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<s>[INST] context: Crossover occurs during the pachytene stage of meiosis. Meiosis is the mechanism used by the reproductive organs to generate gametes-cells with the haploid number of chromosomes. DNA synthesis occurs before meiotic prophase begins and is followed by a G2 phase. Cells then enter meiotic prophase I. During meiotic prophase I, maternal and paternal' chromosomes are precisely paired, and recombination occurs in each pair of homologous chromosomes. The first meiotic prophase consists of five substages: leptotene, zygotene, pachytene, diplotene, and diakinesis. During metaphase I, there is random segregation of maternal and paternal chromosomes. Homologous chromosomes are aligned on the metaphase plate of the meiotic spindle in metaphase I. The second meiotic division is responsible for the reduction in the chromosome content of the cell by 50%. In meiotic division II, metaphase consists of daughter chromatids of single homologous chromosomes aligned on a metaphase plate (metaphase II). Condensation of the chromatids occurs in leptotene. In zygotene, the synaptonemal complex begins to form, which initiates the close association between chromosomes known as synapsis. The bivalent is formed between the two sets of homologous chromosomes (one set maternal and one set paternal equals a pair of maternal chromatids and a pair of paternal chromatids). The four chromatids form a tetrad (bivalent). Pachytene begins as soon as the synapsis is complete and includes the period of crossover. The fully formed synaptonemal complex is present during the pachytene stage. At each point where crossover has occurred between two chromatids of the homologous chromosomes, an attachment point known as a chiasma forms. The formation of chiasmata and de synapsing (separation of the axes of the synaptonemal complex) occurs in the diplotene stage. Diakinesis is an intermediate phase between diplotene and metaphase of the first meiotic division. [/INST] question: Meiotic crossover occurs in which of the following? | options: A: Leptotene B: Zygotene C: Pachytene D: Diplotene | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: DALLAS - A suburban Dallas woman accused of killing her two young children told a 911 operator that she first tried to poison them because they were autistic and she wanted "normal kids," then choked them with a wire until they stopped moving, according to the recorded call.
Irving police on Wednesday released recordings of the 911 call after Saiqa Akhter was charged with capital murder in the death of her 5-year-old son, Zain Akhter and her 2-year-old daughter, Faryaal Akhter. Police said the children were attacked at the family's apartment Monday night.
In the recording released Wednesday, the woman identified herself as Saiqa Akhter and repeatedly told the operator she killed her two children. At one point, the woman hung up and the dispatcher called her back.
"I killed both of them. I told you," she told the operator. Later, she explained that both children were lying motionless on the bed in the master bedroom.
"They are not doing anything. They are just blue and they are not taking any breaths and ... their heart is not beating," she said.
She told the operator she initially tried to poison the children with bathroom cleaner but they refused to drink it. When that didn't work, "I used a wire on their necks," she said.
When the operator asked the woman why she attacked her children, she said, "They're both not normal, not normal. They're autistic. Both are autistic." Pressed further, she said, "I don't want my children to be like that. ... I want normal kids."
Later, the dispatcher asked the woman what she was feeling. "Nothing," she responded.
At one point, water could be heard running in the background and the dispatcher asked what the woman what she was doing. She told the operator she was trying to wash the smell of cleaner off of her hands. The dispatcher then told the woman to go sit on a couch in the living room and wait for police.
At the end of the recording, police can be heard arriving at the home. [/INST] question: The woman killed her two young children by _ . | options: A: poisoning them B: choking them C: first poisoning and then choking them D: striking them with bathroom cleaner | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Mucormycosis can affect the upper respiratory, pulmonary, cutaneous, gastrointestinal, and central nervous systems. The clinical manifestation of the condition is headache with nasal discharge and sinus pain. Infection quickly spreads from the sinuses to contiguous structures. Ocular involvement manifests as proptosis, periorbital edema, ophthalmoplegia, or vision loss. Angioinvasion by hyphae leads to a black necrotic eschar on the palate or nasal mucosa. Infection spreading from the ethmoid sinus to the frontal lobe can cause obtundation. Mucormycosis in immunocompromised patients typically occurs with spore inhalation or through skin lacerations. Hyperglycemia, usually with related metabolic acidosis, is the most common underlying condition associated with mucormycosis. Rhinocerebral mucormycosis is rapidly fatal and should be suspected in high-risk patients presenting with sinusitis, paicularly those with diabetes and metabolic acidosis. Altered mental status that persists after metabolic abnormalities are corrected suggests possible central nervous system (CNS) infection. Diagnosis is based on histopathology with culture confirmation Treatment requires prompt and aggressive surgical debridement and antifungal therapy with amphotericin B ref - pubmed.com [/INST] question: A 40-year old diabetic patient presents with proptosis of one eye and black eschar over palate. The likely organism is: | options: A: Pseudomonas B: Candida C: E. coli D: Mucor | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: C. Inhalational of aerosol"Mode of infection; The usual mode of infection is through inhalation of droplets of infected secretions. Infection through ingestion of infected material is rare. Rarely infection may be transmitted through skim mucous membrane or transplacentally"- O.RGhai 8th/250Tuberculosis CPDT 17th/56-57Congenital tuberculosis (TB) is rare but may occur in the infant of a mother with hematogenously spread TB or by aspiration of infected amniotic fluid in cases of tuberculous endometritis. Women with pulmonary TB are not likely to infect the fetus until after delivery.Postnatal acquisition is the most common mechanism of neonatal infection.Transmission of TB Nelson 20th (SAE)/1446-47Transmission of M. tuberculosis is person to person, usually by airborne mucus droplet nuclei, particles 1-5 pm in diameter that contain M. tuberculosis.Transmission rarely occurs by direct contact with an infected discharge or a contaminated fomite.The chance of transmission increases when the patient has an acid-fast smear of sputum, an extensive upper lobe infiltrate or cavity, copious production of thin sputum, and severe and forceful cough. Environmental factors, especially poor air circulation, enhance transmission.Most adults no longer transmit the organism within several days to 2 weeks after beginning adequate chemotherapy, but some patients remain infectious for many weeks.Young children with tuberculosis rarely infect other children or adults.Tubercle bacilli are sparse in the endobronchial secretions of children with pulmonary tuberculosis, and cough is often absent or lacks the tussive force required to suspend infectious particles of the correct size. However, children and adolescents with adult-type cavitary or endobronchial pulmonary tuberculosis can transmit the organism. [/INST] question: Most common route of TB infection in neonate born by caesarean section: | options: A: Hematogenously spread B: Through Skin contact C: Inhalational of aerosol D: Tansplacental | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: prefix = st1 /Yao-less Rockets Keep Rising
Houston Agencies(March 9,2008)--Tracy McGrady had 41 points and nine assists as the Houston Rockets won their 18th game continuously with a 106-96 win over New Orleans on Saturday.
McGrady fell just six points short of his season high for points as the Rockets kept their winning record.
The Rockets won their sixth in a row since Chinese All-Star Yao Ming went out for the season with his left foot hurt.Yao had an operation earlier in the week.
Joining Hands
China Daily(March 10.2008)--To celebrate International Women's Day on Saturday, March 8,Avon Products,Inc,a leading global beauty company with almost $10 billion in yearly income and the United Nations Development Fund for Women(UNIFEM)have announced their partnership to ensure women's rights and end violence against women.
Avon has offered $1 million to the UNIFEM.The partnership will enlarge the work of the UN to improve women's economic security and rights.
Oil prices fall below the $105 mark
Bloomberg News(March 11, 2008)--Oil prices dropped below $105 yesterday after last week's record highs and it reduced tension between oil producers Venezuela and Colombia over the weekend.
Cold weather in the United States and the continuing weakening of the US dollars were set as main factors supporting prices.
The rush to a new record was driven by a US Labour Department report saying that employers cut 63,000 jobs in February--the biggest drop in five years. [/INST] question: How much did Avon Products,Inc. provide for UNIFEM? | options: A: $105 B: $10 billion C: $63.000 D: $1 million | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Charlie was always happy. He liked helping others and people asked him for help when they were in trouble. He even got the name"Happy Charlie".
One day, a boy called Waterworks came to the town on holiday. No matter what Charlie said to him, Waterworks would always find some reason to be sad-- My parents didn't buy me that toy; I can't watch TV; I don't like to go to school...... Everything seemed so sad to Waterworks. He was always sad. But Charlie didn't care and kept spending more time with Waterworks , trying to make him happy.
Then, one day, they went out together. When Charlie was saying something, someone dropped a pie from a window and it leaned right on his head. He got such a sudden fear that couldn't say a word. The two boys were speechless. During those moments of silence, Waterworks missed Charlie's happy words so much that he finally said:"Wow,Charlie. That's a nice disguise."
And, after saying those words, Waterworks felt so good and he realized that he was used to his friend's enthusiasm. And came to the town. [/INST] question: Waterworks came to the town _ . | options: A: for a vacation B: to visit Charlie C: for study D: for work | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Nancy would like to take part in a fancy-dress party . She had to go to the party with her friends because her husband has been to another city to go on a business trip. Later that night, she was busy in dressing up herself as a ghost, including putting on masks and some special costumes.
After finishing it, she went downstairs to look at herself in the mirror. Suddenly, there was a knock on the front door. She knew that it must be the baker . She had told him to come straight in if ever she failed to open the door and to leave the bread on the kitchen table. Not wanting to frighten the poor man, Nancy quickly hid in the storeroom under the stairs.
To her surprise, it was her husband who changed his plan and came back home 2 days earlier. The husband called his wife's name happily and looked for her all around. Nancy was so excited that she ran to her husband without realizing she was a ghost at that moment. But it was too late. Her husband let out a cry and jumped back several steps. Then he lost his sense and lay on the ground. [/INST] question: At first, Nancy decided to go to the fancy-dress party with _ . | options: A: her friends B: the baker C: some neighbors D: her husband | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Something caught my eyes when I was walking down the street. Two silver coins were shining in a melting snow bank, so I dug through the snow looking for more. Of course, I just ended up with really cold hands. I slipped the two coins into my pocket and went home, colder but richer. I began to think about how to spend the money...
Two days later, Mary and her little sister were searching the snow banks. "Finders are keepers" was my first thought. I didn't want to hand them out even though Susy was already crying. " I dropped them right here," she said between tears. Her hands were cold and red for digging in the snow. Maybe they slid down the street with the melting snow. Let's dig over here." Mary's voice sounded confident.
"They'll never know" was my second thought, and I walked past them. " Phil, have you seen
two sliver coins?" asked Mary. Susy looked up from digging. _ .
"Tell a lie" was my third thought. "As a matter of fact," I hesitated ,"I dug two coins out of that snow bank just a few days ago. I wondered who might have lost them." Susy hugged me with a big smile, "Oh, thank you, thank you." [/INST] question: How did Phil feel when he was going home? | options: A: Unhappy B: Excited C: Nervous D: Confident | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Jack is an 11-year-old boy. One day he was playing with a ball. The ball went into the street, and Jack ran for the ball. A car hit him.
Jack's parents took him to the hospital. The doctors told them, "Jack's head is hurt. Maybe he will wake up very soon. Maybe he will never wake up."
Every day Jack's parents went to see him and talked to him. But Jack never talked to them. He just slept.
One day Jack's father said, "Wake up, Jack. Let's go home and play with Cody." Cody is Jack's dog. When Jack's father said "Cody", Jack moved his arm. Then Jack's parents had an idea. They told the nurse, "We want to bring Jack's dog to the hospital. Is it OK?" "A dog in the hospital?" the nurse said. "That's very unusual. But. yes, it's OK."
The next day, Jack's parents brought Cody to the hospital. When they put the dog on Jack's bed, Jack opened his eyes. Jack's parents brought Cody to the hospital every day. Cody jumped on Jack's bed and touched Jack's arm. Jack said his first words, "Bad dog!"
After seven weeks Jack was well. He left the hospital and went home with Cody. [/INST] question: What happened to Jack one day? | options: A: He felt ill B: A car hit him C: His ball was missing D: He hit a dog | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: NON-RADIOGRAPHIC METHODS
Tactile Sense
If the coronal portion of the canal is not constricted, an experienced clinician may detect an increase in resistance as the file approaches the apical 2-3 mm. This detection is by a tactile sense. it is ineffective in root canals with an immature apex and is highly inaccurate if the canal is constricted throughout its entire length of if it has excessive curvature. This method should be considered as a supplementary method. If the canals are not preflared, determination of the apical constriction by tactile sensation would be possible in only one-third of the cases
Apical Periodontal Sensitivity
Based on the patients’, responses, dentists observe the ‘eye twitching’ sign. This is no more an acceptable method. Leads to too shorter determination of working length, in cases of inflamed tissues and overestimation in cases of non-vital teeth with periapical pathology
Paper Point Method
Paper points in the root canals with immature apex are the most reliable means determining the working lengths. This method is gently pass the blunt end of the paper point into the canal after profound anaesthesia is achieved. The moisture or blood on the portion of the paper point that passes beyond the apex may be an estimation of working length. This method cannot be used in weeping canals. This is a supplementary method. Paper points with millimetre marking have been introduced, recently. [/INST] question: Which is not a non-radiographic methods of determining the working length: | options: A: Tactile sensation B: Apical periodontal sensitivity C: Paper point method D: Bergman's Method | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: One Sunday a few of us decided to take advantage of the first sunny day we'd have for ages to take a trip down to the coast to visit the penguins again. Last time I went down there was a couple of months ago and it was a dull cold day. Sunday couldn't have been more different -- clear skies and sunshine made it feel like summer, although it was still -25degC.
Six of us drove to the coast. It was the first time we'd been off the base on our own without our field assistant, so it had a slightly different feeling -- more like a few friends going to the seaside than an Antarctic field trip! When we reached Windy Creek, we luckily caught sight of quite a few small flying seabirds, which are seldom seen there.
Once on the sea ice we found that some of the more curious penguins had wandered over from the main group to come and check us out. We'd been told that then they were nursing their chicks and they would be more careful and nervous than last time,
We walked across to the main group which were stretched for a couple of miles along the coast. We sat down for some sandwiches and soon found ourselves surrounded by many curious observers. Without any attackers on land, they were very brave and came within a meter of us to pose for photos.
Before heading back, we spent a few hours on the sea ice watching the penguins and their chicks, which had grown dramatically since our last visit. It was such a nice day. [/INST] question: When did the trip most probably happen? | options: A: On a dull Sunday B: On a warm Sunday C: On a summer Sunday D: On a winter Sunday | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Stephen used to work in a company. Unfortunately , he got serious heart disease . He couldn't work for a long time. Thinking he could still do something for others, he decided to be a volunteer at a Children's Hospital. Stephen loved children very much. With his love, he did his job well. Sometimes he lost his children. They died. At that time, he would tell these sad parents that he would soon be with their children in heaven and he would take care of them. His words seemed to help those parents.
There was a girl who could not walk because of a disease. She couldn't do anything and she was very sad. What was worse, the doctors said that they could do little for her. Stephen decided to try to help her. He started visiting her, bringing paints, brushes and paper. He put the brush in his mouth and began to draw. He didn't use his hands at all. Only his head would move. He always told her that she could do anything she wanted.
At last she began to draw with her mouth. She and Stephen became friends. By and by, the little girl was getting better and better. She was allowed to leave the hospital. One day. to Stephen's great surprise, she walked to see him on her own feet! She gave him a picture she had drawn. At the top, it read: "Thank you for helping me walk. It's all because of your love."
Love can sometimes be more powerful than doctors and medicines. Love makes our world more beautiful and colorful.
Stephen died a few days after the girl gave him the picture. [/INST] question: Stephen couldn't work for a long time because he _ . | options: A: lost his job B: got serious heart disease C: decided to be a volunteer at a Children's Hospital D: was busy helping others | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Technology is making life easier for some dairy farmers. They use robotic systems to milk their cows. These systems are designed to reduce labor and increase milk production.
Cows are trained to follow a series of paths that lead to the milking stations. Only one cow at a time can enter the station. Once inside,the cow is rewarded with food. As the cow eats,a robotic arm cleans and connects the animal to the milking machine. A few minutes later,the milking is completed. The gate is lifted. The cow leaves and the next cow enters. The robotic systems are designed to operate twenty four hours a day. Cows are milked on average about three times a day. Some are milked four to six times a day. The cows wear collars around their necks that identify them to the system. A computer keeps records on their eating and milking. A cow is released from the station if the computer decides it should not be milked. The system also measures the temperature and color of the freshly produced milk. Milk is thrown away if it does not pass the tests. Cows need two to four weeks to learn to use the robotic milking systems. Once trained,the cows no longer require human assistance,unless something goes wrong.
