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<s>[INST] context: Congenital adrenal hyperplasia The early development of the genital system is similar in both the sexes. Congenital defects in sexual development. usually arising from a variety of chromosomal abnormalities tend to present clinically with ambiguous external genitalia. These conditions are known as intersex or hermaphroditism. True hermaphroditismdeg : Individuals with this disorder have both ovarian and testicular tissue, most commonly as composite ovotestes but occasionally with an ovary on one side and testis on the other. Pseudo hermaphroditismdeg : The genetic sex indicates one sex whereas the external genitalia has characteristics of the other. Pseudo hermaphroditism is caused by either abnormal levels of sex hormones or abnormalities in sex hormone receptor. Female pseudohermaphroditism Genetic females (gonads ovaries) with masculinized external genitalia manifesting as - clitoral hyperophydeg and some degrees of fusion of urogenital or labioscrotal folds. Male pseudohermaphroditism Genetic males (Gonads testis) with feminized external genitalia manifesting as hypospadiasis, or incomplete fusion of the urogenital or labioscrotal folds of female pseudohermaphroditism Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (M/C cause)deg : 21 - hydroxylase (P450c21) deficiencydeg 113 - hydroxylase (P450c11) deficiencydeg 3 [3 - hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiencydeg Elevated androgens in maternal circulation due drug intakedeg - testosterone, danazol norethindrone Maternal virilising ovarian tumourdeg Aromatase (P450arom) deficiencydeg Causes of male pseudohermaphroditism Androgen insensitivity syndrome (Androgendeg receptor abnormalities : 5tx - reductase deficiencydeg Testosterone biosynthesis defects 3 3 - hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiencydeg 173 - hydroxylase (P450c17) deficiency deg 173 - hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiencydeg Congenital lipoid adrenal hyperplasia (STAR deficiency)deg Gonadotropin - resistant testes Anti - mullerian hormone deficiency [/INST] question: Commonest cause of female pseudo hermaphroditism is : | options: A: Virlizing ovarian tumor B: Ovarian dysgenesis C: Exogenous androgen D: Congenital adrenal hyperplasia | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The National Trust has many campsites in scenic locations all over the UK. Make the most of the last days of summer by living outdoors and taking in these beautiful landscapes. Here are some of the most popular places to go.
Low Wray, Cumbria
Low Wray is a lovely campsite situated on the western shore Windermere in the Lake District. There are magnificent views across the water to Wansfell Pike and the Fairfield Horseshow and the site is an ideal base for water sports with on-site access for launching.
Phone 05139463862 or _ .
Houghton Mill, Cambridgeshire
This site is situated on the banks of the Great Ouse with spectacular views across the river to the Trust's Houghton Mill, the last working mill on this river. Mill demonstrations are held every Sunday during the season and the site is situated near the picturesque village of Houghton. There are plenty of footpaths for walkers, horse riders and cyclists along the waterways.
_ or phone 01480466716.
Wasdale Head, Cumbria
Wasdale is a great base for climbers of all abilities. The site is nestled under the Scafell mountain range at the head of beautiful Wastwater, the deepest lake in England. Canoeing is possible on Wastwater although limited to no more than 15 on the lake at a time.
Phone 01212765416 or _ .
Highertown Farm, Cornwall
A small, basic campsite situated in the quiet hamlet of Lansallos with fine views of the south-east Cornwall coast and not far from a secluded beach. Bookings may be necessary at peak time.
Email or phone 01208265211
Lundy, Bristol Channel
Lundy Island is an unspoilt island, home to a fascinating array of wildlife amidst dramatic scenery. There are passages from Bideford and Ilfracombe according to the tides, 1 April-31Oct and a winter helicopter service 1 Nov-31 March.
Email or phone 01271863636 for more information. [/INST] question: Mike is fond of swimming. Which of the following campsites would he choose? | options: A: Low Wray, Cumbria B: Lundy, Bristol Channel C: Highertown Farm, Cornwall D: Houghton Mill, Cambridgeshire | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Eleven-year-olds are to learn Shakespeare using the approaches taken by actors, and English teachers will be encouraged to let pupils walk around the classroom rather than read the plays while pupils are sitting at their desks.
Within the English curriculum you tend to look at a play text as a piece of literature rather than performance. But you can't possibly understand Shakespeare's language if you're just reading it in your head. Shakespeare is difficult; it's not a 21stcentury text. You have to use different ways to understand it.
The new teaching way focuses on how actors come to understand Shakespeare's language. In fact actors have the same nervousness about Shakespeare's language as young people in schools do. But in six to eight weeks they get to a place of complete confidence about the play. Pupils can do as well.
Exercises devised are to let children aged 11 to 14 imitate the methods of professional actors. Written and oral assessments developed alongside the lessons will show how well students have understood the texts.
In one task pupils will work on creating four key physical figures of king, warrior , lover and joker, finding which lines of their chosen character go with those features first and then acting them out. Through this they can examine how a character such as Macbeth can switch dramatically within one scene from soldier to kingly figure to trick planner. It's really creative but you're still getting a really wonderful model of understanding. _
Educators think Shakespeare should be a central part of every young person's education. Developing a love of Shakespeare at a young age often leads to a lifelong passion for literature and helps to improve a child's reading and writing. [/INST] question: How will young people learn Shakespeare? | options: A: Reading them aloud B: Reciting them C: Cooperating with actors D: Acting them out | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Gary and Gavin were twin brothers who worked in a department store owned by their father. After their father had passed away, they took over the store. Everything went well until the day a twenty-dollar bill disappeared. Gary had left the bill on the cash register. But when he returned, the money was gone.
Gary then asked his brother Gavin, "Did you see that twenty-dollar bill on the cash register?" Gavin said that he had not. But Gary did not let it go and kept questioning. "Twenty-dollar bills can't get up and walk away by themselves! Surely you must have seen it." There was accusation in Gary's voice. Tempers began to rise and anger grew. "I said I didn't see it!" Gavin raised his voice.
The quarrel divided the young men and they could no longer work together. Later, a wall was built in the center of the store. For twenty years, they never said a word to each other.
One day, a strange man came to the store. He walked in and asked Gary, "How long have you been here?" Gary replied that he'd been there all his life. "Then you are the person I'm looking for, since I must tell you the truth," the customer said emotionally. "Twenty years ago, I was totally _ and hungry. I entered this store from the back door and saw a twenty-dollar bill on the cash register. And I took it. All these years I hadn't been able to forget that. I had to come back and ask for your forgiveness ."
The stranger felt very surprised when seeing tears come to the eyes of the middle-aged man in front of him. "Would you please go next door and tell the same story to the man in the store?" Gary asked. Then something surprised the stranger even more --- after hearing his story, the two middle-aged men hugged each other and cried together in the front of the wall of the store.
After twenty years, the wall of anger that set them apart finally came down. [/INST] question: After the twin's father died, the department store was managed by _ . | options: A: Gary B: Gavin C: the twins D: a stranger | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: If you are tired of common hotel rooms, maybe it's time to climb into a tree. A new generation of tree houses are appearing across the world, and designer Roderick Romero says he knows why and he said "They're magical. I've never seen someone climb into a tree house and not smile."
Edisto River Canadys, S. C.
Before you can stay in one of the wilderness tree houses, you first have to canoe down the Edisto River. The paddle-in homes offer a cooking gear and comfortable sleeping bed. "It's a really good place to get back to nature," Romero says. The lofts have gas stoves and are lit by lanterns. The website: caneosc.com
Treehotel
Romero was astonished when he first saw the buildings at this hotel 40 miles south of the Arctic Circle in northern Sweden. "It blew my mind. I couldn't believe what I was seeing." he says. The hotel rooms draws heavily on spare Scandinavian design. "Architecturally this is one of the coolest ideas for a tree house.'' The website: treehotel.se
Hideaway Cafe
While most treehouses are found in the woods, this coffee shop and inn turns the idea on its head with a location in downtown Tokyo. The building itself stands on stilts with a tree growing through the center of it. The cafe was the first treehouse designed by Kobayashi Takashi, who has since created more than 120 homes. "He's one of my heroes." Romero says, "In the treehouse community, he's who we talk about the most." The website: treehouse.jp/ hideaway/.
Tongabezi
One of the world's most stylish treehouses perches in a tree alongside the Zambezi River near Victoria Falls. The large pine deck holds a bed and Turkish carpets. Guests can go on safati, or simply stay in their perch and watch for hippos playing in the river. The website: below.tongabezi.com. [/INST] question: What made Treehotel impressive? | options: A: Its position B: Its design C: Its height D: Its price | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Christmas has never looked as beautiful as it is now, when this one-foot-tall mini tree grew from a pothole in the streets of London.
London pothole gardener Steve Wheen , 34 , has created over 150 little gardens so far the smallest one of which is just one-inch-square.
"I really enjoy the reactions of people who come across my work and love them ."said Steve. "London can be so grey, especially at this time of year. When l was thinking about how to brighten it up, gardening came to my mind."
Steve has been pothole gardening for four years, mainly around the streets of London His pothole gardens are made with some plants he chooses from his local garden centre. Each of them usually costs between five and ten pounds. Although they are often temporary to the streets, Steve is sure that they can be in people's mind for a long time, if they are lucky enough to come across these small gardens while they go about their daily lives.
"I'm always surprised when I ask people what they think the message is behind my Work ."he said. "Often they think I'm against or in honor of something. One person even considered that l was marking the places where people had died in car accidents."
"I think in a city like London, where it's easy to feel short of green space, my message can be seen as a green one and that's fine with me. "he said. "The environment is something we all need to be thinking about more and more. But most importantly, it's all about making people smile and giving them an unexpected moment of happiness." [/INST] question: Steve thinks the main color of London around Christmas is | options: A: white B: blue C: grey D: green | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Location of cerebral aneurysms:Saccular aneurysms, AKA berry aneurysms are usually located on major named cerebral aeries atthe apex of branch points which is the site of maximum hemodynamic stress in a vessel. Moreperipheral aneurysms do occur, but tend to be associated with infection (mycotic aneurysms) ortrauma. Fusiform aneurysms are more common in the veebrobasilar system. Dissect ing aneurysmsshould be categorized with aerial dissect ion (p.1323).Saccular aneurysms location:1. 85-95% in carotid system, with the following 3 most common locations:a) ACoA (single most common): 30% (ACoA & ACA more common in males)b) p-comm: 25%c) middle cerebral aery (MCA): 20%2. 5-15% in posterior circulation (veebro-basilar)a) [?] 10% on basilar aery: basilar bifurcation, AKA basilar tip, is the most common, followed byBA-SCA, BA-VA junction, AICAb) [?] 5% on veebral aery: VA-PICA junction is the most common3. 20-30% of aneurysm patients have multiple aneurysms (p.1226) Ref; Greenberg handbook of neurosurgery, 8th ed, p-1191 [/INST] question: Which one of the following is the most common site of Berry aneurysm | options: A: Veebro-basilar aery B: Origin of posterior communicating aery C: Anterior communication aery D: Anterior choroidal aery | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The Internet is becoming important in our life. How much do you know about it? The following questions and their answers will help you to know more about the Internet.
What is the Internet?
The Internet is a large, world-wide collection of computer networks . A network is a small group of computers put together. The Internet is many different kinds of networks from all over the world. These networks are called the Internet. If you have learned to use the Internet, you can have a lot of interest on the World Wide Web .
What is the World Wide Web?
The World Wide Web has been the most popular development of the Internet. It is like a big electronic book with millions of pages. These pages are called homepages. You can find information about almost anything in the world on these pages. For example, you can use the Internet instead of a library to find information for your homework. You can also find information about your favourite sport or film star, talk to your friends or even do some shopping on the pages. Most pages have words, pictures and even sound or music.
What is e-mail?
Electronic mail (e-mail) is a way of sending messages to other people. It's much quicker and cheaper than sending a letter. If you want to use e-mail, you must have an e-mail address. This address must have letters and dots and an @ (means "at"). For example: Lily @ Yahoo.com. Write a message, type a person's e-mail address, and then send the message across the Internet. People don't need to use stamps, envelopes or go to the post office because of the invention of the Internet. Quick, easy and interesting -- that's the Internet. [/INST] question: The Internet is _ . | options: A: a big computer B: a small group of computers C: lots of computer networks D: the World Wide Web | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Ordinal Repeat from All India 07, AIIMS May 2005, Nov. 2003 Statistical data can be of two types -Qualitative data -Quantitative data Qualitative Data In such data there is no notion of magnitude or size of the variables as they cannot be measured Variables can be categorized according to some characterstics or quality. eg: Sex, occupation marital status, education level, vaccinated or not vaccinated, acquired the disease or not, died or cured, grades in the class. The qualitative data can be placed on 2 scales - i) Nominal ii) Ordinal. Nominal scale - Nominal scale data are divided into qualitative categories or groups, such as male / female, black / white, died / cured, attacked / not attacked, vaccinated / not vaccinate, urban / sub urban / rural. - There is no implication of order or ratio, means that the data cannot be placed in a meaningful order. Ordinal Scale - Here the data can be placed into categories that can be rank ordered (eg. students may be ranked / 2nd / 3rd / 4th in their class or into grades A/B/C, the activity of an animal can be rated on a scale of 1 to 6, hardness scale for water etc.) However, there is no information about the size of the interval ie no conclusion can be drawn about whether the difference between the first and second students is the same as the difference between the second and third. Variables in the form of mild, moderate and severe (or very satisfied, satisfied and dissatisfied) are analyzed by ordinal scale as they can be arranged in a meaningful order but there is no information about the size of the interval between them. Quantitative data The quantitative data have a magnitude ie they can be measured. Eg. - height, weight, blood pressure, serum cholesteral level, temperature, number of children in a family etc. Quantitative data can be measured on 2 scales i) Interval ii) Ratio scales Interval scale - Interval scale data are like ordinal data in that they can be placed in a meaningful order; in addition, they have meaningful intervals between items, which can be measured. - eg: Temperature on the Celsius scale (the difference between 80 deg and 70 deg is the same as between 40 deg and 30deg) - However, interval scale data do not have an absolute zero, ratios of the scores are not meaningful ie 80deg C of Celsius temperature is not twice as hot as 40degC because 0degC does not indicate a complete absence of heat. Ratio Scale - A ratio scale has the same propeies as an interval scale, however, because it has an absolute zero, meaningful ratio do exist. - eg. weights, time, blood pressure, temperature on the Kelvin scale (not Celsius scale) On the Kelvin scale, zero degrees indicate an absolute absence of heat, just as a zero pulse indicates an absolute absence of heabeat. Thus we can say that 400 K is twice as hot as 200 K. Dichotomous Scale is a type of nominal scale in which nominal data fall into only two groups eg black / white, died / cured, failed / passed. [/INST] question: In a study following interpretation are obtained: Satisfied,Very satisfied,Dissatisfied. Which type of scale is this? | options: A: Nominal B: Ordinal C: Interval D: Ratio | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: When we talk about stars ,especially women stars ,it seems that they are always young, pretty and own charming body shapes. But recently a Britain's Got Talent star Susan Boyle has changed our views absolutely.
Simon Cowell ,one of the judges of the talent show spoke of his shock over Ms Boyle's voice. "This lady camp up ,and I'm thinking, 'This will take five seconds and I can go to have a cup of tea'. That changed when she began to sing I Dreamed to Dream from Les Miserables. She knew we were going to have that reaction and just to see that look of satisfaction on her face through -it was one of my favorite moments," Cowell said.
The performance was posted on line and before long, the 47-year-old Scottish woman has been famous all over the world.
Speaking from her home in Scotland, Ms Boyle said that she hasn't thought of changing her appearance. She said that her friend helped her with make-up. "I mean, that's hardly a makeover," she added.Ms Boyle also spoke of the reason she first began to explore her vocal talents, "I was kind of slow at school, so getting like singing was a good way of hiding behind that and thus it built my confidence." [/INST] question: Susan Boyle is _ | options: A: a judge B: a reporter C: a beautiful D: a Scottish woman | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Menke's Disease: (X linked , a condition of Cu deficiency) Deficient production of Cu binding P- type ATPase in intestine Menke's disease is due to defective lysyl oxidase C/F: Mental retardation, Grey kinky hair. OTHER MINERAL DEFICIENCIES =Selenium - -Selenium as selenocysteine is an essential component of the enzyme glutathione peroxidase Deficiency - Keshan's disease - endemic cardiomyopathy(china) muscles weakness, hypothyroidism, HTN, eczema. selenium deficiency lead to increased risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer Toxicity - selenium toxicity lead to Selenosis. selenosis clinical features are emotional disturbance, diarrhea, hair loss, garlic odor (due to dimethyl selenide) in breath Selenium is also an intracellular antioxidant which complements the role of Vitamin E. Dietary sources of selenium include seafood, muscle meat, and some cereals. =Zinc Deficiency - Acrodermatitis enteropathica It is an autosomal recessive disease due to a defect in zinc absorbing transmembrane protein. Symptoms: Growth retardation Diarrhea Alopecia Dermatitis around the orifices Gonadal atrophy Impaired wound healing Zinc acts as a cofactor for: Carbonic anhydrase Carboxypeptidase Lactate dehydrogenase Alcohol dehydrogenase Alkaline phosphatase =Iron Deficiency - microcytic hypochromic anemia [/INST] question: Menke disease is associated with | options: A: Copper B: Selenium C: Zinc D: Iron | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Fracture of condyle Radiographic Features
View taken—displaced condylar fracture is well demonstrated on AP and lateral projection.
Non-displaced fracture is well seen on AP view
Increased width of fracture condyle—When fracture occurs, contraction of the lateral pterygoid muscle rotates the transverse axis of the condylar head, so that the medial end moves anteriorly, thus increasing the apparent width of the fractured condyle.
Complete fracture dislocation—In complete fracture dislocation, the condylar head may be inclined medially at an approximate 45° angle to the vertical axis of the ramus.
Anterior displacement of the condyle—If the condylar head has been displaced anteriorly and turned at 90° angle to the vertical axis of the ramus as viewed from the lateral aspect, then only the articular surface of the condylar head will be seen; this will appear as a narrow radiopaque bar situated in the infratemporal fossa.
Condyle split—The condyle may split with little or no displacement of the fragments, or some portion may be separated from head of the bone. Rarely, the whole of the articular portion is crushed and flattened.
CT scan—In difficult cases, CT scan has been demonstrated to show changes in the relationship of the condyle to the mandibular fossa more precisely than the conventional radiographic examination. It is also claimed that it can demonstrate fine bony alterations at the fractured site. [/INST] question: The 3D CT scan of this patient showed this. What was your conclusion? | options: A: Fracture of condyle B: Odontomas C: Ankylosis of temporomandibular joint D: Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Marketing Professionals
A major US corporation in the health and nutritional industry has announced the opening of its direct selling division in Taiwan.
