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<s>[INST] context: - Tubular reabsorption a highly selective - Some substances like glucose, AA, Na+2, H20 is absorbed maximum from upper pa of PCT As proximal tubule epithelial cells have: - Large number of mitochondria to suppo powerful active transpo processes (highly metabolic) - Have brush borders & provide extensive surface area for absorption - As glucose is reabsorbed by secondary active transpo, it is absorbed almost all by proximal convoluted tubule. Ascending limb of loop of Henle have: - Thin segment a moderate permeable to solutes increase permeable to H2O - Thick segment a viually impermeable to H2O, permeable to solutes a diluting segment of nephron. Coical collecting duct: - Contain principle cells => reabsorb Na+2 & secrete K+ - Intercalated cells => secrete / absorb H+, HCO3- & K+ ions based on PH Medullary collecting duct - Under ADH influence => Reabsorb H20 => | urine vol & |urine concentration - Permeable to urea, hence urea is reabsorbed into interstitium => increase osmolality of interstitium, helps in concentrating urine - Regulate acid base balance (by secreting H+ ions) [/INST] question: Glucose is absorbed from? | options: A: Upper pa of PCT B: Ascending limb of LOH C: Coical Collecting duct D: Medullary collecting duct | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The pounding was driving Edward crazy. A new neighbor had just moved into the apartment below him. The newcomer was deaf, or seemed to be, because he played his stereo loud enough for the whole building to hear.
On the first day he heard the stereo rocking over, Edward marched downstairs and politely told the newcomer that his stereo was too loud. He asked the new tenant to turn the volume down and keep it down as long as he lived in the building. The tenant appeared surprised and embarrassed, and said, "Oh, I'm sorry. I didn't realize it was that loud."
So, Edward returned upstairs, feeling good, because he had taken a stand and politely let the newcomer know that loud music was not going to be tolerated. The next day all was quiet, and Edward continued to be pleased with himself. The following day, Edward thought it must be Fourth of July, because a marching band was playing on his street. In fact, it was the new neighbor who was playing his music loud again.
Edward was not one to repeat himself, feeling that each time you repeated yourself, you diminished the value of your words. So, he did what he always did with rude neighbors-grin and bear it. Eventually, they would move away. What else are you going to do?
In Los Angeles a year ago, a woman had complained to her upstairs neighbor that he was playing his drums too loud and too often. The drummer repeatedly ignored her. One day the woman walked upstairs and shot the drummer in the head and his girlfriend in the chest. The woman was sentenced to prison for 20 years.
The dead drummer won't bother anyone with his drums, but the woman might be wishing now that she had learned to grin and bear it. If she were still living in her apartment, she could always move. When you're in prison, you don't have that option. [/INST] question: The man living below where Edward lived was _ . | options: A: a deaf man B: the owner of the house C: a tenant D: an old neighbor | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Shay asked, "Do you think they'll let me play?" Shay's father knew that most of the boys would not want someone like Shay on their team, but the father also understood that if his son, mentally and physically disabled, were allowed to play, it would give him a much-needed sense of belonging and some confidence.
Shay's father approached one of the boys on the field and asked if Shay could play, not expecting much. The boy looked around and said, "We're losing by six runs and the game is in the eighth inning .I guess he can be on our team and we'll try to put him in to bat in the final inning.
Shay struggled over to the team's bench and put on a team shirt with a broad smile and his father had a small tear in his eye and warmth in heart. The boys saw the father's joy at his son being accepted.
In the bottom of the eighth inning, Shay's team scored a few runs but was still behind by three. In the top of the final inning, Shay put on a glove and played in the field. Even though no hits came his way, he was obviously joyful just to be in the game and on the field. In the bottom of the final inning, Shay's team scored again. Now, Shay was scheduled to be next at bat. Would they let Shay bat and give away their chance to win the game?
Surprisingly, Shay was given the bat. Everyone knew that a hit was almost impossible. The first pitch came and Shay missed. The pitcher again took a few steps forward to throw the ball softly towards Shay. As the pitch came in, Shay swung at the ball and hit a slow ground ball right back to the pitcher.
The pitcher could have easily thrown he ball to the first baseman and Shay would have been out and that would have been the end of the game .Instead, the pitcher threw the ball right over the head of the first baseman, beyond the reach of all teammates, The audience and the players from both teams started screaming, "Shay, run to first! " Never in his life had Shay ever run that far but made it to first base, wide-eyed and shocked..
Everyone should, "Run to second!" Catching his breath, Shay awkwardly ran towards second. By the time Shay rounded towards second base, the smallest guy on their team, who had a chance to be the hero for his team for the first time, could have thrown the ball to the second baseman, but he understood the pitcher's intentions and he too intentionally threw the ball high and far over the third baseman's head.
All were screaming,"Shay,Shay,Shay,all the way Shay." Shay reached third base when one opposing player ran to help him and shouted, "Shay, run to third." As Shay rounded third, all were on their feet, crying,"Shay, run home!"Shay ran to home, stepped on the home base and was cheered as the hero who the who won the game for his team.
That day, the boys from both teams helped bring a piece true love and humanity into this world. Shay didn't make it to another summer and died that winter, having never forgotten being the hero and making his father so happy and coming home and seeing his mother tearfully hug her little hero of the day! [/INST] question: Not expecting much, Shay's father still asked the boy if Shay could play, mainly because the father _ . | options: A: noticed some of the boys on the field were heisting B: guessed his presence would affect the boy's decision C: learned some of the boys on the field knew Shay well D: understood Shay did need a feeling of being accepted | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Her attractive lips seemed to speak words of kindness, while her eyes appeared to seek out the good in people. "You have two hands, one for helping yourself, the other for helping others." She used to say.
It was for this rare charm and inner beauty that British movie star Audrey Hepburn (1929-1993) was named the most naturally beautiful woman of all time in June, 2004.
"Her skin looks fresh in all her films and her warm and lively personality really shines through," said one beauty expert.
Life was never easy for Hepburn. Shortly after her parents' painful divorce when she was nine, she found herself in the Netherlands at the start of World War II. Hepburn watched helplessly as several of her relatives were killed. She survived by eating tulip bulbs and carried secret messages for the resistance in her ballet shoes.
She dreamed of becoming a ballet dancer but was told she was too tall and not talented enough to be a success.
Hepburn then turned to musicals and spent most of her time as a chorus girl . She had some small movie roles but it was not until Roman Holiday (1953) that she became a star. With her good manners and delicate figure, she was perfect in the role of a European princess. She took the Best Actress Oscar for her performance.
In 1988 Hepburn began her most important role--as a Goodwill Ambassador for UNICEF(United Nations Children's Fund). She traveled to the poorest places, doing her best to provide care and create awareness of the difficult situations in which some children live.
When Hepburn passed away, a message displayed at her funeral read, "In losing Audrey,
the world not only lost a movie star, we lost a princess, an angel, a person who inspired us all and whose selfless and loving examples shall always be remembered." [/INST] question: When Hepburn began to act as a Goodwill Ambassador for UNICEF, how many years had passed since her parents' divorce? _ | options: A: 50 B: 52 C: 38 D: 46 | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Dear Alan,
Guess what? I have a chance to choose my new place to live in! I'm excited and a little nervous. Could you please give me some help?
I'm not sure whether I will live in a house or in an apartment. On the one hand, a house will be too big for just one person, so maybe I should rent an apartment. On the other hand, if I rent a house, I could find someone else to share with me. The only problem is that a house full of people might be too noisy for me. I prefer to have my own space. The city has some nice apartments, but they are also too expensive. However, if I could find a two-bedroom apartment and get a roommate, that would make it more affordable .I just need to search for a roommate who is neat and quiet. You know I can't live with someone who is loud and messy. I don't have a car, so I also need to think carefully about the location. I probably need to look for somewhere near a bus stop or an underground station. That way I will have more time to study and spend less time traveling.
I'm looking forward to your reply.
Love,
Victor [/INST] question: Victor wants to share the house with a(an) _ person. | options: A: neat and quiet B: outgoing and messy C: loud and messy D: neat and loud | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: One day a strong cowboy was traveling on his horse when he saw a bar. He decided to stop for a few drinks, so he tied his horse outside the bar, walked into the bar and ordered two bottles of beer. This cowboy was new in town. He looked around and noticed some people making faces to him. He guessed that they might play some tricks on him, but he said nothing and continued to drink. After drinking, he walked out of the bar and found his horse lost.
However, he kept calm, came back into the bar, and said slowly, " I don't know what you fools did to my horse out there... but I'm leaving in five minutes, and by then if my horse isn't back where it's supposed to be, well ... I have to do here what I did in Texas!" The cowboy added, "And I don't want to do what I did in Texas!" After hearing these words, the other customers seemed a little bit frightened.
The cowboy went back to his seat and ordered another two bottles of beer. After five minutes, he walked out and found his horse tied where it was supposed to be.
Just as he was leaving, the boss of the bar came up and asked curiously , "What was the thing that you did in Texas but you didn't want to do here?"
The cowboy turned to the boss and replied in a low voice, " I had to walk home!"
,. (5) [/INST] question: That day the cowboy tied his horse outside _ before he wanted to drink. | options: A: the bar B: he hotel C: the store D: the restaurant | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: April Fool's Day is on April 1st. On this day, strange things may happen. Our friends will play jokes on us and try to fool us.
People don't know the origin of April Fool's Day clearly. Some say April Fool's Day began many years ago in France. Long ago in France, the old New Year's festival was celebrated from March 25th to April 1st and ended with exchange of presents. Later the King changed the New Year to January 1st. some people still celebrated the New year in April. They were called April Fish and were given presents as a joke.
But in many countries, April Fool's Day is not celebrated on April 1st but on other days. In Mexico( ), April Fool's Day is on the 28th of December. In ancient Rome , the day was on the 25th of March. In India, the day is on the 31st of March. In America, the day is mostly decided by young people and jokes who want to make fun of other people. But it is important to remember that your friends and you will be both happy. One must remember the difference between a good joke and a bad one. [/INST] question: When is April Fool's Day in France now? | options: A: April 1st B: March 25th C: December 28th D: March 31st | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Thousands of dead red-winged blackbirds fell from the sky in an Arkansas town on New Year's Eve after massive injuries, tests by Arkansas officials concluded on Monday. Some 5,000 birds mysteriously fell from the sky in Beebe, Arkansas after dark on New Year's Eve. "The birds suffered from acute physical injuries leading to internal hemorrhage and death. There was no sign of infectious disease," the Arkansas Game and Fish Commission said in a statement. The birds were otherwise healthy, it said.
One theory is that birds were frightened by New Year's fireworks and flew into buildings or other objects. "Loud noises were reported shortly before the birds began to fall from the sky," the statement said, adding that blackbirds have poor night vision and seldom fly at night.
Another theory was that severe weather such as lightning accounted for the loud noises but this was _ because the violent weather had already left the area. "We're leaning more toward a stress event," said Arkansas Game and Fish Commission spokesman Keith Stephens.
The commission also is trying to determine what caused the deaths of up to 100,000 fish over a 20-mile stretch of the Arkansas River near a dam in Ozark, 125 miles west of Beebe. The fish were discovered on December 30. Stephens said the commission expected results on the fish tests in probably a month. Since almost all the fish were one species -- bottom-feeding drum, Stephens said, the test was very important. Stephens also said: "The events do not appear related." Both that section of the river and the air at the site of the bird deaths were tested for toxins . Beebe is a town of about 4,500 people located 30 miles northeast of the state capital. [/INST] question: What is NOT the probable reason why the dead red-winged blackbirds fell from the sky? | options: A: Internal hemorrhage B: Fireworks C: Lightning weather D: Murder | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: How do you spend your spare time? There will be different answers to it .Most people in Poland have their own ways of spending free time. Sometimes they just want to have a rest, but they try to do something more pleasant most of the time. They have many different hobbies, which help them to get away from their everyday problems and spend their free time happily.
Many Polish people like traveling. They look for new places that they have never been to and add new and exciting experiences to their journey. Some of them like to climb mountains,. others like to go to the sea or a lake to swim, because theses can make them get exercise and are good for their health.
Many Polish people also like to do sports in their free time. They are usually crazy about football, and football is regarded as the Polish national sport. Many football fans may support a certain team ,so they go to watch every match of the team they support, and they buy many things that have any relation with the team. Watching sport and doing it are both good ways to relax
In addition, doctors say that doing sports is very good for the health. Many people in town, especially young men, often go to the gym to attend the exercise classes to keep fit.
Besides these ways, Polish people have many other ways to spend their free time . And they really enjoy their free time. [/INST] question: Polish people have many different hobbies in order to _ . | options: A: solve their daily problems B: finish all their work C: make some friends D: relax themselves in their spare time | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Parathyroid glands: The parathyroid glands are small, yellowish-brown, ovoid or lentiform structures, usually lies between the posterior lobar borders of the thyroid gland and its capsule.
They are commonly 6 mm long, 3-4 mm across, and 1-2 mm from back to front, each weighing about 50 mg.
Usually, there are two on each side, superior and inferior. Variations: There may be only three or many minute parathyroid islands scattered in connective tissue near the usual sites.
Normally the inferior parathyroids migrate only to the inferior thyroid poles, but they may descend with the thymus into the thorax or not descend at all, remaining above their normal level near the carotid bifurcation.
To help identification, the anastomotic connection between the superior and inferior thyroid arteries along the posterior border of the thyroid gland usually passes very close to the parathyroids. The inferior pair are more variably situated, and may be within the fascial thyroid sheath, below the inferior thyroid arteries and near the inferior lobar poles; or outside the sheath, immediately above an inferior thyroid artery; or in the thyroid gland near its inferior pole. The superior parathyroids are usually dorsal, the inferior parathyroids ventral, to the recurrent laryngeal nerves. Vasculature:
The parathyroid glands have a rich blood supply from the inferior thyroid arteries or from anastomoses between the superior and inferior vessels.
Approximately one-third of human parathyroid glands have two or more parathyroid arteries.
Lymph vessels are numerous and associated with those of the thyroid and thymus glands.
Nerve supply:The nerve supply is sympathetic, either direct from the superior or middle cervical ganglia or via a plexus in the fascia on the posterior lobar aspects.
Parathyroid activity is controlled by variations in blood calcium level: it is inhibited by a rise and stimulated by a fall.
The nerves are believed to be vasomotor but not secretomotor Histology : Contains two types of cells Active cells or chief cells which produce parathormone.
Chief cells differ ultrastructurally according to their level of activity: active chief cells have large Golgi complexes with numerous vesicles and small membrane-bound granules.
Glycogen granules are most abundant in inactive cells, which appear histologically as ‘clear' cells.
In normal human parathyroid glands, inactive chief cells outnumber active cells in a ratio of 3-5:1 Second cell type, the oxyphil (eosinophil) cell, appears just before puberty and increases in number with age.
Oxyphil cells are larger than chief cells and contain more cytoplasm, which stains deeply with eosin.
Their nuclei are smaller and more darkly staining than those of chief cells, and their cytoplasm is unusually rich in mitochondria.
The functional significance of oxyphil cells and their relationship to chief cells are uncertain [/INST] question: How many parathyroid glands do humans have? | options: A: 4 B: 3 C: 2 D: 1 | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Mr. Smith works in an office. He's very busy and has no time to have a good rest . Every evening , when he comes back from his office , he's always tired and wants to go to bed early . But his wife, Mrs Smith, often has a lot of interesting things to tell him after dinner . She doesn't stop talking before she goes to sleep .
One day the man felt terrible and couldn't go to work . He decided to go to see a doctor . And Mrs. Smith went to the hospital with him . Before her husband asked the doctor what was wrong with him , the woman told the doctor all and the doctor understood why . He wrote out a prescription . And when Mrs. Smith brought the medicine to the doctor , the doctor said to her , " The bottle of medicine is for your husband and the sleeping pills are for you . " " For me ? " the woman said in surprise " I'm fine . I don't need any medicine ! " " I don't think so , madam " , said the doctor . " They are sleeping pills . Your husband will soon be all right if you take them . " [/INST] question: Mr. Smith work _ . | options: A: in a school B: in a hospital C: in an office D: in a shop | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Le Val de Cantobre, Aveyron (France)
It's in the grounds of a medieval house. There's a swimming pool, a river and a pizza restaurant. The scenery around the park is beautiful and great for walking. A week's stay will cost you about EUR280.
For more information please go to www.eurocamp.co.uk.
Four Seasons Tented Camp, Golden Triangle (Thailand)
This must be one of the best campsites ( ) in the world. Instead of tents, there are "canvas cabins ". And there's a gourmet restaurant, a spa and a pool. There are only 15 of cabins to rent so you'll have to book early. The campsite can only be reached by river boat, but once there you can learn to ride an elephant. Unfortunately, it isn't cheap, and two nights at the Four Seasons will cost you about EUR1,500!
For more information please go to www.Fourseasons.com/goldentriangle.
Three Cliffs Bay, Gower (Wales)
The Three Cliffs Bay is in a beautiful part of the country, and it won't cost you much either: a family tent (2 adults, 2 children) is about EUR28 a day. There's a camp shop where you can buy food and drinks, and there are pubs and restaurants nearby so you won't even have to cook. You can water-ski from the beach, or go walking along the Gower Way.
For more information please go to www.Threecliffsbay.com.
Longitude 131, Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park (Australia)
Situated in the Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park, near the massive red rock formerly known as Ayer's Rock, this is more like a hotel than a campsite. There's a restaurant, a pool and even a library. The only problem is that it's a bit expensive -- around EUR1,500 a night.
