury to the lateral cord can result in weakened flexion and supination in the forearm, and weakened adduction and medial rotation of the arm. The lateral cutaneous nerve of the forearm is a branch of the musculocutaneous nerve and does not supply any motor innervation. Injury to the musculocutaneous nerve alone is unusual but can follow penetrating injuries. [/INST] question: A 32-year-old woman is admitted to the emergency department after an automobile collision. Radiographic examination reveals multiple fractures of the humerus. Flexion and supination of the forearm are severely weakened. She also has loss of sensation on the lateral surface of the forearm. Which of the following nerves has most likely been injured? | options: A: Radial B: Musculocutaneous C: Median D: Lateral cord of brachial plexus | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: When Dekalb Walcott III was just 8 years old, his father, a Chicago fire chief, let him _ on a call. Dekalb says a lot of kids idolized basketball player Michael Jordan when he was growing up in Chicago in the 1990s. Not him.
"I wanted to be like Dekalb Walcott Jr.," he says of his father.
So when his dad asked if he wanted to go on that call with him when he was 8, Dekalb was excited. "I'm jumping up and down, saying, "Mom, can I go? Can I go?' "
The experience changed Dekalb's life, he tells his dad on a visit to StoryCorps. "My eyes got big from the moment the alarm went off." the younger Dekalb says. " This is the life that I want to live someday. "
Now 27, the younger Dekalb is living that life. He became a firefighter at 21 and went to work alongside his dad at the Chicago Fire Department. Before his father retired, the pair even went out on a call together -- father supervising son.
"You know, it's everything for me to watch you grow," his father says. But he also recalls worrying about one particular fire that his son faced.
"I received a phone call that night. And they said, 'Well, your son was at this fire.' I said, 'OK, which way is this conversation going to go?' " Dekalb Walcott Jr. recalls.
"And they said, 'But he's OK. And he put it out all by himself. Everybody here was proud of him.'
"And the word went around, 'Who was out there managing that fire? Oh, that's Walcott! That's Walcott up there!' So, you know, moments like that, it's heaven on Earth for a dad."
Dekalb Walcott Jr. retired in 2009. The younger Dekalb says he's proud of being a second-generation firefighter. "You know, it makes me look forward to fatherhood as well, because I'm definitely looking forward to passing that torch down to my son." [/INST] question: Dekalb Walcott III determined to become a firefighter at the age of _ | options: A: 8 B: 21 C: 27 D: 35 | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Cystic hygroma usually present in the neonate or in early infancy, and occasionally may present at bih and be so large as to obstruct labour. The cysts are filled with clear lymph and lined by a single layer of epithelium with a mosaic appearance. Swelling usually occurs in the neck and may involve the parotid, submandibular, tongue and floor of mouth areas. The swelling may be bilateral and is soft and paially compressible, visibly increasing in size when the child coughs or cries. The characteristic that distinguishes it from all other neck swellings is that it is brilliantly translucent. The cheek, axilla, groin and mediastinum are other less frequent sites for a cystic hygroma. The behaviour of cystic hygromas during infancy is unpredictable. Sometimes the cyst expands rapidly and occasionally respiratory difficulty ensues, requiring immediate aspiration andeven occasionally a tracheostomy. The cyst may become infected. Definitive treatment is complete excision of the cyst at an early stage. Injection of a sclerosing agent, for example picibanil (OK-432), may reduce the size of the cyst; however, they are commonly multicystic and if the injection is extracystic subsequent surgery may be more difficult Bailey & Love ,25th,729. [/INST] question: Best treatment of cystic hygroma is ? | options: A: Radiotherapy B: Sclerotherapy C: Surgical excision D: Chemotherapy | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Orotracheal intubation Patients with severe maxillofacial trauma and with low Sp02 even on oxygen suggests severe airway compromise or obstruction. In these cases emergency airway management is essential. The patient require immediate oxygen. - These patients needs to be intubated immediately. - But an impoant point to note is that severe maxillofacial trauma makes intubation very difficult. -Some believe that nasotracheal intubation is contraindicated in patients with severe maxillofacial injury because nasotracheal intubation in these patients can result in nasocranial intubation or severe nasal hemorrhage. - Nasotracheal intubation is absolutely contraindicated in patients with midfacial injury and C.S.F. rhinorrhoea. Orotracheal intubation in patients with severe maxillofacial injury In patients with severe maxillofacial injuries orotracheal intubation is also difficult. Presence of blood clots, .fractures make the passage of the tube quite difficult. Moreover when the surgeons perform operation for mandibular or maxillary fractures they wires both these together. If surgery is required with severe maxillofacial injury surgeons usually prefer nasotracheal intubation or tracheostomy. Tracheostomy in patient with severe maxillofacial injury : ? Tracheostomy does not have much role in "emergency airways management". - Tracheostomy is a time taking procedure compared to intubation. - If the airways of the patient is severely compromised and he requires immediate oxygenation, tracheostomy has no role. - Immediate oxygenation can only be delivered by rapid intubation. In case, intubation is impossible, cricothyroidotomy is an alternative. -In emergency management of the airway, cricothyroidotomy is done if intubation is not possible. Tracheostomy is only done when immediate oxygen requirements are taken care of and a surgical procedure is planned. In the question the Sp02 of the patient is 80% when on oxygen. He requires immediate emergency management of the airway which can be achieved through intubation, If intubation is impossible, cricothyroidotomy is an alternative. The better option of intubation in this patient is orotracheal intubation. The ideal management in this patient is cricothyroidotomy. Since that is not mentioned in the question intubation in the next best option. "Orotracheal intubation would be preferred over nasotracheal intubation in these cases" [/INST] question: A patient after undergoing thoracotomy complains of severe pain. He can be managed by | options: A: Intercostal cryoanalgesia B: I.V fentanyl C: Oral morphine D: Oral brufen | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: No matter where the dads and their children go, that location immediately becomes a tourist destination. This has become a pattern for Hunan TV's reality show Where Are We Going, Dad? And last week the show was heading overseas for a special international episode. The entry has taken place in New Zealand, which was expected to become a popular travel destination for Chinese fans of the show. If you don't know much about New Zealand but would like to explore it, check out our travel guide to see what kinds of activities might interest you.
Nature and wildlife encounter
New Zealand was the last country on Earth to be settled by humans. As such, it's a paradise for exotic birds. You're also able to watch dolphins and whales on boat tours.
Possible itinerary
1.Auckland: fly in and visit Tiritiri Matangi conservation project (bellbirds spotting); 2.Waipoua Forest: huge kauri trees; 3.Kaikoura: whale watching by boat or air seal watching, hike the Kaikoura Peninsula Walkway, join a dolphin encounter tour; 4.Wellington (Matiu/Somes Island): red-crowned parakeet, blue penguins, weta, skinks and tuatara; 5.Stewart Island: kiwi bird spotting; 6.Te Anau: takahe and kea; 7. Queenstown: fly to Auckland and finally _ 43 _ .
Landscape lover
Landscape lovers may have heard that New Zealand is brimming with natural wonders like active volcanoes , snowy mountaintops, glaciers perched near beaches and caves infested with glowworms. Indeed, you can't see many of these wonders anywhere else in the world.
Possible itinerary
1.Auckland: fly in; 2.Whangamata: beach resorts and The Coromandel Forest Park (short walks, mountain bike trails); 3.Waitomo: underground caves and glowworm caverns; 4.Rotorua: geothermal areas; 5.Abel Tasman: golden sand beaches (taking water taxi, sea kayaking, hiking, and snorkeling); 6.Fox Glacier and Franz Josef: biggest glaciers in the country (hiking and guided glacier walks); 7.Queenstown: crystal clear Lake Wakatipu (bungee jumping, sky diving, horse trekking and cycling); 8. Milford Sound: fjord (boat cruises, sea kayaking, diving and flightseeing); 9.Christchurch: fly back. [/INST] question: New Zealand is _ for Chinese fans after the show Where Are We Going, Dad? | options: A: more beautiful B: more famous C: more popular D: cleaner | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: After the killer earthquake hit Sichuan Province on May 12, 2008, love and charity began spreading through China from all over the world. Rebuilding after the quake begins now, and it will last long into the future. First of all, the most important thing is to help the people in the disaster area take care of their mental health.
Here are Professor Le's suggestions:
Dos: Do have enough sleep every day.
Do stay with your family and friends.
Do treat yourself to healthy food.
Don'ts: Don't hide your feelings.
Don't feel shy to talk to others how you feel. Try to get them to understand you and they can help you.
Don't run away when your relatives talk about their experience during the earthquake.
Don't force yourself and your family to forget the disaster.
But how long will it take to recover psychologically from the earthquake? "It depends on the person's character. They have to help themselves, which is more efficient than passively receiving comfort and sympathy from others," said Professor Le, a member of the Chinese Psychological Society. [/INST] question: When did the terrible earthquake hit Sichuan Province? | options: A: On May 12th B: In May 12th C: On May 13th D: In May 13th | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Could cities that float on the sea solve the problems caused by floods and provide food for the world?
Some scientists think so. The idea is already being tested and they believe that floating citied will provide more homes for a growing population, without having to use land needed to grow food. And they believe floating areas will allow more food to be grown, so that no one in the world is hungry.
In some places, cities that float on the sea are already being planned, A company in the Netherlands called DeltaSync thinks that sea cities will save the world, with more than one in ten people living in them.
They say sea cities solve many of the problems the world faces in the 21st century, like not having enough land , more and more people needing homes, fossil fuels running low and the increasingly serious problems caused by floods.
DeltaSync says building in the desert is not possible because there is no enough water and that developing ways for people to live in space is still too expensive. So they believe the answer is our oceans, which cover over two thirds of the Earth's surface. Their plans for floating areas include using algae to produce fuel and food.
More than a quarter of the land in the Netherlands already lies underwater and scientists there have spent years trying to find ways to deal with it. In the city of Rotterdam they already have floating homes.
Bart Roeffen from DeltaSync says: "We have plans for neighbourhoods including roads and, in the end, I believe we can build floating cities on the sea." [/INST] question: DeltaSync is a company that wants to build cities _ . | options: A: on land B: in space C: on the sea D: in the desert | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Are you a media addict who would go mad after two hours without TV, friend requests, exciting online games and your mobile - or would you easily survive?
Recently, university students around the world were asked to volunteer in a global experiment called Unplugged. It was designed to see how young people would react if they were asked to observe a total media ban by unplugging all forms of media devices for 24 hours.
Unplugged is being run by Dr Roman Gerodimos, a lecturer in Communication and Journalism at Bournemouth University. The experiment is now over but he doesn't yet know the full findings. However, during the experiment, Dr Gerodimos said there were already signs of how much the exercise affected volunteers. He said: "They're reporting withdrawal symptoms , overeating, feeling nervous, isolated and disconnected." During their 24-hour painful experience, three of the experiment's guinea pigs had to endure one intrusion from the media: a BBC reporter plus cameraman who followed them around for the day. They were asked to write down 100 lines about their day offline, but of course, they all waited until the next day when they had access to their laptops. Elliot Day wrote: "Today, my whole morning routine was thrown up into the air. Despite being aware of the social importance of the media, I was surprised by how empty my life felt without the radio or newspapers." From Caroline Scott, we read: "I didn't expect it, but being prevented from the media for 24 hours resulted in my day-to-day activities becoming so much harder to carry out than usual... I didn't break out in a cold sweat like our lecturer expected us all to, but it's not something I would like to do again!" And Charlotte Gay wrote: "I have to say the most difficult item for me to be without has been my mobile; not only is it a social tool, it's my main access point of communication."
Earlier in the year, a UK government study found that in the UK we spend about half our waking hours using the media, often plugged into several things at once. And a recent study by Nielson found that on average, US teenagers send and receive over 3,000 texts per month ---that's about six texts per waking hour. So, with technology continuing to develop at an alarming rate, how much time will you set aside for sleep in the future? [/INST] question: About Dr. Roman Gerodimos' experiment, we know that _ . | options: A: volunteers felt uncomfortable in it B: volunteers didn't want to eat anything C: the experiment was still going on D: volunteers were allowed to take their laptops | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The most popular names in the west
Every year in Englishspeaking countries,people list the most popular names. Here are some examples. In the United States at the moment the three most popular names for girls are Emily,Emma and Madison. For boys,they are Michael,Joshua and Mathew. In Britain a parent today might call their little girl Grace,Jessica or Ruby. If they have a little boy they could call him Jack,Thomas or Oliver.