Professor Plaut heads the Department of Animal Science at Michigan State University. She believes the systems will attract especially the next generation of farmers who are more interested in technology and less interested in working all the time on the farm. Still,she says the price of robotic milking systems will continue to limit their use. Doug Suhr has more than one hundred milking cows on his farm. Last year it became the fourth farm in southeast Minnesota to get a robotic milking system. A recent story in a local agricultural newspaper said the first robot cost $175,000 and the second cost $150,000.Doug says the increase in milk production reaches a high of more than 6kg per cow per day. [/INST] question: Under robotic milking systems, _ decide(s) whether a cow is suitable to be milked. | options: A: the robotic arms B: the dairy farmers C: the cows themselves D: a computer | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: External otitis or swimmer's ear is an inflammation of the outer ear and the ear canal. In the virulent form of the disease-malignant external otitis, which occurs in people with diabetes, damage to the cranial nerves and bone may occur. External otitis is caused by either bacterial or fungal pathogens. Bacterial pathogens include Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Enterococcus faecalis. Fungal pathogens include Candida albicans and Aspergillus spp. The majority of bacterial external otitis is caused by P. aeruginosa. P. aeruginosa produces pyocyanin, which is a blue pigment that catalyzes the production of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide. Pyocyanin also stimulates the release of IL-8 (CXCL8 in humans). P. aeruginosa also produces exotoxin A, which ADP-ribosylates EF-2 in the eukaryotic cell leading to the cessation of protein synthesis and cell death. Neither pyocyanin nor exotoxin A is produced by the other pathogens listed (S. aureus, S. epidermidis, E. faecalis, and C. albicans). [/INST] question: A 70-year-old man with a history of diabetes presents with severe pain in his right ear. The patient was diagnosed with external otitis. Further tests suggested that the patient suffered bone and nerve damage. Clinical laboratory analysis showed that the isolated microorganism produced a distinct blue pigment as well as an ADP-ribosylation toxin. What is the most likely causative agent? | options: A: Staphylococcus epidermidis B: Staphylococcus aureus C: Pseudomonas aeruginosa D: Enterococcus faecalis | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: About three hundred words in the English language come from the names of people. Many of these words are technical words. When there is a new invention of discovery, a new word may be coined after the inventor or scientist.
It is interesting to observe how many common words have found their way into the language from the names of people. Lord Sandwich, who lived from 1718-1792, used to sit at the gambling table eating bread with meat in between. As the Lord was the only one among his friends who ate bread in that way, his friends began to call the bread "sandwich" for fun. Later on,the word became part of the English language.
The word "boycott" means to refuse to have anything to do with somebody or something. It comes from a man called Captain Boycott. He was a land agent in 1880 and he collected rents and taxes for an English landowner in Ireland. But the Captain was a very harsh man. He treated his poor tenants very badly. His tenants decided not to speak to him at all. Eventually word got back to the landowner and the Captain was removed . The word "boycott" became popular and was used by everyone to mean the kind of treatment that was received by Captain Boycott. [/INST] question: A few hundred _ come from the names of people. | options: A: new inventions B: languages C: English words D: new discoveries | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Pregnancy and childbirth kill more than 536,000 women a year. More than half of the cases happened in Africa, according to the World Health Organization. In fact, most of the deaths are preventable with basic medical care.
The five leading causes are bleeding, infection, high blood pressure, longtime labor and bad abortions . Mothers' deaths from such causes were largely reduced nearly a century ago in developed countries.
Experts say that what kill many women are "the three delays"-- the woman's delay in deciding to go to the hospital, the time she loses traveling there and the hospital's delay in starting treatment. Only about 15 percent of births have dangerous complications .
Women lack education and information about birth control. Husbands and inlaws, may decide where a woman gives birth and insist that she stay at home to save money. However, there is no single solution to a problem with so many factors--shortages of doctors, nurses, drugs, equipment, roads and transportation--though hospital officials are trying many things now.
One _ measure to solve the problem for the present has been to train assistant medical officers, to perform certain operations. Some African countries are now struggling to train more assistants and midwives , and provide places for pregnant women to stay near hospitals.
But there is a long way to go. Only 20 percent of women in the continent give birth at the hospital. More than 50 percent stay at home to give birth, and the rest go to local clinics that cannot handle emergencies. [/INST] question: Which is not included in the five leading causes of women's deaths during pregnancy and childbirth? | options: A: Infection B: High blood pressure C: Traveling long distances D: Bleeding | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: What is "walk to School?"
Now we are working on a programme of "Walk to School". We would like as many parents and children as possible to take part, even if in a small way. Children who walk to and from school along with their parents can learn essential road safety and life skills.
You can take part by...
#Walking to and from school with your child every day.
#Walking for one or two days during the week.
#Encouraging others to walk, if you already do.
Walking is great!
#Walking is great exercise! A walk is good for your body and can keep you fit.
#You won't have to waste time looking for a parking site .
#It's pollution free.
#It's a good chance to talk to your children and to meet other parents, too.
Enjoying walking to school!
Here is some advice to help you and your child enjoy walking to school.
#Plan a safe route together.
#Teach children what a kerb is and what it means.
#Encourage your child to help you choose the safest places to cross the road.
#Look at and discuss the things you see on your way - especially road signs and what they mean.
Walk to school! Thousands of parents and children take part, could you?
Please go to www.walktoschool. org. uk for more information. [/INST] question: By walking to and from school, children can learn _ . | options: A: driving skills B: running skills C: road safety and life skills D: knowledge about science | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The human body has hundreds of muscles. The three types are skeletal muscles, smooth muscles and cardiac, or heart muscles. Each kind of muscle has a special job to do.
The skeletal muscles are attached to the bones; they actually hold the skeleton together. Strong cords, called tendons , help connect these muscles to the bones. Skeletal muscles give us strength and allow us to move in many ways. If you look at skeletal muscles through a microscope, you will see that it has bands of fibers that look like stripes . These stripes are called striations. Skeletal muscles usually move because the brain has sent a conscious message to them telling them what to do. This is called voluntary movement.
Another type of muscle is smooth muscle. Unlike skeletal muscle, smooth muscle does not have striations. This is found in organs such as the stomach, the bladder , the lungs and the eyes. Smooth muscles are smaller than the skeletal muscles and they move involuntarily. The brain tells these muscles what to do, but we aren't even aware of it. For example, we don't have to think about breathing or digesting food. The smooth muscles just do their jobs automatically. For this reason smooth muscles are sometimes called involuntary muscles.
Like smooth muscle, cardiac muscle also works involuntarily. It is a very thick muscle that is found only in the walls of the heart. Its job is to pump blood out of the heart and into blood vessels called arteries . The arteries help carry the blood to all parts of the body. When the cardiac muscles relax, they let blood back into the heart. Cardiac muscles have striations, just like skeletal muscles do. [/INST] question: When we _ , the job is done by smooth muscles. | options: A: close our eyes B: kick a ball C: hug our friends D: lift a suitcase | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Some people believe that classes, teachers and school buildings will no longer be necessary in the near future because of the Internet and other new technology. Perhaps this will be true one day, but if the world has no schools, I can't imagine how our society will be. In fact, we should learn how to use new technology to make schools better. We should invent a new kind of school connected to libraries, museums, science centers, labs and even companies. Technological companies should create learning programs for schools. Scientists could give talks through the Internet. TV networks and local stations could develop programs about things students are studying in school. Labs could set up websites to show new technology, so students could see it on the Internet.
Is this a dream? No. There have been many cities where this is beginning to happen. Here the whole city is connected to the Internet, and learning can take place at home, at school, and in the office. Businesses provide programs for the schools and the society. The schools provide computer labs for people without their own computers at home. Because everyone can go on the Internet, older people use it as much as younger ones, and everyone can visit faraway libraries and museums as easily as nearby ones. How will this new thing of school change the usual way of learning? It is a little early to be sure, but it is very exciting to think about it. Technology will change the way we learn; schools will change as well; and we will learn something from the Internet. [/INST] question: Who thinks that students won't have to go to school? | options: A: Everyone B: The writer C: Some people D: The teachers | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: #United States Capitol
It serves as the seat of government for the US Congress. It is located in Washington, D. C., on top of Capitol Hill at the eastern end of the National Mall. Officially, both the east and west sides of the Capitol are referred to as "fronts". Historically, however, the east front was initially the side of the building intended for the arrival of visitors and famous guests.
Phone: (202) 225-6827
Official website: www.aoc.gov
Hours: Monday-Saturday: 9:00 a.m.-4:30 p.m.
#International Spy Museum
It is a privately owned museum dedicated to the field of espionage located in Washington. D. C., The museum was built by The Malrite Company at a cost of US $ 40 million. Despite being one of the few museums in Washington that charges admission fees, it has been popular since its opening in July 2002.
Phone: (202) 393-7798
Official website: www.spymuseum.org
Hours: Monday-Sunday: 9:30 a.m.-6:00 p.m.
#National Museum of Natural History
It is a natural history museum administered by the Smithsonian Institution, located on the National Mall in Washington, D.C., Admission is free and the museum is open 364 days a year. The museum's collections total over 125 million specimens of plants, animals, fossils, minerals, rocks, meteorites ,and human cultural artifacts, making it the largest such museum anywhere. It is the second most popular of all of the Smithsonian museums and is also home to about 185 professional natural history scientists--the largest group of scientists dedicated to the study of the natural and cultural history in the world.
Phone: (202) 633-1000
Official website: www.mnh.si.edu
#Jefferson Memorial
It is a presidential memorial in Washington, D. C., dedicated to Thomas Jefferson, an American Founding Father and the third president of the United States. The neoclassical building was designed by John Russell Pope. It was built by Philadelphia contractor John Mc. Shain. Construction began in 1939, the building was completed in 1942, and the bronze statue of Jefferson was added in 1947. When completed, the memorial occupied one of the last significant sites left in the city.
Phone: (202) 426-6821
Official website: www.mps.gov/thje [/INST] question: Which admission is free? | options: A: United States Capitol B: Jefferson Memorial C: International Spy Museum D: National Museum of Natural History | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Jack Brown, an office worker, lives in Washington. He inherited a million dollars when he was 23, but he wasn't happy at all.When his college friends were looking for their jobs, he didn't have to. Jack decided to keep living a simple life like everyone else. He gave $ 10,000 of his money to a charity to help poor children live a happy life. Today he is 36. He still wears cheap shoes and clothes and drives a small car only, but he is very happy.
Up to now Jack has helped some children from poor countries all over the world, by sending them each $200 a month. The money is used for the children's study, food, medicine and clothing. Jack receives a report each year on the children's progress They can write to each other, but usually the children do not speak English.
When Jack first heard about these children, he wanted to help them. "It was nothing special,"he said."Until I went to these countries and met the children I was helping, I didn't know anything about their life." Once Jack went to meet a little girl in Africa, he said that the meeting was very exciting. "When I met her, I felt very,very happy,"he said."And I saw that the money was _ . It brought me happiness. I want to do everything I can to go on helping these children." [/INST] question: Jack has sent some poor children _ each $200 a month to help them. | options: A: only in Washington B: only in England C: only in Africa D: around the world | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: If you love books, then"Three Cups of Tea"will be your favorite. It will take you on an adventure to one of the highest mountains in the world. You will learn how the people and children there lived and how the writer, Greg Mortenson , helped build an education system.
While climbing K2 in Pakistan, one of the world's most difficult mountains to climb, Greg Mortenson became ill and got lost. He got help in a small village. The people of the village took good care of him, feeding him and letting him sleep in a villager's house. They also gave him their best food: sweet tea.
When Mortenson was fine, he found that the children of the village worked and studied outdoors. Their teacher came only three times a week and they didn't have blackboards. They used sticks to write on the ground.
The day he left the village, he told them he would come back and build a school. His school would have both boys and girls. Later on, he came back and helped build a school, so the kids were able to study in the classroom with real writing instruments.
That was in 1993. Today Mortenson is going to build 80 schools in Central Asia. He started a foundation called the Central Asia Institute to raise money for these schools. He has helped more than 18,000 girls receive education so far. [/INST] question: "Three Cups of Tea"is the name of a_. | options: A: club B: teahouse C: book D: movie | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Every baby born a decade from now will have its genetic code mapped at birth, the head of the worlds' leading genome sequencing company has predicted.
A complete DNA read - out for every newborn will be technically possible and affordable in less than five years, promising a revolution in healthcare, says Jay Flatley, the chief executive of Illumina. Only social and legal problems are likely to delay the age of "genome sequences," or genetic profiles. By 2019 it will have become routine to map infants' genes when they are born, Dr Flatly told The Times.
This will open a new approach to medicine, by which conditions such as high blood pressure and heart disease can be predicted and prevented and drugs used more safely and effectively.
A baby's genome can be discovered at birth by a blood test. By examining a person's genome, it is possible to identify raised risks of developing diseases such as cancers. Those at high risk can then be screened more regularly, or given drugs or dietary advice to lower their chances of becoming ill.
Personal genomes could also be used to ensure that patients get the medicine that is most likely to work for them and least likely to have side-effects.
The development, however, will raise legal concerns about privacy and access to individuals' genetic records.
"Bad things can be done with the genome. It could predict something about someone - and you could possibly hand the information to their employer or their insurance company." said Dr Flatley.
"People have to recognize that _ , and that your genome probably can't be protected, because everywhere you go you leave your genome behind. Complete genetic privacy, however, is unlikely to be possible", he added.
As the benefits become clearer, however, he believes that most people will want their genomes read and interpreted. The risk is nothing compared with the gain. [/INST] question: What's Dr Flatley's attitude towards the technology? | options: A: Tolerant B: Conservative C: Positive D: Doubtful | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Diane Arbus is known for creating intense black and white photographs of very unusual people. She used a special camera that produced square shaped images. One art expert said Diane Arbus turned photography inside out. Instead of looking at her subjects, she made them look at her.
Diane Arbus was born in 1923 to a wealthy family in New York City. After finishing high school at the age of 18, Diane married Allan Arbus. Mr. Arbus worked in the advertising department of her father's store.
It was Mr. Arbus who gave Diane her first camera. Diane soon decided to take a class with the famous photographer Berenice Abbott. The Arbuses eventually started taking photographs of clothing. These images were used as advertisements for Diane's father's store. After the birth of their daughter, Doon, the Arbuses started a business together. Their purpose was to photograph clothing fashions. Diane Arbus was the stylist. She would prepare the hair and faces of the fashion models who wore the clothing being photographed. Allan Arbus took the pictures.
The couple soon had jobs from important fashion magazines such as "Vogue" and "Harper's Bazaar". Their work was very successful during the 1950s. They became part of a group of artists that were helping to redefine visual culture. They were breaking with past traditions to create a new look for a new decade, the sixties.
But Diane was not satisfied with her secondary role. She wanted a more active part in making photographs. She wanted to explore her own artistic expression and freedom. To do this, she stopped working with her husband. Then she started taking photography classes at the New School in New York City.
Arbus' teacher, Lisette Model, influenced her in many ways. She showed Diane how to use a camera like an expert. She also taught Diane to use her art to face her doubts and fears. Miss Model once said that Diane soon started "not listening to me but suddenly listening to herself." [/INST] question: Diane Arbus got her first camera _ . | options: A: from her father B: from her husband C: in a shop D: in the advertising department | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Dogs can also go to school to learn how to help people who cannot hear. If a person cannot hear, we say he or she is deaf.
Dogs who help deaf people must learn many different sounds. Then they must be able to show the deaf person what is making the sound. When they hear a visitor at the door, dogs learn to walk to the deaf person and then walk to the door. And if a telephone rings, they walk to the deaf man or woman and then walk to the telephone. These dogs can also help deaf mothers. If a baby is crying in another room, dogs walk to the mother and then to the baby. These dogs wear a yellow coat to show that they are special dogs that are helping a deaf person. There have been many times when these dogs have saved a life. You may see in a newspaper that a dog heard a fire alarm and lay down near the deaf person's feet. That is the sign for danger. The person knows that something is wrong and can go away from the fire.
Special dogs can also help people who are disabled in various ways. For example, dogs can pull off their gloves or socks! Think how difficult your life would be if you were blind, deaf or disabled! But if you had a special dog like this to help you, your life would be much easier. [/INST] question: Dogs who help deaf people must learn _ | options: A: different sounds B: different languages C: different colors D: different faces | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: As I stood outside with my two dogs yesterday , it was so cold that my nose and face felt frozen ( ).
Of course, that doesn't matter to Ricky and Lucy. They have a habit that they must find a place to fight with each other no matter how cold or hot it is.
As cold as it was, I was excited thinking about how wonderful this special cold really was.
Then the sun broke through the clouds and memories of summer's really hot days came through my mind. I could remember standing in heat of the afternoon, with sweat pouring down my head and the hot, burning sun against my face. I told myself then and there that in the cold of the winter I would wish I had this heat. Because of the special cold, I enjoy the heat more.
So I realized that without the extremes in my life, I would never _ the days
When things just right. without the extremes, life would be boring. For example, heath problems remind us that we need to pay more attention to how we live.
Now, I want to start finding a reason to be happy, even if it's simply the fact that I'm still alive in the world.
,. [/INST] question: Clichy and Lucy have a habit that they must find a place to _ with each other. | options: A: share B: fight C: play D: talk | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: "Walt Disney World is banning selfie-sticks from its theme parks because selfie-sticks have become a growing safety concern for both our guests and cast." Disney World spokeswoman Kim Prunty said.
Under a new policy, which takes effect Tuesday, the poles won't make it past the bag check at any Disney World theme park. The sticks also won't be allowed in Disney World water parks or Disney Quest, a gaming attraction at Downtown Disney. Selfie-sticks will also become forbidden at Disneyland Resort in California on June 30. The prohibition begins at Disney's parks in Paris and Hong Kong on July 1.