For more information please go to www.Longitude131.com.au. [/INST] question: If a couple want to stay in Le Val de Cantobre for two days, they will have to pay about _ . | options: A: EUR56 B: EUR280 C: EUR160 D: EUR80 | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Meckel diverticulum, caused by persistence of the vitelline duct and, on the antimesenteric ileal border, 60 to 100 cm from the ileocecal valve in adults. It is the most common and the most clinically significant congenital anomaly of the small intestine. Two thirds of patients are younger than 2 years. The omphalomesenteric duct (omphaloenteric duct, vitelline duct or yolk stalk) normally connects the embryonic midgut to the yolk sac ventrally, providing nutrients to the midgut during embryonic development. The vitelline duct narrows progressively and disappears between the 5th and 8th weeks gestation. In Meckel's diverticulum, the proximal part of vitelline duct fails to regress and involute, which remains as a remnant of variable length and location. The solitary diverticulum lies on the antimesenteric border of the ileum (opposite to the mesenteric attachment) and extends into the umbilical cord of the embryo. The left and right vitelline arteries originate from the primitive dorsal aorta, and travel with the vitelline duct. The right becomes the superior mesenteric artery that supplies a terminal branch to the diverticulum, while the left involutes. Having its own blood supply, Meckel's diverticulum is susceptible to obstruction or infection. Meckel's diverticulum is located in the distal ileum, usually within 2-3 feet (60-100 cm) of the ileocecal valve. This blind segment or small pouch is about 3-6 cm long and may have a greater lumen diameter than that of the ileum. It runs antimesenterically and has its own blood supply. It is a remnant of the connection from the yolk sac to the small intestine present during embryonic development. It is a true diverticulum, consisting of all 3 layers of the bowel wall which are mucosa, submucosa and muscularis propria. As the vitelline duct is made up of pluripotent cell lining, Meckel's diverticulum may harbor abnormal tissues, containing embryonic remnants of other tissue types. Jejunal, duodenal mucosa or Brunner's tissue were each found in 2% of ectopic cases. Heterotopic rests of gastric mucosa and pancreatic tissue are seen in 60% and 6% of cases respectively. Heterotopic means the displacement of an organ from its normal anatomic location. Inflammation of this Meckel's diverticulum may mimic appendicitis. Therefore, during appendectomy, ileum should be checked for the presence of Meckel's diverticulum, if it is found to be present it should be removed along with appendix. A memory aid is the rule of 2s: 2% (of the population) 2 feet (proximal to the ileocecal valve) 2 inches (in length) 2 types of common ectopic tissue (gastric and pancreatic) 2 years is the most common age at clinical presentation 2:1 male:female ratio However, the exact values for the above criteria range from 0.2-5 (for example, prevalence is probably 0.2-4%). It can also be present as an indirect hernia, typically on the right side, where it is known as a "Hernia of Littre". A case report of strangulated umbilical hernia with Meckel's diverticulum has also been published in the literature. Furthermore, it can be attached to the umbilical region by the vitelline ligament, with the possibility of vitelline cysts, or even a patent vitelline canal forming a vitelline fistula when the umbilical cord is cut. Torsions of intestine around the intestinal stalk may also occur, leading to obstruction, ischemia, and necrosis. [/INST] question: The Meckel&;s diverticulum is situated at a maximum distance of about____ cm from the ileocecal valve - | options: A: 25 B: 60 C: 75 D: 100 | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: She had been shopping with her Mom in Wal-Mart. She must have been 6 years old, this beautiful brown haired, freckle-faced image of innocence. It was pouring outside.
We all stood there under the awning and just inside the door of the Wal-Mart. We all waited, some patiently, others irritated, because nature messed up their hurried day. I am always memorized by rainfall. I get lost in the sound and sight of the heavens washing away the dirt and dust of the world. Memories of running, splashing so carefree as a child come pouring in as a welcome reprieve from the worries of my day.
Her voice was so sweet as it broke the trance we were all caught in, "Mom, let's run through the rain." she said.
"What?" Mom asked.
"Let's run through the rain!" She repeated.
"No, honey. We'll wait until it slows down a bit." Mom replied.
This young child waited about another minute and repeated: "Mom, let's run through the rain."
"We'll get soaked if we do." Mom said.
"No, we won't, Mom. That's not what you said this morning," the young girl said as she pulled her Mom's arm."
"This morning? When did I say we could run through the rain and not get wet?"
"Don't you remember? When you were talking to Daddy about his cancer, you said, if God can get us through this, he can get us through anything!"
_ No one came or left in the next few minutes. Mom paused and thought for a moment about what she would say.
Now some would laugh it off and scold her for being silly. Some might even ignore what was said. But this was a moment of affirmation in a young child's lifetime when innocent trust can be nurtured so that it will bloom into faith. "Honey, you are absolutely right. Let's run through the rain. If get wet, well maybe we just need washing." Mom said. Then off they ran.
We all stood watching, smiling and laughing as they ran past the cars . They held their shopping bags over their heads just in case. They got soaked but they were followed by a few who screamed and laughed like children all the way to their cars. And yes, I did. I ran. I got wet. I needed washing. Circumstances or people can take away your material possessions, they can take away your money, and they can take away your health. But no one can ever take away your precious memories. So, don't forget to make time and take the opportunities to make memories every day! [/INST] question: What attitude of the Mom towards her daughter's suggestion at first? | options: A: Indifferent B: Positive C: Negative D: Curious | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The Internet joins millions of computers all over the world, and it's used by people all over the world. It was invented in the 1960s in the USA. The American government needed a network of computers for its army. Then in the 1970s scientists and businesspeople also wanted to use the Internet to send and receive messages. For some years, they weren't allowed to use US network, and when they were allowed to, the messages were in very simple text without photos.
The World Wide Web was invented by a British scientist named Tim Berners-Lee in 1989. He wanted to send documents to other scientists. So he developed the World Wide Web. This allowed him to send and receive scientific documents with text, drawings and photos. In the 1990s, more and more people began to use the Internet and the World Wide Web.
So, what's the difference between Internet and the World Wide Web? The Internet is the hardware .It allows us to communicate with other people. The World Wide Web is the software. It allows us to create , see, and read multimedia documents.
The web is made up of millions of documents called web pages. These pages are held in computers all over the world. Many people have a favourite website with a number of web pages on the same subject.
Email is a way of using your computer to send and receive messages. It's cheaper and quicker to use email than send normal mail. New users call normal mail "snail mail" because it's so slow.
It took 50 years for 100 million people to listen to the radio. It took 15 years for 100 million people to watch television. By the year 2000, it had taken only about three years for 100 million people to use the Internet. What will happen next on the Internet? [/INST] question: When was the Internet invented? | options: A: In the 1970s B: In the 1960s C: In the 1990s D: In 1989 | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Antifungal Drugs: CLASS IFICATION 1. Antibiotics A. Polyenes:AmphotericinB (AMB),Nystatin, Hamycin, Natamycin (Pimaricin) B. Heterocyclic benzofuran: Griseofulvin 2. Antimetabolite Flucytosine (5-FC) 3 Azofes A. lmidazoles (topical): Clotrimazole, Econazole, Miconazole, Oxiconazole (systemic): Ketoconazole B. Triazoles (systemic): Fluconazole, Itraconazole, Voriconazole 4. Allylamine: Terbinafine 5. Other topical agents Tolnaftate, Undecylenic acid, Benzoic acid, Quiniodochlor, Ciclopirox olamine, Butenafine, Sod. thiosulfate. TERBINAFI N E This orally and topically active drug against dermatophytes and Candida belongs to a new allylamine class of antifungals. In contrast to azoles which are primarily fungistatic, terbinafine is fungicidal: shoer courses of therapy are required and relapse rates are low. It acts as a non-competitive inhibitor of &;squalene epoxidase&;, an early step enzyme in ergosterol biosynthesis by fungi. Accumulation of squalene within fungal cells appears to be responsible for the fungicidal action. The mammalian enzyme is inhibited only by 1000-fold higher concentration of terbinafine. Approximately 75% of oral terbinafine is absorbed, but only 5% or less from unbroken skin. First pass metabolism fuher reduces oral bioavailability. lt is lipophilic, widely distributed in the body, strongly plasma protein bound and concentrated in sebum, stratum corneum and nail plates. It is inactivated by metabolism and excreted in urine (80%) and faeces (20%); elimination :plasma half life of l l-16 hr is prolonged to 10 days after repeated dosing. ESSENTIALS OF MEDICAL PHARMACOLOGY K.D.TRIPATHI SIXTH EDITION PAGE NO:757,765 [/INST] question: Mechanism of action of terbinafine is? | options: A: Binds to ergosterol B: Prevents formation of purine C: Inhition of microtubule formation D: Inhibition of ergosterol synthesis | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Sharks frighten most of us, but Daniel Weaver, a shark scientist, swims with them for a living! We asked him some questions about this unusual job.
So Daniel, what's it like to be a shark scientist?
Well, it's a great job. I often travel to faraway places like South Africa and Fiji to study sharks. On the other hand, a shark scientist sometimes does boring desk work, such as writing reports. Also, shark scientists don't usually get paid a lot.
What qualities do you need to become a shark scientist?
Shark scientists need to be wise and strong. They enjoy working outdoors and they have to be cool and patient . They also have to be quite brave!
So do you think it's a dangerous job?
Well, sharks have up to 15 rows of sharp teeth. However, sharks hardly attack humans. There are over 350 kinds of sharks in the world and only about 10 are dangerous to us. In fact, dogs kill more people every year than sharks! Humans kill over 12 million sharks a year for food and sport!
How do you become a shark scientist?
A shark scientist usually studies _ or _ at university. It's also good to get some work experience in an aquarium . In my opinion, I have the best job in the world! [/INST] question: _ questions were asked about Daniel's unusual job. | options: A: One B: Two C: Three D: Four | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are the causative agents of cutaneous warts as well as proliferative squamous lesions of mucosal surfaces. Although most infections by human papillomavirus are benign, some undergo malignant transformation into in situ and invasive squamous cell carcinoma. Both HPV and polyomavirus have icosahedral capsids and DNA genomes. JC virus, a polyomavirus, was first isolated from the diseased brain of a patient with Hodgkin's lymphoma who was dying of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). This demyelinating disease occurs usually in immunosuppressed persons and is the result of oligodendrocyte infection by JC virus. JC virus has also been isolated from the urine of patients suffering from demyelinating disease. Cryotherapy and laser treatment are the most popular therapies for warts, although surgery may be indicated in some cases. At the present time, there is no effective antiviral therapy for treatment of infection with polyomavirus or HPV West Nile virus is an arbovirus. While prevalent in Europe, Africa, and the Middle East, it was not seen in the United States until the summer of 1999. It is transmitted by mosquitoes and birds, especially crows; these animals are a reservoir. WNV causes a rather mild encephalitis in humans, the exception being older patients or those who may be immunocompromised. [/INST] question: Which of the following is the causative agent of a variety of cutaneous warts (plantar, common, and flat) and is associated with cervical neoplasia? | options: A: Human papillomavirus B: West Nile virus C: Tick-borne encephalitis virus D: Polyomavirus | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The New Folk Sound Of Terry Collier attracted little interest when first released , and by the time it was championed on a music chart, Callier had long abandoned music for a career in computer programming.As a result, he returned to music to make many recordings with some leading young artists in Britain, making it the most successful period of his life.
Terry Callier was born into a poor family on May 24, 1945 and grew up in Chicago.He learned to practice the piano and began singing in groups in his teens.He released his first single, Look At Me Now in 1962.When offered a tour, he seemed to be a shining star soon.But then his mother stepped in, insisting that, at 17 , his place was not on the road but at home studying.
While attending college, he began performing in folk clubs and coffee houses.It was also when he started his songwriting.Callier continued to record and give live concerts through the 1970s touring with some famous popular singers.His combination of fierce guitar, wise lyrics and sweet voices created a distinctive style known as jazz-folk.However, he had more success as a songwriter than as a singer when he sang his hit song The Love We Had Stays on My Mind in 1971.
In 1983 he abandoned music completely to attend his 12-year-old daughter after splitting up with his wife.He got a steady job at the University of Chicago and did not touch a guitar for years.Many years later, some DJs discovered his old recordings and began to play his songs in clubs.Though Callier was unwilling to get involved in music again, Callier was eventually persuaded to come back, which brought him more applauses than he had ever experienced. [/INST] question: What was Callier's mother's attitude towards his dream of becoming a star? | options: A: supportive B: understanding C: indifferent D: opposed | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Miss Benson was the kindest and sweetest person that ever walked the earth. She was my second-grade teacher, and I was going to marry her when I grew up. I would sit in my seat for the entire morning. I wouldn't miss one moment for her presence by leaving the room.
My hand was always the first to be raised when Miss Benson called for volunteers to clean the blackboards or gather papers. I would arrange and rearrange the papers. They had to be in perfect order before I went back to my seat unwillingly.
Early in the term, I started asking my mother to put an extra apple or peach in my lunch, but I never quite worked up the courage to hand my gift to her directly. Each day the delicacy found its way unobserved to the corner of her desk. And each day the response was the same.
''Why, how nice! '' She would pick up the offering and asked: ''What thoughtful little boy or girl brought me this? ''
No one claimed the honor, least of all me. I kept my head down, looking at my desk.
''Can it be that I have a secret admirer? '' she added.
I would feel the red rising in my face. I was certain that everyone was looking at me, and I would sigh with relief when Miss Benson put the fruit away and started the lesson.
Friday was Miss Benson's birthday. Everyone wanted to get her a present. I would give her something, openly. That afternoon was spent combing the fields for wild flowers. Not many were in bloom at that time of year, but finally I managed a patch of beautiful flowers...
In the morning I went to the desk and gave the beautiful flowers to Miss Benson. She accepted them happily and held them to her cheek for a moment. My reward was a smile and a pat on the head.
The next Monday, Miss Benson was not in class. About the middle of the morning, I was asked to go to the headmaster's office. When I arrived, I was surprised to see my mother. On a table were my beautiful flowers...
In the end I was told that the flowers were poisonous. [/INST] question: Which of the following is true? | options: A: Sometimes the boy handed his gift to his teacher directly B: Some classmates of the boy's noticed him put his gift on the corner of her desk C: The boy was too shy to give his gift to his teacher D: The teacher knew the boy was her secret admirer | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Foxes and farmers have never got on well. These small dog-like animals have long been accused of killing farm animals. They are officially classified as harmful and farmers try to keep their numbers down by shooting or poisoning them.
Famers can also call on the services of their local hunt to control the fox population. Hunting consists of running after a fox across the countryside, with a group of specially trained dogs, followed by men and women riding horses. When the dogs eventually catch the fox, the kill it or a hunter shoots it.
People who take part in hunting think of it as a sport. They wear a special uniform of red coats and white trousers, and follow strict rules of behavior. But owning a horse and hunting regularly are expensive, so most hunters are wealthy.
It is estimated that up to 100,000 people watch or take part in fox-hunting. But over the last couple of decades the number of people who are against fox-hunting, because they think it is brutal , has risen sharply. Nowadays it is rare for a hunt to pass off without some kind of conflict between hunters and hunt opponents . Sometimes these incidents lead to violence, but mostly opponents discourage the hunt by misleading riders and disturbing the trail of the fox's smell, which the dogs follow.
Noisy conflicts between hunters and opponents have become so common that they are almost as much a part of hunting as running after foxes itself. But this year supporters of fox-hunting face a much bigger threat to their sport. A Labour Party member of Parliament , Mike Foster, is trying to get Parliament to approve a new law which will make the hunting of wild animals with dogs illegal. If the law is passed, wild animals like foxes will be protected under the ban in Britain. [/INST] question: Wealthy people in Britain have been hunting foxes to _ . | options: A: benefit the farmers B: get entertainment C: show off their wealth D: limit the fox population | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: On 22nd January, 2007, Dave Cornthwaite from the UK became the first person to skateboard across Australia. He made a new world record, by skating a total of 5,823 kilometers. Jack Smith, the previous champion, had skated a total of 4,830 kilometers across the US in 2003. Dave's journey started in Perth and ended in Brisbane traveling about 60 kilometers a day. It took him five months and 13 pairs of shoes. He had great physical pain and he got really sore feet.
If Dave hadn't believed in making his dreams come true, none of this would have happened. Dave left his job two weeks after he had bought a skateboard and decided to go on a journey. He wanted this journey to be about something more than him, so he created an association that would raise money for charities. "If people follow my journey and donations, then I'm doing many people a lot of good," said Dave. This journey had plenty of challenges. He traveled across the Australian desert where temperatures reached 48degC in the day and 0degC at night. He had a serious accident in Adelaide when he jumped on a piece of metal that cut through his foot.
Dave helped raise more than PS50,000 for children's charities, wrote a book and encouraged others to follow in his footsteps. I wish we had more people like him leading the way! [/INST] question: Where is Dave from? | options: A: The US B: Australia C: The UK D: France | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Here's a story about a very interesting family. A young man once went into town and bought himself a pair of trousers. When he got home, he went upstairs to his bedroom and put them on. He found that they were about two inches too long.
He came downstairs, where his mother and his two sisters were washing up tea things in the kitchen. "These new trousers are too long." He said. " They need shortening by about two inches. Would one of you mind doing this for me, please?" His mother and sisters were busy and they said nothing.
But as soon as his mother had finished washing up, she went quietly upstairs to her son's bedroom and shortened the trousers by two inches. She came downstairs without saying anything to her daughters.
Later on, after supper, the elder sister remembered her brother's trousers. She was a kind-hearted girl, so she went quietly upstairs without saying anything to anyone and shortened the trousers by two inches.
The younger sister went to the cinema, but when she came back, she, too, remembered what her brother had said. So she ran upstairs and took two inches off the legs of the new trousers. [/INST] question: The young man bought the new trousers _ his size. | options: A: as long as B: two inches longer than C: as big as D: two inches shorter than | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The 31st Summer Olympics will be held in Brazil in 2016. Before this global sporting event, we started thinking about sports that didn't exist any more and sports that were maybe a little strange. Read the following ones that have ever been included in the past Olympic Games.
Live Pigeon Shooting (1900)
This bloody event was only held once, at the 1900 Paris Games. Nearly 300 birds were killed during the competition, leaving a crime scene of feathers and blood. This is the only event in Olympic history that involved killing live animals.
Kabaddi (1936)
This sport is popular in South Asia. The object is for one member of a team to enter the other side's half of the field, and score points. The attacker then returns to his half of the field.
12 Hour Bicycle Race (1896)
Seven riders got on their bikes at 5 a.m. and rode until 5 p.m. Four riders dropped out before noon, but the winner, Adolf Schmal of Austria, managed about 180 miles. Only Schmal and one other finished.
Tug of War (1900--1920)
This may seem like a basic PE class sport more than an Olympic event, but Tug of War was actually one of the first sports played at the Olympic games in 500 BC.
There are two teams of eight; the winning team must pull the other team six feet forward.