In China names have very clear meanings. If a girl is called Mei,her name means "beautiful". If a boy is called Wu,his name means "like a soldier". Names in Englishspeaking countries are like this too. The girl's name Joy is probably partly chosen because the parents wish their daughter to be joyful and bring joy to others. If a girl is called Ruby,it may be because of the beautiful red precious stone.
Parents often pick names that can be shortened. This can be confusing for Chinese people. Parents might choose such names because they want to be able to speak to their kid in a personal way.
For example,a popular name is William. But William can be shortened to Will,Willy,Bill and Billy. The same is true of the favourite old name for a girl,Elizabeth. Elizabeth can be shortened to Beth,Liza and Liz.
Another reason why kids get the names they do is that parents want to name their boy or girl after someone who is famous,such as an actor,a pop music star or a sports star. David is a popular name in Britain,partly because of the fame of the footballer David Beckham. [/INST] question: In Britain,people may call a little girl _ . | options: A: Emily B: Grace C: Mathew D: Oliver | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Lose yourself in the sights and sounds of Madrid -- a three-night break from PS175 per person.
* Have a three-night break in Madrid, with a four-star hotel.
* Prices range from PS175 to PS245 per person, depending on when you travel (PS350 as usual).
* Stay in the Hotel Santo Domingo in the heart of the city.
* Return flights are included in the cost of the voucher .
Details
* The voucher is valid from January 9th, 2014 to March 25th, 2014 (no discounts during January 16th -18th, February 1st-2nd, 12th-16th, March 1st-2nd).
* PS175 per person for arrivals between January 9th and January 31st; PS210 per person for arrivals between February 1st and February 28th; PS245 per person for arrivals between March 1st and March 25th.
* Once you have bought the voucher, book by calling 0800 368 0300. Book as early as you can. You cannot call off your deal once you book one.
* One voucher can only be used for one stay. You cannot use more vouchers to extend your stay. It's not available with any other discounts. The unused parts of the deal are not exchanged for cash or any other service.
What you will get
Madrid's mix of culture, wisdom and fun makes it one of Europe's most exciting capital cities. By day, go to the Golden Museum Triangle to enjoy works of art by Picasso and Van Gogh, and visit the Royal Palace. At night, go to clubs to experience the culture. When it comes to the food, no words can describe it.
In the hotel, you can have free Wi-Fi, air conditioning, LCD televisions and bathrooms. As well as being based in the best shopping area in Madrid, the hotel is also close to the biggest museum. [/INST] question: If a customer arrives at the Hotel Santo Domingo on January 20th, he'll be offered a discount of _ . | options: A: 50% B: 40% C: 30% D: 10% | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: When this story happened, they were working around a very large house. Their job was to do the cleaning. It was not a difficult job, but sometimes it was a little dangerous, because they had to walk below where workmen were working. Often these workmen dropped something from the top of the house many meters high to the ground.
One morning Joe was working near the house with a cigarette behind one of his ears. Suddenly somebody on the top shouted, "Look out!" But Joe did not "look out". He looked up. And as he did so, a long knife missed Joe's head, but it cut off one of his ears. At once he put his hand to one side of his head and cried out, "I've lost an ear. Help! Help!"
Jeff ran up to help his friend. "Look for my ear," Joe told him. "It must be on the ground somewhere." Jeff looked everywhere for the missing ear. At last he found an ear on the ground. He picked it up and carried it to Joe. "Here you are," he said, "I've found it." Joe looked at it. "No, that's not my ear." he said, "Mine had a cigarette behind it." [/INST] question: What were Joe and Jeff? | options: A: Soldiers B: Drivers C: Farmers D: Cleaners | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: A New Zealand volcano _ for more than a century has erupted,sending up ash clouds,disturbing flights and closing roads.
Mount Tongariro, one of three volcanoes in the centre of the North Island, became active just before midnight local time, with reports of loud explosions,pouting rocks and steam.
The 1, 978m peak is in a national park popular with hikers. No damages have been reported after the eruption.
Witnesses described a dramatic scene as the volcano erupted.
"I saw this beautiful. big cloud and I thought: 'Gee that looks like a volcanic plume'. Just as I thought that there was a great big orange flash," truck driver Bryn Rodda told New Zealand National Radio. "It was quite impressive."
Mount Tongariro last erupted 115 years ago. And scientists said they did not yet know if this eruption was a single event.
Experts said they were caught by surprise--they had recorded some activity like an earthquake in recent weeks but were not expecting an eruption.
"This might just be a quiet period and we should expect it to start again at any time. So we are watching things Very closely," volcanologist Michael Rosenberg told TVNZ.
Eruption activity has currently reduced, New Zealand media said.Meteorologists said the ash was blowing east towards the Pacific Ocean.
A number of inland flights from the North Island to the South Island had been affected by the volcanic activity, Air New Zealand said.
Police said highways that had been closed because visibility was affected after the eruption are now open.
Some residents in the nearby areas had temporarily left their homes. Officials have not ordered an evacuation , but advised those affected by the ash cloud to stay indoors and close their doors and windows. [/INST] question: What effect did the eruption cause? | options: A: Flood B: Road block C: Strong wind D: Air crash | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: (Biparietal diameter) (85-Dutta 6th)Real ultrasound measurement of fetal growth* First trimester - Crown - rump length* Second trimester - Biparietal diameter (BPD)* Third trimester - Multiple foetal growth parameters are considered together. These are- Prior to 36 weeks - Combination of biparietal diameter, abdominal circumference and femur length (FL)- After 36 weeks - Combination of head circumference, abdominal circumference and femur lengthA- BPD greater than 9.2 cm indicates foetal pulmonary maturity corroborated by L:S ratio* Early measurement of BPD and FL are the most useful in establishing gestational age Later measurement of fetal growth are best achieved by measurement of the head circumference and the abdominal circumference (G. chamberlain 7th)* Foetal head: abdominal circumference ratioMaximum - 1.29 at 12 weeksEqual - 1.00 at 36 weeksMinimum - <1.00 after 37 weeks* Bishop score is used for induction of labour* Manning score is most sensitive & reliable test for fetal well beingDifferent diameter of skull in newborn are* Suboccipito-bregmatic =9.5cm* Suboccipito-frontal =10cm* Occipito frontal =11.5cm* Mento vertical =14cm* Sub mento vertical =11.5cm* Sub mento-bregmatic =9.5cm* Biparietal diameter =9.5cm* Super-subparietal =8.5cm* Bitemporal diameter =8cm* Bimastoid diameter =7.5cm* Twin peak sign - Ultrasonography shows extension of placental tissue into the inner twin membrane in diaminiotic dichorionic (DD) [/INST] question: Most sensitive test for assessment of fetal well being is | options: A: Biparital diameter B: Arm circumference C: Abdominal circumference D: Head circumference | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Carotid duplex scan Neurocardiogenic syncope is also called vasovagal syncope or vasodepressor syncope. It is considered to be an abnormality in the complex neurocardiovascular interactions responsible for maintaining systemic and cerebral perfusion. Under normal circumstances, upright posture causes venoul polling and a transient decrease in aerial pressure, resulting in unloading of baroreceptors. Reflex augumentation of sympathetic activity and parasympathetic withdrawl results in peripheral aerial vasoconstriction, venoconstriction and an increase in hea rate and contractility. These adaptive mechanisms serve to maintain normal systemic and cerebral perfusion. Individuals susceptible to neurocardiogenic syncope are unable to maintain the adaptive neurocardiovascular response to upright posture for prolonged periods. In these patients due to incompletely understood mechanisms the cardiopulmonary mechanoreceptors are stimulated resulting in increased neural stimulus to vasomotor centre. This results in reflex paradoxical vasodilation and bradycardia. The final result is hypotension, cerebral hypopeifusion, cerebral hypoxia and syncope. Diagnosis of neurocardiogenic syncope : Tilt table study It is used to evaluate patients with neurocardiogenic syncope. In a tilt table study the patient is strapped to a table which is then mechanically tilted to an upright position. While monitoring the pulse, blood pressure, electrocardiogram and sometimes blood oxygen saturation, the patient is left in a 'motionless standing position' for 20 to 30 minutes. When the patient's syncope is reproduced during the test a "positive" tilt table study is said to have occurred. During an upright tilt, a patient's cardiovascular system has to adjust itself in order to prevent a significant poion of the blood volume from pooling in the legs. These adjustments consists of a mild increase in hea rate and a constriction of blood vessels in the legs. When a normal individual is placed in an upright tilt, these cardiovascular adjustments occur very quickly, and there is no significant drop in the blood pressure. However, in patients with neurocardiogenic syncope, these adjustments do not occur. Carotid sinus massage In patients with neurocardiogenic syncope, the symptoms can be elicited by carotid sinus massage. Ohostatic blood pressure recording Supine and upright blood pressure monitoring should be done in all patients with neurocardiogenic syncope. Carotid duplex scan Carotid duplex scan is a non-invasive study to estimate the presence and severity of carotid narrowing due to atherosclerosis. In neurocardiogenic syncope, no organic cause is present, so carotid duplex scan has no role. [/INST] question: Neurocardiagenic syncope, the least useful investigation is : | options: A: Tilt table B: Carotid sinus massage C: Carotid duplex scan D: Ohostatic blood pressure recording | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Tired of telling students to ask questions and to think about what they were doing, Damien Hynes, a high school geography teacher in Australia, decided to do an experiment to test what he had long been thinking.He wrote some well-organized nonsense (something untrue) on the blackboard.The students simply copied it but very few asked any questions.This shows that students are willing to believe anything given by teachers.The story is repeated in support of the Project for Enhancing Effective Learning (PEEL).
PEEL was carried out by some teachers and researchers in Melbourne who had concluded that normal teaching methods seldom achieve their intended goals; what the teachers think they are teaching is one thing and what the students actually learn is something else.Students' lack of an over-all view of learning goals and their concentration on test scores make them see each lesson as a separate activity.
Researchers realized that many students do not come into class empty-headed but have their own explanations of how the world works.Their own ideas can remain important to them even when they differ from scientific explanations that are learned later.In fact such ideas are hardly affected by traditional teaching.Students accept the teacher's scientific explanation, but do not drop their own.They simply keep both and use them practically: in a class test, they copy the teacher's idea, but in real life they use their own.
Clearly what was needed was to make students understand their learning process , and this is what the PEEL teachers set out to deal with.On the surface, a class being taught by PEEL methods only differs from an ordinary class in being a little noisier, because more people are talking.But there are some meaningful changes.Students are given much more time to express their views, and teachers don't make immediate judgment.The students are allowed to guide what is done in class and their own ideas are always respected.This draws their attention to the actual learning process, and they become responsible for their own progress. [/INST] question: The aim of Hynes' experiment was to _ . | options: A: show that students didn't think about what they learnt B: prove the effectiveness of the project known as PEEL C: test students' general knowledge about geography D: encourage students to ask more questions in class | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Singing songs is fun, but is it also useful? For learning English pronunciation , Mr. Joe thinks songs are the most useful way to learn. At the same time, you can learn some new words and phrases while singing songs. Mr. Joe has used songs to help himself learn French, Spanish, Japanese and Chinese. You should do the same.
Some words used in songs are not everyday English, so you have to be careful how you use song lyrics when you speak. Most words and sentences are very useful. You don't have to sing songs aloud if you are shy, but after learning a song you should be able to follow the words without looking at the lyrics. When you can do that, you have learned something that you will never forget!
Some good songs to listen to are from the Beatles, John Denver and the Carpenters. Their songs are not too fast and the lyrics are close to normal spoken English. Just for fun, you can try Mr. Joe's favorite singer, B.B. King. His songs are not easy at all! If you can understand even 80% of "Why I Sing the Blues", you are a very _ student.