Guests will be checked for the equipment during the routine bag check that happens near the parks' entrances. They will have an option of turning in their selfie-sticks for pick-up later or to go back to their cars or hotel rooms to keep them. Visitors will be told of the policy in locations such as the parking lots and at the resort's hotels. The prohibition will be added to the park rules post on Disney World's website.
The issue has been building at Disney. Previously, the sticks were prohibited from its rides, and "no selfie-sticks" signs were at select rides, such as Big Thunder Mountain Railroad at Magic Kingdom. Cast members have given oral warnings to rule breakers.
Selfie-stick users put smartphones and cameras on the ends of poles to extend their reach, frequently capturing theme-park moments through self-portraits. The tools have been banned in public places - including some museums and stadiums - worldwide for _ views or causing safety issues.
Disney World already prohibits items such as skateboards, inline skates, wagon, folding chairs and glass containers, according to its official website, which also lists "other items that we determine may be harmful."
Universal Orlando has banned selfie-sticks and other loose items from certain thrill rides at Universal Studios and Islands of Adventure theme parks, but it has not set parkwide bans. [/INST] question: Which of the following objects has already been banned in Disney theme parks before the new policy takes effect? | options: A: smart phones B: folding chairs C: cameras D: containers | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a herpesvirus that causes a number of syndromes; the most common is infectious mononucleosis. It is a ubiquitous enveloped DNA virus. Only one serotype of EBV has been recognized, although molecular methods have reorganized a number of genotypes of EBV.Infectious mononucleosis is an acute disease most commonly seen in younger people. It is characterized by a proliferation of lymphocytes, lymph node enlargement, pharyngitis, fatigue, and fever. Infection in young children is usually either asymptomatic or characteristic of an acute upper respiratory infection. Diagnosis is usually made by a positive heterophil test. Heterophil antibodies are those that occur in one species (human) and react with antigens of a different species. The heterophil test may be insensitive (30 to 60%) in children. Definitive diagnosis is made by detection of antibodies to EBV components.EBV causes a variety of other syndromes including Burkitt's lymphoma, the most common childhood cancer in Africa, and nasopharyngeal carcinoma, commonly seen in China.Similar mononucleosis-like diseases are caused by cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Toxoplasma gondii, a parasite. CMV causes fewer than 10% of infectious mononucleosis-like diseases. CMV "mono" is primarily characterized by fatigue. Congenital infection with CMV almost always causes serious sequelae, such as retardation and hearing loss. T. gondii also causes a variety of clinical problems, among them encephalitis in AIDS patients and food poisoning from the ingestion of raw meat. Although CMV and T. gondii are relatively rare causes of infectious mononucleosis, they must be ruled out, particularly when EBV tests are nonreactive. [/INST] question: Malaise and fatigue with increased "atypical" lymphocytes and a reactive heterophil antibody test is most commonly caused by | options: A: Toxoplasma B: Borrelia burgdorferi C: Epstein-Barr virus D: Parvovirus | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Mirel's Criteria For Risk of Pathological Fracture: 1 Mirel's developed a scoring system based on, the presence or absence of pain,the size, location, and radiographic appearance of the lesion to quantify the risk of impending pathological fracture in malignant lesion 2 So patients with maximum risk of pathological fracture are having lytic peritrochantric lesion involving >2/3 diameter with severe pain 3 Patients with < 7 score are observed, but those with 8 or more should have prophylactic internal fixation. Pathological Fractures may occur even with normal stresses if the bone has been weakened by a change in its structure Causes: osteoporosis, osteogenesis imperfecta , Paget's disease, bisphosphonate therapy) or through a lytic lesion (e.g. a bone cyst or a metastasis). FDG-PET CT is the gold standard for bone Metastasis. It occurs in abnormal bones. Mostly in elderly people. Fractures can be single or multiple occurs after tril injury. Pain in the case of a pathological fracture usually precedes the fracture. Pain can occur at the site before the fracture [/INST] question: Mirel's criteria is developed for the evaluation of | options: A: Risk of fatigue fracture B: Severity of osteoporosis C: Risk of pathological fracture D: Severity of neurological defecit | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Why Melbourne ? Having long lived in the shadow of Sydney ,Melbourne has become a Mecca for fashion and design and cultural centre of Australia, with an enjoyable programmed of festivals.
What to see? The City center's grid system of streets conceals a maze of lanes and turn-of-the-century arcades where you will find the best cafes, bars and boutique shopping. The hidden secrets tour (00613 9329 9665,hiddensecretstours.com) guides will make sure you find what you're after ,whether it is fashion ,art and design or wine. From $34 per person.
Where to eat ? Melbourne is a paradise for gourmands and its top chefs use fresh produce and have a talent for the experimental .But for something different , indulge your culinary senses with an Australian Wine Tour Company trip. Departing from the city centre daily .You will taste wines at four of the region's best vineyards. It costs from $48 per person, including all wine tasting, lunch and a visit to Damien Chandon (00 613 9419 4444.austwinetourco.com.au).
Where to stay ? The nunnery is an old convent on the edge of the city .It has double rooms with breakfast from $54 per night (00 613 9419 8637, nunnery. com.au).
How to get there ?Qantas (0845 7747 767,qantas .com.au)flies from Heathrow to Melbourne twice daily from $766 return , including taxes.
More information Contact the offical tourism site for Melbourne at visitmelbourne .com/uk.
Use the links below for more on
Destination guide : Melbourne
Click here for our Melbourne page [/INST] question: To get more information about Hidden Secrets Tour, you should call _ | options: A: 00 613 9419 4444 B: 00 613 9419 8637 C: 0845 7747 767 D: 00 613 9329 9665 | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Too many people want others to be their friends,but they don't give friendship back.That is why some friendships don't last long.To have a friend,you must learn to be one.You must learn to treat your friend the way you want your friend to treat you.Learning to be a good friend means learning three rules:be honest;be generous;be understanding.
Honesty is where a good friendship starts.Friends must be able to trust one another.If you do not tell the truth,people usually find out.If a friend finds out that you haven't been honest,you may lose the friend's trust.Good friends always count _ on one another to speak and act honestly.
Generosity means sharing and sharing makes a friendship grow.You do not have to give your lunch money or your clothes.Naturally you will want to share your ideas and feelings.These can be very valuable to a friend.They tell your friend what is important to you.By sharing them,you help your friend know you better.
Sooner or later everyone needs understanding and helping with a problem.Something may go wrong at school.Talking about the problem can make it easier to solve.Turning to a friend can be the first step in solving the problem.So to be a friend you must listen and understand.You must try to put yourself in your friend's place so you can understand the problem better.
No two friendships are ever exactly alike.But all true friendships have three things in common.If you plan to keep your friends,you must practice honesty,generosity and understanding. [/INST] question: Some friendships don't last very long because _ . | options: A: there are too many people who want to make friends B: some people receive friendship but don't give friendship back C: those who give others friendship receive friendship from others D: they don't know friendship is something serious | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: VERTICAL ROOT FRACTURE
Etiology
Root anatomy, amount of remaining sound tooth structure, loss of moisture in dentin, amount of bony support, pre-existing cracks and biochemical properties of root dentin are predisposing etiological factors.
Traumatic occlusion.
Excessive load on an endodontically treated tooth.
Bruxism.
Clinical Features
Dull spontaneous pain, mastication pain, tooth mobility, periodontal-type abscesses and bony radiolucencies.
Deep osseous defects: The typical bone loss pattern in teeth with vertical root fracture is the loss of alveolar bone, specifically in relation to the fracture area.
Sinus tract located near the cervical area.
Radiographic Features
Separation of root segments associated with a radiolucency surrounding the bone between the roots.
Hairline fracture – like radiolucency.
Halo appearance – a combined periapical and periradicular radiolucency on one or both sides of the involved root.
Clinical Notes
Vertical root fracture (VRF) are seen most commonly in endodontically treated teeth.
The condition presents with a challenging diagnosis; however, exploratory surgery aids in a defective diagnosis.
Additional imaging techniques such as CBCT (cone beam computed tomography) to detect and visualize VRFs have been introduced. [/INST] question: Diagnosis based on given radiograph: | options: A: Abfraction B: Irreversible pulpitis C: Vertical root fracture D: Infraction | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: CPAP The symptoms suggests neonatal respiratory distress syndrome / hyaline membrane disease. Respiratory distress syndrome / hyaline membrane disease occurs because of inadequate production of surfactant. - Since surfactant deficiency is the basis of RDS, exogenous surfactant is now recommended as the treatment of choice in neonates with RDS. - It is given to all neonates less than 28 weeks irrespective of presence or absence of RDS (Rescue treatment). -Beyond this age surfactant therapy is given according to the clinical condition of the patient. - If the distress is severe surfactant is required. - In the question the neonate is 32 weeks old and presents with moderate respiratory distress. - Surfactant is not necessary in such patient. Remember "Surfactant is not universally indicated in all cases of respiratory distress syndrome". Management of Respiratory distress syndrome Management of respiratory distress syndrome begins with administration of warm humidified oxygen. - This should maintain the aerial levels between 50 and 70 mm Hg (85-95% saturation) to maintain normal tissue oxygenation. If Pa02 cannot be maintained above 50 min Hg at inspired 02 concentration of 60% or greater CPAP should be applied. - If the patient is VLBW (very low bih weight) then CPAP is used early (t/t begins with CPAP instead of oxygen). - Another approach in VLBW infant is to intubate the infant, administer intracheal surfactant, then extubutate the patient and put him on CPAP. (In the question the infant is 1.5 kg at 32 weeks, his weight for age is adequate). Infants with severe RDS require mechanical ventilation. [/INST] question: A 1.5 Kg child born at 32 weeks through LSCS, presents with moderate respiratory difficulty. Which of the following is the appropriate management -? | options: A: CPAP B: Mechanical ventilation C: Warm oxygen D: Surfactant and ventilation | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Now if you go out or surf(;)the Internet, one word is very popular among young people. That is the word "fashion". But lots of young people don't know what it really means. They just think an iPhone 6 is fashionable, new hair style is fashionable, a new kind of clothes is fashionable, and even smoking or drinking is fashionable. So they just try to do something to make themselves look fashionable.
These young people often do something wrong. Some children buy cigarettes and smoke them without letting their teachers or parents know. Some students learn to drink and it costs them a lot of money. Some children want their parents to buy them mobile phones, but they just use their phones to play games and chat with their friends. Some young students like to run after "fashionable" stars. They often do their best to see music stars and sometimes they have to go far away to see the stars face to face. They often have to look everywhere for the information of the "fashionable" stars.
But many other people don' t think so. They think fashion means everything modern and useful things to people around us. Children should try to be really fashionable. [/INST] question: What do some children want their parents to buy for them ? | options: A: Mobile phones B: Cigarettes C: Clothes D: Computer games | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Carmen Arace Middle School is situated in the town of Bloomfield,but four years ago it faced many of the same challenges as inner--city schools nearby:low scores in standardized tests and dropping enrollment of students.Then the hard-driving headmaster, Delore Bolton,persuaded her school to shake up the place by buying a laptop computer for each student and teacher to use in school and at home.For good measure,the board provided wireless Internet access at school.Total cost :$5 million.
Now an hour before classes start,every seat in the library is taken by students eager to get online.The teacher talks about rocks as students view them at a colorful website,after school students on buses pull laptops from backpacks to get started on homework.Since the computers arrived,scores in state tests are up 35%and the enrollment increases by 20%.
Indeed,school systems in rural areas are eager to follow Carmen Arace Middle School's example.Angus King,the state governor, has proposed using$50 million from an unexpected budget to supply computers for students.
However, the school is seeking federal grant money to expand the laptop program.In the meantime,most of the problems have been worked out.Some students use computers to visit unauthorized websites,but teachers have the ability to track where students have been and restrict them."That is the worst when they disable you" says a boy.The habit is rubbing off on parents."I taught my mom to use e-mail."says the honorable girl."And now she is taking computer classes.I'm so proud of her!'' [/INST] question: By introducing the laptop program, Delore Bolton has _ . | options: A: shaken the belief of both teachers and students B: witnessed a remarkable improvement in students' test scores and enrollment C: spent more time visiting unauthorized websites with the laptop program D: changed class-room teaching in public schools | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Surgery in patients with associated uveitis
Cataract surgery with IOL implantation has become an increasingly successful surgical procedure in patients who develop a cataract as a consequence of uveitis or its treatment (corticosteroid). Most uveitis experts have agreed over the past decade that an in-the-bag posterior chamber IOL (PC-IOL) can be well tolerated in patients with a history of uveitis provided the uveitis has been perfectly quiet for a sustained period prior to surgery and provided that the uveitis remains inactive during and after surgery.
IOL selection in uveitis patients depends on the type of uveitis, expected surgical trauma and expected a postoperative inflammatory reaction. Hydrophilic acrylic foldable JOLs and heparin surface-modified (HSM) PIVEVIA I Ls are used most widely and tolerated in uveitis patients.
However, IOL implantation in a patient of JRA having uveitis is highly controversial. Implantation of IOL in such patients carries a greater danger for development fibrosis, secondary retrolental membranes and lens capture. Therefore, young JRA patients in particular probably should not even be considered for lens implantation associated with the removal of their cataract. [/INST] question: In which of the following uveitic conditions it is contraindicated to put in an intraocular lens after cataract surgery? | options: A: Fuch's heterochromic cyclitis B: Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis C: Psoriatic arthritis D: Reiter's syndrome | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Parents might tell older children to "Act your age". But some researchers say that is what persons from thirteen to nineteen years old are doing. While teenagers can look all grown up, studies have shown that their brains are still developing. How much this explains their behavior, though, is a subject of debate.
Jay Giedd of America's National Institutes of Health is a leader in this area of research. Doctor Giedd has been studying a group of young people since 1991. They visit him every two years for imaging tests of their brains. He says considerable development continues in young people from the teenage years into the twenties.
A part of the brain called the dorsal-lateral prefrontal cortex appears especially undeveloped in teenagers. Researchers believe that this area controls judgment and consideration of risk. So, its underdevelopment may explain why young people seem more willing to take risks like driving too fast.
Laurence Steinberg is a psychology professor at Temple University in Philadelphia. He says stronger laws and stronger parental control are needed to protect teens from themselves. That includes raising the age for driving. He says research shows that teenage brains are not fully equipped to control behavior.
Other researchers, however, say there is not enough evidence to make a strong case for such findings. Psychologist Robert Epstein is a visiting scholar at the University of California in San Diego. Mr. Epstein notes that teen behavior differs from culture to culture. He says behavior depends for the most part on socialization. He believes that teenagers will demonstrate better, safer behavior if they spend more time with adults, and are treated more like them.
But is that always true? Mike Males works at the Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice in San Francisco. He suggests that all of this talk lately about brainless teens could be an attempt to take away attention from the reality. Writing in the New York Times, he says it is middle-aged adults whose behavior has worsened. In his words, if grown-ups really have superior brains, why don't we act as if we do? [/INST] question: If your parents ask you to act your age, they really mean to advise that you _ . | options: A: behave yourself B: take care of yourself C: make yourself at home D: do everything on your own | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: A short Chinese man seems to be the tallest in the world right now. Jack Ma(Ma Yun),50, is executive chairman of Alibaba Group, a business-to-business online platform. On Sept.19, Alibaba went public on the New York Stock Exchange , raising $25 billion through an IPO , the biggest in US history. Ma, a former English teacher, has become the richest man on the Chinese mainland.
Born in Hangzhou, Zhejiang, Ma grew up as a happy kid. At the age of 12, he wanted to learn English. Every morning, he woke up at 5 a.m, cycled 40 minutes to a hotel near the West Lake where he could chat to foreign tourists. He did it for nine years, rain or shine.
The experience made him a fluent English speaker and also opened his eyes to the wider world. In a 1995 trip to the US, Ma was showed the Internet for the first time. He searched Yahoo using the word "Beer", and found that there was nothing in there about China. Seeing the chance, Ma returned to China and set up a website called China Pages without even knowing much about computers.
Four years later, 18 people including Ma, his wife and his friends founded Alibaba in Hangzhou. He believed in the Internet business potential when few other Chinese did. People called him "Crazy Jack Ma". But 15 years later, Alibaba has developed into the world's largest e-commerce company, owning popular shopping websites like Taobao and Tmall. It makes more profit online than Amazon and e-Bay combined.
No one thinks he's mad now. Ma's favorite line has been printed on Alibaba's souvenir T-shirts. It reads: "Everybody should have a dream. What if that dream comes true?" [/INST] question: Ma cycled to a hotel near the West Lake _ . | options: A: to do morning exercises B: to work as a guide C: to chat with foreigners D: to work part time | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: In every little girl's toy box. there might be a Barbie Doll. Barbie is 50 years old this, year. It was designed in 1959 by an American businesswoman named Ruth Handler. She and her husband Elliott started the toy company Mattel. She named the new doll after their daughter Barbara. The first Barbie Doll appeared at the toy fair New York on March 9th, 1959. This date is used as Barbie's birthday.
Mattel sold three hundred thousand Barbie Dolls in the first year at a price of three dollars. Today, a fifty-year-old Barbie in good condition might cost more than twenty-seven thousand dollars. Mattel says 90% of the girls in the United States aged from three to ten own at least one Barbie Doll. And girls aged three to six own an average of about twelve.
