Split (1)

train · 64.6k rows

id stringlengths 6 8	url stringlengths 31 167	title stringlengths 1 98	text stringlengths 26 185k	embedding list
202009	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed%20building	Listed building	A listed building, or listed structure, is one that has been placed on one of the four statutory lists maintained by Historic England in England, Historic Environment Scotland in Scotland, in Wales and the Northern Ireland Environment Agency in Northern Ireland. The term has also been used in the Republic of Ireland, where buildings are protected under the Planning and Development Act 2000. However the statutory term in Ireland is "protected structure". A listed building may not be demolished, extended, or altered without special permission from the local planning authority, which typically consults the relevant central government agency, particularly for significant alterations to the more notable listed buildings. In England and Wales, a national amenity society must be notified of any work to a listed building which involves any element of demolition. Exemption from secular listed building control is provided for some buildings in current use for worship, but only in cases where the relevant religious organisation operates its own equivalent permissions procedure. Owners of listed buildings are, in some circumstances, compelled to repair and maintain them and can face criminal prosecution if they fail to do so or if they perform unauthorised alterations. When alterations are permitted, or when listed buildings are repaired or maintained, the owners are often required to use specific materials or techniques. Although most sites appearing on the lists are buildings, other structures such as bridges, monuments, sculptures, war memorials, and even milestones and mileposts and the Abbey Road zebra crossing made famous by the Beatles, are also listed. Ancient, military, and uninhabited structures, such as Stonehenge, are sometimes instead classified as scheduled monuments and protected by much older legislation, whilst cultural landscapes such as parks and gardens are currently "listed" on a non-statutory basis. Background Although a limited number of 'ancient monuments' were given protection under the Ancient Monuments Protection Act 1882, there was reluctance to restrict the owners of occupied buildings in what they could do to their property. It was the damage to buildings caused by German bombing during World War II that prompted the first listing of buildings that were deemed to be of particular architectural merit. Three hundred members of the Royal Institute of British Architects and the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings were dispatched to prepare the list under the supervision of the Inspectorate of Ancient Monuments, with funding from the Treasury. The listings were used as a means of determining whether a particular building should be rebuilt if it was damaged by bombing, with varying degrees of success. In Scotland, the process slightly predated the war with the Marquess of Bute (in his connections to the National Trust for Scotland) commissioning the architect Ian Lindsay in September 1936 to survey 103 towns and villages based on an Amsterdam model using three categories (A, B and C). The basis of the current more comprehensive listing process was developed from the wartime system and was enacted by a provision in the Town and Country Planning Act 1947 covering England and Wales, and the Town and Country Planning (Scotland) Act 1947 covering Scotland. Listing was first introduced into Northern Ireland under the Planning (Northern Ireland) Order 1972. The listing process has since developed slightly differently in each part of the UK. Heritage protection In the UK, and USA, the process of protecting the built historic environment (i.e. getting a heritage asset legally protected) is called 'designation'. To complicate things, several different terms are used because the processes use separate legislation: buildings are 'listed'; ancient monuments are 'scheduled', wrecks are 'protected', and battlefields, gardens and parks are 'registered'. A heritage asset is a part of the historic environment that is valued because of its historic, archaeological, architectural or artistic interest. Only some of these are judged to be important enough to have extra legal protection through designation. However, buildings that are not formally listed but still judged as being of heritage interest are still regarded as being a material consideration in the planning process. As a very rough guide, listed buildings are structures considered of special architectural and historical importance whereas ancient monuments are of 'national importance' containing evidential values and can on many occasions also relate to below ground or unoccupied sites and buildings. Eligibility Almost anything can be listed – it does not have to be a building. Buildings and structures of special historic interest come in a wide variety of forms and types, ranging from telephone boxes and road signs, to castles. Historic England has created twenty broad categories of structures, and published selection guides for each one to aid with assessing buildings and structures. These include historical overviews and describe the special considerations for listing each category. However, in 2020 the Supreme Court ruled in Dill v Secretary of State for Housing, Communities and Local Government and another that buildings in the scheme must meet certain criteria – "a three-fold test which involved considering size, permanence and degree of physical attachment" – referred to as the Skerritts test in reference to a previous legal case in England. Both Historic Environment Scotland and Cadw produce guidance for owners. Listing and delisting procedure In England, to have a building considered for listing or delisting, the process is to apply to the secretary of state; this can be done by submitting an application form online to Historic England. The applicant does not need to be the owner of the building to apply for it to be listed. Full information including application form guidance notes are on the Historic England website. Historic England assesses buildings put forward for listing or delisting and provides advice to the Secretary of State on the architectural and historic interest. The Secretary of State, who may seek additional advice from others, then decides whether or not to list or delist the building. England and Wales Legislation In England and Wales, the authority for listing is granted to the Secretary of State by the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990. Listed buildings in danger of decay are listed on the Historic England 'Heritage at Risk' Register. In 1980 there was public outcry at the sudden destruction of the art deco Firestone Tyre Factory (Wallis, Gilbert and Partners, 1928–29), which was demolished over the August bank holiday weekend by its owners Trafalgar House who had been told that it was likely to be 'spot-listed' a few days later, and the government undertook to review arrangements for listing buildings. After the Firestone demolition, the Secretary of State for the Environment Michael Heseltine also initiated a complete re-survey of buildings to ensure that everything that merited preservation was on the lists. In England, the Department for Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS) works with Historic England (an agency of the DCMS), and other government departments, e.g. Department for Communities and Local Government (DCLG) and the Department for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) to deliver the government policy on the protection to historic buildings and other heritage assets. The decision about whether or not to list a building is made by the Secretary of State, although the process is administered in England by Historic England. In Wales (where it is a devolved issue) it is administered by Cadw on behalf of the Welsh Parliament and in Scotland it is administered by Historic Environment Scotland on behalf of the Scottish Ministers. English heritage protection reform There have been several attempts to simplify the heritage planning process for listed buildings in England. As of 2021, few changes had been implemented. The review process was started in 2000 by Alan Howarth, then minister at the Department for Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS). The outcome was the paper "The Power of Place" in 2000, followed by the subsequent policy document "The Historic Environment: A Force for Our Future" published by the DCMS and the Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions (DTLR) in December 2001. The launch of the Government's Heritage Protection Reform (HPR) report in July 2003 by the DCMS, entitled "Protecting our historic environment: Making the system work better", asked questions about how the current designation systems could be improved. The HPR decision report "Review of Heritage Protection: The Way Forward", a green paper published in June 2004 by the DCMS, committed the UK government and English Heritage to a process of reform including a review of the criteria used for listing buildings. A Review of Heritage Policy in 2006 was criticised, and the Government began a process of consultation on changes to Planning Policy Guidance 15, relating to the principles of selection for listing buildings in England. The government's White Paper "Heritage Protection for the 21st Century" published on 8 March 2007 offered a commitment to sharing the understanding of the historic environment and more openness in the process of designation. In 2008, a draft Heritage Protection Bill was subject to pre-legislative scrutiny before its passage through UK Parliament. The legislation was abandoned despite strong cross-party support, to make room in the parliamentary legislative programme for measures to deal with the credit crunch, though it may be revived in future. The proposal was that the existing registers of buildings, parks and gardens, archaeology and battlefields, maritime wrecks, and World Heritage Sites be merged into a single online register that will "explain what is special and why". English Heritage would become directly responsible for identifying historic assets in England and there would be wider consultation with the public and asset owners, and new rights of appeal. There would have been streamlined systems for granting consent for work on historic assets. After several years of consultation with heritage groups, charities, local planning authorities, and English Heritage, in March 2010 the DCLG published Planning Policy Statement 5, "Planning for the Historic Environment". This replaced PPG15 and set out the government's national policies on the conservation of the historic environment in England. PPS5 was supported by a Practice Guide, endorsed by the DCLG, the DCMS, and English Heritage, which explained how to apply the policies stated in PPS5. In December 2010, the Department for Communities and Local Government announced that in England all PPSs and Planning Policy Guidance Notes would be replaced by a single document, the National Planning Policy Framework. A consultation draft of this was published on 25 July 2011 and the final version on 27 March 2012. This became a material consideration in planning matters on publication. It has since been revised in 2018, 2019 and 2021. There are three types of listed status for buildings in England and Wales: Grade I: buildings of exceptional interest. Grade II: particularly important buildings of more than special interest. Grade II: buildings that are of special interest, warranting every effort to preserve them. There was formerly a non-statutory Grade III, which was abolished in 1970. Additionally, Grades A, B and C were used mainly for Anglican churches in use – these correspond approximately to Grades I, II and II. These grades were used mainly before 1977, although a few buildings are still listed using these grades. Listed buildings account for about 2% of English building stock. In March 2010, there were about 374,000 list entries of which 92% were Grade II, 5.5% were Grade II, and 2.5% were Grade I. Places of worship play an important role in the UK's architectural heritage. England alone has 14,500 listed places of worship (4,000 Grade I, 4,500 Grade II and 6,000 Grade II) and 45% of all Grade I listed buildings are places of worship. Some of the listed churches are no longer in active use; between 1969 and 2010, some 1,795 churches were closed by the Church of England, equaling roughly 11% of the stock, with about a third Listed as Grade I or II. There are estimated to be about 500,000 actual buildings listed, as listing entries can apply to more than one building. Statutory criteria The criteria for listing include architectural interest, historic interest and close historical associations with significant people or events. Buildings not individually noteworthy may still be listed if they form part of a group that is—for example, all the buildings in a square. This is called 'group value'. Sometimes large areas comprising many buildings may not justify listing but receive the looser protection of designation as a conservation area. The specific criteria include: Age and rarity: The older a building is, the more likely it is to be listed. All buildings erected before 1700 that "contain a significant proportion of their original fabric" will be listed. Most buildings built between 1700 and 1840 are listed. After 1840 more selection is exercised and "particularly careful selection" is applied after 1945. Buildings less than 30 years old are rarely listed unless they are of outstanding quality and under threat. Aesthetic merits: i.e. the appearance of a building. However, buildings that have little visual appeal may be listed on grounds of representing particular aspects of social or economic history. Selectivity: where a large number of buildings of a similar type survive, the policy is only to list the most representative or significant examples. National interest: significant or distinctive regional buildings; e.g. those that represent a nationally important but localised industry. The state of repair of a building is not deemed to be a relevant consideration for listing. Additionally: Any buildings or structures constructed before 1 July 1948 that fall within the curtilage of a listed building are treated as part of the listed building. The effect of a proposed development on the setting of a listed building is a material consideration in determining a planning application. Setting is defined as "the surroundings in which a heritage is experienced". Although the decision to list a building may be made on the basis of the architectural or historic interest of one small part of the building, the listing protection nevertheless applies to the whole building. Listing applies not just to the exterior fabric of the building itself, but also to the interior, fixtures, fittings, and objects within the curtilage of the building even if they are not fixed. De-listing is possible but rare in practice. One example is the 30 November 2001 de-listing of North Corporation Primary School, Liverpool. Emergency measure In an emergency, the local planning authority can serve a temporary "Building Preservation Notice" (BPN), if a building is in danger of demolition or alteration in such a way that might affect its historic character. This remains in force for 6 months until the Secretary of State decides whether or not to formally list the building. Certificates of immunity Until the passing of the Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Act 2013 an application for a Certificate of Immunity from Listing (CoI) could only be made if planning permission was being sought or had been obtained in England. However, the changes brought about by the Act means that now anyone can ask the Secretary of State to issue a Certificate of Immunity in respect of a particular building at any time. Alteration In England and Wales, the management of listed buildings is the responsibility of local planning authorities and the Department for Communities and Local Government (i.e., not DCMS, which originally listed the building). There is a general principle that listed buildings are put to 'appropriate and viable use' and recognition that this may involve the re-use and modification of the building. However, listed buildings cannot be modified without first obtaining Listed Building Consent through the relevant local planning authority. In Wales, applications are made using a form obtained from the relevant local authority. There is no provision for consent to be granted in outline. When a local authority is disposed to grant listed building consent, it must first notify the Welsh Parliament (i.e. Cadw) of the application. If the planning authority decides to refuse consent, it may do so without any reference to Cadw. In Scotland, applications are made on a form obtained from Historic Environment Scotland. After consulting the local planning authority, the owner, where possible, and an independent third party, Historic Environment Scotland makes a recommendation on behalf of the Scottish Ministers. Carrying out unauthorised works to a listed building is a criminal offence and owners can be prosecuted. A planning authority can also insist that all work undertaken without consent be reversed at the owner's expense. Examples of Grade I listed buildings See also :Category:Grade I listed buildings for more examples of such buildings across England and Wales. Royal Albert Dock, Liverpool Birmingham Town Hall, Birmingham Blackpool Tower, Blackpool Cenotaph, London Clifton Suspension Bridge, Bristol Hampton Court Palace, London Humber Bridge, East Riding of Yorkshire / North Lincolnshire King's College London Chapel, London Liverpool Cathedral, Liverpool Lloyd's building, London Manchester Liverpool Road railway station, Manchester Montacute House, Somerset Norwich Castle, Norwich Palace of Westminster, London Pontcysyllte Aqueduct, North Wales Portchester Castle, Hampshire Quarr Abbey, Isle of Wight Tower Bridge, London Tower of London, London Warwick Castle, Warwick Windsor Castle, Windsor York Minster, York Examples of Grade II* listed buildings See also :Category:Grade II* listed buildings for examples of such buildings across England and Wales. Battersea Power Station, London Capel Manor House, Horsmonden Cleveland Bridge, Bath Coliseum Theatre, London Downe House, Richmond Hill (London) Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral, Liverpool Manchester Town Hall Extension, Manchester Middlesbrough Transporter Bridge, Middlesbrough Rise Hall, Rise Shibden Hall, Calderdale St John's Jerusalem, Sutton-at-Hone Trellick Tower, London Examples of Grade II listed buildings See also :Category:Grade II listed buildings for examples of such buildings across England and Wales. Abbey Road Studios, London Adelphi Hotel, Liverpool Broomhill Pool, Ipswich BT Tower, London Birmingham Back to Backs, Birmingham India House, London Kursaal, Southend-on-sea Surbiton railway station, London Whitechapel Bell Foundry, London Footbridge just south of Wokingham railway station, Wokingham, Berkshire Mixed designations In 2002, there were 80 seaside piers in England that were listed, variously at Grades I, II* and II. Cobham Park in Kent is a Listed Landscape (Humphry Repton and older landscape) containing both Grade I structures (Cobham Hall and Darnley Mausoleum) and Grade II structures (ornamental dairy etc.) as well as a scheduled monument (a buried Roman villa). Derwent Valley Mills includes 838 listed buildings, made up of 16 Grade I, 42 Grade II, and 780 Grade II. A further nine structures are scheduled monuments. Golden Lane Estate in London is an example of a site which includes buildings of different Grades, II and II. Manor Farm in Ruislip is made up of buildings that are both Grade II* (the Great Barn) and Grade II (the other buildings). West Norwood Cemetery is a Gothic Revival cemetery and crematorium which contains 65 structures with Grade II or II* designations, mainly sepulchral monuments but also boundary structures and mausolea. Additionally it is listed Grade II* on the Register of Parks and Gardens. Locally listed buildings Many councils, for example, Birmingham City Council and Crawley Borough Council, maintain a list of locally listed buildings as separate to the statutory list (and in addition to it). There is no statutory protection of a building or object on the local list but many receive a degree of protection from loss through being in a Conservation Area or through planning policy. Councils hope that owners will recognise the merits of their properties and keep them unaltered if at all possible. These grades are used by Birmingham: Grade A: This is of statutory list quality. To be the subject of notification to Historic England or the serving of a Building Preservation Notice if imminently threatened. Grade B: Important in the citywide architectural or local street scene context, warranting positive efforts to ensure retention. Grade C: Of significance in the local historical/vernacular context, including industrial archaeological features, and worthy of retention. Crawley Borough Council judges buildings on five criteria: historic interest, architectural interest, group and townscape value, intactness and communal value. As of November 2010, there were 59 buildings on its local list. Northern Ireland Listing began later in Northern Ireland than in the rest of the UK: the first provision for listing was contained in the Planning (Northern Ireland) Order 1972; and the current legislative basis for listing is the Planning (Northern Ireland) Order 1991. Under Article 42 of the Order, the relevant Department of the Northern Ireland Executive is required to compile lists of buildings of "special architectural or historic interest". Since 2016, the responsibility for the listing process rests with the Historic Environment Division of the Department for Communities, which took over the built heritage functions of the Northern Ireland Environment Agency (formerly the Environment and Heritage Service) following the break up of the Department of the Environment. Following the introduction of listing, an initial survey of Northern Ireland's building stock was begun in 1974. By the time of the completion of this First Survey in 1994, the listing process had developed considerably, and it was therefore decided to embark upon a Second Survey, which is still ongoing, to update and cross-check the original information. Information gathered during this survey, relating to both listed and unlisted buildings, is entered into the publicly accessible Northern Ireland Buildings Database. A range of listing criteria, which aim to define architectural and historic interest, are used to determine whether or not to list a building. Listed building consent must be obtained from local authorities before any alteration to a listed structure. There are about 8,500 listed buildings in Northern Ireland, divided into four grades, defined as follows: Grade A: "buildings of greatest importance to Northern Ireland including both outstanding architectural set-pieces and the least altered examples of each representative style, period and type." Grade B+: "high quality buildings that because of exceptional features, interiors or environmental qualities are clearly above the general standard set by grade B1 buildings. Also buildings which might have merited Grade A status but for detracting features such as an incomplete design, lower quality additions or alterations." Grade B1: "good examples of a particular period or style. A degree of alteration or imperfection of design may be acceptable. Generally B1 is chosen for buildings that qualify for listing by virtue of a relatively wide selection of attributes. Usually these will include interior features or where one or more features are of exceptional quality and/or interest." Grade B2: "special buildings which meet the test of the legislation. A degree of alteration or imperfection of design may be acceptable. B2 is chosen for buildings that qualify for listing by virtue of only a few attributes. An example would be a building sited within a conservation area where the quality of its architectural appearance or interior raises it appreciably above the general standard of buildings within the conservation area." Examples of Grade A listed buildings Gosford Castle, County Armagh Grand Opera House, Belfast Belfast Castle Examples of Grade B+ listed buildings Necarne, County Fermanagh Scrabo Tower, Belfast Examples of Grade B1 listed buildings Campbell College, Belfast Old Bushmills Distillery, County Antrim Bank Buildings, Belfast Scotland In Scotland, listing was begun by a provision in the Town and Country Planning (Scotland) Act 1947, and the current legislative basis for listing is the Town and Country Planning (Scotland) Act 1997. As with other matters regarding planning, conservation is a power devolved to the Scottish Parliament and the Scottish Government. The authority for listing rests with Historic Environment Scotland (formerly Historic Scotland), an executive agency of the Scottish Government, which inherited this role from the Scottish Development Department in 1991. Listed building consent must be obtained from local authorities before any alteration to a listed structure. The scheme for classifying buildings is: Category A: "Buildings of special architectural or historic interest which are outstanding examples of a particular period, style or building type." Category B: "Buildings of special architectural or historic interest which are major examples of a particular period, style or building type." Category C: "Buildings of special architectural or historic interest which are representative examples of a period, style or building type." There are about 47,400 listed buildings in Scotland. Of these, around 8 percent (some 3,800) are Category A, and 50 percent are Category B, with the rest listed at Category C. Examples of Category A listed buildings Craigellachie Bridge, Moray Glasgow City Chambers, Glasgow Glasgow Cathedral, Glasgow Palace of Holyroodhouse, Edinburgh The Kirna, Walkerburn Ravelston Garden, Edinburgh St Peter's Seminary, Cardross Examples of Category B listed buildings Harbourmaster's House, Dysart, Fife Sabhal Mòr Ostaig, Isle of Skye Examples of Category C listed buildings St John's Cathedral, Oban, Argyll The Belmont Picturehouse, Aberdeen Craigend Castle, East Dunbartonshire The George Cinema, Portobello, Edinburgh Records Although the 2008 draft legislation was abandoned, Historic England (then part of English Heritage) published a single list of all designated heritage assets within England in 2011. The National Heritage List for England is an online searchable database which includes 400,000 English listed buildings, scheduled monuments, registered parks and gardens, protected historic wrecks and registered battlefields and World Heritage Sites in one place. The legislative frameworks for each type of historic asset remains unchanged. In Scotland, the national dataset of listed buildings and other heritage assets can be searched online via Historic Environment Scotland, or through the map database Pastmap. To find a listed building in Wales, it is necessary to contact the appropriate local authority or Cadw. Also British Listed Buildings (website) has sections on England, Wales and Scotland. It can be searched either by browsing for listed buildings by country, county and parish/locality, or by keyword search or via the online map. Not all buildings have photographs, as it is run on a volunteer basis. The Northern Ireland Buildings Database contains details of all listed buildings in Northern Ireland. A photographic library of English listed buildings was started in 1999 as a snapshot of buildings listed at the turn of the millennium. This is not an up-to-date record of all listed buildings in England – the listing status and descriptions are only correct as at February 2001. The photographs were taken between 1999 and 2008. It is maintained by the Historic England archive at the Images of England project website. The National Heritage List for England contains the up-to-date list of listed buildings. Listed buildings in danger of being lost through damage or decay in England started to be recorded by survey in 1991. This was extended in 1998 with the publication of Historic England's Buildings at Risk Register which surveyed Grade I and Grade II* buildings. In 2008 this survey was renamed Heritage at Risk and extended to include all listed buildings, scheduled monuments, registered parks and gardens, registered battlefields, protected wreck sites and conservation areas. The register is compiled by survey using information from local authorities, official and voluntary heritage groups and the general public. It is possible to search this list online. In Scotland, a buildings at risk register was started in 1990 by Historic Scotland in response to similar concerns at the number of listed buildings that were vacant and in disrepair. RCAHMS maintained the register on behalf of Historic Scotland, and provided information on properties of architectural or historic merit throughout the country that are considered to be at risk. Since the merger of these two bodies into one, that work is now carried out by Historic Environment Scotland. In Wales, at risk registers of listed buildings are compiled by local planning authorities, and Cadw produced a report in 2009. The Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales's (RCAHMW) Emergency Buildings Recording team is responsible for surveying historic buildings threatened with destruction, substantial alteration, or serious decay. Equivalent statuses outside the United Kingdom – Australian National Heritage List and Commonwealth Heritage List – National Institute of Historic and Artistic Heritage – Biens classés/Beschermd erfgoed/Kulturdenkmal ("Protected heritage") – National Historic Sites of Canada – Monument historique ("historical monument") – Deutsche Stiftung Denkmalschutz ("German Foundation for Monument Protection") and National Heritage Sites (Kulturdenkmal ("cultural monument")) – Historic Building, see List of Grade I historic buildings in Hong Kong, List of Grade II historic buildings in Hong Kong and List of Grade III historic buildings in Hong Kong - National Inventory of Architectural Heritage and Record of Monuments and Places – Tangible Cultural Property (Japan), Groups of Traditional Buildings. – Rijksmonument ("national monument") – New Zealand Historic Places Trust – National Heritage Board of Poland – Bien de Interés Cultural ("heritage of cultural interest") – Listed buildings in Sweden (Byggnadsminne, literally "remembrance-building") – National Register of Historic Places and National Historic Landmark For other countries' equivalents see List of heritage registers. See also Conservation area (United Kingdom) Grade I listed buildings in England by county Grade II* listed buildings in England by county Grade II listed buildings in England by county Historic England Archive Images of England Register of Historic Parks and Gardens of special historic interest in England Scheduled monument Site of Special Scientific Interest The Georgian Group Tree preservation order References Notes External links Historic England on designation process National Heritage List for England: map-based database of listed buildings, scheduled monuments etc in England PASTMAP Map-based database of listed buildings, scheduled monuments etc in Scotland Images of England:photographs of listed buildings Cadw, Wales The Institute of Historic Building Conservation	[ 0.2945311963558197, 0.7204539775848389, 0.34861522912979126, -0.7542755603790283, 0.43696823716163635, 0.01069970428943634, 0.6491547226905823, 0.21642695367336273, -0.9181239008903503, -0.24990327656269073, -0.6412100195884705, -0.08820008486509323, -0.7310224175453186, 0.5438002943992615, -0.7554459571838379, 1.0423787832260132, 0.7425194978713989, 0.27403560280799866, 0.17527829110622406, -0.24849683046340942, -0.15243521332740784, -0.4693191647529602, -0.3308752477169037, -0.36801227927207947, 0.2803698480129242, -0.11396253854036331, 1.0095723867416382, -0.6246330738067627, -1.1073521375656128, -0.46031391620635986, 0.7477303147315979, 0.6933240294456482, 0.024176834151148796, 0.09769053757190704, 0.21044453978538513, 0.8055904507637024, 0.6346991658210754, -0.9160662293434143, -0.666951596736908, -0.8067445158958435, 0.22732137143611908, -0.22273966670036316, 0.4234464168548584, 0.27717798948287964, -0.7742030024528503, 0.5755438208580017, -0.7742701172828674, -0.0008776360773481429, -0.451030433177948, -0.036437101662158966, -0.17176124453544617, 0.12629187107086182, -0.18004563450813293, -0.37219512462615967, -0.06152963265776634, 0.5578344464302063, -0.09269210696220398, -0.45418423414230347, 0.03463761880993843, 0.2986302375793457, 0.4175373613834381, 0.13803227245807648, 0.2463667243719101, 0.14505568146705627, 1.0132224559783936, 0.1300148367881775, 0.3553624749183655, 0.436514288187027, -0.4585045576095581, 0.0506412647664547, -0.4653252959251404, -0.21668249368667603, 0.16799914836883545, 0.2514854073524475, -1.4746119976043701, 0.9272847175598145, -0.11642580479383469, -0.1892467588186264, -0.369120717048645, -0.21173857152462006, 0.4331926107406616, 1.2449311017990112, -0.03479958325624466, -0.007431056350469589, 0.06952755153179169, 0.1814669817686081, -0.8580042123794556, 0.10773228853940964, -0.7792156338691711, 0.5280048251152039, 0.29130807518959045, 0.1897284984588623, 0.17324212193489075, 0.07150601595640182, 0.11508547514677048, 0.019162040203809738, -0.20511430501937866, -0.010939841158688068, 0.2151859998703003, 0.0385475717484951, -0.21989230811595917, 0.30997225642204285, 0.011320234276354313, -0.08150234818458557, -0.01063989195972681, -0.12299156934022903, -0.10136235505342484, 0.05386844649910927, -0.16121336817741394, -0.15033328533172607, -0.07494468986988068, 0.2840229868888855, -0.48793742060661316, 0.019538817927241325, -0.6343522667884827, 0.5663565397262573, 0.46237242221832275, -0.02140727825462818, -0.27010491490364075, 0.5491788983345032, -0.018955091014504433, -0.20524653792381287, -0.3718319535255432, 0.014403337612748146, -0.4698665142059326, 0.6176477670669556, 0.540887176990509, 0.9877622723579407, -1.0885671377182007, -0.2470705509185791, -0.5022759437561035, 0.20232552289962769, -0.3062126636505127, -0.3012535572052002, -0.1357816904783249, 0.30642542243003845, -0.26348984241485596, -0.2087276428937912, 0.10669230669736862, 0.4051099121570587, -0.6227568984031677, -0.5149790644645691, 0.10217195004224777, -0.4759138524532318, 0.40933117270469666, -0.6313365697860718, 0.12708145380020142, -0.8046494126319885, -0.6644545793533325, 0.39176008105278015, 0.1953301876783371, 0.1434400975704193, -0.11635160446166992, 0.49866077303886414, -0.7658380270004272, -0.030031826347112656, 0.6293678283691406, -0.4242590069770813, 0.12490744888782501, -0.23468220233917236, 0.04840124770998955, -0.28780463337898254, 0.41795557737350464, 0.05602406710386276, 0.49304869771003723, 0.5515734553337097, 0.08919670432806015, 0.09654029458761215, -0.49206021428108215, -0.29649588465690613, -0.40623149275779724, -0.5162336230278015, 0.29074159264564514, 0.6899479031562805, -0.21189381182193756, -0.5048008561134338, 0.7804165482521057, 0.4288863241672516, 0.28923389315605164, 0.018464481458067894, -0.5781517624855042, 0.6649914979934692, 0.5837134718894958, 0.30915310978889465, 0.5992963910102844, 0.42121315002441406, -0.29874876141548157, 0.3878614008426666, 0.29040220379829407, -0.059501856565475464, 0.23704110085964203, 0.41641610860824585, 0.036212023347616196, -0.9621621966362, 0.3176589608192444, -0.29138946533203125, -0.6227843165397644, 1.0691903829574585, -0.22333994507789612, 0.27604931592941284, -0.09697287529706955, -0.24403166770935059, 0.5493742227554321, -0.3575032949447632, 0.418775737285614, -0.18866994976997375, 0.7024824619293213, 0.5476663112640381, 0.08443424105644226, -0.9725828766822815, 0.31297746300697327, 0.17065110802650452, 0.2615516483783722, 0.9703455567359924, 0.5394399166107178, -0.08195403963327408, 0.34412989020347595, 0.37568795680999756, -0.3877458870410919, -0.19171690940856934, 0.822399914264679, 0.49776363372802734, -0.19285273551940918, 0.10352138429880142, -0.9994933605194092, 0.23736953735351562, -0.22553403675556183, 0.08145913481712341, 0.49771177768707275, -0.8754215240478516, -0.33133381605148315, -0.20599383115768433, 0.44881927967071533, -0.10165885090827942, -0.6701566576957703, 0.3428528308868408, 0.21539178490638733, 0.5145089626312256, 0.13731428980827332, -0.21211546659469604, -0.30015626549720764, 0.01911807619035244, -0.2021692395210266, -0.5042659044265747, 0.2823772430419922, 0.2370775192975998, -0.2502955198287964, 0.2900802791118622, -0.6566935777664185, 0.4282746911048889, 0.49803197383880615, -0.6884533762931824, 0.6410138010978699, 0.008811078034341335, 0.2733401954174042, -0.2959494888782501, -0.823411226272583, -0.6993898153305054, -0.5117197036743164, 0.23452040553092957, -0.7607496976852417, -0.3142232596874237, 0.26004454493522644, 0.03910008817911148, 0.13276489078998566, -0.346622496843338, -0.2707129418849945, -0.4265044629573822, 0.4291045069694519, 0.4097006320953369, -0.11865203827619553, -0.06227678060531616, -0.354069322347641, -0.013173466548323631, -0.08816850930452347, 0.04358062148094177, 0.6473510265350342, 0.30949336290359497, 0.2136175036430359, 0.5222724080085754, -0.06501387804746628, 0.2806066870689392, -0.47987455129623413, -1.3148924112319946, -0.21611344814300537, 0.13679762184619904, 0.15070562064647675, -0.5566424131393433, -0.6598027348518372, 0.7323567867279053, -1.027695894241333, 0.4633791148662567, 0.049130067229270935, -0.41966140270233154, 0.8812193274497986, 0.4821411669254303, -0.4108734726905823, 0.4994913935661316, 0.2752309739589691, -0.38697054982185364, 0.12900076806545258, 0.2151966243982315, -0.24058157205581665, 0.1716882586479187, 0.4656859338283539, 0.4041144847869873, -0.18048220872879028, -0.7403895258903503, -4.7633466720581055, -0.10496807843446732, 0.6537989974021912, 0.07407885044813156, 0.26542752981185913, 0.49692776799201965, 1.0436204671859741, 0.19223575294017792, -0.11233142018318176, 0.06148112565279007, -0.06853033602237701, -0.32538166642189026, 0.999535083770752, 1.1368088722229004, 0.5237697958946228, 0.34666162729263306, 0.11697188764810562, 0.2618619203567505, -0.6899071931838989, 0.0567014142870903, 0.28560519218444824, -0.404680997133255, 0.07611165940761566, -0.18817251920700073, -0.40922626852989197, 0.07642962038516998, -0.8178420662879944, 0.7496921420097351, -0.36919230222702026, -0.3602740466594696, 0.6209850311279297, 0.5338355898857117, -0.09300769120454788, -0.1005086675286293, 0.09474486857652664, 0.5027998685836792, 0.19859664142131805, 0.04336225613951683, -0.6716607809066772, -0.4998075067996979, 0.17365939915180206, 0.4098089039325714, -0.2928915023803711, -0.040973130613565445, 0.21501673758029938, -0.7924960851669312, 0.0014389753341674805, -1.0445266962051392, -0.7377368211746216, 0.44301989674568176, -0.22124771773815155, 0.8519960641860962, 1.1463596820831299, -0.22863006591796875, -0.3350575566291809, 0.582667887210846, 0.050112295895814896, -0.05827248468995094, -0.5290785431861877, 0.2440473437309265, -0.3871854841709137, -0.41920143365859985, 0.2752297520637512, -0.0671883299946785, -0.14951714873313904, -0.2885858416557312, -1.4026302099227905, -0.17741385102272034, 0.5270648002624512, -0.27779796719551086, -0.36030706763267517, 0.6690634489059448, -0.1516934335231781, -0.5663853287696838, 0.2045316994190216, -0.9534326195716858, 0.9685962796211243, 0.4484369456768036, 0.2356775999069214, 0.18901100754737854, 0.07364901155233383, 0.003795011667534709, -0.5726065635681152, 0.0854492112994194, 0.32583513855934143, -0.13085776567459106, 0.6386718153953552, 0.6140307784080505, -0.3378159701824188, -0.9639180302619934, 0.44014978408813477, -0.8071367740631104, -0.3776334822177887, 0.24165409803390503, 0.15020185708999634, -0.17014595866203308, 0.9085184335708618, -1.2859684228897095, 0.42209091782569885, 0.015147988684475422, 0.46979811787605286, -0.26694703102111816, 0.4196336269378662, -0.44020000100135803, 0.12953175604343414, -0.006279818248003721, -0.659919023513794, 0.4368330240249634, 0.40083879232406616, 0.6503247618675232, 0.3182695806026459, -0.1916532814502716, -0.7568165063858032, -0.5583732724189758, -0.01362549513578415, -0.1023540049791336, -0.3980417549610138, 0.806782066822052, 0.4235251247882843, 0.12985214591026306, 0.646207332611084, 0.11795233935117722, -0.011770934797823429, -0.3240891396999359, -0.25980550050735474, 0.09800367802381516, -0.0837249755859375, -0.3879046142101288, -0.4969240427017212, -0.2750914990901947, 0.45709264278411865, 0.8477862477302551, -0.2039347141981125, 0.13573728501796722, 0.4007561206817627, 0.16677291691303253, -0.046102769672870636, -0.08623854070901871, -0.039973024278879166, -0.3742392957210541, -0.24143049120903015, -0.587900698184967, 0.13733890652656555, 0.563194215297699, 0.49542492628097534, -0.18362030386924744, -0.3419785797595978, 0.33542492985725403, 0.04739406332373619, 0.36090028285980225, -0.6181958317756653, -0.116819366812706, 0.10689643025398254, -0.8932305574417114, 0.06486287713050842, -0.03368401527404785, 0.21988902986049652, 0.21793925762176514, -0.19249096512794495, -0.8505117297172546, -0.16113148629665375, 0.5875178575515747, -0.6044639348983765, 0.21017220616340637, 0.05045866593718529, -0.27803805470466614, -0.15570686757564545, 0.8328233361244202, -0.5655624270439148, 1.015094518661499, 0.4538094997406006, -0.31461718678474426, -0.3154430687427521, -0.46864327788352966, 0.11948999017477036, -0.5019983053207397, -0.16029377281665802, 0.6300751566886902, -0.15595783293247223, -0.04990541934967041, 0.022869007661938667, 0.2013118416070938, -0.09531718492507935, 0.6984076499938965, 0.5801573991775513, -0.7851721048355103, -0.33332836627960205, 0.2673732042312622, -0.2786528468132019, -0.44200634956359863, 0.6666541695594788, -0.9146369099617004, 0.9492158889770508, 0.3126344382762909, 0.012138783000409603, -0.917869508266449, 0.3475295305252075, -0.09225468337535858, 0.13578331470489502, -0.6161372661590576, 0.11260353773832321, -0.1600191593170166, -0.7076030969619751, 0.5462384223937988, 0.43205007910728455, -0.49174755811691284, 0.44308575987815857, -0.03395552560687065, -0.6346865296363831, 0.5111309885978699, -0.3000645637512207, -0.558639407157898, 0.22041289508342743, 0.12594294548034668, -0.867996335029602, 0.02267998270690441, 0.10505650192499161, -0.7174888849258423, 0.0578780435025692, 0.06596016883850098, 0.3495658040046692, 0.6074355840682983, -0.09067168831825256, 0.6599453091621399, -0.3386882543563843, -0.26300787925720215, -0.07391548901796341, -0.3290664553642273, -0.1670081615447998, -0.550896406173706, -0.07950878143310547, 0.3878844380378723, 0.18975038826465607, 0.16528454422950745, -0.23374369740486145, -0.5547328591346741, -0.3661876320838928, -0.6243574023246765, 0.22757592797279358, 0.5243350267410278, -0.8045496940612793, 1.622588038444519, 0.703388512134552, -1.6054699420928955, 0.1309865564107895, 0.34912997484207153, 0.07802639156579971, 0.13069747388362885, 0.06147565692663193, 0.527456521987915, 0.07449839264154434, -0.0735512375831604, -0.49449044466018677, -0.549054741859436, -0.1568712294101715, 0.01993671804666519, -0.04340234026312828, -0.5372968316078186, 0.6695995330810547, 0.5086340308189392, 0.5814770460128784, -0.4578733444213867, 0.3118313252925873, 0.5382548570632935, 0.2542838454246521, -0.6092538833618164, 0.14685609936714172, -0.13109920918941498, -0.18467198312282562, -0.7361798286437988, -0.8447383642196655, -0.44738703966140747, 0.49447253346443176, -0.015330994501709938, 0.0836237370967865, -0.38052889704704285, 0.31795555353164673, -0.7844582796096802, 0.31858304142951965, -0.16943055391311646, -0.630596935749054, 0.03600300848484039, 0.11784201115369797, -0.7229848504066467, 0.031913839280605316, -0.9429855942726135, 0.09054052829742432, 0.24299606680870056, -0.6794077157974243, -0.5912820100784302, -0.5811822414398193, -0.23900523781776428, -0.40563639998435974, 0.038774050772190094, -0.6227623820304871, 0.37521398067474365, -0.6425703763961792, 0.704416811466217, 0.05803349241614342, 0.07504542917013168, -1.4835952520370483, 0.31175073981285095, -0.36608779430389404, -0.47465160489082336, 0.42688557505607605, 0.5403004288673401, 0.36381995677948, -0.06566400080919266, -0.24003975093364716, 0.13990764319896698, -1.0830720663070679, -0.030512521043419838, 1.2497987747192383, 1.0060067176818848, -0.07576774805784225, -0.42165955901145935, 0.36498355865478516, -0.8896108865737915, 0.5850355625152588, 0.33581215143203735, 0.25339508056640625, -0.1901305913925171, 0.7981666922569275, 0.44140514731407166, 0.2111201286315918, 0.5946347117424011, -0.7154073119163513, -0.10773419588804245, -0.15612509846687317, 0.6304482221603394, 0.5903823375701904, 0.4357270896434784, 0.537403404712677, 0.26930370926856995, -0.6346367001533508, -0.09506958723068237, 0.025056790560483932, -0.011082812212407589, -0.20552410185337067, 0.14594674110412598, 0.4435986578464508, 0.04682813957333565, 0.28031590580940247, 0.41720956563949585, -0.5265425443649292, 0.08713827282190323, 0.12904587388038635, -0.05749304220080376, 0.011955813504755497, 0.3795994222164154, 0.17648310959339142, 0.07802150398492813, 0.3116356134414673, 0.8852527141571045, -0.23508208990097046, 0.1945117563009262, 0.39488154649734497, -0.05643165856599808, 0.2109939455986023, -0.10470522940158844, -0.05660545825958252, 0.4059116244316101, -0.7152865529060364, 0.38110435009002686, -0.47603723406791687, -0.584750235080719, 1.0030204057693481, -0.1437845528125763, -0.33123600482940674, 0.4466918408870697, 0.03188866004347801, -0.10351879149675369, -0.9820222854614258, 1.100455641746521, -0.2081819623708725, -0.25714364647865295, 0.29548409581184387, -0.060218505561351776, -0.3895256519317627, -1.2407135963439941, -0.1909327507019043, 0.0323641374707222, -0.04818255826830864, -1.1142232418060303, -0.16562819480895996, -0.6012966632843018, -0.7862077951431274, 0.015011593699455261, 0.21663500368595123, 0.36166390776634216, -0.13288193941116333, -0.08152735233306885, 0.06850305199623108, -0.38731348514556885, -0.6934252381324768, -0.15046262741088867, 0.21254578232765198, 0.4967712163925171, 0.6303125619888306, 0.5656272172927856, -0.5229537487030029, 0.30022943019866943, -0.20928889513015747, -0.08832915127277374, -0.11898436397314072, 0.7612877488136292, -0.2406599521636963, 0.37086623907089233, 0.04756486788392067, 0.9011421203613281, -0.4900341033935547, 0.052600447088479996, 0.0028712593484669924, 0.6570494174957275, -0.8134948015213013, 0.42497149109840393, -0.057956937700510025, -0.3379981517791748, 0.10664507746696472, -0.45564502477645874, 1.1587144136428833, 0.16533833742141724, 0.359812468290329, -0.3674858510494232, -0.7948023080825806, -0.3491465747356415, 0.2396419793367386, 0.056154023855924606, -0.012570503167808056, 0.961344301700592, -0.09582068026065826, 0.009031611494719982, -0.3792129456996918, -0.06155776232481003, -0.5542691349983215, 0.3656509816646576, 0.18803177773952484, 0.7153105735778809, -0.037026673555374146, -0.16257275640964508, -0.5228722095489502, -0.5277566909790039, -0.052993472665548325, -0.3703506588935852, 0.0023875890765339136, 0.3048020899295807, 0.3159618675708771, 0.26614582538604736, -0.39342522621154785, -0.25140511989593506, 0.8095279932022095, -0.8850299715995789, 0.1910184919834137, -0.03892605006694794, -0.5266295671463013, -0.6383957266807556, -0.02640838734805584, -0.45646336674690247, -0.020285623148083687, 0.3610464334487915 ]
202011	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform%20Club	Reform Club	The Reform Club is a private members' club on the south side of Pall Mall in central London, England. As with all of London's original gentlemen's clubs, it comprised an all-male membership for decades, but it was one of the first all-male clubs to change its rules to include the admission of women on equal terms in 1981. Since its founding in 1836, the Reform Club has been the traditional home for those committed to progressive political ideas, with its membership initially consisting of Radicals and Whigs. However, it is no longer associated with any particular political party, and it now serves a purely social function. "The Reform" (as it is known in common parlance) currently enjoys extensive reciprocity with similar clubs around the world. It attracts a significant number of foreign members, such as diplomats accredited to the Court of St James's. Of the current membership of around 2,700, some 500 are "overseas members", and over 400 are women. The Reform maintains reciprocity with many notable clubs around the world, among them The Gridiron Club (Oxford University), the Metropolitan Club (Washington, D.C.), the Jonathan Club of Los Angeles, the Century Association and Lotos Club of New York City and the Cercle de l'Union interalliée in Paris. History 19th century The club was founded on 2 February 1836 by Edward Ellice, Member of Parliament (MP) for Coventry and Whig Whip, whose riches came from the Hudson's Bay Company but whose zeal was chiefly devoted to securing the passage of the Reform Act 1832. This new club, for members of both Houses of Parliament, was intended to be a forum for the radical ideas which the First Reform Bill represented: a bastion of liberal and progressive thought that became closely associated with the Liberal Party, who largely succeeded the Whigs in the second half of the 19th century. Brooks's Club, the headquarters of the old Whig aristocracy, was neither able nor prepared to open its doors to a flood of new men, so preliminary meetings were held at Ellice's house to plan a much larger club, which would promote 'the social intercourse of the reformers of the United Kingdom'. In the 19th century, any Liberal Party MP or Peer crossing the floor, to join or work with another party, was expected to resign as a member. Between 1890 and 1914 8 per cent of the club's membership had ties to the banking sector, some even holding directorships. Club members like Bram Stoker and Henry Irving mingled with Liberal bankers from prominent families like the Rothschilds and Goldschmidts. The Reform Club's building was designed by renowned architect Sir Charles Barry and contracted to builders Grissell & Peto. Construction began in 1837 and was finished in 1841. This new club was built on palatial lines, the design being based on the Palazzo Farnese in Rome, and its Saloon in particular is regarded as the finest of all London's clubs. The Reform was among the first senior London clubs to provide bedrooms (known as chambers), and its library contains over 75,000 books, mostly of a political, historical and biographical nature; customarily, members donate a copy of any book they write to the club's library, ever increasing its stock. The Reform was known for the quality of its cuisine, its first chef being Alexis Soyer, the first celebrity chef. It continues to offer meals in its dining room, known as the 'Coffee Room'. Until the decline of the Liberal Party in the early 20th century, it was de rigueur for Liberal MPs and Peers to be members of the Reform Club, being regarded as an unofficial party headquarters. However, in 1882, the National Liberal Club was established under William Ewart Gladstone's chairmanship, designed to be more "inclusive" towards Liberal grandees and activists throughout the UK. 20th century After the Second World War and with the old Liberal Party's further decline, the club increasingly drew its membership from civil servants, not least those from the Treasury, as well as Foreign Office officials, who also frequent the neighbouring Travellers Club. The club maintains a comprehensive list of guest speakers throughout the year – for example, Government Ministers Nick Clegg and Theresa May (2011), Archbishop John Sentamu (2012), and Ambassadors Liu Xiaoming (2013), as well as Dr Alexander Yakovenko and Sylvie Bermann (2014). Today the Reform Club (of which Prince Charles and Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall are honorary members) no longer represents any particular political viewpoint, being an impartial and purely social venue. Literary associations Besides having had many distinguished members from the literary world, including William Makepeace Thackeray and Arnold Bennett, the Reform played a role in some significant events, such as the feud between Oscar Wilde's friend and literary executor Robbie Ross and Wilde's ex-lover Lord Alfred Douglas. In 1913, after discovering that Lord Alfred had taken lodgings in the same house as himself with a view to stealing his papers, Ross sought refuge at the club, from where he wrote to Edmund Gosse, saying that he felt obliged to return to his rooms "with firearms". Ross had been elected a member in 1899, and it was also at the club that he had entertained Wilde's son Cyril to lunch, only a few years before the latter was killed by enemy fire during the First World War. Harold Owen, the brother of Wilfred Owen, called on Siegfried Sassoon at the Reform after Wilfred's death, and Sassoon himself wrote a poem entitled "Lines Written at the Reform Club", which was printed for members at Christmas 1920. Wilfred Owen, though not himself a member, lunched at the club several times in the company of Sassoon and Sir Roderick Meiklejohn. Appearances in popular culture and literature The Reform Club appears in Anthony Trollope's novel Phineas Finn (1867). This eponymous main character becomes a member of the club and there acquaints Liberal members of the House of Commons, who arrange to get him elected to an Irish parliamentary borough. The book is one of the political novels in the Palliser series, and the political events it describes are a fictionalized account of the build-up to the Second Reform Act (passed in 1867) which effectively extended the franchise to the working classes. The club also appears in Jules Verne's Around the World in Eighty Days (published in 1872, as a novel in 1873); the protagonist, Phileas Fogg, is a member of the Reform Club who sets out to circumnavigate the world on a bet from his fellow members, beginning and ending at the club. Michael Palin, following his fictional predecessor, also began and ended his televised journey around the world in 80 days at the Reform Club. At the time, the Reform Club, like other London clubs since the 1950s, went through a phase of stipulating a dress code requiring gentlemen to wear a jacket and tie; Palin had not packed a tie, and he was not permitted to enter the building to complete his journey as had been his intention, so his trip ended on the steps outside. The Reform Club was the location of a photo shoot featuring Paula Yates for the 1979 summer issue of Penthouse. Victorian publisher Norman Warne is depicted visiting the Reform Club in the 2006 film Miss Potter. The club has been used as a location in a number of films, including the fencing scene in the 2002 James Bond movie Die Another Day, The Quiller Memorandum (1966), The Man Who Haunted Himself (1970), Lindsay Anderson's O Lucky Man! (1973), The Avengers (1998), Nicholas Nickleby (2002), Quantum of Solace (2008), Sherlock Holmes (2009), Paddington (2014) and Christopher Nolan's Tenet (2020). It has also been used as the lobby of the Dolphin Hotel in the film adaptation of Stephen King's short story "1408." In the 1982 BBC television adaptation of Smiley's People, based on the Cold War spy thriller by John le Carré, the titular character visits the Reform Club at the start of the third episode, spending an extended period of time in the club's library. The Reform Club was used as a meeting place for MI operatives in Part 3, Chapter 1, p. 83ff of Graham Greene's spy novel The Human Factor (1978, Avon Books, ). Greene also sets a lunch between the protagonist, Jim Baxter, and his biological father, who is a member, in the Reform Club in his final novel, The Captain and the Enemy. The Reform Club and its Victorian era celebrity chef Alexis Soyer play pivotal roles in MJ Carter's mystery novel The Devil's Feast (2016, Fig Tree, ). The club was also used in Chris Van Dusen's televised series Bridgerton as a film location. Notable members John Hamilton-Gordon, 1st Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair Donald Adamson H. H. Asquith Sir David Attenborough William Lygon, 7th Earl Beauchamp Hilaire Belloc Arnold Bennett William Beveridge Stewart Binns Rt Hon Charles Booth Dame Margaret Booth Baroness Boothroyd Mihir Bose John Bright Henry Brougham Michael Brown, former Conservative MP Guy Burgess Donald Cameron of Lochiel Sir Menzies Campbell Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman Samuel Carter Joseph Chamberlain Andrew Carnegie Henri Cartier-Bresson Sir Winston Churchill, who resigned in 1913 in protest at the blackballing of a friend, Baron de Forest Richard Cobden Albert Cohen Professor Martin Daunton Sir Arthur Conan Doyle Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall Baroness Dean of Thornton-le-Fylde Sir Charles Dilke John Lambton, 1st Earl of Durham Edward Ellice Lord Falconer Garret FitzGerald Edward Morgan Forster William Ewart Gladstone Baroness Greengross Sir William Harcourt Lord Hattersley Friedrich Hayek Nick Hewer Barbara Hosking Sir Michael Howard Sir Bernard Ingham Sir Henry Irving Henry James Sir John Jardine Lord Jenkins of Hillhead William, Earl Jowitt Ruth Lea David Lloyd George, who resigned with Churchill over Baron de Forest's blackballing Professor Sir Ravinder Maini Dame Mary Marsh José Guilherme Merquior James Moir James Montgomrey, a founding member Lord Morgan Sir Derek Morris Baroness Nicholson Lord Noel-Buxton Daniel O'Connell Barry Edward O'Meara David Omand Viscount Palmerston Dame Stella Rimington Frederick Robinson, 2nd Marquess of Ripon Bertram Fletcher Robinson Curtis Roosevelt Brian Roper Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery Viscount Runciman Lord John Russell Paul Scofield Viscount Simon George Smith Sir Martin Sorrell Very Rev Victor Stock Sir Edward Sullivan Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex Professor Alan M. Taylor Dame Kiri Te Kanawa William Makepeace Thackeray William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin Jeremy Thorpe Sir David Walker Chaim Weizmann H. G. Wells Richard Grosvenor, 2nd Marquess of Westminster Dame Jo Williams Tony Wright, former Labour MP See also List of London's gentlemen's clubs References Further reading Van Leeuwen, Thomas A P (2020) [2017]. The Magic Stove: Barry, Soyer and The Reform Club or How a Great Chef Helped to Create a Great Building. Amsterdam/Paris: Les Editions du Malentendu/ Jap Sam Books. . External links Reform Club website Survey of London's entry on the Club "The Reform Club: Architecture and the Birth of Popular Government", lecture by Peter Marsh and Paul Vonberg at Gresham College, 25 September 2007 (available for MP3 and MP4 download) Reform Club library pamphlets Mary Evans Picture Library – The Club's collection of caricatures CBC.CA Paul Kennedy's audio tour of the Club, broadcast in February 2011 Gentlemen's clubs in London Grade I listed buildings in the City of Westminster 1836 establishments in the United Kingdom Grade I listed clubhouses Jules Verne Organisations based in London with royal patronage Charles Barry buildings	[ 0.7946188449859619, -0.23240059614181519, -0.09182438999414444, -0.23798997700214386, 0.05848101153969765, 0.28359705209732056, 0.4752703905105591, -0.044556185603141785, -0.5579586625099182, -0.2500179708003998, -0.5580185651779175, -0.11098230630159378, -0.3696695566177368, 0.2126968801021576, 0.05236052721738815, -0.18622276186943054, 0.33564549684524536, 0.1358395367860794, 0.290894478559494, -0.17197957634925842, -0.23520204424858093, 0.35388344526290894, -0.2615949213504791, -0.3215259611606598, -0.05397772416472435, -0.0999024510383606, 0.5763362646102905, -0.43429455161094666, -0.11772584915161133, 0.040518708527088165, 1.0936380624771118, 0.38323476910591125, 0.17015862464904785, -0.964572548866272, 0.5740103721618652, -0.20965446531772614, -0.21037866175174713, -0.30133554339408875, -0.17193329334259033, -0.5057057738304138, 0.2400045543909073, -0.4164617955684662, 0.45296409726142883, 0.6172491312026978, 0.38898026943206787, -0.42328959703445435, -1.3070310354232788, 0.405645489692688, -1.6526596546173096, 0.11255435645580292, -0.033781569451093674, 0.6081547737121582, 0.4699012041091919, 0.02054910734295845, 0.33963197469711304, 0.6610050201416016, -1.0709598064422607, 0.07184900343418121, 0.1571042686700821, -0.27027827501296997, 0.3378039598464966, 0.619636058807373, 0.5172635316848755, -0.04071979969739914, 0.2054373025894165, 0.677247166633606, 0.17259229719638824, -0.08548767119646072, -0.12971830368041992, -0.05483381450176239, 0.2055157721042633, -0.3438735008239746, -0.20186690986156464, 0.3294467628002167, -0.26878607273101807, -0.6239679455757141, -0.2864793837070465, 0.29095956683158875, 0.5454533100128174, -0.13852079212665558, 0.44169503450393677, 0.548766553401947, 0.345272421836853, 0.7445988059043884, 0.44165632128715515, -0.38968026638031006, -0.7038055658340454, -0.3005521595478058, 0.3292675018310547, 0.6810272932052612, -0.8486049175262451, 0.27546927332878113, 0.4983263909816742, 0.01883157715201378, 0.5158423185348511, -0.002152243861928582, 0.3794419467449188, 0.13139846920967102, 0.22688065469264984, -0.028872281312942505, -0.19642235338687897, 0.5970548987388611, -0.04203271120786667, -0.281598299741745, 0.15106379985809326, -0.15059228241443634, -0.08461917191743851, -0.6007167100906372, 0.31267160177230835, -0.08645172417163849, -0.0757490023970604, 0.10393303632736206, -0.18525280058383942, 0.04077514633536339, -0.10435674339532852, 0.6718409657478333, 0.5159045457839966, -0.28737708926200867, -0.23432570695877075, -0.13630498945713043, -0.15483903884887695, 0.7961478233337402, -0.02265973947942257, 0.5384153723716736, 0.5015388131141663, 0.09727683663368225, -0.001856757327914238, 0.5103710889816284, -0.4683851897716522, -0.4075385332107544, 0.30873408913612366, 0.7735327482223511, -0.12300201505422592, -0.4654930830001831, -0.11215393990278244, -0.4415745139122009, 0.6069562435150146, -0.12865819036960602, 0.289155513048172, 0.7429252862930298, 0.2512059509754181, 0.07207702100276947, -0.12203136086463928, -0.2746973931789398, 0.5996149182319641, 0.0013558058999478817, -0.08615856617689133, -0.6940230131149292, -0.18739022314548492, -1.0497597455978394, 0.4671154022216797, -0.1495978981256485, -0.0684238076210022, -0.24123328924179077, 0.17171916365623474, 0.24175556004047394, 0.7180848121643066, -0.361636757850647, -0.08767228573560715, 0.5874035954475403, -0.03516440838575363, -0.2519935667514801, 0.04227151721715927, -0.07955724745988846, 0.30699506402015686, 0.25781750679016113, -0.08528748154640198, -0.35246485471725464, 0.49590036273002625, 0.5701783299446106, -1.1151103973388672, -0.15053829550743103, 0.48258402943611145, 0.08572778105735779, 0.5017247796058655, -0.33863794803619385, 0.3914072513580322, 0.5930083990097046, 0.1976514607667923, -0.2424279898405075, -0.5576875805854797, 0.023599959909915924, -0.33251991868019104, 0.2827705442905426, 0.6724453568458557, 0.2138424664735794, 0.46807706356048584, 0.07556326687335968, -0.42677122354507446, 0.4071522355079651, 0.2432897686958313, 0.09172321856021881, 0.17690064013004303, 0.07464027404785156, 1.426329493522644, -0.0018773694755509496, -0.5244193077087402, 0.36991122364997864, -0.24068254232406616, 0.39268195629119873, -0.2945390045642853, 0.20657022297382355, 0.27662450075149536, -0.048197440803050995, -0.9803689122200012, -0.12482836842536926, 0.26318150758743286, 0.36305326223373413, -0.042743947356939316, 0.28449565172195435, 0.35103553533554077, -0.8735231757164001, 0.0973055437207222, 0.4086160361766815, 0.09123484790325165, -0.5899627804756165, 0.03485788777470589, 0.3127771317958832, -0.07333622872829437, -0.275291383266449, 0.8446754217147827, 0.31084349751472473, 0.6010369658470154, 0.7101486921310425, -0.118217833340168, 0.39545413851737976, 0.1159244254231453, 0.39523306488990784, 0.5166199803352356, -0.06110125407576561, 0.5078524351119995, 0.23359832167625427, 0.18570959568023682, -0.05885625258088112, -0.12131495028734207, -1.0342258214950562, -0.3577025532722473, -0.9707322716712952, -0.07125430554151535, -0.20427310466766357, 0.235673189163208, -0.6328529119491577, -0.5265077948570251, 0.2068084329366684, -0.11261240392923355, 0.0893377959728241, -0.26127541065216064, 0.9762446880340576, 0.4347841739654541, 0.6009560227394104, 0.023505697026848793, 0.18080542981624603, 0.2899968922138214, -0.4605758786201477, 0.24135422706604004, -0.13041314482688904, 0.31271710991859436, 0.015081247314810753, 0.3128906786441803, -0.08707115799188614, -0.5427242517471313, -0.0243558157235384, -0.059238482266664505, 0.16570226848125458, -0.20296359062194824, -0.14082154631614685, -0.24933944642543793, -0.6196861267089844, 0.6243569850921631, -0.7464278340339661, 0.6391966938972473, 0.13382810354232788, -0.9802725315093994, -0.256464421749115, -0.1714751273393631, -0.1681213080883026, -0.14162838459014893, 0.15392175316810608, 0.16070367395877838, -0.5646829605102539, -0.03179056569933891, 0.17783640325069427, 0.16246119141578674, -0.3594426214694977, -0.5154113173484802, 0.6469402313232422, -0.2599092125892639, -0.04694441333413124, -0.5503917932510376, -0.47062796354293823, 0.024547157809138298, 0.38635632395744324, -0.10425412654876709, 0.06560862809419632, 0.24189892411231995, 0.05131905898451805, -0.06488922983407974, -0.14642946422100067, 0.14719460904598236, 0.05216741934418678, 0.21598578989505768, 0.9398335814476013, -0.4727533459663391, -0.06871658563613892, 0.5833011865615845, -0.7825678586959839, 0.05780821666121483, -0.10495132207870483, -5.4461989402771, 0.3101973235607147, -0.2791357636451721, 0.7323399186134338, 0.5485236048698425, -0.12305417656898499, 0.5997827649116516, -0.666582465171814, -0.27619192004203796, -0.38283008337020874, -1.0975615978240967, -0.1340463012456894, 0.21107052266597748, 0.10562676936388016, 0.33911803364753723, 0.4759509861469269, 0.10118485987186432, -0.07723283022642136, 0.3042888343334198, -0.19420894980430603, -0.23971210420131683, 0.4006069004535675, -0.10778103768825531, 0.9740323424339294, -0.1378546953201294, 0.5666009187698364, -0.04028642922639847, -0.06117749214172363, -0.971350371837616, -0.7725246548652649, 0.27312177419662476, 0.47670334577560425, -0.5409227609634399, -0.23972351849079132, 0.22677800059318542, 0.5751500725746155, 0.6877866387367249, -0.30472469329833984, -0.2917976379394531, -0.3074813485145569, 0.13873359560966492, 0.3445432186126709, 0.24185800552368164, -0.03323400020599365, 0.3153025507926941, 0.19256113469600677, -0.7278795838356018, -0.23259036242961884, -0.9589864611625671, 0.1488211452960968, 0.3163379430770874, 0.41086339950561523, 0.5493016242980957, 0.15195275843143463, -0.4226382076740265, 0.25560489296913147, 0.11162740737199783, 0.026985466480255127, 0.3970559239387512, -0.11859074234962463, 0.29886436462402344, -0.071926549077034, 0.2439878284931183, -0.03874175623059273, -0.16410088539123535, -0.2601899206638336, -0.43206995725631714, 0.007636175490915775, 0.4757581353187561, 0.2674928903579712, -0.21843509376049042, 0.5306215882301331, -0.07930213958024979, -0.9699268341064453, -0.15107572078704834, -0.4219680428504944, 0.20171642303466797, -0.4945243000984192, 0.5710088014602661, 0.5561208128929138, 0.29052361845970154, -0.2871856093406677, -0.39381611347198486, 0.49555015563964844, -0.4334166646003723, -0.9822911024093628, 0.2666647732257843, 0.6594786047935486, -0.7383195757865906, -0.3326994478702545, -0.6888595223426819, 0.13611319661140442, -0.49735477566719055, 0.11658882349729538, 0.47706249356269836, 0.09496226906776428, -0.2593773901462555, -0.1231805831193924, -0.28938180208206177, 0.3330477476119995, 0.5366876721382141, -0.3025980293750763, -0.9056074023246765, -0.6649737358093262, -0.2185312807559967, -0.3448314964771271, -0.16726411879062653, 0.4621615409851074, 0.043689556419849396, -0.5252989530563354, -0.33109864592552185, -0.9047868847846985, -0.7120189666748047, 0.02936556376516819, 0.44260603189468384, -0.12251083552837372, -0.2676423192024231, 0.2357761710882187, -0.16154935956001282, 0.3714872896671295, -0.3136049211025238, 0.026284318417310715, -0.19301821291446686, -0.09080643206834793, -0.8596112728118896, -0.09197194874286652, 0.11917556077241898, -0.28508150577545166, -0.058278072625398636, 0.1915765404701233, 0.1533212959766388, -0.39690083265304565, -0.586543619632721, -0.25856125354766846, 0.07418006658554077, 0.34843751788139343, -0.7500087022781372, 0.06315233558416367, -0.2520339787006378, 1.110266089439392, -0.08016777038574219, -0.09661870449781418, 0.4238000512123108, 0.7022576928138733, 0.8261362314224243, 0.16742683947086334, -0.1738986372947693, -0.28008389472961426, -0.5279474854469299, 0.5835677981376648, -0.21745645999908447, -0.09452897310256958, 0.28684118390083313, -0.680849015712738, 0.5526304841041565, -0.3513779640197754, 0.3011832535266876, 0.3014167547225952, -0.019546665251255035, 0.21086646616458893, -0.28109097480773926, -0.40342557430267334, -1.1814751625061035, 0.028052549809217453, -0.03671547770500183, -0.3029082417488098, -0.06442868709564209, -0.8430812954902649, -0.5042369961738586, 0.38835692405700684, -0.6131712198257446, 0.20969802141189575, -0.34454891085624695, -0.29455018043518066, 0.7120086550712585, 0.11220719665288925, -0.01622777432203293, -0.24798496067523956, -0.12026672065258026, -0.33635273575782776, 0.019657142460346222, -0.012302402406930923, -0.277472585439682, 0.7528547644615173, 1.248509168624878, -0.7513191103935242, -0.5420782566070557, -0.5715564489364624, 0.11590031534433365, -0.30638960003852844, 0.30084526538848877, 0.14505334198474884, 0.45671290159225464, 0.1625785380601883, -0.3816782534122467, -0.761784553527832, 0.12365540117025375, 0.575981080532074, -0.3103499412536621, -0.45720893144607544, 0.4708299934864044, 0.27538785338401794, -0.09654604643583298, 0.5228459239006042, 0.20880484580993652, -0.6606903076171875, 0.1514395922422409, -0.06350680440664291, -0.5704759359359741, 0.8172909021377563, -0.1056637093424797, -0.41344863176345825, 0.13665203750133514, -0.25574856996536255, -0.9958593249320984, -0.2235424667596817, -0.37832581996917725, -0.3361343741416931, -0.5426310300827026, -0.13314351439476013, -0.16070470213890076, -0.4822479486465454, -0.27701807022094727, 0.4032062590122223, -0.6768263578414917, 0.6904463768005371, 0.4007897675037384, -0.6218836903572083, 0.36853596568107605, -0.12996889650821686, -0.0886821523308754, -0.24428033828735352, 0.4707818627357483, -0.2697147727012634, 0.49043887853622437, 0.19264093041419983, -0.4649205803871155, 0.1642245352268219, -0.3495346009731293, 0.051862191408872604, -0.4409247040748596, 0.5739172697067261, 0.3433351516723633, -1.195583701133728, -0.01637136936187744, 0.6439019441604614, 0.522348165512085, 0.13098932802677155, -0.8939013481140137, 0.17752262949943542, 0.5608712434768677, -0.09884646534919739, 0.12803156673908234, -0.38859185576438904, -0.07743419706821442, -0.5050283074378967, 0.39111870527267456, -0.14967912435531616, 0.08858033269643784, -0.1138189360499382, 0.4058803915977478, -0.17139777541160583, -0.5604868531227112, 0.28925421833992004, 0.10125355422496796, 0.46537989377975464, 0.39398548007011414, -0.8915233612060547, -0.41271504759788513, -0.6808646321296692, 0.0584179051220417, -0.2764870822429657, 0.19608554244041443, 0.46490025520324707, -0.24972105026245117, -0.2745329737663269, 0.1464252918958664, -0.7889305353164673, 0.13769078254699707, -0.29161036014556885, 0.4798729419708252, 0.43855592608451843, 0.26463082432746887, -0.3271874785423279, 0.4396229386329651, -0.752105712890625, -0.4909374713897705, 0.2648817002773285, -0.7055593132972717, 0.09842893481254578, -0.12461413443088531, -0.1448507308959961, -0.14484606683254242, 0.8502153158187866, -0.04436153173446655, 0.6641286611557007, -0.19381697475910187, -0.3521469235420227, -0.2687377631664276, -0.14397577941417694, -0.5566995143890381, 0.2637263238430023, 0.2670840919017792, 0.3586392402648926, 0.10575545579195023, 0.1522110253572464, -0.3987973630428314, -0.27345070242881775, -0.22759667038917542, -0.061748847365379333, 0.0933677926659584, -0.5075163841247559, 0.3324263095855713, 0.5885288119316101, -0.6721929311752319, -0.049610741436481476, 0.5453559160232544, -0.4088316559791565, 0.2306365966796875, 0.3932779133319855, -0.010970834642648697, 0.5002973675727844, 0.4331219792366028, -0.15655173361301422, -0.33170071244239807, 0.0145464688539505, -0.24801358580589294, 0.403381884098053, -0.03203725442290306, 0.23968344926834106, -0.0946555808186531, -0.049953922629356384, -0.33996695280075073, 0.6058205366134644, -0.29228445887565613, -0.5454892516136169, -0.48855942487716675, -0.6114227771759033, -0.0487552210688591, 0.34988972544670105, 0.42080581188201904, -0.35238906741142273, -0.3814579248428345, 0.48833173513412476, 0.14915567636489868, 0.10214139521121979, 0.4777631163597107, -0.6141823530197144, 0.10157831758260727, 0.868253767490387, 0.44592294096946716, 0.38915884494781494, 0.31084445118904114, -0.19690246880054474, 0.8759351968765259, -0.07054998725652695, -0.030060498043894768, -0.05173756927251816, -0.2700318396091461, -0.4973628520965576, 0.3967575132846832, 0.7352972030639648, -0.5325213074684143, -0.40885376930236816, -0.4981480836868286, 0.44675588607788086, 0.677338182926178, -0.38740766048431396, -0.27298781275749207, 0.4392462968826294, 0.2423020601272583, -0.0759490504860878, 0.016780486330389977, -0.12102106958627701, -0.008906513452529907, -0.5093228220939636, 0.5835546851158142, 0.30428141355514526, 0.5428895354270935, 0.3300544023513794, -0.05692064017057419, 0.5200655460357666, -0.2610662281513214, -0.48799046874046326, 0.6177996397018433, -0.35719525814056396, -0.6347446441650391, -0.10123331844806671, -0.6992475986480713, -0.17686909437179565, 0.007063568569719791, -0.7214238047599792, 0.13578929007053375, -0.34993162751197815, -0.09478692710399628, -0.2718369960784912, -0.09033975750207901, 0.5794141292572021, 0.33975157141685486, -0.4672476053237915, -0.1925552636384964, 0.5996640920639038, -0.08695998042821884, -0.09846878796815872, -0.30018025636672974, 0.6118354201316833, -0.6782381534576416, -0.4385061264038086, -0.34525492787361145, 0.6569701433181763, 0.42829611897468567, -0.023660695180296898, 0.3447045683860779, 0.9985982179641724, -0.6593665480613708, 0.6133115291595459, 0.46790796518325806, -0.09373244643211365, -0.6198782324790955, 0.1972646564245224, -0.1944407969713211, -0.15194495022296906, 0.2928770184516907, -0.41801249980926514, -0.16362100839614868, -0.27253860235214233, 0.3040792942047119, -0.349004328250885, 0.18045859038829803, 0.6949353218078613, -0.1841302216053009, -0.31324824690818787, -0.5798758864402771, 0.29778042435646057, 0.09716706722974777, 0.15402039885520935, 0.44875368475914, 0.8831946849822998, 0.2712034583091736, 0.2686191201210022, 0.043103139847517014, -0.33357930183410645, 0.3754417598247528, -0.4387856721878052, -0.13539239764213562, 0.7242910265922546, -0.4813139736652374, -0.06146501749753952, -0.341960608959198, 0.26438412070274353, 0.24702316522598267, -0.49685075879096985, -0.15424886345863342, -0.42019346356391907, 0.4376838505268097, -0.3944307565689087, -0.42103153467178345, -0.3186875581741333, 0.18091990053653717, 0.31041696667671204 ]
202018	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony%20O%27Reilly	Tony O'Reilly	Sir Anthony Joseph Francis O'Reilly, AO (born 7 May 1936), is an Irish former businessman and international rugby union player. He is known for his involvement in the Independent News & Media Group, which he led from 1973 to 2009, and as former CEO and Chairman of the H.J. Heinz Company. He was the leading shareholder of Waterford Wedgwood. Perhaps Ireland's first billionaire, as of 26 May 2014 O'Reilly is being pursued in the Irish courts for debts amounting to €22 million by AIB, following losses amounting to hundreds of millions of euros in his unsuccessful attempt to stop Denis O'Brien from assuming control of Independent News & Media. As a rugby player, he represented Ireland, the British and Irish Lions and the Barbarians and is enshrined as a member of the International Rugby Board's Hall of Fame. O'Reilly has six children and 19 grandchildren and is married to Chryss Goulandris. He lived in Lyford Cay in the Bahamas until 2017, when the property was sold for less than €12 million as part of a bankruptcy arrangement. O'Reilly now lives in Chateau des Ducs de Normandie in Bonneville-sur-Touques in France. Early years Parents O'Reilly was born in Dublin, Ireland, and was the only child of a civil servant, John O'Reilly (1906–1976), and Aileen O'Connor (1914–1989). O'Reilly's Drogheda-born father, eventually an inspector-general of customs, was born "Reilly" and added the O when he applied to join the Irish Civil Service. Previously married with four older children, but estranged from his first wife, John O'Reilly married Aileen O'Connor in 1973, after the death of his first wife and only a little time after he had told his son of his other family.The Irish Times, Dublin, Ireland, 12 February 1994: Weekend section, page 3, "Paperchaser", Jim Dunne O'Reilly had been told about the situation by a Jesuit when he was 15, but kept it secret. He arranged for the John and Aileen O'Reilly Library at Dublin City University to be named after his parents, and O'Reilly Hall at University College Dublin to be named for his father, who had studied there. O'Reilly, named "Tony" after his mother's favourite brother, grew up on Griffith Avenue, a broad middle-class street in the Drumcondra/Glasnevin area of Dublin. He had prominent red hair. He holidayed with family, including an aunt in Balbriggan, cousins in Sligo and others in Drogheda. In 1951, the family moved to a bungalow in Santry. Education Educated at Belvedere College from the age of six, O'Reilly was known for sporting proficiency in football, cricket and tennis and rugby union. As a youth he played soccer for Home Farm. In cricket he was a member of the Junior Cup-winning team in 1950; in tennis, he was in a Leinster Schools Cup-winning team, and reached the under-15 national semi-finals. He was also noted for his acting skills (notably in Gilbert and Sullivan operettas such as Iolanthe, and Dunsany's A Night at an Inn). He was an altar boy, and a regular attender at chapel, and during his time there spent a summer in the Gaeltacht to improve his Irish language skills. He passed the Leaving Certificate at 17, and with four school mates, studied philosophy, still at Belvedere, for a year after this, while developing his rugby. He was a prefect for his last two years at the school, and a senior member of a key sodality. O'Reilly went on to study law simultaneously with University College, Dublin and the then Incorporated Law Society of Ireland, in practice with Gerry Quinn. He came fifth in Ireland in intermediate exams in 1956, and first and third in the country in final examinations in 1958, and was enrolled as a solicitor in November 1958. He never practised after training, but later became chairman of the major Dublin solicitors' firm now known as Matheson. O'Reilly earned a PhD in agricultural marketing from the University of Bradford, and in addition holds at least one honorary doctorate. Rugby Union career Ireland Between 1955 and 1970 O'Reilly won 29 caps for Ireland. His Five Nations career of 15 years, 23 days is the longest in history, a record shared with fellow Ireland great Mike Gibson. He made his senior international debut, aged just 18, against France on 22 January 1955. He scored his four tries for Ireland against France on 28 January 1956; against Scotland on 25 February 1956; against Wales in 1959; and against France in 1963. He made his final appearance for Ireland on 14 February 1970, after a six-year absence from the national team, against England. This final appearance was an 11th-hour replacement, denying Frank O'Driscoll—father of Brian, Ireland's most-capped player—what would prove to be his only chance at a Test cap. British Lions O'Reilly toured twice with the British Lions, on their 1955 tour to South Africa and their 1959 tour to Australia and New Zealand. He made his debut for the Lions on 26 June 1955, scoring two tries against a Northern Universities XV. He played 15 games during the 1955 tour, scoring 16 tries. This included hat-tricks against a North Eastern Districts XV on 20 July and Transvaal on 23 July. He also played in all four Tests against South Africa, making his Test debut on the right wing before a crowd of 95,000 at Ellis Park on 6 August. He scored a try in the Lions 23–22 victory. He scored another try in the fourth Test on 24 September. On the 1959 tour he played a further 23 games and scored 22 tries. This included a hat-trick against King Country/Counties on 19 August. He played in all six tests, two against Australia and four against New Zealand. He scored tries in the two test wins against Australia and in the first and fourth tests against New Zealand. His total of 38 tries for the Lions on two tours remains a record. Barbarians Between 1955 and 1963 O'Reilly also made 30 appearances and scored 38 tries for the Barbarians. He made his debut on 9 April 1955 in a 6–3 win against Cardiff, and his final appearance against Swansea on 15 April 1963. On the Barbarians' 1958 tour of South Africa, O'Reilly scored 12 tries, seven of them in the game against East Africa. He remains the Barbarians record holder for both appearances and tries. Later rugby involvement O'Reilly was a member of the IRFU Commercial Committee. He was in the first class of inductees into the International Rugby Hall of Fame in 1997, and was inducted into the IRB Hall of Fame in 2009. Business career O'Reilly went from college to work as a management consultant for Weston-Evans in Ashby-de-la-Zouch, Leicestershire, he earned £200 annually, which was a very good salary by the then Irish standards. While there, he continued his rugby career, with Leicester. His work included cost accounting and time-and-motion studies, in industries ranging from shoe-making to pottery. He then moved to Sutton's of Cork, selling agricultural products, coal and oil. Irish Semi-State sector He joined An Bord Bainne, the Irish Dairy Board, in 1962, as General Manager, and developed the successful Kerrygold "umbrella brand" for Irish export butter. In 1966 he became Managing Director of the Irish Sugar Company. He soon developed a joint venture for freeze-drying food with the H. J. Heinz Co. In February 1963, O'Reilly was involved in an accident between Urlingford and Johnstown, when his car struck a cyclist, who was injured. Locals testified that the injured man was careless, and he had no lights or reflector, and had been on the wrong side of the road. O'Reilly was convicted of driving with undue care, and fined 4 pounds, and since then he has rarely driven, especially at night. Heinz In 1969, after discussion with the Taoiseach Jack Lynch, who offered him a post such as Minister for Agriculture if he would stay, O'Reilly joined Heinz. There he made his name in international business, becoming MD of the Heinz subsidiary in the UK, its largest non-US holding and the source of half of the group profit. He moved to the company HQ in Pittsburgh in 1971 when he was promoted to Senior Vice President for the North America and Pacific region. In 1973, R. Burt Gookin and Jack Heinz made him COO and President. He became CEO in 1979 when Mr. Gookin then Vice Chairman and Chief Executive Officer retired. O'Reilly earned his Ph.D. in 1980, with a thesis on agricultural incomes and marketing in Ireland. Though he was proud of his work with Bord Bainne, Irish Sugar and the Erin – Heinz JV, he concluded that Irish farmers were benefiting much more from price-boosting subsidies than from commercial development. He became Chairman of Heinz in 1987, succeeding HJ Heinz II, and becoming the first non-Heinz family member to hold that post. His guidance was seen as having helped transform the company into a major international competitor, its value increasing twelvefold (from $908 million to $11 billion). O'Reilly left Heinz in 1998 after several years during which analysts questioned the company's performance, and after challenges from corporate governance groups and major pension funds including CalPERS and Business Week magazine; he was succeeded by his deputy, William R. Johnson. Other business interests During his time at Heinz, O'Reilly held roles as a major shareholder and chairman of several companies, including Waterford Wedgwood (1995–2009) and Independent News & Media, and of a major partnership of solicitors, Matheson, in Dublin. Provision for him to do this was written into his contract before he went to the United States. After he left Heinz, he focused on three of these: Independent News & Media; Waterford Wedgwood; and Fitzwilton; and later, for a brief time, eircom. He was the main shareholder in Arcon, the Irish base-metal mining company that developed the Galmoy lead-zinc deposit, the company being co-founded with Richard Conroy, and later sold to Lundin Mining in 2005. He also retained a 40% stake in Providence Resources Plc, the Irish-based oil and gas exploration and development company. Independent News & Media O'Reilly bought into Independent News & Media (INM), a Dublin-based print media company, in 1973, and having held over 28%, with leverage over more than 29.5% with family and other connected parties, had his shareholding diluted sharply since 2009. He pushed the company to expand into other national markets and to increase its reach in Ireland. In the 1990s INM bought into South Africa (from 1994), Australia (from 1988) and New Zealand (from 1995), acquiring 38 newspaper titles, over 70 radio stations, cable and telecoms interests at a cost of around €1.3 billion. In the United Kingdom, INM took control of the national broadsheet The Independent in 1995, edging out MGN and Prisa. The company has over 200 national and regional newspaper and magazine titles in total, revenues of €1.7 billion and profits of €110.7 million. The group has assets of around €4.7 billion and debts in the region of €1.3 billion. On Friday 13 March 2009, it was announced that on O'Reilly's 73rd birthday, 7 May, he would resign as both CEO and a member of the Board of INM, to be succeeded by his son, Gavin. Further, the often-criticised large size of the board would be reduced from 17 to 10, and would include three nominees of Denis O'Brien. These announcements were actioned, and O'Reilly became President Emeritus of the group. The markets reacted positively to the news, especially to the explicit truce between the O'Reilly and O'Brien shareholder blocs, with Denis O'Brien voicing public support for Gavin O'Reilly as CEO-designate. Interests beyond IN&M Among other investments, O'Reilly has or had until recently interests in: Fitzwilton, an industrial holding and investment company established with friends (Ferguson and Leonard) in the early 1970s. Over the years, the Company has been involved in numerous business activities ranging from textiles, to house construction, to fertilser manufacturing, to bottling, to oil and gas investments, to supermarkets to light manufacturing. Taken private in the late 1990s in conjunction with his brother-in-law, the company is now involved in light manufacturing, property investments, financial services and architectural signage Waterford Wedgwood Plc, the majority of which was placed in administration on 5 January 2009, and of which he was chairman until that date Providence Resources Plc, an Irish-based oil and gas exploration and production company, in which he holds a stake of at least 40%. The company has interests in Ireland, the UK, the US and Nigeria Landis+Gyr, one of the world's largest smart metering companies, in which he held a 7% stake prior to its sale to Toshiba Lockwood and E-mat In conjunction with his brother in law, in 1996, he backed a management team that created Lockwood Financial Partners (and its sister company E-mat). Lockwood, based in Malvern Pennsylvania, specialised in providing independent financial investment advice services to brokers of high-net-worth individuals, and went on to become one of the largest independent advisory companies in the United States before being sold to Bank of New York in 2001. At the time, assets under management were estimated to be in excess of $11 billion. Eircom and Valentia He was part of the Valentia consortium that bought into Eircom, the former Irish state phone company, in November 2001, for €2.8 billion, beating a rival offer of €3 billion. In 2004 the company was partly refloated, and in 2005 sold at a profit to Babcock and Brown of Australia. Commentary O'Reilly drew salaries, share options and benefits from many companies, in addition to making capital gains on shareholdings. An article in The Village Magazine suggested that he earned €110 million since 2000 just from Independent News and Media. However, it is important to note that he and his families sustained the historic Waterford Glass operations at a huge loss for many years – they would certainly have closed much earlier without their funding. Sir Anthony O'Reilly was honoured with the Media Person of the Year Award at the 55th Cannes Lions International Advertising Festival in May 2008. Charitable works O'Reilly has sponsored and supported a wide range of charitable activities, and continues to do so. Many of these, such as the many-year support of a Professorship in Australian Studies at UCD, were arranged together with his first wife, and likewise today, he and his current wife will often jointly support an activity, such as sponsorship of a gallery at the National Science Historical Museum''' adjacent to Birr Castle. He has shown a particular interest in naming rights, where a contribution to a project, generally of 5% to 20%, allows a donor to add a name to the project, and has received at least one such "name" as a gift. Kilcullen O'Reilly has supported many local initiatives, from floral street displays and signage for local nature walks in Kilcullen to commissioning, with his wife, a piece of music for the launch of the Dun Ailinne Interpretative Park. A presentation in recognition of this was made mid-2009. O'Reilly is also the Patron of the Kilcullen GAA club. The O'Reilly Foundation The O'Reilly Foundation is a charity set up by O'Reilly with a Board of Trustees composed of family members, chaired by his wife, and a Scholarship Board headed by Professor Emeritus John Kelly of UCD, succeeding Ken Whitaker. With an office address at a family home in Dublin, and Amanda Hopkins as Executive Secretary, it contributes to various projects, with an emphasis on the education sector, primarily running an annual scholarship programme, awarding 2–3 advanced, usually multi-year, third-level scholarships, each for over €20,000 per annum. Both through the Foundation and before its inception, O'Reilly has contributed to a range of University projects in Ireland, with notable examples at Dublin City University, University College Dublin, Trinity College Dublin and Queen's University Belfast. O'Reilly also paid for the construction of the state-of-the-art 600 seat O'Reilly Theatre in Belvedere College, and has regularly funded projects in the college. The family also contributed to the construction of the O'Reilly Theatre in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and the 181 seat O'Reilly Theatre at Keble College, Oxford. Trinity College, Dublin O'Reilly has contributed towards the O'Reilly Institute, backed the development of Jewish Studies, and supported the Chair in Neuroscience. He was a Pro-Chancellor of the University of Dublin from 1994 until retiring on age grounds at the end of the 2010/2011 academic year, and was also a member of the board of the Trinity Foundation. University College Dublin O'Reilly supported his alma mater, UCD, by funding the O'Reilly Hall, named in honour of his parents. This building is a major focal point of the UCD campus and in addition to its use for exams, the hall is now a leading venue for large events in Dublin. Dublin City UniversityThe John and Aileen O`Reilly Library at Dublin City University was named in honour of his parents, as the O`Reilly Foundation contributed a substantial sum to the library's capital costs in 2000. Queen's University Belfast The new library currently under construction at Queen's University of Belfast was to be named the Sir Anthony O'Reilly Library, in recognition of support for the University, including a pledge of £4 million (of a £44 Million cost for the library), £2 Million from his personal charity, The O'Reilly Foundation and £2 Million from Independent News and Media / The Belfast Telegraph and the Ireland Funds. The new library will now be known as either "The New Library" or "The Library at Queen's" after a request by O'Reilly in April 2009. The Ireland Funds The American Ireland Fund, now the central entity in The Ireland Funds, was established in Boston by O'Reilly and his friend, Pittsburgh businessman Dan Rooney, in 1976, and for many years this and later similar initiatives in other countries, took up a considerable amount of his time. The funds, now a network with more than ten national entities, have raised over $450 million to date. O'Reilly is the Chairman. Rooney became US Ambassador to Ireland in July 2009. Personal life Family O'Reilly was first engaged in 1958, to Dorothy Collins, whom he'd met in 1954, with the marriage planned for 1959. O'Reilly met his first wife, Australian secretary and pianist Susan M. Cameron, the daughter of a wealthy Australian mining figure in whose name he endowed a professorship at UCD for at least a decade, in 1959 in Australia, after she was suggested as a social contact when he was touring for rugby. After courting her when she moved to London, they married in 1962. He had six children by her, born 1963–66: Susan Wildman, Anthony Cameron O'Reilly (generally "Cameron"), Justine O'Reilly, Gavin O'Reilly, Caroline Dempsey, and St John Anthony ("Tony Junior"); the last three are triplets. All three boys are involved in family business interests, while the daughters are not known to be, the eldest being a qualified pilot, the second a lawyer and the third a full-time mother. The eldest daughter took a bachelor's degree at Yale, and a Master's in History at Oxford. All the O'Reilly children married and O'Reilly has 19 grandchildren. Youngest daughter Caroline was married at the restored Church of St. Mary at Castlemartin Estate on 1 June 1991, while eldest child Susan O'Reilly married investment banker Tarik C. Wildman (1959–) on 14 August 1993 before an Episcopal dean at the same church. Gavin O'Reilly married Alison Doody there some years later. The O'Reillys separated in the late 1980s, and Susan O'Reilly settled in London, in a house bought by O'Reilly. Susan O'Reilly died in 2014. Shortly after, O'Reilly married Chryss Goulandris, a Greek shipping heiress, who breeds and races thoroughbred horses as "Skymarc Farms" and under other names, and who owns stud farms in Normandy and other locations. Chryss is well known on the racecourses of Ireland, Britain and France as Lady O'Reilly and is very knowledgeable on all aspects of the equine industry. They first met in New York, when Chryss accompanied her brother to a business meeting. The wedding took place in the Bahamas on 4 September 1991. Chryss made a naming gift in her husband's honour in 1999 with the O'Reilly Theater in Pittsburgh, and he bought her a famous Jackie Onassis diamond ring for over $US2 million. The second Mrs O'Reilly's brother has been a close business ally of O'Reilly for many years since around the time of the marriage. Residences A number of homes are associated with O'Reilly, including his former main residence, Lissadell Tamura, with a beach in the private gated community Lyford Cay near Nassau in the Bahamas. For many years his principal residence and later a major base, was Castlemartin, a "big house" dating in current form from the 18th century, at Kilcullen, County Kildare (which has associated stud farm and cattle breeding premises on the large estate lands). O'Reilly purchased Castlemartin in 1972 from the Earl of Gowrie, and spent millions on improvements to the house and on restoration of the 15th century Church of St Mary in the grounds. On 15 February 2008 permission was granted for developments of two ancillary houses on a remote part of the estate, adjoining Kilcullen (Bridge) village's main street, incorporating residential, restaurant and retail space. In October 2007, O'Reilly paid a record €125,000 per acre for Hollyhill Stud in Carnalway near Brannockstown, under 3 kilometres from Kilcullen. The stud farm on the banks of the Liffey, with a 10-room house and a cottage, was thought to have been intended for one of his daughters. In late 1995, he and his wife purchased a former solicitor's office, a four-storey Georgian house at 2 Fitzwilliam Square, Dublin, with a courtyard and coachhouse with separate entrance. The 1 million Irish pound house, formerly owned by railway pioneer William Dargan, was a base when travel to Castlemartin was not feasible, and a place for meetings and his private office. O'Reilly also has a holiday compound, Shorecliffe, comprising several houses, garden areas and two swimming pools, by the sea in Glandore, County Cork. The O'Reillys also owned a chateau "built on the ruins of the castle where William the Conqueror plotted his 1066 invasion of England" at Deauville in France. For many years a key O'Reilly residence was a 34-room mock Tudor house of at Fox Chapel, Pittsburgh, with of grounds. This property, his second home in that area, with eight bedrooms and bathrooms, an "Irish bar" in the basement, tennis courts, Japanese and English themed gardens and swimming and tennis facilities, was sold for around $US2.4 million in 2000 The residential complex in Glandore, the house on Fitzwilliam Square and the Castlemartin Estate have all since been auctioned off at sales forced by O'Reilly's creditors. O'Reilly now lives in Chateau des Ducs de Normandie in Bonneville-sur-Touques in France. Sporting interests O'Reilly's sons have noted that he is still a keen player of tennis. For a period in the 1990s O'Reilly chaired a committee set up by the then Lord Mayor of Dublin, Gay Mitchell, aiming to bring the Olympic Games to Dublin in 2004. Art collection The O'Reillys have been significant art collectors for many years, with the biggest known acquisition being Monet's Le Portail (Soleil), bought in 2000, at Sotheby's of London, for $US24 million, and others including works by William Orpen and Jack Yeats, and bronzes and statues. In June 2008 it was reported that O'Reilly had commissioned a bound catalogue of his art collection, 15 cm thick, at a cost of €125,000 for 500 copies, edited by Suzanne Macdougald and with notes by, among others, Bruce Arnold. Copies were said to have been given to the President of Ireland and the Queen of the United Kingdom. Other key figures Friends O'Reilly is an enthusiastic networker, and from early developed a wide range of acquaintances and friends. Among the closest were Kevin McGoran and Jim McCarthy. He made contacts at high levels, which sometimes included becoming friendly with controversial figures such as Henry Kissinger and the late Robert Mugabe. He hosted the late Nelson Mandela more than once, and knows a range of Irish and American politicians. Staff For over 47 years, from his time at Suttons of Cork, O'Reilly had a strong executive secretary, Olive Deasy (1932–2007), who managed aspects of his work and personal lives, living with his family for much of this time Also important was his driver, Arthur Whelan. O'Reilly's executive secretary in Dublin is Mandy Scott, while from 2000 to 2009, O'Reilly also had a personal nurse and assistant, Sabina Vidunas, who travelled with him. Awards and honours In 1978, O'Reilly was awarded an honorary Doctorate of Laws (LLD) by Trinity College Dublin. In 1988, he was appointed an Honorary Officer of the Order of Australia (AO) for services to Irish-Australian relationships. O'Reilly was knighted, as a Knight Bachelor, by Queen Elizabeth II in the 2001 New Year's Honours, "for services to Northern Ireland" – including in recognition for his work as head of The Ireland Funds charity. O'Reilly, who describes himself as a constitutional nationalist, sought the approval of the Irish Government in relation to the award, because it is a requirement of the Constitution of Ireland that "No title of nobility or of honour may be accepted by any citizen except with the prior approval of the Government". As O'Reilly is also a British subject, in part due to his pre-1949 Irish birth, he holds a substantive and not just an honorary knighthood, and can validly style himself Sir, as he has done; see British honours system. Wealth and bankruptcy In May 2014 the Sunday Times reported that O'Reilly and his wife had a net worth of around US$545 million, down sharply from March 2012, when the Sunday Independent reported that O'Reilly had a net worth of €1 billion, excluding his wife's estimated €300 million from her shipping family inheritances. O'Reilly became locked in a legal case with a State-controlled bank, AIB (Allied Irish Bank), in relation to his multimillion-euro debts, with AIB seeking a summary judgment against him at the High Court. The commercial court in Dublin refused a six-month stay or delay in a judgement against O'Reilly. In June 2014, the court entered a judgement of nearly 46 million euro against him. Judge Peter Kelly said he believed there was force in the argument that O'Reilly and his investment companies were insolvent. During the hearing, lawyers for O'Reilly admitted that he also owed large amounts to other banks and financial institutions. This meant O'Reilly would have to sell properties in Ireland to meet his debts to AIB bank. In the wake of AIB's €22.6 million judgment debt against him, O'Reilly filed for bankruptcy in March 2016. His lawyers disclosed that he had liabilities of more than €170 million and realisable assets of only €23 million. ACC Bank was owed the most, holding a debt of almost €47 million; it was followed by the UK’s Lloyds Bank International with €45.6 million and US distressed debt fund Lone Star Funds with €44 million. Among the Irish banks, AIB was then owed €15.5 million (having reduced its debt by collecting most of the €7.4 million sale proceeds of O’Reilly’s County Kildare home, Castlemartin); Bank of Ireland was at the time owed €2.1 million and Ulster Bank €1.2 million, while he owed €7.2 million to Bahamian lender EFG Bank & Trust and €5.7 million to BNY Mellon (Bank of New York Mellon). O'Reilly's former long-time nurse and assistant of 13 years, Sabina Vidunas, filed a lawsuit against O'Reilly in Pennsylvania in 2013, claiming that he owed her $40 million stock in a deal that he reneged on. O'Reilly's lawyers argued that his Bahamas bankruptcy applied also in America and thus negated her claim, however the US Bankruptcy Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania declared that O'Reilly cannot claim that his Bahamas bankruptcy automatically applies in the United States, because by then his "center of main interests" did not lie in the Bahamas" but in France, where he had settled since the case began. Because no evidence was presented of "any operations or nontransitory economic activity in the Bahamas", the Bahamian bankruptcy would probably not be recognised for a lesser, "non-main center", argument either. Vidunas's lawsuit was still ongoing as of 2020. Biography An authorised biography, The Player: The Life of Tony O'Reilly, was produced by Ivan Fallon, a journalist and biographer in the early 1990s, now a senior executive at one of O'Reilly's companies, and is the only study of any length. O'Reilly facilitated the project, and the author was given access to family members, including past and current wives, and to staff and business colleagues. Fallon insisted in the foreword that he had complete discretion on what to include and how to tell it, excluding only some private family matters. While giving great detail on some business matters, the book says almost nothing about O'Reilly's children and little of his second wife. It gives considerable detail on business matters, and does question some of O'Reilly's assertions, notably about his Irish business interests. It also gives much detail on O'Reilly's parents' situations and especially his father's family, detail which the author notes even O'Reilly did not have until the book gathered it, and includes some fine detail about his residences. In 2015, another biography of O'Reilly was published by Gill and Macmillan. Written by Matt Cooper, and titled "The Maximalist: The Rise and Fall of Tony O'Reilly", the book is said to offer an "overview of a man described by the publishers as "one of Ireland's most remarkable public figures"". See also List of billionaires Notes and references Cited sources Fallon, Ivan (1994) The Player: The Life of Tony O'Reilly''. Coronet. External links The O`Reilly Foundation Sir Anthony O'Reilly speech at The Ireland Funds Gala Evening 2007 (video) 1936 births 20th-century Irish people 21st-century Irish people Living people Tony Businesspeople from County Dublin Irish billionaires Irish knights Kilcullen O'Reilly Foundation Ireland Funds Irish rugby union players Ireland international rugby union players Alumni of the University of Bradford Alumni of University College Dublin Waterford Wedgwood British businesspeople British billionaires British expatriates in the Bahamas Leinster Rugby players Old Belvedere R.F.C. players Barbarian F.C. players Irish mass media owners Irish newspaper publishers (people) British & Irish Lions rugby union players from Ireland Leicester Tigers players London Irish players Republic of Ireland association footballers Home Farm F.C. players World Rugby Hall of Fame inductees Goulandris family Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire Knights Bachelor Honorary Officers of the Order of Australia Irish philanthropists Irish patrons of music Irish patrons of literature Irish Independent people Sunday Independent (Ireland) people Sunday Tribune people People educated at Belvedere College Heinz people Rugby players and officials awarded knighthoods Association footballers not categorized by position Rugby union players from County Dublin Association footballers from County Dublin	[ -0.16179266571998596, -0.018770629540085793, -0.4809974730014801, -0.5989348292350769, 0.35102972388267517, 0.884827733039856, -0.10494817048311234, 0.12940442562103271, -0.3406814634799957, 0.49231377243995667, -0.3356083333492279, 0.7505656480789185, -0.591851532459259, 0.08722672611474991, 0.5902175903320312, -0.06849232316017151, 0.051816560328006744, 0.048126064240932465, -0.3106957972049713, 0.08236867189407349, -0.2612488567829132, -0.059468451887369156, 0.08033064752817154, 0.41242745518684387, -0.21936817467212677, 0.25560471415519714, -0.06757542490959167, 0.028118642047047615, -0.40673917531967163, -0.0044961171224713326, 0.3047315776348114, 0.44865068793296814, -0.026039110496640205, -0.22177167236804962, -0.2290811687707901, -0.09740577638149261, 0.5332215428352356, -0.42245644330978394, -0.43899115920066833, 0.7783331274986267, -0.14070023596286774, 0.28076913952827454, -0.1894408017396927, 0.5304587483406067, 0.07577043771743774, -0.061789024621248245, -1.3567519187927246, -0.05666331201791763, -0.7767729163169861, 0.22059544920921326, 0.11325885355472565, 0.05578413978219032, -0.0811600387096405, 0.04651005193591118, 0.34538930654525757, 0.2721240222454071, -0.34177228808403015, -0.19079242646694183, 0.17993943393230438, -0.7772316336631775, -0.37362754344940186, 0.37372714281082153, 1.0110586881637573, -0.3675279915332794, 0.512382984161377, 0.04201857000589371, 0.44541630148887634, 0.7633781433105469, -0.10155077278614044, 0.12481009215116501, 0.12074747681617737, 0.20009320974349976, 0.18717652559280396, -0.17747870087623596, 0.5283219218254089, -0.6302584409713745, -0.16359968483448029, 0.39646613597869873, 0.087832510471344, 0.2462751865386963, 0.2724292576313019, -0.09381189942359924, 0.2831571102142334, 1.0802372694015503, 0.760101318359375, -0.005993862636387348, -0.3231338858604431, 0.44569724798202515, -0.179517462849617, -0.10072900354862213, -0.720212996006012, 0.24560514092445374, -0.10200968384742737, -0.1700550764799118, -0.1345272660255432, -0.05937575921416283, -0.13516570627689362, 0.00478501059114933, 0.4673297703266144, -0.30700919032096863, -0.2116750031709671, -0.5497808456420898, 0.3491840064525604, -0.5555242300033569, -0.1964116245508194, -0.22405366599559784, -0.39699041843414307, -0.36053553223609924, 0.3814847469329834, 0.46625539660453796, -0.8930923342704773, 0.08271624892950058, 0.3744015693664551, -0.015127073973417282, 0.6190045475959778, 0.02645013853907585, -0.35799360275268555, -0.8296402096748352, -0.9866054058074951, 0.14409781992435455, 0.2130998969078064, 0.2521921396255493, -0.8294693827629089, 0.986169159412384, -0.9330510497093201, -0.1803348809480667, 0.5350924730300903, 0.22731070220470428, 0.2137010544538498, 0.5741285085678101, 0.34635862708091736, 0.811867892742157, -1.2680288553237915, -0.13053634762763977, -0.6318477392196655, 0.5406854152679443, 0.3107520043849945, -0.08781405538320541, -0.0699683204293251, -0.16108132898807526, -0.7300405502319336, -0.05318782106041908, 0.16359657049179077, -0.4013687074184418, 0.3100005090236664, 0.09737952053546906, -0.40044957399368286, -0.02182254008948803, 0.10822410881519318, -0.3176393210887909, 0.42753422260284424, -0.014085662551224232, 0.6725935339927673, -0.05276753380894661, -0.21100491285324097, 1.096946120262146, 0.827489972114563, 0.35023146867752075, -0.3688333332538605, 0.09949267655611038, 0.19930940866470337, -0.5989468693733215, -0.11149071902036667, 0.2223842740058899, 0.39750903844833374, 1.0098402500152588, 0.05657554417848587, -0.25200605392456055, -0.09444355964660645, -0.23353004455566406, -0.12443151324987411, -0.17279072105884552, 0.4560636878013611, -0.4337430000305176, -0.2759997248649597, 0.21079690754413605, 0.2535932660102844, 0.2891624867916107, 0.5478180646896362, -0.74107825756073, -0.5189375281333923, -0.8043614029884338, 0.4455198049545288, -0.036292895674705505, 0.4663166403770447, -0.25835660099983215, 0.6106327176094055, -0.5811223983764648, 0.6608313322067261, -0.038278862833976746, 0.017504489049315453, -0.3648301362991333, -0.40270888805389404, -1.0411218404769897, 0.5990792512893677, 0.03807511925697327, -0.18901416659355164, 0.3961077630519867, 0.24418306350708008, 1.3557205200195312, 0.024843279272317886, 0.4090902805328369, 0.31577354669570923, -0.2822955548763275, -0.14884398877620697, 0.49420109391212463, 0.9780926704406738, 0.17693059146404266, 0.4520728290081024, 1.2639657258987427, 0.47879481315612793, -0.4691275358200073, -0.09694286435842514, 0.19462832808494568, -0.5123403072357178, -0.5959421396255493, -0.21586287021636963, -0.547965407371521, 0.2191661149263382, -0.4062942564487457, 0.37060534954071045, 0.6153771281242371, 0.21950659155845642, 0.9682624936103821, -0.15164856612682343, 1.0053387880325317, 0.3887423276901245, -0.23744939267635345, -0.08508449792861938, -0.9916562438011169, 0.09069162607192993, -0.0018744132248684764, 0.05310618504881859, -0.38605615496635437, 0.13629205524921417, -0.0378711111843586, 0.42737311124801636, -0.07212257385253906, -0.42345985770225525, -0.19363974034786224, -0.020871326327323914, 0.9541201591491699, -0.7161476612091064, 0.18988406658172607, -0.18628297746181488, 0.04059913381934166, -0.17342941462993622, 0.24965940415859222, -0.1732526570558548, 0.03408360481262207, 0.4743107557296753, 0.21534991264343262, 0.9390986561775208, 0.19694958627223969, -0.16557447612285614, -0.24257272481918335, -0.05365878716111183, 0.3476004898548126, 0.24101237952709198, 0.2005237489938736, 0.2931939363479614, -0.17233358323574066, 0.45720556378364563, 0.2771829068660736, -0.5051831007003784, -0.48890209197998047, 0.4807189702987671, -0.4299858510494232, -0.23794588446617126, 0.09572338312864304, 0.22738654911518097, -0.5165805816650391, -0.1542281210422516, -0.02829388715326786, -0.25111788511276245, 0.4988621175289154, -0.17515701055526733, 0.2509891092777252, -0.6367608308792114, -0.370579332113266, 0.38884544372558594, 0.9686028957366943, -0.23768578469753265, -0.0892345979809761, -0.182735875248909, 0.39433008432388306, -0.5580360293388367, -0.5213311910629272, -0.25388315320014954, -0.321355402469635, -0.022151930257678032, -0.0162813663482666, -0.7855815887451172, 0.30870988965034485, -0.28879502415657043, -0.2890930771827698, 0.030494708567857742, -0.12975354492664337, 0.17019502818584442, -0.4656069576740265, -0.2891771197319031, 0.05695001035928726, 0.030197275802493095, 0.35716503858566284, 0.3644464612007141, 0.1886553168296814, -0.357757568359375, -0.5264430642127991, -5.288919925689697, -0.13572447001934052, 0.44865724444389343, -0.2306571900844574, 0.8347430229187012, -0.10019984096288681, 0.47653838992118835, -0.5198416709899902, 0.2993161082267761, -0.2579037547111511, -0.029696494340896606, 0.09721903502941132, -0.13557276129722595, 0.5189733505249023, 1.0987248420715332, 0.2878928482532501, 0.8807181715965271, -0.13633416593074799, 0.3111586570739746, -0.14681896567344666, 0.01322515495121479, -0.24920694530010223, -0.3296622037887573, 0.30582231283187866, -0.2304678112268448, 0.684228241443634, -0.6061328649520874, -0.09301867336034775, -0.9161584377288818, -0.3569791316986084, -0.33153948187828064, -0.15764844417572021, -0.3600638508796692, -0.32416999340057373, -0.33833542466163635, -0.5046654939651489, 0.829639732837677, 0.015445505268871784, -0.02560737542808056, -0.6146500110626221, 0.46570420265197754, -0.0898929312825203, 0.0458088219165802, -0.4013627767562866, 0.1368386596441269, -0.5144025087356567, -0.7342950105667114, 0.3252732455730438, -0.22770139575004578, 0.5410686731338501, 0.27476367354393005, 1.0053704977035522, 0.28010573983192444, 0.311703085899353, -0.10262084752321243, -0.007324173115193844, 0.7325881123542786, -0.4485577642917633, -0.7864668965339661, 0.773276686668396, 0.1646789014339447, -0.9963609576225281, -0.22538787126541138, 0.20550240576267242, -0.30238914489746094, 0.05523265153169632, 0.1994146704673767, 0.15639489889144897, -0.042508676648139954, -1.1952821016311646, -0.5919654369354248, 0.2309269905090332, 0.5717115998268127, -1.3514982461929321, 0.08752385526895523, -0.20803813636302948, -0.07167775928974152, 0.2908438742160797, -0.015377441421151161, -0.6066648960113525, -0.04870118945837021, -0.4316169023513794, -0.4585278332233429, 0.6304655075073242, 0.28978779911994934, 0.3320828080177307, -0.5215829610824585, 0.13398988544940948, -0.14006730914115906, -0.6257147789001465, -0.02938234992325306, -0.4313098192214966, 0.007118881214410067, 0.2179872989654541, 0.29801082611083984, 0.8316171169281006, -0.4404638409614563, 0.6044453978538513, 0.4138262867927551, 0.30904972553253174, -0.6882030963897705, -0.5496346354484558, -0.04419649392366409, -0.4375355541706085, -0.1859489381313324, -0.12087476998567581, -0.08019454777240753, 0.07733845710754395, 0.2188715934753418, 0.05364200845360756, -0.004457509145140648, -0.08246708661317825, -0.8662210702896118, 0.19815464317798615, -0.05164361372590065, 0.10714026540517807, -0.7772829532623291, 0.1784975379705429, 0.8383511304855347, 0.5529299378395081, -0.04320395365357399, -0.14252148568630219, -0.27486902475357056, 0.1816544383764267, -0.06419279426336288, -0.1636722981929779, 0.3638800382614136, -0.7372850179672241, 0.16232609748840332, -0.37248486280441284, -0.4214841425418854, 0.914711594581604, -0.015183456242084503, 0.4782091975212097, 0.0597100630402565, 0.11979686468839645, -0.6118621230125427, -0.0396927148103714, 0.3043559789657593, 0.05241815000772476, 0.16677802801132202, -0.4644639194011688, -0.13326813280582428, -0.23065349459648132, -0.06626629829406738, 0.4675581157207489, -0.05595220625400543, 0.44760140776634216, -0.05452387407422066, 0.6756707429885864, -0.29841184616088867, -0.6258424520492554, 0.32621753215789795, -1.166969895362854, -0.8217645883560181, -0.1550731509923935, -0.30887001752853394, 0.05913478881120682, -0.2039748579263687, -0.32759690284729004, 0.6914826035499573, -0.29729968309402466, -1.1397593021392822, -0.21089337766170502, 0.43720459938049316, 0.22814646363258362, -0.3666047751903534, -0.25445207953453064, -0.729147732257843, 0.6681893467903137, -0.28295671939849854, -0.27784207463264465, -0.5490046739578247, -0.18029887974262238, 0.02549961768090725, -0.5683278441429138, -0.2263258695602417, -0.5433540940284729, 0.04351372271776199, 0.40210089087486267, 0.46763989329338074, 0.2724376618862152, -0.20140375196933746, -0.013735379092395306, 0.7686158418655396, -0.825210690498352, -0.3212370276451111, -0.2582666277885437, -0.01224324107170105, 0.20015376806259155, -0.1820193976163864, 0.47149017453193665, 0.29436546564102173, 0.6037783622741699, -0.2530375123023987, -0.495021790266037, -0.27039939165115356, -0.06265437602996826, -0.16167357563972473, -0.3913295865058899, 0.3990362584590912, -0.06775209307670593, -0.059493936598300934, 0.08891420811414719, 0.12613357603549957, -0.5762914419174194, -0.5927639603614807, -0.26142585277557373, 0.5497456789016724, 0.5608222484588623, 0.12896710634231567, -0.18613263964653015, 0.2980746626853943, 0.7470226287841797, -0.5479137897491455, 0.3159913420677185, -0.07426359504461288, 0.4919232130050659, -0.4468817412853241, -0.24732550978660583, -0.23545782268047333, -0.7093629837036133, -0.47279104590415955, -0.11197192221879959, -0.21547603607177734, -0.07367796450853348, 0.61654132604599, -0.23547160625457764, 0.5291361212730408, -0.012304644100368023, -0.03830139338970184, -0.558587908744812, 0.3532020151615143, 0.578938901424408, 0.20400485396385193, 0.41277948021888733, 0.12840642035007477, 0.7226401567459106, -0.5285070538520813, 0.16960078477859497, 0.30847233533859253, 1.5687167644500732, 0.31424248218536377, -0.5129165053367615, -0.2414439618587494, -0.08314007520675659, 0.5966138243675232, -0.5389658808708191, 0.036146193742752075, -0.0011016164207831025, 0.0634252279996872, -0.11901433765888214, -0.5954395532608032, 0.3421989977359772, 0.49976325035095215, -0.7793766260147095, 0.1935845911502838, -0.220719113945961, 0.4066779911518097, -0.038152292370796204, -0.07433127611875534, -0.0035217138938605785, 0.11587922275066376, 0.4512319564819336, 0.2123752385377884, 0.20431415736675262, -0.3436500132083893, -0.16030235588550568, 0.31822332739830017, -0.12847423553466797, -0.43299922347068787, -0.24076424539089203, 0.4714061915874481, 0.6561450958251953, -0.5734784007072449, 0.01076208520680666, 0.16301995515823364, -0.6945415139198303, 0.7631340622901917, -0.6923490166664124, -0.72002774477005, 0.09830014407634735, 0.3223136365413666, -0.4300123453140259, -0.655118465423584, -0.7953749895095825, 0.027130765840411186, 0.2669914662837982, -0.36514848470687866, -0.015038472600281239, -0.5780579447746277, -0.06892844289541245, -0.43783432245254517, 0.009161359630525112, 0.046228889375925064, -0.10741665959358215, -1.044677734375, -0.13363511860370636, -0.2771947979927063, -0.20084060728549957, -0.7092759013175964, 0.11417195200920105, 0.357950896024704, 0.0035436716862022877, -0.09800272434949875, 0.08174335211515427, -0.19330625236034393, -0.7031365036964417, -0.4182114601135254, -0.019588707014918327, 0.3952505588531494, -0.21443568170070648, 0.30753621459007263, -0.03341178596019745, -0.3732439875602722, 0.13093680143356323, 0.3168284296989441, -1.2818470001220703, -0.20734429359436035, -0.062057431787252426, -0.139964297413826, 0.22760243713855743, 0.25061848759651184, -0.2214733213186264, 0.6515569090843201, 0.5560755133628845, 0.12496450543403625, -0.02806871384382248, 0.6222503185272217, 0.4117746651172638, -0.2456870973110199, -0.028992561623454094, -0.5667932629585266, 0.4091011583805084, -0.3431032598018646, -0.8252673149108887, 0.20969803631305695, -0.240916445851326, 0.2658120393753052, 0.5056416988372803, 0.07192958891391754, 0.6280139088630676, -0.1258130818605423, 0.0038334347773343325, 0.06731836497783661, 0.1754426658153534, 0.11845675855875015, 0.11903420835733414, -0.2154601812362671, -0.24088653922080994, 0.3291432857513428, 0.08618089556694031, 0.32135728001594543, -0.6416352987289429, 0.11106200516223907, 0.1654835343360901, -0.04950300604104996, -0.79609215259552, -0.6666221618652344, 0.17420445382595062, 0.3163404166698456, -0.2664431929588318, 1.1856803894042969, 0.1627097725868225, 0.3040902614593506, -0.22955414652824402, -0.08309356123209, -0.38281920552253723, -0.22238442301750183, 0.6174952387809753, 0.32177528738975525, -0.17284563183784485, -0.28706109523773193, 0.39744657278060913, 0.5213009715080261, 0.4474012851715088, 0.8259292244911194, -0.20882628858089447, -0.2016526758670807, 0.2335924655199051, -0.5940530300140381, 0.02660658396780491, -0.2090148776769638, -0.03984500840306282, 0.23206709325313568, -0.2529335916042328, 0.3337610363960266, 0.49421602487564087, -0.29558444023132324, 0.13872897624969482, 0.026424752548336983, -0.4672321081161499, -0.13880577683448792, 1.0820854902267456, -0.43936607241630554, -0.2303900122642517, -0.40803655982017517, 0.5334828495979309, 1.2671374082565308, -0.21634936332702637, 0.06795457750558853, -0.02072787843644619, -0.39180657267570496, 0.1718607246875763, -0.182473823428154, 0.4702569544315338, 0.048359036445617676, 0.18149207532405853, -0.4012436866760254, 0.38068506121635437, 0.2806706726551056, 0.10055433213710785, -0.4152385890483856, -0.015000317245721817, -0.6892635822296143, -0.04941660910844803, 0.05255096033215523, -0.16156251728534698, 0.4075060188770294, -0.1672719120979309, 0.1751396209001541, -0.18148620426654816, 0.6563611030578613, -0.24492093920707703, -0.09849229454994202, 0.18744346499443054, -0.13956081867218018, 0.30149346590042114, -0.32680484652519226, 0.08420952409505844, -0.310702919960022, 0.16205288469791412, -0.3054029047489166, 0.02980462834239006, 0.02480943873524666, -0.2652822434902191, 0.5686684846878052, 0.41995397210121155, 0.11926686018705368, -0.27268311381340027, 0.4588477611541748, 0.9289941191673279, 0.26284801959991455, -0.36519256234169006, -0.006326946429908276, -0.2744288742542267, 0.5775607824325562, -0.8710325956344604, 0.5715619921684265, -0.21803422272205353, 0.31464794278144836, -0.7799729108810425, 0.7018895745277405, -1.0492914915084839, 0.27190887928009033, -0.32338473200798035, -0.22989264130592346, 0.2302377074956894, 0.012121950276196003, 0.2195417881011963 ]
202022	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network%2023	Network 23	Network 23 may refer to: Network 23 (record label), a defunct Czech record label Network 23 (company), a defunct British video game development company Network 23, a fictional television network on the TV series Max Headroom "Network 23", a song by Tangerine Dream from their album Exit	[ 0.3045491874217987, -0.4170868396759033, 0.1265152096748352, 0.6891269087791443, -0.03273715451359749, 0.16509833931922913, 0.23747533559799194, 0.1845104843378067, -0.3628486692905426, -0.14784373342990875, -0.22714261710643768, 0.2180633544921875, -0.2221495658159256, 0.13061271607875824, -0.16880246996879578, 0.03428716957569122, 0.16409289836883545, -0.15105192363262177, -0.5321086645126343, -0.5604106187820435, -0.23231127858161926, 0.19439402222633362, 0.16419707238674164, -0.12137094885110855, -0.19383768737316132, -0.12841278314590454, -0.2820799648761749, -0.11995004117488861, 0.029523063451051712, 0.30057406425476074, 0.08307331800460815, -0.18910524249076843, 0.4327038824558258, -0.16928280889987946, -0.29716089367866516, 0.08457028120756149, -0.41963595151901245, 0.00618924293667078, -0.42796191573143005, -0.6536568999290466, 0.16462302207946777, -0.5519377589225769, 0.1751716285943985, 0.24541668593883514, -0.27979186177253723, 0.35106876492500305, -1.0763068199157715, 0.25761663913726807, -0.5539737343788147, -0.0968838483095169, -0.28412380814552307, 0.7613171935081482, -0.05651271715760231, 0.4548150599002838, 0.04055609181523323, 0.004539698828011751, -0.02336215041577816, -0.08356938511133194, 0.0016621503746137023, -0.5474619269371033, 0.5059441328048706, -0.12479794770479202, -0.3130965530872345, 0.3230525851249695, -0.06518673151731491, -0.2951100766658783, 0.45329761505126953, 0.6796135306358337, -0.17293833196163177, -1.0144765377044678, -0.3088357746601105, 0.027523059397935867, -0.10071331262588501, -0.48384764790534973, 0.0042511881329119205, -0.2629736661911011, 0.27402985095977783, -0.26297643780708313, -0.09950995445251465, 0.37273406982421875, -0.4393053352832794, 0.6562924385070801, 0.9719676971435547, 0.09649698436260223, 0.21639952063560486, -0.289287269115448, 0.04251646250486374, 0.1958158016204834, -0.6901564598083496, -0.12139701098203659, -0.993424654006958, -0.4126174747943878, 0.6872656941413879, -0.2343304455280304, -0.1491224765777588, 0.12739290297031403, -0.5310204029083252, 0.36762839555740356, 0.4489903151988983, -0.09181499481201172, 0.3131099343299866, -0.5033998489379883, -0.4157804250717163, -0.5384306311607361, -0.7639876008033752, -0.3638671040534973, 0.18760457634925842, 0.02177424728870392, -0.22095556557178497, 0.19825837016105652, -0.29558974504470825, -0.12226761132478714, 0.18341073393821716, 0.2820962071418762, 0.3414401412010193, -0.4329269230365753, -0.6209564208984375, -0.7649345993995667, -0.3026757538318634, 0.2795372009277344, 0.04238015040755272, -0.03573742136359215, 0.3591614365577698, -0.06779073178768158, 0.10716713219881058, 0.37050876021385193, 0.1362522393465042, -0.011143706738948822, -0.5093836188316345, -0.003955800551921129, -0.10166294127702713, 0.7127851843833923, -0.166287362575531, 0.28216758370399475, -0.1014975756406784, 0.029856039211153984, 0.08418646454811096, -0.007289318833500147, -0.5001493692398071, 0.0015243205707520247, -0.7838931679725647, 0.21074917912483215, -0.8146067261695862, 0.009016952477395535, 0.2765730619430542, -0.2049509435892105, -0.01077044103294611, -0.023752059787511826, -0.22789804637432098, -0.3149728775024414, -0.32551223039627075, -0.21556977927684784, 0.2472616285085678, -0.3313157856464386, -0.188844695687294, 0.32037353515625, 0.2470349669456482, -0.05537000671029091, 0.2966506779193878, -0.0977131575345993, -0.025702785700559616, 0.4397653043270111, -0.43803298473358154, 0.38220274448394775, -0.09368808567523956, -0.17511536180973053, -0.23018862307071686, 0.15230566263198853, 0.239796444773674, 0.015605741180479527, 0.040402110666036606, -0.12187708169221878, -0.1521141529083252, 0.20707373321056366, -0.4175964295864105, -0.3090594410896301, 0.6061934232711792, 0.2549789249897003, 0.3384118974208832, -0.11014439165592194, -0.48522016406059265, 0.3316459059715271, 0.25521916151046753, -0.25546762347221375, -0.05793303996324539, 0.04736257344484329, 0.3097967207431793, 0.5313934683799744, -0.09583789110183716, -0.053203750401735306, -0.43055403232574463, -0.4552250802516937, 0.21646323800086975, -0.4314326345920563, 0.6052323579788208, -0.25167956948280334, -0.08636635541915894, 0.9098747968673706, -0.007353487424552441, 0.2471168339252472, 0.7222704291343689, 0.003123622154816985, 0.25364550948143005, -0.0507238395512104, 0.2199489325284958, 0.1962369978427887, 0.27114757895469666, -0.5934894680976868, -0.24855919182300568, 0.1221385970711708, -0.03789118304848671, -0.4955913722515106, 0.5858216285705566, -0.15441909432411194, 0.22548221051692963, -0.23732022941112518, -0.42333391308784485, -0.07859021425247192, 0.0015268218703567982, -0.5066549777984619, 0.7154366970062256, 0.059350479394197464, -0.15866729617118835, 0.10891817510128021, 0.018267855048179626, 0.8589197993278503, -0.3100685775279999, 0.13873553276062012, 0.4484142065048218, -0.17763249576091766, -0.21306787431240082, 0.5578056573867798, -0.10025559365749359, 0.06824669986963272, -0.008286833763122559, 0.34202662110328674, 0.5206181406974792, -0.17040058970451355, -0.34193146228790283, -0.48615533113479614, 0.15013782680034637, 0.2206389456987381, -0.15910811722278595, 0.046038027852773666, 0.28819170594215393, -0.1371915489435196, -0.19021430611610413, -0.11341341584920883, -0.053319744765758514, 0.19412732124328613, 0.14803695678710938, 0.21225453913211823, -0.10719305276870728, 0.27993956208229065, -0.6057572364807129, 0.4507817327976227, 0.20778857171535492, -0.06679268181324005, 0.35002627968788147, 0.30735018849372864, 0.08258165419101715, -0.11177593469619751, 0.2889787554740906, -0.0031377009581774473, 0.11303986608982086, -0.7863848805427551, -0.5257500410079956, -0.22127582132816315, 0.546069860458374, 0.30990517139434814, -0.05308189243078232, 0.3541873097419739, -0.5855392813682556, 0.22575263679027557, 0.01986834965646267, -0.3396686613559723, 0.04524074122309685, 0.24977098405361176, 0.11162443459033966, -0.6937440037727356, 0.06827032566070557, 0.0568692572414875, 0.6168261170387268, -0.48579224944114685, 0.18426573276519775, -0.026317758485674858, -0.4053364396095276, 0.057866692543029785, 0.08699007332324982, -0.6302194595336914, -0.1863413006067276, 0.22126270830631256, -0.0768807902932167, -0.13043226301670074, 0.3989347517490387, 0.39296478033065796, 0.33602848649024963, -0.05129688233137131, -0.09199346601963043, 0.3977998197078705, -0.3934330642223358, 0.17153336107730865, -0.24348442256450653, -0.18295834958553314, 0.2985314130783081, -0.21923226118087769, 0.24476222693920135, -0.30474627017974854, -6.196177005767822, 0.3857704699039459, -0.0377318449318409, -0.07534658163785934, 0.4951476752758026, -0.06571520864963531, 0.16820988059043884, 0.05707164108753204, 0.03356583043932915, -0.8144911527633667, -0.4555796682834625, 0.019634271040558815, -0.291217178106308, 0.24395674467086792, -0.15073052048683167, -0.17323601245880127, 0.2204088568687439, 0.07756620645523071, 0.47229018807411194, -0.11735838651657104, -0.1044783666729927, 0.02465246617794037, 0.4845912456512451, 0.35740628838539124, -0.09657377749681473, 0.5542506575584412, -0.5218942761421204, 0.07468882948160172, -0.47403496503829956, 0.26194483041763306, -0.12064991146326065, -0.42614930868148804, -0.583703339099884, 0.01683310978114605, 0.43720120191574097, 0.0030192758422344923, 0.4923346936702728, -0.1467924416065216, 0.7752994298934937, -0.4865834414958954, -0.23501990735530853, 0.5306820869445801, 0.04350777342915535, -0.16528521478176117, -0.00516235176473856, 0.4109841585159302, -0.43288958072662354, -0.07443703711032867, -0.19877052307128906, 0.8180396556854248, -0.3277914822101593, -0.013876564800739288, 0.19761832058429718, -0.3742527663707733, -0.2253619283437729, -0.08142473548650742, 0.1603546142578125, -0.06401927769184113, -0.23683422803878784, 0.5575525164604187, 0.275447279214859, -0.016709817573428154, 0.17937716841697693, -0.816358208656311, 0.15335577726364136, -0.10661517083644867, -0.2579239308834076, 0.10890745371580124, 0.5863651633262634, 0.04048413038253784, 0.3061785399913788, -0.31776198744773865, 0.6117879748344421, -0.8752069473266602, -0.3374004662036896, -0.214136004447937, -0.7435969114303589, 0.018153805285692215, -0.08635219186544418, 0.3825085163116455, -0.00192444515414536, 0.2927172780036926, -0.3832768499851227, 0.07825097441673279, -0.45871487259864807, -0.6567555665969849, -0.09315108507871628, 0.3546735942363739, -0.1495344340801239, 0.16532813012599945, 0.4914698600769043, -0.41022729873657227, 0.02401656284928322, 0.2717113494873047, 0.3124246895313263, 0.5109613537788391, 0.021445153281092644, 0.7390069961547852, 0.37600472569465637, -0.06635073572397232, -0.19119860231876373, -0.42411184310913086, 0.19076551496982574, -0.6451239585876465, 0.14674675464630127, -0.29576846957206726, -0.13915680348873138, -0.20470216870307922, 0.33636239171028137, -0.11440577358007431, -0.12623123824596405, -0.1045912653207779, -0.6095944046974182, -0.5409428477287292, 0.18447686731815338, -0.09085193276405334, -0.2592414319515228, 0.5455504059791565, 0.3754814863204956, -0.02675105258822441, 0.16085849702358246, 0.28003329038619995, -0.10848567634820938, -0.33431094884872437, -0.23690488934516907, 0.13389162719249725, -0.26613670587539673, -0.22287163138389587, 0.6128031015396118, 0.01872107945382595, -0.008960561826825142, 0.5445940494537354, 0.30464595556259155, 0.015298746526241302, 0.061750173568725586, -0.2408941239118576, -0.06608432531356812, -0.06296000629663467, -0.22243238985538483, -0.2959150969982147, 0.2404257208108902, -0.055917076766490936, 0.32057058811187744, 0.24687965214252472, 0.6007569432258606, 0.17319735884666443, -0.048874083906412125, -0.5625594854354858, 0.06751000136137009, -0.0001429335243301466, 0.5373461842536926, -0.4669524133205414, 0.7446165084838867, -0.21047186851501465, -0.06616473942995071, -0.012824148871004581, 0.10052190721035004, -0.26213157176971436, -0.20702877640724182, 0.1376599222421646, 0.37452003359794617, -0.3826744258403778, -0.5222073793411255, 0.3014173209667206, 0.28448736667633057, 0.052549686282873154, 0.2665136158466339, -0.5783178210258484, -0.013034787029027939, 0.30739784240722656, -0.049118950963020325, -0.044065263122320175, -0.11768784373998642, 0.15451210737228394, -0.10279461741447449, 0.6917101740837097, -0.18472188711166382, 0.2817296087741852, 0.5894600749015808, 0.7137323021888733, 0.14282408356666565, -0.1710595339536667, -0.22542041540145874, 0.1446208357810974, -0.0014560797717422247, -0.08284595608711243, -0.6082612872123718, 0.4290376603603363, -0.05737273395061493, 0.026219118386507034, -0.27206867933273315, 0.4361421763896942, 0.2688139081001282, 0.2839677333831787, 0.28558048605918884, -0.08343209326267242, -0.07255087047815323, 0.8368942141532898, 0.15533830225467682, -0.18008984625339508, -0.19311343133449554, 0.3121411204338074, -0.3375904858112335, 0.11225011944770813, 0.4662254750728607, -0.4962332844734192, 0.26645001769065857, -0.08715390413999557, -0.27148380875587463, -0.18503713607788086, -0.48120296001434326, -0.12360731512308121, -0.35225212574005127, -0.08569424599409103, 0.0944121778011322, -0.4727209806442261, 0.025588279590010643, -0.620743453502655, -0.3923701047897339, -0.007782447151839733, -0.06471053510904312, 0.37857627868652344, -0.5038769841194153, 0.21529759466648102, -0.2581610083580017, -0.10123423486948013, 0.5133635997772217, -0.12231870740652084, -0.479838490486145, 0.21568763256072998, 0.21903705596923828, 0.03265058249235153, 0.2764347791671753, 0.49658042192459106, -0.3568805456161499, -0.1838316172361374, 0.2408067137002945, 0.14086754620075226, 0.2566269636154175, 0.26088279485702515, 0.7968453764915466, 0.12597686052322388, -0.27162015438079834, -0.6911067366600037, 0.4986479580402374, 0.17515575885772705, 0.7750478386878967, -0.43134769797325134, 0.06478513032197952, 0.009254960343241692, 0.4891089200973511, -0.4650593400001526, -0.8677041530609131, -0.2744859755039215, 1.0992863178253174, -0.7658548355102539, -0.079555943608284, -0.14905928075313568, -0.038708463311195374, -0.18078945577144623, 0.1381923109292984, -0.115879587829113, -0.5162839889526367, 0.07725337892770767, 0.04086180031299591, 0.38711047172546387, -0.1669219732284546, 0.160105898976326, -0.4723665416240692, -0.34090352058410645, 0.3085904121398926, 0.21925987303256989, -0.12582704424858093, 0.6605616211891174, 0.5447415709495544, -0.024469774216413498, 0.20818226039409637, -0.5012882351875305, 0.11048239469528198, -0.22421886026859283, -0.24050560593605042, 0.017997603863477707, 0.055846452713012695, -0.5051016807556152, 0.2994421124458313, -0.6346011161804199, 0.03235748037695885, 0.08913839608430862, 0.2732704281806946, -0.017077239230275154, -0.26232266426086426, 0.12168049812316895, 0.08247989416122437, 0.07008422166109085, -0.5734164714813232, 0.10505720227956772, 0.08247371762990952, -0.11394278705120087, 0.49094703793525696, 0.15102100372314453, -0.2583509683609009, 0.05305247753858566, -0.10780366510152817, -0.13882441818714142, 0.0005757174803875387, 0.06666622310876846, 0.26996704936027527, -0.6993550062179565, 0.061522603034973145, 0.32691463828086853, 0.2231305092573166, -0.43931570649147034, 0.29382455348968506, 0.4072152078151703, -0.4975011348724365, 0.13175779581069946, 0.3146471083164215, -0.30574968457221985, -0.08721081167459488, 0.2474699765443802, 0.7326875925064087, 0.12183272838592529, 0.5350919365882874, 0.06234677881002426, 0.36226603388786316, 0.3066365718841553, -0.04035179316997528, -0.4516281485557556, 0.43764325976371765, 0.27434787154197693, 0.6565821170806885, -0.7208587527275085, -0.11927083879709244, 0.7253772020339966, -0.4148949682712555, -0.6125370860099792, -0.10758582502603531, 0.37601780891418457, 0.06616884469985962, 0.1578681915998459, 0.274424284696579, -0.016565563157200813, -0.4819377362728119, -0.43655693531036377, 0.12156815826892853, 0.20231594145298004, 0.09215941280126572, -0.1588745266199112, 0.31255054473876953, 0.009760224260389805, -0.21917690336704254, -0.0591294951736927, -0.4023562967777252, 0.0956350639462471, 0.44805729389190674, 0.04133906960487366, 0.7040053606033325, -0.1396438181400299, 0.2156631052494049, -0.2999616861343384, -0.2202320396900177, -0.08333642035722733, 0.584595799446106, -0.20790152251720428, -0.22003726661205292, 0.14614152908325195, 0.08208324015140533, 0.1755317896604538, 0.11468203365802765, -0.08388134837150574, -0.025718582794070244, 0.02494734898209572, -0.2096707671880722, -0.08680054545402527, -0.5031190514564514, 0.11214112490415573, 0.490714430809021, 0.5610552430152893, -0.33655455708503723, -0.07002396136522293, -0.21105775237083435, -0.15781521797180176, 0.12236499041318893, -0.20305132865905762, -0.03323834761977196, -0.16507907211780548, 0.029757728800177574, 0.03333539888262749, -0.33417052030563354, 0.16354362666606903, 0.15418632328510284, -0.5090872645378113, -0.04191267862915993, 0.11276144534349442, 0.10118472576141357, -0.08263439685106277, -0.22864359617233276, 0.7618655562400818, 0.28833848237991333, 0.4544403553009033, 0.1405947059392929, -0.0713629499077797, -0.2059946060180664, 0.28834256529808044, -0.26683810353279114, -0.04071423411369324, -0.5649231672286987, -0.2834879457950592, -0.3442719280719757, 0.8138335943222046, 0.6117516756057739, -0.04781690984964371, 0.05013314634561539, 0.25713834166526794, -0.07903579622507095, 0.6598629355430603, 0.9080090522766113, -0.0405091866850853, 0.03107726387679577, -0.3416900336742401, 0.1059342622756958, 0.31476977467536926, -0.08901293575763702, 0.4310925006866455, -0.31388649344444275, 0.37280920147895813, 0.2636887729167938, -0.28997716307640076, -0.5599591732025146, 0.5474373698234558, -0.04119832068681717, -0.4771122336387634, -0.4500998556613922, 0.11032231897115707, -1.2206323146820068, 0.0045953309163451195, 0.08515528589487076, 0.4398978054523468, 0.17216725647449493, -0.5300374031066895, 0.1806144267320633, 0.03870346024632454, 0.18062981963157654, -0.06911801546812057, -0.60135418176651, -0.4661182165145874, 0.7257910370826721, -0.09517642110586166, -1.1348447799682617, -0.008028820157051086, 0.20953278243541718, -0.20552602410316467, 0.7896646857261658, -0.18305471539497375, 0.24429096281528473, -0.05360347777605057, 0.5594041347503662, -0.21306034922599792, 0.11059775948524475, 0.28282269835472107 ]
202026	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ctenacodon	Ctenacodon	Ctenacodon is a genus of extinct mammal that lived in what is now North America during the Upper Jurassic period. It is a member of the family Allodontidae within the order Multituberculata. Ctenacodon, also known as Allodon (Marsh 1881), was named by Othniel Charles Marsh in 1879. At least three species are currently recognized. Present in stratigraphic zone 5. Remains possibly referrable to Ctenacodon have been recovered from stratigraphic zone 2. Species The species Ctenacodon laticeps was named by Marsh in 1881 and Simpson G.G. in 1927. It has also been known as Allodon laticeps (Marsh 1881). Remains were found in the Upper Jurassic strata of the Morrison Formation in Wyoming (United States). The holotype, collected by Reed W.H. in 1880, is in the Peabody Museum of Natural History at Yale University. The species Ctenacodon scindens was named by Simpson G.G. in 1928. Remains were found in Jurassic strata of the Morrison Formation of Wyoming. This species was originally assigned to C. serratus. The species Ctenacodon serratus, also named by Marsh in 1879, is also known from the Morrison Formation. References Simpson (1927), "Mesozoic Mammalia. VII. Taxonomy of Morrison multituberculates". Am. J. Sci. (5) xiv, p. 36-38. Kielan-Jaworowska Z. and Hurum J.H. (2001), "Phylogeny and Systematics of multituberculate mammals". Paleontology 44, p. 389-429. Marsh (1879), "Notice of new Jurassic mammals". Am. J. Sci., 3pp., xviii. Multituberculates Morrison mammals Prehistoric mammal genera Fossil taxa described in 1879	[ -0.6444522142410278, 0.09511271864175797, -0.7211669683456421, 0.09084049612283707, -0.22444216907024384, 0.7972757816314697, 0.6649590134620667, 0.8858342170715332, -0.2183222472667694, 0.03182130679488182, 0.6486028432846069, 0.847653329372406, -0.1297709345817566, 0.3173145055770874, -0.2173490673303604, 0.035701073706150055, 0.11310801655054092, 0.12056244909763336, 0.40479931235313416, -0.529471218585968, 0.11641160398721695, -1.2313263416290283, 0.6792259812355042, -0.24732492864131927, -0.27526575326919556, -0.014626417309045792, -0.03137519955635071, 0.6510633826255798, 0.7758779525756836, -0.18819670379161835, 0.13800016045570374, 0.07650473713874817, 0.013760070316493511, -0.7664356231689453, -0.6735211610794067, -0.05450325831770897, -0.7318528294563293, -0.20638561248779297, -0.43165576457977295, -0.7969757914543152, -0.15221527218818665, 0.15931186079978943, -0.21983516216278076, 1.2684006690979004, -0.8049721717834473, 0.2456030249595642, -1.3516894578933716, 0.25703710317611694, -0.9739082455635071, -0.13068673014640808, -0.47800618410110474, 0.5230416655540466, 0.07194505631923676, 0.10794486105442047, -0.3322451710700989, 0.597700834274292, -1.0733587741851807, -0.22042778134346008, -0.0011200096923857927, 0.08067098259925842, -0.4135056138038635, -0.20872977375984192, -0.2739168405532837, -0.5158795714378357, -0.04748174175620079, 0.5864753723144531, 0.5399182438850403, 0.4749155044555664, -0.06219284236431122, 0.7439662218093872, -0.5207424759864807, -0.14007717370986938, 0.13042064011096954, 0.7796400189399719, -0.43172362446784973, 0.38640275597572327, 0.04626379907131195, -0.40053170919418335, 1.507718563079834, -0.2537347972393036, 0.3023137152194977, 0.3481820821762085, 1.2665868997573853, -0.05028986185789108, -0.08475072681903839, 0.2005821019411087, -0.36945030093193054, 0.08740071207284927, -1.0026546716690063, 0.2762344181537628, -0.749235212802887, 0.21758709847927094, -0.011551305651664734, 1.1249432563781738, -0.6590673923492432, -0.4533372223377228, -0.3270469605922699, -0.20689022541046143, 0.18489901721477509, -0.18210290372371674, -0.13186056911945343, -0.09050820022821426, 0.16301517188549042, -0.45747455954551697, -0.34889596700668335, -0.44761139154434204, -0.4026336669921875, 0.12837480008602142, -0.5300924181938171, -0.3457384705543518, -1.0045970678329468, 0.28583866357803345, -0.17215178906917572, 0.14219754934310913, 0.19647373259067535, 1.1843903064727783, -0.011132572777569294, -0.6226082444190979, -0.2076694369316101, -0.8579273819923401, -0.241206556558609, 0.699984073638916, -0.4659739136695862, 0.1168985366821289, -0.7879499197006226, 0.5346186757087708, 0.5057699084281921, 0.11499346792697906, 0.2675185203552246, -0.03558017313480377, 0.2606801390647888, 1.1528669595718384, 0.16072672605514526, -0.0899093747138977, -0.1531236171722412, -0.08982029557228088, -0.1745021790266037, 0.23501044511795044, 0.19113394618034363, 0.5565796494483948, -0.2220289707183838, -0.505401074886322, -0.531735897064209, -0.39213377237319946, 0.41041794419288635, -0.5343615412712097, 0.6259990930557251, -0.010247980244457722, -0.8877148032188416, -0.3831799030303955, -0.018150947988033295, -0.3708352744579315, 0.03206368163228035, 0.10342556238174438, 0.23340433835983276, 0.411312073469162, -0.19251644611358643, -0.40310975909233093, 0.8109045624732971, -0.25948968529701233, 0.13425016403198242, -0.1996525228023529, -0.6151009202003479, 0.11730751395225525, 0.42369893193244934, -0.04651975631713867, 0.1385459005832672, -0.2421564906835556, -0.5901325941085815, 0.5972744226455688, -0.5550888180732727, 0.11689431220293045, 0.18879741430282593, -0.3859524726867676, 0.04867435619235039, -0.01385582983493805, -0.4624602496623993, 0.19907547533512115, 0.2705293893814087, -0.39163774251937866, -0.5945150852203369, 0.3242540657520294, 0.33005625009536743, -0.12394511699676514, -0.004398776683956385, 0.16540037095546722, 0.7362106442451477, 0.478527694940567, -0.2201637327671051, -0.7248196601867676, -0.8391600847244263, -0.09681300073862076, 0.37282615900039673, -0.021051732823252678, 1.7159721851348877, 0.028145654127001762, -0.5825650691986084, -0.27399590611457825, -0.07951192557811737, 0.6860288977622986, -0.22533749043941498, 0.0663241446018219, 0.03429426997900009, -0.30282822251319885, -0.041857216507196426, 0.03640364110469818, 0.19573496282100677, -0.07559473067522049, 0.9869439005851746, 0.800545871257782, 0.24594025313854218, -0.0027724539395421743, -0.2427118718624115, 0.6442684531211853, 0.14933213591575623, -0.16659723222255707, -0.30552753806114197, 0.506953775882721, 0.05018628388643265, -1.1476153135299683, 0.5197540521621704, -0.26426902413368225, 0.01803654432296753, -0.02357257530093193, -0.45895230770111084, 0.6700083017349243, 0.4473135769367218, -0.021374458447098732, -0.057295575737953186, -0.6938252449035645, 0.02272142842411995, 0.46940046548843384, 0.09276729822158813, -0.9497378468513489, 0.3170941174030304, -0.5273021459579468, -0.2675210237503052, -0.9948673844337463, 0.5467201471328735, -0.31959912180900574, -0.18478043377399445, -0.11512073874473572, -0.4671863615512848, 0.490528404712677, 0.33507469296455383, -0.8619077205657959, 0.4130955636501312, 0.38522183895111084, -0.9033453464508057, -0.11285518109798431, -0.5963563323020935, 1.0102972984313965, 0.6102187633514404, -0.14432257413864136, -0.01767515018582344, -0.056317608803510666, 0.600367546081543, -0.3736131489276886, -0.529075026512146, -0.34460410475730896, -0.23763777315616608, 1.0781463384628296, 0.22379006445407867, 0.10980399698019028, 0.07281980663537979, -0.7943053245544434, -0.1863468438386917, -0.27234652638435364, 0.4589020311832428, -0.2183133214712143, 0.5801454186439514, -0.8931893110275269, -0.4564284086227417, -0.03685704991221428, 0.37861937284469604, -0.041537970304489136, -0.3202742040157318, 0.037687234580516815, -0.14363153278827667, -0.46480464935302734, 0.12018298357725143, 1.2710107564926147, -0.11798550933599472, 0.15255656838417053, -0.42007601261138916, -0.8891265988349915, 0.6277353763580322, -0.43946540355682373, 0.14417560398578644, -0.6178385615348816, 0.857313871383667, -0.5704261064529419, -0.5193442702293396, 0.1726733148097992, -1.0129050016403198, 0.048646945506334305, 0.11509569734334946, 0.11562901735305786, -0.24136337637901306, -0.3002752661705017, -0.9870234131813049, 0.10005698353052139, -0.45426037907600403, 0.2514948844909668, 0.4469943642616272, -0.1467328816652298, 0.02490929514169693, 0.05866206809878349, -4.61176872253418, 0.5361205339431763, -0.08980140089988708, -0.5970898270606995, 0.21340754628181458, 1.0131028890609741, 0.36946025490760803, -0.3242451250553131, -0.5881500840187073, -0.054595038294792175, 0.24854524433612823, -0.1821446418762207, -0.4287926256656647, 0.3036889135837555, 0.0724053904414177, 0.5316848158836365, 0.49575430154800415, 0.08802451938390732, -0.5354638695716858, 0.28767889738082886, -0.070407435297966, -0.4893704354763031, 0.04659067466855049, -0.018757207319140434, 0.5777595639228821, 0.05668327584862709, -0.06573333591222763, -0.511570394039154, -0.17913641035556793, -0.07118254154920578, -0.2867789566516876, 0.12350111454725266, -0.022136012092232704, 0.22525782883167267, -0.26197054982185364, 0.156246155500412, 1.1965209245681763, 0.15192463994026184, 0.25101038813591003, -0.7361506819725037, -0.8993940949440002, 0.1365954577922821, -0.2606385350227356, 0.0015206856187433004, 0.9452481865882874, 0.22576028108596802, 0.044117677956819534, -0.3779875636100769, -0.17349866032600403, 0.8380842804908752, -0.12683023512363434, 0.006424352061003447, 0.167826846241951, 1.0625523328781128, 0.5235974192619324, -0.44208839535713196, 0.5598901510238647, 0.09383499622344971, 0.5310602784156799, 0.5674598217010498, 0.2721666693687439, -0.4121706783771515, -0.11796233057975769, -1.2800624370574951, 0.5541855692863464, -0.1602538675069809, -0.26597860455513, 0.17022287845611572, 0.00885175634175539, 0.38799333572387695, 0.04477154463529587, 0.8215227127075195, -0.8629817962646484, -0.6401486396789551, 0.3830508887767792, -0.025585820898413658, -0.10567235201597214, 0.005974552594125271, -0.47348257899284363, 0.25902214646339417, 0.3610303997993469, -0.6941192746162415, 0.30271393060684204, 0.7372515201568604, 0.39486265182495117, -0.5268925428390503, -0.2506765127182007, 0.22038522362709045, -0.27143776416778564, -0.6335962414741516, 0.4286686182022095, 0.0804349035024643, 0.1154419556260109, 0.6354858875274658, 0.2696208655834198, -0.0011025320272892714, 0.7608696818351746, 0.1921115666627884, 0.4469456672668457, -0.5514454245567322, 0.5890896916389465, -0.02395741268992424, 0.23327521979808807, 0.4816065728664398, -0.5868873596191406, -0.9701454043388367, -0.06434699147939682, 0.2252761870622635, 0.9460222125053406, -0.2673061192035675, 0.3207247853279114, -0.6637536883354187, -0.23684601485729218, -0.28346818685531616, 0.14238563179969788, -0.20006921887397766, -0.12993159890174866, -0.013298180885612965, 0.9085045456886292, -0.37023481726646423, 0.18511039018630981, 0.4241611063480377, -0.8370206952095032, 0.011057517491281033, -0.16025479137897491, -0.5241488218307495, -0.10149726271629333, 0.3011435270309448, -0.8947300910949707, -0.6898790597915649, -0.5252625942230225, 0.1223672553896904, -0.2699657678604126, 0.3693200647830963, -0.1929992139339447, -0.107899010181427, -0.5717563629150391, -0.3586045205593109, 0.2045716941356659, 0.3789970576763153, -0.24012833833694458, -0.5527775883674622, -0.24922724068164825, -0.0357561931014061, 0.21565520763397217, 0.3736720681190491, 0.4514700770378113, -0.38254958391189575, -0.7128620147705078, 0.9551470875740051, -0.15295258164405823, -0.3326627016067505, 0.27515318989753723, -0.0719963014125824, 0.4876202940940857, 0.042502932250499725, 0.7871783375740051, 0.21589672565460205, 0.027528731152415276, -0.5416321158409119, -0.16732938587665558, 0.03882414847612381, -0.23636801540851593, 0.5415297150611877, 0.7539347410202026, 0.1352204978466034, -0.7117900848388672, -1.2244826555252075, -0.3691408336162567, 0.04978681355714798, -0.15201213955879211, 0.02582787536084652, -0.08923681080341339, -0.09659154713153839, 0.5979580283164978, -0.461973637342453, -0.0936092957854271, 0.3428134024143219, -0.6212822198867798, -0.34716397523880005, 0.47774940729141235, 0.2143770307302475, 0.2505224049091339, -0.7523524761199951, 0.8817489743232727, -0.5179993510246277, -0.5248963832855225, -0.41413944959640503, -0.5229342579841614, -0.013966812752187252, 0.7422206997871399, 0.1221541166305542, -0.04336204007267952, 0.1397520750761032, -0.3443071246147156, 0.5237471461296082, 0.38839447498321533, 0.23654836416244507, 0.22907346487045288, -1.1937555074691772, 0.0047188811004161835, 0.9185116291046143, 0.0674920529127121, 0.5635675191879272, 0.5678094029426575, -0.21810922026634216, 0.5521053075790405, 0.3294227123260498, -0.5927103757858276, 0.7566565275192261, 0.06199625879526138, -0.5818945169448853, 0.04165004938840866, 0.4372157156467438, 0.1211136132478714, 0.4980309307575226, 0.7827636003494263, 0.3070394694805145, -0.43231400847435, -0.5775799751281738, -0.48840975761413574, 0.13333585858345032, -0.11983685940504074, -0.41264569759368896, -0.8151002526283264, 0.12765152752399445, 0.32415568828582764, 0.8679838180541992, 0.3024689257144928, -0.46594786643981934, -0.30448177456855774, -0.2869170308113098, 0.2812965512275696, -0.6990817785263062, -0.2633078992366791, -0.21124380826950073, 0.5096157789230347, -0.018127335235476494, 0.18749520182609558, -0.5204245448112488, 0.4836951196193695, 1.397460699081421, 1.0123172998428345, 0.8195563554763794, 0.10115322470664978, -0.11083466559648514, 0.16413360834121704, 0.1040719524025917, -0.19584421813488007, -0.2755805253982544, 0.6060724854469299, -0.3149597942829132, -1.365772008895874, -0.07802402973175049, 0.8461838960647583, -0.2188088744878769, 0.08311250060796738, 0.7575032114982605, -0.43435752391815186, 0.030195340514183044, 0.10109385848045349, -0.009898964315652847, -0.858909547328949, -0.10171479731798172, -0.18916557729244232, -0.26631662249565125, -0.2937015891075134, 0.25152888894081116, 0.5950470566749573, -0.5260206460952759, -0.058985065668821335, -0.057578593492507935, -0.2961759865283966, 0.21772585809230804, -0.23885388672351837, -0.14772599935531616, 0.7754666209220886, -1.0671405792236328, 0.48990991711616516, -0.035438504070043564, -0.012359881773591042, 0.5203722715377808, 0.07348822802305222, 0.3163905143737793, -0.3431592583656311, -0.7127354145050049, -0.10689899325370789, -0.7875709533691406, 0.10549852252006531, -0.192856565117836, -0.48947498202323914, -0.18489795923233032, -0.06761965900659561, -0.2209618240594864, -0.19149190187454224, 0.08838412910699844, 0.14141088724136353, 0.8784733414649963, -0.014948604628443718, 0.9532449245452881, -0.5723032355308533, 0.5809364318847656, 0.6535417437553406, -0.11136210709810257, 0.31236669421195984, 0.14755606651306152, -0.5756076574325562, 0.05852442979812622, 0.06023100018501282, 0.2522422671318054, 0.038564980030059814, -0.5120524168014526, 0.1730532944202423, 0.9341857433319092, -0.6793842911720276, 0.1007479727268219, 0.49466103315353394, -1.0297596454620361, -0.12826934456825256, 0.39192214608192444, 0.2681216895580292, 0.6683819890022278, 0.11386305838823318, -0.1687595546245575, 0.28682416677474976, 0.3561326563358307, -1.4496718645095825, 0.2547755539417267, 0.04577508941292763, 0.505224347114563, 0.36157774925231934, -0.21566228568553925, -0.7048426866531372, 0.46649760007858276, -0.5572775602340698, -0.28068581223487854, -0.08848768472671509, 0.009914174675941467, -0.039599187672138214, 1.4665623903274536, 0.5702102184295654, 0.4750140905380249, -0.08925461024045944, 0.24486695230007172, -0.3274631202220917, 0.757514476776123, 0.11609688401222229, -0.31103548407554626, 0.9918871521949768, 0.15877051651477814, 0.3101920783519745, -0.14436061680316925, 0.45910900831222534, 0.17930610477924347, 0.8262884616851807, 0.18934796750545502, -0.08336912095546722, 0.05795558914542198, -0.36955949664115906, -0.09596038609743118, -0.6594416499137878, 0.26789867877960205, 0.9566220641136169, -0.31142646074295044, -0.8736474514007568, 0.2587703764438629, -0.7226324677467346, 0.20679835975170135, -0.025593215599656105, 0.5455236434936523, 0.01634013094007969, 0.15023982524871826, 0.1941758394241333, -0.6071197390556335, 0.2697809934616089, 0.6650455594062805, -0.008755373768508434, 0.3562072813510895, -0.4516445994377136, -0.20886366069316864, -0.6135995984077454, -0.21042189002037048, -0.2690766453742981, -0.0011914510978385806, 0.5181668996810913, 0.13257887959480286, -0.09730425477027893, -0.03865249082446098, 0.07849561423063278, -0.5197440385818481, 0.12076283991336823, -0.6521472930908203, 0.4710663855075836, 0.050526734441518784, -0.2366747409105301, -0.01762286014854908, -0.11143442243337631, 0.4875619411468506, 0.04094529524445534, -0.015981413424015045, 0.03313780948519707, -0.06306179612874985, -0.5536378622055054, 0.03827177733182907, 0.43372124433517456, 0.7682539224624634, -0.5618886947631836, 0.4120520353317261, -1.1771034002304077, -0.008061764761805534, 0.16447488963603973, 0.21980290114879608, -0.5471358895301819, 0.368752658367157, -0.016557157039642334, 0.15325887501239777, 0.8728452920913696, -0.6274038553237915, -0.6899486184120178, -0.07003582268953323, 0.2431853860616684, 0.03472413122653961, -0.23093679547309875, 0.4001731276512146, -0.3021599054336548, -0.290126770734787, 0.2860211730003357, -0.007802706211805344, -0.7776210308074951, 0.8575430512428284, 0.15594664216041565, -0.16485293209552765, -0.35243165493011475, -0.6733762621879578, -0.28434810042381287, -0.867863655090332, 1.0691827535629272, 0.9720225930213928, 0.45652976632118225, 0.07219287753105164, 0.6177988648414612, -0.2536478042602539, 0.6940338015556335, 0.23360587656497955, -0.6848352551460266, -0.807443380355835, -0.3055756688117981, -1.1596723794937134, -1.4550678730010986, 0.036416761577129364, 0.09086816757917404, -0.10845939069986343, 0.24039903283119202, -0.06030098721385002, -0.6258630156517029, 0.265381783246994, -0.12468750774860382, -0.5718793272972107, 0.520072340965271, 0.24777445197105408 ]