If you become good at singing English songs, you can try to go to karaoke and sing with your friends. When you are able to sing a song in another language, even if you don't sing so beautifully, you will really impress(......) other people! [/INST] question: Which is Mr. Joe's mother language? | options: A: French B: English C: Chinese D: Japanese | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Are you looking for some new and exciting places to take your kids to? Try some of
these places:
. Visit art museums. They offer a variety of activities to excite your kids' interest. Many
offer workshops for making hand-made pieces, traveling exhibits, book signings by children's favorite writers, and even musical performances and other arts.
. Head to a natural history museum. This is where kids can discover the past from
dinosaur models to rock collections and pictures of stars in the sky. Also, ask what kind of workshops and educational programs are prepared for kids and any special events that are coming up.
. Go to a Youtheater. Look for one in your area offering plays for child and family
visitors. Pre-show play shops are conducted by area artists and educators where kids
can discover the secret about performing arts. Puppet making and stage
make-up are just a couple of the special offerings you might find.
Try hands-on science. Visit one of the many hands-on science museums around the
country. These science play-lands are great fun for kids and grown-ups alike. They'll
keep your child mentally and physically active the whole day through while pushing
buttons, experimenting, and building.. When everyone is tired, enjoy a fun family
science show, commonly found in these museums. [/INST] question: If a child is interested in the universe, he probably will visit | options: A: a Youtheater B: an art museum - C: a natural history museum D: a hands-on science museum | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: In February 2006, Lydia Angyiou and her two sons were walking through their village in northern Canada. The sound of children shouting made her turn around. To her horror, Lydia saw a 700-pound polar bear behind her eyeing her seven-year-old son. Getting between the bear and her child, Lydia yelled at the children to run away. She then began hitting and kicking the animal as hard as she could. A neighbor who heard all the noise came and shot the bear. But everyone agreed it was Lydia who had saved her children's lives. A local policeman described it this way: "... I guess when your back is up against the wall, ... we come up with super-human strength."
Where does this "super-human strength", courage and quick thinking come from? Experts say it comes from stress! In stressful situations, the body releases chemicals that prepare it to take action. These chemicals give people the speed and strength they need to fight danger or run away from it.
When we think of stress, we usually think of its negative effects. Studies, though, show that moderate levels of stress are actually helpful. In fact, the way we perform is usually affected by the amount of stress we feel.
Stress causes the brain to release adrenaline which in turn increases our energy and excitement. The chemical gives us clearer minds and helps us to do more. This is why some people say they work better under a deadline.
Adrenaline that is not released for long periods of time can cause us to increase and strengthen our abilities instead of weakening them. We sometimes turn out our very best work when we push ourselves to the limit. Stress can also make us more confident. Handling small amounts of stress now prepares us for handling serious situations in the future. Who knows? Today's stress may even prepare for the next polar bear that comes along! [/INST] question: What does the policeman probably mean by saying "your back is up against the wall"? | options: A: You are helped B: You are inspired C: You are confident D: You are cornered | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: South Asia heatwave kills nearly 100
DHAKA - A heat wave sweeping India, Bangladesh and Nepal has killed nearly 100 people over the past two weeks, officials said on June 3, 2005.
A third of the people died in northern Bangladesh, mostly women and children from dehydration , heat stroke and diarrhoea .
"We are getting reports of several deaths due to heat wave and related diseases almost every day," an official said, as temperatures touched 43degC .
The weather office in Dhaka said the hot weather will persist for another week until the monsoon rains which are normally due by the middle of June.
Severe heat conditions in the southern Indian have killed at least 55 people, officials in the two states said.
While temperatures have fallen from a high of 45degC in Andhra Pradesh to around 40degC, giving a respite to people, they are still on the rise in Orissa with Talcher town registering 48.5deg C, a weather official said.
At least five people have died in prefix = st1 /Nepalfrom extreme heat, the government said. [/INST] question: We can infer that the heatwave can cause _ . | options: A: heat stoke B: dehydration C: diarrhoea D: all above | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Each of the genetic deficiencies listed may present with cardiomyopathy in childhood. LCAD affects the first step in b-oxidation of fatty acids in the mitochondria. Cardiac muscle and resting skeletal muscle use fatty acids and ketones as a primary energy source, thus in LCAD deficiency, muscle weakness and eventually cardiomyopathy develop. Fasting hypoglycemia and hypoketosis occurring together are strongly suggestive of a block in fatty acid oxidation. Only a carnitine uptake deficiency (choice : Carnitine uptake deficiency) or LCAD deficiency (choice : LCAD) are related to fatty acid oxidation. Since carnitine esters (long chain acyl carnitines) are accumulating in serum and in muscle tissue, a carnitine uptake deficiency is ruled out. a-L-Iduronidase deficiency, or Hurler disease (choice : a-L-Iduronidase deficiency) is another of the lysosomal storage diseases. Cardiomyopathy, valvular defects, and potential occlusion of coronary aeries, are results of specific glycosaminoglycan (heparan sulfate and dermatan sulfate) accumulation. Similar substrate accumulation in other tissues results in corneal clouding, mental retardation, and skeletal abnormalities. Hypoglycemia, hypoketosis, and muscle weakness are not prominent features of Hurler disease. There would be no accumulation of carnitine derivatives. Acid maltase is a lysosomal enzyme, and its deficiency produces one of a host of lysosomal storage diseases. Acid maltase deficiency (a 1,4-glucosidase deficiency; choice : Acid maltase deficiency) or Pompe disease is also associated with cardiomyopathy. In this case glycogen fragments accumulate in the lysosomes, primarily affecting tissues that store glycogen (muscle, liver, kidney). Hypoglycemia and hypoketosis are not features of this deficiency, nor would acyl carnitines accumulate. [/INST] question: The fraternal twin sisters are presenting with episodes of fasting hypoglycemia, hypoketonemia, and muscle weakness occurring only during periods of calorific deprivation. One twin dies at 5 months of age. The surviving twin develops a cardiomyopathy, which is diagnosed at 3 years of age. Carnitine esters are elevated in muscle tissue and in serum. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? | options: A: a-L-Iduronidase deficiency B: Acid maltase deficiency (a 1,4-glucosidase deficiency) C: Carnitine uptake deficiency D: Long-chain acyl CoA dehydrogenase (LCAD) deficiency | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Since this patient has other signs of pubertal development which are sex steroid-dependent, we can conclude some ovarian function is present. This excludes such conditions as gonadal dysgenesis and hypothalamic-pituitary failure as possible causes of her primary amenorrhea. Mullerian defects are the only plausible cause, and the diagnostic evaluation in this patient would be directed toward both confirmation of this diagnosis and establishment of the exact nature of the Mullerian defect. Mullerian agenesis, also known as Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome, presents as amenorrhea with absence of a vagina. The incidence is approximately 1 in 10,000 female births. The karyotype is 46, XX. There is normal development of breasts, sexual hair, ovaries, tubes, and external genitalia. There are associated skeletal (12%) and urinary tract (33%) anomalies. Treatment generally consists of progressive vaginal dilation or creation of an artificial vagina with split-thickness skin grafts (Mclndoe procedure). Testicular feminization, or congenital androgen insensitivity syndrome, is an X-linked recessive disorder with a karyotype of 46, XY. These genetic males have a defective androgen receptor and/or downstream signal transduction mechanism (in the genome) such that the androgenic signal does not have its normal tissue-specific effects. This accounts for 10% of all cases of primary amenorrhea. The patient presents with an absent uterus and blind vaginal canal. However, in these patients the amount of sexual hair is significantly decreased. Although there is a 25% incidence of malignant tumors in these patients, gonadectomy should be deferred until after full development is obtained. In other patients with a Y chromosome, gonadectomy should be performed as early as possible to prevent masculinization. Patients with gonadal dysgenesis present with lack of secondary sexual characteristics. Patients with Klinefelter syndrome typically have a karyotype of 47, XXY and a male phenotype. Causes of primary amenorrhea, in descending order of frequency, are gonadal dysgenesis, Mullerian agenesis, and testicular feminization. XYY syndrome and Turner syndrome often present with menstrual difficulties, but these patients have a uterus. [/INST] question: A 19-year-old patient presents to your office with primary amenorrhea. She has normal breast and pubic hair development, but the uterus and vagina are absent. Diagnostic possibilities include | options: A: XYY syndrome B: Gonadal dysgenesis C: Mullerian agenesis D: Klinefelter syndrome | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: You may hear about earthquakes, but do you know what to do before, during and after an earthquake? Here is some advice for you:
Before an earthquake It is necessary to prepare yourself and your family. All family members should know how to turn off gas, water and electricity and know useful telephone numbers ( doctor, hospital, police and 119 etc.). Never put heavy things over beds.
During an earthquake It is important for each of you to stay calm. If you are indoors, quickly move to a safe place in the room such as under a strong desk or table. The purpose is to protect yourself from falling things. Stay away from windows, large mirrors, heavy fumiture and so on. If you are cooking, turn off the gas. If you are outdoors, move to an open area like a playground. Move away from buildings, bridges and trees. If you are driving, stop the car as soon as possible, staying away from bridges and tall buildings, stay in your car.
After an earthquake ONCE the shaking has stopped, DO NOT run out of the building at once. It is better to wait and leave when it is safe. Check around you and help the people who are in trouble. If your building is badly broken, you should leave it. If you smell or hear gas, get everyone outside and open windows and doors. If you can do it safely, turn off the gas. Report it to the gas company. [/INST] question: When an earthquake happens, _ can help you deal with it. | options: A: keeping quiet B: staying calm C: looking outside D: moving indoors | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: A woman called Julia lived in the countryside, one year she decided to visit the capital city to see the sights. She stayed at a hotel near the central market. She had seldom been to the city before, and was very excited about what she would find.
On the first morning of her visit, as she walked from the hotel to the market, she passed a beggar . He was holding up a notice, which said, "Blind from birth. Please give generously ."Julia felt sorry for the beggar and she bent down and put a dollar coin into his bowl. "Thank you." he said. The same thing happened again the following day. On the third day, however, Julia did not have a dollar coin. She had only fifty cents, so she dropped this into the beggar's bowl. "What have I done wrong?" the beggar said, "Why are you so stingy today?"
Julia was very surprised at the beggar . "How do you know I haven't given you a dollar?" she said, "If you're blind you can't know what coin I put into your bowl." "Ah," explained the beggar, "The truth is that I'm not blind. I'm just looking after this place for the regular beggar while he's on holiday." "On holiday?" Julia said, "And what exactly does your blind friend do on holiday?" "He goes into the countryside," the man said, "and takes photographs. He's a very good photographer." [/INST] question: Where was the beggar sitting? | options: A: In the market B: In the busiest part of the city C: Outside the shops D: Between Julia's hotel and the market | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Influenza Incubation period is the time elapsed between exposure to the pathogenic organism and when symptoms and signs are first apparent. Incubation period of some pathogens are: Varicella (Chickenpox) - usually 14 to 16 days Measles (Rubeola) - usually 10 days from exposure to onset of fever, and 14 days to appearance of rash Rubella (German Measles) - 2 to 3 weeks; usually 18 days Mumps - 2 to 3 weeks; usually 18 days Influenza - 18 to 72 hours Diphtheria - 2 to 6 days Peussis - usually 7 to 14 days, but not more than 3 weeks Meningiococcal Meningitis - usually 3 to 4 days. but may vary from 2 to 10 days Tuberculosis - the time from receipt of infection to the development of a positive tuberculin test ranges from 3 to 6 weeks, and thereafter, the development of disease depends upon the closeness of contact, extent of the disease and sputum positivity of the source case and host parasite relationship. Thus the incubation period of tuberculosis varies from weeks, months or years. Polio - usually 7 to 14 days Hepatitis A - 15 to 45 days (usually 25 to 30 days) Hepatitis B - 45 to 180 days Hepatitis C - 40 to 120 days Cholera - from few hours up to 5 days, but commonly 1- 2 days Typhoid - usually 10 - 14 days, but it may be as sho as 3 days or as long as 3 weeks depending on the dose of bacilli ingested. Amoebiasis - 2 to 4 weeks Ascariasis - about 2 months Filariasis - 8 to 16 months Rabies - highly variable from 4 days to many years but usually 3- 8 weeks Yellow fever - 3 to 6 days (6 days recognized under International Health Regulations) [/INST] question: Shoest incubation period is seen in: | options: A: Hepatitis A B: Hepatitis B C: Rubella D: Influenza | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Types of Dehydration in diarrhoea
A large amount of water and water-soluble nutritive substances such as electrolytes, metabolites and vitamins are lost from the body during diarrhoea episodes.