When Mattel created Barbie Dolls half a century ago, they never thought this doll would become a legend. Now Barbie Dolls are famous all over the world. They are sold in one hundred and fifty countries, and every second three Barbie Dolls are sold around the world. [/INST] question: Who designed the first Barbie Doll in 1959? | options: A: Mattel B: Elliott C: Barbara D: Ruth Handler | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: FOGSI is Federation of Obstetrics and Gynaecological Societies of India and the highest governing body in Obs and Gynae in India.
Progesterone only pills act mainly by causing thickening of cervical mucus.
Progesterone only pills
Mechanism of action of POP's is mainly on cervical mucus -
"All Estrogen free pills except the newer desogesterel pill primarily rely on changes in cervical mucus as they do not inhibit ovulation consistently."
The cervical mucus effect peaks within 3-4.hours after taking the tablet and lasts for about 22 hours. Hence the next tablet must be taken within 27 hours of the preceeding tablet or else the contraceptive benefit of the cervical mucus effect will decrease and finally subside.
Unlike COC's that almost always prevent ovulation, traditional POP's (progesterone only pills) inhibit ovulation in 40-50% of cycles. "A randomized double blind study, performed over 13 cycles showed that 75 lig desogestrel daily was sufficient to inhibit ovulation in 97% of cycles. Hence for newer POP's containing desogestrel the primary mode of action is inhibition of ovulation". - FOGSI Focus Jan 06 issue on Modern pill, Chapter Estrogen free pill p 41
Thus, for newer progestational agents main mechanism of action is by inhibition of ovulation.
Remember
Traditional POP's are also known as Low-dose progestogen only pills.
Main progesterone used are:
Norethisterone 350 mcg
Norgestrel 75 mcg
Levonorgesterel 30 mcg
Their main mechanism of action (as discussed earlier) is thickening of cervical mucus.Q
They also:
Render endometrium unsuitable for implantation
Accelerate tubal motility
Disturb corpus luteal function. [/INST] question: Newer progestational contraceptives primarily act by: | options: A: Oviductal motility B: Uterine endometrium C: Cervix D: Inhibiting ovulation | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Glomerulus As the name implies ju.aglomerulus apparatus (JGA) lies at hilum of glomerulus Juxtaglornerulus apparatusThe juxtaglomerular apparatus is a microscopic structure in the kidney, which regulates the function of Lech nephron. The juxtaglomerular apparatus is named for its proximity to the glomerulus: it is found between the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle and the returning distal convoluted tubule of the same nephron. This location is critical to its function in regulating renal blood flow and glomerular.filtration rate.The three microscopic components of the apparatus are the macula densa, extraglomerular mesangial cells (lacis cells), and juxtaglomerular cells.Juxtaglomerular cellJuxtaglomerular cells (JG cells, also known as granular cells) are the site of renin secretion.The JG cells are found in the media of afferent aerioles of the glomerulus and act as an intro-renal pressure sensor Lowered pressure leads to decreased pressure on the JG cells stimulating renin secretion. Renin then acts to increase systemic blood pressure (while maintaining GFR) the resi angiotensin systemMacula densaAt the point where the afferent aeriole enters the glomerulus and the efferent leaves it, the tubule of the nephron touches the aeriole of the glomerulus from which it arose.At this location, which marks the sta of the distal convulation, there is the modified region of tubular epithelium called the macula densaThe macula densa senses sodium chloride concentration in the distal tubule of the kidney and secretes a locally active (paracrine) vasopressor which acts on the adjacent afferent aeriole to decrease glomerular filtration rate (GFR), as pa of the tubuloglomerular feedback loop. Specifically, excessive filtration at the glomerulus or inadequate sodium uptake in the proximal tubule / thick ascending loop of Henle brings fluid to the distal convoluted tubule that has an abnormally high concentration of sodium. Na/K/2C1 cotranspoers move sodium into the cells of the macula densa. The increased Na+ conc. triggers a signal that causes constriction of the afferent aeriole thus reducing the GFRLacis cells or extraglomerular mesangial cellsThe function of the extraglomerular mesangial cells remains somewhat mysterious. They contain actin and myosin, allowing them to contract when stimulated by renal sympathetic nerves, which may provide a way for the sympathetic nervous system to modulate the actions of the juxtaglomerular apparatus. In addition, extraglomerular mesangial cells are strategically positioned between the macula densa and the afferent aeriole, and may mediate signalling between these two structures [/INST] question: Juxtaglomerular apparatus lies in relation to : | options: A: Proximal convoluted tubule B: Ascending loop of Henle C: Descending loop of Henle D: Glomerulus | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Adenomyosis is a condition in which normal endometrial glands grow into the myometrium. The symptomatic disease primarily occurs in multiparous women over the age of 35 years, compared to endometriosis, in which onset is considerably younger. Patients with adenomyosis complain of dysmenorrhea and menorrhagia, and the classical examination findings include a tender, symmetrically enlarged uterus without adnexal tenderness. Although patients with endometriosis can have similar complaints, the physical examination of these patients more commonly reveals a fixed, retroveed uterus, adnexal tenderness and scarring, and tenderness along the uterosacral ligaments. Leiomyoma is the most common pelvic tumor, but the majority are asymptomatic and the uterus is irregular in shape. Patients with endometritis can present with abnormal bleeding, but endometrial biopsies show an inflammatory pattern. Uterine sarcoma is rare and presents in older women with postmenopausal bleeding and nontender uterine enlargement. [/INST] question: A 39- year old woman, G3P3, complains of severe, progressive secondary dysmenorrhea and menorrhagia. Pelvic examination demonstrates a tender, diffusely enlarged uterus with no adnexal tenderness. Endometrial biopsy is normal. This patient most likely has | options: A: Endometriosis B: Endometritis C: Adenomyosis D: Uterine sarcoma | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The olinguito is new to science. Although lt has been living in the cloud forests of South Amcrica for some time.
Scientists say the olinguito is the first new carnivore discovered In the Americas in more than 30 years. It is a hairy orange-brown creature with a sweet face and big eyes The animal has small. rounded ears and lives in the trees An adult weighs one kilogram and measures about 75 centimeters. with half of those centimeters taken up by its ringed tail Most of the time. it likes to eat fruit, although it also eats meat. Active at night, the animal has lived in Colombia and Ecuador for a long time. But the olinguito did not exist in science books before now.
Kristofer Helgen, director at the National Museum in Washington, led the research team that confirmed the existence of the olinguito. It had been mistaken more than a century ago for a look-alike animal -- a similar but larger olingo . Mr. Helgen had been studying olingos in a museum for ten years. At that time. he observed a difference in the size and shape of the heads and teeth. That led him on an effort to prove he was looking at an animal never before described by science. He got lucky when he communicated with a zoologist in Ecuador. The animal expert there made a short video that shows an olinguito in the trees. The video confirms that the oiinguito is different from the olingo Mr. Helgen says tens of thousands of olinguitos live in the wild and are not in danger of disappearing forever. Human beings, however, are moving closer to the olinguito habitat in the Andean cloud forests. The research team estimates that 42 percent of historic olinguiio habitat has been removed [/INST] question: Comparcd with most carnivores. the olinguito may seem more _ . | options: A: terrble B: fierce C: clever D: lovely | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Parking has long been a major headache for drivers in Shanghai. The Transportation Department is _ a new plan for the city's parking system. There are one million cars on the road in Shanghai but only enough public parking space to provide room for 15 percent of these vehicles . It is no wonder that local drivers get so worried trying to find a place to park.
The city is seeing a rise in private car owners. In March, the city sent out 2,000 private car licenses, the highest number of licenses ever sent out in a month. And prices rose to 14,600 yuan, 500 more than in February. Industry experts say this suggests that local people have a strong, active interest in buying cars.
By the year 2020, the number of automobiles in Shanghai will probably reach two million. If one parking lot is for each car, then a lot of parking space should be built for these vehicles.
Downtown Shanghai is most short of parking space. However, experts point out that simply building more parking lots in downtown areas is not practical and doesn't provide an ideal solution. The idea of " Park & Ride" system has been suggested. This means that drivers can leave their vehicles in car parks nearby subway or bus stations and ride public transport to go downtown. Based on this idea, the city will limit the number of parking lots in downtown areas and demand higher parking fees but build more parking areas near main subway and bus stops. [/INST] question: About _ drivers can find places to park their cars in Shanghai now. | options: A: 850,000 B: 1,000,000 C: 150,000 D: 2,000,000 | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Here is your best chance to travel around the UK in 2012: More than 200 B&Bs(bed & breakfast)across England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland are selected to offer you amazing services for your stay at their lowest prices! Don't miss it. Just collect the vouchers in ourB&B Dailyprinted from 01/04/2012 to 07/04/2012 and book the stays for your travel following the terms and conditions below:
* The offer includes a room for the night and a breakfast the next morning.
* The offer is of two kinds: PS20 per room, valid during stay period of 02/04/2012--31/05/2012 and then again 01/09/2012--31/10/2012;PS35 per room, per night, valid during stay period of 01/06/2012--31/08/2012.
* The offer is valid for a basic twin or double room only.
* The stay must be booked directly with the chosen B&Bs before 28/04/2012.
* Each voucher can only be used by the holder to book one room for one night.
* If voucher holders book either the PS20 or PS35 per room per night, any additional services such as lunch, evening meal or activities may require an extra charge. But these are not required in order to take up the offer. Please check directly with your chosen B&Bs to see what extra services are available.
* Vouchers must be presented on arrival. If no vouchers are presented, the B&Bs may reserve the right to charge at full price for every night of stay.
* Vouchers may not be used together with any other offer.
* The voucher holders must pay for the stay in full at the time of booking. Additional PS10 may be paid to confirm the booking and will be returned on arrival.
* The B&Bs reserve the right to refuse voucher holders' bookings for people under the age of 18. [/INST] question: The voucher can be used for a stay at the chosen B&B on _ . | options: A: 09/01/2012 B: 04/02/2012 C: 01/03/2012 D: 28/04/2012 | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: How many times have you heard the expression that most people spend more time planning their vacation than they do planning their lives. I would explain that expression by adding that most people spend more time "thinking" about their vacation than they do thinking about what's important in their life.
While rest and relaxation are a must in living a balanced life, it's not what we were created to do. After all, the Master Creator took his R&R (Rest and Recreation) on the seventh day, only after six days of "definitely directed thought." 1
My friend Mike Litman wrote an article this week. 2It's called "The Millionaire Composite" and it analyzes one of the big differences between super-successful people and everyone else. He wrote "I recently visited a Real Estate Multi Millionaire Mogul. What did I see next to his desk? His vision statement, along with a list of what he values in life-handwritten."
"A few months back, I interviewed an individual Marco Dorigo who sold over a billion dollars worth of products on television. He told me that he read his life and business vision and goals daily, and that he took time to imagine exactly what he wanted to create each night before falling asleep."
What is your life's purpose or your personal task statement? Is it written down? Do you review it and think about it often? 3Is your life organized around your purpose and a set of goals that support that purpose?
Without purpose and goals - certainly directed thought-you are like "ship without a rudder. " There is power in your purpose and in your goals.4
One of my favorite passages of James Allen is one he wrote in The Mastery of Destiny:
"All successful people are people of purpose. They hold fast to an idea, a project, a plan, and will not let it go; they treasure it and develop it; and when upset by difficulties, they refuse to give in; the greater the difficulties are, the stronger the purpose is. " And that's worth thinking about. [/INST] question: Who spent time imagining what he planned to do every night before going to bed? | options: A: Mike Litman B: Marco Dorigo C: The Master Creator D: James Allen | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Last Friday a storm tore through two villages and destroyed fourteen homes. Seven others were so badly damaged that their owners had to leave them, and fifteen others had broken windows or torn roofs. One person was killed, seven were badly injured and taken to hospital, and a number of other people received smaller injuries. Altogether over two hundred people were homeless as a result of the storm.
A farmer, Mr. C.Y. Tan said that the storm began early in the morning and lasted for over an hour. " I was in the kitchen with my wife and children ,"he said, "when we heard a loud noise. A few minutes later our house fell down on top of us. We managed to climb out but then I saw that one of my children was missing. I went back inside and found him, safe but very frightened."
Mrs. Fong said that her husband had just left for work when she noticed that her house was shaking. She rushed outside immediately with her children. " There was no time to take anything, " she said. " A few minutes later, the roof came down. "
Soldiers helped to bring people out of the flooded area and the Welfare Department provided food, clothes and _ [/INST] question: How many houses could no longer be lived in after the storm? | options: A: Seven B: Fourteen C: Fifteen D: Twenty-one | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Charlie,a master carpenter ,was very well respected in his community.Everyone knew that if they wanted the best,they would call on him.Of course that meant that Charlie would never be rich.His fellow carpenters always told him that if you used inferior materials and cheap labor then you could make a lot of money.Charlie would not hear of it.
One day,John,the richest man in town came to Charlie.He said that he had just bought the best piece of land in town. It overlooked the entire city.He was going to Europe for 4 months and wanted Charlie to build him the best house in town." _ ."
Charlie thought about this and decided finally he would make some money.He did not get his usual great carpenters and fine materials from his normal suppliers.He built the house and covered up the flaws .After 4 months he had spent about 50%of what he usually spends on a house.
John came back from Europe and immediately called Charlie and asked him to meet him at the house.When they met,John asked him if he had used the finest materials and spared no expense.Charlie said ly.John said that he was glad.He paid Charlie,then told him that he knew he was not rich and had always struggled.So he wanted to reward Charlie for all of his years of service to the community by giving Charlie this house.
There are many times in our lives where we let down a little bit. When you do,you never know what is going to happen. [/INST] question: When Charlie heard that he would be given the house he must have felt _ | options: A: happy B: regretful C: 1ucky D: satisfied | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Three or more organ thromboses developing in less than a week is the cornerstone of C.A.P.S (Catastrophic antiphospholipid antibody syndrome). However, in the given question no time frame is mentioned and this is there by ruled out. Clinical manifestations of heterozygous protein C deficiency include Venous Thrombo-Embolism and warfarin induced skin necrosis (WISN). Whether the risk of pregnancy loss is increased in this disorder is controversial. Heterozygous protein C deficiency does not appear to be associated with an elevated risk of aerial thrombosis and this patient had TTP should have features of kidney involvement and stroke like features. Primary anti-phospholipid antibody syndrome leads to hypercoagulability and recurrent thrombosis can affect viually any organ system, including the following :- Peripheral venous system (deep venous thrombosis) Central nervous system (cerebrovascular accident, sinus thrombosis) Hematologic (thrombocytopenia, hemolytic anemia) Obstetric (pregnancy loss, eclampsia) Pulmonary (pulmonary embolism, pulmonary hypeension) Dermatologic (livedoreticularis, purpura, infarcts/ ulceration) Cardiac (Libman-Sacks valvulopathy, Myocardial Infarction) Ocular (amaurosis, retinal thrombosis) Adrenal (infarction/hemorrhage) Musculoskeletal (avascular necrosis of bone) [/INST] question: A young female is suffering from, recurrent aboions and thrombosis of deep veins, thrombocytopenia and a recent MI. What is the most likely diagnosis? | options: A: Catastrophic anti - phospholipid antibody syndrome B: Primary anti - phospholipid antibody syndrome C: TTP D: Protein C deficiency | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Athens 2004 Paralympics: Biggest and Best Ever
The Paralympics are the games for sports men and women with a disability. They were the idea of Doctor Ludwig Guttman, a doctor working at Stoke Mandeville hospital in the UK. This famous hospital looks after people who can no longer walk, or cannot move at all. After the Second World War, in 1945, the hospital was full of badly injured soldiers. To give them hope, Dr Guttman started the Paralympics in 1948. They were held at the same time as the London Olympics; doctors gave out the prizes and nurses were employed as referees .
The first official Paralympics took place in Rome in 1960, with 400 athletes from 23 countries competing. By 2004 they had become ten times bigger: nearly 4,000 athletes from 140 countries competed in 19 different sports. The youngest competitor was the 11-year-old swimmer Xu Qingqing from China, the oldest, 66-year-old David Williams, a sailor from Canada. The games were a great success for China, the oldest, 66-year-old David Williams, a sailor from Canada. The games were a great success for China, which won 141 medals, 63 of them gold. Britain came second with 94 medals, 35 of them gold. China's disabled dance team closed the games with a wonderful dance performance.
The games were also a success for the organizers. Ever since the failure of the Paralympics in Atlanta, USA, in 1996, the organizers have been nervous of empty seats. But in Australia in 2000, the Paralympics were shown every day on TV and a million tickets were sold. Fifty thousand Australian schoolchildren were in the stadiums for the Sydney Paralympics, shouting and cheering. However pleased they were by the crowds, some of the competitors found this quite difficult. One blind runner said that for the first 800 meters of the 10,000 meter race he could not hear where the other runners were because of the noise. Whatever his feelings about it, he still won a gold; and in Athens 2004 the crowds were even bigger and noisier. When the British team got back to London after the games of 2004, more crowds came to welcome them home. Slowly, the Paralympic athletes are becoming as popular and as famous as the Olympic stars. [/INST] question: The first ever Paralympics were held in _ . | options: A: Rome B: Australia C: Athens D: UK | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: BANA: A Chairside Test for Periodontal Risk
The BANA Test is a highly sensitive, inexpensive and easyto-use chairside test for periodontal risk. In just 5-minutes, the BANA Test can detect the bacteria associated with periodontal disease simply by applying tongue swabbings or subgingival plaques to a small test strip.