Swimming Obstacle Race (1900)
The athletes had to climb over a pole and a row of boats, and then swim under another row of boats. All of this was done in the Seine River, so they also had to fight against the water. This event was only ever held in 1900, in Paris. [/INST] question: What do you probably think of these events? | options: A: Strange B: Fantastic C: Modern D: Interesting | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: POLYENE ANTIBIOTICS: The name polyene is derived from their highly double-bonded structure. Amphotericin B is described as the prototype. Amphotericin B (AMB): It is obtained from Streptomyces nodosus. Chemistry and mechanism of action The polyenes possess a macrocyclic ring, one side of which has several conjugated double bonds and is highly lipophilic, while the other side is hydrophilic with many OH groups. A polar aminosugar and a carboxylic acid group are present at one end in some. They are all insoluble in water and unstable in aqueous medium. Pharmacokinetics: AMB is not absorbed orally; it can be given orally for intestinal candidiasis without systemic toxicity. Administered i.v. as asuspension made with the help of deoxycholate (DOC), it gets widely distributed in the body, but penetration in CSF is poor. It binds to sterols in tissues and to lipoproteins in plasma and stays in the body for long periods. Administration and dose Amphotericin B can be administered orally (50-100 mg QID) for intestinal moniliasis; also topically for vaginitis, otomycosis, etc.: FUNGIZONE OTIC 3% ear drops. For systemic mycosis, it is available as dry powder along with DOC for extemporaneous dispersion before use: FUNGIZONE INTRA VENOUS, MYCOL 50 mg l It is first suspended in 10 rnl water and then diluted to 500 ml with glucose solution (saline tends to make the suspension coarse). Initially 1 mg test dose is injected i.v over 20 minutes. If no serious reaction follows, 0.3 mg/kg is infused over 4-8 hours. Daily dose may be gradually increased to 0.7 mg/kg depending on tolerance of the patient. The total dose of AMB for majority of cases is 3- 4 g given over 2-3 months. Intrathecal injection of 0.5 mg twice weekly has been given in fungal meningitis. New amphotericin B formulations In an attempt to improve tolerability of i.v. infusion of AMB, reduce its toxicity and achieve targeted delivery, 3 new lipid formulations of AMB have been produced. (a) Amphotericin B lipid complex (ABLC): Contains 35% AMB incorporated in ribbon like paicles of dimyristoyl phospholipids. ( b ) Amphotericin B colloidal dispersion (ABCO). Disc shaped paicles containing 50% each of AMB and cholesteryl sulfate are prepared as aqueous dispersion (c) Lpi osomal amphotericin B (small unilamellar vesicles SUV): Consists of 10% AMB incorporated in uniform sized (60-80 nM) unilamellar liposomes made up of lecithin and other biodegradable phospholipids. The special features of these preparations are: * They, except ABCD, produce milder acute reaction (especially liposomal formulation) on i.v. infusion. * They can be used in patients not tolerating infusion oi conventional AMB formulation. * They have lower nephrotoxicity. * They cause minimal anaemia. * The liposomal preparation delivers AMB paicularh* to reticuloendothelial cells in liver and spleen-----especialh valuable for kala azar and in immunocompromised patients. However, some preparations, especially ABLC and ABCD, produce lower AMB levels and their clinical efficacy relative to conventional formulations appear to be lower. ESSENTIALS OF MEDICAL PHARMACOLOGY K.D.TRIPATHI SIXTH EDITION PAGE NO:757,758 [/INST] question: Induction of treatment in serious fungal infections is mostly done by: | options: A: IV amphotericin B: B Ketoconazole C: 5-flucytosine D: Fluconazole | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Security--for the information on your smartphone, as well as for the phone itself---is a hot topic these days. The truth is that you're packing a lot of sensitive information on your phone, and you should keep it safe.
When it comes to physical security, iPhone users would do well to download Find My iPhone, a free app from Apple that allows you to visit a website and see your (lost, stolen or misplaced) phone on the map. You can then sound an alarm, send a message that will pop up on its screen, lock the phone or erase all your data.
Android does not have an exact equivalent , but there are plenty of alternatives. A free app called Lookout offers the find-my-phone feature. The paid version allows you to wipe the data from your phone remotely.
Then there is your coffee shop's WiFi network. Anyone with minimal technical expert skill can snoop on people using shared wireless networks, harvesting passwords and other personal data. Lookout's apps will caution you when you've logged on to an insecure network, but cannot protect you once you're there.
In order to protect yourself on such networks, you can use a virtual private network, or V.P.N. This turns all your activity into nonsense to anyone trying to read along with you from across the Starbucks. It also keeps websites from tracking you and, if you're traveling, allows you to get access to sites that may be blocked in other countries.
If you have an iPhone, the simplest V.P.N. app is probably Hotspot Shield, whose distinguishing feature is said to be that it automatically kicks in each time you start browsing , as opposed to other V.P.N. apps that require you to start them up manually . This matters, because even if you decide you want a V.P.N. app, you want to spend approximately zero time thinking about it. For the most part, _ was true of Hotspot Shield, though occasionally it took a while to connect or temporarily lost connection without warning. I found myself having to turn the app on and off sometimes, which involved setting my phone constantly.
If even reading about the setting on your phone drives you crazy, then it is probably best to stay away from a V.P.N. app. But if you're the type who can't resist checking your bank balance from your comer bar, the hassle may be preferable to the risk. [/INST] question: Which of the following can warn you against the insecure network? | options: A: Android B: V.P.N C: Lookout D: Find My iPhone | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Mike was the kind of guy you love to hate. He was always happy and always had something interesting to say. If someone asked him how he was doing, he would reply, "Couldn't be better!" He was really a care-free young man and never felt tired.
Mike used to say, "Each morning I wake up and say to myself, 'Mike, you have two choices today. You can choose to be happy or you can choose to be upset.' I choose to be happy. Each time something happens, I am always ready to learn a good lesson. I choose to learn from life."
I tried to understand what he said. Indeed life is all about choices. Every situation is a choice. The bottom line is: You're living your life and you make it either happy or sad.
Several years later I had a car accident and my legs were seriously injured. When I was lying on the ground, I remembered that I had two choices: I could choose to live or choose to die. I chose to live.
People like to say, "Choose the one you love and love the one you choose." Why not choose the one we love and live happily? [/INST] question: What kind of man was Mike? | options: A: A happy young man B: A hard-working man C: An ugly bad boy D: A kind young man | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Even before my father left us, my mother had to go back to work to support our family.Once I came out of the kitchen, complaining, "Mom, I can't peel potatoes.I have only one hand."
Mom never looked up from sewing."You get yourself into the kitchen and peel those potatoes," she told me."And don't ever use that as an excuse for anything again!"
In the second grade, our teacher lined up my class on the playground and had each of us race across the monkey bars, swinging from one high steel bar to the next.When it was my turn, I shook my head.Some kids behind me laughed, and I went home crying.
That night I told Mom about it.She hugged me, and I saw her "we'll see about that" look.The next afternoon, she took me back to school.At the deserted playground, Mom looked carefully at the bars.
"Now, pull up with your right arm," she advised.She stood by as I struggled to lift myself with my right hand until I could hook the bar with my other arm.Day after day we practiced, and she praised me for every rung I reached.I'd never forget the next time, crossing the rungs.I looked down at the kids who were standing with their mouths open.
One night, after a dance at my new junior school, I lay in bed sobbing.I could hear Mom come into my room."Mom," I said, weeping, "none of the girls would dance with me."
For a long time, I didn't hear anything.Then she said, "Oh, honey, someday you'll be beating those boys off with a bat." Her voice was soft and weak.I glanced at her to see tears running down her cheeks.Then I knew how much she suffered on my behalf.She had never let me see her tears. [/INST] question: Which of the following expressions can be used most suitably to describe Mom's attitude when she made the child peel potatoes? | options: A: Cruel B: Serious C: Strict D: Cold | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Peter Owen has been making wigs since the 1980s. He has made wigs for the stars of more than seventy movies, including Tom Hanks inPhiladelphia, Johnny Depp in Sleepy Hollow, and Nicole Kidman in The Others. One of his biggest jobs so far has been designing the hair and make-up for the three Lord of the Rings movies. He had just six weeks to design and make more than a hundred wigs, each one a different style, colour, shape and length.
The hair and make-up in a movie are just as important as the costumes or the sets. Over the years, Peter has made actors look older, younger, healthy and sick. For one movie he even made a female actor look like a man!"What people don't realize about wigs is that we are not always making people more beautiful," he says. "Often we are covering up beauty and making them look ordinary."
All Peter's wigs are hand-made using human hair, so they look as real as possible. This also makes them very expensive--between US$4,500 and US$12,500 each! He knows he's done a good job when people don't realize the star of the movie is wearing a wig. So he was pleased when one newspaper said that Nicole Kidman had dyed her hair dark brown for a movie. "It was a wig and no one knew that," he says. [/INST] question: What is Peter Owen's job? | options: A: An actor B: A director C: A wig maker D: A manager | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: There are various reasons why cancers appear to be on the increase. For one thing, though their sufferers are to be found in all age groups, cancers are particularly likely to attack persons in their middle and advanced years. Naturally, since people live longer these years, there are more cancer sufferers than before. Again, with better methods of diagnosis , doctors can more easily recognize cancerous growths that would formerly have passed unnoticed or that would have been wrongly diagnosed. It is also believed that certain habits and conditions of modern living, including heavy smoking and the pollution of the air, may leave people living in more cancer-causing conditions than before.
We all look forward to the day when a simple medical test can find cancer while it is still small. Researchers around the world are working on _ . Most of their work deals with the examination of the blood.
Researchers in Boston have found something in the blood of cancer patients that does not appear in healthy persons. The test showed which persons had cancer and which did not. It was correct more than 90 percent of the time.
The researchers believe the test may be able to show cancer very clearly in its development. Cancers discovered early usually can be treated successfully.
The test examines very small bits of fat in the blood called lipids . Cancers seem to change lipids although doctors do not know why. The test showed differences between the lipids of the persons with cancer and the lipids of those without cancer.
The researchers say the new test could be a step to develop a simple way to check patients for cancer before the disease shows on an X-ray. [/INST] question: Who will fail cancer from the study of the researchers? | options: A: The young B: The middle age and the older C: The man D: The woman | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: My friend Jack is a taxi driver. He has done this job for ten years. It's a nice job most of the time. He can meet a lot of people every day. He always works late into the night because there are lots of people calling his taxi during the night. He usually goes home after two o'clock in the morning. There are some very strange things, which often happen at night.
One day Jack was taking a young lady back home from a party at three o'clock in the morning. She had her little dog with her. When they got to her house, she found that she had lost her key. So Jack waited in the taxi with the dog while she climbed into her house through the window. Jack waited for about half an hour outside, but the young lady didn't show up . So he decided to find out what was going on. He tied the dog to a tree and started to climb in through the window.
At that moment some policeman came. They thought Jack was a thief who wanted to get into the house to steal things. Luckily, the young lady came downstairs. She must have gone to sleep and forgotten about my friend and the dog. [/INST] question: Jack has been a taxi driver for _ years. | options: A: five B: ten C: fifteen D: twenty | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Many years ago,a French naturalist,the Count de Buffon,wrote some books about natural history.The books were a great success even though some critics did not like them.Some critics said,"Count Buffon is more of a poet than a scientist."
Thomas Jefferson did not like what the Count had said about the natural wonders of the New World.It seemed to Jefferson that the Count had spoken of natural wonders in America as if they were unimportant.
This troubled Thomas Jefferson.He too was a naturalist,as well as a farmer,inventor,historian,writer and politician.He had seen the natural wonders of Europe.To him,they were no more important than those of the New World.
In 1788,Thomas Jefferson wrote about his home state,Virginia.While writing,he thought of its natural beauty and then of the words of the Count de Buffon.At that moment.Jefferson created a new word--belittle.He said."The Count de Buffon believes that nature belittles her productions on this side of the Atlantic."
Noah Webster,the American word expert,liked this word.He put it in this English language dictionary in 1806,"Belittle--to make small,unimportant."
Americans had already accepted Jefferson's word and started to use it.In 1797,the Independent Chronicle newspaper used the word to describe a politician the paper supported."He is an honorable man,"the paper wrote,"so let the opposition try to belittle him as much as they please."
In 1872,a famous American word expert decided that the time had come to kill this word.He said,"Belittle has no chance of becoming English.And as more critical writers of America,like those of Britain,feel no need of it,the sooner it is forgotten,the better."
This expert failed to kill the word.Today.belittle is used where the English language is spoken. [/INST] question: Why did Thomas Jefferson disagree with the Count de Buffon? | options: A: The Count said something silly about the Atlantic B: The Count wasn't a true scientist in natural history C: The Count was a poet from a different country D: The Count belittled the natural wonders in America | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The world's biggest Internet search engine, Google, has proven once again to be King of the Web. Users can download "Google Wi-Fi" software and then enjoy free Wi-Fi service available in some US cities since last Tuesday.
Wi-Fi is short for "Wireless Fidelity" . It allows laptop computers and personal digital assistants to the Internet at high speed by radio signal.
A person with a Wi-Fi enabled computer can connect to the Internet when near one of the network's access points. The place covered by one or several access points is called a hotspot. Google has already set up two "hotspots" in the US city of San Francisco which provide a free Wi-Fi service.
The Wi-Fi technology even allows users to enjoy a free Internet phone service. Some scientists argue that Wi-Fi may replace mobile phone networks.
Wi-Fi is still limited to a few cities, where there are "hotspots". But its capability of sending information has already done better than that of the mobile phone network, even that of 3G(Third Generation Telecommunication Technology). Some scientists have started to call Wi-Fi 4G.
In addition to a high speed Internet connection, Wi-Fi has other advantages compared to mobile phones. Wi-Fi is global. The same Wi-Fi system works in different countries around the world. Different from using cell phones, you don't need to change computers to use Internet phones when you go to other places and most importantly, many Internet phones cost you nothing at all. [/INST] question: Wi-Fi is not available in cities without _ . | options: A: a computer B: a radio C: a cell phone D: a hotspot | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: An indirect inguinal hernia leaves the abdominal cavity by entering the dilated internal inguinal ring and passing along the anteromedial aspect of the spermatic cord. The internal inguinal ring is an opening in the transversalis fascia for the passage of the spermatic cord; an indirect inguinal hernia, therefore, lies within the fibers of the cremaster muscle. Repair consists of removing the hernia sac and tightening the internal inguinal ring. A femoral hernia passes directly beneath the inguinal ligament at a point medial to the femoral vessels, and a direct inguinal hernia passes through a weakness in the floor of the inguinal canal medial to the inferior epigastric artery. Each is dependent on defects in Hesselbach's triangle of transversalis fascia and neither lies within the cremaster muscle fibers. Repair consists of reconstructing the floor of the inguinal canal. Spigelian hernias, which are rare, protrude through an anatomic defect that can occur along the lateral border of the rectus muscle at its junction with the linea semilunaris. An interparietal hernia is one in which the hernia sac, instead of protruding in the usual fashion, makes its way between the fascial layers of the abdominal wall. These unusual hernias may be preperitoneal (between the peritoneum and transversalis fascia), interstitial (between muscle layers), or superficial (between the external oblique aponeurosis and the skin). [/INST] question: Which of the following hernias follows the path of the spermatic cord within the cremaster muscle? | options: A: Femoral B: Direct inguinal C: Indirect inguinal D: Spigelian | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Maurice Sendak's children's book, Where the Wild Things Are, published in 1963, has become very successful throughout the years and was made into a movie earlier this year.
The book's main character is a boy named Max who gets into trouble with his mother and is sent to bed without any supper. Before long, Max's room magically becomes a forest, and he sails away to a land where monsters(,) live. Max isn't scared, though, and becomes king of the wild things, but after a while, he begins feeling homesick. Max sails back home and his supper is still hot when he arrives in his bedroom.
Many teachers and professors like this story and use it to help children develop creativity and imagination. Melina Davis, an education professor, said she likes how the book contains a couple of pages that have only pictures on them. "This allows children to shape the story themselves," she said.
The book contains a few of larger words that some parents worry may confuse children, but experts say those words help improve children's reading skills and challenge them.
Davis said the book is well written which helps kids get involved in the story. "The book talks about what all children go through, like 'I was naughty but my mommy still loves me'," Davis said.
The book also encourages children to face their fears. "I think it's really good to show that Max makes friends with the monsters," Davis said. "Kids can find out monsters aren't always the thing under the bed that's going to scare them. I think this is good because it shows that the children can go to scary places but still have a positive experience."
Since the book has been successful throughout the years, a movie was recently made and many people are excited to see it. Davis said she thinks the movie will be wonderful but it might be a little scary for younger children. "You don't want bad dreams over a book that's extremely wonderful," Davis said. [/INST] question: Teachers and professors like the book because it helps children _ . | options: A: understand pictures B: improve reading skills C: face their fear bravely D: become more imaginative | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Three travelers, Allan, Carl and Paul were sitting on the chairs in a train station. They were waiting for a train that was very late.
To pass the time, they began talking to each other.
At first, they talked about the weather and their work. Then Paul said, "Tell me--what would you most like to do if your doctor tell you that you have only three months to live?"
The other two men thought about this for a while, then Carl spoke.
"Well," he said, "if I have only three months to live, I'll take all my money out of the bank and go to foreign countries for holidays with my best friend, Erik. I'd like to travel to the places in the world as many as possible. And I'll stay at the best hotels and then eat the best food. I think I'll have a wonderful time."
"That's very interesting." Paul said.
With these words, he turned to the other man, saying, "And what about you?"
"I'll tell you a secret," Allan said. "I always want to be a racing driver. So if I have only three months to live, the first thing I'd like to do is to sell my house. With the money I'll buy the fastest car in the world. Maybe I can enter all the big motor races."
Then he laughed, "I might even end up (......) world champion."
"Now it's your turn," Allan went on, "If your doctor tell you the bad news, what would you most like to do?"
"Oh," said Paul with a smile. "I'll go and see another doctor." [/INST] question: The three men were talking _ . | options: A: in the post office B: in the waiting room C: on the train D: on the chairs | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SEAMs) Tamoxifen citrate Though chemically related to clomiphene, it has complex actions; acts as potent estrogen antagonist in breast carcinoma cells, blood vessels and at some peripheral sites, but as paial agonist in uterus, bone, liver and pituitary. Inhibition of human breast cancer cells, and hot flushes reflect antiestro.e;enic action while the weak estrogen agonistic action manifests as stimulation of endometrial proliferation,lowering of Gn and prolactin levels postmenopausal women as well as improvement in their bone density. Tamoxifen is the standard hormonal treatment of breast cancer in both pre- and post menopausal women, though aromatase inhibitors are gaining prominence. In early cases it is given as postmastectomy adjuvant therapy, while in advanced cases it is a constituent of palliative .treatment. Response rates are high in ER-positive breast carcinomas, but some ER-negative tumours also respond suggesting additional nonhormonal mechanism of action. It is also effective following surgery in cancer of male breast. Based on large epidemiological studies which have shown 45% reduction in the incidence of ER positive breast cancer, it has been approved for primary prophylaxis of breast cancer in high risk women. Recurrence rate in ipsilateral as well as contralateral breasts is reduced by tamoxifen,but benefits of prophylactic therapy beyond 5 years are not proven; outcomes may even be worse. Improvement in bone mass due to antiresorptive effect, and in lipid profile are the other benefits of tamoxifen therapy. ESSENTIALS OF MEDICAL PHARMACOLOGY K.D.TRIPATHI SIXTH EDITION PAGE NO:304 [/INST] question: Which of the following drug is used in the treatment of estrogen dependent breast carcinoma? | options: A: Tamoxifen B: Methotrexate C: Paclitaxel D: Adriamycin | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: A slight modification in the W/P ratio or the mixing time can have marked effects on two important properties of the gel, tear strength, and elasticity; thus, the setting time is best regulated by the amount of retarder added during the manufacturing process. Usually, the manufacturers make both fast-setting alginate (1.5 to 3 min) and normal-setting alginate (3 to 4.5 min) to give clinicians a choice of the materials that best suit their working style.
Clinicians, however, can safely influence the setting time by altering the temperature of the water. The higher the temperature, the shorter is the setting time. The temperature of the mixing water should be controlled carefully within a degree or two of a standard temperature, usually 20°C, so that a constant and reliable setting time can be obtained. In hot weather, special precautions should be taken to provide cool water for mixing so that premature gelation does not occur. It may even be necessary to precool the mixing bowl and spatula, especially when small amounts of impression material are to be mixed. [/INST] question: A dentist can best control the setting time of alginate impression material without altering its properties by: | options: A: Using perforated tray B: Altering water powder ratio C: Reducing the rate of mixing D: Altering the temperature of water | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: An angler got the shock of his life when his prize catch turned out to be a crocodile.