Loss of water from the body causes a reduction or shrinkage in the volume of ECF.
Depending on the concentration of sodium, this ECF reduction can be classified into -
Isonatremic dehydration
Sodium loss is parallel to water loss so that sodium concentration in ECF or plasma remains normal (; 140 meq/L). It occurs in about 50% of diarrheal cases.
Hyponatremic dehydration
Sodium loss is more than ECF loss
It occurs in 40-45% of diarrheal case
Because of low osmolality (due to reduced sodium) water moves from extracellular to intracellular compartment → signs of dehydration (wrinkled skin due to loss of elasticity).
Hypernatremic dehydration
In about 5% of cases, especially in a child who has been given fluids with more salts, serum level may be elevated (> 150 mEq/L).
Water moves from inside the cells to the extracellular compartment.
This may mask the physical findings of dehydration and the patients may be undertaken as mild dehydration even in the presence of severe dehydration → complications of severe dehydration may occur due to delay in management.
So, hypernatremic dehydration is more dangerous. [/INST] question: Most dangerous dehydration is – | options: A: Hyponatremic B: Hypernatremic C: Isonatremic D: Non–diarrhoeal cause | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The businessman was deep in debt and could see no way out. Creditors were closing in on him. Suppliers were demanding payment. He sat on the park bench, head in hands, wondering if anything could save his company from bankruptcy .
Suddenly an old man appeared before him. "I can see that something is troubling you." he said. After listening to the businessman, the old man said: "I believe I can help you."
He asked the man his name, wrote out a check , and pushed it into his hand saying: "Take this money. Meet me here exactly one year from today, and you can pay me back at that time." Then he turned and disappeared as quickly as he had come.
The businessman saw in his hand a check for $500,000, signed by John D. Rockefeller, then one of the richest men in the world!
"I can settle all my debts in a moment!" he realized. But instead, the man decided to put the uncashed check in his safe, just knowing it would give him the strength to work out a way to save his business.
With renewed optimism, he made better deals and extended terms of payment. He closed several big deals. Within a few months, he was out of debt and making money once again.
Exactly one year later, he returned to the park with the uncashed check. At the agreed-upon time, the old man appeared. But just as the businessman was about to hand back the check and share his success story, a nurse came running up and grabbed the old man.
"I'm so glad I caught him!" she cried. "I hope he hasn't been bothering you. He's always escaping from the rest home and telling people he's John D. Rockefeller." And she led the old man away by the arm.
The businessman stood there, still and shocked.
All year long he'd been wheeling and dealing, buying and selling, believing that he had half a million dollars behind him. Suddenly he realized that it wasn't the money, real or imagined, that had turned his life around. It was his newfound self-confidence that had given him the power to achieve anything he wanted to. [/INST] question: The businessman must have been _ after he received the check. | options: A: calm B: relieved C: annoyed D: worried | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: CAM PTOTHECIN ANALOGUES Topotecan and Irinotecan are two recently introduced semisynthetic analogues of camptothecin, an anti tumour principle obtained from a Chinese tree. They act in a manner similar to etoposide, but interact with a different enzyme (DNA topoisomerase I). Their binding to this nuclear enzyme allows single strand breaks in DNA, but not its resealing after the strand has untwisted. They damage DNA during replication; act in the S phase and arrest cell cycle at G2 phase. lrinotecan It is a prodrug; is decarboxylated in liver to the active metabolite. Cholinergic effects are produced in some patients because it inhibits AChE. These effects can be suppressed by prior atropinization. Irinotecan is indicated in metastatic/ advanced colorectal carcinoma, cancer lung/ cervix/ ovary, etc. Dose limiting toxicity is diarrhoea; neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, haemorrhage, bodyache and weakness are the other adverse effects. ESSENTIALS OF MEDICAL PHARMACOLOGY K.D.TRIPATHI SIXTH EDITION PAGE NO:825,826 [/INST] question: Which of the following drugs is topoisomerase 1 inhibitor? | options: A: Doxorubicin B: Irinotecan C: Etoposide D: Vincristine | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Soon computers and other machines will be able to remember you by looking at your eyes! The programme works because everyone's eyes are different. So in the future you won't have to remember a number when you want to use a machine or take money out of a bank. You'll just have to look at the machine and it will be able to tell who you are. The eye-recognition programme is tested in shops and banks in the USA, Britain and Italy.
Scientists are working on other systems, such as knowing you from the shape of your face or hand or even your smell! And machines can already tell who you are from your voice or your fingerprint . But eye-recognition will replace other ways of finding out who you are. It is better, because your eyes don't change as you get older, or get dirty like hands or fingers. And even twins have different eyes, so the programme can be up to 94% correct, depending on how good the technology is. In Britain, it was found that 91% of people said that they liked the idea of eye-recognition.
,. [/INST] question: Where has the programme for remembering eyes been tested? | options: A: Banks and factories B: Banks and shops C: Schools and computers D: Schools and shops | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Six volunteers are about to find out what it would be like to live on Mars without ever leaving the Earth. Three men and three women will spend eight months living in a special place on the side of a volcano in Hawaii. They are part of an experiment that is designed to mimic life on Mars. Their mission began on October 15, 2014. NASA says it could send astronauts to Mars as early as the 2030s. The mission would take more than two years, so NASA needs to know how people would react to living in a small group, isolated from the rest of the world, for such a long time. Some people may become depressed or bored living under those conditions. By studying people living in similar conditions here on Eares NASA hopes to learn how to choose the most suitable people for a space mission, and how to help them get along.
They will live in a two-story building. The ground floor is about 86 square meters, roughly the size of a small two-bedroom apartment. It includes shared areas like kitchen, dining room, bathroom, laboratory and an exercise room. The upstairs is less than half the size of the downstairs. It contains another bathroom and six small bedrooms. The building is located in an abandoned quarry about 2,400 meters up the side of Mauna Loa, the second biggest volcano in the world. It is constantly monitored for signs of volcanic activity. NASA chose the location because the appearance looks very similar to Mars.
To make it more like being on Mars in the future, they are only able to communicate by email during the experiment. Meanwhile, there will be a 20-minute delay between the time when a message is sent and that when it is received. When they go outside, they will have to suit up in full spacesuits, just as if they were on Mars.
The commander is Martha Lenio, a 34-year-old Canadian. During the mission, she will run experiments on growing food. The other members have backgrounds in physics and so on. None of them are astronauts. [/INST] question: When will the six volunteers end their mission about mimicking life on Mars? | options: A: On June 15, 2015 B: On October 15, 2015 C: On October 15, 2030 D: On June 15, 2032 | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: "YOUR password has expired ," a message said on my screen, with instructions for changing it. Coming up with a new code doesn't seem like a big deal, unless you work at my company, where we have to change it monthly, using at least one uppercase character, one lowercase character, one symbol, and one number. Oh, the whole password can't be fewer than eight characters. And I can't use any of the same passwords I've used in the past three months.
Suddenly I was furious . What didn't make it any better was that I was deeply depressed after my recent divorce. Disbelief about what she had done to me was all I thought about every day.
I remembered a tip I'd heard from my former boss. He'd said: "I'm going to use a password to change my life."
I couldn't focus on getting things done in my current mood. There were clear signs of what I needed to do to get control of my life again.
My password became the sign. My password reminded me that I shouldn't let myself be a victim of my recent breakup and that I was strong enough to do something about it.
I made my password Forgive@h3r.
I had to type this several times a day. The simple action changed the way I looked at my ex-wife. That constant reminder led me to accept the way things had happened and find a new way of dealing with my depression. As the month wore on, I felt a slow healing begin to happen. By the time my server asked me to reset my password the following month, I felt free.
One month later, my dear Exchange server asked me yet again to reset my password. I thought about the next thing that I had to get done.
My password became Quit@smoking4ever.
I quit smoking overnight.
This password was a painful one to type during that month, but doing it helped me to yell at myself in my mind as I typed that statement. It motivated me to follow my monthly goal.
One month later, my password became Save4trip@thailand.
Guess where I went three months later: Thailand.
Seeing how these reminders helped to achieve my goals kept me motivated and excited. While it's sometimes difficult to come up with your next goal, keeping at it brings great results [/INST] question: Which of the following passwords fits the company's requirements? | options: A: Seeme@2 B: Dream4future C: Visit$me D: Stay@4ever | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Mesenteries in intestine1) Mesentery proper :- Mesentery of small intestine (jejunum and ileum) is fan shaped double layered peritoneal fold which suspends the coils of jejunum and ileum. Mesentery has :?i) Attached border (root of mesentery) :- It is 15 cm long and extends from duodenojejunal flexure (on left side of L2) to upper pa of right sacroiliac joint.Root of mesentery crosses following structures :-(i) 3rd pa (horizontal pa) of duodenum, (ii) abdominal aoa, (iii) IVC, (iv) right ureter, and(v) right psoas major.ii) Free border (intestinal border) :- It is 6 meters long and is attached to gut forming its visceral peritoneum (serous coat).2) Transverse mesocolon :- It connects transverse colon to posterior abdominal wall and contains middle colic vessels.3) Mesoappendix :- It connects the appendix to the ileal mesentery and contains appendicular vessels.4) Sigmoid mesocolon :- It connects sigmoid colon to posterior pelvic wall and contains sigmoid vessels.5) Mesorectum : It contains superior rectal vessels (aery & veins) with their branches, lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes along superior rectal aery, and branches from inferior mesenteric plexus. [/INST] question: Pa of colon with no mesentery? | options: A: Transverse colon B: Sigmoid colon C: Ascending colon D: Rectum | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: CNS involvement in AIDS
Involvement of the CNS is a common and important manifestation of AIDS.
In addition to the lymphoid system, the nervous system is a major target of HIV infection.
Macrophages and microglial cells in the central nervous system that belong to the monocyte and macrophage lineage are predominant to the types in the brain that are infected with HIV.
It is widely believed that HIV is carried into the brain by infected monocytes.
Ninety per cent of patients demonstrate some form of neurological involvement at autopsy.
In addition to opportunistic infection and neoplasm, several virally determined neuropathological changes occur.
These include
A self limited meningioencephalitis.
Aseptic meningitis
Vascular myelopathy
Peripheral neuropathies and
Most commonly a progressive encephalopathy designated clinically as the AIDS dementia complex. AIDS dementia complex
It is the commonest neurological complication in subacute or chronic HIV encephalitis.
Earlier it was called AIDS encephalopathy or encephalitis.
It present as slowly or rapidly progressive dementia accompanied by abnormalities of motor function. [/INST] question: The most common late CNS complication of HIV is | options: A: Dementia B: Ataxia C: Seizures D: Deliruim | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Life in space will certainly take some getting used to!But the space station has been designed to keep the astronauts as comfortable as possible--the modules are roomy,bright,and kept at a constant 70 degrees Fahrenheit.It's important the crew members are comfortable because they'll be busy aboard the station.In a typical workday,crew members will spend 14 hours working and exercising,1.5 hours preparing and eating meals,and 8.5 hours sleeping.Here are some other fun facts about life aboard the station:
Food
Come mealtime,astronauts will have a special dining kitchen.Space food just keeps getting better--and more like food we enjoy here on Earth.In early space missions,astronauts could eat only freezedried food that didn't require any preparation.But the space station is equipped with water,microwave ovens,and refrigerators,allowing the folks on board to eat more "normal" types of food,including fruit,vegetables,and ice cream!
Sleep
Each crew member has a private room.With no gravity,they'll need to tie themselves to their beds,or they will float away!That might sound like a strange way to sleep,but astronauts from past space missions report that sleeping in space is actually pretty great!
Exercise
You might not think it,but exercise is even more important on the station than it is on Earth.There is not much gravity in space.Astronauts don't stand up,sit down or walk in space,so their muscles and bones don't have to work much--and this muscle and bone loss can be dangerous back on Earth.To fight this,astronauts on the station will exercise on bikes,rowing machines,and other equipment about two hours every day.