202028	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University%20of%20Newcastle	University of Newcastle	University of Newcastle can refer to: Newcastle University, a university in the United Kingdom University of Newcastle (Australia), a university in New South Wales, Australia	[ 0.24160879850387573, 0.388022780418396, 0.17790858447551727, -0.5815290212631226, -0.3158251941204071, 0.6083216071128845, 0.6959936618804932, 0.6476225852966309, -0.6943389177322388, -0.4395536482334137, -0.45989009737968445, 0.09167206287384033, 0.24136582016944885, 0.5597149729728699, 0.43853434920310974, 0.11985161900520325, 0.19110558927059174, 0.4832645058631897, -0.47361981868743896, -0.2566497027873993, -0.26267656683921814, -0.07921388745307922, 0.5531919598579407, 0.12400153279304504, 0.5976632833480835, -0.3751744329929352, 0.33683133125305176, 0.17887112498283386, -0.26072028279304504, 0.3055218458175659, 0.45715317130088806, 0.16869285702705383, -0.42319023609161377, -0.019928080961108208, 0.05995609611272812, -0.07932980358600616, -0.30996277928352356, -0.0862206518650055, -0.12380293756723404, -0.5887947082519531, -0.05394212156534195, -0.22500401735305786, 0.2506335377693176, 0.39689815044403076, -0.38985690474510193, -0.682331919670105, -1.022449016571045, 0.09546888619661331, -0.3985963761806488, 0.15181167423725128, -0.26911669969558716, 0.4766245186328888, 0.7379775643348694, -0.2422100156545639, 0.27164211869239807, 0.5665725469589233, -0.7036359906196594, 0.11080628633499146, 0.055072806775569916, -0.19585348665714264, 0.21029344201087952, 1.0713069438934326, -0.22348664700984955, 0.581348180770874, 0.42168721556663513, 0.23015306890010834, -0.14707930386066437, 0.7256645560264587, -0.5933474898338318, -0.052050117403268814, -0.5762351751327515, -0.23864464461803436, -0.27706602215766907, 0.038009438663721085, -0.5197860598564148, -0.3560735285282135, 0.21854934096336365, 0.10833913832902908, 0.16698163747787476, -0.038708511739969254, 0.07947919517755508, 0.40817195177078247, 0.4517378509044647, -0.4255606532096863, 1.0200011730194092, 0.5183796882629395, -1.2212728261947632, -0.3336915373802185, -0.14967676997184753, 0.38682428002357483, 0.13527344167232513, 0.18666256964206696, 0.10173876583576202, 0.38671737909317017, 0.39197948575019836, 0.02878120355308056, -0.14184138178825378, 0.27945801615715027, -0.18643967807292938, 0.09139933437108994, -0.03998195379972458, -0.19008797407150269, 0.2130356878042221, -0.2163129448890686, -0.24390007555484772, 0.1124352291226387, -0.39466753602027893, -0.33672165870666504, -0.012419518083333969, -0.43403705954551697, -0.7209466695785522, -0.28456515073776245, -0.22224463522434235, 0.41262874007225037, 0.3483674228191376, 0.33989179134368896, 0.09850779920816422, -0.09103743731975555, -0.2877183258533478, -0.2721659243106842, -0.3128051459789276, 0.4855377674102783, -0.1859840452671051, 0.37141284346580505, -0.030391709879040718, 0.5898681879043579, 0.18530602753162384, 0.13108062744140625, -0.3975223898887634, -0.6216744184494019, 0.19351835548877716, 0.8743644952774048, 0.1836237609386444, -0.07807557284832001, 0.0009026697371155024, 0.15177318453788757, 0.04136441648006439, 0.5395267605781555, 0.14508123695850372, 0.6222714781761169, -1.0354549884796143, -0.04149472713470459, -1.042518973350525, -0.25232452154159546, 0.030712133273482323, -0.6886706352233887, -0.35062557458877563, -0.30637112259864807, 0.2476518154144287, 0.28488889336586, -0.11334668099880219, 0.4100225269794464, -0.6895031929016113, 0.5178288817405701, -0.3852735161781311, 0.2230226844549179, 0.6030334830284119, -0.03449903428554535, 0.6327626705169678, -0.01249547116458416, -0.320197731256485, 0.2035122960805893, 0.2953338623046875, -0.027568530291318893, 0.1325163096189499, -0.05490488186478615, 0.15523092448711395, -0.4007194936275482, -0.10922544449567795, 0.09217838197946548, -0.6121934056282043, -0.03231097012758255, 0.4328857958316803, -0.01599869132041931, -0.13262462615966797, -0.33714568614959717, 0.1724969893693924, 0.2111150026321411, 0.4346087872982025, -0.386247843503952, -0.6033048629760742, -0.06967715919017792, 0.4264979362487793, 0.16193240880966187, -0.15979553759098053, -0.39842212200164795, 0.17319761216640472, 0.2703658640384674, -0.19570858776569366, 0.38915953040122986, -0.3420741856098175, -0.4119800627231598, 0.04556461051106453, -0.3295386731624603, 0.7767959833145142, -0.08785241097211838, -0.3158896863460541, 0.6661322116851807, -0.6581018567085266, 0.7535896301269531, 0.06342914700508118, -0.7674510478973389, -0.4128507077693939, -0.232049360871315, -0.8419811129570007, 0.32878831028938293, 0.40539929270744324, -0.15852873027324677, 0.32043588161468506, -0.16037261486053467, 0.30787086486816406, -0.7817716002464294, 0.5679916143417358, -0.41095811128616333, -0.027072357013821602, -0.34044480323791504, -0.5573101043701172, -0.21855448186397552, 0.2418859452009201, -0.5790623426437378, 1.1879345178604126, -0.015295869670808315, 0.43713945150375366, 0.10218343138694763, 0.38548746705055237, 0.15785349905490875, -0.42192181944847107, 0.12014707177877426, 0.5023801326751709, -0.6943148374557495, 0.6653642654418945, -0.14096027612686157, -0.4365159869194031, -0.2056829035282135, -0.22582636773586273, -0.4132804274559021, -0.7243502736091614, -0.27440783381462097, 0.13247007131576538, -0.4261353313922882, 0.35329151153564453, 0.6200063824653625, -1.076066017150879, 0.6385450959205627, 0.3158259987831116, -0.14511649310588837, 0.07090771198272705, -0.15448154509067535, -0.10407649725675583, 0.3723687529563904, 0.3548658788204193, -0.10438716411590576, 0.12512829899787903, 0.12343783676624298, -0.2765742242336273, -0.22693778574466705, -0.4417499303817749, 0.01580948196351528, 0.3606640100479126, 0.010671666823327541, -0.42228347063064575, -0.20069602131843567, -0.10639476776123047, 0.47293224930763245, -0.19958563148975372, -0.09600816667079926, -0.2040574848651886, -1.029553771018982, -0.1173386499285698, -0.1388462334871292, 0.18180152773857117, 0.03676248714327812, -0.37600743770599365, -0.6541362404823303, -0.2427968531847, 0.12010159343481064, 0.3020027279853821, -0.12115909904241562, -0.3954756557941437, -0.23550786077976227, -0.05491597577929497, 0.8182342052459717, -0.35984477400779724, -1.163223147392273, -0.0282441359013319, -0.247176393866539, 0.024551132693886757, 0.022759441286325455, -0.2522796392440796, -0.07773154973983765, -0.45930758118629456, 0.10497380793094635, 0.0955064445734024, 0.16123224794864655, -0.1911626160144806, -0.08163982629776001, 0.4922238886356354, 0.06546764820814133, 0.690591037273407, -0.444131463766098, -0.4405269920825958, 0.4106999635696411, -0.043104056268930435, 0.156497523188591, 0.2590617835521698, -0.7623657584190369, -0.403574675321579, -0.09559278190135956, -5.430106163024902, 0.12599654495716095, -0.2319129854440689, -0.5411500930786133, 0.9581671953201294, -0.14231464266777039, 0.3920130431652069, -0.3086380958557129, -0.09537463635206223, -0.5643139481544495, 0.0567619651556015, 0.17973239719867706, -0.244266077876091, 0.3984685242176056, 0.2078741043806076, 0.8747669458389282, 0.24035373330116272, 0.12829557061195374, 0.2869202196598053, 0.056039296090602875, -0.11946403235197067, 0.19991964101791382, -0.19482986629009247, 0.2542397975921631, 0.5356295704841614, 0.6152394413948059, -0.5242695808410645, -0.18903937935829163, -0.3447997570037842, -0.28650397062301636, 0.6699323654174805, -0.34427231550216675, 0.16933290660381317, -0.21847409009933472, -0.0014314769068732858, 0.04301679506897926, 0.6125978231430054, 0.5082173347473145, -0.1387549638748169, -0.20952729880809784, -0.007518203929066658, 0.7332768440246582, -0.1994912326335907, 0.0011408088030293584, 0.6392989158630371, -1.03595769405365, -0.39257386326789856, -0.12917503714561462, -0.45660796761512756, 0.7104817628860474, -0.6860151886940002, 0.24889437854290009, 0.44923824071884155, 0.37488844990730286, -0.24791301786899567, -0.21758891642093658, 0.24693091213703156, 0.6676427125930786, 0.011612714268267155, -0.0456516295671463, -0.2938140332698822, -0.3403540849685669, 0.18000619113445282, -0.7264440655708313, -0.25353285670280457, -0.23634366691112518, -0.1768968105316162, 0.2683253288269043, 0.4305567443370819, -0.3115903437137604, -0.303256094455719, 0.015207769349217415, -0.30291447043418884, -0.8421496748924255, -0.2019864022731781, -0.44498997926712036, -0.5361423492431641, 0.04164864867925644, 0.1857536882162094, -0.4844302833080292, -0.36649850010871887, 0.057060014456510544, -0.1824193298816681, 0.4335354268550873, -0.14478999376296997, -0.39474740624427795, -0.2663276791572571, 0.07074222713708878, -0.006691587623208761, -0.4965362846851349, 0.18794211745262146, -0.07992648333311081, 0.6726150512695312, 0.156631201505661, 0.45614612102508545, 0.49890080094337463, 0.00842286366969347, 0.238372340798378, 0.05302038416266441, -0.44712403416633606, 0.7431105375289917, -0.9097766876220703, -0.33130425214767456, -0.07080193608999252, -0.18737009167671204, -0.13987237215042114, 0.26512977480888367, 0.04815589264035225, 0.9031645059585571, -0.2605433762073517, 0.15265679359436035, -0.1598058044910431, -0.7085240483283997, 0.1068694144487381, -0.06383359432220459, -0.24779687821865082, -0.8836102485656738, 0.34699252247810364, 0.4231085181236267, 0.49058297276496887, 0.03491242602467537, 0.06947736442089081, 0.2328452169895172, -0.330215722322464, 0.02262563817203045, -0.3504894971847534, 0.41365188360214233, 0.04160769283771515, -0.2825101315975189, -0.05566330999135971, 0.28783392906188965, -0.2933143377304077, -0.14870886504650116, 0.15412203967571259, -0.4216128885746002, 0.17379330098628998, 0.16264918446540833, -0.16447386145591736, -0.09118296205997467, -0.020149262621998787, 0.24684303998947144, 0.32433563470840454, 0.1123608723282814, 0.4611470103263855, 0.5255041122436523, 0.5188806653022766, -0.3049686849117279, 0.7057799100875854, -0.6246126890182495, 0.4587777554988861, 0.05486025661230087, -0.4951137900352478, 0.04473654180765152, -0.49388250708580017, 0.1691964864730835, 0.13991475105285645, -0.2654964029788971, 0.5253200531005859, 0.006147630047053099, 0.10742195695638657, 0.139719620347023, -0.20575052499771118, -0.7119253873825073, 0.31457075476646423, 0.649817943572998, -0.4801182746887207, -0.43463820219039917, -0.10269677639007568, -0.3682204782962799, 0.730701744556427, 0.46408623456954956, -0.30070436000823975, -1.0447758436203003, -0.5676173567771912, 0.30445560812950134, 0.12908634543418884, -0.07852141559123993, -0.15789318084716797, 0.14796082675457, 0.11001068353652954, 0.5483700037002563, -0.43942922353744507, 0.17956988513469696, 0.6744142174720764, 0.46032747626304626, 0.02673586644232273, -0.3802242875099182, -0.32539403438568115, 0.7212744951248169, 0.12519021332263947, 0.413505494594574, -0.02963137812912464, 0.02883162908256054, 0.38302668929100037, -0.160857692360878, -0.46420732140541077, -0.22029638290405273, -0.09780185669660568, 0.08475296199321747, -0.35192883014678955, 0.20807377994060516, 0.9461833238601685, -0.7000019550323486, 0.5355101823806763, 0.03780677914619446, -0.5956868529319763, 0.27141430974006653, -0.7008528113365173, -0.26771047711372375, -0.19270484149456024, -0.49907752871513367, -0.570574939250946, 0.35920190811157227, 0.7247189879417419, -1.0389773845672607, -0.09705707430839539, 0.09078288823366165, -0.4180415868759155, -0.48081299662590027, -0.38366270065307617, -0.3178958296775818, -0.07078050822019577, 0.19000756740570068, 0.018332423642277718, -0.23806768655776978, 0.6075116395950317, 0.18901434540748596, -0.39841940999031067, 0.4575672149658203, -0.7119303941726685, 0.30488115549087524, 0.19683870673179626, -0.028729775920510292, 0.20732450485229492, 0.5281091928482056, 0.2358730584383011, 0.1290522664785385, -0.47990483045578003, 0.08556540310382843, 0.16907675564289093, 0.5506096482276917, 0.9295221567153931, -0.4204404354095459, -0.8903908729553223, -0.14504173398017883, 0.12588641047477722, 0.7866906523704529, -0.12155553698539734, -1.069878339767456, -0.32873964309692383, 0.3030266761779785, -1.0081390142440796, -0.6479243040084839, -0.5641108155250549, 0.45373937487602234, -0.5355848670005798, 0.3078670799732208, 0.16041214764118195, 0.07127218693494797, -0.5054895877838135, -0.12866206467151642, 0.015122205018997192, -0.8317497968673706, 0.4561849534511566, 0.2850111722946167, -0.33740121126174927, -0.8428254723548889, -0.8550997972488403, 0.21706822514533997, -0.509503960609436, -0.20101161301136017, -0.23553794622421265, 0.6698890328407288, 0.3206077814102173, 0.06649000942707062, 0.11958443373441696, 0.08498799800872803, -0.336552232503891, 0.5596926212310791, -0.02391396276652813, -0.07127263396978378, 0.13051347434520721, 0.147712841629982, -0.6809659004211426, 0.4888461232185364, -0.5744386911392212, 0.18123866617679596, -0.06825150549411774, -0.6767472624778748, -0.1342276930809021, 0.2975292503833771, -0.7048072814941406, 0.07533968985080719, 0.1619521826505661, -0.15246807038784027, 0.18959031999111176, 0.42071670293807983, -0.36532193422317505, 0.7953643798828125, 0.43901529908180237, -0.9712280035018921, 0.9749212861061096, 0.37435346841812134, -0.09836119413375854, 1.1505995988845825, -0.0144148338586092, 0.22920164465904236, 0.13782353699207306, 0.11070047318935394, -0.9523915648460388, 0.4003602862358093, 0.2266567349433899, 0.423472136259079, 0.692874014377594, -0.3710913360118866, 0.024180499836802483, 0.3391631245613098, -1.0676193237304688, 0.4598212242126465, 0.45395874977111816, -0.30037468671798706, 0.07265174388885498, 0.5318722128868103, 0.35914403200149536, 0.43266749382019043, 0.7632031440734863, -0.12732109427452087, -0.5633023977279663, 0.3435618579387665, 0.1968156099319458, -0.20633386075496674, -0.10095515847206116, -0.24215476214885712, 0.8243579864501953, -0.2144586741924286, -0.3605373501777649, 0.7408999800682068, -0.2846790850162506, -0.8543477058410645, 1.143696904182434, 0.9857339262962341, 0.5437383055686951, -0.04149376600980759, -0.013429532758891582, -0.4134484529495239, 0.22837452590465546, -0.05269969254732132, 0.5317240357398987, -0.28888165950775146, 0.28628626465797424, 0.48018860816955566, -0.022246424108743668, -0.169178307056427, -0.1544337123632431, -0.33184075355529785, 0.06149493530392647, 0.18586204946041107, -0.1276620775461197, -0.3746182918548584, -0.44123899936676025, 0.11985716968774796, 0.6840460300445557, 0.9219585061073303, -0.3503560721874237, -0.6078852415084839, 0.0807621106505394, 0.1841215342283249, -0.2411312460899353, -0.24611347913742065, 0.3966935873031616, 0.7977821826934814, 0.41275927424430847, -0.1450785994529724, -0.11917052417993546, 0.12722651660442352, 0.5276845693588257, 0.2141256034374237, 0.7881770133972168, 0.2941896915435791, 0.0339205376803875, -0.3111100196838379, 0.5062357783317566, -0.3597048223018646, -0.21599900722503662, 0.1572025716304779, -0.2165314108133316, -0.57315993309021, 0.7327558994293213, -0.9124543070793152, 0.39359551668167114, 0.09897856414318085, -0.12987999618053436, 0.5770153999328613, 0.17676232755184174, -0.6318435072898865, -0.7248531579971313, -0.3652423322200775, 0.4531341791152954, -0.31934839487075806, -0.025845522060990334, 0.4356158673763275, 0.05864642560482025, -0.08054199814796448, 0.5949226021766663, -0.4741966128349304, 0.4716317355632782, -0.3006027042865753, 0.6315975189208984, -0.4256281554698944, 0.19492264091968536, 0.22477424144744873, 0.004771288484334946, 0.031644150614738464, 0.018251346424221992, -0.08895605802536011, 0.5350763201713562, 0.9293796420097351, 0.062228232622146606, -0.819580078125, -0.3676086962223053, -0.015118136070668697, -0.1059417650103569, 0.6589211225509644, 0.7920012474060059, 0.16569112241268158, -0.3335021436214447, 0.20152653753757477, 0.7264137268066406, -0.23119273781776428, 0.5959081053733826, -0.023367304354906082, -0.42019155621528625, -1.0085456371307373, 0.3559212386608124, -0.43582263588905334, 0.17267918586730957, 0.4414479434490204, 0.6259686946868896, 0.06478079408407211, -0.07740171253681183, -0.29640817642211914, -0.5287286043167114, 0.8309159278869629, 0.1242046058177948, -1.3592344522476196, -0.26305076479911804, 0.12723223865032196, -0.1409660130739212, -0.4589540660381317, 0.40432438254356384, 0.10404714941978455, -0.9304274320602417, 0.49874261021614075, -0.1379697173833847, 0.001388311735354364, 0.04951160401105881, 0.07047293335199356, -0.5737481117248535, 0.38899803161621094, 0.7491397857666016 ]
202029	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradley%20Fighting%20Vehicle	Bradley Fighting Vehicle	The Bradley Fighting Vehicle (BFV) is a tracked fighting vehicle platform of the United States manufactured by BAE Systems Land & Armaments, formerly United Defense. It was named after U.S. General Omar Bradley. The Bradley is designed to transport infantry or scouts with armor protection, while providing covering fire to suppress enemy troops and armored vehicles. The several Bradley variants include the M2 Bradley infantry fighting vehicle and the M3 Bradley cavalry fighting vehicle. The M2 holds a crew of three (a commander, a gunner, and a driver) along with six fully equipped soldiers. The M3 mainly conducts scout missions and carries two scout troopers in addition to the regular crew of three, with space for additional BGM-71 TOW missiles. In 2014, the U.S. Army selected BAE Systems Armored Multi-Purpose Vehicle (AMPV) proposal of a turretless variant of the BFV to replace over 2800 M113s in service. Design The Bradley was developed largely in response to the Soviet BMP family of infantry fighting vehicles. The Bradley was meant to serve as both an armored personnel carrier and a tank-killer. One design requirement specified that it should be as fast as the M1 Abrams main battle tank, so the vehicles could maintain formation. Armament The M2/M3's primary armament is a 25 mm cannon using either 100 or 300 rounds per minute, accurate to 3,000 m (approximately two miles). It is also armed with a TOW missile launcher capable of carrying two loaded missiles. The missiles, capable of destroying most tanks to a maximum range of , can only be fired while the vehicle is stationary. The Bradley also carries a coaxial 7.62 mm medium machine gun to the right of the 25 mm chain-gun. Primary The Bradley is equipped with the 25 mm M242 Bushmaster as its main weapon. The M242 is a single-barrel chain-gun with an integrated dual-feed mechanism and remote feed selection. The cannon carries 300 rounds of ammunition in two ready boxes (one of 70 rounds, the other of 230 rounds), with an extra 600 rounds in storage for the M2 Infantry Fighting Vehicle variant or 1,200 stowed rounds for the M3 Cavalry Fighting Vehicle variant. The two ready-boxes allow a selectable mix of rounds, such as the M791 APDS-T (Armor-Piercing Discarding Sabot (with) Tracer) and M792 HEI-T (High Explosive Incendiary (with) Tracer) rounds. The tungsten APDS-T rounds proved effective in Desert Storm, capable of knocking out many Iraqi vehicles, including several T-55 tanks. A few kills against Iraqi T-72 tanks at close range are reported. Subsequent ammunition developments resulted in the M919 APFSDS-T (Armor-Piercing Fin Stabilized Discarding Sabot with Tracer) round containing a finned depleted-uranium penetrator similar in concept to armor-piercing munitions used in modern tanks. The M919 was used in combat during the 2003 invasion phase of Operation Iraqi Freedom. Secondary It is also armed with an M240C machine-gun mounted coaxially to the M242, with 2,200 rounds of 7.62x51 mm ammunition. For engaging heavier targets (such as acting in an antitank fashion), the Bradley carries a TOW missile system. This was modified to fire TOW II missile from the M2A1 model onward. M2 infantry Bradleys also have firing ports for M231 Firing Port Weapons (FPWs), providing a means for the occupants to fire from within the vehicle and replacing the top-side gunners on the M113-based Armored Cavalry Assault Vehicles, although the M231 is rarely employed. Initial variants had six ports, but the side ports were plated over with the armor configuration on the A2 and A3 variants, leaving only the two rear-facing mounts in the loading ramp. No versions of the M3 CFV carry firing port weapons, although early versions had all six firing port mounts fitted and plated over, while newer versions retain the two-ramp mounted firing ports, though plated over. Countermeasures The use of aluminum armor and the storage of large quantities of ammunition in the vehicle initially raised questions about its combat survivability. Spaced laminate belts and high-hardness steel skirts have been added to improve the side protection of later versions, while overall weight was increased to 33 tons. All versions are also equipped with two four-barreled smoke grenade launchers on the front of the turret for creating defensive smoke screens, which can also be loaded with chaff and flares. Bradley Urban Survival Kit The Bradley Urban Survival Kit (BUSK) is an upgrade similar to the M1 Abrams TUSK kit. It decreases the vulnerability of Bradleys in urban threat environments. The kit includes a more powerful spotlight, a wire mesh protector to keep the optics from getting scratched, and nonconductive arched strips of nylon that push away fallen electrical wires (power line protection) that would endanger crews, additional armor on the underside, and a bullet-resistant transparent shield for the commander outside the turret. It also includes sensors and a software package to quickly detect when components are wearing out and simulation software so the gunners could train more realistically. The BUSK kit adds 3 tons to the vehicle's weight. Because of this, a major upgrade was planned. Additional upgrades included a stronger, 800-horsepower engine, a larger main gun, lighter armor, improved sensors and cameras to give a 360° view outside, and an improved fire extinguisher system. This system was supposed to enter service in 2012, but the Bradley became too heavy and the kit did not make it survivable enough. A newer BUSK III kit is now available for Bradleys incorporating a blast-proof fuel cell, a blast-resistant driver seat, a turret survivability system, and an emergency ramp release. This kit was recently installed on 236 M2A3 Bradleys in South Korea and is scheduled next to be added to Bradleys of the 4th Infantry Division. Mobility The Bradley is highly capable in cross-country open terrain, in accordance with one of the main design objectives of keeping pace with the M1 Abrams main battle tank. The Bradley was initially designed to float by deploying a flotation curtain around the vehicle, allowing it to "swim" at a speed of . Later armor upgrades have negated this capability. History Development One of the early issues that drove the development of the infantry fighting vehicle (IFV) was the need to have a vehicle that could serve in a high-intensity conflict in Europe, which was feared might include the use of nuclear, biological or chemical (NBC) type weapons. To work in such an environment, an IFV would have to have a life-support system that protected from outside contaminants while allowing the soldiers to fight from inside the vehicle. The earliest specification, from 1958, called for a vehicle of no more than 8 tons, mounting a turret with a 20 mm autocannon and a 7.62 mm machine gun, with sealed firing ports for five infantry gunners. The first U.S. Army IFV design was the XM734, a modified version of the M113. A commander's cupola and passenger firing ports were added. The second design was the XM765 Armored Infantry Fighting Vehicle, based on the M113A1 chassis. The upper sides of the vehicle were sloped and spaced steel armor plates were added to improve protection. In addition, firing ports for the passengers were added and a M139 20 mm cannon was added to the commander's cupola. In 1963, the U.S. and West German governments began work on the MBT-70 design and an IFV companion project named the Mechanized Infantry Combat Vehicle (MICV-70). The contract was handed to the Pacific Car and Foundry Company, which delivered the XM701 prototype in 1965. The prototypes had the following characteristics: weight of 25–27 tons (depending on an aluminum or steel hull); 425 HP diesel engine; a two-man turret with a 20 mm gun & 7.62 mm MG; crew of three plus nine infantry equipped with firing ports; a built-in toilet; armor that was proof against Soviet 14.5 mm MG fire beyond a certain range; a collective and overpressure CBR system; amphibious. The filtration system provided a shirt-sleeve environment until the passengers dismounted; after that they could not repressurize without fear of contamination, but they could plug their suits into the vehicle's filtration system. The vehicle was high, long, and wide. After testing, the vehicle was criticized for its poor mobility and excessive weight and size; it could not be carried aboard a C-130 or a C-141 Starlifter). New specifications were written in 1965. In 1967, the public display of the BMP-1 caused additional interest in the MICV-70 program, which concluded its studies in 1968. However, continued disagreements on specifications continued to slow down development. At this time, the Army looked at two alternate vehicles that could be fielded more quickly. The FMC Corporation had developed an IFV version of the M113, which had a one-man turret mounting a 25 mm gun, a sealed environment, and firing ports. The vehicle weight was 15 tons. The U.S. Army rejected it due to limited mobility, which would have prevented it from keeping pace with the proposed MBT-70. However, the design was purchased by the Dutch and Belgian governments. The other alternate vehicle was the West German Marder, which mounted a 20 mm autocannon, two 7.62 mm MGs, relatively strong steel armor, and full CBR protection. The U.S. Army rejected it due to it not being amphibious, too large and heavy for air transport, and too expensive. The MICV program continued on, and in 1972, a new request for proposals was issued. This was won by FMC, which began construction of the XM723 prototype, which was completed in 1973. The XM723 weighed 21 tons, had spaced aluminum armor proof against 14.5 mm fire, had a crew of three plus eight infantry, firing ports for the infantry, and a one-man turret with a 20 mm gun. The commander sat inside the hull. To adapt the XM723 to be usable in a reconnaissance role, as well as an IFV, the turret was replaced in 1976 with a two-man turret mounting a 25 mm Bushmaster cannon and TOW missiles (this was the MICV TBAT-II design). A two-man turret design put the commander in a position with a better view of the battlefield. The TOW missiles give the vehicle a strong antiarmor capability. The value of antitank missiles had been well established in the 1973 Yom Kippur war. The added political advantage was that the TOW missiles made it an easier sell to Congress, as it was a new capability not possessed by the M113. General Donn Starry wrote: In 1977, the MICV TABA-II was renamed the XM2. The scout version became the XM3. The U.S. Congress was questioning the development of the XM2 due to the high losses incurred by BMP-1s in the 1973 war and suggested the development of a more heavily armored vehicle. The Army argued against this due to concerns about cost, weight, and development time. In 1977, Congress ordered two new evaluations of the IFV program, one by the Government Accountability Office (GAO) and one by the Department of the Army, under General Pat Crizer. The GAO report was critical of the XM2's height, mobility, complexity, lack of clear doctrinal use, and lack of chemical/biological/radiological protection. Based upon this criticism, the OMB deleted M2/3 funding from the budget for the 1979 financial year. In 1978, the Crizer report asserted that the basic design was consistent with doctrine and development of an IFV with superior characteristics would be costly and pose significant developmental risks. An additional study, the IFV/CFV Special Study Group, evaluated whether an improved version of the M113 could be used instead of the M2/3 IFV. Their conclusion was that extensive redesign would be necessary for even marginal improvements in M113 derivatives. In October 1978, Congress reauthorized procurement funds. The XM2/3 passed the Army Systems Acquisition Review Council Milestone II review in 1979 and final approval for production came from the Secretary of Defense on 1 February 1980. In October 1981 the vehicle was named the "Bradley" for World War II Army General Omar Bradley, who had died earlier that year. In 1993, one of the military inspectors, Col. James G. Burton, released his book The Pentagon Wars: Reformers Challenge the Old Guard, claiming the Army had falsified test results during the development. The book was adapted into the TV movie The Pentagon Wars in 1998. Production history The Bradley consists of two types of vehicles, the M2 Infantry Fighting Vehicle and the M3 Cavalry Fighting Vehicle. The M3 CFV was originally planned to be named after General Jacob L. Devers, but it was decided the Bradley name would apply to both, since both vehicles are based on the same chassis (they differ in only some details). The M2 carries a crew of three and a six-man infantry squad. The M3 carries the crew of three and a two-man scout team and additional radios, BGM-71 TOW and M47 Dragon or FGM-148 Javelin missiles. Even after the troubled development history of the Bradley additional problems occurred after production started as described in a book by Air Force Col. James Burton. Burton advocated the use of comprehensive live-fire tests on fully loaded military vehicles to check for survivability. The Army and Navy agreed and established the joint live fire testing program in 1984. When testing the Bradley, however, disagreements occurred between Burton and the Aberdeen Proving Ground's Ballistic Research Laboratory, which preferred smaller, more controlled, "building block" tests. They claimed such limited (and according to Col. Burton, completely unrealistic) testing would "improve the databases used to model vehicle survivability", as opposed to full tests with random shots that would provide a far more accurate picture of its performance under real battlefield conditions, but produce less useful statistical data. In addition, Burton insisted on a series of "overmatch" tests in which weapons would be fired at the Bradley that were known to be able to easily penetrate its armor, including Russian ordnance. Burton saw attempts to avoid such tests as dishonest, while the BRL saw them as wasteful, as they already knew the vehicle would fail. The disagreements became so contentious that Congressional inquiry resulted. As a result of the tests, additional improvements to vehicle survivability were added. The first combat unit to be equipped with Bradleys (four M2s and six M3s), in March 1983, was the 1st Battalion, 41st (Mechanized) Infantry, 2nd Armored Division. Several years later, the unit commander, Lt. Col Franklin W. Trappnell, Jr., became the Army's system manager for the Bradley program. As of May 2000, 6,724 Bradleys (4,641 M2s and 2,083 M3s) had been produced for the U.S. Army. The total cost of the program as of that date was $5.7 billion, and the average unit cost $3.2 million. The Red River Army Depot in Texarkana, Texas is responsible for maintenance and repair of the Bradley system. Combat history During the Gulf War, M2 Bradleys destroyed more Iraqi armored vehicles than the M1 Abrams. A total of 20 Bradleys were lost—three by enemy fire and 17 due to friendly fire incidents; another 12 were damaged. The gunner of one Bradley was killed when his vehicle was hit by Iraqi fire, possibly from an Iraqi BMP-1, during the Battle of 73 Easting. To remedy some problems that were identified as contributing factors in the friendly fire incidents, infrared identification panels and other marking/identification measures were added to the Bradleys. In the Iraq War, the Bradley proved vulnerable to improvised explosive device and rocket-propelled grenade attacks, but casualties were light with the crew able to escape. In 2006, total losses included 55 Bradleys destroyed and some 700 others damaged. By the end of the war, about 150 Bradleys had been destroyed. Replacement U.S. Army efforts to replace the Bradley began in the mid-1980s under the Armored Systems Modernization program. The Army studied creating several vehicle variants under a common heavy chassis to replace main battle tanks and Bradleys. This effort was canceled in 1992 due to the collapse of the Soviet Union. The U.S. Army's began the Future Combat Systems (FCS) Manned Ground Vehicles program in 1999. This family of 18-ton lightweight tracked vehicles centered around a common chassis. It would consist of eight variants, including infantry carriers, scouting vehicles and main battle tanks. FCS was canceled in 2009 due to budget cuts. In 2010, the Army began the Ground Combat Vehicle program to replace the M2 Bradley. Entries from BAE Systems and General Dynamics were selected for evaluation. Concerns grew around the vehicle's proposed weight of around 70-tons. GCV was cancelled in 2014 due to sequestration budget cuts. The Army's Bradley replacement effort was restarted under the Future Fighting Vehicle (FFV) program. In May 2015, General Dynamics and BAE Systems, the two prime contractors involved with the GCV, were awarded contracts to develop design concepts for the FFV. In June 2018, the Army established the Next Generation Combat Vehicle (NGCV) program to replace the M2 Bradley. In October 2018, the program was re-designated as the Optionally Manned Fighting Vehicle (OMFV). The NGCV program was expanded as a portfolio of next-generation vehicles including tanks and the Bradley-based Armored Multi-Purpose Vehicle, a successor to the M113 family. This program placed much of the cost burden of development on contractors, causing many competitors to drop out. In February 2020, the Army restarted the program, promising to take on more responsibility for funding. Variants M2 Bradley The M2 Bradley Infantry Fighting Vehicle (IFV) consists of five variants: the M2, M2A1, M2A2, M2A2 ODS (Operation Desert Storm improvements), and M2A3. Their main mission is to provide protected transport of an infantry squad (up to six passengers) to critical points. Aside from carrying mechanized infantry into close contact with the enemy, the M2 can also provide overwatching fire to dismounting infantrymen. It is adequately armored to provide protection against small arms fire and artillery, and able to combat any vehicle on the battlefield using its TOW missiles. The M2 IFV also has six external firing ports for the squad M231 Firing Port Weapon on the M2 and M2A1 versions only. Four ports were removed on the sides of the vehicle on the M2A2-A3 versions, and only two in the ramp remain. These ports allow passengers to engage the enemy from within the protection of the Bradley vehicle. These firing ports are almost always covered by additional armor kits and a Bradley with them operable is rare. The proper use of M231 FPWs was rare in practice. The M2 Bradley unit cost is $1.11 million (FY 1993 constant dollars) US$1.84M in 2016 (inflation adjusted). M3 Bradley The M3 Bradley Cavalry Fighting Vehicle (CFV) is virtually identical to the M2 Bradley except that it is equipped as a cavalry/scout vehicle. Instead of holding six infantrymen in the payload compartment, it is designed to seat two scouts and hold additional radios and ammunition. Also lacking are the six external firing ports present on the M2 Bradley IFV. M4 Command and Control Vehicle (C2V) The C2V is based on the M993 M270 Multiple Launch Rocket System (MLRS) carrier chassis and is designed to provide an automated tactical command post and operations centers. It was designed to replace the M113-based M577A2 Command Post Carrier. Mass production was cancelled in late 1999. Around 25 vehicles were finally produced for the US Army. Bradley Stinger Fighting Vehicle (BSFV) The BSFV is designed specifically for the carriage and support of a Stinger MANPADS team. The MANPADS-Under-Armor (MUA) dismounted Stinger team concept of the BSFV left the operators exposed, so it was replaced by the M6 Linebacker, which also retained the dismounted Stinger missile capability. M6 Linebacker An air defense variant, these vehicles are modified M2A2 ODSs with the TOW missile system replaced with a four-tube Stinger missile system. From 2005 to 2006, M6 Linebackers had their Stinger missile systems removed and were converted to standard M2 Bradley ODS IFVs. By 2017, the US Army was exploring reintroducing air defense Bradleys with the reemergence of hostile aerial threats. In October 2017, BAE displayed an updated version of the Bradley Linebacker called the M-SHORAD (Mobile Short-Range Air Defense) equipped with the pMHR search radar mounted around the turret, a fire-control radar, a jammer on top of the turret to non-kinetically defeat unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), the main gun replaced with an XM914 30 mm autocannon with airburst rounds, and a missile launcher that could accommodate various missiles including the Stinger, AIM-9X Sidewinder, or others. The US Army chose to create an M-SHORAD vehicle out of the Stryker instead of the Bradley; although the tracked Bradley has better mobility on soft ground, the wheeled Stryker has sufficient mobility to perform tactical air defense while also having greater weight, space, and electrical power capacity to make upgrades. M7 Bradley Fire Support Vehicle The B-FiST has replaced the existing armored FiST vehicle (FiST-V) platform, the M981 FISTV, in the U.S. Army inventory. The TOW/UA suite is replaced by target location equipment, integrated with the Bradley ISU sight unit. It also carries equipment for use by dismounted observers. A hybrid GPS/inertial/dead reckoning navigation system robustly provides the vehicle location as a reference point. Bradley Engineer Squad Vehicle The Bradley ESV enables engineer assets to maintain momentum with the main force while conducting engineer and sapper operations. The ESV is equipped with standard combat engineering equipment and can employ unique mission equipment packages for obstacle neutralization. Bradley Battle Command Vehicle The Bradley BCV allows brigade commanders to move around the battlefield away from their command post. The BCV integrates an enhanced command and control communication suite to maintain digital interface with maneuver forces and the Tactical Operations Center. M993/M270 Multiple Launch Rocket System Carrier Vehicle The M270 MLRS is composed of two major sections, a M269 Launcher Loader Module mated to a M993 carrier vehicle. The M993 carrier vehicle portion is a modified BFV chassis. Black Knight The Black Knight prototype unmanned ground combat vehicle being developed by BAE resembles a tank and makes extensive use of components from the Bradley Combat Systems program to reduce costs and simplify maintenance. It is also designed to be remotely operated from a BFV commander's station while riding mounted, as well as being controllable by dismounted infantry. Armored Multi-Purpose Vehicle For the U.S. Army's Armored Multi-Purpose Vehicle (AMPV) program to replace the M113, BAE offered a variant of the Bradley. The AMPV submission is a turretless Bradley chassis, providing greater cargo space, increased armor, and upgraded engine and electrical systems. For increased protection, a V-shaped bottom replaces the flat base. The AMPV also has several modular roof sections to adapt to each role. For fuel efficiency, BAE is considered using a hybrid-electric drive, similar to their GCV IFV. It was suggested that surplus Bradleys could be retrofitted into this version. BAE said they have the capability to build up to eight AMPV platforms per day, the same as the Bradley during the height of its production, as both vehicles share the same production line and supply base. A mortar carrier vehicle can be converted from the original Bradley in 40 days. Underbody blast tests demonstrated that AMPV survivability requirements could be met with a Bradley platform. BAE projected their AMPV submission to have similar operating costs to the M113 and lower costs than an M2 Bradley, as the platform's most expensive components are related to the omitted turret. To better accommodate modern electronics, the turretless Bradley has 78% more internal space than the M113, and two 400-amp generators. BAE Systems rolled out the first AMPV prototype on 15 December 2016. Funding allows for 160 vehicles to be produced per year as of 2016, which is enough to field one and a half brigades. Fielding is planned for 2023. Operators : 32 M2A2 : 400 : 6,230 Potential operators : 89 units See also List of modern armoured fighting vehicles Warrior IFV References Footnotes Notes Further reading External links U.S. Army fact file on M2/M3 Bradley Fighting Vehicle Bradley Fighting Vehicle Systems Upgrade to A3 Cold War armored fighting vehicles of the United States Armored fighting vehicles of the United States M002 Tracked amphibious vehicles Tracked reconnaissance vehicles BAE Systems land vehicles Military vehicles introduced in the 1980s	[ 0.22194403409957886, 0.3553049564361572, 0.19859421253204346, 0.006523448973894119, -0.08075933158397675, 0.3674237132072449, 0.1574118733406067, -0.3356935679912567, -0.1918628215789795, -0.16990751028060913, -0.44487690925598145, 0.7736826539039612, -0.10946235060691833, 0.1210307776927948, 0.002566773910075426, 0.42439982295036316, 0.3559233546257019, 0.1926407516002655, 0.2899518609046936, -0.00038589915493503213, -0.05512077361345291, -0.4114190340042114, 0.7130309343338013, -0.2129875123500824, -0.045389704406261444, 0.26366347074508667, 0.8809441328048706, 0.9302588105201721, 0.2154400795698166, 0.18276141583919525, 0.17158180475234985, 0.127014622092247, -0.015266875736415386, -0.05356922373175621, -0.10266553610563278, -0.09902312606573105, -0.3186902105808258, -0.24947629868984222, -0.4744058847427368, -0.5098919868469238, -0.3769742250442505, -0.08800210803747177, -0.24011673033237457, 0.39314424991607666, 0.15594638884067535, 0.17883439362049103, -1.0985106229782104, 0.008412495255470276, -0.32521331310272217, -0.28457513451576233, -0.3272083103656769, 0.6124681830406189, 0.08550316095352173, 0.4150458574295044, 0.7558727860450745, 0.359578013420105, -0.2599697709083557, -0.7599198818206787, 0.20588622987270355, -0.273857057094574, 0.0572085976600647, -0.05685728043317795, 0.06535167247056961, 0.03258298337459564, 0.0020730129908770323, -0.3008635640144348, -0.09483878314495087, -0.0038487131241708994, -0.5566080808639526, -0.0636386051774025, -0.6543510556221008, -0.70000821352005, 0.3097688555717468, -0.027679113671183586, -0.38224273920059204, -0.40201205015182495, 0.06227604299783707, -0.15652339160442352, -0.20819851756095886, 0.5552030801773071, 0.5228094458580017, 0.365352988243103, 0.17300201952457428, 0.31057223677635193, -0.4630461037158966, 0.6274051070213318, -0.1358727365732193, 0.013264203444123268, -0.5731581449508667, 0.6707566976547241, -0.4911796450614929, 0.1984376311302185, 0.5958574414253235, 0.5762180685997009, 0.04045035317540169, -0.3644212782382965, 0.3659271001815796, 0.07960404455661774, 0.7949513792991638, 0.3498433828353882, -0.17737112939357758, 0.17489109933376312, 0.6326254606246948, 0.07549501955509186, -0.5949752330780029, -0.23093649744987488, -0.49574097990989685, -0.45040541887283325, -0.35852858424186707, 0.3953457176685333, -0.5809391736984253, -0.07863589376211166, 0.11561129242181778, -0.1974574625492096, -0.05498061701655388, 0.89914470911026, -0.1086961105465889, 0.007419334724545479, -0.0708276629447937, 0.47554850578308105, 0.7515682578086853, 0.7521449327468872, -0.731852650642395, 0.4226714074611664, 0.18589423596858978, 0.02489602006971836, 0.5789934396743774, 0.6638138294219971, -0.7306667566299438, 0.4912846088409424, 0.2516018748283386, 0.34899434447288513, -0.3464120030403137, 0.7019082307815552, -0.35579681396484375, -0.3728209435939789, 0.44641977548599243, 0.032658930867910385, 0.5004671216011047, 0.29946833848953247, -1.1497414112091064, -0.517888605594635, 0.5803112983703613, -0.8022093176841736, 0.34589752554893494, 0.080904521048069, 0.02941492199897766, 0.018044812604784966, -0.7738018035888672, -0.3679344356060028, -0.12715168297290802, -0.29524487257003784, -0.06828427314758301, 0.17380955815315247, -0.7217472195625305, 0.6218134164810181, 0.34134915471076965, -0.19686172902584076, 0.048928290605545044, 0.4389403164386749, -0.4449183940887451, 0.47634661197662354, -0.22239120304584503, 0.34932199120521545, -0.24859729409217834, 0.015252926386892796, 0.3867291510105133, -0.17916518449783325, 0.16777387261390686, -0.39792436361312866, -0.24663691222667694, -0.2029813528060913, 0.3735196888446808, -0.40305131673812866, -0.04553290829062462, 0.22491739690303802, 0.8895009160041809, 0.0031617472413927317, 0.7400567531585693, 0.0791093036532402, -0.3189288079738617, 0.44462645053863525, 0.4553362727165222, -0.06280794739723206, 0.2216382920742035, 0.1615518182516098, 0.6155640482902527, -0.3310822546482086, -0.22052988409996033, 0.09366441518068314, -0.6448901891708374, -0.0742071345448494, 0.35800063610076904, -0.34710565209388733, 1.2323411703109741, -0.5488955974578857, -0.41579970717430115, -0.2934334874153137, -0.19146263599395752, 0.6860077381134033, 0.7103787064552307, -0.16011665761470795, 0.31896430253982544, -0.4824073016643524, -0.3926585912704468, -0.1968923807144165, 0.33046862483024597, 0.12859787046909332, 0.46078306436538696, 0.505141019821167, 0.3983040153980255, -0.1600639671087265, 0.16814127564430237, -0.1850937008857727, 0.6421067118644714, -0.01841742731630802, -0.4191223382949829, 0.28602927923202515, -0.12040248513221741, -0.42236441373825073, 0.9196556210517883, -0.33933740854263306, -0.5737924575805664, -0.1958618313074112, -0.6089296340942383, -0.08195556700229645, -0.404502809047699, -0.0817486047744751, -0.0637689009308815, -0.2776985466480255, 0.31139931082725525, 0.5435624718666077, -0.3584565818309784, -0.4477740228176117, -0.22339597344398499, -0.1763400137424469, -0.2211456447839737, -0.34441375732421875, 0.23076002299785614, 0.07321924716234207, -0.1344176083803177, 0.785661518573761, -0.5431904196739197, -0.27595949172973633, 0.07432606816291809, -0.6359128952026367, 0.5604079365730286, 0.18322554230690002, -0.14523491263389587, -0.408939391374588, -0.4608986973762512, 0.40699124336242676, 0.6865211725234985, 0.3508921265602112, -0.11472929269075394, 0.0847352147102356, -0.5395469069480896, 0.42109233140945435, 0.028857534751296043, -0.031190291047096252, 0.056557342410087585, 0.24771711230278015, -0.20682786405086517, 0.35572072863578796, -0.16503071784973145, -0.16138792037963867, -0.1896514594554901, 0.016835002228617668, -0.5964906215667725, 0.5329092144966125, 0.2786267101764679, -0.2619427740573883, -0.12656861543655396, -0.3217984139919281, 0.2243960201740265, 0.0033121327869594097, 0.6846715211868286, 0.5014448761940002, -0.528221607208252, -0.3941637873649597, 0.09616456925868988, 0.8679967522621155, 0.5778985023498535, -0.4797093868255615, 0.03662920370697975, -0.7151007652282715, 0.06041578948497772, -0.2572927474975586, 0.008013452403247356, 0.10096325725317001, -0.6789578199386597, 0.1718038022518158, -0.6260185837745667, 0.2787100672721863, 0.004122085869312286, 0.24265223741531372, -0.09394201636314392, -0.11575568467378616, 0.3224427103996277, 0.2766553461551666, -0.49200645089149475, 0.0048976163379848, -0.1966077983379364, 0.13781405985355377, 0.3375735878944397, -0.3976272642612457, -0.5520212054252625, 0.3243047297000885, -5.636773586273193, -0.24234066903591156, -0.382345587015152, -0.49467483162879944, 0.6186981201171875, 0.45102590322494507, -0.4653564393520355, -0.004737723618745804, -0.10931133478879929, -0.39915019273757935, 0.22485500574111938, 0.21521972119808197, 0.11083918064832687, -0.24357886612415314, 0.06430929154157639, -0.029081063345074654, 0.7562860250473022, 0.47559916973114014, 0.7483892440795898, -0.27540117502212524, 0.2047003209590912, -0.670068621635437, -0.5114572644233704, -0.23601455986499786, -0.0032127988524734974, 0.34877142310142517, -0.43791672587394714, 0.23419877886772156, -0.30138257145881653, 0.5529264211654663, 0.09254970401525497, -0.1950020045042038, -0.2127600759267807, -0.2712029218673706, 0.06265868991613388, -0.03388319909572601, 0.38748878240585327, 0.3608764708042145, 0.5317859649658203, 0.09378387033939362, 0.6319087743759155, 0.15436051785945892, -0.11251004785299301, 0.2869071364402771, 0.556916356086731, -0.42845118045806885, -0.2326708883047104, 0.07344245910644531, 0.0009484030888415873, 0.8634302020072937, 0.2153346687555313, -0.05294317752122879, 0.901328444480896, 0.1969587355852127, 0.9352745413780212, -0.1761159598827362, 0.41075876355171204, 0.008252594619989395, -0.16140565276145935, 0.2639535367488861, -0.03350760042667389, -0.2661575675010681, -0.7529570460319519, -0.5259538292884827, -0.3915409445762634, -0.34232547879219055, -0.2449876070022583, 0.0512358658015728, 0.38878655433654785, -0.43696388602256775, -0.8500734567642212, 0.382411390542984, 0.14490826427936554, -0.7289499044418335, 0.36122044920921326, -0.2637414336204529, 0.42267927527427673, -0.1378042995929718, -0.5446920394897461, 0.17440253496170044, 0.07282193750143051, -0.7400578856468201, -0.18964837491512299, -0.3385426700115204, -0.07913052290678024, -0.601431667804718, -0.28515201807022095, -0.2878185510635376, 0.3984006941318512, 0.09445259720087051, 0.4240510165691376, -0.5250434875488281, 1.0033998489379883, 0.023213526234030724, 1.1602504253387451, 0.10104941576719284, -0.06683329492807388, 0.16091828048229218, 0.43897029757499695, -0.32590147852897644, 0.3510553538799286, -0.10949715226888657, 0.1734369993209839, -0.45983272790908813, -0.7595217823982239, -0.4512489140033722, 0.10045915842056274, 0.04468071460723877, 0.763601541519165, -0.07660742104053497, 0.11789076775312424, -0.6330049633979797, -0.22410786151885986, -0.940265953540802, 0.421906977891922, 0.2818034887313843, -0.5755952000617981, 0.7143760919570923, 0.5428835153579712, 0.16597868502140045, -0.24606341123580933, 0.4636608958244324, -0.17916277050971985, -0.574833333492279, 0.21259771287441254, -0.03912898153066635, -0.19745060801506042, -0.07761771976947784, -0.48468631505966187, -0.6498492360115051, 0.2891879677772522, 0.7417852878570557, -0.2627706825733185, 0.5049354434013367, -0.11271186172962189, -0.14631032943725586, -0.17331911623477936, 0.10171473026275635, 0.07355427742004395, -0.272475928068161, -0.29764968156814575, -0.5037854909896851, -0.1935834437608719, -0.2362469732761383, 0.5208690762519836, -0.2241484522819519, 0.024474648758769035, 0.2040598839521408, -0.10723637789487839, 0.4671318531036377, -0.04209061712026596, -0.38772568106651306, 0.34729471802711487, -0.09259066730737686, -0.30731433629989624, -0.5422653555870056, 0.2881888151168823, 0.6114380955696106, 0.22783082723617554, -0.8408541083335876, 0.6446688771247864, 0.10649151355028152, -0.7111112475395203, -0.07013016939163208, 0.0806146189570427, 0.2801382541656494, 0.1199362501502037, -0.7195156216621399, 0.025286167860031128, 0.562690019607544, 0.2958452105522156, -0.990926206111908, -0.8114195466041565, -0.38690122961997986, 0.14259935915470123, -0.10193366557359695, -0.05477183312177658, -0.6770720481872559, -0.14386220276355743, 0.07640977948904037, 0.05945705622434616, 0.12578736245632172, -0.2679591476917267, 0.22269882261753082, 0.06098354980349541, -0.852275013923645, -0.1524510532617569, 0.05571937561035156, -0.27997153997421265, -0.365691214799881, 0.06730853766202927, -0.3855252265930176, 0.5436380505561829, 0.18450385332107544, -0.3481861352920532, 0.1539047658443451, -0.6128427386283875, 0.39404234290122986, -0.2957873046398163, -0.8103025555610657, 0.056706808507442474, 0.30049464106559753, -0.7901504039764404, 0.3881013095378876, 0.19569620490074158, -0.0872013121843338, 0.6553286910057068, 0.004864194430410862, 0.18017800152301788, 0.291462242603302, -0.23634488880634308, -0.8921416997909546, 0.2904704213142395, 0.556077778339386, -0.48895198106765747, -0.0870371013879776, -0.11180923134088516, 0.09531944245100021, -0.47331666946411133, -0.10637817531824112, -0.555513858795166, -0.43619099259376526, -0.2782037854194641, 0.04827426001429558, -0.5518766045570374, 0.7372692823410034, 0.0076685273088514805, -0.7297331690788269, -0.14135825634002686, -0.3986988663673401, -0.48368537425994873, -0.31114766001701355, -0.1600903421640396, -0.2709972560405731, 0.3743749260902405, -0.04966499283909798, -0.24215811491012573, -0.43501344323158264, -0.11053908616304398, 0.10026005655527115, 0.16687804460525513, 1.108579397201538, -0.097633957862854, -0.5698895454406738, -0.3725433349609375, 0.2884284555912018, 0.803718090057373, -0.6664249300956726, -0.6145472526550293, 0.18392609059810638, -0.09174441546201706, -0.213492751121521, -0.9598081707954407, 0.05411436781287193, 0.8528200387954712, -0.865118145942688, -0.6461837887763977, -0.3535803258419037, -0.21192926168441772, 0.19370323419570923, -0.11562834680080414, 0.16803279519081116, -0.9888041615486145, 0.05926493927836418, 0.17165735363960266, -0.4161740243434906, -0.08475396037101746, -0.10148247331380844, -0.13834331929683685, -0.17569012939929962, -0.3344448208808899, 0.6066568493843079, 0.5935297012329102, 1.0183370113372803, 0.15845714509487152, -0.13731743395328522, 0.2554977238178253, -0.026826275512576103, 0.68534255027771, 0.653416633605957, -0.4749346375465393, 0.4235914349555969, -0.3540547490119934, -0.38683125376701355, 0.07915011793375015, -0.03679634630680084, 0.6026508808135986, -0.34141287207603455, 0.2842029929161072, -0.1832624226808548, 0.05634310096502304, 0.04440286010503769, -0.5468721985816956, -0.011161882430315018, -0.5378950238227844, 0.6110114455223083, -0.08119656890630722, 0.03377914801239967, 0.2554405927658081, 0.5256427526473999, -0.16313382983207703, 0.9541314840316772, 0.2739407420158386, -0.5893244743347168, 0.6995843052864075, -0.390514999628067, 0.024387262761592865, -0.2706129848957062, 0.33628973364830017, -0.012847460806369781, -0.11683803051710129, 0.07418239116668701, 0.217985600233078, 0.8127532601356506, -0.2236286848783493, 0.31195998191833496, 0.7177242040634155, -0.005021497141569853, -0.1018686518073082, -0.11151259392499924, -0.2593443989753723, 0.5586461424827576, -0.20991630852222443, 0.0072974152863025665, -0.32481297850608826, 0.5728400945663452, -0.7744022011756897, -0.5073661208152771, 0.39228925108909607, 0.0502050518989563, 0.45749571919441223, -0.5030857920646667, -0.11798973381519318, 0.10685082525014877, -0.07801439613103867, 0.5130643248558044, 0.10583050549030304, -0.3631758689880371, -0.3230588436126709, 0.9776480197906494, -0.00098554533906281, -0.4371694028377533, -0.2891518175601959, -0.030276309698820114, -0.4422077536582947, 0.7515565752983093, 0.2334839105606079, -0.2366829514503479, 0.29369714856147766, 0.6335618495941162, -0.28957492113113403, 0.3875313699245453, 0.3954260051250458, 0.2626974284648895, -0.23958967626094818, -0.8096131086349487, 0.08792703598737717, -0.35441944003105164, -0.2967851161956787, -0.2137969434261322, 0.3717896342277527, 0.2624031603336334, 0.6286797523498535, 0.09121835231781006, -0.091617651283741, 0.12988217175006866, -0.3432721197605133, -0.7396162748336792, 0.3128131031990051, 0.565740704536438, 0.02088799886405468, 0.9726206660270691, -0.37131819128990173, -0.06649132817983627, -0.40016135573387146, 0.3354455828666687, 0.20691895484924316, -0.025938259437680244, -0.12182294577360153, 0.33122536540031433, -0.23565484583377838, 0.1246878057718277, -0.07341250777244568, -0.195791095495224, -0.27673405408859253, 0.03442426770925522, -0.301463782787323, 0.38482749462127686, 0.3733765482902527, 0.1301063746213913, 0.46808966994285583, -0.5330758690834045, -0.18215736746788025, -0.07807334512472153, -0.45865342020988464, -0.00008210144733311608, 0.848682701587677, 0.34463438391685486, 0.026849187910556793, 0.7283843755722046, 0.19814524054527283, 0.6124634146690369, -0.10059589892625809, 0.03966674953699112, -0.25298744440078735, -0.49458998441696167, -0.37551674246788025, 0.4106067419052124, -0.7832800149917603, -0.1136503741145134, 0.16251283884048462, -0.48431965708732605, 0.11494772881269455, -0.07540583610534668, -0.4527842104434967, 0.05281885713338852, 0.6888720989227295, -0.4522268772125244, 0.21233759820461273, -0.7321745157241821, 0.5151989459991455, -0.6730566024780273, -0.09488200396299362, -0.014494198374450207, -0.1048380509018898, -0.4836004376411438, 0.6149380207061768, -0.1964341551065445, -0.7394119501113892, 0.30128535628318787, 0.20240437984466553, 0.26977232098579407, -0.4720114469528198, -0.17138782143592834, -0.11101031303405762, -0.44225719571113586, 0.7262046337127686, 0.31347382068634033, 0.21131914854049683, -0.194752037525177, 0.2196025252342224, -0.08207154273986816, 0.3743939995765686, 0.14214658737182617, 0.13845056295394897, -0.3674461543560028, -0.16234233975410461, 0.03523269668221474, -0.44665756821632385, 0.5163296461105347, 0.0005127754993736744, -0.14887596666812897, 0.6439685225486755, -0.5748959183692932, 0.44604817032814026, 0.24974174797534943, 0.21070438623428345, -0.23388519883155823, -0.27771157026290894, -0.3948662281036377 ]
202031	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikorsky%20SH-60%20Seahawk	Sikorsky SH-60 Seahawk	The Sikorsky SH-60/MH-60 Seahawk (or Sea Hawk) is a twin turboshaft engine, multi-mission United States Navy helicopter based on the United States Army UH-60 Black Hawk and a member of the Sikorsky S-70 family. The most significant modifications are the folding main rotor and a hinged tail to reduce its footprint aboard ships. The U.S. Navy uses the H-60 airframe under the model designations SH-60B, SH-60F, HH-60H, MH-60R, and MH-60S. Able to deploy aboard any air-capable frigate, destroyer, cruiser, fast combat support ship, amphibious assault ship, littoral combat ship or aircraft carrier, the Seahawk can handle anti-submarine warfare (ASW), anti-surface warfare (ASUW), naval special warfare (NSW) insertion, search and rescue (SAR), combat search and rescue (CSAR), vertical replenishment (VERTREP), and medical evacuation (MEDEVAC). Design and development Origins During the 1970s, the U.S. Navy began looking for a new helicopter to replace the Kaman SH-2 Seasprite. The SH-2 Seasprite was used by the Navy as its platform for the Light Airborne Multi-Purpose System (LAMPS) Mark I avionics suite for maritime warfare and a secondary search and rescue capability. Advances in sensor and avionic technology lead to the LAMPS Mk II suite being developed by the Naval Air Development Center. The Navy then conducted a competition in 1974 to develop the Lamps MK III concept which would integrate both the aircraft and shipboard systems. The Navy selected IBM Federal Systems to be the Prime systems integrator for the Lamps MK III concept. Since the SH-2 was not large enough to carry the Navy's required equipment a new airframe was required. In the mid-1970s, the Army evaluated the Sikorsky YUH-60 and Boeing Vertol YUH-61 for its Utility Tactical Transport Aircraft System (UTTAS) competition. Navy based its requirements on the Army's UTTAS specification to decrease costs from commonality to be the new airframe to carry the Lamps MK III avionics. Sikorsky and Boeing-Vertol submitted proposals for Navy versions of their Army UTTAS helicopters in April 1977 for review. The Navy also looked at helicopters being produced by Bell, Kaman, Westland and MBB, but these were too small for the mission. In early 1978 the Navy selected Sikorsky's S-70B design, which was designated "SH-60B Seahawk". SH-60B Seahawk IBM was the prime systems integrator for the Lamps MK III with Sikorsky as the airframe manufacturer. The SH-60B maintained 83% commonality with the UH-60A. The main changes were corrosion protection, more powerful T700 engines, single-stage oleo main landing gear, removal of the left side door, adding two weapon pylons, and shifting the tail landing gear forward to reduce the footprint for shipboard landing. Other changes included larger fuel cells, an electric blade folding system, folding horizontal stabilators for storage, and adding a 25-tube pneumatic sonobuoy launcher on the left side. An emergency flotation system was originally installed in the stub wing fairings of the main landing gear; however, it was found to be impractical and possibly impede emergency egress, and thus was subsequently removed. Five YSH-60B Seahawk LAMPS III prototypes were ordered. The first YSH-60B flight occurred on 12 December 1979. The first production SH-60B made its first flight on 11 February 1983. The SH-60B entered operational service in 1984 with first operational deployment in 1985. The SH-60B is deployed primarily aboard frigates, destroyers, and cruisers. The primary missions of the SH-60B are surface warfare and anti-submarine warfare. It carries a complex system of sensors including a towed Magnetic Anomaly Detector (MAD) and air-launched sonobuoys. Other sensors include the APS-124 search radar, ALQ-142 ESM system and optional nose-mounted forward looking infrared (FLIR) turret. Munitions carried include the Mk 46, Mk 50, or Mark 54 Lightweight Torpedo, AGM-114 Hellfire missile, and a single cabin-door-mounted M60D/M240 7.62 mm (0.30 in) machine gun or GAU-16 .50 in (12.7 mm) machine gun. A standard crew for a SH-60B is one pilot, one ATO/Co-Pilot (Airborne Tactical Officer), and an enlisted aviation warfare systems operator (sensor operator). The U.S. Navy operated the SH-60B in Helicopter Anti-Submarine Squadron, Light (HSL) squadrons. All HSL squadrons were redesignated Helicopter Maritime Strike (HSM) squadrons and transitioned to the MH-60R between 2006 and 2015. The SH-60J is a version of the SH-60B for the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force. The SH-60K is a modified version of the SH-60J. The SH-60J and SH-60K are built under license by Mitsubishi in Japan. SH-60F After the SH-60B entered service, the Navy conducted a competition to replace the SH-3 Sea King. The competitors were Sikorsky, Kaman and IBM (avionics only). Sikorsky began development of this variant in March 1985. In January 1986, seven SH-60Fs were ordered including two prototypes (BuNos 163282/3). The first example flew on 19 March 1987. The SH-60F was based on the SH-60B airframe, but with upgraded SH-3H avionics. The SH-60F primarily served as the carrier battle group's primary antisubmarine warfare (ASW) aircraft. The helicopter hunted submarines with its AQS-13F dipping sonar, and carried a 6-tube sonobuoy launcher. The SH-60F is unofficially named "Oceanhawk". The SH-60F can carry Mk 46, Mk 50, or Mk 54 torpedoes for its offensive weapons, and it has a choice of fuselage-mounted machine guns, including the M60D, M240D, and GAU-16 (.50 caliber) for self-defense. The standard aircrew consists of one pilot, one co-pilot, one tactical sensor operator (TSO), and one acoustic sensor operator (ASO). The SH-60F was operated by the U.S Navy's Helicopter Antisubmarine (HS) squadrons until they were redesignated Helicopter Sea Combat (HSC) squadrons and transitioned to the MH-60S. The last HS squadron completed its transition in 2016. HH-60H The HH-60H was developed in conjunction with the US Coast Guard's HH-60J, beginning in September 1986 with a contract for the first five helicopters with Sikorsky as the prime contractor. The variant's first flight occurred on 17 August 1988. Deliveries of the HH-60H began in 1989. The variant earned initial operating capability in April 1990 and was deployed to Desert Storm with HCS-4 and HCS-5 in 1991. The HH-60H's official DoD and Sikorsky name is Seahawk, though it has been called "Rescue Hawk". Based on the SH-60F, the HH-60H is the primary combat search and rescue (CSAR), naval special warfare (NSW) and anti-surface warfare (ASUW) helicopter. It carries various defensive and offensive sensors. These include a FLIR turret with laser designator, and the Aircraft Survival Equipment (ASE) package including the ALQ-144 Infrared Jammer, AVR-2 Laser Detectors, APR-39(V)2 Radar Detectors, AAR-47 Missile Launch Detectors and ALE-47 chaff/flare dispensers. Engine exhaust deflectors provide infrared thermal reduction reducing the threat of heat-seeking missiles. The HH-60H can carry up to four AGM-114 Hellfire missiles on an extended wing using the M299 launcher and a variety of mountable guns including M60D, M240, GAU-16 and GAU-17/A machine guns. The HH-60H's standard crew is pilot, copilot, an enlisted crew chief, and two door gunners or one rescue swimmer. Originally operated by HCS-5 and HCS-4 (later HSC-84), these two special USNR squadrons were established with the primary mission of Naval Special Warfare and Combat Search and Rescue (CSAR). Due to SOCOM budget issues the squadrons were deactivated in 2006 and 2016 respectively. The HH-60H was also operated by Helicopter Antisubmarine (HS) squadrons with a standard dispersal of six F-models and two or three H-models before the transition of HS squadrons to HSC squadrons equipped with the MH-60S, the last of which completed its transition in 2016. The only squadron equipped with the HH-60H as of 2016 is HSC-85, one of only two remaining USNR helicopter squadrons (the other being HSM-60 equipped with the MH-60R). In Iraq, HH-60Hs were used by the Navy, assisting the Army, for MEDEVAC purposes and special operations missions. MH-60R The MH-60R was originally known as "LAMPS Mark III Block II Upgrade" when development began in 1993 with Lockheed Martin (formerly IBM/Loral). Two SH-60Bs were converted by Sikorsky, the first of which made its maiden flight on 22 December 1999. Designated YSH-60R, they were delivered to NAS Patuxent River in 2001 for flight testing. The production variant was redesignated MH-60R to match its multi-mission capability. The MH-60R was formally deployed by the US Navy in 2006. The MH-60R is designed to combine the features of the SH-60B and SH-60F. Its avionics includes dual controls and instead of the complex array of dials and gauges in Bravo and Foxtrot aircraft, 4 fully integrated 8" x 10" night vision goggle-compatible and sunlight-readable color multi-function displays, all part of glass cockpit produced by Owego Helo Systems division of Lockheed Martin. Onboard sensors include: AN/AAR-47 Missile Approach Warning System by ATK,Raytheon AN/AAS-44 electro-optical system that integrates FLIR and laser rangefinder, AN/ALE-39 decoy dispenser and AN/ALQ-144 infrared jammer by BAE Systems, AN/ALQ-210 electronic support measures system by Lockheed Martin,AN/APS-147 multi-mode radar/IFF interrogator, which during a mid-life technology insertion project is subsequently replaced by AN/APS-153 Multi-Mode Radar with Automatic Radar Periscope Detection and Discrimination (ARPDD) capability, and both radars were developed by Telephonics, a more advanced AN/AQS-22 advanced airborne low-frequency sonar (ALFS) jointly developed by Raytheon & Thales, AN/ARC-210 voice radio by Rockwell Collins, an advanced airborne fleet data link AN/SRQ-4 Hawklink with radio terminal set AN/ARQ-59 radio terminal, both by L3Harris, and LN-100G dual-embedded global positioning system and inertial navigation system by Northrop Grumman Litton division. Beginning in 2020, CAE's MAD-XR has been fielded on MH-60Rs, providing it with a magnetic anomaly detector. Offensive capabilities are improved by the addition of new Mk-54 air-launched torpedoes and Hellfire missiles. All Helicopter Anti-Submarine Light (HSL) squadrons that receive the Romeo are redesignated Helicopter, Strike Maritime (HSM) squadrons. MH-60S The Navy decided to replace its venerable CH-46 Sea Knight helicopters in 1997. After sea demonstrations by a converted UH-60, the Navy awarded a production contract to Sikorsky for the CH-60S in 1998. The variant first flew on 27 January 2000 and it began flight testing later that year. The CH-60S was redesignated MH-60S in February 2001 to reflect its planned multi-mission use. The MH-60S is based on the UH-60L and has many naval SH-60 features. Unlike all other Navy H-60s, the MH-60S is not based on the original S-70B/SH-60B platform with its forward-mounted twin tail-gear and single starboard sliding cabin door. Instead, the S-model is a hybrid, featuring the main fuselage of the S-70A/UH-60, with large sliding doors on both sides of the cabin and a single aft-mounted tail wheel; and the engines, drivetrain and rotors of the S-70B/SH-60. It also includes the integrated glass cockpit developed by Lockheed Martin for the MH-60R and shares some of the same avionics/weapons systems. It is deployed aboard aircraft carriers, amphibious assault ships, Maritime Sealift Command ships, and fast combat support ships. Its missions include vertical replenishment, medical evacuation, combat search and rescue, anti-surface warfare, maritime interdiction, close air support, intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance, and special warfare support. The MH-60S is to deploy with the AQS-20A Mine Detection System and an Airborne Laser Mine Detection System (ALMDS) for identifying submerged objects in coastal waters. It is the first US Navy helicopter to field a glass cockpit, relaying flight information via four digital monitors. The primary means of defense has been with door-mounted machine guns such as the M60D, M240D, or GAU-17/A. A "batwing" Armed Helo Kit based on the Army's UH-60L was developed to accommodate Hellfire missiles, Hydra 70 2.75 inch rockets, or larger guns. The MH-60S can be equipped with a nose-mounted forward looking infrared (FLIR) turret to be used in conjunction with Hellfire missiles; it also carries the ALQ-144 Infrared Jammer. The MH-60S is unofficially known as the "Knighthawk", referring to the preceding Sea Knight, though "Seahawk" is its official DoD name. A standard crew for the MH-60S is one pilot, one copilot and two tactical aircrewmen depending on mission. With the retirement of the Sea Knight, the squadron designation of Helicopter Combat Support Squadron (HC) was also retired from the Navy. Operating MH-60S squadrons were re-designated Helicopter Sea Combat Squadron (HSC). The MH-60S was to be used for mine clearing from littoral combat ships, but testing found it lacks the power to safely tow the detection equipment. On 6 August 2014, the U.S. Navy forward deployed the Airborne Laser Mine Detection System (ALMDS) to the U.S. 5th Fleet. The ALMDS is a sensor system designed to detect, classify, and localize floating and near-surface moored mines in littoral zones, straits, and choke points. The system is operated from an MH-60S, which gives it a countermine role traditionally handled by the MH-53E Sea Dragon, allowing smaller ships the MH-53E can't operate from to be used in the role. The ALMDS beams a laser into the water to pick up reflections from things it bounces off of, then uses that data to produce a video image for ground personnel to determine if the object is a mine. The MH-60S will utilize the BAE Systems Archerfish remotely operated vehicle (ROV) to seek out and destroy naval mines from the air. Selected as a concept in 2003 by the Navy as part of the Airborne Mine Neutralization System (AMNS) program and developed since 2007, the Archerfish is dropped into the water from its launch cradle, where its human operator remotely guides it down towards the mine using a fiber optics communications cable that leads back up to the helicopter. Using sonar and low-light video, it locates the mine, and is then instructed to shoot a shaped charge explosive to detonate it. BAE was awarded a contract to build and deliver the ROVs in April 2016. Operational history U.S. Navy The Navy received the first production SH-60B in February 1983 and assigned it to squadron HSL-41. The helicopter entered service in 1984, and began its first deployment in 1985. The SH-60F entered operational service on 22 June 1989 with Helicopter Antisubmarine Squadron 10 (HS-10) at NAS North Island. SH-60F squadrons planned to shift from the SH-60F to the MH-60S from 2005 to 2011 and were to be redesignated Helicopter Sea Combat (HSC). As one of the two squadrons in the US Navy dedicated to Naval Special Warfare support and combat search and rescue, the HCS-5 Firehawks squadron deployed to Iraq for Operation Iraqi Freedom in March 2003. The squadron completed 900 combat air missions and over 1,700 combat flight hours. The majority of their flights in the Iraqi theater supported special operations ground forces missions. A west coast Fleet Replacement Squadron (FRS), Helicopter Maritime Strike Squadron (HSM) 41, received the MH-60R aircraft in December 2005 and began training the first set of pilots. In 2007, the R-model successfully underwent final testing for incorporation into the fleet. In August 2008, the first 11 combat-ready Romeos arrived at HSM-71, a squadron assigned to the carrier . The primary missions of the MH-60R are anti-surface and anti-submarine warfare. According to Lockheed Martin, "secondary missions include search and rescue, vertical replenishment, naval surface fire support, logistics support, personnel transport, medical evacuation and communications and data relay." HSL squadrons in the US have been incrementally transitioning to the MH-60R and have nearly completed the transition. The first MH-60Rs in Japan arrived in October 2012. The recipient was HSM-51, the Navy's forward–deployed LAMPS squadron, home based in Atsugi, Japan. The Warlords transitioned from the SH-60B throughout 2013, and shifted each detachment to the new aircraft as they returned from deployments. HSM-51 will have all MH-60R aircraft at the end of 2013. The Warlords are joined by the Saberhawks of HSM-77. On 23 July 2013, Sikorsky delivered the 400th MH-60, an MH-60R, to the U.S. Navy. This included 166 MH-60R versions and 234 MH-60S versions. The MH-60S is in production until 2015 and will total a fleet of 275 aircraft, and the MH-60R is in production until 2017 and will total a fleet of 291 aircraft. The two models have flown 660,000 flight hours. Seahawk helicopters are to remain in Navy service into the 2030s. The SH-60B Seahawk completed its last active-duty deployment for the U.S. Navy in late April 2015 after a seven-month deployment aboard . After 32 years and over 3.6 million hours of service, the SH-60B was formally retired from U.S. Navy service during a ceremony on 11 May 2015 at Naval Air Station North Island. In late November 2015 returned from its deployment, ending the last active-duty operational deployment of both the SH-60F and HH-60H. The models are to be transferred to other squadrons or placed in storage. Other and potential users Spain ordered 12 S-70B Seahawks for its Navy. Spain requested six refurbished SH-60Fs through a Foreign Military Sale in September 2010. The Royal Australian Navy (RAN) ordered 16 S-70B-2s which were delivered in 1988 and 1989. In December 2017, the S-70B-2s were retired from service. The S-70B-2 had served extensively in the Middle East embarked on the Adelaide-class and the Anzac-class frigates. 11 S-70B-2 were sold to Skyline Aviation Group. Under Project AIR 9000 Phase 8, the MH-60R competed with the NHIndustries NH90 to replace the S-70B-2. In June 2011, the Defence Minister announced that the MH-60R had been selected to replace the S-70B-2. 24 MH-60Rs were ordered to be equipped with the Mark 54 and the Hellfire with deliveries commencing in mid-2014. The US had approved a Foreign Military Sale of 24 MH-60Rs in July 2010. The first MH-60R was delivered to the RAN in 2013 and the last was delivered in 2016. In 2018, Australia signed a 10-year agreement with the US Navy to support the MH-60R. The Department of Defence in the 2020 Force Structure Plan reported it planned to expand and rationalise the RAN's helicopter fleet. In October 2021, the US approved a Foreign Military Sale to Australia of 12 additional MH-60Rs. The Royal Danish Navy (RDN) put the MH-60R on a short list for a requirement of around 12 new naval helicopters, together with the NH90/NFH, H-92, AW159 and AW101. The Request For Proposal was issued on 30 September 2010. In November 2010, Denmark requested approval for a possible purchase of 12 MH-60Rs through a Foreign Military Sale. In November 2012, Denmark selected 9 MH-60Rs to replace its 7 aging Lynx helicopters. In October 2015, the US Navy accepted two mission ready MH-60R helicopters for Denmark. In October 2018, Lockheed Martin was in the process of delivering the ninth and final MH-60R to Denmark. In July 2009, the Republic of Korea requested eight MH-60S helicopters, 16 GE T700-401C engines, and related sensor systems to be sold in a Foreign Military Sale. However, South Korea instead chose the AW159 in January 2013. In July 2010 Tunisia requested 12 refurbished SH-60Fs through a Foreign Military Sale. But the change in government there in January 2011 may interfere with an order. On December 22, 2020, an announcement was made that 12 MH-60Rs would be purchased. In 2011, Qatar requested a potential Foreign Military Sale of up to 6 MH-60R helicopters, engines and other associated equipment. In late June 2012, Qatar requested another 22 Seahawks, 12 fitted with the armed helicopter modification kit and T700-401C engines with an option to purchase an additional six Seahawks and more engines. In 2011, Singapore bought six S-70Bs and then in 2013 ordered an additional two. In early 2015, Israel ordered eight ex-Navy SH-60Fs to support the expansion of the Israeli Navy surface fleet for ASW, ASuW and SAR roles. In 2015, Saudi Arabia requested the sale of ten MH-60R helicopters and associated equipment and support for the Royal Saudi Navy. In 2016, Malaysia is considering a purchase of new helicopters for its Royal Malaysian Navy, with the MH-60R Seahawk, AgustaWestland AW159 Wildcat, or the Airbus Helicopters H225M under evaluation for the role. In April 2018, the Defense Security Cooperation Agency announced it had received U.S. State Department approval and notified Congress of a possible sale to Mexican Navy of eight MH-60Rs, spare engines, and associated systems. Mexico's president said that he plans to cancel the MH-60 sale to cut government spending. In February 2011, India selected the S-70B over the NHIndustries NH90 for an acquisition of 16 multirole helicopters for the Indian Navy to replace its aging Westland Sea King fleet. India selected the Seahawk for procurement in November 2014. In June 2017, India's Ministry of Defence terminated the procurement program over a pricing issue. Then in August 2018, India's Defence Ministry approved the purchase of 24 MH-60R helicopters. In April 2019, the US Defense Security Cooperation Agency approved sale of 24 MH-60R anti-submarine helicopters to India for US$2.6 bn and notified Congress of the proposed sale. India signed a $2.13 billion (Rs 15,157 Crores) contract for the MH-60Rs in February 2020. These helicopters are to aid in detecting and destroying enemy submarines prowling in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR). On 16 July 2021, the U.S. Navy handed over the first two MH-60Rs to the Indian Navy at Naval Air Station North Island, San Diego. Variants U.S. versions YSH-60B Seahawk: Developmental version, led to SH-60B; five built. SH-60B Seahawk: Anti-submarine warfare helicopter, equipped with an APS-124 search radar and an ALQ-142 ESM system under the nose, also fitted with a 25-tube sonobuoy launcher on the left side and modified landing gear; 181 built for the US Navy. NSH-60B Seahawk: Permanently configured for flight testing. CH-60E: Proposed troop transport version for the U.S. Marine Corps. Not built. SH-60F "Oceanhawk": Carrier-borne anti-submarine warfare helicopter, equipped with AQS-13F dipping sonar; 76 built for the U.S. Navy. NSH-60F Seahawk: Modified SH-60F to support the VH-60N Cockpit Upgrade Program. HH-60H "Rescue Hawk": Search-and-rescue helicopter for the U.S. Navy; 42 built. XSH-60J: Two U.S.-built pattern aircraft for Japan. SH-60J: Anti-submarine warfare helicopter for the Japanese Maritime Self-Defense Force. YSH-60R Seahawk: MH-60R Seahawk: Anti-Submarine Version. YCH-60S "Knighthawk": MH-60S "Knighthawk": HH-60J/MH-60T Jayhawk: U.S. Coast Guard version. The HH-60J was developed with the HH-60H, the MH-60T is an upgrade to the HH-60J. Export versions S-70B Seahawk: Sikorsky's designation for Seahawk. Designation is often used for exports. S-70B-1 Seahawk: Anti-submarine version for the Spanish Navy. The Seahawk is configured with the LAMPS (Light Airborne Multipurpose System) S-70B-2 Seahawk: Anti-submarine version for the Royal Australian Navy, similar to the SH-60B Seahawk in U.S. Navy operation. S-70B-3 Seahawk: Anti-submarine version for the Japanese Maritime Self-Defense Force. Also known as the SH-60J. The JMSDF ordered 101 units, with deliveries starting in 1991. S-70-4 Seahawk: Sikorsky's designation for the SH-60F Oceanhawk. S-70-5: Sikorsky's designation for the HH-60H Rescue Hawk and HH-60J Jayhawk. S-70B-6 Aegean Hawk: the Greek military variant which is a blend of the SH-60B and F models, based on Republic of China (Taiwan) Navy's S-70C(M)1/2. S-70B-7 Seahawk: Export version for the Royal Thai Navy. S-70B-28 Seahawk: Export version for Turkey. S-70C: Designation for civil variants of the H-60. S-70C(M)-1/2 Thunderhawk: Export version for the Republic of China (Taiwan) Navy, equipped with an undernose radar and a dipping sonar. The S-70C(M)-1 has the CT7-2D1 engines whereas S-70C(M)-2 is uprated with the T700-GE-401C turboshafts. S-70C-2: 24 radar-equipped UH-60 Black Hawks for China, the delivery of the helicopters was halted by an embargo. S-70C-6 Super Blue Hawk: Search-and-rescue helicopter for Taiwan, equipped with undernose radar, plus provision for four external fuel tanks on two sub wings. S-70C-14: VIP transport version for Brunei; two built. S-70A (N) Naval Hawk: Maritime variant that blends the S-70A Black Hawk and S-70B Seahawk designs. S-70L: Sikorsky's original designation for the SH-60B Seahawk. Operators Royal Australian Navy – 23 MH-60R Seahawks in service as of Oct. 2021 (originally 24). In 2021, the US approved a potential sale of 12 additional MH-60Rs. Brazilian Navy – 6 S-70B Seahawks in use with two more on order as of Dec. 2018 A total of 8 aircraft in service as of 2020. Royal Danish Air Force – 7 MH-60R Seahawks in operaton as of Nov. 2019 Hellenic Navy – 11 S-70B6 Aegean Hawks in use as of Dec. 2018 6 MH-60R on order as of November 2020. 1 delivered as of 11 Dec. 2021. Indian Navy - 3 MH-60R Seahawks in use with 21 more on order as of 2022 Israeli Navy (8 on order) See SH-60J/K Republic of Korea Navy – 8 S-70/UH-60P in service as of Dec. 2018 with 12 MH-60R on order as of Dec. 2020. Royal Saudi Navy – 1 MH-60R in use with 9 more on order as of Dec. 2018 Republic of Singapore Air Force – 8 S-70 Seahawks in service as of Dec. 2018 Spanish Navy – 14 SH-60B/Fs in service with 4 SH-60s remaining on order as of Dec. 2018 Republic of China Navy – 9 S-70C(M)-1 and 10 S-70C(M)-2 Thunderhawks in use as of Dec. 2018 Royal Thai Navy – 6 S-70B and 2 MH-60S Seahawks Turkish Naval Forces – 24 S-70 Seahawks in use as of Dec. 2018 United States Navy – 526 HH/MH/SH-60 Seahawks in service as of Dec. 2018 Specifications (SH-60B) See also References Notes Bibliography A1-H60CA-NFM-000 NATOPS Flight Manual Navy Model H-60F/H Aircraft Donald, David ed. "Sikorsky HH/MH/SH-60 Seahawk". Warplanes of the Fleet. AIRtime, 2004. . Leoni, Ray D. Black Hawk, The Story of a World Class Helicopter. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2007. . Tomajczyk, Stephen F. Black Hawk. MBI, 2003. . External links MH-60R Seahawk page on LockheedMartin.com SH-60 fact file and SH-60 history page on US Navy site SH-60, HH-60H, MH-60S pages on Globalsecurity.org United States military helicopters Sikorsky SH-60 Seahawk Sikorsky SH-60 Seahawk 1970s United States helicopters H-060, S Twin-turbine helicopters H-060 Seahawk Aircraft first flown in 1979 Anti-submarine helicopters	[ 0.09741275012493134, -0.3921410143375397, 0.04035218060016632, 0.10935322940349579, 0.22669373452663422, 0.09171415120363235, -0.02796589769423008, -0.1918986737728119, -0.10515452176332474, -0.3976947069168091, -0.6657785773277283, 0.5143820643424988, -0.23263044655323029, 0.1307501345872879, 0.2680419981479645, 0.517998456954956, 0.8313155770301819, 0.45383477210998535, 0.057923950254917145, -0.4034533202648163, -0.2615242600440979, -0.12937232851982117, 0.6751822233200073, -0.2743460536003113, -0.051685888320207596, 0.23883840441703796, 0.6547231674194336, 0.6259921193122864, 0.1764669269323349, 0.7165628671646118, 0.08789891004562378, 0.7182307243347168, 0.06719774752855301, 0.1947864294052124, 0.3980974555015564, 0.011232384480535984, -0.24768544733524323, 0.28150972723960876, -0.6261647939682007, -0.6991185545921326, -0.2945350706577301, -0.04929076135158539, 0.15881863236427307, 0.19302628934383392, -0.059658199548721313, -0.25117814540863037, -0.8944312334060669, -0.020827122032642365, 0.07702584564685822, 0.14666752517223358, -0.6592586040496826, 0.4547532796859741, 0.40379834175109863, 0.18028859794139862, 0.6444013118743896, 1.065477728843689, -0.6380544900894165, -0.017337054014205933, -0.0952288955450058, -0.42380955815315247, 0.17383061349391937, 0.03330462798476219, -0.12950997054576874, 0.05263053998351097, 0.2618953585624695, 0.03685617074370384, 0.32283759117126465, 0.033996742218732834, -0.39426514506340027, -0.4369731545448303, -0.014018544927239418, -0.1577347069978714, -0.3835282325744629, 0.46141698956489563, -0.38178637623786926, -0.2458510398864746, 0.2598332166671753, -0.1466035395860672, 0.07266448438167572, 0.5495460033416748, 0.4662204086780548, 0.4023253917694092, 0.7770528793334961, 0.27346935868263245, -0.49193522334098816, -0.02631407231092453, -0.16713376343250275, 0.03036586381494999, -0.5111249089241028, 0.3377923369407654, -0.32202860713005066, -0.7645447254180908, 0.5000319480895996, 0.4547538459300995, -0.298340380191803, 0.041898589581251144, -0.27837076783180237, 0.6410079598426819, 0.28134310245513916, 0.1424524039030075, 0.16432999074459076, 0.06455402821302414, 0.5153934955596924, -0.02266830950975418, -0.6525527834892273, -0.577329158782959, -0.5483570694923401, -0.6615790724754333, -0.25044339895248413, 0.5121564865112305, -0.8767012357711792, -0.22976714372634888, 0.2787797749042511, -0.3577418625354767, -0.40525853633880615, 0.688719630241394, 0.5536412596702576, -0.47951358556747437, -0.05287832021713257, 0.08622781932353973, 0.5074998140335083, 0.9563634395599365, -0.5877984166145325, 0.29605427384376526, 0.25151902437210083, 0.23783549666404724, 1.5571355819702148, 0.47850921750068665, -0.9164314270019531, -0.4547594487667084, 0.9028841853141785, 0.6412373185157776, -0.5381753444671631, 0.46822136640548706, -0.2933509647846222, 0.2571961581707001, 0.4757813811302185, 0.05329933017492294, 0.4591662883758545, 0.5883244872093201, -0.9582116007804871, -0.5685802698135376, -0.5707889795303345, -0.5657099485397339, 0.19290778040885925, 0.1108560785651207, 0.21348024904727936, -0.3479570746421814, -0.752703845500946, -0.40110233426094055, -0.27734267711639404, -0.18683277070522308, -0.1753976047039032, -0.17833353579044342, -0.1443028450012207, -0.22022423148155212, 0.19328664243221283, -0.27512291073799133, 0.599406898021698, 0.10235733538866043, 0.22654113173484802, 0.15980128943920135, -0.3645675480365753, -0.28137320280075073, 0.07931029051542282, -0.1264922022819519, 0.02632615901529789, -0.07417288422584534, 0.15816977620124817, -0.10936734080314636, 0.16590526700019836, 0.2731695771217346, 0.6203228831291199, 0.05483245104551315, -0.00589405931532383, 0.013609484769403934, 0.3722343444824219, -0.09419074654579163, 0.6149384379386902, -0.16188958287239075, -0.5994378328323364, -0.054679565131664276, -0.04640329256653786, -0.14759206771850586, -0.26563021540641785, 0.3896655738353729, 0.3014797270298004, 0.4669807553291321, 0.1617649495601654, -0.3729288578033447, -0.6436302661895752, -0.4349914789199829, 0.7703631520271301, -0.572458028793335, 1.043952226638794, -0.18947379291057587, -0.15812957286834717, -0.029236242175102234, -0.028253646567463875, 0.30118873715400696, 0.21145203709602356, -0.21330761909484863, 0.4800916016101837, 0.12186505645513535, -0.9054046273231506, -0.26088058948516846, -0.3328198492527008, -0.12172238528728485, 0.3510505259037018, 0.4906032085418701, -0.013180200010538101, -0.6909708380699158, 0.017788905650377274, -0.0370563380420208, -0.05684449523687363, -0.14770667254924774, -0.5858126282691956, -0.001669210847467184, 0.15791448950767517, -0.14703579246997833, 0.7355848550796509, -0.2004677653312683, -0.5034890174865723, -0.12371619790792465, -0.1239786297082901, 0.11454024910926819, 0.02543441392481327, -0.13164165616035461, 0.16157063841819763, 0.29972344636917114, -0.3090303838253021, 0.07715663313865662, -0.4939165711402893, -0.38911375403404236, -0.16412420570850372, 0.1641864776611328, 0.12382934987545013, -0.22216123342514038, 1.0410383939743042, -0.2935580611228943, 0.257089763879776, 0.853426456451416, -0.6757921576499939, 0.28975751996040344, 0.5580095052719116, -0.07117559015750885, -0.1973939687013626, 0.2616940140724182, -0.0799253061413765, -0.14727920293807983, -0.01774936355650425, 0.5955395698547363, 0.15896853804588318, -0.6193081736564636, -0.5577611327171326, 0.3275829255580902, -0.11991877108812332, 0.09166964888572693, -0.029802028089761734, -0.42019668221473694, -0.25737544894218445, 0.5327508449554443, 0.4567123055458069, 0.06633955240249634, -0.17881855368614197, -0.4837717115879059, -0.4527728259563446, -0.33994272351264954, 0.2975853383541107, 0.5223710536956787, 0.43277040123939514, -0.2612764835357666, 0.36317482590675354, -0.4540366530418396, -0.23793937265872955, -0.21562358736991882, 0.16424362361431122, 0.3020133078098297, -0.16680151224136353, -0.7714046835899353, 0.6364513039588928, 1.1052154302597046, 0.5673691630363464, -0.06898540258407593, -0.362770676612854, -0.1420169621706009, 0.1211242824792862, 0.051678616553545, -0.4581254720687866, -0.2698514759540558, -0.7756438255310059, -0.18047669529914856, -0.8464910387992859, 0.10876394808292389, -0.845432698726654, 0.4369472861289978, 0.14075951278209686, 0.28156906366348267, 0.28910189867019653, -0.29849740862846375, -0.5229485630989075, 0.023684347048401833, -0.11381006985902786, -0.027176612988114357, 0.33823755383491516, -0.448770135641098, -0.4735091030597687, 0.4434424936771393, -5.418450832366943, -0.07836125046014786, -0.37887057662010193, -0.13025200366973877, 0.2626863420009613, 0.3359944522380829, 0.03722779452800751, -0.1815922111272812, -0.2537318766117096, -0.36015743017196655, 0.5075428485870361, 0.0461030937731266, 0.21928271651268005, -0.21742285788059235, 0.40937086939811707, 0.031330037862062454, -0.03318750485777855, -0.04066965728998184, 0.9065170884132385, -0.4106579124927521, 0.6177671551704407, -0.10397985577583313, -0.41778096556663513, 0.147297665476799, 0.5722445249557495, 0.46421903371810913, -0.9196981191635132, -0.2971962094306946, -1.0161765813827515, 0.016102278605103493, -0.31610119342803955, -0.22922559082508087, -0.24519649147987366, 0.33216992020606995, 0.12074077129364014, -0.6801130175590515, 0.41168802976608276, 0.2941979765892029, 0.4676995873451233, -0.2849953770637512, -0.0792689323425293, 0.2762114405632019, -0.37415820360183716, -0.10185869038105011, 0.4621417224407196, 0.06345318257808685, 0.1316511631011963, -0.08739542216062546, 0.45822909474372864, 0.9318908452987671, 0.25087758898735046, 0.10245960205793381, 0.36810073256492615, 0.8385847806930542, 0.46433934569358826, -0.2175852358341217, -0.2794938385486603, 0.38769689202308655, -0.11068730056285858, 0.4424929618835449, 0.3463976979255676, -0.023454513400793076, -0.4100342392921448, -0.7084555625915527, -0.45559582114219666, 0.3769463896751404, -0.17260128259658813, -0.7489224076271057, 0.32450971007347107, -0.3532055616378784, -0.49407342076301575, 0.6584227681159973, -0.6018882393836975, -0.9524290561676025, 0.8454757928848267, -0.9642675518989563, 0.09850373864173889, 0.2872892916202545, -0.31155896186828613, -0.27384883165359497, 0.3156619071960449, -0.8410224914550781, -0.3364563584327698, 0.06166447699069977, 0.015659274533391, -0.9615961313247681, -0.2862405776977539, -0.35485830903053284, 0.154993936419487, 0.3198241591453552, 0.5918681025505066, -0.6023237705230713, 0.732797384262085, 0.289404958486557, 0.7040821313858032, -0.5395393371582031, -0.18873323500156403, 0.2645784914493561, 0.8540382385253906, -0.3617832660675049, 0.16074062883853912, -0.1434812992811203, 0.05331363156437874, -0.2804151177406311, -0.16945578157901764, -0.13256974518299103, 0.16104747354984283, -0.10541970282793045, 1.1645628213882446, 0.0780443474650383, 0.3043099045753479, -0.58096843957901, -0.5242571830749512, -0.13113735616207123, -0.11740387976169586, -0.3593796193599701, -0.786817193031311, 0.5269281268119812, 0.4378891587257385, 0.15922078490257263, -0.038892507553100586, 0.17417718470096588, -0.531190812587738, -0.16168947517871857, -0.09877730160951614, -0.7847638726234436, 0.01638059690594673, 0.1798800379037857, -0.21271739900112152, -0.16991685330867767, 0.3025980591773987, 0.7282229065895081, 0.08342225104570389, -0.3452436923980713, 0.06528232246637344, -0.12142609059810638, -0.35266298055648804, 0.018537603318691254, 0.5387555956840515, -0.08402873575687408, -0.7483223080635071, -0.020038364455103874, -0.10413236171007156, 0.1327633112668991, 0.5510551929473877, 0.7481809854507446, 0.46730339527130127, -0.03199925646185875, -0.037861213088035583, 0.7853031754493713, 0.4134829044342041, 0.12883548438549042, 0.5417883396148682, -0.2531723976135254, -0.15930485725402832, -0.12376197427511215, 0.5972713232040405, 0.42482513189315796, -0.12711720168590546, -0.2043268233537674, 0.4874574840068817, 0.08493063598871231, -0.7061131596565247, -0.12365161627531052, 0.04252991825342178, 0.006102464627474546, -0.5641288757324219, -0.27426883578300476, 0.13474144041538239, 0.32652992010116577, 0.3404252529144287, -1.0149723291397095, -0.9078607559204102, 0.2825075089931488, 0.3008105456829071, -0.01616177335381508, -0.4181082248687744, 0.32325494289398193, -0.5793343782424927, 0.4879058003425598, -0.08118144422769547, 0.062093399465084076, -0.39946502447128296, 0.4741150438785553, 0.07285793870687485, -0.763314962387085, -0.16937121748924255, -0.21846964955329895, -0.27713680267333984, -0.02598850429058075, 0.2390245497226715, 0.3495645821094513, 0.3206135630607605, 0.7454635500907898, -0.597882091999054, -0.0937834233045578, -0.08047021925449371, 1.0634584426879883, 0.047890614718198776, -0.4246825575828552, 0.32626575231552124, 0.531167209148407, -0.5253669619560242, 0.4930982291698456, 0.011168639175593853, -0.06191879138350487, 0.43553823232650757, -0.19332854449748993, 0.3798578381538391, 0.09341815114021301, -0.5099854469299316, -0.8179125785827637, 0.25576192140579224, 0.8393381834030151, -0.590803861618042, 0.2217206209897995, -0.15778391063213348, 0.12526695430278778, -0.10587499290704727, -0.5118073225021362, -0.10547785460948944, -0.22047540545463562, 0.0504891574382782, -0.629517674446106, -1.4497464895248413, 0.5168053507804871, -0.07428775727748871, -0.5413929224014282, 0.0014218634460121393, -0.6724504828453064, 0.010711247101426125, -0.3389182984828949, -0.4679670035839081, -0.24285975098609924, -0.05251467972993851, -0.13787777721881866, -0.3279610872268677, -0.4577889144420624, 0.5073423385620117, 0.2627944052219391, 0.47733867168426514, 1.250845193862915, 0.07452239096164703, -0.3340533375740051, -0.5727283954620361, 0.3067449629306793, 0.7115599513053894, -0.8226068615913391, -0.517232358455658, 0.024296296760439873, 0.09117718040943146, -0.40671953558921814, -0.23434165120124817, -0.16756613552570343, 1.4980800151824951, -0.4772529602050781, -0.39674001932144165, -0.2906061112880707, -0.2788894474506378, 0.2036861777305603, 0.032687097787857056, 0.38775011897087097, -1.7048649787902832, -0.008046678267419338, 0.1396137773990631, 0.18925875425338745, -0.32082629203796387, 0.056598491966724396, -0.06635076552629471, -0.2796131670475006, -0.17980307340621948, 0.16498543322086334, 0.1633973866701126, 0.5268034338951111, 0.07563542574644089, 0.03029680624604225, -0.3055526614189148, -0.1291305422782898, -0.01037537306547165, 0.7968466877937317, -0.7052290439605713, 0.3568054139614105, -0.19122670590877533, -0.49136143922805786, -0.506122887134552, -0.07846714556217194, 0.3460369110107422, -0.25036025047302246, -0.2142316699028015, -0.14472688734531403, -0.022134291008114815, -0.2144593596458435, -0.4447144567966461, 0.26015540957450867, -0.21636757254600525, -0.03884909674525261, 0.36198803782463074, 0.2622769773006439, 0.10980197787284851, 0.46125391125679016, -0.4078875184059143, 0.25039681792259216, 0.007941964082419872, -0.12679773569107056, 0.34655284881591797, -0.40366998314857483, 0.21300074458122253, -0.029578525573015213, 0.20806285738945007, -0.015611125156283379, 0.5793728828430176, -0.4617631733417511, -0.2626948654651642, 0.6335906386375427, -0.3031459450721741, 0.24797594547271729, 0.1565849632024765, -0.08030637353658676, 0.22844837605953217, -0.20979465544223785, 0.31291407346725464, 0.26277855038642883, 0.39553728699684143, 0.28685101866722107, -1.02739417552948, 0.20411336421966553, -0.9371439218521118, -0.2227555513381958, 0.6131523847579956, 0.42628175020217896, 0.04635915532708168, -0.018610583618283272, -0.6964725255966187, 0.46512776613235474, -0.03244081512093544, 0.1582896113395691, 0.5384308695793152, -0.2078002542257309, -0.536557674407959, 0.807593047618866, 0.5521878004074097, 0.1211729645729065, -0.08231749385595322, -0.3333594501018524, 0.06872871518135071, 0.24571216106414795, 0.5839764475822449, 0.12089644372463226, 0.49717867374420166, -0.14974650740623474, -0.44650447368621826, 0.47204306721687317, 0.2508295774459839, -0.059617940336465836, 0.15964846312999725, 0.3828105330467224, 0.04420319199562073, -0.5538898706436157, 0.08797954022884369, 0.10176213085651398, -0.0008953062351793051, 0.08682079613208771, 0.28691205382347107, 0.13014355301856995, -0.6965386271476746, 0.0026371798012405634, -0.708721935749054, -1.1179438829421997, 0.6003129482269287, 0.1676439791917801, -0.008406548760831356, 0.8208562731742859, -0.2188471406698227, 0.3235362470149994, 0.045321639627218246, 0.48331329226493835, 0.1366424709558487, 0.14772939682006836, -0.07115516066551208, 0.20717531442642212, -0.6456266045570374, 0.5792716145515442, 0.11931195110082626, -0.4391491413116455, 0.008349697105586529, 0.561885416507721, 0.05938764289021492, 0.03168779984116554, 0.3194485604763031, 0.156941756606102, 0.2906782329082489, -0.9981362223625183, -0.5066792964935303, -0.1075768768787384, -0.2809520661830902, 0.29161906242370605, -0.07531776279211044, 0.4163837730884552, -0.19318892061710358, 0.8873932957649231, 0.10758715122938156, 0.2567460834980011, 0.07735050469636917, 0.36094239354133606, 0.06231345981359482, -0.6131680011749268, -0.6088815927505493, 0.02018004283308983, -1.0222294330596924, 0.18751411139965057, 0.24577784538269043, 0.09039895981550217, 0.05358266457915306, -0.08117067813873291, 0.3567689061164856, -0.2802998423576355, 0.8003922700881958, -0.5327480435371399, 0.025149714201688766, -0.6699610352516174, 0.021861091256141663, -0.7012700438499451, -0.09932805597782135, -0.1358894258737564, -0.4750889837741852, -0.510086178779602, 0.423858106136322, 0.03313402831554413, -0.5205098390579224, 0.3041415512561798, -0.320453941822052, 0.5926169753074646, -0.5586376786231995, 0.6858339905738831, -0.2308003157377243, -0.3228578269481659, 0.020047975704073906, 0.30547699332237244, 0.8899139165878296, 0.04077199846506119, 0.683850884437561, -0.49798837304115295, 0.35708579421043396, 0.23591093719005585, 0.06577569246292114, -0.7270366549491882, 0.1669461727142334, -0.21608632802963257, -0.7119715213775635, 0.5525480508804321, 0.5426310300827026, -0.3211296796798706, 0.026738157495856285, -0.9027193784713745, 0.11384613066911697, 0.43698179721832275, 0.291750967502594, -0.34834346175193787, 0.1598546802997589, -0.5093380808830261 ]
202033	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECT	ECT	ECT may refer to: Education École Canadienne de Tunis, a school in Tunis, Tunisia Emirates College of Technology, in Abu Dhabi Industry and technology ECN-capable transport, a transport layer capable of using Explicit Congestion Notification Emergency Crew Transport, CalFire's newer version of Crew Carrying Vehicle (CCV) Eddy-current testing Edge crush test Electrical capacitance tomography Electronically controlled transmission, a type of vehicle automatic transmission Elementary comparison testing Medicine and science Ecarin clotting time Ectomesenchymal chondromyxoid tumor Electroconvulsive therapy Elementary cognitive task Emission computed tomography Expectation confirmation theory Other uses ECT (TV programme), a 1985 British music programme Catalan Workers' Left (), a defunct political party in France Correios, the Brazilian postal service and postal administration Ealing Community Transport, an English bus operator East Chicago Transit Eastern Continental Trail, in eastern North America Ecuador Time (UTC−5) Energy Charter Treaty, an international agreement European Centre of Technology Evangelicals and Catholics Together, an ecumenical document Eternal conscious torment, a view of hell in Christianity	[ 0.3223039209842682, -0.0649336650967598, 0.12039356678724289, 0.33175304532051086, 0.39904841780662537, 0.07189270853996277, 0.05987793579697609, 0.25781720876693726, -0.056499797850847244, -0.3356086313724518, -0.18334084749221802, 0.7467700242996216, 0.09514635801315308, -0.13117845356464386, 0.4246492087841034, -0.08240418881177902, 0.7402717471122742, 0.4254350960254669, -0.448428750038147, -0.5728814005851746, -0.189332515001297, 0.018738996237516403, 0.27209872007369995, -0.06223001703619957, 0.1647346168756485, 0.23630325496196747, -0.15943758189678192, -0.5122981071472168, -0.02191079780459404, -0.06424138695001602, 0.6005401611328125, 0.2165684849023819, -0.021152988076210022, -0.02324683591723442, 0.13215111196041107, 0.06656486541032791, -0.300143837928772, -0.47618037462234497, -0.3947613835334778, -0.8262432217597961, 0.04277225583791733, -0.3252112865447998, 0.07630664110183716, 0.12264405936002731, -0.4703134000301361, -0.22804169356822968, -1.5361820459365845, 0.098562091588974, -0.8161002397537231, 0.5436353087425232, -0.023484891280531883, 0.5592473745346069, -0.032411009073257446, 0.38864532113075256, 0.18612700700759888, 0.3087507486343384, -0.37399420142173767, -0.6296098828315735, 0.7839418053627014, -0.5397087335586548, 0.5583880543708801, 0.46017229557037354, -0.2147870510816574, 0.7170654535293579, -0.028469888493418694, -0.5335428714752197, -0.06255658715963364, 0.1892905980348587, -0.7184091210365295, -0.5584282875061035, -0.0940479263663292, -0.4791406989097595, -0.2487776279449463, -0.2947620749473572, 0.018044989556074142, -0.6610656976699829, -0.07758267223834991, -0.07188857346773148, -0.03715100511908531, -0.22926604747772217, 0.4028152525424957, 0.4384691119194031, 0.03329307958483696, 0.13425086438655853, 0.6574700474739075, 0.48797422647476196, -0.5773296356201172, 0.37251511216163635, -0.45378974080085754, 0.2521439790725708, 0.46269404888153076, -0.3170902132987976, 0.26264095306396484, 0.0852455422282219, -0.07553374022245407, 0.11661197245121002, 0.09010328352451324, -0.7849408388137817, 0.220131978392601, -0.164285346865654, 0.0956859439611435, -0.07374773919582367, 0.10270269215106964, 0.19080838561058044, -0.15983018279075623, 0.23560220003128052, -0.22892966866493225, -0.260481595993042, 0.07392644137144089, -0.2912251055240631, -0.30543220043182373, -0.01697428710758686, -0.23912125825881958, 0.2836427092552185, -0.06489662826061249, -0.3484305739402771, 0.3531200587749481, 0.007084933575242758, -0.2663480341434479, 0.12292900681495667, -0.012749745510518551, 0.2518104016780853, 0.3867955207824707, 0.11690044403076172, 0.2056279182434082, 0.29750749468803406, 0.16318856179714203, 0.5746491551399231, -0.5218486785888672, 0.1113201305270195, 0.31369850039482117, 0.4003050923347473, 0.0663670003414154, 0.2129107564687729, -0.4256674647331238, 0.4749860465526581, -0.0066387346014380455, 0.032687246799468994, 0.40998315811157227, 0.9206190705299377, -0.8932330012321472, -0.579612672328949, -0.19569765031337738, -0.14284461736679077, 0.29147905111312866, -0.47328951954841614, -0.2043239027261734, 0.47623464465141296, -0.01069673616439104, 0.19706493616104126, -0.05856434628367424, -0.20589235424995422, -0.4024442732334137, -0.1771172285079956, 0.26261353492736816, 0.6117621660232544, 0.10353928059339523, 0.15466871857643127, -0.4857596755027771, -0.20872762799263, -0.09925325959920883, 0.1370248794555664, -0.14907492697238922, -0.041744425892829895, 0.24614083766937256, -0.2385282814502716, -0.0011337320320308208, 0.13293105363845825, 0.08417543023824692, 0.2830876111984253, -0.23858392238616943, -0.11685620248317719, 0.36507371068000793, -0.42583584785461426, -0.16311317682266235, 0.29281625151634216, 0.3304177224636078, 0.34135857224464417, 0.4353273808956146, 0.48936134576797485, -0.8411269783973694, 0.6610599756240845, 0.2617059350013733, -0.6967509984970093, -0.33240023255348206, -0.11682866513729095, 0.29308202862739563, 0.08117352426052094, -0.6954178810119629, 0.061942022293806076, -0.445652037858963, -0.19918259978294373, 0.17139571905136108, -0.7587690949440002, 1.2211155891418457, -0.34283196926116943, -0.07606862485408783, 0.9585098624229431, -0.3220047354698181, 0.14563149213790894, -0.047097235918045044, 0.012629439122974873, 0.8048863410949707, -0.5037310719490051, -0.6741514801979065, 0.6394311189651489, 0.31537577509880066, -0.3781733214855194, -0.353914737701416, -0.2712293565273285, 0.3502305746078491, -0.3068872392177582, 0.4024079144001007, -0.4446839392185211, 0.18780763447284698, -0.18949219584465027, -0.5498213171958923, 0.6451858878135681, -0.07016263902187347, -0.22006472945213318, 0.33157509565353394, -0.5067422986030579, 0.1428283154964447, 0.40219593048095703, -0.47157934308052063, 0.1488109678030014, 0.08899123221635818, 0.45132359862327576, 0.9470945596694946, -0.7200412750244141, 0.3756873309612274, -0.017255093902349472, -0.019244318827986717, -0.13012105226516724, -0.2763046622276306, -0.04614967480301857, -0.4325955808162689, -0.1935228556394577, 0.27268463373184204, 0.005469986703246832, -0.5166715979576111, 0.24908436834812164, -0.7373512387275696, 0.48313865065574646, 0.45505112409591675, -0.23353421688079834, 0.10455463826656342, 0.580845057964325, -0.14644870162010193, 0.2950027287006378, -0.26127347350120544, 0.4614006280899048, -0.11405002325773239, -0.14564967155456543, 0.3686891198158264, -0.2243603765964508, 0.463088721036911, 0.38986045122146606, 0.1853358894586563, 0.06959907710552216, -0.5915810465812683, -0.2451842725276947, 0.18755634129047394, 0.28138309717178345, 0.13420598208904266, -0.8608248829841614, -0.5233402848243713, -0.3999078869819641, 0.4374810457229614, 0.10107976943254471, 0.7595855593681335, 0.11021912842988968, -0.1770954430103302, 0.02059250697493553, -0.5460792183876038, -0.6246001720428467, 0.6296067237854004, 0.7680332660675049, -0.2027663141489029, 0.06176288425922394, -0.49505871534347534, 0.1560450941324234, -0.16528290510177612, -0.4529764950275421, 0.6199697852134705, 0.51644366979599, -0.4597521126270294, -0.4319745898246765, 0.11701245605945587, -0.34424132108688354, 0.20680460333824158, 0.4227202832698822, 0.13058029115200043, -0.08802247792482376, 0.6126425862312317, 0.36073037981987, 0.2698858976364136, 0.03581955283880234, 0.22528956830501556, -0.25043272972106934, 0.2283623367547989, 0.5158606171607971, -0.22824883460998535, 0.44857293367385864, 0.5002810955047607, 0.006227875594049692, 0.14243103563785553, -0.19357608258724213, -5.818915367126465, 0.04792261868715286, -0.25244104862213135, 0.45154377818107605, 0.2918842136859894, -0.04407035559415817, 0.9090063571929932, 0.04342785105109215, -0.2898939549922943, -0.2529194951057434, 0.162514328956604, 0.24495598673820496, 0.04080590605735779, 0.7246047854423523, 0.08161114156246185, 0.48355820775032043, -0.1118825152516365, -0.06689708679914474, 0.257386714220047, 0.30501002073287964, -0.06578700989484787, -0.4535420536994934, -0.05680675059556961, 1.0216537714004517, -0.3152187764644623, -0.4162704646587372, -0.9085363149642944, 0.5954828262329102, -0.10698851943016052, 0.10887383669614792, 0.5789905786514282, -0.5798863172531128, 0.14011713862419128, -0.5361887216567993, 0.06932693719863892, 0.09543056041002274, 1.0507948398590088, 0.013657968491315842, 0.23033864796161652, -0.1563488394021988, -0.32678690552711487, 0.28725966811180115, 0.32346004247665405, -0.23398372530937195, 0.010507352650165558, -0.140964537858963, 0.638433039188385, 0.1668006181716919, 0.0748915746808052, 0.6395606994628906, -0.328220009803772, 0.48685309290885925, 0.3833159804344177, 0.23403799533843994, 0.4112672209739685, -0.07863391190767288, -0.00278492271900177, 0.5042869448661804, 0.3191196024417877, 0.33434581756591797, 0.11435647308826447, -0.12070172280073166, -0.1924574375152588, -0.9425085783004761, 0.02453577145934105, 0.11017642915248871, -0.45373767614364624, 0.011282878927886486, 0.4187665581703186, -0.11682035028934479, -0.3458442986011505, -0.12102609127759933, -0.016877470538020134, -0.8511925339698792, -0.3027988374233246, -0.5362741351127625, 0.5479071736335754, 0.4524977505207062, 0.33440807461738586, 0.5110153555870056, -0.19016693532466888, 0.06909260153770447, -0.1982949823141098, -0.2705230414867401, -0.020009178668260574, -0.37256890535354614, 0.06449685990810394, 0.1383894383907318, -0.27230483293533325, -0.1733345091342926, 0.6487594842910767, 0.046189241111278534, -0.03490632772445679, 0.3813295066356659, 0.2749417722225189, 0.25150784850120544, -0.6102979183197021, 0.5452862977981567, 0.11731888353824615, -0.5036540627479553, 0.19838397204875946, 0.032440315932035446, 0.277682363986969, -0.2556796669960022, -0.3287195563316345, -0.26624631881713867, -0.2178017646074295, 0.23312972486019135, 0.27015557885169983, -0.23551315069198608, -0.2667236030101776, 0.2990219295024872, -0.35584381222724915, -0.14059439301490784, -0.13929085433483124, 0.36233776807785034, -0.3048211932182312, 0.14537835121154785, 0.605239987373352, -0.2643590569496155, 0.21300074458122253, 0.3983774781227112, -0.7707764506340027, -0.24620307981967926, -0.07610577344894409, -0.40105119347572327, 0.3068077862262726, 0.3070806860923767, 0.0651426911354065, -0.3942575454711914, 0.18287047743797302, 0.17498637735843658, -0.08119610697031021, 0.25118058919906616, 0.14808043837547302, -0.5323138236999512, -0.14474999904632568, 0.44620588421821594, -0.05944458767771721, -0.36023157835006714, -0.010956107638776302, -0.4704280495643616, 0.06071033701300621, 0.07268882542848587, 0.8732297420501709, 0.18488255143165588, -0.2711038291454315, 0.009138761088252068, -0.12743598222732544, 0.17060014605522156, 0.7077637314796448, 0.013541391119360924, -0.06754637509584427, 0.013777096755802631, 0.18548211455345154, -0.024284811690449715, 0.018992140889167786, -0.19640392065048218, 0.17223112285137177, -0.46399208903312683, 0.37453070282936096, 0.36937567591667175, -1.2646043300628662, -0.3988170623779297, 0.37637898325920105, 0.1512601226568222, -0.19916477799415588, -1.0326865911483765, -0.2567667067050934, 0.10948928445577621, -0.16200117766857147, -0.7560911178588867, -0.6933210492134094, -0.3953762352466583, 0.26183465123176575, 0.2540227770805359, 0.10300374031066895, -0.30581364035606384, 0.08193087577819824, -0.23303522169589996, 0.45867377519607544, -0.13209640979766846, 0.04410775005817413, 0.1776755154132843, 0.41224145889282227, -0.5729209780693054, -0.00913907028734684, 0.48148468136787415, -0.15490610897541046, -0.21107852458953857, 0.0846528559923172, 0.2391507625579834, 0.4240463078022003, 0.38049614429473877, -0.048045847564935684, -0.1583738923072815, -0.07255563139915466, 0.27472221851348877, -0.05491475388407707, -0.28821516036987305, 0.36101624369621277, 0.04865328222513199, 0.1145048439502716, 0.15325379371643066, -0.20621034502983093, -0.05380822718143463, 0.1816413253545761, -0.21051475405693054, -0.24133875966072083, 0.10300002247095108, -0.43959635496139526, -0.4793025851249695, 0.3621228337287903, 0.7189175486564636, -0.6818748116493225, -0.04477737098932266, 0.011742450296878815, -0.41622644662857056, -0.7241523265838623, -0.007287544663995504, -0.08950676023960114, 0.43803858757019043, -0.5269873738288879, -0.28277841210365295, -0.3262140154838562, -0.18793466687202454, 0.4510028660297394, -0.8872722387313843, 0.3502480685710907, 0.6059653759002686, -0.6428409814834595, -0.146259143948555, -0.15611261129379272, 0.434108704328537, -0.39902687072753906, 0.04810226336121559, -0.1109369769692421, -0.10210780054330826, -0.2259076088666916, -0.14277900755405426, 0.02750438265502453, -0.07731189578771591, 0.07288441061973572, -0.6512100696563721, 0.09569530189037323, 1.3393359184265137, 0.5514767169952393, -0.5482415556907654, -0.4607166349887848, 0.25096967816352844, -0.008167504332959652, -0.17568907141685486, -0.273282915353775, -0.13290344178676605, 0.3263617753982544, -0.381586492061615, -0.195304274559021, -0.24670743942260742, 0.17890626192092896, 0.21878252923488617, -0.38907063007354736, -0.4120168387889862, -0.677715003490448, -0.007419109810143709, -0.14763030409812927, 0.018925637006759644, -0.4423724412918091, -0.44198843836784363, -0.2403450459241867, -0.5613418221473694, 0.4043000042438507, -0.3809783458709717, 0.8661463856697083, 0.3025052547454834, 0.34780099987983704, -0.5213165879249573, 0.02761717140674591, -0.9552561044692993, 0.1554436981678009, 0.19648583233356476, -0.505262553691864, 0.18978776037693024, -0.1074303388595581, -0.5070695877075195, 0.11166051030158997, -0.46408089995384216, 0.36210402846336365, -0.3243936002254486, -0.406245619058609, 0.0695987418293953, 0.07910521328449249, -0.06606468558311462, -0.5632219910621643, 0.012582816183567047, -0.39684420824050903, 0.13196204602718353, -0.09609304368495941, 0.031405966728925705, 0.14784182608127594, -0.15584386885166168, -0.8151901364326477, 0.7771577835083008, 0.6572177410125732, -1.048490285873413, 0.2868821918964386, 0.4417431354522705, -0.2235085815191269, -0.08660795539617538, 0.440140038728714, -0.24991929531097412, 0.3389906585216522, -0.4114725887775421, -0.010032633319497108, 1.1014575958251953, 0.2897373139858246, 0.019494356587529182, 0.12547922134399414, -0.8139281868934631, 0.2678244113922119, 0.51884526014328, 0.17425906658172607, 0.4618302583694458, 0.11936699599027634, -0.503579318523407, 0.047715116292238235, 0.252917617559433, 0.11404755711555481, -0.5162621140480042, -0.10814046859741211, 0.975323498249054, 0.7708706259727478, 0.5009434819221497, -0.19430436193943024, 1.0250294208526611, -0.44667840003967285, -0.16788947582244873, -0.1481066793203354, -0.6602970361709595, -0.14806348085403442, 0.6213738918304443, 0.5164979100227356, 0.24563667178153992, -0.14467045664787292, 0.14708247780799866, -0.4671586751937866, 0.5427379608154297, 0.6336037516593933, 0.05808457359671593, -0.2853400707244873, 0.3719489872455597, 0.23098386824131012, -0.3762493133544922, 0.2572023570537567, -0.30938923358917236, -0.182108074426651, 0.0029428054112941027, 0.12570291757583618, -0.189881831407547, -0.2160063236951828, -0.2468745857477188, -0.016803227365016937, 0.40027061104774475, 0.9619013071060181, -0.3778264820575714, -0.22682055830955505, -0.08182083815336227, 0.17439310252666473, -0.5658574104309082, 0.09631013870239258, 0.11407292634248734, 0.17500996589660645, 0.28098219633102417, -0.7684609889984131, 0.14199097454547882, -0.05471130087971687, 0.032083529978990555, 0.24926425516605377, 0.4764898121356964, 0.030399883165955544, 0.2570292055606842, -0.6996503472328186, -0.5841488242149353, -0.256004273891449, -0.5841063857078552, 0.10052990168333054, -0.1601967215538025, -0.07003331184387207, 0.15125447511672974, -0.7884618639945984, 0.5271685719490051, -0.6309267282485962, -0.39039677381515503, 0.34853678941726685, 0.04989063739776611, -0.22522646188735962, -0.27109578251838684, -0.12245059758424759, 0.4436946511268616, -0.1445116251707077, -0.06758463382720947, -0.2547430098056793, 0.23541037738323212, 0.012360136024653912, -0.454850971698761, -0.7623646855354309, 0.2996104955673218, -0.1472131758928299, 0.5063204169273376, -0.5286283493041992, -0.16260114312171936, 1.209225058555603, 0.05644173175096512, 0.22997191548347473, 0.08369012176990509, 0.14292781054973602, 0.1035221666097641, 0.44859781861305237, -0.1188737079501152, 0.005094480235129595, 0.03851733356714249, -0.18875209987163544, 0.2902816832065582, 0.2531472146511078, 0.26662206649780273, -0.2964867949485779, 0.37288323044776917, 0.4738449454307556, 0.13084077835083008, -0.49176478385925293, 0.6124438643455505, -0.3973921239376068, -0.48785150051116943, -0.7895068526268005, 0.6816273331642151, -0.12546557188034058, -0.16708262264728546, -0.16939307749271393, 0.3278249502182007, 0.15171638131141663, -0.0671464055776596, 0.4882577061653137, -0.12224020063877106, 0.11370985209941864, 0.13317647576332092, -0.9195284247398376, -0.3134751319885254, -0.21946574747562408, -0.17558233439922333, -0.25494810938835144, -0.11478423327207565, 0.6911874413490295, -1.1909735202789307, 0.025538664311170578, 0.19727952778339386, -0.04184796288609505, -0.6178988814353943, 0.2755202651023865, -0.32636749744415283, 0.0025276823434978724, 0.292258083820343 ]
202035	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darmstadt-Dieburg	Darmstadt-Dieburg	Darmstadt-Dieburg is a Kreis (district) in the south of Hesse, Germany. Neighboring districts are Offenbach, Aschaffenburg, Miltenberg, Odenwaldkreis, Bergstraße, Groß-Gerau, and the district-free city of Darmstadt, which it surrounds. History The district was created in 1975 by merging the previous districts of Darmstadt and Dieburg. In 1963 the district was twinned with the district of North East Derbyshire, England, in 1990 with the district Zwickauer Land in Saxony, Germany, and in 1995 with the Mladá Boleslav region in the Czech Republic. Geography The district is located in the Odenwald mountains. Most famous in the district is the Messel Pit, where many fossils in the oil shale of a Tertiary lake were found. The site is listed in the UNESCO world heritage list since 1995. Coat of arms The coat of arms show a lion in the top part, taken from the coat of arms of the counts of Katzenelnbogen. The lion holds a Wheel of Mainz, the symbol of state of Mainz. Both owned big parts of the districts area in the past. The 23 stars in the bottom represent the municipalities of the county. Towns and municipalities References External links Districts of Hesse	[ 0.24691657721996307, 0.6180263757705688, 0.601836085319519, -0.41970860958099365, -0.24954339861869812, 0.4818909466266632, 0.4815598726272583, 0.5470297336578369, 0.12558506429195404, -0.49098920822143555, -0.40015116333961487, -0.37850308418273926, 0.05106427147984505, 0.5500390529632568, 0.1078856810927391, 0.7340887188911438, 1.110605239868164, 0.48350605368614197, -0.3850248456001282, -0.46594861149787903, 0.1283404678106308, 0.07242778688669205, 0.7398837804794312, 0.5257633924484253, -0.45257994532585144, -0.197940856218338, 0.7033905386924744, -0.1685205101966858, 0.19692565500736237, -0.0017045331187546253, -0.5070183277130127, 0.8200916051864624, -0.3360234498977661, 0.002793888095766306, 0.8327267169952393, 0.5253490209579468, -0.6963067650794983, -0.8506507277488708, 0.02752550318837166, -0.4370957612991333, -0.3669160008430481, 0.2095332145690918, 0.1501079648733139, -0.18546335399150848, 0.2712072432041168, -0.806848406791687, -1.3412847518920898, -0.14794234931468964, -0.9600666761398315, 0.04723759740591049, -0.0811459869146347, -0.1585746854543686, 0.09788071364164352, 0.5971500277519226, 0.1487312912940979, 0.5850152373313904, -1.3895232677459717, -0.15583515167236328, 0.44002559781074524, 1.0747168064117432, 0.6831120848655701, 0.12732212245464325, -0.40320977568626404, 0.3941119313240051, 0.22380584478378296, 0.12538662552833557, -0.11199323832988739, 0.7978271842002869, -0.8552240133285522, -1.1926121711730957, -1.1964712142944336, -0.1007741168141365, 0.1607521027326584, -0.0615217499434948, -0.11513488739728928, 0.02327044866979122, -0.6394826173782349, 0.09738465398550034, 0.2274905890226364, -0.5413776636123657, -0.5634974241256714, 0.23037372529506683, 1.136086344718933, 0.04841751605272293, 0.6721070408821106, 0.6157285571098328, -0.5594367980957031, -0.35857486724853516, -0.23335015773773193, 0.5441526174545288, -0.23139402270317078, -0.2172711342573166, 0.1225576251745224, 0.43561914563179016, 0.21557992696762085, -0.40422356128692627, -0.09915230423212051, 0.16927549242973328, 0.16261842846870422, 1.2154808044433594, 0.13203227519989014, 0.3912982642650604, 0.7071648836135864, 0.2162766009569168, -0.23064196109771729, -0.2946581244468689, -0.7466833591461182, -0.9429634809494019, -0.5922577381134033, 0.11859844624996185, -0.8594344258308411, 0.477451890707016, 0.1876063197851181, -0.7014849185943604, 0.2022375464439392, 0.17874301970005035, 0.3325466811656952, -0.39687198400497437, 0.06112915277481079, 0.4598783850669861, 1.1726189851760864, 0.7534976601600647, -0.23957179486751556, 0.4771622121334076, 0.010928581468760967, -0.4552357792854309, -0.23362873494625092, 1.0310958623886108, -0.19810046255588531, 0.6627902984619141, 0.630455493927002, 0.5914682745933533, -0.1804719865322113, -0.35726115107536316, 0.19731897115707397, -0.08278337866067886, 0.817254900932312, 0.03056785836815834, 0.28934943675994873, -0.4235338568687439, -1.2149945497512817, -0.27425163984298706, -0.868404746055603, 0.26176589727401733, 0.5280916094779968, -0.1272912174463272, -0.428279846906662, -0.7306466102600098, 0.4217255115509033, -0.7889361381530762, 0.269252747297287, -0.11387777328491211, -0.40690308809280396, 0.31585296988487244, -1.2795844078063965, 0.21369048953056335, 0.9924725890159607, 0.018520236015319824, 0.7886093854904175, 0.886997640132904, 0.309548944234848, -0.7118064165115356, 0.5944744348526001, -0.10070963948965073, 0.11321710050106049, 0.02542298659682274, 0.4428984224796295, 0.13118396699428558, -0.26030662655830383, 0.29201599955558777, -0.9550779461860657, 0.03260307013988495, 0.14035376906394958, -0.5596038103103638, 0.21857966482639313, -0.588363528251648, 0.7621996402740479, 0.6757591962814331, 0.15267668664455414, -0.6934939026832581, -1.1781563758850098, -0.012995707802474499, 0.6326817274093628, 0.45171087980270386, -0.24663393199443817, -0.028872942551970482, -0.2179563343524933, -0.22118133306503296, 0.302264928817749, 0.3521905243396759, 0.24126699566841125, -0.45699194073677063, 1.0511757135391235, -0.07441110908985138, 0.5229012966156006, 0.26501619815826416, -0.11832290887832642, -0.45023903250694275, -0.31545111536979675, 0.29357120394706726, -0.18972471356391907, -0.9196929931640625, -0.060485776513814926, 0.45038023591041565, -0.35461944341659546, 0.41084063053131104, -0.2162857949733734, -0.5276179313659668, -0.3750632405281067, 0.4971367418766022, 0.32832446694374084, -0.3243076801300049, 0.6152646541595459, 0.18123935163021088, 0.24250254034996033, -0.8136633038520813, -0.47382646799087524, -0.02273096702992916, 0.20430892705917358, -0.6972087025642395, 0.061859630048274994, 0.2684849202632904, -0.2907375693321228, 0.6455681324005127, -0.3479425609111786, 0.647540271282196, 0.04604663699865341, 0.23764672875404358, -0.321764200925827, -0.3054884374141693, 0.06207836791872978, 0.33277565240859985, 0.44437307119369507, 0.2841668426990509, 0.21057960391044617, -0.53354811668396, -0.8989737033843994, -0.312461256980896, 0.24936337769031525, -0.7692617774009705, 0.7204565405845642, 0.1700270175933838, -0.7104524374008179, -0.09910702705383301, 0.523727297782898, 1.0149614810943604, -0.6571865677833557, -0.08081339299678802, -0.4013787806034088, -0.37472373247146606, 1.0116941928863525, 0.09213735908269882, 0.002935509430244565, -0.5480015873908997, -0.11704450845718384, -0.3278256952762604, -0.06931184232234955, 0.35059335827827454, -0.02674713544547558, 0.23499177396297455, -0.17129036784172058, 0.26634061336517334, 0.797847330570221, -0.4488457143306732, -1.1796534061431885, -0.15681414306163788, -0.07909294217824936, -0.106169693171978, -0.30759525299072266, 0.04677315428853035, 0.4660871922969818, -0.2338148057460785, -0.9549781680107117, -0.15683548152446747, 0.09925529360771179, -0.2819312512874603, -0.559590220451355, 0.4397575259208679, -0.9064292907714844, 0.33225396275520325, 0.4565064609050751, 1.0862956047058105, -0.3191031515598297, -1.0408010482788086, -0.49145153164863586, 0.15758854150772095, 0.7701608538627625, 0.07257882505655289, -0.5850218534469604, 0.052528977394104004, -0.2431158721446991, -0.07409443706274033, -0.3997378945350647, 0.2029528021812439, -0.009660009294748306, -0.3013418912887573, -0.27797046303749084, -0.052826449275016785, 0.5106701850891113, -0.1015324667096138, -0.6987837553024292, 0.01906326413154602, -0.2115500420331955, 0.16060467064380646, -0.7961493134498596, -0.7812422513961792, -0.20092488825321198, 0.02167687565088272, -3.8902688026428223, -0.4153141379356384, -0.4724174439907074, -0.022862514480948448, 0.3925612270832062, 0.08884704113006592, 0.03066241927444935, -0.4506687819957733, -0.2244851291179657, 0.06935487687587738, 0.29182085394859314, -0.42137524485588074, 0.19571103155612946, 0.6239821314811707, 0.9649844169616699, 0.026803920045495033, 0.6306560635566711, 0.06560279428958893, 0.3340637683868408, -0.35476475954055786, -0.23161843419075012, 0.17796660959720612, 0.5042354464530945, 0.4429602324962616, 0.5742027759552002, 0.7532544732093811, 0.06870204955339432, -0.36418959498405457, -0.4089655578136444, -0.7653899192810059, 0.005642376374453306, -0.3276398181915283, -0.21199773252010345, 0.36870598793029785, -0.07376542687416077, 0.07033049315214157, 0.9958799481391907, 0.9076282382011414, 0.38012921810150146, -0.41762691736221313, 0.3659762144088745, 1.1489663124084473, -0.4443085193634033, 0.2459995150566101, 0.41779816150665283, -0.742469847202301, -1.1386288404464722, 0.6517918705940247, -0.5087177157402039, 1.3068156242370605, 0.2510991394519806, -0.5778966546058655, 0.6509448885917664, 0.31256356835365295, 0.12374566495418549, -0.17876215279102325, 0.3166990280151367, -0.05393001809716225, 0.16227108240127563, 0.8516668081283569, -0.07584838569164276, -0.026683952659368515, 0.2346722036600113, 0.07998588681221008, -0.5017907023429871, -0.1714347004890442, 0.00926439743489027, 0.07797010987997055, 0.5158560276031494, 0.22051584720611572, -0.5632321238517761, 0.6125674247741699, 0.018240874633193016, -0.8263140320777893, 0.14273060858249664, -0.8868146538734436, -0.9088658094406128, -0.6504433751106262, 0.13450820744037628, -0.17842994630336761, 0.728384256362915, 0.006951744202524424, 0.6626349687576294, 0.824995756149292, 0.46890169382095337, -0.4924730062484741, -0.5853577256202698, 0.08215485513210297, 0.37681451439857483, -0.4556955099105835, -0.16650927066802979, 0.03209134191274643, 0.1823541224002838, 0.2606886029243469, -0.7787497043609619, 0.7443834543228149, 0.15412254631519318, -0.33089324831962585, -0.030719352886080742, -0.38126134872436523, 1.098158836364746, -0.5334793925285339, -0.04387679323554039, -0.19054897129535675, -0.26315051317214966, -0.14437371492385864, 0.22253009676933289, -0.07997038215398788, 0.1998397558927536, 0.1464785635471344, -0.08108413219451904, -0.28059831261634827, -0.044266507029533386, -1.1047403812408447, 0.5066671967506409, -1.3906527757644653, -1.8138898611068726, 1.6511284112930298, -0.39973241090774536, 0.3617062568664551, 0.645585834980011, -0.2853609621524811, 0.41716107726097107, -0.9141507148742676, -0.4233027398586273, 0.43082982301712036, 0.42494451999664307, -0.11458273231983185, -0.3691808879375458, 0.22458520531654358, -0.32533374428749084, -0.04259827360510826, -0.8340753316879272, -0.5489571690559387, -0.2896212637424469, -0.48400968313217163, 0.045170072466135025, 0.030224213376641273, -0.12622235715389252, -0.10481207072734833, 1.0076942443847656, 0.577128529548645, -0.18160101771354675, -0.20955945551395416, -0.13989883661270142, 0.30978745222091675, 0.5102447271347046, 0.03622739017009735, -1.191253423690796, 0.45232459902763367, -0.720015287399292, -0.8147972822189331, 0.6436346173286438, -0.6106783151626587, 0.1068568080663681, -0.10684662312269211, 0.11995474994182587, 0.21537478268146515, 0.7612810730934143, -0.28761258721351624, 0.2654785215854645, -0.4678877890110016, -0.8133633136749268, 0.5301938056945801, 0.6884006261825562, 0.051125288009643555, -0.3626788854598999, 0.06241938844323158, -0.9468600153923035, 0.9202409982681274, -0.14643868803977966, -0.13027894496917725, -0.871838390827179, 0.3995031714439392, 0.0653778463602066, -0.38906949758529663, -0.3950331509113312, 0.1300322711467743, 0.1609441488981247, -0.436080664396286, -0.21549780666828156, -0.026630526408553123, -0.40098369121551514, 0.4292879104614258, 0.770244300365448, -0.8688119053840637, -0.15607675909996033, -0.0212583988904953, -1.014935851097107, -0.37276390194892883, -0.10189680755138397, 0.24884432554244995, 0.6010977625846863, -0.09078816324472427, -0.4733671545982361, -1.3769279718399048, -0.01484832726418972, -0.3364126682281494, -0.28257325291633606, -0.7726544141769409, 0.6298666596412659, 0.8168913722038269, -0.5940588712692261, 0.9248366951942444, 0.6280980706214905, -1.0070242881774902, 0.3322291672229767, 0.7791197299957275, 0.12641026079654694, 0.606013834476471, -0.8011732697486877, -0.36644309759140015, -0.026801152154803276, 0.7873395681381226, -0.6599088907241821, 0.22246083617210388, -0.00021711236331611872, -0.8976452946662903, -0.5111090540885925, -0.059986744076013565, -1.3274070024490356, -0.473226934671402, -0.0961541160941124, 0.18478195369243622, -1.3246675729751587, 0.11081527918577194, 0.30093157291412354, -0.46180984377861023, 0.8162624835968018, -0.8504317402839661, -0.03780779615044594, 0.16455288231372833, 0.7240419983863831, 0.08821919560432434, -0.4009014964103699, -0.549776017665863, 0.08147852122783661, 0.5246317386627197, -0.360810786485672, 0.7410070300102234, 0.18226774036884308, 0.708635151386261, 0.5919613242149353, -0.9676949977874756, 0.14197562634944916, -0.3689831495285034, 1.1650714874267578, -0.6852139234542847, -1.11775541305542, 0.26805439591407776, -0.02143918350338936, -0.5110428929328918, -0.7072082161903381, -0.2639080286026001, 1.1885143518447876, -1.3355377912521362, 0.10598888248205185, 0.4845559298992157, 0.5670972466468811, -0.02697226218879223, -0.5351869463920593, 0.052408237010240555, -0.2188423126935959, 0.2305496335029602, 0.09011902660131454, -0.2674108147621155, -0.4326402246952057, 0.3026466369628906, 0.1660557985305786, 0.08033858984708786, -0.5627953410148621, -0.5113101601600647, -0.24149900674819946, -0.06333993375301361, -0.12700428068637848, -0.12484980374574661, -0.2561582922935486, -0.6489251255989075, 0.12373068183660507, -0.3098757266998291, -0.40213775634765625, 0.3724692463874817, -0.04664397984743118, -1.2552459239959717, 0.31229111552238464, -1.1165014505386353, -0.6980699300765991, -0.13990645110607147, -0.9559916257858276, 0.37761637568473816, 0.029230674728751183, -0.30545803904533386, -0.6487743258476257, 0.012016045860946178, 0.07690705358982086, 0.57797771692276, 0.07412257790565491, 0.1523718386888504, 0.12843115627765656, 0.3167181611061096, -0.44001197814941406, 0.7042714953422546, 0.004864537622779608, 0.21081748604774475, 0.36717721819877625, -0.07038557529449463, -0.6395644545555115, -0.5044848322868347, -0.4818650186061859, 0.5247761607170105, 0.21021659672260284, -0.17720450460910797, 0.08987446129322052, 1.2318419218063354, 0.1203673705458641, 0.7099559903144836, 0.8336096405982971, -0.5923837423324585, -0.05191181227564812, 0.3953281044960022, 0.391600102186203, -0.50821453332901, 1.0180104970932007, 0.7783422470092773, -0.41944730281829834, 0.9166343808174133, 0.2373436838388443, -0.6441581845283508, 0.7750551700592041, -0.37974610924720764, 0.22150470316410065, 0.0710948258638382, -0.58601975440979, 0.7421661615371704, -0.596869945526123, -0.4026903212070465, -0.352533757686615, -0.22756712138652802, -0.6740118265151978, 0.3601016700267792, 0.21726307272911072, 1.1571018695831299, 0.16099612414836884, -0.09558635950088501, 0.3630828261375427, 0.7332993149757385, 0.113395094871521, 0.0003356389352120459, -0.05980122461915016, -0.5058950185775757, 0.5322102308273315, -0.15162263810634613, 0.6735985279083252, -0.5118470191955566, -0.03183290734887123, 0.5570480227470398, 0.5014690160751343, -0.5479164123535156, 0.34426379203796387, 0.13710932433605194, 0.13033896684646606, -0.8538315296173096, 0.021627584472298622, 0.14222556352615356, -0.6416509747505188, -0.9070374369621277, -0.14454665780067444, -0.2899041175842285, -0.32780319452285767, -0.12811411917209625, 0.6846630573272705, 0.26268479228019714, 0.7495371699333191, -0.6401890516281128, 1.051426887512207, 0.8750264048576355, 0.37697505950927734, -0.05357283353805542, -0.4881606698036194, 0.7215374708175659, -0.2666488289833069, 0.04309890791773796, -0.16716091334819794, 0.15992847084999084, -0.25258371233940125, -0.26264533400535583, 0.18414168059825897, -0.061810046434402466, 0.8653369545936584, -0.23601272702217102, 0.20354245603084564, 0.2157001495361328, 0.11788636445999146, 0.009964169934391975, -0.6400971412658691, -0.3427507281303406, -0.23787164688110352, 0.5600088834762573, 0.1450360268354416, 0.25577643513679504, 0.5470101833343506, 0.571005642414093, -0.2931016981601715, 0.523982584476471, -0.4818072021007538, 0.3946627676486969, -0.4099508225917816, 0.9615926146507263, -1.0250834226608276, 1.302897572517395, 0.6353326439857483, 0.17353080213069916, 0.09087216109037399, 0.7909590601921082, -0.08139783143997192, -0.2978692352771759, 1.331560730934143, -0.423868328332901, -0.17790499329566956, 0.5996435880661011, 0.6030808091163635, -0.6383039355278015, -0.042669426649808884, -0.008283909410238266, -0.11084861308336258, 0.07588561624288559, -0.03693088889122009, -0.4308251738548279, -0.07408712059259415, 0.3719884753227234, -0.3023238480091095, -0.21051765978336334, -0.501734733581543, -0.10736386477947235, -0.3446950316429138, 0.6475492715835571, -0.01059389766305685, 1.1825772523880005, 0.24256804585456848, -0.8718101978302002, -0.2710801362991333, -0.24967284500598907, 0.3291357159614563, 0.49934521317481995, -1.1364655494689941, 0.28644290566444397, -0.31647542119026184, -0.421021044254303, 0.23525676131248474, 0.017714517191052437, 0.27525871992111206, -0.6328033208847046, 0.34421584010124207, -0.2991392910480499, -0.006308190990239382, 0.7361418604850769, 0.18633534014225006, -0.7612521052360535, 0.29578354954719543, 0.17178453505039215 ]
202038	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary%20Gillick	Mary Gillick	Mary Gaskell Gillick (1881 – 27 January 1965) was a sculptor best known for her effigy of Elizabeth II used on coinage in the United Kingdom and elsewhere from 1953 to 1970. Born Mary Tutin in Nottingham, she was educated at the Nottingham School of Art (1898–1902) and at the Royal College of Art (1902–1904), where she studied under the sculptor Édouard Lantéri. After making her first exhibition at the Royal Academy in 1911, she designed several medals to be used as awards, and several other, larger relief sculptures in stone and bronze. Mary Gillick was married (1905) to another noteworthy sculptor, Ernest Gillick, who is believed to have influenced her work. She was appointed OBE in the 1953 Coronation Honours. Effigy of Elizabeth II In 1952, Gillick's effigy design was selected from a field of seventeen to be used on general-circulation coinage for the new Queen Elizabeth, first issued in 1953. Gillick worked on the portrait between March and October 1952, with one sitting and close supervision by the Duke of Edinburgh. Gillick's design was notable for portraying the Queen uncrowned, and was the last to be used on the pre-decimal coinage. Gillick's die master had insufficient relief, and the striking was too weak. Facial features and the dress folds in the shoulder disappeared. The problem was solved by re-cutting the dies. This remastering was performed by Cecil Thomas, an experienced medallist who had already crafted overseas currencies featuring Elizabeth II, but who had initially been turned down for the British coinage in preference to Gillick. A cameo of Gillick's effigy of the Queen has been used on British commemorative stamps since 1966. The original effigy is also still used for Maundy money. References External links 1881 births 1961 deaths 20th-century British sculptors 20th-century British women artists Alumni of Nottingham School of Art Alumni of the Royal College of Art Artists from Nottingham British currency designers Officers of the Order of the British Empire Women graphic designers Coin designers	[ -0.015546430833637714, -0.24268309772014618, -0.1683100163936615, -0.0367182195186615, -0.008188312873244286, 1.2469016313552856, 0.4785099923610687, 0.03561257943511009, -0.5056856274604797, 0.08851660043001175, -0.05069128796458244, -0.3450331687927246, 0.19335493445396423, 0.6372261643409729, -0.1601892113685608, -0.24947293102741241, 0.06089211627840996, 0.32856470346450806, -0.6718403100967407, 0.012083585374057293, 0.1834261268377304, -0.1737534999847412, -0.002910105511546135, -0.22938448190689087, -0.08600102365016937, -0.14358992874622345, 0.39837944507598877, -0.7474146485328674, 0.1828485131263733, 0.2596491277217865, 0.10691965371370316, -0.05471479892730713, 0.5429040789604187, -0.09598121792078018, -0.34394246339797974, -0.6259126663208008, -0.5811446905136108, -0.020155446603894234, -0.6235805749893188, -0.062078166753053665, 0.010884850285947323, -0.12317801266908646, 0.4569326341152191, -0.35140010714530945, -0.47827884554862976, -0.6315712332725525, -1.8036564588546753, 0.14124803245067596, -0.23922380805015564, 0.23432940244674683, -0.29933682084083557, 0.30389001965522766, 0.41656407713890076, 0.10812591016292572, 0.46345070004463196, 0.6022809147834778, -0.7484146356582642, 0.10695625841617584, -0.11130823194980621, -0.8397872447967529, 1.1143057346343994, -0.04021742194890976, 0.006666247732937336, -0.42960023880004883, 0.2832130789756775, -0.02237556502223015, 0.027155984193086624, 0.18612033128738403, -0.2968933582305908, -0.49971845746040344, 0.24362796545028687, 0.3937785029411316, 0.10520001500844955, 0.1598704308271408, -0.5117921233177185, 0.09050377458333969, 0.30239927768707275, -0.21882560849189758, 0.3698643147945404, -0.27711221575737, 0.7172168493270874, -0.324969619512558, 0.6527746915817261, 1.0131754875183105, 0.07381124794483185, 0.12444396317005157, -0.4355398416519165, 0.6462986469268799, -0.2147458791732788, 1.2536683082580566, -0.43025484681129456, -0.09001587331295013, 0.3988569974899292, -0.08809170126914978, -0.302369087934494, -0.25164732336997986, -0.17364105582237244, 0.10097233206033707, 0.25120899081230164, -0.25706732273101807, -0.028299614787101746, -0.7140036225318909, -0.4561891555786133, -0.49319377541542053, -0.43777787685394287, -0.13990922272205353, -0.5814868211746216, 0.03734280541539192, 0.23461629450321198, -0.2467525154352188, -0.026155194267630577, -0.7946397066116333, 0.034557465463876724, 0.7678221464157104, 0.23170126974582672, -0.3193630874156952, 0.40520474314689636, -0.8348520398139954, -0.958827018737793, 0.320560097694397, 0.5679494738578796, -0.35208213329315186, 0.12919309735298157, -0.2589320242404938, 0.16605378687381744, -0.07830604910850525, 0.20422831177711487, 0.6238069534301758, -0.37725862860679626, 0.25789591670036316, 0.42221689224243164, 1.0160479545593262, -0.6529741287231445, -0.30559998750686646, 0.22388394176959991, -0.9474014639854431, -0.37089288234710693, -0.25423550605773926, -0.115677610039711, 0.9915825128555298, 0.3054990768432617, 0.23969176411628723, -0.12601011991500854, -0.14562226831912994, 0.6263359785079956, -0.1289479285478592, -0.2774563431739807, 0.4618396759033203, -0.35904520750045776, 0.11272937804460526, -0.2139303833246231, -0.12561693787574768, 0.23431016504764557, -0.3758173882961273, -0.16609978675842285, 0.17400044202804565, 0.532579243183136, -0.027647392824292183, -0.16422444581985474, 0.1445559859275818, -0.0687655359506607, 0.23194201290607452, -0.3608866035938263, 0.03713603317737579, 0.3604462146759033, 0.13378219306468964, 0.9555704593658447, 0.48360195755958557, -0.34062013030052185, -0.09120344370603561, -0.45018085837364197, -0.04512589052319527, 0.7511876225471497, 0.5882166028022766, -0.4760804772377014, 0.1783405840396881, 0.09581685811281204, 0.2208791971206665, 0.7613087892532349, -0.3704526424407959, -0.42165979743003845, 0.12821078300476074, -0.3677029609680176, 0.4319916367530823, 0.6476321220397949, 0.3204209506511688, 0.25273260474205017, -0.1345275193452835, -0.2444860190153122, -0.3098824620246887, -0.7038890719413757, -0.251957505941391, 0.005375782027840614, 0.0452699214220047, 0.18465131521224976, 0.12280828505754471, -0.43178901076316833, 0.19149072468280792, -0.5786594748497009, 0.8566619157791138, 0.19329680502414703, -0.15052279829978943, -0.06276877969503403, -1.2074930667877197, 0.09659738838672638, -0.08202219754457474, 0.6274521350860596, 0.09882239997386932, 0.2953503429889679, 0.6630868315696716, 0.4497870206832886, -0.6748999953269958, 0.29549717903137207, 0.7548210024833679, -0.7812632918357849, 0.015426021069288254, -0.2908293604850769, -0.27622830867767334, 0.15748564898967743, -0.41455426812171936, 0.27983686327934265, 0.7672053575515747, -0.09401560574769974, 0.23708835244178772, 0.06714396923780441, 0.5340246558189392, -0.3913789391517639, -0.3480101227760315, 0.008409952744841576, -0.32880449295043945, -0.7482729554176331, 0.1939113438129425, 0.9361687898635864, 0.2864220142364502, 0.23101367056369781, 0.18683277070522308, -0.18920902907848358, -0.08558490872383118, 0.3745754361152649, -0.1850435882806778, 0.01355009339749813, 0.3271053433418274, 0.05164884030818939, 0.40087923407554626, 0.27934032678604126, 0.48363763093948364, 0.06896820664405823, 0.2386225461959839, -0.318904310464859, -0.38161700963974, -0.050468236207962036, 0.9977304339408875, -0.0788053423166275, 0.45617473125457764, -0.209385484457016, -0.333596408367157, -0.21251130104064941, 0.2065168023109436, 0.05513797327876091, 0.5851191282272339, 0.0444224588572979, 0.08731620013713837, 0.30820727348327637, 0.3714233636856079, 0.16692131757736206, -0.11493002623319626, -0.1941155046224594, -0.47294455766677856, 0.31540507078170776, -0.03938912972807884, -0.002873204182833433, 0.029060300439596176, -0.4555530250072479, 0.5154619216918945, 0.5705931186676025, 0.1407211273908615, -0.48116159439086914, 0.41426604986190796, -0.0705031231045723, -1.2795822620391846, 0.16342760622501373, 0.8806257843971252, -0.2110397219657898, 0.06272682547569275, 0.0626426637172699, 0.05421718582510948, -0.013505377806723118, -0.6298550963401794, -0.2546067535877228, -0.3561159372329712, -0.03911644592881203, 0.9318183660507202, -0.3018220067024231, -0.4710548520088196, -0.35340797901153564, 0.374169260263443, -0.8184422850608826, -0.2126995027065277, 0.21408431231975555, -0.1557779163122177, -0.059299446642398834, 0.6925925016403198, 0.6176527142524719, -0.013971848413348198, 0.5675170421600342, 0.2915811836719513, 0.14197464287281036, -0.3379482924938202, -5.589237689971924, 0.13780687749385834, 0.44815608859062195, -0.33693385124206543, 0.5566729307174683, 0.38229861855506897, 0.3628406524658203, 0.25977379083633423, 0.43774303793907166, -0.9438780546188354, 1.2085891962051392, -0.18177004158496857, -0.05805787071585655, 0.6315492391586304, 0.14676141738891602, 0.3371829092502594, 0.40344372391700745, -0.503201961517334, 0.42061108350753784, 0.1991041600704193, 0.13642922043800354, -0.5659611225128174, -0.09903399646282196, 0.5164827704429626, 0.12119461596012115, 0.12105586379766464, -0.5450805425643921, -0.07185649126768112, -0.21328046917915344, -0.09929345548152924, -0.14189507067203522, 0.07537275552749634, -0.12721045315265656, -0.1317068487405777, -0.12488928437232971, 0.2211918830871582, -0.12892667949199677, 0.638852059841156, 0.12120941281318665, -0.14280077815055847, 0.4119900166988373, 0.04725256934762001, -0.2518879771232605, 0.1822010576725006, 0.3103165030479431, -0.09033546596765518, -0.5133166909217834, -0.4022302031517029, -0.26110219955444336, -0.19529487192630768, -0.12212621420621872, 0.3129245638847351, 0.11663459241390228, -0.2883739769458771, -0.4413752853870392, 0.5090910792350769, -0.616783618927002, 0.6418871879577637, -0.6390649676322937, 0.07667642831802368, -0.14234478771686554, -0.3212326169013977, 0.04610564932227135, 0.42581701278686523, -0.8624478578567505, -0.10460049659013748, -0.6421172022819519, 0.2586395740509033, 0.01866014488041401, 0.41847535967826843, -0.2315896600484848, 0.445985347032547, -0.36781519651412964, -0.9559760689735413, -0.16789697110652924, -0.7225855588912964, 0.6195326447486877, -0.16980133950710297, -0.8758656978607178, -0.36625584959983826, 0.053202107548713684, -0.7798836827278137, 0.4267400801181793, 0.7974424362182617, 0.28673434257507324, 0.15120850503444672, -0.21588636934757233, 0.17930303514003754, -0.5835984349250793, -0.4795498847961426, 0.36707741022109985, -0.045361798256635666, -0.931566596031189, 0.4159395694732666, 0.1864408403635025, -0.20221316814422607, 0.43676841259002686, -0.2938383221626282, 0.01996516063809395, 0.21954458951950073, -0.5715754628181458, -0.2289930284023285, 0.08044254779815674, -0.8916856646537781, -0.541016161441803, -0.10160400718450546, -0.256936252117157, 0.3779081106185913, 0.008156121708452702, -0.19779567420482635, 0.09422434866428375, 0.13674263656139374, 0.029122943058609962, -0.006147766951471567, -0.34927108883857727, -0.5730112791061401, -0.23907162249088287, -0.5086330771446228, 0.539405882358551, -0.4849509298801422, 0.3998858630657196, 0.6601521372795105, -0.6120228171348572, -0.32819709181785583, 0.18718759715557098, -0.2668631672859192, 0.3315749168395996, 0.20925861597061157, -0.39026302099227905, 0.16411630809307098, -0.07275186479091644, 0.10552395135164261, -0.4791320860385895, 0.21569514274597168, -0.05060373619198799, -0.06786636263132095, -0.5000783205032349, -0.11948297917842865, -0.4384743571281433, 0.11548285186290741, 0.33949705958366394, -0.29188334941864014, 0.3818995952606201, 0.14325612783432007, 0.3132053017616272, -0.012337823398411274, 0.389032781124115, -0.281924843788147, 0.177951842546463, 0.15693557262420654, -0.43046659231185913, 0.354798287153244, -0.009862042032182217, -0.557105302810669, 0.411791056394577, 0.1343635618686676, -0.057740673422813416, -0.005898393224924803, -0.694779634475708, 0.32470786571502686, -0.5110430121421814, -0.035770233720541, -0.9177805185317993, 0.0838257223367691, -0.5061683058738708, 0.2568614184856415, -0.6254852414131165, -0.4258609116077423, 0.14268052577972412, 0.6941781044006348, 0.2222718447446823, -0.3740764260292053, 0.34545326232910156, -0.1751125454902649, -0.010553241707384586, 0.2069934457540512, -0.06009647995233536, -0.4192337393760681, -0.5659616589546204, 0.38128313422203064, 0.013704482465982437, -0.13000652194023132, -0.17782117426395416, 0.037989091128110886, 0.2379162460565567, 0.6208948493003845, -0.6980462670326233, 0.40328460931777954, -0.09751084446907043, -0.06466816365718842, -0.3565996289253235, -0.47381749749183655, -0.08388284593820572, 0.3278973698616028, -1.0248743295669556, 0.08519800752401352, -0.07740815728902817, 0.4741312265396118, 0.05014684796333313, -0.38490167260169983, -0.3733383119106293, 0.31413066387176514, -0.5833672881126404, -0.2473587691783905, 0.06316328793764114, -1.0162599086761475, -0.012469143606722355, -0.20770370960235596, 0.2949959337711334, 0.4595213830471039, -0.2808333933353424, 0.09411592781543732, 0.3182450830936432, 0.5736576914787292, -0.2728733718395233, 0.45241284370422363, -0.33139172196388245, -0.009189074859023094, 0.16692538559436798, -0.3909686207771301, -0.7877362370491028, 0.383253812789917, -0.2812022566795349, 0.5016187429428101, -0.4465060532093048, 0.31255510449409485, 0.27752771973609924, -0.24504366517066956, 0.7966525554656982, -0.012201416306197643, -0.08559834957122803, -0.11669119447469711, -0.18494252860546112, 0.2924449145793915, 0.5238418579101562, -0.22428235411643982, 0.62110435962677, -0.09543650597333908, -0.16762368381023407, 0.15094272792339325, 0.21315868198871613, 0.322534441947937, 0.2635725736618042, -0.22771286964416504, -0.43157264590263367, 0.2227630764245987, -0.06848831474781036, -0.23041561245918274, 0.03372770547866821, 0.9759978652000427, -0.36370936036109924, -0.03989674150943756, 0.12244182825088501, -0.24573998153209686, 0.5581363439559937, -0.8942440748214722, 0.377672404050827, -0.10347799956798553, 0.2649148106575012, -0.4894472360610962, 0.4343614876270294, 0.44937148690223694, -0.12581488490104675, -0.5555259585380554, 0.18518543243408203, 0.7566702961921692, 0.09067295491695404, -0.18963362276554108, 0.1909564584493637, 0.1290455162525177, 0.3183559775352478, 0.3082921802997589, -0.5007014274597168, 0.02924470417201519, -0.4772195518016815, -0.2713392972946167, -0.05736609548330307, -0.31711268424987793, 0.7272182106971741, -0.17344145476818085, -0.46474727988243103, -0.09353074431419373, 0.35633912682533264, -0.2848362624645233, 0.14081330597400665, -0.9514594674110413, 0.13302920758724213, -0.5204517245292664, -0.16862788796424866, -0.0696553960442543, -0.5559985637664795, 0.1392715722322464, -0.22024661302566528, 0.15290845930576324, -0.39652085304260254, 0.5253301858901978, -0.22160255908966064, 0.47296592593193054, -0.6428641676902771, -0.4473746120929718, -0.38878196477890015, 0.0033039820846170187, 0.23029637336730957, 0.228043794631958, -0.23090942203998566, 0.30216702818870544, -0.10787569731473923, -0.5369392037391663, -0.2877419888973236, 0.39719057083129883, -0.033917780965566635, -0.32323864102363586, 0.2719883620738983, -0.3522946238517761, 0.04940842464566231, -0.23391753435134888, 0.06142362579703331, -0.46119192242622375, -0.7130988836288452, 0.29945018887519836, 0.0006673465832136571, 0.5347665548324585, 0.38987597823143005, -0.23213791847229004, -0.2027955949306488, 0.5998925566673279, -0.019978603348135948, 0.27882036566734314, -0.3653146028518677, 0.5757154226303101, 0.06657058745622635, -0.15555329620838165, -0.09785465896129608, 0.5582982897758484, 0.33231496810913086, -0.30247947573661804, -0.4108366072177887, -0.39167171716690063, 0.8945279121398926, 0.6170345544815063, -0.06866715848445892, 0.3781552314758301, -0.7152432799339294, -0.06499943137168884, 0.10653356462717056, -0.2710748612880707, -0.3062037229537964, -0.19204479455947876, 0.23140545189380646, -0.1521577686071396, 0.35259515047073364, -0.2318684607744217, -0.3362872898578644, -0.34278884530067444, 0.7259949445724487, 0.24773605167865753, 0.722266435623169, -0.3954716920852661, -0.08609539270401001, 0.04459233209490776, -0.24621888995170593, 0.1592535674571991, 0.5398992896080017, -0.2833319902420044, -0.968244194984436, 0.1113196387887001, 0.06899631768465042, 0.1735776662826538, 0.10319559276103973, 0.31887009739875793, 0.4595697224140167, -0.12321903556585312, -0.13609579205513, 0.37153568863868713, 0.5638312697410583, 0.2453072965145111, 0.4987160861492157, 0.6157567501068115, 0.013877599500119686, -0.31545892357826233, -0.7736518383026123, -0.13887274265289307, -0.07979724556207657, -0.8534519076347351, -0.2665294110774994, -0.35748082399368286, 0.18001927435398102, 0.06357434391975403, -0.3755189776420593, -0.3790989816188812, 0.5681280493736267, 0.15976852178573608, -0.17821331322193146, 0.06269180774688721, -0.7374780178070068, -0.5345546007156372, 0.27040213346481323, 0.5484151840209961, -0.01783965341746807, 0.4568158686161041, 0.005274930968880653, 0.4531921446323395, -0.10197880864143372, 0.5080992579460144, 0.02155236154794693, 0.2497890442609787, 0.3491911292076111, 0.3245050609111786, -0.37750402092933655, -0.12186739593744278, 0.3511958718299866, -0.7001791000366211, -0.7196395993232727, -0.45278558135032654, -0.6174516081809998, -0.3037129342556, 0.3752642273902893, 0.29498156905174255, -0.31641435623168945, -0.1865721195936203, 0.5296094417572021, -0.470141738653183, 0.8327101469039917, 0.4233010709285736, -0.28446027636528015, 0.4751424193382263, 0.646581768989563, -0.1807236224412918, 0.0738362967967987, 0.3452363908290863, -0.5154123902320862, 0.6387248039245605, -0.14492672681808472, 0.32808390259742737, -0.18678978085517883, 0.5456908941268921, 0.39206627011299133, 0.393772155046463, -0.16009961068630219, -0.6531296968460083, 0.49661388993263245, 0.40987667441368103, 0.5123438835144043, -0.3293702304363251, 0.32135799527168274, 0.08410345017910004, -0.0011417076457291842, -0.22820192575454712, -0.026996877044439316, 0.010391452349722385, 0.27680647373199463, 0.5140304565429688, 0.1060284972190857, -0.32148477435112, 0.7211833000183105, -0.38737088441848755, 0.24380049109458923, -0.30198273062705994, 0.2948857843875885, 0.011377030983567238 ]
202041	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psalodon	Psalodon	Psalodon is an extinct genus of North American mammal that lived during the Upper Jurassic period. It's a member of the family Allodontidae within the order Multituberculata. Biostratigraphy Present in stratigraphic zones 2 and 5. Species Psalodon fortis was named by Othniel Charles Marsh in 1887 and G. G. Simpson in 1927. It is also known as Allodon fortis (Marsh 1887). Remains have been found in the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Wyoming (United States). The holotype is at the Peabody Museum of Natural History at Yale University. Psalodon marshi was named by Simpson G.G. in 1929. All of the remains came from the Morrison Formation of Wyoming. Psalodon potens was named by Marsh O.C. in 1887 and Simpson G.G. in 1927. It is also known as Ctenacodon potens (Marsh 1887). The remains assigned to this species were also found in the Morrison Formation of Wyoming and the holotype is also at Yale. References Simpson (1927), Mesozoic Mammalia. VII. "Taxonomy of Morrison multituberculates". Am. J. Sci. (5) xiv: 36–38. Marsh (1887), "American Jurassic mammals". Am. J. Sci. (3) xxxiii: p. 326-348. Kielan-Jaworowska Z & Hurum JH (2001), "Phylogeny and Systematics of multituberculate mammals". Paleontology 44, p. 389-429. Multituberculates Morrison mammals Prehistoric mammal genera Fossil taxa described in 1926	[ -0.6005048155784607, 0.18042054772377014, -0.7808772921562195, 0.17272703349590302, -0.5546666979789734, 0.8902995586395264, 0.6859531998634338, 0.6114106774330139, -0.13539083302021027, 0.29596421122550964, 0.5435960292816162, 0.5719785094261169, -0.3117535412311554, -0.029462819918990135, -0.1541246771812439, -0.11967863887548447, -0.01701100915670395, 0.34774425625801086, 0.392244428396225, -0.48286673426628113, 0.24655351042747498, -1.1746925115585327, 0.6497958302497864, -0.17592260241508484, -0.10321468859910965, 0.15472911298274994, 0.3973674178123474, 0.8410189151763916, 0.8823155164718628, -0.1685848832130432, -0.04592127352952957, 0.1580272763967514, 0.06985776871442795, -0.5589860677719116, -0.6007605791091919, 0.05945388600230217, -0.9110307097434998, -0.32329389452934265, -0.5014355182647705, -0.5477840304374695, -0.2876908481121063, 0.18840333819389343, -0.25871121883392334, 1.0982418060302734, -0.5921666622161865, 0.08312610536813736, -1.814016342163086, 0.4207189381122589, -0.9776536226272583, 0.05838383361697197, -0.42537471652030945, 0.26603323221206665, 0.0010482777142897248, 0.23131036758422852, -0.3696872889995575, 0.4507550001144409, -1.0911645889282227, -0.11044436693191528, -0.03163363039493561, 0.02057689055800438, -0.42659279704093933, -0.20746740698814392, -0.4422835409641266, -0.45783451199531555, 0.2089739739894867, 0.49425625801086426, 0.3648148775100708, 0.8082042932510376, -0.37879452109336853, 0.6120899319648743, -0.4537662863731384, -0.22654025256633759, 0.1776425838470459, 0.9408535361289978, -0.25876691937446594, 0.11393164098262787, 0.12673021852970123, -0.21335820853710175, 1.1463966369628906, -0.1535452902317047, 0.341629296541214, 0.5318159461021423, 1.2686647176742554, 0.20822231471538544, -0.4158191680908203, 0.22506003081798553, -0.28550484776496887, 0.27729183435440063, -0.64182448387146, 0.10865204781293869, -0.5338070392608643, 0.016152482479810715, 0.16568414866924286, 0.7834783792495728, -0.25849735736846924, -0.16162703931331635, -0.6077512502670288, 0.09458797425031662, 0.20685555040836334, -0.07023349404335022, -0.21996964514255524, 0.08514158427715302, 0.1228853091597557, -0.39862391352653503, -0.5517032742500305, -0.7517973780632019, -0.030563289299607277, 0.06037159264087677, -0.49130094051361084, -0.3867190480232239, -1.0628753900527954, 0.4380403459072113, -0.18403714895248413, 0.016850462183356285, 0.32643160223960876, 1.5210251808166504, -0.014544778503477573, -0.4460720419883728, -0.22438716888427734, -0.6602411866188049, -0.12418364733457565, 0.6812418103218079, -0.4672705829143524, 0.12472420185804367, -0.7307679653167725, 0.3568776249885559, 0.6307883858680725, 0.20641303062438965, -0.037330031394958496, 0.12489891797304153, 0.34178271889686584, 1.2782899141311646, 0.12546755373477936, -0.005150721874088049, -0.29197782278060913, -0.28341275453567505, -0.29623717069625854, 0.14562542736530304, 0.05317489430308342, 0.44923731684684753, -0.27978968620300293, -0.38156628608703613, -1.0036362409591675, -0.35478320717811584, 0.561353325843811, -0.23364152014255524, 0.8655813932418823, -0.2167288213968277, -0.8039836287498474, -0.8049342036247253, 0.18153491616249084, -0.5374287962913513, 0.14971496164798737, 0.21544642746448517, 0.15408232808113098, 0.3119392991065979, -0.024979494512081146, -0.5184016227722168, 0.904283881187439, -0.18985556066036224, -0.03044588677585125, -0.5171118974685669, -0.40163713693618774, 0.34368595480918884, 0.8798494338989258, -0.04378277063369751, 0.33141082525253296, -0.1327534168958664, -0.2994484007358551, 0.8638929128646851, -0.44705384969711304, 0.0998959094285965, 0.21310004591941833, 0.014156317338347435, 0.29742568731307983, -0.1925709843635559, -0.36981892585754395, 0.1881742924451828, 0.2981405258178711, -0.5043328404426575, -0.8405302166938782, 0.21023476123809814, 0.46081408858299255, -0.06322284042835236, 0.33780887722969055, 0.24904213845729828, 0.7053035497665405, 0.68543541431427, 0.0954257920384407, -0.8862925171852112, -0.7374576330184937, -0.25331634283065796, 0.33232712745666504, 0.2950727939605713, 1.7479277849197388, -0.1560460478067398, -0.509281575679779, -0.6385703086853027, 0.1935654878616333, 0.6331657767295837, -0.2628437876701355, 0.17216837406158447, 0.0002534923260100186, -0.038550496101379395, -0.14881812036037445, 0.09737612307071686, 0.33205536007881165, 0.12250085920095444, 0.9964193105697632, 0.6892736554145813, -0.14590105414390564, 0.14672686159610748, -0.041781868785619736, 0.5478708744049072, -0.218357652425766, -0.1879444420337677, -0.33331969380378723, 0.26763293147087097, -0.1517273485660553, -1.0241777896881104, 0.37904199957847595, -0.2659105360507965, -0.18897069990634918, 0.14245100319385529, -0.30807381868362427, 0.5094282627105713, 0.8313141465187073, -0.10173968970775604, -0.18670566380023956, -0.916947066783905, -0.2387436330318451, 0.478684663772583, 0.3114244341850281, -1.0847193002700806, 0.22047537565231323, -0.41095566749572754, -0.30243250727653503, -1.0243982076644897, 0.7871171236038208, -0.42194864153862, -0.13599076867103577, -0.08936546742916107, -0.34189125895500183, 0.19366537034511566, 0.3432322144508362, -0.5121536254882812, 0.5067107081413269, 0.45520973205566406, -0.9042019844055176, -0.1136823445558548, -0.6114273071289062, 0.6657935976982117, 0.34990400075912476, -0.47299444675445557, -0.2533210515975952, -0.2244146317243576, 0.6492328643798828, -0.2773225009441376, -0.3752611577510834, -0.4593167006969452, -0.2358086109161377, 0.9358474016189575, 0.24440279603004456, 0.0529208667576313, 0.24498964846134186, -0.49128878116607666, -0.2922070026397705, -0.047424882650375366, 0.6859856247901917, -0.3369396924972534, 0.7710592746734619, -0.9203488826751709, -0.899398684501648, -0.3034285008907318, 0.06073613837361336, 0.03902699798345566, -0.3080348074436188, -0.24853691458702087, -0.06044002249836922, -0.4383735656738281, 0.22169551253318787, 1.3978668451309204, -0.08396363258361816, 0.2408335953950882, -0.598598301410675, -0.7416419386863708, 0.9258607029914856, -0.40189510583877563, 0.14792165160179138, -0.66093510389328, 0.8318777680397034, -0.7351436614990234, -0.49913308024406433, 0.24405230581760406, -0.9715892672538757, 0.0793740376830101, -0.25878340005874634, -0.06274504959583282, -0.05105689540505409, -0.14120006561279297, -0.9566481113433838, 0.0007630694890394807, -0.3930818438529968, 0.15715837478637695, 0.34158340096473694, -0.00823838822543621, -0.10736735910177231, 0.21211948990821838, -4.50752067565918, 0.4292081594467163, 0.0015575849683955312, -0.40234678983688354, 0.19999288022518158, 1.2439652681350708, 0.37850308418273926, -0.64923095703125, -0.3784463703632355, 0.046684253960847855, 0.031066235154867172, -0.1715211421251297, -0.3268541991710663, 0.3247622549533844, 0.33684438467025757, 0.571721076965332, 0.5319510698318481, -0.1038082167506218, -0.3952517509460449, 0.07375428825616837, 0.33083832263946533, -0.3093127906322479, -0.029861409217119217, -0.046400852501392365, 0.19030529260635376, -0.011091399006545544, 0.3314797580242157, -0.6472260355949402, -0.2026749551296234, -0.42151471972465515, -0.15557551383972168, -0.018482614308595657, -0.12261596322059631, 0.25963932275772095, 0.05481604486703873, 0.06295555830001831, 1.3888981342315674, 0.35865771770477295, 0.12225774675607681, -0.7229738831520081, -0.5483274459838867, -0.11350757628679276, -0.12366380542516708, -0.0199922863394022, 0.8553572297096252, 0.43211621046066284, -0.16235193610191345, -0.5276612043380737, -0.4143422245979309, 0.8365852236747742, -0.25579825043678284, 0.05454763397574425, 0.044889744371175766, 1.1063288450241089, 0.6122770309448242, 0.21831382811069489, 0.76497882604599, -0.048801686614751816, 0.2542053461074829, 0.7558689117431641, 0.30586883425712585, -0.3100099265575409, -0.0979284942150116, -1.1806659698486328, 0.5740239024162292, -0.059128616005182266, 0.017726408317685127, 0.07672303915023804, -0.47477850317955017, 0.2115219533443451, -0.14814549684524536, 0.8191332221031189, -0.6440674662590027, -0.8553900122642517, 0.45433509349823, 0.12396595627069473, 0.05087995156645775, -0.1487940102815628, -0.6048950552940369, 0.21750496327877045, 0.39033013582229614, -0.7211301326751709, 0.16805970668792725, 0.6843830943107605, 0.21943405270576477, -0.3547342121601105, -0.34547609090805054, 0.05257459357380867, -0.22934041917324066, -0.5991788506507874, 0.5873363018035889, 0.05108023062348366, 0.027547357603907585, 0.8417021632194519, 0.37217164039611816, 0.3591185510158539, 0.6811145544052124, 0.08286833018064499, 0.4327819049358368, -0.4472925066947937, -0.04002181813120842, 0.37387120723724365, -0.020360847935080528, 0.3978562355041504, -0.506698727607727, -1.1494237184524536, -0.6353790760040283, 0.12036514282226562, 0.7944489121437073, -0.5573605298995972, 0.6515035033226013, -0.6980757713317871, -0.32701370120048523, -0.2415122389793396, 0.37677979469299316, -0.21740488708019257, -0.03829217329621315, 0.19514095783233643, 1.2225509881973267, -0.15396633744239807, -0.36260685324668884, 0.42557835578918457, -0.5780066251754761, -0.34828877449035645, -0.38760045170783997, -0.44313549995422363, -0.09316954761743546, 0.1145586147904396, -1.0410804748535156, -0.48154470324516296, -0.2245335727930069, -0.0004668114706873894, -0.4709051251411438, 0.3799937665462494, -0.10329073667526245, -0.15319965779781342, -0.4611280560493469, -0.08409497141838074, 0.3521812856197357, 0.36280083656311035, -0.4034360349178314, -0.6666532754898071, -0.1320425122976303, -0.11962246894836426, 0.3560726046562195, 0.3591058552265167, 0.35195010900497437, -0.15163671970367432, -0.33870628476142883, 0.9695650339126587, -0.26121044158935547, -0.2678493857383728, 0.2723230719566345, -0.6033916473388672, 0.4552578032016754, 0.17663410305976868, 0.3356228768825531, 0.31898149847984314, 0.05801457539200783, -0.574867308139801, -0.2484656125307083, -0.0580822117626667, -0.5612818002700806, 0.6187788248062134, 0.5180191397666931, -0.037034060806035995, -0.878390908241272, -1.1502296924591064, -0.09760596603155136, -0.032492294907569885, 0.162231907248497, 0.00028423822368495166, -0.19505952298641205, -0.09422256052494049, 0.4137253761291504, -0.5731958746910095, -0.23881152272224426, 0.101639524102211, -0.7877405881881714, -0.7952601909637451, 0.3107869327068329, 0.2065693587064743, 0.09583022445440292, -0.6941254734992981, 1.2390064001083374, -0.6464517712593079, -0.367298424243927, -0.6710151433944702, -0.7897957563400269, 0.15432487428188324, 0.45233088731765747, 0.3528003394603729, 0.06221520155668259, 0.20192773640155792, -0.48767104744911194, 0.20030401647090912, 0.590642511844635, 0.16897277534008026, -0.005069044418632984, -1.1877683401107788, -0.24062980711460114, 0.6416106224060059, 0.24139340221881866, 0.07330618053674698, 0.25250595808029175, -0.359314501285553, 0.5392831563949585, 0.5260637402534485, -0.28058287501335144, 0.7444747686386108, 0.26785117387771606, -0.7628402709960938, -0.25911006331443787, 0.37694844603538513, 0.43754810094833374, 0.5061110258102417, 0.710020899772644, 0.48874908685684204, -0.8729710578918457, -0.7573795914649963, -0.46039068698883057, -0.14964763820171356, -0.47135812044143677, -0.3324853777885437, -0.7825441956520081, -0.0918218344449997, 0.12006020545959473, 0.7715114951133728, 0.6244626045227051, -0.6309217214584351, -0.2997860312461853, -0.41701963543891907, 0.267356812953949, -0.4390994906425476, -0.2726247012615204, -0.03828595206141472, 0.31306520104408264, -0.22128631174564362, 0.2875056862831116, -0.4012170433998108, 0.5432104468345642, 1.410344123840332, 0.9244570136070251, 0.6146295070648193, 0.3265913426876068, -0.31447330117225647, 0.16398724913597107, 0.05524997413158417, -0.3112838566303253, -0.1488206386566162, 0.8760364651679993, -0.12835319340229034, -1.1810604333877563, -0.1826697438955307, 1.0187909603118896, -0.4481269121170044, 0.1412982940673828, 0.5082094073295593, -0.2166864573955536, 0.2582911550998688, 0.15194982290267944, 0.06264634430408478, -0.7502179145812988, -0.053938716650009155, -0.1725621223449707, -0.2081664800643921, -0.1743445098400116, 0.19376687705516815, 0.5589641332626343, -0.17554499208927155, -0.389450341463089, 0.07680357992649078, -0.297066867351532, 0.11196304857730865, -0.5855128169059753, -0.12210669368505478, 0.6551423668861389, -1.0505121946334839, 0.43509942293167114, -0.042383622378110886, -0.16966454684734344, 0.5841981172561646, 0.25278449058532715, 0.32588106393814087, -0.4896242320537567, -0.800952672958374, -0.11461283266544342, -0.7713529467582703, 0.2053600251674652, -0.07070481777191162, -0.3232170045375824, -0.15053963661193848, -0.5964575409889221, -0.306502103805542, 0.06384642422199249, -0.02004704624414444, -0.10828717797994614, 0.5152961015701294, -0.39565756916999817, 0.7976643443107605, -0.5416881442070007, 0.39890238642692566, 0.5524223446846008, 0.11368945986032486, 0.28920459747314453, 0.23921488225460052, -0.6126890182495117, 0.1370147317647934, 0.24705708026885986, 0.3350471258163452, 0.048038188368082047, -0.5238048434257507, 0.008353197015821934, 1.012526273727417, -0.5766456723213196, 0.5873910188674927, 0.4889184832572937, -0.7339627146720886, -0.36420950293540955, 0.4833962321281433, 0.48667705059051514, 0.4543253183364868, 0.24963821470737457, -0.21653321385383606, 0.047477349638938904, 0.3823542296886444, -1.3277009725570679, 0.07039135694503784, 0.14557257294654846, 0.7753650546073914, 0.4948560893535614, -0.32474756240844727, -0.6473023891448975, 0.2897060215473175, -0.2910129129886627, -0.44306063652038574, -0.08222576975822449, 0.043117623776197433, 0.1458560675382614, 1.629329800605774, 0.6456655263900757, 0.45588091015815735, 0.018901856616139412, 0.20249640941619873, -0.006672980263829231, 0.902658224105835, -0.14410698413848877, -0.25539347529411316, 0.9933793544769287, 0.41970711946487427, 0.14422158896923065, -0.02359142154455185, 0.2281634509563446, 0.16721192002296448, 0.518804132938385, 0.028213556855916977, 0.0394718162715435, -0.09163680672645569, -0.009350605309009552, -0.1505516618490219, -0.29217201471328735, 0.38660845160484314, 0.3740254342556, -0.17900754511356354, -0.8024798035621643, 0.4247611463069916, -0.37970009446144104, 0.3415694236755371, 0.08465056121349335, 0.3856853246688843, 0.2093074768781662, 0.24813641607761383, 0.21215282380580902, -0.34961870312690735, 0.1976749151945114, 0.6953343749046326, 0.127097487449646, 0.17614619433879852, -0.32127824425697327, -0.3623901307582855, -0.4608571529388428, -0.1524052768945694, -0.31008201837539673, -0.07537467777729034, 0.499418705701828, -0.19967103004455566, 0.056969065219163895, 0.08022931218147278, 0.23136743903160095, -0.642089307308197, -0.06744241714477539, -0.9313557147979736, 0.26886850595474243, 0.2723020613193512, -0.5540618300437927, -0.27437081933021545, 0.15641479194164276, 0.6042630076408386, 0.19493955373764038, -0.09702685475349426, 0.2095748782157898, -0.4880145788192749, -0.44887158274650574, -0.11777674406766891, 0.3664899468421936, 0.5928601622581482, -0.4224213659763336, 0.25271889567375183, -1.1943373680114746, 0.06197701022028923, 0.6388083100318909, 0.08506397902965546, -0.39910924434661865, 0.38216090202331543, 0.016769183799624443, 0.4032633602619171, 0.9209688305854797, -0.8465959429740906, -0.8429356813430786, 0.12065334618091583, 0.62546306848526, -0.29460951685905457, -0.18691706657409668, 0.4560256600379944, -0.36165738105773926, -0.1925516128540039, 0.06767687201499939, -0.09119684994220734, -0.6377779245376587, 0.8263879418373108, 0.07481690496206284, -0.10340011864900589, -0.3154841959476471, -0.47644415497779846, -0.1127629280090332, -0.34904131293296814, 0.9607778787612915, 1.1268845796585083, 0.4237290918827057, -0.38072365522384644, 0.45230838656425476, -0.27890995144844055, 0.7438631653785706, 0.21649035811424255, -1.0722419023513794, -0.47107693552970886, -0.33811289072036743, -1.0089069604873657, -1.0244243144989014, -0.15295596420764923, 0.2584947347640991, -0.07064211368560791, 0.3618316352367401, 0.06116556376218796, -0.45447275042533875, 0.4456186890602112, -0.36014822125434875, -0.5702264308929443, 0.28006789088249207, 0.2231857031583786 ]