The company offers the most lucrative compensation plan in the industry and has paid over NTD 3.5 billion in commissions in just 6 years in the US. We are a group of top earners.
Applicants should meet the requirements:
(1) Taiwan citizen
(2) Have experience in marketing
(3) Aggressive, energetic, and willing to learn
If you believe you have what it takes to develop this business, please dial 2742-6996.
Job B
An international company requires a Service Technician
To service and maintain electronic medical equipment,applicants should have degree in electronics. The selected candidate will have a training program to be conducted by our manufacturer's trained technical personnel.
Interested candidates please apply immediately with a resume and mail to P.O. Box 594. Or telephone Ms Chang at 2945-0027 for an immediate interview.
Job C
Wanted: Reporters & Editors
Qualifications:
* Strong command of English language
* Chinese speaking and reading ability a must
* A university degree
* Journalism education and/or experience preferred
* Flexible working hours (30 hours per week)
* Good work environment and medical insurance, etc.
Fax resume and work samples, if any, to The China Post at(03) 2595-7952.
Job D
Southeastern Travel Services Tour Guides
Duties: To conduct escorted tours for foreign visitors;to assist with travel and transportation arrangements.
Qualifications: Good appearance. High school diploma.
Good knowledge of English. Outgoing personality.
Dial 2703-2172 after 3 p.m.. Ask for Gary. [/INST] question: Which of the following is required for marketing professionals? | options: A: A university degree B: Good appearance C: Good computer knowledge D: Some marketing experience | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The pomegranate is one of the oldest known fruits. Pomegranates are found in ancient writings and pictured in the ancient art of many cultures and religions. The pomegranate is also a symbol of health, fertility and long life.
Experts think the pomegranate is native to northern India, Pakistan, Iran and Afghanistan. Today it also grows in Southeast Asia, the western U.S., Armenia and parts of Africa, among other places.
The skin of a pomegranate is strong. It can be red, purple or orange-yellow. The inside is filled with beautiful dark red seeds that shine like rubies. It is not easy to get them out. But the reward is great.
Health benefits
The pomegranate grows on trees. Parts of the pomegranate tree and fruit are used to make medicine.
The pomegranate is used for many conditions. However, the U.S National Institutes of Health says there is not enough scientific evidence to rate pomegranates as effective for any of them.
Still, in traditional medicine, the pomegranate is used for conditions of the heart and blood vessels, including high blood pressure and "hardening of the arteries."
The jewel-like seeds of the pomegranate are loaded with many nutrients and chemicals called antioxidants . These antioxidants remove poisons from the body.
The antioxidants found in pomegranates may help remove build-up of damage in blood vessels. So, it is a very heart-healthy fruit.
Antioxidants slow the progression of age-related sickness and may slow the growth of cancer cells. Men who have prostate cancer may benefit from a daily serving of pomegranate juice.
Pomegranates are used for weight loss and used as a treatment for sore throat. Pomegranates are also high in vitamin K, phosphorus, magnesium, calcium, zinc and iron.
Let's just say pomegranates are loaded with great things for the inside of your body.
Beauty benefits
But let's not forget the outside, too!
Pomegranates are great for the skin. They protect the skin by encouraging new skin growth, healing wounds and repairing tissue. Pomegranates protect the skin against sun damage as well. They may help skin look younger by providing moisture and elasticity.
Recipes for pomegranates
But how does one eat a pomegranate?
Pomegranates seeds are both sweet and tart. A thick liquid, or syrup, from the pomegranate tastes great with lamb, pork or chicken dishes.
Pomegranate seeds provide extra flavor to salads and other vegetable dishes. The seeds are also delicious in rice and grain dishes. And, of course pomegranates make great desserts. In the U.S., pomegranate juice is often added to sparkling drinks, drinks called smoothies and alcoholic drinks.
Fresh pomegranates are only available in the United States from September to January. They can keep, or remain good to eat, in the refrigerator for about two months if kept in a plastic bag. [/INST] question: Where does the pomegranate not grow? | options: A: Pakistan B: The northern Asia C: Afghanistan D: The western U.S | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: China is now sending more college students to study in the United States than any other country. A new report shows a 23 percent increase in the number of Chinese students coming to the U.S.
The latest edition of the annual Institute of International Education(IIE)and another US institute found a 5 percent rise in the number of international university students in the US compared to one year ago. There are now over 157, 000 Chinese students at U.S. colleges and universities.
Aisa accounted for four of the top five countries and regions to take advantage of the US higher education system. "Increased numbers of students from China, particularly at the undergraduate level, largely accounts for the growth this past year," the report stated. "They really enroll in a full range of US higher education," said Peggy Blumenthal, senior counselor to the president of IIE, the group that made the report. "20 years ago, students from China only knew of a handful of US insitiutions, but now, they are enrolling in our community colleges, in our small liberal arts institutions, in the research universities. Really spread across the country," she said.
Chinese mainland was in the number one spot, while India was the number two country of origin. South Korea was third and Canada was number four. China's Taiwan held the number five spot. Saudi Arabia was in sixth with a 44-percent increase, while Japan was seventh, down 14 percent.
Blumenthal attributes the increase in the number of Chinese students heading to US colleges to limited university places in China, as well as a feeling from students and their parents than they want a "unique" educational experience. China's family planning policy, says Blumenthal, has also meant that families can concentrated resources on a single child.
The University of California at Los Angeles has one of the largest Asian student populations of any college in the United States. [/INST] question: Which ranked the third place sharing US higher education? | options: A: Saudi Arabia B: South Korea C: Canada D: India | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Switzerland is famous for its watches. However, this country didn't invent the watch. It was the British who did it. Here is a story of how the watch was brought to Switzerland.
Many years ago, an Englishman was traveling to Italy, on his way he stopped in a small town in south Switzerland. This Englishman traveled in a carriage inside which there was a carriage watch. This was the earliest kind of watch. A native shop assistant happened to see the watch. He wondered what it was and asked the Englishman about it, "it is a carriage watch," said the man. "This machine tells the time but now it isn't working."
At once the shop assistant offered to try to repair it. So the traveler handed him the watch. The assistant was a very wise man. So it was not very surprising that he managed to repair it. He even remembered how it was made. As soon as the traveler had gone on his journey, he made a watch exactly the same type.
Thus the watch-making was started in Switzerland. Today Swiss watches are sold in stores all over the world. [/INST] question: Switzerland is famous for _ . | options: A: making watches B: selling watches C: inventing watches D: the carriage watch | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Brazil has become one of the developing world's great successes in reducing population growth--but more by accident than design.While countries such as India have made joint efforts to reduce birth rates,Brazil has had better result without really trying,says George Martine at Harvard.
Brazil's population growth rate has dropped from 2.99% a year between 1951 and 1960 to 1.93% a year between 1981 and 1990,and Brazilian women now have only 2.7 children on average.Martine says this figure may have fallen still further since 1990,an achievement that makes it the envy of many other Third World countries.
Martine _ ,among other things,soap operas and installment plans introduced in the 1970s.Both played an important,although indirect,role in lowering the birth rate.Brazil is one of the world's biggest producers of soap operas.Globo,Brazil's most popular television network,shows three hours of soaps six nights a week,while three others show at least one hour a night.Most soaps are based on wealthy characters living the high life in big cities.
"Although they have never really tried to work in a message towards the problems of reproduction ,they describe middle and upper class values--not many children,different attitudes towards sex,women working,"says Martine."They sent this message to all parts of Brazil and made people realise other patterns of family life and other values,which were put into a very attractive package."
Meanwhile,the installment plans tried to encourage the poor to become consumers."This led to change in consumption patterns and consumption did not get along well with unlimited reproduction,"says Martine. [/INST] question: Soap operas have helped in lowering Brazil's birth rate because _ . | options: A: they keep people sitting long hours watching TV B: they have gradually changed people's way of life C: people are drawn to their attractive package D: they make birth control measures popular | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Long long ago, there was an old merchant who had three sons. "To which one shall I leave my fortune?" he wondered. "It must be to the cleverest son. But which one is the cleverest?"
He called his three sons to him. "Here is some money," he told them, "you must each take one coin to buy something that will fill this room. Anyone who can do this shall have my fortune."
"It is a big room," said the eldest son.
"One coin will not buy very much," said the second son.
But the youngest son said nothing. He stood and thought, and then he smiled, "Come, brothers," he said, "let us go to the market."
The eldest son bought straw with his coin. But one coin bought only a bit of straw. Even when he had spread it as much as he could, the straw covered only a corner of the room.
The second son bought sand with his coin. But one coin bought only a bit of sand. Even when he had spread it as much as he could, the sand covered only half of the floor.
"What did you buy?" the eldest son angrily asked the youngest son. "You don't have any straw."
"Yes, what did you buy?" the second son asked angrily. "You don't have any sand."
"I bought this," said the youngest son.
"A candle!" cried his brothers. "What good is a candle?"
"Watch", said the youngest son.
He lit the candle, and all at once the room was filled from wall to wall, from ceiling to floor. It was filled with light!
"Although you are the youngest, you are indeed the cleverest of my sons," the old merchant said.
And that is how, the old merchant left his fortune to his youngest son, the one who could fill a room with light. [/INST] question: Who would get father's fortune? | options: A: The oldest son B: The richest son C: The cleverest son D: The silliest son | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Some problems are difficult to solve. But there are a lot of number expressions that can help. For example, if we put two and two together, we might come up with the right answer. We know that two heads are better than one. It is always better to work with another person to solve a problem. Some problems have only one solution. You cannot be of two minds over this. But with any luck,we can solve the problem in two shakes of a lamb's tail. In other words,we could have our answers quickly and easily.
Sometimes we can kill two birds with one stone. That is, we can complete two goals with only one effort or action. But we must remember that two wrongs don't make a right. If someone does something bad to you, you should not do the same to him.
If you are going out with your girlfriend,or boyfriend,but you don't want another friend to go along on your date,you can just say to your friend: two's company, three's a crowd.
When I was a young child in school, I had to learn the three R' s. These important skills are reading, writing and arithmetic. These three words do not all start with the letter "R". But they have the sound of "R". My teacher used to give three cheers when I did well in maths. They gave praise and approval for a job well done.
Some of my friends were confused and did not understand their school work. They were at sixes and sevens. In fact, they did not care if they finished high school. But they were happy when they completed their studies and graduated from high school. They were in seventh heaven. They were on cloud nine. Nine times out of ten students who do well in school find good jobs. Some work in an office doing the same things every day at nine-to-five jobs. You do not have to dress to the nines, or wear your best clothes, for this kind of work. [/INST] question: If you solve a problem without any difficulty, you can also say that you can do it _ . | options: A: in seventh heaven B: on cloud nine C: at sixes and sevens D: in two shakes of a lamb's tail | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The Ministry of Education in Singapore is releasing a new book this month that summarizes the thinking behind the model method for teaching math.The approach has drawn interest from many comers of the world thanks to the country's top performance on international exams.Last night, education officials and researchers from the US and Singapore highlighted some key differences between the two systems.
Singapore's method is highly visual and explores fewer topics, but in greater depth.While Singapore's text books have an average of 34 lessons with 15 pages of explanation for each, much bulkier texts in the US include an average of 157 lessons, with about four pages of explanation per lesson.There arc some more surprising differences.
Professional development is intensive for all teachers in Singapore, but strangely about half of the elementary teachers do not have university degrees.That is certain to change, though, as education standards for entering teachers are increasing, said Madame Low, the director of curriculum, planning and development with Singapore's Ministry of Education." Starting salaries for math teachers match public sector accountants or engineers.Teachers are treated as professionals," added Madame Low.
Mentoring programs for new teachers in Singapore last five years! Teacher evaluations there are extremely comprehensive, and teachers who succeed receive bonuses worth one to three months of salary.Grades one and two have smaller class sizes--only 30 students.Students are taught in English, not their native tongue.Many are bilingual or trilingual.
People often ask, how applicable is a successful model in Singapore to the more diverse and much larger US? I'm also interested in the practical challenges.Given that books in the US are written with state standards and assessments in mind, matching them up with another country's approach might be tough.
What do you think? How applicable is a successful model in Singapore to the US? [/INST] question: The book released by the Ministry of Education in Singapore is about _ . | options: A: teaching methods B: mathematic philosophy C: model math teachers D: solutions to mathematic models | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Tell our story, make your mark
Havering is one of London's largest towns. It is a place of _ , from the shopping and nightlife of Romford to the cultural quarter of Hornchurch; from the industrial Thames riverside in Rainham to the ambitious regeneration project in Harold Hill. The London Borough of Havering has a great story to tell, and we're looking for the right people to tell it.
Campaigns and Marketing Manager
A creative strategist is needed to plan and deliver campaigns that change behaviour across the town and form Havering's reputation beyond its borders.
Media Manager
An experienced professional is required, who fully understands how the news media works and works well under pressure. You will manage a team of three, as well as our media message.
Communications Business Manager
As a senior member of the communications team, you will be part salesperson and part business strategist, with wide-ranging power to increase our commercial potential as much as possible and save taxpayers' money.
Senior Media Officers
Two experienced persons are needed to turn the stories that we talk about into the stories that everyone is talking about.
Community Newspaper Journalist (12month contract at the beginning)
Our community newspaper, Living, is being expanded as an energetic publication once every two weeks. We need an editor and a journalist or writer who produces brilliant copy, even against the tightest deadlines.
Pay & grading award are yet to be decided for all posts.
Full details are available on our website. For an informal conversation about these positions, please contact Mark Leech, Head of Communications, by calling 01708 434373.
Any disabled applicants, meeting the necessary standards set out in the profile for a job, will be guaranteed an interview.
Please apply online via the Council's website at www.havering.gov.uk or contact the Recruitment Team at 01708 433039.
Closing date for completed applications is Friday, 18th April 2008.
Interviews will be scheduled for the week beginning 28th April 2008. [/INST] question: Havering is in need of high-level personnel _ . | options: A: to tell stories B: to make it known C: to understand how news media works D: to plan and deliver campaigns | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: D. Diabetes mellitusEctopia Lentis with Systemic Anomalies Khurana 6th/2l5-l61. Marfan's syndrome: In this condition lens is displaced upwards and temporally (bilaterally symmetrical)2. Homocystinuria: In it the lens is usually subluxated downwards and nasally.3. Weil-Marchesani syndrome: forward subluxation of lens which may cause pupil block glaucoma.4. Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. In it the ocular features are subluxation of lens and blue sclera.5. Hyperlysinaemia: It is an extremely rare condition occasionally associated with ectopialentis.6. Stickler syndrome. Ectopialentis is occasionally associated in this condition7. Sulphite oxidase deficiency: Ectopialentis is a universal ocular feature.(Parson 22nd/275): Causes of Ectopia lentisA. FamilialAutosomal dominant formAutosomal recessive form (associated with iris coloboma, aniridia, microspherophakia, ectopiapupillae)B. Other systemic diseasesMarfan, Ehlers-Danlos, Weil-Marchesani, Homocystinuria, Sulphite oxidase deficiency, HyperlysinaemiaC. Secondary to eye diseasesUveitis, hypermature cataract, pseudoexfoliation syndrome, ciliary body tumourD. Secondary to trauma(May or may not be associated with underlying defective zonules due to syphilis) [/INST] question: Which of the following not causes lens dislocation: | options: A: Ehlers-Danlos syndrome B: Marfan's syndrome C: Sulphite oxidase deficiency D: Diabetes mellitus | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: For the past many centuries, people had been enjoying the benefits of green tea for the body. Many people would prefer drinking green tea than white tea and black tea, simply because of its _ aroma not found in other types of tea. Nowadays, keeping the natural greenish color1 of tea leaves remained just like before. This is done by preparing the green tea just like the way it was prepared before--by washing the leaves right after pulling off them from the bush, then boiling them.
There have been many healthful claims saying that drinking green tea-based products help a lot in improving the general health of their body. For a long time, there has been many beliefs saying that green tea can help, cure beriberi disease , treat wounds, and even prevent tiredness. Now modern technology determines that there are even added healthful benefits that include reducing the possibility of having a heart disease and helping people to lose more weight easily.
Besides, studies have found out that green tea has Polyphenols , a type of flaonoid that greatly reduces the amount of time of cell maturation. The flavonoid found in green tea is called EGCg- a stronger matter than Vitamin C and E. It is believed to be 20 times stronger than these mentioned vitamins.
Having two cups of green tea daily is a good routine for your body. However, most doctors would suggest drinking at least 4 cups a day is the best. You can slowly increase the amount of drinking it to allow your body to get used to it. There is nothing to lose but everything to gain in drinking green tea. [/INST] question: Green tea can help us in many aspects EXCEPT _ . | options: A: Curing beriberi disease B: Preventing tiredness C: Curing heart disease D: Losing weight | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: It's great fun to explore new places--it feels like an adventure, even when you know you're not the first to have been there. But make sure not to get lost or waste time going round in circles.
* Do the map reading if you're being driven somewhere. It'll be easier if you keep turning the map so it follows the direction you' re traveling in. Keep looking ahead so that you can give the driver lots of warning before having to make a turn, or you'll have to move to the back seat.
* Get a group of friends together and go exploring. You'll need a good map, a compass , a raincoat, a cell phone to call for help in case you get lost, and a bit of spare cash for emergencies . Tell someone where you're going before you set out and let them know what time you expect to be back. The test is in not getting lost, not in seeing how fast you can go, so always stick together, waiting for slower friends to catch up.
* See if your school or a club organizes orienteering activities, in which you need a map and a compass to find your way. This can be done as a sport, with teams trying to find the way from A to B (and B to C, etc. ) in the fastest time, or simply as a spare-time activity. Either way, it's not only good fun, but a great way to keep fit. [/INST] question: Sitting beside the driver, you should _ . | options: A: direct the driver when necessary B: look ahead to see where there's a turn C: move to the back seat if feeling uncomfortable D: keep looking at the map to find a place to go to | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Endometrial biopsy Early secretory Subnuclear vacuolation (Ist HPE evidence of progesterone secretion) Seen on D16 of cycle Nuclei of glands gone up Stromal edema Late secretory Toous/ coiled glands All secretions in lumen of gland Cork screw glands( on D20 of cycle) Max stromal edema seen around D22of cycle) HPE of Proliferative endometrium Pseudostratification Long tubular glands Spinnbarkeit effect: ovulation mucus has the propey of great elasticity and will withstand stretching up to 10 cm. This phenomenon is called spinnbarkeit or the thread test for oestrogen activity. During the secretory phase, the cervical mucus becomes tenacious and its viscosity increases under the influence of progesterone so that it loses the propey of spinnbarkeit and fractures when put under tension. This propey is called tack. THIS LOSS OF SPINNBARKEIT EFFECT IS USED TO DIAGNOSE OVULATION RETROSPECTIVELY. Ultrasound: shows sudden reduction of follicle size (on serial USGs) and free fluid in Pouch of douglas. Endometrial thickness varies as follows early proliferative: thin bright echogenic stripe late proliferative: trilaminar appearance secretory phase: thick and uniformly echogenic [/INST] question: Which of the following findings is suggestive that ovulation has taken place? | options: A: Pseudostratification in endometrium B: Presence of Spinnbarkeit Phenomenon in cervical mucous C: Sudden reduction in size of follicle and free fluid in Pouch of Douglas on USG D: Trilamilar endometrium on USG | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Dr. Marie Curie is known to the world as the scientist who discovered radioactive metals i.e. Radium and Polonium.