Clothing
Astronauts will have to wear special space suits while traveling aboard the U.S.shuttle or Russian rockets.But once they're safe inside the space station,crew members can wear regular clothing.Of course,a specially designed,pressurized space suit is required for space walks.It has to withstand flying pieces and protect the astronauts from dramatic temperature changes.It can range from 120 degrees below Fahrenheit in the shadow of the station to 250 degrees in the hot sun.
Personal Cleanliness
Simple tasks like brushing your teeth can be challenging in a weightless environment.A little water doesn't flow in a stream--it suspends in a bubble!Astronauts will use a freshwater hose to take showers,shampoo,and wash off--then a second vacuum hose to suction off the dirty water.And how do you go to the bathroom in space?With a special "air toilet" that uses flowing air instead of water to dispose of waste. [/INST] question: The facts about life in space are all mentioned EXCEPT _ . | options: A: clothing B: entertainment C: sleep D: exercise | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Ref. API Textbook of Medicine. Pg. 1851
Cryogloblinemia is a vasculitis of small blood vessels that is caused by deposition of immune complexes.
Skin, joints, and nerves are commonly affected.
The heart, brain, or gastrointestinal tract each are affected in fewer than 10% of cases.
Most patients with cryoglobulinemia are chronically infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV).
Many of the remaining patients with cryoglobulinemia have lupus, Sjogren’s syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, or white blood cell cancers (lymphoma, myeloma, or Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia) as the underlying cause.
The most common appearance of vasculitis in the skin is purpura (bright red circles, from the size of a pinhead up to half an inch, often painful or itchy), but open sores are also common.
Damage to nerves (neuropathy) causes numbness, tingling, severe burning pain, and or weakness in a hand or foot.
For patients with HCV, anti-viral therapy is indicated regardless of the degree of severity.
For less severe cases (e.g., purpura, weakness, and joint pain), anti-viral therapy alone is the treatment of choice.
Involvement of vital organs requires addition of immune-suppressive drugs. Prednisone, azathioprine, and cyclophosphamide have been widely used, but recent studies have indicated that rituximab may be superior to these medications. [/INST] question: Cryoglobulinemia is associated with which of the following | options: A: Hepatitis C B: Overian cancer C: Diabetes D: Leukemia | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Asian parents are spending billions of dollars on private tutors for their children and the practice is growing despite doubts about its effectiveness, according to an Asian Development Bank study published Wednesday, AFP reported.
"Shadow education" is an expanding business not only in wealthy countries, but also in some of the region's poorer nations as parents try to give their children the best start in life, the study said. Nearly nine out of 10 South Korean elementary pupils receive private tutoring, while the figure for primary school children in India's West Bengal state stands at six out of 10.
The study estimated that the costs of private tutoring in South Korea were equivalent to 80 percent of government spending on public education. Japan spent $12 billion on extra teaching in 2011, while the figure for Singapore stood at US$ 680 million in 2009.
Extra academic work aims to help slow learners and support high achievers. Many Asian parents view it as a constructive way for adolescents to spend their spare time. However, it can also reduce the students' time for sports and other activities important for their overall development as well as cause social tensions as richer families are able to pay for better-quality tutoring, the study said.
The study calls for a review of educational systems to make such extra teaching less attractive. [/INST] question: Why is "Shadow education" an expanding business? | options: A: Because parents want to spend their money B: Because children don't want to go to school C: Because parents want their children to stay with teachers D: Because parents want to give their children the best start in life | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Cutaneous anthrax Anthrax is primarily a disease of the domestic animals. Humans are usually accidental hosts when brought into contact with infected animals There are three major forms of disease: Cutaneous anthrax Acquired, skin Inhalational anthrax --> Inhalated, spores Gastrointestinal anthrax Analogus to cutaneous anthrax but occurs on intestinal mucosa. The most common form of anthrax is cutaneous anthrax which is usually occurred injured skin or musous membrane Cutaneous anthrax Cutaneous anthrax usually begins 2-5 days after inoculation of spores into an exposed pa of the body typically the forearm or the hand. The initial lesion is an erythematous papule which may be mistaken .for insect bite. This papule usually progresses through vesicular and ulcerative stages in 7-10 days to form a black eschar surrounded by edema The lesion is known as "malignant pustule" although it is neither malignant nor pustule. Associated .symptoms are usually mild and the lesion typically heals very slowly after the eschar separates. Cutaneous anthrax generally resolves spontaneously but 10-20% of untreated patients may develop septicemia. Cutaneous anthrax generally resolves spontaneously but 10-20% of untreated patients may develop fatal septicemia or meningitis. [/INST] question: Malignant pustule is seen in | options: A: Cutaneous anthrax B: Carbuncle C: Ulcerating melanoma D: Infected rodent ulcer | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: 1"I will think of it." It is easy to say this, but do you know what great things have come from thinking? Though we can not see, or hear, or feel our thoughts, they have great power !
2Isaac Newton was seated in his garden on a summer evening when he saw an apple fall from a tree. He began to think, and tried to find out why the apple fell. Then he discovered how the earth, sun, moon, and stars are kept in their places.
3James Ferguson once saw the inside of his father's watch, and he wondered, "Why should I not make a watch?" This set him thinking and it led to a wooden clock which kept good time.
4Walt Disney, the famous American film-maker, was often thinking of new ideas. One day, when he was in a meeting, he suddenly stopped talking, deep in thought. He looked and looked at a place high up in the room. This continued for a long time, end then he got an idea for a new cartoon.
5Ideas come at any time, end the important thing is to think. When you meet with any difficulty, don't lose heart. Try to think of it before asking someone to help you. Think and by thinking you will learn how to think creatively. [/INST] question: Newton wanted to find out _ . | options: A: when the apple hit him B: why the apple fell C: who made the apple fall D: where the apple fell | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Our historic1740 Shenandoah Valley Bed and Breakfast is the perfect place to relax and enjoy the beauty and history of the Valley. Once a haven against Indian attacks on the Virginia frontier and later Stonewall Jackson's headquarters during the Valley Campaign of 1862, our Shenandoah Valley inn(small hotel) now welcomes travelers looking for comfortable bed and board and friendly welcome.
On Route11,the Old Valley Turnpike, only two miles from Interstate 81 at Woodstock, the inn has a country atmosphere on five private acres along the Shenandoah River. The inn offers 12 guest rooms, a well-equipped meeting room for small managing meetings, many common areas, and lovely grounds to host sendoffs and family gatherings.
A hearty Inn at Narrow Passage breakfast will get your day off to a great start! If you have special food needs, tell us ahead of time, and we will try to have just what you need.
"We had a wonderful four-day stay. Quiet and peaceful with the warmth of fireplaces in the room and bar to comfort and relax you. Ed and Ellen make you feel like family. Breakfast was outstanding." A visitor said.
After a busy day of hiking or sightseeing, return for a cool drink on the porch in summer or hot, spiced tea by the fire in winter. In the evening, walk down to the river to feed the ducks, or maybe spend a little time fishing.
We hope you'll be able to visit us soon. We'll do all we can to make your stay a happy one. [/INST] question: The inn along Shenandoah River is _ . | options: A: beautiful B: expensive C: cheap D: small | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The patient has a deficiency of B12 , caused by inadequate intrinsic factor production for the absorption of dietary vitamin B12 , which is required for the conversion of methyl malonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA and of homocysteine to methionine. A vitamin B12 deficiency results in the excretion of methylmalonic acid in the urine and an increased dietary requirement for methionine. The methyl group transferred from vitamin B12 to homocysteine to form methionine comes from N5-methyl-FH4 , which accumulates in a vitamin B12 deficiency, causing a decrease in free folate levels and symptoms of folate deficiency, including increased levels of FIGLU and decreased purine biosynthesis. Both B12 and folate deficiencies will lead to anemia, but only a B12 deficiency will give rise to the mental status changes and tingling in the hands and feet. As individuals age, a variety of conditions can give rise to reduced intrinsic factor production by the stomach. Because intrinsic factor is low, B12 needs to be delivered by injection, not by the oral route of administration. [/INST] question: A 65-year-old man visits his primary physician because of tingling in his hands and feet, and a sense that he is forgetting things more than usual. A CBC indicates a mild anemia. The patient states that his diet has not changed, other than eating more red meat than before. This patient can be best treated by which one of the following? | options: A: Oral administration of vitamin B12 B: Oral administration of folic acid C: Oral administration of methionine D: Injections of B12 | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Raloxifene Traditionally hormone replacement therapy with estrogen was being used to prevent/treat osteoporosis in postmenopausal worsen. H has been shown to reduce the risk of osteoporosis in women. But long term use of estrogen leads to range of adverse effect including cardiovascular disease, stroke, pulmonary emboli and invasive breast cancer. These serious adverse effect made to look for other options. Selective estrogen receptor modulators These are class of compounds that act on estrogen receptors. Their characteristic feature is that they do not have pure agonist or antagonistic action on estrogen receptors. - Their selective action distinguishes these substances .from pure receptor agonist or antagonist. - SERMS are "selective" that means SERMS block estrogen in some tissues and activate estrogen action in others. - All the SERMS bind to the estrogen receptor but each agent produces a unique receptor drug conformation. - As a result specific coactivator or co-oppressor proteins are bound to the receptor resulting in differential effects. Two SERMS are currently being used Raloxifens For the t/t and prevention of osteoporosis Tamoxifen --> For the t/t and prevention of Breast Ca The .first SERM to reach the market was Tamoxifen which blocks the stimulative effect of estrogen on breast tissue and is used in breast cancer. Raloxifene is the second SERM to be approved by the FDA. Raloxifens has been approved for the tit and prevention of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Raloxifens acts like estrogen on bone and helps to build and maintain bone density. - Raloxifen has been shown in clinical trials to increase bone density in the spine and hip and to reduce the risk of spinal fractures in women with osteoporosis. While it acts like estrogen on bone, it blocks the action of estrogen on breast and uterus. - This profile makes it very useful for the t/t of osteoporosis because Raloxifene provides the bone benefits of estrogen without increasing the risk for estrogen related breast and uterine cancers. Raloxifene in Breast cancer Due to its antiestrogenic effect on breast, Raloxifene has been shown to reduce the risk of invasive breast cancer in women who are taking it for osteoporosis. Raloxifene reduces the risk of breast cancer by 50-70% in both low risk and high risk postmenopausal women. The national cancer institute U.S.A. funded the STUDY OF TAMOXIFEN AND RALOXIFEN (STAR) a clinical trial comparing raloxtfens with tamoxifen in preventing breast cancer, in postmenopausal women who are at increased risk of developing the disease. The study found that tamoxifen and Raloxifen are equally effective in reducing invasive breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women who are at increased risk of the disease. The study also .found out that women who took raloxifen had fewer uterine cancer and.fewer blood clots than women who took tamoxifen. However, Raloxifen did not decrease the risk of noninvasive breast Ca. On September 14 2007, the US. food and drug administration announced approval of raloxifens for reducing the risk of invasive breast cancer in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis and in postmenopausal women at high risk for invasive cancer. [/INST] question: SERM drug used in treatment of osteoporosis aEUR' | options: A: Raloxifene B: Estrogen C: Strontium D: Alendroate | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Within IOC, Samaranch was a man much admired and sometimes loved, the Spanish who made the organization into one that is rich and so powerful.
No one doubted Samaranch's ability to make something impossible come true. In 1981 he ensured that Seoul was elected to be the host of the 1988 Olympics. Remember, that was a time when the two Koreas were at war with each other. And because Samaranch helped swing Spanish votes across to London, rather than to Paris, London was made host for the 2012. To China and the Chinese people, Samaranch was considered a great friend. Thanks to his efforts during his last term as IOC president, Beijing and China won the Olympics for the first time.
Samaranch led the IOC from 1980 to 2001. Certainly, throughout his IOC presidential term, he had a soft spot for Moscow, for it was there that he was elected president of the IOC in 1980, and it was there that he managed to reach his final wishes as IOC president. Very early on in that 2001 Moscow session he wanted the Belgian surgeon, Jacques Rogge, a newcomer to the Olympic Movement, to replace him as president, for China to host the 2008 Olympic Games and for his son, Juan Antonio Samaranch junior, to become an IOC member. He got all three wishes.