The BANA Test is a modification of the BANA hydrolysis test developed by Dr. Walter Loesche and colleagues at the Univ. of Michigan School of Dentistry. It exploits an unusual Trysin like enzyme found in Treponema denticola, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Bacteroides forsythus, three anaerobic bacteria highly associated with adult periodontitis. Of 60 subgingival plaque species, only these three possess an enzyme capable of hydrolyzing the the synthetic trypsin substrate, benzoyl-DL-argininenaphthylamide (BANA) present on BANA test strips. If any of the three species is present, they hydrolize the BANA enzyme producing B-naphthylamide which in turn reacts with imbedded diazo dye to produce a permanent blue color indicating a positive test.
How it works
For periodontal risk assessment, subgingival plaque is obtained with a curette. The samples are placed on the BANA test strip, which is then inserted into a slot on a small toaster-sized incubator. The incubator automatically heats the sample to 55° for 5 minutes. If P. gingivalis, B. forsythus or T. denticola are present, the test strip turns blue. The bluer it turns, the higher the concentration and the greater the number of organisms. [/INST] question: BANA test measures activity of | options: A: Calculus B: Cathepsin C: Elastase D: Trypsin like enzyme | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: (Para-aortic lymph node) (1386-Baily & Love 25th)Metastasis first develop in the retroperitoneal nodes; right sided tumours metastasize primarily to the inner aortocaval region just below the renal vessels and left sided tumours primarily to the left para-aortic area at the same level (953-CSDT 13th)Lymphatics of the Testis - runs upwards in the spermatic cord and passing through the internal inguinal rings.They branch fountain- wise (behind and adherent to the posterior peritoneum) towards the para-aortic lymphnodes in the region of the origin of spermatic vessels. Above this level the lymph drains into thoracic duct which extends through the mediastinum to the left supraclavicular fossa where it drains into the left innominate vein. Lymphatics from the medial side of the testis may run with the artery to the vas and drain into lymph node at the bifurcation of the common iliac arteryInguinal lymphnodes are only affected if the scrotum in involved.ALSO - REMEMBER* Most common tumour above 50 years of age - Lymphoma* Most common testicular tumour in prepubertal adults (Infant and children) is Yolk sac tumour* Seminoma are most common testicular tumours, better prognosis, most radiosensitive tumours* Non seminoma are more malignant than seminoma* Seminomas as well as nonseminomas typically metastasize through- lymphatics*** a- feto protein is elevated in 70% of patients with non seminomatous testicular cancer but is not elevated in seminoma* Markers {LDH, fihCG, a-fetoprotieri) are used mainly to follow tumour regression or predict recrudescence as even minute amounts of tumour may cause serum elevations however tumour may be present without elevation of serum markers* Most common germ cell tumour is - Seminoma [/INST] question: Carcinoma testis, the lymphatic metastasis goes to the first site seen in | options: A: Para-aortic lymph nodes B: Superficial inguinal nodes C: Deep inguinal nodes D: Internal iliac nodes | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Companies can increase the money with which they run their business in a number of ways. One way is borrowing money, and another way is buying things with the agreement that payment would be made later. There are also other processes for providing money for use by a company. Two of these processes are described here.
One process the company may use is to issue bonds . Bonds are a special kind of promissory note. They are issued in different values, in the forms of money used in different countries, such as the pound in prefix = st1 /Englandor the euro in Europe. These bonds can easily be sold again to other people or to other companies. The company that issues the bonds promises to pay a particular amount of money as interest regularly for a certain period of time. This continues until when the company has to pay back the principal of the bond. Payments of principal and interest must be made on time whether the company has been earning money or not. If these payments are not made on time, it means that the company has not done what it agreed to do and can be sued(,).
Another process companies may use is to issue other forms of promissory notes called stocks . Bonds and stocks are opposite methods of providing money for a company. The people who buy stocks provide money that is earned and take part in deciding how the company will conduct its business. They must also take part in the losses. The people who own stocks receive dividends only after the company has paid all of its debts to the people who own bonds. On the other hand, the persons who own bonds have no right, according to the law, to help decide how the company will handle its business, unless it is bankrupt or in danger of becoming so. [/INST] question: Which of the following statement is not the way for companies to increase their capital? | options: A: Borrowing money B: Buying materials without paying C: Issuing bonds D: Issuing stocks | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: It was early morning. Peter Corbett helped Mark Wellman out of his wheelchair and onto the ground. They stood before El Captain, a huge rock almost 1.2 kilometers high. Mark had long dreamed to climb El Captain when he was a child. At the age of twentyone, he had fallen while climbing mountain, losing his legs. But he never lost his love for life.
Mark knew he couldn't finish the climb alone, but his friend Peter would be there to lend a helping hand. They thought it would take seven days to reach the top. Now Peter climbed about 30 meters up and hit a piton into the rock. Fastening one end of a 50meter rope to the piton, he let the other end of the rope fall down. Mark caught the rope and fastened it to his belt. He next reached above his head and fastened a T-bar to the rope. Mark took a deep breath, pushed the Tbar up almost as far as his arms could reach, and began the first pullup. High above, Peter let out a cheer, "You're on your way."
For the first four days the two men progressed upward without accident. But on the fifth day, a very strong wind began to blow, making it hard for Mark to hold on to his rope. But Mark kept on pushing up the T-bar and pulling himself up.
It took them one day more than they had expected. But as the two heads appeared the group of people waiting on the top went wild with joy.
Mark Wellman showed that if you set your heart and mind on something, no wall is too high, no dream impossible. [/INST] question: With the help of his friend, Mark could climb up El Captain about meters in height each day. | options: A: 300 B: 150 C: 50 D: 30 | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: “Discolored brownish or meconium stained amniotic fluid is common with fetal infection, even with preterm gestation”
Hence, the correct answer is Listeria, rest of the infections do not lead to preterm labour with meconium stained liquor.
Listeriosis
Causative organism- listeria monocytogenes (facultative intracellular gram positive bacillus)
Mode of infection- Food-borne infection caused by eating food like raw vegetables, Coleslaw, Apple cider, Melons, Milk, Fresh mexican style cheese, Smoked fish, Processed foods.
Clinical features
Can be asymptomatic
Can cause febrile illness.
Maternal complications which can occur due to listeria infection are:
Preterm labor,
Chorioamnionitis,
Menonium stained liquor,
Abortions,
Placental Macroabscesses
Maternal infection can lead to fetal infection characterised by:
Disseminated granulomatous lesions with microabscess in skin
Stillbirth
Overall perinatal mortality-50%.
Management
Drug of choice is combination of Ampicillin + gentamicin or in case of pencillin allergy – Trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole
Maternal treatment may be effective for fetal infection
There is no vaccine for listeriosis. [/INST] question: A female presents with leaking and meconum stained liquior at 32 weaks. She is infected with | options: A: CMV B: Listeria C: Toxoplasma D: Herpes | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Do you want to see the effects of global warming? Then head north. Will Steger is going to take all of us there.
Steger, 64, the first person to make a dogsled trip to the North Pole, is a very famous and admired polar explorer. He's at home in frozen parts of the world where few humans ever step on. Steger is also a devoted environmentalist who was early to ring the alarm bell on global warming. He saw its effects firsthand in frequent polar expeditions to the Arctic and Antarctica.
Now Steger is about to lead a team of six young adventurers on a 1,400-mile, 60-day-long dogsled trip across Ellesmere Island, in the Canadian Arctic. The sea ice in that region should still be frozen. "We want to take our audience to the front lines of global warming," says Steger. The team will be uploading videos, stories and photos to the website globalwarming101.com as they march along, allowing armchair adventurers and kids in classrooms to follow their progress day to day. "We can actually bring the audience up there," Steger says.
Steger's team will include some already-famous young explorers. Sam Branson, the 22-year-old son of British airline tycoon Richard Branson, is an experienced Arctic traveler. Also on the journey will be 27-year-old Norwegian Sigrid Ekran. Last year, Ekran became only the second woman in history to win Rookie of the Year for the Iditarod Sled Dog Race.
What they will see may be very surprising. Even Steger doesn't know exactly what to expect. Climate change has already reshaped the geography of the Arctic. "Within a decade or less, it's going to be impossible to reach the North Pole by dog team without flotation ," says Steger.
Climate change is happening, but people can change too. Their willingness to change will determine the shape of the Earth's future. [/INST] question: Why is Steger about to organize the adventure to the Arctic? | options: A: To collect evidence for his scientific research B: To develop the young people's adventurous spirit C: To let more people enjoy its natural beauty D: To let people realize the bad effects of global warming | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Classification of peripheral nerves is impoant in determining the sequence of local anesthetic blockade. B fibers are the most sensitive. Dilation of cutaneous blood vessels is often the first sign of local anesthetic onset. C fibers and A-d are next-in sensitivity. They result in the inability to feel cool sensations such as an alcohol wipe. Next-in sensitivity are the A-g, A-b, and A-a fibers, which result in the loss of sensation, pressure, proprioception, and finally motor paralysis. Local anesthetic concentration must be adequate to block nerve fibers. It takes approximately twice the concentration of local anesthetic to block motor fibers as it does to block sensory fibers, and sympathetic fibers require the least. The order of blockade onset is B fibers > C fibers = A-d fibers > A-g fibers > A-b fibers > A-a fibers. Fiber type myelin function A-a +++ Motor (efferent: to skeletal muscle) A-b ++ Touch, pressure, proprioception (afferent: from skin) A-g ++ Motor (efferent: to muscle spindles) A-d ++ Pain (sharp, fast) and temperature (efferent: from skin) B + Preganglionic sympathetic (efferent: to vascular smooth muscle) C none Pain (dull, slow) and temperature (afferent from skin); postganglionic sympathetic (efferent: to vascular smooth muscle) [/INST] question: The nerve fibers which are most sensitive to local anesthetic belong to ----- group | options: A: A B: B C: C D: D | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Sam was a-fifteen-year-old boy living with his little sister, Julie. Their parents had passed away long ago. Sam had taken care of Julie by himself.
One day, Sam woke up at three in the morning as usual. When Julie was sleeping alone, Sam left their little house to send newspapers. When he found an old man sitting in front of their house, Sam was so surprised that he stopped to look at him closely. It was an icy morning and he looked very cold.
The poor old man didn't have anything to cover himself with. Sam went into his house to get the old man a blanket. However, there were no extra blankets, so Sam thought hard and took his father's coat. It was the only thing of his father's that he had left. Sam wrote a short note. "Sir, I found you sleeping in front of my house. This is my father's coat. I hope it fits you well." He put the note in a pocket of the coat, and covered the old man with the coat. Then he went to work. When he came back three hours later, both the man and the coat were gone. Sam thought that it was the best thing he could have done with his father's coat.
That afternoon, Sam hurried home after school because Julie was at home alone. However, Julie and the old man were standing in front of the house, and Julie shouted to Sam, "Brother! He's our grandfather!"
The grandfather smiled and said, "Sam. Thank you for giving me the coat and letting me know how good my grandson is. This coat was the one that I gave my son a long time ago!" [/INST] question: How was the weather when Sam saw an old man in front of his house? | options: A: Hot and sunny B: Rainy C: Icy and cold D: Windy | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Tanzania is a country which has a lot of animals, such as gnus , lions, cheetahs(, elephants, giraffes, crocodiles and so on. Every year, many people in the world travel to this African country to watch the animals closely. But do you know how they travel?
By bus--This is the most common way. When people get on a bus, they'll find that the bus is a little strange. It is different from the buses we often see. There are no big windows at all, but some small windows. And it looks like a cage. What are they used for? Oh, people can use it to watch animals, especially those dangerous animals, and take photos. We know that people are most interested in the lions. So when two buses meet , the drivers will stop and ask each other whether they have found lions.
By boat--We can often see many people are in a boat, enjoying the beautiful scene along a river of a lake, and they can also enjoy hippos and crocodiles from a nearer distance.
By hot balloon --In the early morning, when the sun is beginning to rise, a large hot balloon is also starting its journey. Taking a hot balloon makes most of the travelers excited. After some time, the balloon will land in a certain place, and the waiters will serve people a delicious and special breakfast. But the cost of taking a hot balloon is also very high. A person should pay 400 dollars for an hour's trip. [/INST] question: Which is the most common way of traveling in Tanzania? | options: A: By bus B: By plane C: By boat D: By hot balloon | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Cara Lang is 13. She lives in Boston, Massachusetts, in the U. S. Last Thursday, she didn't go to school. She went to work with her father instead. Every year, on the fourth Thursday in April, millions of young girls go work. This is Take Our Daughters to Work Day. The girls are between the ages of 9 and 15. They spend the day at work with an adult, usually a mother, father, aunt, or uncle. They go to offices, police stations, laboratories, and other places where their parents or other family members work. Next year, the day will include sons, too.
The Ms. Foundation, an organization for women, started the program about ten years ago. In the U.S., many women work outside the home. The Ms. Foundation wanted girls to find out about many different kinds of jobs. Then, when the girls grow up, they can choose a job they like.
Cara's father is a film director. Cara says, "It was very exciting for me to go to the studio with my dad. I saw a lot of people doing different jobs." Many businesses have special activities for girls on this day. Last year, Cara went to work with her aunt at the University of Massachusetts. In the engineering department, the girls learned to build a bridge with toothpicks and Candy. In the chemistry department, they learned to use scales. They learned about many other kinds of jobs, too.
Right now, Cara does not know what job she will have when she grows up. But because of Take Our Daughters to Work Day, she knows she has many choices. [/INST] question: What is Cara's father? | options: A: An engineer B: An official C: A moviemaker D: A professor | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Blindness From Trachoma Can e Stopped At Four Different points : SAFE
S - Surgical correction for trichiasis. It is a simple operation that can turn out lashes which are scratching the cornea. Patients can be operated on in a local dispensary or health center, or other community space if properly prepared.The surgical procedure can be performed by those who have had surgical training : eye doctors, eye nurses or eye care assistants.
A - Antibiotic treatment of people with active trachoma infection.
Regular detection and treatment of people with active trachoma is important. The recommended treatment is as
Follows:
Wash the face and clean the eyes
Apply tetracycline 1% ointment to both eyes two times daily for six weeks
The ointment is sticky and may blur the vision for a few moments. This will only last a few moments. If possible, treat all the children in the family.
F - Clean Faces
Families and individuals can do something to protect themselves from infection by increasing the number of times a child washes his/her face. Regular face washing removes discharge so that flies are not attracted to faces. It does not require great quantities of water : one liter of water can wash up to 30 faces.
E - Environmentallmprovement [/INST] question: Under the WHO 'Vision 2020' programme, the `SAFE' strategy is adopted for which of the following diseases - | options: A: Trachoma B: Glaucoma C: Diabetic retinopathy D: Onchocerciasis | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: When I was at university, I studied very hard. But a lot of my friends did very little work. Some did just enough to pass exams. Others didn't do quite enough. Fred Baines was one of them. He spent more time drinking in the Students' Union than working in the library. Once, at the end of the term, we had to take an important test in chemistry. The test had a hundred questions. Beside each question we had to write "True" or "False". While I was studying in my room the night before the test, Fred was watching television. Fred usually worried a lot the night before a test. But that night he looked perfectly calm. Then he told me of his plan. "It's very simple. There are a hundred questions and I have to get fifty correct to pass the test. I'll take a coin into the examination room. I haven't studied a chemistry book for months, so I'll just toss the coin. In that way, I'm sure I'll get half the questions right." The next day, Fred came cheerfully into the examination room. As he sat tossing a coin for half an hour he marked down his answers. Then he left half an hour before the rest of us. The next day, he saw the chemistry professor in the corridor.
"Oh good," he said, "Have you got the results of the test?"
The professor looked at him and smiled.
"Ah, it's you, Baines, just a minute."
Then he reached into his pocket and took out a coin. He threw it into the air, caught it in his hand and looked at it.
"I'm terribly sorry, Baines," he said, "You failed!" [/INST] question: Fred often went to the Students' Union where he _ . | options: A: worked extra hours B: enjoyed himself in the bar C: borrowed books D: attended a few lectures | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Laura Fagan is a British girl. She is 29 years old now. She has a special job. Her job is an offical cake-taster. She began to work two years ago. She loves her job very much. She needs to try as many as 20 desserts a day. She needs to travel to different cities to taste different desserts.
Although the job seems to be great, it is hard. Usually , Laura begins tasting desserts as early as 8 a.m., and is still tasting new desserts at 6 p.m. before she goes back home. _ , the job hasn't made her too fat. She only worries about her teeth.
" Of course I was afraid of becoming fat when I started the job, so I try to do exercise as often as possible. The main thing is my teeth. I don't think my dentist would be happy if I told him what I do, so I try to brush my teeth as often as possible." "When I tell people what I do, they say ' that's the best job in the world', and then they ask me what my favorite dessert is."