202045	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAN	RAN	RAN may refer to: Radio access network, a part of a mobile telecommunication system Rainforest Action Network Ran (gene) (RAs-related Nuclear protein), also known as GTP-binding nuclear protein Ran, a protein that in humans is encoded by the RAN gene RAN translation (Repeat Associated Non-AUG translation), an irregular mode of mRNA translation Ran Online (stylized as RAN Online), a massively multiplayer online role-playing game developed by Min Communications, Inc. RAN Remote Area Nurse (TV series) Rapid automatized naming, a predictor of reading ability Ravenna Airport, an airport in Ravenna, Italy by IATA code Régie du Chemin de Fer Abidjan-Niger, a railway in French West Africa, linking Côte d'Ivoire to Upper Volta (now called Burkina Faso) Remote Area Nurse, in Australia Royal Australian Navy, the naval branch of the Australian Defence Force Rugby Americas North, the administrative body of rugby union in North America and the Caribbean Russian Academy of Sciences (transliteration of its Russian acronym Rossiiskaya Akademiya Nauk) RAN (Indonesian group) See also Ran (disambiguation) eo:RAN it:RAN ja:RAN	[ 0.07283536344766617, -0.35443422198295593, -0.5631252527236938, 0.29677122831344604, -0.1990005522966385, 0.10478328168392181, 0.44800567626953125, 0.07841864228248596, -0.15593746304512024, -0.09325143694877625, -0.21510961651802063, 0.3189612329006195, -0.4858437180519104, -0.02990599162876606, 0.048471201211214066, 0.07185723632574081, -0.05435386300086975, 0.06222253292798996, 0.021437469869852066, -0.47877225279808044, -0.48348256945610046, -0.08806700259447098, 0.09302419424057007, -0.3472324311733246, 0.15089567005634308, 0.1405917853116989, 0.271599680185318, 0.2863732874393463, -0.19088734686374664, -0.03487193584442139, -0.2906210124492645, 0.09738831222057343, 0.197409525513649, 0.03682023286819458, -0.15308982133865356, -0.038885705173015594, -0.7045601606369019, 0.14910472929477692, -0.3908185362815857, -0.4997155964374542, -0.10091345757246017, -0.3431686460971832, -0.36169371008872986, 0.36693793535232544, -0.018003515899181366, -0.02135067991912365, -1.3749643564224243, 0.4889777898788452, -0.5656294822692871, 0.28972128033638, -0.7668850421905518, 0.678953230381012, 0.19175131618976593, -0.11376327276229858, 0.43619298934936523, 0.1005818098783493, 0.06280302256345749, -0.1834438145160675, 0.21764136850833893, -0.582098662853241, 0.30595964193344116, -0.3135751187801361, -0.11366568505764008, 0.4896060824394226, -0.13362851738929749, 0.25857293605804443, 0.054514531046152115, -0.40077054500579834, -0.5424095988273621, -0.5597785115242004, 0.270658940076828, -0.212765634059906, -0.3483486771583557, 0.4626809358596802, 0.14716102182865143, -0.4255596399307251, -0.22608675062656403, 0.030628029257059097, -0.34136122465133667, 0.4645864963531494, -0.33517757058143616, 0.3881371021270752, 0.35341185331344604, -0.09707046300172806, 0.2987578809261322, -0.6209850907325745, -0.24296699464321136, 0.6726908087730408, -0.6435248255729675, 0.12264493107795715, -0.11054722219705582, -0.1726355254650116, 0.4174139201641083, 0.064451664686203, 0.2128113955259323, 0.21516716480255127, -0.1951570063829422, -0.0047539412043988705, 0.31689730286598206, 0.09690912067890167, -0.5158193707466125, -0.10912290960550308, 0.1463065892457962, -0.3740633428096771, -0.6426608562469482, 0.3821214735507965, -0.14224334061145782, -0.6697037816047668, -0.42690613865852356, 0.004455996677279472, -0.02307194471359253, 0.33364662528038025, 0.20915915071964264, -0.32423466444015503, -0.01903395727276802, -0.11479473114013672, -0.12432321906089783, -0.721256673336029, 0.13313531875610352, 0.07083269208669662, 0.17657507956027985, 0.9972549676895142, 0.08882985264062881, 0.5332450866699219, -0.03720991685986519, -0.03614553064107895, 0.3278069496154785, -0.34374043345451355, -0.09304127097129822, 0.4834112226963043, 0.6401243805885315, 0.9049386382102966, 0.05839703232049942, 0.5057701468467712, -0.4115104079246521, -0.06246026232838631, 0.23772738873958588, -0.17972882091999054, 0.5899099111557007, -0.2089613825082779, -0.937328040599823, -0.16472427546977997, -0.28679603338241577, -0.2582455277442932, 0.34354472160339355, 0.017267512157559395, -0.34579697251319885, -0.2888930141925812, -0.0029146771412342787, -0.5948426127433777, -0.45619356632232666, -0.3065614700317383, -0.18506643176078796, -0.1122777983546257, -0.23249438405036926, 0.5864865183830261, 0.45779258012771606, -0.11095134168863297, 0.34019404649734497, 0.44103381037712097, 0.18849068880081177, 0.32039961218833923, -0.7134184241294861, -0.016952792182564735, 0.5215669870376587, 0.2611440420150757, 0.17920981347560883, 0.718587338924408, 0.23221704363822937, -0.6307902336120605, -0.1699087768793106, -0.13049890100955963, 0.6092285513877869, -0.034455280750989914, -0.5840821862220764, -0.18465843796730042, 0.1955927312374115, -0.11288999766111374, 0.48155826330184937, -0.15327522158622742, -0.5035533308982849, -0.10607580095529556, -0.017758827656507492, 0.10185123234987259, 0.031016403809189796, 0.09380947053432465, 0.5852813124656677, 0.23777155578136444, -0.31227701902389526, 0.15611015260219574, -0.9873616695404053, -0.4203833043575287, 0.20064310729503632, -0.6044909954071045, 0.853827953338623, -0.40779897570610046, -0.3145635426044464, 1.1741209030151367, 0.29279062151908875, 0.42048001289367676, 0.18680953979492188, -0.13436341285705566, 0.32017213106155396, -0.6096118688583374, -0.3032669425010681, -0.159303680062294, 0.13854601979255676, -0.14680436253547668, -0.35691967606544495, 0.1238122433423996, -0.0449405163526535, 0.004242194350808859, -0.06470206379890442, -0.2778762876987457, 0.2147328108549118, -0.060457684099674225, -0.43996894359588623, 0.21480005979537964, -0.35480329394340515, -0.02903660014271736, 0.7953683137893677, -0.6662312746047974, -0.16995666921138763, 0.8862134218215942, -0.21403025090694427, 1.04010009765625, 0.41957855224609375, 0.6184201240539551, 0.811659574508667, -0.5648120641708374, 0.3931363523006439, 0.06411322206258774, -0.24556216597557068, -0.7233461141586304, 0.3676472008228302, 0.2507968544960022, 0.5622553825378418, -0.4374828040599823, 0.13459505140781403, -0.2279931604862213, -0.0529971644282341, 0.8399037718772888, -0.0712098628282547, -0.34746572375297546, 0.6701657772064209, -0.5679935216903687, -0.012638700194656849, -0.19510318338871002, -0.07447542250156403, 0.007052144035696983, -0.1323825716972351, 0.21750885248184204, 0.20647883415222168, -0.21948881447315216, -0.17920835316181183, 0.5037438869476318, -0.07092458754777908, 0.1554190218448639, 0.058337125927209854, 0.04272476211190224, 0.04028981178998947, 0.15904501080513, -0.3505556285381317, 0.2933223843574524, 0.09087824076414108, -1.0069423913955688, -0.40985870361328125, 0.02341851219534874, 0.7851107716560364, 0.7514997720718384, 0.5101636648178101, -0.21918463706970215, -0.4089503586292267, -0.33281365036964417, -0.2792544960975647, -0.8881341218948364, 0.30818143486976624, 0.4730345606803894, -0.2161523401737213, -0.5361288189888, -0.29150864481925964, 0.035693567246198654, 0.544014573097229, -0.21044427156448364, -0.2794567346572876, -0.025005299597978592, -0.03481396660208702, -0.14994271099567413, -0.3668139576911926, 0.037349022924900055, -0.4736216366291046, 0.4925276041030884, -0.2254781275987625, 0.6805312037467957, 0.3529030382633209, 0.065150685608387, 0.3541092574596405, 0.1004033163189888, 0.41254645586013794, -0.08291450887918472, -0.5468931794166565, -0.0742495208978653, -0.5013924241065979, -0.3311232030391693, 0.07417196780443192, 0.3325396180152893, -0.33866360783576965, -0.5739715099334717, -5.988770008087158, 0.04033191502094269, -0.5277647972106934, -0.5834525227546692, -0.13870368897914886, 0.16472816467285156, 0.39536285400390625, -0.1725420504808426, -0.016937335953116417, -0.3970716893672943, 0.11593949794769287, -0.0205495897680521, -0.02501806803047657, -0.057847730815410614, 0.18485380709171295, -0.15558159351348877, 0.2545461654663086, 0.5266676545143127, 0.4024844467639923, -0.5448850393295288, -0.25132298469543457, 0.0012142384657636285, 0.2513767182826996, 0.21854816377162933, -0.2935473620891571, 0.44905999302864075, 0.11389319598674774, -0.3605339825153351, 0.39747753739356995, -0.545705258846283, 0.19556736946105957, -0.24140699207782745, -0.15567761659622192, 0.05924350395798683, -0.24463708698749542, -0.46334388852119446, 0.30204978585243225, 0.005482351873070002, 0.9426838755607605, -0.3346940875053406, 0.28567492961883545, -0.019630486145615578, 0.49949193000793457, -0.6234713196754456, -0.010104091838002205, 0.002255290048196912, -0.39856570959091187, 0.3210265040397644, -0.046923015266656876, 0.5142598152160645, -0.3460671901702881, -0.09372860193252563, 0.16218961775302887, 0.34392958879470825, 0.09378696233034134, -0.12920154631137848, -0.0029438685160130262, -0.2927732765674591, -0.40285614132881165, 0.44173896312713623, 0.41755029559135437, -0.39683759212493896, -0.034723129123449326, -0.7522268295288086, -0.37720105051994324, 0.40527668595314026, -0.11028550565242767, -0.3621545135974884, 0.7002590298652649, 0.18634642660617828, -0.30204784870147705, -0.06483504176139832, 0.143665611743927, -0.6952552199363708, 0.2007611244916916, -0.2118777185678482, -0.018235933035612106, 0.13315817713737488, -0.7543488144874573, -0.29794076085090637, -0.3732145130634308, -0.12712600827217102, -0.34178632497787476, -0.26964271068573, 0.10024149715900421, -0.7169291973114014, -0.21500982344150543, -0.026407063007354736, 0.0034585674293339252, 0.5937076210975647, 0.4410957396030426, -0.5912757515907288, 0.33096855878829956, 0.12937109172344208, 0.8828721046447754, 0.37174245715141296, 0.22080351412296295, 0.3697975277900696, 0.6450369954109192, -0.06616411358118057, 0.48113396763801575, -0.3585679829120636, 0.168190598487854, -0.830145537853241, 0.18811418116092682, 0.5482686161994934, -0.49922093749046326, -0.09070582687854767, 0.5989773273468018, 0.12480545043945312, -0.3443504869937897, 0.004812035243958235, -0.4283340573310852, -0.1940069943666458, -0.03990519791841507, 0.04598278924822807, -0.2176932692527771, 0.2844906747341156, 0.48662981390953064, -0.10426312685012817, -0.33992311358451843, 0.607367217540741, 0.08141269534826279, 0.16743381321430206, 0.4744943380355835, -0.2238224297761917, 0.2339850217103958, 0.06662239134311676, 0.2422155886888504, -0.6424121260643005, 0.6160958409309387, -0.029492849484086037, 0.14161258935928345, 0.03374754637479782, -0.20474673807621002, -0.05144936218857765, -0.5335471034049988, 0.08273138850927353, 0.6078183650970459, -0.09078653901815414, 0.0546666756272316, -0.28855225443840027, 0.0942014753818512, 0.4280073642730713, 0.5678019523620605, 0.23138856887817383, 0.14260153472423553, -0.2726917266845703, 0.06410271674394608, -0.2943340837955475, -0.1370803415775299, -0.3159467875957489, 0.5479011535644531, -0.524669349193573, -0.12498912215232849, -0.42240285873413086, 0.3259832561016083, 0.06883616000413895, 0.026478471234440804, -0.1956510692834854, -0.16415514051914215, -0.35910022258758545, -0.8282773494720459, 0.44855666160583496, -0.18461361527442932, 0.09003444761037827, 0.032289646565914154, -0.47000402212142944, -0.3421623408794403, -0.02715597115457058, -0.4932447075843811, -0.47550633549690247, 0.3424198627471924, 0.25832295417785645, -0.012919330038130283, -0.040409866720438004, 0.11643917113542557, 0.16407357156276703, 0.2691228687763214, 0.6490659117698669, -0.17752958834171295, 0.190049409866333, 0.006971283815801144, 0.714160144329071, 0.3954303562641144, -0.10805817693471909, -0.06621108204126358, 0.4848814308643341, -0.02063666842877865, -0.10204572230577469, 0.26007261872291565, 0.49688398838043213, 0.7236320376396179, -0.2269739955663681, 0.23203009366989136, -0.045367613434791565, 0.24183562397956848, 0.554251492023468, 0.2957245111465454, -0.6977641582489014, -0.11843517422676086, 0.06911791115999222, -0.48288801312446594, -0.1750546097755432, 0.007483300287276506, -0.02311413735151291, -0.3055034279823303, -0.14799989759922028, -0.05121943727135658, 0.019459782168269157, -0.2185618132352829, -0.5770658850669861, 0.6536502838134766, 0.5341998338699341, -0.10632073879241943, 0.2862679064273834, -0.16000625491142273, 0.016127971932291985, -0.365488201379776, -0.15855616331100464, -0.103273905813694, -0.0036980637814849615, 0.11505244672298431, 0.21968020498752594, -0.6462281942367554, 0.3101007044315338, 0.652767539024353, -0.9278829097747803, -0.07451551407575607, 0.12802469730377197, 0.12892788648605347, -0.4223838746547699, 0.019655266776680946, 0.055738743394613266, -0.0589776374399662, -0.5433019995689392, 0.026754435151815414, 0.1135186105966568, 0.24079306423664093, -0.06905569136142731, 0.41172122955322266, 0.8035989999771118, -0.37977463006973267, -0.18101927638053894, -0.10405004024505615, 0.408017635345459, -0.18155373632907867, -0.3508106470108032, -0.5316808223724365, 0.32293859124183655, 0.575160801410675, -0.005125474184751511, -0.27374666929244995, 0.4695282280445099, 0.9095852375030518, 0.003636583685874939, -0.23825840651988983, 0.17828790843486786, -0.5965425968170166, -0.11016946285963058, 0.08837956190109253, -0.2908972203731537, -0.06819027662277222, 0.09294096380472183, 0.1994580626487732, -0.16028332710266113, -0.19516678154468536, -0.6307005286216736, 0.18103012442588806, -0.16002404689788818, -0.045002348721027374, 0.08286381512880325, 0.7887710332870483, 0.7467783093452454, -0.10685829818248749, 0.37046486139297485, 0.34681376814842224, 0.00460448395460844, 0.07383479923009872, 0.35654938220977783, -0.6414664387702942, -0.12156421691179276, 0.18001455068588257, -0.8209128379821777, 0.4706263542175293, -0.5999245643615723, 0.20165935158729553, -0.02657133713364601, 0.47310757637023926, -0.1827826350927353, -0.5540522933006287, 0.07669949531555176, -0.08210045099258423, 0.03915281966328621, -0.507366418838501, -0.47269830107688904, -0.04903009906411171, -0.2188812643289566, -0.7841809391975403, -0.0007261274149641395, -0.6511157155036926, 0.15868844091892242, 0.7738509178161621, -0.4541811943054199, 0.11932457238435745, 0.11129610240459442, 0.2661157250404358, -0.060088496655225754, -0.375367671251297, -0.1879792958498001, 0.12344428896903992, -0.008000137284398079, 0.6640536189079285, 0.29787614941596985, -0.20306351780891418, 0.23485849797725677, 0.00811462290585041, -0.07492472231388092, 0.5743179321289062, 0.08753819018602371, 0.5367575883865356, 0.43350738286972046, -0.032088879495859146, 0.018089475110173225, 0.11763771623373032, 0.43417099118232727, 0.14693371951580048, -0.38170140981674194, 0.12178666144609451, 0.5373027920722961, 0.33629462122917175, -0.5757097601890564, 0.16648074984550476, 0.3976604640483856, -0.37783315777778625, -0.3797818124294281, -0.09045251458883286, -0.058811020106077194, -0.4514670968055725, 0.3447883129119873, 0.6191391944885254, 0.3907943069934845, -0.5183838605880737, -0.337934285402298, -0.061550311744213104, 0.31428390741348267, 0.4778081774711609, 0.6960394978523254, 0.1399298757314682, 0.495254784822464, 0.001491850009188056, -0.06490406394004822, 0.059302859008312225, 0.5094870328903198, -0.045673079788684845, -0.4382188618183136, -0.03413579612970352, -0.26101168990135193, 0.25206896662712097, 0.17173486948013306, -0.29227718710899353, 0.18942013382911682, 0.21203841269016266, 0.2954457700252533, -0.014578386209905148, -0.2154042273759842, 0.27673277258872986, -0.16901439428329468, 0.2896937429904938, 0.043279219418764114, -0.15383340418338776, 0.4056873023509979, -0.156985342502594, 0.23945528268814087, -0.2550522983074188, -0.17414319515228271, 0.36659249663352966, 0.0016004147473722696, -0.3543412685394287, 0.05536544322967529, -0.29940107464790344, -0.3642633855342865, 0.39152640104293823, -0.9069275856018066, -0.004385964944958687, -0.265903115272522, -0.2263677567243576, -0.035302355885505676, -0.0034651746973395348, -0.03308228403329849, 0.49049943685531616, -0.4591960310935974, 0.10854160785675049, 0.022492576390504837, 0.0033547368366271257, 0.04071759060025215, -0.29735299944877625, 0.5796891450881958, 0.9070996642112732, 0.4873426854610443, 0.10580864548683167, 0.02243153750896454, 0.4139677882194519, 0.2017652541399002, -0.7288073301315308, -0.011518677696585655, -0.214910089969635, -0.27548515796661377, -0.6399258971214294, 0.2222677320241928, 0.9123851656913757, 0.4548488259315491, -0.04114610329270363, 0.13059046864509583, -0.23566307127475739, 0.18450435996055603, 0.5029704570770264, -0.49216049909591675, 0.27592653036117554, 0.15777860581874847, 0.14777114987373352, -0.2545545697212219, 0.24400947988033295, -0.08216230571269989, 0.009250381961464882, -0.15377046167850494, 0.4325487017631531, -0.05390843376517296, -0.8507992029190063, 0.3100960850715637, -0.12606102228164673, -0.21589195728302002, -0.25766223669052124, 0.3367474377155304, -0.6323985457420349, -0.3317621648311615, -0.49011102318763733, 0.9733042120933533, 0.45159855484962463, -0.049704842269420624, -0.0700816735625267, 0.14370928704738617, -0.025800565257668495, -0.2557145059108734, -0.1808006763458252, 0.2766930162906647, 0.21457964181900024, -0.7397564053535461, -0.8303378820419312, 0.16005757451057434, 0.015485781244933605, -0.1322408765554428, -0.25126686692237854, 0.24448759853839874, -0.02593117207288742, 0.10998382419347763, 0.4258469045162201, -0.23322515189647675, -0.15719513595104218, 0.3605063259601593 ]
202048	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq%20Body%20Count%20project	Iraq Body Count project	Iraq Body Count project (IBC) is a web-based effort to record civilian deaths resulting from the US-led 2003 invasion of Iraq. Included are deaths attributable to coalition and insurgent military action, sectarian violence and criminal violence, which refers to excess civilian deaths caused by criminal action resulting from the breakdown in law and order which followed the coalition invasion. As of February 2019, the IBC has recorded 183,249 – 205,785 civilian deaths. The IBC has a media-centered approach to counting and documenting the deaths. Other sources have provided differing estimates of deaths, some much higher. See Casualties of the Iraq War. The project uses reports from English-language news media (including Arabic media translated into English), NGO-based reports, and official records that have been released into the public sphere to compile a running total. On its database page the IBC states: "Gaps in recording and reporting suggest that even our highest totals to date may be missing many civilian deaths from violence." The group is staffed by volunteers consisting mainly of academics and activists based in the UK and the US. The project was founded by John Sloboda and Hamit Dardagan. According to Jonathan Steele, writing in The Guardian, IBC "is widely considered as the most reliable database of Iraqi civilian deaths". But some researchers regard it at best as a floor, or baseline for mortality, and that it underestimates actual mortality by potentially several factors. Project statement The IBC overview page states: "This is an ongoing human security project which maintains and updates the world's only independent and comprehensive public database of media-reported civilian deaths in Iraq that have resulted from the 2003 military intervention by the USA and its allies. The count includes civilian deaths caused by coalition military action and by military or paramilitary responses to the coalition presence (e.g. insurgent and terrorist attacks). It also includes excess civilian deaths caused by criminal action resulting from the breakdown in law and order which followed the coalition invasion." The project quotes the top US general in Iraq, Tommy Franks, as saying "We don't do body counts". The quotation was from a discussion of the Operation Anaconda in Afghanistan and was referring to counts of enemy soldiers killed, in the context of using enemy body counts as a measure of military success. The website, which omits the context of the quote, could be said to conflate the meaning of "enemy body count" with "civilian deaths caused" and to imply that the US is not interested in the number of civilian deaths its military operations cause. Method The IBC overview page states: "Deaths in the database are derived from a comprehensive survey of commercial media and NGO-based reports, along with official records that have been released into the public sphere. Reports range from specific, incident based accounts to figures from hospitals, morgues, and other documentary data-gathering agencies." Project volunteers sample news stories to extract minimum and maximum numbers of civilian casualties. Each incident reported at least by two independent news sources is included in the Iraq Body Count database. In December 2007, IBC announced that they would begin to include deaths reported by one source, and that the number of deaths provided by such reports would be openly tracked on its database page. Between 3.3 and 3.5 percent of deaths recorded by IBC are currently listed on the database page as derived from a single source. IBC is purely a civilian count. IBC defines civilian to exclude Iraqi soldiers, insurgents, suicide bombers or any others directly engaged in war-related violence. A "min" and "max" figure are used where reports differ on the numbers killed, or where the civilian status of the dead is uncertain. IBC is not an "estimate" of total civilian deaths based on projections or other forms of extrapolation. It is a compilation of documented deaths, as reported by English-language media worldwide. See the sources section farther down for more info on the media and their sources. Some have suggested bias of sources could affect the count. If a number is quoted from an anti-coalition source, and the Allies fail to give a sufficiently specific alternate number, the anti-coalition figure is entered into IBC's database as both a maximum and a minimum. The same works vice versa. The project argues that these potential over- and undercounts by different media sources would tend to balance out. IBC's online database shows the newspaper, magazine or website where each number is reported, and the date on which it was reported. However, this has been criticized as insufficient because it typically does not list the original sources for the information: that is, the NGO, journalist or government responsible for the number presented. Hence, any inherent bias due to the lack of reliable reports from independent or Allied sources is not readily available to the reader. Sources The IBC overview page states that its sources include "public domain newsgathering agencies with web access". They include sources that are from sites updated at least once a day, are "separately archived on the site, with a unique URL", are "widely cited or referenced by other sources", are in English, and have "fully public (preferably free) web-access" Primary sources used by the media are listed in the 2003 to 2005 IBC report. The sources are followed by the number of deaths reported from that source. Mortuaries. 8,913 Medics. 4,846 Iraqi officials. 4,376 Eyewitnesses. 3,794 Police. 3,588 Relatives. 2,780 US-Coalition. 2,423 Journalists. 1,976 NGOs. 732 Friends/Associates. 596 Other. 196 Web counters The IBC overview page states: "Results and totals are continually updated and made immediately available here and on various IBC web counters which may be freely displayed on any website or homepage, where they are automatically updated without further intervention." Body counts change over time Civilian deaths in the Iraq war (cumulative): The figures above are those that appeared in real time on the IBC counters on or around those dates. However, those in the first line were increased radically in the following days and weeks. IBC's current Max figure for the entire invasion phase, up to 30 April 2003, now stands at 7,299. Because IBC performs analyses (e.g., accounts for multiple reports, eliminates overlaps, etc.), there is always a delay between the date on which incidents occur and the addition of their numbers to the IBC database. Another factor is that some reports emerge weeks or even months later - for instance the emergence of Baghdad city morgue reports for 2005 in early 2006. The 6 December line above was taken from the IBC total as it stood on 6 December 2005, but the emergence of the morgue figures later increased IBC's figures for that period to 31,818–35,747. The majority of civilians death from 2003 to 2011 were attributed to unknown actors. Cumulative updated body counts table Following are the yearly IBC Project violent civilian death totals, broken down by month from the beginning of 2003. The top of the IBC database page with the table (as of Jan 4, 2021) says 185,497 – 208,547 "Documented civilian deaths from violence". That page also says: "Gaps in recording and reporting suggest that even our highest totals to date may be missing many civilian deaths from violence." 2006 The Iraq Body Count project states for the week ending 31 December 2006: "It was a truly violent year, as around 24,000 civilians lost their lives in Iraq. This was a massive rise in violence: 14,000 had been killed in 2005, 10,500 in 2004 and just under 12,000 in 2003 (7,000 of them killed during the actual war, while only 5,000 killed during the 'peace' that followed in May 2003). In December 2006 alone around 2,800 civilians were reported killed. This week there were over 560 civilian deaths reported." From the above quote here are IBC yearly death totals (not counting the initial 7000 invasion deaths): 2003: 5,000 2004: 10,500 2005: 14,000 2006: 24,000 March 2003 to March 2005 report The IBC released a report detailing the civilian deaths it had recorded between 20 March 2003 and 19 March 2005. From page 26: "The analyses in this dossier cover the first two years of the military intervention in Iraq from 20 March 2003 to 19 March 2005, and are based on data which was available by 14 June 2005." The report says the US and its allies were responsible for the largest share (37%) of the 24,865 deaths. The remaining deaths were attributed to anti-occupation forces (9%), crime (36%), and unknown agents (11%). Who did the killing? 37%. US-led forces killed 37% of civilian victims. 9%. Anti-occupation forces/insurgents killed 9% of civilian victims. 36%. Post-invasion criminal violence accounted for 36% of all deaths. 11%. Unknown agents (11%). Killings by anti-occupation forces, crime and unknown agents have shown a steady rise over the entire period. Who was killed? 24,865 civilians were reported killed in the first two years. Men accounted for over 80% of all civilian deaths. Baghdad alone recorded almost half of all deaths. When did they die? 30% of civilian deaths occurred during the invasion phase before 1 May 2003. Post-invasion, the number of civilians killed was almost twice as high in year two (11,351) as in year one (6,215). What was the most lethal weaponry? Over half (53%) of all civilian deaths involved explosive devices. Air strikes caused most (64%) of the explosives deaths. Children were disproportionately affected by all explosive devices but most severely by air strikes and unexploded ordnance (including cluster bomblets). How many were injured? At least 42,500 civilians were reported wounded. The invasion phase caused 41% of all reported injuries. Explosive weaponry caused a higher ratio of injuries to deaths than small arms. The highest wounded-to-death ratio incidents occurred during the invasion phase. Iraq War Logs In October 2010, the group WikiLeaks released the Iraq War Logs, a set of nearly 400,000 classified US military documents on the Iraq war. IBC was among several media organizations and NGO's given pre-release access to the documents, and IBC co-founder John Sloboda delivered a speech at the press conference for the release by WikiLeaks. IBC published three pieces on their website detailing their analysis of the war logs. Among the main findings were that the war logs, "contain an estimated 15,000 previously unknown civilian deaths," and that addition of the new material would suggest that, "over 150,000 violent deaths have been recorded since March 2003, with more than 122,000 (80%) of them civilian." Academic publications Between 2009 and 2011, IBC published three papers in peer reviewed academic journals, co-authored with researchers from King's College London and Royal Holloway, University of London. Each paper uses IBC data to evaluate different aspects of civilian casualties during the war. The first paper, published in the New England Journal of Medicine in April, 2009, analyses civilian deaths between 2003 and 2008 according to weapon types used. Among the findings were that, "execution after abduction or capture was the single most common form of death overall," and that, "events involving air attacks and mortar fire were the most dangerous" to Iraqi females and children. The second paper, published in PLoS Medicine in February, 2011, analyses civilian deaths between 2003 and 2008 according to perpetrator, weapon, time, and location. The paper found that most deaths during the period were, "inflicted by unknown perpetrators, primarily through extrajudicial executions." The paper also utilized what the authors refer to as the "Dirty War Index" which evaluates the behavior of different perpetrators or weapon types in terms of the proportion of women and children killed, with higher DWI ratios suggesting tactics or weapons that are more indiscriminate toward civilians. The study found that unknown perpetrators firing mortars had the highest DWI ratio, followed by Coalition Forces air attacks, leading the authors to advise that such weapons should not be used in populated areas. The third paper, published in September, 2011, in a special edition of The Lancet for the 10 year anniversary of the September 11 attacks of 2001, focused on casualties of both civilians and Coalition soldiers specifically by suicide bomb attacks in Iraq between 2003 and 2010. This paper found that there had been at least 12,284 Iraqi civilians and 200 Coalition soldiers killed in at least 1,003 suicide bombings during the period. The study also found that these bombings had "injured no fewer than 30,644 Iraqi civilians," and that, "children are less likely to survive their suicide bomb injuries than adults." Criticisms and counter-criticisms The IBC has received criticism from many sides. Some critics have focused on potential bias of sources. Others have raised concerns about the difficulty of distinguishing civilians from combatants. Others have criticized it for over or undercounting. Some critics, often on the political right, claimed that the IBC numbers were an overcount, and that the numbers were suspect due to the antiwar bias of the IBC members. For example; 26 July 2005 National Review article, "Bad Counts. An unquestioning media." Others, often on the political left, criticized media and government willingness to quote IBC figures more approvingly than the much higher estimate coming from the Lancet study that came out in October 2004. Journalists included Lila Guterman, John Pilger, and George Monbiot In a 27 January 2005 article in The Chronicle of Higher Education Lila Guterman wrote: The Lancet released the paper on 29 October, the Friday before the election, when many reporters were busy with political coverage. That day, the Los Angeles Times and the Chicago Tribune each dedicated only about 400 words to the study and placed the articles inside their front sections, on Pages A4 and A11, respectively. (The news media in Europe gave the study much more play; many newspapers put articles about it on their front pages.) In a short article about the study on Page A8, The New York Times noted that the Iraq Body Count, a project to tally civilian deaths reported in the news media, had put the maximum death toll at around 17,000. The new study, the article said, 'is certain to generate intense controversy.' But the Times has not published any further news articles about the paper. This view of IBC was based on the belief that IBC figures are extremely low due to pro-US media bias and inadequate reporting due to its heavy (though not exclusive) reliance on Western media sources, which has led some of these critics to claim IBC should be called the "Iraq Western Media Body Count". These biases and inadequacies, they claim, mean IBC's count is low by up to a factor of 10, and that it specifically minimizes the proportion of deaths caused by US forces. Stephen Soldz wrote a 5 February 2006 article titled "When Promoting Truth Obscures the Truth: More on Iraqi Body Count and Iraqi Deaths". It stated: "Of course, in conditions of active rebellion, the safer areas accessible to Western reporters are likely to be those under US/Coalition control, where deaths are, in turn, likely to be due to insurgent attacks. Areas of insurgent control, which are likely to be subject to US and Iraqi government attack, for example most of Anbar province, are simply off-limits to these reporters. Thus, the realities of reporting imply that reporters will be witness to a larger fraction of deaths due to insurgents and a lesser proportion of deaths due to US and Iraqi government forces." A further claim has been that IBC does little or nothing to correct misuse of their figures by public officials or media organizations. It is claimed that the media often misuse IBC's estimate of the total number dead. It is also claimed that the media use the IBC's estimate in order to ignore or downplay the October 2004 excess mortality study published in the Lancet Medical Journal, which estimated a far higher figure. Critics of IBC argue that the Lancet study is the most accurate estimate so far and is more reliable than IBC's estimate. Other criticism of various kinds came from journalists Stephen Soldz, Dahr Jamail, and Jeff Pflueger In April 2006, IBC published a lengthy response to their critics entitled "Speculation is no substitute: a defence of Iraq Body Count". In their reply, IBC argues that their critics have several key facts wrong. IBC argues that while their estimate is likely to be below the full toll, their critics' errors have led the critics to exaggerate the likely extent of such an undercount. Finally, IBC argues, the available evidence does not support their critics' claims of a pro-US bias infecting the IBC database. English-language versus Arabic-language media sources The IBC report for March 2003 to March 2005 states: "We have not made use of Arabic or other non-English language sources, except where these have been published in English. The reasons are pragmatic. We consider fluency in the language of the published report to be a key requirement for accurate analysis, and English is the only language in which all team members are fluent. It is possible that our count has excluded some victims as a result." Stephen Soldz, who runs the website "Iraq Occupation and Resistance Report", writes in a 5 February 2006 ZNet article (in reference to the 2003-2005 IBC report): "Given, as indicated in that report, that ten media outlets provided over half the IBC reports and three agencies [Associated Press, Agence France Presse, and Reuters] provided over a third of the reports, there is simply no reason to believe that even a large fraction of Iraqi civilian combat-related deaths are ever reported in the Western media, much less, have the two independent reports necessary to be recorded in the IBC database. Do these few agencies really have enough Iraqi reporters on retainer to cover the country? Are these reporters really able comprehensively to cover deaths in insurgent-held parts of Iraq? How likely is it that two reporters from distinct media outlets are going to be present at a given site where deaths occur? How many of the thousands of US bombings have been investigated by any reporter, Western or Iraqi? Simply to state these questions is to emphasize the fragmentary nature of the reporting that occurs and thus the limitations of the IBC database." In a 28 April 2006 BBC Newsnight interview the IBC project's co-founder John Sloboda, in response to these and similar arguments, has said: "we have never had over the entire three years, anyone show us an Arabic source that reports deaths that we haven't already got. In three years. In thousands of incidents. There are organisations that translate Arabic reports into English, and we see their data." IBC monitors many Arabic sources that either publish in English as well as Arabic, or are translated by other sources. Some of these include: Al Arabiya TV, Al-Furat, Al-Ittihad, Al Jazeera (Web), Al Jazeera TV, Al Sharqiyah TV, Al-Taakhi, Al-Bawaba, Arab News, Arabic News, Asharq Al Awsat, As-Sabah, Arab Times, Bahrain News Agency, Bahrain Times. Undercounting The IBC acknowledges on its website that its count is bound to be low due to limitations in reporting stating; "many if not most civilian casualties will go unreported by the media. That is the sad nature of war." IBC's critics claim, though, that the IBC does not do enough to indicate what they believe is the full extent of the undercounting. IBC has directly disputed these claims in a lengthy document on its website. One criticism of IBC's method, from MIT's John Tirman, a principal research scientist, is that the "surveillance instrument" - the news media - is changing all the time: media organizations add or (more likely) subtract reporters from the field, which was happening in Iraq; reporters were largely confined to Baghdad during the worst violence; and reporters tended to write about spectacular events, like car bombs, when much of the violence was in the form of revenge killings throughout Iraq. "As a result, this technique of totaling up the dead is incapable of accounting for the deaths that were not being recorded, whether by the English-language news media or the chaotic health care system." IBC itself radically changed its method in the middle of the war, switching from two references to one reference in the news media. The October 2006 Lancet study states: "Aside from Bosnia, we can find no conflict situation where passive surveillance recorded more than 20% of the deaths measured by population-based methods." In an April 2006 article the IBC had described an example comparing itself to the 2004 United Nations Development Programme Iraq Living Conditions Survey (ILCS). The Lancet report uses the population estimates drawn from the ILCS study, while not mentioning its estimate of war-related deaths. IBC contends that ILCS is a more reliable indicator of violent deaths than the Lancet study, and suggests a much lower number than the Lancet study. However, a supplement to the Lancet study published separately by its authors, as well as subsequent interviews with one of Lancet's authors have disputed the methodology and results of the ILCS study. On the other hand, Jon Pedersen, author of the ILCS study, has disputed the methodology and results of the Lancet study. For more info on this controversy see the sections titled "Criticisms" and "UNDP ILCS study compared to Lancet study" in Lancet surveys of Iraq War casualties. The 2006 Lancet study also states: "In several outbreaks, disease and death recorded by facility-based methods underestimated events by a factor of ten or more when compared with population-based estimates. Between 1960 and 1990, newspaper accounts of political deaths in Guatemala correctly reported over 50% of deaths in years of low violence but less than 5% in years of highest violence." The Lancet reference used is to Patrick Ball, Paul Kobrak, and Herbert F. Spirer and their 1999 book, State Violence in Guatemala, 1960-1996: A Quantitative Reflection. From the introduction: "The CIIDH database consists of cases culled from direct testimonies and documentary and press sources." Chapter 10 elaborates, saying that "In the CIIDH project, participating popular organizations collected many of the testimonies long after the time of the killings, when people were less clear about details, especially the identities of all the victims." And says, "Typically, during the collection of testimonies, a surviving witness might provide the names of one or two victims, perhaps close relatives, while estimating the number of other neighbors in the community without giving their names." They report in chapter 7: Figure 7.1 shows that in the CIIDH database, most of the information for human rights violations prior to 1977 comes from press sources. ... Approximately 10,890 cases were coded from the newspapers. Sixty-three percent of the press cases were taken from Prensa Libre, 10 percent from El Gráfico, 8 percent from La Hora and El Impacto respectively, and 6 percent from El Imparcial. The remaining 5 percent is made up by eight other newspapers. But also in chapter 7 they reported that in later, more violent years: When the level of violence increased dramatically in the late 1970s and early 1980s, numbers of reported violations in the press stayed very low. In 1981, one of the worst years of state violence, the numbers fall towards zero. The press reported almost none of the rural violence. There is a list of figures, tables, and charts in the book that can be used to calculate what percentage of their cases of killings by state forces were reported by 13 Guatemalan newspapers for each year when compared to the testimonies of witnesses (as previously described from chapter 10). In a 7 November 2004 press release concerning the October 2004 Lancet study the IBC states: "We have always been quite explicit that our own total is certain to be an underestimate of the true position, because of gaps in reporting or recording". One of the sources used by the media is morgues. Only the central Baghdad area morgue has released figures consistently. While that is the largest morgue in Iraq and in what is often claimed to be the most consistently violent area, the absence of comprehensive morgue figures elsewhere leads to undercounting. IBC makes it clear that, due to these issues, its count will almost certainly be below the full toll in its 'Quick FAQ' on its homepage. Quote from an IBC note: "The Iraq Body Count (IBC) estimate for x350, like that for x334, was made possible by examination of the detailed data supplied to the Associated Press (AP) by the morgues surveyed in AP's 23 May 2004 survey of Iraqi morgues." That 23 May 2004 Associated Press article points out the lack of morgue data from many areas of Iraq. Also, it states: "The [Baghdad] figure does not include most people killed in big terrorist bombings, Hassan said. The cause of death in such cases is obvious so bodies are usually not taken to the morgue, but given directly to victims' families. Also, the bodies of killed fighters from groups like the al-Mahdi Army are rarely taken to morgues." See also Casualties of the Iraq War. An overview of many casualty estimates. Iraq War. Infobox there has the most up-to-date casualty figures. Lancet surveys of Iraq War casualties ORB survey of Iraq War casualties Iraq Family Health Survey References External links Iraq 2013 Casualty Overview Iraq War casualties Death in Iraq Civilian casualties in the Iraq War	[ 0.5071637034416199, 0.6821281909942627, -0.5613179206848145, -0.15396936237812042, -0.4537186920642853, 0.021949058398604393, 0.2568807899951935, -0.23074501752853394, -0.22516457736492157, 0.30267035961151123, 0.1334516704082489, -0.1096874326467514, -0.18050044775009155, -0.0928674042224884, -0.29331064224243164, 0.3422793447971344, 0.2300015240907669, 0.5233767628669739, 0.38218459486961365, 0.17329464852809906, 0.07250095158815384, -0.8135548233985901, -0.13495232164859772, -0.029149170964956284, -0.28886884450912476, 0.6099621057510376, 0.39582741260528564, 0.1723804771900177, -0.49892380833625793, -0.3280583918094635, -0.07001212239265442, 0.4587932825088501, 0.17757552862167358, -1.0521373748779297, -0.26848241686820984, 0.06120802089571953, -0.5022116899490356, -0.35272061824798584, 0.004953288473188877, -0.5449280738830566, -0.04803657531738281, -0.28447601199150085, -0.4419209659099579, 0.580887496471405, -0.2626194357872009, -0.8724176287651062, -1.4851138591766357, 0.30408576130867004, -0.4933585524559021, -0.3870658874511719, -0.3491068184375763, 0.43450605869293213, 0.40323007106781006, 0.1282070279121399, 0.39373722672462463, 0.6672455072402954, -0.10907227545976639, -0.4523252844810486, 0.1302105039358139, -0.14012403786182404, 0.43755391240119934, 0.006627475377172232, 0.30246126651763916, -0.24269767105579376, -0.03348412737250328, 0.06638570129871368, 0.11829748004674911, 0.782784640789032, 0.1742870956659317, -0.258250892162323, -0.16828177869319916, -0.051052216440439224, -0.025655006989836693, 0.07116968184709549, -0.4249086380004883, -0.18733881413936615, 0.7273207902908325, -0.1325504183769226, 0.43284526467323303, -0.1847607046365738, 0.4657309055328369, 0.12129345536231995, 0.4936782419681549, -0.2628290355205536, 0.7389638423919678, 0.04204012453556061, -0.21341322362422943, -0.23789165914058685, -0.40904921293258667, 0.11394322663545609, -0.3427160978317261, -0.16597162187099457, 0.7161737680435181, 0.1374511867761612, 0.04189878702163696, -0.0968567281961441, -0.18062229454517365, 0.3670535385608673, 0.015422571450471878, 0.19866643846035004, 0.4917352795600891, 0.40584006905555725, 0.11973625421524048, 0.778993546962738, -0.475969135761261, -0.4638351798057556, -0.5407538414001465, 0.06146157905459404, 0.35110634565353394, -0.02968421019613743, 0.28693729639053345, 0.16114114224910736, -0.5111632943153381, 0.005692149978131056, 0.03516940772533417, 0.466460257768631, 0.4012436866760254, -0.3503406345844269, -0.111418217420578, -0.052090562880039215, -0.8104172348976135, 1.5322602987289429, -0.28074803948402405, 0.35436153411865234, -0.18123093247413635, 0.5939925909042358, 0.6778537631034851, 0.3647938668727875, -0.4516547620296478, 0.8927775025367737, 0.04070315510034561, 0.5297266244888306, -0.2473972886800766, -0.3827701508998871, 0.15284623205661774, -0.8005431294441223, -0.23377208411693573, 0.3282778263092041, 0.555072546005249, 0.2942226231098175, -0.5824986100196838, -0.8945712447166443, -0.1952303647994995, -0.3242122530937195, 0.580754816532135, -0.10342904180288315, -0.45501792430877686, -0.1986834853887558, -0.01389098446816206, -0.2187594175338745, 0.4891528785228729, -0.1332286298274994, -0.25996899604797363, -0.29710063338279724, 0.0021378211677074432, 0.4535040259361267, 0.2957862913608551, -0.4987873136997223, 0.7357797026634216, 0.35270702838897705, 0.24219977855682373, 0.591605007648468, -0.5244534015655518, -0.1336415410041809, -0.06182825192809105, -0.04607347771525383, 0.5586827397346497, 0.21826142072677612, 0.44157207012176514, -0.2637087404727936, -0.8096445798873901, 0.23652027547359467, 0.391537606716156, -0.3010539412498474, 0.28580760955810547, -0.21096011996269226, 1.2264665365219116, 0.3728058636188507, 0.17297019064426422, 0.3275938332080841, -0.5633896589279175, 0.12896694242954254, -0.2581966519355774, -0.313219279050827, 0.07974309474229813, -0.1967414766550064, 0.4087676405906677, -0.23641659319400787, -0.5660762190818787, 0.22138595581054688, -0.06820713728666306, -0.3799992501735687, 0.7001227736473083, -0.361409991979599, 1.0040556192398071, 0.09865929186344147, -0.004286713898181915, 0.7561522126197815, -0.0958484560251236, 0.6762663125991821, -0.19875672459602356, 0.14887450635433197, 0.6703866124153137, -0.28568464517593384, -0.4852830171585083, 0.10309521853923798, 0.3070979714393616, -0.1477424055337906, -0.022617226466536522, 0.31839826703071594, 0.28850582242012024, 0.1740637719631195, -0.12765175104141235, 0.017309630289673805, -0.38558363914489746, 0.22911863029003143, -0.3819520175457001, 0.573644757270813, 0.2624404728412628, -0.2956894636154175, 0.6425319314002991, 0.02372746914625168, -0.21751074492931366, 0.20869068801403046, -0.04824225977063179, 0.31017521023750305, -0.0867382138967514, 0.31243741512298584, 0.11414631456136703, -0.7012413144111633, 0.05350888893008232, 0.6434309482574463, 0.18388603627681732, -0.44049060344696045, -0.5157749652862549, -0.2369338572025299, -0.1341717690229416, -0.8987860083580017, 0.39617642760276794, 0.3960205018520355, -0.06101297214627266, 0.09296969324350357, -0.23468126356601715, -0.2813677489757538, 0.28107959032058716, -0.23268038034439087, 0.20498162508010864, 0.0897177904844284, -0.20471154153347015, -0.02353210747241974, 0.3014141321182251, 0.7509770393371582, -0.09444425255060196, -0.5602660775184631, 0.13277529180049896, 0.028738029301166534, 0.38172486424446106, -0.4155668020248413, -0.17145030200481415, -0.3574727177619934, 0.5354246497154236, 0.1675976812839508, 0.4264538884162903, 0.5072949528694153, 0.907630980014801, -0.8783639073371887, -0.7305635213851929, -0.43690234422683716, -0.025012290105223656, 0.27941590547561646, 0.5351543426513672, -0.04032750055193901, 0.03397342562675476, 0.4000348448753357, -0.04257940128445625, -0.06519824266433716, -0.4402422308921814, 0.3346920907497406, -0.6434786319732666, -0.5869142413139343, 0.10238907486200333, 0.44038575887680054, 0.26753830909729004, -0.15464390814304352, -0.26951077580451965, -0.093264639377594, -0.23338057100772858, -0.019531963393092155, -0.3917197585105896, -0.38345855474472046, -0.3422899842262268, 0.21308179199695587, 0.45780277252197266, 0.31357821822166443, 0.09926217794418335, -0.25341224670410156, -0.3853296935558319, -0.4418453574180603, 0.2550206780433655, 0.02510235644876957, -0.6405684351921082, 0.8776517510414124, -0.4714764952659607, -0.332753986120224, -0.19850310683250427, 0.20013545453548431, -0.3482242822647095, -0.015720564872026443, -5.839807987213135, 0.15450477600097656, -0.20280736684799194, -0.10376708954572678, -0.008788937702775002, 0.32264918088912964, 0.6117153167724609, -0.4518720805644989, -0.14026795327663422, 0.2408219426870346, 0.46903330087661743, 0.13286656141281128, 0.3305153250694275, 0.5257906317710876, 0.5955302715301514, 0.3694871962070465, 0.6155642867088318, 0.2471829652786255, 0.36072105169296265, 0.10418719798326492, 0.2902675271034241, -0.10282999277114868, -0.24651730060577393, 0.10427335649728775, -0.04662555828690529, 0.6298086643218994, -0.22336336970329285, 0.6952903866767883, -0.3845602571964264, 0.4419504404067993, 0.7095581293106079, -0.35023659467697144, 0.12700369954109192, 0.12828798592090607, -0.8471345901489258, 0.1915355771780014, 0.692494809627533, 0.5312712788581848, 0.08505889028310776, -0.34551674127578735, -0.7354669570922852, -0.0609421506524086, -0.3663380742073059, -0.5719864964485168, 0.6151462197303772, 0.14961323142051697, -0.33749058842658997, -0.1798936277627945, -0.20718050003051758, 0.15360325574874878, 0.2834584414958954, -0.40053632855415344, 0.01710987277328968, 0.7865086197853088, -0.5486941337585449, -0.6685428619384766, 0.3211294710636139, 0.13675056397914886, -0.1097557321190834, 0.049545250833034515, 0.3974875509738922, -0.3167731761932373, 0.37909966707229614, -0.6689844131469727, 0.054791878908872604, -0.26578542590141296, 0.12331914901733398, -0.7086551785469055, -0.14886127412319183, 0.33586612343788147, 0.11098147928714752, 0.08272244036197662, -0.46963587403297424, -0.5753971934318542, 0.3181256055831909, -0.37137293815612793, 0.5410207509994507, -0.026838209480047226, -0.23571254312992096, -0.15471519529819489, -0.25122514367103577, -0.5206090807914734, -0.026162156835198402, 0.0831131860613823, 0.009187827818095684, 0.10563192516565323, 0.535613477230072, 0.052631743252277374, 0.19098155200481415, -0.317579060792923, 0.6966853141784668, -0.4039503335952759, 0.07685137540102005, 0.5218023061752319, 0.12867555022239685, 0.5168366432189941, 0.3530411422252655, 0.2305239588022232, 0.7159861326217651, -0.3248636722564697, 0.347001314163208, -0.6671064496040344, -0.3069227337837219, -0.8689855337142944, 0.09530041366815567, -0.6465144753456116, -0.3956621587276459, -0.16249719262123108, 0.7030742168426514, -0.3214859664440155, -0.4470743238925934, -0.15609920024871826, 0.11793335527181625, -0.2906436622142792, 0.01509153749793768, -0.24525803327560425, 0.29872339963912964, 0.2572910487651825, 0.5030096173286438, 0.421975314617157, 0.1000867560505867, 0.13122686743736267, 0.3832556903362274, 0.08281983435153961, 0.5694175958633423, -0.4372261166572571, -0.2777874767780304, 0.3606281280517578, -0.2638770341873169, 0.029981721192598343, 0.2038491666316986, 0.4292738437652588, -0.29663676023483276, 0.708945095539093, 0.09066110849380493, -0.30453020334243774, -0.6225225329399109, -0.1366034895181656, 0.1408376395702362, 0.5133710503578186, 0.5295442938804626, -0.6346680521965027, -0.3534116744995117, 0.1245940625667572, 0.2909104526042938, 0.6805702447891235, -0.19978195428848267, -0.3470197319984436, -0.9050940871238708, 0.3332088887691498, -0.20270459353923798, -0.27530524134635925, 0.3145534098148346, 0.10906552523374557, 0.04516461864113808, 0.21064826846122742, 0.8208121061325073, 0.9048997759819031, -0.6454260945320129, -0.44940221309661865, 0.17061787843704224, -0.45098960399627686, -0.5981312990188599, 0.16120591759681702, -0.0680798888206482, -0.29778656363487244, -0.017766419798135757, -0.32763102650642395, -0.2970920205116272, 0.685764729976654, 0.33297431468963623, -0.26362019777297974, -0.6022356748580933, 0.05812542513012886, 0.23009337484836578, 0.10224935412406921, -0.447053998708725, 0.13117000460624695, -0.08582375198602676, -0.20310695469379425, -0.4212135970592499, -0.38082873821258545, -0.36741286516189575, 0.05480608344078064, 0.5098732113838196, 0.35803720355033875, -0.47792813181877136, -0.3160148561000824, -0.3317910432815552, -0.19155259430408478, 0.2431667596101761, -0.3126944303512573, 0.4423210918903351, -0.1373821645975113, -0.36401981115341187, -0.7560651898384094, 0.0357515923678875, 0.5554579496383667, -0.39302295446395874, -0.3287527561187744, 0.5640609264373779, 0.17377398908138275, -0.28056466579437256, 0.4726407527923584, -0.0028468919917941093, -0.8057283163070679, -0.06521168351173401, 0.26761922240257263, -0.5770257115364075, -0.00824229046702385, -0.2240976244211197, -0.7461286187171936, -0.32347261905670166, 0.7144269347190857, -0.33592933416366577, -0.13985054194927216, 0.1026822179555893, -0.36857908964157104, 0.16973070800304413, -0.05174040049314499, -0.5067230463027954, 0.2774686813354492, -0.02376820705831051, 0.1280767172574997, -0.6955739855766296, 0.48177990317344666, 0.5762767195701599, -0.9895545244216919, -0.011970310471951962, 0.09033262729644775, -0.18996930122375488, -0.32673269510269165, 0.10696644335985184, 0.2680601477622986, -0.1857864111661911, -0.13897104561328888, -0.2891261577606201, 0.08247784525156021, -0.41853952407836914, 0.3100518584251404, -0.24082514643669128, 0.31859827041625977, 0.42517784237861633, -0.37425604462623596, -0.012184825725853443, 0.34460094571113586, -0.2087315171957016, -0.39301031827926636, -0.3984498083591461, 0.1289851814508438, 0.08943523466587067, -0.2214338630437851, -0.3599097430706024, -0.41868147253990173, 0.7736051678657532, -0.08319935947656631, 0.010618599131703377, -0.6364270448684692, 0.14764632284641266, -0.06811144202947617, -0.023902878165245056, -0.20649896562099457, -0.21462219953536987, 0.008683687075972557, 0.21608515083789825, -0.025496631860733032, -0.289147287607193, -0.42364829778671265, 0.10804744064807892, -0.5628722310066223, -0.1206943541765213, -0.14265833795070648, 0.4592267870903015, 0.8137040734291077, 0.16043882071971893, -0.32181787490844727, 0.1348981112241745, -0.0019152202876284719, 0.4317370057106018, 0.415958970785141, 0.07969766110181808, 0.08700598031282425, -0.13685698807239532, 0.13227353990077972, 0.43060073256492615, -0.2685004472732544, -0.062321070581674576, 0.424803763628006, -0.06128602474927902, -0.03485526889562607, -0.6503403782844543, 0.32628026604652405, -0.5344868898391724, 0.5276989936828613, 0.21035650372505188, 0.045556120574474335, 0.007195955608040094, 0.5774646997451782, -0.5365776419639587, -0.177681103348732, -0.21306556463241577, 0.6934548616409302, -0.08527904748916626, -0.13478125631809235, 0.03880723938345909, -0.12198401242494583, 0.16933798789978027, 0.21149933338165283, 0.0017530096229165792, 0.07168599218130112, 0.12426888942718506, -0.1709444522857666, 0.511294424533844, 0.45371130108833313, -0.7341786623001099, -0.21465887129306793, 0.13044144213199615, -0.31115084886550903, 0.4645087420940399, 0.1727227419614792, -0.1544538289308548, 0.33595505356788635, 0.853446900844574, 0.322592169046402, -0.41143304109573364, 0.32606270909309387, 0.2272370606660843, 0.30950069427490234, -0.07211440801620483, 0.009328861720860004, 0.2680380642414093, -0.27160900831222534, -0.3750237822532654, -0.04781200364232063, -0.336465984582901, -0.1419045776128769, 0.008570020087063313, -0.4561009109020233, -0.6501383781433105, 0.637302815914154, -0.12750904262065887, 0.37712362408638, -0.20613378286361694, 0.08522035926580429, -0.22669948637485504, 0.37677761912345886, -0.3989725112915039, -0.10768958181142807, 0.5672641396522522, 0.4097098410129547, -0.7416327595710754, 0.26661303639411926, -0.16264952719211578, -0.10440675914287567, 0.10155264288187027, -0.2834950089454651, 0.1442771553993225, 0.30146536231040955, 0.3719518184661865, 0.15230914950370789, -0.1346297562122345, 0.0375826321542263, 0.28383103013038635, -0.02683393843472004, 0.027760418131947517, 0.04107670113444328, 0.26393288373947144, -0.3997143507003784, -0.008160611614584923, 0.6278344392776489, 0.0052513363771140575, 0.03112836368381977, -0.6588196158409119, 0.18919257819652557, 0.3811672031879425, -0.34243902564048767, 0.2290150225162506, 0.09976296871900558, -0.35563600063323975, 0.17074723541736603, 0.23941020667552948, -0.44167643785476685, 0.20038367807865143, -0.7857587337493896, 0.4331298768520355, 0.2333366721868515, -0.28069254755973816, 0.8656715750694275, 0.40382060408592224, 0.04427658021450043, 0.059505973011255264, -0.49611449241638184, -0.2371269017457962, -0.1745450794696808, -0.615085244178772, -0.4404575526714325, 0.17530319094657898, 0.40199190378189087, 0.2944641411304474, -0.14334595203399658, -0.2905407249927521, -0.3055087625980377, 0.10013653337955475, 0.22914671897888184, -0.40432339906692505, 0.7059529423713684, -0.5508652329444885, -0.07113166153430939, -0.6018498539924622, 0.3124368488788605, 0.06548608094453812, 0.15778587758541107, -0.3559522330760956, -0.004155770409852266, -0.7842659950256348, -0.3805656433105469, 0.24227967858314514, -0.6261166930198669, -0.307003915309906, -0.39714309573173523, -0.4635232985019684, -0.4461067318916321, -0.430571585893631, 0.29059287905693054, -0.05306971073150635, -0.27738046646118164, 0.6219174265861511, -0.5012645721435547, -0.07724983245134354, 0.38617828488349915, -0.5439138412475586, -0.5625434517860413, -0.3530336618423462, -0.2648049592971802, -0.3506672978401184, -0.23312687873840332, 0.822191596031189, 0.542560875415802, 0.8523943424224854, -0.4495558440685272, 0.6747637391090393, -0.33203577995300293, 0.2283884882926941, -0.1588217318058014, 0.10056788474321365, 0.08944287896156311, -0.0977693498134613, -0.3346753716468811, -0.3162681460380554, 0.6583523750305176, 0.13681276142597198, -0.059623993933200836, -0.13951712846755981, -0.5591549277305603, -0.030227292329072952, 0.1135796383023262, -0.12524046003818512, -0.6591842174530029, 0.21715644001960754, -0.1859864741563797 ]
202052	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zofiabaatar	Zofiabaatar	Zofiabaatar is a genus of extinct mammal from the Upper Jurassic period. It was a relatively early member of the extinct order Multituberculata within the suborder "Plagiaulacida". It lived in North America along with dinosaurs such as Diplodocus and Allosaurus. The primary species is Zofiabaatar pulcher. Fossils have been found in the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Wyoming (U.S.). The animal was reportedly about long. It seems to have been a rather specialized creature, judging by the dentary. Zofiabaataridae are believed to belong to the allodontid line. It is present in stratigraphic zone 6. The species is named after the Polish paleontologist Zofia Kielan-Jaworowska. References Simpson. "Mesozoic Mammalia. VII. Taxonomy of Morrison multituberculates", American Journal of Science. 1927. Pages 36–38. Kielan-Jaworowska, Z. and J.H. Hurum. "Phylogeny and Systematics of multituberculate mammals", Paleontology. 44. Pages 389–429. Multituberculates Morrison mammals Taxa named by Kenneth Carpenter Taxa named by Robert T. Bakker Fossil taxa described in 1990 Prehistoric mammal genera	[ -0.5072420835494995, 0.6918548345565796, -0.8405532240867615, -0.3715008795261383, -0.4652005136013031, 0.6245718002319336, 0.4819420874118805, 0.45514214038848877, 0.13335570693016052, 0.2917748689651489, 0.14421135187149048, -0.09199722111225128, -0.8383802771568298, 0.34554800391197205, 0.115506112575531, 0.2382698804140091, -0.6606264114379883, 0.3374101519584656, 0.2972186505794525, -0.048919521272182465, 0.38032016158103943, -1.0614773035049438, 0.5782762169837952, -0.20850098133087158, -0.11024952679872513, -0.3425504267215729, 0.6418267488479614, 0.981099009513855, 0.12632088363170624, -0.09604640305042267, -0.8470520377159119, 0.5554253458976746, 0.4404584467411041, -0.38174140453338623, -0.14636142551898956, 0.07418692857027054, -0.761590301990509, -0.15976542234420776, 0.07121334224939346, -0.7008535265922546, 0.0567493662238121, 0.13448263704776764, -0.019510427489876747, 0.9571440815925598, -0.20739209651947021, -0.005928186234086752, -1.4135019779205322, 0.5132572650909424, -1.0382945537567139, -0.12105944752693176, 0.33325037360191345, 0.3721737861633301, 0.5800821185112, -0.015992101281881332, -0.21008996665477753, 0.35743188858032227, -1.2414422035217285, -0.018965616822242737, 0.10005475580692291, 0.2423611730337143, 0.06888774037361145, -0.01924446038901806, -0.030497226864099503, -0.44832029938697815, 0.16155998408794403, 0.5390006303787231, -0.26364678144454956, 0.5563514232635498, -0.2513592541217804, 0.16883821785449982, -0.5624333024024963, -0.5561442375183105, 0.10427804291248322, 0.1120397076010704, -0.5759981274604797, -0.197745680809021, 0.047019634395837784, 0.17581719160079956, 1.2201199531555176, 0.19492895901203156, 0.44683802127838135, 0.22333702445030212, 0.9050878882408142, -0.10302549600601196, -0.04983650892972946, 0.12023820728063583, -0.8361150622367859, -0.16645090281963348, -0.19335053861141205, 0.16688601672649384, -0.8453823924064636, -0.15499770641326904, 0.4364789128303528, 0.9578285217285156, -0.07764589786529541, -0.5177505016326904, -0.27713680267333984, 0.19293907284736633, 0.4229835867881775, -0.09013479202985764, -0.04378025233745575, 0.23649533092975616, 0.39734065532684326, -0.458715558052063, -0.10684754699468613, -0.4543316960334778, -0.42437994480133057, 0.019761184230446815, 0.037121985107660294, -0.7583501935005188, -1.1070953607559204, 0.4783182442188263, -0.1848001331090927, -0.12716083228588104, 0.1113746240735054, 1.1969813108444214, 0.00033906701719388366, -1.0047378540039062, 0.23452824354171753, -0.25987258553504944, 0.04947783797979355, 0.7365027070045471, -0.6274867653846741, -0.02975403517484665, -0.5787372589111328, 0.41129499673843384, 0.3428293466567993, -0.03609494864940643, -0.8262190818786621, 0.8467913866043091, 0.49477332830429077, 1.0244088172912598, -0.020850349217653275, 0.4380153715610504, -0.3383012115955353, -0.5378661155700684, -0.1451331228017807, -0.07883942872285843, 0.28976431488990784, 0.31873348355293274, -0.7252225875854492, -0.22909855842590332, -1.2455753087997437, 0.112050361931324, 0.6918635964393616, 0.05693650618195534, 0.5997923612594604, -0.15655498206615448, -0.518155574798584, -0.908806562423706, -0.2415747344493866, -0.6934067010879517, -0.080050028860569, 0.16437332332134247, -0.08859707415103912, 0.08467204123735428, 0.3727775812149048, -0.8298326730728149, 0.9589813947677612, -0.08830991387367249, -0.02922416292130947, 0.30178266763687134, -0.5283119678497314, 0.07909421622753143, 0.19640980660915375, -0.3107813894748688, 0.28954023122787476, 0.28413262963294983, 0.036743007600307465, 0.5738629698753357, -0.5666548013687134, -0.017907680943608284, 0.641814649105072, 0.11976231634616852, 0.13435524702072144, -0.11419790983200073, 0.04806723818182945, -0.030583743005990982, 0.30761080980300903, -0.1397356539964676, -0.5554378628730774, 0.22876788675785065, 0.18561013042926788, 0.45168209075927734, 0.46912792325019836, 0.056992270052433014, 0.6121624708175659, 0.20760805904865265, 0.36716750264167786, -0.31773778796195984, -0.4953078031539917, -0.14325864613056183, 0.3156622350215912, 0.48090046644210815, 0.8895193934440613, 0.24721606075763702, -0.432390421628952, -0.015414349734783173, 0.10066530853509903, 0.5051383972167969, -0.667758047580719, 0.12217572331428528, 0.12129060924053192, -0.03570692613720894, 0.22505635023117065, 0.8141424059867859, -0.18195249140262604, 0.4138135612010956, 0.5886275172233582, 0.6856942176818848, 0.25610092282295227, -0.2563575804233551, 0.23526474833488464, 0.32459768652915955, 0.010907365009188652, -0.25589895248413086, -0.38227495551109314, 0.28278228640556335, -0.5514658093452454, -0.36033955216407776, 0.5655466318130493, -0.0973639041185379, 0.04662599787116051, -0.27769801020622253, -0.180926114320755, 0.4284689724445343, 0.7838744521141052, -0.07098794728517532, 0.17921045422554016, -0.7334282398223877, -0.03292253986001015, 0.9125120639801025, 0.4098591208457947, -0.35395821928977966, 0.346448689699173, -0.2590424716472626, -0.2015129178762436, -0.9430095553398132, 0.6924213171005249, -0.04783719778060913, 0.13525497913360596, 0.04883769527077675, 0.10118873417377472, 0.057823337614536285, 0.040930818766355515, -0.47494304180145264, -0.08226576447486877, 0.45369675755500793, -0.9005440473556519, -0.07714473456144333, 0.017838535830378532, 0.5043956637382507, 0.1956465244293213, -0.016408953815698624, 0.09973856061697006, 0.1504349559545517, 0.3085600435733795, 0.22110365331172943, 0.19450362026691437, -0.12222572416067123, -0.30926793813705444, 0.460578054189682, 0.1468505561351776, -0.019569484516978264, 0.20892374217510223, -0.16054533421993256, -0.41499489545822144, -0.2201714962720871, 0.5752864480018616, 0.0539684072136879, 0.3781175911426544, -0.4119325578212738, -0.8633149266242981, -0.45396044850349426, 0.033004432916641235, 0.08634303510189056, -0.08046881854534149, -0.2670137584209442, -0.4034620523452759, -0.29663631319999695, -0.025386236608028412, 1.317497730255127, -0.08994544297456741, -0.07741574943065643, -0.33348724246025085, -0.8053660988807678, 0.8223485350608826, -0.405647873878479, 0.027783198282122612, -0.6996662020683289, -0.024461254477500916, -0.1623852401971817, -0.14307460188865662, 0.15245620906352997, -1.0179482698440552, 0.3966505825519562, -0.08556710928678513, 0.06556899845600128, 0.08086060732603073, -0.334958553314209, -0.6529590487480164, -0.1623377501964569, -0.16296137869358063, -0.05253269523382187, 0.2901732325553894, -0.3513920307159424, -0.3482675552368164, -0.019533120095729828, -5.299947261810303, 0.6134424209594727, -0.10593777149915695, -0.18741671741008759, 0.12291914224624634, 0.671466052532196, 0.5175106525421143, -0.11951403319835663, -0.6115292906761169, -0.3647720515727997, -0.2707820534706116, -0.205948606133461, -0.3945022225379944, 0.38044148683547974, 0.3640751838684082, 0.8036459684371948, 0.4240153729915619, 0.31990450620651245, -0.20897427201271057, -0.036708906292915344, -0.14232467114925385, -0.1925399750471115, -0.36030396819114685, -0.057478465139865875, 0.2694259583950043, 0.5377394556999207, 0.18317535519599915, 0.05034231022000313, -0.16212469339370728, -0.45824185013771057, -0.006184193305671215, -0.3829134404659271, -0.21954642236232758, -0.14286944270133972, 0.24193495512008667, 0.3914440870285034, 1.0150907039642334, 0.5671465396881104, 0.2877785265445709, -0.005759194493293762, -0.522074282169342, 0.03422258049249649, -0.2091701477766037, 0.38216158747673035, 0.5056010484695435, 0.1252555251121521, -0.6260895133018494, -0.16759797930717468, -0.4729011356830597, 0.48424032330513, -0.13033820688724518, -0.30302369594573975, 0.17884992063045502, 0.9411424994468689, 0.554624617099762, 0.2640761435031891, 0.4080067574977875, 0.21080462634563446, 0.1663053035736084, 0.5818880200386047, 0.45319801568984985, -0.4322770833969116, -0.05933607369661331, -1.1235655546188354, 0.3574334681034088, -0.10274598002433777, 0.05574532970786095, -0.06258094310760498, 0.021694745868444443, 0.0038242724258452654, -0.2889471650123596, 0.5641359090805054, -0.7977855801582336, -0.6485568284988403, 0.20756545662879944, -0.1995750218629837, -0.16095604002475739, -0.2350177764892578, -0.7249329686164856, 0.1807412952184677, 0.125036358833313, -0.642105221748352, -0.3040083348751068, 0.351409912109375, 0.005536906886845827, -0.36434024572372437, -0.1781741976737976, 0.6258289217948914, -0.5951628088951111, 0.045278988778591156, 0.2877150774002075, -0.27776238322257996, 0.12956582009792328, 0.32831883430480957, 0.3511148989200592, 0.3308098614215851, 0.481273889541626, -0.5700717568397522, 0.5305898785591125, 0.08769456297159195, 0.5364189147949219, -0.1629486083984375, -0.2878810465335846, 0.018767395988106728, -0.30836784839630127, -0.6633799076080322, -0.20813040435314178, 0.5602408647537231, 0.6472945213317871, -0.39762139320373535, 0.25643882155418396, -0.09201958775520325, 0.10850544273853302, -0.20849774777889252, 0.8537301421165466, 0.2603282034397125, -0.09233054518699646, 0.031115127727389336, 0.668811559677124, 0.13179101049900055, -0.28951385617256165, 0.027360258623957634, -0.4010370075702667, -0.1572275608778, -0.1317080408334732, -0.2821480333805084, 0.27995091676712036, 0.1439206302165985, -1.0532355308532715, -0.647799551486969, -0.5140066146850586, -0.028103802353143692, -0.70924311876297, 0.032202862203121185, 0.3719711899757385, -0.2522560954093933, -0.3659283220767975, -0.49913573265075684, 0.3624163269996643, -0.10746004432439804, -0.5077399015426636, -0.538096010684967, -0.09886685013771057, -0.11699463427066803, -0.017382699996232986, 0.20182329416275024, 0.5994287133216858, 0.09904957562685013, -0.25750839710235596, 0.7344399690628052, 0.18769745528697968, -0.2883720397949219, 0.3073709309101105, -0.40635398030281067, -0.1242373064160347, 0.13061632215976715, 0.7978623509407043, 0.3259199261665344, 0.21974056959152222, -0.493745356798172, 0.3041016161441803, -0.4386270344257355, -0.7897030711174011, 0.3198721408843994, 0.053749244660139084, -0.352174311876297, -0.023601967841386795, -0.6483326554298401, -0.2184416800737381, 0.1441347599029541, 0.04167040064930916, -0.08128282427787781, -0.19444675743579865, -0.10850539058446884, 0.3683284521102905, -0.4430065453052521, -0.27670520544052124, -0.059735313057899475, -0.19175522029399872, -0.6818553805351257, -0.28504669666290283, 0.5791277289390564, -0.3062748610973358, -0.3225693106651306, 0.4729480743408203, -0.28797703981399536, -0.14300765097141266, -0.3439686894416809, -0.3670201003551483, -0.4616357386112213, 0.172602117061615, 0.22323694825172424, 0.4945918917655945, -0.09688190370798111, -0.2634144723415375, -0.36891666054725647, 0.32284244894981384, 0.2689781188964844, 0.07385201007127762, -0.8890970349311829, -0.11347246170043945, 0.5513924956321716, -0.11989297717809677, 0.01578986644744873, 0.38562262058258057, -0.6146302223205566, 0.5030036568641663, -0.08438438177108765, -0.14979274570941925, 0.32003599405288696, -0.13653682172298431, -1.0445040464401245, -0.6332818269729614, 0.7151107788085938, 0.11102902889251709, 0.7851101160049438, 0.4435509145259857, 0.3761093020439148, -0.8814592957496643, -0.25098922848701477, -0.4051212966442108, -0.22841224074363708, -0.26958131790161133, -0.48722749948501587, -0.897787868976593, 0.33897852897644043, 0.18131017684936523, 0.42190831899642944, 0.06620477885007858, -0.3840859532356262, -0.40550002455711365, -0.07119612395763397, 0.4600401222705841, -0.5364886522293091, -0.2454463690519333, -0.15702182054519653, 0.17505690455436707, -0.23543649911880493, -0.17047293484210968, 0.21733896434307098, 0.7493894100189209, 0.8487557768821716, 0.8859298229217529, 0.13973771035671234, 0.12104260176420212, -0.1482841670513153, 0.04393598809838295, -0.047603536397218704, -0.6406707763671875, 0.047261759638786316, 0.20271828770637512, -0.133113294839859, -1.1690914630889893, 0.28441479802131653, 0.8478590250015259, -0.48361480236053467, 0.35798558592796326, 0.34297406673431396, -0.01703837513923645, 0.11545316129922867, 0.03932424634695053, 0.24486143887043, -0.17688414454460144, 0.058940351009368896, -0.5019856095314026, 0.2762092053890228, -0.12586624920368195, 0.21056371927261353, 0.6091885566711426, -0.09012822806835175, 0.013921909034252167, 0.07255461812019348, 0.0816471055150032, 0.3892013430595398, -0.5649591684341431, -0.31392529606819153, 0.4941098392009735, -0.5041411519050598, -0.10402968525886536, 0.22608120739459991, -0.06745999306440353, 0.3323001563549042, 0.5441516637802124, -0.006114624440670013, -0.28607863187789917, -0.48715266585350037, 0.2681676149368286, -0.5546786785125732, -0.07899785786867142, -0.2321792095899582, -0.5148026347160339, -0.08820042759180069, -0.29660269618034363, -0.21489490568637848, 0.18445907533168793, 0.03835808485746384, -0.2825513780117035, 0.3699662387371063, -0.22393178939819336, -0.06810255348682404, -0.6408815979957581, 0.6436051726341248, 0.452065110206604, 0.05438084900379181, 0.3861793875694275, -0.3623772859573364, -0.2753477990627289, 0.1851866990327835, -0.13125069439411163, 0.07770263403654099, 0.2884231209754944, -0.2465081661939621, 0.05992702767252922, 0.7291163206100464, -0.3003653883934021, 0.6410202383995056, 0.27222785353660583, -0.5284265279769897, -0.044578731060028076, 0.2275831252336502, 0.24185733497142792, 0.2174358367919922, 0.32647451758384705, -0.2889728844165802, 0.3141053318977356, 0.22053009271621704, -0.9623900055885315, 0.05905838683247566, 0.2483483850955963, 0.26707708835601807, 0.4574628174304962, -0.2759605646133423, -0.1849757730960846, -0.05752456933259964, -0.10210717469453812, -0.3020772337913513, 0.20954856276512146, -0.23501577973365784, 0.12328659743070602, 1.7301889657974243, 0.7044488191604614, 0.6523796916007996, -0.10640032589435577, -0.005964749958366156, 0.09528271853923798, 0.3604607582092285, -0.3411865830421448, 0.14030775427818298, 1.0470969676971436, 0.1913318783044815, -0.0677671954035759, -0.01715824007987976, -0.33492693305015564, -0.21020029485225677, 0.4842981696128845, -0.4273166358470917, 0.304863840341568, -0.3229129910469055, -0.16173669695854187, -0.3382459580898285, -0.17313863337039948, 0.8163226246833801, 0.06772734224796295, -0.008827879093587399, -0.5558851361274719, 0.31963568925857544, -0.4946438670158386, -0.6090563535690308, 0.1728179156780243, 0.10666241496801376, 0.5597406625747681, 0.38740086555480957, 0.298766165971756, 0.26142260432243347, 0.5063915252685547, 0.605385422706604, 0.08532918244600296, 0.47805705666542053, -0.3021984398365021, 0.011810868978500366, -0.24038979411125183, 0.11024072021245956, 0.393470823764801, -0.14006276428699493, 0.8047899007797241, -0.548918604850769, 0.1441260576248169, 0.07515160739421844, 0.3794917166233063, -0.33119291067123413, -0.14857810735702515, -0.5746498107910156, 0.19312667846679688, -0.12352164089679718, -0.3058190643787384, -0.19488851726055145, -0.11753290146589279, 0.3962762653827667, 0.003156875027343631, -0.28127235174179077, 0.20943611860275269, 0.014927694573998451, -0.46000421047210693, 0.10922174155712128, 0.23755669593811035, 0.6189718246459961, -0.6558287143707275, 0.4294078052043915, -0.7687230706214905, 0.6866826415061951, 0.6420179605484009, -0.0918312519788742, -0.6310011148452759, 0.37351369857788086, 0.19803161919116974, 0.351945161819458, 0.23700013756752014, -0.46303093433380127, -0.6217101216316223, 0.025504345074295998, 0.36604276299476624, -0.3006080985069275, -0.038926854729652405, 0.45403236150741577, -0.16821588575839996, -0.5499546527862549, 0.07643070071935654, -0.04522175341844559, -0.4849262237548828, 0.3613111674785614, 0.29297253489494324, -0.000200946131371893, -0.10121052712202072, -0.2657570242881775, -0.22649787366390228, 0.02993428148329258, 0.923345148563385, 0.8977584838867188, -0.052609942853450775, -0.1270303726196289, 0.36104893684387207, -0.15237756073474884, 0.6119189262390137, 0.09785577654838562, -1.9035298824310303, -0.12046288698911667, -0.4622134268283844, -0.949241578578949, -0.9410752654075623, 0.07903243601322174, -0.2331768274307251, 0.002792131854221225, 0.4078637659549713, -0.05207042768597603, -0.29029715061187744, -0.08477283269166946, -0.6597884297370911, -0.6641186475753784, 0.3351117670536041, 0.0063792443834245205 ]
202056	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glirodon	Glirodon	Glirodon is a genus of extinct mammal from the Upper Jurassic. It was a relatively early member of the also-extinct order of Multituberculata, suborder "Plagiaulacida". These mammals lived in North America during the Mesozoic, also known as the "age of the dinosaurs". The genus Glirodon has been described by Engelmann G.F. and Callison G. (1999) from a 'gliriform tooth'. The species Glirodon grandis, also described by Engelmann and Callison, has been found in the Upper Jurassic formations of Dinosaur National Monument in Utah (United States). Other than being a large, early American Multituberculate, (see Multituberculata), the nature of this beast is somewhat unclear. It is an "allodontid (two families and the genus Glirodon)", (Kielan-Jaworowska and Hurum, 2001). It had gliriform incisors; incisors with the "enamel reduced to a stripe on the front side." Apparently, this condition evolved several times among Multituberculates. It is based on a portion of snout. "Glirodon retains the plesiomorphic 'plagiaulacidan' ("Plagiaulacida") dental formula and shares with Allodontidae the structure of the upper premolars (Pl.1 fis 2-4). It differs from the Paulchoffatiidae and Plagiaulacidae in having a single-cusped I3," (Kielan-Jaworowska & Hurum, 2001, p. 401-402). I3 refers to an upper incisor and 'plesiomorphic' means 'basal'. Present in stratigraphic zones 4 and 6. References Engelmann & Callison, (1999), Glirodon grandis, a new multituberculate mammal from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation. Vertebrate Paleontology of Utah, pp. 161–178, in the Utah Geological Survey, (ed. Gillette DD), 8/99. Kielan-Jaworowska Z & Hurum JH (2001), Phylogeny and Systematics of multituberculate mammals. Paleontology 44, p. 389–429. Most of this information has been derived from MESOZOIC MAMMALS; Basal Multituberculata, an Internet directory. Multituberculates Morrison mammals Fossil taxa described in 1999 Prehistoric mammal genera	[ -0.7976681590080261, -0.08411086350679398, -0.4268820881843567, 0.04415682330727577, -0.5204324722290039, 0.9900557398796082, 0.2913895547389984, 0.4545118808746338, -0.28201282024383545, -0.07219116389751434, 0.6299893260002136, 0.622064471244812, -0.56656813621521, 0.19139540195465088, -0.28692683577537537, 0.19725671410560608, -0.14176614582538605, 0.18633608520030975, 0.11705854535102844, -0.6409269571304321, 0.6026052236557007, -0.9927183389663696, 0.5076284408569336, -0.1114061251282692, -0.14248906075954437, 0.027367383241653442, 0.11723063886165619, 0.9748398661613464, 0.7596279978752136, 0.05821222811937332, -0.48095133900642395, 0.37537020444869995, 0.3163388967514038, -0.365339994430542, -0.05486326292157173, 0.09832976758480072, -0.7515539526939392, -0.3747090697288513, -0.2586304843425751, -0.4077039957046509, 0.11317775398492813, 0.3262766897678375, -0.5484575629234314, 1.0190060138702393, -0.5182884335517883, 0.21253137290477753, -1.6581331491470337, 0.21361321210861206, -0.8808764815330505, -0.1688753068447113, -0.3697308301925659, 0.10500846803188324, 0.5956671833992004, -0.21682527661323547, -0.4247944951057434, 0.7437989115715027, -1.122231364250183, 0.23571304976940155, 0.01207705494016409, -0.07144778966903687, -0.4324953258037567, -0.5358137488365173, -0.25237637758255005, -0.4472127854824066, -0.11310970783233643, 0.5528813600540161, -0.09792964905500412, 0.43340978026390076, -0.4538898169994354, 0.23180589079856873, -0.5559024214744568, -0.31374162435531616, 0.44407910108566284, 0.43455854058265686, -0.28572607040405273, 0.0010473034344613552, -0.03850238025188446, -0.2733951210975647, 1.1082947254180908, 0.030896099284291267, 0.4178854823112488, 0.432868629693985, 0.8673875331878662, 0.005117036402225494, -0.2922208905220032, 0.5234766602516174, -0.545202910900116, 0.470477432012558, -0.37189576029777527, 0.4494536519050598, -0.5780050158500671, -0.26743200421333313, 0.1729331761598587, 0.9043657779693604, -0.11008339375257492, -0.14742699265480042, -0.50935959815979, 0.2331344485282898, 0.2686954736709595, 0.3757842779159546, -0.12613505125045776, -0.06044211611151695, 0.038936737924814224, -0.568936288356781, -0.6086714863777161, -0.5937653183937073, -0.29970690608024597, -0.2593441307544708, -0.272068589925766, -1.1001116037368774, -1.0329757928848267, 0.6616891026496887, -0.2527395784854889, 0.04683726653456688, 0.13246864080429077, 1.250769853591919, -0.020664947107434273, -0.6559407711029053, 0.03207835182547569, -0.19636797904968262, -0.2249162346124649, 0.4917207956314087, -0.5074504613876343, 0.1941472291946411, -0.41051816940307617, 0.44440290331840515, 0.4722910523414612, 0.05426550656557083, -0.3923146724700928, 0.4159230589866638, 0.35830381512641907, 1.2875168323516846, 0.36963173747062683, -0.012294062413275242, -0.32842984795570374, -0.13653601706027985, -0.1816713660955429, 0.04894513636827469, -0.1353779435157776, 0.705234706401825, -0.38898593187332153, -0.23804733157157898, -1.7727715969085693, -0.284577339887619, 0.5297549366950989, -0.6162015199661255, 0.38552355766296387, -0.5637915134429932, -0.5492037534713745, -0.29775699973106384, 0.027286363765597343, -0.289411336183548, 0.40541574358940125, 0.48633790016174316, -0.07601957023143768, 0.16632327437400818, -0.08532770723104477, -0.10987792909145355, 0.9255641102790833, -0.2354293167591095, -0.10854634642601013, -0.5351247787475586, -0.7925226092338562, 0.4448103904724121, 0.156037837266922, -0.24960848689079285, 0.3824796974658966, 0.05197155475616455, -0.08738607168197632, 0.7340568900108337, -0.6092057228088379, -0.12450163066387177, 0.3285965025424957, 0.26265543699264526, 0.19176504015922546, -0.41689831018447876, 0.055031079798936844, 0.1608862578868866, 0.23268342018127441, -0.7046289443969727, -0.7124300003051758, -0.16378872096538544, 0.37911805510520935, 0.06312333047389984, 0.44492292404174805, 0.13670074939727783, 0.7183021306991577, 0.589013934135437, 0.12314663082361221, -0.7739399671554565, -0.6679268479347229, 0.07584129273891449, 0.35229894518852234, 0.22262796759605408, 1.6009140014648438, 0.10038761049509048, -0.1909048706293106, -0.7447978854179382, 0.05729930102825165, 0.6790427565574646, -0.38151177763938904, 0.2060251235961914, -0.0009966104989871383, -0.177607461810112, 0.1949509084224701, 1.003499150276184, -0.05772359296679497, 0.17742684483528137, 0.676822304725647, 0.8375627994537354, 0.07000686228275299, 0.1287204474210739, 0.06923593580722809, 0.2717486619949341, 0.12559141218662262, -0.5134392380714417, -0.2909008860588074, 0.5695079565048218, -0.23685969412326813, -0.6273380517959595, 0.7349438071250916, -0.22393736243247986, 0.19317106902599335, -0.03437585383653641, -0.21307224035263062, 0.681774377822876, 0.8686152100563049, 0.08906209468841553, 0.12287124246358871, -0.7162242531776428, -0.011787986382842064, 0.4837108552455902, 0.6129571199417114, -0.3506588637828827, -0.03361310064792633, -0.11603923887014389, 0.10065121948719025, -0.7938475608825684, 0.7393490672111511, -0.6436574459075928, 0.2829972207546234, -0.03233998641371727, -0.16415594518184662, 0.260799378156662, 0.4220949709415436, -0.06368211656808853, 0.18729202449321747, 0.540001392364502, -0.8292191624641418, -0.2779417932033539, -0.17122048139572144, 0.6617071032524109, 0.23551398515701294, -0.2886405885219574, -0.09063800424337387, 0.02242111973464489, 0.46725061535835266, -0.0560581274330616, -0.009393956512212753, -0.06531814485788345, -0.2286115437746048, 0.4869808554649353, 0.5075611472129822, 0.09121127426624298, -0.01474687922745943, -0.22823992371559143, -0.32131853699684143, -0.2985053062438965, 0.6055763363838196, -0.1719447821378708, 0.3338475525379181, -0.5926292538642883, -0.9772698283195496, -1.184775948524475, -0.028507215902209282, 0.11670373380184174, -0.2902110815048218, -0.26373550295829773, -0.20515470206737518, -0.3665633499622345, 0.05496819317340851, 1.034209132194519, 0.004753309767693281, 0.7576786875724792, -0.4567624032497406, -0.5300567746162415, 0.52950519323349, -0.4292532205581665, 0.17204639315605164, -0.9509381651878357, 0.38810428977012634, -0.21604232490062714, -0.5932121276855469, 0.04713330790400505, -0.8767271041870117, 0.2913844883441925, -0.34837430715560913, -0.07401767373085022, -0.17105121910572052, -0.1932632476091385, -0.7081350088119507, 0.11323060840368271, -0.10361594706773758, 0.5197719931602478, 0.1092676892876625, -0.44504985213279724, 0.1538553684949875, 0.3683664798736572, -4.787089824676514, 0.5875861048698425, 0.10178292542695999, -0.08376578241586685, 0.2360508143901825, 0.7705764770507812, 0.10265984386205673, -0.4136084020137787, -0.35895469784736633, -0.24792920053005219, -0.12705162167549133, -0.1963731199502945, -0.5122467279434204, 0.321536660194397, 0.2276720255613327, 0.8620856404304504, 0.3993181586265564, 0.445861279964447, -0.5397190451622009, 0.11763229966163635, 0.2673705518245697, -0.13084512948989868, 0.044472675770521164, 0.039879102259874344, 0.19433005154132843, -0.1242339089512825, 0.17938877642154694, -0.507938027381897, -0.5175499320030212, -0.3455471992492676, -0.14692191779613495, -0.08213012665510178, -0.3740275800228119, 0.26708853244781494, 0.16380950808525085, 0.2711416184902191, 1.252810001373291, 0.6202466487884521, 0.4279557466506958, -0.6979451179504395, -0.8522815704345703, 0.09157028049230576, -0.24965287744998932, 0.18971839547157288, 0.82607501745224, 0.4334683120250702, -0.48715484142303467, -0.6340474486351013, -0.40013593435287476, 0.6500477194786072, -0.3966926634311676, -0.26158395409584045, 0.426922470331192, 0.9405460357666016, 0.5412747859954834, 0.21822446584701538, 0.37726446986198425, 0.20762492716312408, 0.27063462138175964, 1.1161847114562988, 0.3492889702320099, -0.40174737572669983, -0.2280774861574173, -1.251402497291565, 0.14700202643871307, -0.36527958512306213, -0.06877849251031876, 0.2536994218826294, 0.031428880989551544, -0.06112798675894737, -0.4477422833442688, 0.7536389827728271, -0.6164316534996033, -0.7943620681762695, 0.3916192054748535, 0.1756446212530136, -0.20597191154956818, -0.02922203205525875, -0.43793267011642456, -0.0011267672525718808, 0.19962848722934723, -0.9182108044624329, 0.1439313143491745, 0.5011287927627563, 0.15830588340759277, -0.1670747995376587, -0.1465606391429901, 0.037281062453985214, -0.4183896780014038, -0.35981476306915283, 0.40089529752731323, -0.30596888065338135, 0.0584883950650692, 0.6240634322166443, 0.25703853368759155, 0.3441757261753082, 0.772892951965332, -0.20812270045280457, 0.35435736179351807, -0.680570662021637, 0.1046464666724205, -0.010108543559908867, -0.102124884724617, 0.1508559286594391, -0.4961439371109009, -1.0467008352279663, -0.4945162236690521, 0.5438613295555115, 0.8995246887207031, -0.2199590653181076, 0.4822863042354584, -0.002567365299910307, -0.3590584695339203, -0.23489363491535187, 0.6314377784729004, -0.1886991411447525, -0.369520902633667, 0.30657413601875305, 0.8054555654525757, -0.13803614675998688, -0.18375039100646973, 0.3826945126056671, -0.39846181869506836, -0.4255274534225464, -0.26307713985443115, -0.37361887097358704, 0.07028841227293015, 0.06263644248247147, -1.0460487604141235, -0.30088815093040466, -0.5200623273849487, 0.06354393064975739, -0.44092369079589844, 0.14012522995471954, 0.18846076726913452, -0.3187839388847351, -0.5156853795051575, 0.1185547262430191, 0.18350210785865784, -0.006876351777464151, -0.24328608810901642, -0.32596126198768616, -0.3735409379005432, -0.09078845381736755, 0.026634544134140015, 0.5330983996391296, 0.297644704580307, 0.05464569479227066, -0.39074409008026123, 0.7785027027130127, 0.2502892315387726, -0.4965216815471649, 0.29664039611816406, -0.8363791108131409, 0.6821549534797668, 0.3408283591270447, 0.2676470875740051, 0.5743932127952576, 0.15751834213733673, -0.4892699420452118, -0.043054599314928055, -0.04720044136047363, -0.8336917161941528, 0.652561366558075, 0.2843743860721588, 0.027959609404206276, -0.29160070419311523, -0.5964916348457336, -0.1645498424768448, 0.242123544216156, 0.2125670611858368, 0.15261006355285645, -0.4088326692581177, -0.3739991784095764, 0.29016590118408203, -0.47192153334617615, -0.16940097510814667, -0.04944409802556038, -0.5145186185836792, -0.15529456734657288, 0.35543620586395264, -0.003353447886183858, 0.32725340127944946, -0.387166827917099, 0.8552617430686951, -0.3441407084465027, -0.005783077795058489, -0.4509839415550232, -0.7733154296875, -0.3763923645019531, 0.36248791217803955, 0.03586474433541298, 0.2376614660024643, 0.03833300992846489, -0.08998948335647583, -0.4815695881843567, 0.40808767080307007, 0.3914078176021576, -0.10918333381414413, -1.2292133569717407, -0.2564452588558197, 0.67386794090271, -0.49614593386650085, -0.02985323965549469, 0.365126371383667, -0.6394546031951904, 0.5619407296180725, 0.16808290779590607, 0.021258939057588577, 0.5104799866676331, -0.14728374779224396, -0.8141757249832153, -0.5978677272796631, 0.2575356960296631, 0.21155497431755066, 0.7330513000488281, 0.4708957374095917, 0.06183836609125137, -0.8722215890884399, -0.5841966271400452, -0.23094606399536133, -0.12025224417448044, -0.4129527509212494, -0.35030919313430786, -0.5267424583435059, -0.09100586920976639, -0.07937025278806686, 0.18020085990428925, 0.1266472488641739, -0.5110905766487122, 0.08382438123226166, -0.20610171556472778, 0.32606151700019836, -0.602192223072052, -0.15993854403495789, -0.20201466977596283, 0.550635814666748, 0.41013482213020325, 0.3747502863407135, -0.03694314882159233, 0.9203121066093445, 0.9316073656082153, 0.6718987822532654, 0.5073713660240173, 0.22593414783477783, -0.24187900125980377, 0.12519057095050812, 0.1162150651216507, -0.42763379216194153, 0.18170605599880219, 0.486653208732605, -0.3101203441619873, -0.9636139273643494, -0.1725407838821411, 1.4750028848648071, -0.7123156785964966, 0.42121168971061707, 0.3950245678424835, 0.06495140492916107, 0.2130935788154602, 0.1923973560333252, 0.16200566291809082, -0.6578218936920166, 0.07780548930168152, 0.055197399109601974, 0.4617403745651245, -0.20198120176792145, 0.24084937572479248, 0.6740700602531433, -0.10781064629554749, -0.46725428104400635, 0.03678740933537483, -0.462337851524353, 0.1795862764120102, -0.5990597605705261, -0.06558569520711899, 0.8340944647789001, -0.5291358828544617, 0.5595868229866028, 0.1689448356628418, 0.05197117105126381, 0.4794807732105255, 0.42871126532554626, 0.49132147431373596, -0.26459360122680664, -0.6199642419815063, -0.17944535613059998, -0.1758214235305786, -0.08835247904062271, 0.06312362849712372, -0.2423972487449646, -0.4159950613975525, -0.6797164678573608, -0.22397953271865845, 0.35516542196273804, -0.08522816747426987, -0.3392757475376129, 0.16518013179302216, -0.4531804025173187, 0.6179843544960022, -0.5970818996429443, 0.4397534728050232, 0.3179984986782074, -0.27029016613960266, 0.46416231989860535, -0.13611996173858643, -0.2970072031021118, 0.19350691139698029, 0.03202120587229729, 0.04269282519817352, -0.046841055154800415, -0.4199240207672119, 0.09550495445728302, 0.6514920592308044, -0.6058037877082825, 0.5720874071121216, 0.3909733295440674, -0.7872437834739685, -0.19458232820034027, 0.32249265909194946, 0.7733128070831299, 0.4947069585323334, 0.08684196323156357, -0.1910771131515503, -0.14736102521419525, 0.6030245423316956, -1.082429051399231, -0.07086193561553955, 0.40879932045936584, 0.41845518350601196, 0.2201680988073349, -0.4523654878139496, -0.6880723834037781, 0.4083300828933716, -0.15252989530563354, -0.595587968826294, 0.3452630639076233, 0.14041608572006226, 0.2689376175403595, 1.5026894807815552, 0.7491624355316162, 0.61061030626297, -0.16384591162204742, 0.3112438917160034, -0.06298191845417023, 0.8523332476615906, -0.42641156911849976, -0.09611359238624573, 0.6890718936920166, -0.08669911324977875, -0.08858610689640045, 0.08446335047483444, -0.032913029193878174, 0.04502967745065689, 0.017495207488536835, 0.019354987889528275, 0.011385642923414707, -0.5398915410041809, -0.09884641319513321, -0.736640453338623, 0.19839464128017426, 0.2020733505487442, 0.34310147166252136, -0.017110511660575867, -0.549091100692749, 0.18483977019786835, -0.3707670569419861, 0.046950146555900574, 0.10612961649894714, 0.33211567997932434, 0.0802350789308548, 0.013848355039954185, 0.35987037420272827, -0.3917572498321533, 0.01937689818441868, 0.2587682902812958, -0.1493350714445114, 0.24955075979232788, -0.33813291788101196, -0.28873303532600403, -0.6025109887123108, 0.23768064379692078, -0.05314618721604347, 0.05893121659755707, 0.6868409514427185, -0.5983917117118835, 0.21141129732131958, 0.1776028871536255, 0.17790959775447845, -0.17468798160552979, -0.08678345382213593, -0.6328558325767517, -0.37571704387664795, 0.10687609016895294, -0.5514762997627258, -0.3296215832233429, -0.012559302151203156, 0.7089954614639282, 0.04490462318062782, 0.4469534754753113, 0.008114802651107311, -0.2772939205169678, -0.3976534903049469, -0.3052573800086975, 0.22112125158309937, 0.39284971356391907, -0.631740152835846, 0.7941393852233887, -0.42695051431655884, 0.08134764432907104, 0.9679759740829468, 0.1606692224740982, -0.23722469806671143, 0.41108858585357666, -0.005547195672988892, 0.25435391068458557, 0.8001778721809387, -0.29931551218032837, -0.40004855394363403, 0.22103112936019897, 0.2984424829483032, -0.05334470793604851, 0.013150383718311787, 0.5684362053871155, -0.06324473023414612, -0.28168800473213196, -0.03843915835022926, -0.07087511569261551, -0.46612104773521423, 0.22478744387626648, 0.5210698843002319, 0.09994146227836609, -0.5119121670722961, -0.5447068810462952, -0.3555779457092285, -0.1394476443529129, 0.5463655591011047, 0.5992323160171509, 0.029138801619410515, 0.10000485181808472, 0.6623872518539429, -0.1864522248506546, 0.7076495289802551, 0.451139360666275, -2.741133689880371, -0.17565393447875977, -0.24002796411514282, -0.8346925377845764, -0.6298744678497314, 0.08932275325059891, -0.021619953215122223, -0.1921362280845642, 0.7347893118858337, 0.11451981216669083, -0.3912978768348694, 0.23391959071159363, -0.19588081538677216, -0.9442523121833801, 0.22194969654083252, 0.4049724340438843 ]
202060	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulchoffatia	Paulchoffatia	Paulchoffatia is a genus of extinct mammal of the Upper Jurassic - Lower Cretaceous. It was a relatively early member of the also extinct order Multituberculata, within the suborder "Plagiaulacida" and family Paulchoffatiidae. It lived in Europe during the "age of the dinosaurs." The genus Paulchoffatia ("for Paul Choffat") was named by Kühne W.G. in 1961 based on a single species. It is also known as Paulchoffia. Paulchoffatia is characterized by a massive Corpus mandibulae (the part of the jaw below the tooth row), a rounded lower margin of the jaw and a massive, only slightly curved and steeply inclined incisor with a short root", (Hahn & Hahn 2000, p. 105). The name honours the geologist Paul Choffat (1849–1919). Remains of the species Paulchoffatia delgadoi were found in the Kimmeridgian (Upper Jurassic)-age strata of Guimarota, Portugal. The skull probably had a length of 2.5 cm. This taxon is based on five lower jaw fossils. Further material of this genus, though very possibly not this species, has been reported from the Lower Cretaceous location of Galve, Spain. References Kühne (1961), Eine Mammaliafauna aus dem Kimmeridge Portugals. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Monatshefte, 1961, p. 374-381. (A mammalian fauna from the Kimmeridgian of Portugal.) Hahn G & Hahn R (2000), Multituberculates from the Guimarota mine, p. 97-107 in Martin T & Krebs B (eds), Guimarota - A Jurassic Ecosystem, Verlag Dr Friedrich Pfeil, München. Kielan-Jaworowska Z & Hurum JH (2001), "Phylogeny and Systematics of multituberculate mammals". Paleontology 44, p. 389-429. Much of this information has been derived from Multituberculata (Cope 1884). Multituberculates Cretaceous mammals Jurassic mammals Extinct mammals of Europe Taxa named by Walter Georg Kühne Prehistoric mammal genera	[ -0.3878093361854553, 0.21186970174312592, -0.2228165715932846, -0.42162975668907166, -0.4180002212524414, 0.8906002640724182, 1.0023019313812256, 0.10098946839570999, -0.21766097843647003, -0.23806700110435486, 0.2617829144001007, -0.014032872393727303, -0.38651764392852783, 0.2865319550037384, -0.3175221085548401, 0.5133779644966125, -0.16585001349449158, 0.37546971440315247, 0.12970156967639923, -0.976696252822876, 0.28068092465400696, -0.8229458928108215, 0.6379024982452393, -0.45850566029548645, -0.4974479377269745, -0.37312009930610657, 0.4955488443374634, 0.45888984203338623, 0.7413047552108765, -0.12285076826810837, -0.6328529715538025, 0.5791962742805481, 0.6390321850776672, -0.27520906925201416, 0.08101282268762589, 0.280463844537735, -0.36164745688438416, -0.22091776132583618, -0.22474294900894165, -0.8419572114944458, 0.24278561770915985, 0.37454113364219666, 0.05112045630812645, 1.0657886266708374, -0.18401482701301575, 0.23257170617580414, -1.1893784999847412, 0.22633855044841766, -0.6942098736763, -0.3681560158729553, 0.056221023201942444, -0.277922660112381, 0.9127265214920044, 0.410964697599411, -0.6923952698707581, 0.1356848180294037, -1.4280014038085938, -0.0745135173201561, 0.25773632526397705, 0.3442555069923401, -0.13765476644039154, -0.3646566867828369, -0.49084779620170593, -0.16149476170539856, 0.2861517667770386, 0.31952768564224243, 0.04426421597599983, 0.7406603097915649, -0.32275888323783875, 0.33675098419189453, -0.1441909819841385, -0.9450860023498535, 0.27178341150283813, 0.4671073853969574, -0.018783411011099815, -0.4007814824581146, 0.1031186431646347, 0.02780001424252987, 0.9874858856201172, 0.05469401553273201, 0.20017796754837036, 0.2978168725967407, 0.7431965470314026, -0.14326253533363342, -0.12326649576425552, 0.48868492245674133, -0.5721139311790466, 0.04146219789981842, -0.9204752445220947, 0.12893423438072205, -0.5025453567504883, -0.07395081967115402, 0.1448078453540802, 0.8272073864936829, 0.08707662671804428, -0.12316223233938217, -0.4005836546421051, 0.07174427062273026, 0.5093778371810913, 0.1266149878501892, -0.2981243133544922, 0.3575359284877777, -0.03154598921537399, -0.2838638126850128, -0.48227569460868835, -0.4374811053276062, -0.11714573204517365, -0.13228991627693176, -0.2643302381038666, -0.14237995445728302, -0.6975614428520203, 0.07511219382286072, -0.4178253412246704, -0.22349192202091217, 0.34656310081481934, 0.8186951279640198, -0.17727287113666534, -1.0828614234924316, -0.041205551475286484, -0.3565119206905365, -0.04813096672296524, 0.9720162153244019, -0.4894680678844452, 0.2067294716835022, -0.8663619160652161, 0.5150315165519714, 1.0176153182983398, 0.17485646903514862, -0.5397744178771973, 0.6517724990844727, 0.4657403528690338, 1.5280694961547852, 0.46754464507102966, -0.0001137436120188795, -0.5429350733757019, -0.3089103698730469, 0.18873973190784454, 0.08110422641038895, -0.22451956570148468, 0.560612678527832, -0.34228354692459106, -0.16633497178554535, -0.5778951644897461, -0.01498335599899292, 0.11012431234121323, -0.15530197322368622, 0.4535299241542816, -0.2141263484954834, -0.3026881814002991, -0.4111665189266205, 0.205877423286438, -0.5262274742126465, -0.03352530300617218, 0.10546547174453735, -0.41989293694496155, 0.1594470739364624, 0.43491023778915405, -0.16682273149490356, 0.6072368621826172, 0.04005102068185806, 0.278155118227005, -0.2374235987663269, -0.6011715531349182, 0.269186407327652, 0.6351738572120667, -0.35215067863464355, 0.009474027901887894, 0.047625038772821426, -0.06295406818389893, 0.7489281296730042, -0.692592978477478, -0.012677310965955257, 0.027355151250958443, -0.24119877815246582, 0.26393404603004456, -0.06294793635606766, 0.30600541830062866, 0.5698763132095337, 0.0979452058672905, -0.4412885904312134, -0.5389978885650635, 0.2258608341217041, 0.20377011597156525, 0.24420949816703796, 0.5594195127487183, 0.44074875116348267, 0.7757927775382996, 0.5345075130462646, 0.0009247856796719134, -0.46851688623428345, -0.5484853982925415, -0.2589462995529175, 0.6210470199584961, 0.032269369810819626, 1.670545220375061, 0.14040344953536987, 0.09123611450195312, -0.41917797923088074, -0.1284428834915161, 0.5006269812583923, -0.3898296058177948, 0.08828282356262207, -0.116156667470932, 0.02302139438688755, -0.051022231578826904, 0.23790507018566132, 0.1617557853460312, -0.40239816904067993, 0.6542025208473206, 0.814508318901062, 0.43294277787208557, -0.06544702500104904, -0.12687508761882782, 0.4599822461605072, 0.04715975746512413, -0.14801688492298126, -0.7026215195655823, 0.44735386967658997, -0.3717159330844879, -0.5310540795326233, 0.3195691704750061, 0.01799757219851017, 0.4728555679321289, 0.045811500400304794, -0.06151745840907097, -0.030356308445334435, 0.9020746350288391, 0.37642472982406616, 0.3222937285900116, -0.6055235266685486, 0.10981398075819016, 1.1483138799667358, 0.3151703476905823, -0.9423754215240479, 0.5970873236656189, -0.6380422711372375, 0.07729048281908035, -0.9866439700126648, 0.6826286315917969, -0.6072696447372437, 0.3129541873931885, -0.09471813589334488, -0.46536073088645935, 0.3644987642765045, 0.1409991830587387, -0.2800821363925934, 0.12504975497722626, 0.49914056062698364, -0.9015184640884399, -0.2626310884952545, -0.2138788253068924, 0.7701103091239929, 0.21552589535713196, -0.5426450371742249, -0.47567638754844666, 0.3090137243270874, 0.9744821786880493, -0.08388493210077286, 0.021188324317336082, -0.05317239835858345, -0.08271531015634537, 0.259349524974823, 0.20483455061912537, 0.1772662103176117, 0.2103494554758072, -0.6502096056938171, -0.6485686898231506, -0.9283053874969482, 0.5524648427963257, -0.21490216255187988, 0.17188875377178192, -0.42606404423713684, -0.877640962600708, 0.27768903970718384, -0.20708465576171875, -0.017014548182487488, -0.364035964012146, 0.215908020734787, -0.2756921350955963, -0.24936050176620483, -0.05974619835615158, 1.4035104513168335, 0.06443839520215988, 0.27918460965156555, -0.7110236287117004, -0.29588019847869873, 0.49856945872306824, -0.14670228958129883, 0.05569162219762802, -0.5773024559020996, 0.5953623652458191, 0.17517352104187012, -0.5554126501083374, -0.05674624443054199, -0.8667683601379395, 0.4207141101360321, -0.14109227061271667, -0.06462620943784714, -0.03651255741715431, -0.2526642978191376, -0.6940558552742004, 0.11995290219783783, -0.21903963387012482, -0.008129755966365337, 0.17923592031002045, -0.22405847907066345, -0.425836980342865, -0.16835831105709076, -5.148931503295898, 0.005731569603085518, -0.13562504947185516, -0.05355792120099068, 0.04486902430653572, 0.6884134411811829, 0.6630509495735168, -0.5101049542427063, -0.685644805431366, -0.14574337005615234, -0.060673706233501434, 0.10001557320356369, -0.2334061563014984, 0.6375186443328857, 0.3266192078590393, 0.49072548747062683, 0.43548843264579773, -0.40127214789390564, 0.03959484398365021, -0.20348820090293884, -0.2814067006111145, -0.01907084882259369, 0.2214154452085495, 0.0147550655528903, 0.1472158432006836, 0.05931135267019272, 0.19250795245170593, 0.08820481598377228, -0.5778239965438843, -0.4968597888946533, 0.049888357520103455, -0.4409630596637726, -0.2935454249382019, 0.6185053586959839, 0.0071716769598424435, 0.35624679923057556, 1.0038697719573975, 0.5652924180030823, 0.1303357481956482, -0.31538698077201843, -0.4998682737350464, 0.06666841357946396, -0.5261051654815674, 0.189562126994133, 0.2042493373155594, 0.2620793282985687, -0.45750805735588074, -0.25243377685546875, -0.3804454505443573, 1.0611934661865234, -0.42630746960639954, -0.0880967378616333, 0.3945377767086029, 0.6701875925064087, 0.34784793853759766, 0.18411605060100555, 0.8853334188461304, 0.4968608617782593, 0.30435994267463684, 0.5661699175834656, 0.3804347813129425, -0.14797531068325043, -0.030749423429369926, -0.937637448310852, 0.04697495698928833, -0.1283271759748459, -0.22370702028274536, -0.014771940186619759, -0.12442588061094284, -0.13908988237380981, -0.4953470230102539, 0.5450903177261353, -0.5304288864135742, -0.9445371031761169, 0.07308361679315567, -0.3300435245037079, -0.2548924684524536, -0.09110107272863388, -0.7905852794647217, 0.11533486843109131, 0.5229897499084473, -0.9215371608734131, 0.125474750995636, 0.24964992702007294, 0.39257901906967163, -0.21368886530399323, -0.04126649722456932, -0.08410590142011642, -0.09980803728103638, 0.131043940782547, 0.21378706395626068, -0.5152617692947388, 0.03996574506163597, 0.7754495739936829, 0.05758081004023552, 0.6147184371948242, 0.5656373500823975, 0.21597979962825775, 0.34718018770217896, -0.27267420291900635, 0.4063466489315033, -0.27955248951911926, -0.2592104375362396, 0.38431277871131897, -0.316049188375473, -0.8816652297973633, -0.30055099725723267, 0.006520280614495277, 0.6201160550117493, -0.2560361921787262, 0.5941234230995178, -0.5178303122520447, -0.09151937812566757, -0.19669364392757416, 0.6700951457023621, -0.5490865111351013, -0.6162559390068054, -0.04154977574944496, 0.7934433221817017, 0.05192144960165024, 0.18758592009544373, 0.002792185638099909, -0.4439181983470917, 0.31405073404312134, -0.11281176656484604, -0.3739030659198761, 0.3050827383995056, 0.14092150330543518, -1.2408183813095093, 0.08539974689483643, -0.7528554201126099, 0.12165225297212601, -0.4335833489894867, 0.16252261400222778, 0.6154226064682007, -0.23227247595787048, -0.20567969977855682, -0.3283616304397583, 0.2558653652667999, 0.24165509641170502, -0.2852542996406555, -0.5689204335212708, -0.5247156023979187, -0.014919884502887726, 0.4442664682865143, 0.25838470458984375, 0.28800684213638306, -0.31181657314300537, -0.4566922187805176, 0.8637523055076599, -0.07894597947597504, -0.09032043814659119, 0.27385663986206055, -0.04029020667076111, 0.1680472493171692, -0.14991475641727448, 0.07222604006528854, 0.2430877387523651, 0.004177873954176903, -0.38209617137908936, -0.006964366417378187, -0.3228451609611511, -0.7319466471672058, 0.5797203779220581, 0.47390854358673096, -0.2501607835292816, -0.2762587368488312, -0.6737449169158936, -0.7579970359802246, 0.3965434730052948, -0.008582856506109238, 0.19752080738544464, -0.20155489444732666, -0.4110279381275177, 0.2572661340236664, -0.06879796087741852, -0.039764102548360825, 0.14916539192199707, -0.3522796034812927, -0.2599455714225769, 0.053262703120708466, 0.18669486045837402, -0.009314505383372307, -0.45579707622528076, 0.7665373086929321, -0.47591280937194824, -0.370129257440567, -0.5770642161369324, -0.6073032021522522, -0.5677899122238159, 0.5409886837005615, 0.2990647852420807, 0.36048904061317444, 0.4096721112728119, -0.12267418950796127, -0.7354504466056824, 0.5823750495910645, -0.46829134225845337, 0.17143051326274872, -1.4618645906448364, -0.30678796768188477, 0.6901638507843018, -0.1388733685016632, 0.337721586227417, 0.30311211943626404, -0.7096161246299744, 0.4648132622241974, 0.33886951208114624, -0.22738155722618103, 0.3082888126373291, -0.28011032938957214, -1.1325862407684326, -0.2663191556930542, 0.5806530117988586, -0.03475091606378555, 0.5041505694389343, 0.6134511232376099, -0.006340575870126486, -0.6874865889549255, -0.3834148049354553, -0.6880266070365906, -0.028318261727690697, -0.6069864630699158, -0.564947783946991, -0.761812686920166, 0.16817758977413177, 0.4604562819004059, 0.37146544456481934, 0.13520801067352295, -0.5064653754234314, -0.20142900943756104, -0.2596413791179657, 0.2014429271221161, -0.22546596825122833, -0.05056649446487427, -0.5649770498275757, -0.02657189778983593, 0.366640567779541, 0.21043241024017334, -0.20058704912662506, 0.6286519169807434, 0.7179127931594849, 0.6564172506332397, -0.0762307420372963, 0.48434311151504517, -0.45766329765319824, 0.15317709743976593, -0.2742629647254944, -0.13788633048534393, 0.27245330810546875, 0.12382081151008606, -0.15437404811382294, -0.7576949000358582, -0.22176097333431244, 1.1895792484283447, -0.06492215394973755, 0.1958749145269394, 0.09832251816987991, -0.1393866240978241, -0.0692523717880249, -0.26224198937416077, 0.14066195487976074, -0.38340747356414795, -0.042684171348810196, -0.20955350995063782, 0.08103562146425247, -0.1885843425989151, -0.07053737342357635, 0.44181427359580994, -0.16911840438842773, -0.343220978975296, -0.0798308402299881, -0.264786034822464, 0.06919727474451065, -0.39874815940856934, -0.05856701359152794, -0.08113212883472443, -1.0230951309204102, -0.17613564431667328, 0.06182185932993889, -0.7658462524414062, 0.17673955857753754, -0.11218574643135071, 0.11788364499807358, -0.05559525266289711, -0.7835462689399719, 0.003200238337740302, -0.5154727101325989, -0.2476842701435089, -0.02111326903104782, -0.18826694786548615, -0.2657049596309662, -0.44756370782852173, -0.19901220500469208, 0.13064227998256683, -0.12479005753993988, -0.5664523243904114, 0.3152262568473816, 0.007580497767776251, 0.4791937470436096, -0.35349446535110474, 0.4942118525505066, 0.4930240511894226, -0.22003649175167084, 0.40207719802856445, 0.3754039406776428, -0.26353025436401367, 0.20023638010025024, 0.20290756225585938, 0.14813706278800964, 0.47392207384109497, -0.3369450271129608, 0.16489124298095703, 0.3419916331768036, -0.4327740967273712, 0.9031485319137573, 0.3661506474018097, -0.6585195660591125, -0.1522062122821808, 0.1238342896103859, 0.684488832950592, 0.8800356984138489, 0.29301735758781433, -0.36187461018562317, -0.30768463015556335, 0.5335456132888794, -0.8455415964126587, 0.0969887375831604, -0.09777439385652542, 0.31094667315483093, 0.5382847189903259, 0.14213742315769196, -0.6900317668914795, 0.3417428135871887, -0.11134502291679382, -0.2168114185333252, -0.1703479140996933, 0.0706530436873436, 0.5614112019538879, 1.3580702543258667, 0.3141730725765228, 0.7881032824516296, -0.2929271161556244, 0.2195642590522766, -0.10468371212482452, 0.5239903330802917, -0.6511195302009583, -0.29382652044296265, 1.09623122215271, 0.31426313519477844, -0.048797961324453354, -0.08763296902179718, -0.2548315227031708, -0.008939545601606369, 0.3555866479873657, 0.20553451776504517, 0.42021214962005615, -0.15107564628124237, -0.39511945843696594, 0.43193039298057556, -0.25471484661102295, -0.010633226484060287, -0.014464232139289379, 0.1256864219903946, -0.5501389503479004, 0.08828704804182053, -0.4604700207710266, -0.08463538438081741, -0.14657816290855408, 0.07210036367177963, 0.3919617533683777, -0.209804967045784, 0.25475695729255676, 0.01969146728515625, 0.49749284982681274, 0.31319957971572876, 0.366800457239151, -0.1865554004907608, 0.19281688332557678, 0.42145004868507385, -0.6058288812637329, 0.31230342388153076, -0.10332629829645157, 0.0872037261724472, 0.5541768074035645, -0.3502352833747864, 0.4332701861858368, 0.38985729217529297, 0.5023736357688904, -0.97633957862854, 0.36042195558547974, -0.46161404252052307, 0.3655508756637573, -0.003498721867799759, -0.8597732186317444, -0.2377675473690033, -0.10384397208690643, 0.9008155465126038, 0.2684718072414398, 0.051592182368040085, -0.046718351542949677, -0.1982085257768631, -0.7563145756721497, -0.14502280950546265, -0.03611655533313751, 0.4419998526573181, -0.6961548328399658, 0.6594776511192322, -0.4007592499256134, 0.4812018871307373, 0.4577605426311493, -0.10310285538434982, -0.3780643045902252, 0.09792764484882355, 0.1842050701379776, 0.21693557500839233, 0.12532401084899902, -0.6451347470283508, -0.5059285163879395, 0.3390801250934601, 0.6830451488494873, -0.27770763635635376, 0.21782931685447693, 0.18362055718898773, -0.05555815249681473, -0.08148562163114548, -0.09823397547006607, 0.15610070526599884, -0.5439722537994385, 0.300966739654541, 0.7212291955947876, 0.17993378639221191, -0.5041294097900391, -0.22750014066696167, -0.5432029962539673, 0.14203372597694397, 0.7575111389160156, 0.8761663436889648, 0.4455758035182953, -0.26679477095603943, 0.482989102602005, -0.6160485744476318, 0.6047324538230896, 0.1569577008485794, -0.8408601880073547, -0.06976287811994553, -0.10511918365955353, -0.9365758299827576, -0.7531517148017883, 0.42565208673477173, -0.02998928539454937, -0.13620565831661224, 0.4538894593715668, -0.16469508409500122, -0.2563462555408478, -0.018704921007156372, -0.46706444025039673, -0.7343624234199524, 0.6176386475563049, -0.17721277475357056 ]
202061	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military%20history%20of%20Italy%20during%20World%20War%20II	Military history of Italy during World War II	The participation of Italy in the Second World War was characterized by a complex framework of ideology, politics, and diplomacy, while its military actions were often heavily influenced by external factors. Italy joined the war as one of the Axis Powers in 1940, as the French Third Republic surrendered, with a plan to concentrate Italian forces on a major offensive against the British Empire in Africa and the Middle East, known as the "parallel war", while expecting the collapse of British forces in the European theatre. The Italians bombed Mandatory Palestine, invaded Egypt and occupied British Somaliland with initial success. However the war carried on and German and Japanese actions in 1941 led to the entry of the Soviet Union and United States, respectively, into the war, thus ruining the Italian plan of forcing Britain to agree to a negotiated peace settlement. The Italian dictator Benito Mussolini was aware that Fascist Italy was not ready for a long conflict, as its resources were reduced by successful but costly pre-WWII conflicts: pacification of Libya (which was undergoing Italian settlement), intervention in Spain (where a friendly fascist regime had been installed), and invasion of Ethiopia and Albania. However, he opted to remain in the war as the imperial ambitions of the Fascist regime, which aspired to restore the Roman Empire in the Mediterranean (the Mare Nostrum), were partially met by late 1942. By this point, Italian influence extended throughout the Mediterranean. With the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia and the Balkans, Italy annexed Ljubljana, Dalmatia and Montenegro, and established the puppet states of Croatia and Greece. Following Vichy France's collapse and the Case Anton, Italy occupied the French territories of Corsica and Tunisia. Italian forces had also achieved victories against insurgents in Yugoslavia and in Montenegro, and Italo-German forces had occupied parts of British-held Egypt on their push to El-Alamein after their victory at Gazala. However, Italy's conquests were always heavily contested, both by various insurgencies (most prominently the Greek resistance and Yugoslav partisans) and Allied military forces, which waged the Battle of the Mediterranean throughout and beyond Italy's participation. The country's imperial overstretch (opening multiple fronts in Africa, the Balkans, Eastern Europe, and the Mediterranean) ultimately resulted in its defeat in the war, as the Italian empire collapsed after disastrous defeats in the Eastern European and North African campaigns. In July 1943, following the Allied invasion of Sicily, Mussolini was arrested by order of King Victor Emmanuel III, provoking a civil war. Italy's military outside of the Italian peninsula collapsed, its occupied and annexed territories falling under German control. Italy capitulated to the Allies on 3 September 1943. On 13 October 1943, the Kingdom of Italy officially joined the Allied Powers and declared war on its former Axis partner Germany. The northern half of the country was occupied by the Germans with the cooperation of Italian fascists, and became a collaborationist puppet state (with more than 800,000 soldiers and militia recruited for the Axis), while the south was officially controlled by monarchist forces, which fought for the Allied cause as the Italian Co-Belligerent Army (at its height numbering more than 50,000 men), as well as around 350,000 Italian resistance movement partisans (many of them ex-Royal Italian Army soldiers) of disparate political ideologies that operated all over Italy. On 28 April 1945, Benito Mussolini was executed by Italian Communist partisans, two days before Adolf Hitler's suicide. Background Imperial ambitions During the late 1920s, the Italian Prime Minister Benito Mussolini spoke with increasing urgency about imperial expansion, arguing that Italy needed an outlet for its "surplus population" and that it would therefore be in the best interests of other countries to aid in this expansion. The immediate aspiration of the regime was political "hegemony in the Mediterranean–Danubian–Balkan region", more grandiosely Mussolini imagined the conquest "of an empire stretching from the Strait of Gibraltar to the Strait of Hormuz". Balkan and Mediterranean hegemony was predicated by ancient Roman dominance in the same regions. There were designs for a protectorate over Albania and for the annexation of Dalmatia, as well as economic and military control of Yugoslavia and Greece. The regime also sought to establish protective patron–client relationships with Austria, Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria, which all lay on the outside edges of its European sphere of influence. Although it was not among his publicly proclaimed aims, Mussolini wished to challenge the supremacy of Britain and France in the Mediterranean Sea, which was considered strategically vital, since the Mediterranean was Italy's only conduit to the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. In 1935, Italy initiated the Second Italo-Ethiopian War, "a nineteenth-century colonial campaign waged out of due time". The campaign gave rise to optimistic talk on raising a native Ethiopian army "to help conquer" Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. The war also marked a shift towards a more aggressive Italian foreign policy and also "exposed [the] vulnerabilities" of the British and French. This in turn created the opportunity Mussolini needed to begin to realize his imperial goals. In 1936, the Spanish Civil War broke out. From the beginning, Italy played an important role in the conflict. Their military contribution was so vast, that it played a decisive role in the victory of the rebel forces led by Francisco Franco. Mussolini had engaged in "a full-scale external war" due to the insinuation of future Spanish subservience to the Italian Empire, and as a way of placing the country on a war footing and creating "a warrior culture". The aftermath of the war in Ethiopia saw a reconciliation of German-Italian relations following years of a previously strained relationship, resulting in the signing of a treaty of mutual interest in October 1936. Mussolini referred to this treaty as the creation of a Berlin-Rome Axis, which Europe would revolve around. The treaty was the result of increasing dependence on German coal following League of Nations sanctions, similar policies between the two countries over the conflict in Spain, and German sympathy towards Italy following European backlash to the Ethiopian War. The aftermath of the treaty saw the increasing ties between Italy and Germany, and Mussolini falling under Adolf Hitler's influence from which "he never escaped". In October 1938, in the aftermath of the Munich Agreement, Italy demanded concessions from France. These included a free port at Djibouti, control of the Addis Ababa-Djibouti railroad, Italian participation in the management of Suez Canal Company, some form of French-Italian condominium over French Tunisia, and the preservation of Italian culture on Corsica with no French assimilation of the people. The French refused the demands, believing the true Italian intention was the territorial acquisition of Nice, Corsica, Tunisia, and Djibouti. On 30 November 1938, Foreign Minister Galeazzo Ciano addressed the Chamber of Deputies on the "natural aspirations of the Italian people" and was met with shouts of "Nice! Corsica! Savoy! Tunisia! Djibouti! Malta!" Later that day, Mussolini addressed the Fascist Grand Council "on the subject of what he called the immediate goals of 'Fascist dynamism'." These were Albania; Tunisia; Corsica; the Ticino, a canton of Switzerland; and all "French territory east of the River Var", including Nice, but not Savoy. Beginning in 1939 Mussolini often voiced his contention that Italy required uncontested access to the world's oceans and shipping lanes to ensure its national sovereignty. On 4 February 1939, Mussolini addressed the Grand Council in a closed session. He delivered a long speech on international affairs and the goals of his foreign policy, "which bears comparison with Hitler's notorious disposition, minuted by colonel Hossbach". He began by claiming that the freedom of a country is proportional to the strength of its navy. This was followed by "the familiar lament that Italy was a prisoner in the Mediterranean". He called Corsica, Tunisia, Malta, and Cyprus "the bars of this prison", and described Gibraltar and Suez as the prison guards. To break British control, her bases on Cyprus, Gibraltar, Malta, and in Egypt (controlling the Suez Canal) would have to be neutralized. On 31 March, Mussolini stated that "Italy will not truly be an independent nation so long as she has Corsica, Bizerta, Malta as the bars of her Mediterranean prison and Gibraltar and Suez as the walls." Fascist foreign policy took for granted that the democracies—Britain and France—would someday need to be faced down. Through armed conquest Italian North Africa and Italian East Africa—separated by the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan—would be linked, and the Mediterranean prison destroyed. Then, Italy would be able to march "either to the Indian Ocean through the Sudan and Abyssinia, or to the Atlantic by way of French North Africa". As early as September 1938, the Italian military had drawn up plans to invade Albania. On 7 April, Italian forces landed in the country and within three days had occupied the majority of the country. Albania represented a territory Italy could acquire for "'living space' to ease its overpopulation" as well as the foothold needed to launch other expansionist conflicts in the Balkans. On 22 May 1939, Italy and Germany signed the Pact of Steel joining both countries in a military alliance. The pact was the culmination of German-Italian relations from 1936 and was not defensive in nature. Rather, the pact was designed for a "joint war against France and Britain", although the Italian hierarchy held the understanding that such a war would not take place for several years. However, despite the Italian impression, the pact made no reference to such a period of peace and the Germans proceeded with their plans to invade Poland. Industrial strength Mussolini's Under-Secretary for War Production, Carlo Favagrossa, had estimated that Italy could not possibly be prepared for major military operations until at least October 1942. This had been made clear during the Italo-German negotiations for the Pact of Steel, whereby it was stipulated that neither signatory was to make war without the other earlier than 1943. Although considered a great power, the Italian industrial sector was relatively weak compared to other European major powers. Italian industry did not equal more than 15% of that of France or of Britain in militarily critical areas such as automobile production: the number of automobiles in Italy before the war was around 374,000, in comparison to around 2,500,000 in Britain and France. The lack of a stronger automotive industry made it difficult for Italy to mechanize its military. Italy still had a predominantly agricultural-based economy, with demographics more akin to a developing country (high illiteracy, poverty, rapid population growth and a high proportion of adolescents) and a proportion of GNP derived from industry less than that of Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Sweden, in addition to the other great powers. In terms of strategic materials, in 1940, Italy produced 4.4 megatonnes (Mt) of coal, 0.01 Mt of crude oil, 1.2 Mt of iron ore and 2.1 Mt of steel. By comparison, Great Britain produced 224.3 Mt of coal, 11.9 Mt of crude oil, 17.7 Mt of iron ore, and 13.0 Mt of steel and Germany produced 364.8 Mt of coal, 8.0 Mt of crude oil, 29.5 Mt of iron ore and 21.5 Mt of steel. Most raw material needs could be fulfilled only through importation, and no effort was made to stockpile key materials before the entry into war. Approximately one quarter of the ships of Italy's merchant fleet were in foreign ports at the outbreak of hostilities, and, given no forewarning, were immediately impounded. Economy Between 1936 and 1939, Italy had supplied the Spanish Nationalist forces, fighting under Francisco Franco during the Spanish Civil War, with large number of weapons and supplies practically free. In addition to weapons, the Corpo Truppe Volontarie ("Corps of Volunteer Troops") had also been dispatched to fight for Franco. The financial cost of the war was between 6 and 8.5 billion lire, approximately 14 to 20 per cent of the country's annual expenditure. Adding to these problems was Italy's extreme debt position. When Benito Mussolini took office, in 1921, the government debt was 93 billion lire, un-repayable in the short to medium term. Only two years later this debt had increased to 405 billion lire. In September 1939, Britain imposed a selective blockade of Italy. Coal from Germany, which was shipped out of Rotterdam, was declared contraband. The Germans promised to keep up shipments by train, over the Alps, and Britain offered to supply all of Italy's needs in exchange for Italian armaments. The Italians could not agree to the latter terms without shattering their alliance with Germany. On 2 February 1940, however, Mussolini approved a draft contract with the Royal Air Force to provide 400 Caproni aircraft, yet scrapped the deal on 8 February. British intelligence officer Francis Rodd believed that Mussolini was convinced to reverse policy by German pressure in the week of 2–8 February, a view shared by the British ambassador in Rome, Percy Loraine. On 1 March, the British announced that they would block all coal exports from Rotterdam to Italy. Italian coal was one of the most discussed issues in diplomatic circles in the spring of 1940. In April, Britain began strengthening the Mediterranean Fleet to enforce the blockade. Despite French uncertainty, Britain rejected concessions to Italy so as not to "create an impression of weakness". Germany supplied Italy with about one million tons of coal a month beginning in the spring of 1940, an amount that exceeded even Mussolini's demand of August 1939 that Italy receive six million tons of coal for its first twelve months of war. Military The Italian Royal Army (Regio Esercito) was comparatively depleted and weak at the beginning of the war. Italian tanks were of poor quality and radios few in number. The bulk of Italian artillery dated to World War I. The primary fighter of the Italian Air Force (Regia Aeronautica) was the Fiat CR.42 Falco, which, though an advanced biplane with excellent performance, was technically outclassed by monoplane fighters of other nations. Of the Regia Aeronautica's approximately 1,760 aircraft, only 900 could be considered in any way combat-worthy. The Italian Royal Navy (Regia Marina) had several modern battleships but no aircraft carriers. Italian authorities were acutely aware of the need to modernize and were taking steps to meet the requirements of their own relatively advanced tactical principles. Almost 40% of the 1939 budget was allocated for military spending. Recognizing the Navy's need for close air support, the decision was made to build carriers. Three series of modern fighters, capable of meeting the best allied planes on equal terms, were in development, with a few hundred of each eventually being produced. The Carro Armato P40 tank, roughly equivalent to the M4 Sherman and Panzer IV medium tanks, was designed in 1940 (though no prototype was produced until 1942 and manufacture could not commence before the Armistice, owing in part to the lack of sufficiently powerful engines, which were themselves undergoing a development push; total Italian tank production for the war – about 3,500 – was less than the number of tanks used by Germany in its invasion of France). The Italians were pioneers in the use of self-propelled guns, both in close support and anti-tank roles. Their 75/46 fixed AA/AT gun, 75/32 gun, 90/53 AA/AT gun (an equally deadly but less famous peer of the German 88/55), 47/32 AT gun, and the 20 mm AA autocannon were effective, modern weapons. Also of note were the AB 41 and the Camionetta AS 42 armoured cars, which were regarded as excellent vehicles of their type. None of these developments, however, precluded the fact that the bulk of equipment was obsolete and poor. The relatively weak economy, lack of suitable raw materials and consequent inability to produce sufficient quantities of armaments and supplies were thus the key material reasons for Italian military failure. On paper, Italy had one of the world's largest armies, but the reality was dramatically different. According to the estimates of Bierman and Smith, the Italian regular army could field only about 200,000 troops at the war's beginning. Irrespective of the attempts to modernize, the majority of Italian army personnel were lightly armed infantry lacking sufficient motor transport. Not enough money was budgeted to train the men in the services, such that the bulk of personnel received much of their training at the front, too late to be of use. Air units had not been trained to operate with the naval fleet and the majority of ships had been built for fleet actions, rather than the convoy protection duties in which they were primarily employed during the war. In any event, a critical lack of fuel kept naval activities to a minimum. Senior leadership was also a problem. Mussolini personally assumed control of all three individual military service ministries with the intention of influencing detailed planning. Comando Supremo (the Italian High Command) consisted of only a small complement of staff that could do little more than inform the individual service commands of Mussolini's intentions, after which it was up to the individual service commands to develop proper plans and execution. The result was that there was no central direction for operations; the three military services tended to work independently, focusing only on their fields, with little inter-service cooperation. Pay discrepancies existed for personnel who were of equal rank, but from different units. Outbreak of the Second World War Nazi Germany's invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939, marked the beginning of World War II. Despite being an Axis power, Italy remained non-belligerent until June 1940. Decision to intervene Following the German conquest of Poland, Mussolini hesitated to enter the war. The British commander for land forces in the Middle East and the eastern Mediterranean, General Sir Archibald Wavell, correctly predicted that Mussolini's pride would ultimately cause him to enter the war. Wavell would compare Mussolini's situation to that of someone at the top of a diving board: "I think he must do something. If he cannot make a graceful dive, he will at least have to jump in somehow; he can hardly put on his dressing-gown and walk down the stairs again." Initially, the entry into the war appeared to be political opportunism (though there was some provocation), which led to a lack of consistency in planning, with principal objectives and enemies being changed with little regard for the consequences. Mussolini was well aware of the military and material deficiencies but thought the war would be over soon and did not expect to do much fighting. Italy enters the war: June 1940 On 10 June 1940, as the French government fled to Bordeaux during the German invasion, declaring Paris an open city, Mussolini felt the conflict would soon end and declared war on Britain and France. As he said to the Army's Chief-of-Staff, Marshal Badoglio: Mussolini had the immediate war aim of expanding the Italian colonies in North Africa by taking land from the British and French colonies. About Mussolini's declaration of war in France, President Franklin D. Roosevelt of the United States said: The Italian entry into the war opened up new fronts in North Africa and the Mediterranean. After Italy entered the war, pressure from Nazi Germany led to the internment in the Campagna concentration camp of some of Italy's Jewish refugees. Invasion of France In June 1940, after initial success, the Italian offensive into southern France stalled at the fortified Alpine Line. On 24 June 1940, France surrendered to Germany. Italy occupied a swath of French territory along the Franco-Italian border. During this operation, Italian casualties amounted to 1,247 men dead or missing and 2,631 wounded. A further 2,151 Italians were hospitalised due to frostbite. Late in the Battle of Britain, Italy contributed an expeditionary force, the Corpo Aereo Italiano, which took part in the Blitz from October 1940 until April 1941, at which time the last elements of the force were withdrawn. In November 1942, the Italian Royal Army occupied south-eastern Vichy France and Corsica as part of Case Anton. From December 1942, Italian military government of French departments east of the Rhône River was established, and continued until September 1943, when Italy quit the war. This had the effect of providing a de facto temporary haven for French Jews fleeing the Holocaust. In January 1943 the Italians refused to cooperate with the Nazis in rounding up Jews living in the occupied zone of France under their control and in March prevented the Nazis from deporting Jews in their zone. German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop complained to Mussolini that "Italian military circles... lack a proper understanding of the Jewish question." The Italian Navy established a submarine base at Bordeaux, code named BETASOM, and thirty two Italian submarines participated in the Battle of the Atlantic. Plans to attack the harbour of New York City with CA class midget submarines in 1943 were disrupted when the submarine converted to carry out the attack, the , was sunk in May 1943. The armistice put a stop to further planning. North Africa Invasion of Egypt Within a week of Italy's declaration of war on 10 June 1940, the British 11th Hussars had seized Fort Capuzzo in Libya. In an ambush east of Bardia, the British captured the Italian 10th Army Engineer-in-Chief, General Lastucci. On 28 June Marshal Italo Balbo, the Governor-General of Libya, was killed by friendly fire while landing in Tobruk. Mussolini ordered Balbo's replacement, General Rodolfo Graziani, to launch an attack into Egypt immediately. Graziani complained to Mussolini that his forces were not properly equipped for such an operation, and that an attack into Egypt could not possibly succeed; nevertheless, Mussolini ordered him to proceed. On 13 September, elements of the 10th Army retook Fort Capuzzo and crossed the border into Egypt. Lightly opposed, they advanced about to Sidi Barrani, where they stopped and began entrenching themselves in a series of fortified camps. At this time, the British had only 36,000 troops available (out of about 100,000 under Middle Eastern command) to defend Egypt, against 236,000 Italian troops. The Italians, however, were not concentrated in one location. They were divided between the 5th army in the west and the 10th army in the east and thus spread out from the Tunisian border in western Libya to Sidi Barrani in Egypt. At Sidi Barrani, Graziani, unaware of the British lack of numerical strength, planned to build fortifications and stock them with provisions, ammunition, and fuel, establish a water pipeline, and extend the via Balbia to that location, which was where the road to Alexandria began. This task was being obstructed by British Royal Navy attacks on Italian supply ships in the Mediterranean. At this stage Italian losses remained minimal, but the efficiency of the British Royal Navy would improve as the war went on. Mussolini was fiercely disappointed with Graziani's sluggishness. However, according to Bauer he had only himself to blame, as he had withheld the trucks, armaments, and supplies that Graziani had deemed necessary for success. Wavell was hoping to see the Italians overextend themselves before his intended counter at Marsa Matruh. Graziani and his staff lacked faith in the strength of the Italian military. One of his officers wrote: "We're trying to fight this... as though it were a colonial war... this is a European war... fought with European weapons against a European enemy. We take too little account of this in building our stone forts.... We are not fighting the Ethiopians now."