Marie Curie was a Polish physicist and chemist. Together with her husband, Pierre, she discovered two new elements and studied the x-rays they emitted. She found that the harmful properties of x-rays were able to kill tumors. By the end of World War I, Marie Curie was probably the most famous woman in the world. She had made a conscious decision, however, not to patent methods of processing radium or its medical applications.
Marie Curie was born on November 7, 1867 in Poland and died on July 4, 1934. Her co-discovery with her husband Pierre Curie of the radioactive elements radium and polonium represents one of the best known stories in modern science for which they were recognized in 1901 with the Nobel Prize for Physics. In 1911, Marie Curie was honored with a second Nobel prize, this time for chemistry, to honor her for successfully isolating pure radium and determining radium's atomic weight.
As a child, Marie Curie amazed people with her great memory. She learned to read when she was only four years old. Her father was a professor of science and the instruments that he kept in a glass case fascinated Marie. She dreamed of becoming a scientist, but that would not be easy. Her family became very poor, and at the age of 18, Marie became a governess. She helped pay for her sister to study in Paris. Later, her sister helped Marie with her education. In 1891, Marie attended the Sorbonne University in Paris where she met and married Pierre Curie, a well-known physicist.
Marie Curie contributed greatly to our understanding of radioactivity and the effects of x-rays. She received two Nobel prizes for her brilliant work, but died of leukemia, caused by her repeated exposure to radioactive material. [/INST] question: When did Marie Curie win a Nobel Prize for a chemistry? | options: A: In her twenties B: In her thirties C: In her forties D: In her fifties | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Stephen Hawking was born in Oxford, England, on January 8, 1942. At the age of 17, he entered University College, Oxford. He wanted to study mathematics, but took up the study of physics when math was unavailable. He received a Ph.D. in physics despite being diagnosed with Ameliotrophic Lateral Sclerosis while at Oxford in 1963. In 1985 he became ill with pneumonia , and since then has required 24-hour nursing. Dr. Hawking's determination, along with the help of his family and associates, has allowed him to continue to work. In 1970 he began studying black holes. His research led him to predict that black holes send out radiation in the X-ray to gamma-ray range of the spectrum . In the 1980s he returned to an earlier interest, the origins of the universe. He has co-authored many publications, such as 300 Years of Gravity and The Large Scale Structure of Space time. Dr. Hawking has also written books such as A Brief History of Time, Black Holes and Baby Universes and other Essays, The Universe in a Nutshell and others. He continues to give lectures, despite having been unable to speak since 1985, with the aid of a speech synthesizer and a portable computer. He currently holds Isaac Newton's chair as the Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge University in England. [/INST] question: Hawking went to University College, Oxford, in order to _ . | options: A: get a Ph B: study mathematics C: study the universe and black holes D: seek help from the Lucasian Professor | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: ESSENTIAL of medical PHARMACOLOGY SEVENTH EDITION KD TRIPATHI Page:215 URICOSURIC DRUGS Probenecid It is highly tipid-soluble organic acid developed In 1951 to inhibit renal tubular secretion of Penicillin so that its duration of action could be Prolon ged. It competitively blocks active transpo Organic acids by OATP at all sites; that in renal Tubules being the mostprominent. This transpo bidirectional: net effect depends on whether secretion or reabsorption of the paicular organic acid is quantitatively more impoant, e.g.: (a) Penicillin is predominantly secreted by the proximal tubules, its reabsorption is minimal. Net effect of probenecid is intLibition of excretion; more sustained blood levels are achieved. (b) Uric acid is largely reabsorbed by active transpo, while less of it is secreted; only I / 10th of filtered load is excreted in urine. Probenecid, therefore, promotes its excretion and reduces its blood level. Probenecid does nothave any other significant pharmacological action; it is neither analgesic nor antiinflammatory. lnteractions 1. In addition to penicillins, probenecid inhibits the urinary excretion of cephalosporins, sulfona- mides, Mtx and indomethacin. 2. It inhibits biliary excretion of rifampicin. Pyrazinamide and ethambutol may interfere with uricosuric action of probenecid. 3. Probenecid inhibits tubular secretion of nitrofurantoin which may not attain antibacterial concentration in urine. 4. Salicylates block uricosuric action of pro- benecid. Pharmacokinetics Probenecid is completely absorbed orally; 90% plasma protein bound: paly conjugated in liver and excreted by the kidney; plasma tT/z is 8-10 hours. Adverse effects Probenecid is generally well tolerated. Dispepsia is the most common side effect (upto 25% incidence with high doses). It should be used cautiously in peptic ulcer patients. Rashes and other hypersensitivity phenomena are rare. Toxic doses cause convulsions and respiratory failure. Uses :chronic gout and hyperurecimia To prolong ampicillin and penicillin action [/INST] question: Drug not causing hyperuricemia: | options: A: Probenecid B: Thiazide C: Pyrazinamide D: Ethambutol | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Tibet is among the most popular places for Chinese tourists. The number of travelers to Tibet has grown by 10% every year for a few years. Since July 1,2006, when the first train ran 1956 kilometers from Xining to Lhasa, more and more people have been going to Tibet.
The train stops at several famous places along the way, such as Qinghai Lake, Kunlun Mountain, and the Potala Palace. Passengers can also enjoy many activities during the journey, like Tibetan dancing and Karaoke.
On the train, passengers can have tea, eggs and noodles for breakfast, and fried chicken and green vegetables for lunch and dinner. Unlike most Chinese trains which have open - hole toilets, this one has special toilets which can collect the waste. There is also a special rubbish system in the train that keeps the environment clean. All the windows on the train can protect people from the bright sunlight. TV and electrical sockets for computers and mobile phones can be found on the train.
Because there isn't much oxygen there, trains will have oxygen masks for those who need _ . It makes passengers feel more comfortable when they have enough oxygen on the famous "roof of the world". There are also doctors on the train to make sure that all of the travelers are safe. [/INST] question: Which of the following is NOT among the places of interest? | options: A: Qinghai Lake B: Karaoke C: Kunlun Mountain D: The Potala Palace | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: International experts meeting in Australia say global carbon emissions can be reduced by more than 50 percent through simple energy saving measures. People at a conference in Australia, which increasingly relies on coal for power, say that reducing power consumption is an affordable way to both cut energy costs and reduce pollution.
While many nations turn to cheap and dirty energy sources, such as coal, to meet their increasing energy needs, analysts in Australia say the best way to meet those needs is to improve energy efficiency.
A range of simple solutions include using energy-efficient homes, household appliances and lighting, and driving electric cars. Encouraging homeowners and office workers to switch off their televisions and computers at the end of the day is also seen as an effective way to save electricity.
Grayson Heffner, from the Paris-based International Energy Agency, says reducing consumption could greatly cut global carbon emissions. He calls efficiency strategies the "soft giant" of clean energy.
"We forecast that energy efficiency will deliver something like three-quarters of the greenhouse gas emissions reductions over the next 20 years. So in the short term energy efficiency is the main way that we reduce greenhouse gas emissions but oftentimes it is not so importantly stressed in the discussions," said Heffner.
Energy experts working in China say the government is making significant cuts in power usage.
Wan Xingwang, a Beijing-based representative of the Energy Foundation, a U.S. non-government organization, says the results have been impressive.
"In the past five years China achieved about 19.1 percent of energy reduction of its GDP. That translates to something like more than 600 million tons of coal savings," said Wan Xingwang.
While most nations have some sort of government-sponsored energy efficiency programs, energy analysts say initiatives by individuals and companies can also help cut demand.
Steven Nadel, executive director of the American Council for an Energy Efficient Economy, a non-profit group based in Washington, says other developing nations are recognizing the benefits of cutting power consumption and taking action. [/INST] question: To increase their energy supplies, many nations _ . | options: A: turn to new energy B: turn to cheap energy C: develop solar energy D: introduce clean energy | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The world lost one of the most respected leaders. Nelson Mandela, the former South African president, passed away on Dec. 5, 2013. The whole world felt sorry about the death of Mandela, a great man of history.
Mandela is mostly remembered for his efforts to end apartheid in South Africa. Mandela was born in 1918. In South Africa, there are both black and white people. But at that time, Black people couldn't live or travel where they wanted. They didn't have the right to vote, either. Mandela didn't think that was right.
He organized many activities against it, but he was sent to prison for 27 years. Under international pressure, the government set Mandela free in 1990. Great changes in the law began to end apartheid. At that time, Mandela chose to forgive his enemies. He shook hands with the people who wanted him dead. He also encouraged black people to forgive the whites.
Because of his forgiveness, Mandela is remembered as a moral model by the whole world.
In1993,Mandela won the Nobel Peace Prize. A year later, he became the first black president of South Africa.
Both black people and white people voted. Apartheid ended. In 1999, Mandela left office at the highest point of his power. [/INST] question: The former South African president was _ years old when he died. | options: A: 80 B: 90 C: 95 D: 85 | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: R ifampin (Rifampicin, R): It is a semisynthetic derivative of rifamycin B obtained from Streptomyces mediterranei. Rifampin is bactericidal to M. tu berculosis and many other gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria like Staph. aureus, N. meningitidis, H. influenzae, E . coli, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, Proteus and Legionella. Against TB bacilli, it is as efficacious as INH and better than all other drugs. The bactericidal action covers all subpopulations of TB bacilli, but acts best on slowly or intermittently (spuers) dividing ones, as well as on many atypical mycobacteri a . Both extra- and intracellular organisms are affected. It has good sterilizing and resistance preventing actions. Isoniazid (lsonicotinic acid hydrazide, H) Isoniazid is the antitubercular drug parexcellence, and an essential component of all antitubercular regimens, unless the patient is not able to tolerate it or bacilli are resistant. lt is primarily tuberculocidal. Fast multiplying organisms are rapidly killed, but quiescent ones are only inhibited. It acts on extracellular as well as on intracellular TB (bacilli present within macrophages); is equally active in acidic and alkaline medium. It is one of the cheapest antitubercular drugs. However, most atypical mycobacteria are not inhibited by INH. Ethambutol (E) Ethambutol is selectively tuberculostatic and clinically as active as S. Fast multiplying bacilli are more susceptible as are many atypical mycobacteria PYRAZINAMIDE:It is weakly tuberculocidal but more active in acidic medium. It is more lethal to intracellularly located bacilli and to those at sites showing an inflammatory response (pH is acidic at both these locations). ESSENTIALS OD MEDICAL PHARMACOLOGY K.D.TRIPATHI SIXTH EDITION PAGE NO:740,741,742 [/INST] question: Most effective drug against extracellular mycobacteria is: | options: A: Isoniazid B: Rifampicin C: Pyrazinamide D: Ethambutol | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: In most developed countries the government provides free education for children because it realizes that educated citizens are useful to the country in their later life. Most countries also have private education. This means that parents can pay to send their children to certain schools. People who agree with this system say that it gives parents a larger choice of schools. Other people think that private schools give the children who go to them an unfair advantage over other children.
At the age of three, many children go to nursery school. Two or three years later, they enter a primary school. At the age of 11 they go to a secondary school. Then they may have a chance .of continuing their studies at a university or college.
Universities and colleges are places where some young people go to continue their education after leaving school. Most university students study one main subject, though they may also study a number of others. Teaching is usually by lectures, or by discussions between a lecturer and students.
Most students stay at university for three or four years. At the end of that, they take an examination. If they pass, they receive their Bachelor's degree, usually a BA, which is short for Bachelor of Arts, or a BS for Bachelor of Science. Some students study for several more years in order to get higher degree, such as a MA or a PhD
Most university courses don't train students to do a certain job. Colleges, on the other hand, usually teach skills which enable students to follow a career , such as clothing design, or business studies. [/INST] question: Why do most developed countries provide free education to children? | options: A: Because the children don't have money to go to school B: Because the government want their citizens to be useful to the country C: Because education doesn't cost the country too much money D: Because there are not enough private schools | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Join in the holiday fun at the Powerhouse this month linked to our new exhibition, Evolution & Revolution: Chinese dress1700s to now. DON'T FORGET our other special event, the Club Med Circus School which is part of the Circus !150years of circus in Australia exhibition experience!
*Chinese Folk Dancing: Colorful Chinese dance and musical performances by The Chinese Folk Dancing School of Sydney. Dances include: the Golden stick dance and the Chinese drum dance. A feature will be the Qin dynasty Emperor's count dance .Also included is a show of face painting for Beijing opera performances.
Sunday 29 June and Wednesday 2 July in the Turbine Hall, at 11.30 am & 1.30 pm.
*Australian Chinese Children's Arts Theatre: W ell-known children's play experts from Shanghai lead this dynamic youth group. Performances include Chinese fairy tales and plays.
Thursday 3 to Sunday 6 July in the Turbine Hall, at 11.30 am & 1.30 pm.
*Chinese Youth League: A traditional performing arts group featuring performance highlights such as the Red scarf and Spring flower dances ,and a musician playing Er Hu.
Sunday 6 to Tuesday 8 July in the Turbine Hall,11.30 am to 1.30 pm.
*Kids Activity: Make a Paper Horse :Young children make a paper horse cut-out.(The horse is a frequent theme in Chinese painting, including a kind of advancement.)Suitable for ages 8~12 years.
Saturday 28 June to Tuesday 8 July in the Turbine Hall,12.00 pm to 1.00 pm.
*Club Med Circus School: Learn circus skills, including the trapeze, trampolining and magic.Note only for children over 5.There are 40 places available in each 1 hour session and these must be booked at the front desk,level 4,on the day.
Tuesday 1 to Saturday 5 Julyat 11.30 am & 1.00 pm.
Enjoy unlimited free visits and many other benefits by becoming a Family member of the Powerhouse.Our family memberships cover two adults and all children under the age of 16 years at the one address.
Members receive Powerline,our monthly magazine,discounts in the shops and the restaurants,as well as free admission to the Museum.All this for as little as $50.00 a year!Call(02)9217 0600 for more details. [/INST] question: When can you watch the Chinese drum dance? | options: A: On July 2 B: On July 3 C: On July 6 D: On July 8 | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Computers have been used in teaching for more than twenty years. But a new book says that only now are they changing education. And it predicts that a lot more is about to happen.
The book is called "Disrupting Class: How Disruptive Innovation Will Change the Way the World Learns." "Disruptive Innovation" is a theory developed by lead author Clayton Christensen, a professor at the prefix = st1 /HarvardBusinessSchool. He says organizations almost always use new, creative technology only to continue what they already do.
New technology should change organizations, he says, and disrupt them in a good way. They should use the technology to do things differently--for example, to serve more needs. The book says the needed disruptive force in education is computer-based learning.
Michael Horn, another author of "Disrupting Class", told us about a Bostonpublic that he visited. Every student at Lilla G. Frederick Middle School inDorchester,Massachusetts, has a laptop computer. One class was learning about storms. Michael Horn says the laptops made it possible to truly individualize the lessons, to divide materials by ability level and learning style. At the end of the class, the students all took part in a discussion led by the teacher.
Computer-based learning offers a way for students to take advanced courses not offered at their school, or to retake classes they failed. It also serves those who cannot physically attend school, and students who receive home schooling.
Computer-based learning includes online courses. Enrollments in online courses have grown sharply. In 2007, the United Stateshad about one million enrollments, not including college courses. Students could be enrolled in more than one course, through schools or education companies. High school students make up about seventy percent of the enrollment. Still, nationally, only about one percent of all high school courses last year were taught online.
But the authors of "Disrupting Class"predict it will be ten percent in about six years. And their research suggests that the number will be about fifty percent by 2019. And Michael Horn says the future of online learning could be even greater in developing countries. [/INST] question: Which of the following is TRUE about the book "Disrupting Class"? | options: A: It was written by more than one author B: It thinks the computer affects students' studies C: It introduces a new scientific technology to readers D: It has been a best-seller since it was published | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Sheng Huizhen's life story is typical of immigrants who have succeeded in
America. After getting her PhD in biochemistry, she got a job as a researcher at the National
Institutes of Health. She got a green card, bought a house in Maryland and worked her way up
all the time.
But then she moved back to China. A law in America stopped the use of public money for
research on human embryos . This prevented her from doing the kind of work she
wanted to do. The Chinese government attracts her to return with $75,000 for a new lab.
She could use the lab to do her research. " Maybe because of the culture, the public in China
are friendlier to the research," said Sheng, 55 , whose family remains in the United States.
Attracted by support and a scientific environment more open to certain types of experiments,
China's long-lost scientists are coming back. Besides, China announced that it would double its
research-and-development spending by 2012, to about $69 billion. The returning scientists are
very happy about that. In recent years, more than 275,000 have come back.
Many of these "sea turtles" , as they are known, have returned with degrees in science or
engineering. They are going to the Chinese Academy of Sciences, where 81 percent of the
members are returning scientists. Fifty thousand of the returning scientists are starting their own
companies, according to China's Ministry of Education, pushing the development in science. [/INST] question: Why did Sheng Huizhen return to China? | options: A: Because her family remains in China B: Because she couldn't adapt to the life in America C: Because China supports her research D: Because she was tired of living abroad | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Discover Artistic Talents across the Country
Tank Loft, Chongqing
This 12,000-square-meter art center was established on the site of a used military tank warehouse . It is the largest contemporary art base in western China, featuring modern exhibition, galleries, design studios and art bookstores. The art zone is located on the campus of the Sichuan Fine Arts Institute and was created by the school in the early 2000s.
Where: No. 108 Huangjueping Center Street, Jiulongpo District, Chongqing
Opening hours: 9 am--5 pm (closed Mondays)
Redtory, Guangzhou
Redtory, established in 2009, is a spacious art district often referred to as Guangzhou's 798. Made up of more than 30 old halls, mostly buildings of red brick, the place was originally built in 1956 as Chinese largest can factory. Some of the rusty machines from the old factory have been kept as art equipment, giving the zone an old charm.