Laura loves her job although it is hard. " I can learn about new trends in food. It is a hard job but someone has to do it." she said. [/INST] question: To be a cake-taste is to _ . | options: A: sell different cakes B: make different cakes C: taste different cakes D: buy different cakes | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The MYC protooncogene belongs to the immediate early response genes, which are rapidly induced when quiescent cells receive a signal to divide.
MYC protein is rapidly translocated to the nucleus, sometimes as a dimer with another protein, called MAX. This heterodimer binds to DNA sequences in target genes and is a potent transcriptional activator.
The range of activities attributed to MYC includes histone acetylation, reduced cell adhesion and increased cell motility, increased protein synthesis, and decreased proteinase activity.
The MYC protooncogene contains separate sequences that encode the growth promoting and apoptotic activities.
In contrast to the regulated expression of MYC during normal cell proliferation, persistent expression, and in some cases overexpression, of the MYC protein is commonly found in tumors.
This may lead to sustained transcription of critical target genes and subsequent neoplastic transformation.
Dysregulation of MYC expression resulting from translocation of the gene occurs in Burkitt lymphoma.
MYC is amplified in some cases of breast, colon, lung, and many other carcinomas. The related N-MYC and L-MYC genes are amplified in neuroblastomas and small cell cancers of the lung, respectively. [/INST] question: MYC gene is - | options: A: Protein kinase inhibitor B: Growth factor inhibitor C: GTPase D: Transcription activator | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: "Earthquake!"The word flashed in my brain.A roaring sound filled my ears.I tried to slide beneath my desk.The desk did a wild tap dance,slipping and sliding towards the centre of the room.I twisted my body and grabbed at the windowsill behind me,somehow kicking free of my dancing chair.I tried to stand.My legs skated away as if on a bucking escalator.
My fingers shook,grasped and held the windowsill tightly.Somewhere through the roar sounded the terrified scream of some wounded animal.I looked behind me and tried to steady my gaze on the other kids but the scene was a dizzy nightmare.Some of the class were sitting in the middle of the room,surrounded by chairs and desks.One girl was screaming.A boy was trying to claw his way across the floor to the door in a crazy overarm crawl.
My grip froze me to the windowsill.
I cried aloud,"I'm going to die.I'm going to die.Save me,I'm not ready to die,I'm not ready!"
I hunched forward on my knees and pressed my face against my clenched fingers.I looked at the backs of my fingers and stupidly noticed the fragile pale hairs growing out of the pores.The fingers would soon cease to exist.Somehow the impending horror of my death was too terrible to even cry about.
Suddenly,I became aware that the rocking had ceased.Perhaps I wasn't going to die. [/INST] question: The roaring sound was made by _ . | options: A: a wounded animal B: people screaming C: children running D: an earthquake | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Image shown is of a hand held self illuminated instrument. As seen it has a sleeve which can be rotated - this is hence a Streak Retinoscope. A direct ophthalmoscope in contrast has no sleeve and would have apeure sizes and filters available on the head for the examination of the retina. A Direct Ophthalmoscope Retinoscopy Method Movement of red reflex is observedRetinoscope is moved in both veical and horizontal directionsLight is thrown into the patient's eye and fundal red reflex is observed casting a shadow in the papillary area (with a hole in the retinoscope)Instructed to look at a far point/object to relax accomodationPatient is made to sit at a distance of 1 m If cylindrical error (Astigmatism) is present, find the cylinder power with spherocylinder lens combination NeutralizationBy addition of Convex (+) or Concave (-) lenses, if spherical error Similar movement in both meridians (veical and horizontal) indicates spherical refractive error 1.Movement of red reflex with the movement of retinoscope: < 1D MyopiaEmmetropiaHypermetropia 2.No movement of red reflex: 1D MyopiaQ 3.Movement of red reflex against the movement of retinoscope> 1D Myopia [/INST] question: Name the procedure shown here ? | options: A: Retinoscopy B: Tonometry C: Distant direct ophthalmoscopy D: Pachymetry | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Auriculotemporal syndrome (Syn. Frey's Syndrome) Paial injury to the auriculotemporal nerve gives rise to such syndrome. This type of injury: May be congenital, possibly due to bih trauma. May be accidental injury. May be caused by inadverent incision for drainage of parotid abscess. May occasionally follow superficial parotidectomy. Clinical features: There is flushing and sweating of the skin innervated by the auriculotemporal nerve paicularly during meal and presence of cutaneous hyperaesthesia in front and above (the ear the area supplied by the auriculotemporal nerve.) - The postganglionic parasympathetic fibres become united to the sympathetic nerves from the superior cervical ganglion which are concerned to supply vessels and sweat glands of that region. This causes flushing and sweating of the skin. Following injury to the auriculotemporal nerve, postganglionic parasympathetic fibres from the otic ganglion grow down the sheaths of the cutaneous filaments, so hyperaesthesia follows stimulation of the secretomotor nerves. Treatment: If the symptoms persist, the treatment is avulsion of the auriculotemporal nerve in front of the auricle where it lies just posterior to the superficial temporal vessels. [/INST] question: Gustatory sweating and flushing (Frey's syndrome) follows damage to the: | options: A: Auriculotemporal nerve B: Facial nerve C: Glossopharynegeal nerve D: Vagus nerve | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The initial, and often definitive, management of hyponatremia is free-water restriction. Symptomatic hyponatremia, which occurs at serum sodium levels less than or equal to 120 mEq/L, can result in headache, seizures, coma, and signs of increased intracranial pressure and may require infusion of hypeonic saline. Rapid correction should be avoided so as not to cause central pontine myelinolysis, manifested by neurologic symptoms ranging from seizures to brain damage and death. Additionally, a search for the underlying etiology of the hyponatremia should be undeaken. Acute severe hyponatremia sometimes occurs following elective surgical procedures due to a combination of appropriate stimulation of antidiuretic hormone and injudicious administration of excess free water in the first few postoperative days. Other potential etiologies include hyperosmolarity with free-water shifts from the intra- to the extracellular compament (eg, hyperglycemia), sodium depletion (eg, gastrointestinal or renal losses, insufficient intake), dilution (eg, drug-induced), and the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). [/INST] question: Five days after an uneventful cholecystectomy, an asymptomatic middle-aged woman is found to have a serum sodium level of 125 mEq/L. Which of the following is the most appropriate management strategy for this patient? | options: A: Administration of hypeonic saline solution B: Restriction of free water C: Plasma ultrafiltration D: Hemodialysis | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The occurrence of hyperglycemic ketoacidosis or hyperglycemic hyperosmolar coma is diagnostic of diabetes mellitus. Similarly, persistent fasting hyperglycemia , even if it is asymptomatic, has been recommended by the National Diabetes Data Group as a criterion for the diagnosis of diabetes. However, abnormal glucose tolerance-whether after eating or after a standard "glucose tolerance test" -can be caused by many factors (e.g., anxiety, infection or other illness, lack of exercise, or inadequate diet). Similarly, glycosuria may have renal as well as endocrinologic causes. Therefore, these two conditions cannot be considered diagnostic of diabetes. Gestational diabetes is diagnosed in women between the twenty-fouh and twenty-eighth weeks of gestation, first using a 50-g oral glucose load if the I-h glucose level >7.8 mmol/L (140 mg/dL); a 100-g oral glucose test is performed after an overnight fast. Gestational diabetes is initially treated with dietary measures; if the postprandial glucose level remains elevated, insulin therapy is often staed. About 30% of women with gestational diabetes will eventually develop true diabetes mellitus. [/INST] question: The diagnosis of diabetes mellitus is ceain in which of the following situations? | options: A: Abnormal oral glucose tolerance in a 24-yrs-old woman who has been dieting B: Successive fasting plasma glucose concentrations of 8, 9, and 8.5 mmol/L in an asymptomatic, otherwise healthy businesswoman C: A serum glucose level >7.8 mmol/L in a woman in her twenty-fifth week of gestation after a 50-g oral glucose load D: Persistent asymptomatic glycosuria in a 30-yrs-old woman | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: On November 19, 1863, Abraham Lincoln went to Gettysburg to speak at the National Soldiers Cemetery . The Civil War was still going on. There was much criticism of President Lincoln at the time. He had been invited to speak at Gettysburg only out of politeness. The other speaker was to be Edward Everett, a famous statesman and speaker of the day. Everett was a handsome man and very popular everywhere.
It is said that Lincoln prepared his speech on the train while going to Gettysburg. Later that night, alone in his hotel room and tired out, he again worked briefly on the speech. The next day Everett spoke first. His speech lasted an hour and 57 minutes and it was a perfect example of the day. Then Lincoln rose. The crowd of 15,000 people at first paid little attention to him. He spoke for only nine minutes. At the end there was little applause . Lincoln turned to a friend and said, "I have failed again."
Some newspapers at first criticized the speech. But little by little, as people read the speech, they began to like its simplicity and its deep meaning. It was a speech which only Abraham Lincoln could have made.
Now everyone thinks of it as one of the greatest speeches ever given in American history. [/INST] question: In 1863, Abraham Lincoln was _ in Gettysburg. | options: A: warmly welcomed B: unpopular C: greatly praised D: very polite | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Mr. Hadley was my 6th grade teacher. At that time I was a short girl weighing 70 kilograms. Boys always laughed at me because of it. So I became an extremely shy young lady.
One day Mr. Hadley told us that we would be required to come to the front of the class and read the reports that we had completed.
When my turn came, I refused to stand in front of all those students and open up to their tricks. Mr. Hadley handed me my report and asked me to read it. I gave it back to him. He walked to the front and said,"Martha has a very good report here and I think everyone needs to hear her read it. If you make strange noises or make fun of her in any way, I will let you fail right here and now. OK?"
Mr. Hadley walked back to me and handed me the paper again, asking me to go to the front of the class. I walked there on legs that were shaking and I felt a rabbit in my chest. Everyone was all quiet, including those boys. I stood there trying to be calm.
Mr. Hadley walked over to me and put his arm around me,"You can do it. I have confidence in you!" His words helped me calm down. I read the report and instead of the kids laughing at me and making fun of me, they all stood up and clapped their hands.
From that day on the kids never made fun of me any more and some actually made friends with me. I continued to be quite shy all through school but I knew if I had to stand up in front of the class, I could do it. [/INST] question: Martha felt extremely shy because of her_. | options: A: study B: age C: appearance D: beauty | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: .John Snow&;s map of cholera outbreaks from nineteenth century London changed how we saw a disease.John Snow who famously identified a pump as being the source of a cholera outbreak in 1854. Dr. Snow believed sewage dumped into the river or into cesspools near town wells could contaminate the water supply, leading to a rapid spread of disease. In August of 1854 Soho, a suburb of London, was hit hard by a terrible outbreak of cholera. Dr. Snows himself lived near Soho, and immediately went to work to prove his theory that contaminated water was the cause of the outbreak. "Within 250 yards of the spot where Cambridge Street joins Broad Street there were upwards of 500 fatal attacks of cholera in 10 days," Dr. Snow wrote "As soon as I became acquainted with the situation and extent of this irruption (sic) of cholera, I suspected some contamination of the water of the much-frequented street-pump in Broad Street." Dr. Snow worked around the clock to track down information from hospital and public records on when the outbreak began and whether the victims drank water from the Broad Street pump. Snow suspected that those who lived or worked near the pump were the most likely to use the pump and thus, contract cholera. His pioneering medical research paid off. By using a geographical grid to cha deaths from the outbreak and investigating each case to determine access to the pump water, Snow developed what he considered positive proof the pump was the source of the epidemic. [/INST] question: John snow;s discovery of cholera is an example | options: A: Natural experiments B: Spot map study C: Randomized trial D: Sho study | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Polypmetahosphate / volutin granules
Some bacteria contain granules composed of polymetaphosphate. They were first described in spirillum volutans, so they were called as Volutin granules.
These granules are also known as Babes Ernst granules or polar bodies or metachromatic granules.
These granules stain reddish violet with methylene blue or toluidine blue.
These granules are strongly basophilic.
In the granules, there is stored phosphate in the form of linear chains of inorganic phosphate. These granules represent intracellular phosphate reserve when nucleic acid syntheis does not occur.
The phosphate is incorporated into nucleic acid during the synthesis of the latter.
When nucleic acid synthesis is prevented by starvation , the granules accumulate in the cytoplasm. So, volutin metachromatic granules are most frequent in cells grown under conditions of nutritional deficiency (starvation) and tend to disappear when the deficient nutrients are supplied.
Volutin metachromatic granules are common in
(i) Corynebacteria diptheriae ii) Mycobacteria iii) Gardenella vaginalis iv) Spirillum voluants v) Agrobacterim tumefaciens [/INST] question: Metachromatic granules are found in -a) Diphtheriab) Mycoplasmac) Gardenella vaginalisd) Staphylococcus | options: A: ac B: bc C: ad D: b | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Paget disease, also known as osteitis deformans, is a frequent bone condition affecting middle-aged to elderly persons. Usually polyostotic, it affects the axial skeleton, including the spine, pelvis, proximal femur, and head. Often, it presents with gradual enlargement of the head and chronic bone pain. Affected bone is thickened and coarse, with disorderly osteoblastic and osteoclastic activity. Paget himself proposed a viral hypothesis for the pathogenesis of this condition, but only recent immunologic and molecular techniques have allowed identification of paramyxoviruses (measles and respiratory syncytial virus) in osteoclasts of affected bones. In most cases, the diagnosis can be made by radiologic investigations. Generalized reduction in bone mass is the defining feature of osteoporosis. In its most common form, the condition affects elderly persons, especially women after menopause. It characteristically causes compression fractures of veebral bones or pathologic fractures of the femoral neck. Genetic deficiency of carbonic anhydrase II is one cause of the rare hereditary disorders collectively known as osteopetrosis, which are due to osteoclast dysfunction. This condition manifests in infancy or childhood with bone fragility and recurrent fractures. The bone has a stony hard consistency, but is brittle. Monoclonal proliferation of plasma cells is the underlying cause of multiple myeloma, the most frequent primary bone neoplasm. Multiple myeloma results in multifocal accumulation of neoplastic plasma cells in bones, manifesting with punched-out osteolytic lesions on x-ray films. Veebrae, skull, ribs and pelvic bones are most frequently affected. [/INST] question: An 80-year-old man presents with slowly progressive enlargement of his head circumference, deformities of long bones and spine, and chronic pain of the affected skeletal segments. Laboratory studies show elevated serum alkaline phosphatase and high urine hydroxyproline. X-ray findings are consistent with Paget disease. Which of the following is the most likely pathogenetic mechanism of this condition? | options: A: Generalized reduction in bone mass B: Genetic deficiency of carbonic anhydrase II C: Monoclonal proliferation of plasma cells D: Paramyxovirus infection of osteoclasts | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: It was over two months before Christmas when 9-year-old Mary told her father and me that she wanted a new bike. Her old Barbi bike was too old and it often needed repairing. As Christmas came nearer; her dream for a bike seemed to disappear; for she didn't mention it again.
Then much to our surprise; on December 24th; she said that she really wanted a bike as the Christmas present more than anything else. We didn't know what to do. It was too late. We were busy with Christmas dinner and packing presents for our children; parents and also friends till midnight. So there was no time to buy the "right bike" for our little girl. Thinking that we might in this way make our child unhappy on Christmas; we felt _ and sad.
Suddenly my husband came up with an idea. "What if I make a little bike out of the clay and write a note that she could trade in the model bike for a real one after Christmas?" So he spent the next 5 hours working on a small clay bike. On Christmas morning; we were very excited and waited for Mary to open the little box with the beautiful red and white bike and the note. She opened the box and read the note loudly. She looked at me and said; "So; does this mean I can trade in this bike for a real one?" Smiling; I said; "yes."
Mary had tears in her eyes when she replied; "I would never trade in this beautiful bike that Daddy made for me. I prefer to keep it rather than get a real one." At that moment; we thought we would have moved the god to buy her every bike on earth. [/INST] question: What did Mary want as her Christmas present? | options: A: A clay model bike B: An old Barbi bike C: A new bike D: Every bike | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: William H. Gates is chairperson and chief software architect of Microsoft Corporation.the worldwide leader in software services and internet technologies for personal and business computing.
Bill Gates was born on October 28.1 955 in a family having rich business,political and community service background.His great--grandfather was a state legislator and a mayor,his grandfather was vice president of national bank and his father was a lawyer.
Bill strongly believes in hard work. He believes that if you are intelligent and know how to apply your intelligence,you can achieve anything.From childhood Bill was ambitious, intelligent and competitive.These qualities helped him to attain top position in the profession he chose.1n school,he had an excellent record in mathematics and science.Bill's parents came to know their son's intelligence and decided to send him to a private school,known for its good academic environment.It was a very important decision in Bill Gates' life where he was first introduced to a computer.Bill Gates and his friends were very much interested in computer and formed "programmer's Group" in late l968.
Later,Bill Gates and his close friend Allen started a new company of their own,Traf-O-Data.They developed a small computer to measure traffic flow.From this project they earned around$20,000.In 1973.he left home for Harvard University.He did well over there,but he couldn't find it interesting.He spent many long nights in front of the school's computer and the next day asleep in class.
Within a year.Bill Gates dropped out from Harvard.Then he formed Microsoft.Microsoft's vision is" A computer on every desk and Microsoft software on every computer".His belief in high intelligence and hard work has put him where he is today.He does not believe in mere luck,but just hard work and competitiveness.