(This was a reference to the Second Italo-Abyssinian War where Italian forces had fought against a poorly equipped opponent.) Balbo had said "Our light tanks, already old and armed only with machine guns, are completely out-classed. The machine guns of the British armoured cars pepper them with bullets which easily pierce their armour." Italian forces around Sidi Barrani had severe weaknesses in their deployment. Their five main fortifications were placed too far apart to allow mutual support against an attacking force, and the areas between were weakly patrolled. The absence of motorised transport did not allow for rapid reorganisation, if needed. The rocky terrain had prevented an anti-tank ditch from being dug and there were too few mines and 47 mm anti-tank guns to repel an armoured advance. By the summer of 1941, the Italians in North Africa had regrouped, retrained and rearmed into a much more effective fighting force, one that proved to be much harder for the British to overcome in encounters from 1941 to 1943. Afrika Korps intervention and final defeat On 8 December 1940, the British launched Operation Compass. Planned as an extended raid, it resulted in a force of British, Indian, and Australian troops cutting off the Italian 10th Army. Pressing the British advantage home, General Richard O'Connor succeeded in reaching El Agheila, deep in Libya (an advance of ) and taking some 130,000 prisoners. The Allies nearly destroyed the 10th Army, and seemed on the point of sweeping the Italians out of Libya altogether. Winston Churchill, however, directed the advance be stopped, initially because of supply problems and because of a new Italian offensive that had gained ground in Albania, and ordered troops dispatched to defend Greece. Weeks later the first troops of the German Afrika Korps started to arrive in North Africa (February 1941), along with six Italian divisions including the motorized Trento and armored Ariete. German General Erwin Rommel now became the principal Axis field commander in North Africa, although the bulk of his forces consisted of Italian troops. Though subordinate to the Italians, under Rommel's direction the Axis troops pushed the British and Commonwealth troops back into Egypt but were unable to complete the task because of the exhaustion and their extended supply lines which were under threat from the Allied enclave at Tobruk, which they failed to capture. After reorganising and re-grouping the Allies launched Operation Crusader in November 1941 which resulted in the Axis front line being pushed back once more to El Agheila by the end of the year. In January 1942 the Axis struck back again, advancing to Gazala where the front lines stabilised while both sides raced to build up their strength. At the end of May, Rommel launched the Battle of Gazala where the British armoured divisions were soundly defeated. The Axis seemed on the verge of sweeping the British out of Egypt, but at the First Battle of El Alamein (July 1942) General Claude Auchinleck halted Rommel's advance only from Alexandria. Rommel made a final attempt to break through during the Battle of Alam el Halfa but Eighth Army, by this time commanded by Lieutenant-General Bernard Montgomery, held firm. After a period of reinforcement and training the Allies assumed the offensive at the Second Battle of Alamein (October/November 1942) where they scored a decisive victory and the remains of Rommel's German-Italian Panzer Army were forced to engage in a fighting retreat for to the Libyan border with Tunisia. After the Operation Torch landings in the Vichy French territories of Morocco and Algeria (November 1942) British, American and French forces advanced east to engage the German-Italian forces in the Tunisia Campaign. By February, the Axis forces in Tunisia were joined by Rommel's forces, after their long withdrawal from El Alamein, which were re-designated the Italian First Army (under Giovanni Messe) when Rommel left to command the Axis forces to the north at the Battle of the Kasserine Pass. Despite the Axis success at Kasserine, the Allies were able to reorganise (with all forces under the unified direction of 18th Army Group commanded by General Sir Harold Alexander) and regain the initiative in April. The Allies completed the defeat of the Axis armies in North Africa in May 1943. East Africa In addition to the well-known campaigns in the western desert during 1940, the Italians initiated operations in June 1940 from their East African colonies of Ethiopia, Italian Somaliland, and Eritrea. As in Egypt, Italian forces (roughly 70,000 Italian soldiers and 180,000 native troops) outnumbered their British opponents. Italian East Africa, however, was isolated and far from the Italian mainland, leaving the forces there cut off from supply and thus severely limited in the operations they could undertake. Initial Italian attacks in East Africa took two different directions, one into Sudan and the other into Kenya. Then, in August 1940, the Italians advanced into British Somaliland. After suffering and inflicting few casualties, the British and Commonwealth garrison evacuated Somaliland, retreating by sea to Aden. The Italian invasion of British Somaliland was one of the few successful Italian campaigns of World War II accomplished without German support. In Sudan and Kenya, Italy captured small territories around several border villages, after which the Italian Royal Army in East Africa adopted a defensive posture in preparation for expected British counterattacks. The Regia Marina maintained a small squadron in the Italian East Africa area. The "Red Sea Flotilla", consisting of seven destroyers and eight submarines, was based at the port of Massawa in Eritrea. Despite a severe shortage of fuel, the flotilla posed a threat to British convoys traversing the Red Sea. However, Italian attempts to attack British convoys resulted in the loss of four submarines and one destroyer. On 19 January 1941, the expected British counter-attack arrived in the shape of the Indian 4th and Indian 5th Infantry Divisions, which made a thrust from Sudan. A supporting attack was made from Kenya by the South African 1st Division, the 11th African Division, and the 12th African Division. Finally, the British launched an amphibious assault from Aden to re-take British Somaliland. Fought from February to March, the outcome of the Battle of Keren determined the fate of Italian East Africa. In early April, after Keren fell, Asmara and Massawa followed. The Ethiopian capital of Addis Ababa also fell in April 1941. The Viceroy of Ethiopia, Amedeo, Duke of Aosta, surrendered at the stronghold of Amba Alagi in May. He received full military honours. The Italians in East Africa made a final stand around the town of Gondar in November 1941. When the port of Massawa fell to the British, the remaining destroyers were ordered on final missions in the Red Sea, some of them achieving small successes before being scuttled or sunk. At the same time, the last four submarines made an epic voyage around the Cape of Good Hope to Bordeaux in France. Some Italians, after their defeat, waged a guerilla war mainly in Eritrea and Ethiopia, that lasted until fall 1943. Notable among them was Amedeo Guillet. Balkans Invasion of Albania In early 1939, while the world was focused on Adolf Hitler's aggression against Czechoslovakia, Mussolini looked to the Kingdom of Albania, across the Adriatic Sea from Italy. Italian forces invaded Albania on 7 April 1939 and swiftly took control of the small country. Even before the invasion, Albania had been politically dominated by Italy; after the invasion it was formally made a protectorate of Italy and the Italian king took the Albanian crown. Along with the intervention in the Spanish Civil War and the invasion of Abyssinia, the invasion of Albania was part of the Italian contribution to the disintegration of the collective security the League of Nations instituted after World War I. As such, it was part of the prelude to World War II. Invasion of Greece On 28 October 1940, Italy started the Greco-Italian War by launching an invasion of the Kingdom of Greece from Albania. In part, the Italians attacked Greece because of the growing influence of Germany in the Balkans. Both Yugoslavia and Greece had governments friendly to Germany. Mussolini launched the invasion of Greece in haste after the Kingdom of Romania, a state which he perceived as lying within the Italian sphere of influence, allied itself with Germany. The order to invade Greece was given by Mussolini to Badoglio and Army Chief of Staff Mario Roatta on 15 October, with the expectation that the attack would commence within 12 days. Badoglio and Roatta were appalled given that, acting on his orders, they had demobilised 600,000 men three weeks prior. Given the expected requirement of at least 20 divisions to facilitate success, the fact that only eight divisions were currently in Albania, and the inadequacies of Albanian ports and connecting infrastructure, adequate preparation would require at least three months. Nonetheless, D-day was set at dawn on 28 October. The initial Italian offensive was quickly contained, and the invasion soon ended in an embarrassing stalemate. Taking advantage of Bulgaria's decision to remain neutral, the Greek Commander-in-Chief, Lt Gen Alexandros Papagos, was able to establish numerical superiority by mid-November, prior to launching a counter-offensive that drove the Italians back into Albania. In addition, the Greeks were naturally adept at operating in mountainous terrain, while only six of the Italian Army's divisions, the Alpini, were trained and equipped for mountain warfare. Only when the Italians were able to establish numerical parity was the Greek offensive stopped. By then they had been able to penetrate deep into Albania. An Italian "Spring Offensive" in March 1941, which tried to salvage the situation prior to German intervention, amounted to little in terms of territorial gains. At this point, combat casualties amounted to over 102,000 for the Italians (with 13,700 dead and 3,900 missing) and fifty thousand sick; the Greek suffered over 90,000 combat casualties (including 14,000 killed and 5,000 missing) and an unknown number of sick. While an embarrassment for the Italians, losses on this scale were devastating for the less numerous Greeks; additionally, the Greek Army had bled a significant amount of materiel. They were short on every area of equipment despite heavy infusion of British aid in February and March, with the army as a whole having only 1 month of artillery ammunition left by the start of April and insufficient arms and equipment to mobilize its reserves. Hitler later stated in hindsight that Greece would have been defeated with or without German intervention, and that even at the time he was of the opinion that the Italians alone would have conquered Greece in the forthcoming season. After British troops arrived in Greece in March 1941, British bombers operating from Greek bases could reach Romanian oil fields, vital to the German war effort. Hitler decided that a British presence in Greece presented a threat to Germany's rear and committed German troops to invade Greece via Yugoslavia (where a coup had deposed the German-friendly government). The Germans invaded on 6 April 1941, smashing through the skeleton garrisons opposing them with little resistance, while the Italians continued a slow advance in Albania and Epirus as the Greeks withdrew, with the country falling to the Axis by the end of the month. The Italian Army was still pinned down in Albania by the Greeks when the Germans began their invasion. Crucially, the bulk of the Greek Army (fifteen divisions out of twenty-one) was left facing the Italians in Albania and Epirus when the Germans intervened. Hitler commented that the Italians "had so weakened [Greece] that its collapse had already become inevitable", and credited them with having "engaged the greater part of the Greek Army." Invasion of Yugoslavia On 6 April 1941, the Wehrmacht invasions of both Yugoslavia (Operation 25) and Greece (Operation Marita) began. Together with the rapid advance of German forces, the Italians attacked Yugoslavia in Dalmatia and finally pushed the Greeks out of Albania. On 17 April, Yugoslavia surrendered to the Germans and the Italians. On 30 April, Greece too surrendered to the Germans and Italians, and was divided into German, Italian and Bulgarian sectors. The invasions ended with a complete Axis victory in May when Crete fell. On 3 May, during the triumphal parade in Athens to celebrate the Axis victory, Mussolini started to boast of an Italian Mare Nostrum in the Mediterranean. Some 28 Italian divisions participated in the Balkan invasions. The coast of Yugoslavia was occupied by the Italian Army, while the rest of the country was divided between the Axis forces (a German and Italian creation, the State of Croatia was born, under the nominal sovereignty of Prince Aimone, Duke of Aosta, but actually governed by the Croatian leaderAnte Pavelić). The Italians assumed control of most of Greece with their 11th Army, while the Bulgarians occupied the northern provinces and the Germans the strategically most important areas. Italian troops would occupy parts of Greece and Yugoslavia until the Italian armistice with the Allies in September 1943. In spring 1941, Italy created a Montenegrin client state and annexed most of the Dalmatian coast as the Governorship of Dalmatia (Governatorato di Dalmazia). A complicated four-way conflict between the puppet Montenegro regime, Montenegrin nationalists, Royalist remnants of the Yugoslav government, and Communist Partisans continued from 1941 to 1945. In 1942, the Italian military commander in Croatia refused to hand over Jews in his zone to the Nazis. Mediterranean In 1940, the Italian Royal Navy (Regia Marina) could not match the overall strength of the British Royal Navy in the Mediterranean Sea. After some initial setbacks, the Italian Navy declined to engage in a confrontation of capital ships. Since the British Navy had as a principal task the supply and protection of convoys supplying Britain's outposts in the Mediterranean, the mere continued existence of the Italian fleet (the so-called "fleet in being" concept) caused problems for Britain, which had to use warships sorely needed elsewhere to protect Mediterranean convoys. On 11 November, Britain launched the first carrier strike of the war, using a squadron of Fairey Swordfish torpedo bombers to attack Taranto. The raid left three Italian battleships crippled or destroyed for the loss of two British aircraft shot down. The Italian navy found other ways to attack the British. The most successful involved the use of frogmen and manned torpedoes to attack ships in harbour. The 10th Light Flotilla, also known as Decima Flottiglia MAS or Xª MAS, which carried out these attacks, sank or damaged 28 ships from September 1940 to the end of 1942. These included the battleships and (damaged in the harbour of Alexandria on 18 December 1941), and of merchant shipping. The Xª MAS used a particular kind of torpedo, the SLC (Siluro a Lenta Corsa), whose crew was composed of two frogmen, and motorboats packed with explosives, called MTM (Motoscafo da Turismo Modificato). Following the attacks on the two British battleships, the possibility of Italian dominance over the Mediterranean appeared more achievable. However, Mussolini's brief period of relative success did not last. The oil and supplies brought to Malta, despite heavy losses, by Operation Pedestal in August and the Allied landings in North Africa, Operation Torch, in November 1942, turned the fortunes of war against Italy. The Axis forces were ejected from Libya and Tunisia six months after the Battle of El Alamein, while their supply lines were harassed day after day by the growing and overwhelming aerial and naval supremacy of the Allies. By the summer of 1943, the Allies were poised to invade the Italian homeland. Eastern Front In July 1941, some 62,000 Italian troops of the Italian Expeditionary Corps in Russia (, CSIR) left for the Eastern Front to aid in the German invasion of the Soviet Union (Operation Barbarossa). In July 1942, the Italian Royal Army () expanded the CSIR to a full army of about 200,000 men named the Italian Army in Russia (, ARMIR). ARMIR was also known as the 8th Army. From August 1942 to February 1943, the 8th Army took part in the Battle of Stalingrad and suffered many losses (some 20,000 dead and 64,000 captured) when the Soviets isolated the German forces in Stalingrad by attacking the over-stretched Hungarian, Romanian and Italian forces protecting the Germans' flanks. By the summer of 1943, Rome had withdrawn the remnants of the 8th Army to Italy. Many of the Italian POWs captured in the Soviet Union died in captivity due to harsh conditions in Soviet prison camps. Allied Italian Campaign and Italian Civil War Allied invasion of Sicily, Fall of Mussolini and Armistice On 10 July 1943, a combined force of American and British Commonwealth troops invaded Sicily. German generals again took the lead in the defence and, although they lost the island after weeks of bitter fighting, they succeeded in ferrying large numbers of German and Italian forces safely off Sicily to the Italian mainland. On 19 July, an Allied air raid on Rome destroyed both military and collateral civilian structures. With these two events, popular support for the war diminished in Italy. On 25 July, the Grand Council of Fascism voted to limit the power of Italian dictator Benito Mussolini and handed control of the Italian armed forces over to King Victor Emmanuel III. The next day, Mussolini met with the King, was dismissed as prime minister, and then imprisoned. A new Italian government, led by General Pietro Badoglio and Victor Emmanuel III, took over in Italy. Although they publicly declared that they would keep fighting alongside the Germans, the new Italian government began secret negotiations with the Allies to come over to the Allied side. On 3 September, a secret armistice was signed with the Allies at Fairfield Camp in Sicily. The armistice was publicly announced on 8 September. By then, the Allies were on the Italian mainland. On 3 September, British troops crossed the short distance from Sicily to the 'toe' of Italy in Operation Baytown. Two more Allied landings took place on 9 September at Salerno (Operation Avalanche) and at Taranto (Operation Slapstick). The Italian surrender meant that the Allied landings at Taranto took place unopposed, with the troops simply disembarking from warships at the docks rather than assaulting the coastline. Because of the time it took for the new Italian government to negotiate the armistice, the Germans had time to reinforce their presence in Italy and prepare for their defection. In the first weeks of August, they increased the number of divisions in Italy from two to seven and took control of vital infrastructure. Once the signing of the armistice was announced on 8 September, German troops quickly disarmed the Italian forces and took over critical defensive positions in Operation Achse. This included Italian-occupied southeastern France and the Italian-controlled areas in the Balkans. Only in Sardinia, Corsica, and in part of Apulia and Calabria were Italian troops able to hold their positions until the arrival of Allied forces. In the area of Rome, only one infantry division—the Granatieri di Sardegna—and some small armoured units fought with commitment, but by 11 September were overwhelmed by superior German forces. King Victor Emmanuel III and his family, with Marshal Badoglio, General Mario Roatta, and others, abandoned Rome on 9 September. General Caroni, who was tasked with defending Rome, was given duplicitous orders to have his troops abandon Rome (something he did not want to do), and essentially to provide rear guard protection to the King and his entourage so they could flee to the Abruzzi hills, and later out to sea. They later landed at Brindisi. Most importantly, Badoglio never gave the "OP 44" order for the Italian people to rise up against the Germans until he knew it was too late to do any good; that is, he belatedly issued the order on 11 September. However, from the day of the announcement of the Armistice, when Italian citizens, military personnel and military units decided to rise up and resist on their own; they were sometimes quite effective against the Germans. As part of the terms of the armistice, the Italian fleet was to sail to Malta for internment; as it did so, it came under air attack by German bombers, and on 9 September two German Fritz X guided bombs sank the Italian battleship off the coast of Sardinia. A Supermarina (Italian Naval Command) broadcast led the Italians to initially believe this attack was carried out by the British. On the Greek island of Cephallonia, General Antonio Gandin, commander of the 12,000-strong Italian Acqui Division, decided to resist the German attempt to forcibly disarm his force. The battle raged from 13 to 22 September, when the Italians were forced to surrender after suffering some 1,300 casualties. The ensuing massacre of several thousand Italian prisoners of war by the Germans stands as one of the worst single war crimes committed by the Wehrmacht. Italian troops captured by the Germans were given a choice to keep fighting with the Germans. About 94,000 Italians accepted and the remaining 710,000 were designated Italian military internees and were transported as forced labour to Germany. Some Italian troops that evaded German capture in the Balkans joined the Yugoslav (about 40,000 soldiers) and Greek Resistance (about 20,000). The same happened in Albania. After the German invasion, deportations of Italian Jews to Nazi death camps began. However, by the time the German advance reached the Campagna concentration camp, all the inmates had already fled to the mountains with the help of the local inhabitants. Rev. Aldo Brunacci of Assisi, under the direction of his bishop, Giuseppe Nicolini, saved all the Jews who sought refuge in Assisi. In October 1943 Nazis raided the Jewish ghetto in Rome. In November 1943 Jews of Genoa and Florence were deported to Auschwitz. It is estimated that 7,500 Italian Jews became victims of the Holocaust. Civil War, Allied advance and Surrender to Allied Forces After Mussolini had been stripped of power, he was imprisoned at Gran Sasso in the Apennine mountains. On 12 September he was rescued by the Germans in Operation Eiche ("Oak"). The Germans re-located him to northern Italy where he set up a new Fascist state, the Italian Social Republic (Repubblica Sociale Italiana or RSI). Many Italian personalities joined the RSI, like General Rodolfo Graziani. The Allied armies continued to advance through Italy despite increasing opposition from the Germans. The Allies soon controlled most of southern Italy, and Naples rose against and ejected the occupying German forces. The loyalist Italian government (sometimes referred to as the "Kingdom of the South" (it)) declared war on Germany on 13 October, aligning Italy within the Western Allies as a co-belligerent. With Allied assistance some Italian troops in the south were organized into what were known as "co-belligerent" or "royalist" forces. In time, there was a co-belligerent army (Italian Co-Belligerent Army), navy (Italian Co-Belligerent Navy), and air force (Italian Co-Belligerent Air Force). These Italian forces fought alongside the Allies for the rest of the war. Other Italian troops, loyal to Mussolini and his RSI, continued to fight alongside the Germans (among them were the Esercito Nazionale Repubblicano, the National Republican Army). From this point on, a large Italian resistance movement located in northern Italy fought a guerilla war against the German and RSI forces. Winston Churchill had long regarded southern Europe as the military weak spot of the continent (in World War I he had advocated the Dardanelles campaign, and during World War II he favoured the Balkans as an area of operations, for example in Greece in 1940). Calling Italy the "soft underbelly" of the Axis, Churchill had therefore advocated this invasion instead of a cross-channel invasion of occupied France. But Italy itself proved anything but a soft target: the mountainous terrain gave Axis forces excellent defensive positions, and it also partly negated the Allied advantage in motorized and mechanized units. The final Allied victory over the Axis in Italy did not come until the spring offensive of 1945, after Allied troops had breached the Gothic Line, leading to the surrender of German and RSI forces in Italy on 2 May shortly before Germany finally surrendered ending World War II in Europe on 8 May. Mussolini was captured and killed on 28 April 1945 by the Italian resistance while attempting to flee. Kingdom of Italy changes sides On 13 October 1943, the Kingdom of Italy, which was now based outside of Mussolini's control, not only joined the Allied Powers, but also declared war on Nazi Germany. Tensions between the Axis Powers and the Italian military were rising following the failure to defend Sicily, with New York Times correspondent Milton Bracker noting that “Italian hatred of the Germans unquestionably grew as the fighting spirit waned, and episodes between German and Italian soldiers and civilians before and after the armistice have shown pretty clearly a complete and incontrovertible end of all sympathy between the former Axis partners." Italy and Japan after the surrender Japan reacted with shock and outrage to the news of the surrender of Italy to the Allied forces in September 1943. Italian citizens residing in Japan and in Manchukuo were swiftly rounded up and summarily asked whether they were loyal to the King of Savoy, who dishonoured their country by surrendering to the enemy, or with the Duce and the newly created Repubblica Sociale Italiana, which vowed to continue fighting alongside the Germans. Those who sided with the King were interned in concentration camps and detained in dismal conditions until the end of the war, while those who opted for the Fascist dictator were allowed to go on with their lives, although under strict surveillance by the Kempeitai. The Italian concession of Tientsin was occupied by Japanese troops after resistance from its garrison. The Social Republic of Italy later formally gave it to the Japanese puppet state in China. The news of Italy's surrender did not reach the crew members of the three Italian submarines Giuliani, Cappellini and Torelli travelling to Singapore, then occupied by Japan, to take a load of rubber, tin and strategic materials bound for Italy and Germany's war industry. All the officers and sailors on board were arrested by the Japanese army, and after a few weeks of detention the vast majority of them chose to side with Japan and Germany. The Kriegsmarine assigned new officers to the three units, who were renamed as U-boat U.IT.23, U.IT.24 and U.IT.25, taking part in German war operations in the Pacific until the Giuliani was sunk by the British submarine HMS Tally-ho in February 1944 and the other two vessels were taken over by the Japanese Imperial Navy upon Germany's surrender in 1945. Alberto Tarchiani, an anti-fascist journalist and activist, was appointed as Ambassador to Washington by the cabinet of Badoglio, which acted as provisional head of the Italian government pending the occupation of the country by the Allied forces. On his suggestion, Italy issued a formal declaration of war on Japan on 14 July 1945. The purpose of this act, which brought no military follow-up, was mainly to persuade the Allies that the new government of Italy deserved to be invited to the San Francisco Peace Conference, as a reward for its co-belligerence. However, the British Prime Minister Churchill and John Foster Dulles were resolutely against the idea, and so Italy's new government was left out of the Conference. Italy and Japan negotiated the resumption of their respective diplomatic ties after 1951, and later signed several bilateral agreements and treaties. Casualties Nearly four million Italians served in the Italian Army during the Second World War and nearly half a million Italians (including civilians) lost their lives between June 1940 and May 1945. The official Italian government accounting of World War II 1940–45 losses listed the following data: Total military dead and missing from 1940 to 1945: 291,376 Losses prior to the Armistice of Cassibile in September 1943: 204,346 (66,686 killed, 111,579 missing, 26,081 died of disease) Losses after the Armistice: 87,030 (42,916 killed, 19,840 missing, 24,274 died of disease). Military losses in Italy after the September 1943 Armistice included 5,927 with the Allies, 17,488 Italian resistance movement fighters and 13,000 Italian Social Republic (RSI) Fascist forces. Losses by branch of service: Army 201,405 Navy 22,034 Air Force 9,096 Colonial Forces 354 Chaplains 91 Fascist militia 10,066 Paramilitary 3,252 Not indicated 45,078 Military losses by theatre of war: Italy 74,725 (37,573 post armistice) France 2,060 (1,039 post armistice) Germany 25,430 (24,020 post armistice) Greece, Albania and Yugoslavia 49,459 (10,090 post armistice) Soviet Union 82,079 (3,522 post armistice) Africa 22,341 (1,565 post armistice) At sea 28,438 (5,526 post armistice) Other and unknown 6,844 (3,695 post armistice). Prisoner-of-war losses are included with military losses mentioned above. Updated studies (2010) by the Ufficio dell'Albo d'Oro of the Italian Ministry of Defence have however revised the military deaths to 319,207: Army 246,432; Navy 31,347; Air Force 13,210; Partisan formations 15,197; RSI armed forces 13,021. Civilian losses totalled 153,147 (123,119 post armistice) including 61,432 (42,613 post armistice) in air attacks. A brief summary of data from this report can be found online. In addition, deaths of African soldiers conscripted by Italy were estimated by the Italian military to be 10,000 in the 1940–41 East African Campaign. Civilian losses as a result of the fighting in Italian Libya were estimated by an independent Russian journalist to be 10,000. Included in total are 64,000 victims of Nazi reprisals and genocide, including 30,000 POWs and 8,500 Jews Russian sources estimated the deaths of 28,000 of the 49,000 Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union (1942–1954). The genocide of Roma people killed 1,000 persons. Jewish Holocaust victims totalled 8,562 (including Libya). After the armistice with the Allies, some 650,000 members of the Italian armed forces who refused to side with the occupying Germans were interned in concentration and labour camps. Of these, around 50,000 died while imprisoned or in transit. A further 29,000 died in armed struggles against the Germans while resisting capture immediately following the armistice. Aftermath The 1947 Treaty of Peace with Italy spelled the end of the Italian colonial empire, along with other border revisions. The 1947 Paris Peace Treaties compelled Italy to pay $360,000,000 (US dollars at 1938 prices) in war reparations: $125,000,000 to Yugoslavia, $105,000,000 to Greece, $100,000,000 to the Soviet Union, $25,000,000 to Ethiopia and $5,000,000 to Albania. Italy also agreed to pay £1,765,000 to Greek nationals whose property in Italian territory had been destroyed or seized during the war. In the 1946 Italian constitutional referendum, the Italian monarchy was abolished, having been associated with the deprivations of the war and Fascist rule. Unlike in Germany and Japan, no war crimes tribunals were held for Italian military and political leaders, though the Italian resistance summarily executed some of them, including Mussolini, at the end of the war. Controversies of historiography Allied press reports of Italian military prowess in the Second World War were almost always dismissive. British wartime propaganda trumpeted the destruction of the Italian 10th Army by a significantly smaller British force during the early phase of the North African Campaign. The propaganda from this Italian collapse, which was designed to boost British morale during a bleak period of the war, left a lasting impression. The later exploits of Rommel and German accounts of events tended to disparage their Italian allies and downplay their contributions; these German accounts were used as a primary source for the Axis side by English-language historians after the war. Kenneth Macksey wrote in 1972 that after the split in the Italian state and the reinforcement of fascist Italy by German troops, "the British threw out the Italian Chicken only to let in the German Eagle", for example.. James Sadkovich, Peter Haining, Vincent O'Hara, Ian Walker and others have attempted to reassess the performance of the Italian forces. Many previous authors used only German or British sources, not considering the Italian ones, hampered by the few Italian sources being translated into English. Contemporary British reports ignored an action of Bir El Gobi, where a battalion of Giovani Fascisti held up the 11th Indian Infantry Brigade and destroyed dozens of tanks of the 22nd Armoured Brigade. Sadkovich, Walker and others have found examples of actions where Italian forces were effective, yet rarely discussed by most histories. During the Tunisian Campaign, where Italian units were involved in most encounters, such as Kasserine Pass, Mareth, Akarit and Enfidaville, it was observed by General Alexander, "...the Italians fought particularly well, outdoing the Germans in line with them". Rommel also conceded praise on several occasions. Other times, German mistakes were blamed on Italians, or the Germans left the Italians in hopeless situations where failure was unavoidable. Questionable German advice, broken promises and security lapses had direct consequences at the Battle of Cape Matapan, in the convoy war and North Africa. According to Sadkovich, Rommel often retreated leaving immobile infantry units exposed, withdrew German units to rest even though the Italians had also been in combat, would deprive the Italians of their share of captured goods, ignore Italian intelligence, seldom acknowledge Italian successes and often resist formulation of joint strategy. Alan J.Levine, an author who has also extensively worked with Italian sources, points out that while Allied efforts to choke off Rommel's supply lines were eventually successful and played the decisive role in the Allied victory in Africa, the Italians who defended it, especially navy commanders, were not feeble-minded or incompetent at all. He criticises Rommel for ignoring the good advice of Italians during the Crusader Offensive (although he also presents a positive picture of the Field Marshal in general), and in review of Sadkovich's work The Italian Navy in World War II, criticises it for being unreliable and recommends Bragadin and the Italian official history instead. Gerhard L.Weinberg, in his 2011 George C. Marshall Lecture "Military History – Some Myths of World War II" (2011), complained that "there is far too much denigration of the performance of Italy's forces during the conflict." In addition, Italian 'cowardice' did not appear to be more prevalent than the level seen in any army, despite claims of wartime propaganda. Ian Walker wrote: The problems that stand out to the vast majority of historians pertain to Italian strategy and equipment. Italian equipment was, in general, not up to the standard of either the Allied or the German armies. An account of the defeat of the Italian 10th Army noted that the incredibly poor quality of the Italian artillery shells saved many British soldiers' lives. More crucially, they lacked suitable quantities of equipment of all kinds and their high command did not take necessary steps to plan for most eventualities. This was compounded by Mussolini's assigning unqualified political favourites to key positions. Mussolini also dramatically overestimated the ability of the Italian military at times, sending them into situations where failure was likely, such as the invasion of Greece. Historians have long debated why Italy's military and its Fascist regime were so remarkably ineffective at an activity - war - that was central to their identity. MacGregor Knox says the explanation, "was first and foremost a failure of Italy's military culture and military institutions." James Sadkovich gives the most charitable interpretation of Italian failures, blaming inferior equipment, overextension, and inter-service rivalries. Its forces had "more than their share of handicaps." Donald Detwiler concludes that, "Italy's entrance into the war showed very early that her military strength was only a hollow shell. Italy's military failures against France, Greece, Yugoslavia and in the African Theatres of war shook Italy's new prestige mightily." See also Black Brigades Italian Army equipment in World War II Italian Campaign (World War II), Allied operations in and around Italy, from 1943 to the end of the war in Europe Italian war crimes List of World War II battles MVSN (Blackshirts) North African campaign timeline Treaty of Peace with Italy, 1947 Paris Peace Treaties, 1947 Notes Footnotes Citations References Ceva, Lucio. "The North African Campaign 1940-43: A Reconsideration." Journal of Strategic Studies 13#1 (1990): 84-104. Ceva, Lucio, Storia delle Forze Armati Italiane, Turin, 1981. Ehlers, Robert S. Jr. The Mediterranean Air War: Airpower and Allied Victory in World War II (2015) Gooch, John. "Italian Military Efficiency: A Debate." Journal of Strategic Studies 5#2 (2008): 257–265. Knox, Macgregor. Common Destiny: Dictatorship, Foreign Policy, and War in Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany (Cambridge UP, 2000). Knox, Macgregor. Hitler’s Italian Allies: Royal Armed Forces, Fascist Regime, and the War of 1940-1943 (Cambridge UP, 2000). Knox, Macgregor. Mussolini Unleashed 1939-1941: Politics and Strategy in Fascist Italy’s Last War (Cambridge UP, 1982). Mallett, Robert. The Italian Navy and fascist expansionism, 1935-1940 (Routledge, 2013). Paoletti, Ciro. A Military History of Italy (Praeger, 2008). Sadkovich, James. J, 'The Italo-Greek War in Context: Italian Priorities and Axis Diplomacy',Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 28, No. 3 (Jul., 1993), pp. 439–464. Historiography Sadkovich, James J. "Understanding Defeat: Reappraising Italy's Role in World War II," Journal of Contemporary History (1989) 24#1 pp. 27–61 online a guide to the Italian and English scholarship External links ABC-CLIO Schools; Minorities and Women During World War II – "Italian Army", by A. J. L. Waskey "Comando Supremo: Italy at War" Mussolini’s War Statement – Declaration of War against USA, 11 December 1941 Armistice with Italy; 3 September 1943 text of the armistice agreement between the Allies and Italy World War II, Military Italy World War II Military, WW II	[ -0.16044096648693085, -0.1177515909075737, -0.789900004863739, 0.11721029877662659, -0.5075080990791321, 0.2511739730834961, 0.5047489404678345, 0.672477126121521, -0.2202141284942627, -0.5254873633384705, -0.3294127881526947, 0.07103477418422699, -0.10862243175506592, 0.673941433429718, 0.04346400871872902, 0.19645266234874725, 0.45890510082244873, 0.14836499094963074, -0.25826212763786316, -0.44657769799232483, -0.15393629670143127, 0.3511391580104828, 0.2647046148777008, 0.6418652534484863, -0.06451302766799927, -0.3578023314476013, 0.7601306438446045, -0.42105230689048767, 0.3521232008934021, -0.2544292211532593, -0.13805806636810303, -0.5347329378128052, -0.7840665578842163, -0.3438700735569, -0.49465271830558777, -0.07098030298948288, 0.011563388630747795, -0.04481644928455353, -0.034664470702409744, -0.2731803357601166, -0.36389002203941345, 0.25639641284942627, 0.4580889940261841, 0.5067083239555359, 0.2190191149711609, -0.22180448472499847, -1.6213754415512085, 0.30937227606773376, 0.22710269689559937, -0.37516123056411743, -0.06701606512069702, -0.22518706321716309, 0.21988198161125183, 0.48493492603302, -0.07805037498474121, 0.3806271553039551, -0.6657509803771973, -0.20815753936767578, -0.11348793655633926, -0.44829073548316956, 0.528678834438324, 0.36248135566711426, 0.5915107131004333, -0.28359970450401306, -0.025269418954849243, -0.2541981041431427, 0.3722064197063446, 0.6117990016937256, 0.0028584878891706467, -0.7313534617424011, -0.5910518169403076, -0.3535182774066925, -0.3162263333797455, -0.4461686611175537, -0.12004587799310684, -1.2933489084243774, 0.38606706261634827, 0.5709969401359558, -0.5065382719039917, -0.01369327213615179, -0.012501705437898636, 0.07136362046003342, 0.4954734742641449, -0.5094873905181885, 0.6810826063156128, -0.18985062837600708, -0.17301809787750244, 0.3930108845233917, -0.2697708308696747, 0.13420370221138, 0.12232870608568192, -0.41068941354751587, 0.6055911779403687, -0.5717507600784302, 0.114571712911129, 0.5720996856689453, 0.3363969624042511, 0.3978482782840729, 0.03015272133052349, 0.29416313767433167, -0.1622123122215271, 0.5196873545646667, -0.031568415462970734, -0.2610693871974945, -0.6007633209228516, -0.2608887553215027, 0.038693737238645554, -0.30155378580093384, -0.3535294234752655, 0.3019680976867676, -0.26812228560447693, -0.26462867856025696, -0.3649616241455078, -0.30973145365715027, -0.8340227007865906, -0.33099085092544556, -0.03370508924126625, -0.6564984321594238, -0.16525009274482727, 0.4686312675476074, -0.1400090754032135, 0.21473956108093262, -0.7304673194885254, 0.120280921459198, -0.36632058024406433, -0.32787659764289856, 0.7049597501754761, 0.08408649265766144, -0.5386303067207336, 0.27086082100868225, 0.696935772895813, 1.0249756574630737, -0.48160871863365173, 0.23212751746177673, 0.16589753329753876, -0.6081833243370056, 0.44838592410087585, 0.7756292819976807, -0.5281328558921814, -0.056207459419965744, -0.7163068652153015, -0.4435815215110779, -0.44615569710731506, 0.3309628963470459, -0.011857777833938599, -0.4209887981414795, -0.05713145434856415, -0.30594396591186523, 0.11558829247951508, -0.661599338054657, 0.11980509012937546, -0.5616492629051208, -0.5852119326591492, -0.04140082001686096, -0.016044773161411285, 0.4579607844352722, 0.46468669176101685, -0.415179580450058, 0.2148570418357849, 0.05848240852355957, 0.5914841294288635, -0.16170631349086761, -0.09823518246412277, 0.3366893529891968, 0.14741307497024536, 0.45510730147361755, 0.48816946148872375, 0.20385883748531342, 0.15513527393341064, 0.075033999979496, -0.6697904467582703, -0.019593173637986183, -0.12102770805358887, 0.2767476737499237, -0.272378534078598, 0.26989468932151794, 1.2476989030838013, 0.10778392106294632, 0.178416445851326, -0.31599074602127075, -0.5524671077728271, -0.2467154711484909, -0.049416083842515945, 0.030037594959139824, 0.7343116402626038, 0.12589846551418304, 0.022811511531472206, -0.3175749182701111, 0.08067899942398071, 0.1752048283815384, 0.02866051346063614, -0.6752092838287354, -0.07802354544401169, -1.026879072189331, 1.5401698350906372, -0.24994128942489624, -0.4813224673271179, 0.4648182690143585, -0.1116657555103302, 0.03079940192401409, -0.056164033710956573, -0.1935047209262848, 0.4621772766113281, 0.19540616869926453, -0.39110270142555237, 0.058939747512340546, 0.5091734528541565, 0.11078958213329315, 0.5359728932380676, 0.7120681405067444, 0.06752011924982071, 0.5312584638595581, -0.16647182404994965, -0.5241065621376038, 0.4019526541233063, 0.1936182975769043, -0.7460553050041199, 0.48374053835868835, 0.15299281477928162, -0.020086444914340973, 0.36348551511764526, -0.5367976427078247, -0.1806231290102005, 0.23048941791057587, 0.35912320017814636, 0.5690661668777466, -0.2258831262588501, 0.1736094057559967, 0.10093554854393005, -0.6377477645874023, 0.46958765387535095, 0.11793888360261917, 0.12438998371362686, -0.11153539270162582, -0.13640932738780975, 0.516632616519928, 0.007089060731232166, -0.42042991518974304, -0.3788602352142334, -0.003091883147135377, 0.7148616909980774, 0.12954145669937134, -0.3892601430416107, 0.44598016142845154, -0.5422266125679016, 0.1246412992477417, 0.2926013767719269, 0.2923346757888794, -0.1921554058790207, -0.3374745845794678, 0.05214276537299156, 0.38786184787750244, 0.5313199758529663, -0.24520674347877502, -0.04395269602537155, -1.2003945112228394, 0.1107558161020279, -0.15160411596298218, 0.7435457706451416, -0.17359758913516998, 0.2072157859802246, -0.34598755836486816, 0.35237759351730347, 0.2455085963010788, 0.957904040813446, 0.03073406033217907, -0.9716630578041077, 0.07074946165084839, -0.11518163233995438, 0.1802986115217209, 0.5734015107154846, -0.28534263372421265, 0.04298616200685501, -0.12982071936130524, 0.013617470860481262, 0.17855779826641083, -0.8025314211845398, 0.2212657928466797, -0.3923134207725525, 0.08088270574808121, 0.35385069251060486, 0.03361301124095917, -0.7610076069831848, -0.762824535369873, -0.5991438031196594, 0.5003888607025146, -0.13034065067768097, -0.829698383808136, 0.19316859543323517, 0.3821156620979309, 0.24766920506954193, -0.18486367166042328, -0.7063587307929993, 0.07660762220621109, -0.06953124701976776, 0.7389264702796936, -0.8748000264167786, -0.09426850080490112, 0.2979128956794739, -0.46305808424949646, -0.4379822611808777, 0.2174660861492157, -0.486727774143219, 0.22049444913864136, 0.6294884085655212, -0.31178516149520874, -0.5254420042037964, 0.0026292577385902405, -5.509792327880859, -0.023101355880498886, -0.16297666728496552, 0.32960107922554016, 0.05094258859753609, -0.00014816256589256227, 0.15392209589481354, 0.2420520931482315, 0.01323594618588686, -0.13570678234100342, 0.18633469939231873, -0.14251480996608734, -0.3425448536872864, 0.45451876521110535, -0.1957065314054489, 0.516339123249054, 0.08242350071668625, -0.2449105679988861, -0.19527234137058258, 0.09530631452798843, 0.12142255157232285, 0.622982382774353, 0.5891457200050354, 0.6505676507949829, 0.7466808557510376, 0.18749500811100006, -0.33903566002845764, 0.10122212767601013, -0.2747323215007782, 0.7262125611305237, -0.3149273693561554, -0.6015192866325378, 0.780044436454773, -0.22943764925003052, -0.06088181585073471, -0.14907796680927277, 0.4497321844100952, 0.4034545421600342, 0.27247047424316406, -0.12557843327522278, -0.382628858089447, 0.16887472569942474, -0.5302820801734924, -0.09444660693407059, 0.7609157562255859, -0.21496134996414185, 0.047243840992450714, -0.23591993749141693, -0.053975895047187805, 0.5680074095726013, -0.2563323676586151, 0.2821527123451233, -0.12843656539916992, -0.0015976909780874848, 0.3507537245750427, -0.0724424198269844, 0.020254405215382576, -0.14442221820354462, -0.3465764820575714, 0.8108925223350525, -0.41468626260757446, -0.23028786480426788, -0.10789349675178528, -0.5828320980072021, 0.22417277097702026, 0.17419344186782837, -0.46551650762557983, -0.0737982988357544, -0.6499705910682678, 0.6251477599143982, -0.31284353137016296, 0.7975071668624878, 0.00020174423116259277, -1.1180552244186401, 0.7148774862289429, -0.3799646198749542, -0.15643054246902466, 0.1849461793899536, 0.6352816820144653, 0.11192318797111511, -0.09015316516160965, -0.23987849056720734, -0.26373788714408875, -0.06575409322977066, 0.21092794835567474, 0.6268754601478577, 0.7692000865936279, -0.5053147077560425, -0.8235591053962708, 0.5089201331138611, 0.28417155146598816, -1.0131832361221313, 0.5159606337547302, 0.2426822930574417, -0.11695259809494019, 0.612090528011322, -0.581142008304596, -0.030318904668092728, 0.8979790210723877, -0.4160063862800598, -0.325406938791275, -0.2841481566429138, -0.3290318548679352, -0.23926496505737305, -0.17875126004219055, -0.32978153228759766, -0.18039289116859436, 0.6382881999015808, 0.30082032084465027, -0.3964480459690094, -0.4309559464454651, 0.2993382513523102, -1.0203801393508911, -0.24360628426074982, 0.5204542279243469, -0.3010258376598358, -0.020300304517149925, 0.45207470655441284, 0.5434934496879578, -0.4715498685836792, -0.09594929218292236, 0.12449046224355698, 0.15350836515426636, -0.13302849233150482, 0.13467448949813843, 0.37572145462036133, -0.0929470881819725, 0.019012125208973885, -0.02356186881661415, 0.20490030944347382, 0.057825539261102676, 0.1353156864643097, 0.1864766925573349, 0.4683466851711273, 0.6852477192878723, -0.4279317557811737, -0.03521491214632988, -0.7756382822990417, -0.1589711755514145, 0.0396541990339756, 0.05293707177042961, -0.07083163410425186, -0.10245420038700104, -0.02473137155175209, -0.5050417184829712, 0.17859214544296265, -0.4783787429332733, -0.7079035639762878, 0.0622432641685009, 0.24565240740776062, 0.19553014636039734, 0.2738552391529083, 0.42321524024009705, 0.24581395089626312, -0.5036519169807434, 0.11478381603956223, 0.5523631572723389, 0.2525857388973236, -0.6650660037994385, -0.7014960050582886, 0.8342366218566895, -0.33327844738960266, -0.9157980680465698, 0.28281646966934204, 0.10505642741918564, 0.06222566217184067, 0.07284954935312271, -0.6395930647850037, 0.04870671033859253, 0.7752758264541626, 0.6743999719619751, -0.17072536051273346, 0.06021178513765335, 0.06454115360975266, 0.2803868353366852, -0.48258134722709656, -0.4001668691635132, 0.13276363909244537, -0.13699549436569214, -0.13864485919475555, 0.00219801627099514, -0.07389034330844879, -0.4431721270084381, -0.034967090934515, -0.09434174001216888, -0.3039819896221161, 0.19310809671878815, -0.13466930389404297, -0.6314632296562195, -0.21160872280597687, 0.14270628988742828, 0.34343335032463074, -0.04291827604174614, -0.15004034340381622, -0.33725038170814514, -0.2813715934753418, -0.0460754856467247, 0.11440909653902054, -0.19173255562782288, -0.18850623071193695, 0.10565593838691711, 0.23470239341259003, -0.37395021319389343, -0.47320157289505005, -0.21204569935798645, 0.08580272644758224, 0.7586746215820312, 0.25867581367492676, -0.14233894646167755, 0.6830331087112427, -0.6790102124214172, -0.5827006697654724, -0.6124832630157471, 0.6178027391433716, -0.4801151752471924, 0.29195716977119446, -0.398666650056839, 0.03947675973176956, -0.1624048799276352, -0.02090681903064251, 0.2533838748931885, -0.0645296722650528, -0.5240606069564819, 0.12484968453645706, -0.4798199534416199, 0.37393730878829956, -0.1772450953722, -1.086727499961853, -0.01929410733282566, -0.2329748272895813, -0.12609438598155975, -0.04237545654177666, 0.14323700964450836, 0.22421014308929443, 0.13243329524993896, 0.1945158988237381, 0.6144443154335022, 0.16367992758750916, -0.3181309401988983, 0.6473027467727661, 0.5829616189002991, 0.42718344926834106, 0.1887868195772171, 0.03639768064022064, 0.46151354908943176, 0.5309520959854126, 0.11710251867771149, -0.6188679337501526, -0.04144638404250145, 0.07295938581228256, -0.8409140706062317, -0.24956625699996948, -0.9186238050460815, -0.1419476568698883, 0.6385481953620911, -0.5083863735198975, -0.3709307312965393, 0.17499995231628418, -0.5843807458877563, 0.21176010370254517, -0.3365303874015808, -0.04384161904454231, -0.43230539560317993, 0.2121051400899887, 0.7474234104156494, -0.02269606478512287, 0.44615790247917175, -0.3430292308330536, -0.380403995513916, -0.08024366199970245, 0.08203823119401932, 0.11101993918418884, 0.4375684857368469, -0.011279864236712456, 0.09515724331140518, 0.11293810606002808, 0.011350005865097046, -0.04984502121806145, 0.5767946839332581, -0.19813255965709686, -0.4213494658470154, -0.7208532691001892, 0.5706787705421448, -0.537895143032074, 0.5429943799972534, -1.0073058605194092, -0.2149776965379715, 0.4732520580291748, -0.2583276331424713, 0.4807320237159729, 0.06423696875572205, -0.42606160044670105, 0.13107451796531677, -0.59749835729599, 0.11331916600465775, 0.3121044635772705, -0.7598734498023987, -0.3952732980251312, -0.14117945730686188, 0.03136667609214783, -0.6652992367744446, 0.90101158618927, -0.12435859441757202, -0.495839923620224, 0.1875942051410675, 0.003548179054632783, -0.15059874951839447, -0.22797419130802155, -0.0003854316601064056, -0.1261225789785385, 0.4275114834308624, -0.4021637737751007, -0.05917014554142952, 0.19255751371383667, -0.6892486214637756, 0.4047299325466156, 0.5777440071105957, -0.6538318395614624, -0.11306696385145187, -0.19852259755134583, 0.06731439381837845, 0.12180020660161972, 0.19969488680362701, 0.14584416151046753, 0.01202190387994051, 0.46793699264526367, -0.04661916568875313, 0.16965575516223907, 0.22661462426185608, -0.017441313713788986, 0.1651701182126999, 0.08525263518095016, -0.41381585597991943, 0.6959267258644104, -0.23874716460704803, -0.3411038815975189, 0.4377092719078064, -0.6124728322029114, 0.4519008994102478, 1.089993953704834, 0.6539140939712524, 0.1855572760105133, -0.1925567090511322, 0.11964849382638931, 0.08061866462230682, 0.3469679057598114, -0.6156333684921265, -0.05534197390079498, 0.5671331882476807, 0.43730291724205017, 0.8673539757728577, 0.2843600809574127, 0.1360568106174469, 0.2423204779624939, 0.2999880611896515, -0.10312503576278687, 0.4472906291484833, 0.3662494421005249, -0.27170515060424805, -0.38173165917396545, 0.9165482521057129, 0.10258863121271133, 0.8754022121429443, -0.13817089796066284, 0.43913182616233826, 0.5665395259857178, -0.6133256554603577, -0.06281676888465881, -0.09409135580062866, -0.13077712059020996, 0.2945083975791931, 0.13436754047870636, -0.049967918545007706, -0.5432417392730713, 0.39651456475257874, 0.020865773782134056, 0.12486059963703156, -0.06507319211959839, 0.23959510028362274, -0.0602487213909626, 0.050495196133852005, 0.5033749938011169, -0.39646559953689575, -0.6764079928398132, 0.11126066744327545, -0.43648284673690796, 0.5811082720756531, 0.20187917351722717, 0.35122010111808777, -0.1341330111026764, -0.6140527725219727, -1.185233473777771, -0.38147467374801636, 0.2587292492389679, 0.08716362714767456, -0.3596808910369873, 0.08385894447565079, 0.7080860733985901, 0.7780691385269165, -0.61396723985672, 0.6901349425315857, 0.1033819317817688, -0.20249715447425842, -0.07220286875963211, -0.32038190960884094, 0.557018518447876, -0.41616350412368774, -0.2964029610157013, -0.05287787318229675, 0.43488943576812744, 0.6157383322715759, 0.01291380450129509, -0.22591663897037506, 0.16624830663204193, -0.18986497819423676, -0.1906689554452896, 0.6236679553985596, -0.47855913639068604, -0.5054619312286377, -0.30016058683395386, 0.27699679136276245, -0.8361078500747681, 0.3853432834148407, 0.6179602146148682, 0.0700758695602417, 0.07791559398174286, 0.2881656587123871, 0.002931661903858185, 0.1928091198205948, 0.14767473936080933, -0.48819583654403687, -0.15418973565101624, -0.13451293110847473, -0.6892043948173523, -0.24632714688777924, 0.2874010503292084, 0.39679768681526184, -0.2810560464859009, 0.5487787127494812, -0.3632355332374573, 0.17087461054325104, -0.2906014919281006, 0.35405275225639343, -0.0773734599351883, 0.3872543275356293, -0.6707985401153564, -0.15812724828720093, -0.504475474357605, 0.3058948218822479, 1.0624583959579468, 0.14452163875102997, 0.7271531820297241, 0.76081782579422, -0.16160190105438232, -0.027734477072954178, 0.14418472349643707, 0.4121010899543762, -0.6979286074638367, 0.14695420861244202, 0.092265784740448 ]
202062	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20aircraft%20engine%20manufacturers	List of aircraft engine manufacturers	This is a list of aircraft engine manufacturers both past and present. 0–9 2si – US 3W A A.V. Roe Abadal ABC Motors — UK ABECO Aberg ABLE ACAE Accurate Automation Corp Adams Adams-Dorman Adams-Farwell Adept-Airmotive Adler Admiralty Rotary Adorjan & Dedics Advance Engines Advance Motor Manufacturing Company – UK Advanced Engine Design Aeolus Flugmotor Aerien CC Aermacchi Aero & Marine Aero Adventure Aero Bonner Ltd. Aero Conversions Inc. Aero Development Aero Engines Ltd. AIDC Aero Motion Aero Motors Aero Pixie Aero Prag Aero Sled Aero Sport International Aero Sport Power Aero Thrust Aero Turbines Ltd AeroTwin Motors Corporation AeroConversions Aerodaimler Aeroengine Corporation of China (AECC) — China Aerojet — US Aeromarine Company Aeromarine — US Aeromax Aeromotion Aeronamic Aeronautical Products Corporation Aeronca — US Aeronco Aeroplane Motors Company Aeroprotech Aerosila — Russia Aerosport – US Aerostar – Romania Aerosud-Marvol Aerotech-PL Aerotechnik Aerotek – US Aerotwin Aerovee AFECO Affordable Turbine Power AFR Agilis Agusta – Italy Ahrbecker Son and Hankers Aichi Kokuki – Japan AICTA Design Work Aiello Air Cooled Motors – US Air Repair Incorporated Air Ryder Air Technical Arsenal Airtrike Air-Craft Engine Corp Aircat Aircraft & Ind. Motor Corp. ACT AEADC Airculture Airdelta Airdisco — UK AiResearch Airex Airmotive-Perito Airship Airways Mfg. AISA Aixro Ajax Akkerman Akron AKSAI Albatross Aldasoro Alexander (engine manufacturer) Alfa Romeo — Italy Alfaro ABEC Allen Aircraft Engine Co — US Alliance Aircraft Corp Allied Aviation Corp AlliedSignal — US Allis-Chalmers Allison Engine Company — US Alvis — UK ACE AEC American Helicopter American Angle Antoinette — France Anzani Ardem Argus Motoren — Germany Armstrong Siddeley — UK Arrow Aircraft and Motors Arrow SNC — Italy Arsenal Ashmusen Aspin Aster Astra Avioane Arad – Romania Atwood Aubier & Dunne Austro Engine — Austria Austro-Daimler — Austria Avia Narodny Podnik Avia — Czechoslovakia Aviadvigatel – Russia Avio – Italy Avro Canada Avro Axelson Axial Vector Engine Corporation (Dyna-Cam) B Basse und Selve Bates Beardmore Beardmore-Halford-Pullinger (B.H.P.) Beatty Bailey Aviation Bentley Benz Berliner Besler Brothers Blackburn Blackburne BMW Boeing Borzecki Botali Bramo Brandner Breguet-Bugatti Breitfeld & Danek Breuer King Briggs & Stratton Bristol Siddeley Bristol British Salmson Brouhot Buchet Bücker Bugatti Burlat C C.L.M. Construcciones Aeronáuticas SA – Spain Campini CANSA Carden Aero Engines — UK Caunter Ceskoslovenska Zbrojovka CFM International — US and France Chamberlin Charomskiy Chelomey Chevrolet — US Chotia Chrysler — US Cicaré Aeronáutica Cieslak Cirrus — UK Cisco Motors Ader Clément-Bayard Clerget-Blin — France Coatalen Colombo Comet Commonwealth Aircraft Corporation — Australia Compact Radial Engines – Canada CNA – Italy Conrad Continental Cosmos Engineering Company Coventry Victor — UK Crankless Engines Company Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company — US Curtiss-Wright — US Cuyuna Development Company — US D D-Motor – Belgium D. W. Onan — US Deschamps Daimler-Benz Darraq de Havilland — UK de Laval Deicke Delafontaine DeltaHawk — US Aeromotor Diesel Air Doble-Besler Dobrynin Dongan Engine Manufacturing Company – China Douglas Douglas — UK Dreher Duesenberg Duthiel-Chambers Dux Dyna-Cam E EADS — Europe Easton Ecofly Eggenfellner Aircraft Electravia Electric Aircraft Corporation Elektromechanische Werke Elizalde — Spain EMG Emrax Engine Alliance — US E.N.V. Eurojet Europrop F F&S Ranger — US Fairdiesel Fairey Farcot Farina Farman Aviation Works — France Fiat — Italy Firewall Forward Aero Engines Flader Fletcher Ford Motor Company — US Ford of Britain — UK Franklin Engine Company — US G Garrett AiResearch — US Garuff Gas Turbine Research Establishment — India GE Honda Aero Engines — US GE-Aviation — US General — US General Aircraft Ltd. General Electric General Electric/Rolls-Royce General Motors — US Goebel Giannini Geiger Engineering GKN Aerospace — UK Glushenkov — Russia/Soviet Union Gnome et Rhône — France le Rhone — France Gobron-Brillié Great Plains Aircraft Supply Company Green — UK Grégoire Grizodubov Guiberson — US Gyro Motor Company H Hall-Scott Hall-Scott — US Hamilton Sundstrand Hart Engine Company Hartland Engine & Machine co Heath Aircraft Corp Heath-Henderson Heinkel-Hirth — Germany Walter — Germany Helwan Hendee Herman Hermes Engine Company Hewland Hexadyne Hiero Engines – Austria Hiller Aircraft Hindustan Aeronautics — India Hiro Hirth Hirth — Germany Hispano-Suiza — France Hispano-Suiza — Spain Hitachi — Japan HKS – Japan Hofer Holbrook Aero Supply Honeywell — US Hopkins & de Kilduchevsky Hudson Hurricane Motors, Inc I I.Ae. Italian American Motor Engineering IHI Imperial Airplane Society Industria Aeronautică Română – Romania ITP – Spain IL International International Aero Engines – Multinational Irwin Isaacson Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries — Japan Isotov Isotta Fraschini — Italy Italian American Motor Engineering – Italy Ivchenko-Progress — Ukraine/Soviet Union J J.A.P. Almen J.A.P. – UK Jabiru Aircraft — Australia Jacobs — US Jalbert-Loire Jameson Janowski Roché Jendrassik Johnson JLT Motors JPX – France Junkers — Germany Junkers K König Kalep Kawasaki Heavy Industries Aerospace Company — Japan Kawasaki Heavy Industries Keikaufer Kemp Ken Royce — US Kessler KHD Kimball King-Bugatti Kinner — US Kirkham Klimov — Russia/Soviet Union Klöckner-Humboldt-Deutz — Germany Knox Koerting Kolesov Konrad Korting Kostovich Kroeber Kuznetsov — Russia/Soviet Union L Lanitz Aviation Lawrance — US Le Rhône — France LeBlond Aircraft Engine Corporation — US Lee Lenape Les Long Long Harlequin Lessner LHTEC — US Liberty Light Limbach Flugmotoren — Germany Limbach LMC – China Lincoln Motor — US Lincoln Lockheed LOM Praha (Letecke Opravny Malesice, Praha) Loravia Lorraine-Dietrich — France Lotarev Lotarev — Russia/Soviet Union (see Ivchenko-Progress) Loughead Aircraft Mfg Co LSA-Engines Lucas Lycoming Lyulka — Russia/Soviet Union LZ Design M MacClatchie Macomber Avis Engine Co MAN-Rolls-Royce Manfred Weiss Manly Mantovani Marchetti Marcmotor Marlin-Rockwell Marquardt Corporation Martin Motors Co Maru Maximotor Maybach — Germany Mayo McCulloch Motors — US McDonnell McDowell Mead Mekker Menasco Motor Company — US Mercedes Mercedes-Benz — Germany Métallurgique Meteor Meteormotor Metropolitan-Vickers Metropolitan-Vickers — UK Metz Michigan Aero-Engine Corporation Microturbo — France Miese Mikulin — Russia/Soviet Union Mikulin-Stechkin Milwaukee Tank Mistral Engine Company – Switzerland Mitsubishi Aircraft Company — Japan Modena Avio Engines Lambert Engine Division Morehouse Mors Motorav Industria Motor Sich — Ukraine Oberursel — Germany Motorlet Mozhaiskiy MTR MTR (MTU/Turbomeca/Rolls-Royce) — Europe MTU Aero Engines — Germany Mudry MTH Racing engines Murray-Willat MWfly N N.A.G. N.E.C. Nagel Nakajima Aircraft Company — Japan D. Napier & Son — UK National Aerospace Laboratory of Japan National Nelson New Britain Machine Company Nihonnainenki Noel Penny Turbines – UK Normalair-Garrett Northrop Norton NST-Machinenbau O Oberursel Orenda Engines — Canada Orlo Otto-Flugzeugwerke – Germany P Packard — US Palmer Motor Co Panhard & Levassor Parker Parma Technik sro Parodi Pegasus Aviation (NZ) Ltd — New Zealand Peterlot Phillips Piaggio-Lycoming (United States and Italy) Piaggio — Italy Pieper Pierce Pipe Pobjoy Airmotors — UK Poinsard Polish Engines — Poland Porsche Potez — France Power Jets Ltd. — UK PowerJet — Russia Poyer Praga — Czech Republic Praha-Jinonice — Czech Republic Praha-Liben — Czech Republic Pratt & Whitney Canada — Canada Pratt & Whitney — US Price Induction — France Pulch Pulsar PZI — Poland PZL — Poland Q Quick Motors Co R Radne Motor AB Rapp-Motorenwerke GmbH — Germany Rasmussen Rausenberger Raven Redrives RBVZ Reaction Motors — US Rearwin Rectimo Redrup RED Aircraft GmbH – Germany Régnier Engines – France Reid Gas Engine Co — US Renault — France R.E.P. RFB Rheinmetall-Borsig Ricardo Ricardo-Halford — UK Righter — US Roberts Motor Co Rockwell International — US Rocky Mountain Rolls-Royce Limited — UK Rolls-Royce North America — US Rolls-Royce plc — UK Rolls-Royce/SNECMA Rolls-Royce/Turbomeca Rotax — Austria Rotec Aerosport — Australia Rotex Electric RotorWay International — US Rotron Power Ltd Rover Company Royal Aircraft Factory — UK RRJAEL Rumpler Ryan Aeronautical Corp S Saab AB — Sweden SAHA (Iran aviation) — Iran SACMA Salmson — France NPO Saturn — Russia Schmidding — Germany Scott Seld SEPR SERMEL Shenyang — China Shvetsov — Russia/Soviet Union Siemens AG Siddeley-Deasy — UK Siemens AG — Germany Siemens-Halske — Germany Silnik Simms Skoda Works — Czech Republic Skymotors SMA Engines Smalley SME Aircraft Engine Smith SNECMA — France Sodemo Moteurs Solar Aircraft Company — US Soloviev — Russia/Soviet Union Subaru — Japan Speer Sperry Star Statax Straughan Studebaker-Waterman Studebaker — US Sturtevant Sunbeam Motor Car Company — UK Superior Air Parts Svenska Flygmotor — Sweden Szekely Aircraft & Engine Co. — US T Take Off GmbH Technopower Techspace Aero — Belgium Teledyne Continental Motors — US Thaheld Scott — UK Thermo-Jet Standard Inc. Thielert — Germany Thomas Aeromotor Co Inc Thorotzkai Thunder Engines Inc. Tips Tips & Smith TNCA Tokyo Gasu Denki — Japan Trace Engines — US Train Tumansky — Russia/Soviet Union Turbo-Union — Germany Turbomeca Turboméca/HAL Turbomecanica — Romania Turkish Aerospace Industries — Turkey U Ufimtsev ULPower — Belgium Union Gas Engine Co V Van Blerck Engine Co Vaxell Vedeneyev Velie Motors Corporation — US Verner Motor — Czech Republic Vernier Viale VIJA Viking Villiers-Hay Vittorazi Motors Vivinus Volvo Aero — Sweden von Behren Voronezh Mechanical Plant — Russia W Walter Walter Engines — Czech Republic Wankel AG Warbirds-engines (Cesky znalecky institut s.r.o.) Warner Aircraft — US WASAG Welch Wells & Adams Werner West Engineering Western Westinghouse Electric Corporation — US Whitehead Wickner Wiley Post Wilksch Krautter Robinson Williams Williams International — US Wisconsin Motor Manufacturing Company Wolseley Motors — UK Wright Aeronautical Wright Company Wright-Gypsy Wright-Hisso Wright-Morehouse Wright-Siemens Wright-Tuttle X XAEC — China XCOR Aerospace Y Yamaha Motor Corporation — Japan York Z Zanzottera Technologies — Italy Zlin Zoche Zündapp References Notes Bibliography Cliche, Andre: Ultralight Aircraft Shopper's Guide 8th Edition Cybair Limited Publishing, 2001. Gunston, Bill. World Encyclopaedia of Aero Engines. 1st edition. Cambridge, England. Patrick Stephens Limited, 1986 Gunston, Bill. World Encyclopaedia of Aero Engines. 2nd edition. Cambridge, England. Patrick Stephens Limited, 1989. Kay, Anthony L. Turbojet: History and Development 1930–1960: Volume 2: USSR, USA, Japan, France, Canada, Sweden, Switzerland, Italy, Czechoslovakia and Hungary. Marlborough, Wiltshire: Crowood Press, 2007 Kotelnikov, Vladimir. Russian Piston Aero Engines. Marlborough, Wiltshire. The Crowood Press Ltd. 2005. . Lumsden, Alec. British Piston Engines and their Aircraft. Marlborough, Wiltshire: Airlife Publishing, 2003. Lumsden, Alec. British Piston Engines and their Aircraft. Marlborough, Wiltshire: Airlife Publishing, 1994. Hartmann Gérard. "Les moteurs Anzani". PDF file Nowarra, Heinz J.. Die Deutsche Luftruestung 1933–1945 Vol.4 – Flugzeugtypen MIAG-Zeppelin. Bernard & Graefe Verlag. 1993. Koblenz. (Gesamtwerk), (Band 4) Hartmann, Gerard. LES MOTEURS D’AVIATION RENAULT.(.pdf) Brew, Alec. Sunbeam Aero-Engines. Airlife Publishing Ltd.. 1998. Shrewsbury. Kotelnikov, Vladimir. Russian Piston Aero Engines. The Crowood Press Ltd.. 2005. Marlborough. Taylor, John W. R.. Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1982–83. Jane's Publishing Company. London. 1983. Hartmann, Gustave. [Moteurs de Légende.pdf] Hartmann, Gustave. [Les moteurs d’aviation BURLAT.pdf] Miguel Vidal, Ricardo (El Motor de Aviación de la A a la Z) Aeroteca, 2012 () Aircraft engine manufacturers Aircraft engine Aircraft engine manufacturers	[ 0.08845437318086624, 1.0233782529830933, -0.7145747542381287, -0.04133865609765053, -0.4420152008533478, 0.6082406640052795, 0.2692924737930298, 0.17335210740566254, -0.7118865251541138, -0.09312260895967484, -0.09464310109615326, 0.2478758543729782, -0.002723869401961565, 0.8206803798675537, 0.026345713064074516, 0.5250051617622375, -0.5620304942131042, 1.0452090501785278, 0.14650683104991913, 0.06327567994594574, 0.10238996148109436, 0.24816274642944336, 0.6200591325759888, -0.2622692584991455, -0.0875435471534729, -0.19164420664310455, 0.15408587455749512, -0.12573827803134918, -0.3657238781452179, 0.19138261675834656, -0.23972563445568085, 1.1814181804656982, 0.013456562533974648, 0.10490269213914871, -0.09957382827997208, -0.6420844197273254, 0.35515832901000977, -0.5278820991516113, 0.18264459073543549, -0.7370128035545349, -0.7065696716308594, -0.2630019783973694, 0.5797145366668701, 0.7884771227836609, 0.02896127663552761, -0.11545739322900772, -1.3411405086517334, -0.5963193774223328, -0.5163981318473816, 0.4419202506542206, 0.05819550156593323, 0.014385917223989964, 0.9249165058135986, 0.3897213041782379, 0.25561150908470154, 0.7089817523956299, -0.26924946904182434, 0.24954719841480255, -0.2346068024635315, 0.11837004870176315, 0.9668521881103516, 0.43318915367126465, 0.1592888981103897, 0.11056864261627197, 0.8600295782089233, 0.14867056906223297, -0.26458311080932617, 0.3115113377571106, -0.781653106212616, 0.5353354811668396, -0.3013325035572052, -0.7170235514640808, 0.569012463092804, 0.2819407284259796, 0.04698175936937332, -0.11577154695987701, 0.09883174300193787, -0.15479348599910736, -0.06713541597127914, -0.713863730430603, 0.16162718832492828, 0.14590159058570862, 0.24382524192333221, 0.011326616629958153, 0.16819052398204803, 0.1869235634803772, -0.5331047177314758, -0.36252808570861816, -0.02212139591574669, 0.5133621692657471, 0.14441436529159546, -0.28380465507507324, 0.4716205298900604, 0.2198396623134613, -0.47495776414871216, -0.6246203184127808, -0.06830979883670807, -0.046143241226673126, 0.02488168515264988, 0.26474666595458984, 0.7186673283576965, 0.3976759612560272, 0.19881196320056915, -0.13590845465660095, -0.35634586215019226, -0.16080811619758606, -0.5819538831710815, 0.11991772800683975, 0.47389546036720276, -0.772986888885498, -0.3631974458694458, 0.19503308832645416, 0.01060299389064312, -0.14404940605163574, -0.486461341381073, 0.23717185854911804, 0.12470943480730057, -0.36677971482276917, 0.2735637128353119, 0.37848517298698425, -0.15892185270786285, 1.0298696756362915, -0.3616624176502228, -0.18743358552455902, -0.5066161751747131, 0.9174721240997314, 0.8530874848365784, 0.3943287432193756, -0.1104656532406807, -0.07864988595247269, 0.3994389474391937, 1.0024303197860718, -0.6496372222900391, -0.48264238238334656, -0.025902267545461655, -0.1652253419160843, 0.28471314907073975, 0.34269455075263977, 0.4802726209163666, 0.34368667006492615, -0.8524524569511414, -0.39211276173591614, -1.680008888244629, -0.28466328978538513, -0.08099188655614853, -0.2544420659542084, -0.2021784782409668, -0.2468574047088623, -0.41135767102241516, -0.011003181338310242, -0.08484963327646255, -0.35929378867149353, -0.2710147202014923, 0.6214577555656433, -0.17846329510211945, 0.22317342460155487, 0.5059841871261597, -0.5270094871520996, 0.6900656223297119, -0.21682722866535187, 0.36123859882354736, -0.21097324788570404, -0.2515183687210083, 0.3762449324131012, -0.417976438999176, 0.14970862865447998, 0.7459722757339478, 0.11796490103006363, 0.07234979420900345, -0.23548510670661926, -0.3685794770717621, -0.03053698129951954, 0.6725081205368042, -0.5757219791412354, 0.0866716131567955, 0.0858365073800087, 1.1664856672286987, 0.41350996494293213, 0.9964649677276611, 0.34861549735069275, -0.8111715316772461, -0.22378772497177124, 0.24387340247631073, -0.11442563682794571, 0.3268037438392639, 0.40229347348213196, 0.8561500310897827, -0.029459906741976738, 0.1902236044406891, -0.0382670983672142, -0.007864760234951973, -0.2977030277252197, 0.2897190749645233, -0.694995641708374, 0.8622869253158569, 0.22424352169036865, -0.3570329546928406, -0.27005016803741455, -0.04395739734172821, -0.11455562710762024, -0.40314269065856934, 0.11688540130853653, 0.07669492810964584, -0.09507961571216583, -0.44950956106185913, 1.0398374795913696, 0.26269298791885376, 0.17045722901821136, 0.4062434434890747, 0.0680399164557457, 0.6162893176078796, -0.6043621897697449, 0.5589803457260132, -0.7139336466789246, 0.23866796493530273, -0.305655837059021, -0.6584492325782776, 0.6306533813476562, -0.1706666648387909, -0.5404216647148132, 0.9600918889045715, 0.7412500381469727, 0.013756698928773403, 0.29077282547950745, 0.2804335951805115, 0.5823103785514832, -0.03225107491016388, -0.20724356174468994, -0.06518822908401489, -0.5885427594184875, 1.0588154792785645, -0.3246537148952484, -0.10255378484725952, -0.5041648745536804, -0.22753387689590454, -0.10668735951185226, -0.47150883078575134, 0.12460525333881378, 0.39735108613967896, -0.24406950175762177, 0.4441959261894226, 0.7760891318321228, -1.061057209968567, 0.12511137127876282, 0.08080239593982697, -0.19732551276683807, 0.032468345016241074, -0.47184115648269653, -0.05678921192884445, -0.37101852893829346, 0.7973026633262634, -0.05198880285024643, 0.6603759527206421, -0.5223610401153564, -0.7191303372383118, -0.10701403766870499, -0.06600687652826309, 0.09187313169240952, -0.10367172211408615, 0.31032896041870117, -0.41286513209342957, -0.17646388709545135, 0.6912439465522766, 0.5619480609893799, -0.19206170737743378, -0.5963431000709534, -0.23512764275074005, -0.6550727486610413, 0.23334823548793793, 0.10598050802946091, 0.43451911211013794, -0.2125071883201599, -0.008508666418492794, -1.5865380764007568, 0.7672105431556702, 0.09179611504077911, -0.5048837661743164, 0.4151533842086792, -0.9572291374206543, -0.0563674233853817, 0.22476109862327576, 0.6718595623970032, 0.3425315022468567, -0.7291937470436096, -0.48034822940826416, 0.1912035048007965, 0.5728463530540466, -0.05478210374712944, 0.20758527517318726, -0.09997984766960144, -0.4725644886493683, 0.031694211065769196, -0.4947545528411865, 0.29919952154159546, 0.10886529833078384, 0.09926457703113556, -0.20519283413887024, 0.36691439151763916, -0.43345534801483154, -0.7727100849151611, -0.6555872559547424, 0.2947216331958771, -0.7673134803771973, -0.4314812123775482, 0.06339682638645172, 0.3612668812274933, -0.1978628933429718, -0.12478914856910706, -4.94709587097168, -0.16167570650577545, -0.22462999820709229, -0.6634353399276733, 0.46320468187332153, 0.32439181208610535, 0.2390158772468567, -0.4605972468852997, -0.20871171355247498, -0.13922154903411865, 0.1527262032032013, -0.23466059565544128, -0.03821010887622833, 1.1351300477981567, 0.14718550443649292, 0.941815197467804, 1.2056065797805786, 0.2143474668264389, 0.19820591807365417, 0.006744903512299061, 0.351050466299057, -0.05048106238245964, 0.0358860120177269, -0.04531635716557503, -0.021178729832172394, 0.29268285632133484, -0.5142024159431458, -0.06529736518859863, -0.7208327651023865, 0.25363442301750183, -0.3721647560596466, 0.16672420501708984, -0.42480871081352234, -0.3904803395271301, -0.46111172437667847, -0.35687246918678284, 0.11328857392072678, 0.7442073225975037, 0.30196812748908997, -0.16843175888061523, -0.6304192543029785, 0.971145749092102, 0.14987272024154663, 0.38958773016929626, 0.45237916707992554, -0.3195606768131256, -0.6447978019714355, -0.005772220436483622, -0.12334723025560379, 1.1660678386688232, 0.04829217121005058, 0.007329023443162441, 0.8263429403305054, 0.42580655217170715, 0.23066575825214386, -0.5733013153076172, 0.259940505027771, 0.2193252593278885, -0.11036413162946701, 0.33926597237586975, -0.4211620092391968, 0.05436250939965248, 0.1638500988483429, -0.5144123435020447, -0.4273853003978729, -0.4499565362930298, -0.5189204812049866, -0.8227083683013916, -0.05595613643527031, -0.04370811581611633, -0.40169891715049744, 0.5029206871986389, -0.507575511932373, -0.9851731061935425, 0.44289374351501465, -0.5775548815727234, 0.521617591381073, 0.2764021158218384, 0.069145567715168, 0.18093541264533997, -0.4263916611671448, 0.10525724291801453, -0.591992974281311, 0.08699971437454224, -0.05621472746133804, -0.14930306375026703, -0.239424467086792, -0.6762069463729858, -0.5148783922195435, -0.48592981696128845, 0.4254956841468811, -0.08535110205411911, 0.3012527525424957, 0.26834625005722046, 0.5169427394866943, -0.25301089882850647, 0.8299174904823303, 0.0970596894621849, 0.8639634847640991, -0.686721920967102, -0.3731900155544281, -0.15485960245132446, -0.17470037937164307, -0.3462570309638977, -0.376969575881958, -0.6529639363288879, 0.047167498618364334, 0.2012047916650772, 0.5915490984916687, -0.3522758185863495, 0.09172031283378601, -0.6557298302650452, -0.5735665559768677, -0.510728120803833, 0.3031489849090576, -0.19274282455444336, -0.15924683213233948, 1.0464544296264648, 0.18566951155662537, -0.024598561227321625, 0.5956878662109375, -0.18617230653762817, -0.8937857747077942, -0.5025516152381897, -0.3061351776123047, -0.2208019345998764, -0.21385358273983002, -0.1901770830154419, -0.10909118503332138, 0.20786230266094208, -0.2223028689622879, 0.8573232293128967, -0.28645384311676025, 0.4266815781593323, 0.035659514367580414, -0.7614549994468689, -0.268040269613266, 0.6096603870391846, 0.13169990479946136, -0.7250891327857971, 0.45453959703445435, 0.30528324842453003, -0.36220845580101013, -0.40324413776397705, 0.4508379399776459, 0.6797116994857788, -0.12041277438402176, -0.08619323372840881, 0.05899914354085922, 0.5048602819442749, -0.0341060534119606, -0.7609002590179443, 0.19555220007896423, -0.19423113763332367, -0.37341025471687317, 0.1473274528980255, 0.20189088582992554, 0.2199273556470871, -0.8377292156219482, -0.5266788601875305, 0.23692286014556885, 0.3231324851512909, -0.8752838969230652, 0.19117410480976105, 0.6431717872619629, -0.15839055180549622, -0.06217658519744873, -0.12047066539525986, -0.044760823249816895, 1.1547430753707886, 0.22257396578788757, 0.11468382179737091, -1.0684281587600708, -0.10912352055311203, 0.6188996434211731, -0.06330065429210663, 0.2298155426979065, 0.29831212759017944, 0.2227763682603836, 0.27108681201934814, 0.08963912725448608, 0.18183137476444244, -0.4192744195461273, 0.5635982155799866, -0.28817594051361084, 0.22976750135421753, -0.3899964392185211, 0.07486502826213837, 0.06692499667406082, -0.5049599409103394, -0.08209123462438583, 0.16983318328857422, 0.33143675327301025, -0.48308640718460083, -0.822189211845398, -0.9903461933135986, -0.006438880693167448, 0.40680640935897827, -0.0996292307972908, -0.5747265219688416, 0.41570666432380676, 0.4802376925945282, -0.32966968417167664, 0.01638202555477619, -0.03280497342348099, -0.5178508758544922, 0.3627977967262268, -0.12963129580020905, -0.3924688398838043, 0.7415942549705505, -0.23045621812343597, -0.7605225443840027, -0.36478185653686523, 0.3422798216342926, -0.29091084003448486, -0.38796132802963257, 0.49087002873420715, 0.42594394087791443, -0.4764927923679352, -0.47541582584381104, 0.13938644528388977, 0.4314034879207611, 0.15001219511032104, -0.19982822239398956, 0.005387113895267248, 0.29653283953666687, 0.26127833127975464, -0.6221298575401306, 0.17449957132339478, -0.39485281705856323, -0.6639811992645264, 0.2705080211162567, -0.4193457067012787, -0.2217918187379837, 0.21849200129508972, 0.08686137199401855, -0.5005356669425964, 0.18286938965320587, -0.05505875498056412, -0.022722911089658737, 0.1948646456003189, 1.0391925573349, 0.4803711175918579, -0.4878312051296234, -0.2235087901353836, -0.1959131509065628, 0.22490482032299042, -0.833949625492096, -0.7206622958183289, -0.12774232029914856, -0.16650721430778503, -0.040237538516521454, -1.4598146677017212, -0.602134108543396, 1.1797537803649902, -0.22270970046520233, -0.444489449262619, 0.32867276668548584, 0.034787215292453766, 0.5291728377342224, -0.20956189930438995, 0.9348036050796509, -0.218767449259758, 0.6025490760803223, 0.6588333249092102, 0.287056028842926, -0.6866937875747681, -0.08654339611530304, 0.28801751136779785, -0.4661271572113037, -0.2980823814868927, 0.21851982176303864, -0.18835099041461945, 0.5682283639907837, 0.5610729455947876, -0.1673019975423813, 0.34314054250717163, -0.5149752497673035, 0.27522680163383484, -0.20024405419826508, -0.11503620445728302, -0.07407467812299728, 0.6821657419204712, -0.03192659467458725, 0.3966600000858307, -0.30964890122413635, -0.46630799770355225, 0.07196958363056183, -0.3131585121154785, -0.4064498841762543, -0.10962390899658203, 0.01575348526239395, -0.49793127179145813, 0.49520277976989746, 0.06899061053991318, 0.28138428926467896, 0.06201821193099022, 0.185712531208992, 0.1723341941833496, 0.29210352897644043, -0.3836509883403778, 0.7624699473381042, 0.15996603667736053, -0.612847089767456, 0.6914642453193665, -0.08034991472959518, 0.3449799716472626, -0.2454424351453781, -0.2726712226867676, -0.020437944680452347, 0.3249834179878235, -0.19374798238277435, -0.29057997465133667, 1.0260066986083984, 0.19065207242965698, -0.19825586676597595, 0.5337843298912048, -0.6795755624771118, 0.6167629361152649, 0.2386113554239273, -0.005567711312323809, -0.5788643956184387, 0.18979088962078094, -0.3749123215675354, -0.8355483412742615, 0.5557945966720581, -0.47345826029777527, -0.35831326246261597, 0.4811563491821289, 0.018640566617250443, 0.6335071921348572, 0.005745743401348591, -0.3858754336833954, 0.7760112881660461, -0.5633500218391418, -0.32125338912010193, -0.008271203376352787, -0.3199259042739868, -0.7414528131484985, 0.43182244896888733, 0.1129578948020935, 0.44062668085098267, 0.2095469832420349, -0.4451102316379547, -0.13413643836975098, 0.4532846510410309, -0.6844892501831055, 0.3624119162559509, -0.08414442092180252, -0.016217393800616264, -0.15924128890037537, 0.6023379564285278, 0.22223877906799316, 0.15974342823028564, 0.24784140288829803, 0.012527000159025192, 0.8764845728874207, -0.056136999279260635, 0.7206658720970154, -0.822853147983551, 0.2083684355020523, 0.2932150065898895, 0.24396951496601105, 0.2860850691795349, 0.43363213539123535, 0.07237314432859421, -0.06745003908872604, -0.05595989525318146, -0.07826834172010422, 0.26358339190483093, 0.4218982458114624, 0.13986116647720337, -0.11512428522109985, -0.2846391499042511, -0.23753944039344788, 0.43603336811065674, -0.0365532748401165, -0.31415680050849915, -0.015084794722497463, -0.4061143398284912, -0.6841457486152649, 0.25252118706703186, -0.41009318828582764, -0.8778600692749023, 0.1447787880897522, -0.3117094337940216, -0.6790845990180969, 0.09590256214141846, 0.8583256602287292, 0.21389108896255493, -0.1710657775402069, -0.2382437139749527, -0.17253632843494415, 0.28089332580566406, -0.8361698985099792, -0.1845627874135971, -0.741456151008606, 0.47255995869636536, -0.0023874142207205296, -0.3459382653236389, -0.17348745465278625, 0.2925885021686554, 0.0400896817445755, 0.3810878396034241, 0.17087909579277039, -0.10478577762842178, -0.2530176043510437, 0.5322162508964539, -0.07827378064393997, 0.7779113054275513, -0.444294810295105, -0.23516494035720825, 0.2438083440065384, 0.3737194240093231, -0.18302024900913239, -0.42087802290916443, 0.47930654883384705, -0.18657737970352173, 0.17452971637248993, -0.2843093276023865, 0.3946225047111511, -0.5647525787353516, 0.11997377127408981, -0.045346908271312714, -0.4824119508266449, -0.24726246297359467, 0.31636685132980347, 0.28143811225891113, -0.1290813386440277, 0.3998965322971344, -0.5940936207771301, 0.08366579562425613, -0.7047446370124817, -0.11387822031974792, -0.5998615026473999, 0.3520285189151764, 0.6726229786872864, 0.7015054821968079, 0.4511009752750397, -0.36789676547050476, -0.013386568054556847, 0.365780770778656, 0.5280115604400635, 0.2367846667766571, -2.1691384315490723, -0.40013444423675537, -0.16084513068199158, -0.39934098720550537, -0.24129119515419006, 1.2218990325927734, 0.44948726892471313, -0.08507862687110901, -0.113243468105793, -0.5435185432434082, 0.24509435892105103, -0.278909295797348, 0.41575172543525696, -0.7015687227249146, 0.311940461397171, 0.17016716301441193 ]
202064	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angular%20aperture	Angular aperture	The angular aperture of a lens is the angular size of the lens aperture as seen from the focal point: where is the focal length is the diameter of the aperture. Relation to numerical aperture In a medium with an index of refraction close to 1, such as air, the angular aperture is approximately equal to twice the numerical aperture of the lens. Formally, the numerical aperture in air is: In the paraxial approximation, with a small aperture, : References See also f-number Numerical aperture Acceptance angle, half the angular aperture Field of view Geometrical optics Angle	[ -0.27592775225639343, 0.23004622757434845, 0.2081185132265091, -0.17060047388076782, -0.16861914098262787, 0.49111396074295044, 0.19999279081821442, -0.3769250214099884, 0.0655529722571373, -0.6736927032470703, -0.03631347417831421, 1.4298722743988037, -0.0766512081027031, -0.006390063092112541, 0.11521144956350327, 0.427690714597702, 0.8128049969673157, 0.3342565596103668, -0.41170036792755127, -0.05200687795877457, 0.2831551432609558, -0.08016756922006607, 0.7003934979438782, -0.4829027056694031, -0.26469048857688904, -0.1419064998626709, 0.07535847276449203, 0.09959186613559723, 0.04124332219362259, 0.1677538901567459, -0.3087396025657654, 0.20389458537101746, -0.39869949221611023, -0.39778003096580505, 0.3485853672027588, -0.21975909173488617, 0.9334287047386169, 0.018475892022252083, 0.1352854073047638, 0.18083426356315613, 0.3227658271789551, -0.24471184611320496, 0.33252227306365967, 0.01877305842936039, -0.6115539073944092, -1.0620499849319458, -1.4467960596084595, -0.11927509307861328, 0.015392760746181011, 0.022769521921873093, 0.10224313288927078, -0.25462770462036133, 0.3629581928253174, 0.638583242893219, 0.16911272704601288, 1.0741201639175415, -0.7121900320053101, -0.592475950717926, 0.3874654173851013, 0.37228548526763916, -0.042779501527547836, -0.44207561016082764, -0.3561013638973236, 0.16485026478767395, 0.13198085129261017, 0.41951069235801697, -0.23076464235782623, -0.5156376957893372, -0.29240065813064575, -0.22643426060676575, 0.08499882370233536, -0.4241216778755188, -0.12247998267412186, 0.7214977145195007, -0.5409221649169922, -0.15413795411586761, -0.18583117425441742, 0.10308068990707397, -0.12129098176956177, -0.3740386664867401, 0.5375478863716125, 0.07378752529621124, 0.16428439319133759, -0.3424018621444702, -0.3825663626194, 0.05712682381272316, -0.1413952112197876, 0.4683830142021179, -0.32947686314582825, 0.34439191222190857, 0.406033992767334, -0.7372081279754639, 0.17638465762138367, 0.7700971961021423, 0.5395193696022034, -0.17872141301631927, 0.5922760963439941, -0.014258689247071743, 0.23207734525203705, 0.46754324436187744, 0.03658521547913551, 0.40398213267326355, 0.33549511432647705, 0.09524210542440414, -0.22566698491573334, -0.40687572956085205, -0.6571252942085266, -0.6945081353187561, -0.4766373634338379, 0.014507081359624863, -1.0504322052001953, 0.448104590177536, -0.09156078845262527, -0.638593852519989, -0.8099983334541321, -0.5518561601638794, 0.2524416148662567, -0.27135226130485535, 0.4693298637866974, 0.04670426622033119, -0.04316895455121994, 1.2242133617401123, -0.022402897477149963, 0.48658913373947144, -0.06001623719930649, 0.47281646728515625, 0.4101703464984894, 1.2139477729797363, -0.48174363374710083, -0.21387337148189545, 0.028093179687857628, 0.47349148988723755, 0.058102574199438095, 0.6487535238265991, -0.21402563154697418, -0.7532016634941101, -0.12431144714355469, -0.8505371809005737, -0.1334916353225708, -0.14290091395378113, -0.12683548033237457, -0.8985366821289062, -0.8142020106315613, -0.16835884749889374, 0.5139791369438171, -0.06464094668626785, -0.02431480959057808, -0.4014311134815216, -0.3652251660823822, 0.1886521279811859, 0.007683759089559317, -0.1313340812921524, -0.4085101783275604, 0.052077967673540115, -0.20278941094875336, -0.33276182413101196, 0.05609413608908653, 0.1194247379899025, -0.009486574679613113, 0.35997387766838074, 0.08272718638181686, -0.0887816995382309, -0.28966742753982544, -0.10890347510576248, 0.48127084970474243, -0.4528766870498657, 1.0302371978759766, 0.6637533903121948, 0.05008251219987869, -0.007601712830364704, -0.40650251507759094, -0.04076845198869705, 0.258354127407074, 0.06713736802339554, 0.009385617449879646, 0.0459926500916481, 0.8309025764465332, 0.36474886536598206, 0.5587530732154846, 0.021601058542728424, -0.9125188589096069, 0.3415488600730896, 0.05880621820688248, 0.2493562400341034, 0.5257166624069214, -0.018659576773643494, 0.1571851670742035, -0.05241755396127701, 0.18862608075141907, -0.022537264972925186, -0.48391956090927124, -0.1890491247177124, 0.005939480382949114, -0.8887647986412048, 0.6756628751754761, -0.3879740834236145, -0.6303451657295227, 0.14967180788516998, 0.05081642046570778, 0.7601510882377625, -0.39223411679267883, -0.20031005144119263, 0.3674663305282593, -0.036656882613897324, -0.9007501602172852, 0.339297354221344, 0.1474922150373459, 0.42269277572631836, 0.08862388134002686, 0.8507258296012878, 0.6403224468231201, -0.2893933057785034, -0.06080863997340202, -0.446140855550766, 0.08296149224042892, 0.6376487016677856, -0.5639765858650208, 0.6209092736244202, 0.2367643564939499, 0.4816446304321289, 0.5401638150215149, -0.3849826455116272, -0.008557961322367191, 0.5484423637390137, -0.459877610206604, 0.4372254014015198, 0.6543901562690735, 0.1711970567703247, 0.3565137982368469, -0.6085337996482849, 0.5303314328193665, -0.9013946652412415, 0.34805598855018616, 0.015570337884128094, -0.2176346480846405, 0.5642430782318115, 0.1568317860364914, 0.11287588626146317, 1.0427196025848389, -0.6837457418441772, 0.6252135038375854, -0.049039315432310104, -0.07314959913492203, 0.4678344130516052, 0.26838773488998413, -0.13284195959568024, -0.022801846265792847, 0.15476499497890472, -0.04721603915095329, -0.5383711457252502, 0.2118602991104126, 0.018562329933047295, 0.1294870525598526, -0.589981198310852, -0.09620688110589981, -0.44895023107528687, 0.3105393946170807, -0.11280473321676254, 0.7982152104377747, 0.40307527780532837, -0.5719704031944275, -0.1759404093027115, 0.7527759671211243, -0.16221843659877777, -0.2463940531015396, -0.1409127563238144, -0.4077375829219818, -0.036960914731025696, 0.24401536583900452, 0.12985484302043915, 0.2453211545944214, 0.5660565495491028, -0.30522966384887695, -0.48094138503074646, -0.44058018922805786, -0.5455277562141418, -0.1680835783481598, 0.4787532091140747, -0.9349396228790283, -0.20378200709819794, 0.3584197759628296, 0.3845383822917938, 0.3379453718662262, 0.14283785223960876, -0.6456590294837952, -0.3034648299217224, -0.10295788943767548, -0.3412321209907532, -0.6395980715751648, -0.15706056356430054, -0.7775858640670776, -0.09607525914907455, -0.28517767786979675, 0.014464166015386581, 0.03672979027032852, 0.5294201374053955, -0.14976097643375397, -0.8278449177742004, 0.13368020951747894, -0.8056846857070923, -0.22409415245056152, 0.014017843641340733, -0.39873409271240234, -0.25555476546287537, -0.20036883652210236, 0.1116291880607605, 0.07947804033756256, -0.004077267367392778, -5.308510780334473, 0.41564443707466125, -0.070203498005867, -0.09417340904474258, -0.20269784331321716, 0.0423508957028389, 0.557002067565918, -0.24419866502285004, -0.14355416595935822, 0.018944691866636276, -0.18557415902614594, 0.04374437779188156, 0.2463260143995285, 0.6540331244468689, 0.4465368390083313, 0.4279862940311432, 0.6100664734840393, 0.02764469012618065, 0.5018455386161804, 0.7332372665405273, 0.07963983714580536, -0.3168572783470154, -0.23100174963474274, 0.08500349521636963, 0.39779913425445557, -0.16883298754692078, 0.2681506872177124, 0.27270039916038513, -0.0633639246225357, -0.09100819379091263, 0.05321746692061424, 0.03455322980880737, -0.1137380599975586, 0.07461428642272949, 0.18220290541648865, 0.24831029772758484, 0.28739652037620544, -0.4270349442958832, 0.8013319373130798, -0.33726656436920166, 0.22767387330532074, 1.017655849456787, 0.1497448831796646, 0.10999692231416702, 0.1767517328262329, -0.4880410134792328, -0.04624275863170624, 0.27082574367523193, -0.0022204862907528877, 0.9079442620277405, -0.2587568759918213, 0.09110984206199646, 0.2324371635913849, 0.14094093441963196, -0.0854373425245285, 0.15698933601379395, 0.11118929088115692, 0.05035826191306114, -0.45742660760879517, 0.1754130721092224, 0.11624053865671158, -0.7435269951820374, -0.5564630031585693, -0.31817349791526794, -0.5927501320838928, 0.13422176241874695, -0.33583250641822815, -0.33720022439956665, 0.13655723631381989, 0.124199777841568, -0.4658007025718689, 0.30667805671691895, -0.17853467166423798, -0.4380165934562683, 0.36516067385673523, -0.014134109020233154, 0.6506232023239136, 0.1460796296596527, -0.4135742485523224, 0.1292015165090561, -0.4001692533493042, -0.4065515697002411, 0.05297711864113808, 0.2968718409538269, -0.0864919126033783, -0.3777494728565216, 0.23076294362545013, -0.24116940796375275, 0.17911061644554138, -0.3810197710990906, 0.8717151880264282, -0.1523118019104004, -0.040770672261714935, -0.42010924220085144, 0.006353319156914949, -0.037557248026132584, 0.7973803877830505, -0.3358312249183655, 0.7717589139938354, 0.18050388991832733, 0.31744199991226196, 0.2511396110057831, 0.18198807537555695, -0.4185047447681427, -0.23814332485198975, -0.10037028789520264, -0.5197637677192688, 0.40407437086105347, 1.0088027715682983, -0.32794514298439026, -0.0626227855682373, 0.0889500305056572, -0.2577959895133972, 0.0836138129234314, 0.3563649356365204, -0.4743407666683197, -0.2601107060909271, 0.3787383437156677, 0.4077429175376892, -0.3158439099788666, -0.3812384307384491, -0.019714992493391037, -0.6218227744102478, -0.5034406185150146, -0.15680518746376038, -0.21590964496135712, -0.19294413924217224, 0.5623568892478943, -0.7089808583259583, 0.21858718991279602, 0.25216180086135864, 0.8529556393623352, -0.19901195168495178, 0.35414376854896545, 0.19900020956993103, -0.7967460751533508, 0.16082046926021576, 0.13981635868549347, 0.2005174458026886, -0.6959289908409119, 0.5266029834747314, 0.1036294549703598, -0.246937096118927, -0.6707705855369568, 0.8363072872161865, 0.5531343221664429, -0.32523423433303833, -0.4554384648799896, -0.27575287222862244, 0.46896034479141235, -0.08040551096200943, -0.5097453594207764, 0.02218860574066639, 0.07091780006885529, 0.6328951716423035, 0.45785337686538696, -0.6526942253112793, -0.0724809393286705, -0.4392954707145691, -0.6825328469276428, 0.7501456141471863, 0.9374803900718689, -1.0331416130065918, -0.4318291246891022, -0.048268210142850876, -0.16411453485488892, -0.7774810791015625, 0.009495453909039497, -0.1661580502986908, 0.28263571858406067, -0.04514352232217789, -0.3267628848552704, -0.2988879680633545, -0.8681976199150085, -0.13279442489147186, 0.11256412416696548, 0.4163473844528198, 0.14496570825576782, -0.17554894089698792, -0.5661581158638, 0.5443877577781677, -0.1739795207977295, -0.7284305095672607, 0.7210665345191956, 0.5280200242996216, -0.8217372298240662, -0.2531753480434418, -0.4262980818748474, -0.7426958084106445, -0.2427479773759842, -0.08486299216747284, 0.4136736989021301, 0.19979330897331238, -0.21261221170425415, 0.11198877543210983, -0.7527858018875122, -0.10761649906635284, 0.27582523226737976, -0.4373248517513275, -0.4327288866043091, -0.03478989750146866, 0.6832537651062012, -0.7985244989395142, 0.593203604221344, -0.41093748807907104, -0.1412811130285263, 0.5678538084030151, -0.19553089141845703, -0.056078389286994934, 0.44470474123954773, -0.5393689274787903, -1.087319254875183, -0.7897232174873352, 0.16071052849292755, 0.10315842926502228, 0.31269994378089905, 0.14552341401576996, 0.0623500756919384, 0.3347766697406769, -0.7535936832427979, 0.9609004259109497, -0.4228833317756653, -0.3687747120857239, 0.24320214986801147, -0.35659125447273254, -0.14402469992637634, -0.0373581200838089, -0.6261690855026245, 0.9904128313064575, 0.09942749887704849, -0.12094123661518097, 0.22491741180419922, -0.45565468072891235, 0.20435333251953125, -0.03540441393852234, 0.0946383997797966, -1.2294776439666748, 0.47138726711273193, -0.2530689537525177, -0.3183687627315521, 0.34411439299583435, 1.0854341983795166, 0.10790923982858658, 0.3898454010486603, -0.3562820255756378, 0.06632007658481598, 0.3149208426475525, -0.6266559958457947, -0.8635246157646179, 0.19233062863349915, -0.3188419044017792, -0.5994853377342224, -0.5176008939743042, -0.8574795126914978, 0.5897956490516663, -0.0351007916033268, -0.2671521008014679, -0.10841982066631317, -0.10220587253570557, 1.1057024002075195, -0.34821873903274536, -0.872218668460846, -0.5224758982658386, -0.1359802484512329, 0.6156581044197083, 0.19280673563480377, -0.28019392490386963, -0.43369221687316895, 0.6047986149787903, -0.33326223492622375, 0.1890980452299118, -0.27235475182533264, 0.25333261489868164, 0.09070266038179398, 0.3092153072357178, -0.08030181378126144, -0.32398009300231934, 0.2327074557542801, -0.3368402421474457, -0.5253009796142578, 0.033599384129047394, -0.12831313908100128, 0.4849938750267029, -0.2291795164346695, -0.062376007437705994, 0.13320565223693848, 0.195055291056633, -0.13457074761390686, -0.6166270971298218, 0.6066259741783142, -0.19228628277778625, -0.2497478872537613, -0.21289166808128357, 0.46585166454315186, 0.15606112778186798, 0.8766261339187622, 0.25236818194389343, 0.6866872906684875, -0.3956873416900635, -0.1802239865064621, -0.24838398396968842, 0.4540707767009735, 0.47774359583854675, -0.6161934733390808, 0.5507912039756775, -0.2952117621898651, 0.24855077266693115, -0.09871430695056915, 0.20485475659370422, -0.06247204914689064, -0.12509693205356598, 0.43948763608932495, -0.1987229436635971, 0.5822349190711975, 0.1941078156232834, -0.18842409551143646, 0.839181661605835, -0.16924582421779633, 0.1926230937242508, 0.06665107607841492, -0.7069444060325623, 0.009562968276441097, 0.0427955761551857, -0.4547688066959381, -1.2628473043441772, 0.3294672667980194, -0.7831797003746033, 0.3471062481403351, 0.4862278401851654, -0.3955920338630676, 0.7052140235900879, 0.4699212610721588, -0.47522732615470886, 0.7197158932685852, -0.65366530418396, 0.07479146867990494, 0.10502362251281738, -0.8648999929428101, -0.12134852260351181, 0.24843356013298035, 0.9762430787086487, 1.5552383661270142, 0.1841544806957245, 0.3063829839229584, -0.15377970039844513, 0.37094104290008545, -0.013253539800643921, 0.3907453417778015, -0.2583719789981842, 0.1369776874780655, -0.010588079690933228, -0.767973780632019, 0.3123924136161804, -0.3292866051197052, -0.27981340885162354, 0.04781819507479668, 0.07302957773208618, -0.2081603705883026, -0.15855973958969116, -0.12817341089248657, -0.14845174551010132, 0.1500472128391266, -0.16526655852794647, -0.4208979308605194, -0.1180078536272049, -0.07316811382770538, 0.6446121335029602, -0.596099317073822, 0.36052945256233215, 0.03461302071809769, 0.19203956425189972, 0.8879472613334656, 0.015534733422100544, 0.07174954563379288, 0.6475316286087036, 0.030938534066081047, 0.19147135317325592, 0.18331177532672882, -0.1992957592010498, -0.3484160900115967, -0.04085071384906769, 0.12423782050609589, -0.3273169696331024, -0.5952467322349548, -0.2510451376438141, -0.02603153884410858, 0.09276716411113739, 0.015089082531630993, 0.2596012055873871, -0.23516272008419037, 0.7030196785926819, 0.023540746420621872, 0.06709882616996765, -0.27960750460624695, -0.19363121688365936, 0.20528382062911987, -0.37821030616760254, 0.5957285761833191, 0.5421841740608215, 0.043707363307476044, -0.32651400566101074, 0.3409360349178314, 0.37881723046302795, 0.09679699689149857, -0.220448300242424, 0.04541575536131859, 0.0387515127658844, 0.8156358003616333, -0.7504567503929138, 0.005309584550559521, 0.9249243140220642, -0.8654025197029114, 0.28856056928634644, 0.36967992782592773, -0.1805349737405777, -0.13052988052368164, 0.5308783054351807, 0.09357976168394089, 0.44559767842292786, -0.4423423707485199, -0.4471321403980255, -0.6298311948776245, 0.04889850690960884, 0.2992481291294098, -0.10281926393508911, -0.3156130313873291, 0.6870824098587036, -0.06348251551389694, 0.08569583296775818, 0.010807040147483349, -0.021026017144322395, 0.4140603542327881, -0.4649764895439148, 0.39621126651763916, -0.2560688257217407, -0.6506531238555908, 0.2360885888338089, 0.8966256976127625, 0.41912132501602173, -0.24999888241291046, -0.3346872329711914, -0.1669892519712448, -0.7107036113739014, 0.9720404148101807, -0.25453630089759827, 0.4989824891090393, -0.5156445503234863, -0.4808928966522217, -0.38575881719589233, 0.6262453198432922, 0.5910148024559021, -0.6858217120170593, 0.10833340138196945, -0.20765537023544312, -0.7895179390907288, 0.3817945718765259, 0.2690775692462921, -0.7474967241287231, -0.6738677024841309, -0.014387567527592182 ]
202065	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathmochoffatia	Bathmochoffatia	Bathmochoffatia is an extinct mammal of the Upper Jurassic. It was a relatively early member of the also extinct order Multituberculata. It lived in Portugal at about the same time as the far more famous dinosaur, Allosaurus. It is in the suborder "Plagiaulacida", family Paulchoffatiidae. The genus Bathmochoffatia (basal choffatia) was named by Hahn G. and Hahn R. in 1998. The primary species, Bathmochoffatia hapax, was also named by Hahn and Hahn. Fossil remains were found in strata dating to the Kimmeridgian (Upper Jurassic) of Guimarota, Portugal. Remains consist of a solitary molar and one cheek tooth. References Hahn & Hahn 1998), "Neue Beobachtungen an Plagiaulacoidea (Multituberculata) des Ober-Jura". 3. Der Bau der Molaren bei den Paulchoffatiidae. Berliner Geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen, E, 28, p. 39-84. (New observations on Plagiaulacoidea (Multituberculata) of the Upper Jurassic. 3. The construction of the molars of Paulchoffatiidae.) Hahn G & Hahn R (2000), Multituberculates from the Guimarota mine, p. 97-107 in Martin T & Krebs B (eds), Guimarota - A Jurassic Ecosystem, Verlag Dr Friedrich Pfeil, München. Kielan-Jaworowska Z & Hurum JH (2001), "Phylogeny and Systematics of multituberculate mammals". Paleontology 44, p. 389-429. Much of this information has been derived from Multituberculata Cope, 1884. Late Jurassic mammals of Europe Multituberculates Prehistoric mammal genera Fossil taxa described in 1998	[ -0.024502823129296303, 0.0039331852458417416, -0.5834999084472656, -0.0807943046092987, -0.6946156024932861, 0.583854615688324, 0.6631662845611572, 0.3685202896595001, -0.04393114149570465, 0.017222022637724876, 0.46868714690208435, 0.40708646178245544, -0.34488558769226074, 0.4689334034919739, -0.11699580401182175, 0.038670849055051804, -0.020432107150554657, 0.5907847285270691, 0.47314533591270447, -0.6011399030685425, 0.40358442068099976, -0.7896097898483276, 0.3604068160057068, -0.5081143975257874, -0.36844590306282043, 0.1529049128293991, 0.5008823871612549, 0.44061580300331116, 0.5605735182762146, -0.46505844593048096, -0.5412017703056335, 0.371038556098938, 0.22750386595726013, -0.3361131548881531, 0.18943728506565094, -0.04047897085547447, -0.5229517817497253, -0.4703764319419861, -0.6701691746711731, -0.8097165822982788, -0.16670110821723938, 0.12938645482063293, 0.12610070407390594, 1.1460515260696411, -0.4870296120643616, -0.007130641955882311, -1.138353705406189, 0.03351464867591858, -0.8447985649108887, -0.35987186431884766, -0.06261216849088669, 0.07772307097911835, 0.7617138028144836, 0.4497188329696655, -0.39375388622283936, 0.5351166725158691, -1.3706225156784058, 0.46547451615333557, 0.564738392829895, 0.04183695837855339, -0.056710489094257355, -0.25925901532173157, -0.9734237194061279, -0.15267929434776306, 0.2668680250644684, 0.7467485666275024, 0.04444410279393196, 0.6044867038726807, -0.23992569744586945, 0.4234795570373535, 0.02050389163196087, -0.7043979167938232, 0.389399915933609, 0.5209931135177612, -0.38263559341430664, -0.05660409852862358, -0.08096659928560257, -0.1810472458600998, 1.1960009336471558, -0.11764594912528992, 0.221180722117424, 0.13249483704566956, 1.1317262649536133, 0.005839561577886343, 0.00893081072717905, 0.37795281410217285, -0.5581487417221069, 0.04790801182389259, -0.5284444689750671, 0.5376156568527222, -0.4389597177505493, 0.30404824018478394, 0.29995808005332947, 0.9113252758979797, -0.1444457769393921, 0.017117401584982872, -0.7378610372543335, 0.21873247623443604, 0.32825323939323425, 0.26457080245018005, -0.2415676712989807, 0.1259244829416275, -0.05752629041671753, -0.24396634101867676, -0.5721092224121094, -0.45036303997039795, -0.6238468289375305, -0.18024969100952148, -0.0007585081038996577, -1.1766531467437744, -0.6946966052055359, 0.47166335582733154, -0.2652350068092346, -0.051194652915000916, 0.12501388788223267, 0.7093912363052368, -0.012916108593344688, -0.5873880982398987, -0.2014143466949463, -0.42463448643684387, -0.2349734902381897, 0.5388645529747009, -0.447534441947937, -0.03440216928720474, -0.8197554349899292, 0.7942392230033875, 0.668319582939148, 0.10260269045829773, -0.30927398800849915, 0.30402418971061707, 0.43099287152290344, 1.5302882194519043, 0.30384111404418945, -0.11715742945671082, -0.18377621471881866, -0.14473459124565125, 0.035020846873521805, 0.38390052318573, 0.2802433371543884, 0.6163274645805359, 0.10054821521043777, -0.22159148752689362, -2.1962850093841553, 0.1258120983839035, 0.20750311017036438, -0.4718494713306427, 0.24543242156505585, -0.07363270968198776, -0.23638342320919037, -0.19412513077259064, -0.062418416142463684, -0.5248366594314575, -0.1553405374288559, 0.15432891249656677, -0.21492382884025574, 0.05151987075805664, 0.3285168707370758, -0.14460863173007965, 0.9709650278091431, 0.044202473014593124, -0.07345592975616455, -0.4525817036628723, -0.5475698709487915, 0.6687894463539124, 0.41870108246803284, -0.2063020020723343, 0.33752551674842834, -0.3234274685382843, 0.0681077316403389, 0.861433207988739, -0.9489279985427856, 0.00014348453260026872, 0.1350482553243637, -0.19485493004322052, 0.35427582263946533, -0.31882229447364807, 0.004513810388743877, 0.31423982977867126, 0.3853015601634979, -0.5996333956718445, -0.6665428280830383, 0.08581804484128952, 0.3709683418273926, 0.18374113738536835, 0.8587090969085693, 0.3151223361492157, 0.6701554656028748, 0.4094826281070709, 0.03453338146209717, -0.50687575340271, -0.6816187500953674, -0.14111292362213135, 0.4324660301208496, 0.0009021284058690071, 1.6749407052993774, 0.17701669037342072, -0.07252251356840134, -0.5180612206459045, 0.3638167679309845, 0.4097478985786438, -0.2520424425601959, 0.43330076336860657, -0.21595552563667297, 0.06141015887260437, -0.45249778032302856, 1.5330392122268677, 0.26422375440597534, 0.09754233062267303, 0.4170786142349243, 0.6925111413002014, 0.1920938342809677, -0.3276680111885071, -0.16553650796413422, 0.21002012491226196, 0.04772251471877098, -0.5253028273582458, -0.43440234661102295, 0.5690306425094604, -0.2589036822319031, -0.5166874527931213, 0.4634036123752594, 0.06091049686074257, 0.29017436504364014, 0.14192059636116028, 0.20825153589248657, 0.22252848744392395, 0.5098109841346741, 0.2875511646270752, 0.3186919689178467, -0.8329246044158936, 0.022462137043476105, 0.8769856691360474, 0.09061973541975021, -0.46974703669548035, 0.33909860253334045, -0.5629382133483887, -0.2419954389333725, -0.9437558054924011, 0.9229399561882019, -0.26665395498275757, 0.3361513614654541, -0.10967571288347244, -0.6549704670906067, 0.4035824239253998, 0.35405951738357544, -0.3538483679294586, 0.3225466310977936, 0.5973929762840271, -0.8279352784156799, -0.03398466110229492, 0.2956724464893341, 0.6861201524734497, 0.3083643615245819, -0.5851529240608215, -0.24798421561717987, 0.31395307183265686, 0.41578322649002075, -0.2685260772705078, -0.11002790182828903, -0.42321914434432983, -0.392123281955719, 0.5783847570419312, 0.5604048371315002, 0.2698557674884796, 0.011342629790306091, -0.4281732439994812, -0.8683927059173584, -0.8092425465583801, 0.5129973292350769, -0.26135557889938354, 0.5235733389854431, -0.6737529635429382, -0.8977979421615601, -1.4211695194244385, 0.011493828147649765, 0.06401537358760834, 0.052926305681467056, -0.05891600251197815, -0.3624187707901001, -0.1390826255083084, 0.08309286832809448, 1.3877067565917969, -0.2564891576766968, 0.6157861351966858, -0.8321552276611328, -0.33668041229248047, 0.7724750638008118, 0.03530215471982956, -0.3012949228286743, -0.4503452777862549, 0.45729807019233704, -0.37266039848327637, -0.8131986856460571, 0.062367990612983704, -0.7766858339309692, 0.30979740619659424, -0.5205656290054321, -0.08531814068555832, -0.42268210649490356, -0.39833566546440125, -0.8397000432014465, 0.2919429540634155, -0.658297598361969, 0.29240575432777405, 0.2903634011745453, -0.44549471139907837, -0.3567303419113159, 0.24154284596443176, -4.18717098236084, 0.2857816219329834, 0.05350668355822563, 0.3251785933971405, 0.3661918044090271, 0.8847029805183411, 0.6451736688613892, -0.35305681824684143, -0.7349115014076233, 0.06448477506637573, -0.06524324417114258, 0.024863187223672867, -0.2761652171611786, 0.8786776065826416, 0.5638536810874939, 0.5245262384414673, 0.6543140411376953, -0.22591374814510345, 0.05169033631682396, -0.16412042081356049, -0.19317126274108887, 0.12601718306541443, 0.11035772413015366, 0.04906748607754707, 0.122068390250206, -0.24724441766738892, 0.5712441802024841, 0.18062520027160645, -0.5797967910766602, -0.621078372001648, 0.02652718685567379, -0.4294750988483429, -0.18541653454303741, 0.27686914801597595, -0.5857365727424622, 0.006220782175660133, 0.7169538736343384, 0.648263156414032, 0.18100982904434204, -0.9227901101112366, -0.9810788035392761, -0.1472204476594925, -0.4154544174671173, 0.1754276305437088, 0.5870481729507446, 0.2748670279979706, -0.20248126983642578, -0.3994593918323517, -0.16802364587783813, 0.9732789993286133, -0.4964584410190582, 0.10506099462509155, 0.4668533504009247, 1.306740641593933, 0.15652035176753998, 0.13198056817054749, 0.5447128415107727, 0.1953800767660141, 0.10872487723827362, 0.8729867935180664, 0.04609304666519165, -0.2801703214645386, 0.08597001433372498, -1.0759936571121216, 0.8851338028907776, -0.3628809452056885, -0.3726244866847992, -0.16557179391384125, -0.3600665330886841, 0.08775604516267776, -0.41438889503479004, 0.7108398079872131, -0.7325505018234253, -0.7371098399162292, 0.37926602363586426, 0.04104342684149742, -0.008296918123960495, -0.10382000356912613, -0.26999232172966003, -0.0675743892788887, 0.46344107389450073, -0.9627024531364441, 0.11101941019296646, 0.6592882871627808, 0.33726105093955994, -0.49716025590896606, 0.10978250950574875, -0.03228851407766342, -0.05012869834899902, -0.09419267624616623, 0.24343052506446838, 0.08595652133226395, -0.13443413376808167, 0.7991095185279846, -0.27391868829727173, 0.5097772479057312, 0.22730502486228943, -0.030904386192560196, 0.4938223958015442, -0.6847531795501709, 0.1856410950422287, -0.15417136251926422, -0.14156091213226318, 0.37484118342399597, -0.23321516811847687, -1.1048325300216675, -0.37291693687438965, 0.23870831727981567, 0.6206039786338806, -0.2984708249568939, 0.38237378001213074, -0.34127774834632874, -0.2594587802886963, 0.4277433156967163, 0.9537395238876343, -0.6075276136398315, -0.24317021667957306, -0.027793383225798607, 1.1977181434631348, -0.058026332408189774, 0.5605692267417908, 0.3760875463485718, -0.3235497772693634, -0.18486908078193665, -0.02195652388036251, -0.5535430908203125, 0.4488314986228943, 0.05937324836850166, -1.4219683408737183, -0.2677970230579376, -0.6223960518836975, 0.00033192572300322354, -0.3345739543437958, -0.09889870136976242, 0.1537402868270874, -0.7534334063529968, -0.4621630012989044, 0.3571126461029053, 0.10466959327459335, 0.2662029266357422, -0.15777908265590668, -0.7119263410568237, -0.41114118695259094, 0.0019778020214289427, 0.4754972755908966, 0.810562252998352, 0.6480607390403748, -0.23378640413284302, -0.3661832809448242, 1.021350383758545, -0.38093098998069763, -0.3452714681625366, 0.2833063006401062, -0.7879602313041687, 0.5837569236755371, 0.4235800504684448, 0.6408768892288208, 0.6489715576171875, 0.2785454988479614, -0.5076530575752258, -0.17061252892017365, -0.17718227207660675, -0.7671670913696289, 0.932504415512085, 0.2802252173423767, -0.09797573834657669, -0.7841827273368835, -0.6946666240692139, -0.6697986125946045, 0.4704120457172394, 0.2049817442893982, 0.33355626463890076, -0.6039010286331177, -0.13729995489120483, 0.5187731385231018, -0.3509352207183838, -0.3610033392906189, 0.449656218290329, -0.46133485436439514, -0.46668297052383423, 0.17795725166797638, 0.24154342710971832, 0.003970954567193985, -0.5081591010093689, 0.5796956419944763, -0.2199321985244751, -0.5595362782478333, -0.4359172284603119, -0.5860063433647156, -0.29391080141067505, 0.41503527760505676, 0.5500301718711853, 0.5272986888885498, 0.09839904308319092, -0.28925657272338867, -0.41144469380378723, 0.38951143622398376, 0.49117156863212585, 0.11566948890686035, -1.7585554122924805, -0.07368004322052002, 0.7347182035446167, -0.21410009264945984, 0.039451103657484055, 0.18015293776988983, -0.8321787118911743, 0.5325411558151245, 0.23634864389896393, -0.02435423992574215, 0.7063358426094055, -0.14793653786182404, -1.0997260808944702, -0.2433786690235138, 0.5051677823066711, -0.07856641709804535, 0.41087469458580017, 0.5768184661865234, 0.19329427182674408, -0.5105891823768616, -0.4588110148906708, -0.5026856660842896, -0.05929671972990036, -0.3299305737018585, -0.4701019525527954, -1.0123194456100464, -0.013981613330543041, 0.061403390020132065, 0.1307666301727295, 0.19839344918727875, -0.47090664505958557, -0.28081241250038147, -0.17801642417907715, 0.18338486552238464, 0.14432720839977264, -0.23414753377437592, -0.5202244520187378, 0.20842410624027252, 0.24850410223007202, 0.08332708477973938, -0.3536722958087921, 0.4558972120285034, 0.8180264234542847, 1.0628950595855713, 0.2844635248184204, 0.17816168069839478, -0.08524181693792343, 0.1262785792350769, 0.3241147994995117, -0.5539227724075317, 0.20344053208827972, 0.37607449293136597, -0.01326680276542902, -1.281033992767334, -0.5683764815330505, 1.1812516450881958, -0.42150235176086426, 0.28080642223358154, 0.13000129163265228, -0.017922915518283844, 0.06512793153524399, 0.19767248630523682, 0.29211074113845825, -0.42526498436927795, 0.199271559715271, -0.09389360249042511, -0.07887547463178635, -0.032892126590013504, 0.02838313765823841, 0.7696261405944824, -0.22113125026226044, -0.26459813117980957, -0.04319087415933609, -0.5438655018806458, 0.4468042552471161, -0.27966880798339844, -0.043973736464977264, 0.41310447454452515, -1.278949499130249, 0.691416323184967, 0.038717832416296005, 0.11583855748176575, 0.4630584716796875, -0.04925834760069847, 0.22442643344402313, -0.3105364143848419, -0.7597717642784119, -0.24174915254116058, -0.5439547300338745, 0.07284917682409286, 0.14597134292125702, -0.49735355377197266, -0.5699129700660706, -0.6588559746742249, -0.36458083987236023, 0.27397236227989197, 0.11356845498085022, -0.519570529460907, 0.2962689995765686, -0.6850546598434448, 0.10273037850856781, -0.650114893913269, 0.7155320048332214, 0.25563377141952515, -0.23144271969795227, 0.17943917214870453, -0.1426202356815338, -0.20866422355175018, 0.07994356006383896, 0.21071964502334595, 0.3162045180797577, 0.2316199541091919, -0.4445997476577759, -0.0311724953353405, 0.6303494572639465, -0.3286767899990082, 0.6907057762145996, 0.509321391582489, -0.6715646386146545, -0.32198575139045715, 0.29481038451194763, 0.27074599266052246, 0.5213871002197266, 0.3586273789405823, -0.11357073485851288, -0.36870062351226807, 0.16877038776874542, -1.20773184299469, -0.16158939898014069, 0.31761467456817627, 0.54190593957901, 0.3830803632736206, -0.2924025058746338, -0.7689535617828369, 0.15945886075496674, -0.37219464778900146, -0.13294707238674164, 0.040133997797966, -0.12632107734680176, 0.24947762489318848, 1.3888764381408691, 0.7156221270561218, 0.4314019978046417, 0.2687678039073944, -0.24126751720905304, -0.1643259972333908, 0.8495607376098633, -0.800793468952179, -0.017374776303768158, 0.920132577419281, 0.03300630673766136, 0.030661627650260925, -0.07889025658369064, 0.07560131698846817, -0.35434138774871826, 0.33371540904045105, 0.12487061321735382, 0.4699876308441162, -0.6834192872047424, 0.3286866545677185, -0.6931313276290894, -0.18660858273506165, -0.029197949916124344, -0.004611441865563393, 0.15493904054164886, -0.7113717198371887, 0.20227688550949097, -0.26760801672935486, 0.17509621381759644, 0.25464269518852234, 0.3917520046234131, 0.7872669100761414, -0.0322580486536026, 0.4938570559024811, -0.23155535757541656, 0.5396912693977356, 0.4951452612876892, -0.14615871012210846, 0.035325199365615845, -0.04449665546417236, -0.27914974093437195, -0.1962020844221115, 0.15855351090431213, -0.4377475082874298, -0.07846292853355408, 0.4978843033313751, -0.5552014708518982, 0.0755721926689148, 0.3955043852329254, 0.3058215081691742, -0.3061354458332062, -0.3150821626186371, -0.49299556016921997, -0.20124727487564087, -0.04426497220993042, -1.0134809017181396, -0.09118050336837769, -0.0358598418533802, 0.718867838382721, 0.06004682928323746, -0.1835910826921463, 0.2214355170726776, 0.13318637013435364, -0.22060203552246094, -0.15492607653141022, -0.00713646924123168, 0.9255796074867249, -0.5846067070960999, 0.6963295340538025, -0.4209649860858917, 0.1491842120885849, 0.6596950888633728, 0.36597171425819397, -0.47206220030784607, 0.30795446038246155, 0.0875888243317604, 0.2443075329065323, 0.40621644258499146, -0.7523647546768188, -0.6199591159820557, 0.3049110174179077, 0.3101431131362915, -0.24173478782176971, -0.10406840592622757, 0.16692404448986053, -0.26118040084838867, -0.2910826802253723, 0.15008489787578583, 0.02860567532479763, -0.6418454647064209, 0.418227881193161, 0.37267589569091797, 0.2670307755470276, -0.6808609366416931, -0.4073471426963806, -0.4639265835285187, 0.08932191133499146, 0.8334817290306091, 1.18028724193573, 0.28280022740364075, 0.04954449087381363, 0.34898966550827026, -0.26536715030670166, 0.8324244618415833, 0.51043301820755, -3.3505985736846924, -0.4089289605617523, -0.39454758167266846, -0.906826913356781, -0.6479936242103577, 0.16573403775691986, 0.24369770288467407, 0.0023958003148436546, 0.37797823548316956, 0.17725953459739685, -0.29007309675216675, 0.15939803421497345, -0.48423898220062256, -1.0671491622924805, 0.32463037967681885, 0.3884240388870239 ]
202066	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lense	Lense	Lense may refer to: Incorrect spelling of lens (disambiguation) for topics related to optics lens, or metaphorically related People "Lense" can be a surname of German language origin. People with this surname include: Benjamin Lense (born 1978), German footballer Josef Lense (1890–1985), Austrian physicist Sascha Lense (born 1975), German footballer Fictional characters Elizabeth Lense, a fictional Star Trek character, see List of Star Trek characters (G–M) See also Lens (disambiguation)	[ 0.4996188282966614, 0.43056362867355347, -0.4314698576927185, -0.15141525864601135, -0.32341164350509644, 0.2281610667705536, 0.8640824556350708, 0.06200582534074783, -0.4348395764827728, -0.25409454107284546, -0.7417080402374268, 0.43867483735084534, -0.403328001499176, 0.4712235927581787, -0.3727961778640747, 0.07191762328147888, 0.14839163422584534, 0.9942763447761536, -0.7701210975646973, -0.26719117164611816, 0.030862385407090187, -0.1572779268026352, 0.4553561806678772, -0.7303518652915955, -0.4082169830799103, -0.05922036990523338, 0.13637731969356537, 0.20896363258361816, 0.26292917132377625, 0.5341545343399048, 0.09397034347057343, 0.41015130281448364, -0.004693038295954466, 0.13794353604316711, -0.41295716166496277, -0.03278990089893341, 0.00574892433360219, -0.3086734116077423, 0.311225563287735, -0.21976575255393982, 0.15048851072788239, -0.0628402829170227, 0.07856957614421844, 0.12864196300506592, -0.40144699811935425, -0.8327363729476929, -2.238999366760254, 0.19304203987121582, -0.5905777812004089, 0.09863819181919098, 0.002141431672498584, -0.6610825061798096, -0.08287233114242554, 1.0782630443572998, 0.07923880219459534, 0.238755002617836, -0.6879625916481018, -0.584299623966217, 0.2976318597793579, -0.08393573760986328, 0.3876112401485443, -0.26072391867637634, 0.06712118536233902, 0.29444175958633423, 0.20143012702465057, 0.4223049283027649, -0.264316588640213, 0.23080937564373016, -0.8798644542694092, -0.3997214138507843, 0.16032791137695312, -0.2861415147781372, 0.14391517639160156, 0.13514387607574463, 0.009342427365481853, 0.14814341068267822, 0.050461545586586, -0.32003113627433777, 0.18167294561862946, -0.21563877165317535, -0.03310418874025345, -0.31327494978904724, 0.5213220715522766, 0.2505761682987213, 0.00526871532201767, 0.48725631833076477, -0.9402623176574707, 0.4355235695838928, 0.044309619814157486, 0.12209783494472504, 0.4502742886543274, -0.656232476234436, 0.6947644948959351, 0.2610242962837219, 0.24823042750358582, 0.24237759411334991, 0.1067134365439415, 0.1021793931722641, 0.01382647268474102, 0.4845263659954071, 0.11674919724464417, 0.27550777792930603, 0.2918073236942291, -0.05189841613173485, -0.38514646887779236, -0.192916139960289, -0.26048362255096436, -0.030300267040729523, -0.4403831362724304, -0.3836020231246948, -0.5697678923606873, 0.5446491837501526, -0.03708696365356445, 0.16903866827487946, -0.25286850333213806, 0.08404117822647095, 0.4403650164604187, -0.43149226903915405, 0.27427271008491516, 0.2102799117565155, 0.11110339313745499, 0.7320327162742615, 0.36770087480545044, 0.1694708913564682, -0.11804177612066269, 0.45310449600219727, 0.05293603613972664, 0.8512417078018188, -0.4385334253311157, 0.011226214468479156, -0.005750858690589666, 1.0003182888031006, 0.03133845329284668, 0.11657559871673584, 0.05412793904542923, -0.5281324982643127, 0.7285717725753784, 0.12677954137325287, -0.21742597222328186, -0.1564311534166336, -0.7869287729263306, 0.04339328408241272, -0.8370823264122009, 0.37169697880744934, 0.3240203559398651, 0.2343347817659378, 0.4531978666782379, -0.2303086221218109, 0.2118666023015976, -0.061296168714761734, -0.3842959403991699, -0.33256879448890686, 0.2504482865333557, -0.23804360628128052, -0.22007808089256287, 0.23333662748336792, 0.2995527982711792, -0.1894199550151825, 0.4012237787246704, 0.05667983368039131, 0.048795878887176514, 0.042441416531801224, -0.35951635241508484, 0.524681031703949, 0.8189329504966736, -0.5922800898551941, -0.050543662160634995, 0.01643187925219536, -0.2473481148481369, 0.4700436592102051, -0.12916523218154907, -0.27687254548072815, 0.08354294300079346, 0.1756928563117981, 0.19232074916362762, 0.4583704173564911, 0.44079360365867615, 0.15702079236507416, 0.4973282217979431, -0.375837117433548, -0.6725401878356934, 0.06890389323234558, 0.2402801364660263, -0.3361036777496338, 0.3434934616088867, 0.16029798984527588, 0.013926824554800987, -0.01720893383026123, -0.21162523329257965, -0.06014130637049675, -0.9965161085128784, -0.5642276406288147, 0.4680919647216797, -0.26355648040771484, 0.8821792602539062, -0.2992538511753082, -0.3226419985294342, 0.9085665345191956, -0.12391261011362076, 1.0290480852127075, -0.35359519720077515, -0.4600661098957062, 0.26452741026878357, 0.16034634411334991, -0.7189294099807739, 0.9314836859703064, 0.18503674864768982, 0.35263049602508545, 0.23237143456935883, 0.32771262526512146, 1.139365315437317, -0.3836837410926819, 0.5045996904373169, -0.3592437207698822, -0.1965540051460266, 0.6921901702880859, -0.3566438555717468, 0.2795795798301697, -0.4183197021484375, 0.2735609710216522, 0.39566707611083984, -0.5949403643608093, -0.10921644419431686, 0.41921406984329224, 0.19246645271778107, 0.41763973236083984, 0.5139706134796143, 0.30172500014305115, 0.4072219729423523, -1.1631824970245361, 0.47168564796447754, -0.20908506214618683, 0.363050639629364, -0.24975769221782684, -0.3643125891685486, -0.1689547896385193, 0.30733272433280945, -0.18515537679195404, 0.5369485020637512, -0.6712443828582764, 0.5051770806312561, 0.3164244592189789, -0.3323092460632324, 0.36578747630119324, 0.35461699962615967, 0.22966179251670837, 0.052357643842697144, 0.0075498949736356735, -0.20400835573673248, -0.4908180236816406, 0.785793125629425, 0.10522942990064621, -0.10751384496688843, -0.15016411244869232, 0.02671734243631363, -0.2830687165260315, 0.45454543828964233, 0.3881317675113678, 0.21503742039203644, 0.3286890387535095, -0.19905447959899902, 0.5202876329421997, 0.34558314085006714, 0.06851926445960999, -0.2648928463459015, 0.02575068175792694, 0.100009486079216, -0.12128064781427383, 0.49336832761764526, 0.0752633661031723, 0.18718942999839783, 0.5049176812171936, -0.851256251335144, -0.28747522830963135, -0.2778453230857849, -0.3212030827999115, -0.9012776613235474, 0.217014342546463, -0.6678227782249451, -0.0709775760769844, -0.3117852509021759, 0.6479136347770691, 0.5288376212120056, -0.13158279657363892, -0.26471856236457825, -0.6711297631263733, -0.062471091747283936, 0.08683746308088303, -0.342897891998291, -0.2082519829273224, -0.030662989243865013, 0.012736077420413494, -0.14631474018096924, 0.040892258286476135, 0.054972920566797256, -0.12239112704992294, -0.476361483335495, -0.28956183791160583, 0.016011491417884827, -0.32384949922561646, -0.47431033849716187, 0.3842334747314453, -0.46997061371803284, -0.4442174732685089, -0.1544378250837326, 0.3774908483028412, 0.004720170050859451, 0.19972608983516693, -5.558431625366211, 0.2763790786266327, -0.10455752164125443, -0.31678903102874756, -0.04931940510869026, -0.07429217547178268, 0.5122868418693542, -0.3511662483215332, -0.07675661146640778, 0.07675384730100632, 0.33931511640548706, -0.0033168597146868706, 0.3000965714454651, 0.4263041913509369, 0.08231352269649506, 0.23166541755199432, 0.3550880551338196, 0.181710883975029, -0.06635642796754837, 0.057504985481500626, 0.34343379735946655, -0.0049435896798968315, -0.13534484803676605, 0.6145336627960205, 0.05972765386104584, 0.17193953692913055, 0.3568333685398102, 0.085777647793293, -0.541439414024353, -0.4951840937137604, 0.3306935131549835, 0.017388716340065002, 0.5063934326171875, -0.008332345634698868, -0.42424696683883667, -0.16776934266090393, 0.5504355430603027, 0.051896609365940094, 0.3676949739456177, -0.019292529672384262, -0.08615997433662415, 1.0607829093933105, 0.12360017746686935, -0.04891141876578331, 0.31524014472961426, -0.26700857281684875, -0.7744114995002747, 0.3841460645198822, -0.1491096019744873, 0.7107242345809937, -0.04565272852778435, -0.7492430210113525, 0.3689490258693695, 0.10455358028411865, 0.16499778628349304, 0.0032625701278448105, 0.5786726474761963, 0.35923540592193604, -0.5050467848777771, 0.24715812504291534, 0.10405674576759338, -0.20546036958694458, 0.05093026161193848, -0.6896283626556396, 0.005817027296870947, -0.6671648621559143, -0.5851961374282837, -0.4344601631164551, 0.08683087676763535, 0.14330726861953735, -0.5661637187004089, 0.969860315322876, 0.11958454549312592, -1.1671098470687866, 0.3610992729663849, 0.3632119596004486, -0.23510608077049255, -0.2533896565437317, -0.35659727454185486, 0.1002986878156662, -0.4077989459037781, -0.11302497237920761, -0.7298849821090698, 0.3468891978263855, 0.26764747500419617, -0.23288434743881226, -0.3143116533756256, 0.12257547676563263, 0.04466200992465019, -0.18624238669872284, 0.8488848209381104, -0.045584939420223236, 0.14626336097717285, 0.2502724230289459, -0.7819563150405884, 0.631580114364624, 0.14149896800518036, -0.2658163905143738, 0.08699961006641388, 0.16552332043647766, 0.1828116625547409, -0.33529287576675415, 0.05481394752860069, -0.6921549439430237, 0.11825810372829437, -0.2786255180835724, -0.6406277418136597, 0.16986742615699768, 1.1233934164047241, -0.09710532426834106, 0.16953517496585846, 0.20841588079929352, -0.2833315432071686, -0.7028261423110962, 0.691544771194458, -0.9113649725914001, -0.10664889216423035, 0.5540602207183838, 0.08772584795951843, -0.3716069459915161, -0.30692341923713684, 0.3512171804904938, -0.04134248569607735, -0.6135286688804626, -0.27624496817588806, -0.42582547664642334, -0.10057482868432999, -0.10582625865936279, -0.5809972882270813, 0.5338583588600159, -0.5927646160125732, 0.6957560777664185, 0.00641300342977047, -0.05866587907075882, -0.06801868230104446, -0.6462787985801697, -0.5548364520072937, -0.2128620147705078, -0.1945132464170456, -0.7608023285865784, 0.6205472350120544, 0.09253773838281631, -0.1682019829750061, 0.19155246019363403, 0.4858189523220062, 1.1440221071243286, -0.20694755017757416, -0.07270076870918274, -0.57392418384552, 1.0654726028442383, 0.03624337166547775, -0.6117631196975708, 0.05250520259141922, -0.15535132586956024, 0.11463700979948044, 0.14536787569522858, -0.3894541561603546, 0.24901723861694336, -0.22647430002689362, 0.13944216072559357, 0.09504996240139008, 0.16684812307357788, -1.143978476524353, 0.19462525844573975, 0.46837934851646423, -0.2996397316455841, -0.21396741271018982, -0.3915022015571594, 0.07930254936218262, 0.532968282699585, -0.5692050457000732, -0.13633723556995392, -0.926771879196167, -0.4912768006324768, 0.20084823668003082, 0.32680049538612366, -0.12991289794445038, 0.4018980860710144, -0.2757410705089569, -0.32196828722953796, 0.5174641609191895, 0.07849550247192383, 0.04709787666797638, 0.8542810678482056, 0.6329920291900635, -0.5780476927757263, 0.08990944176912308, -0.11556914448738098, -0.823118269443512, -0.5192542672157288, -0.04761873185634613, 0.6133248209953308, 0.2788378894329071, 0.6184550523757935, -0.676903247833252, -0.6513660550117493, -0.17593196034431458, 0.039551928639411926, -0.18393389880657196, -0.298024445772171, -0.0825783759355545, 0.47683486342430115, -0.17809328436851501, 0.25476205348968506, 0.48669737577438354, -0.8771694898605347, 0.6042859554290771, -0.0013856057776138186, -0.4157847762107849, 0.519019365310669, -0.5780461430549622, -1.4748090505599976, 0.1154753640294075, -0.0690838173031807, -0.2317328155040741, 0.20954453945159912, 0.816257119178772, -0.008656732738018036, -0.2894176244735718, -0.2678990960121155, 0.23345395922660828, -0.29554224014282227, -0.379427969455719, -0.34879156947135925, 0.10709632188081741, 0.3971962034702301, 0.019436372444033623, 0.07805532217025757, 1.108550786972046, -0.20729130506515503, -0.5450741648674011, 0.12873196601867676, 0.09645559638738632, 0.1696057766675949, -0.24030494689941406, 0.06879613548517227, 0.15666991472244263, 0.4268462061882019, 0.29283851385116577, 0.16074495017528534, 0.9197352528572083, 0.6973972916603088, -0.04172723367810249, -0.24774380028247833, -0.237628772854805, -0.01873697340488434, 0.11922211945056915, -0.5797173976898193, -0.7777383923530579, 0.18583643436431885, -0.17425841093063354, -0.4909687042236328, -0.46370604634284973, -0.7695463299751282, 0.7923527956008911, -0.34505391120910645, 0.23673950135707855, -0.048525385558605194, 0.12085726112127304, 0.44849658012390137, -0.21294671297073364, 0.055269353091716766, -0.057776182889938354, 0.056834280490875244, 0.1958329677581787, 0.3111421763896942, -0.5281404852867126, -0.13238239288330078, 0.5122437477111816, 0.1318029761314392, -0.2961496412754059, -0.14407916367053986, 0.3633497655391693, -0.05177363008260727, -0.3570247292518616, 0.30818313360214233, -0.3961847722530365, -0.609504759311676, -0.3568955659866333, -0.6808628439903259, -0.4682846963405609, -0.44972071051597595, 0.5271044969558716, -0.11240407824516296, 0.07578679174184799, -0.11043458431959152, 0.3314085602760315, -0.04396353289484978, -0.5724211931228638, 0.15662257373332977, -0.42519718408584595, 0.009136326611042023, -0.27426692843437195, 0.4910874366760254, 0.004757053218781948, 0.2159433513879776, 0.018630430102348328, 0.4840419888496399, -0.2940506637096405, 0.4355894923210144, -0.35399118065834045, 0.24801865220069885, 0.3760296106338501, -0.5120131373405457, 0.4106849730014801, 0.35962069034576416, -0.15733158588409424, -0.42762163281440735, 0.7273749709129333, -0.22462262213230133, 0.2112601101398468, 0.26760703325271606, -0.34080949425697327, 0.6570336818695068, 0.17942681908607483, 0.23762404918670654, 0.2435387820005417, -0.3188566565513611, 0.11327213793992996, -0.08120737224817276, 0.21510706841945648, -0.23409204185009003, 0.6979913115501404, 0.03646547719836235, -1.0465844869613647, 0.8958126306533813, 0.07556906342506409, 0.009897705167531967, 0.05231277272105217, 0.19705918431282043, 0.9359933733940125, -0.04840397462248802, -0.2242819368839264, 0.5167074203491211, -0.5226119756698608, 0.037813521921634674, 0.04228021577000618, -0.7945883274078369, -0.5372600555419922, 0.16724351048469543, -0.018709667026996613, 1.2625908851623535, 0.07308311015367508, -0.6029006242752075, 0.07197397947311401, 0.3394930064678192, -0.25872939825057983, 0.28005853295326233, 0.4020891785621643, -0.4105418026447296, 0.4655711054801941, -0.1732100248336792, 0.30130520462989807, -0.2633475959300995, -0.34746217727661133, -0.15279905498027802, -0.652978241443634, -0.6105939149856567, -0.41389957070350647, -0.18238666653633118, -0.0012643072986975312, -0.641733705997467, 0.11111978441476822, -0.3554967939853668, -0.20810218155384064, -0.24634385108947754, -0.1021689772605896, -0.4552896320819855, 0.2931363582611084, 0.004316060803830624, 0.4332241415977478, 0.24413126707077026, -0.22480323910713196, -0.10541723668575287, 0.1108427494764328, -0.1258799433708191, 0.9774892926216125, 0.016457388177514076, -0.14170506596565247, -0.1203467920422554, 0.1089244857430458, 0.2723209857940674, -0.20002733170986176, -0.11762601882219315, -0.04006011039018631, -0.4821285605430603, -0.028937367722392082, 0.42748546600341797, 0.2721059024333954, -0.15079988539218903, 0.575275182723999, -0.40541350841522217, 0.14855049550533295, 0.07652715593576431, -0.32605239748954773, -0.22306638956069946, -0.4011060893535614, 0.5974003076553345, 0.21245810389518738, -0.20124198496341705, -0.19097338616847992, 0.1952531933784485, 0.499604195356369, 0.10545066744089127, -0.12446893006563187, 0.2021360844373703, -0.11057308316230774, 0.5362648367881775, -0.5452737212181091, 0.5030800700187683, 0.3545333743095398, -0.6773083806037903, -0.001281327335163951, 0.2882227599620819, 0.13398946821689606, -0.695070207118988, 0.29093125462532043, -0.10524175316095352, -0.342827707529068, -0.7013258934020996, 0.4565472900867462, -0.458152711391449, 0.4381387531757355, 0.007902255281805992, -0.19498513638973236, -0.5310080647468567, 0.04682692140340805, -0.09287557750940323, -0.07770821452140808, -0.105451300740242, -0.07038065791130066, 0.7344576716423035, -0.6319900155067444, -0.007192953955382109, -0.5465126633644104, -0.2699546217918396, 0.3399673402309418, 0.7802422642707825, 0.09614218771457672, -0.017588168382644653, -0.024916360154747963, -0.19850340485572815, -0.1783423274755478, 0.7042393684387207, -0.7803573608398438, 0.7386996746063232, -0.4664017856121063, -0.27134382724761963, 0.06983716785907745, 0.07137466222047806, 0.09563864767551422, -0.38742193579673767, 0.5084103941917419, -0.21368364989757538, 0.17489540576934814, -0.23492027819156647, 0.050012435764074326, -0.6432134509086609, 0.2192586064338684, -0.09549558907747269 ]
202067	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl%20Zeiss	Carl Zeiss	Carl Zeiss (; 11 September 1816 – 3 December 1888) was a German scientific instrument maker, optician and businessman. In 1846 he founded his workshop, which is still in business as Carl Zeiss AG. Zeiss gathered a group of gifted practical and theoretical opticians and glass makers to reshape most aspects of optical instrument production. His collaboration with Ernst Abbe revolutionized optical theory and practical design of microscopes. Their quest to extend these advances brought Otto Schott into the enterprises to revolutionize optical glass manufacture. The firm of Carl Zeiss grew to one of the largest and most respected optical firms in the world. Birth and family His father Johann Gottfried August Zeiss (1785–1849) was born in Rastenberg, where his forefathers had worked as artisans for over 100 years. August moved with his parents to Buttstädt, a small regional capital north of Weimar, where he married Johanna Antoinette Friederike Schmith (1786–1856). Carls Zeiss's mother was related to Christiane Vulpius, the spouse of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. August Zeiss then moved to Weimar, the capital of the grand duchy of Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach, leaving the family business in the hands of his brothers. There he became a well respected ornamental turner, crafting lathe turned work in mother of pearl, amber, ivory, and other exotic materials. He came into contact with the crown prince, and later grand duke, Karl Friedrich of Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach (1783–1853), the successor to Carl August. The crown prince sought a master to teach him ornamental turning and found one in August Zeiss. The friendship of master and apprentice lasted 40 years. When a son was born to the Zeiss family on 11 September 1816 as the fifth of six surviving children, the newborn son was baptized in honor of his godfather the crown prince and his father the archduke, Carl Friedrich. Of Zeiss's siblings, three sisters and two brothers reached adulthood. Before 1885, the family name was spelled Zeiß. Education Higher education was the only path to social mobility at the time and August Zeiss sent all three of his sons to the university preparatory high school, the "Gymnasium", as preparation for the university. The two elder sons studied philology and history and went on to successful careers in education. In one of the accidents which shape history, Carl suffered from an inguinal hernia which required him to wear a truss constantly. The deskbound life of a scholar seemed a poor choice for him. Carl attended the Wilhelm Ernst Gymnasium in Weimar but left early. He sat a special end exam to allow him to study specific subjects at the university, principally the natural sciences. He showed an interest in technical studies very early, to the extent that he attended lectures at the grand ducal technical school in Weimar and finally decided to pursue an apprenticeship as a master machinist. Carl moved to Jena at Easter of 1834 to pursue an apprenticeship under the "Hofmechanikus," court-appointed precision machinist, and private docent at the University of Jena, Friedrich Körner (1778–1847). His new master was well known beyond his local university town and his workshop is fairly well documented since he made and repaired instruments for the famous polymath Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. Zeiss remained for four years as an apprentice. For the last two years, he enrolled as a student and attended one mathematics or sciences lecture course per semester at the university, as was his right under his gymnasium certificate. He completed his apprenticeship in 1838 and departed on his journeyman years with the good wishes and recommendation of master Körner and a certificate of his studies at the university. This was a time when the steam engine and locomotives exercised a powerful draw on young engineers so it is understandable that Carl Zeiss turned his special attention to mechanical engineering. In his travels from 1838 to 1845 he worked in Stuttgart, Darmstadt, Vienna and Berlin. There are few details of these studies, but it appears that he worked for Hektor Rössler, instrument maker and "Hofmechanikus" at Darmstadt. Rössler was involved in optical and scientific instrument production as well as steam power. In Vienna, the center for heavy machinery production in central Europe, he worked for Rollé und Schwilqué. His stay in Vienna also offered the opportunity to attend the Sunday Lectures on popular mechanics at the Polytechnic Institute of Vienna. He also sat for an exam at the institute which he passed with distinction. Finally, in Berlin, he worked in a machinist's shop. Establishment of the workshop for precision machinery and optics. Early years in Jena. After long deliberation Zeiss decided to return to his original subject studied under Körner, construction of experimental scientific apparatus, and set himself up as an independent maker of precision machinery. Zeiss returned to the well known city of Jena to renew an association with the botanist Matthias Jacob Schleiden (1804–1881) who had stimulated his original interest in optics and emphasized the need for high quality microscopes. In addition, his brother Eduard directed the local public school in Jena and had kept him informed on developments in the city. Realization of the plan required considerable patience in the face of the bureaucracy of the time. He first needed a residence permit, which was easiest to obtain as a matriculated student. Zeiss matriculated and sat lectures on mathematics and chemistry beginning in November 1845. In addition he worked with several professors in the private physiological institute as a technician, building various apparatuses. There was plenty of work despite the fact that there were already two instrument workshops in Jena. In addition to Körner's there was the workshop of Braunau, who had also apprenticed with Körner. Zeiss finally made his application to the government offices in Weimar for a concession to establish a machinist's atelier in Jena on 10 May 1846. He referred to the increasing demand for scientific apparatus and justified his wish to work in the city with the importance of intimate association with the scientists of the university. Despite the recommendation of respected professors of the University of Jena, the government in Weimar moved slowly with the request. Zeiss was required to sit a written exam in August and finally, in November, received his "concession for the construction and sale of mechanical and optical apparatus as well as the establishment of an atelier for precision machinery in Jena." After payment of a fee and swearing a ceremonial oath before the Jena authorities, everything was ready. Zeiss opened the doors of his workshop on 17 November 1846 with an initial capital investment of 100 Talers, which he had borrowed from his brother Eduard and which was later repaid by his father August. By 1849, the workshop earned a profit of 197 Talers on sales of 901 Talers. Zeiss initially worked alone constructing and repairing many types of physical and chemical apparatus. Loupes cut from mirror blanks were particularly in demand. Eyeglasses, telescopes, microscopes, drawing instruments, thermometers, barometers, balances, glassblowing accessories and other apparatuses purchased from foreign suppliers were also sold in a small shop. In 1847 he began to make simple microscopes which almost immediately met with especially good commercial success. Compared to his competition Vincent Chevalier of Paris, Simon Plössl of Vienna or his mentor Körner, they proved to be not only cheaper, but better. Zeiss microscopes could be focused by moving the column that carried the optics, instead of the object stage. Zeiss' method was more convenient on a dissecting microscope. Business was so good that he was able to hire an assistant and move to a larger workshop by early 1847. On 1 July 1847 Zeiss took the significant step of taking on his first apprentice, 17 year old August Löber (1830–1912). Löber became one of the most important workers in the Zeiss workshops, becoming a profit sharing partner and staying with Zeiss until his death. A total of 27 simple microscopes were delivered to customers beyond the borders of the grand duchy in 1847. Three difficult years followed with poor harvests, business crisis and revolution in the grand duchy, but by 1850, Zeiss and his microscopes had established a good enough reputation to receive an attractive offer from the University of Greifswald in Prussia. The university's instrument maker Nobert had moved and Zeiss was asked by several members of the faculty to fill the vacancy with an appointment as curator of the physics cabinet with a salary of 200 Talers. Nothing came of the offer, and Zeiss was to remain in Jena for better or worse, when an influential mathematician maintained that such a position should not be filled by a "foreigner." His sister Pauline kept the household in Jena until Carl Zeiss married a pastor's daughter Bertha Schatter (1827–1850) on 29 May 1849. She died giving birth to his first son in February of the following year. Roderich survived to eventually join his father in the family firm. In May 1853 Zeiss married Ottilie Trinkler, a headmaster's daughter. They had one son, Karl Otto (1854–1925) and two daughters, Hedwig (1856–1935) and Sidonie (1861–1920). Carl Zeiss as an employer Zeiss ran his workshop in a strict paternalistic fashion. Microscopes produced by the apprentices which did not meet the strict standards of precision he set were destroyed on the workshop anvil personally by Zeiss. The working hours of the shop were 6 AM until 7 PM. A mid morning break of 15 minutes and a midday break of an hour made for an 11 ¾ hours workday. Despite these strict rules, the working environment in the shop was very good. New recruits to the workshop were interviewed extensively in his home over a glass of wine. The workers were often invited to the gardens of the Zeiss home for wine and refreshments and the workshop paid for the yearly worker's outing to the hills in the hay wagon. His longest serving apprentice Löber earned three Talers per week by 1856 while the other workers earned two and a half. Zeiss' efforts at improving his knowledge of precision machining and optics meant that a substantial library of books accumulated. These became the machinist's library, available for the further education of any worker. As the firm expanded, by 1875 the Zeiss health clinic was established, which guaranteed employees free treatment by a clinic doctor and free access to medication. If a worker was unable to work, wages were paid for six weeks with a further six weeks at half wages. These forward thinking policies even precede Otto von Bismarck's state welfare laws introduced in 1883. Worker morale at the Zeiss works was consistently good. Improvements of the microscope Production of microscopes in 1846 was a handcraft and art more than manufacturing enterprise. Each worker produced an instrument from start to finish without any division of labor. Early examples were even signed with the maker's name. Only such assemblies which were particularly time-consuming, such as the stage, were prepared in series in advance. The first moves to more efficient division of labor were made in 1857 when Zeiss separated optics under Löber from the metalwork of the stand. Matthias Jakob Schleiden had been an interested patron and advisor since the founding of the firm, frequently spending hours at the workshops. He advised Zeiss to concentrate his efforts on the microscope which was critical for the rapidly advancing science of cellular anatomy and very much in demand. Schleiden had a personal interest as this was his field of study. As a result of the interaction, the first microscopes products of the workshop, the simple microscopes, were constantly improved. They were very favorably reviewed by the influential microscopist and botanist Leopold Dippel (1827–1914). The optics for the simple microscope included a triplet of 200 fold magnification, for 5 Talers, and one of 300 fold magnification, for 8 Taler. These pushed the limits of the simple microscope. Greater magnification would require compound microscopes. Zeiss would need to expand his offerings so as not to be made irrelevant by his competitors. Production of compound microscopes required extensive research, which he had foreseen long in advance. Zeiss had developed into something of a bookworm in his limited spare time, researching everything available on theory of the microscope. He wanted, above all, to move past the prevailing methods of microscope production which relied on empirical matching of sets of lenses which would make up the high-magnification compound lenses he needed for compound microscope optics. Empirical methods used a selection of lenses, exchanging and examining elements, altering lens spacings again and again until a usable lens was obtained. Many dozens of lenses could be examined to produce the combination of three elements used in a microscope lens. A reasonably good lens obtained this way was altered and tried again and again to find the best result. To some extent, these designs could be reproduced, but each item was an empirical fit of the small elements which could not be reproduced exactly with the work methods used. Zeiss was, from the beginning, more a fine machinist than an optician. This meant that he was less constrained by the traditional work methods and thinking of contemporary opticians and more open to innovation. He decided to pursue the design of microscope optics by theoretical calculation, which expert opinion considered impossible for various reasons. Despite that opinion, Joseph von Fraunhofer (1787–1826) had already produced telescope objectives by calculation in 1819, and Josef Maximilian Petzval had done the same for the camera objective in Vienna with Johann Friedrich Voigtländer in 1840. Zeiss had already attempted to acquire the required theory in his evening literature studies. When this failed, he turned to the Jena professor of mathematics, Friedrich Wilhelm Barfuss, who had worked with his mentor Körner and had already worked successfully on the problem of Zeiss' simple microscope triplets. The collaboration continued until the professor's death, but offered no progress on the compound microscope problem. Zeiss' first compound microscopes were offered in his 5th, 1858, price list. These are described as "Small body tube, consisting of a field lens and two oculars with an adaptor to attach the tube to the stand and doublet objectives of stands 1 through 5 to allow use of the doublets as objectives to obtain two stronger magnifications after the fashion of the compound microscope. The 120 power doublet of the simple microscope yields in this fashion 300 and 600 fold magnification." Despite Schleiden's approval, these improvised compound microscopes were not a long-term solution. A similar arrangement, as a Brücke's Loupe, continued to be offered for many years with the dissecting stands but the original simple microscope doublets were an inferior substitute for a purpose designed compound microscope achromatic objective. By the publication of the 7th, 1861, price list in August 1861, newly developed compound microscopes appear in 5 different versions. The largest of these, costing 55 Taler, was a horseshoe foot stand as made popular by the well known Parisian microscope maker Georg Oberhaeuser. Under the object stage Zeiss introduced a domed aperture plate and a mirror mounted to allow not only side to side, but also forward movement to produce oblique illumination. Each microscope suite was produced to order for his customers so that they could choose their preferred optical components; objectives, oculars and illumination. The objectives for these new compound microscopes were still empirically design but nonetheless met with immediate approval from Leopold Dippel. Dippel examined the optical quality of the most useful objectives, A, C, D and F and had considerable praise for Zeiss' new objectives. The D objective was compared very favorably with the similar power objectives of Belthle and Hartnack (successor to Oberhaeuser). The F objective is even described as the equal of much more expensive objectives from established makers. It is assessed as almost as good as Hartnack's water immersion objectives. That was, of course the problem. When selling to researchers at the forefront of their fields, "almost as good" is a commercial disaster. Zeiss knew quite well that his strongest objectives could not match the quality of the Hartnack water immersion objectives. Every attempt to empirically design a satisfactory water immersion objective had failed. Collaboration with Ernst Abbe To solve his problem Zeiss returned to his original plans to design his objectives based on a calculated theoretical basis. He renewed his search for a collaborator and this time chose Ernst Abbe (1840–1905), a private docent, or associate professor, at the university. The official collaboration between the 50 year old Zeiss and 26 year old Abbe began in July 1866 with the goal of the creation of a water immersion objective with resolution equal to those of Emil Hartnack's. A first step in the rational production of optics was a modernization of the workshop methods. This was accomplished with some resistance from Löber and the other employees who preferred to remain with their traditional methods. The plan was to measure every individual property of each lens element before an objective was constructed to allow precise reproduction of the optical system. The D objective, for example contained 5 lenses. Each was composed of glass with a specific index of refraction, with exact curvatures, of a specific focal length and exact spacings. Löber had already investigated one requirement using glass reference gages to compare the curvature of lens surfaces using the phenomenon of Newton's rings. Fraunhofer had arrived at the same solution long before but the procedure had remained a trade secret of his workshop. Abbe constructed a series of new measuring apparatus to measure focal lengths and refractive indices. The result of all of this effort was clear by 1869. Outwardly the microscopes had hardly changed, but due to the rationalization of the work flow more microscopes were produced with the same personnel. Prices were reduced by 25%. Abbe could now proceed with the actual task, namely calculation of the theoretical objective designs. Zeiss provided him every possible support from the workshop and the assistance of the most capable worker of the workshop, namely August Löber. Despite this, there were many obstacles to overcome. It was 1872 before the work was complete. Abbe had recalculated the existing A through F objectives for systematic production and added four new, larger aperture, objectives AA through DD in this series. Most important, he added three water immersion objectives with resolution and image quality equalling anything available from Hartnack, Gundlach or other competitors. In catalog number 19, Microscopes and Microscopical Accessories, it was announced that, "The microscope systems presented here are all constructed on the basis on the recent theoretical calculations of Professor Ernst Abbe of Jena." They were no longer surpassed by any competitor's products. This was also reflected in the prices. While the best microscope cost 127 Taler in 1871, in 1872 one paid 387 Taler for the top of the line. Despite this, business remained brisk and the new objective system garnered high praise at a conference of natural scientists and physicians in Leipzig. Zeiss repaid Abbe for his endeavor with a generous profit sharing arrangement in the workshops and made him a partner in 1875. As one condition of his financial participation Abbe was obligated not to expand his responsibilities at the university further. The optical calculations were specifically regarded as property of the firm and not to be published, contradicting Abbe's original plans. Expansion of the workshop into a major concern On 14 October 1876 the completion of the 3,000th microscope was celebrated and the staff had grown to 60 employees. That same year Zeiss' son Roderich joined the firm, assuming commercial and administrative duties and becoming a partner in 1879. In addition Roderich made important contributions in the design of microphotographic apparatus. Carl Zeiss remained active in the firm on a daily basis. In recognition of his contributions Carl was awarded an honorary doctorate by the faculty of the university of Jena in 1880 at the recommendation of a long-term collaborator, the zoologist Prof. Ernst Häckel. A move to modernization and enlargement of the firm was encouraged by Ernst Abbe, while Zeiss remained somewhat more conservative based on the many setbacks he had experienced. Nonetheless, by the 1880s the transition to large scale operations was underway. By 1883 the firm was enjoying solid business success. The firm published its catalog No 26 as an illustrated and bound volume of 80 pages in an edition of 5,000 copies. The always thrifty Zeiss required retailers to share the cost of three or four silver groschen per copy. The firm's retailer in London, Baker, often ordered 40 or more objectives at a time. The firm even began opening field offices in and outside the country. Optical glass After mastering the problem of producing objectives based on theoretical calculation one problem remained, namely the production of suitable optical glass. At the time optical glass was obtained from England, France or Switzerland and left much to be desired in quality, reliable availability, selection of optical properties and prompt delivery. The optical properties were not consistent from batch to batch and, as important, those glasses which could be obtained were not ideal for the properties calculated to give the best correction in a microscope objective. Abbe and Zeiss were convinced that the optical qualities of the microscope objective could be improved further if glasses with certain properties could be obtained. Unfortunately, no such glasses existed. Zeiss once again supported Abbe in his theoretical work with the resources of the workshop to produce objectives using liquids in lens triplets to test his theory by 1873, known as polyop objectives in the workshop. Liquid lens triplets were not a new idea. David Brewster describes them in his Treatise on the Microscope of 1837 for the Encyclopædia Britannica. They allow access to several optical properties which are not accessible in glasses. Unfortunately, they are not commercially viable. These expensive and commercially useless experiments proved that Abbe's prediction was correct. Superior optical corrections were possible. Abbe and Zeiss' 1872 series of objectives, including the water immersion objectives, were as good as anything made at the time. For the first time, these objectives were better than anything made anywhere. This result provided the argument for developing new glasses. Abbe discussed the problem of expanding the range of properties of optical glasses with the major producers with no success, but he continued to search for a way forward. Zeiss and Abbe responded very enthusiastically to the enquiries of the chemist and glass technician Otto Schott when Schott contacted Abbe to seek help characterizing new chemical compositions in glasses. Schott was uniquely skilled at producing small batches of experimental glass compositions in high quality. He was convinced to move to Jena and expand his experiments. After demonstrating dozens of successful experiments, Zeiss used his credibility and connections to obtain financial support from the Prussian government for the efforts. Within two years of the establishment of a glassworks in Jena, Zeiss, Abbe and Schott could offer dozens of well characterized optical glasses with repeatable composition and on large scale. The firm still operates as Schott AG. In the same publications announcing the Schott glassworks line of products, Zeiss announced a new set of objectives, based on Abbe's work, corrected to a higher standard than any existing lenses. The apochromatic objectives represented the success of collaborations lasting almost two decades. Later years and death In December 1885 Zeiss suffered a mild stroke, from which he fully recovered. The grand duke enrolled him in the Order of the White Falcon for his 70th birthday in 1886, the same year the apochromatic objectives appeared on the market. These represented the final realization of the grand design for the theoretical design of objectives inspired by and made possible by Zeiss and realized by Abbe; they delivered previously unknown image quality. The members of the congress of Russian physicians were so inspired by the new objectives that they made Zeiss an honorary member. Zeiss was able to attend the celebration on the occasion of the completion of the 10,000th microscope on 24 September 1886, to which all employees and their spouses were invited. It was a lavish party remembered in Jena for decades. Zeiss suffered a rapid decline and, after several strokes in the last quarter of 1888, died on 3 December 1888. Zeiss is buried in Jena.In final analysis of the contributions of Carl Zeiss one must conclude that, although he introduced several improvements in the mechanics of the microscope, he did not personally introduce groundbreaking innovations. His critical contributions were his insistence on the greatest precision in his own work and in the products of his employees and that he maintained from the beginning close contacts with the scientists who gave him valuable insights for the design of his microscopes. The greatest contribution of Zeiss was in his steadfast pursuit of his idea to produce microscope objectives based on theory, even when his own efforts and those of Barfuss had failed. Even though the final task was accomplished by Abbe and not himself, one must still credit Zeiss with awakening Abbe's interest in optics and providing every conceivable personal, material and financial support for the enormous task. The production of an objective based on theoretical design was only possible with skilled artisans trained to work with the highest possible precision, upon which Zeiss had always placed the greatest emphasis. One final accomplishment was guiding the internal reorganization and transformations of a workshop into a major enterprise. Only this transformation made it possible to produce microscopes in large numbers with highest precision. The driving force behind the expansion was Ernst Abbe, but Zeiss had the final say and supported the efforts to the fullest. Competing workshops which did not embrace the calculation of optical systems and the transition to major enterprises were doomed to fail. Ernst Abbe honored the contributions of Carl Zeiss in several major speeches and created a memorial with the foundation of the Carl Zeiss Foundation, Carl-Zeiss-Stiftung, which still endures today. Remembrances The football club FC Carl Zeiss Jena is named after him. Publication Felix Auerbach: The Zeiss works and the Carl-Zeiss stiftung in Jena, 2nd edition 1904 See also Calculation of glass properties - a significant contribution to the success of the companies Zeiss and Schott Optical Museum Jena Zeiss projector Planetarium List of planetariums References General references Auerbach, F; Paul, Siegfried F.; Cheshire, Frederick J, The Zeiss works and the Carl-Zeiss stiftung in Jena; their scientific, technical and sociological development and importance, London, Marshall, Brookes & Chalkley, ltd, 1904. https://archive.org/details/cu31924012426841 Feffer, S.; Ernst Abbe, Carl Zeiss, and the Transformation of microscopical optics, In; Archimedes, J. Z. Buchwald Ed. 1996, Kluwer Academic Publishers. Auerbach, F.: Ernst Abbe. Sein Leben, sein Wirken, seine Persönlichkeit nach den Quellen und aus eigener Erfahrung geschildert (Ernst Abbe. His Life, His Legacy and His Personality from the Sources and Personal Experience). Akad. Verlagsges. Leipzig 1918. Dippel, L.: Das Mikroskop und seine Anwendung. Erster Teil: Bau, Eigenschaften, Prüfung, gegenwärtiger Zustand, Gebrauch (The Microscope and its Application. Part One: Construction, Properties, Testing and the State of the Art) (Allgemeines) u.s.w. Vieweg, Braunschweig 1867. Esche, P. G.: Carl Zeiss: Leben und Werk (Carl Zeiss: Life and Work), Stadtmuseum Jena, Jena 1966. Gloede, W.: Vom Lesestein zum Elektronenmikroskop (From Rock Crystal Lens to Electron Microscope.). VEB Verlag Technik, Berlin 1986. Rohr, M. V.: Zur Geschichte der Zeissischen Werkstätte bis zum Tode Ernst Abbes. Mit Beiträgen von Max Fischer und August Köhler (On the History of the Zeiss Workshops up to the Death of Ernst Abbe. With Contributions from Max Fischer and August Köhler). Volckmar, Leipzig 1936. Schomerus, F.: Geschichte des Jenaer Zeisswerkes. 1846–1946 (History of the Jena Zeiss Works. 1846–1946). Piscator, Stuttgart 1952. Volkmann, H.: Carl Zeiss und Ernst Abbe. Ihr Leben und ihr Werk. (Carl Zeiss and Ernst Abbe; Their lives and Works.) Deutsches Museum, Abhandlungen und Berichte. 34. Jg., H. 2. Oldenbourg, München 1966. William, A.A.: Carl Zeiss 1816–1888. der Tradition. 6. Beihefte. Bruckmann, München 1967. Zeiss, F., H. Friess: Carl Zeiss und seine Sippe. Eine Sammlung geneologischer Tatsachen, herausgegeben aus Anlaß des 150. Geburtstages des Werksgründers. (Carl Zeiss and His Family. A Collection of Genealogical Findings, Published on the Occasion of the 150th Birthday of the Founder of the Enterprise.) Starke, Limburg 1966. Zeiss, E., F. Zeis: Hof- und Universitätsmechanikus Dr. h. c. Carl Zeiss, der Gründer der Optischen Werkstätte zu Jena. Eine biographische Studie aus der Sicht seiner Zeit und seiner Verwandtschaft (Court and University Machinist Dr. h.c. Carl Zeiss, The Founder of the Optical Workshops at Jena. A Biographical Study from the Perspective of his Time and Family.). Sippenverband Zeiss, 1966, o. O. Rolf Walter und Wolfgang Mühlfriedel (Editors): Carl Zeiss. Geschichte eines Unternehmens, Band 1.(Carl Zeiss. History of an Enterprise. Vol. 1): Edith Hellmuth, Wolfgang Mühlfriedel: Zeiss 1846–1905. Vom Atelier für Mechanik zum führenden Unternehmen des optischen Gerätebaus. (Zeiss 1846–1905. From Workshop for fine Machinery to Leading Enterprise for Optical Apparatus Production.) Böhlau, Köln / Weimar / Wien 1996, External links Carl Zeiss Biography Zeiss Company History Site Zeiss microscopes resource site First simple microscope made by Carl Zeiss in 1847/1848 Early compound microscope made by Carl Zeiss Carl Zeiss Companies History article 1816 births 1888 deaths Carl Zeiss AG people Microscopists Optical physicists People from Weimar People from Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach University of Jena alumni German scientific instrument makers German company founders 19th-century German businesspeople	[ 0.12256288528442383, 0.5039397478103638, 0.20979778468608856, 0.24757356941699982, 0.22645564377307892, 0.7942168116569519, 0.4481072425842285, 0.21718120574951172, -0.20037230849266052, -0.3747171461582184, -0.22828000783920288, -0.1278165578842163, -0.04249265789985657, 0.4532056450843811, -0.5090104341506958, 0.0030410687904804945, -0.3149493634700775, -0.07209662348031998, -0.42733606696128845, 0.09224963188171387, -0.5146105885505676, 0.12560461461544037, 0.599012017250061, -0.037836167961359024, -0.14857573807239532, -0.355173796415329, 0.0008704993524588645, -0.15500473976135254, 0.4047378599643707, 0.4043830335140228, 0.667244553565979, 0.6080166697502136, -0.1701337844133377, 0.18403902649879456, -0.9381811618804932, 0.10587884485721588, -0.5547711849212646, -0.05667181685566902, 0.28169775009155273, 0.17009201645851135, -0.43633386492729187, 0.584034264087677, 0.12314750254154205, 0.03247449919581413, -0.018485574051737785, -0.7977346777915955, -2.2034976482391357, 0.18087215721607208, -0.7664952874183655, -0.06824589520692825, -0.28814437985420227, -0.007928621023893356, 0.3393072187900543, 1.119896650314331, -0.4536188840866089, 0.061993133276700974, -0.3880564868450165, -0.3997586667537689, 0.41789889335632324, 0.10919807851314545, 0.5086658596992493, -0.20803874731063843, 0.32252252101898193, 0.09158501029014587, 0.48198434710502625, 0.0832996815443039, -0.10715961456298828, 0.2071961611509323, -0.000143579687573947, 0.038867052644491196, 0.04314194247126579, 0.07123728841543198, 0.11691619455814362, -0.2749132513999939, 0.5504095554351807, -0.36906567215919495, -0.31634098291397095, 0.014892998151481152, 0.21767379343509674, -0.10795282572507858, -0.2408282607793808, -0.12467405200004578, 1.2045515775680542, 0.3102062940597534, -0.2556329667568207, 0.1676143854856491, -0.8111552596092224, 0.34826934337615967, -0.3579045534133911, -0.09665834158658981, -0.19587023556232452, -0.23168101906776428, 0.5318496227264404, 0.0045613874681293964, 0.2553393542766571, -0.03309740126132965, -0.014197764918208122, 0.1144229844212532, -0.39361608028411865, 0.3272135555744171, 0.43708714842796326, 0.04509621113538742, 0.28632327914237976, -0.22272366285324097, 0.8259583711624146, 0.1614484041929245, 0.1574450582265854, 0.0383249931037426, -0.32873862981796265, 0.2317824512720108, -0.8045675754547119, -0.13377642631530762, -0.08380825817584991, 0.293395459651947, -0.3365761339664459, 0.34267404675483704, 0.5861543416976929, -0.6863589882850647, -0.1139097735285759, -0.17641426622867584, 0.24583277106285095, 0.26979905366897583, -0.032999031245708466, -0.02151525393128395, -0.5460864305496216, 0.299627423286438, -0.3613734543323517, 0.7712554335594177, -0.6234874725341797, -0.026821261271834373, 0.13489262759685516, 0.724280059337616, 0.19529026746749878, 0.0321657620370388, -0.210860937833786, -0.3019660711288452, 0.7037787437438965, -0.14978177845478058, -0.6637470722198486, 0.4843211770057678, 0.000007718643246334977, -0.6061667799949646, -0.7294714450836182, -0.099787637591362, -0.071637824177742, -0.37694719433784485, 0.0199046041816473, -0.20818695425987244, -0.17798227071762085, -0.005257441662251949, -0.5041635632514954, -0.2560993731021881, -0.5904410481452942, -0.3713732957839966, 0.08160073310136795, 0.53375643491745, 0.5036720633506775, 0.43389713764190674, 0.055203117430210114, 0.11228469759225845, 0.09546324610710144, 0.09317762404680252, -0.6856944561004639, -0.1983269602060318, -0.0626196637749672, -0.6681559681892395, 0.37267470359802246, 0.2155887931585312, -0.3553568720817566, -0.25331318378448486, -0.4035243093967438, -0.05922790616750717, 0.0385563001036644, 0.49649715423583984, 0.308019757270813, 0.7080281376838684, 0.1710621863603592, 0.4934324622154236, 0.0998653694987297, -0.5819900631904602, -0.7365304827690125, 0.03503447026014328, 0.19581905007362366, 0.14100337028503418, 0.46230781078338623, 0.6488001346588135, 0.7448865175247192, -0.06316839158535004, 0.31698766350746155, -0.9202839732170105, -0.26489171385765076, -0.7269577383995056, 0.048169009387493134, 0.14375290274620056, 0.9910082221031189, 0.46807605028152466, -0.5464469194412231, 0.04818076640367508, -0.5450535416603088, 0.3646548092365265, -0.22613011300563812, -0.3681083917617798, -0.22348350286483765, 0.06340975314378738, 0.033149778842926025, 0.141465425491333, 0.4658125638961792, -0.41316428780555725, -0.3107590675354004, -0.10594355314970016, 0.36984574794769287, -0.9072885513305664, 0.1459246724843979, 0.15071463584899902, -0.04152953252196312, 0.10851722955703735, -0.4563446640968323, -0.316375195980072, -0.1774277538061142, 0.22544914484024048, 0.48605892062187195, 0.32031917572021484, -0.1859557032585144, 1.251129388809204, 0.38417479395866394, 1.1755046844482422, 0.328744113445282, 0.23961369693279266, -0.2571999430656433, -0.594731330871582, 0.029969533905386925, -0.3899316191673279, 0.4886436462402344, -0.574256956577301, 0.37257418036460876, 0.062117334455251694, -0.3467687964439392, -0.0913708508014679, 0.331145703792572, -0.5759953260421753, 0.9052694439888, 0.3278692662715912, -0.4359949827194214, 0.3470093607902527, 0.33345866203308105, 0.3797488510608673, -0.18231402337551117, -0.459842324256897, -0.38693779706954956, 0.03385920822620392, -0.13538995385169983, 0.22989805042743683, -0.4172426164150238, 0.0311282929033041, -0.19482167065143585, -0.5554113388061523, 0.8603315949440002, -0.06257797032594681, -0.0648374930024147, 0.34113332629203796, 0.281584769487381, -0.30560874938964844, 0.16365182399749756, -0.015619315207004547, -0.41466888785362244, -0.48962774872779846, 0.4588412940502167, -0.4850838780403137, 0.5274770259857178, 0.35560062527656555, 0.37295809388160706, 0.17715999484062195, 0.18169613182544708, 0.5402546525001526, -0.02717340551316738, -0.7805574536323547, -0.18900255858898163, 0.014206279069185257, -0.6176073551177979, -0.11270925402641296, 0.11482679843902588, 0.8638522624969482, -0.2299432009458542, -0.04000050947070122, -0.45246315002441406, 0.06185600534081459, -0.09769697487354279, -0.013987516053020954, 0.2631286680698395, -0.1312056928873062, -0.20474591851234436, 0.8435943722724915, -0.8787693977355957, 0.314935564994812, -0.2970200479030609, 0.8340727686882019, -0.12722676992416382, -0.7400242686271667, 0.4592575132846832, -0.5028332471847534, -1.0089830160140991, 0.3555447459220886, -0.14962653815746307, -0.07852911949157715, -0.17249739170074463, 0.05041968822479248, -0.15086446702480316, -0.08804432302713394, -5.330599308013916, -0.46945178508758545, 0.0064221834763884544, -0.40559035539627075, 0.21878111362457275, 0.8231402039527893, 0.4620992839336395, -0.21828091144561768, 0.23073945939540863, -0.41650739312171936, 0.7961591482162476, 0.04671529680490494, -0.00039699170156382024, 0.43127262592315674, 0.434365838766098, 0.41404372453689575, 0.22976888716220856, 0.30607274174690247, 0.20448066294193268, 0.3014858067035675, 0.14115314185619354, -0.8757022619247437, -0.05293446034193039, 0.1490325778722763, -0.03409665450453758, -0.8475971221923828, 0.11649810522794724, -0.39297953248023987, -0.18280638754367828, -0.4837387204170227, 0.15069256722927094, -0.2646732032299042, -0.6613377928733826, 0.06326959282159805, 0.6650757193565369, -0.6635221838951111, 0.6682912707328796, 0.5514664053916931, -0.23440603911876678, 0.30134475231170654, 0.3548043966293335, 0.5703964829444885, -0.23819752037525177, 0.3330303132534027, 0.33252009749412537, -0.20786260068416595, -0.7106645703315735, 0.8051965236663818, -0.8552359938621521, 0.8185895085334778, 1.0236221551895142, -0.20180250704288483, -0.17673134803771973, -0.44777342677116394, -0.02311432547867298, 0.16089150309562683, 0.004986326210200787, 0.25425639748573303, -0.8904433250427246, 0.29248589277267456, 0.015887966379523277, 0.30973079800605774, -0.010044909082353115, 0.05638274922966957, -0.5216200947761536, -0.045189276337623596, -0.16686229407787323, -0.2538740336894989, 0.14618836343288422, -0.2766035497188568, -0.004213014617562294, 1.3160138130187988, 0.516809344291687, -0.834559440612793, -0.03079245239496231, -0.2102704644203186, -0.03344867378473282, -0.6142191886901855, -0.6132802963256836, 0.09972716867923737, -0.06138252466917038, -0.5751776695251465, 0.369802325963974, 1.0913535356521606, 0.8906691074371338, 0.39837995171546936, -0.5862025022506714, -0.15865816175937653, -0.05461104214191437, -0.37866291403770447, 0.07043406367301941, -0.4654475152492523, 0.04055258259177208, 0.08648338168859482, -0.22486861050128937, 0.3323476314544678, -0.3563736379146576, 0.4066672623157501, 0.7369619011878967, 0.5855894088745117, 0.5255445837974548, 0.11824925243854523, -0.19437313079833984, -0.27909165620803833, 0.4033261835575104, -0.17993277311325073, -0.022006206214427948, -0.1748906373977661, 1.0784564018249512, 0.5050714612007141, -0.005145024508237839, 0.3638988435268402, -0.2589428722858429, -0.06170604005455971, 0.38619136810302734, -0.6918757557868958, -0.40637046098709106, 0.19213643670082092, 0.215342178940773, -0.15432152152061462, -0.3138967454433441, -0.25853362679481506, 0.28879499435424805, -0.8473052978515625, 0.058353934437036514, -0.21587395668029785, -0.21418501436710358, -0.15315325558185577, -0.32801494002342224, 0.02894403785467148, -0.3214057981967926, 1.1990045309066772, -0.09034490585327148, 0.655792236328125, -0.28358668088912964, -0.4495428204536438, -0.7475926280021667, -0.4220496118068695, -0.1935311257839203, -0.36344876885414124, 0.37104374170303345, -0.08829989284276962, -0.06047651916742325, 0.27204909920692444, 0.4808780550956726, 0.23623305559158325, 0.08623439818620682, 0.27598893642425537, -0.2652904987335205, 0.6171655058860779, -0.23217140138149261, -0.742060661315918, 0.38051098585128784, 0.09255407005548477, -0.03171871230006218, 0.5400513410568237, -0.23588445782661438, 0.038194481283426285, -0.2166483998298645, -0.13206470012664795, 0.10748496651649475, 0.2715691328048706, -0.969841480255127, -0.22658279538154602, 0.2545410394668579, 0.594115138053894, -0.8586627244949341, 0.41304558515548706, 0.21850235760211945, 0.0997229740023613, 0.0037999677006155252, -0.37604835629463196, -0.616087019443512, -0.24204568564891815, -0.2154005616903305, 0.31941258907318115, -0.22509326040744781, -0.06954833120107651, -0.009482360444962978, -0.7596385478973389, 0.19191734492778778, 0.27786925435066223, -0.6816340088844299, 0.19565850496292114, -0.0025244257412850857, -0.3340606093406677, -0.1747276335954666, -0.4956028163433075, -0.11329488456249237, -0.455797404050827, 0.12274220585823059, -0.04575846716761589, -0.13674265146255493, 0.9430736303329468, -0.016779478639364243, -0.6734160780906677, -0.044434431940317154, -0.38872289657592773, -0.4383964240550995, -0.48361629247665405, -0.2598954439163208, 0.054717034101486206, -0.3748272955417633, -0.22831614315509796, -0.010822159238159657, -0.6939212679862976, 0.050000324845314026, 0.5731459259986877, -0.23751480877399445, 0.6365087628364563, -0.6281411647796631, -0.5785794258117676, -0.032449252903461456, 0.7470532059669495, -0.4529260993003845, 0.4080289304256439, 0.5334548950195312, -0.07879016548395157, -0.620047926902771, -0.2631882131099701, -0.3779485821723938, 0.4392518699169159, -0.5387019515037537, -0.4420831501483917, -0.22472868859767914, 0.322163462638855, 0.34794241189956665, 0.8028504848480225, 0.7062117457389832, -0.060706790536642075, -0.1731225997209549, 0.06208471953868866, 0.07030060142278671, -0.06708402931690216, 0.11528056859970093, 0.012441461905837059, 0.3226846158504486, 0.44054001569747925, -0.2847406268119812, -0.07658597081899643, 0.7358474731445312, 0.7191607356071472, -0.03604944422841072, 0.7159642577171326, 0.027326785027980804, -0.2773631513118744, 0.4377470910549164, 0.21031199395656586, 0.07843153923749924, -0.13704511523246765, -0.11198195815086365, -0.18787077069282532, -0.5297369956970215, -0.27281028032302856, 0.40622663497924805, 0.02768588811159134, 0.2222338765859604, 0.2833625078201294, -0.06156565994024277, -0.14828605949878693, -0.7126936316490173, 0.24307653307914734, 0.7980673313140869, -0.3151718080043793, -0.23403790593147278, 0.6066195964813232, -0.7656163573265076, -0.08111802488565445, 0.19765332341194153, 0.08724594861268997, -0.13866885006427765, -0.5940437316894531, -0.4856081008911133, 0.031141161918640137, -0.061422593891620636, 0.8310451507568359, -0.0466487780213356, -0.0956469476222992, -0.32463496923446655, -0.24660250544548035, -1.101273775100708, -0.038949619978666306, -0.18099716305732727, -0.5983995795249939, -0.5917342901229858, -0.048230595886707306, -0.6126794219017029, 0.24043229222297668, -0.25014451146125793, 0.20638351142406464, -0.8343555331230164, 0.24643149971961975, -0.06029456853866577, 0.5785855054855347, -0.22887521982192993, 0.22816041111946106, -0.049974650144577026, 0.7141678929328918, -0.15434515476226807, 0.5094819068908691, -0.20530514419078827, 0.24193255603313446, 0.8386560082435608, -0.529853105545044, 0.4819986820220947, 0.27586349844932556, -0.18324963748455048, -0.09197404235601425, -0.016148827970027924, -0.5848826766014099, 0.20300894975662231, -0.32715117931365967, -0.41648876667022705, 0.6734268665313721, -0.7886844277381897, -0.670834481716156, 0.5800829529762268, -0.1719764769077301, 0.11771458387374878, 0.2666291892528534, -0.049586765468120575, 0.3787589967250824, 0.522645890712738, -0.48905113339424133, -0.3155205249786377, 0.34069859981536865, 0.6974698305130005, 0.7477798461914062, -0.1806766539812088, 0.4452645182609558, 0.15364059805870056, -0.0806281715631485, -0.242970272898674, 1.177545189857483, -0.11257419735193253, 0.48051002621650696, 0.2764692008495331, -0.944072961807251, -0.6507114768028259, 0.14469866454601288, 0.022059522569179535, 1.2056963443756104, 0.045404430478811264, -0.024595005437731743, -0.360457181930542, 0.07167523354291916, -0.14357349276542664, 0.36971530318260193, -0.22773927450180054, 0.021776551380753517, 0.636960506439209, 0.0466754250228405, 0.5767831206321716, -0.3001594841480255, -0.3187762200832367, -0.13410905003547668, 0.2798503041267395, -0.04017648845911026, -0.3937031030654907, 0.4690983295440674, 0.21241937577724457, -0.3064829409122467, 1.016523003578186, -0.16167332231998444, -0.6177284717559814, -0.00870974175632, -0.13684067130088806, -0.6933045983314514, -0.09598901122808456, -0.6121379137039185, -0.07856182754039764, -0.750433087348938, -0.06921070069074631, 0.6732567548751831, 0.04276565834879875, 0.044549550861120224, 0.5742594003677368, 0.016565615311264992, -0.16659489274024963, 0.14541037380695343, -0.3273466229438782, 0.32226914167404175, 0.41171202063560486, -0.23606933653354645, -0.3520064949989319, -0.2687920033931732, -0.22965127229690552, -0.18759843707084656, 0.42949020862579346, -0.560914158821106, -0.04218824952840805, 0.055536847561597824, 0.3832605481147766, -0.2020394653081894, -0.5678507685661316, 0.08708096295595169, -0.3763939440250397, 0.4829985499382019, -0.0928221195936203, -0.7082356214523315, -0.21807484328746796, 0.3168755769729614, 0.4248664081096649, -0.4275801479816437, -0.012575924396514893, 0.5502172708511353, -0.17202068865299225, 0.6591611504554749, -0.32763978838920593, 0.6901383996009827, -0.10345441102981567, -0.22306886315345764, -0.26802799105644226, -0.01364249736070633, -0.44618457555770874, -0.24130147695541382, 0.5846711993217468, -0.16021187603473663, -0.34715402126312256, -0.26603326201438904, 0.4505235254764557, -0.26968276500701904, -0.08896944671869278, -0.5503605008125305, -0.3732145428657532, 0.16237971186637878, 0.47289299964904785, -0.05973208695650101, -0.28910666704177856, 0.7541871666908264, -0.43945828080177307, 0.07903141528367996, -0.7334948182106018, 0.06072276458144188, -0.5218760967254639, -0.967528223991394, 0.15252700448036194, 0.45794251561164856, 0.37629541754722595, -0.7791696786880493, 0.5814236998558044, 0.28823718428611755, -0.1941237449645996, -0.0012021175352856517, 0.5949738025665283, 0.30730921030044556, -0.5107870697975159, -0.024111896753311157, 0.22840580344200134, 0.3708048462867737, 0.15794958174228668, -0.5177059769630432, 0.5464295744895935, -0.6507905125617981, 0.6132974624633789, 0.051389992237091064, 0.0682847872376442, -0.5816853642463684, 0.4690653383731842, -0.4912167191505432 ]