Alan _ Prangncl], 64, was reportedly fishing in the 22-acre lake near Ringwood when he felt a sharp tugand started to reel the heavy but unknown fish in.
But, according to the Southern Daily Echo, when the end of the line appeared, the angler claimed it was actually a two-foot long crocodile.
Alan, who has been fishing since lie was six years old, told the paper: "When it appeared I saw it was acrocodile about two feet long.
It was underneath where I was sitting on my box on the water and just lay by the side of my fact for about eight seconds. Then it shot back into the lake.
"It opened its mouth and let out the fish-or what was left of it. It had cut it in half and there was just its head and pan of the body.
"I was in disbelief-I had -o justify in my mind what I had just seen."
the NHS worker reportelly thirks the crocodile was dropped in after its owner found it too big to deal with
He added: "1'vc been fishing in that lake for six years and for the club since 1963, so I know everything
about the lake.
"I'm the person who saw it and I've nothing to gain by lying abut it".
Fishing club officials and Mr PrangneLl have refused to disclose the exact location of the Hampshire lake for fear of large groups pouring in. [/INST] question: What is Alan Prangrell? | options: A: A worker B: A man living on fishing C: A fishing club official D: A reporter of the Southern Daily Echo | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Wang Guozhen, a poet, died of cancer at the age of 59 0n April 26, 2015, one month before his latest book was to be published c), according to Beijing News.The poet's death has started heated discussions online.
He was a graduate of Jinan University in Guangzhou, where he majored in literature. Wang began to write poems in 1985, when his works often appeared in news-papers and magazines.
His books sold so well in 1990 that the people in the publishing business called it"The year of Wang Guozhen". In the following ten years he had written over 50 books.His works such as Going the Distance and Beyond Yourself have influenced a large number of readers born in the 60s and 70s and some of his poems are still often quoted by famous people and writers.
During a speech at the 2013 APEC CEO Summit in Indonesia, Chinese President Xi Jinping quoted a sentence from Wang's poem, saying "There is no mountain higher than man, and no road longer than his feet", which made Wang's works more popular.
"I was inspired by his poems and copied every sentence down on my notebooks, Wang Ling, a Sina wei bo user, wrote "I still miss the time when I had the patience to read poems and really believed in the world built by his words. [/INST] question: Wang Guozhen was born in the year _ | options: A: 1990 B: 1985 C: 1963 D: 1956 | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Basketball is still a young game. It's over a hundred years old. In the winter of 1891, a certain college was having some trouble with its boy students. The weather was bad and the students had to stay indoors. As they couldn't play outdoors, they were unhappy, and some even got into fights from time to time.
Some of the teachers, at the college asked Dr. Naismith to invent a game so that the students might have something to play with. It was not easy to invent such a game because it had to be played indoors , and the court was not very large.
Dr. Naismith thought for a few days and invented a kind of ball game. It was a fast, wonderful game with much moving and passing of the ball. It was played between two teams. To make a score , the ball had to be thrown into the basket ten feet above the floor on the wall . At each end of the court there was such a basket. At first, Dr. Naismith wanted to throw the ball into a box. As he could not find boxes of the right size, he had to use fruit baskets instead. That is how the game got its name. [/INST] question: How long is it since basketball was invented? | options: A: 1000 years B: More than 100 years C: 1100 years D: Less than 100 years | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: China's Jade Rabbit moon rover has " woken up" since it entered the lunar night two weeks ago. The moon rover, known as Yutu in Mandarin Chinese, and the Chang'e-3 lander were restarted by the Beijing Aerospace Control Center (BACC), China's Xinhua news agency said.
It had been set to sleep for two weeks to ride out extreme climatic conditions and will finally undertake its scientific mission. The Jade Rabbit was " put to sleep" on 26 December at the onset of the first lunar night of the mission. One night on the moon lasts for around two weeks on Earth and during this time, temperatures fall to -180degC ---conditions too cold for the equipment to function in. There is also no sunlight to power the Jade Rabbit's solar panels.
Zhou Jianliang, chief engineer with the BACC, explained: " During the lunar night, the lander and the rover were in a power-off condition and the communication with Earth was cut off.
" When the night ends, they will be started up with the power provided by sunlight and resume operation and communication according to preset programmes. He added that the Jade Rabbit surviving the lunar night showed Chinese technology had proved successful.
The Jade Rabbit and the lander compose Chang'e-3 landed on the moon on 14 December. With the landing, China became one of only three nations to soft-land on the moon, and the first to do so in more than three decades.
Scientists said the mission was designed to test new technologies and build the country's expertise of space exploration. The Jade Rabbit will gather scientific data and capture images from the Moon. China was planning further missions planned to collect lunar soil samples and it is thought officials are looking to conduct manned lunar landings if they prove successful. [/INST] question: Jade Rabbit fell into sleep because _ . | options: A: there was something wrong in the machine B: the Chang'e-3 lander struck it by accident C: it was designed to avoid the bad weather D: it had completed the scientific mission | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: In a 45 years old female patient, who presented with painless supraclavicular lymph node enlargement. Biopsy revealed binucleated acidophilic owl eye appearance with floating lymphocytes in empty space, which was CD 15, CD 30 positive. The most probable diagnosis is Hodgkin's lymphoma. Nodular sclerosis, mixed cellularity and lymphocyte-depleted variants are positive for CD 15 and CD30. But Nodular sclerosis variant is most common type and more common in females. So, in the above-mentioned clinical situation, most probable diagnosis is nodular sclerosis variant of Hodgkin's lymphoma.Reed-Sternberg cells are large and are either multinucleated or have a bibbed nucleus (thus resembling an 'owl's eye' appearance) with prominent eosinophilic inclusion-like nucleoli. Reed-Sternberg cells are CD30 and CDI5 positive, usually negative for CD20 and CD45. The presence of these cells is necessary in the diagnosis of Hodgkin's lymphoma - the absence of Reed-Sternberg cells has very high negative predictive value.Nodular sclerosis:Nodular sclerosis is MC type all over the worldQNodular sclerosis is MC in femalesIt has propensity to involve the cervical, supraclavicular and mediastinal lymph nodes of adults and adolescentsLacunar cells of Reed Sternberg cells variant is seen [/INST] question: A 45 years old female patient presented painless supraclavicular lymphadenopathy. Biopsy revealed binucleated acidophilic owl eye appearance with floating lymphocytes in empty space, which was CD 15, CD 30 positive. What is the most probable diagnosis? | options: A: Lymphocytic predominant Hodgkin's lymphoma B: Nodular sclerosis Hodgkin lymphoma C: Mixed cellularity Hodgkin lymphoma D: Lymphocytic depleted lymphoma | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The home computer industry has been growing rapidly in the United States in the last ten years. Computers used to be large, expensive machines that were very difficult to use. But scientists and technicians have been making them smaller and cheaper while at the same time they have been made easier to use. As a result, their popularity has been increasing as more people have been buying computers for their homes and businesses.
Computers have been designed to store information and compute problems that are difficult for human beings to work out. Some have voices that speak to their operators. Stores use computers to keep records of their inventories and to send bills to their customers. Offices use computers to copy letters, record business and keep in touch with other offices. People also use computers in their homes to keep track of the money they spend.
One important new use of computers is for entertainment. Many new games have been designed to be played on computers. People of all ages play these games. People also buy home computers to watch movies and listen to concerts at home. They have become very popular indeed. [/INST] question: Compared with those of today, computers used to _ . | options: A: work rapidly B: be used for fun C: be large and expensive D: be easy to use | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Insulin + glucose Tall T waves on ECG indicate cardiac manifestation of hyperkalemia. - Intravenous calcium gluconate is the first drug to be administered in a patient with hyperkalemia having E.C.G. abnormalities. - It stabilizes the myocardium immediately. - It acts within minutes and is characterized by improvement in E.C.G. appearance. But an impoant point to note - It does not affect transcellular movement of potassium. Thus it won't help in reducing the hyperkalemia. Among the agents which cause transcellular (intracellular) movement of potassium. - "Intravenous insulin is the fastest way to lower serum potassium levels". The goals of the therapy for the tit of acute hyperkalemia in chronological order are as follows:? i) Antagonize the affect of IC on excitable cell membranes ii) Redistribution of extracellular potassium into cells iii) Enhance elimination of potassium from the body i) Antagonize the effect of potassium on excitable cell membrane Calcium directly antagonizes the myocardial effect of hyperkalemia. It does so by reducing the threshold potential of cardiac myocytes. Calcium. for injection is available as chloride or gluconate salt. The preferred agent is the gluconate salt since it is less likely than calcium chloride to cause tissue necrosis. The onset of action is < 3 minutes. The duration of action is 30-60 minutes during which time fuher measures may be undeaken to lower p1{. ii) Redistribution of potassium into cells :? Insulin Insulin shifts potassium into cells. Potassium shift inside the cells is mediated by Na+ IC ATPase. I.V. insulin is the fastest way to lower serum potassium levelr2. The onset of action is < 15 minutes and the effect is maximal b/w 30-60 minutes. Dextrose is given along with insulin to prevent hypoglycemia. It was believed that administration of dextrose alone, can cause shift of potassium inside the cells by promoting insulin release. * The administration of hypeonic dextrose alone for hyperkalemia is not recommended for two reasons:- Endogenous insulin levels are unlikely to rise to the level necessary for a therapeutic effect. - There is a risk of exacerbating hyperkalemia by inducing hypeonicity. 5' adrenoceptor agonists These drugs can also cause movement of potassium inside the cell. High dose albuterol shows their effect in 30 minutes and persists for at least 2 hours. The effect of insulin is additive with that of albuterol. Patients taking nonselective 18 adrenoceptor blockers will be unlikely to manifest the hypokalemic effects of albuterol. - Even among patients not taking ft blockers as many as 40% seem to be resistant to the hypokalemic effect of albuterol. - The mechanism .for this resistance is unknown and currently, there is no basis for predicting which patients will respond. - For this reason albuterol should never be used as a single agent for the treatment of urgent hyperkalemia. Bicarbonate Bicarbonate (as a bolus injection) was used in the emergency t/t of hyperkalemia. Ironically this dogma was based on studies using a prolonged (4-6 hrs) infusion of bicarbonate. It has now been demonstrated that sho term bicarbonate infusion does not reduce pK in patients with dialysis dependent kidney failure, implying that it does not cause IC+ shift into cells. Sodium bicarbonate seems to have no effect to shift IC into cells even after several hours. It is likely to be effective especially in combination with a diuretic drug in enhancing urinary IC' elimination in patients with some kidney. function, although it use for this purpose has not been evaluated. iii) Elimination of potassium from the body Hyperkalemia occurs most often in patients with renal insufficiency. - However renal potassium excretion may be enhanced even in patients with significant renal impairment by increasing the delivery of solute to the distal nephron. Sodium bicarbonate A sodium bicarbonate infusion administered during 4-6 hrs at a rate designed to alkalinize the urine may enhance urinary K+ excretion and would be desirable especially in patients with metabolic acidosis. The risk of volume expansion with the bicarbonate infusion can be mitigated by use of loop acting diuretics which would, be likely to enhance the kaliuresis. Exchange resin Sodium polysterene sulfonate is a cation exchange resin. In the lumen of intestine it exchanges sodium for secreted potassium. Most of this exchange takes place in the colon, the site of most potassium secretion in the gut. There are two concerns with the use of resin in the t/t of urgent hyperkalemia The first is its slow effect - When given orally, the onset of action is at least 2 hrs and the maximum effect may not be seen for more than 6 hrs. The second is its adverse effect - It can cause intestinal necrosis Dialysis -"Hemodialysis is the method of choice for removing potassium from the body". - The rate of potassium removed with peritoneal dialysis is much slower than with hemodialysis. [/INST] question: A girl presented with severe hyperkalemia and peaked T waves on ECG. Fastest way of shifting potassium intracellularly is aEUR' | options: A: Calcium gluconate IV B: Oral resins C: Insulin + glucose D: Sodium bicarbonate | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: On the bus, on the subway, every head is lowered to a cell phone, iPad, or other digital device. But does this mean more and more people are getting into reading the digital way?
According to the National Reading Survey, before the 17thWorld Reading Day on April 23, only 1.2 percent of Chinese people said they read a lot. But 38.6 percent said they read on digital devices like cell phone and e-books. This is a 17.7 percent increase from 2010.
Many experts are talking about a trend toward fragmented reading --reading many short messages or items on a digital device like a cell phone instead of one long text in a book.
Zhao jianmin, a professor at Shanghai University, said fragmented reading was part of modern life. "The fast _ of life leaves many people no time to sit and read a whole book," he said. "So making use of fragmented time to read is sure to be a trend"
Fragmented reading has its advantages. People can enjoy large amounts of information, knowledge and entertainment in a short time. Digital reading is faster than traditional deep reading.
However, some experts fear the trend of digital reading will lead people to read in a simple way. Xu Guosheng, at a Chinese Academy of Press and Publication, says fragmented reading makes it harder for people to think more about what they read. He also warned fragmented reading could make people lazy about remembering facts because they know they can always just search for answers online.
"Fragmented reading is sometimes good, but don't let it take all your time," suggested Tian Zhilng, an editor. He said it was important to read quality books in a deeper way, and we should read for knowledge, for practical use and for pleasure. He suggested people choose easy books first, then move onto more difficult ones. [/INST] question: How many disadvantages of fragmented reading have been mentioned? | options: A: 1 B: 2 C: 3 D: 4 | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Explanation: BURKITT LYMPHOMA There are three clinical types:
1. African (endemic) Burkitt lymphoma.
2. Sporadic (nonendemic) Burkitt lymphoma.
3. Aggressive lymphomas associated with HIV.
These 3 types are histologically identical. Morphology The tumor exhibits a high mitotic index and contains numerous apoptotic cells,
the nuclear remnants of which are phagocytosed by interspersed benign macrophages.
These phagocytes have abundant clear cytoplasm, creating a characteristic “starry sky” pattern. Immunophenotype These are tumors of mature B cells.
It express surface IgM, CD 19, CD20, CD 10 and BCL6. a phenotype consistent with a germinal center B-cell origin.
Unlike other tumors of germinal center origin, this does not express anti-apoptotic protein BCL2.
Molecular Pathogenesis All forms of Burkin lymphoma are associated with translocations of the c-MYC gene on chromosome 8.
The translocation partner is usually the IgH locus light-chain loci.
All endemic tumors are latently infected with EBV. which is also present in about 25% of HIVassociated tumors and 15% to 20% of sporadic cases.
Clinical Features Endemic Burkitt lymphoma often presents as a mass involving the mandible and shows an unusual predilection for involvement of abdominal viscera,
particularly the kidneys, ovaries and adrenal glands. Sporadic Burkitt lymphoma most often appears as a mass involving the ileocecum and peritoneum.
Burkitt lymphoma is very aggressive but responds well to intensive chemotherapy [/INST] question: Which virus is implicated in Burkitts lymphoma? | options: A: HTLV B: HPV C: EBV D: HHV8 | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Learning a foreign language is difficult for many learners. The following tips may help you learn a foreign language quickly.
Reading aloud
When you start learning a foreign language, you should read aloud. Reading aloud instead of reading lowly only to yourself helps you in remembering. It helps with pronunciation, too.
Building your vocabulary
You'll have to make a few word lists, you have to memorize and review them regularly. You may review the word lists at least once a day for two weeks.
Learning grammar
Learning the grammar of a foreign language is a dry and boring task. But it can speed your language learning. Don't jump to learn tenses , it's better to be done after you've learned some of the language. The most important thing is that you shouldn't worry about the mistakes you'll make when you start. If you do like this, you'll learn the language better.
Watching TV and movies
This is a wonderful way to learn a foreign language quickly. You can watch TV shows in the language you are learning. They'll help you a great deal with the vocabulary as well as catching what others say and also your pronunciation.
,,(5) [/INST] question: Reading aloud while learning a foreign language helps in _ . | options: A: talking to people B: understanding words C: learning grammar quickly D: pronouncing words correctly | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Structure of glomerulus
The glomerulus is composed of an anastomosing network of capillaries lined by fenestrated endothelium invested by two layers of epithelium.
The visceral epithelium (podocytes) is incorporated into and becomes an intrinsic part of the capillary wall, separated from endothelial cells by basement membrane.
The parietal epithelium, situated on Bowman's capsule, lines the urinary space.
The glomerular capillary wall is the filtering membrane and consist of the following structures.
A thin layer of fenestrated endothelial cells.
Glomenilar basement membrane (GBM).
Visceral epithelium (Podocytes) → their adjacent foot processes are separated by filtration slits.
Mesangial matrix and mesangial cells support the entire glomerular tuft.
Glomerular barrier function
The filtration of any substance through glomerular filtration layer depends on two factors -
A. Size of the substance
Glomerular filtration layer is more porous than another capillary membrane.
Any neutral substance <4A diameter freely filters through this layer
B. The charge of the substance
The acidic glycoprotein of the GBM and the acidic sialoglycoprotein of epithelial and endothelial cell coats are negatively charged (anionic).
Therefore all anionic molecules (negatively charged) including albumin are repelled by the filtration layer.
So,
The larger the molecule → less permeable
The more cationic the protein → more permeable [/INST] question: The protein in glomerular basement membrane responsible for charge dependent filtration is - | options: A: Albumin B: Collagen type IV C: Proteoglycan D: Fibronectin | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: In the year Shakespeare died in 1616, New England was born. This was in fact four years before any English speakers permanently settled in _ But in 1616 it was already the subject of the bookA Description of New England, by that busy explorer and promoter Captain John Smith, who had visited the land two years before.
According to Smith, New England owes its name to Sir Francis Drake. Not that Drake ever saw or talked about New England, but in sailing around the world he stopped in 1597 at a place on the Pacific coast of North American and called it Nova Albion, the Latin for "New England". Following Drake's lead, Smith called the area at a similar latitude on the Atlantic coast by the same name, translated into plain English.
The very words New England show the direction of Smith's thinking. This was to be an extension of Old England, not a new kind of community. The map in his book gives only English names for the places of New England, and he provides a special list showing thirty American Indian names replaced by English ones: Accormack by Plymouth, Massachusets River by Charles River, Kinebeck by Edenborough, to list a few. Some of those changes succeeded. But what finally happened after the Plymouth colonists landed four years later has turned out differently than Smith had imagined, for Indian names as well as English ones still cover the new England area. [/INST] question: Captain John Smith arrived at the area New England in _ . | options: A: 1579 B: 1614 C: 1616 D: 1620 | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: An old problem is getting new attention in the United States--bullying.Recent cases included the tragic case of a fifteen-year-old girl whose family moved from Ireland.She hanged herself in Massachusetts in January following months of bullying.Her parents criticized her school for failing to protect her.Officials have brought criminal charges against several teenagers.