Bill Gates is not a greedy person.In fact,he is quite a giving person when it comes to computers,internet and any kind of funding.Several years ago, he visited Chicago's Einstein Elementary School and announced grants benefiting Chicago's schools and museums where he donated a total of $1 1 0,000,a bunch of computers,and provided internet connectivity to a number of schools.Secondly,Bill Gates donated 38 million dollars for the building of a computer institute at Stanford University.Gates has decided to give away 95%of all his earnings when he retires. [/INST] question: How old was Bill Gates when he retired from Microsoft in late June of 2008? | options: A: 52 B: 55 C: 60 D: 62 | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The paralysis of Guillain-Barre often occurs about 10 days after a nonspecific viral illness. Weakness is gradual over days or weeks, beginning in the lower extremities and progressing toward the trunk. Later, the upper limbs and the bulbar muscles can become involved. Involvement of the respiratory muscles is life-threatening. The syndrome seems to be caused by a demyelination in the motor nerves and, occasionally, the sensory nerves. Measurement of spinal fluid protein is helpful in the diagnosis; protein levels are increased to more than twice normal, while glucose and cell counts are normal. Hospitalization for observation is indicated. Treatment can consist of observation alone, intravenous immunoglobulin, steroids, or plasma-pheresis. Recovery is not always complete. Bell palsy usually follows a mild upper respiratory infection, resulting in the rapid development of weakness of the entire side of the face. Muscular dystrophy encompasses a number of entities that include weakness over months. Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease has a clinical onset including peroneal and intrinsic foot muscle atrophy, later extending to the intrinsic hand muscles and proximal legs. Werdnig-Hoffmann disease is an anterior horn disorder that presents either in utero (in about one-third of cases) or by the first 6 months of life with hypotonia, weakness, and delayed developmental motor milestones. [/INST] question: About 12 days after a mild upper respiratory infection, a 12-year-old boy complains of weakness in his lower extremities. Over several days, the weakness progresses to include his trunk. On physical examination, he has the weakness described and no lower extremity deep tendon reflexes, muscle atrophy, or pain. Spinal fluid studies are notable for elevated protein only. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis in this patient? | options: A: Bell palsy B: Muscular dystrophy C: Guillain-Barre syndrome D: Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: * Shrinkage in the size of the cell by the loss of cell substance is known as atrophy * Although atrophied cells have diminished its function, they are not dead Shrinkage in the size of the cell by the loss of cell substance is known as atrophy. When a sufficient number of cells are involved, the entire tissue or organ diminishes in size, becoming atrophic (Fig. 1-4). Although atrophic cells may have diminished function, they are not dead. Causes of atrophy include a decreased workload (e.g., immobilization of a limb to permit healing of a fracture), loss of innervation, diminished blood supply, inadequate nutrition, loss of endocrine stimulation, and aging (senile atrophy). Although some of these stimuli are physiologic (e.g., the loss of hormone stimulation in menopause) and others pathologic (e.g., denervation), the fundamental cel- lular changes are identical. They represent a retreat by the cell to a smaller size at which survival is still possible; a new equilibrium is achieved between cell size and dimin- ished blood supply, nutrition, or trophic stimulation. The mechanisms of atrophy consist of a combination of decreased protein synthesis and increased protein degradation in cells. * Protein synthesis decreases because of reduced meta- bolic activity. * The degradation of cellular proteins occurs mainly by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Nutrient deficiency and disuse may activate ubiquitin ligases, which attach mul- tiple copies of the small peptide ubiquitin to cellular proteins and target them for degradation in protea- somes. This pathway is also thought to be responsible for the accelerated proteolysis seen in a variety of cata- bolic conditions, including the cachexia associated with cancer. * In many situations, atrophy is also accompanied by increased autophagy, with resulting increases in the number of autophagic vacuoles. Autophagy ("self-eating") is the process in which the starved cell eats its own components in an attempt to survive. We describe this process later in the chapter. Refer robbins 9/e p4-5 [/INST] question: Decrease in cell size refers to | options: A: Atrophy B: Metaplasia C: Hyperplasia D: Hyperophy | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Lateral canthus --> Angle of eye Angular Conjunctivitis:chronic conjunctivitis characterized by mild grade inflammation confined to the conjunctiva and lid margins near the angles (hence the name) associated with maceration of the surrounding skin. Moraxella Axenfield (MA) is the commonest causative organism.(Gram negative diplococci) MA bacilli are placed end to end, so the disease is also called 'diplobacillary conjunctivitis' Rarely, staphylococci may also cause angular conjunctivitis. Signs include Hyperaemia of bulbar conjunctiva near tlhe canthi. Hyperaemia of lid margins near the angles. Excoriation of the skin around the palpebral angles. DIY ,Foamy mucopurulent discharge at the angles is usually present. Frequent blinking. Source of infection: Nasal tract of healthy persons Often present in the nasal discharge in cases of angularconjunctivitis. treatment-Tetracycline ointment 2-3 times/day x 10-14 days OTHER OPTIONS Adenoviral conjunctivitis usually occurs in epidemics and thus ruled out Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis - characterized by multiple conjunctiva hemorrhages, conjunctival hyperaemia and mild follicular hyperplasia-caused due to enterovirus 70. Trachoma is characterised by lacrimation , scanty mucoid discharge and foreign body sensation with other characteristic signs. [/INST] question: A chronic alcoholic complains of congestion around the lateral canthus and burning sensation with discomfo of the eyes. Probable diagnosis? | options: A: Adenoviral conjunctivitis B: Appolo Disease C: Angular conjunctivitis D: Trachoma | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: (|FSH /LH ratio & | Estrogen level) (102, 331-32 Show's 14th)* Among the following options - best answer is FSH /LH ratio* POLYCYSTIC OVARIAN SYNDROME or DISEASE (PCOD)- Points in favor for diagnosis -- Anovulation- Hirsutism, obesity- | estrogen (E2) level- | FSH / LH ratio- | Androgen AD. DHEA- Sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG)|- Fasting insulin level is more than 10 mlIU/LSequelae of PCOD - DM, CVS disorder, Lipidaemia, Hypertension, Endometrial cancer, Breast cancer, Premature ovarian failure following surgeryCauses of Hirsutism* Ovarian - PCOD, hyperthecosis, masculinizing ovarian tumour, eg arrhenoblastoma, hilus cell tumour* Adrenal - congenital adrenal hyperplasia, cushing syndrome, adrenal tumour* Drugs - Androgens; progestogens with androgenic effect viz 19 norsteroids and levonorgestrel anabolic steroids, phenytoin, danazol, minoxidil* Other - Obesity, hypothyroidism, anovulatory hypo- oestrogenism idiopathic - 15%, hyperprolactinaemiaHYPERPROLACTINEMIAWomen: oligomenorrhea, amenorrhea, galactorrhea, infertilityProlactin normally elevated during pregnancyMen - Hypogonadism, decreased libido, and erectile dysfunction infertilityCT or MRI - demonstrate - pituitary adenomaStein Leventhal Syndrome or PCOD or PCOSClinical featuresHormonalSequelae-* Young women* Central obesity* BMI > 30 kg/cm2 * Waist line > 35"* Oligo menorrhoea, Amenorrhoea* Infertility (30%).* Hirsutism|E2 level|FSH | H> 10 IU/ml| FSH/LH ratio| Androgen* Testosterone, epiandrostenedione, dehydro epiandrosterone*17a hydroxyl progesterone >800 ng/dL* DM (15%)* CVS disorder* Lipidaemia* Hypertension* Endometrial cancer* Breast cancer* Premature ovarian* Acanthosis nigra due to insulin resistance*** Thick pigmented skin over the nape of neck inner thigh and axillaUltrasound - Necklace appearance*** Testosterone >0.5 ng/ml* |fasting insulin > 10ml IU/L* Prolactin |* Sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG)i* |E2/oestrone (E1) ratio* F. glucose / insulin ratio > 4.5 (Normal 2.4-4.5)failure following surgery:* 'Spongy appearance' with central sunburst calcification is seen in- Serous cyst adenoma or microcystic adenoma (793- Sutton 7th) [/INST] question: A lady presented with hirsutism, anovulation increased estrogen level, which of the other diagnostic investigation helps in diagnosis | options: A: | Prolactin level B: | LH, T ESR C: | FSH /LH ratio D: | Testosterone, epiandrostenedione | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: True real friends double your happiness and half your burdens. Basically how you would like a true real friend to be,you should be like this to your true friends. Trust and forgiveness are some ingredients of a true friend. True friendships are hard to come by. And what's more,life is short. So treasure these friends if you have already had them. If you don't continue to search,because once you have them,life becomes so much easier to live,no matter what happens. I have been through pretty rough patches and I dare say,without my friends I would not have made it.
Friendships need lots of energy and patience to maintain them. Not to mention time too. When your friend needs you,sometimes when things are not going too well on your side,it is often so easy to turn a deaf ear to their pleas. It is especially during these times,that you must find the strength in you to help your friend. And it is during these times that your friendship will be forged and made stronger.
And you must always be happy for their successes,even when things are not going too well on your side. It might be hard to do for some people but it is something that you need to learn. Think about all the sacrifices your friend has made for you and all the times when he or she was happy for you despite his or her own troubles.
Remember,true _ friends _ are _ the _ next _ best _ thing _ to _ family. They will always be your pillar of support no matter what happens. Always. [/INST] question: Which of the following belongs to a true friend's behavior? | options: A: You are not happy for your friend's success because you failed in an exam B: Your friend is very sad because he failed in an exam while you passed it C: You are not so busy but you can't afford time to help your friend with English and say sorry for it D: Your friend is very happy for your getting a first prize in a match though he failed in it | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Zhoukoudian is a small village situated about 50 kilometers to the southwest of Beijing. In the 1920s, archaeologists discovered some prehistoric human bones there which changed people's view of China's history. They came from an unknown species of man and were the first evidence of human life in China thousands of years ago. The remains were three teeth!
In 1929, a complete skull was also discovered. Eventually, archaeologists found almost 200 items, including six skulls and more than 150 teeth. These discoveries proved the existence of a human species who lived in the area between 700,000 and 200,000 years ago. Four sites where Beijing Man and his relatives lived were discovered on the northern face of Longgushan. They lived in the caves in the area.
However, the life span of Beijing Man was short. About 70% of the people probably died before the age of 14. Fewer than 5% lived to the age of 50. Ashes were found alongside the fossils which showed they had used fire for cooking food and also for light, warmth, and protection against wild animals. This is the earliest evidence of the use of fire anywhere in the world. They also made tools of bones and stones. Unfortunately, when Japan invaded China in 1937, excavations at the Beijing Man Site stopped and most of the fossils disappeared, including a Beijing Man skull. After the People's Republic of China was established in 1949, the work started again.
Zhoukoudian was listed as a World Heritage Site in December 1987. It has not only given us important information about prehistoric Asian societies, but also provided amazing evidence about the process of evolution. Today, parts of the caves have been badly affected by rain. Some areas are almost completely covered in weeds, causing serious damage. Pollution from the nearby factories has also led to the problem. This is a very serious matter and the Chinese Academy of Sciences is trying to raise public awareness of protecting it. [/INST] question: Archaeologists _ . | options: A: thought that the findings in Zhoukoudian are the first evidence of human life in Asia B: thought that the findings in Zhoukoudian wouldn't change the history of China C: discovered some prehistoric human bones in Zhoukoudian D: thought that Zhoukoudian was a beautiful village | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Have you ever imagined what kind of car we will be driving in 2020? It will be rather different from the type we know today, with the next 20 years bringing greater change than the past 50. The people who will be designing the models of tomorrow believe that environmental problems may well accelerate(,)the pace of the car's development. Today they are students on the transport design course at London's Royal College of Art.
Their vision is of a machine with three wheels instead of four, electrically powered, environmentally clean, and able to drive itself along "intelligent" roads equipped with built-in power supplies. Future cars will pick up their fuel during long journeys from a power source built into the road, or store it in small quantities for traveling in the city.
Instead of today's seating arrangements--two in front, two or three behind, all facing forward--the 2010 car will have a versatile interior with adults and children in a family circle.
This view of the future car is based on a much more sophisticated road system, _ Cars will not need drivers, because computers will provide safe driving control and route finding. All the driver will have to do is to say where to go and the computer will do the rest. It will become impossible for cars to crash into one another. The technology already exists for the car to become a true automobile. [/INST] question: A future car will use electrical power, because it is _ . | options: A: safer B: cheaper C: cleaner D: faster | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Mary Somerville was born in 1780 in Burntisland, Scotland. Her contribution to mathematics was in both algebra and differential and integral calculus .
Mary was one of the world's first famous female mathematicians. She became interested in mathematics and decided to study it at the time when it was considered unacceptable for a woman to do so. She bought books on algebra and geometry and read them at night. In spite of disapproval from people around her, she firmly went on with her struggle to learn. She won a prize for her solution to an algebra problem. She went on to write several books on mathematics. Later in her life, she thought deeply about the years in which she had persevered almost without hope and said, "It taught me never to lose heart."
Mary's way of learning remains useful today. If she worked for a while on a problem without coming up with an idea, she stopped working and turned her attention to the piano, her needlework, or a walk outdoors. She then returned to the problem with a fresh mind and a solution turned up. If she could not understand a passage while reading, she would forget about it and read on; several pages later, the meaning of the puzzling passage would become clear to her. [/INST] question: Why did Mary decide to study math? | options: A: Because she found math interesting and wanted to study it B: Because she was one of the world's first famous female mathematicians C: Because it was not considered acceptable for a woman to study math D: Because she was bored and had nothing to do | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: For this girl, who does not have anterior open bite despite her long-face skeletal pattern, the entire dentition is translated down, but a downward pitch posteriorly can be observed clinically. Note that the esthetic line of the dentition tilts down posteriorly relative to the intercommissure line and that there is greater exposure of gingiva posteriorly than anteriorly.
An excessive upward/downward rotation of the dentition relative to the lips and cheeks would be noted as pitch (up or down, in front or back). Pitch of the dentition relative to the facial soft tissues must be evaluated on clinical examination.
Pitch is revealed as the orientation of the palatal, occlusal and mandibular planes relative to the true horizontal.
Roll, which is analogous to the banking of an airplane, is described as rotation up or down on one side or the other.
Rotation of the jaw or dentition to one side or the other, around a vertical axis, produces a skeletal or dental midline discrepancy that is best described as yaw. [/INST] question: A 26 year old female patient reports to the clinic with gummy smile. The complaint of this patient can be described best by which of the following? | options: A: Divergence B: Roll C: Pitch D: Yaw | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: When men get together, they seldom talk about their feelings or inner thoughts. However, they talk about a lot, like their newest computer, how to repair their car, or even business.
Talk might move to the best place to find fish or women, jump to computer games, then continue to the sport of the season. They also like to tell jokes each other and spend a fair amount of time playing one-up and boasting . Men seldom call each other to chat.
When man meets woman, he usually wants to make a good impression. Many single man try hard to carry on amusing, fun, and pleasant conversations. They use conversation to discover her interests and feelings in order to learn how to be attractive to her.
Some men, either out of nervousness or ignorance, spend most of the time talking about themselves, often appearing to _ their achievements or talk endlessly about their problems or work. Even the quietest man talks to his woman when love is new.
When women get together, they talk about feelings and relationships, their work, and their family. They enjoy talking but also want the give and take of talk, then listen. Women often call each other to chat. Conversation is an important part of most women's lives.
As relationship progress, however, many turns on the television and forgets how to talk. This raises anger and cry from his woman partner who says,"You never talk to me any more."Some man start talking. Many, however, mainly discuss their own achievements and problems.
When the woman starts talking about her favorite subjects: feelings, family, relationships, friends and her work, many men lose interest or bring the conversation back to themselves, pretty soon, the man is back to starting at the television each night, wondering where his relationship has gone. The woman is talking to her friends, mom, sister or neighbor, often about that very relationship and how she is hurting. [/INST] question: What is the same topic in both men's and women's talk? | options: A: Family B: Work C: Friends D: Jokes | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The standard Outward Bound course lasts for three or four weeks. During that time the students live in the wilderness and go through many physical activities of ever increasing difficulty.
The first few days are given to physical conditioning and to the teaching of basic skills such as first aid, map and compass reading, rope climbing, and other similar activities.
During the second part of the course students learn how to climb rocks and cliffs, how to use canoes and rafts in swift water, and in some schools how to sail, ski, climb mountains, and make long-distance hikes.
The first two parts of the course are done in groups. Members work together and help each other to overcome the increasing number of challenges. In the third part of the course, students are sent out alone for three days to survive in the wilderness with only a few necessities.
Who are the students of Outward Bound? They are both young people and adults, men and women. The minimum age is 16.5 years. There is no maximum age. About one-third of the 6,000 persons completing the course each year are women. Businessmen, housewives, university students, professors, doctors, and lawyers are among those taking part in the course.
In recent years special courses for the busy business managers have gained in popularity. These courses last from five to ten days rather than the usual three to four weeks of the normal course.
Not all students complete the Outward Bound course. In some cases the individual cannot meet the physical challenges. In its own words Outward Bound literature says: "Make no mistake, Outward Bound is not for everybody. The courses aren't easy and are not meant to be."