202068	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl%20Zeiss%20AG	Carl Zeiss AG	Carl Zeiss AG (), branded as ZEISS, is a German manufacturer of optical systems and optoelectronics, founded in Jena, Germany in 1846 by optician Carl Zeiss. Together with Ernst Abbe (joined 1866) and Otto Schott (joined 1884) he laid the foundation for today's multi-national company. The current company emerged from a reunification of Carl Zeiss companies in East and West Germany with a consolidation phase in the 1990s. ZEISS is active in four business segments with approximately equal revenue, Industrial Quality and Research, Medical Technology, Consumer Markets and Semiconductor Manufacturing Technology in almost 50 countries, has 30 production sites and around 25 development sites worldwide. Carl Zeiss AG is the holding of all subsidiaries within Zeiss Group, of which Carl Zeiss Meditec AG is the only one that is traded at the stock market. Carl Zeiss AG is owned by the foundation Carl-Zeiss-Stiftung. The Zeiss Group has its headquarters in southern Germany, in the small town Oberkochen with its second largest and founding site being Jena in eastern Germany. Also controlled by the Carl-Zeiss-Stiftung is the glass manufacturer Schott AG, located in Mainz and Jena. Carl Zeiss is one of the oldest existing optics manufacturers in the world. Corporate history Carl Zeiss opened an optics workshop in Jena in 1846. By 1847 he was making microscopes full-time. By 1861 the Zeiss workshop was considered to be among the best scientific-instrument makers in Germany with about 20 people working in the company, and business growing quickly. By 1866 Zeiss sold their 1,000th microscope. In 1872 physicist Ernst Abbe joined Zeiss and along with Otto Schott designed greatly improved lenses for the optical instruments they were producing. After Carl Zeiss's death in 1888, the business was incorporated as the Carl-Zeiss-Stiftung in 1889. By World War I, Zeiss was the world's largest company of camera production. Zeiss Ikon represented a significant part of the production along with dozens of other brands and factories, and also had major works at Dresden. In 1928 Hensoldt AG was acquired by Carl Zeiss and has produced the Zeiss binoculars and riflescopes since 1964, occasionally resulting in twin products being offered under both the Hensoldt and Zeiss brand names. The Hensoldt System Technology division (resulting from a merger of the military optics operations of Leica and Hensoldt) was continued by Zeiss under the Hensoldt name until 2006. As part of Nazi Germany Zwangsarbeiter program, Zeiss used forced labour including persecution of Jews and other minorities during World War II. The destruction of the war caused many companies to divide into smaller subcompanies and others to merge. There was great respect for the engineering innovation that came out of Dresden—before the war the world's first 35 mm single-lens reflex camera, the Kine Exakta, and the first miniature camera with good picture quality were developed there. At the end of the war, Jena was occupied by the United States Army. When Jena and Dresden were incorporated into the Soviet occupation zone, later East Germany, some parts of Zeiss Jena were relocated by the US army to the Contessa manufacturing facility in Stuttgart, West Germany, while the remainder of Zeiss Jena was reestablished by the (eastern) German Democratic Republic as Kombinat VEB Zeiss Jena. The Soviet Army took most of the existing Zeiss factories and tooling as World War II spoils back to the Soviet Union, establishing the Kiev camera works. The western business was restarted in Oberkochen, southwestern Germany, as Opton Optische Werke Oberkochen GmbH in 1946, which became Zeiss-Opton Optische Werke Oberkochen GmbH in 1947, but was soon renamed to Carl Zeiss. West German Zeiss products were labelled Opton for sale in the Eastern bloc, while East German Zeiss products were labelled "Zeiss Jena" or simply "Jena" for sale in Western countries. In 1973, the Western Carl Zeiss AG entered into a licensing agreement with the Japanese camera company Yashica to produce a series of high-quality 35 mm film cameras and lenses bearing the Contax and Zeiss brand names. This collaboration continued under Yashica's successor, Kyocera, until the latter ceased all camera production in 2005. Zeiss later produced lenses for the space industry and, more recently, has again produced high-quality 35 mm camera lenses. The eastern Zeiss Jena was also well known for producing high-quality products. Following German reunification, VEB Zeiss Jena — reckoned as one of the few East German firms that was even potentially able to compete on a global basis — became Zeiss Jena GmbH, which became Jenoptik Carl Zeiss Jena GmbH in 1990. In 1991, Jenoptik Carl Zeiss Jena was split in two, with Carl Zeiss AG (Oberkochen) taking over the company's divisions for microscopy and other precision optics (effectively reuniting the pre-war Carl Zeiss enterprise) and moving its microscopy and planetarium divisions back to Jena. Jenoptik GmbH was split off as a specialty company in the areas of photonics, optoelectronics, and mechatronics. The Hensoldt AG was renamed Carl Zeiss Sports Optics GmbH on 1 October 2006. The companies of the Zeiss Gruppe in and around Dresden have branched into new technologies: screens and products for the automotive industry, for example. Today, there are arguably three companies with primarily Zeiss Ikon heritage: Zeiss Germany, the Finnish/Swedish Ikon (which bought the West German Zeiss Ikon AG), and the independent eastern Zeiss Ikon. A division called Carl Zeiss Vision produces lenses for eyeglasses. In 2005, the eyeglass division merged with U.S. company SOLA, which included the former American Optical Company. On 28 June 2013, Carl Zeiss officially announced its plan to rename the brand from "Carl Zeiss" to simply "Zeiss". All the products will be standardized under the Zeiss brand. In April 2019, Zeiss announced the acquisition of Brunswick-based GOM. Innovations The Zeiss company was responsible for many innovations in optical design and engineering in each of their major fields of business. Today this becomes exemplarily visible in the latest EUV lithography systems, the equipment needed to produce the latest generations of semiconductor components. It also includes early high-performance optical microscopes up to today's electron and ion microscopes, which reach a sub-nanometers resolution. It includes technology leadership in the first surgical microscopes and ophthalmic devices. It also includes high-performance contact metrology systems. For many years Zeiss showed innovations in fields as astronomical telescopes, photographic and cinematic lenses. Early on, Carl Zeiss realised that he needed a competent scientist so as to take the firm beyond just being another optical workshop. In 1866, the service of Dr. Ernst Abbe was enlisted. From then on novel products appeared in rapid succession which brought the Zeiss company to the forefront of optical technology. Abbe was instrumental in the development of the famous Jena optical glass. When he was trying to eliminate stigmatism from microscopes, he realized that the range of optical glasses available was insufficient. After some calculations, he realised that performance of optical instruments would dramatically improve if optical glasses of appropriate properties were available. His challenge to glass manufacturers was finally answered by Dr. Otto Schott, who established the famous glassworks at Jena from which new types of optical glass began to appear from 1888 to be employed by Zeiss and other makers. The new Jena optical glass also opened up the possibility of increased performance of photographic lenses. The first use of Jena glass in a photographic lens was by Voigtländer, but as the lens was an old design its performance was not greatly improved. Subsequently, the new glasses would demonstrate their value in correcting astigmatism, and in the production of apochromatic lenses. Abbe started the design of a photographic lens of symmetrical design with five elements, but went no further. Zeiss' domination of photographic lens innovation was due to Dr Paul Rudolph. In 1890, Rudolph designed an asymmetrical lens with a cemented group at each side of the diaphragm, appropriately named "Anastigmat". This lens was made in three series: Series III, IV and V, with maximum apertures of f/7.2, f/12.5, and f/18 respectively. In 1891, Series I, II and IIIa appeared with respective maximum apertures of f/4.5, f/6.3, and f/9 and in 1893 came Series IIa of f/8 maximum aperture. These lenses are now better known by the trademark "Protar", which was first used in 1900. At the time, single combination lenses, which occupy one side of the diaphragm only, were still popular. Rudolph designed one with three cemented elements in 1893, with the option of fitting two of them together in a lens barrel as a compound lens, but it was found to be the same as the Dagor by C.P. Goerz, designed by Emil von Hoegh. Rudolph then came up with a single combination with four cemented elements, which can be considered as having all the elements of the Protar stuck together in one piece. Marketed in 1894, it was called the Protarlinse Series VII, the most highly corrected single combination lens with maximum apertures between f/11 and f/12.5, depending on its focal length. But the important thing about this Protarlinse is that two of these lens units can be mounted in the same lens barrel to form a compound lens of even greater performance and a larger aperture, between f/6.3 and f/7.7. In this configuration, it was called the Double Protar Series VIIa. An immense range of focal lengths can thus be obtained by the various combination of Protarlinse units. Rudolph also investigated the Double-Gauss concept of a symmetrical design with thin positive menisci enclosing negative elements. The result was the Planar Series Ia of 1896, with maximum apertures up to f/3.5, one of the fastest lenses of its time. Whilst it was very sharp, it suffered from coma which limited its popularity. However, further developments of this configuration made it the design of choice for high-speed lenses of standard coverage. Probably inspired by the Stigmatic lenses designed by Hugh Aldis for Dallmeyer of London, Rudolph designed a new asymmetrical lens with four thin elements, the Unar Series Ib, with apertures up to f/4.5. Due to its high speed, it was used extensively on hand cameras. The most important Zeiss lens by Rudolph was the Tessar, first sold in 1902 in its Series IIb f/6.3 form. It can be said as a combination of the front half of the Unar with the rear half of the Protar. This proved to be the most valuable and flexible design, with tremendous development potential. Its maximum aperture was increased to f/4.7 in 1917 and reached f/2.7 in 1930. It is probable that every lens manufacturer has produced lenses of the Tessar configurations. Rudolph left Zeiss after World War I, but many other competent designers such as Merté, Wandersleb, etc. kept the firm at the leading edge of photographic lens innovations. One of the most significant designers was the ex-Ernemann man Dr Ludwig Bertele, famed for his Ernostar high-speed lens. With the advent of the Contax by Zeiss-Ikon, the first professional 35mm system camera became available. At this stage the Leica was no more than a convenient and portable snapshot camera. However Leitz could see the potential offered by the Contax and rapidly developed a coupled rangefinder and started to introduce additional lenses. As a system camera there was a need for a range of lenses for the Contax. Bertele's Sonnar series of lenses designed for the Contax was the match in every respect for the Leica for at least two decades. Other lenses for the Contax included the Biotar, Biogon, Orthometar, and various Tessars and Triotars. The last important Zeiss innovation before World War II was the technique of applying an anti-reflective coating to lens surfaces invented by Olexander Smakula in 1935. A lens so treated was marked with a red "T", short for "Transparent". The technique of applying multiple layers of coatings was developed from this basis after the war, and known as "T✻" (T-star). After the partitioning of Germany, a new Carl Zeiss optical company was established in Oberkochen, while the original Zeiss firm in Jena continued to operate. At first, both firms produced very similar lines of products, and extensively cooperated in product-sharing, but they drifted apart as time progressed. Jena's new direction was to concentrate on developing lenses for 35 mm single-lens reflex cameras, and many achievements were made, especially in ultra-wide angle designs. In addition to that, Oberkochen also worked on designing lenses for the 35 mm single-lens reflex camera Contarex, for the medium format camera Hasselblad, for large format cameras like the Linhof Technika, interchangeable front element lenses such as for the 35 mm single-lens reflex Contaflex and other types of cameras. Since the beginning of Zeiss as a photographic lens manufacturer, it has had a licensing programme, allowing other manufacturers to produce its lenses. Over the years its licensees included Voigtländer, Bausch & Lomb, Ross, Koristka, Krauss, Kodak. etc. In the 1970s, the western operation of Zeiss-Ikon collaborated with Yashica to produce the new Contax cameras, and many of the Zeiss lenses for this camera, among others, were produced by Yashica's optical arm, Tomioka. As Yashica's owner Kyocera ended camera production in 2006, and Yashica lenses were then made by Cosina, who also manufactured most of the new Zeiss designs for the new Zeiss Ikon coupled rangefinder camera. Another licensee active today is Sony who uses the Zeiss name on lenses on its video and digital still cameras. Business relationships Zeiss has licensed its name or technology to various other companies including Hasselblad, Rollei, Yashica, Sony, Logitech and Alpa. The nature of the collaboration varies, from co-branding optics designed by another firm (e.g., Sony) to complete optical design and manufacturing (e.g., Hasselblad). On 27 April 2005, the company announced a collaboration with Nokia in the camera phone market, with Zeiss providing camera optics. The first smartphone to be co-engineered with Zeiss optics was the Nokia N90, Zeiss will again provide optics for Nokia products through a collaboration with HMD Global announced on 6 July 2017. On 17 December 2020, Vivo and Zeiss announced a long-term strategic partnership to jointly promote and develop breakthrough innovations in mobile imaging technology. The first “Vivo Zeiss co-engineered imaging system” will be featured in the Vivo X60 series. As part of the collaboration agreement, Vivo and Zeiss will establish the Vivo Zeiss Imaging Lab, a joint R&D program to innovate mobile imaging technology for Vivo’s flagship smartphones. Zeiss cameras Zeiss ZX digital cameras The Zeiss ZX1 full-frame 35mm F/2 large-sensor compact camera was announced during Photokina 2018 with the slogan 'Shoot – Edit – Share'. The camera incorporates Adobe editing capacities, and an internal 512GB SSD affording 6,800 DNG-format RAW images or 50,000 JPEG-format compressed images. Zeiss Ikon film cameras Zeiss Ikon is a camera brand related to Carl Zeiss, but was an independent company formed by the merger of four camera makers (Contessa-Nettel, Ernemann, Goerz and Ica) in 1926. Much of the capital came from Zeiss which also provided most of the lenses and shutters for the cameras. Among the founders was August Nagel of Contessa-Nettel, who left the company in 1928 to form the Nagel Works, and in 1932, his company was bought by Kodak. After World War II, Japanese Nippon Kogaku offered the "Nikon" camera, and Zeiss Ikon prevented some European distribution under the theory that "Nikon" was an infringement on their brand name. The earliest Zeiss Ikon cameras were a range of medium and large format folding cameras, for film and glass plate photography. The most expensive was the Universal Juwel (Jewel) an Ica-designed glass plate camera with origins in 1909. This was a favorite of both Ansel Adams and Dorothea Lange. Despite German production, the folding Super Ikonta was among the mainstays of British Army photographers during World War II. In 1932 Zeiss Ikon introduced the Contax line of 35mm rangefinder cameras having recognised the potential for a system camera using 35mm film. The Contax I was introduced with a wide range of lenses and accessories for scientific and professional use. In 1936, an improved model the Contax II was introduced and became the favorite of many renowned photographers and journalists, including Robert Capa and Margaret Bourke-White. A second 35mm camera, the Contax III, was mechanically identical with a light meter grafted to the top of the camera. After World War II, the Soviets removed the Contax factory to Kiev, as war reparations, and produced the Contax II and III cameras under the Kiev brand. The first Kiev cameras were identical except for logos. Zeiss Ikon were without designs or facilities for making the Contax and set about producing an improved replacement. These were named the Contax IIa and IIIa, and were smaller and lighter than the original designs. But by the time the IIa and IIIa hit the market, they faced strong competition from many European and Asian brands, notably the visually similar Nikon which was a high quality camera sharing the same lens-mount and most of the features. By the mid-1950s, Zeiss Ikon was focusing on single-lens reflex cameras and while offering rangefinders, they were not adding features and became uncompetitive with Japanese brands including Canon, Yashica, Minolta, and Nikon. The Zeiss Ikon Contaflex single-lens reflex cameras were viable in the mid 1950s, but soon lost market share to the Japanese brands. More recent 35mm rangefinder cameras are simply named "Zeiss Ikon." The most recent "Zeiss Ikon" rangefinder camera was an M mount camera with automatic exposure, introduced by Zeiss in 2004, manufactured in Japan by Cosina, and now discontinued. Camera lenses Cinema lenses Carl Zeiss AG has long been renowned for its motion picture lenses. Zeiss manufactures prime and zoom lenses for 35mm, 16mm, and 65mm film production. They also make lenses for digital cinema and high definition video. Zeiss is mainly known in the trade for their association with the German camera manufacturer Arri for whom they currently produce lenses. Current models of Zeiss cinema lenses are: Master Prime T✻XP Distagon 14 mm T1.3 Master Prime T✻XP Distagon 16 mm T1.3 Master Prime T✻XP Distagon 18 mm T1.3 Master Prime T✻XP Distagon 21 mm T1.3 Master Prime T✻XP Distagon 25 mm T1.3 Master Prime T✻XP Distagon 27 mm T1.3 Master Prime T✻XP Distagon 32 mm T1.3 Master Prime T✻XP Distagon 35 mm T1.3 Master Prime T✻XP Distagon 40 mm T1.3 Master Prime T✻XP Planar 50 mm T1.3 Master Prime T✻XP Planar 65 mm T1.3 Master Prime T✻XP Sonnar 75 mm T1.3 Master Prime T✻XP Sonnar 100 mm T1.3 Master Prime T✻XP Sonnar 150 mm T1.3 Master Zoom T✻XP 16.5–110 mm T2.6 Master Macro T✻XP Makro-Planar 100 mm T2.0/T4.3 Lightweight Zoom LWZ.2 T✻XP Vario-Sonnar 15.5–45 mm T2.6 Ultra Prime 8R T✻ Distagon 8 mm T2.8 Ultra Prime T✻ Distagon 10 mm T2.1 Ultra Prime T✻ Distagon 12 mm T1.9 Ultra Prime T✻ Distagon 14 mm T1.9 Ultra Prime T✻ Distagon 16 mm T1.9 Ultra Prime T✻ Distagon 20 mm T1.9 Ultra Prime T✻ Distagon 24 mm T1.9 Ultra Prime T✻ Distagon 28 mm T1.9 Ultra Prime T✻ Distagon 32 mm T1.9 Ultra Prime T✻ Distagon 40 mm T1.9 Ultra Prime T✻ Planar 50 mm T1.9 Ultra Prime T✻ Planar 65 mm T1.9 Ultra Prime T✻ Planar 85 mm T1.9 Ultra Prime T✻ Sonnar 100 mm T1.9 Ultra Prime T✻ Sonnar 135 mm T1.9 Ultra Prime T✻ Sonnar 180 mm T1.9 Compact Prime CP.2 T✻ Distagon 18 mm T3.6 Compact Prime CP.2 T✻XP Distagon 21 mm T2.9 Compact Prime CP.2 T✻XP Distagon 25 mm T2.9 Compact Prime CP.2 T✻XP Distagon 28 mm T2.1 Compact Prime CP.2 T✻XP Distagon 35 mm T2.1 Compact Prime CP.2 T✻XP Distagon 50 mm T2.1 Compact Prime CP.2 T✻ Planar 50 mm T2.1 Macro Compact Prime CP.2 T✻ Planar 85 mm T2.1 Compact Prime CP.2 T✻ Makro-Planar 100 mm T2.1 CF Ultra 16 T✻XP Distagon 6 mm T1.3 Ultra 16 T✻XP Distagon 8 mm T1.3 Ultra 16 T✻XP Distagon 9.5 mm T1.3 Ultra 16 T✻XP Distagon 12 mm T1.3 Ultra 16 T✻XP Distagon 14 mm T1.3 Ultra 16 T✻XP Distagon 18 mm T1.3 Ultra 16 T✻XP Distagon 25 mm T1.3 Ultra 16 T✻XP Planar 35 mm T1.3 Ultra 16 T✻XP Planar 50 mm T1.3 DigiPrime T✻ 3.9 mm T1.9 DigiPrime T✻ 5 mm T1.9 DigiPrime T✻ 7 mm T1.6 DigiPrime T✻ 10 mm T1.6 DigiPrime T✻ 14 mm T1.6 DigiPrime T✻ 20 mm T1.6 DigiPrime T✻ 28 mm T1.6 DigiPrime T✻ 40 mm T1.6 DigiPrime T✻ 52 mm T1.6 DigiPrime T✻ 70 mm T1.6 DigiPrime T✻ 135 mm T1.9 DigiZoom T✻ Vario-Sonnar 6–24 mm T1.9 DigiZoom T✻ Vario-Sonnar 17–112 mm T1.9 Medium-format lenses Carl Zeiss AG has produced lenses for Hasselblad and Rollei cameras, including: CFi/CFE-Lenses for Hasselblad 500 (V System) F-Distagon T✻ 30mm ƒ/3.5 Distagon T✻ 40mm ƒ/4 Distagon T✻ 50mm ƒ/4 Distagon T✻ 50mm ƒ/4 ZV Distagon T✻ 60mm ƒ/3.5 Planar T✻ 80mm ƒ/2,8 Planar T✻ 100mm ƒ/3.5 Makro-Planar T✻ 120mm ƒ/4 Makro-Planar T✻ 120mm ƒ/4 ZV Sonnar T✻ 150mm ƒ/4 Sonnar T✻ 180mm ƒ/4 Sonnar T✻ 250mm ƒ/5.6 Tele-Superachromat T✻ 350mm ƒ/5,6 FE-Lenses for Hasselblad 200 Distagon T✻ 50mm ƒ/2,8 FE Planar T✻ 110mm ƒ/2 FE Hasselblad SWC Biogon 38mm ƒ/4.5 Rollei 6000 system F-Distagon 30mm ƒ/3.5 HFT PQ Distagon 40mm ƒ/4 FLE HFT Distagon 50mm ƒ/4 FLE HFT Distagon 60mm ƒ/3.5 HFT PQ Planar 80mm ƒ/2.8 HFT PQS Planar 110mm ƒ/2 HFT PQ Sonnar 150mm ƒ/4 HFT PQS Sonnar 250mm ƒ/5.6 HFT PQS Makro-Planar 120mm ƒ/4 HFT PQS Rolleiflex TLR Tessar 75mm ƒ/3.5 Planar 80mm ƒ/2.8 Distagon 55mm ƒ/4 Large-format lenses Zeiss has produced lenses for large format and press cameras, including: Tessar lenses (4 elements in 3 groups) Tessar 100mm ƒ/3.5 (6.5×9 cm format) Tessar 105mm ƒ/3.5 (6.5×9 cm fmt) Tessar 150mm ƒ/4.5 (9×12 cm fmt) Planar lenses (5 elements in 4 groups) Planar 80mm ƒ/2.8 (6×7 cm fmt) Planar 100mm ƒ/2.8 (6.5×9 cm fmt) Planar 135mm ƒ/3.5 Planar 135mm ƒ/3.5 T✻ Planar 150mm ƒ/2.8 Sonnar lenses Sonnar 180mm ƒ/4.8 Sonnar 250mm ƒ/5.6 Biogon lenses Biogon 45mm ƒ/4.5 (6×7 cm fmt) Biogon 53mm ƒ/4.5 (6.5×9 cm fmt) Biogon 75mm ƒ/4.5 (9×12 cm fmt) Lenses for Linhof cameras Biogon 53mm ƒ/4.5 Hologon 110mm ƒ/8 Planar 135mm ƒ/3.5 Sonnar 250mm ƒ/5.6 Zeiss has departed the large-format optics field along with Nikon, leaving Schneider and Rodenstock as the primary makers of such lenses today. ZM lenses Zeiss ZM lenses fit Leica M mount cameras, including Leica M series, the Ricoh GXR A12, and many mirrorless interchangeable-lens cameras through the use of adapters. Some ZM lenses are manufactured in Germany by Zeiss, others in Japan by Cosina. Lenses designated "C" are considered compact or classic lenses. Distagon T✻ 15mm ƒ/2.8 (Made in Germany) Distagon T✻ 18mm ƒ/4 Distagon T✻ 21mm ƒ/2.8 C Biogon T✻ 21mm ƒ/4.5 Biogon T✻ 25mm ƒ/2.8 Biogon T✻ 28mm ƒ/2.8 Biogon T✻ 35mm ƒ/2 C Biogon T✻ 35mm ƒ/2.8 C Sonnar T✻ 50mm ƒ/1.5 Planar T✻ 50mm ƒ/2 Tele-Tessar T✻ 85mm ƒ/4 Sonnar T✻ 85mm ƒ/2 (Made in Germany) Zeiss claims that the 25mm ƒ/2.8 ZM achieves a resolution of 400 lp/mm in the center of the image at ƒ/4, which is equal to the calculated diffraction limit for this aperture. Z-series SLR lenses Zeiss produces optically identical manual-focus lenses for multiple SLR lens mounts under the ZE, ZF, ZK, and ZS lines, manufactured in Japan by Cosina to Zeiss specifications. ZE lenses fit the Canon EF lens mount. They feature electronic contacts allowing for focus-confirmation, and electric aperture operation as with standard Canon EF lenses. ZF series lenses fit the Nikon F-mount. Four design variations are designated ZF, ZF.2, ZF-I, and ZF-IR. All are manual-focus designs with Nikon AI-S type aperture indexing. ZF lenses have AI-S aperture indexing, half-stop aperture ring detents, and no electronic features. ZF.2 lenses are like ZF lenses, with the addition CPU functionality, similar to Nikon AI-P lenses. They allow electronic focus confirmation, full metering compatibility, and electronic aperture control with Nikon SLR cameras which require CPU lenses. ZF-I lenses feature mechanical locks for focus and aperture, and additional environmental sealing, for industrial applications. ZF-IR lenses are adapted to infrared imaging, with coatings that transmit wavelengths up to 1100 nm, and focus scales marked for infrared. ZK lenses fit the Pentax K-mount. They have no electronics, are manual focus only, KA couplers. Zeiss announced the discontinuation of the ZK line in September 2010. ZS lenses fit the M42 lens mount (Pentacon/Practica/Pentax screw mount). By use of mount adapters they can be adapted to most 35 mm bayonet camera mounts including Canon FD and EF, Pentax K, Minolta SR and Sony/Konica Minolta/Minolta A mounts (with the exception of Nikon F mount), usually losing open-aperture-metering, multi-segment metering, focus confirmation, automatic flash zoom capabilities as well as some built-in shake reduction performance and Exif data accuracy. Otus lenses Zeiss produces manual focus Otus lenses for the Nikon F-mount and Canon EF mount, with electronic features equivalent to Zeiss ZF.2 and ZE lenses respectively. Otus lenses are complex no-compromise designs which Zeiss refers to as the "best in the world" in the normal lens and short telephoto categories. They cover the 35 mm format. Otus APO-Distagon T✻ 28mm ƒ/1.4 Otus APO-Distagon T✻ 55mm ƒ/1.4 Otus APO-Planar T✻ 85mm ƒ/1.4 Otus APO-Sonnar T✻ 100mm ƒ/1.4 Batis lenses Zeiss produces autofocus Batis lenses for the Sony E-mount. Like Sony "FE" lenses, they cover the 35mm format. Batis Distagon T✻ 18mm f/2.8 Batis Distagon T✻ 25mm f/2 Batis Distagon T✻ 40mm f/2 Close-Focus Batis Sonnar T✻ 85mm f/1.8 Batis Sonnar T✻ 135mm f/2.8 Loxia lenses Zeiss produces manual focus Loxia lenses for the Sony E-mount. Like Sony "FE" lenses, they cover the 35mm format. The 35/2 and 50/2 are carried over from the existing ZM line. Loxia Distagon T✻ 21mm f/2.8 Loxia Biogon T✻ 35mm f/2.0 Loxia Planar T✻ 50mm f/2.0 Loxia Sonnar T✻ 85mm f/2.4 Touit lenses Zeiss produces autofocus Touit lenses for the Fujifilm X-mount and Sony E-mount. They cover the APS-C format. Touit Distagon T✻ 12mm f/2.8 Touit Planar T✻ 32mm f/1.8 Touit Makro Planar T✻ 50mm f/2.8 Macro Milvus lenses Zeiss produces manual focus Milvus lenses for the Nikon F-mount (ZF.2) and Canon EF lens mount (ZE), covering the 35mm format. The 15/2.8, 21/2.8, 35/2, 50/2, 100/2, and 135/2 are carried over from the previous Z-series (now referred to as Zeiss Classic). Milvus Distagon T✻ 15mm ƒ/2.8 Milvus Distagon T✻ 18mm ƒ/2.8 Milvus Distagon T✻ 21mm ƒ/2.8 Milvus Distagon T✻ 25mm ƒ/1.4 Milvus Distagon T✻ 35mm ƒ/1.4 Milvus Distagon T✻ 35mm ƒ/2 Milvus Distagon T✻ 50mm ƒ/1.4 Milvus Makro-Planar T✻ 50mm ƒ/2 Milvus Planar T✻ 85mm ƒ/1.4 Milvus Makro-Planar T✻ 100mm ƒ/2 Milvus APO-Sonnar T✻ 135mm ƒ/2 Super-rotator lenses These are 360° tilt/shift lenses (based on Zeiss medium format lens designs) for 35 mm format including full-frame digital. Available mounts: Canon EF, Nikon F, Sony Alpha/Konica Minolta/Minolta A mount. Other mounts on request. Manual focus only, no electronics. Manufactured in Germany and Ukraine. Hartblei Superrotator Carl Zeiss Distagon T✻ IF 1:4.0 40 mm Hartblei Superrotator Carl Zeiss Planar T✻ 1:2.8 80 mm Hartblei Superrotator Carl Zeiss Makro-Planar T✻ 1:4.0 120 mm NASA Zeiss is currently in the process of designing the optical components for the James Webb Space Telescope. A unique triplet of ultra-fast 50 mm lenses originally created by Zeiss for NASA's lunar program had the distinction of being reused by Stanley Kubrick in the filming of his historical drama Barry Lyndon. The period atmosphere of the film demanded that several indoor scenes be filmed by candlelight. To facilitate this, Kubrick had the lenses modified to mount onto a cinema camera and two of them subsequently further modified in separate ways to give wider angles of view. Smartphone lenses Zeiss worked with Nokia, and later with Microsoft Mobile as they continued production of the Lumia series. The Nokia 808 PureView features a lens custom-developed by Zeiss for its 1/1.2 inch sensor; as did its successor, the Nokia Lumia 1020. The Nokia N90 and Nokia N8 also used Zeiss optics. In 2017, Zeiss again provided optics for Nokia products through a collaboration with HMD Global, beginning with the Nokia 8. ZA lenses ZA ("Zeiss Alpha") lenses are designed and manufactured by Sony in Japan, and co-branded with the Zeiss name. Sony and Zeiss collaboratively set design and quality parameters for ZA lenses. A-mount ZA-lenses fit the Sony Alpha/Konica Minolta/Minolta A-mount system. They are fully dedicated autofocus lenses with eight electrical contacts, ROM-IC, and distance encoder ("(D)-function" to support ADI flash). All except for the DT lens are full-frame lenses. Sony α Carl Zeiss Distagon T✻ 1:2 24 mm ZA SSM (SAL-24F20Z) Sony α Carl Zeiss Planar T✻ 1:1.4 50 mm ZA SSM (SAL-50F14Z) Sony α Carl Zeiss Planar T✻ 1:1.4 85 mm ZA (SAL-85F14Z) Sony α Carl Zeiss Sonnar T✻ 1:1.8 135 mm ZA (SAL-135F18Z) Sony α Carl Zeiss Vario-Sonnar T✻ 1:2.8 16–35 mm ZA SSM (SAL-1635Z) Sony α Zeiss Vario-Sonnar T✻ 1:2.8 16–35 mm ZA SSM II (SAL-1635Z2) Sony α Carl Zeiss Vario-Sonnar T✻ DT 1:3.5–1:4.5 16–80 mm ZA (SAL-1680Z) Sony α Carl Zeiss Vario-Sonnar T✻ 1:2.8 24–70 mm ZA SSM (SAL-2470Z) Sony α Zeiss Vario-Sonnar T✻ 1:2.8 24–70 mm ZA SSM II (SAL-2470Z2) E-mount ZA-lenses are fully dedicated Sony E-mount autofocus lenses. Lenses carrying the E designation cover the APS-C format, while lenses designated FE cover 35mm format. Sony α Carl Zeiss Sonnar T✻ E 1:1.8 24 mm ZA (SEL-24F18Z) Sony α Zeiss Distagon T✻ FE 1:1.4 35 mm ZA (SEL-35F14Z) Sony α Carl Zeiss Sonnar T✻ FE 1:2.8 35 mm ZA (SEL-35F28Z) Sony α Zeiss Planar T✻ FE 1:1.4 50 mm ZA (SEL-50F14Z) Sony α Carl Zeiss Sonnar T✻ FE 1:1.8 55 mm ZA (SEL-55F18Z) Sony α Zeiss Vario-Tessar T✻ FE 1:4 16–35 mm ZA OSS (SEL-1635Z) Sony α Carl Zeiss Vario-Tessar T✻ E 1:4 16–70 mm ZA OSS (SEL-1670Z) Sony α Carl Zeiss Vario-Tessar T✻ FE 1:4 24–70 mm ZA OSS (SEL-2470Z) In addition to these Sony collaboration lenses, Zeiss offers Touit (APS-C format), Loxia (35mm format) and Batis (35mm format) lenses for E-mount. Other products Zeiss offers a wide range of products related to optics and vision. These include camera and cine lenses, microscopes and microscopy software, binoculars and spotting scopes, eyeglasses and lenses, planetariums and dome video-systems, optical sensors, industrial metrology systems and ophthalmology products. Even video glasses belong to the product range. In the summer of 2012, the new video glasses Cinemizer OLED were to come on the market. In addition to the viewing of 2D and 3D movies, it will be possible to play computer games when fitted with the equipment. The largest part of Carl Zeiss AG's revenue is generated by its Semiconductor Manufacturing Technologies division, which produces lithographic systems for the semiconductor industry, as well as process control solutions (electron microscopes, mask repair tools, helium ion microscopes). Sports optics Carl Zeiss Sports Optics division produces rifle telescopic sights, spotting scopes, binoculars, and distance measuring devices for outdoors enthusiasts. The three main product lines are the Conquest line, which is manufactured in Germany and assembled in the United States, and Victory line, which is produced entirely in Germany, and the Terra line, which is made in Asia. Since 2019 the following Zeiss sport optics products series are in production: Binoculars Terra Conquest HD Victory HT Victory SF Victory RF range finding binoculars 20x60 T* S Spotting scopes Dialyt Conquest Gavia Victory Harpia Rifle scopes Conquest V4 Conquest V6 Victory HT Victory V8 Medical solutions This branch of Carl Zeiss is managed by Carl Zeiss Meditec. It is divided in Ophthalmology/Optometry, Neurosurgery, ENT, Spine, P&R, Dentistry, Radiotherapy and Gynecology. Vision care Carl Zeiss Vision Care division develops, manufactures and distributes ophthalmic lenses, optical coatings, and dispensary technologies and services. Zeiss is known for ophthalmic lenses made from high refractive index glass, allowing stronger prescription lenses to be thinner. Their progressive lens ZEISS Progressive Individual has won multiple awards including the OLA awards in 2009 presented at Washington, D.C. and the VisionPlus or VP Awards in 2014 at Mumbai, India. Virtual reality Sold through VR Optician (previously vr-lens.eu) as 'Virtual Reality Headset Prescription Lens Adapters', Carl Zeiss Vision is the lens provider for VR Optician's aftermarket prescription lens adaptors. These lens adaptors are sold for a wide variety of Virtual Reality headsets, allowing those with visual impairments to use them without wearing glasses or contact lenses. Industrial metrology Zeiss Industrial Metrology specializes in high-accuracy measurement systems, including coordinate-measuring machines (CMMs), computed tomography measurement machines (non-medical), optical measuring equipment, metrology software and measurement sensor systems. The Industrial Metrology subsidiary provides this equipment to a wide range of manufacturing facilities worldwide. Zeiss has manufactured coordinate measuring machines since 1919, offering very basic manually operated CMMs. In 1973, Zeiss introduced the UMM 500, using a Zeiss sensor system and Hewlett-Packard computer. Zeiss has since vastly improved and diversified their product line and now feature many high accuracy CMMs, the Metrotom, a CT x-ray scanning measuring machine, with the ability to quickly and completely measure a part in 3 dimensions without ever touching the part, and the O-INSPECT, a fully optical measurement machine. Zeiss is currently a member of the International Association of CMM Manufacturers (IACMM). Many of the sensor systems produced by Zeiss are proprietary technologies, using technologies exclusively patented by Zeiss, and therefore can offer better accuracy and repeatability than its competitors. Zeiss was the first manufacturer of coordinate measurement machines to introduce computer numerical control (CNC) technology to a coordinate measurement machine and was the first company to offer CNC stylus changer capability for these machines. Semiconductor manufacturing technology Carl Zeiss SMT systems for DUV and EUV electromagnetic radiation are used in chip-lithography machines for focusing the extremely short wavelengths. Together with the company ASML and its subsidies and partners Zeiss is the sole supplier of the lithography systems that are able to manufacture core layers of the latest semiconductor chips. Microscopes Zeiss offers different types of microscopes: Optical microscopes Laser scanning microscopes (LSMs) Scanning electron microscopes (SEMs) Scanning helium ion microscopes (SHIMs) Fire doors The name Zeiss Ikon can also be found in old cinemas, on fire shutters on the projection windows. These had heat fuses that melted and dropped the shutter over the hole if the film caught fire in the projection booth. See also Carl Pulfrich Telescopic sight Walther Bauersfeld Zeiss projector Internationale Camera Actiengesellschaft References Further reading Zeiss Company Timeline starting 1973 Carl Zeiss Company Timeline starting 1909 Carl Zeiss Company History, an older article but updated and covering Zeiss history up to about 2000, with interesting content and illustrations Dierk Hobbie (2010), "The development of photogrammetric instruments and methods at Carl Zeiss in Oberkochen", Deutsche Geodätische Kommission, Reihe E, Nr. 30, Munich, Germany 2010. External links 1846 establishments in Germany Companies based in Baden-Württemberg Companies based in Thuringia Manufacturing companies established in 1846 German brands Lens manufacturers Optics manufacturing companies Defence companies of Germany Eyewear companies of Germany Photography companies of Germany	[ 0.14268751442432404, 0.7098784446716309, 0.6349584460258484, -0.18542607128620148, -0.1045156791806221, 0.48551326990127563, 0.06076819449663162, 0.2963143289089203, 0.0454961434006691, 0.07796557992696762, -0.5733097791671753, -0.11257664114236832, -0.10017731040716171, 0.8918981552124023, -0.6949924826622009, 0.06266666948795319, -0.013820980675518513, 0.2977730631828308, -0.3648632764816284, -0.1491319239139557, -0.1394309550523758, 0.17980511486530304, 0.8573166728019714, -0.12008224427700043, 0.4401596486568451, -0.2203168123960495, 0.1552974432706833, -0.1460101157426834, 0.12953592836856842, 0.26241907477378845, 0.438892126083374, 0.6038609743118286, -0.6078243851661682, 0.25954312086105347, -0.21001777052879333, 0.059548746794462204, -0.001233671442605555, 0.03332041576504707, -0.14017441868782043, -0.28909578919410706, -0.1453987956047058, 0.22455252707004547, -0.16517126560211182, 0.2596920132637024, 0.23856155574321747, -0.45884138345718384, -1.8341858386993408, 0.20679043233394623, -0.7860603332519531, -0.3604503273963928, -0.20762600004673004, -0.16344445943832397, 0.21950675547122955, 0.594550609588623, -0.12912607192993164, 0.10209307819604874, -0.7411935329437256, -0.16112695634365082, 0.23563648760318756, 0.10734198987483978, 0.7166846990585327, -0.1484736055135727, 0.2937789261341095, 0.35535886883735657, 0.466950923204422, 0.0007410773541778326, 0.24998171627521515, 0.28765279054641724, -0.5728147029876709, 0.011576464399695396, -0.257388174533844, -0.5413474440574646, -0.22428137063980103, -0.22417864203453064, 0.16174539923667908, -0.4999610185623169, -0.1625491976737976, -0.2625095248222351, 0.46096715331077576, 0.21095429360866547, 0.34207573533058167, 0.02415487729012966, 0.932403028011322, 0.2818196713924408, -0.041860975325107574, 0.5679481029510498, -0.7519870400428772, -0.20802879333496094, -0.09026113152503967, 0.1821461170911789, -0.3378032445907593, -0.2311592698097229, 0.2520691156387329, -0.09212767332792282, -0.29503774642944336, -0.31229403614997864, -0.09767139703035355, 0.4556736648082733, 0.06860267370939255, 0.3575560450553894, 0.08342712372541428, 0.17293542623519897, -0.24912120401859283, -0.5923768877983093, 0.23144200444221497, 0.019301479682326317, -0.15325994789600372, 0.032969165593385696, -0.16135744750499725, 0.23715223371982574, -0.5203089714050293, -0.4510211646556854, -0.22056704759597778, 0.2437821328639984, -0.3346702754497528, 0.4191238284111023, 0.25324690341949463, -0.7950502038002014, -0.012101965956389904, 0.0857393816113472, 0.6336803436279297, 0.6559317708015442, -0.2451319694519043, 0.014707677066326141, -0.08797673881053925, 0.37726032733917236, -0.036875512450933456, 0.704578697681427, -0.7282427549362183, -0.2943001687526703, 0.33081597089767456, 0.5391110777854919, 0.18784041702747345, -0.011318818666040897, 0.20144638419151306, -0.35272136330604553, 0.8642260432243347, -0.2526334524154663, -0.34805214405059814, 0.5083564519882202, -0.17355120182037354, -0.4249330163002014, -1.1139717102050781, -0.10686177760362625, -0.07640599459409714, -0.3807874321937561, 0.3733219802379608, -0.46839839220046997, -0.2826341986656189, -0.015003128908574581, -0.2881830632686615, -0.29665711522102356, -1.106274962425232, 0.007267300970852375, -0.13161532580852509, 0.2604594826698303, 1.0100022554397583, 0.2294171154499054, 0.36142492294311523, -0.07614022493362427, -0.1365940272808075, 0.0007887004176154733, -0.5888499617576599, -0.0807117149233818, -0.04187057539820671, -0.840854823589325, 0.46402764320373535, 0.02563481219112873, -0.20047524571418762, 0.03385917469859123, -0.37511855363845825, -0.4526767134666443, -0.09002334624528885, -0.004069193731993437, 0.25526541471481323, 0.370017409324646, 0.36223354935646057, 0.38832327723503113, -0.010579015128314495, -0.45254793763160706, -0.49388498067855835, 0.5202744603157043, 0.5121567845344543, 0.3583425283432007, 0.5070621371269226, 0.19913943111896515, 0.3286539316177368, -0.1736564040184021, -0.2910796105861664, -0.3700021803379059, -0.20052479207515717, -0.8660699725151062, 0.4135088324546814, 0.04194454476237297, 0.753002405166626, 0.1662287414073944, -0.21709279716014862, 0.555721640586853, -0.8079580664634705, 0.18006891012191772, -0.35261112451553345, 0.08797015994787216, -0.14339052140712738, -0.3739790618419647, -0.3562723398208618, -0.23214560747146606, 0.3254031538963318, -0.2622537910938263, -0.05556393042206764, 0.09237552434206009, 0.34388530254364014, -0.6819467544555664, 0.4837316870689392, -0.32640501856803894, 0.18294911086559296, 0.03222659230232239, -0.2096398025751114, -0.04230348393321037, -0.3629661798477173, -0.02155403234064579, 0.7365670204162598, 0.08392683416604996, -0.0026405660901218653, 0.4313826262950897, 0.3080346882343292, 0.7030618786811829, 0.3736620247364044, -0.0011937391245737672, -0.47122135758399963, 0.0012640528148040175, 0.6304159164428711, -0.1405710130929947, 0.25770431756973267, -0.5710388422012329, 0.24068334698677063, -0.0991910770535469, -0.7904921174049377, -0.16510631144046783, 0.18907909095287323, -0.11876873672008514, 1.0634536743164062, 0.1643403321504593, -0.5594268441200256, 0.38421571254730225, 0.46047186851501465, -0.3213505446910858, -0.07179974764585495, -0.22714479267597198, -0.3059134781360626, -0.06387701630592346, -0.405085951089859, -0.2874157130718231, -0.3272106349468231, 0.14536288380622864, -0.1437089443206787, -0.39108580350875854, 0.17333975434303284, 0.12210100144147873, 0.16227982938289642, 0.1081072986125946, -0.06692586094141006, -0.5779746770858765, 0.14982342720031738, 0.004102025181055069, -0.3062751889228821, -0.14293259382247925, 0.056114017963409424, -0.5148002505302429, 0.22405599057674408, 0.22360001504421234, 0.6806296110153198, 0.3096041679382324, -0.006836369633674622, 0.3712075352668762, -0.16346465051174164, -0.7427425384521484, -0.3369106352329254, 0.21517330408096313, -0.5929927825927734, 0.10720720142126083, 0.5492202043533325, 0.28276383876800537, -0.0622030645608902, -0.3804580867290497, -0.6531070470809937, 0.15616336464881897, -0.024246839806437492, -0.17522716522216797, 0.07406874746084213, 0.2142423391342163, -0.08154483884572983, 0.6757836937904358, -0.8746291995048523, 0.06422203779220581, -0.1890346109867096, 1.117861270904541, -0.08750709146261215, -0.1402849555015564, 0.4158015549182892, -0.45238780975341797, -0.6948451399803162, 0.5534717440605164, -0.2908638119697571, -0.24078549444675446, -0.20364177227020264, -0.47522279620170593, 0.08453235775232315, -0.10660167783498764, -5.684842586517334, -0.3026169240474701, -0.019468626007437706, -0.3646714687347412, 0.5270145535469055, 0.4584043622016907, 0.575506329536438, -0.1346563696861267, 0.10810897499322891, 0.079302117228508, 0.26576271653175354, 0.17483583092689514, 0.004223892465233803, 0.3712819218635559, 0.07551763206720352, 0.5186721682548523, 0.2660723626613617, 0.35547730326652527, 0.5005505084991455, 0.0014002338284626603, 0.3792864978313446, -1.060669183731079, -0.17117461562156677, 0.3495819866657257, 0.25647857785224915, -0.33606743812561035, -0.22501246631145477, 0.10449978709220886, -0.3309047818183899, -0.25232112407684326, 0.14558842778205872, -0.4848257005214691, -0.03959755226969719, 0.18341918289661407, 0.5456123352050781, -0.37149563431739807, 0.6333720088005066, 0.20248720049858093, 0.0528118759393692, -0.03418448939919472, 0.6183748841285706, 0.9194073677062988, 0.04445949196815491, 0.23573891818523407, 0.5131301879882812, -0.5266340374946594, -0.5615631937980652, 0.5959516167640686, -0.6656664609909058, 1.0468661785125732, 0.6690099835395813, 0.020863106474280357, -0.23786774277687073, -0.3177546560764313, -0.1900610476732254, 0.04465969279408455, -0.13725118339061737, 0.13325035572052002, -0.018519094213843346, 0.6563980579376221, -0.17595958709716797, 0.3072453439235687, 0.231979638338089, -0.27192172408103943, -0.9338989853858948, 0.029489070177078247, -0.28785690665245056, -0.32815277576446533, 0.22505901753902435, -0.13994121551513672, -0.3671589195728302, 1.0773701667785645, 0.09307874739170074, -0.8660691976547241, -0.11427385360002518, -0.27747800946235657, 0.3492630124092102, -0.5926623344421387, -0.22338628768920898, 0.5539942383766174, 0.055145084857940674, -0.041797004640102386, 0.22922739386558533, 0.7267934679985046, 0.37078744173049927, -0.08286265283823013, -0.2462805211544037, -0.1012357547879219, -0.031258873641490936, -0.2140321284532547, 0.46684250235557556, -0.42045456171035767, 0.27312159538269043, 0.08745851367712021, -0.4310202896595001, -0.026393510401248932, -0.016085781157016754, 0.17676377296447754, 0.7995793223381042, -0.1746274083852768, 0.18200534582138062, -0.003805242944508791, -0.15986916422843933, -0.18856139481067657, 0.1118985265493393, -0.5112529993057251, 0.15209649503231049, -0.4305572211742401, 0.6841630339622498, 0.319136381149292, 0.042840857058763504, 0.20903779566287994, -0.4716832637786865, -0.5035900473594666, 0.6791115999221802, -0.5927847027778625, -0.7072510719299316, -0.013820095919072628, 0.0599910169839859, -0.002616646932438016, -0.15008872747421265, 0.32415562868118286, 0.05807669088244438, -0.7898215055465698, -0.3727019429206848, -0.4266403913497925, -0.014787677675485611, 0.3368236720561981, -0.43968528509140015, 0.25442126393318176, -0.3797546327114105, 0.9444798231124878, 0.08982285857200623, 0.47651153802871704, 0.043648481369018555, -0.34897980093955994, -0.7011191844940186, -0.4374677538871765, -0.23932042717933655, -0.48409539461135864, 0.7071027755737305, 0.3006632924079895, 0.06337353587150574, -0.02493877150118351, 0.4881461262702942, 0.49293869733810425, 0.09478005021810532, 0.10434868931770325, -0.07948406785726547, 0.33524900674819946, 0.16461047530174255, -0.7893466949462891, 0.45944151282310486, 0.095235176384449, -0.06829547137022018, 0.3498650789260864, 0.060347042977809906, 0.3265019953250885, -0.2182978391647339, -0.5052259564399719, 0.18718141317367554, 0.4297254979610443, -0.4297569692134857, -0.22841249406337738, 0.3721007704734802, 0.4330857992172241, -0.8730461001396179, -0.06219882145524025, 0.24305392801761627, 0.2916926145553589, 0.13169313967227936, -0.1647568792104721, -0.6529712677001953, -0.5361102223396301, -0.010286414064466953, 0.4679035246372223, -0.22749391198158264, -0.2019447237253189, -0.29221802949905396, -0.3381573259830475, 0.3584432005882263, 0.24665938317775726, -0.7965630888938904, 0.6808355450630188, 0.12187860906124115, -0.23035314679145813, -0.12177033722400665, -0.6733661890029907, -0.704546332359314, -0.3722396492958069, 0.24679534137248993, -0.3620906174182892, 0.641380786895752, 0.47591403126716614, 0.06669420003890991, -1.159769892692566, -0.3791307210922241, 0.09765009582042694, -0.2518408000469208, -0.7322382926940918, -0.42819565534591675, 0.6669455170631409, -0.44816774129867554, 0.17876355350017548, 0.2359076589345932, -0.8738888502120972, 0.15169641375541687, 0.4229995310306549, 0.23555491864681244, 0.6359584927558899, -0.9378678798675537, -0.6179100871086121, 0.22390033304691315, 0.5215434432029724, -0.8581535816192627, 0.4184371829032898, 0.7452490925788879, -0.3447341024875641, -0.2295360267162323, -0.13875964283943176, 0.06936166435480118, 0.012759081088006496, -0.6881621479988098, -0.361919105052948, -0.4156263768672943, 0.9791702032089233, 0.5704498887062073, 0.22323811054229736, 0.26666149497032166, -0.038719017058610916, -0.3196941912174225, 0.23814575374126434, -0.07836895436048508, -0.07213985919952393, 0.37632155418395996, 0.024008292704820633, 0.26683613657951355, 0.6382148265838623, 0.2198781669139862, 0.4195333421230316, 0.4939407706260681, 0.5375773310661316, -0.25967487692832947, 0.21833232045173645, 0.2776009738445282, -0.01829466223716736, 0.4483172297477722, 0.23488034307956696, -0.48628634214401245, 0.1429828554391861, -0.2813799977302551, -0.3893330991268158, -0.3484317660331726, -0.39833566546440125, 0.48820510506629944, -0.20944060385227203, -0.17978112399578094, -0.002750658430159092, -0.320509135723114, -0.17160457372665405, -0.5160547494888306, 0.10476106405258179, -0.017570503056049347, -0.04242897033691406, 0.05456693843007088, 0.7825673222541809, -0.6848931312561035, -0.19265888631343842, 0.2922024726867676, 0.004798660986125469, 0.23981080949306488, -0.3941262662410736, 0.10119765251874924, 0.6578537821769714, 0.15380854904651642, 0.6246712803840637, -0.23110881447792053, -0.30401843786239624, -0.5255733728408813, -0.053371381014585495, -0.7052631974220276, 0.0773887038230896, 0.41875651478767395, -0.5321779251098633, -0.012032897211611271, -0.6503124833106995, -0.1646471619606018, 0.005509398877620697, -0.5223076343536377, 0.31953680515289307, -0.12054190039634705, -0.1784650683403015, -0.332879900932312, 0.22880277037620544, -0.6905266046524048, 0.09098447114229202, 0.5250874161720276, 0.299845427274704, 0.030833272263407707, 0.5121722221374512, -0.000057619177823653445, 0.19051507115364075, 0.35993266105651855, -0.440940260887146, 0.3774207532405853, 0.38491901755332947, -0.21792863309383392, 0.03375617414712906, 0.19762615859508514, -0.308761328458786, 0.08856704086065292, -0.5927414894104004, -0.3961520791053772, 0.7804635763168335, -0.8430547714233398, -0.1681373417377472, 0.16451331973075867, -0.395596981048584, 0.22983171045780182, 0.12434083223342896, -0.022311853244900703, 0.26165086030960083, 0.5322936177253723, -0.4144260883331299, -0.4391973316669464, 0.906499445438385, 0.1601063311100006, 0.7177437543869019, -0.014899110421538353, -0.014984012581408024, 0.31859612464904785, -0.33712854981422424, -0.32774490118026733, 0.6170518398284912, -0.09390570968389511, 0.2575829029083252, 0.17144636809825897, -0.8975048661231995, -0.6716127395629883, 0.4907945692539215, 0.43504130840301514, 0.8520180583000183, -0.019769350066781044, -0.2897201478481293, -0.6276706457138062, 0.4046485126018524, 0.0013993632746860385, 0.5208138823509216, -0.2165544480085373, 0.06676004081964493, 0.20975720882415771, -0.2560417354106903, 0.16728399693965912, 0.027476109564304352, -0.18368779122829437, -0.13009227812290192, 0.19488579034805298, -0.0818505734205246, -0.08799630403518677, 0.08971266448497772, 0.162952721118927, 0.1918300837278366, 0.8775949478149414, -0.08516894280910492, -0.6050036549568176, 0.19917543232440948, -0.17830754816532135, -0.9959315657615662, 0.2801436483860016, -0.1845978945493698, -0.0692661702632904, -0.3067435622215271, 0.1272958517074585, 0.46780523657798767, -0.010700603947043419, 0.0956149771809578, 0.32368189096450806, 0.3375055491924286, 0.043843213468790054, 0.5341770052909851, -0.5154484510421753, 0.41871970891952515, 0.11119502037763596, -0.26136350631713867, -0.5864963531494141, 0.05414566770195961, -0.15254591405391693, -0.054972533136606216, 0.43214306235313416, -0.10441082715988159, 0.026264943182468414, -0.4012451171875, 0.3309818208217621, -0.22473186254501343, -0.21385616064071655, -0.13253889977931976, 0.056209586560726166, 0.41117793321609497, -0.19804103672504425, -0.5010702013969421, 0.22354833781719208, 0.798454761505127, 0.160233736038208, -0.02467009797692299, 0.09920379519462585, 0.34867212176322937, -0.5416377782821655, 0.4822697937488556, -0.17515163123607635, 0.5299728512763977, -0.12320214509963989, -0.7687095999717712, -0.19183200597763062, -0.039668239653110504, -0.009663170203566551, -0.29233086109161377, 0.4069247543811798, -0.3179844319820404, -0.19135718047618866, -0.26285192370414734, 0.06271407008171082, -0.49145686626434326, 0.1542147696018219, 0.17498591542243958, -0.1342015415430069, 0.12708349525928497, 0.7841606736183167, -0.048720311373472214, -0.18595436215400696, 0.6928121447563171, 0.06579519063234329, 0.18586991727352142, -0.6717497110366821, 0.21333733201026917, -0.7508834004402161, -0.6460656523704529, 0.06991852074861526, 0.320468008518219, 0.28826865553855896, -0.6719092726707458, 0.025099560618400574, 0.08968017995357513, 0.04568386822938919, -0.19025006890296936, 0.6656413674354553, 0.15542080998420715, -0.44428011775016785, -0.40164870023727417, -0.5067057609558105, 0.563400387763977, 0.14149001240730286, -0.2825562059879303, 0.5169592499732971, 0.019965557381510735, 0.2704109251499176, -0.045160576701164246, 0.2504750192165375, -0.6753090620040894, 0.6257868409156799, -0.5367145538330078 ]
202072	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Very-small-aperture%20terminal	Very-small-aperture terminal	A very-small-aperture terminal (VSAT) is a two-way satellite ground station with a dish antenna that is smaller than 3.8 meters. The majority of VSAT antennas range from 75 cm to 1.2 m. Bit rates, in most cases, range from 4 kbit/s up to 16 Mbit/s. VSATs access satellites in geosynchronous orbit or geostationary orbit to relay data from small remote Earth stations (terminals) to other terminals (in mesh topology) or master Earth station "hubs" (in star topology). VSATs are used to transmit narrowband data (e.g., point-of-sale transactions using credit cards, polling or RFID data, or SCADA), or broadband data (for the provision of satellite Internet access to remote locations, VoIP or video). VSATs are also used for transportable, on-the-move (utilising phased array antennas) or mobile maritime communications. History The concept of the geostationary orbit was originated by Russian theorist Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, who wrote articles on space travel around the beginning of the 20th century. In the 1920s, Hermann Oberth and Herman Potocnik, also known as Herman Noordung, described an orbit at an altitude of whose period exactly matched the Earth's rotational period, making it appear to hover over a fixed point on the Earth's equator. Arthur C. Clarke's October 1945 Wireless World article (called "Extra-Terrestrial Relays: Can Rocket Stations Give World-wide Radio Coverage?") discussed the necessary orbital characteristics for a geostationary orbit and the frequencies and power needed for communication. Live satellite communication was developed in the 1960s by NASA, which launched Syncom 1–3 satellites. Syncom 3 transmitted live coverage of the 1964 Olympics in Japan to viewers in the United States and Europe. On April 6, 1965, the first commercial satellite was launched into space, Intelsat I, nicknamed Early Bird. The first commercial VSATs were C band (6 GHz) receive-only systems by Equatorial Communications using spread spectrum technology. More than 30,000 60 cm antenna systems were sold in the early 1980s. Equatorial later developed a C band (4/6 GHz) two-way system using 1 m x 0.5 m antennas and sold about 10,000 units in 1984–85. In the early 80s, LINKABIT (the predecessor to Qualcomm and ViaSat) developed the world's first Ku-band (12–14 GHz) VSAT for Schlumberger to provide network connectivity for oil field drilling and exploration units. LINKABIT which had become part of M/A-COM went on to develop VSATs for enterprise customers such as Walmart, Holiday Inn, Chrysler, and General Motors. These enterprise terminals made up the vast majority of sites for the next 20 years for two-way data or telephony applications. A large VSAT network, with more than 12,000 sites, was deployed by Spacenet and MCI for the U.S. Postal Service in the 1980s. Today, the largest VSAT Ku-band network containing over 100,000 VSATs was deployed by and is operated by Hughes Communications for lottery applications. In 2005, WildBlue (now ViaSat) started deploying VSAT networks deploying Ka-band. ViaSat launched the highest capacity satellite ever, ViaSat-1, in 2011 to expand the WildBlue base under its Exede brand. In 2007, Hughes Communications started deploying VSAT sites for consumers under its HughesNet brand on the Spaceway 3 satellite and later in 2012 on its EchoStar XVII/Jupiter 1 satellite. By September 2014, Hughes became the first Satellite Internet Provider to surpass one million active terminals. Configurations Most VSAT networks are configured in one of these topologies: A star topology, using a central uplink site, such as a network operations center (NOC), to transport data back and forth to each VSAT via satellite, A mesh topology, where each VSAT relays data via satellite to another terminal by acting as a hub, minimizing the need for a centralized uplink site, A combination of both star and mesh topologies. Some VSAT networks are configured by having several centralized uplink sites (and VSAT stemming from it) connected in a multi-star topology with each star (and each terminal in each star) connected to each other in a mesh topology. Others configured in only a single-star topology sometimes will have each terminal connected to each other as well, resulting in each terminal acting as a central hub. These configurations are utilized to minimize the overall cost of the network, and to alleviate the amount of data that has to be relayed through a central uplink site (or sites) of a star or multi-star network. Future applications Advances in technology have dramatically improved the price–performance ratio of fixed satellite service (FSS) over the past five years. New VSAT systems are coming online using technology that promise higher data rates for lower costs. FSS systems currently in orbit have a huge capacity with a relatively low price structure. FSS systems provide various applications for subscribers, including: telephony, fax, television, high-speed data communication services, Internet access, satellite news gathering (SNG), Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) and others. These systems provide high-quality service because they create efficient communication systems for both residential and business users. Constituent parts of a VSAT configuration Antenna Block upconverter (BUC) Low-noise block downconverter (LNB) Orthomode transducer (OMT) Interfacility link cable (IFL) Indoor unit (IDU) All the outdoor parts on the dish are collectively called the ODU (Outdoor Unit), i.e., OMT to split signal between BUC and LNB. The IDU is effectively a modem, usually with ethernet port and 2 x F-connectors for the coax to BUC (Transmit) and from LNB (Receive). The Astra2Connect has an all-in-one OMT/BUC/LNA that looks like a Quad LNB in shape and size which mounts on a regular TV satellite mount. As a consequence it is only 500 mW compared with the normal 2W, thus is poorer in rain. Skylogic's Tooway system also uses an integrated OMT/BUC/LNB assembly called a transmit and receive integrated assembly (TRIA), which is 3W. Maritime VSAT A maritime VSAT has features that allow it to be operated on a ship at sea. A ship that is underway is in continuous motion in all axes. The antenna part of a marine VSAT system must be stabilized with respect to the horizon and true north as the ship moves beneath it. Motors and sensors are used to keep the antenna pointed accurately at the satellite. This enables it to transmit to and receive from the satellite while minimising losses and interference with adjacent satellites. New technology is emerging that will allow a solid state device (flat panel) to steer an antenna electronically without moving parts. Technology Initially, stabilized satellite antennas were used on ships for reception of television signals. One of the first companies to manufacture stabilized VSAT antennas was SeaTel of Concord, California, which launched its first stabilized antenna in 1978. SeaTel dominates the supply of two-way VSAT stabilised antenna systems to the marine industry with almost 72% of the market in 2007 compared to Orbit's 17.6%. Initially, maritime VSAT was using single channel per carrier technology, which suited large-volume users like oil drilling rigs and oil platforms and large fleets of ships from one shipowner sailing within one or few satellite footprints. This changed when the company launched its IP-based time-division multiple access technology that dynamically allocated bandwidth to each ship for shared bandwidth, lowering the entry-level cost for getting maritime VSAT installed, which turned out to be of key importance to small to mid-sized fleets, and thus to the market acceptance of VSAT. Market According to the Maritime VSAT report issued by the Comsys Group, the market for stabilised maritime VSAT services (not including oil and gas rigs) reached more than $400 million in 2007. In 2010, COMSYS released its "2nd Maritime VSAT Report", where the market estimate had increased to $590 million in 2009 with predictions for 2010 at $850 million. The estimated size of the market in terms of vessels eligible to get VSAT was in this report set to in excess of 42,000 with just over 34,000 to go. The major companies market share in terms of number of vessels in service were in 2009 (2007 in parenthesis) according to these reports: Vizada: 17.6% (26.0%), Ship Equip: 11.0% (10.7%), Cap Rock 2.8% (2.9%), MTN 7.5% (6.4%), Stratos - % (3.6%), KVH 5.4% (- %) Elektrikom 4.9% (3.2%), Intelsat 3.4% (- %), Eutelsat 3.1%, NSSL 3.1%, Radio Holland 3.0%, Telemar 3.0%, DTS 2.6% and others accounted for 32.6% (27.7%). Many of the major providers have branded their maritime VSAT offerings such that Vizada offers its service through the Marlink division and the SeaLink and WaveCall products, OmniAccess, through their BroadBEAM products and Ship Equip calls its offering Sevsat. VSAT Maritime Connectivity Service Providers Market Shares Global - Revenues (2018 & 2019) 1.Marlink 23.9%, 2.Speedcast 15.0%, 3.Inmarsat 11.3%, 4.KVH Industries 8.8%, 5.Global Eagle 7.6%, 6. ITC Global 6.6%, 7. RigNet 5.9%, 8. NSSLGlobal 5.2%, 9.Navarino 4.3% & 10. Satcom Global 2.7%. VSAT Maritime Connectivity Service Providers Market Shares Global Global - S Revenues (2018 & 2019) Training Modern VSAT systems are a prime example of convergence, and hence require skills from both the RF and IP domains. VSAT-specific training includes: ITC Global Career Certifications\|ITC Global VSAT Career Certifications Global VSAT Forum VSAT Installer Certification Global VSAT provider See also Satellite modem References Telecommunications equipment Satellite Internet access Ground stations	[ -0.08554619550704956, -0.15731875598430634, 0.36616718769073486, -0.11811790615320206, -0.2908742129802704, -0.15827475488185883, 0.19682803750038147, 0.3565974533557892, -0.28984618186950684, -0.3645704984664917, -0.7344774007797241, 0.39190444350242615, -0.28314366936683655, -0.21174964308738708, -0.24304510653018951, 0.1712173968553543, 0.5544874668121338, 0.48739370703697205, -0.2487097680568695, -0.31256505846977234, -0.06885803490877151, -0.06055353954434395, 0.22859381139278412, -0.6251222491264343, -0.18679967522621155, 0.015714939683675766, -0.05592084676027298, 0.16363459825515747, 0.5032176375389099, 0.17537102103233337, 0.20496666431427002, 0.17963077127933502, 0.002640186110511422, -0.07456675916910172, 0.31366026401519775, -0.08328156173229218, 0.44315409660339355, 0.04198030009865761, -0.3432244062423706, -0.32522979378700256, -0.4020546078681946, -0.4695988893508911, 0.567904531955719, 0.2867511212825775, -0.689951479434967, -0.8791825771331787, -0.9004525542259216, 0.3765687644481659, -0.3266317546367645, 0.25271615386009216, -0.20024126768112183, -0.11618947982788086, 0.4169367849826813, 0.729594886302948, 0.29968583583831787, 0.6239404678344727, -0.3428596258163452, -0.0520542673766613, 0.26033568382263184, -0.017711155116558075, 0.06282877177000046, -0.4725532829761505, -0.32957783341407776, 0.15229137241840363, -0.18023450672626495, 0.16628892719745636, -0.24208734929561615, -0.24165092408657074, -0.589370608329773, -0.565284252166748, -0.031080299988389015, -0.5159532427787781, 0.20338791608810425, 0.32754039764404297, -0.2747209072113037, -0.18187296390533447, -0.04328940063714981, -0.08023875206708908, 0.008894925005733967, -0.5186258554458618, 0.030586838722229004, 0.10751205682754517, 0.5716521143913269, -0.24339525401592255, 0.02480243146419525, 0.011776250787079334, -0.7812157869338989, 0.33986184000968933, -0.32613083720207214, 0.590676486492157, 0.14094839990139008, -0.4385012090206146, 0.6967456936836243, 0.4834115505218506, 0.30829957127571106, 0.2654573321342468, -0.20732161402702332, 0.3888966143131256, 0.5501100420951843, 0.5053372979164124, -0.03511125594377518, 0.1865183562040329, 0.8333932161331177, -0.5219764113426208, -0.23114320635795593, -0.40700563788414, -0.6820660829544067, -0.5776054859161377, -0.666752278804779, 0.10334525257349014, -1.0651689767837524, 0.23743751645088196, 0.2767222225666046, 0.05966493859887123, -1.0176098346710205, 0.585523247718811, 0.1659715473651886, -0.05993335694074631, 0.3150200843811035, -0.0877247229218483, 0.7256416082382202, 1.0382282733917236, -0.20035947859287262, -0.3073089122772217, -0.13227127492427826, 0.5545480251312256, 0.8767143487930298, 0.779371976852417, -0.3129095137119293, 0.42351067066192627, 0.002691124100238085, 0.8151327967643738, 0.061314500868320465, 0.4683658480644226, -0.23861506581306458, -0.6649550795555115, 0.7727597951889038, -0.4446990489959717, 0.437038391828537, 0.02699490636587143, -0.7857376933097839, -0.3995712101459503, -0.6454163193702698, -0.2720213532447815, 0.3305908441543579, 0.14352379739284515, -0.14232972264289856, -0.48660674691200256, -0.519188642501831, -0.08820045739412308, -0.23028551042079926, -0.2886442244052887, -0.10644059628248215, -0.09475496411323547, -0.14108489453792572, -0.0880744606256485, 0.47464439272880554, -0.07153794914484024, 0.1634349375963211, 0.4984728991985321, 0.4538545310497284, 0.0051845102570950985, -0.510396420955658, 0.3672827184200287, 0.22681519389152527, -0.14026188850402832, 0.26362261176109314, 0.2974593937397003, -0.22231411933898926, 0.7562034726142883, 0.3117586672306061, 0.10172110050916672, 0.003913071937859058, -0.11334843933582306, 0.09265099465847015, -0.165290966629982, 0.32585692405700684, 0.43135949969291687, 0.39152759313583374, -0.06153399124741554, -0.7032694816589355, 0.11540316790342331, 0.5354061126708984, -0.1547652930021286, -0.09209740906953812, -0.18298888206481934, 0.625210165977478, 0.2721363604068756, -0.14768537878990173, -0.4696337580680847, -0.9735469818115234, -0.13170374929904938, -0.4603445827960968, -0.5587595701217651, 0.7462984919548035, -0.36899223923683167, -0.325477659702301, 0.8758949637413025, 0.16463184356689453, 0.1725587397813797, -0.15144096314907074, -0.48800167441368103, 0.8810471892356873, 0.22420118749141693, -0.3170816898345947, 0.6818158626556396, 0.38271504640579224, 0.16827841103076935, 0.3718058466911316, 0.20021389424800873, 0.7796199321746826, -1.1144298315048218, 0.015586018562316895, 0.18455243110656738, 0.15950046479701996, -0.12060670554637909, -0.4862218499183655, 0.18906661868095398, -0.09748782217502594, 0.07835860550403595, 0.6573115587234497, -0.3146171271800995, -0.3613555133342743, 0.4613204300403595, -0.5033606290817261, 0.503240704536438, 0.5032312273979187, 0.1783735752105713, 0.5944582223892212, -0.30035197734832764, -0.13117508590221405, -0.39105188846588135, 0.2578924596309662, -0.3073386549949646, -0.04732237011194229, -0.09414468705654144, 0.19371293485164642, -0.076828733086586, 0.24153190851211548, -0.3404490351676941, -0.02476589009165764, 0.10007135570049286, -0.12445513159036636, -0.08899696916341782, 0.11687347292900085, 0.03119366429746151, 0.14559820294380188, 0.11202902346849442, 0.13120582699775696, 0.16558408737182617, 0.3368256092071533, 0.18776583671569824, 0.032168712466955185, -1.0612201690673828, -0.29769179224967957, 0.5153732895851135, -0.022522931918501854, -0.1359519213438034, 0.06995096802711487, -0.20809049904346466, -0.2939409017562866, 0.48270919919013977, 0.6172125935554504, -0.35768812894821167, -0.34121519327163696, -0.4911595284938812, -0.141919806599617, -0.20847535133361816, 0.5436245799064636, 0.4653244614601135, 0.40026721358299255, 0.0345330648124218, -0.12419702112674713, -0.3317869007587433, -0.7832568287849426, -0.8705050349235535, 0.2651020586490631, 0.5354878902435303, -0.5464261770248413, -0.2036864161491394, 0.9660725593566895, -0.029429862275719643, 0.8991930484771729, 0.02440834976732731, -0.6195787191390991, -0.013471120037138462, 0.4185011088848114, 0.24960285425186157, -0.6042934656143188, -0.7066031098365784, -0.24565714597702026, 0.1761990636587143, -0.3404346704483032, 0.28804075717926025, -0.17482194304466248, 0.6897773742675781, 0.3351047933101654, -0.15860852599143982, 0.7895867228507996, -0.511391818523407, -0.3861899673938751, 0.233121857047081, -0.35626450181007385, 0.12490253895521164, -0.4896607995033264, -0.2605670690536499, 0.04973012953996658, 0.002854451537132263, -5.5875678062438965, 0.271742582321167, -0.4560334384441376, -0.548882782459259, 0.25674259662628174, -0.3076106011867523, 0.7509950995445251, -0.17429862916469574, -0.3120844066143036, -0.16993620991706848, -0.061627261340618134, -0.08295916765928268, 0.0006542001501657069, 0.07827119529247284, 0.8878061175346375, 0.24601367115974426, -0.10131704807281494, -0.02849622815847397, 0.6629871129989624, 0.05107900872826576, 0.08550943434238434, 0.22207441926002502, 0.44635334610939026, 0.050644341856241226, 0.3625105917453766, 0.40578731894493103, -0.3923654854297638, -0.04223955422639847, -0.26693060994148254, -0.5648987889289856, 0.22795896232128143, -0.2085866928100586, -0.8217064142227173, 0.2070050984621048, -0.11854120343923569, -0.08339527994394302, 0.7383117079734802, -0.15403194725513458, 0.5178495049476624, -0.34231728315353394, 0.7749631404876709, 0.7332415580749512, 0.07034096121788025, 0.5631273984909058, 0.627451479434967, -0.17454208433628082, -0.18606658279895782, 0.21457324922084808, -0.11442699283361435, 0.6301928758621216, -0.036030422896146774, 0.5261826515197754, 0.3390082120895386, 0.5154233574867249, -0.5443353056907654, -0.14362740516662598, 0.2831803560256958, 0.27505621314048767, -0.5639621615409851, 0.18971829116344452, -0.11006870120763779, -0.19631332159042358, -0.3279663026332855, -1.0711086988449097, -0.0630689263343811, 0.11948150396347046, -0.5679429769515991, -0.4551571309566498, 0.5151316523551941, 0.4206063151359558, -0.2504872977733612, 0.24944676458835602, 0.4328499436378479, -0.5596834421157837, 0.7854503393173218, -0.6783112287521362, 0.3644772469997406, -0.06165015324950218, -0.05916544049978256, 0.206715926527977, 0.0036789681762456894, -0.2630610466003418, 0.122993104159832, 0.2509515583515167, 0.18804816901683807, -0.5974116325378418, -0.3340064585208893, -0.057167477905750275, 0.06757960468530655, -0.1219172403216362, 0.8670573234558105, -0.19264890253543854, 0.21900832653045654, 0.03914700821042061, 0.3212738633155823, 0.24544857442378998, 0.2831459045410156, 0.012949911877512932, 0.7808703184127808, -0.10533084720373154, 0.6357533931732178, 0.02341041900217533, -0.4228712022304535, -0.6924628019332886, -0.5829640626907349, -0.3765130043029785, -0.6596007347106934, 0.6925622820854187, 0.7829096913337708, -0.16288168728351593, 0.5080847144126892, 0.15454907715320587, -0.548581063747406, -0.23230309784412384, 0.18115036189556122, 0.07912952452898026, -0.7569624781608582, 0.5209405422210693, -0.05625012516975403, -0.033516012132167816, -0.06366653740406036, -0.30069980025291443, 0.23953695595264435, -0.17083290219306946, -0.2561366856098175, -0.5839515924453735, -0.4936249852180481, 0.06046967953443527, -0.42477622628211975, -0.0933881625533104, 0.4696369469165802, 0.588876485824585, 0.14810460805892944, -0.3904825747013092, 0.030275559052824974, -0.6045812964439392, -0.4765683710575104, 0.4401088058948517, 0.4593779444694519, -0.43064799904823303, 0.23201030492782593, -0.03999088332056999, -0.5401201248168945, 0.38604825735092163, 0.18807195127010345, 0.729996383190155, -0.11503933370113373, -0.23193398118019104, 0.34168851375579834, 0.37086111307144165, -0.4333476722240448, -0.5012124180793762, 0.282869815826416, -0.4143980145454407, 0.139153853058815, 0.15357472002506256, -0.05098400264978409, -0.22910135984420776, -0.2453569620847702, -0.5020011067390442, 0.22374479472637177, 0.23380900919437408, -1.1172468662261963, 0.38822904229164124, 0.19611962139606476, 0.10455578565597534, -0.6626366376876831, -0.20843784511089325, -0.21173422038555145, 0.3918509781360626, -0.3415367305278778, -0.3736551105976105, 0.17183735966682434, -0.13667462766170502, 0.27426576614379883, 0.2563166320323944, 0.23658543825149536, 0.18156710267066956, 0.2450943887233734, -0.21131476759910583, -0.08838441967964172, 0.14350295066833496, -0.6531915664672852, 0.854865312576294, 0.3354837894439697, 0.00989614799618721, -0.5593496561050415, -0.3494912385940552, -0.31818076968193054, -0.0541994571685791, -0.12006698548793793, 0.3539307415485382, 0.4691295623779297, -0.07393815368413925, -0.18510577082633972, -0.75039142370224, -0.08656173944473267, 0.6359551548957825, -0.21631456911563873, -0.6690211892127991, 0.10528688877820969, 0.4623061716556549, -0.6582837104797363, 0.3304973542690277, 0.06888749450445175, -0.30365192890167236, 0.8654583096504211, 0.32385310530662537, 0.1279287040233612, 0.05963071063160896, -0.28585973381996155, -0.6860122084617615, -0.1976458728313446, 0.5535891652107239, -0.4373628795146942, 0.12369697540998459, -0.4238108992576599, -0.052909694612026215, 0.07128104567527771, -0.4908317029476166, 0.3617522418498993, -0.6189193725585938, -0.38526788353919983, -0.24804484844207764, -0.5233551859855652, 0.7701243758201599, -0.2673734426498413, -0.7743844985961914, 0.6223909258842468, -0.39812836050987244, -0.39981696009635925, 0.005503625143319368, 0.16132083535194397, -0.22784888744354248, -0.2965341806411743, 0.1626962125301361, -0.6055592894554138, -0.21526020765304565, -0.27711570262908936, 0.1413973569869995, 0.4824935793876648, 0.6428176760673523, 0.06354004144668579, -0.2522585391998291, -0.16052180528640747, 0.17592018842697144, 0.49914345145225525, -0.8552761673927307, -0.9462639093399048, -0.22675201296806335, 0.45076480507850647, -0.5204058885574341, -0.8553178310394287, -0.3631863296031952, 1.199690818786621, -0.20869489014148712, -0.5336470603942871, -0.14774639904499054, -0.07465998828411102, 0.5531291961669922, -0.5437575578689575, -0.16129693388938904, -0.40471354126930237, 0.1585352122783661, 0.40231916308403015, 0.14419321715831757, -0.19262827932834625, -0.19497041404247284, 0.4344058632850647, -0.09492132067680359, 0.03694070130586624, -0.471472829580307, 0.9552077651023865, 0.2123800665140152, 0.2781377136707306, 0.08941523730754852, 0.21560025215148926, 0.09495294839143753, -0.2623119056224823, -0.2067929357290268, -0.42501240968704224, -0.22673961520195007, 0.6027616858482361, -0.5041025280952454, 0.23595906794071198, -0.24949757754802704, -0.19561181962490082, 0.10286317765712738, -0.4832344353199005, 0.20128585398197174, -0.5143256187438965, -0.2501746714115143, -0.49391064047813416, 0.5673246383666992, -0.11822811514139175, 0.37640589475631714, 0.2982577979564667, 0.15378490090370178, 0.2896546721458435, -0.32159551978111267, -0.3063640892505646, 0.5024362802505493, 0.3521716892719269, -0.9616312384605408, 0.6268819570541382, -0.28547126054763794, 0.20728294551372528, -0.7105022072792053, 0.4241485297679901, -0.44870665669441223, -0.29635265469551086, -0.07081210613250732, 0.05429418757557869, 0.6267153024673462, 0.2706330418586731, 0.07657995074987411, 0.41409358382225037, 0.15523982048034668, 0.1654675006866455, 0.13959798216819763, 0.3874528706073761, 0.2330618053674698, 0.3297719359397888, -0.04287167638540268, -0.8382107019424438, 0.46120840311050415, -0.34270623326301575, -0.3388223946094513, 0.6144400238990784, -0.08135336637496948, 0.4752834737300873, 0.5929333567619324, 0.02283363603055477, 0.7218840718269348, -0.3580319285392761, -0.41469261050224304, 0.1565781682729721, -0.46474507451057434, 0.03430042415857315, 0.12509825825691223, -0.009285054169595242, 0.8457399010658264, 0.09197751432657242, 0.11741778254508972, -0.318561851978302, 0.40909650921821594, 0.207716166973114, 0.6841714382171631, -0.09960417449474335, -0.03753774240612984, 0.16118818521499634, -0.13119955360889435, 0.17084001004695892, -0.042211830615997314, -0.19381698966026306, -0.061636850237846375, 0.31745976209640503, -0.555799126625061, 0.39405277371406555, -0.3359321653842926, 0.3662049472332001, 0.2858872413635254, -0.25028905272483826, -0.055575188249349594, -0.31156623363494873, -0.33032068610191345, -0.22065743803977966, -0.9287646412849426, 0.2712695598602295, -0.21304459869861603, 0.4357210695743561, 1.0338472127914429, 0.0955536812543869, 0.549964964389801, -0.1232391744852066, 0.31581175327301025, 0.018157122656702995, 0.3978671431541443, -0.5043713450431824, -0.3386366069316864, -0.3407658040523529, -0.26868847012519836, 0.22623619437217712, -0.41533902287483215, -0.6857152581214905, -0.39334040880203247, -0.3166627287864685, 0.09974564611911774, 0.6273469924926758, -0.01679285429418087, 0.25343871116638184, -0.5671793222427368, 0.12629187107086182, -0.6476383209228516, -0.19224391877651215, 0.3321084976196289, 0.3623741865158081, 0.2723921537399292, 0.46660301089286804, 0.5309460163116455, -0.06550167500972748, 0.2766154706478119, 0.45473918318748474, -0.3170395791530609, -0.1668272316455841, 0.37485429644584656, 0.165949285030365, 0.445213258266449, -0.9986171126365662, 0.3271677494049072, 0.3768772780895233, -0.25963035225868225, 0.16946415603160858, 0.32901087403297424, 0.005238273646682501, 0.2561020851135254, 0.640129029750824, -0.5397108793258667, 0.3551706373691559, -0.23924478888511658, -0.10893626511096954, -0.8275238871574402, -0.05113447830080986, 0.22678062319755554, -0.3348524272441864, -0.24999909102916718, 0.4645627439022064, 0.3961467742919922, -0.48043176531791687, 0.35069313645362854, -0.1270410418510437, 0.20776866376399994, -0.048309650272130966, 0.24477241933345795, -0.37605226039886475, -0.23214343190193176, -0.4555378258228302, 0.6382543444633484, 0.8192691802978516, -0.5864145159721375, 0.18865148723125458, -0.4815202057361603, -0.5557416081428528, 0.06038782745599747, -0.5502324104309082, -0.06561984121799469, -0.36097875237464905, -0.7917154431343079, -0.5039752721786499, 0.7896162867546082, 0.4345436096191406, -1.1903290748596191, 0.3640107214450836, -0.36543670296669006, -0.7537655830383301, 0.3974395990371704, 0.638323962688446, -0.5145764350891113, 0.2393278032541275, 0.5883470177650452 ]
202073	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilith%20Fair	Lilith Fair	Lilith Fair was a concert tour and travelling music festival, founded by Canadian musician Sarah McLachlan, Nettwerk Music Group's Dan Fraser and Terry McBride, and New York talent agent Marty Diamond. It took place during the summers of 1997 to 1999, and was revived in the summer of 2010. It consisted solely of female solo artists and female-led bands. In its initial three years, Lilith Fair raised over $10 million for charity. History In 1996, Canadian musical artist Sarah McLachlan became frustrated with concert promoters and radio stations that refused to feature two female musicians in a row. Bucking conventional industry wisdom, she booked a successful tour for herself and Paula Cole. At least one of their appearances together—in Vancouver, on September 14, 1996—went by the name "Lilith Fair" and included performances by McLachlan, Cole, Lisa Loeb, and Michelle McAdorey, formerly of Crash Vegas. The next year, McLachlan founded the Lilith Fair tour, taking Lilith from the Jewish lore that Lilith was Adam's first wife who refused to be subservient to him. In 1997, Lilith Fair garnered a $16 million gross, making it the top-grossing of any touring festival. Among all concert tours for that year, it was the 16th-highest grossing. McLachlan followed this success with two more rounds, in 1998 and 1999. In 2010, Lilith Fair staged a revival with mixed results, as several dates were cancelled and many performers backed out of scheduled performances. In March 2011, McLachlan declared that the Lilith concept was no longer being considered for future shows, due to changing audience views and expectations. Performers 1997 The artists appearing at Lilith Fair varied by date (with McLachlan and Suzanne Vega the only artists to play all dates). Appearances were organized into three stages. Almost all Village Stage artists performed only one or two dates. Many of them won slots on the bill in a series of local talent searches in their home cities. Main stage artists Sarah McLachlan Sheryl Crow Tracy Chapman Jewel Paula Cole Suzanne Vega Mary Chapin Carpenter Fiona Apple Joan Osborne The Cardigans Emmylou Harris Lisa Loeb Indigo Girls Shawn Colvin Meredith Brooks Tracy Bonham India Arie Natalie Merchant Second stage artists Jenny Labow Cassandra Wilson Suz Andreasen Leah Andreone Mudgirl Wild Colonials September '67 Tara MacLean Victoria Williams Autour de Lucie Holly Cole Juliana Hatfield Once Blue Susanna Hoffs Abra Moore Kelly Willis Katell Keineg Mary Black Davina Madeleine Peyroux Patty Griffin Yungchen Lhamo Dayna Manning Lhasa de Sela Wild Strawberries Dar Williams Mary Jane Lamond Morcheeba K's Choice Village Stage artists Fleming and John Dido Pat Benatar Kinnie Starr Lauren Hoffman Kim Fox Garrison Starr Lori Carson Joy Askew Jill Sobule Alana Davis Beth Orton Michelle Malone Holly McNarland Elise Knoll Lovechild Dayna Manning Catherine Kidd Oh Suzanna Camille Alisha's Attic Gena and Sum Girl Marley & Lizann Sensual World Dates 1998 The artists appearing at Lilith Fair varied by date (with McLachlan the only artist to play all dates). Appearances were organized into three stages. Though Neneh Cherry and Lauryn Hill were scheduled to play some shows, both had to cancel. Almost all Village Stage artists performed only one or two dates. Many of them won slots on the bill in a series of local talent searches in their home cities. Main stage artists Sarah McLachlan Angie Delight Bonnie Raitt Chantal Kreviazuk Cowboy Junkies Des'ree Diana Krall Emmylou Harris Erykah Badu Indigo Girls Joan Osborne Lisa Loeb Liz Phair Luscious Jackson Mary Chapin Carpenter Meredith Brooks Meshell Ndegeocello Missy Elliott Natalie Merchant Paula Cole Queen Latifah Shawn Colvin Sheryl Crow Sinéad O'Connor Suzanne Vega Tracy Bonham Second stage artists K's Choice Mono Sister 7 Heather Nova Morcheeba Rebekah Lucinda Williams Victoria Williams Abra Moore Neneh Cherry Elise Knoll Mary Lou Lord The Tuesdays Billie Myers N'Dea Davenport Martina McBride Litany Paris Hampton Davina Beth Orton Holly Cole Diana King Chantal Kreviazuk Eden aka Wild Strawberries Patty Griffin Lhasa de Sela Angélique Kidjo Imani Coppola Lucy Gamelon Kacy Crowley Holly McNarland Ebba Forsberg Catie Curtis Letters to Cleo Neko Case Fisher Village Stage artists Tara MacLean Sinéad Lohan Autour de Lucie Ana Gasteyer Garrison Starr Emm Gryner Anggun Kacy Crowley Bic Runga Melanie Doane Abra Moore Joaelle Ndine Romero Tia Texada Jenny Bird Sherri Jackson 1/2 Mad Poet Mono Thornetta Davis Julie Kryk Lori Amey Fontaine Donna Martin Abba Rage Deni Bonet Jabber Victoria Hogg Eden White Antigone Rising Paris Hampton Nancy Falkow Dead Girls and Other Love Riot Trish Murphy The Nields Glassoline Roadie Ray INHOUSE Audra Jost Clandestine Gordian Knot Cling Frankly Scarlet Sixpence None the Richer Robyn Ragland Rose Polenzani Alexis Antes Amy Rigby Erin Echo Syd Straw Laurie Geltman Melissa Ferrick Lenni Jabour Ali Eisner Swamperella Alison Pipitone Nina Storey Julianne Blue Idina Menzel Noëlle Hampton Arone Dyer Dates 1999 The artists appearing at Lilith Fair varied by date (with McLachlan the only artist to play all dates). Appearances were organized into three stages. Main stage artists Sandra Bernhard Shawn Colvin Deborah Cox Sheryl Crow Dixie Chicks Indigo Girls Queen Latifah Lisa Loeb Luscious Jackson Martina McBride Sarah McLachlan Monica Mýa Meshell Ndegeocello Liz Phair The Pretenders Joanelle Romero Disappear Fear Suzanne Vega Second stage artists Battershell Cibo Matto Kacy Crowley Dance Hall Crashers Dido Melanie Doane Patty Griffin Emm Gryner The Innocence Mission Joan Jones Elise Knoll Band Jennifer Knapp K's Choice Sinéad Lohan Tara MacLean Aimee Mann Melky Sedeck Mediæval Bæbes Morley Trish Murphy Bif Naked Beth Orton Kendall Payne Bijou Phillips Samsara Sixpence None the Richer Splashdown Susan Tedeschi Wild Strawberries Victoria Williams Kelly Willis Village Stage artists Christina Aguilera Coco Love Alcorn Badi Assad Bertine Zetlitz Toni Blackman Diana Braithwaite Cowlily Kacy Crowley E.G. Daily Keren DeBerg Anne E. DeChant Jennie DeVoe Eden AKA Ana Egge Essence Nancy Falkow Amy Fairchild Fleming and John Nelly Furtado Fuzzy Comets Glassoline Grace in Gravity Greta Gaines Kitty Gordon Nina Gordon Kay Hanley Kristin Hersh Noella Hutton Jarah Jane Brenda Kahn Jennifer Kimball Nikol Kollars Nicol Lischka Ginger Mackenzie The Marty Winkler Group Melissa Mathes Lori McKenna Tiffany Shea The Murmurs Leona Naess Juliana Nash Kari Newhouse Leslie Nuchow Maren Ord Ginny Owens Deborah Pardes Adrienne Pierce Melissa Reaves Renann Doria Roberts Loni Rose Rachael Sage Tegan and Sara Summer Sage Lisa Sanders Stephanie Schneiderman Bree Sharp She-Haw Shelley Doty X-Tet Alexandra Sleightholm Soul Miner's Daughter Sozzi Surrender Dorothy Kinnie Starr Melanie Susuras Kashi Tara Tekla Too Cynical to Cry Deborah Vial Victoria White Wendy Woo Zoebliss Xolie Morra & The Strange Kind Dates and venues 2010 revival In an April 25, 2009, Twitter post, Nettwerk founder Terry McBride announced that a Lilith Fair tour through North America would be relaunched for the summer of 2010, with a two-week tour of Europe to follow. The tour was plagued with financial problems from the beginning. The first seven shows were sparsely attended and the eighth show was the first to be cancelled. Initially, Sarah McLachlan claimed (in an interview posted on the Arizona Republic website on July 9) that the July 8 Phoenix show was cancelled in protest of Arizona Senate Bill 1070, which she strongly opposes. The tour fell apart on the road as headliners Carly Simon, Norah Jones, Kelly Clarkson, the Go-Go's, and Queen Latifah dropped out, fearing that they would not be paid for their performances. Due to poor ticket sales, thirteen shows (about one-third of the tour) were scratched (two announced on June 25, ten more on July 1, one additional on July 2) and one reassigned to a smaller venue. The artists appearing at Lilith Fair vary by date (with McLachlan the only artist to play all dates). Appearances are organized into three stages. Below is a list of artists who performed at Lilith Fair in the 2010 revival. Main stage artists Ann McNamee / Ann Atomic Anya Marina The Bangles Beth Orton Brandi Carlile Cat Power Chantal Kreviazuk Colbie Caillat Court Yard Hounds Emmylou Harris Erykah Badu A Fine Frenzy Gossip Heart Indigo Girls Ingrid Michaelson Janelle Monáe Jenni Rivera Lights Mary J. Blige Metric Miranda Lambert Missy Higgins Rosie Thomas Sara Bareilles Sarah McLachlan Serena Ryder Sheryl Crow Sugarland Suzanne Vega Tegan and Sara Second stage artists Anjulie Ash Koley Donna De Lory Erin McCarley Jasmine Chadwick Jennifer Knapp Kate Miller-Heidke Kate Nash Kina Grannis Marina and the Diamonds Nikki Jean Nneka The Submarines Susan Justice Vedera Vita Chambers The Weepies Village Stage artists Xolie Morra & The Strange Kind Sierra Noble Airplanes Amanda Lucas & Audrey Cecil Bella Ruse Butterfly Boucher Cara Salimando Corrin Campbell Darrelle London Elizaveta Jes Hudak Jesca Hoop Jetty Rae Joy Ike Jill Hennessy Julia Othmer Kate Tucker Katie Todd Kitten Lissie Lucy Schwartz Marié Digby Meagan Smith Melissa McClelland Molly Jenson Sara Swanson Steph Macpherson Tara MacLean Terra Naomi Winterbloom (Antje Duvekot, Anne Heaton, Meg Hutchinson, Rose Polenzani, Natalia Zukerman) Zee Avi Dates Cancelled dates and venues See also Moondance International Film Festival References External links External Connections Paula Cole interview Sarah McLachlan Official Lilith Fair website Archived June 12, 2010. Rock festivals in Canada Music festivals in the United States Music festivals established in 1997 Feminist art organizations 1997 concert tours 1998 concert tours 1999 concert tours 2010 concert tours Women in music 1997 establishments in Canada 1999 disestablishments in Canada Sarah McLachlan Feminist organizations in Canada	[ 0.39105671644210815, -0.03901287168264389, -0.16843628883361816, 0.2947392165660858, -0.05208316072821617, 0.3862376809120178, 0.3172268867492676, 0.11984678357839584, -0.04900875687599182, 0.07216548919677734, -0.23074904084205627, -0.0891638770699501, 0.4863505959510803, 0.6215665936470032, -0.13940361142158508, 0.36441195011138916, 0.027736317366361618, -0.21373888850212097, 0.046848878264427185, -0.43661314249038696, 0.23301078379154205, -0.19325672090053558, 0.6696664094924927, 0.08755654841661453, -0.2863893508911133, -0.29242104291915894, 0.3548961579799652, 0.07805623859167099, -0.008565500378608704, -0.07785628736019135, -0.050948552787303925, 0.2870601713657379, 0.7283433079719543, -1.0143532752990723, 0.4279163181781769, 0.19020681083202362, 0.006515071727335453, -0.18823814392089844, -0.36958545446395874, -0.5026395320892334, -0.07721487432718277, -0.2681910991668701, 0.5328902006149292, 0.5155853629112244, 0.018783967941999435, 0.08874580264091492, -1.2500637769699097, 0.38121604919433594, -0.760479211807251, -0.17104299366474152, -0.21123510599136353, -0.014124862849712372, 1.13117516040802, 0.08579636365175247, 0.2663450241088867, 0.5999573469161987, -0.8294228911399841, 0.23933045566082, -0.29868844151496887, -0.5624548196792603, 0.1829816848039627, 0.4766715168952942, 0.2012847512960434, -0.14351090788841248, 0.4462513327598572, -0.27950039505958557, 0.015944939106702805, 0.11558347940444946, 0.30843228101730347, -0.8941053152084351, 0.0721261277794838, 0.21939904987812042, -0.42084017395973206, 0.0511091873049736, -0.2683897912502289, -0.35443878173828125, 0.6729503870010376, -0.1755886822938919, 0.8501242995262146, 0.6089773774147034, -0.2541106343269348, 0.1352798044681549, 0.8419421315193176, 0.3639627993106842, -0.04409509524703026, -0.15187393128871918, -0.23280100524425507, -0.3769722282886505, -0.6583514213562012, 0.16754133999347687, -1.0684607028961182, -0.2591933012008667, 0.5997486710548401, 0.6607279181480408, -0.23452089726924896, -0.1048797145485878, 0.36222073435783386, 0.047441255301237106, 0.10297589749097824, 0.14179903268814087, -0.007392304949462414, -0.4959835410118103, -0.3305127024650574, -0.16520674526691437, -0.17345954477787018, 0.03483293205499649, -0.46754539012908936, -0.08471350371837616, 0.03332085534930229, 0.23788683116436005, -0.10019990801811218, 0.24506057798862457, -0.007075076922774315, -0.057231370359659195, 0.557546079158783, -0.32739463448524475, 0.1593271791934967, -0.8207860589027405, -0.4401129186153412, -0.055724095553159714, 0.40315496921539307, 0.406177282333374, 0.1786583811044693, -0.15104562044143677, -0.5263902544975281, 0.2143123298883438, 0.37221622467041016, 0.14379850029945374, -0.6180841326713562, -0.22086766362190247, 0.26982322335243225, 0.16953393816947937, -0.08169642835855484, -0.9984185099601746, -0.13366088271141052, -0.5025961399078369, 0.38294079899787903, -0.44364410638809204, 0.41625815629959106, 0.5762882232666016, -0.6715225577354431, -0.3769145905971527, -0.5452292561531067, -0.5505620241165161, 0.591272234916687, -0.0876910388469696, 0.06578101962804794, 0.3597392439842224, -0.5280676484107971, -0.09418085217475891, 0.13881991803646088, 0.06326571106910706, -0.3623282313346863, -0.5318829417228699, -0.14859645068645477, -0.13699772953987122, 0.7803530693054199, -0.18356794118881226, 0.2593643367290497, 0.4400123059749603, -0.013467010110616684, 0.2104555368423462, 0.0349043533205986, -0.14399877190589905, -0.11407250910997391, 0.17080150544643402, -0.4916577935218811, 0.6225878596305847, -0.1955547332763672, -0.3257520794868469, -0.8415241241455078, 0.3851441740989685, -0.058607328683137894, -0.3828335106372833, -0.5058161616325378, 0.39328694343566895, 0.7961362600326538, -0.1125665232539177, -0.09529709815979004, 0.23765799403190613, -0.38202252984046936, 0.5037584900856018, 0.2880547344684601, -0.14253482222557068, -0.04219069331884384, 0.008240407332777977, -0.08959207683801651, 0.47753438353538513, 0.3894810676574707, 0.033450618386268616, -0.50355064868927, -0.25786492228507996, 0.6849130392074585, -0.16924475133419037, 0.21347296237945557, 0.5918881297111511, -0.37992510199546814, 0.6324178576469421, 0.14626653492450714, 0.3246571719646454, 0.21030175685882568, 0.29159820079803467, 0.29062899947166443, -0.2275836020708084, -0.5618418455123901, -0.3692052662372589, 0.3006613552570343, -0.035394202917814255, -0.06571916490793228, 0.644220232963562, -0.28726282715797424, -0.7334648370742798, 0.7906357645988464, 0.5139379501342773, -0.05415653437376022, -0.3493194878101349, -0.4193081259727478, 0.14895173907279968, 0.18211977183818817, -0.3388339877128601, 0.5233169198036194, 0.595331072807312, -0.10579933226108551, -0.2813588082790375, -0.36695894598960876, 0.9362962245941162, -0.8123787641525269, 0.058298949152231216, -0.20696954429149628, 0.10933083295822144, 0.10331811755895615, 0.8180276155471802, -0.046099983155727386, -0.5615448355674744, 0.900865375995636, 0.3764491379261017, 0.06417284160852432, -0.5166265964508057, 0.21071282029151917, 0.2292724847793579, 0.04672655463218689, -0.12043830752372742, -0.48909199237823486, 0.5558778047561646, -0.13933312892913818, -0.10615988075733185, -0.600469708442688, -0.37586361169815063, 0.09108558297157288, 0.042934954166412354, 0.42594778537750244, 0.09357883781194687, -0.04324189946055412, 0.8628222942352295, -0.37138426303863525, 0.1566145420074463, 0.027418777346611023, -0.5777570605278015, 0.5937460660934448, 0.14984841644763947, 0.14216826856136322, -0.33892640471458435, 0.23732683062553406, 0.16545706987380981, 0.11810559779405594, -0.9784125089645386, 0.19758836925029755, -0.20126375555992126, 0.17492371797561646, 0.6715754270553589, 0.3181414008140564, -0.11486837267875671, -0.6994912624359131, 0.2362714260816574, -0.2231212705373764, 0.14754649996757507, -0.7073093056678772, 0.36792778968811035, -0.06456582248210907, -0.8765626549720764, 0.1442096084356308, 0.1010674461722374, -0.048594880849123, -0.7574098110198975, -0.5280430912971497, 0.26967862248420715, 0.003369762795045972, -0.3233408033847809, -0.1346430480480194, 0.030594253912568092, -0.06949180364608765, 0.41432932019233704, -0.44136154651641846, -0.1492389589548111, 0.5724793076515198, 0.1600496917963028, -0.42797958850860596, 0.01799323596060276, -0.4709586501121521, 0.3003014922142029, -0.28981348872184753, -0.1718347817659378, 0.005341377109289169, -0.25746670365333557, 0.42051973938941956, 0.06875274330377579, -0.055215783417224884, -0.4359327554702759, -5.928492069244385, 0.3820655643939972, -0.5358688831329346, 0.1969379186630249, -0.31772616505622864, 0.050649527460336685, 0.40425071120262146, -0.11198492348194122, -0.116354800760746, -0.44281983375549316, -0.027241453528404236, -0.13964107632637024, -0.8196765184402466, 0.44553089141845703, 0.34139448404312134, 0.36464983224868774, 0.2556486129760742, -0.5052258968353271, 0.34152328968048096, 0.13164858520030975, -0.24685068428516388, -0.38238781690597534, 0.10542678087949753, 0.4270182251930237, 0.2650117576122284, -0.027902942150831223, -0.033242519944906235, 0.09285684674978256, -0.4274011254310608, 0.18868345022201538, -0.03212800994515419, -0.15338701009750366, -0.2887420952320099, -0.33258193731307983, 0.5975511074066162, 0.25942450761795044, 0.595076322555542, -0.4099476933479309, 0.19506151974201202, -0.39949068427085876, -0.09442396461963654, -0.11146510392427444, 0.31858178973197937, 0.1390688121318817, 0.03520249202847481, -0.2534368634223938, -0.2699205279350281, 0.3241316080093384, -0.17923660576343536, 0.6496027708053589, 0.6425947546958923, -0.3581903874874115, 0.5409398078918457, -0.16871866583824158, -0.14394226670265198, -0.36731648445129395, 0.21420326828956604, -0.3052156865596771, -0.10657095164060593, -0.09650012850761414, 0.6579693555831909, -0.3076808750629425, 0.6208903193473816, -0.5161744952201843, -0.03359390050172806, 0.2406686544418335, -0.07830141484737396, 0.24510858952999115, 0.20406439900398254, 0.4986065626144409, 0.25831782817840576, -0.2842475473880768, -0.47674980759620667, -1.2313979864120483, -0.34031474590301514, -0.0717855766415596, -0.46143051981925964, 0.1749507337808609, 0.2753825783729553, -0.10003896057605743, 0.14914527535438538, 0.07135181874036789, -0.22697943449020386, 0.2979241907596588, -0.09014643728733063, -0.3862611651420593, -0.4758285582065582, 0.23109447956085205, -0.5782629251480103, 0.3860444128513336, -0.4954281449317932, -0.22598296403884888, -0.31411516666412354, 0.27449363470077515, 0.22264382243156433, 0.21722282469272614, 0.33503612875938416, 0.33353331685066223, 0.40752848982810974, 0.34391531348228455, -0.1746320277452469, -0.3330978751182556, 0.5560442209243774, 0.041956741362810135, 0.062216416001319885, -0.019577084109187126, -0.2540159523487091, -0.6867931485176086, 0.5531067848205566, -0.32108548283576965, 0.1390424221754074, 0.08921065926551819, 0.040919847786426544, -0.40933483839035034, 0.19968855381011963, -0.4152587056159973, 0.26183560490608215, 0.7833771705627441, 0.4471651315689087, 0.004015910904854536, 0.06169572100043297, 0.0788736343383789, -0.170538067817688, 0.0795755609869957, 0.1708393543958664, 0.3029351830482483, 0.2374948114156723, 0.16082434356212616, -0.18563444912433624, 0.4340980052947998, -0.46247267723083496, -0.32130715250968933, -0.10741573572158813, -0.4019474685192108, 0.1739296019077301, 0.07083021849393845, -0.48497718572616577, -0.5808342695236206, -0.35771167278289795, 0.16198529303073883, 0.1001390814781189, -0.22397255897521973, -0.061070188879966736, 0.37581196427345276, 0.5177682638168335, 0.3963291645050049, 0.31198301911354065, -0.2901195287704468, -0.28793448209762573, 0.5079038739204407, -0.027784259989857674, -0.0804024413228035, 0.8560266494750977, -0.25984787940979004, -0.26845914125442505, -0.1399645060300827, 0.5736092329025269, -0.4560142755508423, -0.31045687198638916, 0.1414562314748764, 0.12043625861406326, -0.9142517447471619, -0.7756387591362, 0.1302257776260376, 0.10733237862586975, -0.15837550163269043, -0.21883651614189148, -0.13731485605239868, -0.7172783017158508, 0.17130456864833832, 0.42857274413108826, -0.43955472111701965, 0.07090020924806595, 0.2649443447589874, 0.2991470396518707, 0.24883010983467102, -0.23548190295696259, -0.6333085894584656, 0.27359044551849365, -0.044924307614564896, 0.09767912328243256, -0.6079210638999939, -0.14973482489585876, -0.2565145790576935, 0.44238021969795227, -0.08954332023859024, -1.1479651927947998, -0.09807192534208298, -0.22327888011932373, 0.283364474773407, -0.312149316072464, 0.535186767578125, 0.08287178725004196, -0.14853346347808838, -0.4113937020301819, -0.46720099449157715, -0.04386686906218529, 0.553565263748169, -0.14353571832180023, -0.35871008038520813, 0.1328580230474472, -0.09876839816570282, -0.4292938709259033, 0.4317846894264221, 0.688869059085846, -0.7087523341178894, 0.12077123671770096, -0.3528295159339905, -0.04569782316684723, 0.37819454073905945, -0.5626139640808105, 0.21152417361736298, 0.7727477550506592, 0.4022943377494812, -0.2983477711677551, 0.03252115473151207, 0.2347218543291092, 0.14226457476615906, -0.4757107198238373, -0.004900513216853142, 0.3643670678138733, 0.0677751898765564, -0.5340556502342224, -0.1132453978061676, -1.0662083625793457, 0.8048466444015503, 0.45516476035118103, -0.7221519947052002, -0.2958446741104126, -0.08319868892431259, 0.20660865306854248, 0.038504235446453094, 0.001774330041371286, -0.009426302276551723, -0.03231599181890488, -0.17718662321567535, -0.390504390001297, 0.29615098237991333, -0.32620981335639954, 0.37351155281066895, 0.6471779346466064, -0.06679956614971161, -0.21816863119602203, -0.2615591883659363, -0.33250823616981506, 0.08951622992753983, -0.1491517424583435, 0.3220173120498657, -0.19609977304935455, -0.09044266492128372, 0.019386673346161842, -0.2173769325017929, -0.4006595015525818, -0.11436882615089417, 0.5054375529289246, -0.3952658474445343, 0.04920393228530884, -0.11600367724895477, -0.30890634655952454, -0.1846979409456253, 0.2984858453273773, -0.181990385055542, -0.6400148868560791, 0.015780581161379814, -0.03503931686282158, 0.5855382084846497, 0.23612354695796967, -0.48690474033355713, -0.5178242921829224, -0.4007332921028137, 0.5995213985443115, 0.30360838770866394, 0.18115770816802979, 0.20518425107002258, 0.00355893699452281, -0.48090168833732605, 0.027147987857460976, -0.5670897960662842, 0.5826590061187744, -0.018757713958621025, 0.03714219480752945, 0.2692514955997467, -0.11186124384403229, -0.3874378502368927, 0.49138665199279785, -0.3898135721683502, -0.5271257162094116, -0.1310795694589615, 0.19293811917304993, 0.03051942214369774, 0.027260398492217064, -0.042488984763622284, 0.6737911105155945, 0.2293616533279419, -0.3833087384700775, 0.44297686219215393, 0.4983581602573395, 0.028284259140491486, 0.23347477614879608, 0.056645289063453674, -0.37477439641952515, -0.10592623800039291, 0.9564104080200195, -0.3009043037891388, -0.01885952427983284, -0.2516160309314728, 0.011993492022156715, -0.6216363310813904, 0.11840828508138657, 0.2328713834285736, 0.43617984652519226, 0.09288351982831955, 0.27558454871177673, 0.49085214734077454, -0.6078646779060364, 0.32311010360717773, 0.358927845954895, -0.35280841588974, 0.15159988403320312, 0.4142357110977173, -0.11946021020412445, 0.12240265309810638, 0.6505979299545288, 0.33314934372901917, 1.0223318338394165, -0.07807468622922897, 0.35535264015197754, 0.04452510178089142, 0.34333837032318115, 0.10326994955539703, 0.37864258885383606, -0.14065174758434296, -0.02277335338294506, 0.5462953448295593, -0.005533211398869753, -0.37134939432144165, -0.7123648524284363, -0.15422989428043365, -0.6874586939811707, 0.34649187326431274, 0.41465818881988525, 0.06784664839506149, -0.272808700799942, -0.079024538397789, 0.18183782696723938, 0.16092506051063538, 0.06437056511640549, 0.3483254015445709, -0.025496909394860268, 0.277802437543869, 0.2878498136997223, -0.1552255004644394, 0.16238780319690704, -0.6901775598526001, 0.8091098666191101, -0.3151564598083496, 0.3980870544910431, 0.0662689357995987, 0.16558837890625, 0.2042149007320404, -0.38066935539245605, 0.10146672278642654, 0.5188987851142883, -0.10163825750350952, -0.31642910838127136, -0.16345222294330597, -0.31514719128608704, -0.15357407927513123, -0.17510029673576355, 0.1658705770969391, 0.3474002480506897, 0.3684772253036499, -0.340089350938797, 0.1807810664176941, 0.08591482788324356, 0.1627485305070877, 0.4519549310207367, -0.22227346897125244, 0.14729726314544678, 0.27289870381355286, -0.30887526273727417, -0.7010220289230347, 0.01291164755821228, 0.591040313243866, -0.23108097910881042, -0.2884313464164734, 0.35568615794181824, -0.024352043867111206, -0.3804370164871216, -0.15263721346855164, 0.7856269478797913, -0.42711344361305237, 0.26619216799736023, 0.1329537183046341, -0.3535803556442261, -0.08194850385189056, -0.2646847069263458, 0.24715843796730042, -0.22813771665096283, 0.4966808557510376, -0.07380378991365433, 0.317638635635376, 0.5117219090461731, 0.13362880051136017, -0.23505699634552002, 0.29671093821525574, -0.2716366946697235, -0.36615854501724243, -0.8382448554039001, 0.5277478694915771, -0.08072912693023682, -0.451328307390213, -0.0194387324154377, 0.07384174317121506, -0.06625352799892426, 0.267721027135849, 0.3414231836795807, 0.36412978172302246, 0.09110137075185776, -0.27331507205963135, -0.15182054042816162, 0.19584468007087708, -0.1546580046415329, 0.46085476875305176, -0.2225743532180786, -0.10894392430782318, 0.04015607386827469, -0.5957663059234619, 0.16617277264595032, 0.9188421368598938, 0.43163350224494934, -0.06951741874217987, -0.1577460616827011, 0.1184263527393341, -0.42110201716423035, -0.2601330280303955, 0.2742396891117096, 0.6148421168327332, 0.4218955934047699, -0.45630359649658203, 0.29316505789756775, -0.41571933031082153, -0.10356556624174118, -0.06465454399585724, -0.17498770356178284, -0.33387112617492676, 0.6236585378646851, -0.35761839151382446, -1.2496479749679565, 0.49312230944633484, 0.08587072044610977, -0.599867582321167, 0.27507123351097107, -0.42086493968963623, -0.19283626973628998, -0.4202643930912018, 0.36068060994148254, -0.4512057304382324, -0.1565401554107666, -0.182785764336586 ]
202077	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20States%20military%20casualties%20of%20war	United States military casualties of war	The following is a tabulation of United States military casualties of war. Overview Note: "Total casualties" includes wounded, combat and non-combat deaths but not missing in action. "Deaths – other" includes all non-combat deaths including those from bombing, massacres, disease, suicide, and murder. Wars ranked by U.S. combat deaths Wars ranked by total number of U.S. military deaths "Deaths per day" is the total number of Americans killed in military service, divided by the number of days between the dates of the commencement and end of hostilities. "Deaths per population" is the total number of deaths in military service, divided by the U.S. population of the year indicated. Notes a. Revolutionary War: All figures from the Revolutionary War are rounded estimates. Commonly cited casualty figures provided by the Department of Defense are 4,435 killed and 6,188 wounded, although the original government report that generated these numbers warned that the totals were incomplete and far too low. In 1974, historian Howard Peckham and a team of researchers came up with a total of 6,824 killed in action and 8,445 wounded. Because of incomplete records, Peckham estimated that this new total number of killed in action was still about 1,000 too low. Military historian John Shy subsequently estimated the total killed in action at 8,000, and argued that the number of wounded was probably far higher, about 25,000. The "other" deaths are primarily from disease, including prisoners who died on British prison ships. b. Other Actions Against Pirates: Includes actions fought in the West Indies, the Greek Isles, off of Louisiana, China and Vietnam. Other deaths resulted from disease and accidents. c. Civil War: All Union casualty figures, and Confederate killed in action, from The Oxford Companion to American Military History except where noted (NPS figures). estimate of total Confederate dead from James M. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom (Oxford University Press, 1988), 854. Newer estimates place the total death toll at 650,000 to 850,000. 148 of the Union dead were U.S. Marines. ca. Civil War April 2, 2012 Doctor David Hacker after extensive research offered new casualty rates higher by 20%; his work has been accepted by the academic community and is represented here. d. World War I figures include expeditions in North Russia and Siberia. See also World War I casualties da. World War II Note: as of March 31, 1946 there were an estimated 286,959 dead of whom 246,492 were identified; of 40,467 who were unidentified 18,641 were located {10,986 reposed in military cemeteries and 7,655 in isolated graves} and 21,826 were reported not located. As of April 6, 1946 there were 539 American Military Cemeteries which contained 241,500 dead. Note the American Battle Monuments Commission database for the World War II reports that in 18 ABMC Cemeteries total of 93,238 buried and 78,979 missing and that "The World War II database on this web site contains the names of those buried at our cemeteries, or listed as Missing in Action, buried or lost at sea. It does not contain the names of the 233,174 Americans returned to the United States for burial..." Similarly, the ABMC Records do not cover inter-war deaths such as the Port Chicago disaster in which 320 died. As of June 2018 total of US World War II casualties listed as MIA is 72,823 e. Korean War: Note: gives Dead as 33,746 and Wounded as 103, 284 and MIA as 8,177. The American Battle Monuments Commission database for the Korean War reports that "The Department of Defense reports that 54,246 American service men and women lost their lives during the Korean War. This includes all losses worldwide. Since the Korean War Veterans Memorial in Washington, D.C. honors all U.S. Military who lost their lives during the War, we have tried to obtain the names of those who died in other areas besides Korea during the period June 27, 1950 to July 27, 1954, one year after the Korean Armistice...". {For a breakdown of Worldwide casualties of 54,246 see The Korean War educator at gives figures as In-theatre/non theater} After their retreat in 1950, dead Marines and soldiers were buried at a temporary gravesite near Hungnam, North Korea. During "Operation Glory" which occurred from July to November 1954 the dead of each side were exchanged; remains of 4,167 US soldiers/Marines were exchanged for 13,528 North Korean/Chinese dead. After "Operation Glory" 416 Korean War "unknowns" were buried in the Punchbowl Cemetery. According to a DPMO white paper. 1,394 names were also transmitted during "Operation Glory" from the Chinese and North Koreans, of whom 858 names proved to be correct; of the 4,167 returned remains were found to be 4,219 individuals of whom 2,944 were found to be Americans of whom all but 416 were identified by name. Of 239 Korean War unaccounted for: 186 not associated with Punchbowl unknowns (176 were identified and of the remaining 10 cases 4 were non-Americans of Asiatic descent; one was British; 3 were identified and 2 cases unconfirmed); Of 10 Korean War "Punchbowl Unknowns" 6 were identified. The W.A. Johnson listing of 496 POWsincluding 25 civilianswho died in North Korea can be found here and there Listed as MIA: 7,683 ea. Cold War – Korea and Vietnam and Middle East-additional US Casualties: North Korea {Cold War} 1959: 1968–69; 1976; 1984 killed 41; Wounded 5; 82 captured/released. USS Liberty incident 1967 killed 34; Wounded 173 by Israeli armed forces Vietnam War prior to 1964-US Casualties were Laos – 2 killed in 1954; and Vietnam 1946–1954 – 2 killed see; f. Iraq War. See also Casualties of the Iraq War. Sources: . g. Afghanistan. Casualties include those that occurred in Pakistan, Uzbekistan, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Guantanamo Bay (Cuba), Jordan, Kenya, Kyrgyzstan, Philippines, Seychelles, Sudan, Tajikistan, Turkey, and Yemen. See also Military history of the United States World War II casualties References External links American War and Military Operations Casualties: Lists and Statistics Congressional Research Service Louisiana State University's statistical summary of major American wars Washington Post database of all U.S. service-member casualties CNN list of U.S. Casualties in Iraq since 2003. Complete list of U.S. Casualties in Iraq and Afghanistan since 2003. Iraq Casualties Navy and Marine death tolls Iraq and Afghanistan Casualty Count Wars involving the United States United States military-related lists	[ -0.3477267920970917, 0.7079810500144958, -0.9529715776443481, 0.08939394354820251, -0.2640596032142639, 0.37529614567756653, 0.8197640180587769, 0.15202689170837402, -0.6740974187850952, -0.3779260814189911, -0.36463749408721924, 0.5497269630432129, -0.1903628259897232, 0.9213706254959106, -0.34694939851760864, 0.7448435425758362, -0.08559660613536835, 0.40065187215805054, 0.5710837244987488, -0.2759164869785309, -0.3161865472793579, -0.8240644335746765, 0.7955640554428101, -0.2833383083343506, 0.16583648324012756, 0.29839321970939636, 0.15104064345359802, -0.6335912346839905, -0.11818450689315796, 0.1518079936504364, -0.26494258642196655, 0.5653966069221497, 0.21563731133937836, -0.22547677159309387, -0.3707789480686188, -0.45274099707603455, -0.1544475108385086, 0.21351036429405212, 0.34001269936561584, -0.4866796135902405, 0.05494656786322594, -0.4682157039642334, 0.0998733788728714, 0.37055861949920654, 0.27061033248901367, -0.028405526652932167, -1.0088106393814087, -0.09193817526102066, -0.7603744864463806, -0.23972776532173157, -0.3832029402256012, 0.42448094487190247, 0.6004867553710938, 0.6511678099632263, 0.1064152643084526, 0.7713024020195007, 0.014732376672327518, -0.4778600335121155, -0.0927504226565361, -0.4942335784435272, 0.31360259652137756, 0.2396530956029892, 0.32630154490470886, -0.5570963621139526, 0.3239698112010956, -0.6796388626098633, 0.2699345648288727, 0.7530533671379089, -0.01220340933650732, -0.3218308687210083, -0.034940607845783234, -0.19290056824684143, 0.2978634238243103, -0.10048763453960419, -0.24941368401050568, 0.15604037046432495, 0.228985995054245, -0.11162354797124863, 0.17735591530799866, -0.49514544010162354, 0.33181679248809814, -0.12019199132919312, 0.38011544942855835, -0.22720128297805786, 0.048216812312603, 0.4336714744567871, -0.02910465933382511, -0.14194729924201965, -0.17395812273025513, 0.7479322552680969, 0.2599671483039856, 0.11001487076282501, 0.3553829789161682, 0.05983056500554085, -0.28271570801734924, -0.5423417091369629, 0.2493327260017395, 0.25977328419685364, -0.044498417526483536, -0.13085691630840302, -0.020559202879667282, 0.516365110874176, 1.0796754360198975, 0.3569919168949127, -0.523015022277832, -0.4618827998638153, -0.34731796383857727, -0.13258501887321472, 0.8430706262588501, -0.9413530826568604, -0.22542932629585266, 0.20586274564266205, -0.4551231861114502, -0.36609357595443726, -0.956510066986084, 0.2977980971336365, 0.3745076060295105, -0.1322990506887436, 0.07003140449523926, -0.21347491443157196, -0.5192036032676697, 0.6669490933418274, -0.25410324335098267, -0.4458044171333313, -0.33343178033828735, 0.6480816006660461, 0.7900761365890503, -0.06004076078534126, -0.06472501903772354, 0.508057177066803, 0.2660113573074341, 0.8208574652671814, -0.4112709164619446, 0.29548710584640503, 0.474272221326828, -0.6716654896736145, 0.3042652904987335, 0.4193551540374756, -0.44824060797691345, -0.38388413190841675, -0.9211196899414062, -0.6948825120925903, -0.7544510960578918, -0.21016885340213776, 0.7670783400535583, -0.44743889570236206, -0.7482265830039978, -0.07430992275476456, -0.024310439825057983, 0.20631703734397888, 0.24691548943519592, -0.2731066048145294, -0.019727103412151337, 0.5758296847343445, -0.24991469085216522, 0.17783865332603455, 0.5583552122116089, -0.43815743923187256, 0.11780451983213425, 0.6998257637023926, 0.2912933826446533, 0.9063616991043091, 0.2943134009838104, 0.27520135045051575, -0.19430950284004211, 0.2369072139263153, 0.7807835936546326, 0.3573755919933319, -0.8478530645370483, -0.30008405447006226, -0.32922565937042236, -0.13631126284599304, -0.05632641538977623, -0.2094016969203949, -0.31226009130477905, 0.3545156419277191, 0.24643757939338684, 0.2733195722103119, 0.6234455108642578, -0.061194613575935364, -0.14068971574306488, -0.09103110432624817, 0.3620661199092865, -0.009803622961044312, 0.4660203158855438, 0.33575940132141113, 0.1917579621076584, -0.35150566697120667, 0.3451205790042877, 0.029083820059895515, -0.5523200631141663, -0.35769304633140564, 0.01692054234445095, -0.22550660371780396, 1.1583025455474854, -0.49001890420913696, -0.923782229423523, -0.2583664059638977, 0.07183340191841125, -0.18267707526683807, 0.06417450308799744, -0.1960759162902832, 0.37132611870765686, 0.2573595345020294, -0.3468141555786133, 0.7216193675994873, -0.303310364484787, 0.40335237979888916, 0.4803517758846283, 0.33691105246543884, 0.5542013645172119, 0.1866675317287445, -0.5871566534042358, 0.3401522934436798, 0.4940185844898224, -0.04559895023703575, -0.29374247789382935, -0.32451605796813965, 0.31641268730163574, -0.8836752772331238, 0.18845637142658234, -0.006196868605911732, 0.542677104473114, -0.05037405341863632, 0.016889140009880066, 0.02504744939506054, -0.44811898469924927, 0.4823572039604187, -0.16724416613578796, -0.8776150345802307, 0.4753664433956146, 0.1437661051750183, -0.44723647832870483, -0.11315394937992096, -0.13602235913276672, -0.4720267951488495, -0.12317663431167603, -0.08176668733358383, -0.03039327822625637, -0.7386580109596252, 0.04836830124258995, 0.36103713512420654, 0.1192970871925354, 0.2646099328994751, -0.3294603228569031, -0.13160012662410736, 0.2273171842098236, -0.20134757459163666, 0.20867158472537994, -0.41351914405822754, 0.2725963592529297, 0.47723084688186646, 0.6606608629226685, -0.1369420439004898, -0.1438414603471756, -0.2872714102268219, -0.010758992284536362, -0.055952802300453186, -0.6869020462036133, -0.25544145703315735, 0.016640154644846916, 0.3423534333705902, -0.11124124377965927, 0.1406852900981903, 0.1333913803100586, -0.6694720387458801, -1.3075751066207886, -0.1258937120437622, -0.25138160586357117, 0.01037966925650835, 0.2299957424402237, 0.08422866463661194, 0.28372853994369507, -0.9205643534660339, 0.5667101144790649, 0.8234277963638306, 0.1524626463651657, 0.17126575112342834, -1.10235595703125, -0.09190480411052704, 0.48029136657714844, 0.8740325570106506, 0.2884211838245392, -0.5843422412872314, -0.14518603682518005, -0.3389354646205902, 0.4776232838630676, -0.07769011706113815, 0.1896480917930603, 0.3383892774581909, -0.6102034449577332, -0.038922328501939774, -0.30427977442741394, 0.08919306099414825, 0.40159130096435547, -0.021310187876224518, -0.01148078590631485, 0.48077884316444397, -0.06264332681894302, -0.2708585858345032, -0.6572566032409668, 0.3291751444339752, -0.053999338299036026, -0.46286487579345703, -0.12205859273672104, -0.4744211435317993, -0.1450551301240921, 0.3407295346260071, -5.354170799255371, -0.1919431984424591, -0.4568530321121216, -0.6591969132423401, -0.38442257046699524, 0.06632934510707855, 0.3086530268192291, -0.32062193751335144, -0.2545338571071625, -0.251596063375473, 0.7109813690185547, 0.10110780596733093, 0.11284057796001434, 0.30234214663505554, 0.1799955517053604, -0.046723026782274246, 1.2365620136260986, -0.4757755398750305, 0.7138316035270691, 0.4856584370136261, 0.5612670183181763, 0.07676742970943451, -0.07795955240726471, 0.17155694961547852, -0.030833471566438675, 1.0876234769821167, -0.17853979766368866, 0.24254830181598663, -0.07046498358249664, 0.43973106145858765, 0.14738532900810242, -0.08368507772684097, 0.2258581817150116, -0.6676802039146423, -0.08135755360126495, -0.505797803401947, -0.21341444551944733, 0.7596395015716553, -0.27296099066734314, -0.4393097758293152, -0.547287106513977, -0.1708037257194519, -0.9302620887756348, -0.2093614786863327, 0.9553345441818237, 0.3993065059185028, -0.3764563798904419, -0.26377367973327637, 0.23686471581459045, 0.3301534950733185, 0.1385721117258072, 0.3225831389427185, 0.8218340873718262, 0.27444010972976685, -0.027913354337215424, -0.4595887064933777, -0.062412720173597336, -0.05755328759551048, -0.613857626914978, 0.047649938613176346, -0.19429191946983337, 0.1400585025548935, -0.19328488409519196, -0.3222958445549011, -0.15320387482643127, -0.7475610375404358, -0.17252177000045776, -0.11377338320016861, -0.3450374901294708, 0.3637695908546448, 0.20424522459506989, 0.8046272397041321, -0.2613704204559326, -0.5626776814460754, 0.19461689889431, -0.16803891956806183, -0.046334028244018555, 0.3836265206336975, 0.1783556342124939, -0.08941136300563812, -0.16812902688980103, -0.8034745454788208, 0.2351963371038437, -0.05313735455274582, 0.253531277179718, 0.01926700584590435, -0.21571744978427887, -0.11897391080856323, -0.19904939830303192, -0.7262974381446838, 0.10005123168230057, -0.1849188506603241, 0.3953687250614166, -0.317461758852005, 0.12245544791221619, 0.2317706197500229, 0.40002596378326416, 0.5831162333488464, 0.6711441874504089, 0.038398321717977524, -0.23468680679798126, -0.3810960054397583, 0.3866259455680847, -0.9964330792427063, -0.3028945028781891, -0.33712902665138245, 0.24272961914539337, 0.5314092636108398, 0.7623281478881836, -0.4416631758213043, -0.5407999157905579, -0.30784955620765686, -0.06434574723243713, -0.39142125844955444, 0.44710323214530945, 0.05610401928424835, 0.35487034916877747, 0.40281251072883606, 0.7590657472610474, 0.14107951521873474, 0.319111704826355, 0.11152198165655136, -0.22094638645648956, -0.4844987094402313, 0.4911308288574219, -0.27762725949287415, -0.38700157403945923, -0.1169532760977745, -0.5438757538795471, 0.020471863448619843, 0.10779827833175659, 0.9776266813278198, -0.027998389676213264, 0.5729547739028931, -0.012686342000961304, -0.2100452184677124, 0.8046044707298279, 0.03751186653971672, 0.0028024110943078995, -0.718423068523407, 0.9924417734146118, -0.6383858323097229, -0.8416483998298645, 0.2591291069984436, -0.06798260658979416, 0.3338741362094879, -0.35159358382225037, -0.63234943151474, -0.0026621732395142317, 0.6179884672164917, -0.44637009501457214, -0.408374160528183, 0.18555474281311035, 0.062283292412757874, 0.3869277834892273, 0.33530187606811523, 0.2722152769565582, 0.3016890287399292, -0.8117203712463379, -0.5243198871612549, -0.03377433866262436, -0.09597184509038925, -0.7993204593658447, -0.12674398720264435, 0.030208392068743706, -0.08278370648622513, -0.08785638213157654, -0.009184611029922962, 0.03334563225507736, 0.8980737328529358, 0.4644045829772949, 0.07673854380846024, -0.08174821734428406, 0.0592055544257164, 0.24277964234352112, -0.09903009235858917, 0.14357724785804749, -0.4665493965148926, 0.5327346324920654, -0.020745567977428436, 0.21783459186553955, -0.2315203696489334, -0.4307229816913605, 0.05917887017130852, -0.8125249147415161, 0.28145724534988403, -0.07016339153051376, 0.12683916091918945, -0.47919419407844543, 0.19070474803447723, -0.10905657708644867, -0.3013438880443573, -0.12785188853740692, -0.05149686336517334, -1.2166447639465332, 0.0018615116132423282, -0.18130196630954742, 0.028890645131468773, 0.2077712118625641, -0.13228875398635864, 0.5992637872695923, 0.624569296836853, -0.8281159400939941, -0.2959025800228119, -0.21885071694850922, -0.6610587239265442, 0.35288071632385254, 0.8309774398803711, -0.5428556799888611, 0.25241580605506897, -0.3566378951072693, -0.5075615644454956, -0.5837500095367432, 0.7649015188217163, -0.00022009214444551617, -0.15972614288330078, 0.5941516160964966, 0.40736332535743713, 0.021938707679510117, -0.04682743921875954, 0.007877374067902565, 0.05276412144303322, -0.44813281297683716, -0.3528081476688385, -0.5267584323883057, 0.19046621024608612, -0.3547285795211792, -1.0433255434036255, 0.7638487219810486, 0.09636756032705307, -0.9018073081970215, -0.22670572996139526, -0.12206095457077026, 0.49147236347198486, 0.8054615259170532, -0.03284059464931488, 0.07578609138727188, -0.41253072023391724, -0.5572949647903442, -0.15070922672748566, 0.09801819920539856, 0.6718193888664246, 0.4022752642631531, 0.06068585440516472, -0.07194769382476807, 0.530168890953064, 0.46028298139572144, -0.637912929058075, -0.48779234290122986, 0.18687888979911804, -0.27705004811286926, -0.42246711254119873, -1.1228235960006714, -0.295065701007843, 0.7643618583679199, -0.6326771974563599, -0.4382844567298889, 0.07476978749036789, -0.11555994302034378, 0.44282594323158264, -0.002551340963691473, 0.5772735476493835, -0.30208927392959595, 0.5817642211914062, 0.6409415006637573, -0.2939596474170685, 0.09963849186897278, 0.1721322238445282, 0.025579607114195824, -0.20625510811805725, -0.45388540625572205, 0.378365159034729, 0.21935445070266724, 0.7439113855361938, 0.01019047200679779, 0.1871546506881714, -0.24814990162849426, -0.3494262099266052, 0.2648390531539917, -0.23215249180793762, 0.3125840425491333, -0.4790845811367035, -0.13754892349243164, -0.1126900166273117, 0.6945741772651672, -0.638116180896759, -0.03637474775314331, -0.03545915335416794, -0.25424692034721375, -0.3732265830039978, 0.2868313789367676, 0.21327261626720428, -0.32007065415382385, 0.14526796340942383, 0.30331286787986755, 0.5998969078063965, -0.2666177749633789, 0.48041361570358276, 0.043754298239946365, 0.1401459276676178, -0.6981877088546753, 0.9192965626716614, 0.06853073090314865, -0.5947837233543396, 0.3393537104129791, -0.5523226857185364, 0.42903825640678406, 0.032654620707035065, -0.20088405907154083, 0.41463503241539, 0.4293222725391388, 0.19128535687923431, -0.030555706471204758, 0.4213835597038269, 0.157326802611351, -0.09802794456481934, 0.5705611109733582, -0.6805073022842407, -0.09782766550779343, 0.2702944278717041, -0.6541379690170288, 0.06257457286119461, 1.0688397884368896, 0.43778541684150696, 0.13654594123363495, 0.3251640498638153, 0.13452304899692535, -0.5411424040794373, 0.30792614817619324, 0.4019300043582916, 0.1828002780675888, -0.3795144557952881, -0.5559068918228149, 0.37535637617111206, -0.1275082528591156, -0.38791781663894653, -0.30617278814315796, -0.5336026549339294, -0.4356294870376587, 1.0314016342163086, -0.265962153673172, -0.03597582131624222, 0.8405151963233948, 0.2817689776420593, -0.12672172486782074, -0.034222111105918884, -0.18951907753944397, 0.33459770679473877, 0.4634016454219818, -0.6163084506988525, 0.28812748193740845, 0.11781241744756699, 0.3957602083683014, 0.11843808740377426, 0.22412090003490448, -0.4108925461769104, 0.34506189823150635, 0.18016520142555237, -0.10794135183095932, -1.2134723663330078, -0.25731161236763, -0.09807714074850082, 0.7533701658248901, -0.2762935161590576, 0.6879982352256775, -0.28869903087615967, -0.3936545252799988, 0.30377158522605896, -0.43955540657043457, 0.3497200310230255, 0.2907712459564209, 0.15388843417167664, -0.3600461184978485, -0.30497053265571594, 0.1803329885005951, 0.5540744662284851, -0.008389838971197605, -0.21005424857139587, 0.128992959856987, 0.018051080405712128, -0.17520824074745178, 0.05372738093137741, -0.34676554799079895, -0.8826586008071899, -0.06922367215156555, -0.2875508666038513, -0.010576918721199036, 0.39627641439437866, 0.5997463464736938, -0.31570523977279663, 0.6190617680549622, -0.408080518245697, -0.5423742532730103, 0.3252963125705719, 0.2698923945426941, 0.41523903608322144, 0.5270387530326843, 0.32147225737571716, 0.047495413571596146, -0.47831830382347107, -0.2958745062351227, -0.09556197375059128, 0.05726920813322067, 0.013133126311004162, -0.5619223713874817, 0.1750984489917755, -0.54207843542099, 0.0869462639093399, -0.35157716274261475, 0.327757865190506, -0.19680964946746826, -0.3908863067626953, -0.34224486351013184, 0.3750596046447754, -0.17365244030952454, -0.7198851108551025, 0.582969605922699, -0.7041945457458496, 0.02198394387960434, -1.1257520914077759, 0.4023109972476959, -0.4876668453216553, 0.07000045478343964, 0.5157153010368347, -0.04236103221774101, -0.5937831997871399, 0.5041037797927856, -0.09870952367782593, 0.2692607343196869, 0.5347275137901306, -0.22082474827766418, -0.18902073800563812, -0.34203630685806274, -0.6699082255363464, -0.09472213685512543, -0.0061107962392270565, 1.0920839309692383, 0.4014739990234375, 0.2004278600215912, -0.32775506377220154, 0.18747951090335846, -0.27479904890060425, -0.12562468647956848, -0.08033068478107452, -1.3608107566833496, -0.32978856563568115, 0.028822865337133408, -0.459641695022583, -0.05099078640341759, 0.7229296565055847, 0.20879724621772766, 0.5452885031700134, 0.5223743319511414, -0.32253479957580566, 0.24757196009159088, -0.24530407786369324, 0.09020506590604782, -0.11374426633119583, 0.22542926669120789, 0.8238842487335205 ]
202085	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford%20Etienne	Clifford Etienne	Clifford Etienne (born March 9, 1970) is an American former professional boxer and convicted robber, who is currently serving a 105-year prison sentence without the possibility of parole. Known for his aggressive, high-volume style despite being a heavyweight, he fought Mike Tyson, Francois Botha, Nikolay Valuev, Calvin Brock, and Lamon Brewster. Background Born and raised in Louisiana, Etienne was a self-proclaimed "nerd" growing up. He attended St. Martinville High School where he was a standout linebacker, recruited by top colleges such as LSU, Nebraska, Texas A&M, and Oklahoma. This potential college football career was derailed by a 40-year prison sentence for armed robbery, which was committed at a shopping mall during his senior year. While incarcerated, Etienne, who then weighed 290 pounds, took up boxing and won the state prison boxing championship. While in prison he was a member of the "Gunslingers" prison boxing team in Louisiana and reportedly had a 30–0 prison record. He was released on good behavior after serving 10 years. While incarcerated, Etienne enrolled in classes at Southern University, and received high marks for his degree. Professional career Upon being paroled from prison in 1998 after serving 10 years for attempted armed robbery, he became a professional boxer; he won 29 matches (20 knockouts), lost 4, and drew 2. Rise to the top Etienne was named 2000's "Most Exciting Fighter to Watch" in the heavyweight division by The Ring Magazine, largely the result of his unanimous decision over then-undefeated Lawrence Clay Bey. The fight was widely considered to be one of the best heavyweight matches of that year. He also defeated Lamon Brewster, the future WBO heavyweight champion, via a fairly-dominant unanimous decision after ten rounds in May 2000. Etienne landed a contract with Showtime and his stock began to rise, but it quickly fell after an upset loss to Fres Oquendo, who stopped Etienne in the eighth round of their fight in March 2001. After re-building some of his lost stature with wins, he was catapulted to the world's stage in a 2003 fight against Mike Tyson, where Etienne suffered a first-round knock-out only 49 seconds after being caught with a short right hand from Tyson. Decline After the loss to Tyson, Etienne's future seemed to be that of a journeyman opponent. Calvin Brock stopped Etienne in the third round in January 2005. Etienne's last fight was against Nicolay Valuev. "The Beast from the East", who would go on to become the WBA champion, stopped Etienne in the third round of their fight in Bayreuth, Germany in May 2005. Criminal activity and imprisonment On August 11, 2005, Fightnews.com reported Etienne's ring career definitely over with the following story: Well known heavyweight Clifford Etienne was arrested Wednesday in Baton Rouge, Louisiana on charges of armed robbery, kidnapping, and the attempted murder of a police officer. Etienne allegedly robbed a local business, car-jacked a vehicle containing a woman and her children, then pulled a gun on police officers. He is being held in East Baton Rouge Parish Prison with a $70,000 bond. On June 22, 2006, following his trial in Baton Rouge, Etienne was found guilty and sentenced to 160 years in prison without parole for an allegedly cocaine-fueled crime spree that included robbing a check cashing business, carjacking, and attempting to shoot a police officer. In April 2013, his sentence was reduced from 160 years to 105 years due to a “technicality”, Etienne is now a painter, painting artwork from prison. He recently was given a job as a barber at the same prison. Professional boxing record \|- \|align="center" colspan=8\|29 Wins (20 knockouts, 9 decisions), 4 Losses (4 knockouts, 0 decisions), 2 Draws \|- \| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"\|Result \| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"\|Record \| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"\|Opponent \| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"\|Type \| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"\|Round \| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"\|Date \| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"\|Location \| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"\|Notes \|-align=center \|Loss \|29–4–2 \|align=left\| Nikolay Valuev \|KO \|3 \|14/05/2005 \|align=left\| Oberfrankenhalle, Bayreuth, Germany \|align=left\| \|-align=center \|Loss \|29–3–2 \|align=left\| Calvin Brock \|TKO \|3 \|21/01/2005 \|align=left\| Reliant Center, Houston, Texas, U.S. \|align=left\| \|-align=center \|Win \|29–2–2 \|align=left\| Kenny Craven \|TKO \|2 \|27/11/2004 \|align=left\| Louisville Gardens, Louisville, Kentucky, U.S. \|align=left\| \|-align=center \|Win \|28–2–2 \|align=left\| Talmadge Griffis \|UD \|10 \|09/06/2004 \|align=left\| City Center Pavilion, Reno, Nevada, U.S. \|align=left\| \|-align=center \|Win \|27–2–2 \|align=left\| Onebo Maxime \|UD \|8 \|27/05/2004 \|align=left\| Alario Center, Westwego, Louisiana, U.S. \|align=left\| \|-align=center \|style="background:#abcdef;"\|Draw \|26–2–2 \|align=left\| Gilbert Martinez \|PTS \|8 \|27/03/2004 \|align=left\| Caesars Tahoe, Stateline, Nevada, U.S. \|align=left\| \|-align=center \|Win \|26–2–1 \|align=left\| Mike Sheppard \|KO \|2 \|21/02/2004 \|align=left\| Chapparells, Akron, Ohio, U.S. \|align=left\| \|-align=center \|Win \|25–2–1 \|align=left\| Shawn Robinson \|TKO \|4 \|07/02/2004 \|align=left\| Riehle Brothers Pavilion, Lafayette, Indiana, U.S. \|align=left\| \|-align=center \|Loss \|24–2–1 \|align=left\| Mike Tyson \|KO \|1 \|22/02/2003 \|align=left\| The Pyramid, Memphis, Tennessee, U.S. \|align=left\| \|-align=center \|style="background:#abcdef;"\|Draw \|24–1–1 \|align=left\| Francois Botha \|PTS \|10 \|27/07/2002 \|align=left\| New Orleans Arena, New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S. \|align=left\| \|-align=center \|Win \|24–1 \|align=left\| Terrence Lewis \|UD \|10 \|27/04/2002 \|align=left\| Mohegan Sun Casino, Uncasville, Connecticut, U.S. \|align=left\| \|-align=center \|Win \|23–1 \|align=left\| Gabe Brown \|TKO \|7 \|02/02/2002 \|align=left\| American Airlines Arena, Miami, Florida, U.S. \|align=left\| \|-align=center \|Win \|22–1 \|align=left\| Dan Ward \|TKO \|2 \|08/12/2001 \|align=left\| Grand Casino, Biloxi, Mississippi, U.S. \|align=left\| \|-align=center \|Win \|21–1 \|align=left\| Ken Murphy \|KO \|1 \|31/08/2001 \|align=left\| Grand Casino, Gulfport, Mississippi, U.S. \|align=left\| \|-align=center \|Win \|20–1 \|align=left\| Arthur Weathers \|KO \|1 \|22/06/2001 \|align=left\| Grand Casino, Gulfport, Mississippi, U.S. \|align=left\| \|-align=center \|Loss \|19–1 \|align=left\| Fres Oquendo \|TKO \|8 \|23/03/2001 \|align=left\| Texas Station Casino, Las Vegas, Nevada, U.S. \|align=left\| \|-align=center \|Win \|19–0 \|align=left\| Lawrence Clay Bey \|UD \|10 \|11/11/2000 \|align=left\| Mandalay Bay Resort & Casino, Las Vegas, Nevada, U.S. \|align=left\| \|-align=center \|Win \|18–0 \|align=left\| Cliff Couser \|TKO \|3 \|09/09/2000 \|align=left\| Mountaineer Casino Racetrack and Resort, Chester, West Virginia, U.S. \|align=left\| \|-align=center \|Win \|17–0 \|align=left\| Joey Guy \|KO \|3 \|30/06/2000 \|align=left\| Baton Rouge, Louisiana, U.S. \|align=left\| \|-align=center \|Win \|16–0 \|align=left\| Lamon Brewster \|UD \|10 \|06/05/2000 \|align=left\| Mellon Arena, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S. \|align=left\| \|-align=center \|Win \|15–0 \|align=left\| Harold Sconiers \|UD \|10 \|18/03/2000 \|align=left\| Baton Rouge, Louisiana, U.S. \|align=left\| \|-align=center \|Win \|14–0 \|align=left\| James Jones \|TKO \|2 \|26/02/2000 \|align=left\| Grand Casino, Biloxi, Mississippi, U.S. \|align=left\| \|-align=center \|Win \|13–0 \|align=left\| Marvin Hunt \|TKO \|1 \|28/01/2000 \|align=left\| The Ruins, New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S. \|align=left\| \|-align=center \|Win \|12–0 \|align=left\| Dan Conway \|TKO \|1 \|26/11/1999 \|align=left\| New Orleans Arena, New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S. \|align=left\| \|-align=center \|Win \|11–0 \|align=left\| Darrell Morgan \|TKO \|1 \|17/09/1999 \|align=left\| All American Sports Park, Las Vegas, Nevada, U.S. \|align=left\| \|-align=center \|Win \|10–0 \|align=left\| Clarence Goins \|KO \|1 \|08/09/1999 \|align=left\| Treasure Chest Casino, Kenner, Louisiana, U.S. \|align=left\| \|-align=center \|Win \|9–0 \|align=left\| Abdul Muhaymin \|UD \|8 \|20/08/1999 \|align=left\| Baton Rouge, Louisiana, U.S. \|align=left\| \|-align=center \|Win \|8–0 \|align=left\| Eric Jackson \|KO \|1 \|11/06/1999 \|align=left\| Casino Magic, Bay St. Louis, Mississippi, U.S. \|align=left\| \|-align=center \|Win \|7–0 \|align=left\| Ronnie Smith \|KO \|1 \|30/04/1999 \|align=left\| Marksville, Louisiana, U.S. \|align=left\| \|-align=center \|Win \|6–0 \|align=left\| Larry Scott \|UD \|6 \|15/04/1999 \|align=left\| Miccosukee Indian Gaming Resort, Miami, Florida, U.S. \|align=left\| \|-align=center \|Win \|5–0 \|align=left\| Wesley Martin \|TKO \|6 \|27/02/1999 \|align=left\| Baton Rouge, Louisiana, U.S. \|align=left\| \|-align=center \|Win \|4–0 \|align=left\| Willie Kyles \|TKO \|1 \|06/02/1999 \|align=left\| Casino Magic, Bay St. Louis, Mississippi, U.S. \|align=left\| \|-align=center \|Win \|3–0 \|align=left\| Eddie Richardson \|UD \|6 \|19/01/1999 \|align=left\| Municipal Auditorium, New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S. \|align=left\| \|-align=center \|Win \|2–0 \|align=left\| Curt Render \|TKO \|1 \|11/12/1998 \|align=left\| Marksville, Louisiana, U.S. \|align=left\| \|-align=center \|Win \|1–0 \|align=left\| John Randall \|KO \|1 \|03/12/1998 \|align=left\| Casino Magic, Bay St. Louis, Mississippi, U.S. \|align=left\| \|-align=center References Mike Tyson KOs Clifford Etienne Tyson knocks out Etienne in 49 seconds Etienne arrested Heavyweight boxer Etienne arrested Clifford Etienne “The Black Rhino” Sentenced to 150 Years in Prison References External links 1970 births African-American boxers American people convicted of robbery American people convicted of kidnapping American people convicted of attempted murder American sportspeople convicted of crimes Boxers from Louisiana Heavyweight boxers Living people Sportspeople from Lafayette, Louisiana Prisoners and detainees of Louisiana American male boxers 21st-century African-American sportspeople 20th-century African-American sportspeople	[ -0.051093511283397675, 0.2093815952539444, -0.6367175579071045, -0.40497881174087524, 0.41933003067970276, 0.44110044836997986, 0.8505919575691223, -0.1840258091688156, 0.13290725648403168, 0.11859986186027527, 0.4627194404602051, 0.4837441146373749, -0.4043477773666382, -0.4681580066680908, -0.3817655146121979, -0.010291734710335732, 0.13293519616127014, -0.038969866931438446, 0.5553020238876343, -0.15616142749786377, -0.24566219747066498, -0.16864308714866638, 0.3755561411380768, 0.12262587249279022, -0.3602922558784485, 1.2467246055603027, -0.2264164537191391, -0.1864652931690216, -0.3344883620738983, 0.2298445999622345, 0.40675246715545654, 0.4126603305339813, 0.4492986500263214, -0.3298267126083374, -0.1440839171409607, 0.15340419113636017, 0.10846191644668579, -0.048867013305425644, 0.15737766027450562, -0.09298866242170334, -0.02536138705909252, -0.30996817350387573, -0.31064164638519287, 0.36551034450531006, -0.7943550944328308, 0.01638995297253132, -1.2724950313568115, 0.09506688266992569, -0.7377614974975586, -0.9640212655067444, -0.46564653515815735, -0.08572415262460709, -0.17333582043647766, -0.006068750284612179, 0.15048618614673615, -0.1696401834487915, -0.4950021803379059, -0.7875276207923889, 0.40752044320106506, -0.5360001921653748, 0.1805397868156433, 0.2667955160140991, 0.2236137092113495, -0.5648496747016907, -0.22903455793857574, 0.22469176352024078, 0.6727619767189026, 0.2766454219818115, 0.014013112522661686, -0.2873716652393341, 0.1829250305891037, 0.829435408115387, 0.10530703514814377, 0.47564035654067993, 0.14607621729373932, -0.16193833947181702, 0.39710816740989685, 0.2530597448348999, 0.2177007496356964, 0.12857165932655334, 0.2893269956111908, -0.05032268166542053, 0.8469740152359009, -0.2036212831735611, -0.16081763803958893, 0.24921171367168427, -0.39708492159843445, 0.09665484726428986, -0.4299200475215912, -0.06654080003499985, -0.6065304279327393, -0.15962639451026917, -0.14027315378189087, 0.7542424201965332, -0.583441436290741, -0.07801763713359833, 0.06360676884651184, 0.5702004432678223, 0.716947615146637, -0.3134831190109253, 0.3435555398464203, -0.30744752287864685, 0.39728260040283203, -0.28128305077552795, -0.33413442969322205, -0.22982007265090942, 0.4505797028541565, 0.06930478662252426, -0.44549229741096497, -0.35044267773628235, -0.7228332161903381, 0.450769305229187, -0.0959683507680893, -0.6582612991333008, 0.06504504382610321, 1.027886986732483, 0.1856939196586609, -0.3017673194408417, -0.6251462697982788, 0.06600821018218994, -0.024414777755737305, 0.2606009542942047, -0.1899658888578415, 0.8154464364051819, -0.19900760054588318, 0.21562626957893372, 0.01525940466672182, 0.14717727899551392, -0.17910636961460114, 0.205286905169487, 0.3196006417274475, 0.46319836378097534, -0.13395631313323975, 0.20795638859272003, -0.5592167377471924, -0.16096028685569763, 0.6957743167877197, -0.2921946942806244, -0.03595956787467003, -0.20996518433094025, -0.5705317854881287, -0.26080670952796936, -0.33323970437049866, 0.0822475254535675, 0.06845173984766006, -0.2606838643550873, 0.5224058032035828, 0.23852965235710144, 0.3649362027645111, 0.128045454621315, 0.07802563160657883, 0.2495337426662445, -0.2377619743347168, -0.822465717792511, -0.2566307485103607, 0.1409730762243271, -0.1307688057422638, -0.09377777576446533, 0.31233593821525574, -0.24964359402656555, -0.05849834904074669, -0.06167711690068245, -0.3712851405143738, -0.056878022849559784, 0.6248288154602051, -0.2965180277824402, -0.10080666840076447, -0.7535699605941772, -0.37480196356773376, -0.06058263033628464, 0.12409127503633499, 0.36796432733535767, 0.19537286460399628, -0.32507938146591187, -0.46738800406455994, 0.06785701960325241, 0.5110824108123779, 0.2464672178030014, 0.19284656643867493, -0.7088198661804199, -0.5788149833679199, -0.10906112939119339, 0.7237457036972046, -0.010414241813123226, 0.3928203284740448, 0.42105063796043396, 0.822883665561676, -0.12076506018638611, 0.2536408305168152, -0.09953582286834717, -0.8272596597671509, -0.47990259528160095, 0.5046094655990601, -0.4416300654411316, 0.7860593795776367, 0.006151208188384771, -0.15482892096042633, 0.24267742037773132, 0.23990589380264282, 0.4371374547481537, -0.23535995185375214, -0.43817853927612305, 0.49424004554748535, -0.05463369935750961, -0.21513305604457855, 0.11574866622686386, 0.31650248169898987, -0.1783251017332077, 0.4197275936603546, 0.877129077911377, 0.7101463079452515, -0.545635998249054, -0.5731996297836304, 0.8415447473526001, -0.16103452444076538, -0.09316103160381317, -0.1517038643360138, -0.2000911831855774, 0.5757055878639221, -0.5794085264205933, 0.5576235055923462, 0.16371740400791168, -0.11462287604808807, 0.5856978297233582, -0.4077838361263275, 0.786699652671814, 0.003908810671418905, -0.2757311463356018, 0.1725221574306488, -0.8398005366325378, -0.15489168465137482, -0.07028251141309738, -0.38364166021347046, -0.9830552935600281, 0.09505493193864822, 0.24145761132240295, 0.5289986729621887, -0.7385912537574768, 0.0487133152782917, -0.27114683389663696, 0.2437722384929657, -0.152406245470047, -0.3405914306640625, -0.2476155310869217, -0.17014619708061218, 0.38521823287010193, 0.27426448464393616, 0.6947739720344543, -0.3999209403991699, -0.25733527541160583, 0.13040867447853088, 0.29366493225097656, 0.42586755752563477, -0.17275674641132355, 0.505239725112915, 0.3257899880409241, -0.0481252558529377, 0.2468135505914688, 0.10640048235654831, -0.5733928084373474, 0.03721316158771515, -0.009025703184306622, 0.23182953894138336, 0.07437479496002197, 0.20796339213848114, 0.10606670379638672, -0.01259163860231638, -0.5945180654525757, 0.23567014932632446, 0.15739966928958893, 0.9415510296821594, -0.2802538573741913, -0.04500951990485191, 0.22287388145923615, 0.4163423478603363, 0.447799950838089, -0.3048025369644165, 0.006449426524341106, -0.5941714644432068, -0.5526120066642761, 1.1041511297225952, 0.5983675718307495, -0.215643510222435, -0.2845703363418579, 0.2864266335964203, -0.7100314497947693, -0.08364439010620117, -0.20548376441001892, -0.1989104449748993, -0.27582019567489624, -0.27950045466423035, 0.7768597602844238, -0.41454219818115234, 0.25352177023887634, -0.48523175716400146, -0.03401237726211548, 0.13577255606651306, -0.20703813433647156, 0.6328901052474976, 0.5013227462768555, 0.4308423697948456, 0.17998413741588593, -0.3434521555900574, 0.10464445501565933, 0.3218393325805664, -0.2632904052734375, -0.20841437578201294, -0.3392770290374756, -5.60297155380249, 0.5784165263175964, 0.055725324898958206, -0.2643115818500519, 0.26895779371261597, -0.3428625464439392, 0.05129312351346016, 0.33361393213272095, 0.04549723118543625, 0.012335527688264847, -0.1797560751438141, -0.26111385226249695, 0.336506724357605, 0.010312458500266075, 0.2404327392578125, 0.41269537806510925, 1.2457681894302368, -0.5855315327644348, 0.4167078733444214, 0.5824498534202576, -0.16632460057735443, -0.38539421558380127, -0.6159574389457703, 0.05671944469213486, -0.19899946451187134, 0.832203209400177, -0.3246710002422333, 0.31413424015045166, -0.4310208261013031, -0.5429284572601318, -0.619246780872345, 0.09991209954023361, -0.21041962504386902, -0.33292460441589355, -0.006846112664788961, 0.24780751764774323, 0.10704245418310165, 0.09064305573701859, -0.21937739849090576, -0.8588117957115173, -0.06127428263425827, -0.3196815550327301, -0.6303486824035645, -0.0028405943885445595, 0.6931052803993225, -0.06914635747671127, -0.3772205412387848, 0.01646646112203598, -0.35739845037460327, 0.4994889795780182, 0.15820305049419403, -0.3076297342777252, 0.2593781352043152, 0.6532047390937805, 0.3441479802131653, -0.33142799139022827, -0.33836498856544495, -0.19940505921840668, -0.49190521240234375, 0.8758863806724548, 0.2645775079727173, -0.6062951683998108, -0.1981891393661499, -0.18208955228328705, 0.05233541131019592, -0.3470768332481384, 0.7475352883338928, -0.2544897496700287, -0.11493916809558868, -0.13412809371948242, -0.04211450740695, 0.6236657500267029, 0.2686745226383209, -1.059564471244812, 0.22189396619796753, 0.16648858785629272, 0.029372502118349075, 0.03238919749855995, -0.3124949634075165, -0.3069871664047241, -0.24025334417819977, -0.47529491782188416, 0.42063435912132263, -0.023188471794128418, -0.048223208636045456, -0.34876155853271484, -0.32795852422714233, 1.1933908462524414, 0.044974185526371, 0.05472545698285103, 0.5404939651489258, 0.14948536455631256, -0.06720279902219772, -0.012658447958528996, 0.27234721183776855, 0.0683850646018982, 0.5077253580093384, 0.35502997040748596, 0.3367935121059418, 0.12859678268432617, 0.036526620388031006, -0.17327198386192322, 0.5125459432601929, -0.7311371564865112, 0.6494137048721313, -0.4878106713294983, -0.0009070970118045807, 0.28823322057724, 0.2194584459066391, 0.33615610003471375, 0.16665147244930267, 0.047339342534542084, -0.6090372800827026, -0.14261136949062347, 0.4543302655220032, -0.4515245258808136, -0.11259423941373825, 0.10071531683206558, 0.6340107917785645, 0.1453099250793457, -0.3250614404678345, 0.2515634000301361, -0.08817853033542633, -0.13771028816699982, 0.30292877554893494, -0.31506747007369995, 0.15186290442943573, 0.13408736884593964, -0.36729544401168823, 0.0480429083108902, -0.052645280957221985, 0.9866927266120911, -0.5153944492340088, 0.35398414731025696, -0.23997732996940613, -0.051565010100603104, 0.26207247376441956, -0.7610893249511719, 0.2581259608268738, 0.43375134468078613, -0.0840887650847435, -0.2866406738758087, -0.026430336758494377, 0.21962063014507294, 0.47196704149246216, 0.20172660052776337, 0.2318558245897293, -0.3312513828277588, -0.03618223965167999, 1.0558233261108398, 0.9678276181221008, -0.4798220694065094, 0.4839630424976349, -0.6568379998207092, -0.46509090065956116, 0.4800666570663452, -0.22132430970668793, -0.32739004492759705, -0.27323606610298157, -0.4077487289905548, 0.5159706473350525, 0.0971926674246788, -0.4467006027698517, 0.2966838777065277, -0.06449688225984573, 0.3697713315486908, 0.2682066857814789, -0.56680828332901, -0.537358283996582, 0.38474008440971375, 0.1603042632341385, -0.8632424473762512, -0.45341286063194275, 0.13984417915344238, -0.06075354665517807, -0.025995079427957535, -0.38021260499954224, -0.2515520751476288, 0.039595432579517365, -0.3250861167907715, 0.2531135380268097, -0.04838191345334053, -0.6669760346412659, 0.17741285264492035, 0.43780040740966797, 0.038093201816082, -0.16673797369003296, -0.3731980323791504, -0.07124608755111694, -0.0676702931523323, 0.3833211362361908, 0.05402835085988045, 0.43738165497779846, 0.7674960494041443, 0.10495544970035553, -0.6458662748336792, 0.16084232926368713, 0.4463539123535156, -0.014829792082309723, 0.13738012313842773, -0.1676959991455078, 0.1994294971227646, 0.02112616039812565, 0.36389997601509094, 0.5175121426582336, -0.8905864357948303, -0.15811164677143097, -0.009351519867777824, 0.003414949169382453, 0.11708192527294159, -0.6128100752830505, 0.03629700466990471, -0.30787497758865356, -0.03343503922224045, -0.09590061008930206, -0.22391760349273682, 0.39746609330177307, 0.045497965067625046, -0.5688868761062622, -0.5760952234268188, -0.28516751527786255, -0.3553456962108612, -0.7036985158920288, -0.2804892361164093, -0.49526458978652954, 0.35796037316322327, 0.24795958399772644, 0.09590824693441391, 0.8071154952049255, 0.15860724449157715, -0.8844384551048279, 0.1779986172914505, 0.36958229541778564, 0.18313707411289215, -0.21683020889759064, 0.20401859283447266, 0.5658671855926514, 0.9001234173774719, 0.00256314966827631, 0.34874922037124634, 0.5753384828567505, 1.2353942394256592, -0.08734989911317825, -0.44729751348495483, 0.26087531447410583, 0.2868047058582306, 0.2475624680519104, -0.7481791973114014, -0.4148338735103607, -0.04340840503573418, 0.09720582515001297, 0.3050312101840973, -0.101872019469738, 0.22116421163082123, 1.2700347900390625, -0.6341613531112671, 0.18339143693447113, -0.4555613398551941, 0.457295298576355, -0.25839534401893616, 0.1774422824382782, -0.175210103392601, -0.36904793977737427, 0.18004187941551208, -0.166169673204422, -0.06468711793422699, -0.25005415081977844, 0.1288532018661499, 0.4135577082633972, -0.915376603603363, -0.23372496664524078, -0.5180076360702515, -0.2187800407409668, 0.8591360449790955, -0.2569669485092163, 0.3170784115791321, 0.09077753126621246, -0.5579144954681396, -0.35918763279914856, -0.45706525444984436, -1.0142616033554077, 0.357067346572876, -0.2113661915063858, -0.8744857311248779, 0.15571258962154388, -0.2605710029602051, 0.005807096604257822, -0.28655505180358887, -0.36076492071151733, -0.2657034993171692, -0.4109457731246948, 0.1909961998462677, -0.08228937536478043, -0.08773940801620483, -0.505755603313446, 0.41208192706108093, -0.2532443106174469, 0.8519999980926514, -0.05387984216213226, 0.005622598342597485, 0.0578165166079998, 0.6837711334228516, -0.08589759469032288, -0.4534763991832733, 0.08442232757806778, -0.2167864292860031, 0.3403726816177368, -0.6312679052352905, 0.006508131045848131, 0.2343892753124237, 0.3375670611858368, -0.24062184989452362, 0.1806788146495819, -0.21759411692619324, -0.6621639728546143, 0.1443319469690323, 0.3850823938846588, -0.5906482934951782, -0.3072820007801056, 0.2361215502023697, -0.3144727647304535, -0.013768809847533703, 0.7321390509605408, 0.19640910625457764, 0.3148861229419708, 0.8537132143974304, -0.39632415771484375, 0.18325355648994446, 0.4888545572757721, -0.14233335852622986, -0.34409022331237793, -0.04834999516606331, -0.4672897458076477, 0.12857387959957123, 0.2548848092556, -0.23624172806739807, 0.4851267337799072, -0.46071213483810425, 0.4472353756427765, 0.24692192673683167, -0.040437791496515274, 0.7766222357749939, -0.41184917092323303, -0.03023315779864788, -0.006947948597371578, 0.16732501983642578, -0.012238364666700363, 0.16933318972587585, -0.04132584482431412, 0.47786372900009155, -0.1612391322851181, -0.41062310338020325, 0.38447538018226624, -0.5170515179634094, 0.015703516080975533, -0.09601908177137375, 0.10609981417655945, -0.7428014874458313, -0.45529991388320923, 0.2049487829208374, 0.1092909723520279, -0.9894624948501587, 0.926303505897522, 0.12174070626497269, -0.29641973972320557, -0.17107641696929932, -0.663000762462616, -0.7639689445495605, -0.08967275172472, 0.36704525351524353, 0.26258188486099243, -0.13361385464668274, 0.06016082689166069, -0.15754297375679016, -0.1001274436712265, 0.19896072149276733, 0.34929487109184265, -0.4434063136577606, -0.7052395939826965, -0.694006621837616, -0.03807668015360832, -0.12759333848953247, -0.2071884423494339, -0.16978798806667328, -0.032411981374025345, -0.11720941215753555, -0.16332760453224182, 0.4947696626186371, 0.46613216400146484, -0.4728764295578003, 0.5908514261245728, -0.49835866689682007, -0.41104552149772644, 0.3828005790710449, 0.34804508090019226, -0.015986578539013863, -0.3587932288646698, 0.9060458540916443, 0.4632318317890167, 0.21690581738948822, 0.042383499443531036, 0.3014468252658844, -0.3609059751033783, -0.17973065376281738, -0.2014232575893402, 0.1415078341960907, -0.5614442825317383, -0.3290133774280548, -0.7290595769882202, 0.7098463773727417, 0.08153462409973145, -0.2962683439254761, 0.012925061397254467, 0.012524465098977089, 0.06341294944286346, 0.32565534114837646, 0.1862771064043045, -0.021127138286828995, -0.4329858720302582, -0.18082046508789062, 0.043632570654153824, 0.25163620710372925, 0.12564802169799805, -0.14196887612342834, -0.646302342414856, 0.3091602325439453, -0.022366289049386978, -0.2022114098072052, -0.5313565135002136, 0.6823437213897705, 0.1125483512878418, -0.4591452181339264, -0.7308148741722107, -0.14450843632221222, -0.4261777400970459, -1.050092101097107, 0.6860955357551575, 0.7873454093933105, 0.5581655502319336, -0.32410740852355957, 0.734269917011261, 0.2554410398006439, 0.13479828834533691, 0.2574736177921295, 0.5572142601013184, 0.015594183467328548, -0.12875068187713623, -0.7375963926315308, 0.2622489631175995, 0.4169771671295166, -0.24421367049217224, -0.3606311082839966, -0.16321466863155365, -0.3043873608112335, -0.02381499484181404, 0.6107364892959595, 0.3835424780845642, -0.24292361736297607, -0.21050100028514862, -0.6013334393501282 ]
202086	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member%20of%20the%20Senedd	Member of the Senedd	A Member of the Senedd (MS; plural: MSs; ; , plural:) is a representative elected to the Senedd (Welsh Parliament; ). There are sixty members, with forty members chosen to represent individual Senedd constituencies, and twenty to represent the five electoral regions of the Senedd in Wales. Each person in Wales is represented by five MSs: one for their local constituency (encompassing their local area where they reside), and another four covering their electoral region (a large grouping of constituencies). Wales's five electoral regions are Mid and West Wales, North Wales, South Wales Central, South Wales East and South Wales West. A holder of this office was formerly known as an Assembly Member (AM; plural: AMs; ; , plural: ), under the legislature's former name, the National Assembly for Wales, from its inception in 1999 until 2020 when it adopted its current names, Welsh Parliament, and , simply referred to as Senedd in both English and Welsh. Since 2011, members are elected for a five-year term of office under an additional member system, in which 40 MSs represent smaller geographical divisions known as "constituencies" and are elected by first-past-the-post voting, and 20 MSs represent five "electoral regions" using the D'Hondt method of proportional representation. Typically, the largest party holding the largest number of MSs in the Senedd forms the Welsh Government, and in the event of not securing a majority of MSs, the largest party has first rights to begin coalition talks with other smaller parties. Prior to 2011, they held four-year terms, with some MSs calling for a return of four-year terms from the current five. There have been calls to increase the numbers of Members of the Senedd to around 90-100, with proposals met with criticism. Methods of election MSs are elected in one of two ways: First-past-the-post constituency or Regional additional-member Forty are elected as constituency MSs and twenty are elected as additional members, four from each of five regional groups of constituencies. This additional member system produces a form of proportional representation for each region. Elections All MSs positions become simultaneously vacant for elections held on a five-year cycle. If a vacancy arises at another time, due to death or resignation, it may be filled in one of two ways, depending on whether the vacancy is for a first-past-the-post constituency MS or for an additional-member MS. A constituency vacancy may be filled by a by-election. An additional member vacancy may be filled by the next available candidate on the relevant party list. Notes See also List of members of the Senedd List of female members of the Senedd List of Plaid Cymru MSs Members of the 1st National Assembly for Wales Members of the 2nd National Assembly for Wales Members of the 3rd National Assembly for Wales Members of the 4th National Assembly for Wales Members of the 5th National Assembly for Wales 2016 National Assembly for Wales election 2021 Senedd election Senedd constituencies and electoral regions Member of Parliament Member of the Legislative Assembly (Northern Ireland) Member of the Scottish Parliament References Members of the Senedd Welsh politicians	[ 0.31254762411117554, -0.054172102361917496, -0.06204197183251381, -0.22930707037448883, -0.8198295831680298, 0.3067912459373474, 0.32125774025917053, 0.23570707440376282, -0.09025740623474121, -0.32891595363616943, -0.7572419047355652, 0.3801686465740204, -0.36186105012893677, -0.0787845104932785, -0.21409812569618225, 0.20649969577789307, 0.5453511476516724, 0.5717895030975342, -0.07006808370351791, -0.5691388845443726, 0.15996454656124115, 0.3049417734146118, -0.3141571879386902, -0.7444533705711365, 0.07093397527933121, 0.03190100938081741, 0.6718873977661133, 0.3893515467643738, -0.3488525450229645, -0.21935144066810608, -0.3301096558570862, 0.2286382019519806, -0.396541953086853, -0.16885699331760406, -0.21338477730751038, -0.05274113267660141, 0.3981451988220215, -0.6450322866439819, -0.49082985520362854, -0.45867326855659485, 0.0768565908074379, -0.42098280787467957, 0.08678075671195984, 0.12001018226146698, -0.883635401725769, -0.5149152874946594, -1.1927767992019653, 0.12996171414852142, -0.42760345339775085, 1.0359878540039062, -0.6075330972671509, 0.41464123129844666, -0.6520338654518127, -0.16103500127792358, 0.3934812545776367, 0.6906012892723083, -0.5592139959335327, -0.3265809714794159, 0.29030275344848633, -0.13937261700630188, 0.42845165729522705, 0.5650841593742371, -0.06647062301635742, 0.34427937865257263, 0.5670853853225708, 0.2097259759902954, 0.3530278503894806, 0.25422951579093933, -0.6346911191940308, -0.30428221821784973, -0.5019245147705078, -0.10096475481987, 0.3295016586780548, 0.7467817664146423, -0.15305939316749573, -0.1023893654346466, 0.4860990643501282, -0.16866974532604218, 0.5208094120025635, -0.2368137687444687, -0.019622530788183212, 0.6845000982284546, 0.9381956458091736, 1.111937165260315, 0.5523921251296997, 0.2037769854068756, -0.3882910907268524, -0.12799721956253052, -0.4387154281139374, 0.7837624549865723, 0.04064798727631569, 0.21318507194519043, -0.0094826091080904, -0.34584975242614746, -0.3120744526386261, 0.03388448432087898, 0.5464746952056885, 0.1947009265422821, -0.09507730603218079, -0.4313221871852875, 0.20724353194236755, -0.007061928045004606, 0.2865540087223053, -0.2738749086856842, -0.8725118041038513, 0.29252901673316956, -0.8000984787940979, -0.33773335814476013, -0.33334875106811523, 0.43961963057518005, -0.015202527865767479, 0.386534720659256, -0.019366098567843437, 0.5852714776992798, -0.04461976885795593, -0.30677905678749084, -0.033286046236753464, -0.5962433218955994, -0.3283253312110901, -0.2715458869934082, -0.3808116614818573, 0.5878804326057434, 0.1052747592329979, 0.13972537219524384, -0.44881609082221985, -0.4176380932331085, 0.2869950234889984, 0.43023520708084106, 0.3563242554664612, 0.0850401520729065, 1.06989324092865, 0.3935626149177551, 0.19320756196975708, 0.039241425693035126, 0.038476865738630295, 0.16542312502861023, 0.01600606180727482, 0.010825506411492825, 0.3757106065750122, 0.6121439933776855, -0.9369072914123535, -0.5592839121818542, -0.26355066895484924, 0.09411481022834778, 0.34796005487442017, 0.04995131120085716, 0.03747804835438728, -0.12411384284496307, -0.5573753118515015, 0.25628551840782166, -0.331913560628891, 0.3457094728946686, 0.42489364743232727, 0.3587643504142761, -0.17829182744026184, 0.6522853970527649, 0.3215630352497101, -0.6833593249320984, 0.24988867342472076, 0.40157946944236755, -0.23729439079761505, -0.6148622632026672, -0.1751490831375122, 0.011132944375276566, 0.5541188716888428, -0.0003973092825617641, -0.03844500333070755, -0.28609323501586914, -0.20521371066570282, 0.04912734031677246, 0.002303017769008875, -0.6263518929481506, -0.016812045127153397, -0.1426440179347992, -0.4213140308856964, -0.4306192100048065, 0.8855276107788086, 0.35983601212501526, 0.5040878653526306, -0.26222601532936096, -0.5426037907600403, -0.39267513155937195, 0.28350743651390076, 0.19950884580612183, 0.43277448415756226, -0.3991318941116333, -0.009730054065585136, -0.029016079381108284, -0.30928364396095276, -0.5751612186431885, -0.8437600135803223, -0.5768460631370544, 0.08422266691923141, -0.4526422917842865, 0.6485188603401184, -0.20845083892345428, -0.2753369212150574, 0.549671471118927, 0.024323975667357445, 0.9956275224685669, 0.15307646989822388, -0.21103374660015106, 0.13377490639686584, -0.5224692225456238, -0.6738471984863281, 0.5626251101493835, 0.5833723545074463, -0.16652636229991913, 0.15577064454555511, 0.4991340637207031, 0.07069575786590576, 0.2895774245262146, 0.3322385251522064, -0.5277227759361267, -0.6455709338188171, -0.14994953572750092, 0.036682818084955215, -0.6813852787017822, 0.1339888721704483, -0.0646066963672638, 1.3315352201461792, 0.04136823117733002, 0.2666368782520294, 0.2188464105129242, -0.43678510189056396, 0.20891888439655304, -0.0888957753777504, -0.0071450467221438885, -0.036142200231552124, -0.6762848496437073, -0.043902646750211716, -0.23179325461387634, 0.3754526674747467, -1.0287812948226929, -0.06175636500120163, -0.28370705246925354, -0.37310346961021423, 0.38810864090919495, 0.2643207013607025, -0.3185769021511078, -0.11902939528226852, 0.2720913290977478, -0.16120308637619019, 0.2944988012313843, -0.04197382926940918, 0.9703192710876465, -0.2672123908996582, 0.6622959971427917, -0.19694827497005463, -0.28464773297309875, 0.8797895312309265, -0.23646695911884308, 0.36357536911964417, -0.6812574863433838, 0.6324717998504639, 0.0833875983953476, -0.10675692558288574, -0.4951135814189911, -0.038299404084682465, 0.23559437692165375, -0.9321190118789673, -0.2968877851963043, 0.11387106031179428, -0.2593128979206085, -0.15238280594348907, -0.2666456699371338, -0.3811838626861572, -0.6231853365898132, 0.3242545425891876, 0.4000391960144043, 0.6047042012214661, -0.30934083461761475, -0.15550827980041504, 0.3375004231929779, 0.08921219408512115, 0.2426949292421341, 0.40703779458999634, 0.09581633657217026, -0.629750669002533, -0.4342595040798187, 0.07697074860334396, 0.07189752906560898, 0.08519943058490753, -0.13800659775733948, -0.02874661423265934, -0.3903994858264923, 0.4867618680000305, -0.4201413691043854, 0.04778791591525078, -0.22625203430652618, 0.11887878179550171, 0.34854811429977417, 0.42264509201049805, 0.03803693875670433, 0.14689089357852936, 0.03143904358148575, -0.09015779942274094, 0.3306722342967987, -0.1673952341079712, -0.743654191493988, -0.4882732331752777, -0.03202137351036072, -0.37175700068473816, -0.0175559651106596, 0.731533408164978, 0.14196093380451202, -0.43811115622520447, -0.029645174741744995, -5.402678966522217, 0.04720202460885048, -0.5717583894729614, -0.11338739097118378, 0.9097867012023926, 0.1360377073287964, 0.5620593428611755, -0.4653610587120056, -0.23971587419509888, -0.3928331434726715, 0.34659135341644287, 0.3383762538433075, 0.4519043564796448, 0.8749929070472717, 0.657309353351593, 0.4160330891609192, 0.12807755172252655, -0.5057985186576843, 0.4324582815170288, -0.016666077077388763, 0.24998053908348083, -0.3808841109275818, -0.19253520667552948, 0.46129104495048523, 0.4381366968154907, 0.15140049159526825, -0.07831864058971405, -0.20338620245456696, -0.182438462972641, -0.9488990902900696, 0.13129495084285736, 0.02683979459106922, 0.0498969741165638, -0.15789669752120972, -0.407355934381485, 0.16170546412467957, 0.6240741014480591, 0.4419463276863098, 0.059340950101614, -0.6683444976806641, -0.6663507223129272, 0.22018660604953766, -0.24599498510360718, 0.10430469363927841, -0.2513381838798523, -0.42021051049232483, -0.5871529579162598, 0.018833406269550323, -0.2586030960083008, 0.31161147356033325, -0.6758451461791992, 0.22037173807621002, 0.08720061928033829, 0.03657897934317589, 0.1630454808473587, 0.1891264170408249, 0.09852888435125351, 0.13019752502441406, -0.3811529278755188, 0.13917051255702972, 0.42279955744743347, -1.3860180377960205, 0.09568151831626892, 0.1122639998793602, -0.0897422581911087, -0.051298096776008606, -0.3681667745113373, 0.46705448627471924, 0.5921353101730347, -0.12554185092449188, 0.1069721207022667, -0.005721262656152248, 0.17151187360286713, -0.7910447120666504, 0.4178129732608795, -0.0688207596540451, 0.000007606616236444097, 0.3587273061275482, -0.1875823587179184, 0.3008739650249481, -0.0726577565073967, 0.3373062312602997, -0.5846842527389526, -0.10793136060237885, 0.0009207907714881003, -0.8994531631469727, 0.231672465801239, 0.6549230813980103, -0.12231163680553436, -0.789708137512207, 0.3937264680862427, -0.6331328749656677, 0.15395380556583405, 0.7913702130317688, 0.0004505251126829535, 0.527958869934082, 0.23244760930538177, 0.3537948429584503, 0.3454502522945404, -0.18588383495807648, -0.23063407838344574, -0.15156300365924835, 0.10232769697904587, -0.7087684869766235, 0.18273547291755676, 0.13482825458049774, -1.303950548171997, 0.14155758917331696, 0.13883839547634125, 0.0626588761806488, 0.003966834861785173, -0.520533561706543, -0.271417498588562, -0.10335826128721237, -0.24184302985668182, -0.03900131955742836, -1.0783511400222778, 0.8587115406990051, 0.31330013275146484, 0.6343533396720886, -0.014626191928982735, 0.43930909037590027, -0.6087788939476013, 0.17463459074497223, -1.4138994216918945, -0.17708300054073334, 0.4771125316619873, 0.20746129751205444, 0.14262360334396362, 0.08051598072052002, 0.19252339005470276, 0.5447028875350952, 0.06960601359605789, 0.12407136708498001, -0.15314047038555145, -0.6164124608039856, -0.14183056354522705, 0.2518187165260315, -0.10094139724969864, -0.5314013361930847, -0.25877854228019714, -0.750662624835968, 0.5961833596229553, -0.3660118877887726, 0.28721144795417786, 0.3082333505153656, -0.17030735313892365, 0.36866217851638794, -0.5980597138404846, 1.1590723991394043, -0.3456612229347229, 0.6687736511230469, 0.3494647443294525, -1.0831120014190674, -0.0003154346195515245, -0.6714900135993958, -0.29237064719200134, 0.35783493518829346, 0.11103127896785736, -0.4702538549900055, -0.6633056998252869, -0.5449984073638916, -0.8333739638328552, 0.3468005657196045, 0.7601771950721741, -0.1011057123541832, -1.0929768085479736, 0.21524077653884888, -0.45019039511680603, 0.880512535572052, -0.7067210078239441, -0.18646511435508728, -0.06013460457324982, 0.07730566710233688, 0.30169668793678284, -0.4380786716938019, 0.6141853332519531, 1.0891193151474, -0.4135271906852722, 0.2755284011363983, 0.07472328096628189, 0.19245553016662598, 0.25577983260154724, 0.02053259313106537, 0.47232815623283386, -0.2841184735298157, -0.05702989175915718, 0.0381840355694294, 0.5087893009185791, -0.1971360296010971, 0.33873945474624634, -0.02506425976753235, 0.4326609671115875, 0.06349185854196548, -0.9858593344688416, 0.0649542361497879, 0.33019688725471497, -0.2587379813194275, -0.4362812340259552, -0.7311910390853882, 0.2529396414756775, 0.09497981518507004, -0.19023627042770386, -0.0689789205789566, 0.3853963017463684, -0.4483587145805359, -0.21369539201259613, -0.4582163393497467, -0.7710189819335938, 0.46464860439300537, -0.5178907513618469, -0.657050609588623, 0.3639757037162781, 0.6057772040367126, -0.4466167986392975, -0.11932984739542007, 0.3258780539035797, -0.08342130482196808, -0.36388030648231506, -1.1905114650726318, 0.08091171830892563, -0.8760466575622559, -0.7311578989028931, 0.4489630162715912, -0.43123379349708557, -0.25687676668167114, 0.6217453479766846, -0.7715064883232117, 0.9136761426925659, -0.21786393225193024, -0.22678889334201813, 0.5494564771652222, 0.21705052256584167, 0.07729677110910416, -0.41075795888900757, -0.14265559613704681, 0.213801771402359, 0.0684967041015625, -0.3901785910129547, -0.1663646101951599, 0.6747787594795227, 1.649428129196167, 0.49864691495895386, -0.06422373652458191, -0.3331950902938843, 0.1187804639339447, -0.40790072083473206, -0.7144359350204468, -0.1881439983844757, 0.08459872007369995, 0.8529160618782043, 0.032661620527505875, -0.676540195941925, 0.4533029794692993, 0.8406863212585449, -0.36265644431114197, 0.4723008871078491, 0.2195630520582199, 0.18515340983867645, 0.07811407744884491, 0.6347661018371582, -0.03343302756547928, -0.1819782853126526, 0.27003902196884155, 0.14592048525810242, -0.3342931866645813, -0.08655329048633575, -0.5917106866836548, 0.6351732611656189, -0.01083148643374443, -0.26503732800483704, 0.14796648919582367, -0.2242358773946762, 0.06455013155937195, 0.49460434913635254, -0.15416790544986725, -0.4875401556491852, -0.4118485152721405, -0.07412050664424896, 0.15988975763320923, -0.8020753860473633, 0.1623317450284958, 0.27293139696121216, -0.3811319172382355, 0.4478984475135803, -0.6551518440246582, 0.09876250475645065, 0.1712060570716858, -0.6762064099311829, -0.23193158209323883, 0.09102052450180054, -0.6322749257087708, 0.3462446331977844, 0.6534002423286438, -0.504515528678894, 0.050542086362838745, -0.4554036557674408, 0.03184986114501953, -0.18777137994766235, 0.16830706596374512, -0.9975945949554443, 0.4149395227432251, -0.0888400673866272, -0.15500544011592865, -0.2510770559310913, 0.32442736625671387, -0.20661738514900208, -0.4398607611656189, -0.13090106844902039, -0.4264630377292633, 0.014368308708071709, 0.13249510526657104, 0.4071984589099884, 0.3858287036418915, -0.45578864216804504, -0.7160958647727966, -0.01506321132183075, -0.28367316722869873, -0.40476852655410767, 0.3569656014442444, 0.07305793464183807, 0.12995591759681702, 0.46576929092407227, -0.03230419009923935, 0.031685661524534225, 0.9349089860916138, -0.10705949366092682, 0.16734333336353302, 0.09392868727445602, 0.002434380818158388, 0.5357914566993713, 0.3766326308250427, -0.5564959049224854, 0.7142264246940613, -0.13194170594215393, -0.32277342677116394, -0.1631469875574112, -0.4071941375732422, 0.5234506130218506, 0.4293311834335327, 0.07513555139303207, 0.5642937421798706, -0.17591258883476257, -0.07352261245250702, 0.0831204429268837, 0.43209704756736755, -0.2913762331008911, -0.3583158850669861, 0.4391314685344696, 0.4224405288696289, 0.805535614490509, -0.38536107540130615, 0.398700475692749, 0.07519621402025223, 0.10467832535505295, 0.3395860195159912, -0.5088351368904114, 0.17098763585090637, -0.45234382152557373, 0.4513116180896759, -0.036754876375198364, -0.11910222470760345, 0.3141102194786072, -0.19157567620277405, -0.5993486642837524, 0.10786557197570801, 0.34935158491134644, 0.004636787343770266, 0.35241571068763733, 0.305991530418396, 0.34741756319999695, 0.1076115295290947, -0.4055216908454895, -0.1550111174583435, 0.4553339183330536, 0.01685699261724949, 0.975161075592041, -0.09163636714220047, 0.16930797696113586, -0.8587144017219543, -0.0367925763130188, -0.16783186793327332, -0.34891846776008606, -0.8217573165893555, 0.14675383269786835, 0.7002602815628052, -0.1072475016117096, -0.16369380056858063, -0.41441527009010315, -0.21873348951339722, -0.014933747239410877, 0.06386260688304901, 0.18200816214084625, -0.5494483113288879, -0.5591068863868713, 0.04940340295433998, -0.2209773063659668, 0.46028319001197815, 0.6979947686195374, -0.3451600670814514, 0.3636648952960968, 0.47828736901283264, 0.0313287191092968, 0.35980895161628723, 0.1142626479268074, 0.6789819002151489, -0.34201183915138245, -0.09204268455505371, 0.00308419787324965, 0.18169823288917542, 0.7922130227088928, 0.10494628548622131, 0.30603012442588806, 1.0769902467727661, 0.2373436987400055, 0.5242414474487305, 0.9289150238037109, 0.04582701250910759, 0.4810549020767212, -0.38863009214401245, 0.36213815212249756, 0.43227967619895935, 0.26943057775497437, -0.001653095125220716, 0.19553089141845703, 0.08688107132911682, 0.3907911479473114, 0.3349039554595947, -0.5050332546234131, 0.2994860112667084, -0.7872282862663269, 0.37535732984542847, -0.0658746138215065, -0.2142978459596634, -0.20136632025241852, 0.08417167514562607, 0.03396434709429741, 0.5929850339889526, -0.3054271638393402, -0.1609538346529007, -0.6156569123268127, 0.03105035610496998, 0.3803305923938751, -0.08619575947523117, -0.29821449518203735, -0.06295463442802429, -0.5410157442092896, -0.9850260019302368, -0.3156116008758545, -0.048976458609104156, 0.5150108337402344, 0.048925016075372696, 0.052517782896757126, 0.10207101702690125, 0.06634561717510223, -0.06575343012809753, 0.5774848461151123, -0.49342668056488037, -0.19200223684310913, 0.004510317929089069 ]