Judy Kaczynski is president of an anti-bullying group called Bully Police USA.Her daughter Tina was the victim of severe bullying starting in middle school in the state of Minnesota.She said, "Our daughter was a very outgoing child.She was a bubbly personality, very involved in all kinds of things, had lots of friends.And over a period of time her grades fell completely.She started having health issues.She couldn't sleep.She wasn't eating.She had terrible stomach pains.She started clenching her jaw and grinding her teeth at night.She didn't want to go to school."
Bullying is defined as negative behavior repeated over time against the same person. It can involve physical violence.Or it can be verbal -- for example, insults or threats.Spreading lies about someone or excluding a person from a group is known as social or relational bullying.
And now there is cyberbullying, which uses the Internet, e-mail or text messages.It has easy appeal for the bully because it does not involve face-to-face contact and it can be done at any time.
The first serious research studies into bullying were done in Norway in the late 1970s.The latest government study in the United States was released last year.It found that about one-third of students age twelve to eighteen were bullied at school.
Susan Sweater is a psychologist at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln and co-director of the Bullying Research Network.She says schools should treat bullying as a mental health problem to get bullies and victims the help they need.She says bullying is connected to depression, anxiety and anti-social behavior, and bullies are often victims themselves. [/INST] question: From the case of Tina, we can know that _ . | options: A: bullying is rare B: victims suffered a lot C: schools are to blame D: personalities are related | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Want to add some hours to your day? Ok, you probably can't change the fabric of time. But a new study suggests that the way you feel about your goal can change your concept of time and that some simple strategies could make you feel less rushed.
In a series of experiments, Jordan Etkin, a professor of marketing at Duke, and her co-authors, Loannis Evangelidis and Jennifer Aaker, looked at what happens when people see their goals as conflicting with one another. In one, they asked some participants to list two of their goals that they felt were in conflict, and others simply to list two of their goals. Those who were forced to think about conflicting aims felt more time pressure than those who weren't. In another experiment, the researchers gave participants a similar prompt regarding goal conflict, but this time measured their anxiety levels as well as their attitudes toward time. They found that participants who thought about conflicting goals had more anxiety than those who didn't, and that this, in turn, led to feelings of being short on time.
"Stress and anxiety and time pressure are closely linked concepts," D. Etkin explained. "When we feel more stress and anxiety in relation to our personal goals, that manifests as a sense of having less time."
Technological advances that allow people to do lots of things at once may increase the fe'eling of goal conflict, she said."I think the easier it is for us to try to deal with a lot of these things at the same time," She said"the more opportunity there is for us to feel this conflict between our goals."She isn't the first to suggest that actual busyness isn't the only thing that can make us feel busy At the Atlantic, Derek Thompson wrote that "as a country, we're working less than we did in the 1960s and 1980s." He offered a number of possible reasons some Americans still feel so overworked, including "the fluidness ffl+-) of work and leisure." As he put it:"The idea that work begins and ends at the office is wrong. On the one hand, flexibility is nice, On the other, mixing work and leisure together creates an always-on expectation that makes it hard for white-collar workers to escape the shadow of work responsibilities."
And Brigid Schulte writes in her 2014 book Overwhelmed: How to Work, Love, and Play When No One Has the Time that some researchers believe "time has no sharp edges. What often matters more than the activity we're doing at a moment in time, they have found, is how we feel about it.Our concept of time is indeed,our reality."
Fortunately, Dr. Etkin and her team did find ways of making us feel better about time--or, at least, of reducing the negative influence of goal conflict. When participants performed a breathing exercise that reduced their anxiety, the impact of such conflict on their perception of time was less pronounced. Reframing anxiety as excitement (by reading the phrase "I am excited!" aloud several times) had a similar effect.
Breathing and reframing may not solve everyone's time problems--Ms. Schulte writes that some Americans are indeed working more than they used to. She cites the work of the sociologists Michael Hout and Caroline Hanley, who have "found that working parents combined put in 13 more hours a week on the job in 2000 than they did in 1970. That's 676 hours of additionally paid work a year for a family. And that's on top of all the unpaid hours spent caring for children and keeping the house together." Sometimes, we may feel short on time because we actually are. However, Dr. Etkin believes her findings suggest we may "have the ability to influence our experience of time more than we think we do."
"We're all going to have times in our lives when our goals seem to be in more conflict than others," she said. But with techniques like the ones her team tested, "we really can help ourselves feel like we have more time." [/INST] question: What makes people feel rushed today? | options: A: Goal conflict B: High pressure C: Too much expectation D: Lack of exercise | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: IVP in ureterocele usually shows a round filling defect, sometimes large, in the bladder corresponding to the ureterocele, and characteristic finding of duplication of the collecting system (ureteroceles are nearly always associated with ureteral duplication)
Ureterocele :
Is a cystic dilatation of the terminal ureter, and is obstructive because of a pinpoint ureteral orifice.
It is more common in females
Affected children often are discovered by prenatal sonography or during an investigation of UTI (IVP)
Treatment : o transurethral incision of ureterocele : effectively relieves the obstruction but it may result in V.U.R. necessitating ureteral reimplantation later, or
' open excision of ureterocele and reimplantation 'as primary management'. About other options
An isolated VUR or Duplication of ureter do not explain the filing defect in the bladder.
Sacrococcygeal Teratoma :
The most common presentation here is with an abnormal, obvious protruding mass from the sacral area. Out of the 4 varieties known, only Type IV which contributes 9.8 % ie entirely pre-sacral and not visible externally (90.8% tumors are visible externally).
Bladder and Rectum may be displaced anteriorly but a filling defect is not characteristic as in ureterocele.
Ureters may be partially obstructed resulting in hydro-ureter and hydronephrosis. [/INST] question: A 6 year old girl presents with Recurrent E.coli infection in urine. Ultrasound of abdomen shows Hydroureter and Hydronephrosis. Micturating cysto – urethrogram shows filling defect in urinary bladder. The likely diagnosis is – | options: A: Sacrococcygeal Teratoma B: Vesicoureteric Reflux – grade II C: Duplication of Ureter D: Ureterocele | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: When Marilynne Robinson published her first novel, Housekeeping, in 1980, she was unknown in the literary world. But an early review in The New York Times ensured that the book would be noticed. "It's as if, in writing it, she broke through the ordinary human condition with all its dissatisfactions, and achieved a kind of transfiguration ," wrote Anatole Broyard, with an enthusiasm and amazement that was shared by many critics and readers. The book became a classic, and Robinson was recognized as one of the outstanding American writers of our time. Yet it would be more than twenty years before she wrote another novel.
During the period, Robinson devoted herself to writing nonfiction. Her essays and book reviews appeared in Harper's and The New York Times Book Review, and in 1989 she published Mother Country: Britain, the Welfare State, and Nuclear Pollution, criticizing severely the environmental and public health dangers caused by the Sellafield nuclear reprocessing plant in England--and the political and moral corruption . In 1998, Robinson published a collection of her critical and theological writings, The Death of Adam: Essays on Modern Thought, which featured reassessments of such figures as Charles Darwin, John Calvin, and Friedrich Nietzsche. Aside from a single short story--"Connie Bronson," published in The Paris Review in 1986--it wasn't until 2004 that she returned to fiction with the novel Gilead, which won the National Book Critics Circle Award and the Pulitzer Prize. Her third novel, Home, came out this fall.
Her novels could be described as celebrations of the human--the characters in them are unforgettable creations. Housekeeping is the story of Ruth and her sister Lucille, who are cared for by their eccentric Aunt Sylvie after their mother commits suicide. Robinson writes a lot about how each of the three is changed by their new life together. Gilead is an even more close exploration of personality: the book centres on John Ames, a seventy-seven-year-old pastor who is writing an account of his life and his family history to leave to his young son after he dies. Home borrows characters from Gilead but centers on Ames's friend Reverend Robert Boughton and his troubled son Jack. Robinson returned to the same territory as Gilead because, she said, "after I write a novel or a story, I miss the characters--I feel like losing some close friends." [/INST] question: Robinson's second novel came out _ . | options: A: in 1980 B: in 1986 C: in 1998 D: in 2004 | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: "Reading makes a full man" (Bacon, 1597). Novels written by the writers like Jane Austen, Victor Hugo and Ernest Hemingway help us to know more about our history, culture and many other things.
Jane Austen(.) was one of the most well-known women writers of the world. She was born in England in 1775. Jane loved reading and writing. She wrote a number of famous novels in her life. Among them, Pride and Prejudice<<>> written in 1779 was the most popular.
Victor Hugo(.), born in 1802 in France, was one of the best writers in the19th century. The talent in writing and hard work brought great success to Hugo at an early age. His most popular novel, theHunchback of Notre-Dame<>, was written in 1831. The book was so successful that it was quickly translated into many other languages across Europe.
Ernest Hemingway(.), an outstanding American writer and reporter, was born in 1899. His life experience had a great influence on his writing style. Hemingway lived in France and Italy between the 1920s and 1950s. Most of his books such as The Sun Also Rises were written at that time. He won the Nobel Prize in 1954 mainly because of the novel The Old Man and the Sea. [/INST] question: When was Jane Austen born? | options: A: In 1775 B: In 1779 C: In 1597 D: In 1899 | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: If the pulp exposure in a traumatized, immature permanent (open apex) tooth is large, if even a small pulp exposure exists and the patient did not seek treatment until several hours or days after the injury, or if there is insufficient crown remaining to hold a temporary restoration, the immediate treatment of choice is a shallow pulpotomy or a conventional pulpotomy. A shallow or partial pulpotomy is preferable if coronal pulp inflammation is not widespread and if a deeper access opening is not needed to help retain the coronal restoration. Pulpotomy is also indicated for immature permanent teeth if necrotic pulp tissue is evident at the exposure site with inflammation of the underlying coronal tissue, but a conventional or cervical pulpotomy would be required. Yet another indication is trauma to a more mature permanent (closed apex) tooth that has caused both a pulp exposure and a root fracture. In addition, a shallow pulpotomy may be the treatment of choice for a complicated fracture of a tooth with a closed apex when definitive treatment can be provided soon after the injury. [/INST] question: An 11 year old male patient broke his tooth while playing an hour ago. Intraoral examination shows complicated fracture with pulp exposure of 11 and no mobility of tooth was present. Radiographic examination shows closed apex. What would be the appropriate treatment for the patient? | options: A: Pulpectomy B: Direct pulp capping C: Pulpotomy D: Indirect pulp capping | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: John Nash, a Nobel Prize winner and a mathematical genius whose struggle with mental illness was documented in the Oscar-winning film A Beautiful Mind, was killed in a car accident on May 24th, 2015.
Born in West Virginia, Nash displayed a keenness for mathematics early in life,independently proving Femret's little theorem before graduating from high school. By the time he turned 30 in 1958,he was an unquestionable academic celebrity. At Princeton, Nash published a 27-page thesis that led to applications to economics, international politics, and evolutionary biology.
His signature solution-known as a "Nash Equilibrium "-found that competition among two opponents,not necessarily governed by zero-sum logic. Two opponents can, for instance,each achieve their maximum objectives through cooperating with the other, or gain nothing at all by refusing to cooperate. It is now regarded e, one of the most important social science ideas in the 20th century.
In the late 1950s, Nash began a slide into mental illness. By the time Nash was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1994, he hadn't published a paper in 36 years. But like a child cured of a nightmare by the switch of a light, Nash recovered from his illness seemingly by choosing not to be sick anymore. He continued to work, travel,and speak at conferences for the rest of his life.
In 2001, the release of the film A Beautiful Mind,based an Sylvia Nasar's 1998 book of the same name, introduced Nash's unusual life story to an international audience. [/INST] question: John Nash passed away because of _ | options: A: a mental illness B: overwork C: a traffic accident D: starvation | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Laura was married for 6 months. Her husband was using drugs. She didn't want her son or her unborn baby to live that way, but she was afraid to ask her husband to leave. She left him a note instead. After reading the note, Laura's husband waited for her to come home and then beat her and
her son.
He smashed(......)dishes, pictures and toys and left the house in a terrible mess . He said it was all her fault. After Laura cleaned up the mess she went to the hospital. She was badly hurt all over her body, but the baby was fine.
Laura had little education and she never had a good paying job. She was ashamed to ask for help from the police, courts or women's shelters. Laura wanted her marriage and family to work. Sometimes her husband was very nice to her. She decided to try harder se her children could have a home and a father. Laura joined a church and told a priest about her problem.
But her husband kept using drugs and hurting the family. Finally, she told her husband she loved him, but they should live apart for a while. He beat her again. The priest had called and could tell Laura was in trouble. He came over to talk to her, He asked the husband to go out for a while. Laura packed up her kids and left. Her husband went to jail. Laura got a lot of help from groups that help women who have been beaten. Now she is in college, has her own apartment and works on special projects at a women's shelter. "We got out , and it changed the life for me and my children. You can do it. You can break the cycle." Laura said. [/INST] question: Laura's husband treated her _ . | options: A: carefully B: badly C: coldly D: carelessly | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Guo Jingming is a best-selling author in China. He was born in Zigong, Sichuan Province on June 6, 1983. He is well-known for his essays and fictions, such as On the Edge of Love and Hurt, City of Fantasy, and Tiny Times. His essays and fictions are especially popular with teenagers.
He is also a director and once directed his movie Tiny Times successfully. In June 2013, Guo was awarded the Best New Director at the Shanghai International Film Festival for his first movie Tiny Times. The movie has sold 6.7 million copies.
In 2001, Guo Jingming started to gain _ after winning the New Concept Writing Competition's top award. Lots of young people got to know Guo Jingming little by little.
A year later, Guo entered the writing competition again and won the top prize for the second time. At the same time, a collection of his prose On the Edge of Love and Hurt was published.
In 2003, his first novel City of Fantasy came out. It was the novel that made Guo Jingming famous all over the country.
In 2008, Guo was elected to the Chinese Writers' Association. He became the youngest member of the association. Guo's Tiny Times series was published between 2008 and 2012. [/INST] question: A collection of his prose " On the Edge of Love and Hurt" was published _ . | options: A: In 2001 B: In 2002 C: In 2003 D: In 2005 | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: A wild baby bison at Yellowstone National Park had to be killed because of tourists.
The tourists thought that the baby bison looked cold. They put it in their car and drove to a park ranger station.
A ranger described the action of the tourists as a "dangerous move" because adult bisons can look after their babies very well and they will attack to protect their young.
Park rangers took the animal from the car and set it free. But, sadly, the baby was refused by its family because it had the smell from humans.
Yellowstone National Park explained on Facebook that the smell from people can cause parent animals to refuse to accept their young. The park tried again and again to make the baby bison lives with its parents. After several times they had to give up.
Many people expressed anger at both the tourists and the park.
The park said that they did not have the ability to care for a young bison. They also said that it is "not the task of the park to save animals".
The tourists were fined $110 for touching park wildlife. Park rules say that visitors to Yellowstone should stay at least 22 meters away from all wildlife, and at least 90 meters away from bears and wolves.
One ranger said that Yellowstone recently added many safety signs that say staying near the wildlife there is dangerous to humans and animals as well. Those signs are written in English and other languages. [/INST] question: The tourists took the baby bison to a park ranger station because they thought it looked _ . | options: A: sad B: hungry C: happy D: cold | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: When we can see well, we do not think about our eyes often. It is only when we can notsee perfectly that we come to see how important our eyes are.
People who are nearsighted can only see things that are very close to their eyes. Many people who do a lot of close work, such as writing and reading, become nearsighted. Then they have to wear glasses in order to see distant things clearly.
People who are farsighted face just the opposite problem. They can see things that are far away, but they have difficulty reading a book unless they hold it at arm's length. If they want to do much reading, they must get glasses too.
Other people do not see clearly because their eyes are not exactly the right shape. This, too, can be corrected by glasses. Some people's eyes become cloudy because of cataracts . Long ago these people often became blind. Now, however, it is possible to operate on the cataracts and remove them.
When night falls, colors become fainter to the eyes and finally disappear. After your eyes have grown used to the dark, you can see better if you use the side of your eyes rather than the centers. Sometimes, after dark, you see a small thing to one side of you, which seems to disappear if you turn your head in its direction. This is because when you turn your head, you are looking at the thing too directly. Men on guard duty sometimes think they see something moving to one side of them. When they turn to look straight at it, they can not see it any more, and they believe they were mistaken. However, this mistake happens because the center of the eye, which is very sensitive in daylight, is not as sensitive as the sides of the eye after dark. [/INST] question: We don't know that our eyes are of great importance until _ . | options: A: we think about our eyes B: we cannot see clearly C: we wear glasses D: we have to do much reading | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The slow progression of aortoiliac atherosclerotic occlusive disease is usually associated with the development of collateral flow through the lumbar branches of the aorta, anastomosing via retroperitoneal branches of the gluteal arteries with the profunda femoris arteries in the legs. This network of collateral vessels provides sufficient blood flow to nourish the extremities at rest but cannot prevent claudication of the upper and lower muscle groups of the leg during exercise. Sexual impotence, also part of the Leriche syndrome, is believed to be a result of bilateral stenosis or occlusion of the hypogastric (internal iliac) arteries. Retrograde ejaculation can occur after disruption of the sympathetic chain overlying the distal aorta and left iliac and can occur after dissection around these vessels during vascular reconstructions. Gangrene of the feet or toes is rarely seen unless distal embolization of atherosclerotic material from the aorta occludes the pedal or digital arteries. Dependent rubor is usually a sign of significant ischemia resulting from lower extremity occlusive and not aortoiliac disease. Causalgia or reflex sympathetic dystrophy is a disorder of the sympathetic nervous system that can affect the upper or lower extremities. [/INST] question: Symptoms or signs of atherosclerotic occlusive disease of the bifurcation of the abdominal aorta (Leriche syndrome) include | options: A: Claudication of the buttock and thigh B: Causalgia of the lower leg C: Retrograde ejaculation D: Gangrene of the feet | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: A Russian legend has a story about the origins of cats. The cat's coat, it was said, was originally designed for the dog, but the dog became so impatient when coats were being handed out that he was told to wait at the back of the queue. The cat was given the fur instead of the dog. This, according to Russian folk storied, is the origin of why dogs dislike cats.
A nameless cat with a taste for travel flew for three weeks between New York and Tel Aviv in 1984. It escaped from its owner's cat-box in the plane's luggage compartment on the first trip and all efforts to get it out with bowls of milk and food failed. After nearly 80,000 miles of flying the airline called in a vet who got it out.
The Chinese attitude to the cat was not clear. Cats were welcome for their ability to kill mice and were considered suitable pets for women. On the other hand, they were suspected of bring bad luck into the home. In the days before the invention of the watch, it was said that they used their cats as clocks. The pupils of the cat's eyes were believed to gradually change shape with the position of the sun in the sky. At midday they were a narrow line and they gradually became rounder until sunset.