Where:No. 128 Yuancun Siheng Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou
Opening hours:Mon.-Sun. 10:30 am-9 pm
M50, Shanghai
M50, also known as 50 Moganshan Road, is the center of Shanghai's contemporary art scene, with more than 100 artists whose studios are open to the public. This district, on the bank of Suzhou Creek, was previously a textile factory until it seized production in 1999. Xue Song, a Shanghai artist, was the first to establish a studio there in 2002.
Where: No. 50 Moganshan Road, Pudong District, Shanghai
Opening hours: 10 am-5 pm (closed Mondays)
798 Art Zone, Beijing
Attracted by ordered designing, convenient traffic and unique style of Bauhaus architecture, art organizations and artists have crowded in the vacant plants and transformed them since 2001, gradually forming a district gathered galleries, art studios, cultural companies, fashion shops etc. As the earliest area where the organizations and artists moved in located in the original area of 798 factory, this place was named as Beijing 798 Art Zone.
Where: No. 4 Jiuxianqiao Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing.
Opening hours: 10 am-6 pm [/INST] question: If you are going to visit an art zone at 7pm, which one can you go to? | options: A: Tank Loft, Chongqing B: Redtory, Guangzhou C: M50, Shanghai D: 798 Art Zone, Beijing | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage.
Britons stranded at sea or in flooded homes could find a real-life prince riding to their rescue. Prince William announced on Monday that he is to train to be a full-time pilot with the Royal Air Force's Search and Rescue Force (SARF).
William, who is currently a Lieutenant in the Army's Household Cavalry Regiment , will transfer to the RAF and begin an 18-month training course in January 2009.
If successful, he will become a fully operational Search and Rescue pilot in 2010, flying Sea King helicopters at one of the six SARF units based in Britain.
"The time I spent with the RAF earlier this year made me realize how much I love flying," the prince, who spent two weeks with a SARF team while on work experience in 2005, said in a statement.
"Joining Search and Rescue is a perfect opportunity for me to serve in the Forces operationally, while contributing to a vital part of the country's Emergency Services."
It means he will follow a similar career to that of his uncle, Prince Andrew, who was a Sea King helicopter pilot during the 1982 Falklands war.
The Search and Rescue teams' main duty is to recover RAF personnel but in peacetime they mainly respond to civilian emergencies, dealing with more than 1,000 calls a year.
The units deal with incidents ranging from helping those trapped by sudden major floods to rescuing people lost while out walking on hills.
William, who has spent the last year on secondment to the various branches of the military to prepare for his future role as head of the armed forces, received his RAF wings following a four-month stint with the service earlier this year.
However, his time with the RAF was clouded when the Defense Ministry was forced to fend off criticism for allowing the prince to fly military helicopters to a bachelor party for his cousin and to the family home of his girlfriend Kate Middleton. [/INST] question: Prince William wanted to be a full-time pilot because _ . | options: A: he liked flying B: he would like to do something in the country's Emergency Services C: many Britons were in danger at sea waiting for rescue D: he had much experience in flying | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The Original London Sightseeing Tour-Hop On Hop Off
"When a man is tired of London, he is tired of life, for there is in London all that life can afford. ----Dr Samuel Johnson 1709-1784."
Duration: 24 hours pass
Welcome to London and welcome to The Original Tour. Providing more than just a great way to travel around the capital, founded nearly 60 years ago at the time of The Festival of Britain, The Original Tour is now the largest and most popular sightseeing operator in the world.
The Original Tour has become set up as the basic introduction to London. You are invited to experience all the magical sights and sounds of London in a comfortable and safe environment.
There is a full commentary in English and a choice of six other languages on selected routes. Live English speaking guides appear on the yellow route service. Your tour tickets are completely unrestricted . Each route makes frequent stops-simply hop off where want to and return to the same stop to continue your tour.
You can relax and enjoy the tour while your children (and everyone else's) are entertained and informed by the highly praised "Kids' Club" commentary and their free London activity packs. "Kids' Club" is featured on the red route service.
Your ticket includes a free Thames River cruise .You can choose between a 24 hour river cruise hopper pass OR the 50-minute circular tour depending on the time you have available. [/INST] question: The Original London Sightseeing Tour is_. | options: A: a tourist guides organization B: a bus tour company C: a travel magazine D: a public transport system | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Speaking English is not only about using proper grammar, but also about understanding the culture. Here is some important advice to remember when speaking English in the United States.
*Americans have difficulties understanding foreign accents. Many Americans are not used to foreign accents. This requires patience from both of you.
*Talk about places: Americans love to talk about places. When speaking to a stranger, ask them where they come from and then say something about that place. For example: "Oh, I have a friend who worked in Los Angeles. He says it's a beautiful place to live in." Most Americans will then willingly talk about their experiences of living in or visiting that city or place.
*Talk about work: It is common for Americans to ask "What do you do?" It's not considered impolite as in some countries and is a popular topic of discussion between strangers.
*Talk about sports: Americans love sports! However, they love American sports. When speaking about football, most Americans understand "American football", not soccer.
*Be careful when expressing ideas about race, religion or other sensitive topics:The United States is a society with different cultures. Americans are very sensitive to other cultures and ideas. [/INST] question: For Americans, the question "what do you do?" is _ . | options: A: common B: impolite C: boring D: surprising | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: A thin lead foil backing with an embossed pattern is between the wrappers in the film packet. The foil is positioned in the film packet behind the film, away from the tube. This lead foil serves several purposes.
It shields the film from backscatter (secondary) radiation, which fogs the film and reduces subject contrast (image quality).
It also reduces patient exposure by absorbing some of the residual X-ray beam.
Most importantly, if the film packet is placed backward in the patient’s mouth so that the tube side of the film is facing away from the x-ray machine, the lead foil will be positioned between the subject and the film.
In this circumstance, most of the radiation is absorbed by the lead foil, and the resulting radiograph is light and shows the embossed pattern in the lead foil.
This combination of a light film with the characteristic pattern indicates that the film packet was exposed backward in the patient’s mouth and that the patient’s right side–left side designation indicated by the film dot is reversed. [/INST] question: What is the function of the lead foil in the film marker? | options: A: Moisture protection B: To give the rigidity C: Absorb the backscatter radiation D: Protection against fluorescence | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: In New York there are quite a few free museums for visitors. Below we explore New York's most impressive free ones.
National Museum of the American Indian
Focusing largely on Native American culture, this museum boasts over a million items, from crafts to traditional tools, all of which played a large part in Native American culture in past times. Located at 1 Bowling Green, the museum is free of charge. Open 10 a.m.~5p.m. Frid-Wed and 10 a.m.~8 p.m. Thurs, it's served by subway lines 4/5 to Bowling Green.
Federal Hall
A popular one for followers of American politics, Federal Hall is the original location of the US Customs House and the place where Washington took the oath of office in 1789 as the first US President. Today, this building is a premier example of classical architecture. Free of charge to visitors, the museum is located at 26 Wall St, which is accessible by subway lines 2/3/4/5 to Wall St. It's open from 9 a.m.~ 5 p.m. Mon-Fri.
New York Academy of Medicine
For the more intellectual, a trip to the New York Academy of Medicine is unmissable. With over 700,000 catalogued works, it's the world's second largest health library. Its biggest attraction, however, is the interesting medical equipment on display here, which is weird but wonderfully original. Located at 1216 Fifth Ave at 103rdSt, it's free of charge to peruse. Open 9 a.m. ~ 5 p.m. Mon-Fri, it's served by subway line 6 to 103rdSt.
Museum at Fashion Institute of Technology
The museum contains a huge permanent collection which features 200 historically significant clothes and also features works by student exhibitions. With free talks and tours on offer, this museum is a great place without spending a cent. Located at Seventh Ave at 27the St by subway line 3, this free museum---undoubtedly the most fashionable one in New York --- is open Tues-Fri 12 a.m. ~8 p.m. and Sat 10 a.m.~ 5 p.m.. [/INST] question: If you are interested in Native American culture, where would you probably go? | options: A: To 1 Bowling Green B: To 1216 Fifth Ave C: To Seventh Ave at 27\nthSt D: To 103\nrdWall St | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The papillary muscles are connected to the mitral valve leaflets by the chordae tendinae. When there is rupture of the chordae tendinae or the papillary muscle itself, the mitral valve is unable to function properly, resulting in mitral regurgitation. Because this is an acute process, accommodation does not occur, resulting in acute pulmonary edema. Edema predominantly affecting the right upper lobe can be seen if the jet of regurgitant blood is directed into the right superior pulmonary vein, which drains the right upper lobe. The left atrium will enlarge over time in the setting of mitral valve regurgitation due to the increased volume of blood that is directed into the left atrium during systole. However, this change occurs over time and will not be seen in the setting of acute papillary muscle rupture. The left ventricle will enlarge oveime in the setting of mitral valve regurgitation because it receives an increased volume of blood from the left atrium - both the volume of blood returning from the lung as well as the regurgitant volume of blood through the mitral valve. As with left atrial enlargement, left ventricular enlargement will occur over time but will not be seen in the setting of acute papillary muscle rupture. Pericardial effusion can occur in the setting of an acute myocardial infarction due to inflammation of the pericardium. Dressler syndrome, thought to be an autoimmune inflammatory response to myocardial neo-antigens, is not an acute process and, when present, occurs several weeks following a myocardial infarction. However, it is not the most common radiographic manifestation of acute papillary muscle rupture. [/INST] question: What is the MOST common radiographic manifestation of acute papillary muscle rupture? | options: A: Pulmonary edema B: Left atrial enlargement C: Left ventricular enlargement D: Pericardial effusion | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Advice to "sleep on it" could be well founded, scientists say. After a good night's sleep a problem that couldn't be solved the night before can often appear more manageable. Researchers at the University of Luebek in Germany have designed an experiment that shows a good night's sleep can improve insight and problem-solving ability.
"If you have some newly-got memories in your brain, sleep acts on these memories and restructures them, so that after sleep the insight increases," said Dr Jan Born, a neuroscientist, at the University. To test the discovery, they taught volunteers two simple rules to help them turn a string of numbers into a new order. There was also a third, hidden rule, which could help them increase their speed in solving the problem. The researchers divided the volunteers into two groups: half were allowed to sleep after the training while the rest were forced to stay awake. Dr Jan Born and his team noticed that the group that had slept after the training were twice as likely to figure out the third rule as the other group. "Sleep helped," Born said in a telephone interview . The important thing is that you have to have a memory description of the problem you want to solve in your brain and then you sleep, so it can act on the problem."
But Born admitted that he and his team don't know how restructuring of memories occurs or what controls it. Pierre Maquet and Perrine Ruby of the University of Liege in Belgium said the experimental evidence supports the suggestion that sleep can help develop creative thinking. Although the role of sleep in human creativity will still be a mystery, the research gives people good reasons to fully respect their periods of sleep, they added. [/INST] question: What is the purpose of the experiment? | options: A: To test problem-solving ability in sleep B: To discover people's insight during sleep C: To prove a good sleep helps solve problems D: To discuss how to improve sleeping quality | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Cyril was a small town. The houses there were all made of wood; almost everything in the houses such as cupboards, tables and chairs were made of wood, too. And all the houses faced south. The town was never peaceful. Fire broke out once a week on summer afternoons. Residents were puzzled who the real firebug was.
One day a big fire broke out. It was said that a Negro had jumped out of the house on fire, so the police arrested all the Negroes in the street. However, fire never stopped to breaking out when the Negroes were in prison.
Mauson, a physics teacher didn't believe that the Negroes were the firebugs, for he really knew about those Negroes, He made up his mind to find out who the real firebug was.
One day he was invited to drink in a pub and happened to notice that many bottles and plastic plates were baked by the hot sunrays. Suddenly he realized what the actual fact was. He jumped with joy, saying, "I've got the answer!"
Mauson dashed out of the pub to his friend's house nearby, which also faced south. He made an experiment there to confirm his idea.
The next Saturday afternoon, Mauson asked some policemen and newsmen to come to the house. They were told that the real firebug would be shown there. At that time the sun was shining full into the house and it became hotter and hotter inside the room.
Someone wanted to draw the curtains together, while another was going to use a bottle to drink water, but neither got permission from Mauson, who wanted to let the firebug in.
"Now," said Mauson, "this house will soon catch fire." People looked at each other in surprise. Mauson asked them to look at the bottles and focus on the table cloth. After a while the cloth gave off a burning smell and began to catch fire!
The mystery of fire was discovered, but the police wouldn't believe him and insisted that Negroes had been the firebugs. Instead they arrested Mauson and put him into prison. But Mauson said he would never turn against science. [/INST] question: The town was never peaceful, for fire broke out _ . | options: A: in the afternoon B: in summer C: at any time D: A and B | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Newspapers in Great Britain _ greatly in their ways of carrying the news. There are serious papers for those who want to know about important happenings everywhere, both at home and abroad. There are popular newspapers for those who prefer entertainment to information.
The London newspaper that is best known outside Great Britain is probably the Times. It began in 1785, and is well accepted for believable news and serious opinions on the news. It calls itself an independent paper, which means that it does not give its support to a particular political party. Its leading articles give the opinions of the editors, not those of the owners of the paper.
Letters to the editor are printed in the newspaper. These parts of the Times are always interesting. Most of the letters are serious subjects. But from time to time there will be long letters on the subject which is not at all serious, perhaps on a new fashion of dress, or the bad manners of the young people, compared with manners of thirty years ago. [/INST] question: If you want to get pleasure, please buy yourself _ . | options: A: a serious newspaper B: foreign newspaper C: any independent paper D: a popular newspaper | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Infection is acquired from pigs and other animal reservoirs or from human carriers. The infective form is the cyst, which is ingested in contaminated food or drink. Excystment takes place in the small intestine and the liberated trophozoites reach the large intestine where they feed and multiply as lumen commensals. Infection is very often confined to the lumen and is asymptomatic. Clinical disease results only when the trophozoites burrow into the intestinal mucosa, set up colonies and initiate inflammatory reaction. This leads to mucosal ulcers and submucosal abscesses resembling the lesions in amoebiasis. Clinically also, balantidiasis resembles amoebiasis, causing diarrhoea or frank dysentery with abdominal colic, tenesmus, nausea and vomiting. Occasionally there may occur intestinal perforation with peritonitis and rarely involvement of genital and urinary tracts. Diagnosis Diagnosis is established by demonstration of the parasite in faeces. While motile trophozoites occur in diarrhoeic faeces, cysts are found in formed stools. TEXTBOOK OF MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY,CKJ PANIKER,6TH EDITION,PAGE NO 111 [/INST] question: A patient presents with diarrhoea, analysis of stool on wet mount shows mobile protozoa without RBCs and pus cells. The diagnosis is - | options: A: Balantidium coli B: plasmodium C: Trichomonas hominis D: Entamoeba hystolytica | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: LONDON--Manchester is Britain's fattest city, a survey for "Men's Health" has found, beating Glasgow for the first time since the magazine started examining the issue three years ago.
Editor Pete Muir said the survey had looked at a variety of factors from gym membership to heart disease rates to find the fattest city. "Manchester has more fast food restaurants than anywhere else in the UK," he told Reuters. "People are taking the easy choice --eating and then just sitting in front of the TV."
Manchester's problem is part of a wider trend . On Thursday, the Office of National Statistics (ONS) blamed a lack of exercise and poor diet for a fifth of adult Britons being obese . "Obesity is a major risky factor related to heart disease, diabetes and premature death ," said an ONS survey. "None of the 108 young men in the survey reported eating five portions of fruit or vegetables on average each day."
In Manchester, the head of the city's public health programs said he did not believe that they were necessarily the fattest city, but that they did have problems and were aiming to address them. Social deprivation was a major factor. "One of the myths is that the stressed-out rich businessman is the one who is overweight," David Regan told Reuters. "In fact, it is the poor areas that have the most problems. We aim not to be the fattest but the fittest city but we have a long way to go."