202089	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casualties%20of%20the%20Iraq%20War	Casualties of the Iraq War	Estimates of the casualties from the Iraq War (beginning with the 2003 invasion of Iraq, and the ensuing occupation and insurgency and civil war) have come in several forms, and those estimates of different types of Iraq War casualties vary greatly. Estimating war-related deaths poses many challenges. Experts distinguish between population-based studies, which extrapolate from random samples of the population, and body counts, which tally reported deaths and likely significantly underestimate casualties. Population-based studies produce estimates of the number of Iraq War casualties ranging from 151,000 violent deaths as of June 2006 (per the Iraq Family Health Survey) to 1,033,000 excess deaths (per the 2007 Opinion Research Business (ORB) survey). Other survey-based studies covering different time-spans find 461,000 total deaths (over 60% of them violent) as of June 2011 (per PLOS Medicine 2013), and 655,000 total deaths (over 90% of them violent) as of June 2006 (per the 2006 Lancet study). Body counts counted at least 110,600 violent deaths as of April 2009 (Associated Press). The Iraq Body Count project documents 185,000–208,000 violent civilian deaths through February 2020 in their table. All estimates of Iraq War casualties are disputed. Tables The tables below summarize reports on Iraqi casualty figures. Scientific surveys: Body counts: Overview: Iraqi death estimates by source Summary of casualties of the Iraq War. Possible estimates on the number of people killed in the invasion and occupation of Iraq vary widely, and are highly disputed. Estimates of casualties below include both the 2003 invasion of Iraq and the following Post-invasion Iraq, 2003–present. Overview: Death estimates by group Overview: Iraqi injury estimates by source Additional statistics for the Iraq War Overview of casualties by type (see the rest of the article below for more info) Dead Iraqis: Deadliest single insurgent bombings: August 14, 2007. Truck bombs – 2007 Yazidi communities bombings (in northwestern Iraq): 796 killed. Other deadly days: November 23, 2006, (281 killed) and April 18, 2007, (233 killed): "4 bombings in Baghdad kill at least 183. ... Nationwide, the number of people killed or found dead on Wednesday [, April 18, 2007, ] was 233, which was the second deadliest day in Iraq since Associated Press began keeping records in May 2005. Five car bombings, mortar rounds and other attacks killed 281 people across Iraq on November 23, 2006, according to the AP count." Wounded in action As of January 12, 2007, 500 U.S. troops have undergone amputations due to the Iraq War. Toes and fingers are not counted. As of September 30, 2006, 725 American troops have had limbs amputated from wounds received in Iraq and Afghanistan. A 2006 study by the Walter Reed Medical Center, which serves more critically injured soldiers than most VA hospitals, concluded that 62 percent of patients there had suffered a brain injury. In March 2003, U.S. military personnel were wounded in action at a rate averaging about 350 per month. As of September 2007, this rate has increased to about 675 per month. Injured/fallen ill U.S. military: number unknown. An October 18, 2005, USA Today article reports: "More than one in four U.S. troops have come home from the Iraq war with health problems that require medical or mental health treatment, according to The Pentagon's first detailed screening of service members leaving a war zone." Iraqi combatants: number unknown Refugees As of November 4, 2006, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees estimated that 1.8 million Iraqis had been displaced to neighboring countries, and 1.6 million were displaced internally, with nearly 100,000 Iraqis fleeing to Syria and Jordan each month. Iraqi invasion casualties Franks reportedly estimated soon after the invasion that there had been 30,000 Iraqi casualties as of April 9, 2003. That number comes from the transcript of an October 2003 interview of U.S. Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld with journalist Bob Woodward. They were discussing a number reported by The Washington Post. But neither could remember the number clearly, nor whether it was just for deaths, or both deaths and wounded. A May 28, 2003, Guardian article reported that "Extrapolating from the death-rates of between 3% and 10% found in the units around Baghdad, one reaches a toll of between 13,500 and 45,000 dead among troops and paramilitaries." An October 20, 2003, study by the Project on Defense Alternatives at Commonwealth Institute in Cambridge, Massachusetts, estimated that for March 19, 2003, to April 30, 2003, the "probable death of approximately 11,000 to 15,000 Iraqis, including approximately 3,200 to 4,300 civilian noncombatants." The Iraq Body Count project (IBC) documented a higher number of civilian deaths up to the end of the major combat phase (May 1, 2003). In a 2005 report, using updated information, the IBC reported that 7,299 civilians are documented to have been killed, primarily by U.S. air and ground forces. There were 17,338 civilian injuries inflicted up to May 1, 2003. The IBC says its figures are probably underestimates because: "many deaths will probably go unreported or unrecorded by officials and media." Iraqi civilian casualties Iraq Body Count project (IBC) An independent British-American group, the Iraq Body Count project (IBC project) compiles reported Iraqi civilian deaths resulting from war since the 2003 invasion and ensuing insurgency and civil war, including those caused directly by coalition military action, Iraqi military actions, the Iraqi insurgency, and those resulting from excess crime. The IBC maintains that the occupying authority has a responsibility to prevent these deaths under international law. The IBC project has recorded a range of at least 185,194 – 208,167 total violent civilian deaths through June 2020 in their database. The Iraq Body Count (IBC) project records its numbers based on a "comprehensive survey of commercial media and NGO-based reports, along with official records that have been released into the public sphere. Reports range from specific, incident based accounts to figures from hospitals, morgues, and other documentary data-gathering agencies." The IBC was also given access to the WikiLeaks disclosures of the Iraq War Logs. Iraq Body Count project data shows that the type of attack that resulted in the most civilian deaths was execution after abduction or capture. These accounted for 33% of civilian deaths and were overwhelmingly carried out by unknown actors including insurgents, sectarian militias and criminals. 29% of these deaths involved torture. The following most common causes of death were small arms gunfire at 20%, suicide bombs at 14%, vehicle bombs at 9%, roadside bombs at 5%, and air attacks at 5%. The IBC project, reported that by the end of the major combat phase of the invasion period up to April 30, 2003, 7,419 civilians had been killed, primarily by U.S. air-and-ground forces. The IBC project released a report detailing the deaths it recorded between March 2003 and March 2005 in which it recorded 24,865 civilian deaths. The report says the U.S. and its allies were responsible for the largest share (37%) of the 24,865 deaths. The remaining deaths were attributed to anti-occupation forces (9%), crime (36%) and unknown agents (11%). It also lists the primary sources used by the media – mortuaries, medics, Iraqi officials, eyewitnesses, police, relatives, U.S.-coalition, journalists, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), friends/associates and other. According to a 2010 assessment by John Sloboda, director of Iraq Body Count, American and Coalition forces had killed at least 22,668 insurgents as well as 13,807 civilians in the Iraq War, with the rest of the civilians killed by insurgents, militias, or terrorists. The IBC project has been criticized by some, including scholars, who believe it counts only a small percentage of the number of actual deaths because of its reliance on media sources. The IBC project's director, John Sloboda, has stated, "We've always said our work is an undercount, you can't possibly expect that a media-based analysis will get all the deaths." However, the IBC project rejects many of these criticisms as exaggerated or misinformed. According to a 2013 Lancet article, the Iraq Body Count is "a non-peer-reviewed but innovative online and media-centred approach that passively counted non-combatant civilian deaths as they were recorded in the media and available morgue reports. In passive surveillance no special effort is made to find those deaths that go unreported. The volunteer staff collecting data for the IBC have risked criticism that their data are inherently biased because of scarcity or absence of independent verification, variation in original sources of information, and underestimation of mortality from violence... In research circles, random cross-sectional cluster sampling survey methods are deemed to be a more rigorous epidemiological method in conflict settings." IBC table of violent civilian deaths Following are the yearly IBC Project violent civilian death totals, broken down by month from the beginning of 2003. The top of the IBC database page with the table says 185,194 – 208,167 "Documented civilian deaths from violence". That page also says: "Gaps in recording and reporting suggest that even our highest totals to date may be missing many civilian deaths from violence." People's Kifah The Iraqi political party People's Kifah, or Struggle Against Hegemony (PK) said that its survey conducted between March and June 2003 throughout the non-Kurdish areas of Iraq tallied 36,533 civilians killed in those areas by June 2003. While detailed town-by-town totals were given by the PK spokesperson, details of methodology are very thin and raw data is not in the public domain. A still-less-detailed report on this study appeared some months later on Al Jazeera's website, and covered casualties up to October 2003. Iraqi refugees crisis Roughly 40 percent of Iraq's middle class is believed to have fled, the U.N. reported in 2007. Most are fleeing systematic persecution and have no desire to return. All kinds of people, from university professors to bakers, have been targeted by militias, Iraqi insurgents and criminals. An estimated 331 school teachers were slain in the first four months of 2006, according to Human Rights Watch, and at least 2,000 Iraqi doctors have been killed and 250 kidnapped since the 2003 U.S. invasion. Coalition military casualties For the latest casualty numbers see the overview chart at the top of the page. Since the official handover of power to the Iraqi Interim Government on June 28, 2004, coalition soldiers have continued to come under attack in towns across Iraq. National Public Radio, iCasualties.org, and GlobalSecurity.org have month-by-month charts of American troop deaths in the Iraq War. The combined total of coalition and contractor casualties in the conflict is now over ten times that of the 1990–1991 Gulf War. In the Gulf War, coalition forces suffered around 378 deaths, and among the Iraqi military, tens of thousands were killed, along with thousands of civilians. Troops fallen ill, injured, or wounded See the overview chart at the top of the page for recent numbers. On August 29, 2006, The Christian Science Monitor reported: "Because of new body armor and advances in military medicine, for example, the ratio of combat-zone deaths to those wounded has dropped from 24 percent in Vietnam to 13 percent in Iraq and Afghanistan. In other words, the numbers of those killed as a percentage of overall casualties is lower." Many U.S. veterans of the Iraq War have reported a range of serious health issues, including tumors, daily blood in urine and stool, sexual dysfunction, migraines, frequent muscle spasms, and other symptoms similar to the debilitating symptoms of "Gulf War syndrome" reported by many veterans of the 1991 Gulf War, which some believe is related to the U.S.'s use of radioactive depleted uranium. A study of U.S. veterans published in July 2004 in The New England Journal of Medicine on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other mental disorders in Iraq and Afghanistan veterans found that 5 percent to 9.4 percent (depending on the strictness of the PTSD definition used) suffered from PTSD before deployment. After deployment, 6.2 percent to 19.9 percent suffered from PTSD. For the broad definition of PTSD that represents an increase of 10.5 percent (19.9 percent – 9.4 percent = 10.5 percent). That is 10,500 additional cases of PTSD for every 100,000 U.S. troops after they have served in Iraq. ePluribus Media, an independent citizen journalism collective, is tracking and cataloging press-reported possible, probable, or confirmed incidents of post-deployment or combat-zone cases in its PTSD Timeline. Information on injuries suffered by troops of other coalition countries is less readily available, but a statement in Hansard indicated that 2,703 U.K. soldiers had been medically evacuated from Iraq for wounds or injuries as of October 4, 2004, and that 155 U.K. troops were wounded in combat in the initial invasion. Leishmaniasis has been reported by U.S. troops stationed in Iraq, including visceral leishmaniasis. Leishmaniasis, spread by biting sand fleas, was diagnosed in hundreds of U.S. troops compared to just 32 during the first Gulf War. Accidents and negligence As of August 2008, sixteen American troops have died from accidental electrocutions in Iraq according to the Defense Department. One soldier had been electrocuted in a shower, while another had been electrocuted in a swimming pool. KBR, the contractor responsible, had been warned by employees of unsafe practices, and was criticised following the revelations. Nightline controversy Ted Koppel, host of ABC's Nightline, devoted his entire show on April 30, 2004, to reading the names of 721 of the 737 U.S. troops who had died thus far in Iraq. (The show had not been able to confirm the remaining sixteen names.) Claiming that the broadcast was “motivated by a political agenda designed to undermine the efforts of the United States in Iraq", the Sinclair Broadcast Group took the action of barring the seven ABC network-affiliated stations it controls from airing the show. The decision to censor the broadcast drew criticism from both sides, including members of the armed forces, opponents of the war, MoveOn.org, and most notably Republican U.S. Senator John McCain, who denounced the move as "unpatriotic" and "a gross disservice to the public". Amputees As of January 18, 2007, there were at least 500 American amputees due to the Iraq War. In 2016, the number was estimated to be 1,650 U.S. troops. The 2007 estimate suggests amputees represent 2.2% of the 22,700 U.S. troops wounded in action (5% for soldiers whose wounds prevented them returning to duty). Traumatic brain injuries By March 2009, the Pentagon estimated as many as 360,000 U.S. veterans of the Iraq and Afghanistan conflicts may have suffered traumatic brain injuries (TBI), including 45,000 to 90,000 veterans with persistent symptoms requiring specialized care. In February 2007, one expert from the VA estimated that the number of undiagnosed TBIs were higher than 7,500. According to USA Today, by November 2007 there were more than an estimated 20,000 US troops who had signs of brain injuries without being classified as wounded during combat in Iraq and Afghanistan. Mental illness and suicide A top U.S. Army psychiatrist, Colonel Charles Hoge, said in March 2008 that nearly 30% of troops on their third deployment suffered from serious mental-health problems, and that one year was not enough time between combat tours. A March 12, 2007, Time article reported on a study published in the Archives of Internal Medicine. About one third of the 103,788 veterans returning from the Iraq and Afghanistan wars seen at U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs facilities between September 30, 2001, and September 30, 2005, were diagnosed with mental illness or a psycho-social disorder, such as homelessness and marital problems, including domestic violence. More than half of those diagnosed, 56 percent, were suffering from more than one disorder. The most common combination was post-traumatic stress disorder and depression. In January 2008, the U.S. Army reported that the rate of suicide among soldiers in 2007 was the highest since the Army started counting in 1980. There were 121 suicides in 2007, a 20-percent jump over the prior year. Also, there were around 2100 attempted suicides and self-injuries in 2007. Other sources reveal higher estimates. Time magazine reported on June 5, 2008: Data contained in the Army's fifth Mental Health Advisory Team report indicate that, according to an anonymous survey of U.S. troops taken last fall, about 12% of combat troops in Iraq and 17% of those in Afghanistan are taking prescription antidepressants or sleeping pills to help them cope. ... About a third of soldiers in Afghanistan and Iraq say they can't see a mental-health professional when they need to. When the number of troops in Iraq surged by 30,000 last year, the number of Army mental-health workers remained the same – about 200 – making counseling and care even tougher to get. In the same article Time also reported on some of the reasons for the prescription drug use: That imbalance between seeing the price of war up close and yet not feeling able to do much about it, the survey suggests, contributes to feelings of "intense fear, helplessness or horror" that plant the seeds of mental distress. "A friend was liquefied in the driver's position on a tank, and I saw everything", was a typical comment. Another: "A huge f__ bomb blew my friend's head off like 50 meters from me." Such indelible scenes – and wondering when and where the next one will happen – are driving thousands of soldiers to take antidepressants, military psychiatrists say. It's not hard to imagine why. Concern has been expressed by mental health professionals about the effects on the emotional health and development of returning veterans' infants and children, due to the increased rates of interpersonal violence, posttraumatic stress, depression, and substance abuse that have been reported among these veterans. Moreover, the stressful effects of physical casualties and loss pose enormous stress for the primary caregiver that can adversely affect her or his parenting, as well as the couple's children directly. The mental health needs of military families in the aftermath of combat exposure and other war-related trauma have been thought likely to be inadequately addressed by the military health system that separates mental health care of the returning soldier from his or her family's care, the latter of whom is generally covered under a contracted, civilian managed-care system. Iraqi insurgent casualties Total insurgent deaths are hard to estimate. In 2003, 597 insurgents were killed, according to the U.S. military. From January 2004 through December 2009 (not including May 2004 and March 2009), 23,984 insurgents were estimated to have been killed based on reports from Coalition soldiers on the frontlines. In the two missing months from the estimate, 652 were killed in May 2004, and 45 were killed in March 2009. In 2010, another 676 insurgents were killed. In January and March through October 2011, 451 insurgents were killed. Based on all of these estimates some 26,405 insurgents/militia were killed from 2003, up until late 2011. However, this number could be low compared to reality; insurgents clashed between each others and those killed by illness are not counted. There have been contradictions between the figures released by the U.S. military and those released by the Iraqi government. For example, the U.S. military's number of insurgents killed in 2005, is 3,247, which is in contrast to the Iraqi government's figure of 1,734, however, fear of civilians fatalities, numbers were lowered. In 2007, 4,544 militants were killed according to the Iraqi ministries, while the U.S. military claimed 6,747 died. Also, in 2008, 2,028 insurgents were reported killed and in 2009, with the exception of the month of June, 488 were killed according to the Iraqi Defence Ministry. These numbers are also not in line with the U.S. military estimate of some 3,984 killed in 2008 and 2009. U.S. military- and Iraqi Defence Ministry-provided numbers, including suicide bombers 2011 – 451 (not including February & August) 2010 – 676 2009 – 488 (not including June) 2008 – 2,028 2007 – 6,747 (U.S. military), 4,544 (Iraqi Defence Ministry) 2006 – 3,902 2005 – 3,247 (U.S. military), 1,734 (Iraqi Defence Ministry) 2004 – 6,801 2003 – 603 In addition as of August 22, 2009, approximately 1,719 suicide-bombers had also been reported killed. 2009–73 2008 – 257 2007 – 442 2006 – 297 2005 – 478 2004 – 140 2003 (from August to December) – 32 Grand total – 21,221–26,405 insurgents dead On September 28, 2006, an Al Qaeda leader claimed that 4,000 foreign insurgents had been killed in the war. On June 6, 2008, an Iraqi Army official revealed that about 6,000 Al Qaeda fighters were among the insurgents killed since the start of the war up until April 2008. The US military also reported on the number of suspected insurgents who were detained, arrested, or captured. From June 2003 through August 2007 the US military reported that 119,752 were detained, compared to 18,832 that had been killed. Contractor casualties By July 2007, the Department of Labor recorded 933 deaths of contractors in Iraq. By April 2007, the Special Inspector General for Iraq Reconstruction stated that the number of civilian contractor deaths on US-funded projects in Iraq was 916. In January 2007, the Houston Chronicle reported that the Pentagon did not track contractor deaths in Iraq. In January 2017, an estimated 7,761 contractors had been injured in Iraq, but their nationality was not known. By the end 2006, civilian contractors suffered "3,367 injuries serious enough to require four or more days off the job." The Labor Department had these numbers because it tracked workers' compensation claims by injured workers or families of slain contractors under the federal Defense Base Act. Health outcomes By November 2006, there were reports of a significant deterioration of the Iraq health care system as a result of the war. In 2007, an Iraqi Society of Psychiatrists and WHO study found that 70% of 10,000 primary school students in the Sha'ab section of north Baghdad are suffering from trauma-related symptoms. Subsequent articles in The Lancet and Al Jazeera have suggested that the number of cases of birth defects, cancer, miscarriages, illnesses and premature births may have increased dramatically after the first and second Iraq wars, due to the presences of depleted uranium and chemicals introduced during American attacks, especially around Fallujah, Basra and Southern Iraq. Total Iraqi casualties Estimates of the total number of Iraqi war-related deaths are highly disputed. According to Keith Krause of the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva, Switzerland, "the consensus seems to be that around 150,000 people died violently as a result of the fighting between 2003 and 2006." Various estimates In December 2005 President Bush said there were 30,000 Iraqi dead. White House spokesman Scott McClellan later said it was "not an official government estimate", and was based on media reports. The United Nations reported that 34,452 violent civilian deaths occurred in 2006, based on data from morgues, hospitals, and municipal authorities across Iraq. For 2006, a January 2, 2007, Associated Press article reports: "The tabulation by the Iraqi ministries of Health, Defence and Interior, showed that 14,298 civilians, 1,348 police and 627 soldiers had been killed in the violence that raged across the country last year. The Associated Press figure, gleaned from daily news reports from Baghdad, arrived at a total of 13,738 deaths." The Australian reports in a January 2, 2007, article: "A figure of 3700 civilian deaths in October '[2006]', the latest tally given by the UN based on data from the Health Ministry and the Baghdad morgue, was branded exaggerated by the Iraqi Government." Iraqi government estimates include "people killed in bombings and shootings but not deaths classed as 'criminal'." Also, they "include no deaths among the many civilians wounded in attacks who may die later from wounds. Nor do they include many people kidnapped whose fate remains unknown." A June 25, 2006, Los Angeles Times article, "War's Iraqi Death Toll Tops 50,000", reported that their estimate of violent deaths consisted "mostly of civilians" but probably also included security forces and insurgents. It added that, "Many more Iraqis are believed to have been killed but not counted because of serious lapses in recording deaths in the chaotic first year after the invasion, when there was no functioning Iraqi government, and continued spotty reporting nationwide since." Here is how the Times got its number: "The Baghdad morgue received 30,204 bodies from 2003 through mid-2006, while the Health Ministry said it had documented 18,933 deaths from 'military clashes' and 'terrorist attacks' from April 5, 2004, to June 1, 2006. Together, the toll reaches 49,137. However, samples obtained from local health departments in other provinces show an undercount that brings the total well beyond 50,000. The figure also does not include deaths outside Baghdad in the first year of the invasion." Iraq Living Conditions Survey (2004) A study commissioned by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), called the Iraq Living Conditions Survey (ILCS), sampled almost 22,000 households across all Iraqi provinces. It estimated 24,000 war-related violent deaths by May 2004 (with a 95 percent confidence interval from 18,000 to 29,000). This study did not attempt to measure what portion of its estimate was made up of civilians or combatants. It would include Iraqi military killed during the invasion, as well as "insurgents" or other fighters thereafter. This study has been criticized for various reasons. For more info see the section in Lancet surveys of Iraq War casualties that compares the Lancet and UNDP ILCS studies. Lancet (2004) The October 2004 Lancet study done by public health experts from Johns Hopkins University and published on October 29, 2004, in The Lancet medical journal, estimated that 100,000 "excess" Iraqi deaths from all causes had occurred since the U.S. invasion began. The study did not attempt to measure how many of these were civilian, but the study's authors have said they believe that the "vast majority" were non-combatants, based on 7% of the casualties being women and 46% being children under the age of 15 (including Falluja data). To arrive at these excess death figures, a survey was taken from 988 Iraqi households in 33 clusters throughout Iraq, in which the residents were asked how many people lived there and how many births and deaths there had been since the war began. They then compared the death rate with the average from the 15 months before the war. Iraqis were found to be 1.5 times more likely to die from all causes after the invasion (rising from 0.5% to 0.79% per year) than in the 15 months preceding the war, producing an estimate of 98,000 excess deaths. This figure excluded data from one cluster in Falluja, which was deemed too much of an outlier for inclusion in the national estimate. If it included data from Falluja, which showed a higher rate of violent deaths than the other 32 clusters combined, the increased death rate would be raised from 1.5 to 2.5-fold, violent deaths would be 58 times more likely with most of them due to air-strikes by coalition forces, and an additional 200,000 fatalities would be estimated. Iraqiyun estimate (2005) The Iraqi non-governmental organisation, Iraqiyun, estimated 128,000 deaths from the invasion until July 2005. A July 2005 United Press International (UPI) article said the number came from the chairman of the Iraqiyun humanitarian organization in Baghdad, Dr. Hatim al-'Alwani. He said 55 percent of those killed were women, and children aged 12 and under. The UPI article reported: "Iraqiyun obtained data from relatives and families of the deceased, as well as from Iraqi hospitals in all the country's provinces. The 128,000 figure only includes those whose relatives have been informed of their deaths and does not include those were abducted, assassinated or simply disappeared." A 2010 book by Nicolas Davies reported the Iraqiyun estimate, and that Iraqiyun was affiliated with the political party of Interim President Ghazi Al-Yawer. Davies wrote: "The report specified that it included only confirmed deaths reported to relatives, omitting significant numbers of people who had simply disappeared without trace amid the violence and chaos." Lancet (2006) The October 2006 Lancet study by Gilbert Burnham (of Johns Hopkins University) and co-authors estimated total excess deaths (civilian and non-civilian) related to the war of 654,965 excess deaths up to July 2006. The 2006 study was based on surveys conducted between May 20 and July 10, 2006. More households were surveyed than during the 2004 study, allowing for a 95% confidence interval of 392,979 to 942,636 excess Iraqi deaths. Those estimates were far higher than other available tallies at the time. The Burnham et al. study has been described as the most controversial study in survey research on armed conflict, and its findings have been widely disputed in the academic literature. Shortly after publication, the study's estimate and methodology came under criticism from a number of sources, including the United States government, academics, and the Iraq Body Count. At the time, other experts, praised the methodology of the study. John Tirman, who commissioned and directed the funding for the study defended the study. A 2008 systematic review of casualty estimates in the Iraq War in the journal Conflict and Health concluded that the highest quality studies have used "population-based methods" that have "yielded the highest estimates. A 2016 study described the Lancet study as seen "widely viewed among peers as the most rigorous investigations of Iraq War–related mortality among Iraqi civilians," and argued that part of the criticism "may have been politically motivated." A number of peer-reviewed studies criticized the Lancet study on the basis of its methodology and exaggerated casualty numbers. The authors of the Lancet study were also accused of ethical breaches in terms of how the survey was conducted and in how the authors responded to requests for data and information. In 2009, the lead author of the Lancet study was censured by American Association for Public Opinion Research (AAPOR) for refusing to provide "several basic facts about" the study. AAPOR had over a 12-year period only formally censured two other individuals. In 2012, Michael Spagat noted that six peer-reviewed studies had identified shortcomings in the Lancet study, and that the Lancet authors had yet to make a substantive response to the critiques. According to Spagat, there is "ample reason" to discard Lancet study estimate. Columbia University statistician Andrew Gelman said in 2014 that "serious flaws have been demonstrated" in the Lancet study, and in 2015 that his impression was that the Lancet study "had pretty much been discredited". Joshua Goldstein, professor emeritus of International Relations at American University, wrote that critics of the study "have argued convincingly that the sample method was biased." According to University of Delaware sociologist Joel Best in his book Stat-Spotting: A Field Guide to Identifying Dubious Data, "it seems likely that [the Lancet estimate] was too large". Conflict scholars Nils Petter Gleditsch, Erik Melander and Henrik Urdal said there were "major biases" in the study, leading to oversampling of households affected by violence. A 2008 study in the Journal of Peace Research found that the 2006 Lancet study may have considerably overestimated Iraq War casualties, that the study made "unusual" methodological choices, and called on the 2006 Lancet study authors to make all of their data available. The 2008 study was awarded "Article of the Year – 2008" by the Journal of Peace Research, with the jury of Lars-Erik Cederman (ETH Zürich), Jon Hovi (University of Oslo) and Sara McLaughlin Mitchell (University of Iowa) writing that the "authors show convincingly that previous studies which are based on a cross-street cluster-sampling algorithm (CSSA) have significantly overestimated the number of casualties in Iraq." American University political scientist Thomas Zeitzoff said the Journal of Peace Research study showed the Lancet study to be "wildly inaccurate" due to its reliance on information from biased samples. Michael Spagat criticized the 2006 Lancet study in a 2010 article for the journal Defence and Peace Economics. Spagat wrote that he found "some evidence relating to data fabrication and falsification" and "this evidence suggests that this survey cannot be considered a reliable or valid contribution towards knowledge about the extent of mortality in Iraq since 2003". Spagat also chided the Lancet study for "ethical violations to the survey's respondents including endangerment, privacy breaches and violations in obtaining informed consent". In a letter to the journal Science, Spagat said that the Lancet study had failed replication in a study by the WHO (the Iraq Family Health Survey). Spagat noted that the lead author of the 2006 study had been censured by the American Association for Public Opinion Research for "repeatedly refusing to disclose the corresponding information for his survey". The Iraq Family Health Survey published by WHO researchers in The New England Journal of Medicine found that the 2006 Lancet study results "considerably overestimated the number of violent deaths" and that the results are highly improbable. In comparing the two studies, peace researcher Kristine Eck of Uppsala University notes that the IFHS study which covered the same period as the Lancet survey "was based on a much larger sample (9,345 households compared to Burnham et al's 1,849) in far more clusters (1,086 clusters compared to Burnham et al's 47)." In comparing the two studies, Joachim Kreutz of Stockholm University and Nicholas Marsh of PRIO said the IFHS study produced "a more reliable estimate." Oxford University political scientist Adam Roberts wrote that the IFHS study was "more rigorous." Burnham, Edward J. Mills, and Frederick M. Burkle noted that the IFHS's data indicated that Iraqi mortality increased by a factor of 1.9 following the invasion, compared to the factor of 2.4 found by Burnham et al., which translates to some 433,000 excess Iraqi deaths (violent and non-violent). Timothy R. Gulden considered it implausible that fewer than one-third of these excess deaths would have been violent in nature. Francisco J. Luquero and Rebecca F. Grais argued that the IFHS's lengthy survey and use of IBC data as a proxy for particularly dangerous areas likely resulted in an underestimate of violent mortality, while Gulden hypothesized that respondents may have been reluctant to report violent deaths to researchers working with the Iraqi government. In a similar vein, Tirman observed that the Iraqi Health Ministry was affiliated with Shi'ite sectarians at the time, remarking that there was evidence that many violent deaths may have been recategorized as "non-violent" to avoid government retribution: "For example, the number of deaths by auto accidents rose by four times the pre-invasion rate; had this single figure been included in the violent deaths category, the overall estimate would have risen to 196,000." Gulden even commented that "the IFHS results are easily in line with the finding of more than 600,000 violent deaths in the study by Burnham et al." However, the authors of the IFHS rejected such claims: "Because the level of underreporting is almost certainly higher for deaths in earlier time periods, we did not attempt to estimate excess deaths. The excess deaths reported by Burnham et al. included only 8.2% of deaths from nonviolent causes, so inclusion of these deaths will not increase the agreement between the estimates from the IFHS and Burnham et al." A graph in the Lancet article purportedly demonstrating that its conclusions are in line with violence trends measured by the IBC and Defense Department used cherry-picked data and had two Y-axes; the authors conceded that the graph was flawed, but the Lancet never retracted it. Iraq Health Minister estimate (2006) In early November 2006 Iraq's Health Minister Ali al-Shemari said that he estimated between 100,000 and 150,000 people had been killed since the March 2003 U.S.-led invasion. The Taipei Times reported on his methodology: "Al-Shemari said on Thursday [, November 9, 2006,] that he based his figure on an estimate of 100 bodies per day brought to morgues and hospitals – though such a calculation would come out closer to 130,000 in total." The Washington Post reported: "As al-Shemari issued the startling new estimate, the head of the Baghdad central morgue said Thursday he was receiving as many as 60 violent death victims each day at his facility alone. Dr. Abdul-Razzaq al-Obaidi said those deaths did not include victims of violence whose bodies were taken to the city's many hospital morgues or those who were removed from attack scenes by relatives and quickly buried according to Muslim custom." From a November 9, 2006, International Herald Tribune article: Each day we lost 100 persons, that means per month 3,000, per year it's 36,000, plus or minus 10 percent", al-Shemari said. "So by three years, 120,000, half-year 20,000, that means 140,000, plus or minus 10 percent", he said, explaining how he came to the figures. "This includes all Iraqis killed – police, ordinary people, children", he said, adding that people who were kidnapped and later found dead were also included in his estimate. He said the figures were compiled by counting bodies brought to "forensic institutes" or hospitals. From a November 11, 2006, Taipei Times article: An official with the ministry also confirmed the figure yesterday [November 10, 2006], but later said that the estimated deaths ranged between 100,000 and 150,000. "The minister was misquoted. He said between 100,000–150,000 people were killed in three-and-a-half years", the official said. D3 Systems poll (2007) From February 25 to March 5, 2007, D3 Systems conducted a poll for the BBC, ABC News, ARD and USA Today. ABC News reported: "One in six says someone in their own household has been harmed. ... 53 percent of Iraqis say a close friend or immediate family member has been hurt in the current violence. That ranges from three in 10 in the Kurdish provinces to, in Baghdad, nearly eight in 10." The methodology was described thus: "This poll... was conducted February 25 – March 5, 2007, through in-person interviews with a random national sample of 2,212 Iraqi adults, including oversamples in Anbar province, Basra city, Kirkuk and the Sadr City section of Baghdad. The results have a 2.5-point error margin." There was a field staff of 150 Iraqis in all. That included 103 interviewers, interviewing selected respondents at 458 locales across the country. "This poll asked about nine kinds of violence (car bombs, snipers or crossfire, kidnappings, fighting among opposing groups or abuse of civilians by various armed forces)." Question 35 asked: "Have you or an immediate family member – by which I mean someone living in this household – been physically harmed by the violence that is occurring in the country at this time?" Here are the results in percentages: 17% of respondents reported that at least one member of the household had been "physically harmed by the violence that is occurring in the country at this time." The survey did not ask whether multiple household members had been harmed. Opinion Research Business (ORB) survey (2007, 2008) A September 14, 2007, estimate by Opinion Research Business (ORB), an independent British polling agency, suggested that the total Iraqi violent death toll due to the Iraq War since the U.S.-led invasion was in excess of 1.2 million (1,220,580). These results were based on a survey of 1,499 adults in Iraq from August 12–19, 2007. ORB published an update in January 2008 based on additional work carried out in rural areas of Iraq. Some 600 additional interviews were undertaken and as a result of this the death estimate was revised to 1,033,000 with a given range of 946,000 to 1,120,000. Participants of the ORB survey were asked the following question: "How many members of your household, if any, have died as a result of the conflict in Iraq since 2003 (ie as a result of violence rather than a natural death such as old age)? Please note that I mean those who were actually living under your roof." This ORB estimate has been strongly criticised as exaggerated and ill-founded in peer reviewed literature. According to Carnegie Mellon University historian Jay D. Aronson, "Because this was a number that few people could take seriously (given the incredible magnitude of violence that would have had to take place daily for such a number to be even remotely possible), the ORB study has largely been ignored." Iraq Family Health Survey (IFHS, 2008) The Iraq Family Health Survey published in 2008 in The New England Journal of Medicine surveyed 9,345 households across Iraq and was carried out in 2006 and 2007. It estimated 151,000 deaths due to violence (95% uncertainty range, 104,000 to 223,000) from March 2003 through June 2006. The study was done by the "Iraq Family Health Survey Study Group", a collaborative effort of six organizations: the Federal Ministry of Health, Baghdad; Kurdistan Ministry of Planning, Erbil; Kurdistan Ministry of Health, Erbil; Central Organization for Statistics and Information Technology, Baghdad; World Health Organization Iraq office, Amman, Jordan; World Health Organization, Geneva. The Associated Press and Health Ministry (2009) In April 2009, the Associated Press reported that Iraq Health Ministry had recorded (via death certificates issued by hospitals and morgues) a total of 87,215 violent deaths of Iraqi citizens between January 1, 2005, and February 28, 2009. The number excludes thousands of missing persons and civilians whose deaths were unrecorded; the government official who provided the data told the AP that if included, the number of dead for that period would be 10 to 20 percent higher. The Associated Press used the Health Ministry tally and other data (including counts of casualties for 2003–2004, and after March 1, 2009, from hospital sources and media reports, in major part the Iraq Body Count) to estimate that more than 110,600 Iraqis were killed from the start of the war to April 2009. Experts interviewed by the AP found this estimate to be credible and an "important baseline" although necessarily an estimate because of unrecorded deaths, especially in inaccessible areas. While mass graves discovered over time shed more light on deaths in the Iraq War, the AP noted that "how many remain will never be known." PLOS Medicine (2013) A 2013 study by Hagopian et al. in PLOS Medicine estimated that 461,000 Iraqis died as a result of the Iraq War. The study used a similar methodology as the 2006 Lancet study and had the lead author of the 2006 study as one of the 12 authors. According to one of the authors, Amy Hagopian, half of the casualties not resulting from violence were due to inadequate treatment of cardiovascular disease. Upon the study's publication, Michael Spagat, a critic of the 2006 Lancet study, said that the 2013 study seemed "to fix most of the methodological flaws of the 2006 paper". Spagat however noted that he found the large confidence interval of the 2013 study disconcerting. Other critics of the 2006 Lancet study mirrored Spagat's views, noting that the 2013 study was an improvement but that the large confidence interval was concerning. A 2017 study by Spagat and Van Weezel replicated the 2013 study by Hagopian et al. and found that the 500,000 casualty estimate by Hagopian et al. was not supported by data. Spagat and Van Weezel said that Hagopian et al. made many methodological errors. Hagopian et al. defended their original study, arguing that Van Weezel and Spagat misunderstood their method. Van Weezel and Spagat answered, saying that the response by Hagopian et al. "avoids the central points, addresses only secondary issues and makes ad hominem attacks." Undercounting Some studies estimating the casualties due to the war in Iraq say there are various reasons why the estimates and counts may be low. Morgue workers have alleged that official numbers underestimate the death toll. The bodies of some casualties do not end up in morgue and thus may go unrecorded. In 2006, The Washington Post reported: "Police and hospitals often give widely conflicting figures of those killed in major bombings. In addition, death figures are reported through multiple channels by government agencies that function with varying efficiency." A January 31, 2008 Perspective in the New England Journal of Medicine contains the following discussion of undercounting Iraqi civilian casualties in household surveys: The Washington Post noted in 2008 that research has shown that household surveys typically miss 30 to 50 percent of deaths. One reason is that some families that have suffered violent deaths leave the survey area. ... Some people are kidnapped and disappear, and others turn up months or years later in mass graves. Some are buried or otherwise disposed of without being recorded. In particularly violent areas, local governments have effectively ceased to function, and there are ineffective channels for collecting and passing information between hospitals, morgues and the central government. The October 2006 Lancet study states: Aside from Bosnia, we can find no conflict situation where passive surveillance [used by the IBC] recorded more than 20% of the deaths measured by population-based methods [used in the Lancet studies]. In several outbreaks, disease and death recorded by facility-based methods underestimated events by a factor of ten or more when compared with population-based estimates. Between 1960 and 1990, newspaper accounts of political deaths in Guatemala correctly reported over 50% of deaths in years of low violence but less than 5% in years of highest violence. The report describes no other specific examples except for this study of Guatemala. Juan Cole wrote in October 2006 that even though heavy fighting could be observed, none of the Iraqi casualties in the skirmishes were reported on, which suggests undercounting. A July 28, 2004, opinion piece by Robert Fisk published by The Independent reports that "some families bury their dead without notifying the authorities." Stephen Soldz, who runs the website "Iraq Occupation and Resistance Report", wrote in a February 5, 2006, article: Of course, in conditions of active rebellion, the safer areas accessible to Western reporters are likely to be those under US/Coalition control, where deaths are, in turn, likely to be due to insurgent attacks. Areas of insurgent control, which are likely to be subject to US and Iraqi government attack, for example most of Anbar province, are simply off-limits to these reporters. Thus, the realities of reporting imply that reporters will be witness to a larger fraction of deaths due to insurgents and a lesser proportion of deaths due to US and Iraqi government forces. An October 19, 2006, The Washington Post article reports: The deaths reported by officials and published in the news media represent only a fraction of the thousands of mutilated bodies winding up in Baghdad's overcrowded morgue each month. ... Bodies are increasingly being dumped in and around Baghdad in fields staked out by individual Shiite militias and Sunni insurgent groups. Iraqi security forces often refuse to go to the dumping grounds, leaving the precise number of bodies in those sites unknown. Civilian deaths, unlike those of American troops, often go unrecorded. The Australian reported in January 2007 that Iraqi government casualty estimates do not count deaths classed as 'criminal', deaths of civilians who get wounded and die later from the wounds, or kidnap victims who have not been found. The Iraq Body Count project (IBC) stated in November 2004 that "we have always been quite explicit that our own total is certain to be an underestimate of the true position, because of gaps in reporting or recording". Underreporting by U.S. authorities An April 2005 article by The Independent reports: A week before she was killed by a suicide bomber, humanitarian worker Marla Ruzicka forced military commanders to admit they did keep records of Iraqi civilians killed by US forces. ... in an essay Ms Ruzicka wrote a week before her death on Saturday and published yesterday, the 28-year-old revealed that a Brigadier General told her it was "standard operating procedure" for US troops to file a report when they shoot a non-combatant. She obtained figures for the number of civilians killed in Baghdad between February 28 and April 5 [2005], and discovered that 29 had been killed in firefights involving US forces and insurgents. This was four times the number of Iraqi police killed. The December 2006 report of the Iraq Study Group (ISG) found that the United States has filtered out reports of violence in order to disguise its perceived policy failings in Iraq. A December 7, 2006, McClatchy Newspapers article reports that the ISG found that U.S. officials reported 93 attacks or significant acts of violence on one day in July 2006, yet "a careful review of the reports for that single day brought to light more than 1,100 acts of violence." The article further reports: The finding confirmed a September 8 McClatchy Newspapers report that U.S. officials excluded scores of people killed in car bombings and mortar attacks from tabulations measuring the results of a drive to reduce violence in Baghdad. By excluding that data, U.S. officials were able to boast that deaths from sectarian violence in the Iraqi capital had declined by more than 52 percent between July and August, McClatchy newspapers reported. From the ISG report itself: A murder of an Iraqi is not necessarily counted as an attack. If we cannot determine the source of a sectarian attack, that assault does not make it into the database. A roadside bomb or a rocket or mortar attack that doesn't hurt U.S. personnel doesn't count. Casualties caused by criminal and political violence In May 2004, Associated Press completed a survey of the morgues in Baghdad and surrounding provinces. The survey tallied violent deaths from May 1, 2003, when President Bush declared an end to major combat operations, through April 30, 2004. From the AP article: In Baghdad, a city of about 5.6 million, 4,279 people were recorded killed in the 12 months through April 30, [2004], according to figures provided by Kais Hassan, director of statistics at Baghdad's Medicolegal Institute, which administers the city's morgues. "Before the war, there was a strong government, strong security. There were a lot of police on the streets and there were no illegal weapons", he said during an AP reporter's visit to the morgue. "Now there are few controls. There is crime, revenge killings, so much violence." The figure does not include most people killed in big terrorist bombings, Hassan said. The cause of death in such cases is obvious so bodies are usually not taken to the morgue, but given directly to victims' families. Also, the bodies of killed fighters from groups like the al-Mahdi Army are rarely taken to morgues. Accidental trauma deaths from car accidents, falls, etc. are not included in the numbers. The article reports that the numbers translate to 76 killings per 100,000 people in Baghdad, compared to 39 in Bogotá, Colombia, 7.5 in New York City, and 2.4 in neighboring Jordan. The article states that there were 3.0 killings per 100,000 people in Baghdad in 2002 (the year before the war). Morgues surveyed in other parts of Iraq also reported large increases in the number of homicides. Karbala, south of Baghdad, increased from an average of one homicide per month in 2002 to an average of 55 per month in the year following the invasion; in Tikrit, north of Baghdad, where there were no homicides in 2002, the rate had grown to an average of 17 per month; in the northern province of Kirkuk, the rate had increased from 3 per month in 2002 to 34 per month in the survey period. See also Aviation accidents and incidents in Iraq War Campaign for Innocent Victims in Conflict International Criminal Court and the 2003 invasion of Iraq Iraq Body Count project Iraqi Health Ministry casualty survey Lancet surveys of Iraq War casualties ORB survey of Iraq War casualties Post-traumatic stress disorder Suicide bombings in Iraq since 2003 Violence against academics in post-invasion Iraq United States casualties of war Civilian casualty ratio Casualty recording References External links and references (Additional links not found in the two reference sections higher up.) U.S. military casualties only "Faces of the Fallen" , The Washington Post database of all U.S. service-member casualties from Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) and Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) "A Look at Those Who Died in Iraq", The New York Times interactive U.S. Military Casualties, United States Department of Defense "U.S. Military Deaths in Bush's Iraq Quagmire", chart U.S. Casualties in Iraq, globalsecurity.org U.S. Military Personnel Wounded in Iraq & Afghanistan: A Running Log. "U.S. Casualties of War as Announced by the Department of Defense 2003–2007". A list of U.S. military casualties by date order beginning 2003 and updated daily. American Widow Project – Resources. "Purple hearts" – documentary interviews U.S. military casualties. In English with very short section in Dutch that is missing English subtitles. The Prozac, Paxil, Zoloft, Wellbutrin, Celexa, Effexor, Valium, Klonopin, Ativan, Restoril, Xanax, Adderall, Ritalin, Haldol, Risperdal, Seroquel, Ambien, Lunesta, Elavil, Trazodone War. February 6, 2011. By Jennifer Senior. New York magazine. Coalition (including U.S. and contractors) casualties only CNN list of U.S. & Coalition Casualties in Iraq since 2003 USAID: We don't know how many contractors we have working for us in Iraq. "ePluribus Media has repeatedly filed FOIA requests on a range of topics related to contractors in Iraq." Iraqi casualties only Les Roberts seminar at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, on April 13, 2005; uploaded in https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o5vD_Ub2K_c on October 25, 2006. Conetta, Carl (February 18, 2004). "Disappearing the Dead: Iraq, Afghanistan, and the Idea of a "New Warfare" Project on Defense Alternatives. Schwartz, Michael (July 6, 2007). "War on Iraq: Is the United States Killing 10,000 Iraqis Every Month? Or Is It More?". AlterNet. "Iraqi Civilian Deaths Increase Dramatically After Invasion". Johns Hopkins School of Public Health. October 28, 2004. Korb, Lawrence J.; Biddle, Stephen (September 25, 2007). "Violence by the Numbers in Iraq: Sound Data or Shaky Statistics?". Council on Foreign Relations. Estimating Mortality in Civil Conflicts: Lessons from Iraq. A June 2007 working paper by the Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters Casualty photos Kamiya, Gary (August 23, 2005). "Iraq: The Unseen War". Salon.com. The photos. "The Reach of War. A Deadly Search for Missing Soldiers". Slideshow narrated by the photographer Michael Kamber. May 23, 2007. The New York Times. Article: "As Comrades Search, Fatal Bomb Wreaks Havoc". By Damien Cave. Photo Gallery: Death and Destruction in Baghdad on Nov. 23, 2006. Der Spiegel. General and miscellaneous "Wage Peace Movie", 2-minute web movie about casualties in Iraq from the American Friends Service Committee "Eyes Wide Open", a traveling exhibition on the human cost of war "Iraq: Journalists in Danger – A statistical profile of journalists killed on duty since March 2003 in Iraq", Committee to Protect Journalists "Likely Humanitarian Scenarios", UN internal memo predicting 100,000 direct and 400,000 indirect casualties as a result of the invasion, December 10, 2002 "iraqimemorial.org", online database and traveling exhibition of proposals and projects to memorialize the civilian casualties in Iraq Iraq War George W. Bush administration controversies	[ -0.003684317460283637, 0.5069133639335632, -0.7758500576019287, -0.35614705085754395, -0.5409197807312012, 0.47434741258621216, 0.4546850621700287, 0.20703713595867157, -0.4853183627128601, -0.19419555366039276, -0.16099177300930023, 0.4992258548736572, -0.2686680555343628, 0.4719619154930115, -0.12997333705425262, 0.7982403039932251, 0.10114123672246933, 0.14121685922145844, 0.20484289526939392, 0.007900960743427277, -0.31737881898880005, -0.3888762593269348, 0.5805847644805908, 0.15274474024772644, 0.3027958571910858, -0.10862778127193451, 0.39329463243484497, -0.08345040678977966, 0.0775812491774559, -0.18158283829689026, -0.09299590438604355, 0.03391648456454277, -0.2570246756076813, -0.7532297968864441, -0.3592415750026703, -0.036392565816640854, -0.12738631665706635, 0.2906147539615631, -0.12053774297237396, -0.556632936000824, 0.2816265821456909, -0.30757373571395874, -0.14342375099658966, 0.5658488869667053, 0.08305425196886063, -0.36727574467658997, -1.3219176530838013, 0.19990848004817963, -0.23015008866786957, -0.5911409258842468, -0.25125083327293396, 0.2175634354352951, 0.4013350009918213, 0.009485440328717232, 0.4088227450847626, 0.560725212097168, -0.25599727034568787, -0.18787172436714172, -0.18257592618465424, -0.3338354527950287, 0.3006010353565216, 0.3253073990345001, 0.25723204016685486, -0.38526639342308044, -0.054070256650447845, -0.38471055030822754, 0.24229809641838074, 0.6444571614265442, 0.24924851953983307, -0.5263432860374451, -0.27787163853645325, -0.5148707628250122, -0.053852327167987823, 0.23282837867736816, -0.4058435559272766, -0.1487085074186325, 0.4401538074016571, -0.08305027335882187, -0.016332313418388367, -0.03617451712489128, 0.1903015822172165, -0.5751011371612549, 0.4034392237663269, -0.4367358982563019, 0.45883241295814514, 0.28641536831855774, 0.5758911967277527, 0.2679905593395233, -0.03817657008767128, 0.23948617279529572, 0.08134988695383072, -0.12419791519641876, 0.5547720789909363, 0.31420814990997314, -0.06608456373214722, -0.2675451934337616, 0.5227282047271729, 0.2578815817832947, 0.010943016037344933, -0.05234808474779129, 0.07109028846025467, 0.7725185751914978, 0.3634866178035736, 0.12889395654201508, -0.4625697731971741, -0.5828273892402649, -0.17599548399448395, -0.2211247831583023, 0.04269615560770035, -0.5471408367156982, 0.37111425399780273, 0.3425953984260559, -0.4704189598560333, -0.3297637403011322, -0.43426841497421265, 0.038505587726831436, 0.16515187919139862, -0.3122495114803314, 0.370551735162735, 0.07257484644651413, -0.6310357451438904, 0.7749833464622498, -0.7393175363540649, 0.2305343896150589, -0.3354490101337433, 0.2727079689502716, 0.6414696574211121, 0.10400281846523285, -0.5536502003669739, 0.46390050649642944, 0.21203796565532684, 0.7125630378723145, -0.38056638836860657, 0.43514472246170044, 0.16494087874889374, -0.5910539627075195, 0.5783436894416809, 0.26428133249282837, 0.05141081660985947, -0.21626988053321838, -0.8538382053375244, -0.9884948134422302, -0.22862963378429413, -0.10338486731052399, 0.34161385893821716, -0.22424137592315674, -0.03892235457897186, -0.15915755927562714, 0.14366409182548523, -0.41964495182037354, 0.36763685941696167, -0.14586085081100464, -0.28577759861946106, 0.040747154504060745, 0.008884388022124767, 0.4697111248970032, 0.1663993000984192, -0.12043743580579758, 0.17029984295368195, 0.5406558513641357, 0.3131355941295624, 0.6387752294540405, 0.5052757263183594, -0.10216205567121506, 0.2180049866437912, 0.19402393698692322, 0.4141705632209778, 0.23144008219242096, 0.23961684107780457, -0.43268081545829773, -0.6518536806106567, 0.29505160450935364, 0.010569795034825802, -0.2978542149066925, 0.02539609558880329, 0.028179634362459183, 0.9644702076911926, 0.6279451847076416, 0.4818042516708374, -0.042640600353479385, -0.38011634349823, 0.17345941066741943, 0.10499726235866547, 0.13333956897258759, 0.6713616847991943, 0.11375733464956284, -0.17239835858345032, -0.5699493288993835, 0.03883154317736626, 0.2459351271390915, -0.13466417789459229, -0.4681994616985321, 0.11586181819438934, -0.6647354364395142, 0.9342960715293884, -0.20060814917087555, -0.651035726070404, 0.2099471390247345, 0.46655240654945374, 0.5261574983596802, 0.42324361205101013, -0.17833362519741058, 0.4577447474002838, 0.02603311836719513, -0.5657358765602112, 0.24282944202423096, 0.1422891467809677, 0.055029235780239105, 0.228501096367836, 0.7831381559371948, 0.25227537751197815, 0.36405447125434875, -0.6860829591751099, 0.04665745422244072, 0.0376918651163578, 0.2449188232421875, -0.30820104479789734, 0.0880638137459755, 0.08325846493244171, -0.5744823217391968, 0.1511305421590805, -0.24797910451889038, 0.16472187638282776, 0.08070746064186096, 0.19767053425312042, 0.3255246579647064, -0.3089516758918762, 0.2540627419948578, 0.16316722333431244, -1.0211621522903442, 0.28086668252944946, 0.6703041791915894, -0.39152252674102783, -0.38273653388023376, -0.3115122616291046, -0.12078742682933807, -0.021484971046447754, -0.24312558770179749, -0.0612763874232769, -0.045550521463155746, 0.19160068035125732, 0.18514828383922577, -0.17804235219955444, 0.3723492920398712, -0.3679908812046051, -0.15788114070892334, -0.03147858381271362, 0.1372276097536087, -0.2827346622943878, -0.0492861270904541, -0.18594059348106384, -0.017659425735473633, 0.7403920292854309, -0.11408087611198425, -0.45496854186058044, -0.4774455726146698, -0.23410864174365997, -0.10719066858291626, -0.15427227318286896, -0.010794940404593945, 0.006245098076760769, 0.3358449935913086, 0.20013369619846344, 0.25276410579681396, 0.5587184429168701, -0.4066126048564911, -1.1602458953857422, -0.237533301115036, -0.5053000450134277, -0.020088940858840942, 0.2577633559703827, -0.46133801341056824, 0.3624385893344879, -0.19560186564922333, 0.10829237848520279, 0.3650236427783966, -0.4921268820762634, 0.3540066182613373, -0.7624897956848145, -0.3830287754535675, 0.4781365990638733, 0.7390600442886353, 0.16449403762817383, -0.7019967436790466, -0.7475972771644592, 0.09727508574724197, -0.17505478858947754, -0.4235277473926544, 0.1247486099600792, 0.28512540459632874, -0.4720146059989929, 0.06580090522766113, 0.15198306739330292, 0.215574711561203, 0.38942649960517883, -0.10894521325826645, -0.24577531218528748, -0.07181987911462784, 0.17716489732265472, -0.19326548278331757, -0.730832576751709, 0.715115487575531, -0.746692419052124, -0.10759700834751129, -0.06792224943637848, -0.19155782461166382, -0.7485231161117554, 0.054570600390434265, -5.800201892852783, -0.13193154335021973, -0.17289382219314575, -0.2296697497367859, -0.379267156124115, 0.24933704733848572, 0.32424232363700867, -0.7617369890213013, -0.23947405815124512, 0.07427829504013062, 0.7711178064346313, 0.1086258739233017, -0.12125595659017563, 0.15678942203521729, 0.48521366715431213, -0.2214173823595047, 0.7395030856132507, -0.16843505203723907, 0.6821520328521729, 0.29653796553611755, 0.1744866520166397, 0.03289158269762993, -0.4333716034889221, 0.3779452443122864, 0.3929550349712372, 0.6778524518013, 0.14934282004833221, 0.006405035965144634, -0.24829205870628357, 0.5589864253997803, 0.2572595179080963, -0.4079192876815796, 0.37378743290901184, 0.06730783730745316, -0.12631723284721375, -0.1147049069404602, 0.3373471200466156, 0.20578131079673767, 0.17092187702655792, -0.48893117904663086, -0.41231414675712585, -0.15204797685146332, -0.11303892731666565, -0.6319282054901123, 0.5826899409294128, 0.09334059804677963, -0.0813586637377739, -0.03229178488254547, -0.16068772971630096, 0.10040540993213654, 0.47393256425857544, 0.17180664837360382, 0.22589938342571259, 0.2127252221107483, -0.23756489157676697, -0.3722921311855316, 0.4127753973007202, -0.36773982644081116, -0.19571369886398315, 0.23420162498950958, -0.10482171177864075, 0.1736222803592682, -0.17671746015548706, -0.3892124593257904, 0.35915297269821167, -0.6609336137771606, 0.032075148075819016, -0.3196962773799896, -0.14655998349189758, 0.35360535979270935, -0.17886780202388763, 0.28570759296417236, -0.1555175632238388, -0.6606065630912781, 0.23568101227283478, -0.6638168096542358, 0.05144163966178894, 0.4810435175895691, 0.2128344029188156, -0.041518375277519226, -0.33944812417030334, -0.7998315095901489, 0.3425600826740265, -0.3784014582633972, 0.19516080617904663, -0.08285188674926758, 0.06280247122049332, -0.060338109731674194, 0.6771110892295837, 0.16609857976436615, 0.7663089036941528, -0.6132395267486572, 0.5759705901145935, 0.11752890795469284, 0.4701865613460541, 0.9714667201042175, 0.25389575958251953, 0.7402339577674866, 1.3125845193862915, -0.05986980348825455, -0.23050729930400848, -1.1194345951080322, 0.2749749422073364, -0.5226088762283325, -0.10416422039270401, -0.14882493019104004, -0.2419278770685196, -0.12491265684366226, 0.8231961131095886, -0.6480141282081604, -0.10098010301589966, -0.10094720125198364, -0.14456519484519958, -0.15006983280181885, 0.14185643196105957, -0.09153181314468384, 0.34422701597213745, 0.5024638772010803, 0.7231123447418213, 0.3874220550060272, -0.3093138337135315, -0.11899785697460175, -0.10612085461616516, 0.08807013928890228, 0.8989713788032532, 0.08578396588563919, -0.15611831843852997, 0.297497034072876, -0.5342061519622803, 0.24049994349479675, 0.45766356587409973, 0.4741085171699524, 0.1338040679693222, 0.5622032284736633, -0.3152270019054413, -0.20649224519729614, 0.23132161796092987, -0.4398159980773926, -0.09367092698812485, 0.35470277070999146, 0.4706723988056183, -0.3400996923446655, -0.3923029601573944, 0.13909342885017395, 0.02442174218595028, -0.08852352201938629, -0.3660537600517273, -0.5155226588249207, 0.011507861316204071, 0.17105914652347565, 0.037530332803726196, 0.17094331979751587, 0.4305413067340851, 0.07483947277069092, -0.11768340319395065, 0.4233180284500122, 0.3443503975868225, 0.687052309513092, -1.0379008054733276, -0.7881434559822083, 0.34098976850509644, -0.2537045180797577, -0.9736630916595459, -0.19411678612232208, 0.14930257201194763, -0.3934299349784851, 0.28120940923690796, -0.30568283796310425, -0.00658879429101944, 0.6937033534049988, 0.8247830867767334, -0.26884111762046814, -0.35865187644958496, 0.2698875367641449, 0.526435136795044, -0.19293683767318726, -0.4289594292640686, -0.4642535150051117, 0.44766765832901, -0.33537614345550537, -0.04174592345952988, -0.05963917076587677, -0.10566189885139465, -0.010827488265931606, -0.3476874828338623, 0.0752013772726059, -0.31164073944091797, -0.13854354619979858, -0.610528290271759, 0.151227667927742, 0.41342905163764954, -0.17830540239810944, -0.015900686383247375, -0.17423100769519806, -0.33117586374282837, -0.394718736410141, -0.12352240830659866, 0.23680251836776733, -0.09126034379005432, -0.5454418063163757, 0.6145156025886536, 0.5645870566368103, -0.6804988384246826, -0.2032589316368103, -0.254041463136673, -0.445135235786438, 0.528873085975647, 0.39198392629623413, -0.6149343848228455, 0.03441842645406723, -0.26774829626083374, -0.41323956847190857, -0.6329519748687744, 0.917401134967804, -0.13971300423145294, 0.07810434699058533, 0.11820141226053238, -0.0700831487774849, 0.09853897243738174, -0.19100208580493927, -0.054010991007089615, -0.40146201848983765, -0.5619145631790161, -0.2644519805908203, -0.575798749923706, 0.3043007254600525, 0.044935569167137146, -1.1566654443740845, 0.12560349702835083, 0.13986331224441528, -0.28586217761039734, -0.23301003873348236, 0.16674387454986572, 0.21883375942707062, 0.866189181804657, 0.3217089772224426, 0.4048523008823395, -0.035563889890909195, -0.3262346386909485, 0.16669756174087524, 0.13447701930999756, 0.5965972542762756, 0.4341282248497009, 0.06803878396749496, -0.09368189424276352, -0.06577061116695404, 0.05743609741330147, -0.740778923034668, -0.5702091455459595, 0.1481814831495285, -0.42290055751800537, -0.24958795309066772, -0.7231587171554565, -0.49305662512779236, 0.4360889494419098, -0.8326606750488281, -0.15016089379787445, -0.46586403250694275, -0.21047964692115784, 0.3558257222175598, -0.07688486576080322, -0.3169528841972351, -0.35400936007499695, 0.1865052878856659, 0.8385712504386902, -0.4391433000564575, -0.04274686798453331, 0.03929341956973076, -0.25367048382759094, 0.015658311545848846, -0.45908960700035095, 0.1529020518064499, 0.49774104356765747, 0.5803853869438171, 0.4889560043811798, 0.1812116801738739, -0.173890620470047, 0.08941922336816788, 0.3719720244407654, 0.04538831114768982, -0.021012073382735252, -0.2838936150074005, -0.03903409466147423, -0.5425059795379639, 0.6095996499061584, -0.8834770321846008, 0.20014439523220062, -0.015760211274027824, -0.14885959029197693, -0.18357820808887482, 0.2112044394016266, 0.15181533992290497, -0.426521897315979, 0.07299333065748215, 0.41050243377685547, 0.304060697555542, 0.10608907788991928, 0.4784954786300659, -0.3694988489151001, 0.32519426941871643, -0.5324029922485352, 1.035011887550354, -0.2257578819990158, -0.5562101006507874, 0.24173438549041748, -0.08900990337133408, 0.22524087131023407, 0.16051389276981354, 0.12466403096914291, 0.1162286177277565, 0.5521385073661804, 0.140032097697258, 0.33503565192222595, 0.22917242348194122, -0.41730761528015137, -0.38447147607803345, 0.6865045428276062, -0.7250887751579285, 0.35836148262023926, 0.34961751103401184, -0.16379821300506592, 0.07333441078662872, 0.7017844319343567, 0.4818304181098938, -0.025269165635108948, 0.38514456152915955, -0.013391840271651745, -0.0981406643986702, 0.2425810545682907, -0.28923988342285156, 0.12460687011480331, -0.5535984039306641, -0.8818264007568359, -0.09687240421772003, -0.1761339157819748, -0.22922098636627197, 0.09657710790634155, -0.7006252408027649, -0.516375720500946, 0.8491156101226807, 0.5164610743522644, 0.038119759410619736, 0.4573604464530945, 0.17901001870632172, -0.06598255038261414, 0.46178728342056274, -0.16639778017997742, -0.14248870313167572, 0.6794143915176392, 0.055012889206409454, 0.15850991010665894, 0.08593353629112244, 0.10142149776220322, -0.29799985885620117, -0.016684891656041145, -0.5805960297584534, 0.18599124252796173, 0.13585610687732697, -0.24351754784584045, -0.3388516306877136, 0.2965546250343323, -0.3751903474330902, 0.4355880916118622, -0.5848713517189026, 0.46712756156921387, -0.06231972575187683, -0.3228749930858612, -0.05754045024514198, -0.12766698002815247, 0.4795364439487457, 0.35458412766456604, 0.329298734664917, -0.6431509256362915, -0.35552337765693665, 0.3944297432899475, -0.15232603251934052, 0.1800442785024643, 0.0227932408452034, -0.03381700813770294, 0.25917142629623413, 0.12186028808355331, -0.3955792486667633, -0.1614478975534439, -0.6322095990180969, -0.49527889490127563, -0.18535193800926208, 0.12784680724143982, 0.4893905222415924, 0.024763405323028564, -0.26087790727615356, 0.43331265449523926, -0.3556326925754547, -0.4356701970100403, 0.005650019738823175, 0.09862484782934189, -0.37316861748695374, 0.45824915170669556, 0.3148071765899658, 0.36824867129325867, -0.6724166870117188, 0.2946499288082123, 0.3760802447795868, -0.04235035181045532, 0.29076507687568665, -0.6895449161529541, 0.6164867281913757, -0.7030760645866394, -0.01947763003408909, -0.34869813919067383, 0.24118472635746002, 0.12169714272022247, -0.18984679877758026, -0.11405118554830551, 0.10254675149917603, -0.9224997162818909, -0.7586703300476074, 0.5743550062179565, -0.7153311371803284, 0.012989708222448826, -0.6677151918411255, -0.05804234370589256, -0.30627962946891785, 0.11696384847164154, 0.46379128098487854, 0.40845900774002075, -0.35084500908851624, 0.4643513858318329, 0.09394016861915588, 0.5824270844459534, 0.6657684445381165, -0.43593257665634155, -0.06375500559806824, -0.632904052734375, -0.4265563488006592, -0.11451396346092224, -0.5228767395019531, 1.1329128742218018, -0.05182289704680443, 0.3565082252025604, -0.15893159806728363, -0.07694029808044434, -0.7028586268424988, 0.06461511552333832, -0.27579042315483093, -0.2696230411529541, -0.4117567837238312, -0.07922344654798508, -0.17701242864131927, 0.20021642744541168, 0.7272813320159912, 0.4640415906906128, 0.15542230010032654, 0.23697327077388763, -0.03310082107782364, 0.19945365190505981, -0.08779935538768768, -0.14205358922481537, -0.40139004588127136, 0.052553970366716385, 0.26600661873817444 ]
202094	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process%20gain	Process gain	In a spread-spectrum system, the process gain (or "processing gain") is the ratio of the spread (or RF) bandwidth to the unspread (or baseband) bandwidth. It is usually expressed in decibels (dB). For example, if a 1 kHz signal is spread to 100 kHz, the process gain expressed as a numerical ratio would be / = 100. Or in decibels, 10 log10(100) = 20 dB. Note that process gain does not reduce the effects of wideband thermal noise. It can be shown that a direct-sequence spread-spectrum (DSSS) system has exactly the same bit error behavior as a non-spread-spectrum system with the same modulation format. Thus, on an additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel without interference, a spread system requires the same transmitter power as an unspread system, all other things being equal. Unlike a conventional communication system, however, a DSSS system does have a certain resistance against narrowband interference, as the interference is not subject to the process gain of the DSSS signal, and hence the signal-to-interference ratio is improved. In frequency modulation (FM), the processing gain can be expressed as where: Gp is the processing gain, Bn is the noise bandwidth, Δf is the peak frequency deviation, W is the sinusoidal modulating frequency. Signal processing	[ 0.24023033678531647, -0.499682754278183, 0.7138235569000244, 0.10218843072652817, 0.14734312891960144, -0.1873830109834671, -0.3690915107727051, -0.5265335440635681, -0.32293346524238586, -0.4115995764732361, -0.32253941893577576, 1.0977712869644165, 0.02762158028781414, 0.301704078912735, -0.1941591203212738, 0.3369874954223633, 0.5526060461997986, -0.15460610389709473, -0.1820879727602005, -0.509122371673584, -0.12210265547037125, 0.5626750588417053, 0.4081313908100128, -0.0910286009311676, 0.3970608413219452, -0.05875742435455322, -0.04771282151341438, -0.21693362295627594, 0.04772810637950897, 0.3145904541015625, 0.043442681431770325, 0.036510106176137924, -0.08766268938779831, 0.22877533733844757, 0.2806119918823242, 0.522750198841095, -0.1952473223209381, -0.2418975681066513, -0.278136283159256, -0.19489642977714539, -0.35096365213394165, 0.002800207119435072, -0.20530343055725098, 0.5474768877029419, -0.40438389778137207, -0.2008831799030304, -1.152536392211914, -0.08352997899055481, -0.2627032399177551, 0.11338745802640915, -0.604327917098999, 0.21172526478767395, -0.03586754575371742, 0.6191507577896118, -0.11360851675271988, 0.1987251490354538, -0.05697492137551308, -0.022443179041147232, 0.20484736561775208, -0.7599518299102783, 0.35956627130508423, -0.4613610506057739, -0.15430794656276703, 0.29116180539131165, 0.2744270861148834, -0.42137065529823303, 0.18564139306545258, -0.23184150457382202, -0.4120292365550995, -0.39580869674682617, -0.15153135359287262, 0.114207923412323, -0.14010290801525116, 0.15288975834846497, -0.5317689180374146, -0.022626135498285294, -0.05953572317957878, -0.1379319280385971, -0.25841712951660156, 0.1567915380001068, -0.3760437071323395, 0.6276198029518127, 0.4202098548412323, -0.4993148744106293, 0.37396225333213806, -0.47857534885406494, -0.4537934362888336, 0.3037526309490204, -0.7790254950523376, 0.7557827830314636, -0.1096770390868187, -0.2608410120010376, 0.20473821461200714, 0.614293098449707, 0.057613395154476166, -0.11410745233297348, 0.23384009301662445, -0.16570940613746643, -0.01903149113059044, 0.41819632053375244, -0.5313279032707214, 0.04632335901260376, 0.29323694109916687, -0.40665414929389954, 0.06729643046855927, -0.29434457421302795, -0.33281251788139343, -0.2903129756450653, -0.22711682319641113, -0.016447314992547035, -0.7614407539367676, 0.33549535274505615, -0.05783633515238762, 0.15791642665863037, -0.5665919184684753, -0.11937124282121658, -0.10742093622684479, -0.023416126146912575, 0.3726138472557068, 0.34240445494651794, 0.361210435628891, 1.129651665687561, 0.1696728765964508, -0.21388046443462372, -0.1055212914943695, -0.22861944139003754, 0.6381618976593018, 0.5710045099258423, -0.5122671723365784, -0.5622295141220093, 0.018111025914549828, 0.6387960910797119, 0.06574296951293945, 0.40335485339164734, -0.6055963635444641, 0.02019382268190384, 0.14071564376354218, 0.033075962215662, -0.20325979590415955, -0.19413328170776367, -0.3884412944316864, -0.7563841938972473, -0.28115034103393555, -0.43471410870552063, 0.22615686058998108, -0.5464069843292236, 0.11793585121631622, -0.6330755352973938, -0.11942975223064423, -0.2526357173919678, -0.08331525325775146, 0.4727652072906494, -0.633912205696106, 0.017937030643224716, -0.3793381452560425, -0.36581411957740784, 0.2340390533208847, 0.21062561869621277, -0.6641578078269958, 0.4587008059024811, 0.2638813853263855, -0.43053731322288513, -0.17449502646923065, -0.0597459115087986, 0.27274343371391296, -0.382810115814209, 0.6749755144119263, 0.7167908549308777, 0.10327135026454926, -0.18479423224925995, -0.1115783154964447, 0.054663773626089096, 0.07504976540803909, 0.13160671293735504, -0.3055753707885742, 0.3074697256088257, -0.2627033591270447, 0.05387841910123825, 0.3006798326969147, -0.05196719616651535, -0.5041103363037109, 0.21480074524879456, 0.3340184688568115, 0.011743264272809029, -0.5996392369270325, -0.32442447543144226, 0.7906321883201599, -0.03982933238148689, 0.05345063656568527, 0.11966203898191452, -0.5223253965377808, -0.19437049329280853, 0.010227286256849766, -1.225675344467163, 0.820548951625824, 0.14628101885318756, -0.0946153923869133, 0.3166237771511078, -0.05395890399813652, 0.24378874897956848, 0.16129358112812042, -0.0331510566174984, 0.4766139090061188, -0.7078357338905334, 0.043302152305841446, -0.10901360958814621, 0.18551631271839142, 0.1329433172941208, -0.18513621389865875, -0.11796125024557114, 0.3158683776855469, -0.3519776165485382, 0.12447581440210342, 0.22767218947410583, 0.34958794713020325, -0.29994678497314453, -0.7302864193916321, 0.16511961817741394, 0.47638604044914246, 0.03386790677905083, 0.5117152333259583, 0.07616223394870758, 0.08450448513031006, 0.6857945919036865, -0.2908462584018707, 0.9166433811187744, 0.38201823830604553, 0.47320330142974854, 1.1414411067962646, -0.33387866616249084, 0.310735285282135, -0.4944435954093933, -0.199398472905159, 0.1227056011557579, -0.19615431129932404, 0.13116715848445892, 0.016843918710947037, 0.1173805221915245, 0.2938118577003479, -0.4492141008377075, 0.19156679511070251, 0.38456612825393677, -0.29845982789993286, 0.004989858716726303, 0.20465931296348572, -0.01600046455860138, -0.005052008666098118, 0.04368776082992554, 0.0742044448852539, 0.007254213560372591, 0.5131309032440186, 0.5140265226364136, 0.39724573493003845, -0.7059802412986755, -0.6052812337875366, -0.3337134122848511, 0.0075362976640462875, 0.22475294768810272, -0.13257545232772827, -0.007337856572121382, 0.09621100127696991, 0.03350190818309784, 0.12550833821296692, -0.46939751505851746, 0.2140660136938095, -0.6892415285110474, -0.5752010345458984, 0.002447081496939063, 0.39994552731513977, 0.06662445515394211, -0.10943584889173508, 0.37027689814567566, -0.11924751102924347, -0.06609029322862625, -0.8267982006072998, -1.0886987447738647, 0.7786702513694763, -0.29045867919921875, -0.2513822913169861, -0.704555869102478, 0.01122031919658184, 0.2349965125322342, 0.5931909084320068, -0.08787067979574203, -0.3640379309654236, -0.4085838496685028, -0.29068079590797424, 0.1576223522424698, 0.17240674793720245, -0.28260093927383423, -0.5492181777954102, 0.1873294711112976, 0.05255347117781639, 0.1365218162536621, -0.016784898936748505, 0.5505946278572083, 0.24803854525089264, 0.12809190154075623, 0.3424522280693054, -0.5800227522850037, -0.3409973680973053, -0.6363517642021179, -0.4141682982444763, -0.0720202848315239, -0.201962411403656, -0.32116764783859253, -0.3167544901371002, 0.4632342457771301, -5.875657081604004, 0.28667229413986206, -0.026531249284744263, -0.19887003302574158, -0.02475256472826004, -0.21616201102733612, 0.20135055482387543, 0.16472433507442474, 0.10923802107572556, -0.28671228885650635, -0.6117973327636719, -0.3950781226158142, -0.13806259632110596, 0.5422508716583252, 0.405892550945282, 0.0957132950425148, 0.5483483076095581, -0.38593170046806335, 0.1639813929796219, 0.20602059364318848, -0.08758626878261566, -0.46323978900909424, 0.4020738899707794, 0.21578314900398254, -0.24836097657680511, -0.11200646311044693, -0.19039779901504517, -0.22956697642803192, -0.5421167612075806, -0.4871644675731659, -0.09821922332048416, -0.2769334018230438, 0.0299585722386837, 0.004104390740394592, 0.6432543992996216, 0.18434521555900574, 0.3364312946796417, 0.18160080909729004, -0.17353080213069916, -0.629903256893158, 0.8128370046615601, 0.5277802348136902, -0.12440656125545502, 0.000430088781286031, 0.41215765476226807, 0.4877989590167999, -0.22869642078876495, 0.2094864845275879, -0.010070250369608402, 0.574271559715271, -0.27088162302970886, 0.07506976276636124, 0.47136569023132324, -0.10840003937482834, 0.039908621460199356, -0.29325202107429504, 0.13799357414245605, 0.19356276094913483, -0.42832550406455994, 0.437214195728302, 0.005015943665057421, -0.3359673023223877, -0.13186649978160858, -0.26955103874206543, -0.5389546155929565, 0.39981675148010254, -0.6673686504364014, -0.3374819755554199, 0.6146358847618103, 0.24105682969093323, -0.06683004647493362, 0.30424246191978455, 0.2050287276506424, -0.45868948101997375, 0.027735577896237373, -0.1926788091659546, 0.5316016674041748, 0.10510513186454773, 0.29022568464279175, 0.39050933718681335, -0.18460030853748322, -0.18359576165676117, -0.05277543514966965, -0.5043089985847473, 0.008456073701381683, -0.0385889858007431, -0.33822572231292725, 0.04643009975552559, 0.17129690945148468, 0.20152126252651215, 0.5149242281913757, -0.11077938228845596, 0.44955605268478394, -0.07530979067087173, 0.17251673340797424, -0.5548686981201172, 0.40668168663978577, 0.6653133630752563, 0.2686730921268463, -0.0773049145936966, 0.670586347579956, -0.197696253657341, -0.24340523779392242, -0.558772087097168, -0.3670717477798462, 0.4517483711242676, -0.5876712203025818, 0.10392241179943085, 1.0842370986938477, -0.2894209325313568, -0.019283222034573555, 0.47173047065734863, -0.47509267926216125, 0.038326118141412735, 0.40682926774024963, 0.08656422048807144, -0.8412656188011169, 0.3811763525009155, 0.4179324805736542, -0.6264095306396484, 0.11838540434837341, -0.3125242292881012, -0.4497509300708771, 0.028239119797945023, 0.018779564648866653, -0.4864244759082794, -0.4095383286476135, 0.3646715581417084, -0.1590147167444229, -0.3135753870010376, 0.8538624048233032, 0.5330810546875, -0.3099726438522339, 0.39293959736824036, 0.08115857094526291, -0.6090604066848755, 0.1662909835577011, 0.31971538066864014, 0.10021759569644928, -0.5562607049942017, 0.4871465861797333, -0.12564615905284882, 0.5564825534820557, -0.2310919463634491, 0.7169694304466248, 0.4303046762943268, -0.47616997361183167, -0.20683863759040833, -0.08864446729421616, -0.3049148619174957, 0.19364230334758759, -0.03388556092977524, -0.010382437147200108, -0.2720136046409607, -0.006466142367571592, -0.11433171480894089, -0.08541525155305862, -0.37630167603492737, 0.3042686879634857, -0.5218239426612854, 0.39681383967399597, 0.2900487184524536, -0.6896123886108398, -0.18301385641098022, -0.5011094808578491, 0.06169384717941284, -1.317177653312683, 0.03685557097196579, 0.4668545424938202, 0.5375028848648071, -0.24139827489852905, -0.6378941535949707, -0.45971694588661194, -0.5006884932518005, 0.4245416522026062, 0.19792141020298004, 0.3561655580997467, -0.03675980865955353, 0.3678850829601288, 0.009406346827745438, 0.24318939447402954, -0.11952631175518036, -0.7088460326194763, 0.6091435551643372, 0.5873824954032898, -0.14256179332733154, -0.37210533022880554, 0.6868377923965454, -0.61044842004776, -0.3333275318145752, 0.13405348360538483, 0.10685285180807114, -0.4631328880786896, -0.18505539000034332, 0.3295132517814636, -0.6218140721321106, 0.2969450354576111, 0.8108248710632324, -0.23876266181468964, -0.7904298901557922, 0.14345896244049072, 0.6102409958839417, -0.1965327262878418, 0.11764400452375412, 0.015293673612177372, 0.20038390159606934, -0.10131394863128662, 0.35922133922576904, -0.3778015673160553, 0.14531750977039337, -0.4011975824832916, -0.7176821231842041, -0.8252723217010498, -0.004355468787252903, 0.10009615868330002, 0.15876103937625885, 0.4056539535522461, -0.36776959896087646, -0.012432661838829517, -0.10534042119979858, 0.39842140674591064, -0.09401638805866241, 0.1975242793560028, 0.5878646373748779, -0.2612045705318451, -0.009721715934574604, 0.0748554915189743, -0.5527353882789612, 0.34683048725128174, -0.08978897333145142, 0.13446538150310516, -0.23003171384334564, -0.15148699283599854, 0.15255649387836456, 0.5749485492706299, -0.17972694337368011, -0.96474689245224, 0.618766188621521, -0.08558102697134018, -0.1007864773273468, -0.020296553149819374, 1.1058697700500488, -0.17796312272548676, -0.08686714619398117, 0.2085205316543579, 0.5811504125595093, 0.42787638306617737, -0.42211517691612244, -0.30872175097465515, 0.028966598212718964, 0.2987956702709198, -0.07564221322536469, -0.347845196723938, 0.6079432368278503, 1.0884408950805664, -0.06391746550798416, 0.01071156281977892, -0.8646904826164246, -0.2654624581336975, 0.613743782043457, -0.4357949495315552, -0.2962096929550171, -0.15418173372745514, -0.01754600554704666, 0.7394536733627319, 0.46722233295440674, -0.32934141159057617, -0.33797937631607056, 0.07545548677444458, 0.01802743598818779, 0.5231693387031555, -0.3389360010623932, -0.012355620972812176, 0.6326163411140442, 0.24804310500621796, 0.28647714853286743, 0.09364304691553116, 0.27694961428642273, -0.2218574732542038, -0.5197920799255371, -0.15589739382266998, -0.6591586470603943, 0.17445138096809387, -0.5242799520492554, -0.020030207931995392, -0.2277943342924118, 0.5386072397232056, -0.2551286816596985, -0.36982813477516174, 0.09817559272050858, 0.037589605897665024, -0.03964262083172798, 0.08120918273925781, 0.2727678716182709, -0.4862619936466217, -0.09361996501684189, 0.41244104504585266, 0.2844046354293823, -0.1825013905763626, 0.30127617716789246, -0.1856733113527298, -0.0008774484740570188, 0.3247816264629364, -0.4150252640247345, 0.5155583620071411, -0.08844234049320221, 0.3494998514652252, -0.1648975908756256, -0.3483978509902954, -0.6546081900596619, 0.3237454295158386, 0.12835702300071716, -0.030380116775631905, 0.31836816668510437, -0.09555436670780182, -0.29163697361946106, 0.716676652431488, 0.201921746134758, 0.2750689685344696, 0.19993875920772552, -0.002272494602948427, 0.2182043194770813, 0.5679447650909424, -0.3844340145587921, -0.15807804465293884, 0.4635872542858124, -0.3874351680278778, -0.29340556263923645, -0.03838717192411423, 0.13443909585475922, 0.6864089965820312, 0.4021785259246826, -0.5980760455131531, 1.1362446546554565, -0.21731756627559662, -0.5705887079238892, 0.041277118027210236, -0.02677823416888714, -0.40534666180610657, 0.3423728048801422, 0.6395893096923828, 0.9437993168830872, 0.13870647549629211, 0.6761797070503235, -0.1378362625837326, -0.12459539622068405, 0.43980512022972107, 0.358015239238739, -0.15208131074905396, 0.15973526239395142, 0.23724892735481262, -0.7151762843132019, 0.6053444743156433, -0.13205301761627197, 0.2517458200454712, -0.0603613443672657, 0.6063532829284668, 0.026417167857289314, 0.26147347688674927, -0.07466203719377518, 0.1104036420583725, 0.5878748297691345, 0.09446796029806137, -0.5752230882644653, -0.38922280073165894, -0.2985072731971741, -0.04893898218870163, -0.13940514624118805, -0.2955263555049896, 0.08079962432384491, 0.25901734828948975, 0.6674962043762207, -0.04996519163250923, -0.2352944165468216, 0.05020615831017494, -0.2136480212211609, 0.2411518543958664, 0.3100759983062744, -0.12882035970687866, 0.02959347888827324, -0.03978630527853966, 0.21266578137874603, -0.09727928787469864, -0.6349745392799377, 0.055607784539461136, -0.2643599212169647, 0.05570810288190842, -0.2901022434234619, -0.06104163080453873, -0.05289411544799805, 0.6715389490127563, -0.9384356141090393, -0.554614782333374, -0.30758538842201233, 0.29854893684387207, 0.2545023262500763, -0.11558306217193604, 0.3763008117675781, 0.7623521685600281, 0.17140918970108032, 0.12754401564598083, 0.031782668083906174, 0.21377190947532654, 0.41722017526626587, -0.4283418655395508, 0.36358609795570374, -0.40987759828567505, -0.15614016354084015, -0.3392423987388611, 0.0627434179186821, 0.7363824248313904, -0.2943200469017029, -0.1271304488182068, 0.354792058467865, -0.11750377714633942, -0.07479783892631531, 0.8404608368873596, -0.3530864417552948, 0.0387076735496521, -0.2450791597366333, -0.41205349564552307, 0.08224695175886154, 0.38694092631340027, 0.13250569999217987, 0.17871783673763275, 0.21112871170043945, 0.34710070490837097, 0.6019314527511597, -0.314617395401001, 0.12233162671327591, -0.19836457073688507, -0.1850651055574417, -0.6219291687011719, 0.7064385414123535, -0.4735029637813568, -0.26400846242904663, -0.28992167115211487, -0.30913111567497253, 0.18951919674873352, -0.19514183700084686, 0.19864317774772644, -0.0363306850194931, -0.07850264757871628, -0.01054090540856123, -0.33334657549858093, 0.19931410253047943, 0.36189019680023193, -0.49934276938438416, -0.7857606410980225, 0.6513844728469849, 0.03360728174448013, -0.7085747718811035, 0.15287689864635468, 0.08146041631698608, -0.48937493562698364, 0.2893840968608856, 0.03958886116743088, -0.18979385495185852, -0.44746679067611694, 0.14970996975898743 ]
202097	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Additive%20white%20Gaussian%20noise	Additive white Gaussian noise	Additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) is a basic noise model used in information theory to mimic the effect of many random processes that occur in nature. The modifiers denote specific characteristics: Additive because it is added to any noise that might be intrinsic to the information system. White refers to the idea that it has uniform power across the frequency band for the information system. It is an analogy to the color white which has uniform emissions at all frequencies in the visible spectrum. Gaussian because it has a normal distribution in the time domain with an average time domain value of zero. Wideband noise comes from many natural noise sources, such as the thermal vibrations of atoms in conductors (referred to as thermal noise or Johnson–Nyquist noise), shot noise, black-body radiation from the earth and other warm objects, and from celestial sources such as the Sun. The central limit theorem of probability theory indicates that the summation of many random processes will tend to have distribution called Gaussian or Normal. AWGN is often used as a channel model in which the only impairment to communication is a linear addition of wideband or white noise with a constant spectral density (expressed as watts per hertz of bandwidth) and a Gaussian distribution of amplitude. The model does not account for fading, frequency selectivity, interference, nonlinearity or dispersion. However, it produces simple and tractable mathematical models which are useful for gaining insight into the underlying behavior of a system before these other phenomena are considered. The AWGN channel is a good model for many satellite and deep space communication links. It is not a good model for most terrestrial links because of multipath, terrain blocking, interference, etc. However, for terrestrial path modeling, AWGN is commonly used to simulate background noise of the channel under study, in addition to multipath, terrain blocking, interference, ground clutter and self interference that modern radio systems encounter in terrestrial operation. Channel capacity The AWGN channel is represented by a series of outputs at discrete time event index . is the sum of the input and noise, , where is independent and identically distributed and drawn from a zero-mean normal distribution with variance (the noise). The are further assumed to not be correlated with the . The capacity of the channel is infinite unless the noise is nonzero, and the are sufficiently constrained. The most common constraint on the input is the so-called "power" constraint, requiring that for a codeword transmitted through the channel, we have: where represents the maximum channel power. Therefore, the channel capacity for the power-constrained channel is given by: Where is the distribution of . Expand , writing it in terms of the differential entropy: But and are independent, therefore: Evaluating the differential entropy of a Gaussian gives: Because and are independent and their sum gives : From this bound, we infer from a property of the differential entropy that Therefore, the channel capacity is given by the highest achievable bound on the mutual information: Where is maximized when: Thus the channel capacity for the AWGN channel is given by: Channel capacity and sphere packing Suppose that we are sending messages through the channel with index ranging from to , the number of distinct possible messages. If we encode the messages to bits, then we define the rate as: A rate is said to be achievable if there is a sequence of codes so that the maximum probability of error tends to zero as approaches infinity. The capacity is the highest achievable rate. Consider a codeword of length sent through the AWGN channel with noise level . When received, the codeword vector variance is now , and its mean is the codeword sent. The vector is very likely to be contained in a sphere of radius around the codeword sent. If we decode by mapping every message received onto the codeword at the center of this sphere, then an error occurs only when the received vector is outside of this sphere, which is very unlikely. Each codeword vector has an associated sphere of received codeword vectors which are decoded to it and each such sphere must map uniquely onto a codeword. Because these spheres therefore must not intersect, we are faced with the problem of sphere packing. How many distinct codewords can we pack into our -bit codeword vector? The received vectors have a maximum energy of and therefore must occupy a sphere of radius . Each codeword sphere has radius . The volume of an n-dimensional sphere is directly proportional to , so the maximum number of uniquely decodeable spheres that can be packed into our sphere with transmission power P is: By this argument, the rate R can be no more than . Achievability In this section, we show achievability of the upper bound on the rate from the last section. A codebook, known to both encoder and decoder, is generated by selecting codewords of length n, i.i.d. Gaussian with variance and mean zero. For large n, the empirical variance of the codebook will be very close to the variance of its distribution, thereby avoiding violation of the power constraint probabilistically. Received messages are decoded to a message in the codebook which is uniquely jointly typical. If there is no such message or if the power constraint is violated, a decoding error is declared. Let denote the codeword for message , while is, as before the received vector. Define the following three events: Event :the power of the received message is larger than . Event : the transmitted and received codewords are not jointly typical. Event : is in , the typical set where , which is to say that the incorrect codeword is jointly typical with the received vector. An error therefore occurs if , or any of the occur. By the law of large numbers, goes to zero as n approaches infinity, and by the joint Asymptotic Equipartition Property the same applies to . Therefore, for a sufficiently large , both and are each less than . Since and are independent for , we have that and are also independent. Therefore, by the joint AEP, . This allows us to calculate , the probability of error as follows: Therefore, as n approaches infinity, goes to zero and . Therefore, there is a code of rate R arbitrarily close to the capacity derived earlier. Coding theorem converse Here we show that rates above the capacity are not achievable. Suppose that the power constraint is satisfied for a codebook, and further suppose that the messages follow a uniform distribution. Let be the input messages and the output messages. Thus the information flows as: Making use of Fano's inequality gives: where as Let be the encoded message of codeword index i. Then: Let be the average power of the codeword of index i: Where the sum is over all input messages . and are independent, thus the expectation of the power of is, for noise level : And, if is normally distributed, we have that Therefore, We may apply Jensen's equality to , a concave (downward) function of x, to get: Because each codeword individually satisfies the power constraint, the average also satisfies the power constraint. Therefore, Which we may apply to simplify the inequality above and get: Therefore, it must be that . Therefore, R must be less than a value arbitrarily close to the capacity derived earlier, as . Effects in time domain In serial data communications, the AWGN mathematical model is used to model the timing error caused by random jitter (RJ). The graph to the right shows an example of timing errors associated with AWGN. The variable Δt represents the uncertainty in the zero crossing. As the amplitude of the AWGN is increased, the signal-to-noise ratio decreases. This results in increased uncertainty Δt. When affected by AWGN, the average number of either positive-going or negative-going zero crossings per second at the output of a narrow bandpass filter when the input is a sine wave is where f0 = the center frequency of the filter, B = the filter bandwidth, SNR = the signal-to-noise power ratio in linear terms. Effects in phasor domain In modern communication systems, bandlimited AWGN cannot be ignored. When modeling bandlimited AWGN in the phasor domain, statistical analysis reveals that the amplitudes of the real and imaginary contributions are independent variables which follow the Gaussian distribution model. When combined, the resultant phasor's magnitude is a Rayleigh-distributed random variable, while the phase is uniformly distributed from 0 to 2π. The graph to the right shows an example of how bandlimited AWGN can affect a coherent carrier signal. The instantaneous response of the noise vector cannot be precisely predicted, however, its time-averaged response can be statistically predicted. As shown in the graph, we confidently predict that the noise phasor will reside about 38% of the time inside the 1σ circle, about 86% of the time inside the 2σ circle, and about 98% of the time inside the 3σ circle. See also Ground bounce Noisy-channel coding theorem Gaussian process References Noise (electronics) Time series models	[ 0.27134859561920166, 0.00862138345837593, -0.6264330148696899, -0.06306278705596924, -0.6126514673233032, -0.13563428819179535, 0.013216333463788033, -0.022625772282481194, -0.024173783138394356, -0.5355083346366882, -0.23071566224098206, 0.23650892078876495, -0.9398244023323059, 0.5889813303947449, -0.306403249502182, 0.17615057528018951, 0.552193820476532, 0.43342503905296326, 0.04803462326526642, -0.3054130971431732, 0.30785900354385376, -0.007990909740328789, -0.03890213742852211, 0.04140433669090271, 0.08615469187498093, -0.17277970910072327, 0.4434908330440521, 0.36738428473472595, 0.13247406482696533, 0.10248260945081711, -0.30656522512435913, 1.1850969791412354, 0.10420524328947067, -0.04506012424826622, 0.1586502343416214, 0.06832990050315857, -0.17514540255069733, -0.25287964940071106, -0.1877841204404831, 0.24523530900478363, 0.23624302446842194, 0.061410725116729736, 0.1101236566901207, 0.3505588471889496, -0.36577174067497253, -0.7016386985778809, -1.320768117904663, 0.21396464109420776, -0.3816681206226349, -0.6035880446434021, -0.3053244352340698, 0.08550243079662323, 0.41235780715942383, 0.8970998525619507, -0.37188056111335754, -0.2640848457813263, -0.19446857273578644, -0.23810607194900513, 0.4927186667919159, -0.11043517291545868, 0.1950935423374176, -0.571387767791748, -0.5276010632514954, -0.07908700406551361, 0.11851028352975845, 0.7597259283065796, 0.19133473932743073, 0.18003928661346436, -0.5006860494613647, -0.15060585737228394, -0.2644621431827545, -0.27526038885116577, -0.3478544354438782, -0.006069161929190159, -0.5422719120979309, 0.14602167904376984, 0.4141477942466736, -0.11484777182340622, -0.12620355188846588, 0.18641160428524017, 0.2103116810321808, 0.22706089913845062, 0.46815434098243713, -0.27357739210128784, 0.3065059185028076, 0.24550439417362213, -0.48607727885246277, 0.7509869337081909, -0.8854426741600037, 0.40150123834609985, -0.10755454748868942, 0.12574134767055511, 0.5367310643196106, 0.3452494144439697, -0.10730131715536118, 0.4394693374633789, 0.1208057850599289, -0.061308491975069046, 0.5962294340133667, 0.4057775139808655, -0.64288729429245, -0.06481102108955383, 0.23650069534778595, -0.02663618139922619, -0.3240691125392914, -0.5369178652763367, -0.5754221677780151, -0.4823518693447113, 0.048021454364061356, 0.23093052208423615, -0.8071156144142151, 0.6289146542549133, -0.1333433985710144, -0.4199346899986267, -0.5837313532829285, 0.17922285199165344, 0.08131267130374908, 0.5349957346916199, -0.10071917623281479, 0.3826615512371063, -0.11877980828285217, 1.2717466354370117, -0.5268624424934387, 0.6236537098884583, -0.51691734790802, 0.551358163356781, 0.5531437993049622, 0.8364556431770325, -0.1481788605451584, 0.16777411103248596, 0.058277033269405365, 0.7918328642845154, 0.14825581014156342, 0.25161612033843994, 0.11571259051561356, -0.5177779197692871, 0.038682349026203156, -0.06063081696629524, -0.14834505319595337, -0.1794598400592804, -0.4721413552761078, -0.6781320571899414, -0.5714067816734314, 0.019977984949946404, 0.24334697425365448, -0.006446369457989931, -0.3561798930168152, -0.17588992416858673, 0.11921057105064392, 0.1116989403963089, -0.2438892126083374, 0.3508601784706116, -0.7054304480552673, 0.22190889716148376, -0.5128830075263977, -0.1911529302597046, -0.24967032670974731, 0.020485468208789825, -0.0606340691447258, 0.70531165599823, 0.181600883603096, -0.07511922717094421, -0.4458625912666321, -0.2865867614746094, 0.16879087686538696, -1.0148112773895264, 0.34813424944877625, 0.45910918712615967, -0.5006676912307739, -0.1676952838897705, -0.27384766936302185, -0.23141971230506897, -0.11120325326919556, -0.1748659312725067, 0.34777596592903137, -0.1582874357700348, 0.05673320218920708, -0.33019617199897766, 0.6945810317993164, 0.3301464021205902, -0.9042221307754517, 0.03373977541923523, 0.5352141261100769, -0.16431261599063873, 0.1500072330236435, 0.3987136483192444, 0.15446199476718903, -0.18546530604362488, -0.23229625821113586, -0.36677494645118713, -0.3734228014945984, -0.13738253712654114, 0.12254270166158676, -1.0442619323730469, 0.7313569784164429, 0.47040972113609314, -0.5039410591125488, 0.9335876107215881, 0.42845141887664795, 0.36009886860847473, 0.2623804211616516, -0.4312380254268646, 0.2633377015590668, -0.09844492375850677, -0.16053415834903717, 0.4673164486885071, -0.014459415338933468, 0.07401327043771744, -0.2120896428823471, 0.30290481448173523, 0.5593165755271912, 0.015844887122511864, 0.23184442520141602, -0.10695776343345642, 0.010197123512625694, 0.1269393265247345, -0.749691903591156, 0.5411320328712463, 0.3401642441749573, -0.05315716192126274, 0.4679536521434784, -0.05734306201338768, -0.21718023717403412, 0.298409640789032, 0.3151077926158905, 1.1262826919555664, 0.8200849890708923, 0.6341592669487, 0.7281270027160645, -0.654635488986969, 0.22425580024719238, 0.07037776708602905, 0.05585767328739166, -0.3020111620426178, 0.059836484491825104, 0.16885925829410553, 0.42255914211273193, -0.302581787109375, 0.41145265102386475, -0.12716270983219147, -0.03542361408472061, 0.217189222574234, -0.4807068109512329, -0.11175981909036636, -0.24444350600242615, -0.39069271087646484, 0.20806005597114563, -0.08533286303281784, -0.4672340154647827, 0.09492781013250351, 0.2053920030593872, 0.5601654052734375, 0.37407538294792175, -0.9329921007156372, -0.10454825311899185, 0.05319634824991226, -0.39938488602638245, -0.8136218190193176, 0.3739220201969147, 0.2133197784423828, 0.12520478665828705, 0.038237810134887695, 0.16304974257946014, -0.21277977526187897, -0.23794417083263397, -0.7618861794471741, -0.4057387411594391, -0.03641051426529884, 0.46555647253990173, -0.059080660343170166, 0.7521990537643433, -0.27878469228744507, 0.24496792256832123, -0.31346210837364197, -0.806245744228363, -1.0283821821212769, -0.14549517631530762, 0.4594142436981201, -0.9601908922195435, -0.2794424891471863, 0.3775603771209717, 0.9480109214782715, 0.042036909610033035, 0.07066763192415237, -0.5794164538383484, -0.18935595452785492, 0.1382712423801422, -0.01945667713880539, -0.10409742593765259, 0.01345156691968441, -0.5517088770866394, 0.23647069931030273, -0.32141485810279846, 0.21504199504852295, 0.0017040080856531858, 0.5306501984596252, 0.10200750827789307, 0.029809970408678055, -0.006852744147181511, -0.17732635140419006, -0.33212849497795105, 0.3496641218662262, -0.36182963848114014, -0.14041179418563843, -0.27575117349624634, 0.26914194226264954, -0.21211430430412292, 0.35654497146606445, -5.632458686828613, 0.4587452709674835, 0.1511230617761612, 0.1518903374671936, -0.4367465078830719, 0.22714336216449738, 0.7235391736030579, -0.06001531332731247, -0.24438802897930145, 0.25974786281585693, -0.3653806149959564, -0.025910837575793266, -0.4617230296134949, 0.9663313627243042, 0.5708464980125427, -0.47570380568504333, 0.469160795211792, -0.391969233751297, 0.5049868822097778, 0.6191085577011108, -0.3907444477081299, 0.4406980276107788, -0.07870137691497803, 0.057817492634058, -0.31832554936408997, -0.0436781607568264, 0.08950187265872955, 0.23788988590240479, -0.558448851108551, -0.45561710000038147, 0.3621896803379059, -0.7512058019638062, -0.2637377977371216, -0.1521872580051422, 0.048122528940439224, 0.5837987065315247, 0.20674794912338257, 0.26152971386909485, 0.17307305335998535, -0.05132865905761719, 0.18991895020008087, 0.5156142115592957, -0.023552296683192253, -0.011011841706931591, 0.7350873351097107, 0.5131986737251282, -0.127536341547966, -0.09709884971380234, -0.1412823498249054, 0.48697054386138916, -0.2315414845943451, -0.05188286304473877, 0.5429497957229614, 0.49928945302963257, -0.28210341930389404, 0.044597603380680084, 0.4139849841594696, 0.20199085772037506, -0.3080410063266754, 0.23951953649520874, 0.5666004419326782, -0.26815614104270935, -0.024713318794965744, -0.3340965807437897, -0.34504687786102295, -0.049086280167102814, -0.2331221103668213, -0.5686992406845093, 0.5721145272254944, 0.0795317217707634, -0.0357871912419796, -0.13455775380134583, 0.2546409070491791, -0.7046278715133667, 0.5576162934303284, -0.41152122616767883, 0.06849925220012665, -0.23727883398532867, 0.25322219729423523, 0.3391948342323303, -0.37383487820625305, -0.6267833709716797, -0.1306801438331604, 0.11385702341794968, 0.061735108494758606, -0.43981003761291504, 0.0519607774913311, 0.20630645751953125, 0.01608859747648239, -0.1346612423658371, 0.9363559484481812, 0.19419752061367035, 0.22993263602256775, 0.30983394384384155, 0.28871217370033264, 0.6663153171539307, 0.7760968208312988, 0.49672916531562805, 0.7307030558586121, 0.09932155162096024, 0.31212252378463745, -0.8144211769104004, -0.46864762902259827, -0.7187003493309021, 0.14564424753189087, 0.29164668917655945, -0.2995261549949646, 0.168910413980484, 0.683250904083252, -0.4997560977935791, 0.3129671514034271, 0.0687139630317688, -0.4571700990200043, -0.15746672451496124, 0.5203038454055786, -0.03865620493888855, -0.07744960486888885, 0.4231397807598114, 0.33231422305107117, -0.2780100405216217, 0.32734036445617676, 0.21983876824378967, -0.5756422877311707, 0.3489954471588135, 0.4761519432067871, -0.216476708650589, -0.40672221779823303, 0.881627082824707, -0.9092698097229004, -0.6618704199790955, 0.4870525598526001, 0.5481874346733093, -0.48079919815063477, 0.40602996945381165, 0.1998288333415985, -0.6750026345252991, -0.1632140576839447, 0.23466704785823822, 0.39350759983062744, -0.36627528071403503, 0.8365941047668457, 0.06178167462348938, 0.0161957498639822, 0.045834846794605255, 0.48014917969703674, 0.4991760849952698, 0.33500173687934875, -0.7111358046531677, -0.5199560523033142, 0.07821933180093765, 0.18170908093452454, -0.5071530342102051, 0.1054406613111496, -0.04638027027249336, -0.1481141895055771, 0.6472305059432983, 0.5340898633003235, 0.17257526516914368, -0.038723744451999664, -0.2815149426460266, 0.3894444406032562, 0.09866306185722351, -0.9060481190681458, -0.42034104466438293, 0.039197321981191635, -0.05657802149653435, -0.6751756072044373, -0.26252809166908264, -0.03557223081588745, 0.2937445044517517, -0.35860857367515564, -0.37994900345802307, -0.15924333035945892, -0.17082050442695618, 0.37613385915756226, 0.05421316996216774, 0.19569069147109985, -0.042811088263988495, -0.38700780272483826, -0.5479881763458252, 0.13749748468399048, 0.06111396476626396, -0.5328644514083862, 0.3226393461227417, 0.47758564352989197, 0.16775664687156677, -0.18359629809856415, 0.6318705081939697, -0.4451349079608917, -0.34233996272087097, -0.12326039373874664, 0.37400302290916443, 0.6323554515838623, -0.21501648426055908, 0.17300285398960114, -0.45123356580734253, 0.24940884113311768, 0.0890948623418808, -0.45177966356277466, -0.8732287287712097, 0.4376882016658783, 0.3349234461784363, -1.0175198316574097, 0.4963550865650177, 0.15561555325984955, -0.3245236873626709, -0.12223821878433228, 0.19981780648231506, -0.66102135181427, -0.2150202989578247, -0.6004651188850403, -0.7274338603019714, -0.5801426768302917, -0.557683527469635, -0.18671643733978271, 0.046859048306941986, 0.19538486003875732, -0.523029088973999, -0.08392404019832611, 0.30241334438323975, -0.2635880708694458, -0.5888887643814087, 0.11427217721939087, 0.2488659918308258, -0.3230319321155548, 0.020362652838230133, 0.07562102377414703, -0.34878215193748474, 0.9253073334693909, -0.48620492219924927, -0.17625202238559723, 0.3252657949924469, -0.19809676706790924, 0.5252342820167542, -0.6433307528495789, -0.5133208632469177, -0.5103023648262024, 0.43706539273262024, 0.09072768688201904, 0.06238223984837532, 0.4366699755191803, 0.7474765181541443, -0.2801513671875, -0.31211623549461365, -0.2325865924358368, 0.24320872128009796, 0.1918475478887558, 0.09815452247858047, -0.43916377425193787, -0.2217101901769638, -0.2503339350223541, 0.05303128808736801, -0.4132263660430908, 0.2133931666612625, 0.7853372097015381, -0.2119574099779129, -0.07339943200349808, -0.6748674511909485, -0.04034553840756416, 0.1889495998620987, -0.31177085638046265, -0.6431221961975098, -0.19549119472503662, 0.11261022835969925, 0.07212885469198227, -0.23319971561431885, -0.3347105383872986, -0.17744971811771393, 0.2776500880718231, -0.4210423529148102, 0.3580242395401001, -0.5202399492263794, 0.3109859526157379, 0.7217984199523926, 0.3247513175010681, 0.11980630457401276, -0.4922949969768524, 0.03682658076286316, -0.17058065533638, 0.04461108148097992, -0.11815740168094635, -0.5207970142364502, 0.2715968191623688, -0.7355978488922119, 0.003186968620866537, -0.026995163410902023, 0.3174319863319397, -0.45245739817619324, -0.36502718925476074, -0.3998037874698639, -0.6927009224891663, 0.45089638233184814, -0.05675836279988289, -0.04278101399540901, -0.14079439640045166, 0.032598406076431274, 0.44645965099334717, 0.38774120807647705, 0.10885130614042282, -0.776508092880249, -0.6680046319961548, 0.4617757797241211, -0.19252626597881317, -0.41465580463409424, 0.49119770526885986, -0.03142432123422623, 0.457497239112854, -0.3456737995147705, -0.25286686420440674, -0.15704584121704102, -0.023036520928144455, 0.09835878014564514, -0.26388120651245117, 0.7414932250976562, -0.4832366108894348, 0.3964783251285553, 0.7630346417427063, -0.5103175640106201, 1.191216230392456, 0.06513134390115738, -0.3223343789577484, -0.2846650779247284, 0.5123386383056641, 0.10394114255905151, -0.875426173210144, 0.43575507402420044, -0.18110984563827515, 0.19341976940631866, 0.028485259041190147, -0.012812437489628792, 0.4920119643211365, 0.12176314741373062, -0.46453621983528137, 0.44900941848754883, -0.18028105795383453, -0.03506723418831825, 0.2469041347503662, -0.4277217984199524, -0.8659991025924683, 0.2691054046154022, 0.6237912774085999, 0.45422691106796265, -0.1270635575056076, 0.6195249557495117, -0.03278755024075508, -0.013832385651767254, 0.17062592506408691, 0.5005384683609009, -0.29726967215538025, 0.1875753253698349, 0.029711611568927765, 0.06597194820642471, 0.5823010802268982, -0.2881169021129608, -0.04953615367412567, -0.018783502280712128, 0.4718174636363983, -0.3895508050918579, -0.25057873129844666, 0.01973191648721695, 0.17083704471588135, 0.13164269924163818, 0.15067411959171295, 0.09554372727870941, -0.2996141016483307, -0.28621941804885864, 0.5165404081344604, 0.31106841564178467, 0.09969215840101242, -0.27949032187461853, -0.07528381794691086, -0.1021203100681305, -0.3446914851665497, 0.5875532627105713, 0.24613399803638458, -0.4239239990711212, -0.10763904452323914, 0.39721593260765076, -0.28694775700569153, 0.040320657193660736, 0.006570133380591869, 0.6761677265167236, -0.3631307780742645, -0.5578835010528564, 0.4390143156051636, -0.36185717582702637, -0.298973947763443, 0.5173318386077881, 0.20143328607082367, -0.21412043273448944, 0.25084108114242554, -0.334693968296051, -0.4060439169406891, 0.2735045254230499, -0.18889102339744568, 0.10443251579999924, -0.06264274567365646, 0.6853063106536865, 0.2441115826368332, -0.2986213266849518, 0.6958067417144775, 0.3320941627025604, -0.03870377689599991, 0.7167403101921082, -0.6719542145729065, 0.48080965876579285, -0.872519314289093, 0.11574449390172958, -1.0251190662384033, 0.47193416953086853, 0.20266026258468628, -0.0968252643942833, -0.10814689844846725, 0.19536712765693665, 0.39347130060195923, 0.005907123442739248, 0.5563196539878845, -0.4487069547176361, -0.027360932901501656, -0.4254972040653229, -0.48941072821617126, -0.6130703091621399, 0.34912505745887756, -0.2531397342681885, 0.33646360039711, 0.228406623005867, 0.7597402334213257, -0.18059386312961578, -0.07858040928840637, 0.06917355954647064, -0.38587644696235657, 0.008881915360689163, -0.9519534111022949, 0.5023205876350403, -0.5227534174919128, -0.36002349853515625, 0.20145981013774872, 0.5706931352615356, 0.6829208731651306, -0.31816279888153076, -0.1448356956243515, -0.25840824842453003, 0.05643875151872635, 0.18834330141544342, -0.8187083005905151, 0.5572754144668579, 0.12313834577798843, -0.24182891845703125, -0.1907225400209427, 0.6698253750801086, -0.033064983785152435, -0.2967876195907593, -0.4680533707141876, -0.061112888157367706, -0.8053689002990723, 0.3864612877368927, 0.26218563318252563, -0.40756839513778687, -0.3082236349582672, 0.2158569097518921 ]
202098	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guimarotodon	Guimarotodon	Guimarotodon is an extinct mammal of the Upper Jurassic. It was a relatively early member of the also extinct order of Multituberculata. It made its living nibbling plants as great big, and small, dinosaurs roamed the world. (For the technically minded, suborder Plagiaulacida, family Paulchoffatiidae.) Guimarotodon ("Guimarota tooth") Hahn G, 1969. "Guimarotodon Hahn 1969 exhibits a more slender Corpus mandibulae than either Paulchoffatia or Meketibolodon. The most conspicuous character of this genus is the morphology of the P3-4 and the M1.". The Corpus mandibulae is the part of the jaw below the tooth row. P3-4 are upper premolars, whilst M1 is an upper molar tooth. "The incisor is relatively little curved and its root is of similar length as that of Meketibolodon and extends to underneath the posterior premolars." (Both quotations from Hahn & Hahn 2000, p. 105-106). Guimarotodon leiriensis Guimarotodon leiriensis is found in Kimmeridgian (Upper Jurassic) of Guimarota, Portugal. Classification is based on three lower jaws. The species name refers to the local town of Leiria. References Hahn (1969), Beiträge zur Fauna der Grube Guimarota Nr. 3. Die Multituberculata. Paleontographica, A, 133, p. 1-100. (Contributions on the fauna of the Guimarota mine no. 3. The Multituberculates.) Hahn G & Hahn R (2000), Multituberculates from the Guimarota mine, p. 97-107 in Martin T & Krebs B (eds), Guimarota - A Jurassic Ecosystem, Verlag Dr Friedrich Pfeil, München. Kielan-Jaworowska Z & Hurum JH (2001), "Phylogeny and Systematics of multituberculate mammals". Paleontology 44, p. 389-429. Much of this information has been derived from MESOZOIC MAMMALS; Basal Multituberculata, an internet directory. Multituberculates Late Jurassic mammals of Europe Prehistoric mammal genera Fossil taxa described in 1969	[ -0.9123965501785278, -0.17916239798069, -0.6172387599945068, 0.09526234120130539, -0.3645462989807129, 0.7446289658546448, 0.6520443558692932, 0.7733865976333618, -0.03751738741993904, 0.05430551990866661, 0.3086053431034088, 0.9734906554222107, 0.16366177797317505, -0.0993119403719902, -0.4456740915775299, -0.12276887148618698, -0.20321466028690338, -0.007265134248882532, 0.14859247207641602, -0.38300126791000366, 0.10145529359579086, -1.227207064628601, 0.14687129855155945, -0.21782808005809784, -0.0430213063955307, 0.0014523669378831983, 0.4096762239933014, 1.0600444078445435, 0.831991970539093, -0.11417770385742188, -0.132831409573555, 0.36405929923057556, 0.07157004624605179, -0.674996554851532, -0.5628015398979187, -0.010023076087236404, -0.612485945224762, -0.5824260115623474, -0.4780818223953247, -0.6267178058624268, 0.08675725013017654, 0.31746795773506165, -0.43129584193229675, 1.072037935256958, -0.19321826100349426, 0.24701498448848724, -1.365562915802002, 0.2512456178665161, -1.0691128969192505, -0.2538900077342987, -0.4625387489795685, 0.5722389817237854, -0.0362456738948822, 0.27552953362464905, -0.15028540790081024, 0.6440544724464417, -1.3684635162353516, -0.2585432231426239, -0.018199272453784943, 0.12626460194587708, -0.36176884174346924, -0.2065233588218689, -0.4697501063346863, -0.33982962369918823, -0.46872401237487793, 0.5680750012397766, 0.3534875810146332, 0.5401532649993896, -0.383317232131958, 0.13655990362167358, -0.5496764183044434, -0.3776560127735138, 0.26417291164398193, 0.647280752658844, -0.6086709499359131, -0.3717895448207855, -0.1880452036857605, 0.1714143455028534, 0.8916767239570618, -0.05217035859823227, 0.4713214039802551, 0.14981983602046967, 1.0794249773025513, -0.5972705483436584, -0.15889541804790497, 0.3702491819858551, -0.26267361640930176, -0.151614248752594, -0.41740643978118896, 0.44694048166275024, -0.7889854907989502, 0.04388894885778427, -0.004329339135438204, 0.9886718392372131, -0.1544836461544037, -0.030522484332323074, -0.3785095810890198, 0.2554676830768585, 0.23305188119411469, 0.43557101488113403, -0.2283511757850647, 0.09524449706077576, 0.49178221821784973, -0.21613149344921112, -0.765992283821106, -0.39886751770973206, -0.5800105333328247, 0.0780629813671112, -0.7994846701622009, -0.7463405728340149, -0.9914166331291199, 0.36150020360946655, 0.08135544508695602, -0.05620215833187103, 0.16594719886779785, 0.9855405688285828, 0.3700079321861267, -0.8698725700378418, 0.14007282257080078, -0.325117826461792, 0.43661075830459595, 0.6440203189849854, -0.7043319940567017, -0.024904627352952957, -0.2424570471048355, 0.5914226174354553, 0.6634021401405334, -0.277268648147583, -0.0000464231452497188, 0.28440427780151367, 0.5151925683021545, 1.2422456741333008, 0.40700486302375793, -0.2888101637363434, 0.005198241677135229, -0.3653690814971924, -0.04366953670978546, 0.45042935013771057, 0.10199973732233047, 0.17814558744430542, -0.524488091468811, -0.3843946158885956, -1.549836277961731, -0.2121494710445404, 0.4665365517139435, -0.12124719470739365, 0.5132594704627991, -0.33958372473716736, -0.5107330083847046, -0.5271902084350586, -0.08833814412355423, -0.4527526795864105, -0.11899171024560928, 0.1706608235836029, 0.054898135364055634, 0.47799989581108093, 0.06673455238342285, -0.7394947409629822, 1.19318425655365, -0.18274608254432678, 0.11987975239753723, -0.46533647179603577, -0.430814266204834, 0.2827286124229431, 0.2377040684223175, -0.42722195386886597, 0.31830281019210815, 0.3253808915615082, -0.2695671319961548, 0.7638052701950073, -0.8726969957351685, -0.3868959844112396, 0.0031246382277458906, -0.2933289408683777, 0.07434328645467758, -0.5391603112220764, 0.1450473964214325, 0.07693307846784592, 0.27411243319511414, -0.1975899040699005, -0.7573264241218567, 0.10643330961465836, 0.5682095289230347, -0.03016742132604122, 0.27998945116996765, 0.1472315788269043, 0.7759436964988708, 0.34681937098503113, 0.19903331995010376, -0.3889769911766052, -0.8451745510101318, 0.008988551795482635, 0.33874884247779846, -0.10171032696962357, 1.2274285554885864, -0.08115953952074051, -0.5239846110343933, -0.28177812695503235, 0.18011082708835602, 0.7236272692680359, -0.3184877932071686, 0.2289322018623352, 0.31134232878685, 0.1018567904829979, -0.06552083045244217, 0.4683719575405121, 0.29602816700935364, 0.5599662661552429, 0.7885158061981201, 0.9673839211463928, -0.041847113519907, 0.5622670650482178, -0.2542068064212799, 0.48372966051101685, -0.19186167418956757, -0.2005985975265503, -0.37105679512023926, 0.21111264824867249, 0.043788548558950424, -1.0474401712417603, 0.49702560901641846, -0.12352604418992996, -0.21620149910449982, 0.240030899643898, -0.11961805820465088, 0.5965667963027954, 0.786544144153595, 0.2341412454843521, 0.5760822892189026, -1.0784173011779785, 0.04233674705028534, 0.7189317345619202, 0.32111629843711853, -0.5049722194671631, 0.17334295809268951, -0.3642972409725189, -0.11268240958452225, -1.0283621549606323, 0.6075143218040466, 0.009318159893155098, 0.2880114018917084, -0.11096755415201187, -0.2851588726043701, 0.43075108528137207, 0.218035027384758, -0.5651636719703674, 0.23321710526943207, 0.738594651222229, -0.7773425579071045, -0.0888938158750534, 0.11056797951459885, 0.6831361055374146, 0.22119177877902985, -0.3013532757759094, 0.05641699582338333, -0.013527415692806244, 0.5399582982063293, -0.4120452404022217, -0.48506900668144226, -0.12049562484025955, -0.3084244430065155, 1.0173898935317993, 0.6085211038589478, 0.4079652726650238, 0.026050975546240807, -0.48913031816482544, -0.11359412223100662, -0.16757412254810333, 0.28628215193748474, -0.1792956292629242, 0.14361034333705902, -0.5395137667655945, -0.5880538821220398, -0.77046799659729, -0.003707003081217408, 0.03325078263878822, -0.3513606786727905, 0.16998843848705292, -0.4417407512664795, -0.3311164975166321, 0.08782307058572769, 1.0830926895141602, 0.05785359442234039, 0.3282358944416046, -0.47641292214393616, -0.7828195095062256, 0.7203421592712402, -0.5655122995376587, -0.3052547872066498, -0.22097639739513397, 0.26564568281173706, -0.6152673363685608, -0.5413742065429688, 0.3736399710178375, -1.1328790187835693, 0.039303965866565704, 0.097469262778759, -0.31827157735824585, 0.09111259877681732, -0.4905344247817993, -0.7199347615242004, 0.059853050857782364, -0.23202139139175415, 0.27799925208091736, 0.37600022554397583, -0.0834132507443428, -0.14933232963085175, 0.3700152039527893, -4.647830486297607, 0.2901087701320648, 0.06519609689712524, -0.3785310387611389, 0.21654649078845978, 1.022977590560913, 0.2561015486717224, -0.3857024013996124, -0.2599712014198303, -0.21825198829174042, 0.18308642506599426, -0.2653582990169525, -0.2813328504562378, 0.31890738010406494, -0.19370727241039276, 0.5047616362571716, 0.2912074327468872, 0.4026779234409332, -0.2475316822528839, 0.03722085803747177, 0.030894633382558823, -0.3049905598163605, 0.02458474226295948, 0.0847897082567215, 0.27101948857307434, 0.15926401317119598, 0.44088655710220337, -0.5470293164253235, -0.26733922958374023, -0.34576624631881714, -0.20299048721790314, 0.18790780007839203, -0.06992526352405548, 0.6153954267501831, -0.1227896586060524, 0.24059483408927917, 1.1852891445159912, 0.29716360569000244, 0.6113712191581726, -0.4306018650531769, -0.8851256966590881, -0.03674010932445526, -0.19650040566921234, 0.5212280750274658, 0.7046436071395874, 0.08439911156892776, -0.16723130643367767, -0.29019901156425476, -0.2984195947647095, 0.7351700067520142, -0.1614963412284851, 0.00868737231940031, 0.1637355536222458, 1.2407735586166382, 0.8299535512924194, 0.21415847539901733, 0.9572443962097168, 0.00700965104624629, 0.0924573466181755, 1.144329309463501, 0.3770837187767029, -0.38929396867752075, -0.0721106231212616, -1.3463923931121826, 0.2559005618095398, -0.16457751393318176, 0.21951650083065033, 0.013155682012438774, 0.14786571264266968, 0.18003934621810913, -0.4202782213687897, 0.46239015460014343, -0.6983215808868408, -0.8667217493057251, 0.48986899852752686, 0.5084173679351807, -0.2570992708206177, -0.11280854791402817, -0.4769033193588257, 0.08591798692941666, 0.06827004253864288, -0.4961676001548767, 0.1591794788837433, 0.1722903549671173, 0.14039824903011322, -0.20595984160900116, -0.31036898493766785, -0.09940668940544128, 0.30115386843681335, -0.19694119691848755, 0.5767574906349182, -0.24047890305519104, 0.1116696298122406, 0.33635249733924866, 0.33070191740989685, 0.5608031153678894, 0.5057228803634644, -0.14047086238861084, 0.416536420583725, -0.5629567503929138, 0.42910197377204895, -0.2823961079120636, -0.29563626646995544, 0.3135469853878021, -0.3512977361679077, -1.0625895261764526, -0.14412572979927063, 0.5722665190696716, 0.798841655254364, -0.1176777333021164, 0.5341565608978271, -0.5910264253616333, -0.27799925208091736, -0.42495372891426086, 0.5123361945152283, -0.3025093972682953, -0.06845954060554504, -0.1440124809741974, 0.9837682247161865, -0.1879870742559433, 0.04753497242927551, 0.29567378759384155, -0.6547667384147644, -0.27017495036125183, -0.2181290239095688, -0.4334474503993988, 0.050691574811935425, 0.6627621650695801, -1.0189793109893799, -0.5892408490180969, -0.5881725549697876, -0.05919937044382095, -0.2398122102022171, 0.4552294909954071, -0.08040343225002289, -0.5398189425468445, -0.5376994609832764, -0.47738122940063477, 0.5961238145828247, -0.05208222568035126, -0.2639307677745819, -0.5482555031776428, -0.372925341129303, -0.186626598238945, 0.16060511767864227, 0.1431320458650589, -0.010318037122488022, -0.05261271446943283, -0.6586738228797913, 1.058925986289978, 0.18035171926021576, -0.5856325626373291, 0.1466774046421051, -0.2888093590736389, 0.1520746499300003, 0.2905443608760834, 0.058365970849990845, 0.4142759144306183, 0.1128271073102951, -0.3866948187351227, 0.09353581070899963, 0.07929307967424393, -0.45550525188446045, 0.6611977815628052, 0.5838485360145569, 0.02884683758020401, -0.38232049345970154, -1.097791075706482, -0.25718215107917786, 0.3671940267086029, 0.30465957522392273, -0.1939776986837387, -0.6065924763679504, -0.2570805549621582, 0.6890774369239807, -0.3815690875053406, -0.06713658571243286, 0.43589574098587036, -0.3588722050189972, -0.365931898355484, 0.4857344627380371, 0.4212205708026886, 0.2761406898498535, -0.2245161533355713, 1.0270849466323853, -0.5591263175010681, -0.40052860975265503, -0.3443436622619629, -0.6482173800468445, -0.02992110885679722, 0.6407773494720459, 0.7474021911621094, 0.3596847355365753, -0.009914183989167213, -0.46433505415916443, -0.09062017500400543, 0.361467182636261, 0.29284170269966125, 0.2614020109176636, -1.0567214488983154, -0.5659704208374023, 0.8550503849983215, -0.1758888065814972, 0.16857317090034485, 0.543660581111908, -0.806685209274292, 0.5587599873542786, 0.16621370613574982, -0.2058720886707306, 0.502362847328186, -0.1276531219482422, -1.2408589124679565, -0.24080444872379303, 0.36113226413726807, 0.18988418579101562, 0.22950232028961182, 0.5632364153862, -0.05245525762438774, -0.7141296863555908, -0.54658442735672, -0.3134370446205139, -0.028385857120156288, -0.2797589600086212, -0.20093894004821777, -0.8023552298545837, -0.07127600163221359, 0.2707171142101288, 0.4012496769428253, 0.6384678483009338, -0.8252115845680237, -0.42886248230934143, -0.23495693504810333, 0.2558622360229492, -0.32176414132118225, -0.6237035393714905, -0.10921723395586014, 0.458313524723053, 0.14389316737651825, 0.2812894880771637, -0.11220391094684601, 0.8865254521369934, 1.236234188079834, 0.9280142188072205, 0.3956507444381714, 0.013448704034090042, -0.08835331350564957, -0.10711932182312012, 0.03589121624827385, -0.5180717706680298, -0.04789681360125542, 0.4594568610191345, -0.3065145015716553, -1.2355903387069702, -0.10822327435016632, 0.7299047112464905, -0.7293964624404907, -0.007594251539558172, 0.4660678803920746, -0.22657878696918488, 0.08340975642204285, 0.07992134243249893, 0.20093217492103577, -0.2690223157405853, 0.025671077892184258, -0.4046823978424072, -0.346512109041214, 0.02286493591964245, 0.14305943250656128, 0.996918797492981, -0.23173049092292786, -0.3107958734035492, -0.24899104237556458, -0.15884347259998322, 0.3154481053352356, -0.6887280344963074, -0.3562820553779602, 0.4901391267776489, -0.7363633513450623, 0.45303550362586975, -0.12440649420022964, -0.2127327173948288, 0.7375442981719971, 0.2508504390716553, -0.16517344117164612, -0.455650269985199, -0.6680983304977417, 0.016376126557588577, -0.5232835412025452, -0.023806480690836906, 0.03590783849358559, -0.43663859367370605, -0.22231346368789673, -0.23725086450576782, -0.23619285225868225, -0.1446380615234375, -0.06701398640871048, -0.3123387098312378, 0.5493995547294617, -0.513702929019928, 0.4898603558540344, -0.27262452244758606, 0.6913013458251953, 0.5213547348976135, -0.04494741931557655, 0.642219066619873, -0.32895174622535706, -0.47664403915405273, -0.12128736823797226, -0.24331723153591156, 0.12235724180936813, -0.07282668352127075, -0.16494610905647278, -0.3171549141407013, 0.8000319004058838, -0.1893197000026703, 0.5024051070213318, 0.38707098364830017, -0.6645457148551941, -0.3519233465194702, 0.3578089773654938, 0.547018826007843, 0.4866490066051483, 0.24608592689037323, -0.13661086559295654, 0.18397237360477448, 0.44737014174461365, -1.3038674592971802, -0.4929761588573456, 0.574994683265686, 0.33517929911613464, 0.4270165264606476, -0.04118417948484421, -0.6723101139068604, 0.26212558150291443, -0.2882481813430786, -0.46042391657829285, 0.47664010524749756, -0.27706798911094666, 0.1381739377975464, 1.358270287513733, 0.7457388043403625, 0.8155897259712219, -0.27612459659576416, 0.0633765161037445, -0.20315374433994293, 0.7750511169433594, -0.4758221209049225, 0.012959703803062439, 0.8601874113082886, 0.1305551528930664, 0.43030986189842224, -0.2082689255475998, 0.4111725389957428, 0.05364631116390228, 0.40312352776527405, 0.24448338150978088, -0.23823724687099457, -0.19755947589874268, -0.1465463787317276, -0.372690886259079, -0.18315468728542328, 0.3952869772911072, 0.15578365325927734, -0.3077748715877533, -0.7097669243812561, 0.4247366487979889, -0.5213456749916077, 0.02583915740251541, 0.04308968782424927, 0.49703577160835266, -0.025348903611302376, 0.675442099571228, 0.6570000648498535, -0.19660091400146484, 0.5623890161514282, 0.4504232108592987, -0.09234536439180374, 0.19825373589992523, -0.5680707693099976, 0.010523286648094654, -0.5510731935501099, -0.024330563843250275, -0.3160770535469055, 0.18233442306518555, 0.6030081510543823, -0.4564798176288605, -0.010668816976249218, 0.4095575213432312, 0.34865716099739075, -0.41266071796417236, -0.06944449245929718, -0.8368845582008362, 0.00736919604241848, 0.08861047029495239, -0.6898851990699768, -0.07397785037755966, -0.299468457698822, 0.22736856341362, -0.004370816983282566, 0.018097754567861557, 0.45772266387939453, -0.03872871771454811, -0.3980037271976471, -0.16995194554328918, 0.17059114575386047, 0.16655372083187103, -0.38923293352127075, 0.6506089568138123, -0.9970107674598694, 0.2162046879529953, 0.37356436252593994, -0.059261906892061234, -0.46501100063323975, 0.4611967206001282, -0.2554594874382019, 0.4369601309299469, 0.6612876057624817, -0.5000230669975281, -0.5768543481826782, -0.1033281683921814, 0.31738314032554626, -0.7097534537315369, -0.20011955499649048, 0.5614811182022095, 0.07795725017786026, -0.23907290399074554, 0.39490607380867004, 0.21553683280944824, -0.6753826141357422, 0.42338085174560547, 0.23861384391784668, 0.020574763417243958, -0.40302643179893494, -0.1535966694355011, -0.4383092522621155, -0.3737407624721527, 1.0525157451629639, 0.9887233972549438, 0.4245535731315613, -0.04660492762923241, 0.5007755160331726, -0.36396390199661255, 1.0328140258789062, 0.5731210112571716, -2.19882869720459, -0.7068203687667847, -0.0757630243897438, -0.9256318211555481, -0.6916879415512085, -0.24085474014282227, 0.5011975169181824, 0.04057774320244789, 0.6751166582107544, -0.02973897010087967, -0.46473443508148193, 0.5209097862243652, -0.3429141342639923, -0.8862998485565186, 0.10562007129192352, 0.08162885159254074 ]
202099	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th%20Hussars	11th Hussars	The 11th Hussars (Prince Albert's Own) was a cavalry regiment of the British Army established in 1715. It saw service for three centuries including the First World War and Second World War but then amalgamated with the 10th Royal Hussars (Prince of Wales' Own) to form the Royal Hussars in 1969. History Formation to end 18th century The regiment was formed at Colchester in July 1715 by Philip Honeywood as Honeywood's Regiment of Dragoons, one of 16 raised in response to the 1715 Jacobite rising. It fought in the Battle of Preston that ended the revolt in England and while many of these formations were disbanded in 1718, Honeywood's remained in being. In the 1745 Jacobite rising, it took part in the December 1745 Clifton Moor Skirmish, allegedly the last military engagement on English soil, as well as Culloden in April, often cited as the last pitched battle on British soil. After 1751, regiments were numbered, rather than being named after the current Colonel, and it became the 11th Regiment of Dragoons. When the Seven Years' War broke out in 1756, the regiment took part in the 1758 raids on St Malo and Cherbourg. Attempting to divert French forces from Hanover, they failed to achieve this aim and the regiment was shipped to Germany in May 1760 as part of the Marquess of Granby's cavalry corps, winning its first battle honour in July at Warburg. It was also present in the Allied victory at Villinghausen in July 1761, which forced the French onto the defensive and ultimately led to the Treaty of Paris in 1763. In 1755, each dragoon regiment added a reconnaissance or 'light' troop; in February 1779, these were detached, that from the 11th helping form the 19th Light Dragoons, which in 1862 became the 19th Royal Hussars. While dragoons had previously been mounted infantry, as part of a tactical rethink, the 11th was re-designated in 1783 as 'light cavalry' and became the 11th Regiment of Light Dragoons. During the French Revolutionary Wars, two squadrons of the 11th Light Dragoons took part in the Duke of York's Low Countries campaign in 1793-95, including the action at Famars and the sieges of Valenciennes and Landrecies. It was also involved in the Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland, including the October 1799 battles of Alkmaar and Castricum. The 19th century With the exception of a short spell in Egypt in 1801, the regiment did not see active service again until it was sent to Portugal in April 1811, where it joined the Peninsular War campaign. In August, a ten-man piquet was surprised and captured at San Martín de Trevejo in Spain, an incident that may have given rise to the regiment's nickname, The Cherry Pickers, which tradition associates with a mishap occurring in the vicinity of a cherry orchard. It fought at Badajoz in April 1812 and the Battle of Salamanca in July 1812 before returning to Britain. During the campaign of 1815, it was part of Vandeleur's 4th Cavalry Brigade, fighting at Quatre Bras and Waterloo. In 1819, the regiment moved to India, where it remained until 1836. Shortly before returning to Britain, the Earl of Cardigan became lieutenant-colonel; he embarked on a series of changes, which were intended to increase regimental prestige but resulted in a number of highly publicised disputes, including the so-called 'Black Bottle' affair. In 1840, it was named 11th (Prince Albert's Own) Hussars after Prince Albert, Queen Victoria's consort, who became colonel of the regiment. Prince Albert's interests included military tactics and equipment and he helped design a new uniform for the regiment named after him. Purely by coincidence, this included "cherry" or crimson coloured trousers, unique among British regiments and worn ever since in most orders, except battledress and fatigues. The regiment served in the Crimean War, as part of the Light Brigade commanded by Cardigan, now a Major General and fought at the Battle of Alma in September 1854. It was also involved in the Charge of the Light Brigade in October 1854; due to miscommunication, Cardigan led the brigade against unbroken and more numerous Russian forces and while able to withdraw to its starting position, it suffered heavy losses as a result. The 11th lost three officers and 55 men in the debacle, while Lieutenant Dunn was awarded the Victoria Cross for rescuing two members of his troop. Edward Woodham of the 11th Hussars later acted as Chairman of the organising committee for the 21st Anniversary dinner held at Alexandra Palace for survivors of the Charge. The regiment was renamed the 11th (or Prince Albert's Own) Hussars in 1861. A detachment took part in the 1884 Nile Expedition and during the Second Boer War, it participated in the February 1900 Relief of Ladysmith. In 1911 Prince Albert's great-grandson Crown Prince Wilhelm of Prussia became colonel-in-chief of the regiment. He was removed in October 1914 following the outbreak of the First World War. The First World War The regiment landed in France as part of the 1st Cavalry Brigade in the 1st Cavalry Division in August 1914 for service on the Western Front with the British Expeditionary Force. The regiment took part in the Great Retreat and the regiment, working with the 2nd Dragoon Guards, conducted a cavalry charge which led to the capture of eight guns at Néry in September 1914. In an action during the Battle of Messines in October 1914 a squadron from the regiment endured a heavy German bombardment that left many of its soldiers buried in a trench while another squadron from the regiment used a vantage point at the top of a building to train a machine gun on the Germans. At the Second Battle of Ypres in April 1915 the regiment, working with the Durham Light Infantry and 9th Lancers, held the village of Hooge despite being under attack from the German forces using poison gas. In spring 1918 the commanding officer of the regiment Colonel Rowland Anderson led a bayonet assault at Sailly-Laurette which, taking the Germans by surprise, led to them being completely repulsed. The inter-war years The regiment was renamed the 11th Hussars (Prince Albert's Own) in 1921; it became the first British cavalry regiment to become mechanized in 1928 and it became involved in suppressing the Arab revolt in Palestine in 1936. The Second World War The regiment, which had been located in Egypt when the war started, deployed as part of the divisional troops of the 7th Armoured Division and conducted raids on Italian positions in Italian Libya using armoured cars during the Western Desert Campaign. It captured Fort Capuzzo in June 1940 and, in an ambush east of Bardia, captured General Lastucci, the Engineer-in-Chief of the Italian Tenth Army. Following the Italian invasion of Egypt in September 1940, the regiment took part in the British counterattack called Operation Compass, launched against Italian forces first in Egypt, then Libya. It was part of an ad hoc combat unit called Combeforce, commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel John Combe, that cut the retreating Tenth Army off and led to their surrender at the Battle of Beda Fomm in February 1941. The regiment fought at the Second Battle of El Alamein in October 1942. The regiment took part in the Allied invasion of Italy in September 1943 and, after the Normandy landings in June 1944, took part in the North-West Europe Campaign. Post-war The regiment was posted to Wavell Barracks in Berlin in 1945 and, after tours at various locations in Lower Saxony including Jever, Delmenhorst, Osnabrück and Wesendorf, it returned home in March 1953. It deployed to Johor Bahru in Malaya in July 1953 during the Malayan Emergency. After returning home, it moved to Hadrian's Camp in Carlisle as an Armoured Basic Training Unit in August 1956, then to Lisanelly Barracks in Omagh back into the armoured reconnaissance role in August 1959, and then deployed to Aden in November 1960 shortly before the Aden Emergency. It returned to England in November 1961 and then moved to Haig Barracks in Hohne in October 1962 where, after becoming the first regiment to use Chieftain tanks in regular service in 1967, it remained until returning home again in January 1969. The regiment was amalgamated with the 10th Royal Hussars (Prince of Wales's Own), to form the Royal Hussars on 25 October 1969. Regimental museum The regimental collection is held by HorsePower: The Museum of the King's Royal Hussars which is based at Peninsula Barracks in Winchester. Notable members James Brudenell, 7th Earl of Cardigan — leader of the Charge of the Light Brigade Alexander Roberts Dunn — the first Canadian to win the Victoria Cross, for rescuing two soldiers during the Charge of the Light Brigade Tim Forster — Racehorse trainer of 3 Grand National winners John Ashley Kilvert — survivor of the Charge of the Light Brigade and later mayor of Wednesbury David Margesson, 1st Viscount Margesson — British politician Francis Newall, 2nd Baron Newall — British politician William Henry Pennington — survivor of the Charge of the Light Brigade and later a Shakespearean actor Nicholas Soames — British politician Prince Michael of Kent Sir Philip Frankland-Payne-Gallwey, 6th Baronet Harry Flashman — fictional anti-hero Antony Beevor — writer John Frederick Boyce Combe — World War II leader of Combe Force Ted Dexter — England international cricketer and administrator Battle honours The battle honours of the regiment were as follows: Early wars: Warburg, Beaumont, Willems, Egypt, Salamanca, Peninsula, Waterloo, Bhurtpore, Alma, Balaklava, Inkerman, Sevastopol The Great War: Mons, Le Cateau, Retreat from Mons, Marne 1914, Aisne 1914, Messines 1914, Armentières 1914, Ypres 1914 '15, Frezenberg, Bellewaarde, Somme 1916 '18, Flers-Courcelette, Arras 1917, Scarpe 1917, Cambrai 1917 '18, St. Quentin, Rosières, Amiens, Albert 1918, Hindenburg Line, St. Quentin Canal, Beaurevoir, Selle, France and Flanders 1914–18 The Second World War: Egyptian Frontier 1940, Withdrawal to Matruh, Bir Emba, Sidi Barrani, Buq Buq, Bardia 1941, Capture of Tobruk, Beda Fomm, Halfaya 1941, Sidi Suleiman, Tobruk 1941, Gubi I II, Gabr Saleh, Sidi Rezegh 1941, Taieb el Essem, Relief of Tobruk, Saunnu, Msus, Defence of Alamein Line, Alam el Halfa, El Alamein, Advance on Tripoli, Enfidaville, Tunis, North Africa 1940–43, Capture of Naples, Volturno Crossing, Italy 1943, Villers Bocage, Bourguébus Ridge, Mont Pinçon, Jurques, Dives Crossing, La Vie Crossing, Lisieux, Le Touques Crossing, Risle Crossing, Roer, Rhine, Ibbenburen, Aller, North-West Europe 1944–45 Commanding Officers The Commanding Officers have been: 1958–1961: Lt.-Col. J. Anthony N. Crankshaw 1961–1963: Lt.-Col. Philip D.S. Lauder 1963–1965: Lt.-Col. Richard D. Sutton 1965–1966: Lt.-Col. Thomas A. Hall 1966–1968: Lt.-Col. Peter M. Hamer 1968–1969: Lt.-Col. Clive H. Robertson Colonels—with other names for the regiment The colonels of the regiment were as follows (the Kerr family provided the colonels for two-thirds of the regiment's first century): 1715 Philip Honywood —Honywood's or Honeywood's Regiment of Dragoons 1732 Lord Mark Kerr — Kerr's Regiment of Dragoons 11th Regiment of Dragoons (1751) A royal warrant provided that in future regiments would not be known by their colonels' names, but by their "number or rank" on 1 July 1751 1752 William, Marquess of Lothian 1775 James Johnston 11th Regiment of Light Dragoons (1783) 1785 Thomas Gage 1787 Joseph, Lord Dover KB 1789 Studholme Hodgson 1798 William, Marquess of Lothian KT 1813 Lord William Bentinck GCB GCH 1839 Gen. Lord Charles Henry Somerset Manners, KCB 1839 Lt-Gen. Philip Philpot 11th (Prince Albert's Own) Hussars (1840) 1840 F.M. Francis Albert Augustus Charles Emmanuel, Duke of Saxony, Prince of Saxe-Coburg (The Prince Consort), KG, KT, KP, GCB, GCMG, KSI 1842 Gen. Sir Arthur Benjamin Clifton, GCB, KCH 1842 Gen. Charles Murray Cathcart, 2nd Earl Cathcart (Lord Greenock), GCB 1847 Gen. Sir Henry Wyndham, KCB 1860 Lt-Gen. James Thomas Brudenell, 7th Earl of Cardigan, KCB 11th (or Prince Albert's Own) Hussars (1861) 1868 Gen. George William Key 1871 Gen. Charles Hagart, CB 1873 Gen. Sir Archibald Little, GCB 1875 Gen. William Neville Custance, CB 1886 Gen. William Charles Forrest, CB 1902 Lt-Gen. Sir Arthur Lyttelton-Annesley, KCB, KCVO 11th Hussars (Prince Albert's Own) (1921) 1926 Maj-Gen. Thomas Tait Pitman, CB, CMG 1939 Brig-Gen. Sir Archibald Fraser Home, KCVO, CB, CMG, DSO 1945 Maj-Gen. John Frederick Boyce Combe, CB, DSO 1957 Col. Adam Trevor Smail, DSO 1965–1969 Col. Sir John Charles Arthur Digby Lawson, Bt, DSO, MC (to The Royal Hussars (Prince of Wales's Own) 1969 Regiment amalgamated with 10th Royal Hussars (Prince of Wales's Own) to form The Royal Hussars (Prince of Wales's Own) See also British cavalry during the First World War References Sources External links War diaries of the 11th Hussars 11 Hussars Hussar regiments of the British Army Military units and formations established in 1715 H11 Hussars 011 Regiments of the British Army in the Crimean War 1715 establishments in Great Britain Military units and formations disestablished in 1969	[ -0.4055023789405823, 0.13908997178077698, 0.015969695523381233, -0.24724560976028442, -0.381393164396286, 0.5888826251029968, 0.7129637598991394, -0.4352641999721527, -0.4246898293495178, 0.21946284174919128, -0.35624244809150696, -0.1743360012769699, -0.2780724763870239, 0.016309823840856552, 0.013234825804829597, 0.25438258051872253, 0.07763972133398056, 0.009226413443684578, 0.472170352935791, -1.232046127319336, 0.2716088891029358, 0.31814366579055786, -0.5060329437255859, -0.023855561390519142, 0.3877195417881012, -0.17455831170082092, 0.7940891981124878, 0.06934430450201035, 0.1130421832203865, -0.6245339512825012, 0.018164945766329765, 0.6374107599258423, -0.16046790778636932, -0.5079598426818848, -0.5388481020927429, -0.2566128671169281, -0.49913620948791504, -0.9266654849052429, -0.12232151627540588, -0.2498398870229721, 0.2290562242269516, -0.5395691990852356, 0.608599066734314, -0.11353776603937149, -0.35872790217399597, -0.7662410140037537, -1.1133354902267456, 0.3968908190727234, -0.0886918231844902, 0.11464308202266693, -0.03888465091586113, 0.4893351197242737, -0.023854132741689682, -0.24624687433242798, 0.09229496121406555, -0.23977598547935486, -0.8590217232704163, -0.3985506296157837, 0.273345023393631, 0.042796723544597626, 0.5318999886512756, 0.42521581053733826, 0.23113887012004852, -0.06933584064245224, 0.060793351382017136, 0.000286570459138602, 0.09126602113246918, 0.21991930902004242, -0.35904404520988464, 0.2365150898694992, 0.528569757938385, -0.17820411920547485, 0.09287246316671371, 0.0832163542509079, -0.06814362853765488, -0.533582866191864, 0.2521865963935852, 0.21251599490642548, 0.4512813985347748, 0.1773504912853241, 0.2752995193004608, -0.1940557062625885, 0.6367810964584351, -0.15872132778167725, -0.026697667315602303, 1.1729905605316162, -0.3174085319042206, -0.32165488600730896, -0.417256623506546, -0.18030299246311188, -0.3235799968242645, -0.17133735120296478, 0.4423479437828064, 0.7179019451141357, 0.03233614191412926, 0.00934641994535923, 0.1933213472366333, -0.01277120877057314, -0.07044904679059982, -0.13887125253677368, 0.18913793563842773, 1.0667459964752197, 0.44089195132255554, -0.049808699637651443, -1.099611520767212, 0.4471834897994995, -0.13170747458934784, -0.14628416299819946, -0.35547465085983276, 0.39900562167167664, -0.28272703289985657, -0.29032817482948303, -0.3471700847148895, 0.20181269943714142, 0.15373776853084564, -0.1624605357646942, 0.40134167671203613, -0.5765087008476257, 0.08988325297832489, 0.27288222312927246, -0.2783757746219635, 0.961836576461792, -0.04770839586853981, 0.9661327600479126, 0.04826929792761803, 0.1054777279496193, 0.1688143014907837, 0.30633196234703064, 0.1294792741537094, 0.21942338347434998, 0.3061361610889435, 1.0600606203079224, -0.2021489441394806, -0.21960300207138062, -0.27947378158569336, 0.054793890565633774, 0.037326354533433914, 0.14026093482971191, -0.09681753814220428, 0.24834352731704712, -0.8360753655433655, -0.2736276686191559, -0.22371156513690948, -0.40563690662384033, 0.48521071672439575, -0.33821791410446167, -0.1198020875453949, -0.2926148772239685, -0.10359659790992737, -0.893062174320221, -0.327901691198349, -0.3304472863674164, -0.5046290755271912, -0.4626598060131073, -0.43542414903640747, 0.027475306764245033, 0.2757755517959595, 0.07702472805976868, 0.7362963557243347, 0.22437655925750732, -0.21931374073028564, 0.4311332404613495, 0.15871722996234894, 0.03670182451605797, 0.42857202887535095, -0.013169231824576855, -0.006198050454258919, -0.10619200766086578, -0.30994218587875366, -0.08282674103975296, -0.6615404486656189, -0.0824599340558052, 0.13499608635902405, 0.015823330730199814, 0.011832116171717644, 1.120808482170105, 0.898945152759552, 0.038098424673080444, 0.6988794207572937, -0.41217121481895447, -0.5273976922035217, 0.26661354303359985, 0.7541857957839966, 0.10133007913827896, 0.3898664712905884, 0.605882465839386, -0.05261508747935295, -0.36292532086372375, -0.3745109736919403, 0.09962020069360733, -0.19758477807044983, -0.5908362865447998, -0.09270557761192322, -0.5766845941543579, 0.9610394239425659, -0.2553480863571167, -0.6495988368988037, 0.4051821827888489, 0.15190115571022034, 0.8405442833900452, 0.2542053163051605, -0.3922777473926544, 0.13868935406208038, 0.11922380328178406, 0.24755726754665375, -0.012338032014667988, 0.11895948648452759, -0.07391592860221863, 0.6973153948783875, 0.15316884219646454, 0.15700112283229828, 0.004412113223224878, 0.17121189832687378, 0.18305790424346924, 0.10169876366853714, 0.2060583233833313, -0.3473852872848511, -0.5640110969543457, -0.2783972918987274, -0.5946154594421387, 0.1747283637523651, 0.04599875956773758, -0.07557478547096252, 0.583512008190155, -0.12795042991638184, 0.30769553780555725, -0.10787083953619003, 0.23374782502651215, -0.4535932242870331, -1.1176656484603882, 0.037428513169288635, -0.31750744581222534, -0.5679100155830383, 0.16794370114803314, 0.22155380249023438, -0.06348931044340134, 0.06209712475538254, -0.10716725885868073, 0.6437056660652161, -0.10794588923454285, -0.01961544156074524, 0.42743048071861267, -0.43966904282569885, 0.4104713201522827, -0.46870362758636475, 0.7154964208602905, 0.5520293116569519, 0.7307173609733582, -0.2130587100982666, -0.7358568906784058, -0.2765149176120758, 0.09406650811433792, -0.0762733668088913, 0.12332199513912201, 0.08172310143709183, -0.29552605748176575, 0.2658110558986664, -0.36207497119903564, -0.18055741488933563, 0.26154178380966187, 0.07936321198940277, 0.06796212494373322, 0.7001221179962158, 0.5749474763870239, -0.04720819368958473, 0.17421618103981018, -0.26276010274887085, -0.4413616955280304, 0.8210322856903076, -0.08100879937410355, 0.17863832414150238, -0.21507245302200317, -0.2863404452800751, -0.028686996549367905, 0.19340656697750092, -0.5504143238067627, -0.028971241787075996, 0.5341477394104004, -0.6096574664115906, -0.5375847220420837, -0.18214227259159088, 0.3001367747783661, 0.44908154010772705, -0.3721010982990265, -0.2771854102611542, -0.41999906301498413, 0.4081861972808838, 0.4405127763748169, 0.3291749358177185, -0.3547362685203552, -0.3389013707637787, -0.002306858077645302, -0.2729082703590393, 0.16884131729602814, -0.3807646632194519, -0.07457739114761353, -0.0075982436537742615, -0.10801907628774643, 0.15992601215839386, -0.11863971501588821, -0.9922559857368469, 0.3000365197658539, -0.2654799818992615, 0.28538039326667786, -0.05896492302417755, -0.1193520799279213, -0.0463138185441494, 0.12762762606143951, -5.671790599822998, -0.2226429581642151, -0.3289170265197754, 0.15007111430168152, -0.20632128417491913, -0.042683783918619156, 0.4933413565158844, -0.4418012499809265, -0.5315267443656921, -0.2940664291381836, 0.8128712177276611, -0.06915951520204544, 0.3859589397907257, -0.00377216306515038, 0.346161425113678, -0.22231264412403107, 0.579719066619873, -0.24144001305103302, 0.3150959014892578, 0.108612559735775, -0.4084150791168213, 0.33757033944129944, 0.17842282354831696, -0.1838635355234146, 0.24043627083301544, 0.15204064548015594, 0.20918522775173187, -0.16371528804302216, -0.5949045419692993, -0.5796042680740356, 0.09182098507881165, -0.024134960025548935, 0.5486581921577454, -0.4143211245536804, -0.08059781044721603, -0.21921023726463318, 0.5321316123008728, 0.7714815735816956, 0.33051854372024536, -0.24360203742980957, 0.08763005584478378, 0.1594686359167099, 0.11275579780340195, -0.1518365442752838, 0.3444770574569702, -0.5656861066818237, -0.8316205143928528, 0.80284583568573, -0.07456272840499878, 0.4741951823234558, 0.29259514808654785, 0.39776962995529175, -0.05891527980566025, -0.07529810070991516, -0.24387508630752563, 0.1528024971485138, 0.2523041367530823, 0.17303518950939178, 0.16464856266975403, 0.6247888207435608, 0.38319236040115356, -0.45575976371765137, 0.3249589502811432, 0.21185599267482758, 0.3011886477470398, -0.10962726175785065, -0.10016524791717529, 0.53976970911026, 0.437206894159317, 0.3957102596759796, -0.04144793748855591, 0.44710463285446167, 0.26664355397224426, -0.5259491205215454, 0.042974717915058136, -0.2988567650318146, 0.39381876587867737, -0.21326832473278046, -0.4109191298484802, 0.14302588999271393, 0.6083163619041443, -0.4963700473308563, -0.13210952281951904, 0.20690320432186127, -0.2859313189983368, -0.7768315076828003, -0.439185231924057, 0.2784683406352997, -0.1654811054468155, -0.25805532932281494, 0.519385814666748, -0.1439058929681778, 0.1106218472123146, 0.3771953284740448, -0.25800687074661255, -0.09289488196372986, 0.2282494157552719, 0.3583511710166931, 0.2923784852027893, -0.09023541957139969, 0.21715250611305237, 0.07017670571804047, 0.17274633049964905, -0.5910772681236267, -0.4448913633823395, -0.024899493902921677, -0.20445576310157776, -0.03549404814839363, 0.63447105884552, -0.06680022925138474, -0.2529706656932831, -0.21899175643920898, -0.08531677722930908, -0.24250520765781403, 0.02473360300064087, -0.4775678217411041, 0.06649067997932434, 0.09484115242958069, 0.21749989688396454, -0.056282080709934235, -0.3270552158355713, -0.048785239458084106, -0.5808185935020447, 0.08301906287670135, -0.44935691356658936, 0.05484749376773834, -0.013881771825253963, -0.32556378841400146, -0.4226265251636505, -0.26589369773864746, 0.5320713520050049, 0.06991790980100632, -0.3693881332874298, 0.8362037539482117, -0.6173237562179565, -0.5485594272613525, -0.13200294971466064, -0.22020989656448364, 0.3250899910926819, 0.14608041942119598, -0.350119411945343, -0.07946965843439102, 0.09081228077411652, 0.8035790920257568, 0.5551779866218567, 0.17147742211818695, 0.4600515067577362, -0.4708808362483978, -0.5613587498664856, 0.8357810974121094, -0.19677937030792236, -0.13932031393051147, 0.9268544316291809, -0.18064600229263306, -0.019395072013139725, 0.027249909937381744, -0.06942999362945557, 0.04361363500356674, -0.3180449604988098, -0.70320725440979, 0.09296742081642151, 0.1582123190164566, -0.48354363441467285, -0.2556571960449219, 0.22572073340415955, -0.0732836052775383, -0.16590481996536255, -0.657593846321106, -0.18795350193977356, 0.153391495347023, -0.08004249632358551, -0.31122922897338867, -0.4178774356842041, -0.04676980897784233, 0.15353138744831085, 0.2156207412481308, -0.15503090620040894, 0.4603838324546814, -0.502813994884491, -0.639736533164978, 0.410000205039978, 0.6859444379806519, 0.17659464478492737, 0.5455302000045776, 0.7719328999519348, 0.051159486174583435, -0.630230724811554, -0.42456549406051636, 0.3659951090812683, -0.029908429831266403, -0.32802146673202515, -0.30257272720336914, 0.25904709100723267, -0.1792846918106079, -0.5331027507781982, 0.09429670125246048, -0.0850466936826706, 0.27636876702308655, -0.4075610935688019, -0.33445534110069275, 0.4976038336753845, 0.36366403102874756, -0.2289125770330429, -0.015158213675022125, 0.27886781096458435, -0.22480398416519165, 0.011020130477845669, 0.08709780871868134, -0.877612292766571, 0.48760509490966797, -0.3632316291332245, -0.8566036224365234, 0.049123361706733704, 0.05785902589559555, -0.24641266465187073, 0.3556317090988159, -0.17827610671520233, 0.06319703906774521, -0.43772780895233154, -0.42098525166511536, -0.7239489555358887, -0.33646732568740845, -0.348622590303421, -0.048844099044799805, -0.7363024353981018, -0.15170472860336304, 0.7060419917106628, 0.11981870234012604, 0.5520877838134766, -0.2720753252506256, -0.3062743544578552, -0.05412944033741951, -0.045144107192754745, -0.0637015551328659, -0.03989236056804657, 0.09493057429790497, 0.37951377034187317, -0.373925119638443, 0.1299530267715454, 0.772296130657196, 0.13220025599002838, 0.9816555380821228, 0.06388978660106659, -0.5555787086486816, 0.31219813227653503, -0.2297612428665161, -0.13168981671333313, -0.4084357023239136, -0.35461413860321045, 0.4493451416492462, 0.19594360888004303, -0.6535667181015015, -0.5125454664230347, 0.763396143913269, 0.8686321377754211, -0.637742817401886, 0.0642302855849266, 0.20976154506206512, 0.039406996220350266, 0.34964367747306824, 0.17449015378952026, 0.6479511857032776, -0.2439652383327484, 0.08041299134492874, -0.03450983762741089, -0.006048890296369791, -0.45280376076698303, -0.11552685499191284, 0.15454603731632233, -0.1822304129600525, -0.04008884355425835, -0.14945395290851593, -0.13958914577960968, 0.7439021468162537, 0.2448483556509018, 0.13014157116413116, -0.09344005584716797, -0.2170160412788391, 0.7918956875801086, -0.2037387192249298, -0.928202748298645, -0.10904542356729507, 0.20787471532821655, -0.261684775352478, -0.24589765071868896, -0.8109629154205322, 0.1437477171421051, 0.2728409171104431, -0.2568054497241974, 0.2666185200214386, -0.13966844975948334, -0.08015819638967514, 0.08904644101858139, 0.6325815916061401, 0.23378926515579224, -0.057711098343133926, -0.45932596921920776, 0.16811859607696533, -0.08366241306066513, 0.3919326066970825, -0.5110762715339661, 0.8205685615539551, -0.187172532081604, 0.09208634495735168, -0.5162007808685303, 0.7157745361328125, 0.30119436979293823, -0.2634253203868866, -0.669455349445343, -0.02049446664750576, 0.6442348957061768, -0.324053019285202, -0.04716603085398674, 0.1733424812555313, -0.3225245177745819, -0.7186551094055176, 0.5207386016845703, -0.04470448195934296, -0.021399201825261116, -0.004614027217030525, -0.16584227979183197, 0.702398419380188, 0.13538296520709991, 0.1699853241443634, -0.363121896982193, 0.6250776648521423, -0.24210868775844574, -0.23013707995414734, 0.01612396351993084, 0.3995976150035858, -0.2389511615037918, 0.05495687946677208, -1.3825889825820923, 1.2211768627166748, -0.4966963529586792, -0.24042874574661255, 0.38872215151786804, -0.4885387420654297, 0.43066778779029846, 0.478374183177948, 0.7450655698776245, 0.28106677532196045, -0.191221684217453, -0.39077991247177124, 0.3535754382610321, 0.6403449177742004, 0.3832497000694275, -0.17339490354061127, 0.6671129465103149, 0.08890429139137268, 0.06409910321235657, 0.26509910821914673, 0.7823416590690613, -0.31782227754592896, 0.12250647693872452, 0.2862381637096405, 0.03773259371519089, -0.06500574946403503, -0.31798863410949707, 0.10163731127977371, -0.6829243302345276, -0.6507243514060974, 0.4327932298183441, -0.4385873079299927, -0.6054598689079285, 0.20402349531650543, 0.39775514602661133, 0.04755384102463722, 0.26605120301246643, 0.48280611634254456, 0.29564327001571655, -0.1877337545156479, -0.15939122438430786, -0.650100827217102, -0.4197961091995239, 0.2639259696006775, 0.23938970267772675, 0.7055641412734985, -0.027204686775803566, 0.017063552513718605, -0.17284159362316132, 0.4101583659648895, -0.21249434351921082, -0.4307956099510193, 0.0402042493224144, -0.3793242275714874, -0.5056177973747253, -0.023473357781767845, -0.28286871314048767, -0.8239647746086121, 0.3102450966835022, -1.083727478981018, -0.2358071655035019, -0.3410129249095917, -0.8875250220298767, -0.08953192085027695, 0.14651289582252502, 0.6385851502418518, 0.882533073425293, -0.2137451022863388, -0.5605916976928711, 0.48386111855506897, -0.2743415832519531, 0.15626704692840576, -0.07683001458644867, 0.8039869070053101, -0.27213242650032043, -0.5299193859100342, -0.2990097105503082, 0.1038292944431305, 0.48044347763061523, -0.37628674507141113, 0.18269996345043182, 0.33650922775268555, -0.3556171953678131, -0.23159049451351166, 0.6348932981491089, -0.7865338921546936, -0.7042710781097412, -0.40044471621513367, -0.033757906407117844, 0.03030078485608101, 0.07323666661977768, -0.35370224714279175, -0.24388456344604492, 0.009640035219490528, 0.28534260392189026, 0.3256276845932007, -0.13789691030979156, 0.7367518544197083, -0.027390312403440475, -0.4007398784160614, -0.8706129789352417, -0.25510358810424805, -0.1613277792930603, 0.043714310973882675, 0.6754810214042664, 0.8065454363822937, 0.4318486750125885, 0.06918922066688538, 0.1317567676305771, 0.026970695704221725, 0.7339500188827515, -0.014820395037531853, 0.3771243393421173, -0.07457803189754486, -0.2717713415622711, -0.17857776582241058, -0.5422056913375854, 0.4957415759563446, 0.145659938454628, 0.22906099259853363, 0.7627862691879272, -0.8181553483009338, 0.0955066829919815, -0.2544415295124054, 0.008969931863248348, -0.18525415658950806, -0.3354562520980835, 0.4079248607158661 ]