Most students who finish the course share a common experience. They are surprised at themselves that they finish the course and they feel great pride in doing the impossible! The Outward Bound experience makes them feel that they are better than they know! [/INST] question: Where are Outward Bound courses given? | options: A: In the classroom B: On the playground C: In the wilderness D: In canoes and rafts | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: A city in South Korea has added a new attraction to its cultural landscape --the world's first "Toilet Theme Park". The Restroom Cultural Park in the city of Suwon is proving a huge hit with locals and tourists alike.
The park was built to memorize the former city mayor Sim Jae-duck, known as "Mr. Toilet". He believed the toilet is a very important place and full of culture. Visitors to the park can enjoy its toilet- bowl- shaped exhibition hall as well as lots of bronze statues in all kinds of toilet positions. They can even sit on Mr. Kim's original toilet, which includes a full-length glass door that mists up when it is being used.
Suwon has become well known because of the promotion of toilet culture. The city attracts toilet- related artwork from around the world to its galleries. It famously hosts the Golden Poop Art Festival- a celebration of one of the calls of nature. The city also lists lots of its own public toilets as tourist attractions on its website. Sim Jae-duck's toilet-shaped house, now a museum, should be the must-see for _ . It's said that Mr. Sim was born in the loo of his mother's house, so he loved toilets very much. He said in 2007, "The toilet can save humankind from diseases and is a place for introspection . The toilet is also a central living place that has culture." [/INST] question: What's the theme park's name? | options: A: Restroom Park B: Toilet World C: The Restroom Cultural Park D: The Park of World Toilets | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Uterine prolapse is the term used for when the uterus descends from its normal position to one lower in the body. The prolapse is graded based on the level of descent. This woman has first degree prolapse, with descent of the cervix into the vagina. Second degree prolapse is characterized by protrusion of the cervix through the introitus. Third degree prolapse is characterized by complete eversion of the vagina. Uterine prolapse, rectocele, and cystocele are usually due to problems with the strength of the muscles forming the pelvic floor, and the lesions are classified as pelvic relaxation disorders. A history of trauma (notably related to multiple pregnancies) and hormonal changes (e.g., menopause) is frequently elicited. Cystocele refers to the descent of the bladder to a lower than normal position. It is usually due to problems with the strength of the muscles forming the pelvic floor, and the lesions are classified as pelvic relaxation disorders. A history of trauma (notably related to multiple pregnancies) and hormonal changes (e.g., menopause) is frequently elicited. A femoral hernia would present with a mass in the upper pa of the thigh, adjacent to the groin. Rectocele refers to descent of the rectum to a lower than normal position. [/INST] question: A 38-year-old woman complains to a physician because of having chronic pelvic pressure. On fuher questioning, she repos chronic lower back pain, constipation, difficulty in walking, and difficulty while intercourse. Pelvic examination showed uterine cervix lying low within the vaginal canal, but does not protrude through the introitus. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? | options: A: Cystocele B: Femoral hernia C: Rectocele D: Uterine prolapse | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: I'm Adam Gun from Istanbul, Turkey. I'm in a good school. And at the age of 15, in my first year of high school. I'm a great fan of tennis and cycling. I play tennis twice a week for two hours each time. Sometimes I want to play more, but I just keep playing for hours on end, never getting tired of doing it. This is one of the rare things I love in my life, in addition to cycling.
Like tennis, I find that I'm able to ride for ever and ever. Since Istanbul is made up of large and small hills, it's a nice challenge to ride my bike every day. Although there aren't many cycling places in Istanbul, I'm lucky enough to live near the biggest park. It's downhill from my house to the park and I enjoy cycling up as much as floating down, because it's challenging.
Now I have been thinking about being a lawyer and following my father's footsteps, but I just don't think I'm _ it. I have heard people tell me over and over again: If you want to be happy with your life, you need to like and enjoy your job. Well, I'm not sure about the fact that I will enjoy being a lawyer when I grow up. I'm just not the type of person who sits down and studies for hours. So I just need opinions on whether to become a tennis player(hopefully), to become a cyclist(hopefully) or to become a lawyer. [/INST] question: We can know that Adam Gun is satisfied with _ . | options: A: his friends B: his choice to be a lawyer C: his school D: his favorite tennis star | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Flying over a desert area in an airplane, two scientists looked down with trained eyes at trees and bushes. After an hour's flight one of the scientists wrote in his book, "Look here for probable metal." Walking across hilly ground, four scientists reported, "This ground should be searched for metals." From an airplane over a hilly wasteland a scientist sent back by radio one word "Uranium."
None of the scientists had X-ray eyes: they had no magic powers for looking down below the earth's surface. They were merely putting to use one of the newest methods of locating minerals in the ground---using trees and plants as signs that certain minerals may lie beneath the ground on which the trees and plants are growing.
This newest method of searching for minerals is based on the fact that minerals deep in the earth may affect the kind of bushes and trees that grow on the surface.
At Watson Bar Creek, a mineral search group gathered bags of tree seeds. Boxes were filled with small branches from the trees. Roots were dug and put into boxes. Each bag and box was carefully marked. In a scientific laboratory the parts of the forest trees were burned to ashes and tested. Each small part was examined to learn whether there were minerals in it.
Study of the roots, branches, and seeds showed no silver. But there were small amounts of gold in the roots and a little less gold in the branches and seeds. The seeds growing nearest to the tree trunk had more gold than those growing on the ends of the branches.
If the trees had not indicated that there was gold in the ground, the scientists would not have spent money to pay for digging into the ground. They did dig and found more gold below. They dug deeper. They found large quantities of gold. [/INST] question: Scientists went to different regions in order to search for _ . | options: A: gold B: silver C: metals D: minerals | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: (Zileuton) (175, 223-KDT 6th)ZILEUTON -- is a 5 LOX inhibitor blocks LTC4/D4 as well as LT B4 synthesis, clinical efficacy in asthma similar to montelucast. The duration of action is short with hepatotoxic potential. These limitations have restricted to useLEUKQTRIENE ANTAGONIST (Montelukast, Zafirlukast) are indicated for prophylactic therapy of mild to moderate asthma as alternatives to inhaled glucocorticoids, churg- strauss syndrome is an important complications.OMALIZUMAB - Anti-IgE antibody - is a recombinant DNA derived monoclonal antibody that selectively binds to human immunoglobulin E (IgE) uses - Moderate to severe allergic asthmaCORTICOSTEROIDSA. Systemic:- Hydrocortisone, Prednisolone and othersB. Inhalational - Beclomethasone, dipropionate, Budesoride,fluticasone.propionate, Flunislide, Ciclesonide * Nodocromil is mast cell stabilizer* Loading dose of Aminophylline is - 5-6 mg/kg*** Long acting beta-2 (b2) agonist is - Salmetarol*** Albuterol - selective b2 receptor agonist* Letrozole is an aromatase inhibitor** [/INST] question: 5-Lipo - oxygenase synthesis inhibitor is | options: A: Zileuton B: Zafirleucast C: Monteleucast D: Omalizumab | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: On August 4, while a young man in Hangzhou was caught because of killing another young man with his car, a 17-year-old girl died because of the same reason in the same city. It's reported that the driver was badly drunk.
Cars are more and more popular for more Chinese these days. And the numbers of car accidents are increasing. From 1994 to 2008, deaths because of drunk-driving increased 7.3%. In 2009, a total of 18,371 people were killed in car accidents because of drunk driving.
In the middle of August, there were some new rules to deal with the drunk drivers:
1. If a driver's alcohol content is 20mg per 100 ml of blood, he is regarded as a drunk driver.
2. If a driver's alcohol content is 80mg per 100ml or more, he will be held for 15 days and have their license revoked for six months, and are given a fine of 2,000 yuan.
The first weekend, 3,167 drivers were held because of high levels of alcohol in their blood.
So many people are calling for the law to deal with drunk drivers in order to make drivers understand that drunk drinking can make serious problems. [/INST] question: The girl in Hangzhou died because the driver _ . | options: A: was not careful enough B: wanted to kill her C: drank too much D: was too old to see clearly | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Phones make our lives easier. Usually they are a convenient type of technology to have around because they can help us communicate with all types of people for any reason whatsoever. As long as somebody else has a phone, you can contact them. This means you can keep in touch with friends and family, contact businesses, and generally communicate with people no matter where they are.
Sometimes, however, phones can cause problems or be an annoyance. One phenomenon that is dreaded in the United States is telemarketing. Telemarketers call your phone in order to try and convince you to buy their products. They often start the conversation with a friendly voice or tone to try and convince you they can be trusted. Once most people realize they are talking to a telemarketer, they will end the conversation as quickly as possible. Some will be polite and make up an excuse to end the conversation. Others are less tactful and criticize the telemarketer, yell at them, or simply hang up the phone. Although most people don't buy things from telemarketers, a few people do, so telemarketers keep on calling. If you have a phone in America you most likely have received a call from a telemarketer.
To avoid telemarketers some people buy new technology. "Caller ID" allows you to see the number that is calling your phone before you answer. If you do not recognize the name and number of a caller you can simply ignore the call. Unfortunately there usually is no way to tell if an unknown number is somebody important, but unknown, or a telemarketer. Even though technology can help some people eschew annoying telemarketers, they can't be avoided altogether. [/INST] question: Why do phones make people's lives easier? | options: A: They make it easy to buy things B: Telemarketers will call your phone so you don't have to go shopping C: As long as two people each have a phone, they can communicate each other D: They allow people to communicate with whomever they want whenever they want | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Local officials in Beijing promised to furtherprotect the city's cultural heritage , in particular the narrow streets known as Hutong.
Hutong are commonly found in the cities of North China, but they are at risk. Beijingis currently believed to have fewer than 1,000 Hutong, most of which are nearthe Forbidden City. Only 60 years ago, thenumber was 3,250. In the old districts of Dongcheng and Xicheng, which cover 62square kilometers, some people will be asked to move from Hutong houses toavoid further damage to the ancient architecture.
"On average more than 100,000 people visit the Forbidden City during the National Day holidays. Thevisits put pressure on the protection of cultural relics," said Huang Yan,director of the Beijing Municipal Commission of Urban Planning, adding that Hutongshould be protected from human damage.
The government focused on how the protection planswere carried out and how the management of cultural heritages worked. WangShaofeng, head of the Xicheng district government, said the area has 182cultural relics, many of which were built as far back as the Yuan Dynasty(1271-1368). The district of Xicheng has 1.28 million residents in its 57square kilometers of land. "The most efficient way is to decrease the localpopulation to reduce the possibility of causing harm to the heritage," Wangsaid.
"Each community has been required to report thestatus of its cultural heritage, especially Hutong, and any actions to damagethe heritage will be punished," Wang said.
No one knows for sure how many Hutong will be leftin the coming 100 years. [/INST] question: How many hutong have disappeared in the pastsixty years in Beijing? | options: A: Less than 1000 B: About 2000 C: More than 3000 D: Over 4000 | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: It was Monday.Mrs.Smith's dog was hungry,but there was not any meat in the house.
Considering that there was no better way,Mrs.Smith took a piece of paper,and wrote the following words on it "Give my dog half a pound of meat." Then she gave the paper to her dog and said gently,"Take this to the butcher,and he's going to give you your lunch today."
Holding the piece of paper in its mouth,the dog ran to the butcher's.It gave the paper to the butcher.The butcher read it carefully,recognized that it was really the lady's handwriting and soon did it as he was asked to.The dog was very happy,and ate the meat up at once.
At noon,the dog came to the shop again.It gave the butcher a piece of paper again.After reading it,he gave it half a pound of meat once more.
The next day,the dog came again exactly at noon.And as usual,it brought a piece of paper in the mouth.This time,the butcher did not take a look at paper,and gave the dog its meat,for he had regarded the dog as one of his customers .
But,the dog came again at four o'clock.And the same thing happened once again.To the butcher's more surprise,it came for the third time at six o'clock,and brought with it a third piece of paper.The butcher felt a bit puzzled.He said to himself,"This is a small dog.Why does Mrs.Smith give it so much meat to eat today?"
Looking at the piece of paper,he found that there were not any words on it! [/INST] question: The little dog went to the butcher's _ altogether during the two days. | options: A: three times B: four times C: five times D: six times | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: For many years, no one could communicate with people who had been born without hearing. These deaf people were not able to use a spoken language.
But, beginning in the 1700s, the deaf were taught a special language. Using the language, they could share thoughts and ideas with others. The language they used was a language without sound. It was a sign language.
How did this sign language work? The deaf were taught to make certain movements using their hands, faces, and bodies. These movements stood for things and ideas. People might move their forefingers across their lips. This meant, "You are not telling the truth." They might tap their chins with three fingers. This meant, "my uncle".
The deaf were also taught to use a finger alphabet . They used their fingers to make the letters of the alphabet. In this way, they spelled out words. Some deaf people could spell out words at a speed of 130 words per minute.
Sign language and finger spelling are not used as much as they once were. Today the deaf are taught to understand others by watching their lips. They are taught how to speak. [/INST] question: In the 1700s, the deaf were taught _ . | options: A: to speak B: to watch others C: a sign language D: a spoken language | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Pieter Bruegel was a famous artist who lived in Europe five hundred years ago. He is well known for a painting calledChildren's Games. People like this painting because it is full of fun. It shows how children in Pieter's time enjoyed themselves in different ways. In all, there are about eighty games being played in the painting.
Children's Gamesshows a busy street scene in a town long ago. The street is a wide and open space. There are no cars, so there is plenty of room to play. There are about two hundred children in the painting. Some play in groups and others play alone. They seem to be enjoying their freedom in the fresh air and their games. Some of the games are still played today.
The games in the painting do not require children to spend money on extra materials . Instead, they use simple everyday objects like hats and sticks. A game might need a rope, some chalk, a hoop, a spinning top, or even a barrel. Some games are played without any toys at all. For example, one scene in the painting shows children turning somersaults inside the fence.
Even though Pieter Bruegel lived a long time ago, children today can learn an important lesson from what he painted. The painting shows us how little we need in order to enjoy ourselves. All children really need is one another. It's not the toys or games that are found in the stores that create fun. Using our imagination can do this for us. [/INST] question: The painting shows about _ games. | options: A: 500 B: 200 C: 80 D: 60 | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Everyone makes mistakes in life, but for whales and dolphins, the "mistake" of landing on the shore costs the highest price---their lives.
People living along the coast of Australia and New Zealand have been shocked and saddened by the number of whales and dolphins that they have found on their beaches recently. Since November 28th, 96 whales and dolphins have died in Australia and 53 whales died in New Zealand. Although 20 whales were saved, some of these were not expected to live, as they were too weak to swim with the others back to sea.
Bob Brown, leader of Australia's Green party, said the mass beaching was caused by the recent "sound bombing" of the ocean floor between the two countries. This is a method of testing for oil and gas reserves .
But mass beaching of whales has long puzzled scientists. Typically most members of the stranded group will appear to be perfectly healthy. "Some researchers believe that close relationship within the group causes the problem, if one gets into trouble, the others will not leave" said Shery Gibney, a leading biologist in New Zealand. "Some will come in and try and assist it; if they get trapped on the beach, then more will come."
Another common theory is that the whales' navigation system are thought to break down in some way. It has been said that whales follow electromagnetic patterns in the sea-bed. The whales can get confused because these patterns sometimes change. That would be a bit like a new roundabout being built on a road you were used to driving on. You might be confused for a minute when you come to it for the first time, and you might even take a wrong turning before getting back on your route.
A different idea is that when whales chase fish for food they end up in shallow waters because they are not paying attention to where they are going.
And yet, from time to time a group will swim on purpose into shallow waters and end up on the beach, where they die. If returned to the sea, some whales often show great determination in restraining themselves. [/INST] question: _ whales and dolphins would probably die in this mass beaching along the coast of Australia and New Zealand. | options: A: Less than 100 B: Less than 150 C: More than 150 D: 149 | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: In the Night Garden
In a magical forest, colourful characters have adventures. A mysterious tide of water appears suddenly next to Igglepiggle. He discovers that he can control it by moving his feet. Excited, he takes it to Makka Pakka who finds it very useful indeed.
Children Under 5
Today on BBC2 from 11:05am to 11:35am
Last of the Summer Wine
To relax, Howard tries a simple trick to change his appearance enough to fool even Pearl. But he soon discovers that taking over someone else's identity can be equally dangerous.
Comedy Sitcoms
Today on G.O.L.D. from 12:40pm to 1: 20pm
The Secret Circle
Cassie is an orphaned teenager who discovers that not only is she a witch but that she is also the key that will unlock a centuries-old battle between good and evil. When Cassie accepts a cute boy's invitation to the school dance, Adam struggles to control his anger.
Today on Sky Living from 10:00pm to 11:00pm
The Kid's Speech
Eleven-year-olds, Reggie and William, and 14-year-old Bethan, are determined to improve their speech. Along with their parents, they start a unique course at the Michael Palin Centre for Stammering children. Over two weeks, they open up about their fears and frustrations.
Documentary
Today on BBC1 London from 10:35pm to 11:25pm [/INST] question: If Mary's little brother is free before noon, which play can he watch? | options: A: In the Night Garden B: Last of the Summer Wine C: The Secret Circle D: The Kid's Speech | answer: A </s> |
Subsets and Splits