Second in the survey is Stoke-on-Trent, followed by Liverpool, Swansea and Leicester. Glasgow is sixth. [/INST] question: Manchester took the place of _ and became Britain's fattest city. | options: A: Liverpool B: London C: Stoke-on-Trent D: Glasgow | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Sho-term regulation of HMG-CoA reductase is achieved by inhibition by phosphorylation (of Serine 872, in humans. Decades ago it was believed that a cascade of enzymes controls the activity of HMG-CoA reductase: an HMG-CoA reductase kinase was thought to inactivate the enzyme, and the kinase, in turn, was held to be activated phosphorylation by HMG-CoA reductase kinase. An excellent review on the regulation of the mevalonate pathway by Nobel Laureates Joseph Goldstein and Michael Brown adds specifics: HMG-CoA reductase is phosphorylated and inactivated by an AMP-activated protein kinase, which also phosphorylates and inactivates acetyl-CoA carboxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme of fatty acid biosynthesis. Thus, both pathways utilizing acetyl-CoA for lipid synthesis are inactivated when energy charge is low in the cell and concentrations of AMP rise. There has been a great deal of research on the identity of upstream kinases that phosphorylate and activate the AMP-activated protein kinase. [/INST] question: Which of the following enzymes is active in phosphorylated form? | options: A: Pyruvate dehydrogenase B: HMG-CoA reductase C: HMG-CoA reductase kinase D: Pyruvate kinase | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Respiratory needs are the primary determinant of the posture of the jaws and tongue (and of the head itself, to a lesser extent). Therefore it seems entirely reasonable that an altered respiratory pattern, such as breathing through the mouth rather than the nose, could change the posture of the head, jaw, and tongue. This in turn could alter the equilibrium of pressures on the jaws and teeth and affect both jaw growth and tooth position. To breathe through the mouth, one must lower the mandible and tongue and extend (tip back) the head. If these postural changes were maintained, three effects on growth would be expected: (1) anterior face height would increase, and posterior teeth would super-erupt; (2) unless there was unusual vertical growth of the ramus, the mandible would rotate down and back, opening the bite anteriorly and increasing overjet; and (3) increased pressure from the stretched cheeks might cause a narrower maxillary dental arch. Chronic respiratory obstruction can be produced by prolonged inflammation of the nasal mucosa associated with allergies or chronic infection. It can also be produced by mechanical obstruction anywhere within the naso-respiratory system, from the nares to the posterior nasal choanae. Under normal conditions, the size of the nostril is the limiting factor in nasal airflow. The pharyngeal tonsils or adenoids normally are large in children, and partial obstruction from this source may contribute to mouth breathing in children. Individuals who have had chronic nasal obstruction may continue to breathe partially through the mouth even after the obstruction has been relieved. In this sense, mouth breathing can sometimes be considered a habit. [/INST] question: A 18 years old male patient, complains of inability to close the lips and history of adenoidectomy 1 month ago. General physical examination reveals increased anterior facial height and incompetent lips. Intraoral findings suggest narrow maxillary arch. These features are seen in patients with- | options: A: Pacifier sucking habit B: Mouth breathing C: Tongue thrusting D: Bruxism | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: S.NoDiseaseInheritance PathogenesisKidney featuresExtrarenal manifestations 1ADPKDADPKD1mutation in chr16pPKD2 mutation in chr 4qPKD1 produce polycystin-1PKD2 produce polycystin-2Enlarged kidneys, Multiple cysts in both kidneysDisease manifest only in adultsCysts in liver, spleen, pancreas and lung.Berry aneurysmMitral valve prolapse2ARPKDARMutation of PKHD1 in chr6pPKHD1 produce fibrocystinEnlarged kidneys, Cysts in both kidneysLiver cysts, congenital hepaticfibrosis and spleenomegaly3Medullarysponge kidneyNone UnceainCysts restricted to the collecting ducts of medulla None4Familial juvenile nephronophthisis ARMutation of NPH1 to NPH6NPH1 & NPH3-6 produce nephrocystinNPH2 produce inversin Shrunken kidney, Cysts in coicmedullary junction, salt wastingGrowth retardation,Liver fibrosis, ocular motor abnormalities, retinal dystrophy and cerebellar abnormalities5Adult-onset medullary cystic diseaseADMutation of MCKD1 and MCKD2Shrunken kidney, Cysts in coicmedullary junction, salt wastingNone 6Simple cystsNone UnceainMultiple cysts in normal sized kidneys HematuriaNone7Acquired renal cystic diseaseNone Renal dialysisCysts with end stage renal disease, calcium oxalate crystals, renal cell carcinoma None [/INST] question: Chromosome-associated with ADPKD is | options: A: 14 and 16 B: 14 and 13 C: 16 and 4 D: 16 and 14 | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The above symptoms with lab findings points towards a disorder associated with raised primary estrogen levels, such as seoli cell tumor. Here hypogonadotropic hypogonadism have to be excluded before making the above diagnosis. Gynecomastia Any cause of androgen deficiency can lead to gynecomastia, reflecting an increased estrogen/androgen ratio. Gynecomastia is a characteristic feature of Klinefelter syndrome Androgen insensitivity disorders also cause gynecomastia. Excess estrogen production may be caused by tumors:- including Seoli cell tumors in isolation or in association with Peutz-Jegher syndrome or Carney complex. The familial aromatase excess syndrome due to CYP19 mutation or chromosomal rearrangement is characterized by pre- or peripubeal onset of gynecomastia Drugs can cause gynecomastia by:- Acting directly as estrogenic substances (e.g., oral contraceptives, phytoestrogens, digitalis) Inhibiting androgen synthesis (e.g., ketoconazole) Action (e.g., spironolactone) Spermatocytic tumor also present as painless testicular mass but they mainly affects geriatric population without any hormone secretion [/INST] question: A 32 year old male patient complains of progressive enlargement of breast tissue from last few weeks. O/E painless testicular mass is observed in testis.On hormonal investigations he has low levels of serum LH and testosterone. What might be the cause in such case? | options: A: Seoli cell tumor B: Spermatocytic tumor C: Androgen-resistant state D: Gonadotropin-secreting tumor | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: A mother had two daughters. She loved them very much, but two girls would fight with each other from their earliest years. As they grew older, they became total strangers. They had no contact with each other when they were adults.
This caused the mother great pain. Then, later, she had an idea. She decided to write a letter to them. In this letter, she told them how much she loved them, and how she wanted them to love each other in this way. She also gave them news of herself and some guidance on how to live happier lives.
When the letter was ready, she wrote out one copy for each daughter, but these copies were special. Each copy contained only every second sentence of the original letter: the copy for one daughter had only the even sentences, and the other daughter's copy contained only the odd sentences. Neither contained the fullness of the mother's message.
When the two daughters received their letters, they were puzzled. To understand the half-letter, they would have to put the two letters together and read them as one, which meant they must approach one another again in love and respect. But they each blamed the other for not helping them when trying to read the half-letter.
For a long time, the mother waited in vain. Then one day, when the mother had almost given up hope, there was a knock at the door. There they stood, together. "We've come home," they said at the same time. "We've finally put our letters together, and we've come to say how much we love you, Mum." Then she hugged them both, tears of joy streaming down her cheeks, and welcomed them back home. [/INST] question: The mother gave her daughters incomplete letters mainly to _ . | options: A: win their hearts B: offer them advice C: tell them her news D: mend their relations | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Born in 1954 in Taiwan, Ang Lee has become one of today's greatest filmmakers. Ang graduated from the National Taiwan College of Arts in 1975. Later on, he went to the USA. for further study on art. And he got a Master Degree in Film Production at New York University.
During Ang's film career, he has made a lot of successful films and honored himself with many international awards. Early in 1993, Ang's film The Wedding Banquet won a Golden Bear at the Berlin Film Festival, which drew the whole world's attention to this Chinese director. In the following years, Ang's talent got more brilliant. At the beginning of 2000, Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon(Wo Hu Cang Long), a kongfu film directed by Ang Lee, won Best Foreign Language Film at the 73rd Academy Awards . This surprised the world. However. what really takes Ang to the _ of the film world is the film Brokeback Mountain (2005). For this film, Ang Lee won the Best Director Academy Award. And he is the first Chinese director who's ever won the golden statuette .
In 2012, Ang made a huge success again. His first 3D film Life of Pi came out. It was a story about the adventure of a brave Indian boy. This film helped him beat out Michael Haneke of "Amour", Benh Zeitlin of "Beasts of the Southern Wild", Steven Spielberg of "Lincoln" and David O. Russell of "Silver Linings Playbook". For the second time, Ang was honored as the Best Director at the 85th Academy Awards in 2013.
Along Ang Lee's film road, we can say that he is really born for films and he is worth all the praise from the world, especially all the Chinese. [/INST] question: How old was Ang Lee when he won the Best Director Academy Award for the second time? | options: A: 59 B: 58 C: 51 D: 39 | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Henderson Island is a coral island raised above the South Pacific Ocean, No people live on it. The island is 9. 6 km long and 5. 1 km wide. It has an area of 37, 3 square kilometers. It became a World Heritage Site in 1988 because of its bird life.
All the four kinds of special land birds can only be seen on Henderson Island. There are also fifteen non-local seabirds. Other local things include nine kinds of plants, four kinds of land snails, and one butterfly.
Although no people live on the island, archaeological evidence suggests that a small Polynesian group lived here between the 12th and 15th centuries until it disappeared. The reasons for its disappearance are unknown, but are probably related to the similar disappearance of the Polynesians on Pitcairn Island. Then Hendersonians would have depended on them for many of the basics of life.
On January 29* 1606, Henderson Island was discovered by Portuguese sailor Pedro Fermandes, who named it San Joao Baptista. On January 17, 1819, the island was rediscovered by British Captain Henderson, who named it Henderson Island. On March 2* 1819* Captain Henry King, sailing on the Elizabeth, landed on the island to find the Union flag already flying. His crew scratched the name of their ship on a tree, and for some years the name of the island was Elizabeth or Henderson.
In the early 1980's, American businessman Arthur expressed interest in buying Henderson Island, and establishing a small settlement with an airport, farm and large houses. But the British government refused it at last* after environmentalist groups persuaded them to protect the natural ecology and environment of the island which became a World Heritage Site later. [/INST] question: Who gave the Henderson Island its present name? | options: A: Some archaeologists B: The Polynesians C: Pedro Fermandes D: A British captain | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The value-packed, all-inclusive sight-seeing package that combines the best of Sydney's harbour, city, bay and beach highlights.
A SydneyPass gives you unlimited and flexible travel on the Explorer Buses: the 'red' Sydney Explorer shows you around our exciting city sights while the 'blue' Bondi Explorer visits Sydney Harbour bays and famous beaches. Take to the water on one of three magnificent daily harbour cruises . You can also travel free on regular Sydney Buses, Sydney Ferries or CityRail services (limited area), so you can go to every corner of this beautiful city.
Imagine browsing at Darling Harbour, sampling the famous seafood at Watsons Bay or enjoying the city lights on an evening ferry cruise. The possibilities and plans are endless with a SydneyPass. Wherever you decide to go, remember that bookings are not required on any of our services so tickets are treated on a first in, first seated basis.
SydneyPasses are available for 3, 5 0r 7 days for use over a 7 calendar day period. With a 3 or 5 day pass you choose on which days out of the 7 you want to use it. All SydneyPasses include a free Airport Express inward trip before starting your 3, 5 0r 7 days, and the return trip is valid for 2 months from the first day your ticket was used.
SydneyPass Fares
Adult Child* Family**
3 day ticket $90 $45 $225
5 day ticket $120 $60 $300
7 day ticket $140 $70 $350
*A child is defined as anyone from the ages of 4 years to under 16 years. Children under 4 years
travel free.
**A family is defined as 2 adults and any number of children from 4 to under 16 years of age
from the same family. [/INST] question: A SydneyPass doesn't offer unlimited rides on _ . | options: A: the Explorer Buses B: the harbour cruises C: regular Sydney Buses D: CityRail services | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: One in every five young people has a sleep problem, so you're not alone; Getting enough sleep has become as important as eating vegetables and exercising regularly. It's very important for your body.
Most young people only get seven hours of sleep each night, when they actually need nine hours. And making up for lost sleep during the week by sleeping in on weekends doesn't really work. In fact, sleeping late on weekends may actually do you more harm than good, if you have sleep problems.
What happens if you don't get enough sleep? If your sleep problem continues for a few nights, you could suffer serious problems. Lack of sleep can affect learning and memory. Worse , if your sleep difficulties last a long time , that could lead to anxiety or depression . Therefore, you've got to have some healthy sleep habits. Below are some suggestions:
* GO TO BED AT THE SAME TIME--including weekends , if possible .
* WAKE UP AROUND THE SAME TIME EVERY MORNING . When you sleep late just one morning during the week, it may disturb your body clock. This will make it hard for you to sleep that night.
* DO SMOETHING REALXING before going to bed .
* EXERCISE DURING THE DAY . Don't exercise right before going to bed.
* AVOID DRINKING ALCOHOL. Alcohol makes you excited. This prevents you from falling asleep or wakes you up during the night.
* DON'T SMOKE . Smoking is always bad for the body. Smoking before bedtime keeps you awake.
If trying these tips over a couple of weeks does not help you, speak to your doctor. Do not take any sleeping pills without first asking your doctor. Many have strong side effects. [/INST] question: _ young people have sleep problems. | options: A: 10 % B: 20% C: 25% D: 50% | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Every four years athletes from the world take part in the Olympic Games. Both the Summer and Winter Olympic Games are held every four years. The Winter Olympic Games are usually held two years before the Summer Olympic Games.
The ancient Olympic Games began around the year 776 BC in Greece. Many of the sports were the same as they are now. Some of the games in which the young men competed were: running, jumping, and wrestling. Women were not allowed to take part in the games. After about the year 393 AD the Olympic Games stopped. For centuries there were no Olympic Games. But they were not forgotten.
The first Olympic Games in modern times happened in 1896. They were held in Greece--the country in which the Games were born. in the Games there were 311 competitors from 13 countries. After that more and more countries joined in the Games. In 2000, over 10,000 athletes from 227 countries went to Sydney; Australia, for the 27th Olympic Games! There are 300 different events in the Games. Horse riding, hammer throw and shooting are some of the more unusual events. [/INST] question: The 27th Olympic Games were held in. | options: A: Sydney B: Los Angeles C: Greece D: Paris | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: *Geographic Championship
August 9, 2007 - "What historic site was carved from sandstone in about 1200 B.C.? This site includes two huge temples and statues of an ancient ruler."
That's the question that gave three students from prefix = st1 /Mexicovictory over teams fromCanadaand theUnited Statesin the final round of the English National Geographic World Championship, a biennial contest of geography knowledge. Fourteen other international teams competed in the event, which has been since 1993.
Continued on Next Page >>
*House fire put off
Sept. 16, 2007 -- A home located at 240 Cexter AvenueinMeridencaught fire around 5:45 Sunday afternoon. When firefighters arrived at the scene, they found the first floor of the wood-frame house was in flames.
The Meriden Fire Department had it under control by 6:47 pm. The house suffered such heavy damage that the electricity was cut off. The house has been declared unlivable until repairs can be made.
There was no one in the house at the time. One firefighter was taken to MedicalCenterat 7:15 pm when he complained about not feeling well. Police are now looking into the cause of the fire.
Continued on Next Page >>
*Extinct languages
Sept. 18, 2007 - In the vast outback of northern Australia, the native languages of the Aborigines are slowly dying. But a team of explorers and linguists are fighting to keep these dialects alive through the five - year Enduring Voices project, funded by the National Geographic Society.
As the team tracks down speakers of these _ languages, including the only known speaker of a language long thought to be extinct, they learn why losing the wisdom of these mother tongues is a "tragedy for humanity."
Continued on Next Page >> [/INST] question: Which team won the Eighth National Geographic World Championship in 2007? | options: A: Canada B: Mexico C: America D: Australia | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The largest earthquake ( magnitude 9.5) of the 20th century happened on May 22, 1960 off the coast of South Central Chile.
It generated one of the most destructive Pacific-wide tsunamis . Near the generating area, both the earthquake and the tsunami were very much destructive, particularly in the coastal area from Concepcion to the south end of Isla Chiloe. The largest tsunami damage occurred at Isla Chiloe---the coastal area closest to the epicenter . Huge tsunami waves measuring as high as 25 meters arrived within 10 to 15 minutes after the earthquake, killing at least two hundred people, sinking all the boats, and flooding half a kilometer inland.
There was large damage and loss of life at Concepcion, Chile's top industrial city. Near the city of Valdivia, the earthquake and following aftershocks generated landslides which killed 18 people. At the port city of Valparaiso, a city of 200,000, many buildings collapsed. A total of 130,000 houses were destroyed --- one in every three in the earthquake zone and nearly 2,000,000 people were left homeless.
Total damage losses, including to agriculture and to industry, were estimated to be over a half billion dollars . The total number of death related with both the tsunami and the earthquake was never found accurately for the region. Estimates of deaths reached between 490 to 5,7002 with no distinction as to how many deaths were caused by the earthquake and how many were caused by the tsunami. However, it is believed that most of the deaths in Chile were caused by the tsunami. [/INST] question: Where did the largest tsunami damage occurred? | options: A: Concepcion B: Isla Chiloe C: Valdivia D: Valparaiso | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Kostmann's syndrome (severe congenital neutropenia)
Kostmann's syndrome, an autosomal recessive disorder, is an inherited disorder of the bone marrow in which there is the arrest of maturation of neutrophils at promyelocyte stage.
There is congenital neutropenia and neutrophils are often completely absent in the blood at the time of diagnosis.
Because of neutropenia, these patients suffer from severe infections e.g., omphalitis (infection of the navel), Pneumonia, Skin abscesses, otitis media.
Kostmann's syndrome is believed to be caused due to defect in the receptor of granulocyte colony stimulating factor (GCSF) on neutrophils (granulocytes). The purpose of this receptor is the binding of the granulocyte to the cytokine (GCSF) in order to give the signal to the cell to mature and multiply.
Patients with Kostamann's syndrome produce GCSF but because of the defect in GCSF receptor the response of neutrophils to normal amounts of GCSF in the blood is reduced: However, they can respond if the amount of GCSF is increased → These patients will respond to a higher dose of GCSE [/INST] question: Kostmann's syndrome–treatment is – | options: A: Anti–thymocyte globulin + cyclosporin B: Anti–thymocyte globulin + cyclosporin + GM–CSF C: G–CSF D: GM–CSF | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: One billion teenagers and young adults around the world are in the face of losing their hearing by listening to loud music. This is according to the World Health Organization.
Few things can make people happy and full of energy like good music. Many people believe louder is better if you are listening to rock and roll. But if you really listen to the music loudly, even really good music, it can hurt your hearing badly.
If a person takes a subway to go from one place to the other for half an hour in the morning and a half an hour in the evening, and every day has to _ on his audio device because there is so much of noise of the train and everything around, and is listening to for one hour every day, his hearing is going to be hurt seriously in a few years, in a couple of years time, for sure.
There can be many kinds of unsafe levels of sound. It depends on how loud the sound is and how long you listen to it. Unsafe can mean noise levels of 85 decibels for eight hours a day or 100 decibels for just 15 minutes.
There are simple ways to protect people from unsafe sound levels. Young people who wear earplugs during concerts can enjoy music at 90 decibels as much as they can at 110 decibels. But earplugs may not look very cool. The fact that earplugs may look un-cool may be true today, but if there is nothing wrong with your hearing in the future may be true and wearing earplugs may actually be cool.
Another common suggestion is to turn down the volume on your personal audio devices. The World Health Organization also advises young people to limit their use of such devices to less than one hour a day.
Besides, the World Health Organization reminds people to use technology, such as smart audio devices keep listening levels safe. [/INST] question: What music can make people happy and full of energy? | options: A: Sad music B: Bad music C: Soft music D: Good music | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: In prefix = st1 /America, drivers' education is part of regular high school curriculum. Every student in his or her second year of high school is required to take a class in driver's education. However, unlike other courses, it is not given during the regular school year. Instead, it is a summer course.
The course is divided up into two parts: class time for learning laws and regulations and driving time to practise driving. Class time is not unlike any other class. The students have a text from which they study the basic laws they must know to pass the written driving test that is given to anyone wanting to get a driver's license.
Driving time is a chance for the students to get behind the wheel (steering wheel) and practise starting steering, backing up, parking, switching lanes, turning corners, and all the other maneuvers required to drive a car. Each student is required to drive a total of six hours. The students are divided up into groups of four. The students and the instructor go out driving for two-hour blocks of time. Thus, each student gets half an hour driving time per outing. The instructor and "driver" sit in the front seats and the other three students sit in the back.
Drivers Ed cars are unlike other cars in which they have two sets of brakes, one on the driver's side and one on the other side where the instructor sits. Thus, if the student driver should run into difficulties the instructor can take over. The car also has another special feature. On the top of the car is a sign that reads: STUDENT DRIVER. That lets nearby drivers know that they should use extra caution because the student driver is a beginning driver, not very experienced and prone to driving slowly.