202100	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axodine	Axodine	The axodines are a group of unicellular stramenopiles that includes silicoflagellate and rhizochromulinid algae, actinomonad heterotrophic flagellates and actinophryid heliozoa. Alternative classifications treat the dictyochophytes as heterokont algae, or as Chrysophyceae. Other overlapping taxonomic concepts include the Actinochrysophyceae, Actinochrysea or Dictyochophyceae sensu lato. The grouping was proposed on the basis of ultrastructural similarities, and is consistent with subsequent molecular comparisons. The Axodine grouping was unusual in breaking with the traditions of botanical and protozoological taxonomy to include the actinophryid heliozoa as part of the lineage that also contained the pedinellid algae along with colorless relatives such as Actinomonas, Pteridomonas, and Ciliophrys; the axodines further included the silicoflagellates, and Rhizochromulinales. This followed a growing consensus that the actinophryid heliozoa were not related to other types of heliozoa. Characteristics The name points to a character that is deemed to be synapomorphic for the group: that is the microtubular arrays that extend from the surface of the nucleus. Many flagellated forms have a single emergent flagellum, that lacks the root structure found in related chrysophytes. Classification and history The traditional botanical treatment of the group follows Order Dictyochales The most notable group is the silicoflagellates, marine plankton that form siliceous skeletons and are well known as fossils. Order Pedinellales Most other axodines form a group variously called the pedinellids. Order Rhizochromulinales In addition to the silicoflagellates and actinodines, the marine amoeboid Rhizochromulina marina is included here based on the structure of its zoospores. It is considered closer to the latter group than the former. References Actinochrysophyceae Planktology	[ 0.43728843331336975, 0.2111525684595108, -0.1836603283882141, 0.2603607773780823, -0.45953163504600525, 0.06915390491485596, -0.038569580763578415, 0.3490685522556305, -0.020784687250852585, -0.4801212549209595, -0.17302250862121582, 0.4008760154247284, -0.6866496205329895, 0.1857549548149109, 0.33661773800849915, 0.5900817513465881, -0.09410946071147919, 0.40931159257888794, -0.2315172255039215, -0.13523589074611664, 0.03388151153922081, -0.5208276510238647, 0.6900818943977356, -0.3057206869125366, 0.8106509447097778, -0.24216721951961517, 0.12387308478355408, 0.12084353715181351, 0.6058200001716614, -0.12506893277168274, -0.21852831542491913, 0.5278556942939758, 0.02159741520881653, -0.014274082146584988, -0.3002493977546692, -0.30571597814559937, -0.48978281021118164, -0.19153541326522827, -0.19467514753341675, -0.6317985653877258, -0.16045188903808594, -0.016939688473939896, 0.2568369209766388, 0.2380039244890213, -0.4470192790031433, 0.37023717164993286, -0.9755231738090515, 0.6932064890861511, -0.7677984237670898, 0.5833101272583008, 0.13241791725158691, -0.11065088212490082, 0.5421960353851318, 0.11327198147773743, -0.1224108412861824, 0.023759393021464348, -0.8927296996116638, -0.05412961542606354, 0.3608851134777069, -0.6380999684333801, 0.08085580170154572, 0.28704777359962463, -0.23326782882213593, 0.36443015933036804, 0.498068243265152, 0.8246090412139893, -0.15581028163433075, -0.045958295464515686, -0.8561273813247681, 0.4756087064743042, 0.2044140249490738, -0.6678576469421387, 0.1000363901257515, 0.6131899356842041, -0.3360045254230499, -0.4501686990261078, -0.483751505613327, -0.3166249990463257, 0.5951993465423584, 0.35300207138061523, -0.032063957303762436, 0.8053866028785706, 0.3002350926399231, 0.21827292442321777, -0.059066738933324814, 0.10234346985816956, -0.8390365839004517, 0.7566191554069519, -1.0923291444778442, 0.17881110310554504, 0.17329126596450806, 0.2798503041267395, 0.7438201308250427, 0.37788552045822144, 0.29117292165756226, 0.015484246425330639, -0.17300957441329956, 0.10652556270360947, 0.08357065916061401, 0.6745957136154175, -0.21332283318042755, -0.10748230665922165, -0.11791529506444931, -0.312174916267395, -0.21288104355335236, 0.0014919430250301957, -0.20797064900398254, -0.49228358268737793, -0.17506642639636993, 0.08842118084430695, -0.6665915250778198, 0.141453817486763, -0.08381864428520203, 0.05678080767393112, 0.018245968967676163, 0.3592570126056671, -0.1765064150094986, -0.08093550056219101, -0.37430712580680847, -0.3935249149799347, -0.12143518030643463, 0.5447739958763123, -0.05675101652741432, -0.12156788259744644, -0.5559281706809998, -0.07318463176488876, -0.21866323053836823, 0.45725107192993164, -0.6190256476402283, 0.4494743347167969, -0.03784172981977463, 0.9116202592849731, -0.4413975179195404, 0.4547201097011566, 0.08328408002853394, -0.48452264070510864, -0.2559100389480591, 0.07115000486373901, 0.7558706998825073, 0.10493157058954239, -0.7860228419303894, -0.26078319549560547, -0.7641233205795288, -0.1113925650715828, -0.2087026983499527, -0.8226607441902161, -0.16514332592487335, 0.09487472474575043, -0.018446890637278557, -0.4316568672657013, 0.05176782235503197, -0.43932241201400757, -0.401443749666214, 0.06703141331672668, -0.07444163411855698, -0.6178560256958008, 0.6340652108192444, -0.004869593773037195, -0.06619025766849518, 0.2662646472454071, -0.3742233216762543, -0.31247326731681824, -0.20091283321380615, 0.19337020814418793, 0.5374259948730469, -0.24398446083068848, 0.5803611278533936, -0.11956056207418442, 0.0171810295432806, 0.7360865473747253, -0.17790043354034424, -0.40308666229248047, 0.07491867989301682, 0.04690854996442795, 0.30224278569221497, -0.3646109700202942, -0.04923533648252487, 0.06580498814582825, 0.5137028098106384, -0.1398838758468628, -0.5707051753997803, 0.4132439196109772, 0.2088543027639389, -0.05582434684038162, -0.16894471645355225, -0.13860784471035004, 0.18125468492507935, -0.19238604605197906, -0.0249565951526165, 0.25037550926208496, -0.031398922204971313, -0.23231729865074158, 0.5259684324264526, 0.2523227334022522, 1.490279197692871, -0.3012390732765198, -0.5885187387466431, 0.18501152098178864, 0.22374780476093292, -0.14979465305805206, -0.42345553636550903, 0.3926619291305542, 0.3002032935619354, -0.8177388310432434, -0.4349602460861206, 0.5970945358276367, 0.12590636312961578, -0.2781086266040802, 0.5332807898521423, 0.23984110355377197, 0.23005282878875732, -0.7021318078041077, 0.5859202146530151, -0.7300246953964233, 0.3661855459213257, -0.588011622428894, -0.4196697175502777, 0.25892582535743713, -0.2778628170490265, -0.5384743213653564, 0.29973843693733215, -0.38092875480651855, 0.3176685869693756, 0.6262479424476624, -0.4856032133102417, 0.545695960521698, 0.3736984431743622, -0.34822678565979004, 0.8605989217758179, -0.5428576469421387, 0.3276226818561554, -0.04017815366387367, 0.554970920085907, -0.23253630101680756, 0.27111250162124634, 0.174361452460289, 0.14263629913330078, -0.23347412049770355, 0.2872062623500824, -0.25550371408462524, 0.40057462453842163, 0.12432625144720078, -1.0410507917404175, -0.15756894648075104, 0.25271347165107727, -0.21159173548221588, -0.0025306420866400003, 0.4253227412700653, -0.632738471031189, 0.13914495706558228, -0.12192872166633606, 0.18588624894618988, 0.3806438446044922, -0.6275271773338318, -0.0986436977982521, 0.2047257125377655, 0.15604986250400543, -0.09257728606462479, 0.036010149866342545, -0.3755496144294739, -0.9843832850456238, 0.018054457381367683, -0.05387801676988602, 0.012157515622675419, -0.017391465604305267, -0.3665521442890167, 0.3008330166339874, -0.22938194870948792, 1.0255153179168701, 0.6005720496177673, 1.222877860069275, 0.19460876286029816, -0.8263821005821228, -0.1622234284877777, -0.5721960663795471, -0.41225960850715637, 0.32623928785324097, 0.2817915678024292, -0.1040586307644844, -0.33408063650131226, -0.2855788469314575, 0.34639471769332886, 0.5522526502609253, -0.17262409627437592, -0.05380295217037201, -0.10162792354822159, 0.08333596587181091, -0.19094355404376984, -0.24533675611019135, -0.4663449823856354, -0.08765287697315216, 0.03756795823574066, -0.26316699385643005, -0.0565611869096756, -0.29782727360725403, -0.08872123062610626, -0.28972458839416504, -0.0136508047580719, -0.2340513914823532, -0.813583493232727, -0.6269208788871765, -0.023036571219563484, -0.34308508038520813, 0.18972143530845642, 0.10798117518424988, 0.3084346354007721, 0.3115305006504059, 0.3816342055797577, -5.784577369689941, -0.007295585703104734, -0.007549634203314781, 0.5149990320205688, 0.598741352558136, 0.2637912333011627, 0.6553192138671875, -0.10561021417379379, -0.23690132796764374, -0.08723843842744827, -0.2853330969810486, 0.5354112982749939, 0.19516536593437195, 0.02261541038751602, 0.2641231417655945, 0.27749329805374146, -0.2592758238315582, -0.22712349891662598, 0.4490060806274414, -0.17401783168315887, -0.2001153975725174, 0.14512436091899872, 0.08798833191394806, 0.6239252686500549, -0.5557681322097778, -0.3681720197200775, -0.26631391048431396, 0.5706530809402466, -0.006422859150916338, -0.048083484172821045, -0.19250893592834473, -0.7166498303413391, 0.14298871159553528, -0.1816180795431137, 0.027845384553074837, -0.19753730297088623, 0.25809812545776367, -0.06606962531805038, -0.6157239675521851, -0.3855399489402771, -0.6072065234184265, -0.16379863023757935, 0.40097537636756897, 0.0016573782777413726, 0.5329092741012573, -0.40421178936958313, 0.15684734284877777, -0.2674308717250824, -0.26014190912246704, 0.7916890978813171, 0.011219298467040062, 0.044936422258615494, 0.2121637910604477, 0.47082605957984924, 0.5658153891563416, 0.11164325475692749, 0.7383460998535156, -0.048560164868831635, -0.14901936054229736, 0.24161092936992645, 0.34123867750167847, -0.28753507137298584, -0.3684304356575012, -0.22329804301261902, -0.04809877648949623, -0.06569664925336838, -0.5711500644683838, 0.505257248878479, 0.6939366459846497, -0.4626128077507019, -0.2759934067726135, 0.25722187757492065, -0.09798993915319443, -0.7564857602119446, 0.4597194492816925, 0.15115737915039062, 0.24945279955863953, -0.13218796253204346, -0.15107177197933197, -0.21241168677806854, -0.28303009271621704, 0.057096533477306366, 0.23309378325939178, 0.35562482476234436, -0.03711304813623428, -0.5305994153022766, -0.4918298125267029, 0.3409494459629059, -0.2519551217556, 0.2195921242237091, 0.3892604410648346, 0.26048675179481506, 0.2459109127521515, 0.3264426290988922, -0.015610065311193466, 0.4471433460712433, 0.1406414806842804, 0.16356267035007477, 0.7295772433280945, -0.1999753713607788, 0.6973081231117249, 0.1844276785850525, -0.2611968517303467, -0.04333319514989853, -0.31253519654273987, -0.8718177676200867, -0.17278236150741577, 0.5928287506103516, 0.4193454682826996, -0.18102872371673584, 0.27263712882995605, 0.410949170589447, -0.4177226424217224, -0.48519366979599, 0.4296225607395172, -0.2152262181043625, -0.6573248505592346, 0.016592293977737427, 0.8752828240394592, -0.20892474055290222, -0.3135659396648407, 0.41507118940353394, -0.6482352018356323, 0.026474418118596077, -0.4677068889141083, 0.08174075931310654, 0.4890713691711426, 0.08163805305957794, -0.39608466625213623, -0.19456660747528076, 0.1186697706580162, 0.28031572699546814, -0.23870781064033508, -0.11895913630723953, 0.006902086082845926, -0.29955044388771057, -0.44507306814193726, -0.1759568452835083, -0.10830926150083542, -0.5594720244407654, 0.162201926112175, -0.5194572806358337, -0.144784614443779, 0.19771957397460938, 0.6346549987792969, 0.4415580630302429, -0.30547669529914856, 0.12934236228466034, -0.22539480030536652, 0.5498006343841553, 0.13112087547779083, -0.025630827993154526, 0.5352758169174194, -0.6232448220252991, 0.015526095405220985, 0.29684799909591675, 0.0978793203830719, 0.11355764418840408, 0.0672629326581955, -0.6389822363853455, -0.037925608456134796, 0.23716945946216583, -0.4361072778701782, -0.09826041758060455, -0.5883771777153015, -0.2734675705432892, -0.523296058177948, -0.28000274300575256, -0.3337838351726532, -0.1970238834619522, -0.5279541611671448, 0.2952955961227417, 0.2321786880493164, -0.283368855714798, -0.016018761321902275, -0.3223467171192169, -0.10846992582082748, 0.546955406665802, -0.13400597870349884, -0.38024091720581055, 0.2782556712627411, -0.2874525785446167, 0.34782886505126953, 0.01770956814289093, 0.8091103434562683, -0.31043973565101624, -0.24705761671066284, -0.1563800424337387, -0.8260877728462219, -0.01925201714038849, -0.23279781639575958, 0.302717924118042, 0.36899569630622864, 0.13482175767421722, -0.0004555151390377432, 0.3327087461948395, 0.11106481403112411, 0.2531471848487854, -0.4030434489250183, -1.0568281412124634, -0.10748837888240814, -0.07964394241571426, -0.23656699061393738, 0.3751196563243866, 0.3845475912094116, 0.1305426061153412, 0.21911835670471191, -0.5396372675895691, 0.422574520111084, -0.33836302161216736, 0.11778897047042847, -0.4358243942260742, 0.03694195672869682, 0.6896526217460632, -0.20292264223098755, 0.4060344099998474, 0.18197323381900787, -0.15864504873752594, -0.16368626058101654, 0.02330135926604271, 0.4357767105102539, 0.023174457252025604, 0.06831684708595276, -0.22104817628860474, -0.4953012764453888, 0.6210696697235107, 0.3780788481235504, -0.16421538591384888, 0.5321514010429382, 0.14736448228359222, 0.37707090377807617, -0.38837024569511414, -0.2553088963031769, 0.02711205929517746, -0.23233194649219513, -0.17163647711277008, -0.042684853076934814, 0.029312673956155777, -0.4966377317905426, -0.0457453653216362, 0.8043306469917297, 0.6256113052368164, 0.25269433856010437, 0.2049376517534256, 0.34224140644073486, 0.23999924957752228, 0.3257003724575043, -0.5679053664207458, -0.8057481646537781, 0.5326899290084839, 0.8938905000686646, -0.2242766171693802, -0.4189416468143463, -0.15560801327228546, 1.0979108810424805, -0.5549412369728088, 0.07560721039772034, -0.0703219473361969, -0.35814499855041504, 0.5130911469459534, -0.3105142414569855, 0.2703743577003479, -0.11837989091873169, 0.1871035248041153, -0.11020197719335556, -0.33790960907936096, -0.6282320022583008, -0.11913809180259705, 0.6777974963188171, -0.1281338781118393, 0.13403742015361786, 0.3980158567428589, 0.7568725943565369, 0.5279436111450195, 0.09127432852983475, 0.2891073226928711, 0.41064372658729553, -0.521008312702179, 0.10787004232406616, 0.017389286309480667, -0.7112463116645813, -0.10170432925224304, 0.11615733802318573, -0.09256789088249207, 0.026941999793052673, -0.7672395706176758, -0.26474395394325256, 0.10138209164142609, -0.17454443871974945, -0.41999495029449463, 0.029314232990145683, -0.3292650878429413, 0.036115579307079315, -0.29400545358657837, 0.3917488157749176, 0.573331892490387, -0.017637280747294426, 0.1853937953710556, -0.04867417365312576, 0.5188628435134888, -1.0329878330230713, 0.42655089497566223, 0.42753469944000244, -0.7456008195877075, -0.25425392389297485, -0.01774134486913681, -0.25430673360824585, -0.10415604710578918, -0.17640484869480133, 0.03513781726360321, 0.29677218198776245, -0.18656088411808014, -0.35363686084747314, 0.25572463870048523, -0.30097711086273193, 0.11173535883426666, 0.2423195093870163, -0.3523614704608917, 0.1342911273241043, 0.2905004918575287, 0.25259172916412354, 0.2420521378517151, -0.3134601414203644, -0.1510474681854248, -0.11500460654497147, -0.49023622274398804, -0.2978903651237488, 0.15890108048915863, -0.26799219846725464, 0.7592154145240784, 0.9323004484176636, 0.10089590400457382, -0.6942939162254333, 0.6596742272377014, -0.24813894927501678, -0.007159675937145948, -0.1523718684911728, -0.3740178942680359, 0.29606911540031433, 0.7773616313934326, 0.8988562822341919, 0.41484567523002625, -0.005345506593585014, -0.21123437583446503, 0.18615053594112396, 0.28711438179016113, -0.1579916626214981, -0.2945025563240051, -0.17122599482536316, 0.1878267228603363, 0.06553078442811966, -0.8218014240264893, 0.3638782501220703, -0.35633450746536255, -0.3096451759338379, 0.26849013566970825, 0.3027857840061188, -0.36973249912261963, -0.05177151411771774, -0.01833711937069893, -0.689711332321167, 0.24032971262931824, -0.3360802233219147, 0.2819766700267792, -0.5273799300193787, 0.07726392894983292, 0.1254713088274002, -0.5302664041519165, -0.06381114572286606, 0.11695200949907303, 0.6148308515548706, 0.02924252115190029, 0.17732565104961395, 0.07380463182926178, -0.18282991647720337, 0.20099912583827972, -0.10356546938419342, 0.7509776949882507, 0.4589574635028839, 0.036125678569078445, -0.4101879298686981, -0.15597231686115265, -0.3058615028858185, -0.4930398166179657, 0.09025321155786514, -0.2662593722343445, 0.18676401674747467, 0.16520564258098602, -0.007500002160668373, 0.32758742570877075, 0.0655728206038475, -0.5956854224205017, 0.649773895740509, 0.07632309943437576, -0.07263965904712677, 0.18806807696819305, -0.3363226056098938, 0.685607373714447, 0.16326284408569336, -0.2086959183216095, -0.46936938166618347, 0.5949649214744568, -0.181717649102211, -0.19416718184947968, -0.3548493981361389, 0.8323979377746582, 0.0693589299917221, -0.04814629256725311, -0.7661751508712769, 0.05241655558347702, 1.3572520017623901, 0.1589808464050293, -0.05263247340917587, 0.5759201049804688, 0.21227851510047913, -0.011431019753217697, 0.6839504837989807, -0.697420060634613, -0.33939629793167114, -0.14388543367385864, 0.2575788199901581, -0.17034423351287842, -0.1044456958770752, 0.17347709834575653, -0.6497666835784912, -0.08003125339746475, 0.16714031994342804, -0.07987440377473831, -0.18415352702140808, 0.587754487991333, -0.23850558698177338, 0.6237448453903198, -0.5796976089477539, 0.14577917754650116, -0.4841728210449219, 0.31270045042037964, 0.09261723607778549, 0.5505275726318359, 0.11429627984762192, -0.1756804883480072, 0.4365151524543762, -0.049469467252492905, -0.23773695528507233, -0.04434017091989517, -0.14172348380088806, 0.018686404451727867, -0.1386726349592209, -0.5060849785804749, -0.3747204840183258, 0.08811504393815994, 0.17283861339092255, -0.6146064400672913, 0.35064399242401123, 0.22616679966449738, -0.4033850431442261, -0.37510719895362854, -0.2665260136127472, -0.0418066643178463, -0.08556871116161346, 0.6292560696601868 ]
202102	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military%20history%20of%20the%20United%20Kingdom%20during%20World%20War%20II	Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II	The military history of the United Kingdom in World War II covers the Second World War against the Axis powers, starting on 3 September 1939 with the declaration of war by the United Kingdom and France, followed by the UK's Dominions and Crown colonies, on Nazi Germany in response to the invasion of Poland by Germany. There was little, however, the Anglo-French alliance could do or did do to help Poland. The Phoney War culminated in April 1940 with the German invasion of Denmark and Norway. Winston Churchill became prime minister and head of a coalition government in May 1940. The defeat of other European countries followed – Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg and France – alongside the British Expeditionary Force which led to the Dunkirk evacuation. From June 1940, Britain and its Empire continued the fight alone against Germany. Churchill engaged industry, scientists and engineers to advise and support the government and the military in the prosecution of the war effort. Germany's planned invasion of the UK was averted by the Royal Air Force denying the Luftwaffe air superiority in the Battle of Britain, and by its marked inferiority in naval power. Subsequently, urban areas in Britain suffered heavy bombing during the Blitz in late 1940 and early 1941. The Royal Navy sought to blockade Germany and protect merchant ships in the Battle of the Atlantic. The Army counter-attacked in the Mediterranean and Middle East, including the North-African and East-African campaigns, and in the Balkans. The United Kingdom and allied countries signed the Declaration of St James's Palace in June 1941 committing to no separate peace with Germany and setting out principles to serve as the basis of a future peace. Churchill agreed an alliance with the Soviet Union in July and began sending supplies to the USSR. By August, Churchill and American President Franklin Roosevelt had drafted the Atlantic Charter to define goals for the post-war world. In December, the Empire of Japan attacked British and American holdings with near-simultaneous offensives against Southeast Asia and the Central Pacific including an attack on the US fleet at Pearl Harbor. Britain and America declared war on Japan, opening the Pacific War. The Grand Alliance of the United Kingdom, the United States and the Soviet Union was formed and Britain and America agreed a Europe first grand strategy for the war. The Declaration by United Nations drafted by Roosevelt and Churchill in Washington in December 1941 formalised the Allies of World War II. The UK and her Allies suffered many disastrous defeats in the Asia-Pacific war during the first six months of 1942. There were eventual hard-fought victories in 1943 in the North-African campaign, led by General Bernard Montgomery, and in the subsequent Italian campaign. British forces played major roles in the production of Ultra signals intelligence, the strategic bombing of Germany, and the Normandy landings of June 1944. The liberation of Europe followed on 8 May 1945, achieved with the Soviet Union, the United States and other Allied countries. The Battle of the Atlantic was the longest continuous military campaign of the War. In the South-East Asian theatre, the Eastern Fleet conducted strikes in the Indian Ocean. The British Army led the Burma campaign to drive Japan out of the British colony; involving a million troops at its peak, drawn primarily from British India, the campaign was finally successful in mid-1945. The British Pacific Fleet took part in the Battle of Okinawa and the final naval strikes on Japan. British scientists contributed to the Manhattan Project to design a nuclear weapon. The surrender of Japan was announced on 15 August 1945 and signed on 2 September 1945. For the domestic history see United Kingdom home front during World War II. Background Although the UK had increased military spending and funding prior to 1939 in response to the increasing strength of Germany under the Nazi Party, its forces were still weak by comparison, especially the British Army. Only the Royal Navy – at the time the largest in the world – was of a greater strength than its German counterpart. The British Army only had nine divisions available for war, whereas Germany had seventy-eight and France eighty-six. Nonetheless, "Britain was a very wealthy country, formidable in arms, ruthless in pursuit of its interests and sitting at the heart of a global production system." After becoming Prime Minister in 1940, Winston Churchill engaged industry, scientists and engineers to advise and support the government and the military in the prosecution of the war effort. Much of the scientific work that led to technology that determined the outcome of the war, such as radar, was done before 1940, and shared with the Americans that year through the Tizard Mission which led to extensive Allied technological cooperation. The Manhattan Project, however, was undertaken during the war beginning in 1942, to which the British contribution included the Tube Alloys work since 1941. Beginning of the conflict Anticipating the outbreak of another world war, the Polish Navy implemented the Peking Plan in late August and early September 1939, moving three modern destroyers, , , and to Britain; the ships served alongside (and under the command of) the Royal Navy for the remainder of the war. On 3 September, the UK and France declared war on Germany as obliged by the Anglo-Polish military alliance. The declaration was made 24 hours after the UK had issued an ultimatum to Germany to withdraw all German forces from Poland. After the fall of Poland, the Royal Navy was strengthened by the arrival of two Polish submarines and . The Polish Navy in the United Kingdom was then supplemented with leased British ships. The British Army immediately began dispatching the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) to support France. At first only regular troops from the pre-war Army made up its numbers. In 1940, however, men of the Territorial Army (TA) divisions being mobilized in the UK were sent. In the end, the BEF had I, II and III Corps under its command, controlling 200,000 men. The Royal Air Force (RAF) also sent significant forces to France at the start of hostilities. Some were French Army cooperation squadrons to help with matters like reconnaissance for the French Army. Others were Hawker Hurricane squadrons from RAF Fighter Command. Separately, Bomber Command sent the Advanced Air Striking Force, composed of squadrons flying the Fairey Battle and other machines that did not have the range to reach Germany from the UK. During the Phoney War, the RAF carried out small bombing raids and a large number of propaganda leaflet raids (code-named "Nickels") and the Royal Navy imposed a coastal blockade on Germany. Western and northern Europe, 1940 and 1941 Norwegian campaign Norway loomed large in German strategy because of the great iron ore deposits in northern Sweden and the long seacoast that would preclude a blockade of the sort that hurt Germany in the First World War. Predicting correctly that the UK would make a preemptive move against neutral Norway to stop the flow of ore from Narvik, Adolf Hitler ordered an invasion to begin on 9 April 1940. The Wehrmacht succeeded in their mission, landing a large force at vital strategic points in Norway. British land forces were quickly sent to Norway, landing in the centre at Åndalsnes and at Namsos and in the north of the country at Narvik. The Luftwaffe deterred landings farther south. British troops made amphibious landings at Namsos during April 1940 in an effort to stop the Germans advancing North. The British Forces' attacks south were stopped and they were soon surrounded in the town of Namsos. The British were faced with attacks from the Luftwaffe and increasing difficulty with landing fresh troops and supplies from the sea. General De Wiart was given orders to evacuate his forces on 28 April. All British troops were evacuated by 4 May 1940. In central Norway, Royal Navy aircraft-carriers and RAF fighter squadrons could not keep the established bases secure, and the British had to evacuate them. In the north, the Germans were driven out of Narvik after they had captured it. However, as Luftwaffe aircraft came into range with the German advances, it was again found to be impossible to sustain bases in the face of aerial threat. British forces in Narvik were withdrawn as well. As a consequence of the loss of Norway and Denmark, the Royal Navy commenced a pre-emptive occupation of the Faroe Islands on 12 April 1940. On 10 May 1940, the Royal Navy occupied Iceland to install naval and air bases on this Atlantic island. The Battle of France Following the German invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939, the British Expeditionary Force was sent to the Franco-Belgian border in mid-September. The first deployment was completed by 11 October 1939 at which point 158,000 men had been transported to France. Over the next few months, troops, materials and vehicles continued to arrive in France and Belgium and by 13 March 1940 the BEF had doubled in size to 316,000 men. This period leading up to 10 May 1940 was known as the Phoney War, as there was little combat apart from minor clashes of reconnaissance patrols. The Allied generals believed that time was on their side, and hoped to weaken Germany by blockade before going on the offensive. On 10 May the stalemated Phoney War ended with a sweeping German invasion of the Benelux. German troops entered France through the Ardennes on 13 May. Most Allied forces were in Flanders, anticipating a re-run of the World War I Schlieffen Plan. The push by the German Army Group A towards the coast combined with the approach of Army Group B from the northeast left the BEF surrounded on three sides and cut off from their supply depots by 21 May. The British forces attempted to stop the offensive and launched counter-attacks including at Arras on 21 May. The BEF was unable to repel the Germans and it became clear that the Channel ports were threatened. Fresh troops were rushed from England to defend Boulogne and Calais, but after hard fighting, both ports were in German hands by 26 May (see Battle of Boulogne (1940) and Siege of Calais (1940)). Gort ordered that the BEF should withdraw to Dunkirk, the only viable port remaining, to facilitate evacuation. In total, 338,226 troops were pulled off the beaches, of which 230,000 were British. However, almost all the army's equipment had been abandoned in France — many soldiers were unable to bring even their rifles. Despite failing to destroy the BEF, the Germans had succeeded in cutting off British formations from reaching the evacuation at Dunkirk. They were; the Saar Force, chiefly composed of the 51st (Highland) Infantry Division, most of the 1st Armoured Division, and an improvised force called Beauman Division. Churchill and the Chiefs-of-Staff originally decided to form a "Second BEF" that would help defend the rest of France but General Alan Brooke managed to persuade them that the remaining forces faced annihilation if they tried to fight on. Churchill ordered that all British troops should be evacuated from France without delay. From 15 to 25 June 191,870 allied troops (144,171 of them British) and a large amount of their equipment were rescued from eight major sea ports on the southwest coast of France in Operation Aerial. The only serious setback was the bombing of the troopship Lancastria off St Nazaire, resulting in the deaths of about 4,000 of those on board; the exact number has never been established. As a result of the Germans' Blitzkrieg tactics and superior German communications, the Battle of France was shorter than virtually all prewar Allied thought could have conceived, with France surrendering after six weeks. The UK and its Empire were left to stand alone. When France fell the position changed drastically. A combination of the French, German and Italian navies could potentially deny the UK command of the Atlantic and starve the country into submission. Unable to discover whether the terms of the French surrender would permit Germany the use of French warships, it was decided that their use must be denied to the enemy. Those that had taken refuge in British ports were simply taken over (many volunteered to join the British). See below for details of how the British neutralized the French Mediterranean Fleet. During the Battle of France, the British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain resigned, to be replaced by Winston Churchill, who had opposed negotiation with Hitler all along. The war at sea The Royal Navy was far more powerful than the German Kriegsmarine. Its main roles were to keep: the North Atlantic open, despite German submarine and anti-convoy actions the Mediterranean open to the Allies and closed to the Germans and Italians routes open through the Indian Ocean to India and Australia The Japanese Navy was stronger than the German naval forces, however, and in the Pacific it confronted primarily the United States Navy while dealing sharp blows to the Royal Navy in 1941–42 in the area from Singapore to Ceylon. Opening moves At the start of the war the British and French expected to have command of the seas, as they believed their navies were superior to those of Germany and Italy. The British and French immediately began a blockade of Germany, which had little effect on German industry. The German navy began to attack British shipping with both surface ships and U-boats, sinking within hours of the declaration of war. The German Panzerschiff was cornered in the Battle of the River Plate by the British and New Zealand navies and its captain scuttled her. Battle of the Atlantic The Battle of the Atlantic was the contest between merchant ships, usually in convoys, and the German submarine force. The battle ebbed and flowed, until the Allies gained a decisive advantage in 1943 using destroyers, destroyer escorts, air surveillance, new depth charges, and Ultra intelligence that revealed the location of German wolfpacks. First 'Happy Time' With the fall of France in June 1940, ports such as Brest, France were quickly turned into large submarine bases from which British trade could be attacked. This resulted in a huge rise in sinkings of British shipping. The period between the fall of France and the British containment of the threat was referred to as the First Happy Time by the U-boat commanders. By 1941, the United States and Canada were taking an increasing part in the war. British forces had occupied Iceland shortly after Denmark fell to the Germans in 1940, the US was persuaded to provide forces to relieve British troops on the island. American warships began escorting convoys to Iceland, and had several hostile encounters with U-boats. The United States Navy also helped escort the main Atlantic convoys. More American help came in the form of the Destroyers for Bases Agreement in September 1940. Fifty old American destroyers were handed over to the Royal Navy in exchange for 99-year leases on certain British bases in the western hemisphere. Although plagued with mechanical problems, these old ships performed anti-submarine patrols in 1941–42. In addition, personnel training in the RN improved as the realities of the battle became obvious. For instance, the training regime of Vice Admiral Gilbert O. Stephenson is credited in improving personnel standards to a significant degree. Second 'Happy Time' The attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941 and the subsequent German declaration of war on the United States made it a global war. German U-boats conducted a highly successful campaign against traffic along the American east coast. A proportion of the ships sunk were en route to assembly points for convoys to the UK. German sailors called this the "second happy time". It came to an end when a convoy system operated along the coast and adequate anti-submarine measures were employed. Success against the U-boats The institution of an interlocking convoy system on the American coast and in the Caribbean Sea in mid-1942 created an enormous drop in attacks in those areas. Attention shifted back to the Atlantic convoys. Matters were serious, but not critical throughout much of 1942. The winter weather provided a respite in early 1943, but in the spring, large "wolf packs" of U-boats attacked convoys and scored big successes without taking large losses in return. However, in May 1943 a sudden turnaround happened. Two convoys were attacked by large wolf packs and suffered losses. Yet unlike earlier in the year the attacking submarines were also mauled. After those battles merchant ship losses plummeted and U-boat losses rocketed, forcing Karl Dönitz to withdraw his forces from the Atlantic. They were never again to pose the same threat. What had changed was a sudden convergence of technologies. The large gap in the middle of the Atlantic that had been unreachable by aircraft was closed by long range B-24 Liberator aircraft. Centimetric radar came into service, greatly improving detection and nullifying German radar warning equipment. The introduction of the Leigh Light enabled accurate attacks on U-boats re-charging their batteries on the surface at night. With convoys securely protected there were enough resources to allow escort carrier groups to aggressively hunt U-boats. Arctic convoys The Arctic convoys travelled from the US and the UK to the northern ports of the Soviet Union – Arkhangelsk and Murmansk. 85 Allied merchant vessels and 16 Royal Navy warships were lost. The Germans committed significant naval and air assets and lost one battlecruiser, at least 30 U-boats, and a large number of aircraft. Particularly during the winter of 1941–2, meaningful material aid was provided to the Soviet Union via the Arctic route. The Mediterranean The Royal Navy and Italian Navy battled for three years for control of the Mediterranean Sea. The Kriegsmarine also took part in the campaign, primarily by sending U-boats into the Mediterranean, but latterly by controlling the few remaining Axis naval forces after the Italian surrender. At the outset of the war, the area was numerically dominated by the British and French navies, and Italy was initially a neutral power astride communications in the centre of the area. The situation changed vastly with the fall of France and the declaration of war by Italy. While the British Mediterranean Fleet based at Alexandria controlled the eastern end of the Mediterranean, there was a need to replace French naval power in the west. To do this Force H was formed at Gibraltar. The British Government was still concerned that the remaining French ships would be used by the Axis powers. Consequently, they took steps to neutralise it. At Alexandria, relations between the French and British commanders, Admirals René-Émile Godfroy and Andrew Cunningham, were good. The French squadron there was impounded in the port. In the western basin things did not go so smoothly. The bulk of the French fleet was at Mers-el-Kebir in North Africa. Force H steamed there to confront the French with terms. Those terms were all rejected and so the French fleet was attacked and heavily damaged by Force H. The Vichy French government broke off all ties with the British as a result. (See destruction of the French Fleet at Mers-el-Kebir.) Battle of Taranto The Italian battle fleet dominated the centre of the Mediterranean and so the Royal Navy hatched a plan to cripple it. On 11 November 1940, the Royal Navy crippled or destroyed three Italian battleships in port by using carrier borne aircraft, the obsolescent Fairey Swordfish, in the Battle of Taranto. As a result, the Italian fleet was withdrawn from Taranto and never again based in such a forward position. The Japanese used lessons from this battle in planning their attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941. Battle of Matapan The first fleet action of the war in the Mediterranean was the Battle of Cape Matapan. It was a decisive Allied victory, fought off the Peloponnesus coast of Greece from 27 March to 29 March 1941 in which Royal Navy and Royal Australian Navy forces, under the command of the British Admiral Cunningham, intercepted those of the Italian Regia Marina, under Admiral Angelo Iachino. The Allies sank the heavy cruisers Fiume, Zara and Pola and the destroyers Vittorio Alfieri and Giosue Carducci, and damaged the battleship Vittorio Veneto. The British lost one torpedo plane and suffered light damage to some ships. Yugoslavia, Greece, and Crete Germany launched its invasion of Yugoslavia on 6 April 1941, winning a quick victory but delaying the much larger planned invasion of Russia (Operation Barbarossa). The Battle of Greece (also known as to the Wehrmacht as "Operation Marita", or Unternehmen Marita) pitted Greek and British Commonwealth forces against German, Italian and Bulgarian forces. On 2 March 1941, the British launched Operation Lustre, the transportation of troops and equipment to Greece. Twenty-six troopships arrived at the port of Piraeus and more than 62,000 Commonwealth troops landed in Greece. The Commonwealth forces comprised the 6th Australian Division, the New Zealand 2nd Division, and the British 1st Armoured Brigade. On 3 April, during a meeting of British, Yugoslav, and Greek military representatives, the Yugoslavs promised to block the Strimon valley in case of a German attack across their territory. During this meeting, Papagos laid stress on the importance of a joint Greco-Yugoslavian offensive against the Italians as soon as the Germans launched their offensive against Yugoslavia and Greece. In the aftermath of the German invasion of Greece, only the island of Crete remained in Allied hands in the Aegean area. The Germans invaded in a combined operation and forced the evacuation of the British forces. Of more than 40,000 Allied soldiers, fewer than 20,000 managed to escape. The evacuation was also costly to the Royal Navy. It lost 4 cruisers and 6 destroyers sunk during the evacuation. Admiral Cunningham was determined that the "navy must not let the army down"; when Army generals feared he would lose too many ships Cunningham remarked "It takes three years to build a ship, it takes three centuries to build a tradition". Malta Malta, which lies in the middle of the Mediterranean, proved a standing thorn in the side of the Axis. It lay in a perfect strategic position to intercept Axis supplies destined for North Africa. For a time it looked as if Axis aircraft flying from bases in Italy would starve Malta into submission. The turning point in the siege of Malta came in August 1942, when the British sent a very heavily defended convoy code named Operation Pedestal. Despite the sinking of about half of the ships sent, the convoy managed to deliver enough food and aviation fuel to enable Malta to hold out until the siege was lifted. With the aid of Ultra, Malta-based aircraft and submarines sank crucial Axis shipping to North Africa immediately before the Second Battle of El Alamein of October–November 1942. Following Allied territorial gains in Libya and in the Western Mediterranean, the siege was lifted. For the fortitude and courage of the Maltese during the siege, the island was awarded the George Cross by King George VI in early 1942. Large-scale invasions In late 1942 Operation Torch, the first large Allied combined operation, was launched. The British and Americans landed in force invading French North Africa, but far enough west that the Germans were able to invade Tunisia (owned by France) and make it their base of operations. Torch was followed by Operation Husky the invasion of Sicily, and Operation Avalanche, the invasion of southern Italy. Again the naval forces escorted the invasion fleet and heavy cover was provided against Italian interference. In the aftermath of Avalanche, the Italian surrender was announced and the British naval forces escorted the Italian fleet to Malta under the terms of the surrender. The main threat to Allied shipping around Italy during these invasions was not the Italian fleet but German guided weapons which sunk or damaged a number of Allied units. After the surrender of the Italian fleet, naval operations in the Mediterranean became relatively mundane, consisting largely of supporting ground troops by bombardment, anti-submarine missions, covert insertions of agents on enemy coast and convoy escort. Aegean sweep The one major exception to mundane missions occurred in late 1944. Due to their garrisons on the various islands of the Aegean, the Germans had maintained control over the Aegean Sea long after they had lost other areas of the Mediterranean to Allied control. In late 1944, that changed as an Allied carrier task force moved into the area. Composed entirely of escort carriers, the task force wreaked havoc with German shipping in the area and re-asserted Allied dominance over the last remaining area of the Mediterranean still controlled by the Germans. Operation Overlord and the Normandy landings The invasion of Normandy was the greatest amphibious assault yet. Over 1,000 fighting ships and some 5,000 other ships were involved. The sheer number of vessels involved meant that nearly all of the major ports of the United Kingdom were at capacity immediately preceding the assault. The five assault divisions crossed the channel in five great assault groups, there were two task forces, the Anglo-Canadian Eastern Task Force and the American Western Task Force. Coastal Command secured the western flank of the invasion route against interference by German U-boats from the western French ports. The surface forces assisted by protecting the assault convoys from the small German surface forces in the area. Operation Overlord saw an enormous minesweeping operation, with hundreds of minesweepers clearing and maintaining channels. The bombardment forces were on an enormous scale, with eight battleships taking part in the assault. The formidable defences of the Atlantic Wall were difficult to contend with, and many duels between the heavy ships and shore batteries were fought during the invasion. On the whole the assault went well, although disaster came nearest to occurring for the Americans at Omaha Beach. There the naval forces provided crucial backup for the assaulting forces, with destroyers coming in very close to the beach to blast the German defences. British losses to enemy attack both during the initial assault and the building of the bridgehead were comparatively small. Virtually no ships were sunk by German naval surface forces as this force was largely destroyed prior to the invasion. Two of the ports used by the German light forces were heavily bombed by the Allied air forces. The larger German ships based in France, three destroyers from Bordeaux were defeated in a destroyer action well to the west of the main assault area. Larger problems were caused by U-boats and especially mines, but the U-boats were hunted down and the mines swept effectively enough to make the invasion a success. The East Indian Ocean disaster Though the Indian Ocean was a backwater during World War II, there were several vital operations in that area. British convoys running through the western Indian Ocean were vital for supplying Allied forces in North Africa. They faced a small but consistent threat from both German and Japanese "surface raiders" and submarines. Tankers sailing from the oil terminals of Iran also had to run the same gauntlet. The major operations in the Indian Ocean took place in early 1942 and 1944/45. British forces in the Singapore region were reinforced by the battleship HMS Prince of Wales and battlecruiser HMS Repulse in December 1941. However, on 10 December those two ships were sunk by Japanese aircraft, with HMS Prince of Wales becoming the first battleship in history to be sunk strictly by airpower while at sea and fighting back. Japanese forces captured Malaya (now Malaysia), Singapore and the Dutch East Indies forcing the remaining British warships to withdraw to Trincomalee, Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), and in February 1942, they were reconstituted into the British Eastern Fleet. On paper, the fleet looked impressive, boasting five battleships and three aircraft carriers. However, four of the battleships were old and obsolete and one of the aircraft carriers was small and virtually useless in a fleet action as the new fleet commander, Admiral James Somerville, noted. Following successes over American forces in the Pacific, the main Japanese carrier force made its one and only foray into the Indian Ocean in April 1942. Nagumo took the main force after the British fleet and a subsidiary raid was made on shipping in the Bay of Bengal. The weight and experience of this Japanese force far outweighed that available to the Royal Navy. During these attacks, two British heavy cruisers, and , the aircraft carrier HMS Hermes, and the Australian destroyer were sunk by Aichi D3A Val dive bombers. Fortuitously, or by design, the main British fleet did not make contact with the Japanese and thus remained available for future action. Indian Ocean retreat Following those attacks, the British fleet retreated to Kilindini in East Africa, as their more forward fleet anchorages could not be adequately protected from Japanese attack. The fleet in the Indian Ocean was then gradually reduced to little more than a convoy escort force as other commitments called for the more powerful ships. One exception was Operation Ironclad, a campaign launched when it was feared that Vichy French Madagascar might fall into Japanese hands, to be used as a submarine base. Such a blow would have been devastating to British lines of communication to the Far East and Middle East, but the Japanese never contemplated it. The French resisted more than expected, and more operations were needed to capture the island, but it did eventually fall. Indian Ocean strike It was only after the war in Europe was coming to an end that large British forces were dispatched to the Indian Ocean again after the neutralisation of the German fleet in late 1943 and early 1944. The success of Operation Overlord in June meant even more craft from the Home Fleet could be sent, including precious amphibious assault shipping. During late 1944, as more British aircraft carriers came into the area, a series of strikes were flown against oil targets in Sumatra to prepare British carriers for the upcoming operations in the Pacific. For the first attack, the United States lent . The oil installations were heavily damaged by the attacks, aggravating the Japanese fuel shortages due to the Allied blockade. The final attack was flown as the carriers were heading for Sydney to become the British Pacific Fleet. After the departure of the main battle forces, the Indian Ocean was left with escort carriers and older battleships as the mainstay of its naval forces. Nevertheless, during those months important operations were launched in the recapture of Burma, including landings on Ramree, Akyab and near Rangoon. Blockade of Japan British forces consistently played a secondary but significant role to American forces in the strangling of Japan's trade. The earliest successes were gained by mine laying. The Japanese minesweeping capability was never great, and when confronted with new types of mines they did not adapt quickly. Japanese shipping was driven from the Burmese coast using this type of warfare. British submarines also operated against Japanese shipping, although later in the war. They were based in Ceylon, Fremantle, Western Australia and finally the Philippines. A major success was the sinking of several Japanese cruisers. The North African desert, Middle East, and Africa On 13 September 1940, the Italian Tenth Army crossed the border from the Italian colony of Libya into Egypt, where British troops were protecting the Suez Canal. The Italian invasion carried through to Sidi Barrani, approximately 95 km inside Egypt. The Italians then began to entrench. At this time there were only 30,000 British available to defend against 250,000 Italian troops. The Italian decision to halt the advance is generally credited to them being unaware of the British strength, and the activity of British naval forces operating in the Mediterranean to interfere with Italian supply lines. There were Royal Navy seaports at Alexandria, Haifa, and Port Said. Following the halt of the Italian Tenth Army, the British used the Western Desert Force's Jock columns to harass their lines in Egypt. The Offensive On 11 November 1940, the Royal Navy crippled or destroyed three Italian battleships in the Battle of Taranto. Then, on 8 December 1940, Operation Compass began. Planned as an extended raid, a force of British, Indian and Australian troops succeeded in cutting off the Italian troops. Pressing their advantage home, General Richard O'Connor pressed the attack forwards and succeeded in reaching El Agheila (an advance of 500 miles), capturing tens of thousands of enemy troops. The Italian army was virtually destroyed, and it seemed that the Italians would be swept out of Libya. However, at the crucial moment, Winston Churchill ordered that the advance be stopped and troops dispatched to defend Greece. Weeks later the first German troops were arriving in North Africa to reinforce the Italians. Iraq, Syria and Persia In May 1941, to add to British troubles in the area, there was a coup d'état against the pro-British government in Iraq. A pro-German ruler took power in the coup and ordered British forces out of Iraq. There were two main British bases in Iraq, around Basra and at Habbaniya north east of Baghdad. Basra was too well defended for the Iraqis to consider taking. However, Habbaniya was a poorly defended air base, situated in the middle of enemy territory. It had no regular air forces, being only a training centre. Nonetheless, the RAF personnel at the base converted as many of the training aircraft as possible to carry weapons. When Iraqi forces came to Habbaniya, they surrounded the base and gave warning that any military activity would be considered as hostile, leading to an attack. However, the RAF training aircraft took off and bombed the Iraqi forces, repelling them from the base. Columns were then set out from Habbaniya, Palestine and Basra to capture Baghdad, and put an end to the coup. They succeeded at relatively low cost, but there was a disturbing development during the campaign. A Luftwaffe aircraft was shot down over Iraq during the advance on Baghdad. The nearest Axis bases were on Rhodes, and so the aircraft had to stage through somewhere to be able to get to Iraq. The only possible place was Vichy-controlled Syria. This overtly hostile action could not be tolerated. Consequently, after victory in Iraq, British forces invaded Syria and Lebanon to remove the Vichy officials from power there. Vigorous resistance was put up by the French against British and Australian forces moving into Lebanon from Palestine. However, pressure there eventually overwhelmed, and when this combined with an advance on Damascus from Iraq, the French surrendered. The final major military operation in the war in the Middle East took place shortly thereafter. The Soviet Union desperately needed supplies for its war against Germany. Supplies were being sent around the North Cape convoy route to Murmansk and Arkhangelsk, but the capacity of that route was limited and subject to enemy action. Supplies were also sent from the United States to Vladivostok in Soviet-flagged ships. However, yet more capacity was needed, the obvious answer was to go through Persia (now Iran). The Shah of Persia was somewhat pro-German, and so would not allow this. Consequently, British and Soviet forces invaded and occupied Persia. The Shah was deposed (removed from power) and his son put on the throne. Ethiopia The Italians declared war on 10 June 1940 and in addition to the well known campaigns in the western desert, a front was opened against them in Africa. This front was in and around the Italian East African colonies: Ethiopia, Italian Somaliland, and Eritrea. As in Egypt, British forces were massively outnumbered by their Italian opponents. However, unlike Libya, Ethiopia was isolated from the Italian mainland, and the Italians were thus cut off from resupply. The first offensive moves of the campaign fell to the Italians. They attacked in three directions, into Sudan, Kenya and British Somaliland. Only in the Italian conquest of British Somaliland did they enjoy full success. The British garrison in Somaliland was outnumbered, and after a couple of weeks of fighting had to be evacuated to Aden. In Sudan and Kenya, the Italians conquered only some small areas around border villages. After their offensives petered out, as in Egypt, the Italians adopted a passive attitude and waited for the inevitable British counter-attack. Attention then shifted to the naval sphere. The Italians had a small naval squadron based at Asmara, Eritrea, called the Red Sea Flotilla. This was a threat to the British convoys heading up the Red Sea. It consisted of a few destroyers and submarines. However, the squadron was not used aggressively and mostly acted as a "fleet in being". As supplies of fuel decreased, its opportunities for action also decreased. The Italians made one major attempt to attack a convoy, and they were roundly defeated in doing so. Following that attack, most of the surface ships of the squadron were sunk, and the submarines that escaped travelled around the Cape of Good Hope to return to Italy. British forces were thin on the ground in East Africa, and the two nations that made the greatest contribution to victory on land were South Africa and India. South Africa provided much needed airpower and troops. The Indian Army made up the mainstay of the British ground forces. In the end, two Indian divisions saw combat in Ethiopia. Another important aspect of the campaign to retake Ethiopia was irregular forces. Major Orde Wingate, later to gain fame in Burma with the Chindits was a major mover behind the Ethiopian "patriots" as they were referred to by the British. The irregulars, formed into the Gideon Force, disrupted Italian supply lines and provided vital intelligence to British forces. The regular push to take Ethiopia began once reinforcements arrived from Egypt. The arrival of the first Australian division in North Africa had allowed the release of the Indian 4th Infantry Division to be sent to East Africa. Along with the Indian 5th Infantry Division, it quickly took the offensive from Sudan, the Indian divisions were supported by a thrust from Kenya. An amphibious assault on British Somaliland was staged from Aden. The three thrusts converged on the Ethiopian capital of Addis Ababa, which fell early in May 1941. The Italians made a final stand around the town of Amba Alagi, before they were finally defeated. Amba Alagi fell in mid-May 1941. The last significant Italian forces surrendered at Gondar in November 1941, receiving full military honors. After December 1941, some Italians launched a limited guerrilla war in Ethiopia and Eritrea that lasted until the middle of 1943 when Italy left the war, (see Armistice with Italy). War in the Western Desert After Rommel's first offensive, a reorganisation of British command took place. In November 1941, the British Eighth Army was activated under Lieutenant General Sir Alan Cunningham. Its first offensive failed disastrously as German Field Marshal Erwin Rommel blunted the thrust. British operational doctrine failed to encourage the effective use of tanks – a prerequisite for successful modern desert warfare. Cunningham was relieved of command and Major General Neil Ritchie was put in his place. However, a second British offensive in late 1941 turned Rommel's flank and led to the relief of Tobruk. Again Cyrenaica fell into British hands, this time the advance went as far as El Agheila. However outside events again intervened to impede British efforts; as the British attack reached El Agheila Japan attacked in the Far East. That meant that reinforcements that had been destined for the Middle East went elsewhere. This was to have disastrous effects. Rommel took the offensive again in January 1942. He had been instructed by his high command to only conduct a limited offensive against British positions. However, he disobeyed orders and exploited the British collapse. An operation had been planned to take Malta, and thus reduce its strangulation of Rommel's supply lines. However, with his new offensive, Rommel was consuming materiel meant for the Malta attack. It came down to a choice of attacking Malta or supporting Rommel; Rommel's attack won out. At the time Malta seemed neutralised, but this mistake was to come to haunt the Axis later. Confusion in British ranks was horrendous as attempts to shore up the position failed time and again. After the Battle of Gazala, Rommel not only drove the British out of Libya, and somewhat into Egypt, but he pushed deep into the protectorate. Tobruk fell quickly, and there was no repeat of the epic siege that Rommel's last advance had produced. A prepared defensive line at Mersa Matruh was outflanked, and disaster beckoned. Ritchie was dismissed as Eighth Army commander and Claude Auchinleck, the Commander-in-Chief Middle East Command, came forward to take command of it himself. After Matruh there was only one more defensive position before Cairo itself; El Alamein. Auchinlek managed to stop Rommel with the First Battle of El Alamein. A new command team arrived in the Middle East, with Lieutenant General Sir Bernard Montgomery assuming command of the Eighth Army. Rommel tried to break through again during the Battle of Alam Halfa, but his thrust was stopped. Montgomery then began preparations for a great breakthrough offensive that would result in the pursuit of Axis forces all the way to Tunisia. Operation Torch and El Alamein 8 November 1942 saw the first great amphibious assault of World War II. In Operation Torch, an Anglo-American force landed on the shores of Algeria and Morocco. However, even in Algeria, despite having a large British content, the allies maintained the illusion that this was an American operation in order to reduce possible resistance by the French. After the attack by Force H on the French fleet at Mers el Kebir in 1940, anti-British feeling ran high among the French. This had been exacerbated by later British operations against Vichy-controlled territories at Dakar, Syria and Lebanon, and the invasion of Madagascar. It was feared that any British attack on French soil would lead to prolonged resistance. Ironically, the attack which saw the greatest resistance was that wholly American landing in Morocco. A full scale naval battle was fought between French and American ships, and ground fighting was also heavy. The resistance did not last long. The French surrendered and then shortly afterward joined the Allied cause. One of the main reasons for the quick switch of sides was because the Germans had moved into unoccupied France, ending the Vichy regime, shortly after the North African garrisons had surrendered. Once resistance in Algeria and Morocco was over, the campaign became a race. The Germans were pouring men and supplies into Tunisia, and the Allies were trying to get sufficient troops into the country quickly enough to stop them before the need for a full-scale campaign to drive them out occurred. Just before Operation Torch, the Second Battle of El Alamein was being fought in Egypt. The new commander of the Eighth Army, Lieutenant General Sir Bernard Montgomery, had the opportunity to conclusively defeat the Panzerarmee Afrika under Erwin Rommel, since Rommel was at the end of enormously stretched supply lines, the British were close to their supply bases, and Rommel was about to be attacked from the rear by Torch. The Second Battle of El Alamein saw enormous use made of artillery. Rommel's forces had laid large numbers of mines in the desert, and the terrain of the area prevented his position being outflanked, and British naval forces were not powerful enough to land a significant force directly behind Rommel to cut his supply lines directly at the same time as Operation Torch. Consequently, the German lines had to be attacked directly. However, that did not mean that Montgomery did not try to use feint and deception in the battle. "Dummy tanks" and other deceptions were used liberally to try to fool the Germans where the stroke would fall. The main attack went in, but it was turned back by the extensive minefields. Montgomery then shifted the axis of advance to another point to throw the Germans off balance. What had formerly been a spoiling attack was developed into the new major thrust. Through a grinding battle of attrition, the Germans were thrown back. After El Alamein, Rommel's forces were pursued through the western desert for the last time. Cyrenaica was retaken from Axis forces, and then Tripolitania was won for the first time. Rommel's forces, apart from small rearguard actions to hold up Montgomery's men, did not turn and fight again until they were within the Mareth Line defences of southern Tunisia. Battle for Tunisia As British forces swept west through Libya and Anglo-American forces closed in from Algeria, the Axis began to pour reinforcements into Tunisia. A new command under Colonel General Jurgen von Arnim was set up, von Arnim was a confirmed enemy of Rommel, and so German command relations did not get off to a good start. Rommel turned to face Montgomery's forces who had caught up with the Panzerarmee Afrika at last at the Mareth Line. The Mareth Line was a series of old French border defences against Italian forces from Libya. Rommel took them over and improved them greatly. It took a major effort for British forces to break through. However, by this time Rommel had left Africa, never to return. It was decided that First Army should make the main thrust to destroy Axis formations in Africa. II Corps was moved from the south to north of the front, and the French XIX Corps took up station on the right wing of the First Army. The Eighth Army was to make a subsidiary thrust along the coast to pin down Axis forces. The final offensive began at the end of March 1943, and by May, Axis forces had surrendered. 250,000 men were taken prisoner, a number comparable to the battle of Stalingrad. The Italian campaign The Italian Campaign was the name of Allied operations in and around Italy, from 1943 to the end of the war. Joint Allied Forces Headquarters AFHQ was operationally responsible for all Allied land forces in the Mediterranean theatre, and it planned and commanded the invasion of Sicily and the campaign on the Italian mainland until the surrender of German forces in Italy in May 1945. Invasion of Sicily On 10 July 1943, Sicily was invaded. The operation, named Operation Husky, was directed from Malta. British forces attacked on the eastern flank of the landing, with the British Eighth Army's XXX Corps coming ashore at Cape Passero and XIII Corps at Syracuse. The Eighth Army's job was to advance up the east coast of Sicily. Originally British forces were to have the main role in the attack on the island but, when their advance slowed, the American Seventh Army on the west side of the island swept around the enemy flank instead. The local sicilians were also reported to have greatly supported the advancing Americans to defeat the fascists. The Eighth Army eventually battered its way past the German defences and enveloped Mount Etna; by this time the Germans and Italians were retreating. By 17 August all the Axis forces had evacuated the island, and Messina was captured that day. Surrender of Italy After operations in Sicily, the Italian Government was teetering on the brink of collapse. Italian dictator Benito Mussolini was ousted by the Grand Council of Fascism and, on orders of King Victor Emmanuel, Mussolini was taken into custody. Peace feelers were put out to the Allies. However, the invasion of Italy still proceeded. On 3 September 1943, the first attacks were made directly across the Straits of Messina by Eighth Army in Operation Baytown. V and XIII Corps carried out that attack. Montgomery's forces leap-frogged up the toe of Italy over the next few days. A subsidiary landing, Operation Slapstick, was also made on 9 September at the Italian naval base of Taranto by the 1st Airborne Division. Also on 3 September, King Victor Emmanuel and Marshal Pietro Badoglio secretly signed an armistice with the Allies. On 8 September, the armistice was made public and a government was set up in southern Italy. What was known as the "Badoglio Government" joined the Allies against the Axis. The main attack, Operation Avalanche, was delivered on 9 September at Salerno. Salerno was chosen for the site of the attack because it was the furthest north that the single-engined fighters based in Sicily could realistically provide cover. Escort carriers also stood off shore to supplement the cover given by land-based aircraft. A subsidiary landing, Operation Slapstick, was also made on the same day at the Italian naval base of Taranto by the British 1st Airborne Division, landed directly into the port from warships. News of the Italian surrender was broadcast as the troop convoys were converging on Salerno. The Germans reacted extremely quickly to the Italian surrender. They disarmed the Italian troops near their forces and took up defensive positions near Salerno. Italian troops were disarmed throughout Italy and Italian-controlled areas in what was known as Operation Axis (Operation Achse). The landings at Salerno were made by the U.S. Fifth Army under Lieutenant General Mark Clark. It consisted of the U.S. VI Corps landing on the right flank and the British X Corps landing on the left. Initial resistance was heavy, however heavy naval and air support combined with the approach of Eighth Army from the south eventually forced the Germans to withdraw. By 25 September a line from Naples to Bari was controlled by Allied forces. Further relatively rapid advances continued over the next few weeks, but by the end of October, the front was stalled. The Germans had taken up extremely powerful defensive positions on the Winter Line. There the front would remain for the next six months. About two months after his ouster, Mussolini was rescued by the Germans in Operation Oak (Unternehmen Eiche). He set up the Italian Social Republic in northern Italy. The Winter Line, Anzio and the Battle of Monte Cassino The linchpin of the Winter Line position was the town and monastery of Monte Cassino. The extremely powerful position dominated a key route to Rome and thus it had to be captured. British forces (the 46th and 56th divisions) on the left flank of Fifth Army tried to cross the Garigliano River and were also driven back, as was a joint French-American attempt. With no sign of a breakthrough it was decided to attempt to outflank the Winter Line with an amphibious landing behind it. Operation Shingle involved landings at Anzio on the West coast on 23 January 1944. The assaulting formations were controlled by the U.S. VI Corps, but as with Salerno, there was a substantial British component to the assault force. The British 1st Infantry Division and 2nd Commando Brigade formed the left flank of the assault. Again, like Salerno, there were serious problems with the landings. The commander, Lieutenant General John P. Lucas, did not exploit as aggressively as he might have done and was relieved for it. Lucas believed that if he had pushed too far, his forces could have been cut off by the Germans, but the whole purpose of the invasion was to attack the German lines behind Monte Cassino and break out into the Italian areas which were undefended. The Germans came even closer than Salerno to breaking up the beachhead. They pushed through the defences to the last line before the sea. Again massive firepower on the Allied side saved the beachhead. After the initial attack and after the German counter-attack had been repulsed, the Anzio beachhead settled down to stalemate. The attempt at outflanking the Winter Line had failed. It was May before a breakout from the beachhead could be attempted. Breakthrough to Rome By May 1944, U.S. VI Corps had been reinforced to a strength of seven divisions. In the Fourth Battle of Monte Cassino (also known as Operation Diadem), a concerted attack was made at both Anzio and the Winter Line. The German defences finally cracked. The front had been reorganised. V Corps was left on the Adriatic, but the rest of Eighth Army was moved over the Apennines to concentrate more forces to take Rome. The front of Fifth Army was thus considerably reduced. X Corps also moved to Eighth Army as the complicated arrangement of British forces under American command was removed. Several battles for Cassino followed, contested by Indian, New Zealand and Polish forces. In the end, Cassino lost its pivotal position as operations elsewhere on the front managed to turn its flanks. These included a brilliant demonstration of mountain warfare by the French Expeditionary Corps. British forces were not well handled during Diadem. Oliver Leese, the commander of Eighth Army, made an enormous mistake by sending the heavily mechanised XIII Corps up the Liri Valley towards Rome. An enormous traffic jam developed. There was also controversy over the handling of American forces. VI Corps had originally been supposed to interpose itself on the route to Rome and cut off the German forces retreating from the Winter Line. However, Clark decided instead to advance on Rome, and ordered only a comparatively token force into a blocking position and ordered the rest of the Corps to head for Rome. The Germans brushed aside the blocking force and thus a major part of their formations escaped encirclement. A total of 25 divisions (roughly a tenth of the Wehrmacht) escaped, and this led to the war in Italy dragging on until 1945. Speculation surrounds this whole episode and many in the Allied command felt that Mark Clark had disobeyed direct orders for his own glory and contributed to the war's extension. If he had cut off those forces as had been planned and ordered, they could have been destroyed in the same way as was achieved in France, and the German resistance in Italy would have collapsed. The Allies could have advanced up the spine of Italy and invaded Austria and southern Germany. This was the plan of the British, one not supported by the Americans, and as such Mark Clark's actions may have been politically motivated, or driven by Washington. It is true that Mark Clark was not punished for his change of route, even though other commanders were for less. Rome fell on 5 June, and the pursuit continued well beyond the city, into northern Italy. The Gothic Line and victory in Italy By the end of August 1944, Allied forces had reached Pisa and Pesaro on each coast. As with the previous year, the advance then slowed greatly. The composition of the forces in Italy had changed again with the withdrawal of the French forces for the invasion of southern France, Operation Dragoon. The U.S. IV Corps had been activated to replace the French in Fifth Army. Eighth Army was composed of V, X and XIII Corps of the British forces, Canadian I Corps and Polish II Corps. However, during this period, XIII Corps was temporarily placed under the command of the U.S. Fifth Army. Between August and December, the Eighth Army slowly progressed up the east coast. The Polish II Corps captured the important port-city of Ancona, thus significantly shortening the allied supply line. The original aim had been to break through in the Po plain by the end of 1944, but that was nowhere near possible. December saw the line just south of Lake Comacchio, with the Germans holding a salient to the west. Fifth Army was in the high passes of the Apennines. After December, operations ground to a halt for the winter. The only major event that took place during this period was the removal of I Canadian Corps from the Italian front to reinforce Canadian 1st Army in France. The offensive was not renewed until April. The choice for the last offensive was whether the major blow should fall on the Fifth Army or the Eighth Army front. Eventually, it was settled that Eighth Army should make the major attack. A deception plan was hatched to convince the Germans that Fifth Army would launch the major attack, and a major logistical effort was required to move formations to their start lines. On 2 April 1945, the attack was launched and the advance was again slow at first. By 20 April, Bologna was in a salient held by the Germans, and Lake Comacchio was crossed by an amphibious attack. The Germans were close to breaking. In the next ten days, the German forces were either surrounded or pinned against the River Po. The Germans were reduced in large part to scattered bands and bereft of heavy equipment. On 28 April, Mussolini and a group of fascist Italians were captured by Italian partisans while attempting to flee Italy. Mussolini and about fifteen other fascists were executed and their bodies taken to Milan for display. On 29 April, Marshal Rodolfo Graziani surrendered the Italian LXXXXVII Army (Liguria), the army of Mussolini's Italian Social Republic. The progress in May was rapid. The American forces mopped up in the upper Po Valley and captured Genoa, the Polish forces captured Bologna, and the British forces cleared the lower Po and reached the Yugoslav and Austrian borders. On 2 May, the German forces in Italy capitulated. This occurred shortly before the main German surrender on 8 May. The liberation of Europe Operation Overlord The invasion of Normandy, the largest amphibious assault in history, took place on 6 June 1944. All ground armies, US and British, were under the command of British General Montgomery. The operation involved the landing of five assault divisions from the sea and three assault divisions by parachute and glider. Of those, one airborne and two seaborne divisions were British. The British airborne formation involved was 6th Airborne Division, with the British seaborne divisions being the 3rd Infantry Division landing at Sword Beach and 50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division and 8th Armoured Brigade on Gold Beach. No.48 Commando landed with the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division at Juno; the remaining divisions were provided by the United States. The British formations were assigned to the eastern end of the beachhead. The 6th Airborne Division landed to secure the eastern flank of the assault forces. The first Allied units in action were the glider-borne troops that assaulted Pegasus Bridge. Beyond the main formations, various smaller units went ashore. Prominent among those were the British Commandos. The United Kingdom was the main base for the operation and provided the majority of the naval power. Nearly eighty percent of the bombarding and transporting warships were from the Royal Navy. Airpower for the operation was a more even divide. The United States contributed two air forces to the battle, the Eighth Air Force with strategic bombers, and the Ninth Air Force for tactical airpower. All the home commands of the RAF were involved in the operation. Coastal Command secured the English Channel against German naval vessels. Bomber Command had been engaged in reducing communications targets in France for several months to paralyse the movement of German reinforcements to the battle. It also directly supported the bombardment forces on the morning of the assault. Air Defence of the United Kingdom, the temporarily renamed Fighter Command, provided air superiority over the beachhead. The 2nd Tactical Air Force provided direct support to the Empire formations. The operation was a success. Both tactical and strategic surprise were achieved. Most of the initial objectives for the day were not achieved, but a firm beachhead was established. It was gradually built up until offensive operations could begin in earnest. The first major success was the capture of Cherbourg. In the east, the first major British objective was Caen, an extremely tough nut to crack. The battle for the city turned into a long drawn-out battle. It eventually fell in July. Controversies After the war Montgomery claimed that the battle for Normandy progressed largely as he had planned the operation at St. Paul's school in Fulham, London, supported by American generals, General Eisenhower, General Bradley and Australian war correspondent Chester Wilmott, amongst others. Eisenhower stated three years after the war in his memoirs, Crusade in Europe, that the plan "was never abandoned, even momentarily, throughout the campaign". The basic plan was for the British to draw in, hold, and destroy German armor in the east, not acquiring territory, while the US forces in the lightly defended territory to the west built up their strength and brake out in Operation Cobra. Montgomery did not overly publicise some of the points of the plan for fear of lowering the morale of British troops, who would take on the brunt of the experienced German armored forces to allow American troops to break out. Montgomery understood that high morale facilitated superior battlefield performance, especially in non-regular soldiers. The mix of forces in the British and Canadian ranks indicated this with great emphasis on tanks and vehicles. Prime minister Churchill asked why there was so many vehicles in relation to infantry troops in the British armies, as vehicles required a larger logistical backup, which diverts men away from fighting duties. Montgomery told Churchill every vehicle is needed and that he would not allow him to interrogate his staff on the matter, otherwise he would resign. Churchill wept and left the room. Montgomery claimed that Eisenhower, although giving approval, did not fully understand the plan in detail as laid down in St. Paul's School. General Bradley fully understood and confirmed Montgomery's original plan and intentions, writing: "The British and Canadian armies were to decoy the enemy reserves and draw them to their front on the extreme eastern edge of the Allied beachhead. Thus, while Monty taunted the enemy at Caen, we [the Americans] were to make our break on the long roundabout road to Paris. When reckoned in terms of national pride, this British decoy mission became a sacrificial one, for while we tramped around the outside flank, the British were to sit in place and pin down the Germans. Yet strategically it fitted into a logical division of labors, for it was towards Caen that the enemy reserves would race once the alarm was sounded". Post war a number of Americans authors argued that Montgomery's generalship was flawed and that the battle had to be fought differently from planned because Montgomery promised more than he could deliver. This was mainly based on that the British forces did not aggressively pursue territory. Author and military officer Stephen Hart analysed the 21st Army Group in 1992 and finds that Montgomery's emphasis on the reduction of casualties which would maintain morale and a higher fighting performance in non-regular soldiers, which most soldiers were, were the primary influences on his operational conduct. Hart concludes that Montgomery was the most competent British general in Europe for he understood Britain's war aims. His concern with his units' morale was legitimate, recognizing that the British had an infantry manpower problem as emphasis was on armoured vehicles to counter superior German armour. Both factors influenced his handling of the 21st Army Group. Hart destroys the myth that Montgomery was unnecessarily cautious. Breakout from Normandy The British and Canadian forces largely destroyed German armour in the east of Normandy allowing the American forces to break out in late July 1944 in Operation Cobra. Allied forces began an envelopment of the German forces remaining in Normandy. Hitler ordered a counter-attack on the seemingly vulnerable strip of territory that the US forces controlled on the Normandy coast, linking the First and Third Armies. As American forces swept round to the south, British, Canadian and Polish forces pinned and then pushed the Germans from the north. A German pocket formed to the south of the town of Falaise when the two allied forces met. Up to 150,000 German soldiers were trapped and around 60,000 casualties were inflicted. As arranged before the Normandy invasion, General Eisenhower took over as Ground Forces Command from Montgomery on 1 September, while Montgomery continued to command the British 21st Army Group, now consisting mainly of British and Canadian units. Following the Normandy battle there was little German resistance left in the west. British forces swept north entering Belgium on 2 September 1944, while American forces swept east. Paris fell at the end of August 1944 to brigadier general Charles de Gaulle's Free French troops and American forces. By the end of September much of France had been liberated. Logistical difficulties then caught up with the Allies as all supplies had to be transported from Normandy. Because of thinly-stretched supply lines, the American fast broad-front advance could not be sustained, grinding to a halt in Lorraine and Belgium. Heated discussions then took place over the next phase of Allied strategy. Riviera invasion Operation Dragoon, the invasion of southern France in August 1944 was carried out almost entirely by American and Free French troops, though British naval forces took part in bombardment duties and air protection of the beachhead. The only British land forces to take part were the 2nd Independent Parachute Brigade. They landed without much opposition, and rapidly took their objectives. The quick success of the operation allowed them to be withdrawn from the line and redeployed to Greece where they were urgently needed to help quell the civil war. Operation Market Garden Montgomery and Eisenhower had long been debating the merits of a broad front attack strategy versus concentrating power in one area and punching through German lines. Eisenhower favoured the former, and Montgomery the latter. However, in late 1944, logistic problems meant that the former was temporarily out of the question. Montgomery conceived Operation Market Garden to implement a narrow front strategy. The idea was to land airborne forces in the Netherlands to take vital bridges over the country's various rivers. Armoured formation would then relieve the airborne forces and advance quickly into Germany. American paratroops were dropped at intermediate points north of Allied lines, with the British 1st Airborne Division and Polish 1st Independent Parachute Brigade at the tip of the salient at Arnhem. All the bridges were captured on the 1st day except the Nijmegen bridge, which caused a near two day delay, the plan then began to run into serious trouble. The relief forces of Lieutenant General Horrock's XXX Corps had to advance up a single good road. Being unable to progress past Nijmegen, congestion along the road emerged. The Germans reacted quickly to attack the road from both sides. Consequently, XXX Corps had to seize the bridge which the US 82nd paratroopers failed to do, which took a great deal longer than expected to progress through to Arnhem. By the time XXX Corps reached Arnhem the British 1st Airborne had capitulated on the bridge. The 1st Airborne Division held the Arnhem bridge for four days, and had a large force over the river for a total of nine days, before finally withdrawing in a daring night escape back over the Rhine. Of the more than 10,000 men who flew into the Arnhem operation, only about 2,000 returned. 1st Airborne Division was essentially finished as a fighting formation for the duration of the war without having achieved the original objective. In the aftermath of the attack, the salient's flanks were expanded to complete the closing up to the Rhine in that section of the front. Walcheren Following Market Garden, the great port of Antwerp had been captured. However, it lay at the end of a long river estuary, and so it could not be used until its approaches were clear. The southern bank of the Scheldt was cleared by Canadian and Polish forces relatively quickly, but the thorny problem of the island of Walcheren remained. Walcheren guarded the northern approaches to Antwerp and thus had to be stormed. The dikes and dunes were bombed at three locations, Westkapelle, Veere and Flushing, in order to inundate the island. In the last great amphibious operation of the war in Europe, British Commandos and Canadian troops captured the island in the late autumn of 1944, clearing the way for Antwerp to be opened and for the easement of the critical logistical problems the Allies were suffering. Battle of the Bulge After December 1944, the strategy was to complete the conquest of the Rhineland and prepare to break into Germany proper en masse. However, what happened next completely caught the Allied staffs by surprise. The Germans launched their last great offensive in December, resulting in the Battle of the Bulge. In an attempt to repeat their 1940 success, German forces were launched through the Ardennes. Again they encountered weak forces holding the front, as the American formations there were either new to the war or exhausted units on a quiet sector of the front rehabilitating. There were however also some important differences to 1940 which resulted in the German offensive ultimately failing. They were facing enormously strong Allied airpower unlike in 1940 when they had ruled the skies. The opening of the offensive was timed for a spell of bad weather, aimed at removing the threat of the Allied airpower, but the weather cleared again relatively soon. Most of the forces that took part in the Battle of the Bulge were American. Some great feats of staff work resulted in the Third Army and Ninth Army, essentially altering their facing by ninety degrees to contain the salient. However, the salient created by the German attack meant that First and Ninth Armies were cut off from 12th Army Group Headquarters, so they were shifted to the command of 21st Army Group for the duration of the battle meaning the British army group had an important controlling role. The British XXX Corps also took part in the battle in a backstop role to contain any further German advances. By the end of January, the salient had effectively been reduced back to its former size, and the temporarily aborted mission of liberating the Rhineland recommenced. First Army returned to 12th Army Group, but Ninth Army remained under the control of 21st Army Group for the time being. Crossing the Rhine and final surrender The penultimate preliminary operation to close up to the Rhine in the British section was the clearing of the Roer Triangle (codename Operation Blackcock). The XIII Corps removed German forces from the west bank of the Roer during the second half of January 1945. Following the reaching of the Roer, Second Army shifted to the mission of pinning German forces opposing it. Ninth Army in Operation Grenade and First Army in Operation Veritable began a great pincer movement to destroy the remaining German forces west of the Rhine. The only British forces to take part in the main part of this offensive was XXX Corps, which was part of First Army. By 5 March 1945, the Canadian, British, and American forces had closed up to the Rhine in all but a small salient on their sectors of the front. That salient was reduced by five days later. On 23 March, the operations to cross the Rhine in the north began. The British Second and U.S. Ninth Armies took the lead. Ninth Army, on the south flank, took part in the great encirclement of German forces in the Ruhr. The U.S. First Army on the right crossed the Rhine in early April and then swung left to liberate the north of the Netherlands. Second Army drove straight across the North German plain, reaching the Ems on 1 April and the Weser on 4 April. After the closing of the Ruhr pocket on that day, Ninth Army reverted to the command of 12th Army Group. On 15 April the British troops liberated Bergen-Belsen. By 18 April, First Army had reached the coast in much of the Netherlands, isolating the German forces there. Second Army reached the Elbe the next day. The only moves in the Netherlands that the Canadian and Polish forces made for the remainder of the war were reducing a small amount of the coast of the IJsselmeer that had not been captured and liberating a small amount of territory around Groningen. Most of German Frisia also fell to Canadian and Polish forces. British units reached the Baltic on 2 May, and then halted as they had reached the agreed line of meeting Soviet forces. The war came to an end on 7 May, and British forces reoriented to the task of occupying Germany itself. The Far East The South-East Asian Theatre of World War II included the campaigns in Hong Kong, India, Burma, Thailand, Indochina, Malaya and Singapore. On 7/8 December 1941, the conflict in this theatre began when the Empire of Japan invaded Hong Kong, Thailand and Malaya from bases located in China and French Indochina. Although Japan declared war on the United States and the British Empire, the declaration was not delivered until after the attacks began. The United Kingdom declared war on Japan the same day. Action in this theatre ended when Japan announced an intent to surrender on 15 August 1945. The formal surrender of Japan ceremony took place on 2 September 1945. Disaster in Malaya and Singapore The outbreak of war in the Far East found the United Kingdom critically overstretched. British forces in the area were weak in almost all arms. On 8 December 1941, the Japanese launched invasions of Thailand, Malaya and Hong Kong. On 10 December 1941, the first major setback to British power in the region was the sinking of HMS Prince of Wales and HMS Repulse by Japanese land-based planes. The sinking of these ships was triply significant. It represented the loss of the last Allied capital ships in the Pacific left after the Pearl Harbor disaster. The Prince of Wales and the Repulse were the only Allied modern or 'fast' battleships to be sunk in the entire war. It was the first time that a battleship had been sunk by enemy aircraft while underway at sea. Reverses in the air and on the ground soon followed. Japanese forces had naval superiority, and they used it to make outflanking amphibious landings as they advanced down the Malayan peninsula towards Singapore. Japanese assaults from the ground and air soon made the forward landing grounds that much of the RAF's only real hope of defending Singapore from the air rested upon untenable. The RAF took a toll of Japanese forces, but there were never enough aircraft to do anything more than delay the Japanese offensive. Indian, British, and Australian army forces in Malaya were larger in numbers than the other services. But they were equally ill-prepared and ill-led. They were committed in numbers both too small and too poorly positioned to counter the Japanese tactic of outflanking strongpoints through the jungle. Over a period of several weeks, the Allied ground forces steadily gave ground. In early 1942, Singapore was critically unprepared for the assault that came. It had been neglected during the famine years for defence of the 1930s. It had then suffered during the war as British efforts were focused on defeating Germany and Italy. The colony was run by a Governor who did not want to "upset" the civilian population. Military neglect was exacerbated when he refused to allow defensive preparations before the Japanese arrived. Following Japanese landings on Singapore, intense fighting occurred over several days. But the poorly led and increasingly disorganised Allied forces were steadily driven into a small pocket on the island. On 15 February 1942, General Arthur Percival surrendered the 80,000 strong garrison of Singapore. This was the largest surrender of personnel under British leadership in history. Many of the troops saw little or no action. The civilian population then suffered a brutal Japanese occupation. Some aircraft escaped to Sumatra and Java, but those islands also fell to the Japanese within a short time. British forces were forced back to India and Ceylon. Burma Campaign The Burma Campaign pitted forces from the British Commonwealth, China, and United States forces against the forces of the Empire of Japan, Thailand and the Indian National Army. In Burma, Commonwealth ground forces came primarily from the United Kingdom, British India (which included present-day Pakistan and Bangladesh), East Africa, West Africa and Nepal (Gurkhas). The British Commonwealth air and naval units and personnel deployed were primarily from the UK, India, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and Canada. Forced out of Burma In Burma, the Japanese attacked in January, 1942 – shortly after the outbreak of war. However, they did not begin to make real progress until the fall of Malaya (31 January 1942) and of Singapore (February, 1942). After that, Tokyo could transfer large numbers of aircraft to the Burma front to overwhelm the Allied forces. The first Japanese attacks were aimed at taking Rangoon, the major port in Burma, which offered the Allies many advantages of supply. It had at first been defended relatively successfully, with the weak RAF forces reinforced by a squadron of the famous American Volunteer Group, better known as the Flying Tigers. However, as the Japanese attack developed, the amount of warning the Rangoon airfields could get of attack decreased, and thus they became increasingly untenable. By the start of March, Japanese forces had cut the British forces in two. Rangoon was evacuated and the port demolished. Its garrison then broke through the Japanese lines thanks to an error on the part of the Japanese commander. The British commander in Burma, Lieutenant General Sir Thomas Hutton was removed from command shortly before Rangoon fell. He was replaced by Sir Harold Alexander. With the fall of Rangoon, a British evacuation of Burma became inevitable. Supplies could not be moved to maintain fighting forces in Burma on a large scale, since the ground communications were dreadful, sea communications risky in the extreme (along with the fact that there was only one other port of any size in Burma besides Rangoon) and air communications out of the question due to lack of transport aircraft. Besides the Japanese superiority in training and experience, command problems beset the Burma campaign. The 1st Burma Division and Indian 17th Infantry Division at first had to be controlled directly by the Burma Army headquarters under Hutton. Burma was also swapped from command to command during the early months of the war. It had been the responsibility of GHQ India since 1937, but in the early weeks of the war, it was transferred from India to the ill-fated ABDA Command (ABDACOM). ABDA was based in Java, and it was simply impossible for Wavell, the Supreme Commander of ABDA, to keep in touch with the situation in Burma without neglecting his other responsibilities. Shortly before ABDA was dissolved, responsibility for Burma was transferred back to India. Interactions with the Chinese proved problematic. Chiang Kai-shek, the leader of Nationalist China, was a poor strategist, and the Chinese Army suffered from severe command problems, with orders having to come directly from Chiang himself if they were to be obeyed. The ability of many Chinese commanders was called into question. Finally, the Chinese Army was lacking in the ancillary services which allow a force to fight a modern war. The problems with the Chinese were never satisfactorily resolved. However, after the dissolution of ABDA, India retained control of operations in Burma until the formation of South East Asia Command in late 1943. The problems of a lack of corps headquarters were also solved. A skeleton force known as Burcorps was formed under Lieutenant General Sir William Slim, later to gain fame as the commander of the Fourteenth Army. Burcorps retreated almost constantly, and suffered several disastrous losses, but it eventually managed to reach India in May 1942, just before the monsoon broke. Had it still been in Burma after the monsoon broke, it would have been cut off, and likely destroyed by the Japanese. The divisions making up Burcorps were withdrawn from the line for long refit periods. Forgotten army Operations in Burma over the remainder of 1942 and in 1943 were a study of military frustration. The United Kingdom could only just maintain three active campaigns, and immediate offensives in both the Middle East and Far East proved impossible due to lack of resources. The Middle East won out, being closer to home and a campaign against the far more dangerous Germans. During the 1942–1943 dry season, two operations were mounted. The first was a small scale offensive into the Arakan region of Burma. The Arakan is a coastal strip along the Bay of Bengal, crossed by numerous rivers. The First Arakan offensive largely failed due to difficulties of logistics, communications and command. The Japanese troops were also still assigned almost superhuman powers by their opponents. The second attack was much more controversial; that of the 77th Indian Infantry Brigade, better known as the Chindits. Under the command of Major General Orde Wingate, the Chindits in 1944 penetrated deep behind enemy lines in an attempt to gain intelligence, break communications and cause confusion. The operation had originally been conceived as part of a much larger offensive, which had to be aborted due to lack of supplies and shipping. Almost all of the original reasons for mounting the Chindit operation were then invalid. Nevertheless, it was mounted anyway. Some 3,000 men entered Burma in many columns. They caused damage to Japanese communications, and they gathered intelligence. However, they suffered dreadful casualties, with only two thirds of the men who set out on the expedition returning. Those that returned were wracked with disease and quite often in dreadful physical condition. The most important contributions of the Chindits to the war were unexpected. They had had to be supplied by air. At first it had been thought impossible to drop supplies over the jungle. Emergency situations that arose during the operation necessitated supply drops in the jungle, proving it was possible. It is also alleged by some that the Japanese in Burma decided to take the offensive, rather than adopt a purely defensive stance, as a direct result of the Chindit operation. Whatever the reason for this later change to the offensive, it was to prove fatal for the Japanese in Burma. Kohima and Imphal As the 1943–44 dry period dawned, both sides were preparing to take the offensive. The British Fourteenth Army struck first, but only marginally before the Japanese. In Arakan, a British advance began on the XV Corps front. However, a Japanese counter-attack halted the advance and threatened to destroy the forces making it. Unlike during previous operations, the British forces stood firm, and were supplied from the air. The resulting Battle of Ngakyedauk Pass saw a heavy defeat handed to the Japanese. With the possibility of aerial supply, their infiltration tactics, relying on units carrying their own supplies and hoping to capture enemy victuals were fatally compromised. On the central front, IV Corps advanced into Burma, before indications that a major Japanese offensive was building caused it to retreat on Kohima and Imphal. Forward elements of the corps were nearly cut off by Japanese forces, but eventually made it back to India. As they waited for the storm to break, the British forces were not to know that the successful defence of the two cities would be the turning point of the entire campaign in south East Asia. HQ XXXIII Corps was rushed forward to help control matters at the front and the two corps settled down for a long siege. The Japanese threw themselves repeatedly against the defences of the two strong points, in the battles of Imphal and Kohima, but could not break through. At times the supply situation was perilous, but never totally critical. It came down to a battle of attrition, and the British forces could simply afford to fight that kind of battle for longer. In the end, the Japanese ran out of supplies, and suffered large casualties. They broke and fled back into Burma, pursued by elements of Fourteenth Army. Burma retaken The recapture of Burma took place during late 1944 and the first half of 1945. Command of the British formations on the front was rearranged in November 1944. 11th Army Group was replaced with Allied Land Forces South East Asia and XV Corps was placed directly under ALFSEA. Some of the first operations to recapture Burma took place in Arakan. To gain bases for the aircraft necessary to supply Fourteenth Army in its attack through the heart of the country, two offshore islands, Akyab and Ramree, had to be captured. Akyab was virtually undefended when British forces came ashore, so it effectively provided a rehearsal of amphibious assault doctrine for the forces in theatre. However, Ramree was defended by several thousand Japanese. The clearing of the island took several days, and associated forces on the mainland longer to clear out. Following these actions, XV Corps was greatly reduced in numbers to free up transport aircraft to support Fourteenth Army. Fourteenth Army made the main thrust to destroy Japanese forces in Burma. The Army had IV and XXXIII Corps under its command. The plan envisaged that XXXIII Corps would reduce Mandalay and act as a diversion for the main striking force of IV Corps, which would take Meiktila and thus cut the Japanese communications. The plan succeeded extremely well, and Japanese forces in Upper Burma were effectively reduced to scattered and unorganised pockets. Slim's men then advanced south towards the Burmese capital. Following the taking of Rangoon in May 1945 some Japanese forces remained in Burma, but it was effectively a large mopping up operation. Malaya The next major campaign was planned to be the liberation of Malaya. This was to involve an amphibious assault on the western side of Malaya codenamed Operation Zipper. The dropping of the atomic bombs in August 1945 forestalled Zipper, though some of its landings took place after the Japanese capitulation of 15 August 1945 as the quickest way of getting occupation troops into Malaya. Under Operation Jurist, Penang was retaken on 2 September 1945, while the Japanese garrison in Singapore formally surrendered on 12 September under Operation Tiderace. The rest of Malaya was liberated over the following weeks. Okinawa and Japan In their final actions of the war, substantial British naval forces took part in the Battle of Okinawa (also known as Operation Iceberg) and the final naval strikes on Japan. The British Pacific Fleet operated as a separate unit from the American task forces in the Okinawa operation. Its job was to strike airfields on the chain of islands between Formosa and Okinawa, to prevent the Japanese reinforcing the defences of Okinawa from that direction. British forces made a significant contribution to the success of the invasion. During the final strikes against Japan, British forces operated as an integral part of the American task force. Only a small British naval force was present for Japan's surrender. Most British forces had been withdrawing to base to prepare for Operation Coronet, the second part of the massive invasion of Japan. The air war Battle of Britain: 1940 The "Battle of Britain" in the Autumn of 1940 involved German plans for an invasion called Operation Sea Lion. First the Luftwaffe began operations to destroy the Royal Air Force (RAF). At first the Germans focused on RAF airfields and radar stations. However, when the RAF bomber forces (quite separate from the fighter forces) attacked Berlin, Hitler swore revenge and diverted the Luftwaffe to attacks on London. Using the Luftwaffe's limited resources to attack civilians instead of airfields and radar proved a major mistake. The success the Luftwaffe was having in rapidly wearing down the RAF was squandered, as the civilians being hit were far less critical than the airfields and radar stations that were now ignored. London was not a factory city and British aircraft production was not impeded; indeed it went up. The last German daylight raid came on 30 September; the Luftwaffe realized it was taking unacceptable losses and broke off the attack; occasional blitz raids hit London and other cities from time. In all some 43,000 civilians were killed. The Luftwaffe lost 1733 planes, the British, 915. The British victory resulted from more concentration, better radar, and better ground control. Strategic bombing theory The British had their own very well-developed theory of strategic bombing, and built the long-range bombers to implement it. Before 1944, however, the main German industrial targets were out of range, so the RAF bombers concentrated on military and transportation targets in France and Belgium. The Allies won air supremacy in Europe in 1944. That meant that Allied supplies and reinforcements would get through to the battlefront, but not the enemy's. It meant the Allies could concentrate their strike forces wherever they pleased, and overwhelm the enemy with a preponderance of firepower. This was the basic Allied strategy, and it worked. Air superiority depended on having the fastest, most maneuverable fighters, in sufficient quantity, based on well-supplied airfields, within range. The RAF demonstrated the importance of speed and maneuverability in the Battle of Britain (1940), when its fast Spitfire and Hawker Hurricane fighters easily riddled the clumsy Stukas as they were pulling out of dives. The race to build the fastest fighter became one of the central themes of World War II. Expansion of the RAF The RAF underwent rapid expansion following the outbreak of war against Germany in 1939. This was aided by the Ottawa Agreement (also known as the Riverdale Agreement, after its chair, Lord Riverdale) that same year, between the governments of the UK, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. As a result, under the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan the training and operational postings of half of all aircrews from the RAF, RCAF, RAAF and RNZAF were integrated: a total of 167,000 personnel were trained under the plan, mostly in Canada. There were parallel arrangements between the UK and South Africa. Under Article XV of the agreement, 67 "Article XV squadrons" were formed in the name of other Commonwealth air forces, within RAF operational commands. In addition, many RAF squadrons included individual Canadian, Australian, New Zealand and South African aircrews. Another 43 squadrons were formed during the war out of aircrews from occupied European countries, comprising designated Polish, French, Norwegian, Czechoslovakian, Dutch, Greek, Belgian and Yugoslavian units. Two "Eagle Squadrons" were formed from American volunteers when the US was neutral (1939–1941), as well as one made up of Argentinean nationals. Combined bomber offensive The combined bomber offensive was born out of the need to strike back at Germany during the years when the United Kingdom had no forces on the continent of Europe. Initially the bomber forces available for attacks were small, and the rules of engagement were so restricted that any attacks that were made were mostly ineffective. However, once France had fallen in the summer of 1940 that began to change. During and after the Battle of Britain, bomber forces pounded the invasion fleets assembling in channel ports. However, they also flew a raid against Berlin after German bombs had fallen on London. The attack on Berlin by Bomber Command so enraged Hitler that he ordered the deliberate and systematic targeting of British cities in revenge. Throughout 1941, the size of the raids launched by Bomber Command slowly grew. However, due to the German defences raids could only generally be flown at night, and the navigational technology of the time simply did not allow even a large city to be accurately located. The entry of America into the war in December 1941 did not initially change much. However, what did alter matters was the appointment of Air Chief Marshal Sir Arthur Harris as Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief of Bomber Command in early 1942. Harris was a zealous advocate of the area bombing of German cities. He put a new fire and drive into the operations of Bomber Command. During the summer of 1942, the first 1,000 bomber raids were launched on German cities. However, at that time, such large numbers of aircraft could only be put over the target by stripping training units of their aircraft temporarily. Other important advances occurred in the technical field. The first navigation aid, GEE, was introduced to help pilots to find their targets. Window, small metal strips dropped from aircraft, was introduced to help confuse the German radars. Planes also got their own radar, the H2S radar system. It provided a radar map of the ground beneath the aircraft, allowing navigation with more accuracy to cities like Berlin which were at that time beyond the effective range of systems like Gee. However, probably the most important innovation to improve targeting accuracy was tactical, not technical. It was the introduction of the pathfinder system. Pathfinders were groups of specially trained aircrews who flew ahead of the main raid and marked the target. Their use greatly improved the accuracy and destructiveness of raids. By early 1943, American forces were beginning to build up in large numbers in the UK. Bomber Command was joined in its bombing efforts by the Eighth Air Force. Where Bomber Command operated by night, the Eighth flew by day. Raids were often coordinated so that the same target was hit twice within 24 hours. Hamburg was the victim of one of the most destructive air raids in history during 1943. The city was easy to find using radar, being located on the distinctively shaped Elbe estuary. It was devastated in a large raid that ignited a firestorm and killed some 50,000 people. The destruction of Hamburg was not to be repeated during the rest of 1943 and 1944. During that winter, Berlin was attacked a large number of times, with heavy losses being sustained by Bomber Command. A further force also joined the fray, with the Fifteenth Air Force and No. 205 Group RAF beginning to fly from Italy. During early 1944, the emphasis began to change. As the invasion of France drew closer, the independent role of the bomber forces was considerably reduced, and eventually were placed under the direction of General Eisenhower, Supreme Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Force. Harris and his American counterparts fought hard against being placed under Eisenhower, but they eventually lost. Bomber Command heavily bombed targets in France and helped to paralyse the transport system of the country in time for the launching of Operation Overlord on 6 June 1944. Following Overlord, further direct support was provided to the troop, but Harris eventually succeeded in detaching his command from Eisenhower's control. The striking of German cities resumed. By the winter of 1944, the power of the British and American bomber forces had grown enormously. It was now routine for 1,000 bomber raids to be mounted by both American and British forces flying from the UK. American forces flying from Italy could also put several hundred aircraft above a target. Accuracy had improved, but it was still nowhere near good enough for 'precision bombing' in the modern sense of the term. Precision was not a single building, it was at best a district of a city. The RAF and American AAF dropped two million tons of high explosives bombs on 60 German cities, killing more than half a million citizens (many of them prisoners forced to work in German munitions factories), and leaving 80,000 airmen dead. As the amount of territory controlled by German forces decreased, the task of Bomber Command became somewhat easier, as more friendly territory was overflown during missions. The German night fighter defences were also reducing in strength due to the crippling of Germany's fuel supplies by American bombing of synthetic oil plants. There remained one last great controversy during the war which would blacken the name of Bomber Command and surpass the firestorm of Hamburg in both destruction and casualties. In February 1945, as Soviet forces closed in on the German city of Dresden, which had been largely spared of heavy bombing raids due to its historic status, they asked for attacks to be made on the extensive transport links around the population centre. Bomber Command and American forces obliged, subjecting the city to a series of extremely heavy raids. About 25,000 were killed in those raids, and questions were asked whether they were necessary so late in the war, or whether it was an effort to foreclose the "stab in the back" rumours of the sort the Nazis had exploited in the 1920s. Bomber Command was destined to play no further large part in the war. A large number of RAF bombers were being prepared for deployment to Okinawa as Japan surrendered. Therefore, it was only at the hands of American strategic bombers and British and American carrier aircraft that Japan received attacks. There was to be no far eastern equivalent of the combined bomber offensive of Europe. Airfields Duxford Southend See also Air warfare of World War II British Army during the Second World War British Army Groups in WWII British Armies in WWII British Corps in World War II British Divisions in WWII British brigades of the Second World War British Empire divisions in the Second World War British Empire in World War II Civil Resettlement Units Demobilisation of the British Armed Forces after the Second World War Destroyers for Bases Agreement History of the British Army History of the Royal Air Force History of the Royal Navy Lend-Lease Military history of Britain Military production during World War II Military structures British hardened field defences of World War II GHQ Stop Line Taunton Stop Line Political Warfare Executive Royal Sussex Regiment Special forces Auxiliary Units British Commandos Chindits Long Range Desert Group Special Air Service Technology during World War II Allied technological cooperation during World War II Chain Home radar system Timeline of the United Kingdom home front during World War II United Kingdom-United States relations in World War II References Further reading Allport, Alan. Britain at Bay: The Epic Story of the Second World War, 1938–1941 (2020) Butler, J.R.M. et al. Grand Strategy (6 vol 1956–60), official overview of the British war effort; Volume 1: Rearmament Policy; Volume 2: September 1939 – June 1941; Volume 3, Part 1: June 1941 – August 1942; Volume 3, Part 2: June 1941 – August 1942; Volume 4: September 1942 – August 1943; Volume 5: August 1943 – September 1944; Volume 6: October 1944 – August 1945 Churchill, Winston. The Second World War (6 vol 1947–51), classic personal history with many documents Edgerton, David. Britain's War Machine: Weapons, Resources, and Experts in the Second World War (Oxford University Press; 2011) 445 pages Harrison, Mark Medicine and Victory: British Military Medicine in the Second World War (2004). Hastings, Max. Winston's War: Churchill, 1940–1945 (2010) Roberts, Andrew. Masters and Commanders – How Roosevelt, Churchill, Marshall and Alanbrooke Won the War in the West (2008) Schneer, Jonathan. Ministers at War: Winston Churchill and His War Cabinet (2015). Todman, Daniel. Britain's War: Into Battle, 1937-1941 (2016) 848pp Army Allport, Alan. Browned Off and Bloody-Minded: The British Soldier Goes to War, 1939-1945 (Yale UP, 2015) Atkinson, Rick. The Day of Battle: The War in Sicily and Italy, 1943–1944 (2008) excerpt and text search Buckley, John. British Armour in the Normandy Campaign 1944 (2004) D'Este, Carlo. Decision in Normandy: The Unwritten Story of Montgomery and the Allied Campaign (1983). . Ellis, L.F. The War in France and Flanders, 1939–1940 (HMSO, 1953) online Ellis, L.F. Victory in the West, Volume 1: Battle of Normandy (HMSO, 1962) Ellis, L.F. Victory in the West, Volume 2: Defeat of Germany (HMSO, 1968) Fraser, David. And We Shall Shock Them: The British Army in World War II (1988). Graham, Dominick. Tug of War: The Battle for Italy 1943–1945 (2004) Hamilton, Nigel. Monty: The Making of a General: 1887–1942 (1981); Master of the Battlefield: Monty's War Years 1942–1944 (1984); Monty: The Field-Marshal 1944–1976 (1986). Lamb, Richard. War In Italy, 1943–1945: A Brutal Story (1996) Thompson, Julian. The Imperial War Museum Book of the War in Burma 1942–1945 (2004) Sebag-Montefiore, Hugh. Dunkirk: Fight to the Last Man (2008) Royal Navy Barnett, Corelli. Engage the Enemy More Closely: The Royal Navy in the Second World War (1991) Marder, Arthur. Old Friends, New Enemies: The Royal Navy and the Imperial Japanese Navy, vol. 2: The Pacific War, 1942–1945 with Mark Jacobsen and John Horsfield (1990) Roskill, S. W. The White Ensign: British Navy at War, 1939–1945 (1960). summary Roskill, S. W. War at Sea 1939–1945, Volume 1: The Defensive London: HMSO, 1954; War at Sea 1939–1945, Volume 2: The Period of Balance, 1956; War at Sea 1939–1945, Volume 3: The Offensive, Part 1, 1960; War at Sea 1939–1945, Volume 3: The Offensive, Part 2, 1961. online vol 1; online vol 2 Air war Bungay, Stephen. The Most Dangerous Enemy: The Definitive History of the Battle of Britain (2nd ed. 2010) Collier, Basil. Defence of the United Kingdom (HMSO, 1957) online Fisher, David E, A Summer Bright and Terrible: Winston Churchill, Lord Dowding, Radar, and the Impossible Triumph of the Battle of Britain (2005) excerpt online Hastings, Max. Bomber Command (1979) Hansen, Randall. Fire and Fury: The Allied Bombing of Germany, 1942–1945 (2009) Hough, Richard and Denis Richards. The Battle of Britain (1989) 480 pp Messenger, Charles, "Bomber" Harris and the Strategic Bombing Offensive, 1939–1945 (1984), defends Harris Overy, Richard. The Battle of Britain: The Myth and the Reality (2001) 192 pages excerpt and text search Richards, Dennis, et al. Royal Air Force, 1939–1945: The Fight at Odds – Vol. 1 (HMSO 1953), official history vol 1 online edition vol 2 online edition; vol 3 online edition Shores, Christopher F. Air War for Burma: The Allied Air Forces Fight Back in South-East Asia 1942–1945 (2005) Terraine, John. A Time for Courage: The Royal Air Force in the European War, 1939–1945 (1985) Verrier, Anthony. The Bomber Offensive (1969), British Webster, Charles and Noble Frankland, The Strategic Air Offensive Against Germany, 1939–1945 (HMSO, 1961), 4 vol. Important official British history Wood, Derek, and Derek D. Dempster. The Narrow Margin: The Battle of Britain and the Rise of Air Power 1930–40 (1975) online edition External sources Checklist of official histories Britain in World War II Politics of World War II	[ -0.22214913368225098, -0.002283163834363222, -0.12370935827493668, -0.6842871308326721, -0.6270372271537781, 0.13087128102779388, 0.6768863797187805, 0.426862508058548, -0.005428173113614321, -0.29631346464157104, -0.4929642677307129, 0.21792151033878326, -0.021282734349370003, 0.9699829816818237, 0.2770202159881592, 0.44019341468811035, 0.2842775583267212, 0.12634645402431488, -0.0699656531214714, -0.33441606163978577, -0.06956903636455536, 0.017207015305757523, 0.1815139502286911, 0.480802446603775, 0.3456078767776489, -0.35595959424972534, 0.9431585073471069, -0.5552189946174622, 0.13600026071071625, -0.6160390973091125, -0.05830790847539902, -0.5273564457893372, -0.4021194875240326, -0.30127280950546265, -0.33110368251800537, -0.387836217880249, -0.39054611325263977, -0.06407134234905243, 0.15866191685199738, -0.5405011177062988, -0.3015238344669342, 0.44044485688209534, 0.7809990644454956, 0.19686968624591827, 0.07491658627986908, 0.07164978235960007, -1.0980302095413208, 0.16878852248191833, 0.2289581596851349, -0.16188248991966248, 0.3061167597770691, 0.36704546213150024, 0.54951411485672, 0.05288447067141533, -0.13757196068763733, 0.279860258102417, -0.7131907939910889, -0.5686812996864319, -0.07990517467260361, -0.20635604858398438, 0.7520189881324768, 0.31113651394844055, 0.31118735671043396, -0.0576990507543087, 0.14200203120708466, -0.7764505743980408, 0.3981998562812805, 0.7953101396560669, 0.04680326581001282, -1.0829360485076904, -0.4280529320240021, -0.10798884928226471, -0.12474413961172104, -0.21641023457050323, -0.1022542268037796, -0.6252604126930237, 0.5128699541091919, 0.28487616777420044, -0.03697165101766586, 0.0018233108567073941, 0.2567838430404663, -0.46520549058914185, 0.47804486751556396, -0.13395433127880096, 0.5547398924827576, 0.2829328179359436, -0.12717019021511078, 0.2940381169319153, -0.02922189049422741, 0.7743571400642395, 0.28477540612220764, -0.2751751244068146, 0.5108751058578491, -0.9469950795173645, -0.10354944318532944, -0.10420724749565125, 0.6956253051757812, 0.18639402091503143, 0.012407795526087284, -0.09896823763847351, -0.15505437552928925, 0.38167881965637207, 0.12418616563081741, -0.5833715796470642, -0.867241382598877, -0.21759909391403198, -0.12484096735715866, -0.22071397304534912, 0.10334077477455139, 0.055669158697128296, 0.12255871295928955, -0.3314623534679413, -0.12852247059345245, -0.12163510918617249, -0.5686774849891663, -0.3263043463230133, 0.008634913712739944, -0.7841183543205261, 0.1467907875776291, 0.28366637229919434, -0.329743355512619, 0.21379566192626953, -0.4614856541156769, 0.2645142674446106, -0.3076283633708954, -0.2841572165489197, 0.3207004964351654, 0.034078750759363174, -0.38288095593452454, -0.2724319100379944, 0.3725985884666443, 1.307568907737732, -0.44324180483818054, -0.004379522521048784, -0.2505589723587036, -0.2211376279592514, 0.4233151078224182, 0.1338202804327011, -0.3386520743370056, 0.043557099997997284, -0.4827530086040497, -0.513549268245697, -0.4870437979698181, 0.6690977811813354, 0.610220730304718, -0.15761157870292664, -0.10296829044818878, -0.488316148519516, 0.05157756432890892, -0.4502614140510559, 0.16306644678115845, 0.08144930750131607, -0.44241902232170105, -0.22111348807811737, -0.23354865610599518, 0.303567498922348, 0.6736595630645752, -0.28151142597198486, 0.21103180944919586, -0.12750504910945892, 0.2813812792301178, 0.17243975400924683, -0.01892918348312378, 0.5066582560539246, 0.05855492874979973, 0.40020251274108887, 0.7109411954879761, 0.0810844898223877, 0.1464773267507553, 0.09181973338127136, -0.3510163724422455, -0.004160525277256966, 0.5417107343673706, 0.36888837814331055, 0.0012525238562375307, 0.1516275256872177, 1.1656709909439087, 0.48918211460113525, 0.7429960370063782, -0.29119277000427246, -0.517132043838501, -0.17998263239860535, 0.20935854315757751, -0.11632876098155975, 1.117224097251892, 0.2686831057071686, 0.016525188460946083, -0.3948906362056732, -0.2329566776752472, 0.5712067484855652, -0.3027647137641907, -0.6338276267051697, 0.13470810651779175, -0.6741923093795776, 1.1980541944503784, -0.2316150814294815, -0.4063681662082672, 0.23989352583885193, -0.3085590600967407, 0.41036543250083923, 0.019214557483792305, -0.2106153964996338, 0.3509429097175598, -0.017715157940983772, -0.4903915524482727, -0.22588089108467102, 0.4301753640174866, 0.16581660509109497, 0.5079936981201172, 0.8952014446258545, -0.22368782758712769, 0.1051819697022438, -0.24608716368675232, -0.05297140032052994, 0.3968886733055115, 0.06984057277441025, -0.4090583026409149, 0.4360518753528595, 0.005889062769711018, -0.2287287563085556, 0.06805380433797836, -0.04078656807541847, 0.004359193611890078, -0.04911906272172928, 0.4329672157764435, -0.02538679912686348, -0.0979229062795639, 0.2073880434036255, -0.193634495139122, -0.9298630952835083, 0.23038586974143982, 0.3885059356689453, -0.07509742677211761, 0.025717787444591522, 0.1795952171087265, 0.1815900057554245, -0.014156831428408623, -0.012001918628811836, -0.6327919960021973, -0.03496428579092026, 0.43589213490486145, -0.03700392320752144, -0.12665829062461853, 0.7810051441192627, -0.6218863725662231, 0.31291109323501587, 0.44211700558662415, 0.17964987456798553, 0.3461044430732727, -0.22512474656105042, -0.12108085304498672, 0.3678552806377411, 0.25653666257858276, -0.2877345383167267, -0.12541833519935608, -0.6658603549003601, -0.19733037054538727, -0.12305182218551636, 0.4804621636867523, 0.13857123255729675, -0.11288867890834808, -0.44700974225997925, -0.056271567940711975, 0.4287254810333252, 0.4676777720451355, -0.1421259343624115, -1.0939241647720337, 0.30802929401397705, -0.06377466022968292, 0.2009851336479187, 0.5444640517234802, -0.24423310160636902, 0.1940390169620514, -0.34028059244155884, 0.5015856027603149, 0.23923905193805695, -0.05948413163423538, 0.42536675930023193, -0.1345619410276413, -0.008989280089735985, 0.027172435075044632, 0.4751133322715759, -0.6380325555801392, -0.7900699973106384, -0.19652822613716125, 0.1858106553554535, -0.05997815728187561, -0.9074442386627197, 0.26143115758895874, 0.1966942399740219, -0.021257003769278526, -0.11787489801645279, -0.6745988130569458, 0.15320107340812683, -0.4167619049549103, 0.5604787468910217, -1.2009687423706055, -0.22686609625816345, 0.2065754383802414, -0.6950268149375916, -0.509128749370575, 0.48388671875, -0.4038323760032654, 0.2413855791091919, 0.6192865371704102, -0.5472397208213806, -0.49543261528015137, -0.11121311783790588, -5.703617572784424, -0.39830076694488525, -0.29858455061912537, -0.026489224284887314, 0.23596762120723724, 0.17541588842868805, 0.14423994719982147, 0.19961045682430267, -0.1264612078666687, -0.15543662011623383, 0.18147437274456024, 0.07785794138908386, -0.1971062570810318, 0.019646139815449715, 0.23595492541790009, 0.33076032996177673, 0.1145068109035492, -0.06269026547670364, 0.3889200985431671, 0.31281059980392456, 0.15967632830142975, 0.29843172430992126, 0.4073420464992523, 0.4771256148815155, 0.7578736543655396, 0.24519556760787964, 0.06586854159832001, 0.05044515058398247, -0.08240876346826553, 0.8544123768806458, -0.16932570934295654, -0.49897149205207825, 1.0062826871871948, -0.24150201678276062, -0.24340535700321198, -0.31448933482170105, 0.6164171695709229, 0.7200931310653687, 0.4189892113208771, -0.2892509400844574, -0.15741099417209625, 0.14137230813503265, -0.5423189401626587, -0.24160215258598328, 0.7816218137741089, -0.1932530403137207, 0.15099182724952698, -0.03536324203014374, 0.1150677353143692, 0.14213110506534576, -0.2118896096944809, 0.3083153963088989, -0.4134944975376129, -0.6716245412826538, 0.00472267298027873, -0.16291557252407074, -0.8186264634132385, -0.3088434338569641, 0.35429152846336365, -0.002519708825275302, -0.35860419273376465, -0.5632619857788086, -0.3137762248516083, 0.17924810945987701, 0.22230365872383118, -0.24513036012649536, -0.6054461598396301, -0.05754280462861061, -0.2777545154094696, 0.41845816373825073, 0.03908463567495346, 0.2137880027294159, -0.07819909602403641, -0.7924751043319702, 0.17388950288295746, -0.5241289734840393, 0.18593648076057434, 0.24209101498126984, 0.558584451675415, -0.10964895039796829, -0.027440765872597694, -0.370709627866745, -0.24161846935749054, 0.08519909530878067, -0.043941982090473175, -0.09302196651697159, 0.18470953404903412, -0.5101677775382996, -0.4795851409435272, -0.02880484238266945, -0.19914457201957703, -0.8250714540481567, 0.13084213435649872, 0.2453288435935974, 0.1872098445892334, 0.2281627655029297, -0.48723331093788147, 0.13702252507209778, 0.6047981977462769, -0.2892325520515442, -0.14246872067451477, -0.25373977422714233, -0.01792801171541214, -0.7111502289772034, 0.07884100824594498, -0.2251811921596527, -0.0013434384018182755, 0.7196682095527649, 0.27170658111572266, -0.3451380431652069, -0.3939315676689148, -0.009082135744392872, -0.9923802614212036, 0.14350205659866333, -0.14665959775447845, -0.6259900331497192, -0.23254485428333282, 0.21616563200950623, 0.4379482567310333, -0.009390943683683872, -0.38449427485466003, 0.18921662867069244, -0.05945268273353577, 0.14474941790103912, -0.053252868354320526, 0.030245348811149597, -0.11168709397315979, -0.35629212856292725, -0.08475717902183533, 0.3067966103553772, 0.3406330943107605, 0.45704251527786255, 0.14587624371051788, 0.4480193555355072, 0.19018582999706268, -0.46442440152168274, 0.08401496708393097, -0.3147086501121521, 0.1665685623884201, 0.313416063785553, 0.04848453029990196, -0.21606726944446564, 0.4826497435569763, 0.014883472584187984, -0.2702863812446594, 0.35849300026893616, 0.2401735484600067, -0.6725648641586304, 0.3216714560985565, 0.12517818808555603, 0.09864212572574615, 0.4188370108604431, 0.18261466920375824, 0.12851525843143463, -0.06628786027431488, -0.02897721156477928, 0.2945479452610016, -0.03770109638571739, -0.7317618727684021, -0.7091224193572998, 0.3894073963165283, -0.2677564024925232, -0.6899139285087585, -0.18288251757621765, 0.6523355841636658, -0.29253441095352173, -0.26599299907684326, -0.5223603248596191, 0.03127134591341019, 0.5254298448562622, 0.6839888691902161, -0.3431583344936371, -0.2012213170528412, 0.02360711619257927, 0.2848595678806305, -0.09884397685527802, -0.4400894343852997, -0.5256203413009644, 0.06018808111548424, -0.17734020948410034, -0.1367703229188919, 0.054756809026002884, -0.45256009697914124, 0.1587238609790802, -0.1851324439048767, -0.2740997076034546, 0.20498132705688477, -0.41814348101615906, -0.1646416038274765, -0.18678492307662964, 0.278629332780838, -0.5131405591964722, 0.4777090549468994, -0.05328371375799179, -0.5948836803436279, -0.14749185740947723, 0.21612411737442017, 0.4985569715499878, -0.07662611454725266, -0.7090137600898743, 0.1780906617641449, 0.5025584101676941, -0.31463712453842163, -0.4994419515132904, 0.0283771064132452, 0.024820340797305107, 0.40678808093070984, 0.3118313252925873, -0.18237337470054626, 0.6858314275741577, -0.5022229552268982, -0.46061599254608154, -0.12522739171981812, 0.8588589429855347, -0.47280293703079224, 0.3059067130088806, -0.3321419358253479, -0.0016694475198164582, 0.15067604184150696, -0.27436578273773193, 0.19635482132434845, 0.0124240443110466, -0.6710152626037598, 0.04303492605686188, -0.5809062123298645, 0.45927858352661133, 0.14074699580669403, -0.8774770498275757, -0.00014043836563359946, -0.1609475463628769, -0.34624314308166504, -0.2754599452018738, 0.04667823761701584, 0.5164435505867004, 0.3506629765033722, 0.5321260094642639, 0.7232104539871216, -0.13684147596359253, -0.01516865473240614, 0.18924745917320251, 0.5660345554351807, 0.3328815698623657, 0.39093440771102905, -0.22458869218826294, 0.05736713111400604, 0.3853011727333069, 0.12530189752578735, -0.6964449882507324, -0.1802671253681183, -0.17977190017700195, -1.034211277961731, -0.2658711075782776, -0.948765218257904, -0.08559708297252655, 0.3501112759113312, -0.6438368558883667, -0.31297963857650757, 0.29806452989578247, -0.8043462634086609, 0.15452203154563904, -0.26449111104011536, -0.04924585297703743, -0.41058599948883057, 0.30832406878471375, 1.0660991668701172, 0.34514567255973816, 0.07910481095314026, -0.37468385696411133, -0.7864498496055603, 0.02664547972381115, 0.2775079607963562, 0.233710378408432, 0.21444636583328247, -0.2517769932746887, 0.5628612041473389, -0.12812581658363342, 0.0003603603399824351, -0.4126443564891815, 0.5598026514053345, 0.3701452910900116, -0.13114237785339355, -0.4404163360595703, 0.11243733018636703, -0.5820516347885132, 0.6579698920249939, -1.1337639093399048, -0.22400252521038055, -0.10806729644536972, 0.2194904386997223, 0.3632122278213501, 0.25893068313598633, -0.07486283034086227, -0.18506969511508942, -0.7193813920021057, 0.14203310012817383, 0.29300931096076965, -0.612209141254425, -0.2143043577671051, 0.040978606790304184, -0.019840549677610397, -0.37138640880584717, 0.7208492755889893, -0.47829708456993103, -0.604505717754364, 0.23953919112682343, 0.16828007996082306, -0.5769311785697937, 0.03212062641978264, -0.5055216550827026, 0.2110949456691742, 0.6976909041404724, -0.36992087960243225, -0.12665371596813202, 0.274594247341156, -0.7637940049171448, 0.009672625921666622, 0.610632061958313, -0.6705681085586548, -0.11700320988893509, -0.0585515983402729, -0.33303603529930115, 0.11886557191610336, 0.4531697630882263, 0.17358198761940002, -0.11470791697502136, 0.4620804488658905, -0.03731703758239746, 0.12238761782646179, -0.1435929536819458, 0.0018535505514591932, 0.3427702486515045, 0.058700062334537506, -0.44285786151885986, 1.046357274055481, -0.43508097529411316, -0.2028481662273407, 0.48048198223114014, -0.46353310346603394, 0.6355128288269043, 1.2376803159713745, 0.5395641326904297, 0.11362992972135544, -0.1938505321741104, -0.08701707422733307, -0.18217414617538452, 0.05170770734548569, -0.18395356833934784, -0.015828944742679596, 0.4403131604194641, 0.5648580193519592, 1.22308349609375, 0.24252404272556305, 0.31878313422203064, -0.25312942266464233, 0.61114501953125, -0.02483372576534748, 0.22702419757843018, 0.009994431398808956, -0.02968432568013668, -0.8519880175590515, 0.5536312460899353, -0.30308499932289124, 0.5866068601608276, -0.714104413986206, 0.47478681802749634, 0.5853233337402344, 0.20430269837379456, 0.1960216909646988, 0.22140486538410187, 0.07330498844385147, 0.42397233843803406, 0.11632102727890015, -0.19555258750915527, -0.875360906124115, 0.16889458894729614, 0.0004333857214078307, -0.26114174723625183, -0.029422177001833916, 0.682508111000061, -0.23697525262832642, -0.15453888475894928, 0.4094263017177582, -0.3970724940299988, -0.8027410507202148, -0.17797866463661194, -0.3514164686203003, 0.24713081121444702, 0.4104955196380615, -0.2879059612751007, -0.09844550490379333, -0.23699772357940674, -0.7980435490608215, -0.3546404540538788, -0.0584150068461895, -0.6831083297729492, -0.4309006929397583, 0.22485578060150146, 0.41576918959617615, 0.7253377437591553, -0.13326396048069, 0.4639609158039093, 0.2214997261762619, 0.19250915944576263, -0.13213373720645905, -0.21888798475265503, 0.6970883011817932, -0.391531765460968, -0.22211338579654694, 0.1270701289176941, 0.23631589114665985, 0.5132091045379639, 0.04310696944594383, -0.2014656364917755, 0.17995396256446838, -0.08477924019098282, 0.11513174325227737, 0.5109766721725464, -0.41558191180229187, 0.2548694610595703, -0.29963192343711853, 0.24253396689891815, -0.2584787607192993, 0.3915539085865021, 0.5003093481063843, -0.12893687188625336, 0.10699478536844254, 0.35846927762031555, 0.061133235692977905, 0.4048812985420227, 0.363644540309906, -0.4660714566707611, -0.1384890377521515, -0.07357808202505112, -0.4853687584400177, -0.061778757721185684, -0.4398195445537567, 0.45498648285865784, 0.3030448853969574, 0.22009629011154175, -0.3564266264438629, 0.17030201852321625, -0.18302981555461884, 0.567878246307373, -0.12780366837978363, 0.3503012955188751, -0.6913082003593445, -0.18964602053165436, -0.7686067819595337, 0.3270420730113983, 0.762627363204956, 0.20856383442878723, 0.5274376273155212, 0.14056260883808136, 0.06724631041288376, 0.16884154081344604, 0.18102219700813293, 0.2556028962135315, -0.48909568786621094, 0.3745649755001068, -0.027962910011410713 ]