Britain's cleanest cat is undoubtedly Harvey, a five-month-old Persian who climbed into his owner's washing machine. He went through a ten-minute wash cycle before someone noticed him through the glass door, and pressed the "stop" button. Harvey was soon back to his usual self.
Cats seem to be able to sense earthquakes. Josie, who lives in California, warned her family of a quake in 1971.
She wore her owners. Mr. and Mrs. Miller, at 5:50am by jumping onto the bed and running around. When the Miller followed her out of the house, Josie ran off. The earthquake was only a small one, but the cat raised the alarm every time there was a quake after that. [/INST] question: From the Russian legend we know the dog _ . | options: A: sees the cat his friend B: received the fur coat C: disliked the fur D: got punished by God | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The English language is the result of the invasion of the island of Britain over many hundreds of years.The first invasions were by a people called Angles about 1, 500 years ago. The Angles were a German tribe who crossed the English Channel . Later two more groups crossed to Britain. They were the Saxons and the Jutes. Through many years, the Saxons, Angles and the Jutes mixed their different languages. The result is what is called Anglo-Saxon or old English.
The next great invasion of Britain was done by Vikings about 1, 100 years ago. Many English words used today come from these ancient Vikings.
The next invasion of Britain took place more than 900 years ago, in 1066. History experts call this invasion the Norman Conquest. The Normans were a French-speaking people from Normandy in the north of France. These new rulers spoke only French for several hundred years. It was the most important language in the world at that time. It was the language of educated people. But the common people of Britain still spoke old English.
Old English took many words from the Norman French. Some of these include "damage", "prison", and "marriage". The French language used by the Norman rulers greatly changed the way English was spoken 800 years ago. English became what language experts call Middle English. Middle English sounds like Modern English. But it is difficult to understand now. The history of the English language continues as Middle English becomes Modern English, which is spoken today. [/INST] question: Who was the first invaders of Britain? | options: A: The Angles B: The Saxons C: The Jutes D: The Normans | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Helicobacter pylori was first recognized as a possible cause of gastritis and peptic ulcer by Marshall and Warren in 1984. This organism is readily isolated from gastric biopsies but not from stomach contents. It is similar to Campylobacter species and grows on chocolate agar at 98.6degF (37degC) in the same microaerophilic environment suitable for C. jejuni (Campy-Pak or anaerobic jar without the catalyst). Helicobacter pylori, however, grows more slowly than C. jejuni, requiring 5 to 7 days incubation. C. jejuni grows optimally at 107.6degF (42degC), not 98.6degF (37degC), as does H. pylori.DIAGNOSTIC TESTS FOR HELICOBACTER PYLORINon-invasive Advantages Disadvantages Serum ELISAInexpensiveNot useful for follow-upUrea breath testUseful for follow-upExpensive; may be falsely negative in patients on acid suppression therapyStool antigen testInexpensive; useful for follow-upInconvenientWhole blood assayInexpensive; rapidLess accurate than serum ELISAInvasive (endoscopic)HistologyVisualization of pathologyMay miss low-grade infectionRapid ureaseRapidMay be falsely positive in bacterial overgrowthCultureAntibiotic susceptibilityNot maximally sensitive; not available routinely; requires 4-7 daysELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. [/INST] question: A patient with a burning epigastric pain is admitted to the hospital, and a gastric biopsy is performed. The tissue is cultured on chocolate agar incubated in a microaerophilic environment at 98.6degF (37degC) for 5 to 7 days. On fifth day of incubation, colonies appear on the plate and curved, gram-negative, oxidase-positive rods are observed. Which of the following is the most likely identity of this organism? | options: A: Campylobacter fetus B: Campylobacter jejuni C: Haemophilus influenzae D: Helicobacter pylori | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Behcet syndrome is a multisystem disorder that usually presents with recurrent oral and genital ulcers. Onefouh of patients develop superficial or deep vein thrombophlebitis. Iritis, uveitis, and nondeforming ahritis may also occur. The 50-year-old drug abuser also has a multisystem disease, including systemic complaints, hypeension, skin lesions, neuropathy, and an abnormal urine sediment. This complex suggests a vasculitis, paicularly polyaeritis nodosa. The disease is a necrotizing vasculitis of small and medium muscular aeries. The pathology of the kidney includes an aeritis and, in some cases, a glomerulitis. Nodular skin lesions show vasculitis on biopsy. The 19-year-old with low back pain, morning stiffness, and eye pain has complaints that suggest ankylosing spondylitis. This is an inflammatory disorder that affects the axial skeleton. It is an autoimmune disorder that has a close association with HLA-B27 histocompatibility antigen. Anterior uveitis is the most common extraaicular complaint. Aoic regurgitation occurs in a few percent of patients. The elderly male presents with nonspecific joint complaints typical of polymyalgia rheumatica. The high erythrocyte sedimentation rate is characteristic. The transient loss of vision suggests concomitant temporal aeritis, an impoant association seen paicularly. [/INST] question: A 50-year-old drug abuser presents with fever and weight loss. Exam shows hypeension, nodular skin rash, and peripheral neuropathy. ESR is 100 mm/L, and RBC casts are seen on urinalysis. (SELECT 1 DIAGNOSIS) | options: A: Behcet syndrome B: Ankylosing spondylitis C: Polymyalgia rheumatic D: Polyaeritis nodosa | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: PDA in preterm neonate
In previous explanations I have explained that chances of spontaneous closure of PDA are higher in premature infants as there is no structural abnormality. However, you should keep in mind that this fact is true when we are comparing the spontaneous closure of PDA between term and pre-term neonate. Overall, the percentage of spontaneous closure of PDA in preterm neonate is very low. To avoid confusion, I am explaining following facts in brief :-
Normal neonate :- Ductus arteriosus closes functionally within about 15 hours of birth.
FDA in term (mature) neonate :- The persistence of ductus arteriosus beyond 24 hours after birth is considered as PDA in term neonate. Spontaneous closure of PDA does not usually occur because PDA results from structural abnormality.
FDA in pre-term (pre-mature) neonate :- The ductus arteriosus in pre-term neonate is not as responsive to increased oxygen content as it is in term neonate. However, there is no structural abnormality.
Chances of spontaneous closure are very less (compared to normal term neonate).
Chances of spontaneous closure are more than the term-neonate with PDA. However, in premature neonate, where hypoxic pulmonary disease is common place, the ductus being sensitive to hypoxia, remains open.
So, it is very unlikely that spontaneous closure of PDA will occur in pre-term neonate. But chances are more when compared to term neonate with PDA (not nonnal term neonate in which ductus arteriosus closes within 15 hours of birth).
Manifestations of PDA in pre-term neonate
Apnea for unexplained reasons in an infant recovering from RDS;
A hyperdynamic precordium, bounding peripheral pulses, wide pulse pressure, and a continuous or systolic murmur with or without extension into diastole or an apical diastolic murmur, multiple clicks resembling the shaking of dice;
Carbon 'oxide retention;
Increasing oxygen dependence;
X-ray evidence of cardiomegaly and increased pulmonary vascular markings; and
Hepatomegaly
Increased pulmonary blood flow and compromised ventricular function accompanying dropping pulmonary resistance in the setting of a P A is a significant risk factor for pulmonary hemorrhage.
The greatest risk factor for NEC is prematurity. Any etiology which leads on to hemodynamic or hypoxic insult predisposes to NEC. PDA is common in preteen infants and it definitely causes hemodynamic stress and is a risk factor for development of NEC. [/INST] question: Preterm baby with PDA, which is the least idly findings? | options: A: CO2 washout B: Bounding pulses C: Pulmonary hemorrhage D: Necrotising enterocolitis | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: When I was a foreign teacher in China,every day I taught English to my students and they taught me about China.One day the topic mined to saying "I love you".I was shocked to learn that not one of my students had said this to their mothers,nor had their mothers said it to them."Does your mom love you?" "Of course,"they answered.
"How do you know?" was my logical question.They responded that their moms cooked and Always told them what they were doing wrong to show their earning.I was strummed. So mom's cooking and criticizing read our as "I love you"."Then how do you say 'I love you to her?" They agreed that getting good grades, followed by good jobs would be how they showed their love.
I come from a culture where most people are expressive enough,so I repeated these queries in clauses over time.Gradually,I began to get different responses.Some of them had exchanged those sentiments with their moms.
One of my favorite stories of change came from a girl.When she came home from university,her mother met her at the door and hugged her.This had never happened before,but her mom said,"Now that you have gone I have more time to myself.I noticed that in some places mothers and children hug each other and I decided it was a good idea and that I would begin hugging you."
In my family we all say "I love you" a lot.While it is true that we often say the words without having great depth of feelings at that moment,it is almost like a blessing we give each other. Those three little words carry a world of meaning,even when said as a greeting, but most especially if they are the lax words we say to or hear from those we love. [/INST] question: The foreign teacher _ . | options: A: comes from America B: is a young woman C: is expressive enough D: knows much about China | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Sir John a British scientist who won last year's Nobel prize for medicine, said he had predicted at the time of his frog experiments that the successful cloning of a mammal would happen within 50 years.and that "maybe the same answer is appropriate" far the step to human cloning. Parents who lose children in accidents may be able to clone "copies" to replace them then.
Although any attempt to clone an entire human would raise complex moral issues, the biologist claimed people would soon overcome their concerns if the technique became medically useful.Cloning was regarded with extreme doubts when it was first developed but became widely accepted after the birth of Louise Brown, the first "test tube baby" He said, "When my first frog experiment.s were done, an American reporter asked how long it will be before these things can he done in mammals or humans I said, 'Well, it could be anywhere between 10 years and 100 years-how about 50 year ?' It turned out that it wasn't far off the mark as far as Dolly was concerned.Maybe the same answer is appropriate." Sir John added that cloning a human being effectively means making an identical twin, and doctors would therefore simply be "copying what nature has already produced"
The average vote on allowing parents of deceased children, who are no longer fertile , to create another using the mother's eggs and skin cells from the first child, thinking the technique was safe and effective, is 60 per cent in favor.The reasons for "no" are usually that the new child would feel they were some sort of a replacement for something. . [/INST] question: Sir John predicted the human cloning would be a reality in _ at most. | options: A: 100 yea B: 60 years C: 50 years D: 10 years | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Robots are being used for the first time in hospitals. "Robot-nurses" perform a variety of tasks such as delivering medicine, food and laboratory samples to sickrooms and taking away waste. Patients aren't treated by robots, as this is still done by medical staff. The idea is to employ robots to transport supplies between departments.
"Nurses often have to break off from what they are doing to gather supplies," says Peter Seiff, who makes the robots called TUGs. Research shows any interruption in medical work can lead to errors --- a nurse may forget whether she has given medicine and may give a patient double the dose or none at all.
The robots vary in size according to what job they perform, but normally take the shape of a metal box on wheels, with a box on the side containing their software.
After being programmed, the robots are able to find their way around a hospital unassisted. They also contain scanning technology to create electronic pictures or a "memory" of routes on their hard drives to help them go through passages, doors and other obstacles. Each robot is also monitored at the producer's headquarters in case it runs into any difficulties.
Trials show TUGs reduce the time it takes for a patient to receive medicine, and stop drugs from going missing. A study at the University of Maryland Medical Centre in the U.S. found that when three TUGs were used over the course of a year, the average length of time from the drugstore receiving a prescription to the patient receiving it dropped from 74 minutes to 30 minutes and saved nurses 6,123 hours finding medicines. It also cut the number of medicines that went missing to zero.
"The biggest complaints we receive from patients is that the nurses don't spend enough time with them. Anything that frees nurses is a _ ," says Katherine Mulligan, director of nursing at the hospital, "The TUGs allow nurses to spend more time focusing on patient care. Nurse satisfaction has improved." [/INST] question: Which of the following activities are robot-nurses NOT programmed to deal with? | options: A: Transporting supplies B: Taking away waste C: Taking care of patients D: Creating electronic pictures | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Yinxu (Ruins of Yin) is the ruins of the last capital of China's Shang Dynasty (1600 BC - 1046 BC). The capital served 255 years for 12 kings. It shows the golden age of early Chinese culture, crafts and science, a time of great prosperity during the Chinese Bronze Age .
Discovered in 1899, Yinxu is one of the oldest and largest archeological sites in China and is one of the historical capitals of China and is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It lies in central Henan Province, near the modern city of Anyang, and is open to the public as the Garden Museum of Yinxu. It is famous as the source of oracle bone script , the earliest recorded form of Chinese writing. The oracle bone script has recorded almost everything from dream-explaining to events such as harvests, birth of a child, the weather and the success of military campaigns.
Over 3,000 tombs, 2,200 pits, and 200 houses have been dug out at Yinxu. The large number of burial accessories found there shows the high level of the Shang crafts industry.
The site includes a main palace and an ancient tomb. Besides, there are a number of large buildings, at least 53 of which have been dug out.
Yinxu has seen many years of research, first researched by the Academia Sinica in the late 1920s to the early 1930s and most recently by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. [/INST] question: During which period may Yin have been the capital of Shang Dynasty? | options: A: 1600 BC - 1500 BC B: 1500 BC - 1200 BC C: 1200 BC - 1050 BC D: 1050 BC - 850 BC | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Xenodiagnosis is used in the diagnosis of Chagas disease, which is caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, a hemoflagellate. There are four morphologic forms of hemoflagellates. In man, they may be intracellular, in which they are called leishmanial forms; or, they may be located extracellularly in the blood, in which they are called trypanosomes. The insect vectors may have leptomonads (promastigotes) or crithidial (epimastigote) forms. Leishmaniasis (cutaneous, mucocutaneous/and visceral) only has the leishmania, intracellular forms present in man. In Mrican trypanosomiasis, only the extracellular, or trypanosomal form, is present in man. Chagas disease has both the intracellular (leishmanial) and extracellular (trypanosomal) forms. Chagas disease is rampant in South America and is the major cause of progressive hea failure and death in that area. T cruzi is a flagellated protozoan that is transmitted to man by the bite of the Reduviid bug, or kissing bug, which usually occurs during the night. Sholy after the bite, the bug defecates on the wound site and the sleeping host rubs the organisms into the wound. Periorbital inflammation develops, which is called Romana's sign. Trypanosomes circulate in the blood and leishmanial forms invade (1) the reticuloendothelial cells, producing hepatosplenomegaly; (2) the hea muscle, causing myocarditis and arrhythmias; (3) the brain, producing a meningoencephalitis; and (4) into the gastrointestinal tract, where the leishmania destroy the ganglion cells in the distal esophagus and rectum to produce acquired achalasia and Hirschsprung disease, respectively. Laboratory diagnosis is made by (1) finding trypanosomes in the blood, (2) finding leishmanial forms in tissue, (3) culture, (4) serology, and (5) xenodiagnosis. Xenodiagnosis is a method of inoculation in which sterile Reduviid bugs are fed or offered the blood of an infected patient. After a few weeks, the bug's intestinal contents are examined for presence or absence of the organism. Only 5% of patients die in the acute stage of hea failure, whereas in chronic disease, hea failure is a common cause of death. Nifuimox is the drug of choice. [/INST] question: Xenodiagnosis is used in the diagnosis of a disease that is transmitted by the bite of a | options: A: Body louse B: Deer tick C: Reduviid bug D: Mosquito | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: A routine Wright-Giemsa stain of peripheral blood detects coarse basophilic stippling, which is pathognomonic for lead poisoning. In general, basophilic stippling refers to clumps of blue-staining ribosomes, most often seen in anemias with defects in hemoglobin synthesis (e.g., iron deficiency, the thalassemias, lead poisoning). The ribosomal clumps in lead poisoning are large because of the inactivation by lead of ribonuclease, which normally breaks down the ribosomes. In addition, a routine Wright-Giemsa stain specifically identifies Howell-Jolly bodies (nuclear remnants), malarial pigments, marrow reticulocytes (polychromatic cells or shift cells with a bluish-gray discoloration), and intraerythrocytic parasites (malaria, babesiosis). Special stains are necessary to identify Pappenheimer bodies (hemosiderin requires a Prussian blue stain), reticulocytes (supravital stain detects residual RNA), Heinz bodies (clumps of denatured hemoglobin in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency), and globin chain inclusions (excess a-chains) in severe thalassemia.. [/INST] question: This technique of staining is used to detect | options: A: Peripheral blood reticulocytes B: Heinz bodies C: Coarse basophilic stippling D: Globin chain inclusions in sever - thalassemia | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: When I was a foreign teacher in China, every day I taught English to my students and they taught me about China. One day the topic turned to saying "I love you". I was shocked to learn that not one of my students had said this to their mothers, nor had their mothers said it to them. "Does your mom love you?" "Of course "they answered.
"How do you know ?"was my logical question. They responded that their mons cooked and always told them what they were doing wrong to show their caring. I was stunned .So mon's cooking and criticzing read out as "I love you ". "Then how do you say 'I love you 'to her?" They agreed that getting good grades, followed by god jobs would be how they showed their love.
I come from a culture where most people are expressive enough, so I repeated these queries in classes over time. Gradually, I began to get different response. Some of them had exchanged those sentiments with their moms.
One of my favorite stories of change came from a girl. When she came home from university, her mother met her at the door and hugged her. This had never happened before, but her mom said, "Now that you have gone I have more time to myself. I noticed that in some places mothers and children hug each other and I decided it was a good idea and that I would begin hugging you."
In my family we all say "I love you" a lot .While it is true that we often say the words without having great depth of feelings at that moment, it is almost like a blessing we give each other. Those three little words carry a world of meaning ,even when said as a greeting, but most especially if they are the last words we say to or hear from those we love. [/INST] question: The foreign teacher _ . | options: A: comes from America B: is a young woman C: is expressive enough D: knows much about China | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Water pollution happens when waste things from many areas are thrown into rivers,lakes and seas.
Agriculture
To get more food,farmers use large amounts of chemicals .When the chemicals are not completely used by the plants,they are washed away by the rainwater into rivers,lakes and seas,which pollute both surface water and underground water.
Industry
Factories and industries often _ poisonous chemicals into seas,rivers or lakes,which is quite bad for Mother Nature.An example of industrial sea pollution happened in Japan in the 1950s.A local factory had poured waste water with mercury into the Minamata Bay for 20 years.Tuna fish in the bay took in the mercury and people ate the tuna. Many children were born with birth deformities .As a result,people lost their,hearing and sight,and thousands of people died in the end.