After the student has passed the driver's education course and reached the appropriate age to drive (this age differs in every state but in most cases the person must be 16 years old), they can go to a designated state office to take their driver's test, which is made up of an eye examination, a written test, and a road test. The person must pass all three tests in order to be given a driver's license. If the person did well in his or her driver's education class, he or she will pass the test _ and get a driver's license. [/INST] question: In America, the driver's course mentioned above _ . | options: A: is considered as part of the advanced education B: is given to anyone wanting to get a driver's license C: is carried on at the same time as other courses D: is offered to all the students of Grade 2 in high schools | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Animal moms are great moms. You might be surprised at some of these moms.
Octopuses
The octopus mother lays about 50,000 eggs. For about 300 days, she stays with the eggs, cleans them and protects them. She does not leave to feed. However, this animal mom dies as soon as the eggs are hatched .
Crocodiles
A crocodile mother puts a lot of time and effort into raising her babies.
She starts by building a nest which she guards for over two months! When the eggs are ready to hatch, the young crocs call out to their mother, who digs them out and helps them hatch. She then carries them in her mouth down to the water, where she will guard them for several more weeks or months until thy learn to hunt on their own.
Bats
Bats become moms by hanging head up in a cave, giving birth. Catching the youngsters before it can fall to the ground below, she puts it in a pouch .Bat moms may carry babies with them when feeding for the first few days. As the little bats get bigger and heavier, moms help them hang on the wall of their caves and return to feed them. It continues for about three weeks, until the babies are grown up and able to fly on their own.
Koalas
The animal mom gives birth after pregnancy of only 35 days. The hairless baby climbs into its mother's pouch and lives there for another five months. When the little koala is between five and eight months old, it leaves the pouch for short periods of time but returns for safety. Once it is too big to return to the pouch, it will climb onto its mother's back and ride there until it is about 12 moths old. [/INST] question: Which animal moms die when their babies are born? | options: A: Octopuses B: Crocodiles C: Bats D: Koalas | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: A 13-year-old Shenzhen girl has written a novel about life in junior high school, and the book is expected to hit the city's bookshelves in June, the Shenzhen Economic Dailyreported on Thursday.
"A Fresh Summer Day," a 180,000-character novel which Zhao Yue completed writing in three months, is in fact Zhao's second published book. Her first book, "A Better Present," is a collection of the articles she wrote when she was still a primary school student.
Zhao is a Junior One student of a middle school in Longgang District. She started writing the novel after her first book was published. "I was very much motivated to write a new book when I saw many of my schoolmates reading my first book," said Zhao.
She added that she wrote most of the novel at night, sometimes until the early hours of the morning. "I attended school as usual during the three months of writing. I felt all right every day even though I slept for only four hours a day," said the girl.
"A Fresh Summer Day" is about puppy love between two junior high school students, which is becoming very common among young children, the paper said. AShenzhen Economic Daily reporter who read the draft of Zhao's story said the plot develops smoothly and naturally, while the descriptions of the characters' feelings are true.
Zhao said the story was based on interviews she carried with some of her fellow students, "I myself don't have such a story to tell yet." Zhao has loved writing since early childhood. [/INST] question: The second novel written by Zhao Yue is about _ . | options: A: city life B: school life C: her own life D: her early childhood | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: ATP Bioluminescence is light produced by a chemical reaction within an organism. It requires a combination of 4 different ingredients. The light is produced through a chemical reaction involving Luciferin, which is the substrate, Luciferase, the enzyme, ATP, and oxygen. The basic reaction sequence is: The luciferase catalyzes the oxidation of luciferin into oxyluciferin. In the process light is emitted. Since the light producing reaction is dependent on ATP, it allows researchers to determine the presence of ATP and hence the presence of life. (If ATP is present in a sample of something that is a good indication that life is occurring within that specimen). NASA has used this method to test for life on other planets. If luciferin and luciferase compounds were mixed with samples and they produced a glowing reaction this would mean the presence of ATP and hence life. This reaction is also used for antibiotic susceptibility testing. If the enzyme Luciferase is added to a cultured sample of Tuberculosis and an antibiotic is also added, the strength of the antibiotic can be tested. If the drug fails, then the bacteria will continue to thrive and glow. This research has also been employed in gene activation therapy cases, where ultraviolet cameras seek out genes treated with Luciferase. If light is visible, this means that the Luciferase gene is active. This will help researchers to know when they have made a successfully attempt at gene therapy. [/INST] question: Fireflies produce light due to: | options: A: NADH B: GTP C: ATP D: Phosphocreatinine | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The Batsquatch is described as a great winged bat. It's reported that it lives in the shadows of Mt. Saint Helens. It has purple skin, red eyes and the character is quite similar to the bat's. Since reports tell it likes eating small animals like chickens, goats and pigs, some believe that it is actually a flying primate . But researchers say that it is more closely related to the fruit bat of northern America.
Fear still fills the hearts of men, women and children of Washington. In May of 1980 during the eruption of Mount Saint Helens, the Batsquatch showed itself in the shadows of clouds from the eruption. In 1994, a local mountaineer was able to take pictures of the Batspuatch making the rumor seem real. During this event some farm animals seemed to disappear though luckily no humans were reported missing at the time. The local mountaineer told about his meeting with the Batsquatch. When he suddenly heard a loud deep voice from the shadows, the mountaineer was knocked down. He tried to look for the creature that had made the sound. He saw a great creature with purple wings in the sky. It looked like it was about 30 feet tall.
The mountaineer kept this story a secret in fear of being laughed at by others but when new stories came in about the Batsquatch he shared his story.
The reality of the Batsquatch can no longer be ignored. It is only a creature that is trying to live. Respect! This is how we should take news such as this. Respect for a living creature instead of fear. [/INST] question: The rumor about the batsquatch makes people of Washington full of _ | options: A: joy B: surprise C: fear D: anger | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: If you look at the night sky, you'll often see stars moving very quickly. In fact, they move much more quickly than they should according to their size and the laws of physics.
Scientists do not completely understand why the speed of these stars is so high. But many believe the reason is that much of the universe is made of something called "dark matter". Groups of stars called galaxies, such as the Milky Way, might even be made up of 90 percent dark matter.
How much something weighs depends on where it is. The same object weighs only half as much on Mars as it does on Earth and almost three times as much on Jupiter. So scientists prefer to talk about the mass of something rather than how much it weighs, because mass does not change. They can work out the mass of galaxies by measuring the distance between them and the speed they move at.
Recently, Jorge Penarrubia, a senior academic at Edinburgh University, UK, and his team discovered something interesting: The mass of the Milky Way is only half as much as the mass of another nearby galaxy, Andromeda. This seems strange, and dark matter may explain why.
Finding out more about dark matter could help us understand how the universe began, but this is not easy. Lots of scientists with different types of expert knowledge are working on the problem.
We can't see dark matter, it's very difficult to measure and we can't find out its mass. Unlike stars, dark matter doesn't produce or reflect light. But we can make a good guess that it is there because of the way things move and the way light bends. Experts now think dark matter may be very different from the matter that we find on Earth. There may also be five times as much dark matter in the universe as ordinary matter. [/INST] question: Something that weighs 15kg on Earth weighs about _ on Mars and _ on Jupiter. | options: A: 7.5 kg; 45 kg B: 30 kg; 45 kg C: 45 kg; 7.5 kg D: 5 kg; 30 kg | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Tattoos and body piercings have moved up on the trend list in recent years. Around Western schools lots of teens are sporting new holes and flesh ink. Like all other subjects, we'll surely be faced with such situation. To get a better view of what has happened in the West, let's sit down and hear what they say.
Kerstin Otto from Washington:
The hotter it gets and the more layers of clothing disappear, the more tattoos and piercings appear on various places of the human body, I wouldn't be caught dead with a snake tattooed on my ankle or with a piece of metal stuck in my belly button.
Erin from Indiana:
I think body piercing is cool. In most situations, you don't really have to worry about it getting torn out. I go to Noblesville High School. I am a sophomore (that is the l0th grade). Body piercing can be cool, only if it is not taken to too much of an extent. I would not want to get my nose pierced, just because I think I'll look bad. But that is my personal opinion. I guess that type of thing is a cultural difference.
Tiara from Indiana:
I personally think body piercing is sickening. If there were supposed to be holes in your body, you would have been born with them. I do, however, think that ear piercing, is not wrong. There is a difference between ear piercing and belly button piercing. Ear piercing is not nearly as dangerous. I would be sick if someone stuck a needle in my belly button.
Lee from Illinois:
Hi! I live in Illinois. I am 23. I have 12 tattoos and three piercings. I love my tattoos and consider myself an art collector. You would be surprised at who has given me the thumbs-up on my art work. People on the street stop me to look at that on my leg. Most of them don't know what it is. They just think the work itself is great.
Subotai from California:
I'm not prohibitive of self-expression, but when I see high school students getting these piercings, I really wonder. In some cases, the drive is deeper and darker than mere fashion. A friend of mine tried piercing her own tongue with a safety pin. It got infected and she had a tongue the size of a cow's.
Nagib from Washington:
I wanted an earring. My friends had them and it looked like a cool thing. I wanted to get a nose ring, but my mum wouldn't let me. Now I'm glad I didn't get it. I just wanted a little stud, but I wouldn't have looked good with it.
Jackson from Ohio:
I don't think it's wrong, but when people do it all over the place like their face and everything --I think that's ridiculous. People who get the big dragons that cover your whole body--I don't think that's necessary. When I see naked chicks on guys, I think. "You have no respect for women."
Brittney from New York:
You don't want to do stuff to your body. You don t need to do that because you were made perfect. You don't need to add piercings. If it will make you feel beautiful and you really feel like you need to do it for yourself, then okay. If it really makes a big difference impacting your self-esteem and how you are towards others, then do it. But otherwise, don't mess with what you got. Maybe you should try something more substantial to find beauty in yourself. [/INST] question: Who is wholeheartedly lost in tattoos and piercing? | options: A: Tiara B: Erin C: Nagib D: Lee | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Here's a movie-a sharp, sugar-rush of fun that's guaranteed to entertain the entire family.
With some terrific computer-generated effects, a great cast and a fun-packed storyline, Robots is the best animated film since The Incredibles. Yep, it really is that good.
Set in a world populated by robots, Ewan McGregor plays Rodney Copperbottom, a young robot who leaves his small-town home to pursue his dream of becoming an inventor.
But after arriving in Robot City, his hopes of getting a job at Bigweld Industries are destroyed when he learns the firm has been taken over by the evil Ratchet (Greg Kinnear).
Egged on by his controlling mum, Madame Gasket (Jim Broadbent), Ratchet plans to reduce half on Robot City's citizens to scrap metal by refusing to sell the spare Pans they need to survive.
Instead, he wants to make a fortune selling expensive upgrades that few can afford. As he says, "Why be you when you can be new?"
Aided by a few misfit robots known as the Rustles-including Robin Williams as the cowardly Fender ("I'm made of a metal called Afraidium")-Rodney must track down the firm's founder, Bigweld (Mel Brooks), and convince him to save the city from Ratchet's plans.
The first thing that'll strike you about the movie is the thought that's gone into creating Robot City. It's a wondrous world full of mechanical marvels including wind-up cars and walking streetlamps.
Also terrific are the special effects. This might be animated movie but at times you'll catch yourself thinking it's really a live-action film.
Of course, there have been plenty of animated movies that looked the part but were let down by a weak storyline(see Shark Tale, for example).
But Robots grips right from the start thanks to a heart-warming and thoroughly engaging plot that never bores.
My only complaints are with Williams who, as usual, has a one-in-10 success rate with his jokes. Also a letdown is a romantic subplot between Rodney and a shapely robot called Cappy (Halle Berry) that doesn't go anywhere.
Complains aside, this is a mechanical marvel that'll have you bolted firmly to your seat.
BEST QUOTE :Fender:"Even though you had a discouraging day, just remember there's another one coming tomorrow.
BEST BIT:Check out those amazing images.
WORST BIT:Robin Williams' character does an unfunny Britney Spears dance routine.
IF YOU LIKED...Ice Age, The Incredibles, Toy Story...YOU'LL LIKE THIS. [/INST] question: This piece of writing is a _ . | options: A: film review B: commercial advertisement C: movie poster D: 1iterary essay | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Most young boys don't like growing flowers and watering them. But for 16-year-old Angus,working in the garden isn't just a hobby -- it has changed his life.
Angus has a special illness and his IQ is lower than a normal boy. Six months ago, he started
learning how to grow flowers. Now, he spends hours in the garden growing flowers, watering and
looking after them. "Before working in the garden, it was difficult for Angus to concentrate inclass and sometimes he didn't want to go to school," said his mother Kim. "Now he can't wait togo to school and he is happy every day. We can see Angus is able to work in a garden center in thefuture,"
Research shows that working in the garden improves mental and physics health. In the past,soldiers in Egypt treated their mental problems after war by working in the garden. Even now,some doctors advise people to work in the garden to treat their mental health problems. Anddoctors also advise young people like Angus to work in the garden.
The lives of hundreds of children in Britain with special needs, like Angus, have beenchanged by this special kind of education. When working in the garden, children have a chance tolearn a lot of important skills, such as how to work with other people and how to take care ofplants. Besides, the children become more confident after working in the garden. [/INST] question: Augus began to _ half a year ago. | options: A: need special help B: learn how to grow flowers C: have a special illness D: learn how to change his life | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: In my last essay,I wrote briefly about a bathtub in the classroom.What really was the use of that bathtub?"Guys,i t is Reading Workshop time now.When I call your table,get your things,please!"said Mrs.Toalson.She was holding a cup that had many sticks in it;on every stick was written each student's name and table number.
What does she mean? Probably books,I thought.Mrs.Toalson picked a stick out of the cup and said,"Okay,Aniqa's table;Table Two,you may get your things."Then my four classmates ran for the cushions in the bathtub.Mrs.Toalson kept picking sticks and calling out different table numbers.On hearing their numbers,students would run to get cushions.Because there were not enough cushions for everyone,the last to be called had to go without.Those students sighed,"Oh!They are the lucky ones."
Finally,Mrs.Toalson picked the last,stick;what is she going to do now?
"Kate,you may use the bathtub."Mrs.Toalson said.Gosh!Use the bathtub?Is Kate going to take a bath,1 wondered.Kate is the girl who had pretty brown hair.She ran happily with her book to the bathtub and lay down in it.As she read,she hugged a teddy bear.I think it must be comfortable reading in a bathtub.
Except for lucky Kate,everybody had to read elsewhere.Some were sitting on the seats,some were lying down under the table,and everybody's reading pose was different.
Just then,my friend found me sitting at my table quietly,not doing anything.She said,"Mary,let me find you a book."I nodded.Then she led me to a comer of the classroom where the bookshelf was and picked a picture book for me.
Regina thought that it would be more fun to read outside on the grass.What a great idea!The next day our whole class went to the park across the street from our schoo1.As we read,animals such as squirrels ran around us.It was amazing ! [/INST] question: In Mrs.Toalson's Reading Workshop,every student can learn _ . | options: A: briefly B: quickly C: comfortably D: eagerly | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Bean and other seed shoots are also known as sprouts . The dry bean seeds contain a store of nutrients just waiting to be released when they sprout. Under the right conditions they will germinate . As they grow, the food value of the seeds is multiplied into vitamins, minerals and other nutrients. This happens almost overnight!
It is easy to grow your own sprouts, but you need to buy your seeds from supermarkets or health food stores. Seeds for planting in the garden are often powdered with chemicals, so when becoming sprouts they are not safe to eat.
Try growing sprouts from a variety of beans and seeds. You will find different sprouts at different stages. Bean sprouts are best when they are about three centimeters long. Wheat and sunflower sprouts taste best when the sprouts and the seeds are of the same length. If the sunflower sprout is too long it leaves a funny stinging feeling in the throat after eating. Alfalfa sprouts are best when their small leaves are well developed. Pea and soybean sprouts are good long or short.
If you leave your sprouts in filtered sunlight for a few hours, the leaves will turn green as chlorophyll is added. Eating sprouts with green leaves benefits your blood, cells, and the digestive system. [/INST] question: Which of the following sprouts taste good whether they are long or short? | options: A: Soybean sprouts B: Sunflower sprouts C: Alfalfa sprouts D: Wheat sprouts | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: The cattle egret has lived in American continent in recent years. Non-native species are a worldwide problem and studies are devoted to assess the damage they cause to local species populations. The cattle egret primarily lives on the grassland and feeds in close association with animals like cattle and sheep. This bird is native to Africa, southern Europe and western Asia. The cattle egret in Brazil is unlike a number of bird species that have been established and expanded to non-native areas through human assistance.
The first sight of the cattle egret in the New World were reported between 1877 and 1882, followed by sightings in British Guiana and Colombia and later expansion throughout the Americas. In Brazil, the cattle egret was first recorded in the northern region of the country in 1964, feeding along with buffalos on Marajo Island in the state of Para.
While the cattle egret is not currently a threat to native animals and birds in Brazil throughout most of its geographic distribution, it has the potential to produce bad effects, as evidenced by its occupation of island environments. For example, in the Fernando de Noronha archipelago, the cattle egret drives adult native seabirds away from their nests in producing time.
Understanding how the cattle egret settled and lived in Brazil is important for the better understanding of spreading patterns of bird populations and their interaction with the local species. Explaining the egret cattle's settling in the Americas is a challenging task due to the lack of sufficient information and reports on entrance time, location, and number of events. Comparisons between native and non-native populations can provide a 'natural' experimental way to clarify the biological and environmental factors that may contribute to range expansion and adaptation to climate change, and to find how animals respond to strange and sudden ecological and environmental pressures. [/INST] question: In America, humans first found the cattle egret _ | options: A: in the 1870s B: in Colombia C: in British Guiana D: in the 1960s | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Mesangial deposits of IgA Purpura in Henoch Schonlein purpura is due to vasculitis and not thronzbocytopenia Platelet count is either nonnal or elevated. H.S. purpura is characterized by tetrad of PurpuraQ, Ahritis', GlomerulonephritisQ and Abdominal painQ. Skin The hallmark of this disease is rash beginning as pinkish maculopapules that initially blanch on pressure and progress to petechiae or purpura which are characterized clinically as palpable purpura'. The lesion tends to occur in crops'. The lesion occur on the dependent areas of the body such as buttocks'. Joints (80%) Manifests as ahralgia or ahritis in large joints Large joints of lower extremities are involved especially the knees and the ankles Migratory' pattern of joint involvement is common Ahritis is nondeformine in nature Gastrointestinal tract 60% presents with abdominal painQ 33% have evidence of gastrointestinal bleeding' (melena) Abdominal pain is typically colicky' May worsen after angina' (intestinal angina) Can lead to intussussceptionQ. Kidney (40%) Almost always appear after the development of skin manifestation The clinical hallmark of nephritis in HSP is hematuria which is usually microscopic Studies characteristically demonstrate IgA deposition in the mesangium. Diagnosis of H.S. Purpura -Diagnosis is based upon signs and symptoms - Skin biopsy demonstrates leucocytoclastic vasculitis with IgA and C3 deposition. - Renal biopsy may be helpful. [/INST] question: A 8 year old male had non blanching rashes over the shin and swelling of knee joint with haematuria +++ and protein +. Microscopic analysis of his renal biopsy specimen is most likely to show. | options: A: Tubular necrosis B: Visceral podocyte fusion C: Mesangial deposits of IgA D: Basement membrane thickening | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Monthly Talks at London Canal Museum
Our monthly talks start at 19:30 on the first Thursday of each month except August. Admission is at normal charges and you don't need to book. They end around 21:00.