Samaranch's death came three months before his 90th birthday on April 21st, 2010. [/INST] question: Samaranch became the president of the IOC in _ . | options: A: Spain B: London C: Paris D: Moscow | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Every student in America likes popular music. Students carry small radios with earphones and listen to music before class, after class and at lunch. Students with cars buy large speakers and play the music as they drive on the street.
Adult drivers listen to music on the car radio as they drive to work. They also listen to the news about sports, the weather, the life of American people. Most of the radio programmes are music.
Pop music singers make much money. Once the popular singer is famous all over the country, young people buy his or her tapes . Some of the money from these tapes comes to the singer. Wherever the singer goes, all the young people want to meet him or her.
There are other kinds of music. They are important to Americans. One is folk music. It tells stories about the common life of Americans. Another is western or country music. This kind of songs started by cowboys watching. Today, any music about country life and the love between a country boy and his girl we call western or country music. [/INST] question: When do students in America listen to pop music? | options: A: Only after class B: Only at home C: Only when they are driving D: Before class, after class and at lunch | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Wildwood School Library Guide
This will offer you some information about our school library. You can use this guide to help your kids use our library.
Service hours: 3:00 p.m.--5:30 p.m.on school days; 8:30 a.m.--11:00 a.M.on weekends On school days, your kids may borrow or return books during opening hours only when his classroom teacher allows him to.At the weekend, our library is open to both you and your kids.
Borrowing:
Each student can borrow one or two books at a time. More books can be borrowed only for class reading activities and school research.
Returning:
Books borrowed from the library can be kept for 15 school days. The books must be returned before the due date or the kid can not borrow other books.
Damaged or Lost Books:
When a book is returned in a damaged condition, the kid will have to pay three dollars for the damage. Full price must be paid if a book is lost. We encourage students to carry their library books in plastic bags to protect them from rainy weather.
Please call us at 33621323 for more information. [/INST] question: Students can borrow more than two books at a time _ . | options: A: for sending exams B: to do school research C: for afterschool activities D: to read together with their parents | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Buffet is the son of the best investor Warren Buffet, and he's the CEO of a philanthropic foundation . But he's also a lifelong farmer. He is familiar with the saying that each farmer can expect to have 40 opportunities to improve their harvest. And it's not just farmers who know there's a clock running on their efforts. " We all need to recognize that we only have a fixed amount of time to affect change," said Howard G. Buffett(HGB)
HGB wants to invest more than $3 billion, in an effort to end global hunger and poverty for the world's nearly one billion poor people by 2045. He's decided to focus much of his effort on farming in the developing world. He believes that the best way to deal with poverty is to change the lives of farmers in the poorest nations on the planet. "It's a pretty well proven fact that nothing works better at bringing people out of poverty than investment in rural areas," said HGB.
Healthy soils are a most important part of productive farmers, but 1.5 billion people -- a fifth of the global population -- live on poor land. "You have to fix the soil," he said. HGB also has the idea that farmers who own their own land will raise crops with an eye to the long-term health of the soil.
He would like to see that balanced with a foreign-aid plan. HGB notes that too often, experts want to make agriculture in developing nations look like farming in rich countries." It's not going to happen like that," said HGB. "You need to consider local differences, local culture." Many more ideas of HGB can be found in his new book, Forty Chances: Finding Hope in a Hungry World. [/INST] question: What's the population of the whole world? | options: A: 1.5 billion B: One fifth billion C: 6 billion D: 7.5 billion | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Basics: Estrogen Promotes, Progesterone inhibits Squamous cell maturation The lateral vaginal wall cells can be sampled by scraping them with a spatula and then plating them on a slide. Sample often obtained simultaneous with Pap smear. (Students should not confuse that squamous cells sampled from the lateral vaginal wall is same as taking a paps smear from the cervix) The vagina is sampled at middle third of lateral vaginal wall. This is used for detecting hormonal effects in menopausal and postmenopausal women, though this will have a paicular value in all stages of a woman's life This is Indicated for : Assessment of ovarian function. -During pubey & reproductive, menopausal & post menopausal years -Assessment of ovarian function in menstrual disorders -Can also be used for diagnosing ovulation. Maturation Index (MI)The vaginal epithelium has Basal, Parabasal, Intermediate and Superficial cells. 100 exfoliated cells are counted and the MI is defined as ratio of parabasal to intermediate to superficial cells of vaginal epithelium. These cells are as presented as a 3 pa ratio with the Para basal cells staed 1st , intermediate cells 2nd & superficial cells 3rd. For eg: MI = 80 /20 / 0 Indicates :80 % - Parabasal cells 20 % - Intermediate cells 0 % - Superficial cells Increase in estrogen levelenlarges the parabasal cells to become intermediate cells and then this will continue to enlarge & mature into keratinized superficial cells. The superficial cells are most abundant during proliferating phase. These cells are polygonal with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm. There will be more deposition of glycogen in the vaginal epithelium. High estrogenic effect in a vaginal smear is recognized by a clean background & increased eosinophilic & karyopyknotic indices(Given below). High progesterone levels promotes proliferation of intermediate squamous epithelium. These cells are polygonal in shape -with abundant bluish cytoplasm & seen during secretory phase. Parabasal cells are Immature squamous cell which are round to oval. Nucleus is relatively large. Hence, in a lateral vaginal wall smear, if the cells show... Shift to left - atrophic effect. Shift to right - Increased estrogen effect. More mid-zone cells - Progesterone effect With increasing estrogen, the MI is 0/10/90 With increasing Progesterone the ratio is 0/90/10 With increasing Androgen it is 20/80/0 With Pre Ovulatory phase it is 0/40/60 With Post ovulatory phase it is 0/70/30 During menopause it is 0/80/20 Late menopause 100/0/0 EOSINOPHILIC INDEX (EI)Ratio of eosinophillic cells to basophillic cells. This is given in a ratio. Parabasal cells not counted. Karyopyknotic Index (KI)Ratio of Superficial cells to Intermediate cells [/INST] question: Maturation index in mid-secretory phase of menstrual cycle is | options: A: 0/95/5 B: 80/20/0 C: 0/70/30 D: 0/40/60 | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: How do you like your school? Have you ever written to your headmaster to express your idea? Here are some letters written by students from different schools.
Luke, 14, from Jiangsu
I will give some suggestions about our school uniform. In our school, we students have to wear uniform every day. But the yellow and green sports kit looks really dark and old. It can't stand for young and lively spirit. We can add some red or orange colors and make a new type of uniform. I hope our headmaster will think about it.
Danny, 14, from Zhejiang
I have two suggestions for my headmaster. First of all, I think we should have more hobby classes in science , such as plane model making class and computer programming class. It is really boring to study basic subjects all the time. And second, I hope we can have more PE lessons or more time for physical exercise. Lots of students now don't have a strong enough body.
Sam, 15, from Shanxi
I'd like to say thank you to my headmaster. About one week ago, I got a bad cold after playing basketball. Our headmaster came to me after he knew about it. He took care of me until my parents came. I really want to thank him for that.
Helen, 14, from Shandong
In the letter I wrote, I want to talk about the possibility of personal classes. Now many middle schools are trying the "personal class" system. Students don't have regular classes. They can choose lessons they want to take. _ And it is also good for exercise. We don't have to stay in one classroom all the time. [/INST] question: Luke gives some suggestions about _ in his letter. | options: A: hobby classes B: personal classes C: school uniform D: basketball playing | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: What do you think of black cats? Are they unluckier than cats of other colors? Many people in Western countries think so. Scientists at the University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley), did a study on cat colours and people's understandings of cat personalities.
The study found that people do judge cat personalities by color. Scientists did a survey on the Internet. There were 49 statements matching five cat colorings with 10 personalities. People think orange and bi-coloured cats are friendly, tri-coloured cats are not generous, and white cats are calm, lazy and shy. As for black cats, people think they don't have special personalities.
But why do so many people dislike keeping black cats as pets? People think black cats have less special personalities, which might be because of their bad reputation . They think black cats may bring bad luck, especially at Halloween. Movies and television shows also make people believe that.
Although people have these ideas, UC Berkeley scientists give another reason: people don't think black cats are pretty enough. After all, nothing can show black cats are unluckier than other cats. "You can't judge a cat by its colour, because it's the personality of the cat, not the colour, that will let you know if the cat is right for you," Cathy Marden, a scientist said. [/INST] question: Many people in Western countries may think black cats are _ . | options: A: lovely animals B: a sign of bad luck C: a sign of good luck D: unfriendly animals | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: English is spoken as a first language by most people in the USA, Britain, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland and Canada. However, English is spoken all over the world. It is the main language in over 60 countries, such as India, Singapore and in many of the Caribbean and Pacific islands. In those places English is often a second language.
English is also as an important international language in many other countries, like China and Japan. People in these countries use it for business, and travelers to these countries use English when they get there. Other people may learn English because they enjoy reading books in English, listening to British or American music or watching American films.
English has changed a lot these years and still goes on changing. It is no longer right to talk about British English or American English if the speaker doesn't come from those countries. People in Japan or Korea, for example, may use the American spelling but may not sound like Americans.
English will be the most widely used language in the world in the 21stcentury. This language no longer belongs to British, American or Australian speakers. It belongs to anyone who can use this language. After you leave school, you will almost certainly need it. [/INST] question: In how many countries is English spoken as a first language in the world? | options: A: Five B: Four C: Three D: Six | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Wegener Granulomatosis * Triad of: -- Acute necrotizing granuloma of U or L -- Necrotizing or granulomatous vasculitis of small-medium vessels -- Renal disease: crescentic glomerulonephritis * C-ANCA in 95% of cases * Diagnosis -- cANCA * 95% sensitive in generalized disease * 60% sensitive in localized disease -- FBC, ESR, CRP, CXR, Urine analysis for casts -- Histology: Tissue from septum & all turbinates -- CT nose & paranasal sinuses * Non-specific mucosal thickening; bony destruction; new bone formation DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA < ACR criteria (1990) > > 2 of 4 (Sensitivity 88%, Specificity 92%) 1. Nasal or oral inflammation 2. Abnormal chest radiograph: nodules, fixed infiltrates, or cavities 3. Urinary sediment: Microhematuria (>5 red blood cells /HPF) or RBC casts 4. Granulomatous inflammation on biopsy Histologic changes showing granulomatous inflammation within the wall of an aery or in the perivascular or extravascular area(aery ,aeriole) < CHCC nomenclature (1994) > 1. Granulomatous inflammation involving the respiratory tract 2. Vasculitis of small to medium-size vessels ref: harrisons 21st ed [/INST] question: a young male develops serous otitis media of the left ear with cough, occassional hemoptysis, hematuria and epistaxis for 2months.hb is 7.5 g% with heavy protienuria, bp 170/100 mmhg, RA -ve and anca +ve the most probable diagnosis is | options: A: wegners granulomatosis B: rapidly proliferative glomerulonephritis C: rheumatoid ahritis D: good pastures syndrome | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Pairs has the Eiffel Tower; New York has the Statue of Liberty; and Brussels, the Manneken Pis.
Think of the Belgian capital and , if anything, you think of the small peeing boy -- a 60-meter-high bronze figure standing on a block, supplying a constant stream of water of the basin under him.
Some might laugh. But for Jacque Stroobants, the statue is up there with the best of them.
"I'm proud of him. People come from all around the world to see him," says 60-year-old Stroobants with a fatherly glance at the little boy.
As the most famous landmark of Brussels, Manneken Pis has a very special place in the heart of Belgians.
The original Manneken Pis dates back to 1388, but the statue tourists see today dates from 1619 when the city built a second one after the original was destroyed.
Many stories go round Manneken Pis. Nobody knows why he was made. One story is that he saved Brussels by putting out the flames of a deadly fire with his well-aimed pis. But the most believable story is that the boy, the son of a wealthy man, was kidnapped . The father had a statue built in honor of the way his son was found - peeing against a tree.
Perhaps best-known for his naked beauty, the "peeing boy" has also been clothed in some of the finest clothes money can buy.
Stroobants has been changing his clothes for the last 29 years. On average, he has clothes on 300 days a year. And on special days, he pees beer.
A few of the ways he's been dressed are: a football player, Mozart and an army general. Now, he has more than 600 pieces of clothes.