Sea transportation
When ships transporting oil get damaged on the way,oil spillage happens*One major disaster was the Exxon Valdez oil spill.An oil tanker sink off Alaska in 1989 and leaked oil into the ocean.To save cost,some ships also poured unwanted oil from their engine rooms into the sea,thus polluting the oceans*
Home activities
If the waste from the washing of clothes and dishes are not treated and poured into the sea,they will do harm to the sea life.Some diseases may also spread.Sometimes,rubbish is dumped into the sea. [/INST] question: Farmers Use large amounts of chemicals to _ . | options: A: have more food B: release poison C: planting D: plant more crops | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: TH1 cells produce the cytokine IFN-g, which activates macrophages in the classical pathway. TH2 cells secrete IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, which recruit and activate eosinophils and are responsible for the alternative pathway of macrophage activation IFNg, or type II interferon, is a cytokine that is critical for innate and adaptive immunity against viral, some bacterial and protozoal infections. IFNg is an impoant activator of macrophages and inducer of Class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule expression. Aberrant IFNg expression is associated with a number of autoinflammatory and autoimmune diseases. The impoance of IFNg in the immune system stems in pa from its ability to inhibit viral replication directly, and most impoantly from its immunostimulatory and immunomodulatory effects. IFNg is produced predominantly by natural killer (NK) and natural killer T (NKT) cells as pa of the innate immune response, and by CD4 Th1 and CD8 cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) effector T cells once antigen-specific immunity develops TH17 cells secrete IL-17 and other cytokines that induce the secretion of chemokines responsible for recruiting neutrophils and monocytes into the reaction ref robbins basic pathology 9th ed page 55 [/INST] question: IFN gamma is secreted by | options: A: Cytotoxic cells B: T-helper cells 1 C: T-helper cells 2 D: CMI | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Sports and amusing activities have given benefits to people. Besides the entertainment that they offer, health, emotional and personal aspects have also been developed through sports and amusement. It's amazing how one can say that he just found his purpose in life through sports. Some people may even devote their lives to a certain sport. Whether being seen as an amusing activity, a pastime or a way of life, sports and amusement are worthy of everyone's praise.
A large number of sports and amusing activities have become very popular both in the past years and at present, such as baseball, basketball, golf, computer and online games, fitness, motor sports, tennis, and so on.
Computer and online games have become very popular at this age. Young people are mostly the fans of this amusement. Entertainment is what it gives. A lot of online games are there to be played. Some are for sale while others can be downloaded for free.
Fitness is in much the same rank. Women are the major customers who take this activity into their lives. The goal for reshaping their bodies to improve their looks is getting more and more attractive. Considering the lovely points of being healthy and fit, all seem to hash through the lines. No one wants to get behind. This is also a way of giving love to ourselves.
We cannot always pass money by. Taking sports or amusement, you'll have to pay for it sometimes. The cost for learning and enjoying sports changes from one to another. Some sports cost very little while others are costly due to expensive equipment and tools to use.
Choosing a sport, however, requires health considerations. Some people are not allowed to play volleyball and similar activities due to having asthma . Playing may make a person tired easily and will trigger an attack of asthma at once. [/INST] question: Women customers take part in fitness mainly_. | options: A: to give love to others B: to make more money C: to look more attractive D: to go beyond others | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Succinate dehydrogenase or succinate-coenzyme Q reductase (SQR) or respiratory Complex II is an enzyme complex, found in many bacterial cells and in the inner mitochondrial membrane of mammalian mitochondria. It is the only enzyme that paicipates in both the citric acid cycle and the electron transpo together. In step 6 of the citric acid cycle, SQR catalyzes the oxidation of succinate to fumarate with the reduction of ubiquinone to ubiquinol. This occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane by coupling the two reactions together. Little is known about the exact succinate oxidation mechanism. However, the crystal structure shows that FAD, Glu255, Arg286, and His242 of subunit A are good candidates for the initial deprotonation step. Thereafter, there are two possible elimination mechanisms: E2 or E1cb. In the E2 elimination, the mechanism is conceed. The basic residue or cofactor deprotonates the alpha carbon, and FAD accepts the hydride from the beta carbon, oxidizing the bound succinate to fumarate--refer to image 6. In E1cb, an enolate intermediate is formed, shown in image 7, before FAD accepts the hydride. Fuher research is required to determine which elimination mechanism succinate undergoes in Succinate Dehydrogenase. Oxidized fumarate, now loosely bound to the active site, is free to exit the protein. [/INST] question: FAD-linked dehydrogenase is | options: A: Isocitrate dehydrogenase B: Pyruvate dehydrogenase C: Succinate dehydrogenase D: Enoyl reductase | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: DNA is a substance that makes up genes. Everything alive has genes. Plants have genes. Animals have genes. You have genes. Genes are the basic units of heredity . Heredity means all the characteristics you inherit from your parents. You get your genes from your parents. You inherit half of your genes from your mother. You inherit half of your genes from your father. Genes are a kind of code. A tree's genes tell what shape its leaves will be. A cat's genes tell what color1 its fur will be. Your genes tell what color1 your eyes will be. Your genes tell what color1 your hair will be. Everything about you comes from the code in your genes. Genes line up on strands called chromosomes in cells. Everything alive is made up of cells. Chromosomes are in the center, or nucleus, of cells.
An Austrian monk named Gregor Mendel first saw inherited patterns in pea plants. He experimented with pea plants in the 1860s. One of the things, or traits , Mendel studied was what makes some pea plants tall and some short. He said that the traits must come from units of heredity passed from the parent plants. These units were called genes.
In the mid-1900s, scientists discovered that genes are made of DNA. In the 1970s, scientists learned how to change DNA with genetic engineering. Scientists also learned that problems with certain genes cause diseases. Muscular dystrophy, cystic fibrosis, and hemophilia are some genetic diseases--diseases caused by problems in genes. Today, scientists are looking for ways to cure genetic diseases by _ genes through a process called gene therapy. [/INST] question: If one's father has blue eyes, while his mother has grey ones, _ . | options: A: their son will have blue eyes B: Their son is sure to have grey eyes C: their son's eyes will share both that of father's and mother's D: It is probably their son will have either blue eyes or grey ones | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The world's largest travel website,TripAdvisor,released a survey on female travel on April 9.It revea1ed that 43 percent of Chinese women have holidayed alone,slightly higher than the global average of 41 percent.
The survey covered 10 countries and regions,including China,the US, the UK,Germany,France,Italy and Spain,and aimed to explore woman's travel habits especially with regards to solo travelling. According to the survey,when choosing hotels,85 percent of Chinese women will compare prices on different travel websites,much higher than the wor1d average of 57 percent .However, 92 percent of women around the world regard online hotel reviews as an important reference while 71percent of Chinese female travelers do so,which demonstrates that global women travelers attach greater importance to hotel reviews to avoid unsatisfactory accommodation experiences. In contrast,though Chinese women do also check the ratings, they still prefer to be guided by 1ower prices.
Interestingly,84 percent of Chinese women.Identified trying 1ocal food as one of the necessary activities when traveling alone,higher than the global average of 62 percent.Plus,76 percent of Chinese women and 73 percent of global females will take part in cultural and scenic activities.Surprisingly,only 30 percent of Chinese women list shopping as an indispensable must-do on their solo travel trips,lower than the average of 43 percent.
Trip Advisor China President Zheng jiali said,"Globally speaking,solo travel has gradually become a trend among the young generation. And there is no denying that women must face the greater challenges of unknown environments by themselves on their solo trips in the future."
For most Chinese women traveling alone,they not only focus on the journey process but also long for changes that travel can bring about in their minds . Among more than 9,000 respondents around the world, a majority spoke highly of independent trips which have caused significant changes in themselves, with 36 percent saying they have learned about different cultures,43 percent expressing that they are more confident than before and 56 percent feeling they become more independent.In addition,45 percent of Chinese female travelers think independent trips have helped reshape their outlook on life,well above the international average of merely 15 percent. [/INST] question: About what do Chinese women care more when choosing hotels? | options: A: The on line reviews B: The security status C: The accommodation fees D: The nearby environment | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: In the world, soccer (or football) is the most popular sport. This is because many countries have wonderful teams for the World Cup. The World Cup is held every four years.
To remember the 2002 FIFA World Cup, children from different countries and more than 60 children from different Japanese schools came together and spent three weeks drawing a big picture called"Dream World Cup"in Japan. The children drew animals, flowers and people playing soccer under bright blue sky. They wished each football team good luck by drawing the flags of all countries that would take part in the World Cup in Japan and South Korea. The picture was put up in a park near a playground in Yokohama.
Are you a football fan? The World Cup makes more and more people interested in football. Teenagers like playing and watching football. Many of them love some football stars so much that they get pictures of their favorite players such as, Figo, Oven and Pauleta. And they put the pictures up on the walls of their rooms. That is the way to show their love for the World Cup.
,. [/INST] question: If a country wants to take part in the World Cup, it must have _ . | options: A: many football fans B: a very good football team C: many football players D: a big playground | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Three men were travelling across the desert when their car broke down. There were no other traffics, so their only hope was to walk.
Before they set off, they looked around in the car for useful things to take with them. One of the men took a bottle of whisky. Another took an umbrella. The third unscrewed a door from the car and carried that.
After they had been walking for almost a day, they came across a camel caravan travelling towards them.
"Let's try to join the caravan," one of the men said. "It's going the wrong way but we'll be safer than if we keep on alone across the desert."
The other s agreed, so they asked the leader of the caravan for permission to join it.
"You can join the caravan only if you answer three questions," he said. He pointed to the first man's bottle. "What is that and why are you carrying it?" he asked.
"It's a bottle of whisky. I decided to carry it with me so that if I feel miserable and want to give up, I can get drunk, cheer myself up and then keep on walking."
"Very sensible," the leader of the caravan said. Then he pointed to the next man and his umbrella.
"It hasn't rained in the desert for many years," he said. "Why are you carrying an umbrella?"
"I don't want to get heat exhaustion," he replied. "The umbrella will give me shade from the sun."
"Very sensible," the leader of the caravan said. He pointed to the third man and his car door. "And why are you carrying a car door?" he asked him.
"I thought that if I got too hot I could open the window and let some air in," he explained. [/INST] question: What happened to the three men's car? | options: A: It fell over a cliff B: It had an accident C: It stopped and wouldn't start again D: They exchanged it for another one | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: TEENSGIVING is an exciting event where hundreds of New York City teens gather together annually for a remarkable day of community service.This year, TEENSGIVING in SPRING 2013, participants will once again belter New York City and impact thousands of lives!
When is TEENSGIVING in SPRING 2013?
SUNDAY, APRIL 25,2013
Where is TEENSGIVING?
All over New York City.Everyone will meet at the 92nd Street Y (92nd and Lexington) at 9:00 AM for the event kick-off.Then, all TEENSGIVING volunteers will disperse (BW) across the city to work with our partnering agencies where they will make a HUGE difference (and have fun!).
Who participates in TEENSGIVING?
Hundreds of teenagers from around the city.Teens come from the 92ndStreet Y, various city schools, youth groups, and organizations in the area.In addition, many adult volunteers (ages 21 and older) will donate their time to TEENSGIVING in SPRING 2013.
What projects do participants do at the agencies?
Sample projects include painting park benches, planting gardens, visiting and playing with underprivileged children, assembling craft kits for children in hospitals, assisting at animal shelters, working at soup kitchens, delivering meals and celebrating with families at homeless shelters.
Do I get anything for participating in TEENSGIVING?
Yes! Everybody benefits! Teen volunteers will receive *6 hours* of community service credits, good towards honor society, high school graduation and college application requirements.Adult volunteers will be "thanked" with a tight breakfast, a gift certificate for their troubles, and the satisfaction of helping our city's youth contribute to their community.In addition, all teen and adult volunteers will receive a cool TEENSGIVING in SPRING 2013 T-shirt.
This sounds awesome!
How do I register for TEENSGIVING in SPRING 2013?
Interested teens and/or adults should e-mail the TEENSGIVING Coordinator Josh Hyman at [email protected] (subject: TEENSGIVING) to receive more information and to register for this fantastic event!
**Teens can also contact their school's Community Service Advisor**
TEENSGIVING is sponsored by the 92nd Street Y. [/INST] question: TEENGIVING is an activity which is held _ . | options: A: once a year B: twice a year C: from time to time D: once a month | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: For several years, Americans have enjoyed teleshopping -- watching TV and buying things by phone. Now teleshopping is starting in Europe. In a number of European countries, people can turn on their TVs and shop for clothes, jewelry, food, toys and many other things.
Teleshopping is becoming popular in Sweden, for example. The biggest Swedish company sells different kinds of things on TV in 15 European countries, and in one year it made$100 million. In France there are two teleshopping channels, and the French spend about$20 million a year to buy things through those channels.
In Germany, until last year teleshopping was only possible on one channel for 1 hour every day. Then the government allowed more teleshopping. Other channels can open for telebusiness, including the largest American teleshopping company and a 24-hour teleshopping company. German businesses are hoping this new teleshopping will help them sell more things.
Some people like teleshopping because it allows them to do their shopping without leaving their homes. With all the problems of traffic in the cities, this is an important reason. But at the same time, other Europeans do not like this new way of shopping. They call teleshopping "junk on the air". Many Europeans usually worry about the quality of the things for sale on TV. Good quality is important to them, and they believe they cannot be sure about the quality of the things on TV.
The need for high quality means that European teleshopping companies will have to be different from the American companies. They will have to be more careful about the quality of the things they sell. They will also have to work harder to sell things that the buyers cannot touch or see in person. [/INST] question: Teleshopping is _ in Europe. | options: A: not popular B: growing C: not possible D: cheap | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Over half of persons with chronic pulmonary thromboembolism with pulmonary hypertension do not have a history of recurrent pulmonary embolism. Rather than one large life-threatening embolus, chronic thromboembolism occurs from multiple smaller emboli that reduce the pulmonary vascular bed and increase pulmonary pressures, leading to cor pulmonale. Recanalization of thrombi leads to narrow channels causing the bruits. Antiphospholipid antibodies pose a risk for thrombosis. The risk factors for systemic arterial atherosclerosis are not operative in the pulmonary arterial tree, and pulmonary atherosclerosis is a consequence of pulmonary hypertension, not a cause of it. Pneumonitis with parenchymal inflammation reduces ventilation more than perfusion. Sarcoidosis is an idiopathic granulomatous disease that mainly affects the pulmonary parenchyma. ANCA-associated vasculitis of the pulmonary arterial tree may produce vascular occlusion, but there is usually parenchymal disease as well, along with multisystem involvement. [/INST] question: A 45-year-old man has had progressive dyspnea on exertion with fatigue for the past 2 years. On auscultation of his chest he has a prominent pulmonary component of S2, a systolic murmur of tricuspid insufficiency, and bruits over peripheral lung fields. Jugular venous distension is present to the angle of his jaw when sitting. Laboratory studies show antiphospholipid antibodies. CT angiography shows eccentric occlusions with pulmonary arteries and mosaic attenuation of pulmonary parenchyma. Which of the following is the most likely disease process causing his pulmonary disease? | options: A: Atherosclerosis B: Pneumonitis C: Sarcoidosis D: Thromboembolism | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: One day when Jack was walking in the park, he saw a woman he knew sitting on a bench with a dog beside her. The dog was looking up at the woman.
Jack walked up to the woman and said, "Hello, Sue, how are you? May I sit and talk with you for a while?"
"Of course, please sit down," Sue said.
Jack sat down next to Sue on the bench, and they talked quietly together.
The dog continued to look up at Sue, as if waiting to be fed.
"That's a nice dog," Jack said, pointing at the animal.
"Yes, he's handsome. He's a bit of a mixture , but that's a bad thing. He's strong and healthy."
"And hungry," Jack said. "He hasn't taken his eyes off you. He thinks you've got some food for him."
"That's true," Sue said. "But I haven't."
The two friends laughed and then Jack said, "Does your dog bite?"
"No," Sue said. "He's never bitten anyone. He's always gentle and good-tempered ."
Hearing this, Jack decided to _ the dog. He put out his hand and touched the animal's head. Immediately it jumped up and bit him.
"Hey!" Jack shouted. "You said he didn't bite."
"No, I didn't," Sue replied. "You asked if my dog bit, and I said no......" [/INST] question: What did Jack do when he saw the woman? | options: A: He walked past her B: He spoke to her dog C: He spoke angrily to her D: He asked to sit next to her | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Desmoid tumors, also known as "aggressive fibromatosis," are soft tissue lesions that behave similarly to other truncal soft tissue sarcomas but have unique characteristics. These tumors, like other soft tissue sarcomas, present as slow-growing, indolent masses (sometimes can be aggressive). Unlike typical sarcomas however, these tumors rarely metastasize.
Desmoids are diffusely infiltrative and tend to recur locally, even after complete resection..
Most desmoid tumors arise sporadically, but a small percentage (-5%) occurs in association with FAP syndrome.
Desmoids are classified as either abdominal or extra-abdominal. Abdominal desmoids are categorized further as superficial or infra-abdominal tumors . The superficial disease, also known as Dupuytren's fibromatosis, is slow growing, is small in size, and rarely involves deeper structures.Most of the intra-abdominal lesions are seen in association with FAP. These lesions are associated with mutations in the APC gene that are found in patients who have FAP. These tumors usually are found in the mesentery, and their growth and compression of neighboring structures can lead to significant morbidity and sometimes even death in these patients
Sporadic abdominal wall desmoid tumors have been found to be associated with pregnancy. Oral contraceptive use has also been associated with the occurrence of these tumors. These associations, combined with the detection of estrogen receptors within the tumor, suggest a regulatory role for estrogen in this disease.
Tissue injury, such as trauma and/or surgery, also has been implicated in tumor development.
The natural history of desmoid lesions is unpredictable. Although most are indolent and slow growing, some lesions are aggressive. There are some reports of spontaneous regression, but such occurrences are mainly in women and are associated with chemical or surgical menopause. Most lesions are indolent and have benign-appearing histology, but local growth and compression have caused significant morbidity. Involvement of abdominal vessels and organs often complicates management.
Patients with desmoid tumors present with a painless enlarging mass. Local symptoms may arise from compression of adjacent organs or neurovascular structures.
MRI is done to define the extent of disease and its relationship with other structures.
Incisional biopsy or a core needle biopsy is done to confirm the diagnosis.
Management:
Surgery with wide negative margins is the best treatment. Unfortunately, even with complete resection, the local recurrence rate is as high as 40%. Surgery is also the t/t of choice for recurrences.
For tumors where vital visceral organs and local infiltration often make achieving negative margins difficult, other therapeutic modalities have been suggested.
Antiproliferative agents and cytotoxic chemotherapy have been used to palliate these tumors with variable results. The two most widely used groups of noncytotoxic drugs are NSAIDs (such as sulindac and indomethacin) and antiestrogens(such as tamoxifen).
Chemotherapy has generally been reserved for unresectable, symptomatic, and clinically aggressive disease. Partial responses have been observed after treatment with doxorubicin, actinomycin C, dacarbazine, or carboplatin, although toxicity has been relatively high.