_ th
The Canal Pioneers, by Chris Lewis. James Brindley is recognized as one of the leading early canal engineers. He was also a major player in training others in the art of canal planning and building. Chris Lewis will explain how Brindley made such a positive contribution to the education of that group of early "civil engineers".
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Ice for the Metropolis, by Malcolm Tucker. Well before the arrival of freezers, there was a demand for ice for food preservation and catering, Malcolm will explain the history of importing natural ice and the technology of building ice wells, and how London's ice trade grew.
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An Update on the Cotsword Canals, by Liz Payne. The Stroudwater Canal is moving towards reopening. The Thames and Severn Canal will take a little longer. We will have a report on the present state of play.
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Eyots and Aits- Thames Islands, by Miranda Vickers. The Thames had many islands. Miranda has undertaken a review of all of them. She will tell us about those of greatest interest.
Online bookings:www.canalmuseum.org.uk/book
More into:www.canalmuseum.org.uk/whatson
London Canal Museum
12-13 New Wharf Road, London NI 9RT
www.canalmuseum.org.ukwww.canalmuseum.mobi
Tel:020 77130836 [/INST] question: When is the talk on James Brindley? | options: A: February 6\nth B: March 6\nth C: November 7\nth D: December 5th | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: One day, a college student was taking a walk with a professor. As they went along, they saw
lying in the path a pair of old shoes. They supposed the shoes belonged to a poor man who was employed in a field close by, and who had nearly finished his day's word.
The student turned to the professor, saying, " Let us play the man a trick: we will hide his shoes, and hide ourselves behind those bushes, and wait to see his confusion when he cannot find them".
"My young friend," answered the professor, "we should never amuse ourselves at the expense of the poor. But you are rich, and may give yourself a much greater pleasure by tricking on the poor man. Put a coin into each shoe, and then we will hide ourselves and watch how the discovery affects him."
The student did so, and they both placed themselves behind the bushes close by. The poor man soon finished his work, and came across the field to the path where he had left his coat and shoes. After he slipped his foot into one of his shoes, he felt something hard. He bent down to feel what it was, and found the coin. Astonishment and wonder were seen on his face.
He fixed his eyes on the coin, turned it round, and looked at it again and again. He then looked around him on all sides, but no person was to be seen. He now put the money into his pocket, and continued to put on the other shoe; but his surprise was doubled on finding the other coin. His feelings overcame him. He fell upon his knees, looked up to heaven and cried a sincere thanksgiving, in which he spoke of his wife, sick and helpless, and his children without bread, Whom the timely help, from some unknown hand, would save from dying.
The student stood there, deeply affected, and his eyes filled with tears."Now,"said the professor,"are you not much better pleased than if you had played your intended trick?"
The youth replied,"You have taught me a lesson which I will never forget. [/INST] question: The student wanted to play the poor man a trick to _ . | options: A: find the truth B: show his wisdom C: amuse himself D: teach him a lesson | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Sometimes I really doubt whether there is love between my parents. Every day they are very busy trying to make money for my schooling.
One day, my mother was sewing a quilt . I silently sat beside her. "Mum, is there love between you and Dad?" I asked in a very low voice.
With surprise in her eyes, she stopped her work for a while. Then she said, "Susan, look at this thread . It can hardly be seen, but it' s really there. It makes the quilt strong. If life is a quilt, love should be a thread. Love is inside. "
I couldn' t understand her until the next spring. At that time, my father suddenly got sick seriously. My mother had to stay with him in the hospital for a month.
After they were back, my mother helped my father walk slowly on the country road every day. They were so kind to each other and it seemed they were the happiest couple.
After two months my father still couldn' t walk by himself. "Dad, how are you feeling now?" I asked him one day.
"Susan, don' t worry about me," he said. "I just like walking with your mum. I like this kind of life." Reading his eyes, I knew he loves my mother deeply.
Now I understand that love is just a thread in the quilt of our life. Love is inside, making life strong and warm. [/INST] question: Susan's father stayed in hospital for _ . | options: A: one day B: one month C: two months D: three months | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Most of the guests who come on our trips have never been to Egypt before .We want to make everyone comfortable and at ease, but we do always get the same questions in advance of trip. So here I will give you some travel tips.
What should I wear?
If you're lucky enough to visit Egypt between November and February, pack a sweater. You'll need it----the desert gets rather cold at night. During the day, the temperature will be agreeable and comfortable. Any other time, pack as if you're going to Phoenix of Vegas in August. For the ladies, bathing suits are normal if there's a pool where you are going, but leave the string bikini at home -it is a Muslim country, after all. Last, if you are planning on visiting any mosques or certain parts of upper Egypt, ladies will need to plan on bringing something that comes at least to the elbow , and no shorts for men or women in those areas.
What special things do I need to pack?
One of my favorite things in the world to bring to Egypt is an Evian Mister, a sprayer with a fine mist of Evian water. You may be able to find it in your local drug store. Spray a little on your face or head , and your body temperature will feel like it's dropped 10 or 15 degrees. Other items include your camera, sun block and extra batteries.
How do I communicate with home?
Internet cafes are plentiful everywhere, especially in Cairo, Luxor, and Alexandria. If you have international calling on you phone, you should be able to use it-AT&T and Sprint both work internationally for sure, but make sure you have the international coverage. A satellite phone is best if you are certain to need coverage in the middle of the country, like while sailing up the Nile , but for most people these days a cell phone is fine.
What medical preparation do I need?
In a word: none! The one thing you may come down with in Egypt is politely called "Pharoah 's Revenge. " The thing that gets rid of pharoah's Revenge is a regionally produced medicine, and is available at every drugstore for $1 a box . DON'T drink local water. DO drink bottled water, avoid the skins of fresh vegetables, and you'll be fine. [/INST] question: What clothing is proper for ladies visiting a mosque? | options: A: String bikinis B: Bathing suits C: Long-sleeve clothes D: Shorts | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Wealth index
The "wealth index" is a composite measure of the cumulative living standard of a household.
The wealth index is calculated using easy-to-collect data on a household's ownership of selected assets, such as televisions and bicycles, materials used for housing construction, and types of water access and sanitation facilities.
Information on the wealth index is based on data collected in the household questionnaire.
After collecting data, various statistical procedures are used to create break points that define wealth quintiles as:-
Lowest (first) quintile
Second quintile
Third quintile
Fourth quintile
Highest quintile
The distribution of the population across wealth quintiles show large variation across states : -
Delhi has maximum population in highest wealth quintile (70% of population).
Jharkhand has maximum population in lowest wealth quintile (49.6% of population).
Social class and health
The national family health survey - III (2005-06) conducted in India shows the glaring differences in infant mortality rate among the household belonging to various wealth index brackets → Infant mortality rate by wealth index in India (2005-06) [/INST] question: In "poverty lines" the expenditure required for a daily calorie intake of in rural areas – | options: A: 2200 B: 2400 C: 2100 D: 2300 | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Gants Hill, London
We are looking for a few volunteers to work with us in the creation of a new events group which is needing help to expand and may lead to part-time or full-time work. Hours are flexible, and successful candidates will be working on social media and liaising phone calls with organizations and groups. Candidates must speak excellent fluent English.
VOLUNTEER EVENTS ADMINISTRATION
Westminster, London
We would like an enthusiastic and outgoing administration volunteer for our Events Team at our London Head Office. This opportunity would suit a well-organized person with an eye for detail and good computer skills. You will support our Events by sending thank-you letters, answering the telephone, and assisting with all aspects of event organization for 2 days a week.
LOVE MUSIC? WANT EVENTS EXPERIENCE?
Notting Hill, London
Oxfam Notting Hill Takeover are looking for volunteers for our music festival on 19th October 2013. The festival takes place in 5 places in Notting Hill. This charity event will be showcasing over 30 bands and DJs and playing all forms of music. We need a team of volunteers to assist us on the day in order to make sure everybody has a good time. If you want to be a part of a great event to help us raise money for Oxfam then please come along to our open recruitment session .
VOLUNTEERS WANTED!
Hillingdon, London
Royal Voluntary Service is a national charity which delivers services through volunteers to help older people remain active and independent in their communities. We are growing our new Dementia Support Service in Hillingdon and need help from you! You will be required to have good communication skills. [/INST] question: If you want to work with the new events team, you should _ . | options: A: be confident B: work full-time C: speak English very well D: have enough experience | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: A small nuclear RNA (snRNA) is one of many small RNA species confined to the nucleus; several of the snRNAs are involved in splicing or other RNA processing reactions.Small cytoplasmic RNAs (scRNA) are present in the cytoplasm and (sometimes are also found in the nucleus).snRNPs (snurp) are small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNAs associated with proteins).scRNPs (scyrp) are small cytoplasmic ribonucleoproteins (scRNAs associated with proteins).The spliceosome is a complex formed by the snRNPs that are required for splicing together with additional protein factors.Anti-Sm is an autoimmune antiserum that defines the Sm epitope that is common to a group of proteins found in snRNPs that are involved in RNA splicing. The five snRNPs involved in splicing are U1, U2, U5, U4, and U6.Together with some additional proteins, the snRNPs from the spliceosome.All the snRNPs except U6 contain a conserved sequence that binds the Sm proteins that are recognized by antibodies generated in autoimmune disease. [/INST] question: Splicing activity is a function of | options: A: mRNA B: snRNA C: rRNA D: tRNA | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Did you know that people without friends are more likely to die an early death? It's true. Just ask science. The following types of friends are just what you need.
A Loyal Best Friend
Everyone needs a loyal best friend who will support them no matter what happens . This is the kind of friend who knows all of your deepest and darkest secrets, but still loves you all the same.
An Adventurous Friend
We live in a big world where there are so many places to see, people to meet, and experiences to be had. We all need an adventurous friend who will pull us out of our shells and introduce us to new ideas, cultures and activities.
A Wise _
If you have someone smart, inspiring and admirable in your life, you're extremely lucky. He's simply someone who's a few steps ahead (...) of you in life and has enough wisdom and patience to guide you in the right direction. Being around such a person will challenge us to better ourselves every day.
A Friendly Neighbor
These days, a lot of people don't know their own neighbors. It's a shame, because some neighbors can be the nicest and most helpful people ever. If you're on a vacation, and you suddenly realize that you forgot to lock the front door, you can call up your trusty neighbor and ask them to lock it for you.
With those friends in your life, you're sure to live a long and happy life! [/INST] question: We need _ to support us whatever happens. | options: A: a loyal friend B: an adventurous friend C: a wise mentor D: a friendly neighbor | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: "I feel fat." "I hate my hair." "I wish I were taller." Julia Bluhm, 14, was sick of hearing comments like these. Many girls she knew seemed to worry too much about their appearance -- their weight, skin, hair, even the shape of their faces.
So Julia decided to do something about it. Her target? Seventeen, a popular girls' magazine. "I look at the pictures, and they just don't look like girls I see walking down the street," the eighth-grader from Maine told The New York Times.
Of course they don't. Magazines use programs like Photoshop to remove zits , add shine to hair, and slim waistlines. Often, girls are made to look like Barbie dolls.
Julia fears that these impossible standards of beauty make teens feel terrible about their own appearances. After all, even the models aren't as perfect as they look in print!
So Julia launched an online petition asking Seventeen to put at least one unaltered photo in each issue. "I want to see regular girls that look like me in a magazine that's supposed to be for me," she wrote.
Days later, her petition had thousands of signatures. Julia and her mom traveled to New York City and joined a demonstration in front of Seventeen' s offices. Then they were invited to meet with Seventeen's editor-in-chief, Ann Shoket.
A few months later, Shoket announced that the staff of Seventeen had signed a "Body Peace Treaty." They promised to "never change girls' body or face shapes" and only use photos of "real girls and models who are healthy." In addition, they promised to be more open about the ways in which images are changed before publication.
Julia's fight against teen self-hate is far from over, but for now it seems she's winning -- and she's thrilled. "This is a huge victory," she wrote in a message on her petition page. "I'm so unbelievably happy." [/INST] question: When Julia heard many girls say something like "I hate my hair", she felt _ . | options: A: natural B: strange C: worried D: pitiful | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Scientists have long had it in their mind to make a robot lizard . They began with finding out why a lizard can hang on a wall. They noticed the lizard's toes were unique: They have suckers , which enable it to hang on walls. They, therefore, made a robot with suckers on its hands and feet.
The robot could hang on the wall but fell off when crawling. So, they went on researching. 6 years ago, scientists discovered that suckers only were not enough. It is the bristles on each foot that adds friction and static adsorption that makes a lizard move on the smooth wall easily without falling down.
Then scientists made great efforts to fix thick bristles to the robot's hands and feet. However, the effect was not satisfactory. The robot still couldn't attach itself firmly to the wall.
Scientists got puzzled: How on earth can the lizard crawl on an extremely smooth wall or even on a ceiling without dropping off?
An accidental finding inspired them: One day a scientist happened to see an animal attack a lizard and bite off its tail. The lizard broke away from the animal's teeth and threw itself on a wall to escape, only to fall off heavily on the ground. The scientist wondered: Is it the tail that plays an important role in its travelling on the wall? He caught some lizards for an experiment. The result proved his assumption: A tailless lizard has no trouble walking on an ordinary wall but can't on a smooth one. A further study showed the lizard's tail can prevent it falling over backward and, what's more, that the tail acts as an additional leg while one of the lizard's legs leaves the wall, which is always the case while it is walking on the wall.
Thus, Tailbot, a super tailed robot, is born. [/INST] question: What part(s) would be a must if scientists just wanted a robot which can hang on the wall? | options: A: Suckers B: Suckers and bristles C: Suckers, bristles and a tail D: Hands, feet, bristles and a tail. Ks5u | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Money and Happiness
A Guide to Living a Good Life
Author: Laura Rowley
Publisher: Wiley (March 1, 2007)
Laura Rowley makes us all understand the connection between money and happiness in our own lives so that we can spend our time and efforts wisely. She offers an insight so that every reader can make smarter decisions and live a happier life.
Happiness
The Science Behind Your Smile
Author: Daniel Nettle
Publisher: Oxford University Press (July 1,2007)
It is the first book mainly about what happiness is and how happiness works. Nettle examines whether people are basically happy, whether success can make us happy, why some people are happier than others, etc.
The Happiness Makeover
How to Teach Yourself to Be Happy and Enjoy Every Day
Author: M. J. Ryan
Publisher: Broadway (May 10, 2007)
Ryan's own desire to be happier first led her to study about happiness from brain science, psychology , and the wisdom traditions of the world. The happiness Makeover draws on wide - ranging knowledge and presents some suggestions that will help you a lot:
* Clear away worry, fear, envy, and _ .
* Learn to think about yourself confidently.
* Find daily ways to truly enjoy the moments of your life.
Hormones , Health, and Happiness
Author: Steven F. Hotze
Publisher: Forrest Publishing (April, 2007)
Dr. Steven Hotze is leading a wellness revolution that advances a new model of healthcare.
In Hormones, Health, and Happiness, Dr. Hotze deals with the basic causes of poor health. You are shown how to reach and maintain the most favorable cell,tissue,and organ functioning.It can help you enjoy a better quality of life. [/INST] question: If you want to know more about whether happiness has something to do with Success,you'd better read _ . | options: A: Money and Happiness B: Happiness C: The Happiness Makeover D: Hormones,Health,and Happiness | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a rare disorder of unknown etiology. It is characterized by an increased bleeding time but a decreased platelet count. It causes purpura, fever, renal failure, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, and microthrombi, frequently in young women. Elevated indirect bilirubin and high LDH are characteristic, as are schistocytes in the blood smear, renal dysfunction, and neurologic and systemic symptoms. Negative findings impoant to rule out similar conditions include a negative Coombs test and absence of fibrin split products. TTP is thought to be initiated by endothelial injury, which releases ceain procoagulant materials into the circulation, causing platelet aggregation. This condition may be precipitated by pregnancy or use of estrogens. Autoimmune hemolytic anemia can cause anemia and an elevated indirect bilirubin, but generally produces only mild symptoms, is not associated with thrombocytopenia, and does not cause fragmentation of red blood cells on the peripheral smear. The negative Coombs test argues against autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Disseminated intravascular coagulation can be differentiated from TTP because of abnormal coagulation tests. In DIC, microangiopathic hemolysis is also present, but the prothrombin time (PT) and paial thromboplastin time (PTT) are prolonged, fibrinogen levels are reduced, and fibrin split products are elevated. Hemolytic-uremic syndrome is not significantly different from TTP. The two conditions, in fact, are considered manifestations of the same pathogenetic spectrum. However, the vascular bed of the CNS is not involved in HUS. Thus, mental status changes are not pa of the clinical picture of HUS. [/INST] question: A 47-year-old woman is brought to the hospital by her husband with fever, headache, confusion, and jaundice for 1 week. She underwent a hysterectomy 2 months ago and began estrogen replacement therapy recently. On admission, her temperature is 38.7 C (102 F), blood pressure is 140/90 mm Hg, Pulse is 98/min, and Respiratory rate is 20/min. She appears disoriented to time and place. Physical examination reveals jaundiced sclerae and skin, purpura on the trunk, and bleeding gums. Her platelet count is 25,000/mm3, hematocrit is 24%, and creatinine is 4.9 mg/dL. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and indirect bilirubin are elevated. Coagulation tests are within normal limits, but the bleeding time is increased; fibrin-split products and Coombs test are negative. A peripheral blood smear shows schistocytes, helmet-shaped cells, and cells with a triangular shape. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? | options: A: Autoimmune hemolytic anemia B: Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) C: Hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) D: Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Right border of the mediastinal shadow (chiefly produced due to the hea and the vessels entering and leaving it) is formed from above downwards by the right brachiocephalic vein, superior vena cava, right atrium and the inferior vena cavaThe Base of the HeaThe base is located posteriorly and is formed mainly by the left atrium.It lies opposite T5 to TS (supine position) and T6 to T9 veebrae (erect position) and faces superiorly, posteriorly and towards the right shoulder.The base or posterior aspect of the hea is quadrilateral in shape and it is from its most superior pa from which the ascending aoa and pulmonary trunk emerge, and into which the superior vena cava enters.The base is separated from the diaphragmatic surface of the hea by the posterior pa of the coronary groove (L. sulcus).The Apex of the HeaThis blunt apex is formed from by the left ventricle, which points inferolaterally.The apex is located posterior to the left 5th intercostal space in adults, 7 to 9 cm from the median plane, and just left of the midclavicular line.The apex beat is an impulse impaed by the hear; it is its point of maximal pulsation or the lowest, most lateral point at which pulsation can be felt.The Sternocostal (Anterior) Surface of the HeaThis surface of the hea is mainly formed by the right ventricle and is visible in PA radiographs of the thorax.The Diaphragmatic (Inferior) Surface of the HeaThe surface of the hea is usually horizontal or slightly concave.It is formed by both ventricles, mainly the left one.The posterior interventricular sulcus divides this surface into a right 1/3 and a left 2/3.The Pulmonary (Left) Surface of the HeaThis surface of the hea is mainly formed by the left ventricle and occupies the cardiac notch of the left lung.Radiological Anatomy of the HeaIn PA radiographs of the thorax, the right border of the cardiovascular silhouette is formed by (superior to inferior): (1) the superior vena cava; (2) the right atrium; (3) the inferior vena cava.The left border of the cardiovascular silhouette is formed by: (1) the arch of the aoa, which produces a characteristic aoic knob; (2) the pulmonary trunk; (3) the left auricle; (4) the left ventricle. [/INST] question: Which of these does not form the right border of the hea on X-ray: | options: A: Right atrium B: Arch of aoa C: Superior vena cava D: Inferior vena cava | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: For many years, we couldn't talk with the deaf. These deaf people couldn't use a spoken language.