There is no strict charge for those wishing to provide clothes for the little boy. But certain condition must be met. "The clothes cannot include either advertising or political message." said Stroobants, because they would cheapen the national treasure.
But Manneken Pis is still something local people can make money from--by selling all kinds of souvenirs. [/INST] question: The Manneken Pis has a special place in the heart of Belgians because _ . | options: A: it's good looking with water running constantly B: it brings joys to people who see it C: it helps people make money D: it's a symbol of the city | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: On his bench in Madison Square Soapy moved uneasily, and he realized the fact that the time had come for him to provide against the coming winter.
The winter ambitions of Soapy were not of the highest. In them there were no dreams of Mediterranean voyages or blue Southern skies. Three months on the Island was what his soul desired. Three months of assured board and bed and good company, safe from north winds seemed to Soapy the most desirable thing.
Just as the more fortunate New Yorkers had bought their tickets to Palm Beach each winter, Soapy had made his arrangements for his annual journey to the Island. And now the time had come.
There were many institutions of charity in New York where he might receive lodging and food, but to Soapy's proud spirit the gifts of charity were undesirable. You must pay in humiliation of spirit for everything received at the hands of mercy. So it was better to be a guest of the law.
Soapy, having decided to go to the Island, at once set about accomplishing his desire. He left his bench and went up Broadway. He stopped at the door of a glittering cafe. He was shaven and his coat was decent. If he could reach a table in the restaurant, the portion of him that would show above the table would raise no doubt in the waiter's mind. A roasted duck, with a bottle of wine, a cigar and a cup of coffee would be enough. Such a dinner would make him happy, for the journey to his winter refuge.
But as Soapy entered the restaurant door, the head waiter's eye fell upon his shabby trousers and old shoes. Strong hands pushed him in silence and haste out into the street.
Some other way of entering the desirable refuge must be found.
At a corner of Sixth Avenue Soapy took a stone and sent it through the glass of a glittering shop window. People came running around the corner, a policeman at the head of them. Soapy stood still, with his hands in his pockets, and smiled at the sight of the policeman.
"Where is the man that has done that?" asked the policeman.
"Don't you think that I have had something to do with it?" said Soapy, friendly.
The policeman paid no attention to Soapy. Men who break windows don't remain to speak with policemen. They run away. He saw a man running and rushed after him, stick in hand. Soapy, disgusted, walked along, twice unsuccessful.
On the opposite side of the street was a restaurant for people with large appetites and modest purses. Soapy entered this place without difficulty. He sat at a table and ate beefsteak and pie. And then he told the waiter he had no money.
"Go and call a cop," said Soapy. "And don't keep a gentleman waiting."
"No cop for you," said the waiter. "Hey!"
Then Soapy found himself lying upon his left ear on the pavement. He arose with difficulty, and beat the dust from his clothes. Arrest seemed a rosy dream. The Island seemed far away.
After another unsuccessful attempt to be arrested for harassing a young woman, Soapy went further toward the district of theatres.
When he saw a policeman standing in front of a glittering theatre, he thought of "disorderly conduct". On the sidewalk Soapy began to sing drunken songs at the top of his voice. He danced, cried, and otherwise disturbed the peace.
The policeman turned his back to Soapy, and said to a citizen, "It is one of the Yale boys celebrating their football victory. Noisy, but no harm."
Sadly, Soapy stopped his useless singing and dancing. The Island seemed unattainable. He buttoned his thin coat against the north wind.
In a cigar store he saw a well-dressed man who had set his silk umbrella by the door. Soapy entered the store, took the umbrella, and went out with it slowly. The man with the cigar followed hastily.
"My umbrella," he said.
"Oh, is it?" said Soapy. "Well, why don't you call a policeman? I took your umbrella! Why don't you call a cop? There stands one on the corner."
The umbrella owner slowed his steps. Soapy did likewise. The policeman looked at them curiously.
"Of course," said the umbrella man, "well, you know how these mistakes occur...if it's your umbrella I hope you'll excuse me - I picked it up this morning in a restaurant - if it's yours, I hope you'll..."
"Of course it's mine," said Soapy.
The ex-umbrella man retreated. The policeman hurried to help a well-dressed woman across the street.
Soapy threw the umbrella angrily. He was angry with the men who wear helmets and carry clubs. They seemed to regard him as a king who could do no wrong.
At last Soapy stopped before an old church on a quiet corner. Through one window a soft light glowed, where, the organist played a Sunday anthem. For there came to Soapy's ears sweet music that caught and held him at the iron fence.
The moon was shining; cars and pedestrians were few; birds twittered sleepily under the roof. And the anthem that the organist played cemented Soapy to the iron fence, for he had known it well in the days when his life contained such things as mothers and roses and ambitions and friends.
The influence of the music and the old church produced a sudden and wonderful change in Soapy's soul. He thought of his degraded days, dead hopes and wrecked faculties.
And also in a moment a strong impulse moved him to battle with his desperate fate. He would pull himself out of this pit; he would make a man of himself again. Those sweet notes had set up a revolution in him. Tomorrow he would be somebody in the world. He would...
Soapy felt a hand on his arm. He looked quickly around into the broad face of a policeman.
"What are you doing here?"
"Nothing."
"Then come along," said the policeman.
"Three months on the Island," said the Judge the next morning. [/INST] question: Which of the following is the reason for Soapy's not turning to charity? | options: A: His pride gets in the way B: What the institutions of charity offer isn't what Soapy needs C: He wants to be a citizen who obeys the law D: The institutions of charity are not located on the island | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Here is the tour that's voted "3rdbest tour in London" on the Best Things to Do-TripAdvisor! Hairy Goat is the best and most original tour company in London.
Do you like walking around a city and discovering something that makes a great photo? London is full of interesting photo chances and maybe you need someone to lead you to them.The tour is perfect for team events,families,groups of friends and school or college classes.
Bring A fully charged camera and plenty of memory cards or film,a drink and wear comfortable walking shoes.Dress for three hours' walking outside.
Price PS45 per adult (18yrs and over),PS40 per child (12-15yrs) and full-time students (student ID required).Some tours to be booked and paid in advance.Please call or email for details.Please follow the links on the website or call Corinna at +44(0)7540832771.
Meet in front of the Royal Exchange Building at Bank Underground Station.Take Exit 3 or 4 from the underground station.
When See the website for scheduled dates.
Duration Three hours,at a comfortable walking pace.
Finish By an underground station within the city.Location varies daily. [/INST] question: A family of four,including a son of 19 and a daughter of 13,should pay _ . | options: A: PS180 B: PS160 C: PS170 D: PS175 | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: o Pharyngo-conjunctival fever is caused most commonly by serotypes 3 and 7, but serotypes 2, 4 and 14
also have been documented as etiologic agents,
o Ocular infections caused by Adenovirus -
i. Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis → Serotypes 8, 19, 37
ii. Follicular conjunctivitis → Serotypes 3,7
iii. Pharyngoconjunctival fever - Serotypes 3, 7 Adeno Virus
o Non-enveloped, DNA (ds DNA) Virus
o Has characteristic morphology consisting of an icosahedral shell composed of 20 equilateral
triangular faces and 12 vertices → space vehicle appearance.
o Human adenovirus grows only in tissue culture of human origin, such as human embryonic kidney, HeLa
or HEP-2.
o Cytopathic effect in tissue culture → cell rounding and aggregation into grape like clusters.
o Adenovirus has been used as a vector for gene therapy.
o Adenovirus cause infections of the respiratory tract and eyes and less often of the intestine and urinary tract.
o Most frequently affect infants and children
o Clinical manifestations
□ Most common manifestation in children is an acute upper respiratory tract infection with prominent rhinitis,
□Most common manifestation in adult is ARDS [/INST] question: Pharyngoconj unctiva I fever is caused by | options: A: Adenovirus 11, 21 B: Adenovirus 40, 41 C: Adenovirus 8. 19 D: Adenovirus 3 and 7 | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Wild animals are our friends, but many of them are getting fewer and fewer. We should try to protect them. The four animals below are now in danger.
Tibetan Antelopes
Tibetan antelopes are medium-sized animals. They mainly feed on grass. They are usually found in groups of about 20. They are killed for their wool, which is warm, soft and fine and can be made into expensive clothes. Although people can get the wool without killing the animals, people simply kill them before taking the wool. The number of them is dropping year by year. There are less than 75,000 Tibetan antelopes left in the world, down from a million 50 years ago.
Golden Monkeys
Golden monkeys are mainly found in Sichuan, Gansu, Shanxi provinces and Shengnongjia mountainous area of Hubei Province. Golden monkeys have golden-orange fur. They move around in the daytime, usually in groups of as many as 100 to 200 heads, or 20 to 30 heads. They feed on fruits and young leaves of bamboos. But people are destroying the environment where they live. Trees and bamboos are disappearing, so golden monkeys have less and less to eat.
Elephans ks5u
Elephants are very big and strong. They are bigger than any other animals on land. They are grey and have long trunks and tusks. They have poor eyesight, but very good hearing and smell. They can lift heavy things and break down branches with their trunks. Elephants are very friendly towards each other and towards their neighbours. Normally, they live in a group for many years. Young male elephants do not leave the group until they are about 12 years old. Now, there are very few elephants in the world. The number of them is becoming smaller and smaller because their living areas are used for farming. Also, people hunt them for their tusks.
Wolves
Wolves are not very big. They have grey fur. Wolves have very good eyesight, hearing and smell. Wolves' food is vavious. They eat animals, insects and snails. They are friendly to each other and never attack people. They do not kill for fun. Wolves are in danger, too. They are losing their living areas because people cut down forests. Soon they will have no home or food. [/INST] question: Tibetan antelopes usually live in groups of about _ . | options: A: 20 B: 30 C: 100 D: 200 | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS) share a similar function with Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system-synthesis of myelin. Oligodendrocytes are small, round, lymphocyte-size cells that produce and maintain CNS myelin, which is primarily located in the white matter. Certain diseases, such as progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, caused by a papovavirus, specifically attack oligodendrocytes and produce demyelination. Oligodendrogliomas are malignant tumors that are derived from oligodendrocytes. However, unlike Schwann cells, oligodendrocytes contribute segments of myelin sheaths to more than one axon.
Gemistocytes are reactive astrocytes that have an eosinophilic cytoplasm. They are commonly seen along the periphery of cerebral infarctions. Some astrocytomas have a gemistocytic appearance.
Astrocytes provide the structural framework for the neurons and are analogous to the fibroblasts in connective tissue. However, scarring in the brain is not associated with collagen synthesis but with filling in the defect with the cellular processes of astrocytes. A cerebral abscess is the only example of CNS repair with collagen, which is derived from the blood vessels.
Microglial cells are derived from monocytes. They are the phagocytic cell of the CNS.
Ependymal cells line the ventricles of the brain and the spinal canal. They do not produce CSF nor are they responsible for reabsorption of CSF, a function relegated to arachnoid cells. [/INST] question: In the central nervous system (CNS), oligoden¬drocytes share a similar function with | options: A: Gemistocytes B: Astrocytes C: Schwann cells D: Microglial cells | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PanNETs, PETs, or PNETs), often referred to as "islet cell tumors", or "pancreatic endocrine tumors" are neuroendocrine neoplasms that arise from cells of the endocrine (hormonal) and nervous system within the pancreas. PanNETs are a type of neuroendocrine tumor, representing about one third of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs). Many PanNETs are benign, while some are malignant. Aggressive PanNET tumors have traditionally been termed "islet cell carcinoma". PanNETs are quite distinct from the usual form of pancreatic cancer, the majority of which are adenocarcinomas, which arises in the exocrine pancreas. Only 1 or 2% of clinically significant pancreas neoplasms are PanNETs.In the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, gastrin is produced at excessive levels, often by a gastrinoma (gastrin-producing tumor, mostly benign) of the duodenum or the pancreas. To investigate for hypergastrinemia (high blood levels of gastrin), a "pentagastrin test" can be performed. In autoimmune gastritis, the immune system attacks the parietal cells leading to hypochlorhydria (low stomach acidity). This results in an elevated gastrin level in an attempt to compensate for increased pH in the stomach. Eventually, all the parietal cells are lost and achlorhydria results leading to a loss of negative feedback on gastrin secretion. Plasma gastrin concentration is elevated in viually all individuals with mucolipidosis type IV (mean 1507 pg/mL; range 400-4100 pg/mL) (normal 0-200 pg/mL) secondary to a constitutive achlorhydria. This finding facilitates the diagnosis of patients with this neurogenetic disorder. Additionally, elevated gastrin levels may be present in chronic gastritis resulting from H pylori infection. [/INST] question: For which one of the following tumours Gastrin is a biochemical marker- | options: A: Medullary carcinoma of thyroid B: Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumour C: Pheochromocytoma D: Gastrointestinal stromal tumor | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Islands of Adventure at Universal Orlando in Florida
People say that it is the home of the "Harry Potter Theme Park". The Wizarding World is the most popular part of the park. Other popular rides include the Adventures of Spider-Man, Popeye & Bluto's Bilge-Rat Barges and the Jurassic Park River Adventure.