Radiotherapy-"The role of radiation therapy in the management of these tumors, either as an adjunct to surgery or as primary treatment, continues to be defined." — Sabiston
"In summary, for easily resectable disease, surgery alone appears to be the optimal approach, especially in patients with negative microscopic margins. In advanced cases, a trial of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or hormonal therapy can be considered in most patients. A period of close observation is also reasonable because some patients demonstrate regression without any therapy. However, if a patient is symptomatic and not a candidate for surgery, consideration should be given to radiation or chemotherapy to increase the chance of a response."-Devita Oncology [/INST] question: Desmoid tumor, treatment is: | options: A: Local excision B: Wide excision C: Wide excision with radiotherapy D: Radiotherapy | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: (Amino acid nitrogen metabolism) (241-Harper 28th) (253-Lippincott's 4th)UREA CYCLE* Urea is the end product of protein metabolism (aminoacid metabolism) and accounts for about 90% of the nitrogen containing compounds of urine. One nitrogen of urea molecule is supplied by free NH3 and other nitrogen by aspartate. Glutamate is the immediate precursor of both ammonia. The carbon and oxygen of urea are derived from CO2. urea is produced by the liver and then is transported in the blood to the kidneys for excretion in the urine* Urea cycles occurs exclusively in the cytosol, urea is produced by the hydrolysis of arginine. The cleavage of argininosuccinate does not require ATP* Carbamoyl phosphate synthase 1 (CPS-I) is the rate limiting reaction or committed step in urea synthesisOutline of Urea cycle* The Urea cycle is linked to the TCA cycle through the productin of fumarate**, Amino acid catabolism, is therefore directly coupled to energy productionMetabolic defects in Urea cycle* Hyper ammonia type ICarbamoyl phosphate synthase I* Hyperammonia type IIOrnithine transcarbamoylase* CitrullinemiaArginosuccinate synthase* Arginosuccinic aciduriaA rginosuccinase* Hyper argininemiaArginase* Dietary consumption of a protein rich meal increases the level of N-acetylglutamate in liver which enhances urea production* Excess ammonia generated from protein nitrogen is removed by urea cycle* Excess nitrogen is removed by IV phenylacetate and benzoate that conjugate with glutamine and glycine respectively (2473-74-H17th) [/INST] question: Urea is end product of | options: A: Aminoacid-nitrogen metabolism B: HMP. Pathway C: Fatty acid- oxidation D: Glycogenolysis | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The Bay Hotel. It's a quiet, comfortable hotel overlooking the bay in an uncommercialised Cornish fishing village on England's most southerly point. If pop music is no longer your strong point, and you are considering a relaxing holiday where the scenery is breathtaking and the sound of the sea is live music to your ears, come and stay with us. For adults only. Sssh! Don't tell everyone! 01326 280464
Willapark Manor Hotel. Peaceful situation in 14 acres of separated gardens and woodland, overlooking picturesque bay. Close to coastal path and beach. Excellent cuisine. Our excellent service brings our guests back year after year. Children (reductions) and pets welcome. 01840 770782
The Country Garden Hotel. Delightful hotel set in lovely gardens; calm Island of Wight near Tennyson Downs, Great food! Garden, sea view and ground floor rooms. Please call for brochure and sample menu. Adults only and pets welcome. 0800 980 1943
Boscastle. Romantic 17th Century farmer's cottage in countryside with splendid coastal views. Well- equipped. Sleeps 5. Regret no pets/smoking.
Garden with furniture. Brochure: 01633 450417
Godshill. 4 star self-served units. Non smoking. Sleeps 2 - 4. Open all year. Good walks. Close to pubs. Peaceful. Cosy. No pets. Brochure: 01983 840371
The Blakeney Hotel. Overlooking harbour, traditional privately owned friendly hotel with bedrooms, lift, heated indoor pool, spa bath and saunas. Relax, walk, sail, play golf, explore the villages, countryside and coast. Special seasonal midweek price for aged citizens. 01263 7407
S W France. Rural setting near Cordes. Two beautifully repainted old houses, sleeps 4/5, Gardens, woodland, pool, views, excellent walks. Available all year round. Outstanding. 01962 776967 [/INST] question: All of the following hotels are close to the sea EXCEPT _ . | options: A: S W France B: The Blakeney Hotel C: Willapark Manor Hotel D: The Country Garden Hotel | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: In 1977 , a dead author of detective stories saved the life of a nineteen-month-old baby in a most unusual way. The author was Agatha Christie, a gentle married lady and one of the most successful writers of detective stories in the world. ks5u
In June 1977 , a baby girl became seriously ill in Qatar , near Sandi Arabia . Doctors were unable to find out the cause of her illness, so she was flown to London and sent to Hammersmith Hospital. A team of doctors hurried to examine the baby only to discover that they, too, were puzzled by the very unusual signs of illness. While they were having a discussion about the baby's illness, a nurse asked to speak to them.
"Excuse me," said Nurse Marsha Maitland, "but I think the baby is suffering from thallium poisoning ."
"What makes you think that?" Dr. Brown asked. "Thallium poisoning is very rare."
"A few days ago, I was reading a novel called 'A Pale Horse' by Agatha Christie," Nurse Maitland explained. "In the book, somebody uses thallium poison, and all the signs are exactly the same as the baby' s . "
"You are very careful and you may be right," another doctor said. "we'll carry out some tests and find out whether it' s thallium or not."
Tests showed that the baby had indeed been poisoned by thallium. Once they knew the cause of the illness, the doctors were able to give the baby the correct treatment. She soon recovered and was sent back to Qatar. Later on it was proved that the poison might have come from an insecticide used in Qatar. [/INST] question: Who first suggested the correct cause of the baby's illness? | options: A: A Doctor in Qatar B: Nurse Maitland C: Dr. Brown D: Agatha Christie | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: In Singapore, many school students spend a lot of time on their studies. People always think that good schooling is the key to success . So, many of these students try their best to get good grades in their tests. They have a lot of homework every day and tests are usually a big problem to them. Sometimes, a few students even have to go to evening classes after school because of the pressure of the tests.
Students have many after-school activities to do at school, such as sports games, dance groups, swimming and rock-climbing. On weekends, they have enough time to do what they like. Most students like to listen to pop music. Hollywood films, Hong Kong and Singapore films are very popular, too. Some of them also spend free time surfing the Internet, e-mailing their friends, playing computer games. They sometimes go to cafes, fast food restaurants, shopping centers and big bookstores. They also join in community service .
So life for students in Singapore is not easy but _ and colorful. [/INST] question: Many students think that good schooling can help them _ . | options: A: enjoy their free time B: have less homework C: be good at playing games D: be successful in the future | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Open today's newspaper. What do you see? Ads! Turn on the TV. Still more ads! Everywhere you look, someone has something to sell.
Here are some ways ads get us to buy.
Some ads use famous people. Stars are paid to sell a product. Think about it. Do they really know about medicine? Do they know about soft drinks? These people may be famous. But they may not know about what they are selling.
Some ads make you think you're getting the words of experts . A man in a white coat comes on TV. He looks nice. "I use White and Black, " he says. This man looks like a doctor. But he is an actor. He has been paid to sell this product.
Does soap have anything to do with a pretty child? Not much. But ads may show their products with something nice, such as the sun, the flowers and so on. Such an ad is about feelings rather than fact.
Ads are full of strong words like "new" and "power" . They can help a product sell. The soap may be called "Spring Rain". A car may be called "Tiger". Strong words work on our feelings.
Some ads make promises . But can they keep them? No. Some ads use our fear of being too late. "Buy now! " they say, "Selling ends soon. " Check to see if this is true. Don't hurry. Take time to think.
All ads hope we will buy something, do something, or think in a certain way. Know what ads are doing. Ask questions to yourself. Don't let their words and pictures fool you.
uld not always believe the ads. [/INST] question: We can see ads _ . | options: A: on TV B: in magazines C: in newspapers D: all the above | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Everyone is familiar with white fat, which serves as an energy warehouse. Many mammals also have brown fat, which has the unique ability to produce heat.
Brown fat is sometimes mistaken for a type of gland , which it resembles more than white fat. It varies in color1 from dark red to tan. When the animal is exposed to a cold environment, the color1 darkens. In contrast to white fat, brown fat has numerous nerves which provide sympathetic stimulation to the fat cells.
Brown fat is most noticeable in newborn animals, wrapped round the central organs to keep them warm. In human infants it occupies up to 5% of body weight, then declines gradually. Certain quantities of brown fat can be discovered in adult humans, especially when they are exposed to cold temperatures. Most of brown fat in adults is located in the lower neck.
Exposure to cold leads to sympathetic stimulation of brown fat cell. As in white fat, sympathetic stimulation promotes hydrolysis of triglyceride , with release of fatty acids. In contrast to other cells, including white fat cells, brown fat cells express UCP1, which gives the cell's mitochondria an ability to produce heat rather than ATP. Within brown fat cells, most fatty acids are immediately combined with oxygen in mitochondria and a large amount of heat is produced.
There is only about 50g of brown fat in the neck region and it switches on and off throughout the day as it's exposed to different temperatures or if you exercise or eat. But this capacity is much greater in young children compared with adolescents and adults.
The challenge is now to use the knowledge to find out what might switch on brown fat. If it is switched on, we can benefit from it. Brown fat produces lots of heat by burning calories. Unlike white fat, brown fat does not expand our ageing waistlines. And that's why the race is on to find out more about brown fat, and how humans could use it to our advantage, though we would waste energy unnecessarily, and we would sweat a lot and forever be opening windows. [/INST] question: Which is the unique factor of brown fat producing heat? | options: A: Fatty acids B: Triglyceride C: UCP1 D: ATP | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: You may have heard about the many benefits of yoga, but a recent New York Times story, has stirred up more than a little controversy in the yoga community.
"How Yoga Can _ Your Body," by science writer William J. Broad, quotes a long-time yoga teacher who "...has come to believe that 'the vast majority of people' should give up yoga altogether. It's simply too likely to cause harm." He goes on to describe a number of cases where people have been injured doing yoga, including himself.
The research in the article isn't groundbreaking: doing any form of exercise you could potentially hurt yourself. If you look at the injury rates of other physical activities, the number of injuries sustained from yoga would pale in comparison.
Practicing yoga is just like anything in life: You have to push yourself in order to grow. But you also have to know your limits and when you're breaking them. If you stick to your comfort zone, you'll never be able to increase your flexibility. If you push to the point where you're not only uncomfortable, but in real pain, you'll likely injure yourself.
The reasons that yoga causes "serious injury", according to the Times story, range from students' physical weaknesses to inexperienced teachers pushing too hard to the growing number of inflexible "urbanites who sit in chairs all day" trying hard to twist themselves into difficult postures.
Yoga is called a "practice" for a reason. You don't have to be perfect. You don't have to tackle every pose. It doesn't matter if you can touch the floor with your palms during your first forward bend or your thousandth, or if you never get there.
We go to the mat to learn to better listen to what our bodies are telling us, and to better hear that quiet inner voice drowned out by the noise of our busy lives. It's a shame to discourage the majority of people from practicing yoga and missing out on all of the mind-body benefits that going to the mat has to offer. [/INST] question: Which is not mentioned among the reasons for yoga being likely to cause injury? | options: A: Teachers lack the knowledge of students' limits B: Modern lifestyle decreases our flexibility C: The body doesn't tell when you are in real pain D: Students themselves might not be in good physical condition | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Various drugs can cause drug-induced interstitial nephritis, including sulfonamides, penicillin, cephalosporins, the fluoroquinolone antibiotics ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin, and the antituberculous drugs isoniazid and rifampin. Acute tubulointerstitial nephritis also can occur with the use of thiazide and loop diuretics, cimetidine, ranitidine, omeprazole, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The disease manifests about 2 weeks after the patient begins to use the drug. Elements of type I (increased IgE) and type IV (skin test positivity to drug haptens) hypersensitivity are present. Congestive heart failure can lead to acute tubular injury, but it is not associated with a rash or proteinuria. The hemolytic uremic syndrome can occur after ingestion of strains of Escherichia coli that may be present in ground beef. Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (GN) could account for the proteinuria and hematuria seen in this patient, but not for the rash because the strains of group A p-hemolytic streptococci that cause a skin infection precede by weeks the development of GN. WBCs, but not eosinophils, may be present in the urine of a patient with a urinary tract infection. [/INST] question: A 32-year-old man developed a fever and rash over 3 days. Five days later, he has increasing malaise. On physical examination, the maculopapular erythematous rash on his trunk has nearly faded away. His temperature is 37.1degC, and his blood pressure is 135/85 mm Hg. Laboratory studies show a serum creatinine level of 2.8 mg/dL and blood urea nitrogen level of 29 mg/dL. Urinalysis shows 2+ proteinuria; 1+ hematuria; and no glucose, ketones, or nitrite. The leukocyte esterase result is positive. Microscopic examination of urine shows RBCs and WBCs, some of which are eosinophils. Which of the following most likely precipitated his renal disease? | options: A: Antibiotic ingestion B: Congestive heart failure C: Eating poorly cooked ground beef D: Streptococcal pharyngitis | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The baby is just one day old and has not yet left hospital. She is quiet but alert . Twenty centimeters from her face researchers have placed a white card with two black spots on it. She stares at it carefully. A researcher removes the card and replaces it by another, this time with the spots differently spaced. As the cards change from one to the other, her gaze starts to lose its focus - until a third, with three black spots, is presented. Her gaze returns; she looks at it for twice as long as she did at the previous card. Can she tell that the number two is different from three, just 24 hours after coming into the world?
Or do newborns simply prefer more to fewer? The same experiment, but with three spots shown before two, shows the same return of interest when the number of spots changes. Perhaps it is just the newness? When slightly older babies were shown cards with pictures of objects(a comb, a key, an orange and so on), changing the number of objects had an effect separate from changing the objects themselves. Could it be the pattern that two things make, as opposed to three? No again. Babies paid more attention to squares moving randomly on a screen when their number changed from two to three, or three to two. The effect even crosses between senses. Babies who were repeatedly shown two spots became more excited when they then heard three drumbeats than when they heard just two; likewise when the researchers started with drumbeats and moved to spots. [/INST] question: Babies are sensitive to the change in _ . | options: A: the size of cards B: the colour of pictures C: the shape of patterns D: the number of objects | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The Italian island of Sardinia recently lost its oldest citizen. Family members say Antonio Todde died in his sleep early this month. Mr. Todde was 112 years old. It was less than three weeks away from his 113thbirthday. Record-keeping experts say he was the world's oldest man.
His long life and that of other very old Sardinians are the subjects of a scientific project called Akea. Luca Deiana of Sassari University is directing the study. He says the name Akea comes from a traditional greeting on Sardinia. It means"health and life for 100 years". Professor Deiana and his team started to collect information for the study in 1997. They identified more than 220 Sardinians who were centenarians--100years old or older. His team required three documents to confirm a person's age. They were a government birth record, a church record and a statement by a close family member.
The Akea study has produced two major findings. The first is Sardinia's extremely high number of centenarians. The island had about 135 centenarians for every one million people. In other Western countries, the average is about seventy five centenarians for every one million people. The second major finding is an unusual rate of female to male centenarians. Sardinia has two women centenarians for every male centenarian. In central Sardinia there are equal numbers of female and male centenarians.
Studies in other parts of the world have shown a much higher percentage of female centenarians. The Akea study collected information about the health and diet of about 140 of the centenarians. About ninety percent of those in the study agreed to provide blood for scientific testing. The study team hope to identify genetic material in the blood that can be linked to successful aging. Study leaders say there is no single reason why people on Sardinia live so long. They believe the answer is a combination of genetic and environmental conditions. [/INST] question: Centenarians refer to people who are _ years old. | options: A: 100 B: 200 C: 300 D: 400 | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Hobbs was an orphan . He worked in a factory and every day he got a little money. Hard work made him thin and weak. He wanted to borrow a lot of money to learn to paint pictures, but he did not think he could pay off the debts.
One day a lawyer said to him, "One thousand dollars, and here is the money." As Hobbs took the package of notes, he was very dumbfounded. He didn't know where the money came from and how to spend it. He said to himself, "I could go to find a hotel and live like a rich man for a few days; or I give up my work in the factory and do what I'd like to do: painting pictures. I could do that for a few weeks, but what would I do after that? I should have lost my place in the factory and have no money to live on. If it were a little less money, I would buy a new coat, or a radio, or give a dinner to my friends. If it were more, I could give up the work and pay for painting pictures. But it's too much for one and too little for the other." "Here is the reading of your uncle's will ," said the lawyer, "telling what is to be done with this money after his death. I must ask you to remember one point. Your uncle has said you must bring me a paper showing exactly what you did with his money, as soon as you have spent it."
"Yes, I see. I'll do that," said the young man. [/INST] question: Hobbs wanted to borrow money to _ . | options: A: study abroad B: work abroad C: pay off the debts D: learn to paint pictures | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: American women experience a great variety of lifestyle. A typical American woman may be single. She may also be divorced or married. She may be a homemaker, a doctor or a factory worker. It is very difficult to generalize about American women. However, one thing that many American women have in common is their attitudes about themselves and their roles in American life.
Historically, American women have always been very independent. The first settlers to come to New England were ten young couples that had left behind their extended families. The women were alone in a new, undeveloped country with their husbands. This has two important effects. First of all, this was the uncivilized environment that demanded every person to share in developing it and in survival. Women worked with their husbands and children to make themselves accepted in this new land. Second, because they were in a new land without the established influence of older members of society, women felt free to step into non--traditional roles.
This role of women was strengthened in later years as Americans move west again, leaving families behind and meeting a new environment. Even later, in the east, as new settlers arrived, women often found jobs more easily than men. Women became the supporters of the family.
Within the established lifestyle of the industrialized twentieth century, the strong role of women was not attractive as in the early days of the country. Some women stepped into the men's jobs as factory and business workers. After the war, some women stayed in these positions, and others left their jobs with a new sense of ability. [/INST] question: A typical American woman is _ . | options: A: single or married B: divorced C: sure about herself and her role D: all of the above | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Walt Whitman was born in eighteen nineteen in New York City. During his long life, he watched America grow from a young nation to the strongest industrial power in the world. Whitman was influenced by events around him. But his poetry speaks of the inner self. He celebrated great people like President Abraham Lincoln. He also celebrated common people.
As a young man, Whitman worked as a school teacher, a printer and a newspaper reporter. He was thirty-six years old when his first book of poetry was published. He called it Leaves of Grass. It has only twelve poems. The poems are written in free verse. The lines do not follow any set form. Some lines are short and some are long. The words at the end of each line do not have a similar sound. They do not rhyme.
One of America's greatest thinkers and writers immediately recognized the importance of Leaves of Grass. Ralph Waldo Emerson praised Whitman's work. _
The America's Civil War began in eighteen sixty-one. During the war, Whitman worked without pay at army hospitals. He helped care for the wounded and dying soldiers. He sat beside these men for hours. He brought them food and wrote letters for them. After the Civil War, Whitman worked for government agencies. He watched the United States try to heal itself and increase democracy. To Walt Whitman, democracy was more than a political system or idea. It was a natural form of government for free people. Whitman believed democracy was meant to honor the rights of every person and the equality of all people.
In eighteen seventy-three, Walt Whitman suffered a stroke. He spent the last few years of his life in Camden, New Jersey and wrote more poems. Whitman was poor and weak during the last few years of his life. He died in eighteen ninety-two. [/INST] question: Walt Whitman expressed his feelings by _ . | options: A: singing songs B: celebrating great people C: writing poems D: praising common people | answer: C </s> |
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