But beginning in the 1700s, the deaf were taught a special language. Using this language, they could share thoughts and ideas with others. The language they used was a language without sound. It was a sign language.
How did this sign language work? The deaf learnt to make certain movements with their hands, faces and bodies. These movements stood for things and ideas. People might move their forefingers across their lips. This meant "you are not telling the truth". They might tap their chin with three fingers. This meant "my uncle".
The deaf learned to see a finger alphabet. They used their fingers to make the letters of the alphabet. In this way, they spelled out words. Some deaf people could spell out words at a speed of 130 words per minute.
The deaf don't use the sign language and finger spelling as much as they once were. Today, the deaf learn to understand others by watching their lips. They also learn how to speak. [/INST] question: How long has the sign language been taught? | options: A: For 1700 years B: For 700 years C: Since about 300 years ago D: Since about 200 years ago | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Looking back on China's road to outer space, people can easily find it has not been very smooth. In the past years, Chinese people have made hard and determined efforts to realize the dream their ancestors had for thousands of years.
After China's first satellite into the Earth's orbit in 1970 came four flights of unmanned Shenzhou missions from 1999 to 2002. The country carried out its first one-piloted space flight in October, 2003, making China the third country in the world to have independent human spaceflight ability after the Soviet Union and the United States. Then came another breakthrough on October 12, 2005, when Shenzhou 6, China's second human spaceflight, was launched, with a crew of two astronauts. What's more, the landmark spacewalk done by Zhai Zhigang, one of the three boarding Shenzhou 7, launched on Sept. 25, 2008, leads the country further in its space exploration.
Meanwhile, China's moon exploration project, started in 2004, has also been progressing satisfactorily. Fifty years after the Soviet Union launched Sputnik, the world's first man-made satellite, China's first circumlunar satellite Chang'e 1 took off on Oct.24, 2007, which became another milestone in China's space achievements after the above-mentioned manned flights. Chang'e 1 was expected to fulfill four scientific goals, one of which was to probe mineral elements on the moon, especially those not existent on Earth. It's said that the lunar regolith is abundant in helium-3, a clean fuel that may support the Earth's energy demands for more than a century. Nearly 3 years later, Oct. 1, 2010 witnessed the blasting off of Chang'e 2, China's 2nd unmanned lunar probe, marking another step forward in moon exploration. This time the aim is to test the key techniques of Chang'e 3 and Chang'e 4, as a preparation for a soft lunar landing in the future.
With great expectations, people all over the world are looking forward to China's greater space achievements. [/INST] question: Altogether how many astronauts have made successful spaceflight by Shenzhou spaceship by now? | options: A: 4 B: 5 C: 6 D: 7 | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Most kids hate to see their summer end, perhaps none more than the Murset children. This summer, the Murset family decided to travel across the country to help families in need, which proved to be a wonderful experience.
People. comreported that Gregg Murset and his wife, Kami, decided to take their six children, ranging from 7 to 16 years old, from their home in Phoenix, Arizona, across the country to spend 20 days on the road to help 25 families in need. "I told the kids and my wife over breakfast that I wanted to do this," Gregg Murset, 40, told People. com. "They all looked at me like I was crazy," he said, "but when we started to read the stories of people we were going to help, their attitudes completely changed."
Through Gregg's company, he was able to be matched with groups such as Autism Speaks, the Leukemia & Lymphoma Society, and others that connected the Mursets to families with children who have cancer and other serious illnesses.
"When you have a kid who is struggling, the last thing you're thinking of is cleaning the house," says Gregg.
The family traveled to many cities in their journey, including Albuquerque, Denver, Kansas City, Chicago, and Buffalo. The trip covered 6,500 miles. "It's been amazing to watch my own children open their eyes and see that the world is bigger than they think," he said. "Even the little kids are learning from this experience."
And the families they've helped feel blessed to have met them. "They showed up at 8 a.m. and we had a list of things we needed help with," said Jim Spencer, a 61-year-old father in Warren, Michigan, whose 12-year-old daughter, Lexi, was diagnosed with cancer a couple of years ago.
The Mursets also used their travels as an opportunity to visit areas they had never been to, including the Statue of Liberty. But for Gregg, the main purpose of the trip was to teach his children to show concern for the happiness of other people rather than for themselves.
"There is nothing wrong with your kid getting off the sofa, doing some work and sweating," said Gregg. "It's good for the kid and it's good for the soul." [/INST] question: How did the kids feel when Gregg Murset first told the family about his plan? | options: A: Amazed B: Excited C: Disappointed D: Worried | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Bartter syndrome is a mineralocorticoid excess state caused by a defect in chloride reabsorption in the kidneys. The defect in chloride reabsorption in the ascending tubule also affects the reabsorption of sodium; therefore, there is an augmented distal delivery of sodium with increased exchange of sodium for potassium and hydrogen ions in the distal tubule, producing a hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis. Hypokalemia is a stimulus of renin release from the juxtaglomerular (JG) apparatus, which results in JG apparatus hyperplasia. Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system increases the production of angiotensin II and aldosterone. Hypokalemia also increases the synthesis of prostaglandin E2 and 12 in the kidneys. Both of these chemical mediators are potent vasodilators. Angiotensin II and aldosterone stimulate the synthesis of renal kallikrein, which is then converted into bradykinin, a potent vasodilator. Because of this sequence of events, patients with Bartter syndrome do not develop hypertension, even in the presence of the excess aldosterone and angiotensin II, because their hypertensive effects are offset by the vasodilatation induced by the prostaglandins and bradykinin. In addition, for unexplained reasons, these patients are resistant to the effects of infused angiotensin II. [/INST] question: In which of the following conditions would the (patient most likely be normotensive? | options: A: Primary hyperparathyroidism B: Hypothyroidism C: Cushing syndrome D: Barter syndrome | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: In self tonometry patient himself measures the intraocular pressure. The dynamic contour tonometer represents a potentially new technology for non-invasive and direct intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement, and has been proposed to accurately measure the true IOP irrespective of the corneal thickness. The Perkins tonometer is a type of poable applanation tonometer, which may be useful in children, anesthetised patients who need to lie flat, or patients unable to co-operate with a sitting slit lampexamination, that yields clinical results comparable to the Goldmann. Rebound tonometers determine intraocular pressure by bouncing a small plastic tipped metal probe against the cornea. The device uses an induction coil to magnetise the probe and fire it against the cornea. As the probe bounces against the cornea and back into the device, it creates an induction current from which the intraocular pressure is calculated. The device is simple and easy to use and self-use versions are available. It is poable, does not require the use of eye drops and is paicularly suitable for children and non-cooperative patients. The image above shows rebound tonometer. Diaton tonometer is a handheld device measuring IOP through the eyelid and over the sclera with no contact to the cornea & causing no discomfo to the patient.The pen-like tonometer diaton measures IOP within seconds without the need for anesthesia or sterilization. [/INST] question: Which of the following can be used for self tonometry? | options: A: Dynamic contour tonomety B: Rebound tonometry C: Perkins tonometry D: Diaton tonometry | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Asymmetrical kidneys on usg in a pt of Renovascular hypeension suggests Renal Aery stenosis and Gold standard is renal Angiography. Perfusion Studies to Assess Differential Renal Blood Flow Captoril-renograpy with technetium 99m Tc meiatide (99mTcMAG3) Captopril -mediated fall in filtration pressure amplifies differences in renal perfusion Normal study excludes renovascular hypeension Multiple limitations in patients with advanced atherosclerosis or creatinine >2.0 mg/dL C/I In bilateral RAS Vascular Studies to Evaluate the Renal Aeries Duplex Ultrasonography Shows the renal aeries and measures flow velocity as a means of assessing the severity of stenosis Inexpensive and good screening test Heaviy dependent on operator's experience; Less useful than invasive angiography for the diagnosis of fibromuscular dysplasia and Magnetic resonance Angiography Shows the renal aeries and perirenal aoa Not nephrotoxic, but concerns for gadolinium toxicity exclude use in GFR<30/mL/min/1.73 m2 Expensive; Gadolinium excluded in renal failure, Unable to visualize stented vessels Computed tomographic Angiography Shows the renal aeries and perirenal aoa Provides excellent image Moderate volume of contrast required, Potentially nephrotoxic Intraaerial angiograhy Shows location and severity to vascular lesion Gold standard" for dx of large-vessel disease, Expensive,associated hazard of atheroembolism Contrast toxicity, Procedure-related complications [/INST] question: Gold standard investigation for renovascular hypeension in a patient showing asymmetrical kidneys on Ultrasound? | options: A: Captopril radionuclide scan B: Spiral CT C: MRI D: Angiography | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Olympic torch relay planned route
Beijing, April 27--The Beijing 2008 Olympic Torch Relay will cover the greatest area and include the largest number of people. The plans were announced on Thursday night. The planned route would last 130 days and travel 137 000 km.
First Nobel Prize winner to donate to Hope School
Chinanews, Beijing, May 10--Professor Dannel Chee Tsui, in the USA, signed the agreement to donate 350 000yuan to his home town to build a Hope Primary School in China.
Bill Gates receives Tsinghua honorary doctorate
Beijing,April 20--Bill Gates, chairman of global IT giant Microsoft, received an honorary doctorate when he
visited China's famous Tsinghua University on Thursday.
Big Shaolin kung fu center to be built in Russia
Chinanews, Beijing, April 27--China and Russia have signed a letter of intent ( )on the building of a Shaolin kung fu center in Russia. It will be the first of its kind in Russia,and also the biggest overseas kung fu center when it is completed. [/INST] question: How long will the Beijing 2008 Olympic Torch Relay last? | options: A: One month B: Two months C: Three months D: More than four months | answer: D </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Making friends in the first few weeks of school is easy. Many students can find a friend in little time. They can be amazed at how close they can get to someone whose interests are completely different, and how comfortable they feel about expressing their mutual fondness.
Unusual bonds are one of the great pleasures of school life, and can lead to enriching relationships based on mutual respect. Mostly, though, by a couple of weeks into term, they are really embarrassing. And shaking off friends can be a lot harder than making them. School is all about being busy and trying new things, so you needn't feel too bad about ditching( ......) old friends in favor of new people and experiences. So long as you do it kindly.
The pace of school life can be a great excuse for turning down another invitation for a party. You can even claim to be studying---you're at school, and you're supposed to work hard. Another kind way of getting rid of an unwanted friend is to go on inviting them out, but to events where lots of other people will demand your time. Or you could suggest activities that you think they'd enjoy, but which you won't actually be able to make yourself. Then you could say "I'm really busy at the moment. I'll give you a call when I've finished this assignment".
But wait. Hasn't someone just said that to you? How do you manage to stay such company that you're not the one being ditched?
For a start, concentrate on how interesting the other person is. Remember the things going on in their lives and text or ring to check how they got on with those things. Do sympathize if things have gone badly, and congratulate them if things have gone well. Have a weekly time and place where you meet friends, so that you can invite new friends to drop in. There, the more cheerful you appear, the more popular you are likely to be. [/INST] question: We can base an unusual friendship on _ . | options: A: common interests B: long-term contact C: mutual respect D: a great pleasure | answer: C </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Mr. Jones opened a shop in Aston to sell writing-paper, pencils and things like that. During the first month, very few people visited his shop. He sold little,and he could see that he was going to lose money.
One night,Mr.Jones sat bay the fire and was worried after another very bad day. Suddenly he got an idea. He found a piece of wood and wrote to the following notice on it in big letters:
"WHAT DO YOU THINK I GIVE AWAY PENCILS AND PAPER AND INK"
He put up the notice in front of the shop window before he went to bed. He slept better than usual that night.
The following day, many people came to the shop. Mr. Jones said good morning to them all with a bright smile and asked the frist woman what she wanted.
She chose some writing paper and a pencil. As soon as he put them on her hands, she turned to leave the shop.
"That will be thirty cents ,please," he said.
"Why?" she asked in surprise.
"That's the price of the paper and the pencil."
"But your notice says it's free," she replied.
"Oh no," he said, "how can I make any money if everything is free?"
She took him outside and showed him the notice "It is wrong,too,"she said. "where is the question mark after the word 'think'?"
"There isn't a question mark,"he said.
"But there should be one ."
"I'm afraid you've made a mistake," Mr.Jones said."You have read my notice in the wrong way."
"Not at all," said the woman. "It is quite easy to read. It says: What do you think? I give away pencils and paper and ink!"
"No," Mr.Jones said. "You should read it like this: _ And the answer to the question is: Certainly not! So you really have to pay me thirty cents, you see." [/INST] question: How did Mr.Jones most probably fell that night.? | options: A: Confident B: Guilty C: Nervous D: Worried | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Persuasion is the art of convincing someone to agree with your point of view. According to the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle, there are three basic tools of persuasion: ethos, pathos, and logos.
Ethos is a speaker's way of convincing people that she is an honest source. For example, a speaker can develop ethos by explaining how much experience or education she has in the field. After all, you would be more likely to listen to advice about how to take care of your teeth from a dentist than a firefighter. A speaker can also create ethos by convincing people that she is a good person who has their best interests at heart.
Pathos is a speaker's way of connecting with a listener's emotions. For example, a speaker trying to convince people to vote for him might say that he alone can save the country from a terrible war. These words are intended to fill them with fear, thus making them want to vote for him. Similarly, a charity organization that helps animals might show pictures of injured dogs and cats, intended to fill the viewers with pity. If they feel bad for the animals, they will be more likely to donate money.
Logos is the use of facts, statistics, or other information to make your argument more convincing. An audience will be more likely to believe you if you have data to support your claims. For example, a commercial for soap might tell you that lab tests have shown that their soap kills all 7,000, 000 of the bacteria living on your hands right now. it is more convincing than simply saying "our soap is the best!" Use of logos can also increase a speaker's ethos.
Although ethos, pathos, and logos all have their strengths, they are often most effective when they are used together. The next time you listen to a speech, watch a commercial, or listen to a friend trying to convince you to lend him some money, be on the lookout for these ancient Greek tools of persuasion. [/INST] question: When a speaker tries to move people to tears, the tool of persuasion used by him is _ . | options: A: ethos B: pathos C: logos D: strengths | answer: B </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Many people believe the glare from snow causes snow-blindness. Yet, dark glasses or not , they find themselves suffering from headaches and watering eyes, and even snow-blindness, when exposed to several hours of "snow light". The United States Army has now determined that glare from snow does not cause snow-blindness in troops in a snow-covered country. Rather, a man's eyes frequently find nothing to focus on in a broad expanse of barren snow-covered terrain . So his gaze continually shifts and jumps back and forth over the entire landscape in search of something to look at. Finding nothing, hour after hour, the eyes never stop searching and the eyeballs become sore and the eye muscles ache. Nature eases this irritation by producing more fluid which covers the eyeball. The fluid covers the eyeball in increasing quantity until vision blurs , then is obscured , and the result is total, even though temporary, snow-blindness.
Experiments led the Army to a simple method of overcoming this problem. Scouts ahead of a main body of troops are trained to shake snow from evergreen bushes, creating a dotted line as they cross completely snow-covered landscape. Even the scouts themselves throw lightweight, dark colored objects ahead on which they too can focus. The men following can then see something. Their gaze is arrested. Their eyes focus on a bush and having found something to see, stop scouring the snow-blanketed landscape. By focusing their attention on one object at a time, the men can cross the snow without becoming hopelessly snow-blind or lost. In this way the problem of crossing a solid white terrain is overcome. [/INST] question: When the eyes are sore tears are produced to _ . | options: A: balance the pain B: treat snow-blindness C: clear the vision D: loosen the muscles | answer: A </s> |
<s>[INST] context: Mr. Baker lived in an old and low house. His wife was blind in both eyes and the two children were very young. All his family often went hungry(.) He had nothing but a small piece of field. One autumn he grew some wheat in his field. He hoped it would do well because all family would depend on it. The whole winter it often snowed. And the next spring the wheat was doing well. Mr. Baker was happy. One day Mr. Baker went to watch his wheat. To his surprise, a lot of crops were eaten up by a horse. He became angry but could not find out whose horse had eaten them. He thought the horse would go there again. So he decided to stay in his field and tried to catch the horse.
A few days later a yellow horse came in his field again and began to eat the wheat. Mr. Baker ran after it quickly, with a stick in his hand. But the beast ran much faster than he. He tried his best, but could not catch up with it. The next morning, when Mr. Baker was working in his field, he saw the yellow horse pulling carriage on the road. He picked up a stick at once, ran closer to the horse and began to beat it up.
The driver was surprised and stopped him. He asked, "Why are you beating my horse?"
"It has nothing to do with you, " Mr. Baker said angrily. "The beast knows why I'm beating him!" [/INST] question: What was Mr. Baker? | options: A: A driver B: A doctor C: A keeper D: A farmer | answer: D </s> |
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