It is open from Monday to Saturday. $15.95 for children, 3 to 13 years old; $29.95 for ages 14 and over.
PI-O Indoor Theme Park in Longueuil
The PI-O Indoor Theme Park features(......) 16 rides, a small sea train, a kid-sized bowling alley , a mirror maze , theme rooms which include the Christmas room on-the-sea, and a private reception room.
"I wanted to create a safe environment for kids aged 1 to 10," explains owner Jocelyne Pinard. She noted how many competing amusement parks have sections that can be unsafe for young kids -- such as the "ball rooms" full of loose plastic balls. So this is how it is different from other amusement parks.
Open seven days a week. The admission fees are $16.99 for individuals and $64 for families.
Legoland Windsor Theme Park in London
Legoland Windsor is the best choice for young families. The park is designed for children from 3 to 12. There are over 50 rides as well as live shows, workshops, and other attractions aimed at younger children, and especially those who are already fond of building-block toys.
The park is open every single day. Adults: $35; Ages 3-15 and 60+: $26. Buy online and save $3 per person.
Wonder La Theme Park in India
Wonder La is a world-class amusement park. It's modern, clean and green, and has all kinds of attractions. There are over 50 rides, 12 of which are water based and 9 especially for small children. If you love getting wet, don't miss the Rain Disco -- an indoor dance floor with a rain system that provides showers of warm water to the music.
Monday to Friday 11 a.m. until 6 p.m. Saturday, Sunday, Holiday and Festival seasons 11 a.m. until 7 p.m. Single adult / child -- $13.50; Family ticket (for any four people) -- $50.00; Children 3 and under -- Free. [/INST] question: If Jim is free this Sunday, he can choose to visit the following parks EXCEPT _ . | options: A: Islands of Adventure B: PI-O C: Legoland Windsor D: Wonder La | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: I worked abroad one year ago Once I was sent to attend a conference. It was downpouring outside, Though I was holding an umbrella, my trouser legs as well as my shoes and socks still got wet. Entering the conference hall, I shook the umbrella, and at the same time, stamped my feet. Suddenly I caught sight of my chief boss strolling in.
At that time,I just got the job.Therefor,I hurriedly went to meet this superior in the highest rank and introduced myself to him as I was a new comer.He said,"Yes,I recognize you.Got your feet wet?"I lowered my head to look at my wet trouser legs and with a helpless tone,I said,"Yeah,It's raining cats and dogs,isn't it?"Gazing at me for a moment,the chief boss said nothing with a amile.
Later on, I mentioned the incident of meeting the chief boss to my colleague. Hence I learnt that I had made a big fool of myself. It turns out that "Get one's feet wet" is an American slang , with the meaning of reaching the state of affairs." However, I regarded myself as humorous and replied with a slang sentence, which is seldom used now, describing the rain falling heavily. This was completely off the point. I am lucky that the chief boss is really gentle and did not point it out at once. [/INST] question: "Got your feet wet" is a (n) _ . | options: A: American proverb B: British slang C: American slang D: British motto | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: (ALAUDDIN VALLEY) -- Russia's relationship with Tajikistan has _ following an incident involving a Russian pilot who was arrested -- after making an emergency landing in the Central Asian nation.
Russia responded by beginning to drive out Tajik guest workers, a move that threatens Tajikistan's entire economy. In total, some 700,000 Tajik citizens work in Russia. In the past quarter, they sent home some $742 million in remittances . Overall, the money guest workers send back makes up half of the republic's government budget.
The Alauddin Valley is in the Fann Mountains in eastern Tajikistan. The place long held an attraction for Russian writers and adventurers. Later, during the Soviet era, it was a popular tourist destination. Yet establishing a strong relationship with the people of the mountainous region is not easy.
Men are seldom seen in the area. Nearly every family has at least one breadwinner working in Russia, if not more. The farm work falls to the women, who divide it up among themselves.
Each summer, the village chooses the most experienced and skilled women to take all of the cows (up to 300 of them) to the summer pastures high up on in the mountains. The women spend four months there with their children since there is no one to leave the children with. They milk the cows and prepare products for the winter: cheese, butter and so on. These fermented goods get them through the winter when snow and avalanches cut off all contact with civilization.
Residents here generally have two questions for visiting Russians. The first one is obvious: Is President Dmitri Medvedev going to limit the entry of Tajik guest workers? The second question is less obvious: Are there cows in Moscow? The Alauddin Valley's women truly can't imagine life without either. [/INST] question: Why was the Russian pilot arrested? | options: A: Because he stole a plane in Tajikistan B: Because he didn't land in Tajikistan safely C: Because he landed in Tajikistan without permission D: Because he refused to return to Russian | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Anti-helminthic drugsAnti-helminthicMechanism of actionParasites susceptibleMebendazole Inhibits polymerization of b-tubulin of susceptible worms - live worms expelled Roundworm, Hookworm, Whipworm, Pinworm, Trichinella spiralis Pyrantel palmate Inhibits cholinesterase in worms - persistent depolarization - spastic paralysis - live worms expelledAscaris , Enterobius , Ancylostoma , Strongyloides Piperazine Hyperpolarization of muscle by GABA agonistic action - flaccid paralysis - live worms expelledAscaris , Enterobius Ivermectin Potentiates glutamate-gated Cl- channel & increases GABA transmission in worms - hyperpolarization and paralysis of worms - dead worms expelledPediculosis , Scabies , Onchocerca , Strongyloides , Ascaris , Cutaneous larva migrans Praziquantel Increased muscular contraction & spastic paralysis of worms - dead worms expelledTrematode , Cestodes Levamisole &Tetramisole Ganglionic stimulation - tonic paralysis - live worms expelledAscaris , Ancylostoma , Strongyloides Diethyl carbamazepine Hyperpolarization of muscles - live worms expelledMicrofilaria of bancrofti , malayi , loa loa , Onchocerca Niclosamide Inhibits oxidative Phosphorylation in mitochondria Cestodes [/INST] question: The following antihelmintic acts by producing flaccid paralysis of the worm | options: A: Quinacrine B: Diethylcarbamazine C: Mebendazole D: Piperazine | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: In less than two months, Junior 3 students around the country will take the senior high school entrance exam. They are studying hard for this big challenge. Do they have time to do something in memory of their middle school years? Many do.
Leng Jingze, 15, from Tianjin said that in her class students are already writing goodbye messages for each other. "Even the head teacher has a plan," said Leng. "She plans to put all our class photos and the Chinese compositions we have written onto a CD and give each student one," said Leng. "She will also write something for each student."
Wang Zeyu, 16, in Changchun, Jilin said his classmates are making "lucky stars" as graduation gifts. They are making the cheerful stars from colored paper. "Before making a lucky star, you write some words for the person on the paper," said Wang. "He or she can read the words later." Who does Wang want to make a lucky star for? He said he wanted to make one for his head teacher. "I'll write: Dear teacher, you always look so serious," said Wang. "But we know you have a warm heart. Smile more!"
In Xiao Xia's school in Beijing, each Junior 3 student will get a yearbook , in which the graduating classes will put their photos and self-introductions. "Most classes have written an article as the self-introduction," said Xiao, 15. "We have written a poem in the ancient style!" The poem records the big events of the class's history and is in the shape of the number 9. "Nine is our class number," said Xiao, who felt very proud of the idea. "Our class may be not the one with the best school grade but it must be the most creative one," said Xiao. "I feel lucky to study in such a class!" [/INST] question: Leng Jingze's head teacher plans to _ . | options: A: put all the class photos onto a CD B: put the student's Chinese compositions onto a CD C: give each student a CD D: all above | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: From early times, man has been interested in art. People have often worked together to collect and save the world's art treasures. Fine art treasures from many countries are kept in an art museum called the Louvre in Paris, France. The works of art have been collected by the people of France over many centuries. It is the biggest art museum in the world. The Louvre has not always been a museum. The first building was a fort. In 1190, it was the king's castle with high walls and a round tower, which had a river around it to keep out the enemies. Over the years, the number of buildings around the castle grew. By 1350, the castle no longer needed a fort. The Louvre became a palace home for French kings and queens.
During times of peace, new treasures were brought in. During the days of war, many treasures were stolen, and the buildings were damaged.
When Francis I became king of France in 1515, he brought in many artists from other countries. One of the artists was Lenardo da Vinci from Italy. Da Vinci's "Mona Lisa" is the best known painting in the museum today. In 1793, the Louvre became a public museum. It is a place where art treasures are kept for everyone to enjoy. Every year millions of people from all over the world come to the Louvre to see the masterpieces. [/INST] question: How long has the Louvre been a museum? | options: A: For over 800 years B: Since 1350 C: Since l515 D: For over 200 years | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: A clique(,) is a group of friends who hang out together and act in similar ways. Cliques are common feature of the teen years. Members of a clique usually have certain things in common. For example, they might all be good students. Membership in a clique is limited. Not everyone who wants to belong can join.
Cliques can have a positive or negative influence. Because most teens have a strong need to belong, they want to feel that they fit into a group. Cliques can help them meet this need. Sometimes teens feel unsure of themselves, and they use a clique to gain approval of what they wear or how they act.
Cliques can become harmful, however, if they pressure members to behave the same way as the group that may damage their health. Cliques may discourage members from making their own decisions, giving their own opinions, or having other friends who aren't accepted by the clique. Cliques may even pressure members to act in ways that go against their own values and beliefs, such as lying to parents or teachers. Cliques can also hurt people outside the group. For example, members might make fun of a teen who isn't in the clique.
If you find yourself under this type of pressure from a clique, here are some actions you can take to improve your situation.
* Suggest other activities. Offer ideas that don't involve hurting others or putting anyone at risk.
* Find new friends. If staying in the clique is becoming a negative experience, you will be better off with new friends. [/INST] question: Why do teens want to be a member of a clique? | options: A: Because it is popular with teens B: Because it meets teens' need of belonging C: Because it is where teens can be themselves D: Because it provides an opportunity for them to be away from their parents | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Noninvasive prenatal diagnosis of hemophilia by microfluidics digital PCR analysis of maternal plasma DNA.Haemophilia is a bleeding disorder with X-linked inheritance. Current prenatal diagnostic methods for haemophilia are invasive and pose a risk to the fetus. Cell-free fetal DNA analysis in maternal plasma provides a noninvasive mean of assessing fetal sex in such pregnancies. However, the disease status of male fetuses remains unknown if mutation-specific confirmatory analysis is not performed. Here we have developed a noninvasive test to diagnose whether the fetus has inherited a causative mutation for haemophilia from its mother. The strategy is based on a relative mutation dosage approach, which we have previously established for determining the mutational status of fetuses for autosomal disease mutations. In this study, the relative mutation dosage method is used to deduce whether a fetus has inherited a haemophilia mutation on chromosome X by detecting whether the concentration of the mutant or wild-type allele is overrepresented in the plasma of heterozygous women carrying male fetuses. We correctly detected fetal genotypes for haemophilia mutations in all of the 12 studied maternal plasma samples obtained from at-risk pregnancies from as early as the 11th week of gestation. This development would make the decision to undeake prenatal testing less traumatic and safer for at-risk families. [/INST] question: Prenatal diagnosis of haemophilia is best done by | options: A: PCR B: Linkage analysis C: Cytometry D: Microarray | answer: A </s> |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.