202107	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9%20Previn	André Previn	André George Previn (; born Andreas Ludwig Priwin; April 6, 1929 – February 28, 2019) was a German-American pianist, composer, and conductor. His career had three major genres: Hollywood, jazz, and classical music. On each he achieved success, and the latter two were part of his life until the end. In movies, he arranged and composed music. In jazz, he was a celebrated trio pianist, a piano-accompanist to singers of standards, and pianist-interpreter of songs from the "Great American Songbook". In classical music, he also worked as a pianist but gained television fame as a conductor, and during his last thirty years created his legacy as a composer of art music. Before the age of twenty, Previn began arranging and composing for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. He would go on to be involved in the music of more than fifty films and would win four Academy Awards. He won Grammy Awards as well, ten of them, for recordings in all three areas of his career, and then one more, for lifetime achievement. He served as music director of the Houston Symphony Orchestra (1967–1969), principal conductor of the London Symphony Orchestra (1968–1979), music director of the Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra (1976–1984), of the Los Angeles Philharmonic (1985–1989), chief conductor of the Royal Philharmonic (1985–1992), and, after an avowed break from salaried posts, chief conductor of the Oslo Philharmonic (2002–2006). He also enjoyed a warm relationship with the Vienna Philharmonic. Early life Previn was born in Berlin to a Jewish family, the second son and last of three children of Charlotte (née Epstein; Frankfurt 1891–1986) and Jack Previn (Jakob Priwin; Graudenz 1885–1963), who was a lawyer, judge, and music teacher born in Graudenz, then in Germany but now in Poland. The oldest son Steve Previn became a director. The year of Previn's birth is uncertain. Whereas most published reports give 1929, Previn himself stated that 1930 was his birth year. All three children received piano lessons and Previn was the one who enjoyed them from the start and displayed the most talent. At six, he enrolled at the Berlin Conservatory. In 1938, Previn's father was told that his son was no longer welcome at the conservatory, despite André receiving a full scholarship in recognition of his abilities, on the grounds that he was Jewish. In 1938, the family had applied for American visas and during the nine-month wait to obtain them, left Berlin for Paris. Previn's father enrolled his son into the Conservatoire de Paris where André learned music theory. On October 20, 1938, the family left Paris and sailed to New York City. Their journey continued to Los Angeles, arriving on November 26. His father's second cousin Charles Previn was music director for Universal Studios. Previn became a naturalized US citizen in 1943. He learned English, his third language after German and French, through comic books and other reading materials with a dictionary, and watching films. In 1946 he graduated from Beverly Hills High School and performed with Richard M. Sherman at the ceremony; Previn played the piano, accompanying Sherman, who played the flute. In the film studios Previn was involved in creating the music for over 50 films and won four Academy Awards for his work. Previn's career as a composer, conductor, and arranger at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer studios (MGM) began in 1946, while he was still in high school, after their music department noticed his work for a local radio program and hired him. Previn recalled that MGM was "looking for somebody who was talented, fast and cheap and, because I was a kid, I was all three. So they hired me to do piecework and I evidently did it very well." His first official credit was for an entry in the Lassie series, The Sun Comes Up (1949), which much later he thought was "the most inept score you ever heard" after seeing a television rerun. While a full-time employee at MGM in 1950, Previn was drafted into the military. Beginning in 1951, while stationed with the Sixth Army Band at the Presidio of San Francisco, Previn took private conducting lessons for two years from Pierre Monteux, then conductor of the San Francisco Symphony Orchestra, lessons which Previn valued highly. In 1953, Previn returned to Hollywood and focused his attention on film scores and jazz. Previn stayed at MGM for 16 years, but despite the secure job and good pay, he had come to feel increasingly confined, and consequently desired to pursue classical music outside of film scores. He resigned from MGM at 32, wanting "to gamble with whatever talent I might have had". His break with the film world in the 1960s, however, was not as complete and thorough as he would later claim. During this period, Previn won a 1964 Academy Award for My Fair Lady. His film work continued until 1975's Rollerball. Over his multi-decade film career, Previn was involved in the music of over 50 movies as composer, conductor, and/or performer. In jazz Previn described himself as a musician who played jazz, rather than a jazz musician. Nevertheless, he proved to be a gifted jazz-piano interpreter and arranger of songs from the "Great American Songbook", winning the respect of prominent dedicated jazz artists. He separately worked as piano-accompanist to singers of jazz standards, from Ella Fitzgerald to Doris Day, recording prolifically. And, like Oscar Peterson, whom he admired tremendously, and Bill Evans, he worked often as a trio pianist, usually with bass and drums, collaborating with dozens of famed jazz instrumentalists. Previn also memorably filmed TV shows with Peterson (1974) and Fitzgerald (1979). Jazz critic and historian Ted Gioia wrote in his book about West Coast jazz, the scene to which Previn belonged:[His] projects varied greatly in terms of quality and jazz content, but at his best Previn could be a persuasive, moving jazz musician. […] Despite his deep roots in symphonic music, Previn largely steered clear of Third Stream classicism in his jazz work, aiming more at an earthy, hard-swinging piano style at times reminiscent of Horace Silver. Long before his eventual retreat from his jazz work, Previn had become something of a popularizer of jazz rather than a serious practitioner of the music. At his best, however, his music reflected a strong indigenous feel for the jazz idiom. Dizzy Gillespie on Previn, said:He has the flow, you know, which a lot of guys don't have and won't ever get. Yeah. I heard him play and I knew. A lot of guys, they have the technique, the harmonic sense. They've got the perfect coordination. And, yeah, all that's necessary. But you need something more, you know? Even if you only make an oooooooo, like that, you got to have the flow. As a conductor and composer of classical music As conductor He was music director of the Houston Symphony Orchestra, the Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra, the Los Angeles Philharmonic, and the Oslo Philharmonic, as well as the principal conductor of the London Symphony Orchestra and the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra. In 1967, Previn succeeded Sir John Barbirolli as music director of the Houston Symphony Orchestra. In 1968, he began his tenure as principal conductor of the London Symphony Orchestra (LSO), serving in that post until 1979. During his LSO tenure, he and the LSO appeared on the BBC Television programme André Previn's Music Night. Previn described the Indian classical album recorded with Ravi Shankar in 1971, Concerto for Sitar & Orchestra, as "absolute, total, utter shit". However, during his period with the LSO, according to the music critic Martin Bernheimer, Previn gained the reputation of being "a first-rate conductor of second-rate music". From 1975 to 1985, he was music director of the Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra (PSO) and, in turn, had another television series with the PSO entitled Previn and the Pittsburgh. He was then principal conductor of the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra from 1985 to 1991. In 1985, he became music director of the Los Angeles Philharmonic. Although Previn's tenure with the orchestra was deemed satisfactory from a professional perspective, other conductors, including Kurt Sanderling, Simon Rattle, and Esa-Pekka Salonen, did a better job at selling out concerts. Previn clashed frequently with Ernest Fleischmann (the LAPO's Executive VP and General Manager), including the dispute when Fleischmann failed to consult Previn before naming Salonen as Principal Guest Conductor of the orchestra, complete with a tour of Japan. As a result of Previn's objections, Salonen's title and Japanese tour were withdrawn; however, shortly thereafter, in April 1989, Previn resigned. Four months later, Salonen was named Music Director Designate of the Los Angeles Philharmonic, officially taking the post of music director in October 1992. Previn was music director of the Oslo Philharmonic from 2002 to 2006, and in 2009 he was appointed Principal Guest Conductor of Tokyo's NHK Symphony Orchestra. As composer André Previn left two concert overtures, several tone poems, 14 concerti, a symphony for strings, incidental music to a British play; a rich trove of chamber music (six violin sonatas, other scores for violin and piano; sonatas for bassoon, cello, clarinet, flute and oboe, each with piano; a waltz for two oboes and piano, three other trios, a string quartet with soprano, a clarinet quintet, a quintet for horn and strings, a nonet, a so-called Octet for Eleven, and three works for brass ensemble); several works for solo piano; dozens of songs (in English and German); a monodrama for soprano, string quartet and piano (Penelope, completed just before he died); a musical each for New York and London (Coco and The Good Companions); and two successful operas. Television In his capacity as conductor, mainly, Previn enjoyed a long relationship with the medium of television. He featured in Meet André Previn (1969) on London Weekend Television, the Morecambe and Wise Christmas Show in 1971 and 1972 (BBC), André Previn's Music Night (with the London Symphony Orchestra; three programmes in 1973, others in 1975 and 1976), and television interviews with other musicians. He made appearances on Call My Bluff and participated in documentaries about popular music and jazz during the 1970s and 1980s. In the United Kingdom he worked on TV with the London Symphony Orchestra. In the U.S. the television program Previn and the Pittsburgh (1977) featured him in collaboration with the Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra. "Andrew Preview" British TV audiences witnessed his comic acting skills when he was introduced as "Mr. Andrew Preview" (or "Privet") on the Morecambe and Wise Christmas Show in 1971. This involved his conducting a performance of Edvard Grieg's Piano Concerto with Eric Morecambe as the inept soloist, having been tricked into doing it by being told that Yehudi Menuhin would be his solo violinist. Playing the comedy straight, the annoyed Previn then remarks: "I'll go fetch my baton. It's in Chicago." This comic ad-lib made Morecambe immediately realise the sketch would be a success. Later in the sketch Previn accuses Morecambe of playing "all the wrong notes"; Morecambe grits his teeth, grabs Previn by the lapels, and retorts that he has been playing "all the right notes, but not necessarily in the right order". Because of other commitments, the only opportunity available for Previn to learn his part in the show was in the back of the taxi from the airport, but the talent he showed for comedy won high praise from his co-performers. He made a second appearance in their eighth series. In the sketch, he is tricked into visiting the pair again, and they suggest that if he works with them again, he could receive a knighthood; he conducts a 1920s-style dance band as the pair sing, and then joins them at the end of the episode in singing "Bring Me Sunshine". Previn later appeared in the 1972 special as a bus conductor in a feature called "I worked with Morecambe and Wise and look what happened to me". Previn himself recalled in 2005 that people in Britain still remember the sketch years later: "Taxi drivers still call me Mr Preview". He later said he was happy that the sketch meant as much to everyone else as it did to him, and that several parts of it were (uncharacteristically for Morecambe and Wise) improvised. Documentary Previn was the subject of a two-hour film by Tony Palmer entitled The Kindness of Strangers – after the closing words of his opera then in production, in 1998 – which followed Previn for a year at engagements around the world, and included interviews with Previn and rehearsals for the opera. The film was issued on DVD in 2009 by Voiceprint Records; an earlier issue had cut 30 minutes from it. Personal life Previn was married five times. His first marriage, in 1952, was to jazz singer Betty Bennett, with whom he had two daughters, Claudia Previn Stasny and Alicia Previn. Previn divorced Bennett in 1957, a few months before she gave birth to Alicia. In 1959, he married Dory Langan. A singer-songwriter, Dory became widely known as a lyricist with whom Previn collaborated on several Academy Award-nominated film scores during their marriage. After Previn separated from her in 1968 during her hospitalization for a mental breakdown, Dory resumed her career as a singer-songwriter with On My Way to Where (1970), a critically acclaimed album whose confessional lyrics were described as "searingly honest", and chronicled both her mental health struggles and the infidelity that she alleged had at once precipitated the end of her marriage to Previn and exacerbated her intermittent mental illness. In 2013, jazz singer Kate Dimbleby and pianist Naadia Sheriff revisited Dory Previn's musical reflections on her marriage to Previn in the London cabaret show, Beware Of Young Girls: The Dory Previn Story. Previn's third marriage, in 1970, was to Mia Farrow, whom he began dating in 1968. Previn and Farrow had three biological children together—fraternal twins Matthew and Sascha, born before they were married, and Fletcher, born in 1974. They then adopted Vietnamese infants Lark Song and Summer "Daisy" Song (born October 6, 1974), followed by Soon-Yi Previn, a Korean child whose age a physician's bone scan placed between six and eight years old and whose unknown birth date her adoptive parents estimated as October 8, 1970. Previn and Farrow divorced in 1979. Lark died on Christmas Day 2008, aged 35; reports at the time suggested she had died of AIDS-related pneumonia. In the aftermath of the scandal involving Soon-Yi and Mia Farrow's partner Woody Allen, Previn said of Soon-Yi, "She does not exist." Previn's most durable marriage was his fourth. In January 1982 he married Heather Sneddon. They had a son, Lukas and a daughter, Li-An. Previn wrote a brief memoir of his early years in Hollywood, No Minor Chords, which was published in 1991, edited by Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis and dedicated to Heather. This marriage ended in divorce after 20 years in July 2002. His fifth marriage, in 2002, was to the German violinist Anne-Sophie Mutter, for whom in the previous year he had composed his Violin Concerto. They announced their divorce in August 2006, but continued to work together in concerts afterwards. Honours and awards Previn was nominated for 11 Academy Awards. He won four times, in 1958, 1959, 1963 and 1964. He is one of the few composers to have accomplished the feat of winning back-to-back Oscars, and one of only two to have done so on two occasions. Previn was the first person in the history of the Academy Awards to receive three nominations in one year (for the 1960 awards). In 1970 he was nominated for a Tony Award as part of Coco's nomination for Best Musical. In 1974, he composed the musical score for The Good Companions starring John Mills in London. In 1977 he became an Honorary Member of the Royal Academy of Music. The 1977 television show Previn and the Pittsburgh was nominated for three Emmy awards. Previn was appointed an honorary Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1996. (Not being a citizen of a Commonwealth realm, he was permitted to use the post-nominal letters KBE but was not styled "Sir André".) Previn received the Kennedy Center Honors in 1998 in recognition of his contributions to classical music and opera in the United States. In 2005 he was awarded the international Glenn Gould Prize and in 2008 won Gramophone magazine's Lifetime Achievement Award for his work in classical, film, and jazz music. In 2010, the Recording Academy honored Previn with a Lifetime Achievement Grammy. Death Previn died on February 28, 2019, at home in Manhattan at the age of 89. No cause was released. Recordings Previn's discography contains hundreds of recordings in film, jazz, classical music, theatre, and contemporary classical music. Because of the huge number of recordings, the following lists are necessarily highly selective. A full discography (including LP/CD record codes) is available in Frédéric Döhl: André Previn. Musikalische Vielseitigkeit und ästhetische Erfahrung, Stuttgart 2012, pp. 295–319. Film music Most of the films which incorporate Previn's music are still available as videos/DVDs and/or as soundtrack records. Some of his soundtracks have been reissued in recent years, including those from Elmer Gantry, Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, Inside Daisy Clover, and Dead Ringer. Jazz recordings Previn made dozens of jazz recordings, as both leader and sideman, primarily during two periods: from 1945 to 1967, and from 1989 to 2001, with just a handful of recordings in between or afterward. He also did crossover recordings with such classical singers as Eileen Farrell, Leontyne Price and Kiri Te Kanawa, as well as several easy-listening records with piano and orchestra in the 1960s (beginning with Like Young: Secret Songs for Young Lovers, 1959, with David Rose and His Orchestra). Following his performance on Shelly Manne's recording Modern Jazz Performances of Songs from My Fair Lady in 1956, Previn released several albums of jazz interpretations of songs from broadway musicals as well as several solo piano recordings focused on the songbooks of popular composers (André Previn Plays Songs by Vernon Duke, 1958; André Previn Plays Songs by Harold Arlen, 1960; Ballads. Solo Jazz Standards, 1996; Alone: Ballads for Solo Piano, 2007), the late recording of songs by Harold Arlen with singer Sylvia McNair and bass player David Finck (Come Rain or Shine: The Harold Arlen Songbook, 1996), and his TV shows with Oscar Peterson (1974) – which Marlon Brando simply called "one of the greatest hours I ever saw on television" – and Ella Fitzgerald (1979) respectively. Jazz recordings as leader/co-leader André Previn Plays Harry Warren (RCA Victor, 1952) Collaboration (RCA Victor, 1955) – with Shorty Rogers Let's Get Away from It All (Decca, 1955) Double Play! (Contemporary, 1957) with Russ Freeman Pal Joey (Contemporary, 1957) Gigi (Contemporary, 1958) André Previn Plays Songs by Vernon Duke (Contemporary, 1958) Secret Songs For Young Lovers (MGM Records, 1958, with David Rose) King Size! (Contemporary, 1959) André Previn Plays Songs by Jerome Kern (Contemporary, 1959) Somebody Loves Me (Capitol, 1959) West Side Story (Contemporary, 1959) Like Blue (MGM Records, 1960) The Subterraneans (soundtrack) (MGM, 1960) Like Previn! (Contemporary, 1960) André Previn Plays Songs by Harold Arlen (Contemporary, 1960) A Touch of Elegance (Columbia, 1960) Like Love (Columbia, 1960) Dinah Sings, Previn Plays (Capitol, 1960) Thinking of You (Columbia, 1961) The Previn Scene (MGM Records, 1961) Duet (Columbia, 1962, with Doris Day) André Previn and J. J. Johnson Play Kurt Weill's Mack The Knife & Bilbao-Song (Columbia, 1962, with J. J. Johnson) 4 to Go! (Columbia, 1963) with Herb Ellis, Ray Brown and Shelly Manne But Beautiful (Decca, 1963) Soft and Swinging the Music of Jimmy McHugh (Columbia, 1964) Sound Stage! (Columbia, 1964) Love Walked In (RCA Camden, 1964) The Popular Previn (Columbia, 1965) André Previn Plays Music of the Young Hollywood Composers (RCA Victor, 1965) Previn with Voices (RCA Victor, 1966) All Alone (RCA Victor, 1967) Right As the Rain (RCA Victor, 1967, with Leontyne Price) The Easy Winners (Angel Records, 1975, with Itzhak Perlman) A Different Kind of Blues (EMI/Angel, 1980, with Itzhak Perlman) It's a Breeze (EMI/Angel, 1981, with Itzhak Perlman) Nice Work if You Can Get It (1983, with Ella Fitzgerald and Niels-Henning Ørsted Pedersen) After Hours (Telarc, 1989, with Joe Pass and Ray Brown) Uptown (Telarc, 1990, with Mundell Lowe and Ray Brown) Old Friends (Telarc, 1992, with Mundell Lowe and Ray Brown) Kiri Sidetracks: The Jazz Album (1992, with Kiri Te Kanawa, Mundell Lowe and Ray Brown) What Headphones? (Angel, 1993) Sure Thing: The Jerome Kern Songbook (1994, with Sylvia McNair and David Finck) André Previn and Friends Play Show Boat (Deutsche Grammophon, 1995, with Mundell Lowe, Ray Brown and Grady Tate) Ballads: Solo Jazz Standards (Angel, 1996) Come Rain or Shine: The Harold Arlen Songbook (1996, with Sylvia McNair and David Finck) Jazz at the Musikverein (Verve, 1997, with Mundell Lowe and Ray Brown) We Got Rhythm: A Gershwin Songbook (Deutsche Grammophon, 1998, with David Finck) We Got It Good and That Ain't Bad: An Ellington Songbook (Deutsche Grammophon, 1999, with David Finck) Live at the Jazz Standard (Decca, 2001, with David Finck) Alone: Ballads for Solo Piano (Decca, 2007) Jazz recordings as sideman/group member with Buddy Bregman Swinging Kicks (Verve, 1957) with Benny Carter Jazz Giant (Contemporary, 1958) with Michael Feinstein Change of Heart: The Songs of Andre Previn (Telarc, 2013) with Helen Humes Tain't Nobody's Biz-ness if I Do (Contemporary, 1959) Songs I Like to Sing! (Contemporary, 1960) with Barney Kessel Music to Listen to Barney Kessel By (Contemporary, 1956) Carmen (Contemporary, 1959) with Shelly Manne Shelly Manne & His Friends (Contemporary, 1956) My Fair Lady (Contemporary, 1956) Li'l Abner (Contemporary, 1957) Bells Are Ringing (Contemporary, 1959) with The Mitchells: Red Mitchell, Whitey Mitchell and Blue Mitchell Get Those Elephants Out'a Here (MetroJazz, 1958) with Lyle Murphy Twelve-Tone Compositions and Arrangements by Lyle Murphy (Contemporary, 1955) with Pete Rugolo An Adventure in Sound: Reeds in Hi-Fi (Mercury, 1956 [1958]) An Adventure in Sound: Brass in Hi-Fi (Mercury 1956 [1958]) Percussion at Work (EmArcy, 1957) Classical music Orchestral music Previn's recorded repertory as a conductor focused on standards of the Classical, Romantic and Modern eras. In opera, however, he recorded only Der Schauspieldirektor, Die Fledermaus, and Ravel’s two short operas, as well as his own A Streetcar Named Desire. He favored the symphonic music of Berlioz, Brahms and Strauss, and placed a special emphasis on violin and piano concertos and on ballets. Only a few of his recordings were of music before Haydn and Mozart (both favourites on his programmes) or of atonal or serial avant-garde pieces. In 20th-century music his repertory highlit specific composers of late Romanticism and Modernism: Barber, Britten, Gershwin, Korngold, Prokofiev, Rachmaninoff, Ravel, Shostakovich, Strauss, Vaughan Williams, Walton and Shapero. Previn recorded for RCA, EMI, Telarc and Deutsche Grammophon. Noteworthy as interpretations, for various reasons, are his recordings of Shostakovich's Fifth Symphony (for RCA in 1965), Walton's First Symphony (1966), the Vaughan Williams symphonies (1967–72), Rachmaninoff's Second Symphony (for EMI in 1970), Rachmaninoff's piano concertos (for Decca in 1970–71, with Vladimir Ashkenazy), Walton's Belshazzar’s Feast (EMI, 1972), Orff's Carmina Burana (1974) and Mendelssohn's A Midsummer Night’s Dream (1976), all with the London Symphony Orchestra; and Strauss's horn concertos (for DG in 1996), with the Vienna Philharmonic. Chamber music and solo piano Samuel Barber: Four Excursions, Paul Hindemith: Piano Sonata No. 3, Frank Martin: Prelude No. 7 (1961) Gabriel Fauré: Piano Trio in D minor op. 120, Felix Mendelssohn: Piano Trio in D minor op. 49 (1964, with Nathan Roth and Joseph Schuster) Sergei Rachmaninoff: Music for Two Pianos. Suite Nr. 1 op. 5, Suite Nr. 2 op. 17, Symphonic Dances op. 45 (1974, with Vladimir Ashkenazy) Maurice Ravel: Piano Trio in A minor, Dmitri Shostakovich: Piano Trio No. 2 in E minor op. 67 (1974, with Kim Young Uck and Ralph Kirshbaum) Claude Debussy: Piano Trio in G major, Maurice Ravel: Piano Trio in A minor (1995, with Julie Rosenfeld and Gary Hoffmann) Ludwig van Beethoven: Piano Trio No. 7 in B-flat major op. 97, Johannes Brahms: Piano Trio in B major op. 8 (1995, with Viktoria Mullova and Heinrich Schiff) American Scenes. André Previn: Sonata for Violin and Piano "Vineyard", George Gershwin: Three Preludes, Aaron Copland: Sonata for Violin and Piano, Nocturne, Samuel Barber: Canzone (Elegy) op. 38a (1998, with Gil Shaham) His own compositions Guitar Concerto (1972, with John Williams and the London Symphony Orchestra) Every Good Boy Deserves Favour (1978, with the London Symphony Orchestra) Piano Concerto and Guitar Concerto (1990, with Vladimir Ashkenazy, Eduardo Fernandez and the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra) Honey and Rue (1995, with Kathleen Battle and the Orchestra of St. Luke's) "From Ordinary Things": Sonata for Cello and Piano; Four Songs for Soprano, Cello and Piano; Two Remembrances for Soprano, Alto Flute and Piano; Vocalise for Soprano, Cello and Piano (1997, with Sylvia McNair, Yo-Yo Ma and Sandra Church) Trio for Piano, Oboe and Bassoon (1997, with Cynthia Koledo de Almeida and Nancy Goeres) "Music of André Previn": Trio for Piano, Oboe and Bassoon, Peaches for Flute and Piano, Triolet for Brass, Variations on a Theme by Haydn for Piano, A Wedding Waltz for Two Oboes and Piano (1998, with the St. Luke's Chamber Ensemble) "American Scenes": Sonata for Violin and Piano "Vineyard" (1998, with Gil Shaham) A Streetcar Named Desire (1998; with Renée Fleming, Elizabeth Futral, Rodney Gilfry, Anthony Dean Griffey, San Francisco Opera Orchestra) "Diversions – Songs": Diversions; Sallie Chisum Remembers Billy the Kid; Vocalise; The Giraffes Go to Hamburg; Three Dickinson Songs (2001, with Renée Fleming, Barbara Bonney, Moray Welsh, Vienna Philharmonic, London Symphony Orchestra) Tango Song and Dance (2003, Anne-Sophie Mutter) Violin Concerto "Anne-Sophie" (2003, with Anne-Sophie Mutter and the Boston Symphony Orchestra) Double Concerto for Violin, Contrabass and Orchestra; Piano Concerto; Violin Concerto "Anne-Sophie"; Three Dickinson Songs; Diversions; "I Can Smell The Sea Air" from A Streetcar Named Desire (2009, with Renée Fleming, Anne-Sophie Mutter, Vladimir Ashkenazy, Roman Patkolo, Boston Symphony Orchestra, London Symphony Orchestra, Vienna Philharmonic, San Francisco Opera Orchestra) Brief Encounter (2011, with Elizabeth Futral, Nathan Gunn, Kim Josephson, Houston Grand Opera Orchestra, Patrick Summers) List of awards Academy Awards Best Music – Scoring of a Musical Picture 1958 Gigi (orig. music: Loewe) 1959 Porgy and Bess (orig. music: Gershwin) Best Score – Adaptation or Treatment 1963 Irma la Douce (orig. music: Monnot) 1964 My Fair Lady (orig. music: Loewe) Grammy Awards Previn received Grammy Awards and nominations: Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award 2010 André Previn Best Instrumental Soloist 2005 Previn: Violin Concerto; Bernstein: Serenade Best Classical Crossover Album 2003 Korngold: The Sea Hawk, Captain Blood with the London Symphony Orchestra Best Chamber Music Performance 1999 American Scenes: Copland, Previn, Barber, Gershwin Best Choral Performance'1974 Walton: Belshazzar's Feast with the London Symphony Chorus & Orchestra 1977 Rachmaninoff: Kolokola with the London Symphony Chorus & Orchestra Best Performance by an Orchestra 1960 Like Young with the David Rose Orchestra Best Sound Track Album 1959 Gigi (orig. music: Loewe) 1960 Porgy and Bess (orig. music: Gershwin) Best Jazz Performance – Soloist or Small Group 1961 West Side Story (orig. music: Bernstein) 1962 André Previn Plays Songs by Harold ArlenReferences Further reading In English: Martin Bookspan / Ross Yockey: André Previn. A Biography, Garden City/New York 1981. Frédéric Döhl, André Previn. In: German Historical Institut Washington DC: Transatlantic Perspectives. Europe in the Eyes of European Immigrants to the United States, 1930–1980, Washington 2012. Frédéric Döhl, André Previn. In: Charles Hiroshi Garrett: New Grove Dictionary of American Music. 2nd Edition, Oxford University Press, New York 2013, Vol. 6, pp. 597–599. Frédéric Döhl, About the Task of Adapting a Movie Classic for the Opera Stage On André Previn’s A Streetcar Named Desire (1998) and Brief Encounter (2009). In: Frédéric Döhl & Gregor Herzfeld (eds.): In Search of the Great American Opera: Tendenzen des amerikanischen Musiktheaters, Münster 2016, pp. 147–175. Michael Freedland: André Previn, London 1991. Edward Greenfield: André Previn. In: The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, hrsg. von Stanley Sadie, London 2001, Vol. 20, pp. 309–310. Edward Greenfield: André Previn, London/New York 1973. Lawrence Kramer: The Great American Opera: Klinghoffer, Streetcar, and the Exception. In: The Opera Quarterly 23/1 (2007), pp. 66–80. David McKee: A Streetcar Named Desire. André Previn. In: The Opera Quarterly 16/4 (2000), pp. 718–723. André Previn, No Minor Chords. My Days in Hollywood, New York 1991. André Previn (Ed. and Introduction): Orchestra, London 1979. André Previn / Antony Hopkins: Music Face to Face, London 1971. In German: Frédéric Döhl: Book Musicals im Jazz um 1960: André Previns ›Modern Jazz Performances‹ von My Fair Lady (1956) und Porgy & Bess (1959). In: Lied und populäre Kultur/Song and Popular Culture. Jahrbuch des Deutschen Volksliedarchivs 58 (2013), pp. 73–105. Frédéric Döhl: Brief Encounter: Zu David Leans Film (1945) und André Previns Oper (2009). In Archiv für Musikwissenschaft 70/4 (2013), pp. 311–332. Frédéric Döhl: André Previn. In Hanns-Werner Heister/Walter Wolfgang Sparrer (Ed.): Komponisten der Gegenwart, Munich 2013 (contains sheet music examples, a full catalog raisonné and a selected filmography and discography). Frédéric Döhl: André Previn. Musikalische Vielseitigkeit und ästhetische Erfahrung (engl. André Previn. Musical Versatility and Aesthetic Experience), Stuttgart 2012, 351 p. (contains sheet music samples from Violin Concerto Anne-Sophie (2001), Brief Encounter (2009), Cello Concerto (2011), and for the first time full catalog raisonné, filmography and discography). Frédéric Döhl: Movie for the stage? Zu André Previns Opern. In Archiv für Musikwissenschaft 69/1 (2012), . Frédéric Döhl: André George Previn. In Claudia Maurer Zenck, Peter Petersen (Ed.): Lexikon verfolgter Musiker und Musikerinnen der NS-Zeit, Hamburg ²2012. Frédéric Döhl: If the Image is valid. André Previn und die Rezeption musikalischer Diversifikation (engl. If the Image is valid. André Previn and the reception of musical diversification). In: Miriam Drewes / Ruth Reiche / Iris Romanos / Berenika Szymanski (Ed.): Transformationen – Entgrenzung in den Künsten (engl. Transformations – The Dissolution of Limits in the Arts''), Bielefeld 2011, pp. 96–113. External links – official site André Previn biography from IMG Artists Interview with Andre Previn, March 5, 2005 Videos 1929 births 2019 deaths 20th-century American composers 20th-century American conductors (music) 20th-century American male musicians 20th-century classical composers 20th-century classical pianists 20th-century German composers 20th-century German conductors (music) 20th-century German male classical pianists 20th-century German male musicians 20th-century jazz composers 21st-century American composers 21st-century American conductors (music) 21st-century American male musicians 21st-century classical composers 21st-century classical pianists 21st-century German composers 21st-century German conductors (music) 21st-century German male classical pianists 21st-century German male musicians 21st-century jazz composers American classical composers American classical pianists American film score composers American jazz composers American jazz pianists American male classical composers American male classical pianists American male conductors (music) American male film score composers American male jazz composers American male jazz musicians American male pianists American memoirists American music arrangers American musical theatre composers American opera composers American people of German-Jewish descent American people of Polish-Jewish descent Bebop composers Bebop pianists Best Original Music Score Academy Award winners Beverly Hills High School alumni Black Lion Records artists Broadway composers and lyricists Composers awarded knighthoods Composers for piano Conductors (music) awarded knighthoods Conservatoire de Paris alumni Cool jazz pianists Deutsche Grammophon artists Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences German classical pianists German emigrants to the United States German jazz composers German jazz pianists German Jews German male classical composers German male conductors (music) German male classical pianists German male pianists German memoirists German music arrangers German musical theatre composers German opera composers German people of Polish-Jewish descent Glenn Gould Prize winners Grammy Award winners Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award winners Honorary Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire Honorary Members of the Royal Academy of Music Jazz-influenced classical composers Jewish American classical composers Jewish American classical musicians Jewish American film score composers Jewish American jazz composers Jewish American songwriters Jewish classical pianists Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United States Jewish jazz musicians Jewish opera composers Kennedy Center honorees Knights Commander of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany London Symphony Orchestra principal conductors Mainstream jazz pianists Male musical theatre composers Male opera composers MGM Records artists Musicians awarded knighthoods Musicians from Berlin Naturalized citizens of the United States Previn family RCA Victor artists Swing composers Swing pianists Texas classical music West Coast jazz pianists	[ -0.10122175514698029, 0.2630780041217804, -0.21640810370445251, -0.05741357430815697, 0.09636911749839783, 0.5318920016288757, 0.2125878930091858, -0.019555212929844856, 0.09745269268751144, -0.7710476517677307, -0.5416579246520996, 0.1039685606956482, 0.09927909821271896, 0.31881454586982727, 0.027301419526338577, -0.027278626337647438, 0.25426730513572693, -0.6124638319015503, -0.2813877463340759, -0.3652147054672241, -0.3780261278152466, 0.027635257691144943, 0.18414126336574554, 0.34724828600883484, -0.3094896376132965, 0.48332643508911133, -0.559199333190918, -0.42356234788894653, 0.5880171060562134, -0.07550711184740067, -0.3098791837692261, 0.5414807200431824, 0.41083648800849915, -0.35319629311561584, -0.9425754547119141, 0.6634628772735596, -0.26403698325157166, 0.060140982270240784, -0.008733456023037434, 0.3610649108886719, 0.009150090627372265, 0.08616484701633453, 0.6092619895935059, 0.15943214297294617, -0.1678675413131714, -0.4937494695186615, -1.8529096841812134, 0.6827774047851562, -0.5548521876335144, -0.9544072151184082, -0.3357601463794708, 0.14929930865764618, 0.5013440251350403, 0.13900431990623474, -0.4149130582809448, -0.2792779505252838, -0.5126637816429138, 0.07889033854007721, 0.2373690903186798, -0.4111749529838562, 0.2526855766773224, 0.1820748895406723, 0.4616257846355438, -0.35089319944381714, -0.008849063888192177, 0.17762000858783722, 0.46857887506484985, 0.32338231801986694, 0.09798336029052734, -0.34415024518966675, -0.34006959199905396, 0.6892931461334229, 0.45807093381881714, -0.3109378516674042, 0.4097192585468292, -0.31437090039253235, 0.9388126134872437, -0.3511003255844116, 0.007006376516073942, 0.458782821893692, 0.19078516960144043, -0.3264903724193573, 0.833089292049408, 0.15819105505943298, -0.01595342345535755, -0.3337392807006836, -0.6637746095657349, 0.32899871468544006, -0.7876414060592651, -0.6751827001571655, -0.612141489982605, -0.8576153516769409, 0.5600997805595398, 0.1829138696193695, -0.25848761200904846, 0.29184696078300476, 0.6070292592048645, 0.19921745359897614, 0.18157841265201569, -0.11690494418144226, -0.05305170267820358, -0.3546644151210785, -0.07859695702791214, -0.2064206898212433, -0.18867042660713196, -0.07670730352401733, -0.040709130465984344, -0.3011534512042999, -0.19332723319530487, 0.07856173813343048, -0.2941739857196808, -0.23339106142520905, -0.06810785830020905, 0.319091796875, 0.16844439506530762, 0.5640869736671448, -0.2743145525455475, -0.35656771063804626, -0.664209246635437, -0.11470624804496765, 0.7948685884475708, 0.04803973063826561, 0.4244502782821655, -0.2839856445789337, -0.8978322148323059, -0.17019888758659363, 0.14069688320159912, 0.34527280926704407, -0.37125900387763977, -0.3960669934749603, 0.3049321472644806, 0.6569812297821045, -0.20999769866466522, -0.03161359950900078, -0.13330096006393433, -0.16050344705581665, 0.42074209451675415, -0.7925465106964111, -0.550046443939209, 0.5755767226219177, -0.35000360012054443, -0.20279984176158905, -0.44902172684669495, -0.3096134662628174, 1.0063539743423462, -0.09568583965301514, 0.10893607884645462, 0.22391901910305023, 0.19409005343914032, -0.13004785776138306, -0.211284339427948, 0.1152794137597084, -0.03677710145711899, -0.27729931473731995, -0.5277698040008545, 0.32535430788993835, 0.7547549605369568, 0.4597228467464447, 0.27220940589904785, -0.21200770139694214, 0.4831245243549347, -0.08852539211511612, 0.03889243304729462, -0.21530425548553467, 0.12203701585531235, -0.3759324252605438, 0.15856416523456573, 0.5084550380706787, -0.6935204863548279, 0.10086098313331604, -0.03997575119137764, 0.3264855444431305, 0.5676141977310181, -0.32046931982040405, -0.6126794815063477, 0.6348835229873657, 0.3612699806690216, 0.43997347354888916, 0.16795991361141205, -0.37321990728378296, -0.5707034468650818, -0.2563832104206085, 0.022237198427319527, 0.012754745781421661, 0.5233027935028076, 0.3213307857513428, -0.06025979667901993, -0.025277551263570786, 0.708296537399292, -0.32922664284706116, -0.5243501663208008, -0.5906615257263184, -0.01402229629456997, 0.1493930220603943, 0.6233318448066711, 0.537149965763092, -0.04610965773463249, 0.44110092520713806, 0.5163260102272034, 0.23187962174415588, -0.32022178173065186, 0.018445095047354698, 0.18562822043895721, -0.0037614828906953335, 0.4557673931121826, 0.5624163746833801, 0.5018725395202637, -0.3309616148471832, 0.05576980113983154, -0.18122410774230957, 0.8413007855415344, -0.502578616142273, 0.4170738458633423, 0.6877415776252747, -0.4685778319835663, -0.7200329303741455, -0.6363467574119568, -0.39534154534339905, 0.06445184350013733, -0.47027674317359924, 0.67269366979599, 0.7255820035934448, -0.21342851221561432, 0.291911244392395, -0.3771885931491852, 1.028012990951538, -0.47321024537086487, -0.14722876250743866, -0.3923635482788086, 0.5847020745277405, -0.2551305294036865, -0.11568284779787064, -0.10682404786348343, -0.43622586131095886, 0.6887840032577515, 0.3250444531440735, 0.43543609976768494, -0.4855133295059204, 0.3762528896331787, -0.6440987586975098, 0.1251867413520813, 0.42447373270988464, -0.07702697068452835, 0.4256405234336853, -0.37745460867881775, 0.5016829371452332, 0.18930259346961975, 0.08456756174564362, 0.1374652236700058, 0.4872356653213501, 0.001919389353133738, 0.35905444622039795, 0.1351887434720993, 0.5750923752784729, -0.4488566219806671, 0.20288676023483276, 0.3895251750946045, -0.148289754986763, 0.5992098450660706, -0.013356574811041355, 0.28348132967948914, -0.5744640231132507, 0.3267441689968109, -0.21270152926445007, -0.32837948203086853, -0.90321284532547, 0.10612564533948898, -0.4002886414527893, 0.82640540599823, -0.17440633475780487, 0.15423059463500977, -0.311801016330719, -0.2574675381183624, 1.1488392353057861, -0.047870393842458725, 0.3042353391647339, -0.6260950565338135, -0.006505800876766443, -0.2948918044567108, -0.6949670910835266, 0.9175381064414978, 0.6192947030067444, -0.5573018789291382, 0.015563903376460075, -0.45366203784942627, 0.2628348767757416, -0.36399632692337036, -0.299776166677475, 0.5694748163223267, -0.037148699164390564, -0.2064799666404724, 1.2120954990386963, 0.0726485475897789, 0.10485437512397766, 0.10145363956689835, 0.7681964039802551, -0.17386358976364136, -1.002769112586975, -0.5079213380813599, -0.17057467997074127, -0.21477118134498596, 0.027900204062461853, 0.040322426706552505, 0.20010928809642792, 0.44277483224868774, 0.23007738590240479, -0.22841784358024597, -0.22826972603797913, -5.520572185516357, -0.09762494266033173, -0.08697989583015442, -0.2542746961116791, -0.12471325695514679, 0.16556191444396973, 0.09847364574670792, -0.18431885540485382, 0.08451659232378006, -0.5623647570610046, 0.012694338336586952, 0.11171155422925949, -0.6275177597999573, 1.1030621528625488, -0.023693427443504333, -0.16418194770812988, 0.21299131214618683, -0.37597721815109253, 0.09248562157154083, 0.35487475991249084, 0.06650412082672119, -0.4924558103084564, 0.3647657334804535, -0.00011617762356763706, 0.20160339772701263, -0.21027575433254242, -0.5226995348930359, 0.31840449571609497, -1.1670076847076416, -0.5264410972595215, 0.09520076215267181, -0.2839520275592804, -0.3599761724472046, -0.022463252767920494, 0.2222071886062622, 0.1386522799730301, 0.22744692862033844, -0.1789672076702118, 0.10489224642515182, 0.4590373933315277, 0.17948949337005615, -0.0030632121488451958, -0.266207754611969, -0.07037561386823654, -0.42664769291877747, 0.12877701222896576, -0.2836952805519104, 0.14635737240314484, 0.048443350940942764, 0.8311634063720703, 0.36949416995048523, 0.17105339467525482, 0.07028621435165405, -0.7769670486450195, -0.1286677122116089, -0.10660777986049652, 0.15329092741012573, -0.022635813802480698, -0.8124042749404907, 0.0490795262157917, 0.6182815432548523, -0.17137183248996735, -0.0640953928232193, 0.059944212436676025, -0.1480785757303238, -0.2758209705352783, 0.1580679565668106, 0.16771851480007172, 0.21421726047992706, 0.14790363609790802, 0.6522427201271057, 0.7320507168769836, -0.019706187769770622, -1.1124212741851807, -0.8303148150444031, -0.6224430799484253, 0.2964399755001068, -0.3115636706352234, -0.6261863112449646, 0.5316084623336792, -0.1650112420320511, -0.28836485743522644, -0.36893004179000854, 0.7166192531585693, 0.3772253096103668, 0.4521782398223877, -0.396035373210907, 0.8490726947784424, -0.37772512435913086, -0.13645443320274353, 0.16381877660751343, -0.5748339295387268, -0.23033006489276886, -0.19828544557094574, 0.1826694905757904, -0.19625627994537354, -0.05845196917653084, 0.8094522953033447, 0.48275744915008545, 0.9620600938796997, -0.4644482135772705, -0.7428967356681824, 0.4382563531398773, -0.4446669816970825, 0.46039584279060364, -0.42494839429855347, -0.042896371334791183, 0.04554663226008415, 0.9929004311561584, 0.3088407516479492, 0.06916249543428421, 0.3770291209220886, -0.027913760393857956, -0.5329835414886475, 0.34244751930236816, -0.9005053043365479, 0.2302703559398651, 0.12997165322303772, -0.07660556584596634, 0.026675719767808914, -0.30157747864723206, 0.09512744098901749, -0.41143977642059326, 0.062385499477386475, -0.2449135035276413, 0.11869485676288605, -0.5715643167495728, -0.6506541967391968, -0.6040261387825012, -0.06185966730117798, -0.5419349670410156, 0.9528694748878479, -0.19321823120117188, 0.531291663646698, 0.5236182808876038, 0.06271656602621078, -0.3303042948246002, -0.12827281653881073, -0.44353917241096497, -0.3106236457824707, 0.25310513377189636, -0.22726885974407196, -0.21402302384376526, -0.08915286511182785, -0.06712238490581512, 0.07863210886716843, 0.037961576133966446, -0.520106315612793, -0.08672028034925461, 0.48433804512023926, 0.7697061896324158, 0.15852999687194824, 0.6125750541687012, -0.016035689041018486, -0.4510922431945801, -0.09094342589378357, -0.1491207480430603, -0.3930778503417969, 0.11488503962755203, 0.31746557354927063, 0.08436236530542374, -0.062108539044857025, -1.0139397382736206, -0.41207003593444824, 0.3666674792766571, 0.1544101983308792, -0.02588648721575737, -0.6870064735412598, -0.5112847089767456, 0.16246721148490906, 0.09614629298448563, -0.7215514183044434, 0.3841262459754944, -0.3951987624168396, 0.027968043461441994, 0.02479761838912964, -0.04973872750997543, -0.9075901508331299, 0.1309344470500946, -0.17521890997886658, 0.07007373869419098, -0.26604288816452026, -1.1284056901931763, -0.051222119480371475, -0.13570696115493774, -0.28254255652427673, -0.6564265489578247, -0.5154047012329102, 0.004716002382338047, -0.12755489349365234, -0.35978078842163086, -0.6923891305923462, -0.010208896361291409, 0.30002444982528687, 0.1925348937511444, -0.12759491801261902, 0.36537423729896545, 0.24714979529380798, -0.5587656497955322, -0.036966472864151, 0.23091459274291992, 0.05199267342686653, -0.36371397972106934, -0.41624030470848083, 0.7042683362960815, -1.2483974695205688, -0.14696866273880005, 0.07143941521644592, -0.21535636484622955, 0.5972213745117188, -0.6191779375076294, -0.35148221254348755, 0.40093499422073364, -0.0991256907582283, -0.03890619054436684, 0.33629268407821655, 0.4214082956314087, 0.1770464926958084, -0.6812554597854614, -0.2072513848543167, -0.20670846104621887, 0.3830404281616211, -0.21772973239421844, -0.33017855882644653, -0.31662803888320923, -0.11670377850532532, 0.148519828915596, -0.007949945516884327, 0.15617386996746063, -0.12055515497922897, -0.05439905449748039, -0.43855467438697815, -0.4850291311740875, -0.10181205719709396, -0.35606649518013, -0.412224143743515, 0.0012712456518784165, 0.33450984954833984, -0.4756139814853668, 0.02567516639828682, 0.5937039256095886, 0.3414466083049774, 0.44425246119499207, 0.204623281955719, -0.526078462600708, 0.25413742661476135, 0.5539939999580383, -0.3998104929924011, 0.4603300392627716, 0.36362090706825256, 0.29452988505363464, 0.16554604470729828, -0.6805835962295532, -0.4496757388114929, 0.5598942041397095, 0.0013993484899401665, 0.31228989362716675, 0.04119216650724411, 0.21628981828689575, 0.44109994173049927, 0.10933447629213333, 0.026256650686264038, 0.3406626582145691, 0.005029446445405483, -0.678467333316803, -0.10207175463438034, 0.2679632008075714, 0.08835682272911072, -0.11205028742551804, -0.1376757174730301, 0.060190681368112564, 0.08634717762470245, -0.36869513988494873, 0.007176639046519995, -0.1976306140422821, 0.2642230987548828, 0.1742156594991684, 0.23678691685199738, -0.005882265977561474, -0.43994513154029846, -0.3195531368255615, 0.21772879362106323, -0.1384011059999466, -0.6254886388778687, -0.3851829171180725, -0.6627302169799805, -0.24519610404968262, -0.28354060649871826, -0.19187064468860626, -0.09915430098772049, -0.7260332703590393, 0.4012182652950287, 0.010366834700107574, 0.3324083387851715, -0.033532366156578064, -0.010854805819690228, -0.07165981084108353, 0.932355523109436, 0.09156770259141922, 0.016644274815917015, -0.049931854009628296, 0.21427755057811737, 0.6502922773361206, -0.1185738742351532, 0.01772773452103138, 0.36519747972488403, -0.009936751797795296, -0.6396826505661011, -0.07133682817220688, 0.26022157073020935, 0.5478096008300781, -0.09027513861656189, 0.14437387883663177, 0.6231638789176941, -0.4334925413131714, 0.431681364774704, 0.4398129880428314, -0.08543690294027328, -0.4053897559642792, 0.0007137420470826328, 0.06295150518417358, -0.006592399440705776, 0.7794122099876404, -0.401549756526947, 0.0838993564248085, 0.4850819408893585, 0.44614776968955994, -0.2586933672428131, -0.33672887086868286, 0.488272100687027, 0.17300300300121307, -0.05457458272576332, -0.19410240650177002, 0.7337813377380371, 0.1976843923330307, -0.6139743328094482, 0.06968270987272263, -0.5888912081718445, -0.025647461414337158, -0.26807165145874023, -0.0587841160595417, 0.42533156275749207, 0.019272344186902046, -0.051771700382232666, 0.12209673970937729, 0.05715889111161232, 0.21477144956588745, 0.9201905727386475, -0.4674871563911438, -0.3568294942378998, 0.5772241950035095, 0.2965751588344574, 0.029214872047305107, -0.07807163149118423, 0.41971567273139954, 0.05296823009848595, 0.8260001540184021, -0.036681562662124634, 0.25352928042411804, 0.29005229473114014, 0.21580658853054047, -0.4865439832210541, 1.5637949705123901, 0.00945381261408329, -0.0015195636078715324, 0.08183609694242477, 0.3144996464252472, -0.3174881041049957, 0.15715576708316803, -0.24964997172355652, -0.2820635139942169, 0.1822730302810669, -0.5374734997749329, 0.7951766848564148, 0.22432425618171692, -0.003012164030224085, 0.18616221845149994, -0.34593942761421204, 0.16229234635829926, -0.061621855944395065, -0.480590283870697, -0.23784425854682922, -0.27278777956962585, 0.19407974183559418, 0.09024927020072937, -0.5680861473083496, 0.4203208386898041, -0.5632471442222595, 0.08725520968437195, -0.056955162435770035, 0.3459247648715973, -0.6384993195533752, -0.06364548951387405, 0.2859308123588562, -0.2906067669391632, -0.3024769425392151, -0.2305481731891632, 0.47369804978370667, 0.13588166236877441, 0.10994492471218109, 0.6957297325134277, 0.3249592185020447, 0.4350415766239166, -0.24505822360515594, 0.14909987151622772, -0.2539274990558624, -0.30140650272369385, -0.2208928018808365, -0.9780850410461426, 0.35432037711143494, -0.17785751819610596, -0.12661701440811157, -0.5529158115386963, 0.45213767886161804, 0.2044353038072586, 0.3809863030910492, 0.2592697739601135, 0.49240759015083313, -0.007607757113873959, -0.29548779129981995, 0.660860002040863, 0.49438193440437317, 0.26880356669425964, -0.2420266717672348, -0.4590640962123871, 0.577866792678833, 0.054180629551410675, -0.34022700786590576, -0.06669984757900238, 0.35622507333755493, -0.14589153230190277, 0.10050652176141739, -0.21999552845954895, 0.3514997959136963, -0.09782162308692932, -0.8070713877677917, 1.1270785331726074, 0.025062911212444305, 0.030926702544093132, -1.2500827312469482, 0.4232684075832367, 0.3786405026912689, -0.04452955350279808, 0.09378740936517715, 0.06637435406446457, 0.23961657285690308, -0.1904667168855667, -0.5607470870018005, -0.16017402708530426, 0.24803397059440613, -0.13629725575447083, -0.33032965660095215, 0.35168349742889404, -0.581658661365509, 0.12459036707878113, -0.16098083555698395, 0.3092791736125946, 0.38300156593322754, 0.5696421265602112, -0.0037703420966863632 ]
202110	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MATH-MATIC	MATH-MATIC	MATH-MATIC is the marketing name for the AT-3 (Algebraic Translator 3) compiler, an early programming language for the UNIVAC I and UNIVAC II. MATH-MATIC was written beginning around 1955 by a team led by Charles Katz under the direction of Grace Hopper. A preliminary manual was produced in 1957 and a final manual the following year. Syntactically, MATH-MATIC was similar to Univac's contemporaneous business-oriented language, FLOW-MATIC, differing in providing algebraic-style expressions and floating-point arithmetic, and arrays rather than record structures. Notable features Expressions in MATH-MATIC could contain numeric exponents, including decimals and fractions, by way of a custom typewriter. MATH-MATIC programs could include inline assembler sections of ARITH-MATIC code and UNIVAC machine code. The UNIVAC I had only 1000 words of memory, and the successor UNIVAC II as little as 2000. MATH-MATIC allowed for larger programs, automatically generating code to read overlay segments from UNISERVO tape as required. The compiler attempted to avoid splitting loops across segments. Influence In proposing the collaboration with the ACM that led to ALGOL 58, the Gesellschaft für Angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik wrote that it considered MATH-MATIC the closest available language to its own proposal. In contrast to Backus' FORTRAN, MATH-MATIC did not emphasise execution speed of compiled programs. The UNIVAC machines did not have floating-point hardware, and MATH-MATIC was translated via A-3 (ARITH-MATIC) pseudo-assembler code rather than directly to UNIVAC machine code, limiting its usefulness. MATH-MATIC Sample program A sample MATH-MATIC program: Notes References Numerical programming languages Programming languages Programming languages created in 1957	[ -0.6496477723121643, 0.24178454279899597, 0.08101920038461685, 0.14812235534191132, -0.6459475159645081, 0.4080991744995117, -0.059349674731492996, 0.15465350449085236, -0.19725023210048676, 0.040320903062820435, -0.3457728624343872, 0.5389842987060547, -0.3314668536186218, -0.23776908218860626, 0.17992794513702393, -0.6987515091896057, 0.19119976460933685, -0.06240023672580719, -0.35690248012542725, -0.34906694293022156, -0.3553321957588196, -0.5594400763511658, -0.07645910978317261, -0.2790566086769104, 0.12691719830036163, 0.33810749650001526, 0.13270553946495056, -0.1396421492099762, -0.3598083555698395, 0.3663210868835449, 0.25942036509513855, 0.2685064971446991, 0.25968489050865173, -0.3965644836425781, -0.43608298897743225, -0.22248996794223785, -0.09822189807891846, 0.6117597818374634, -0.4508397579193115, -0.5414063334465027, -0.055913690477609634, -0.24491238594055176, 0.1662551909685135, -0.047916512936353683, -0.14336691796779633, 0.19101665914058685, -1.7702908515930176, -0.007904928177595139, -1.2075777053833008, 0.06419877707958221, -1.101149320602417, 0.20432843267917633, -0.02446685917675495, 0.6815648078918457, 0.18046227097511292, 0.677562952041626, -0.11941038072109222, -0.25104743242263794, 0.12799672782421112, -0.5579344630241394, -0.12166215479373932, 0.031090721487998962, 0.09317801147699356, 0.05232980474829674, -0.09146905690431595, 0.2828254997730255, -0.2801017761230469, 0.1242167055606842, -0.8528731465339661, -0.5531848073005676, 0.17993894219398499, -0.7194615602493286, -0.4027928411960602, 0.24948644638061523, 0.04984128847718239, -0.4784957468509674, -0.08584549278020859, -0.35355144739151, -0.05879832059144974, 0.3680644929409027, -0.6958221197128296, 0.6398771405220032, 0.8964343667030334, 0.15438087284564972, 0.38673874735832214, -0.28406673669815063, 0.014681536704301834, 0.15197987854480743, -0.3914778232574463, -0.032352037727832794, -0.3818935453891754, -0.42883315682411194, 0.4313235878944397, -0.23724663257598877, 0.04802427813410759, 0.25984176993370056, 0.021527869626879692, 0.09867916256189346, 0.10724739730358124, 0.2757432162761688, 0.0006241139490157366, 0.26459622383117676, 0.14389340579509735, 0.05857470631599426, -0.6790906190872192, -0.3398955166339874, -0.3065033555030823, -0.4191053807735443, 0.09951218217611313, 0.0889466404914856, -0.4022785425186157, -0.24470946192741394, 0.4907499849796295, -0.2874237298965454, -0.09795898199081421, 0.5669782161712646, 0.03797987103462219, 0.31725800037384033, -0.19728843867778778, 0.48416435718536377, 0.2074669748544693, 0.5979462265968323, 0.27658167481422424, 0.14771737158298492, -0.01857069879770279, 0.36874648928642273, 0.2580989599227905, 0.8723889589309692, -0.23654240369796753, -0.0006960160681046546, -0.19923365116119385, 0.5513915419578552, 1.0551059246063232, -0.15487979352474213, 0.08480126410722733, -0.1607694774866104, 0.769641637802124, -0.11604670435190201, -0.3290148377418518, 0.5648160576820374, -0.34170281887054443, -0.03143014386296272, -0.24566952884197235, -0.15609917044639587, 0.17504633963108063, -0.2853853106498718, -0.002967579523101449, -0.15915536880493164, 0.13860569894313812, 0.2885245382785797, -0.08601140230894089, -0.27020907402038574, 0.15622833371162415, -0.2560614049434662, -0.11000920087099075, 0.8835245966911316, 0.2658498287200928, 0.5570579171180725, 0.22275330126285553, -0.1060992181301117, 0.029825352132320404, 0.5448134541511536, -0.16299188137054443, -0.5270320177078247, -0.23691946268081665, -0.3848806619644165, 0.3199448883533478, 0.04081755876541138, 0.33300432562828064, 0.21344256401062012, -0.1375316083431244, -0.49857404828071594, 0.3440681993961334, 0.6078709959983826, -0.17712780833244324, -0.36381083726882935, 1.052282452583313, 0.08976778388023376, 0.18867114186286926, -0.38934946060180664, -0.8168226480484009, 0.35060787200927734, 0.10646866261959076, -0.16721920669078827, 0.6961860060691833, -0.0761619359254837, 0.5558767914772034, -0.5223244428634644, -0.28229936957359314, -0.051118507981300354, -0.49783024191856384, -0.31696784496307373, 0.2751493752002716, -0.43724024295806885, 1.0644686222076416, 0.2580558955669403, -0.7068628668785095, 0.3837803900241852, -0.015055492520332336, 0.5908212065696716, -0.027058828622102737, 0.12249549478292465, 0.5519298911094666, 0.005509717855602503, 0.0029635995160788298, 0.39375531673431396, -0.37518760561943054, 0.41981565952301025, -0.13375002145767212, 0.5082888007164001, 0.0735432580113411, -0.32065972685813904, 0.08427980542182922, 0.16631431877613068, 0.03696874901652336, -0.23818181455135345, -0.0724615603685379, 0.5496030449867249, 0.25473737716674805, -0.06023438647389412, 0.88913494348526, -0.4717309772968292, -0.1773480325937271, 0.20013026893138885, -0.30683258175849915, 0.7527554035186768, 0.32448551058769226, 0.4939895570278168, 0.7497196793556213, 0.17602017521858215, -0.13954903185367584, 0.3860749304294586, 0.3063886761665344, -0.6586642861366272, -0.05854617804288864, -0.235477015376091, 0.34858793020248413, -0.544518232345581, 0.25502821803092957, 0.18527142703533173, 0.10508008301258087, 0.5033508539199829, -0.45008209347724915, -0.06888623535633087, 0.40860942006111145, -0.40823501348495483, 0.06218412145972252, -0.03390436992049217, 0.22972309589385986, 0.006337277591228485, 0.5877538323402405, 0.37252771854400635, 0.14533494412899017, -0.26599276065826416, -0.8925513625144958, 0.536924421787262, -0.11722981929779053, -0.18421699106693268, 0.2503848373889923, 0.9792534708976746, -0.04408028721809387, 0.03774010017514229, 0.10480275005102158, 0.1365833580493927, 0.04652926325798035, -0.9361372590065002, -0.0053407298400998116, 0.2758431136608124, 0.199812114238739, 0.41001763939857483, 0.40453705191612244, -0.8294765949249268, -0.24097321927547455, -0.31113407015800476, -0.5282775163650513, -0.775306761264801, -0.40939590334892273, -0.5422009825706482, -1.0967776775360107, -0.5822819471359253, 0.0565672405064106, 0.48035410046577454, 0.060057420283555984, 0.02902780845761299, -0.27632227540016174, 0.4965926706790924, -0.013055659830570221, -0.5546338558197021, 0.26628348231315613, -0.25964686274528503, -0.17971520125865936, 0.21514753997325897, -0.5204938054084778, -0.18353208899497986, 0.8123278021812439, 0.6862796545028687, 0.0954756885766983, -0.4141596257686615, -0.011410217732191086, -0.2202003300189972, -0.3482377231121063, 0.39887693524360657, -0.44924768805503845, 0.12373164296150208, 0.3364073932170868, -0.4110757112503052, -0.10881147533655167, -0.3274221420288086, -5.7063422203063965, 0.024075038731098175, -0.5391252636909485, -0.5650073885917664, 0.10812375694513321, 0.22183524072170258, 0.5141997337341309, -0.011693418025970459, -0.1035676822066307, -0.004489118233323097, -0.3957792818546295, 0.04114232957363129, -0.25239843130111694, 0.589418888092041, 0.4210742712020874, 0.3398398458957672, -0.03203347697854042, -0.10142689943313599, 0.37508830428123474, 0.143006831407547, 0.5811653137207031, -0.587611973285675, -0.00021610654948744923, 0.4206506609916687, 0.3940346837043762, 0.049074385315179825, -0.5363947749137878, 0.4318024516105652, -0.35400623083114624, 0.2110370695590973, 0.07984302937984467, -0.13590721786022186, -0.30179932713508606, -0.6778625845909119, -0.5330511927604675, -0.37947481870651245, 1.1238014698028564, 0.1279107630252838, 0.5064979195594788, -0.5463169813156128, 0.05851022154092789, 0.36682286858558655, 0.3191218078136444, 0.020494692027568817, 0.23856793344020844, 0.19165287911891937, -0.6872116923332214, 0.0785742849111557, 0.05949987843632698, 0.7139540314674377, -0.1535182148218155, -0.04329967126250267, 0.11053958535194397, 0.3167385458946228, -0.39194172620773315, -0.6235533356666565, 0.08390091359615326, -0.09553920477628708, -0.827437162399292, 0.43413448333740234, 0.5395968556404114, -0.4826102554798126, 0.005330994259566069, -1.0871822834014893, -0.18660487234592438, -0.6370715498924255, -0.7603148818016052, -0.22575855255126953, 0.34157589077949524, 0.12256566435098648, -0.35228490829467773, 0.4666251838207245, -0.46420711278915405, -0.8835477232933044, 0.36554035544395447, -0.07375752925872803, 0.16110706329345703, 0.18891899287700653, 0.10462374985218048, 0.18760855495929718, -0.4227696359157562, -0.617651104927063, -0.0049186996184289455, 0.38421836495399475, -0.08957496285438538, -0.15226982533931732, -0.7564529776573181, -0.042015306651592255, -0.35741564631462097, 0.17399482429027557, 1.1652276515960693, -0.2435920536518097, 0.3857070207595825, 0.09345948696136475, 0.2894648611545563, -0.14873503148555756, 0.27951234579086304, 0.22914281487464905, 0.5939468145370483, -0.33851686120033264, -0.36972057819366455, -0.3070357143878937, 0.007277988828718662, -0.5247024297714233, -0.0803055539727211, -0.0020882354583591223, -1.1212137937545776, 0.035854093730449677, 0.8327745199203491, 0.1860630214214325, -0.4661506414413452, 0.22671657800674438, -0.43215540051460266, -0.5273709297180176, 0.05569443851709366, 0.4818773865699768, -0.35595813393592834, -0.1128145158290863, 0.24352788925170898, -0.4293401539325714, -0.3223840892314911, -0.1277148276567459, 0.2895447313785553, 0.10266491025686264, 0.4295768141746521, -0.24065746366977692, 0.3278529942035675, 0.46085426211357117, -0.059805817902088165, -0.25987064838409424, -0.18752530217170715, 0.22369316220283508, 0.12802469730377197, 0.36356690526008606, -0.10402718186378479, -0.5301634669303894, -0.5724201202392578, 0.20954030752182007, 0.09789348393678665, -0.6958096027374268, 0.3841608762741089, -0.06699199974536896, -0.030384335666894913, -0.17625103890895844, 0.24138464033603668, 0.2647979259490967, 0.16352561116218567, 0.09408626705408096, -0.25542786717414856, 0.03779027611017227, 0.22785955667495728, -0.6402423977851868, 0.8105677366256714, 0.2082308679819107, -0.5074658989906311, 0.2629146873950958, -0.015868717804551125, 0.7043524980545044, -0.2382379025220871, -0.11979147046804428, 0.11482666432857513, 0.38069334626197815, -1.0287725925445557, -0.06528493016958237, 0.42846986651420593, 0.06039790064096451, 0.11222030967473984, -0.44122299551963806, -0.028222499415278435, 0.325229674577713, 0.8277762532234192, -0.5320996642112732, -0.4978817105293274, -0.14580358564853668, 0.6902616024017334, 0.14644619822502136, 0.020496344193816185, -0.15227805078029633, 0.16019141674041748, 0.13877609372138977, 0.2215372920036316, -0.6370283365249634, -0.2637036144733429, 0.5923795104026794, 0.4150298833847046, -0.4142647981643677, -0.15415285527706146, 0.15453234314918518, -0.2540656626224518, -0.3033502995967865, -0.04515695199370384, 0.1803138256072998, 0.499864786863327, -0.1095147505402565, -0.7405411601066589, -0.17868365347385406, 0.244241401553154, 1.012732744216919, -0.18456850945949554, -0.9285719394683838, -0.163884699344635, 0.4325464069843292, -0.4108351171016693, 0.07093130797147751, 0.4355045557022095, -0.7710410356521606, 0.2219451665878296, -0.025295041501522064, 0.03666756674647331, 0.3454192280769348, 0.18601080775260925, -0.534156322479248, 0.2865108251571655, -0.15142838656902313, -0.460004597902298, 0.25870734453201294, 0.3084792196750641, -0.15574106574058533, -0.37952643632888794, -0.09132570028305054, -0.28093814849853516, 0.16617919504642487, -0.7752009630203247, 0.03138601779937744, -0.5952563881874084, 0.4983203709125519, 0.20989932119846344, -0.40977370738983154, 0.4680218994617462, -0.4336070120334625, 0.024968059733510017, 0.07203353196382523, -0.15104064345359802, 0.5125847458839417, -0.13050523400306702, -0.57966148853302, -0.15546797215938568, 0.7436553239822388, 0.019520077854394913, -0.5001859664916992, 0.39788445830345154, 0.2323179692029953, 0.09743022173643112, -0.04553551599383354, 0.10725266486406326, 0.1103372648358345, -0.11444131284952164, -0.48439496755599976, -0.480476438999176, 0.26777487993240356, 0.5520565509796143, -0.24180316925048828, -0.7734187245368958, -0.7195723056793213, 0.7659079432487488, -0.03126254305243492, -0.4451560974121094, -0.14586739242076874, 0.06013067811727524, 0.14716964960098267, -0.07674645632505417, 0.2624327838420868, -0.5797765254974365, 0.30277711153030396, 0.07965388894081116, 0.2134278267621994, 0.13258500397205353, -0.6179638504981995, 0.7271629571914673, -0.3890116810798645, -0.383270263671875, -0.7726145386695862, 0.19434212148189545, 0.46953463554382324, 0.4882466197013855, -0.5098336935043335, 0.3275362253189087, -0.22934259474277496, 0.31799307465553284, -0.37931862473487854, -0.43308719992637634, 0.21757514774799347, 0.5069554448127747, -0.18165592849254608, 0.5577150583267212, -0.3081662356853485, 0.18816764652729034, -0.21426531672477722, -0.01933876797556877, 0.6184579730033875, -0.7089442610740662, 0.8289760947227478, -0.3517143726348877, -0.09746330976486206, -0.9504095911979675, -0.18863311409950256, 0.5519893169403076, -0.01801185868680477, -0.2847079038619995, 0.02211133949458599, -0.1788557469844818, 0.38448306918144226, 0.7630069255828857, -0.509638786315918, 0.4619658291339874, 0.14560946822166443, 0.19283555448055267, -0.11606958508491516, -0.39887064695358276, 0.24680200219154358, -0.4233139157295227, -0.4069221317768097, 0.24891018867492676, 0.5720005631446838, -0.3155655562877655, 0.2509647309780121, 0.617806613445282, -0.5591623783111572, 0.7621958255767822, 0.1047787293791771, 0.26954811811447144, 0.09728426486253738, 0.2961224317550659, 0.2515093982219696, -0.4406273066997528, 0.29194915294647217, 0.11335085332393646, -0.45747309923171997, 0.2810099124908447, -0.2095591276884079, 0.5990895628929138, -0.021762724965810776, -0.23327451944351196, -0.12625999748706818, 0.07609772682189941, -0.8206526637077332, 0.10204950720071793, -0.3815711736679077, -0.2041359692811966, 0.8190053701400757, 0.4541483521461487, 0.6790268421173096, -0.03318261355161667, -0.05075393244624138, -0.49977049231529236, 0.16685158014297485, -0.03100111335515976, 0.7875656485557556, -0.11897561699151993, 0.32946014404296875, 0.036571890115737915, 0.14409828186035156, -0.3503625690937042, 0.1334904581308365, -0.25400128960609436, -0.09916873276233673, 0.40615859627723694, -0.2514939606189728, 0.9767680168151855, 0.22840367257595062, -0.04859960079193115, 0.42307645082473755, 0.4939405620098114, -0.13653412461280823, -0.12360990792512894, 0.5892096757888794, 0.41882240772247314, -1.0030169486999512, 0.6849244236946106, 0.5683015584945679, -0.10455475747585297, 0.593105137348175, -0.06856511533260345, 0.5025801658630371, -0.15922534465789795, -0.2101384401321411, 0.5081059336662292, 0.09036032855510712, -0.26334238052368164, 0.033908843994140625, -0.3024861514568329, -0.2952251434326172, -0.2765187919139862, -0.3065890371799469, 0.14455841481685638, -0.42520442605018616, 0.32401326298713684, 0.3230891227722168, -0.07192623615264893, 0.40538400411605835, -0.4225219488143921, -0.674271821975708, 0.13239316642284393, -0.1367729753255844, -0.0756593570113182, 0.4234987497329712, -0.5170270800590515, 0.4216511845588684, 0.10280027240514755, 0.108945831656456, 0.018294697627425194, 0.05293738842010498, 0.4254509210586548, -0.23045332729816437, -0.3569950759410858, 0.05982541665434837, -0.13972406089305878, -0.11503179371356964, -0.5461356043815613, 0.24511580169200897, -0.03276114910840988, 0.5964080095291138, 0.020833460614085197, 0.07573094218969345, 0.05806833133101463, 0.2499135583639145, 0.03999163210391998, -0.17503821849822998, -0.1455334573984146, 0.32406219840049744, -0.3316543400287628, -0.4014938175678253, 0.13196028769016266, 0.40307289361953735, -0.2574915885925293, -0.08519023656845093, 0.8100972175598145, -0.3586170971393585, -0.4568019509315491, 0.128225639462471, 0.1681988537311554, 0.29354238510131836, -0.39982888102531433, 0.46557486057281494, -0.33797869086265564, -0.015850767493247986, -0.1704423427581787, 0.3823256194591522, 0.21006344258785248, -0.5229158401489258, -0.12951254844665527, 0.197745680809021, -0.08829739689826965, 0.6099916100502014, -0.5024725794792175, 0.3525916039943695, -0.39152732491493225, -0.6311505436897278, -0.6726176142692566, 0.022883549332618713, 0.3803883194923401, -0.07800862938165665, -0.1782587319612503, -0.19874192774295807, 0.32649481296539307, 0.26154008507728577, 0.182322159409523, -0.5539202690124512, 0.2646128833293915, 0.9834808111190796 ]
202115	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS%20Technology%206581	MOS Technology 6581	The MOS Technology 6581/8580 SID (Sound Interface Device) is the built-in programmable sound generator chip of Commodore's CBM-II, Commodore 64, Commodore 128 and Commodore MAX Machine home computers. It was one of the first sound chips of its kind to be included in a home computer prior to the digital sound revolution. Together with the VIC-II graphics chip, the SID was instrumental in making the C64 the best-selling home computer in history, and is partly credited for initiating the demoscene. Design process The SID was devised by engineer Robert "Bob" Yannes, who later co-founded the Ensoniq digital synthesizer and sampler company. Yannes headed a team that included himself, two technicians and a CAD operator, who designed and completed the chip in five months in the latter half of 1981. Yannes was inspired by previous work in the synthesizer industry and was not impressed by the current state of computer sound chips. Instead, he wanted a high-quality instrument chip, which is the reason why the SID has features like the envelope generator, previously not found in home computer sound chips. Emphasis during chip design was on high-precision frequency control, and the SID was originally designed to have 32 independent voices, sharing a common wavetable lookup scheme that would be time multiplexed. However, these features could not be finished in time, so instead the mask work for a certain working oscillator was simply replicated three times across the chip's surface, creating three voices each with its own oscillator. Another feature that was not incorporated in the final design was a frequency look-up table for the most common musical notes, a feature that was dropped because of space limitations. The support for an audio input pin was a feature Yannes added without asking, which in theory would have allowed the chip to be used as a simple effect processor. The masks were produced in 7-micrometer technology to gain a high yield; the state of the art at the time was 6-micrometer technologies. The chip, like the first product using it (the Commodore 64), was finished in time for the Consumer Electronics Show in the first weekend of January 1982. Even though Yannes was partly displeased with the result, his colleague Charles Winterble said: "This thing is already 10 times better than anything out there and 20 times better than it needs to be." The specifications for the chip were not used as a blueprint. Rather, they were written as the development work progressed, and not all planned features made it into the final product. Yannes claims he had a feature-list of which three quarters made it into the final design. The later revision (8580) was revised to more closely match the specifications. For example, the 8580 slightly improved upon the ability to perform a binary AND between two waveforms, which the SID can only do in an odd and illogical manner that results in messy, and in some cases nearly silent, waveforms. Wave combinations on the 8580 result in cleaner waveforms than on the 6581, although irregularities are still present. Another feature that differs between the two revisions is the filter, as the 6581 version is far away from the specification. Manufacturing, remarking, and forgery Since 6581 and 8580 SID ICs are no longer produced, they have become highly sought after. In late 2007, various defective chips started appearing on eBay as supposedly "new". All of these remarked SIDs have a defective filter, but some also have defective channels/noise generators, and some are completely dead. The remarked chips are assumed to either be factory rejects from back when the chip was still produced, or possibly "reject pulls" from one of the chip pulling operations that were used to supply the chips used in the HardSID cards. Fake SID chips have also been supplied to unwitting buyers from unscrupulous manufacturers in China; the supplied chips are laser-etched with completely bogus markings, and the chip inside the package is not a SID at all. Features three separately programmable independent audio oscillators (8 octave range, approximately 16 - 4000 Hz) four different waveforms per audio oscillator (sawtooth, triangle, pulse, noise) one multi mode filter featuring low-pass, high-pass and band-pass outputs with 6 dB/oct (bandpass) or 12 dB/octave (lowpass/highpass) rolloff. The different filter modes are sometimes combined to produce additional timbres, for instance a notch-reject filter. three attack/decay/sustain/release (ADSR) volume controls, one for each audio oscillator. three ring modulators. oscillator sync for each audio oscillator. two 8-bit analog-to-digital converters (typically used for game control paddles, but later also used for a mouse) external audio input (for sound mixing with external signal sources) random number/modulation generator Technical details The SID is a mixed-signal integrated circuit, featuring both digital and analog circuitry. All control ports are digital, while the output ports are analog. The SID features three-voice synthesis, where each voice may use one of at least five different waveforms: pulse wave (with variable duty cycle), triangle wave, sawtooth wave, pseudorandom noise (called white noise in documentation), and certain complex/combined waveforms when multiple waveforms are selected simultaneously. The oscillators of each voice are built off of a 24-bit phase accumulator. A voice playing a triangle waveform may be ring-modulated with one of the other voices, where the triangle waveform's bits are inverted when the MSB of the modulating voice's accumulator is set, producing a discontinuity and inversion of direction with the triangle's ramp. Voices may also be hard-synced to each other, where the synced voice's oscillator is reset whenever the MSB of the syncing voice's accumulator is increased. If both ring modulation and hard-sync are set to affect the same voice, the two effects are combined. The voice that ring modulates and/or syncs a given affected voice is determined by the following pattern: voice 1 affects voice 2, voice 2 affects voice 3, and voice 3 affects voice 1. Each voice may be routed into a common, digitally controlled analog multimode filter, which is constructed with aid of external capacitors to the chip. The filter has lowpass, bandpass and highpass outputs, which can be individually selected for final output amplification via the master volume register. Filter modes can also be combined together. For example, using a combined state of lowpass and highpass results in a notch (or inverted bandpass) output. The programmer may vary the filter's cutoff frequency and resonance. An external audio-in port enables external audio to be passed through the filter. The ring modulation, filter, and programming techniques such as arpeggio (rapid cycling between frequencies to make chord-like sounds) together produce the characteristic feel and sound of SID music. Due to imperfect manufacturing technologies of the time and poor separation between the analog and digital parts of the chip, the 6581's output (before the amplifier stage) was always slightly biased from the zero level. Each time the volume register was altered, an audible click was produced. By quickly adjusting the amplifier's gain through the main 4-bit volume register, this bias could be modulated as PCM, resulting in a "virtual" fourth channel allowing 4-bit digital sample playback. The glitch was known and used from an early point on, first by Electronic Speech Systems to produce sampled speech in games such as Impossible Mission (1983, Epyx) and Ghostbusters (1984, Activision). The first instance of samples being used in actual musical compositions was by Martin Galway in Arkanoid (1987, Imagine), although he had copied the idea from an earlier drum synthesizer package called Digidrums. The length of sampled sound playback was limited first by memory and later technique. Kung Fu Fighting (1986), a popular early sample, has a playback length measured in seconds. c64mp3 (2010) and Cubase64 (2010) demonstrate playback lengths measured in minutes. Also, it was hugely CPU intensive - one had to output the samples very fast (in comparison to the speed of the 6510 CPU). The better manufacturing technology in the 8580 used in the later revisions of Commodore 64C and the Commodore 128 DCR caused the bias to almost entirely disappear, causing the digitized sound samples to become very quiet. Fortunately, the volume level could be mostly restored with either a hardware modification (biasing the audio-in pin), or more commonly a software trick involving using the Pulse waveform to intentionally recreate the required bias. The software trick generally renders one voice temporarily unusable, although clever musical compositions can make this problem less noticeable. An excellent example of this quality improvement noticeably reducing a sampled channel can be found in the introduction to Electronic Arts' game Skate or Die (1987). The guitar riff played is all but missing when played on the Commodore 64c or the Commodore 128. At the X'2008 demo party, a completely new method of playing digitized samples was unveiled. The method allows for an unprecedented four (software-mixed) channels of 8-bit samples with optional filtering on top of all samples, as well as two ordinary SID sound channels. The method works by resetting the oscillator using the waveform generator test bit, quickly ramping up the new waveform with the Triangle waveform selected, and then disabling all waveforms, resulting in the DAC continuing to output the last value---which is the desired sample. This continues for as long as two scanlines, which is ample time for glitch-free, arbitrary sample output. It is however more CPU-intensive than the 4-bit volume register DAC trick described above. Because the filtering in a SID chip is applied after the waveform generators, samples produced this way can be filtered normally. The original manual for the SID mentions that if several waveforms are enabled at the same time, the result will be a binary AND between them. What happens in reality is that the input to the waveform DAC pins receives several waveforms at once. For instance, the Triangle waveform is made with a separate XOR circuit and a shift-to-left circuit. The top bit drives whether the XOR circuit inverts the accumulator value seen by the DAC. Thus, enabling triangle and sawtooth simultaneously causes adjacent accumulator bits in the DAC input to mix. (The XOR circuit does not come to play because it is always disabled whenever the sawtooth waveform is selected.) The pulse waveform is built by joining all the DAC bits together via a long strip of polysilicon, connected to the pulse control logic that digitally compares current accumulator value to the pulse width value. Thus, selecting the pulse waveform together with any other waveform causes every bit on the DAC to partially mix, and the loudness of the waveform is affected by the state of the pulse. The noise generator is implemented as a 23-bit-length Fibonacci LFSR (Feedback polynomial: x^22+x^17+1). When using noise waveform simultaneously with any other waveform, the pull-down via waveform selector tends to quickly reduce the XOR shift register to 0 for all bits that are connected to the output DAC. As the zeroes shift in the register when the noise is clocked, and no 1-bits are produced to replace them, a situation can arise where the XOR shift register becomes fully zeroed. Luckily, the situation can be remedied by using the waveform control test bit, which in that condition injects one 1-bit into the XOR shift register. Some musicians are also known to use noise's combined waveforms and test bit to construct unusual sounds. The 6581 and 8580 differ from each other in several ways. The original 6581 was manufactured using the older NMOS process, which used 12V DC to operate. The 6581 is very sensitive to static discharge and if they weren't handled properly the filters would stop working, explaining the reason of the great quantity of dead 6581s in the market. The 8580 was made using the HMOS-II process, which requires less power (9V DC), and therefore makes the IC run cooler. The 8580 is thus far more durable than the 6581. Also, due to more stable waveform generators, the bit-mixing effects are less noticeable and thus the combined waveforms come close to matching the original SID specification (which stated that they will be combined as a binary AND). The filter is also very different between the two models, with the 6581 cutoff range being a relatively straight line on a log scale, while the cutoff range on the 8580 is a straight line on a linear scale, and is close to the designers' actual specifications. Additionally, a better separation between the analog and the digital circuits made the 8580's output less noisy and distorted. The noise in 6xxx-series systems can be reduced by disconnecting the audio-in pin. The consumer version of the 8580 was rebadged the 6582, even though the die on the chip is identical to a stock 8580 chip, including the '8580R5' mark. Dr. Evil Laboratories used it in their SID Symphony expansion cartridge (sold to Creative Micro Designs in 1991), and it was used in a few other places as well, including one PC sound-card. Despite its documented shortcomings, many SID musicians prefer the flawed 6581 chip over the corrected 8580 chip, some even seeing the flaws as actual 'features' that made the SID chip distinct from other sound chips at the time. The main reason for this is that the filter produces strong distortion that is sometimes used to produce simulation of instruments such as a distorted electric guitar. Also, the highpass component of the filter was mixed in 3 dB attenuated compared to the other outputs, making the sound more bassy. In addition to nonlinearities in filter, the D/A circuitry used in the waveform generators produces yet more additional distortion that made its sound richer in character. Revisions No instances reading "6581 R1" ever reached the market. In fact, Yannes has stated that "[the] SID chip came out pretty well the first time, it made sound. Everything we needed for the show was working after the second pass." High-resolution photos of Charles Winterble's prototype C64 show the markings "MOS 6581 2082", the last number being a date code indicating that his prototype SID chip was produced during the 20th week of 1982, which would be within 6 days of May 17, 1982. These are the known revisions of the various SID chips: (date codes are in WWYY w=week y=year format) 6581 R1 - Prototype, only appeared on the CES machines and development prototypes, has a date code of 4981 to 0882 or so. Has the full 12 bit filter cutoff range. An unknown number were produced, probably between 50 and 100 chips. All are ceramic packages. 6581 R2 - Will say "6581" only on the package. Filter cutoff range was reduced to 11 bits and the LSB bit disconnected/forced permanently on, but is still on the die. The filter is leaky at some ranges and they tend to run hotter than other sid revisions. Made from 1982 until at least 1983. First 10 weeks or so of chips have ceramic packages (these usually appear on engineering prototypes but a few are on sold machines), the rest have plastic packages. 6581 R3 - Will say "6581" only, "6581 R3" or "6581 CBM" on the package. Had a minor change to the protection/buffering of the input pins. No changes were made to the filter section. Made from before 1983 until 1986 or so. The 6581R3 since around the week 47 of 1985 made in the Philippines use the HMOS HC-30 degree silicon though the manufacturing process remained NMOS. 6581 R4 - Will say "6581 R4" on the package. Silicon grade changed to HMOS-II "HC-30" grade, though the manufacturing process for the chip remained NMOS. Produced from 1985 until at least 1990. 6581 R4 AR - Will say "6581 R4 AR" on the package. Minor adjustment to the silicon grade, no die change from R4. Produced from around 1986 (week 22) until at least the year 1992. 6582 - Will say "6582" on the package. Typically produced around the year 1986 in Hong Kong. 6582 A - Will say "6582A" (or "6582 A") on the package. Typically produced around the years 1989, 1990 and 1992 in the Philippines. 8580 R5 - Will say "8580R5" on the package. Produced from the years 1986 to 1993 in the Philippines, Hong Kong and in the US. Some of these chips are marked "CSG" ("Commodore Semiconductor Group") and the Commodore Logo, while others are marked with "MOS". This includes chips produced during the same week (and thus, receiving the same date code), indicating that at least two different factory lines were in operation during that week. The markings of chips varied by factory and even by line within a factory throughout most of the manufacturing run of the chip. Game audio The majority of games produced for the Commodore 64 made use of the SID chip, with sounds ranging from simple clicks and beeps to complex musical extravaganzas or even entire digital audio tracks. Due to the technical mastery required to implement music on the chip, and its versatile features compared to other sound chips of the era, composers for the Commodore 64 have described the SID as a musical instrument in its own right. Most software did not use the full capabilities of SID, however, because the incorrect published specifications caused programmers to only use well-documented functionality. Some early software, by contrast, relied on the specifications, resulting in inaudible sound effects. Well known composers of game music for this chip are Martin Galway, known for many titles, including Wizball, and Times of Lore, Rob Hubbard, known for titles such as ACE 2, Commando, Delta, International Karate, IK+, and Monty on the Run. Other noteworthies include Jeroen Tel (Cybernoid, Turbo Outrun, Robocop 3 and Myth), Ben Daglish (The Last Ninja, Jack the Nipper, Firelord, Gauntlet), David Dunn (Finders Keepers and Flight Path 737), David Whittaker (Speedball, BMX Simulator, Glider Rider) and Chris Hülsbeck (R-Type, Turrican and The Great Giana Sisters). Emulation The fact that many enthusiasts prefer the real chip sound over software emulators has led to several recording projects aiming to preserve the authentic sound of the SID chip for modern hardware. The sid.oth4 project has over 380 songs of high quality MP3 available recorded on hardsid hardware and the SOASC= project has the entire High Voltage SID Collection (HVSC) released with 49 (over 35,000 songs) recorded from real Commodore 64s in a high quality MP3 file. Both projects emphasize the importance of preserving the authentic sound of the SID chip. In 2016, the Unepic Stoned High SID Collection (USHSC) was launched. It is a YouTube channel with over 50,000 SID tunes uploaded as single videos. The USHSC is based on both the SOASC= and HVSC, but also uploads recordings of recent SID music released at the Commodore Scene Database (CSDb) site. The channel features playlists containing roughly 5000 tunes each. Software emulation In 1989 on the Amiga computer, the demo "The 100 Most Remembered C64 Tunes" and later the PlaySID application was released, developed by Per Håkan Sundell and Ron Birk. This was one of the first attempts to emulate the SID in software only, and also introduced the file format for representing songs made on the C64 using the SID chip. This later spawned the creation of similar applications for other platforms as well as the creation of a community of people fascinated by SID music, resulting in The High Voltage SID Collection which contains over 45,000 SID tunes. A SID file contains the 6510 program code and associated data needed to replay the music on the SID. The SID files have the MIME media type audio/prs.sid. The actual file format of a SID file has had several versions. The older standard is PSID (current version V4). The newer standard, RSID, is intended for music that requires a more complete emulation of the Commodore 64 hardware. The SID file format is not a native format used on the Commodore 64 or 128, but a format specifically created for emulator-assisted music players such as PlaySID , Sidplay and JSidplay2. However, there are loaders like RealSIDPlay and converters such as PSID64 that make it possible to play a substantial portion of SID files on original Commodore computers. SIDPlayer, developed by Christian Bauer and released in 1996 for the BeOS operating system, was the first SID emulator to replicate the filter section of the SID chip using a second-order Infinite impulse response filter as an approximation. In June 1998, a cycle-based SID emulator engine called reSID became available. The all-software emulator, available with C++ source code, is licensed under the GPL by the author, Dag Lem. In 2008, Antti Lankila significantly improved the filter and distortion simulation in reSID. The improvements were included in VICE version 2.1 as well. In 2007 the JSidplay2 project was released, a pure Java based SID player developed by Ken Händel. Hardware reimplementations In 2008 the HyperSID project was released. HyperSID is a VSTi which acts like a MIDI controller for HyperSID hardware unit (synthesizer based on SID chip) and developed by HyperSynth company. Hardware implementations using the SID chip In 1989 Innovation Computer developed the Innovation Sound Standard, an IBM PC compatible sound card with a SID chip and a game port. MicroProse promised software support for the card, and Commodore BASIC programs that used SID required little conversion to run on GW-BASIC. In 1997, an electronic musical instrument utilizing the SID chip as its synthesis engine was released. It is called the SidStation, built around the 6581 model SID chip (as opposed to the newer 8580), and it's produced by Swedish company Elektron. As the SID chip had been discontinued for years, Elektron allegedly bought up almost all of the remaining stock. In 2004, Elektron released the Monomachine pattern-based sequencer with optional keyboard. The Monomachine contains several synthesis engines, including an emulated 6581 oscillator using a DSP. In 1999 HardSID, another PC sound card, was released. The card uses from one to four SID chips and allows a PC to utilize the sound capabilities of the chip directly, instead of by emulation via generic sound cards (e.g. SoundBlaster). The Catweasel from German company Individual Computers, a PCI + Zorro multiformat floppy disk controller and digital joystick adapter for PCs, Macs, and Amigas, includes a hardware SID option, i.e. an option to insert one or two real SID chips in a socket for use when playing .MUS files. The MIDIbox SID is a MIDI-controlled synthesizer which can contain up to eight SID chips. It is a free open source project using a PIC microcontroller. Control of the synthesizer is realized with software or via a control panel with knobs, LEDs, LCD, etc., which may optionally be mounted on a keyboardless Commodore 64 body. The Prophet64 is a cartridge for the Commodore 64. It features four separate music applications, mimicking everything from modern sequencers to the Roland 303/909 series. With an optional User Port peripheral, the Prophet64 may synchronized to other equipment using DIN Sync standard (SYNC 24). The website now states "Prophet64 has been replaced with the MSSIAH." The MSSIAH is a cartridge for the Commodore 64 that replaces the Prophet64. Artist/hacker Paul Slocum developed the Cynthcart cartridge that enables you to turn your C64 into an analogue synthesizer. Its successor, Cynthcart 2, added MIDI in, out and thru ports. The Parallel Port SID Interface allows those with very slim budgets to connect the SID chip to a PC. In 2003 a SID interface (and software to play Commodore 64 tunes) was released for the Z80 based Sam Coupé computer supporting both the 6581 and the 8580. In May 2009 the SID chip was interfaced to the BBC Micro and BBC Master range of computers via the 1 MHz bus allowing music written for the SID chip on the Commodore 64 to be ported and played on the BBC Micro. In October 2009 thrashbarg's project interfaced an SID chip to an ATmega8 to play MIDI files on a MOS 6581 SID. In March 2010 STG published the SIDBlaster/USB - an open source, open hardware implementation of the SID that connects to (and is powered by) a USB port, using an FTDI chip for the USB interface and a PIC to interface the SID. In August 2010 SuperSoniqs published the Playsoniq, a cartridge for MSX computers, with (in addition to other features) a real SID on it, ready to use on any MSX machine. In May 2015 Gianluca Ghettini developed SidBerry, an open source, open hardware board to interface a MOS 6581 SID chip to a RaspberryPi and play standard SID music files In 2016 Thibaut Varene published exSID, a USB audio device that can control a real 6581 and 8580 SID chip and natively playback most SID tunes. SID hardware clones The SwinSID is hardware emulation of the SID using an Atmel AVR processor, also featuring a real SID player based on the Atmel AVR processor. The V-SID 1.0 project (code name SID 6581D, 'D' for digital) from David was born in 2005. This project is a hardware emulation of the SID chip from the Bob Yannes's interview, datasheets. The V-SID 1.0 engine had been implemented in a FPGA EP1C12 Cyclone from ALTERA, on an ALTIUM development board, and emulates all the characteristics of the original SID, except the filter which is a digital version (IIR filter controlled by a CPU). The PhoenixSID 65X81 project (2006) aimed to faithfully create the SID sound using modern hardware. The workings of a SID chip were recreated on an FPGA, based on interviews with the SID's creator, original datasheets, and comparisons with real SID chips. It was distinguished from similar attempts by its use of real analog circuitry instead of emulation for the legendary SID filter. However, the project was discontinued, because George Pantazopoulos, who was the head of this project, died on April 23, 2007, at the age of 29. The C64 Direct-to-TV emulates large portions the SID hardware, minus certain features such as (most notably) the filters. It reduces the entire C64 to a small circuit that fits into a joystick while sacrificing some compatibility. The SIDcog is a software SID emulator running on the Parallax Propeller. All three channels can be emulated on one of the Propeller's eight COG's. The ARMSID is a "plug & play" replacement of the MOS 6581 and MOS 8580 with analog inputs support. The FPGASID is a FPGA based SID replica providing high reproduction quality of the original device including all features such as the audio filters and the paddle registers. The device is a full featured stereo solution and can replace two SID chips in a single SID socket. Hardware base is an Altera MAX10 FPGA. Trivia The Swedish electronic music duo Carbon Based Lifeforms released a track titled "Mos 6581" on their album Hydroponic Garden in 2003. See also Sound chip MOS Technology VIC – the combined graphics and sound chip of the VIC-20 Atari POKEY MOS Technology 8364 "Paula" Chiptune References Further reading External links SID in-depth information page The 6581 SID Datasheet SID programming info MOS 8580 SID die shots MOS Technology integrated circuits Sound chips Commodore 64 Commodore 64 music Video game music file formats Video game music technology	[ -0.22296036779880524, 0.3349682092666626, 0.18994763493537903, 0.12107256054878235, 0.15905079245567322, 0.1440373808145523, -0.20586441457271576, -0.1681520938873291, -0.1403595507144928, -0.0007051406428217888, 0.014953928999602795, 0.7710134983062744, -0.2726323902606964, 0.06136881560087204, 0.23754416406154633, 0.09254140406847, 0.5129154920578003, 0.015548289753496647, -0.1916077584028244, -0.3656191825866699, -0.11632616817951202, -0.08918164670467377, 0.5150808095932007, -0.2925432026386261, -0.19640935957431793, 0.29335829615592957, 0.7418321967124939, -0.3798125982284546, 0.33636847138404846, 0.14285792410373688, -0.0028457024600356817, 0.4236883223056793, 0.4850454330444336, -0.5108412504196167, 0.3071386516094208, 0.07776554673910141, -0.5057567358016968, 0.22239555418491364, -0.5864688754081726, -0.17361339926719666, 0.0842301994562149, -0.532387912273407, 0.20635093748569489, 0.37481653690338135, -0.04802205041050911, -0.22374434769153595, -1.0280686616897583, -0.15337389707565308, -0.48030415177345276, 0.33292919397354126, -0.33502522110939026, 0.7636181712150574, 0.1792306751012802, 0.21387752890586853, 0.6819241642951965, 0.344105064868927, -0.5547664165496826, -0.47956883907318115, 0.49481672048568726, 0.277283251285553, 0.25718966126441956, -0.006938314996659756, -0.427816241979599, -0.23949028551578522, -0.21369746327400208, 0.3466678261756897, -0.1715930551290512, 0.02561178058385849, -0.6239801049232483, -0.2434629648923874, 0.09740293771028519, -0.5061783790588379, -0.1737854927778244, -0.4483417272567749, 0.061815474182367325, -0.23562991619110107, 0.16689936816692352, -0.632323145866394, 0.534773051738739, 0.1747305542230606, -0.06416228413581848, 0.13453742861747742, 1.4098759889602661, 0.12355275452136993, 0.40690818428993225, -0.0918685793876648, -0.019583096727728844, 0.23878103494644165, -0.47596487402915955, -0.13128726184368134, -0.44931384921073914, -0.3325532078742981, 0.5264928936958313, 0.700619101524353, -0.24253147840499878, -0.20043283700942993, -0.7316523194313049, 0.37247636914253235, -0.029416847974061966, 0.33810630440711975, 0.15331721305847168, 0.9582388997077942, 0.13996627926826477, 0.04567810520529747, -0.13098116219043732, -0.40780770778656006, 0.2120637744665146, -0.7101866006851196, -0.3416331708431244, 0.2303718477487564, -0.5504786372184753, -0.8288050889968872, -0.0727934017777443, -0.5622002482414246, -0.12191984057426453, 0.23542587459087372, 0.14823579788208008, 0.03792077675461769, 0.4670105576515198, 0.343622624874115, 0.545769989490509, 0.577002227306366, -0.05527748912572861, 0.2956606447696686, 0.280817449092865, 0.38938358426094055, 0.1837809681892395, 0.46260303258895874, -0.5070886611938477, 0.17403775453567505, -0.11256710439920425, 1.3215068578720093, 0.033611003309488297, -0.3308473229408264, 0.14673611521720886, 0.11692512780427933, 0.5733359456062317, 0.25710874795913696, -0.11186009645462036, 0.5411806106567383, 0.14248241484165192, -0.535896897315979, -0.41414037346839905, -0.4860328137874603, -0.22620947659015656, -0.24319489300251007, -0.17866462469100952, -0.1441684514284134, -0.5196207165718079, -0.13384020328521729, 0.07626691460609436, -0.16824321448802948, -0.0905347689986229, -0.532375693321228, 0.0623958446085453, 0.31142210960388184, -0.14292190968990326, 0.05414097383618355, -0.46694010496139526, 0.08544030785560608, -0.40174195170402527, -0.25400450825691223, -0.8562839031219482, -0.5391032099723816, 0.2701766788959503, 0.036576636135578156, 0.4521714150905609, -0.24087253212928772, 0.41935521364212036, 0.2700216770172119, -0.23670002818107605, -0.2209344506263733, -0.10920277237892151, 0.1428859382867813, -0.07037506252527237, -0.09595595300197601, 1.1556552648544312, 0.6178185343742371, 0.19295887649059296, -0.16124102473258972, -0.9260523915290833, -0.8080331087112427, -0.6892592906951904, -0.09420899301767349, 1.156969428062439, 0.426957368850708, 0.5526703596115112, -0.03645020350813866, -0.5893585681915283, -0.3208126127719879, -0.19323863089084625, -0.6936721801757812, 0.8020902276039124, -0.48615843057632446, 0.8521893620491028, -0.01940251514315605, -0.6464464664459229, -0.06504125893115997, 0.3273243010044098, 0.4184448719024658, 0.08709167689085007, 0.41235122084617615, 0.41601458191871643, -0.05228528752923012, -0.3114200234413147, -0.14940215647220612, -0.03417385369539261, -0.4084821045398712, -0.07600292563438416, 0.05010196939110756, 0.31183958053588867, -0.8298392295837402, -0.17185530066490173, -0.6058454513549805, 0.382689893245697, -0.33824869990348816, -0.23927223682403564, 0.17669187486171722, -0.24521321058273315, -0.409231573343277, 0.5004478096961975, -0.30060163140296936, -0.1136208325624466, 0.4950607120990753, -0.574271559715271, 0.7102134823799133, 0.2207605242729187, 0.21720506250858307, 0.3586988151073456, -0.24584178626537323, -0.3479538857936859, -0.2936767637729645, 0.06318439543247223, -0.494841605424881, -0.3316841423511505, 0.11000218242406845, -0.07665886729955673, 0.008320602588355541, 0.48263218998908997, 0.3552708327770233, 0.26110780239105225, 0.6502221822738647, -0.8269742131233215, -0.08460869640111923, 0.6057527661323547, -0.3097284138202667, 0.009595700539648533, -0.13361291587352753, 0.20766496658325195, 0.3369797170162201, 0.4827202558517456, 0.37601274251937866, 0.5253452062606812, -0.3248683214187622, -0.20985710620880127, 0.42222079634666443, -0.1013992577791214, -0.6201375722885132, 0.1470116674900055, 0.3637538552284241, -0.6582651734352112, -0.10714763402938843, 0.09706735610961914, 0.05691599100828171, -0.21794766187667847, -0.6889207363128662, -0.25296828150749207, 0.3450509011745453, 0.26832592487335205, -0.04466145485639572, -0.053276531398296356, -0.040581539273262024, -0.6213032603263855, -0.2522922158241272, -0.3139787018299103, -0.3217950761318207, 0.2362828254699707, 0.09806659817695618, -0.14273226261138916, -0.3028121590614319, 0.5427930951118469, 1.0982294082641602, 0.9047266840934753, 0.2104899138212204, -0.4094123840332031, 0.6726722717285156, -0.10041383653879166, -0.001143154688179493, 0.09190941601991653, -0.8902361392974854, -0.6444939374923706, 0.16033312678337097, -0.6038895845413208, -0.17670181393623352, 0.3062284588813782, 0.5982820987701416, -0.0895724892616272, 0.13967570662498474, 0.772607147693634, -0.30258432030677795, -0.40452027320861816, 0.4509524703025818, -0.6326274871826172, 0.09164629876613617, 0.3046876788139343, -0.31332576274871826, -0.737650454044342, -0.013136686757206917, -5.400054931640625, 0.6829438805580139, -0.797075629234314, -0.3384840190410614, 0.38377586007118225, 0.27055448293685913, 0.7394639849662781, 0.024860426783561707, -0.23566679656505585, -0.28304100036621094, -0.4986216425895691, 0.09322511404752731, 0.1009630411863327, 0.24474433064460754, 0.0848618894815445, 0.27288752794265747, -0.08955225348472595, -0.8808141946792603, 0.40075430274009705, -0.19342589378356934, 1.057450771331787, -0.44295504689216614, -0.5247780680656433, -0.0011954079382121563, 0.379665344953537, -0.018412549048662186, -0.6549251675605774, 0.17186491191387177, -0.6704651713371277, 0.02685033716261387, 0.029790017753839493, -0.10444369167089462, -0.47792208194732666, -0.3511597216129303, -0.005921855568885803, -0.26443666219711304, 0.7206569910049438, 0.18329396843910217, 0.3898817002773285, -0.7649940848350525, 0.4584469795227051, 0.2274102121591568, 0.04535023868083954, -0.12468763440847397, 0.3745577335357666, 0.35393792390823364, -0.5595961213111877, -0.050459519028663635, 0.26878228783607483, 0.7288709878921509, -0.4934341609477997, -0.021491196006536484, -0.2187013179063797, 0.5353031158447266, -0.11040226370096207, -0.247805655002594, 0.21233706176280975, 0.6876221299171448, -0.3365894556045532, 0.15221141278743744, 0.1347469985485077, -0.6625168323516846, -0.17822061479091644, -0.5147067904472351, -0.41246575117111206, -0.08360742032527924, -1.0167845487594604, -0.37961384654045105, 0.7537760138511658, 0.3164530396461487, 0.3466376066207886, 0.16005994379520416, -0.40904417634010315, -0.8931730389595032, 0.3599602282047272, 0.39272236824035645, 0.018361585214734077, 0.09384224563837051, -0.20536163449287415, 0.13433711230754852, 0.2175602912902832, -0.20695343613624573, -0.6717336177825928, 0.3373461663722992, -0.5130374431610107, -0.5660908222198486, 0.10807259380817413, 0.358457088470459, -0.35473257303237915, 0.14796099066734314, 0.4202594459056854, -0.3566807210445404, -0.20878060162067413, 0.04504361376166344, 0.43965044617652893, -0.675764262676239, 0.5659945011138916, 0.8191225528717041, 0.7125967144966125, -0.4829182028770447, 0.04870371147990227, -0.4057413935661316, -0.2737475335597992, -0.8779845833778381, -0.5069921612739563, 0.22556571662425995, -0.7329988479614258, -0.6043081879615784, 1.0643768310546875, -0.07115855067968369, 0.12794876098632812, -0.5449259877204895, -0.7401859760284424, -0.04129862040281296, 0.5546449422836304, -0.506208062171936, -0.20979554951190948, 0.09506719559431076, 0.3231373727321625, -0.46656209230422974, -0.2990153133869171, 0.23405306041240692, 0.026481913402676582, -0.05101851373910904, -0.09025119245052338, -0.4338504672050476, 0.2859772741794586, 0.4979586601257324, -0.6672019958496094, -0.4181426167488098, 0.32350507378578186, 0.4760547876358032, -0.06161957234144211, 0.2924198806285858, -0.07240281999111176, -0.37132197618484497, -0.6712355613708496, 0.8104170560836792, 0.21071873605251312, -0.2379690408706665, 0.3187331259250641, -0.44518446922302246, 0.7074336409568787, -0.37500137090682983, 0.5462722778320312, 0.53578120470047, 0.41423243284225464, -0.022538693621754646, -0.20791076123714447, 0.3493398129940033, 0.4535709619522095, -0.10841493308544159, 0.448775976896286, 0.12113804370164871, -0.7163531184196472, 0.46132946014404297, 0.06111697852611542, 0.2773550748825073, 0.18258538842201233, -0.7403082847595215, 0.5803718566894531, 0.9231060147285461, -0.88326096534729, 0.20326624810695648, 0.4001617729663849, -0.24835380911827087, -0.19491204619407654, -0.8347809910774231, 0.30586472153663635, 0.6991053819656372, 0.16624832153320312, -0.3125890791416168, -0.6436221599578857, -0.058917708694934845, 0.8151341676712036, 0.20600207149982452, 0.03494452312588692, -0.0830262303352356, 0.08773112297058105, -0.08580420911312103, 0.5420712232589722, -0.503810465335846, -0.21421445906162262, 0.5319285988807678, 0.149339959025383, -0.525288999080658, -0.5647821426391602, 0.15356656908988953, -0.2167714238166809, -0.7976019382476807, -0.34955304861068726, 0.08089353144168854, 0.601467490196228, 0.18953947722911835, -0.3404160141944885, -0.3235776722431183, -0.0032102910336107016, 1.328068733215332, -0.7138873338699341, -1.174289345741272, -0.17938610911369324, 0.6598440408706665, -0.13854636251926422, 0.42530983686447144, 0.5145647525787354, -0.3567895293235779, 0.31989210844039917, -0.19376975297927856, -0.3937523066997528, 0.4841265380382538, -0.27488431334495544, -0.4245227873325348, 0.0076184882782399654, 0.025133905932307243, -0.417113721370697, 0.5788238048553467, 0.46871188282966614, -0.06222910061478615, -0.6522632837295532, -0.5399575233459473, -0.32140445709228516, 0.11799891293048859, -0.15431632101535797, -0.14310315251350403, -1.1093907356262207, -0.10676797479391098, 0.43920814990997314, -0.18443377315998077, 0.3920804262161255, 0.013634453527629375, -0.43109169602394104, -0.17168772220611572, 0.06422828882932663, 0.09314517676830292, -0.4899445176124573, -0.1808168590068817, -0.7904951572418213, 0.1090705394744873, 0.09129053354263306, 0.9177590608596802, 0.017663149163126945, 0.5308213233947754, -0.436307817697525, -0.4046890139579773, -0.19275987148284912, -0.21663068234920502, 0.30240949988365173, -0.5191864967346191, -0.6617290377616882, -0.019102029502391815, 0.6088805198669434, -0.4582493007183075, -0.5922157168388367, -0.35430729389190674, 1.4677703380584717, -0.3964855670928955, -0.13510160148143768, -0.4380803406238556, -0.11781661212444305, -0.022941626608371735, -0.3030867278575897, 0.47699323296546936, -0.9789422154426575, 0.1930403858423233, 0.1678590178489685, 0.21772578358650208, 0.10134752839803696, -0.6915696263313293, 0.637302577495575, -0.44410377740859985, -0.11892686784267426, -0.11977959424257278, 0.5121670961380005, 0.8618779182434082, -0.14426736533641815, -0.2708325982093811, 0.2206702083349228, -0.7375783920288086, 0.47878462076187134, -0.13902828097343445, -0.3185880184173584, 0.042032185941934586, 0.2829999029636383, -0.5015812516212463, 0.2683546841144562, -0.05907304212450981, -0.12362392246723175, -0.5314388275146484, 0.11276174336671829, -0.08073113113641739, -0.24964146316051483, 0.3658408522605896, -0.11849835515022278, 0.19035601615905762, -0.4573975205421448, -0.07472984492778778, 0.24942299723625183, -0.0812237486243248, 0.046240974217653275, 0.19328734278678894, 0.06227847561240196, 0.6214656829833984, 0.5017386674880981, -0.060529667884111404, 0.4274566173553467, -0.25555333495140076, 0.12771159410476685, 0.4235802888870239, -0.7620083689689636, -0.01397708896547556, -0.003590602893382311, -0.5112412571907043, 0.13834667205810547, 0.5698707699775696, -0.6178907155990601, -0.42300325632095337, 0.28220000863075256, -0.11265801638364792, 0.4920351207256317, -0.10233990848064423, 0.28850165009498596, 0.7642671465873718, 0.5466077923774719, 0.3954472839832306, -0.45674389600753784, 0.302842378616333, -0.1381392925977707, -0.7003636360168457, 0.7786136865615845, 0.2908821105957031, 0.2946685254573822, -0.1008608341217041, -0.3063966929912567, 0.6138024926185608, 0.007796898949891329, -0.1836356371641159, 0.19278419017791748, -0.28623875975608826, -0.3808433413505554, 0.5881802439689636, 0.47064054012298584, 0.7028956413269043, 0.11755959689617157, 0.20577745139598846, 0.25045090913772583, 0.5439481735229492, 0.32226094603538513, -0.002586991060525179, 0.25979965925216675, -0.07472392171621323, -0.18743011355400085, 0.03936095908284187, 0.029120955616235733, -0.3206959664821625, 0.26150429248809814, 0.19917802512645721, 0.08488182723522186, -0.42647096514701843, 0.6255502700805664, 0.6700063943862915, 0.1547342836856842, 0.9016304612159729, 0.7050283551216125, -0.16770046949386597, -0.9277126789093018, 0.3618324398994446, -0.07794362306594849, -0.6383451223373413, 0.2865155041217804, 0.015513545833528042, 0.4984891712665558, 0.5383388996124268, -0.24111279845237732, 0.5820438265800476, -0.15335659682750702, -0.33807677030563354, 0.4360216557979584, -0.0454275868833065, -0.28559011220932007, 0.22820375859737396, -0.42408692836761475, 0.36819708347320557, -0.0668882355093956, -0.5394690632820129, 0.059712037444114685, 0.16314102709293365, 0.5491853356361389, 0.2519146502017975, 0.4778108596801758, -0.26504144072532654, -0.09870493412017822, -0.9079854488372803, -0.3094625771045685, -0.6031550765037537, -0.22537054121494293, -0.14190508425235748, -0.38687077164649963, 0.36308518052101135, 0.06739425659179688, 0.5869041085243225, 0.36911532282829285, 0.2478705495595932, -0.05117272213101387, 0.5552859306335449, -0.35867205262184143, 0.5147467851638794, -0.07213747501373291, -0.24308592081069946, -0.828251838684082, 0.5894317030906677, 0.33905836939811707, 0.49207156896591187, 0.3346337676048279, -0.23287343978881836, -0.10375045984983444, 0.4649023115634918, 0.3703467845916748, -0.5880373120307922, -0.44567692279815674, -0.29168373346328735, -0.5446891188621521, -0.45041710138320923, 0.6600031852722168, -0.28171780705451965, -0.1759638637304306, 0.14067186415195465, 1.156766653060913, -0.04719908908009529, 0.46619847416877747, 0.14953351020812988, -0.2045496702194214, 0.3907967209815979, -0.12913531064987183, 0.577673614025116, -0.435069739818573, 0.3542358875274658, 0.25008776783943176, 0.26451143622398376, 0.09336619079113007, -0.058974191546440125, 0.15783065557479858, -0.1678348332643509, 0.0204787515103817, 0.26463228464126587, -0.8318374156951904, -0.4404262900352478, -0.4111303389072418, -1.0247418880462646, -0.6836192011833191, 0.2458396852016449, 0.3170703053474426, -0.5797305703163147, -0.36442694067955017, -0.5310108065605164, 0.7519620060920715, 0.3560285270214081, 0.18436451256275177, -0.26078230142593384, -0.4342692792415619, -0.07494112849235535 ]
202120	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterweight	Counterweight	A counterweight is a weight that, by applying an opposite force, provides balance and stability of a mechanical system. The purpose of a counterweight is to make lifting the load faster and more efficient, which saves energy and is less taxing on the lifting machine. Counterweights are often used in traction lifts (elevators), cranes and funfair rides. In these applications, the expected load multiplied by the distance that load will be spaced from the central support (called the "tipping point") must be equal to the counterweight's mass times its distance from the tipping point in order to prevent over-balancing either side. This distance times mass is called the load moment. A counterbalance is a weight or force that balances or offsets another as when two objects of equal weight, power, or influence are acting in opposition to each other. The objects are then said to be in counterbalance. Counterweights in action Trebuchet: There are five major components of a trebuchet: beam, counterweight, frame, guide chute, and sling. After the counterweight drops from a platform on the frame, gravity pulls the counterweight and pivots the beam. Without the counterweight, the beam could not complete the arc that allows the sling to accurately release the projectile. Crankshaft: A counterweight is also used in many rotating systems to reduce vibrations due to imbalances in the rotating assembly. A typical example is counterweights on crankshafts in piston engines. Desk lamp: Some balanced arm lamps work with a counterweight to keep the arm and lamp in the desired position. Elevator: In traction (non-hydraulic) elevators, a heavy counterweight counterbalances the load of the elevator carriage, so the motor lifts much less of the carriage's weight (specifically, the counterweight is the weight of the carriage plus 40-50% of its rated capacity). The counterweight also increases the ascending acceleration force and decreases the descending acceleration force to reduce the amount of power needed by the motor. The elevator carriage and the counterweights both have wheels that roll on rails to prevent irregular movement and provide a smoother ride for the passengers. Space elevator: A space elevator is a proposed structure designed to transport material from a celestial body's surface into space. Many variants have been proposed, but the concept most often refers to an elevator that reaches from the surface of the Earth to geostationary outer space, with a counterweight attached at its outer end. By attaching a counterweight at the end, upward centrifugal force from the Earth's rotation ensures that the cable remains stretched taut, countering the gravitational pull on the lower sections and thereby allowing the elevator to remain upright. The counterweight itself could assume one of several forms: a heavy, captured asteroid; a space dock, space station or spaceport positioned past geostationary orbit; or an extension of the cable itself far beyond geostationary orbit. Metronome: A wind-up mechanical metronome has an adjustable weight and spring mechanism that allows the speed to be adjusted by placement of the weight on the spindle. The tempo speed is decreased by moving the weight to a higher spindle marking or increased by moving it to a lower marking. Crane: The tower crane (see picture) is a modern form of balance crane that is fixed to the ground. A horizontal boom is balanced asymmetrically across the top of the tower. The long arm carries the lifting gear. The short arm is called the machinery arm; this holds the motors and electronics to operate the crane, as well as the concrete counterweights. Vertical lift bridge Drawbridge Bascule bridge References External links Force Mass Space elevator Bridge components	[ 0.08418158441781998, -0.10568387061357498, -0.0740213617682457, 0.346791535615921, -0.3437963128089905, 0.3442132771015167, 0.04118673503398895, -0.5371231436729431, -0.5328107476234436, -0.1351938545703888, -0.22310835123062134, 0.32523995637893677, -0.22651465237140656, 0.42105454206466675, -0.6372715830802917, 0.041819941252470016, 0.3715844750404358, -0.17866671085357666, -0.15579478442668915, -0.16404567658901215, -0.20965099334716797, 0.3403579592704773, 0.5518391132354736, 0.05662127956748009, 0.44378021359443665, -0.14072971045970917, 0.18876168131828308, 0.12642107903957367, -0.09863455593585968, 0.32800865173339844, 0.330824077129364, 0.9605212807655334, -0.08229570090770721, 0.017070701345801353, -0.12598535418510437, 0.012903030961751938, 0.1323128044605255, 0.3496718108654022, 0.030610408633947372, -0.8248162865638733, 0.37872767448425293, 0.11464100331068039, -0.06990895420312881, 0.46854260563850403, -0.4088464379310608, -0.13296036422252655, -1.5050286054611206, 0.09155462682247162, -0.8479769229888916, -0.6322540640830994, -0.5391095876693726, 0.20354437828063965, -0.2359587699174881, 0.38211265206336975, 0.2698444128036499, 0.5210202932357788, -0.942638635635376, 0.01767629198729992, 0.2997283637523651, -0.5343188643455505, 0.20011454820632935, 0.16460971534252167, -0.28409820795059204, 0.17603018879890442, 0.34832343459129333, -0.15471501648426056, 0.23983733355998993, 0.2077724188566208, 0.008787221275269985, -0.48720628023147583, -0.4328751266002655, -0.05503026023507118, -0.1451845020055771, -0.002927982248365879, -0.09444968402385712, -0.23511457443237305, 0.0304860882461071, -0.4404304027557373, 0.17001870274543762, -0.03900337964296341, 0.40825706720352173, 0.7887452840805054, 0.26937222480773926, -0.34610480070114136, 0.5453434586524963, -0.04995362088084221, -0.44040635228157043, 0.6090633273124695, -0.28676167130470276, 0.707865834236145, 0.35643044114112854, 0.43564075231552124, 0.3232772946357727, 0.24183878302574158, 0.01350687351077795, -0.22392503917217255, 0.4493875503540039, -0.19760143756866455, 0.442560613155365, -0.14664019644260406, -0.02532193623483181, -0.6920695304870605, 0.33013907074928284, -0.32207778096199036, 0.612758994102478, -0.5017678737640381, 0.06442266702651978, -0.48394259810447693, 0.2908601760864258, 0.015803135931491852, -0.6932790875434875, 0.07479774951934814, -0.3735956847667694, -0.21933893859386444, -0.11003821343183517, -0.18582560122013092, 0.09841714054346085, -0.1107885092496872, -0.10191160440444946, 0.22040504217147827, 0.5442516803741455, 0.3512156307697296, -0.547240674495697, -0.12928970158100128, 0.21558821201324463, -0.09815561026334763, 0.37320762872695923, 0.7871102690696716, -0.6778004169464111, -0.13832801580429077, 0.5012556314468384, 0.9639931321144104, -0.33699458837509155, 0.23289166390895844, -0.21828004717826843, -0.32376179099082947, 0.4034379720687866, -0.030665408819913864, -0.10716697573661804, 0.1236124336719513, -0.6461010575294495, -0.30338969826698303, -0.1997614949941635, -0.5319024324417114, 0.043882131576538086, -0.42838114500045776, 0.23196445405483246, -0.1993863582611084, 0.12058612704277039, 0.0524221695959568, -0.05348224937915802, 0.29031866788864136, -0.606606662273407, 0.282627135515213, -0.03231531009078026, -0.5365496873855591, 0.677878737449646, -0.09440171718597412, -0.667850911617279, 0.05687430128455162, -0.14272809028625488, -0.038409698754549026, -0.28114283084869385, -0.022637661546468735, -0.05259408801794052, -0.7167096734046936, 0.5073786973953247, 0.2759809195995331, 0.016243774443864822, 0.18627886474132538, -0.6400660276412964, 0.2011413723230362, -0.5640944838523865, 0.7746091485023499, -0.2410937398672104, 0.1495012491941452, 0.26450926065444946, 0.31585314869880676, 1.0439324378967285, -0.1660514771938324, -0.29599621891975403, 0.4985749423503876, 0.6769222021102905, 0.2927860915660858, 0.6332101821899414, 0.5500521659851074, 0.2354789525270462, -0.7302694320678711, 0.017762836068868637, -0.2789722681045532, -0.33865439891815186, -0.2949213683605194, -0.05904802307486534, -0.3313107490539551, 0.8880668878555298, 0.07570838183164597, -0.6454693078994751, 0.9283711314201355, -0.5718046426773071, 0.3584851324558258, -0.027951812371611595, 0.15134760737419128, 0.26015451550483704, -0.25487399101257324, -0.34831106662750244, 0.5079853534698486, 0.895569384098053, 0.1727926880121231, 0.142095685005188, -0.0691835880279541, 0.5303934216499329, -0.3241749703884125, 0.042555395513772964, -0.6048542261123657, -0.45811548829078674, 0.2639177739620209, -0.45799100399017334, 0.47792601585388184, -0.06088383123278618, 0.09259659796953201, 1.1318738460540771, 0.0671432837843895, -0.06724004447460175, 0.4089103937149048, -0.10754955559968948, 0.49638739228248596, 0.20781099796295166, 0.08786968886852264, -0.08631036430597305, -0.07124922424554825, 0.00818152166903019, -0.05826767534017563, 0.22870862483978271, -0.022345133125782013, -0.451811820268631, 0.34038427472114563, 0.05141795799136162, -0.44196462631225586, 0.48341044783592224, -0.4074808955192566, -0.0774867832660675, 0.5838164687156677, -0.5888391137123108, 0.5914104580879211, -0.29282137751579285, 0.3788550794124603, -0.2960704565048218, 0.5044536590576172, -0.34359750151634216, 0.013308899477124214, 0.2526445984840393, 0.17480655014514923, 0.5378454923629761, 0.05688287690281868, -0.32638755440711975, -0.31298819184303284, -0.4241994023323059, 0.06490781158208847, 0.7537130117416382, 0.29660704731941223, -0.3423585891723633, -0.5101619958877563, 0.11329425871372223, -0.6584954261779785, -0.5576647520065308, -0.45653021335601807, -0.2797940969467163, -0.16234752535820007, -0.047049835324287415, 0.3030374348163605, 0.7025023102760315, 0.44237881898880005, -0.5137142539024353, -0.33610203862190247, -0.6776193976402283, -0.4622858166694641, 0.8850495219230652, 0.18056873977184296, -0.7907960414886475, -0.6518822908401489, -0.023731691762804985, 0.9955006241798401, 0.45108282566070557, -0.40099194645881653, 0.2610415816307068, -0.47602859139442444, 0.14903627336025238, -0.053569383919239044, -0.20282141864299774, -0.2914293110370636, -0.5248042345046997, 0.06892729550600052, -0.4589860737323761, -0.2760506868362427, 0.11478385329246521, 0.8977963328361511, -0.23081578314304352, 0.035060565918684006, 0.704115629196167, -0.3272570073604584, -0.013507427647709846, 0.11194416880607605, 0.23753124475479126, 0.10581541806459427, -0.16524997353553772, -0.6150748133659363, -0.20414474606513977, 0.3589649200439453, -5.861955642700195, 0.004430320579558611, -0.1198817566037178, 0.015417524613440037, 0.1508864164352417, 0.3891189992427826, 0.6573849320411682, 0.34594759345054626, -0.534116268157959, 0.044224873185157776, 0.19395852088928223, 0.09664542227983475, 0.1344989687204361, 0.016612039878964424, 0.6132540106773376, 0.2126825600862503, 1.0349788665771484, 0.13047513365745544, 0.25506794452667236, 0.6470927000045776, 0.15368881821632385, -0.6477554440498352, 0.10331527888774872, 0.34310850501060486, 0.19040431082248688, -0.12960602343082428, -0.23968568444252014, 0.1849471479654312, -0.37027299404144287, 0.04673672839999199, -0.26381683349609375, -0.11279585212469101, 0.12035053223371506, -0.8040186166763306, 0.7019098997116089, -0.048214253038167953, 0.2518761157989502, 0.39753904938697815, 0.35729900002479553, 0.003614632645621896, -0.0533854179084301, 0.3801793158054352, 0.5584667325019836, -0.18994666635990143, 0.522271990776062, -0.36792972683906555, -0.10263136774301529, -0.1888924092054367, -0.5741172432899475, 0.552384078502655, -0.08129562437534332, 0.043793514370918274, 0.18818329274654388, -0.739503800868988, -0.006576634012162685, 0.133869007229805, 0.2369966208934784, 0.25910916924476624, -0.5895666480064392, 0.6292015314102173, -0.15467007458209991, -0.46667617559432983, 0.09109651297330856, -0.052449751645326614, -0.5831816792488098, 0.06699167191982269, -0.5695645809173584, -0.35514602065086365, 0.7168674468994141, 0.0370488278567791, -0.42678993940353394, 0.46939322352409363, 0.43981626629829407, -0.639298141002655, 0.42732879519462585, -0.14440307021141052, -0.21672987937927246, -0.20060022175312042, 0.4203002154827118, -0.01621328480541706, -0.25043174624443054, -0.5204890370368958, -0.2646412253379822, 0.20224308967590332, 0.43281590938568115, 0.3721119463443756, -0.2808467447757721, -0.2157731056213379, -0.6105036735534668, 0.11399257183074951, 0.6794250011444092, 0.07085844874382019, 0.32305487990379333, -0.2429194152355194, 0.09976399689912796, 0.24897435307502747, -0.001837755786255002, 0.04117316007614136, 0.4020853042602539, -0.25960907340049744, 0.3238382041454315, -0.1992415487766266, 0.7060306072235107, -0.5854705572128296, 0.3870529234409332, -0.40919196605682373, 0.05081331357359886, 0.39457088708877563, 0.7355160713195801, 0.3504980504512787, 0.1517820954322815, 0.1297297477722168, -0.02824481390416622, -0.08866840600967407, 0.018434518948197365, 0.17291514575481415, -0.848296582698822, -0.011069073341786861, 0.08695237338542938, -0.16323749721050262, 0.18127283453941345, 0.3184265196323395, -0.4677261710166931, -0.8209679126739502, -0.017615612596273422, -0.26358526945114136, -0.37742266058921814, 0.3757469952106476, 0.21410486102104187, -0.1858675628900528, 0.06499841809272766, 0.5667336583137512, 0.08862117677927017, -0.018570134416222572, -0.3628426194190979, 0.030680330470204353, 0.15782248973846436, 0.3103041350841522, -0.32679447531700134, -0.7797688245773315, 0.29748836159706116, -0.2976389527320862, -0.27971988916397095, -0.5107039213180542, 0.6957921385765076, 0.3454057276248932, -0.13939525187015533, 0.025412771850824356, 0.045399487018585205, 0.32369205355644226, 0.3882732689380646, -0.20292164385318756, -0.29193130135536194, -0.20729798078536987, -0.016352394595742226, 0.06938425451517105, 0.31956639885902405, 0.4181341826915741, 0.5012094378471375, -0.7273475527763367, 0.19250403344631195, -0.1627424657344818, -0.7977651953697205, -0.5980256199836731, 0.10268096625804901, 0.2644241750240326, -0.7800226211547852, -0.35267341136932373, 0.22639892995357513, 0.294203519821167, 0.10590005666017532, -0.5437150001525879, -0.6485233306884766, -0.2167816013097763, 0.07164234668016434, 0.10497822612524033, -0.21900519728660583, -0.6051592230796814, -0.054671965539455414, -0.45000964403152466, 0.16919122636318207, -0.07387182861566544, -0.0742696076631546, 0.18533046543598175, 0.051392294466495514, -0.47749045491218567, -0.09213408082723618, 0.29235589504241943, -0.25881335139274597, -0.6274654865264893, 0.41045182943344116, -0.2472497820854187, 0.2696748375892639, -0.0780726969242096, 0.1818840503692627, 0.10928352922201157, -0.22539152204990387, 0.5320693850517273, -0.49764904379844666, -0.1049158051609993, -0.19232967495918274, 0.9061742424964905, -0.6326295137405396, 0.23262837529182434, -0.11308474838733673, -0.324908047914505, 0.13324522972106934, -0.16756324470043182, 0.2772569954395294, 0.04931095615029335, -0.45080509781837463, -0.013687610626220703, -0.0750153586268425, 0.7850533127784729, -0.5238211154937744, 0.053353291004896164, 0.286415696144104, -0.11483750492334366, 0.00842327531427145, -0.384974867105484, 0.1901993602514267, 0.20094871520996094, -0.5262081623077393, -0.16051122546195984, -0.09136640280485153, 0.08095719665288925, 0.42032960057258606, -0.3981025218963623, 0.46835294365882874, -0.034078989177942276, -0.702958345413208, -0.0832078605890274, -0.08530644327402115, 0.03118043765425682, -0.09406843781471252, 0.35226237773895264, -0.10328774899244308, -0.12665309011936188, -0.3612977862358093, -0.4532211124897003, 0.31290990114212036, 1.0837152004241943, -0.09918326884508133, 0.27768126130104065, -0.3831729590892792, 0.2940223515033722, 0.6129438877105713, -0.8670505881309509, -0.08992546796798706, -0.16245967149734497, 0.17886589467525482, -0.13043113052845, -0.7957049012184143, 0.14475993812084198, -0.18465662002563477, -0.31140291690826416, 0.19069086015224457, -0.7250757217407227, 0.29308003187179565, 0.2688043415546417, 0.13017258048057556, 0.01895628124475479, -0.2480744570493698, -0.2007865160703659, -0.37047266960144043, 0.2686980664730072, -0.3737645745277405, -0.47618383169174194, 0.5341487526893616, -0.4525773227214813, 0.6153358817100525, 0.29286497831344604, 0.23117677867412567, 0.44533097743988037, 0.7236922979354858, 0.4318588376045227, -0.255275160074234, -0.5621213316917419, -0.06807761639356613, 0.08638688921928406, -0.13901761174201965, 0.19039824604988098, 0.005315946415066719, -0.8331319093704224, 0.013049503788352013, -0.15222764015197754, 0.4074797034263611, -0.11080741137266159, -0.45873475074768066, -0.19788725674152374, -0.8044789433479309, -0.0068984320387244225, 0.362111359834671, -0.12266764789819717, -0.40669193863868713, 0.22567757964134216, -0.7728570699691772, 0.17662571370601654, -0.35938289761543274, -0.18816223740577698, -1.3425792455673218, 0.0015823643188923597, -0.09617400169372559, -0.7510617971420288, 0.15516585111618042, 0.030348334461450577, 0.11264471709728241, -0.3807355463504791, 0.23047204315662384, -0.089195616543293, 0.13346503674983978, -0.3379363715648651, -0.12943777441978455, 0.5380205512046814, -0.11528017371892929, -0.4246889054775238, 0.6475985050201416, -0.41334810853004456, -0.07042990624904633, 0.7500405311584473, -0.18356208503246307, 0.173465296626091, 0.3843313455581665, -0.2371339052915573, -0.22395077347755432, 0.17720922827720642, -0.37418511509895325, -0.2347591370344162, -0.6476781964302063, 0.3205775022506714, 0.25284579396247864, 0.19172576069831848, -0.4684034287929535, 0.41649529337882996, 0.19811153411865234, -0.5031497478485107, 0.8018573522567749, -0.1687285304069519, -0.3777395486831665, 0.9927051663398743, 0.2890634536743164, 0.3709585964679718, -0.08536893874406815, 0.3275832533836365, -0.24555082619190216, -0.10301203280687332, 0.18300272524356842, 0.5222441554069519, -0.2677728831768036, 0.2099744975566864, 0.1518854796886444, -0.2597932517528534, 0.469459593296051, -0.8588923215866089, -0.2989574372768402, -0.3128511309623718, 0.5748106837272644, -0.39752429723739624, -0.23070046305656433, -0.035481952130794525, -0.2863682508468628, 0.44333145022392273, 0.4676320254802704, -0.448815256357193, 0.456057608127594, 0.0000687113351887092, 0.4767191708087921, -0.45830586552619934, -0.38076603412628174, 0.1597297638654709, -0.21674756705760956, 0.14702311158180237, -0.1724754422903061, 0.8385424017906189, 0.37711021304130554, 0.3478778898715973, 0.26162979006767273, 0.6052019000053406, 0.19043083488941193, -0.27942243218421936, 0.3081972301006317, -0.20561529695987701, -0.2103016972541809, -0.6525816321372986, -0.14763279259204865, -0.20448462665081024, 0.4767910838127136, 0.034372568130493164, -0.03849637135863304, 0.03588714450597763, 0.38565200567245483, -0.1248796284198761, -0.04596157744526863, 0.14093853533267975, 0.22249890863895416, -0.4231497049331665, -0.27738839387893677, 1.083495855331421, -0.40426912903785706, -0.18947789072990417, 0.051207974553108215, 0.2662979066371918, -0.20754066109657288, 0.43455177545547485, -0.12772144377231598, -0.33581286668777466, 0.2493077665567398, 0.5080968141555786, -0.2348398119211197, 0.46112769842147827, 0.4165893793106079, -0.6700270771980286, 0.07882971316576004, 0.07167983800172806, 0.19638687372207642, -0.15798549354076385, 0.17770887911319733, -0.5508257746696472, -0.08156658709049225, -0.21720647811889648, -0.1026538535952568, 0.0553755946457386, 0.334911584854126, -0.07311080396175385, 0.13751618564128876, -0.14055849611759186, 0.048602551221847534, 0.06892166286706924, -0.5609998106956482, 0.3956305980682373, -0.6115068793296814, 0.41139116883277893, -0.620715320110321, 0.4523211717605591, -0.2507009506225586, -0.14497441053390503, 0.4836884140968323, -0.14320096373558044, 0.024295968934893608, -0.22688478231430054, 0.2607665956020355, 0.14488454163074493, 0.32756364345550537, 0.06091965362429619, 0.10637545585632324, 0.1649288386106491, -0.4841085970401764, 0.2748202085494995, -0.011794035322964191, 0.3709641695022583, 0.28462597727775574, -0.5410069227218628, 0.35053515434265137, -0.03355168551206589, 0.024356983602046967, 0.5153602361679077, -0.37031906843185425, -0.644274890422821, -0.7874013781547546, 0.07790766656398773 ]
202122	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maureen%20O%27Sullivan	Maureen O'Sullivan	Maureen O'Sullivan (17 May 1911 – 23 June 1998) was an Irish-American actress, best known for playing Jane in the Tarzan series of films during the era of Johnny Weissmuller. She performed with such actors as Laurence Olivier, Greta Garbo and Myrna Loy. In 2020, she was listed at number eight on The Irish Times list of Ireland's greatest film actors. Early life O'Sullivan was born in Boyle, County Roscommon, Ireland, in 1911, the daughter of Mary Eva Lovatt (née Frazer) and Charles Joseph O'Sullivan, an officer in the Connaught Rangers who served in World War I. Maureen returned to Boyle in 1988 to be honoured by the town. She attended a convent school in Dublin, then the Convent of the Sacred Heart at Roehampton (now Woldingham School), England. One of her classmates there was Vivian Mary Hartley, future Academy Award-winning actress Vivien Leigh. After attending finishing school in France, O'Sullivan returned to Dublin to work with the poor. In October 1929, she sailed to New York with her mother on the British steamer , on the way to Hollywood to work for the Fox Film Corporation. Film career O'Sullivan's film career began when she met motion picture director Frank Borzage, who was doing location filming on Song o' My Heart (released in 1930) for 20th Century Fox. He suggested she take a screen test. She did and won a part in the movie, which starred Irish tenor John McCormack. She traveled to the United States to complete the movie in Hollywood. She appeared in six movies at Fox, then made three more at other studios. In 1932 she signed a contract with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. After several roles there and other studios, she was chosen by Irving Thalberg to appear as Jane Parker in Tarzan the Ape Man, with costar Johnny Weissmuller. One of MGM's more popular ingenues through the 1930s, she appeared in a number of other productions with various stars. She played Jane in six Tarzan features between 1932 and 1942. She was featured with William Powell and Myrna Loy in The Thin Man (1934) and played Kitty in Anna Karenina (1935) with Greta Garbo, Fredric March, and Basil Rathbone. After costarring with the Marx Bros in A Day at the Races (1937), she appeared as Molly Beaumont in A Yank at Oxford (1938), written partly by F. Scott Fitzgerald. She appeared in Pride and Prejudice (1940) with Laurence Olivier and Greer Garson, and supported Ann Sothern in Maisie Was a Lady (1941). After appearing in Tarzan's New York Adventure (1942), O'Sullivan asked MGM to release her from her contract so she could care for her husband, John Farrow, who had just left the Navy with typhoid. She retreated from show business, devoting her time to her family. In 1948, she reappeared on the screen in The Big Clock, directed by her husband for Paramount Pictures. She continued to appear occasionally in her husband's movies and on television. In 1958, Michael O'Sullivan, Farrow and O'Sullivan's eldest son, died in a plane crash in California. By 1960, O'Sullivan believed she had permanently retired. However, actor Pat O'Brien encouraged her to take a part in summer stock, and the play A Roomful of Roses opened in 1961. It led to her Broadway debut in Never Too Late with costar Paul Ford (actor). Shortly after it opened, Farrow died of a heart attack. O'Sullivan stuck with acting after Farrow's death; she was the Today Girl for NBC for a while, then made the movie version of Never Too Late (1965) for Warner Bros. She was also an executive director of a bridal consulting service, Wediquette International. In June and July 1972, O'Sullivan was in Denver, Colorado, to star in the Elitch Theatre production of Butterflies are Free with Karen Grassle and Brandon deWilde. The show ended on 1 July 1972. When her daughter, actress Mia Farrow, became involved with Woody Allen both professionally and romantically, she appeared in Allen's Hannah and Her Sisters, playing Farrow's mother. She had roles in Peggy Sue Got Married (1986) and the science fiction oddity Stranded (1987). In 1994, she appeared with Robert Wagner and Stefanie Powers in Hart to Hart: Home Is Where the Hart Is, a feature-length made-for-TV movie with the wealthy husband-and-wife team from the popular weekly detective series Hart to Hart. Personal life O'Sullivan's first husband was Australian-American writer, award-winning director and Catholic convert John Villiers Farrow, from 12 September 1936 until his death on 28 January 1963. She and Farrow have seven children: Michael Damien (1939–1958), Patrick Joseph (Patrick Villiers Farrow, 1942–2009), Maria de Lourdes Villiers (Mia Farrow, b. 1945), John Charles (b. 1946), Prudence Farrow (b. 1948), Stephanie Farrow (b. 1949) and Theresa Magdalena "Tisa" Farrow (b. 1951). Mia Farrow gave two of her children, Dylan and Ronan, the middle name of O'Sullivan. O'Sullivan married James Cushing, a wealthy businessman, on 22 August 1983; they remained wed until her death in 1998. She became a U.S. citizen on 22 October 1947 (Petition for Naturalization #133033) in Los Angeles, California. O'Sullivan was a Catholic. A Democrat, she supported Adlai Stevenson during the 1952 presidential election. Death O'Sullivan died in Scottsdale, Arizona, of complications from heart surgery, on 23 June 1998, at age 87. She was buried at Most Holy Redeemer Cemetery, Niskayuna, New York, Cushing's hometown. Legacy O'Sullivan has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6541 Hollywood Boulevard, facing the star of Johnny Weissmuller. A black plaque marks her home on Main Street in Boyle, County Roscommon, Ireland. Just around the corner from there, opposite King House, is a tree, ceremonially planted by O'Sullivan to mark her return to her birthplace. In 1982 O'Sullivan received The George Eastman Award, given by George Eastman House for distinguished contribution to the art of film. Filmography Feature films Short subjects Hollywood Extra: The First Step (1936) as Herself Hollywood – The Second Step (1936) Unusual Occupations: Film Tot Holiday (1947) Screen Snapshots: Hollywood Shower of Stars (1955) Mandy's Grandmother (1978) as Grandmother Television work Radio appearances References External links Maureen O'Sullivan as "Jane" Photo Gallery Photographs of Maureen O'Sullivan 1911 births 1998 deaths 20th-century American actresses 20th-century Irish actresses 20th Century Fox contract players American stage actresses American television actresses American film actresses Arizona Democrats Irish stage actresses Irish television actresses Irish emigrants to the United States Irish film actresses People educated at Woldingham School People from Boyle, County Roscommon Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer contract players Naturalized citizens of the United States California Democrats	[ -0.22674378752708435, -0.032848332077264786, -0.722114086151123, -0.20609447360038757, 0.5496907830238342, 0.6011925935745239, 0.6673440337181091, -0.4659562110900879, -0.6239342093467712, 0.22075340151786804, 0.08653771877288818, -0.02640041895210743, 0.10173947364091873, -0.09187676012516022, -0.24710218608379364, 0.11077548563480377, 0.46547481417655945, 0.1833784282207489, 0.12468957901000977, -0.8406415581703186, -0.43136996030807495, -0.22588729858398438, 0.22521629929542542, 0.8380178213119507, -1.2724273204803467, 0.15274971723556519, -0.21425217390060425, -0.1455821990966797, 0.2690585255622864, 0.4269176125526428, 0.23649121820926666, -0.5838302373886108, 0.8350521326065063, 0.5676560997962952, -0.1925993114709854, 0.31566134095191956, -0.15687747299671173, 0.16383463144302368, -0.4293833076953888, -0.3598494827747345, -0.759772002696991, -0.21093566715717316, 0.4131128191947937, 0.33966562151908875, -0.6633372902870178, 0.1387971043586731, -1.1801941394805908, 0.3028128743171692, -0.2740943729877472, 0.4025501012802124, -0.5478542447090149, 0.09166253358125687, 0.9075366854667664, 0.2579876184463501, 0.009862102568149567, 0.33682504296302795, -0.36004170775413513, 0.4619690477848053, -0.2514618933200836, -0.7838847041130066, 0.43423932790756226, -0.2916710376739502, 0.7606654167175293, -0.5433790683746338, 0.06571146845817566, -0.03450288251042366, 0.2612348794937134, 0.03462457284331322, 0.41691428422927856, -0.4813729226589203, 0.4417668282985687, 0.5240211486816406, 0.03640327230095863, 0.05050230398774147, 0.42666882276535034, -0.6760470271110535, 0.45973849296569824, -0.28493496775627136, 0.08027338981628418, 0.8486083745956421, -0.02373284474015236, 0.4644474387168884, 0.012437134981155396, 1.0489025115966797, 0.06512398272752762, 0.03127625957131386, -0.16197001934051514, 0.09051625430583954, -0.774313747882843, -0.39793911576271057, -0.7797881960868835, -0.14125578105449677, -0.4053856432437897, -0.10637757927179337, -0.5265330672264099, 0.29398757219314575, -0.062253475189208984, -0.6925035715103149, 0.6477534174919128, -0.5885081887245178, -0.28928887844085693, -0.9204410314559937, 0.2490260899066925, -1.0199525356292725, -1.4606691598892212, 0.3288959860801697, 0.21480247378349304, -0.11810105293989182, 0.19523078203201294, -0.2409822791814804, -0.5238029360771179, -0.4587409198284149, 0.02504991739988327, 0.08217519521713257, 0.18239080905914307, 0.11645139008760452, -0.784896194934845, -0.45906180143356323, -0.8883190751075745, -0.020942462608218193, -0.0081378985196352, 0.44831332564353943, 0.14965008199214935, 0.5062007904052734, -0.5428288578987122, 0.31107544898986816, 0.3443481922149658, 0.5006239414215088, -0.01636526733636856, 0.2536383867263794, 0.16471587121486664, 0.2877512276172638, -0.6927672624588013, -0.3278551697731018, -0.07296381145715714, 0.38977041840553284, -0.32945528626441956, 0.5240294933319092, -0.04093078896403313, 0.18188180029392242, -1.0289053916931152, -0.07571933418512344, 0.11905676871538162, 0.37644296884536743, 0.6971379518508911, 0.00994829274713993, -0.20334696769714355, 0.40360209345817566, -0.7774369120597839, -0.27298596501350403, -0.18639598786830902, 0.026191502809524536, 0.8992729783058167, -0.3123413324356079, -0.6408624649047852, 0.4197724461555481, 0.6120080947875977, -0.19397908449172974, 0.010840182192623615, -0.22536803781986237, 0.724443256855011, -0.3294290006160736, -0.1567632257938385, 0.26842430233955383, 0.5967597365379333, 0.5461076498031616, 0.2139829844236374, -0.18467168509960175, -0.08447083085775375, 0.3393186032772064, 0.3497891426086426, 0.1136278584599495, -0.1362428367137909, 0.05722229927778244, -1.2740861177444458, 0.4636933207511902, -0.09645552188158035, 0.24524535238742828, -0.44800710678100586, -0.3420407772064209, -0.5303466320037842, 0.27867498993873596, -0.23526941239833832, 0.08559377491474152, -0.6972562670707703, 0.2902803122997284, 0.2877461314201355, -0.36925339698791504, 0.21076057851314545, 0.1347125917673111, -0.7633019685745239, -0.27130794525146484, 0.31683430075645447, -0.6045602560043335, 1.2644014358520508, -0.2769309878349304, -0.4329196512699127, 0.04960693046450615, -0.41559118032455444, -0.4384615123271942, 0.3826636075973511, -0.4531262218952179, 0.4800395965576172, -0.2590886056423187, -0.1316772848367691, 0.2758277952671051, 0.5251085758209229, 0.4770071506500244, 0.44154056906700134, 0.6562358736991882, 0.1936580091714859, 0.14800827205181122, 0.2118535041809082, 0.669076681137085, -0.32691138982772827, 0.061999496072530746, -0.6014989614486694, 0.011106248013675213, 1.0711959600448608, -0.3043975830078125, 0.02422976866364479, 0.5806848406791687, -0.1922701895236969, -0.22085443139076233, 0.5424151420593262, 0.5715920925140381, -0.1724812090396881, 0.055830951780080795, 0.49368008971214294, -0.01579325832426548, -0.0228965412825346, 0.710433840751648, 0.07065591961145401, 0.15493343770503998, 0.30734819173812866, -0.48274657130241394, 0.31931397318840027, 0.18310967087745667, 0.19517213106155396, -0.4732738137245178, 0.11934223026037216, 0.4013828933238983, -0.6100965738296509, 0.40616369247436523, -0.10078056901693344, -0.03751976415514946, 0.05557096377015114, -0.1312912255525589, -0.12033867090940475, -0.6395726799964905, 0.18020816147327423, 1.1470471620559692, 0.7490885257720947, 0.3286127746105194, -0.2242625653743744, -0.23784223198890686, -0.4591093063354492, -0.0013355565024539828, 1.2841037511825562, 0.2681368887424469, 0.5874686241149902, -0.3661592900753021, 0.00116961938329041, 0.4378037750720978, -0.05942162126302719, -0.39727911353111267, -0.4509774446487427, -0.9695281386375427, -0.20390906929969788, 0.7499594688415527, 0.6078586578369141, -0.1358107179403305, -0.3028005063533783, -0.21662136912345886, 0.44163408875465393, 0.1810150146484375, -0.09705408662557602, -0.06419786065816879, -0.5544536709785461, -0.5904048681259155, 0.1743890643119812, 0.6498039364814758, 0.054623205214738846, -0.878100574016571, 0.03632718324661255, 0.004303573630750179, -0.06785548478364944, -0.05252435803413391, -0.06488831341266632, -0.04018203914165497, -0.015584265813231468, 0.8474428653717041, -0.6891162991523743, 0.016764212399721146, 0.1765131652355194, 0.2275659739971161, 0.11483021825551987, 0.9065191745758057, -0.06495663523674011, 0.26486480236053467, -0.36853930354118347, 0.00025285236188210547, 0.25323551893234253, -0.06515680998563766, 0.7775257229804993, 0.6834027767181396, 0.2507707476615906, -0.31092268228530884, -5.319688320159912, 0.7421357035636902, 0.27904820442199707, -0.745137631893158, 0.16801707446575165, -0.20237748324871063, -0.07488585263490677, 0.013900983147323132, 0.3428013324737549, 0.05126061663031578, 0.21666552126407623, 0.11238393932580948, -0.13690970838069916, 0.16049374639987946, -0.06809618324041367, 0.38675299286842346, 0.2647191286087036, -0.8259438872337341, -0.05217092111706734, 0.9288380742073059, -0.15076839923858643, 0.11006947606801987, -0.08557954430580139, 0.20641840994358063, 0.16021065413951874, 0.33269211649894714, -0.5111971497535706, -0.1967122107744217, -0.055642180144786835, -0.48051753640174866, -0.40849706530570984, -0.12040287256240845, 0.20075421035289764, -0.5140007138252258, 0.14468516409397125, 0.03062264993786812, 0.3245001435279846, 0.24158799648284912, -0.2369968444108963, -0.5395503044128418, -0.2376364767551422, 0.04459664225578308, -0.5951102375984192, -0.3445942997932434, 0.18448534607887268, 0.22351720929145813, -0.25349923968315125, -0.3541501462459564, 0.7420347332954407, 0.015578852035105228, 0.15131741762161255, 0.27063482999801636, 0.4060490131378174, -0.25648266077041626, 0.7650989890098572, -0.1859942525625229, -0.2252541333436966, -0.05452723428606987, -0.46727418899536133, -0.438156396150589, 0.17991013824939728, -0.6805405616760254, -0.30197465419769287, -0.10051325708627701, -0.005473884753882885, 0.1350560188293457, 0.21060805022716522, -0.2958216369152069, 0.04508218541741371, -0.5932788252830505, 0.2548055350780487, 0.02907646633684635, 0.9786442518234253, -1.109384298324585, -0.09327078610658646, -1.2721891403198242, -0.4920004606246948, 0.040200814604759216, -1.1013727188110352, -0.6968017220497131, -0.15377435088157654, -0.7187034487724304, -0.09288015216588974, -0.09620942175388336, 0.6829702854156494, 0.008024601265788078, -0.3412468731403351, -0.7734265923500061, 0.008546952158212662, 0.5441640019416809, 0.10182175785303116, -0.0022580912336707115, -0.24030931293964386, 0.7184389233589172, 0.21891550719738007, 0.2735447287559509, 0.054832424968481064, 0.5468447208404541, 0.09281029552221298, 0.6409385800361633, -0.25972050428390503, -0.30548033118247986, 0.06510351598262787, -0.48498716950416565, 0.20971006155014038, 0.39054951071739197, -0.24703149497509003, -0.14610408246517181, 0.38120904564857483, -0.43593159317970276, -0.3148609399795532, -0.42165079712867737, -0.5878967046737671, -0.30289357900619507, -0.12912410497665405, -0.1363154500722885, 0.027741095051169395, 0.5210141539573669, 0.9011648893356323, -0.7156620025634766, 0.34309297800064087, 0.6996117830276489, -0.27864009141921997, 0.06868936866521835, 0.03396300971508026, -0.20575079321861267, 0.02873365394771099, 0.08827418088912964, -0.049749940633773804, 0.16536571085453033, -1.4366247653961182, 0.10560506582260132, 0.05154699459671974, -0.1449703872203827, 0.20396378636360168, 0.40135127305984497, -0.31690192222595215, 0.21086055040359497, -0.14117208123207092, -0.2191287875175476, -0.6412805914878845, -0.7140615582466125, -0.2547926902770996, 0.5508827567100525, 0.10827106237411499, -0.4249472916126251, 0.24793078005313873, -0.18589036166667938, -0.1637159138917923, 0.2629684805870056, 0.22264321148395538, 0.3508656919002533, 0.5547926425933838, -0.29394423961639404, -1.071284294128418, -0.8198786377906799, 0.5724415183067322, -0.29779741168022156, 0.26230964064598083, 0.10909714549779892, 0.07114328444004059, -0.7051213383674622, -0.39979445934295654, 0.06561611592769623, -0.17961692810058594, -0.13367171585559845, 0.04374891147017479, -0.2633059322834015, -0.5496145486831665, 0.15077801048755646, -0.43395641446113586, -0.4655611515045166, 0.03002011962234974, 0.8372648358345032, -0.013863464817404747, 0.19937221705913544, -0.8082485795021057, -0.3575081527233124, 0.07140720635652542, 0.5867649912834167, -0.2042870819568634, -0.08819166570901871, -0.36661475896835327, 0.10968644917011261, 0.4880974292755127, -0.725106418132782, -0.43192535638809204, 0.1656431257724762, -0.5175971984863281, 0.19456036388874054, 0.3128436803817749, 0.03760940209031105, 0.1299801766872406, 0.5330610871315002, -0.525958776473999, 0.41063937544822693, -0.4679981470108032, -0.2540867030620575, 0.8535823225975037, -0.21707172691822052, -0.18214483559131622, -0.3627769351005554, -0.670690655708313, -0.4403303861618042, 0.17712363600730896, -0.4381825625896454, -0.5765336155891418, -0.26756981015205383, -0.23145444691181183, 0.5545673370361328, -0.23277400434017181, -0.4184165894985199, 0.6819539070129395, 0.5828348398208618, -0.22261035442352295, 0.3772552013397217, 0.12452549487352371, 0.11152245849370956, 0.06134369224309921, -0.4430139660835266, 0.011700463481247425, -0.5916585922241211, -0.24955658614635468, 0.20961353182792664, -0.211064875125885, 0.10206916928291321, 0.07004157453775406, -0.09543170034885406, 0.26401036977767944, -0.3797306716442108, -0.238881453871727, -0.31086465716362, 0.20151932537555695, 0.04619637504220009, 0.03920290246605873, -0.3873448967933655, 0.2690942585468292, 0.6027769446372986, 0.17482994496822357, 0.5281388759613037, 0.9486240148544312, 0.944691002368927, -0.7011723518371582, 0.4987384080886841, 0.14767077565193176, 0.5284603834152222, -0.14419680833816528, -1.2831037044525146, 0.0826006755232811, -0.382413774728775, 0.11651969701051712, 0.1163816824555397, -0.1265311986207962, 0.3279690146446228, 0.5806012749671936, -0.4525562524795532, 0.29302769899368286, -0.1815408319234848, -0.0675639808177948, -0.3773959279060364, 0.5218995213508606, 0.6240676045417786, -0.4955606162548065, 0.011832875199615955, -0.002374514937400818, 0.3363859951496124, -0.4020195007324219, -0.0994182676076889, -0.09618676453828812, 0.057632241398096085, 0.12133811414241791, 0.2140505462884903, -0.12035756558179855, 0.3503120243549347, -0.3131151795387268, 0.1955968588590622, 0.20582479238510132, -0.3783426880836487, 0.25090840458869934, -0.41370949149131775, -0.3898259699344635, 0.5041512846946716, -0.06952962279319763, -0.20628440380096436, -0.7532185912132263, -0.6805031895637512, 0.523348867893219, -1.0742121934890747, -0.0004089774447493255, -0.28389790654182434, -0.20894894003868103, 0.39074376225471497, -0.1256186068058014, -0.34458696842193604, 0.24829106032848358, 0.12128692120313644, -0.5804868936538696, 0.32983025908470154, -0.489276260137558, -0.1918952465057373, -0.302481085062027, 0.09661497175693512, 0.5115357041358948, 0.3263126611709595, -0.1503128558397293, -0.12731215357780457, 0.3401218354701996, -1.1250309944152832, -0.7503504753112793, 0.44931790232658386, 0.20178475975990295, 0.004966414533555508, 0.41247427463531494, 0.2550677955150604, 0.1479109823703766, 0.2930465042591095, 0.5075339674949646, -0.3500407338142395, -0.5207433700561523, -0.11031550914049149, 0.17120294272899628, -0.2793581485748291, 0.28981396555900574, -0.031428419053554535, 0.5221320390701294, 0.2741868495941162, 0.5093034505844116, -0.01077675074338913, -0.298838347196579, 0.8040961623191833, 0.8051998615264893, -0.30670782923698425, 0.8206737637519836, 0.41399040818214417, 0.03740821033716202, -0.19971242547035217, -0.24628089368343353, 0.5552762150764465, 0.21399477124214172, 0.7000553011894226, -0.3876412510871887, 0.38736024498939514, -0.6939098238945007, 0.23721499741077423, 0.01817009225487709, 0.13588790595531464, -0.22786103188991547, 0.13504867255687714, 0.13908293843269348, -0.11024710536003113, 0.3261667788028717, 0.05572366341948509, -0.20066657662391663, -0.12498001009225845, 0.43979567289352417, 0.04058060422539711, 0.5029520988464355, -0.21672232449054718, 0.31156569719314575, 0.24226798117160797, -0.1736890822649002, -0.18315039575099945, 1.353012204170227, 0.04765888676047325, -0.23859108984470367, -0.1193738803267479, -0.744124174118042, -0.3635709583759308, -0.01678318902850151, 0.12214723974466324, 0.1835862547159195, 0.13541097939014435, -0.36156588792800903, -0.11754047125577927, 0.07242533564567566, 0.8407860994338989, 0.03661733493208885, -0.4951680302619934, 0.005901696160435677, -0.1585693657398224, -0.6299946308135986, 0.21377836167812347, -0.2034197449684143, -0.29676657915115356, 0.1142895370721817, -0.9459947347640991, 0.2823030948638916, -0.011674800887703896, -0.176330104470253, -0.09874661266803741, 0.43777358531951904, -0.9133197069168091, -0.07658874988555908, 0.35544171929359436, -0.08642269670963287, 0.35384488105773926, 0.1468154340982437, 0.6770552396774292, 0.8585168123245239, 0.3609628677368164, -0.18495160341262817, 0.6259186863899231, -0.1845889389514923, 0.7396957278251648, -0.09673802554607391, 0.465917706489563, -0.7005212903022766, -0.03096182271838188, -0.2629354000091553, -0.1889127492904663, -0.08943289518356323, -0.19443312287330627, -0.0019439789466559887, 0.25466063618659973, -0.01113270502537489, 0.2946041524410248, 0.27254265546798706, 0.06936412304639816, 0.05149656534194946, 0.22206737101078033, -0.067227803170681, -0.17869845032691956, 0.45147377252578735, 0.06255816668272018, -0.0803309977054596, 0.7950325608253479, -0.2544398307800293, -0.29379576444625854, -0.23714770376682281, -0.03999098017811775, 0.36150795221328735, 0.6337128281593323, 0.0651976466178894, -0.3700340688228607, -0.39465558528900146, -0.1196545884013176, 0.060557469725608826, -0.20718055963516235, -0.09971415996551514, -0.5987462997436523, 0.5055182576179504, 0.6091019511222839, 0.7718035578727722, 0.2568698525428772, -0.525245189666748, -0.3909541964530945, 0.7156370282173157, -0.42788055539131165, -0.3788674771785736, 0.6816767454147339, -0.22851116955280304, -0.080111064016819, 0.7749492526054382, -1.3352471590042114, -0.05559011176228523, 0.3805108964443207, 0.36049482226371765, 0.21168196201324463, 0.39420172572135925, -0.025290507823228836 ]
202123	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodolfo%20Graziani	Rodolfo Graziani	Rodolfo Graziani, 1st Marquis of Neghelli (; 11 August 1882 – 11 January 1955), was a prominent Italian military officer in the Kingdom of Italy's Regio Esercito ("Royal Army"), primarily noted for his campaigns in Africa before and during World War II. A dedicated fascist, he was a key figure in the Italian military during the reign of Victor Emmanuel III. Graziani played an important role in the consolidation and expansion of Italy's empire during the 1920s and 1930s, first in Libya and then in Ethiopia. He became infamous for harsh repressive measures, such as the use of concentration camps, that caused many civilian deaths, and for extreme measures taken against the native resistance such as the hanging of Omar Mukhtar. Due to his brutal methods used in Libya, he was nicknamed Il macellaio del Fezzan ("the butcher of Fezzan"). In February 1937, after an assassination attempt against him during a ceremony in Addis Ababa, Graziani ordered a period of brutal retribution now known as Yekatit 12. Shortly after Italy entered World War II he returned to Libya as the commander of troops in Italian North Africa but resigned after the 1940–41 British offensive routed his forces. Following the 25 Luglio coup in 1943, he was the only Marshal of Italy who remained loyal to Mussolini and was named the Minister of Defence of the Italian Social Republic, commanding its army and returning to active service against the Allies for the rest of the war. Graziani was never prosecuted by the United Nations War Crimes Commission; he was included on its list of Italians eligible to be prosecuted for war crimes, but Allied opposition and indifference to the prosecution of Italian war criminals frustrated Ethiopian attempts to bring him to justice. In 1948, an Italian court sentenced him to 19 years' imprisonment for collaboration with the Nazis, but he was released after serving only four months. Early life Rodolfo Graziani was born in Filettino in the province of Frosinone on August 11, 1882. His father, Filippo Graziani, was the village doctor. He was educated in a seminary in the town of Subiaco and then went on to study in the Liceo Torquato Tasso in Rome. Due to economic restraints, Graziani could not apply to the Military Academy of Modena and so decided to study law at university instead. Military career In 1903, he joined the Royal Italian Army as a reserve officer cadet whilst studying at university. In 1906, he passed a competitive examination for reserve officers to be made regular and became a second lieutenant, stationed at the 1st regiment of Grenadiers in Rome. Graziani's first posting was to Italian Eritrea where he learned Arabic and Tigrinya. In 1911, whilst in the Eritrean countryside, he was bitten by a snake which resulted in him being hospitalized. Because of this, he never served in the Italo-Turkish War. After his convalescence, he was repatriated to Italy where he was promoted to Captain. In 1918, during World War I, Graziani in the Regio Esercito became the youngest Colonnello (Colonel) in Italian history. Libya In 1930, the Fascist government appointed Graziani Vice-Governor of Cyrenaica and commander of the Italian forces in Libya. He served there until 1934. During those four years, he suppressed the Senussi rebellion. In this so-called "pacification", he was responsible for the construction of several concentration camps and labor camps, where thousands of Libyan prisoners died. Some prisoners were hanged, such as Omar Mukhtar, or shot, but most prisoners died of starvation or disease. His deeds earned him the nickname "the Butcher of Fezzan" among the Arabs. But Italians called him the Pacifier of Libya (Pacificatore della Libia). In 1935, Graziani was appointed Governor of Italian Somaliland. Ethiopia During the Second Italo-Ethiopian War in 1935 and 1936, Graziani was the commander of the southern front. His army invaded Ethiopia from Italian Somaliland and he commanded the Italian forces at the battles of Genale Doria and the Ogaden. However, Graziani's efforts in the south were secondary to the main invasion launched from Eritrea by Generale Emilio De Bono, later continued by Marshal of Italy Pietro Badoglio. It was Badoglio and not Graziani who entered Addis Ababa in triumph after his "March of the Iron Will". But it was Graziani who said: "The Duce will have Ethiopia, with or without the Ethiopians." Addis Ababa fell to Badoglio on 5 May 1936. Graziani had wanted to reach Harar before Badoglio reached Addis Ababa, but failed to do so. Even so, on 9 May, Graziani was rewarded for his role as commander of the southern front with a promotion to the rank of Marshal of Italy. During his tour of an Ethiopian Orthodox church in Dire Dawa, Graziani fell into a pit covered by an ornate carpet, a trap that he believed had been set by the Ethiopian priests to injure or kill him. As a result, he held Ethiopian clerics in deep suspicion. After the war, Graziani was made Viceroy of Italian East Africa and Governor-General of Shewa / Addis Ababa. After an unsuccessful attempt by two Eritreans to kill him on 19 February 1937 (and after murders of other Italians in occupied Ethiopia), Graziani ordered a bloody and indiscriminate reprisal upon the conquered country, later remembered by Ethiopians as Yekatit 12. Up to thirty thousand civilians of Addis Ababa were killed indiscriminately; another 1,469 were summarily executed by the end of the next month, and over one thousand Ethiopian notables were imprisoned and then exiled from Ethiopia. Graziani became known as "the Butcher of Ethiopia". In connection with the attempt on his life, Graziani authorized the massacre of the monks of the ancient monastery of Debre Libanos and a large number of pilgrims, who had traveled there to celebrate the feast day of the founding saint of the monastery. Graziani's suspicion of the Ethiopian Orthodox clergy (and the fact that the wife of one of the assassins had briefly taken sanctuary at the monastery) had convinced him of the monks' complicity in the attempt on his life. From 1939 to 1941, Graziani was Chief of Staff of the Regio Esercito. World War II At the start of the Second World War, Graziani, now styled as The 1st Marquis of Neghelli, was still Commander-in-Chief of the Regio Esercito′s General Staff. After the death of Marshal Italo Balbo in a friendly fire incident on 28 June 1940, Graziani took his place as Commander-in-Chief of Italian North Africa and as Governor General of Libya. The Italian dictator Benito Mussolini had given Graziani a deadline of 8 August 1940 to start to invade Egypt with the 10th Army. Graziani expressed doubts about the ability of his largely un-mechanized force to defeat the British and put off the invasion for as long as he could. However, faced with demotion, Graziani ultimately followed orders and elements of the 10th Army invaded Egypt on 9 September. The Italians achieved only modest gains in Egypt and then prepared a series of fortified camps to defend their positions. In November 1940 the British counterattacked and completely defeated the 10th Army during Operation Compass, after which Graziani resigned his commission. On 25 March 1941, Graziani was replaced by General Italo Gariboldi, and Graziani remained mostly inactive for the next two years. During his time in Italy, he played a role in suppressing the Italian anti-fascist movement. Graziani was the only Italian Marshal to remain loyal to Mussolini after Dino Grandi's Grand Council of Fascism coup. He was appointed Minister of Defense of the Italian Social Republic by Mussolini and oversaw the mixed Italo-German Army Group Liguria (Armee Ligurien). Graziani defeated Allied forces in the December 1944 "Battle of Garfagnana", leading a mixed Italian / German force that included the "Monte Rosa" alpine division and the "San Marco" marine division. When Mussolini fled northward on 25 April 1945, Graziani was left as the de facto leader of what remained of the RSI. Mussolini was captured and executed on 28 April 1945. The following day the German forces in Italy signed the Surrender of Caserta and Graziani’s own surrender followed on 1 May 1945. At the end of the Second World War, Graziani spent a few days in the San Vittore Prison in Milan before being transferred to Allied control. He was brought back to Africa in Anglo-American custody, staying there until February 1946. Allied forces then felt the danger of his assassination or lynching had passed (many thousands of fascists were murdered in Italy in the summer and autumn of 1945), and returned Graziani to the Procida prison in Italy. War crimes and indictments Before the Second World War, the League of Nations did not prosecute Graziani and the Italian authorities for war crimes in Ethiopia. In one case, Graziani had ordered his troops to use chemical weapons against Nasibu Zeamanuel's troops in Gorrahei on 10 October 1935. Although the Ethiopian Minister of Foreign Affairs gave the League of Nations irrefutable evidence of what the Italian military had done from within a few hours of its invasion on 3 October 1935 to 10 April of the following year, no action was taken. Incidents included the use of poison gas and the bombing of Red Cross hospitals and ambulances. In 1943, the United States proposed to her Allies a replacement for the League of Nations with a new body, the United Nations. The United Nations War Crimes Commission was created to investigate allegations of war crimes committed by Nazi Germany and the other Axis powers in World War II. On 31 December 1946, Ambaye Wolde Mariam from The Ethiopian War Crimes Commission presented to the UN War Crimes Commission its preliminary findings against Graziani. This related, however, to the period before WWII. The Ethiopian government felt it would have no difficulty from the sufficient amount of evidence it had to justify a trial against Graziani, especially for the massacres he ordered in February 1937. On 4 March 1948, charges against Graziani were nevertheless presented to the United Nations War Crimes Commission. The commission was presented with evidence of the Italian policy of systematic terrorism and Graziani’s self-admitted intention to execute all Amharas authorities and cited a telegram from Graziani to General Nasi, in which Graziani had written, "Keep in mind also that I have already aimed at the total destruction of Abyssinian chiefs and notables and that this should be carried out completely in your territories". The UN Commission agreed that there was a prima facie case against eight Italians, including Graziani. However, the Allies questioned the veracity of Ethiopia's claim against the Italians on the grounds that it was impossible to identify which individuals in the Italian military hierarchy had actually issued the criminal orders. The British government was the firmest supporter of that stance, and the United States pursued a policy "largely characterized by ambivalence towards Italian aggression". The Ethiopian government made a direct request to the "Four Policemen", but that was immediately rejected on technical grounds. In addition, many in the Italian press firmly opposed any Italian officer being put on trial for war crimes. Faced with such resistance and indifference, Ethiopia had no choice but to back down from their requests, to the consternation of many Ethiopians. In 1948, an Italian military tribunal sentenced Graziani to 19 years in jail for collaborating with the Nazis, but he was released after only four months because his lawyers demonstrated that his actions had been only after he "received orders". He never faced any further prosecutions for any other specific war crimes. Unlike the Germans and the Japanese, the Italians did not have their commanders subjected to prosecutions by Allied tribunals. In the early 1950s, Graziani had some involvement with the neo-fascist Italian Social Movement (MSI), and he became the "Honorary President" of the party in 1953. Death He died, aged 72, of natural causes in Rome. Mausoleum controversy In August 2012, $160,000 of public money was used to help finance the building of a large monument atop Graziani's tomb in Affile. The subscription was supplemented by private funding from the mayor of Affile, Ettore Viri. The new mausoleum was engraved with the words "Fatherland" and "Honor". Local left-wing politicians and national commentators harshly criticized the monument whereas the town's "mostly conservative" population approved. Public funding for the Graziani monument was suspended by the newly elected Lazio administration after the 2013 regional elections. A statement from Ethiopia's Ministry of Foreign Affairs said Graziani did not deserve to be memorialized but instead be condemned in history for his war crimes, genocidal behavior and crimes against humanity. Books Graziani wrote several books, the most important of which are: Ho difeso la Patria (una vita per l'Italia) Africa settentrionale 1940–41 Libia redenta also: Verso il Fezzan La riconquista del Fezzan Cirenaica pacificata Pace romana in Libia Military career 1915-1918—Service in World War I 1921-1934—Service in Libya 1926-1930—Vice Governor-General of Italian Cyrenaica 1930-1934—Governor-General of Italian Cyrenaica 1935-1936—Governor-General of Italian Somaliland 1936-1937—Governor-General and Viceroy of Ethiopia; promoted to Marshal of Italy 1940-1941—Commander-in-Chief of Italian North Africa and Governor-General of Libya 1943-1945—Minister of Defense for the Italian Social Republic In popular culture Graziani was portrayed by British actor Oliver Reed in the 1981 war film Lion of the Desert. On its release, it was banned by the Italian government because, in the words of Prime Minister Giulio Andreotti, it was "damaging to the honor of the army". Graziani was also portrayed by Rodolfo Dal Pra in the Italian film Last Days of Mussolini. Bibliography Canosa, Romano. Graziani. Il maresciallo d'Italia, dalla guerra d'Etiopia alla Repubblica di Salò. Editore Mondadori; Collana: Oscar storia. Cova, Alessandro. Rodolfo Graziani: Story of an Italian general. Fonthill Media, 2021, . Del Boca, AngeloNaissance de la nation libyenne, Editions Milelli, 2008, . Pankhurst, Richard. History of the Ethiopian Patriots (1936-1940), The Graziani Massacre and Consequences. Addis Abeba Tribune editions. Rocco, Giuseppe. L'organizzazione militare della RSI, sul finire della seconda guerra mondiale. Greco & Greco Editori. Milano, 1998 Further reading Italian War Criminal Rodolfo Graziani, Blaine Taylor, Warfare History Network, 21 February 2020 See also Frontier Wire (Libya) Notes External links 1882 births 1955 deaths Governors of Italian Somaliland Governors-General of Italian Libya People from the Province of Frosinone People of former Italian colonies Field marshals of Italy Italian East Africa Italian fascists Italian military personnel of the Italo-Turkish War Italian military personnel of World War I Italian military personnel of World War II Italian military personnel of the Second Italo-Ethiopian War Italian people convicted of war crimes People of the Italian Social Republic People convicted of treason Italian generals Italian anti-communists Italian colonial governors and administrators Genocide perpetrators Yekatit 12	[ -0.12437555193901062, -0.06520963460206985, -0.5836485624313354, -0.048727862536907196, 0.05109402537345886, 0.8707359433174133, 0.4692629277706146, -0.19607359170913696, -0.38099613785743713, -0.19768989086151123, -0.4574102461338043, 0.06985166668891907, -0.21821008622646332, 0.5052693486213684, 0.11738452315330505, 0.5458707809448242, 0.044266052544116974, -0.05613516643643379, -0.6093468070030212, -0.32819366455078125, 0.1776587963104248, 0.23208047449588776, -0.11756531894207001, 0.5836260318756104, -0.1304020881652832, 0.26715922355651855, 0.5824713110923767, 0.32982125878334045, 0.44543349742889404, -0.42907166481018066, 0.22620335221290588, -0.0411551259458065, -0.08116383850574493, -0.07534218579530716, -0.6729460954666138, 0.45494788885116577, -0.027583792805671692, -0.593124270439148, -0.007559924852102995, -0.0708296075463295, -0.24275052547454834, 0.37966388463974, 0.06406915932893753, 0.2803838849067688, 0.41375038027763367, -0.5548067092895508, -1.1362141370773315, 0.24577267467975616, -0.07057643681764603, -0.49007874727249146, 0.014267990365624428, -0.07662057131528854, 0.22055627405643463, 0.04534897953271866, -0.043529167771339417, 0.0266841072589159, -0.6040552854537964, -0.18356744945049286, 0.24073544144630432, -0.994860827922821, 0.569293200969696, 0.33924490213394165, 0.6746829748153687, -0.2922435700893402, 0.3816375136375427, 0.010036597959697247, 0.3513127565383911, 0.4536462724208832, 0.03367002680897713, -0.10009580105543137, -0.5203245878219604, 0.24010182917118073, 0.4057871103286743, 0.1689894199371338, -0.018664199858903885, -0.7767152190208435, -0.061474911868572235, 0.7455172538757324, -0.37666183710098267, 0.1616768091917038, 0.26220622658729553, -0.9954433441162109, 0.467335045337677, -0.1415098011493683, 0.09011898934841156, 0.4258052408695221, -0.4477682113647461, -0.10525146126747131, -0.505907416343689, -0.04790990427136421, -0.18480096757411957, -0.9079363346099854, 0.4053681194782257, -0.2017841786146164, 0.07720623165369034, 0.32813483476638794, 0.2355109304189682, 0.39436274766921997, -0.11090585589408875, -0.017135072499513626, -0.15910296142101288, -0.15376655757427216, -0.004861833062022924, 0.22340695559978485, -0.5933351516723633, 0.4943970739841461, 0.05741286277770996, 0.07422078400850296, -0.6160648465156555, -0.07533774524927139, -0.80243980884552, -0.3354088366031647, -0.42538052797317505, -0.3984960615634918, -0.09416712820529938, -0.20675258338451385, 0.10080143809318542, -0.5520947575569153, -0.4173825979232788, -0.1596391648054123, -0.09617696702480316, 0.33496856689453125, -0.6936865448951721, 0.07578710466623306, -0.1391887664794922, -0.2791411280632019, 0.3343513309955597, -0.3646434247493744, -0.5875632762908936, 0.6804648637771606, 0.898339033126831, 0.41079261898994446, -0.5004788637161255, 0.32874795794487, -0.32976803183555603, -0.5985294580459595, -0.140170156955719, 0.4806392788887024, -0.22038263082504272, 0.14556002616882324, -0.9220791459083557, -0.03836827725172043, -0.07394268363714218, 0.38845381140708923, 0.5218600630760193, -0.30281123518943787, 0.35047608613967896, 0.05605308338999748, -0.1289118230342865, -0.7628118991851807, 0.044615983963012695, -0.3170299232006073, -0.3895738422870636, -0.5382291674613953, -0.29551759362220764, 0.5818762183189392, 0.4951201379299164, -0.3173667788505554, 0.40587201714515686, -0.3045453429222107, 0.7359874844551086, -0.23053503036499023, 0.03811285272240639, 0.5409889221191406, 0.4404434263706207, -0.10539249330759048, 0.2727851867675781, 0.24608124792575836, -0.3778524100780487, 0.08901190757751465, -0.09881453961133957, -0.3033270239830017, -0.4389270544052124, 0.005997700151056051, -0.7141890525817871, 1.041015625, 0.2996852695941925, -0.17663635313510895, 0.2924772799015045, -0.5681859254837036, -0.36640119552612305, -0.5421182513237, -0.1437232345342636, 0.35876157879829407, 0.22162656486034393, -0.0025839987210929394, 0.07573467493057251, -0.7237115502357483, 0.7374228835105896, -0.2022995501756668, -0.43636438250541687, -0.7105529308319092, 0.2619893550872803, -0.8271779417991638, 1.0468965768814087, 0.07980171591043472, -0.3448597490787506, 0.3748360872268677, -0.12209177017211914, 0.18312454223632812, -0.318482905626297, -0.18161186575889587, 0.6019498109817505, 0.37444180250167847, -0.29267922043800354, 0.4866442084312439, 0.43288692831993103, 0.21748554706573486, 0.05156295374035835, 1.262972116470337, 0.5172966718673706, -0.06495967507362366, -0.14261461794376373, 0.08708888292312622, 0.4585338532924652, -0.1366211622953415, -0.45071423053741455, 0.019818678498268127, 0.09528250992298126, 0.011855622753500938, -0.11746545881032944, -0.12853911519050598, -0.5014523863792419, 0.6869007349014282, 0.21508964896202087, 0.5688185095787048, 0.041552815586328506, -0.03571878373622894, -0.3149404227733612, -0.7948822975158691, 0.33615201711654663, -0.17685875296592712, 0.33673349022865295, -0.16115474700927734, 0.10001513361930847, 0.4026177227497101, 0.635660707950592, -0.4462538957595825, -0.16269482672214508, -0.47158920764923096, 0.40548551082611084, 0.4716833531856537, -0.27200472354888916, 0.2674482464790344, 0.06414918601512909, 0.2549907863140106, -0.20094484090805054, 0.6613949537277222, 0.13292497396469116, -0.053177230060100555, 0.15232360363006592, 0.35399287939071655, 0.6095892190933228, -0.24632671475410461, -0.20035086572170258, -0.9600673317909241, 0.299171507358551, 0.016667887568473816, 0.47317221760749817, -0.19236470758914948, 0.536821722984314, -0.5040081143379211, 0.49397915601730347, 0.22985893487930298, 0.620129406452179, 0.07921506464481354, -0.5451792478561401, -0.4600370228290558, 0.33398568630218506, 0.12667272984981537, 0.17343832552433014, -0.07584571838378906, 0.44936299324035645, 0.19226080179214478, -0.2508431077003479, -0.3124242424964905, -0.40592655539512634, 0.42759132385253906, -0.4275185763835907, -0.6092237830162048, 0.29483580589294434, -0.08803047984838486, -0.1882898509502411, -0.06452406197786331, -0.1762336939573288, -0.22904330492019653, -0.005730821285396814, -0.512005627155304, 0.13858625292778015, 0.8593320846557617, 0.3057488203048706, 0.7552902698516846, -0.5032499432563782, 0.339363694190979, -0.4728738069534302, 0.02379978448152542, -0.674650251865387, -0.43477025628089905, 0.32171517610549927, -0.3558020293712616, -0.7138649225234985, 0.2659345269203186, 0.12347599864006042, 0.6447364091873169, 0.8949177861213684, 0.08649713546037674, -0.05439705029129982, 0.057018499821424484, -5.556491374969482, 0.5650076270103455, 0.16153112053871155, 0.31824570894241333, -0.5744357109069824, 0.1548660546541214, 0.21849901974201202, 0.3874901533126831, 0.36693835258483887, -0.32183173298835754, 0.30141955614089966, 0.036667224019765854, -0.4375859797000885, 0.17511945962905884, 0.20456188917160034, 0.4871251583099365, 0.2884153723716736, -0.2436123490333557, 0.17981460690498352, 0.3885950446128845, 0.24923913180828094, 0.2783808410167694, 0.12065934389829636, 0.6008292436599731, 0.3126375079154968, 0.2795223295688629, -0.7386837005615234, 0.076375313103199, -1.1173471212387085, -0.037938814610242844, -0.10635699331760406, 0.003041175426915288, -0.29318007826805115, 0.19870735704898834, -0.2680433988571167, -0.46276789903640747, 0.3326815366744995, 0.322136253118515, -0.2171514630317688, 0.22733061015605927, 0.1328270435333252, 0.08514145761728287, -0.6471693515777588, 0.2143547385931015, 0.41431766748428345, -0.09140027314424515, -0.407474160194397, 0.2525103986263275, 0.07025313377380371, 0.32597026228904724, -0.150431290268898, 0.07428919523954391, -0.6026807427406311, 0.16180354356765747, 0.15142688155174255, 0.32249152660369873, 0.13416841626167297, 0.010209453292191029, -0.5440359711647034, 1.224552869796753, 0.09710387885570526, -0.4584484398365021, 0.021056897938251495, -0.37094661593437195, 0.38983795046806335, 0.4939357042312622, 0.05085168406367302, -0.2754743993282318, -0.40295398235321045, 0.007124024908989668, -0.0004674977099057287, 0.9805002212524414, 0.10005415976047516, -0.8737820386886597, 0.15789122879505157, -0.6780798435211182, -0.23784181475639343, 0.22523480653762817, -0.19106459617614746, 0.1904381960630417, -0.40527451038360596, -0.5453283786773682, 0.37968480587005615, -0.3667166829109192, -0.12228215485811234, 0.33289068937301636, -0.17495280504226685, 0.23163385689258575, -0.03835446015000343, 0.37878552079200745, 0.2650039792060852, -0.5824970602989197, 0.4391222596168518, 0.3378634750843048, -0.3252754807472229, 0.6640611886978149, -0.5435713529586792, 0.21480649709701538, 0.6598795652389526, 0.0673251524567604, -0.19252772629261017, -0.4170741140842438, -0.15706861019134521, 0.05347336456179619, 0.047880254685878754, 0.28893446922302246, 0.5461875200271606, 0.09657750278711319, 0.8961434364318848, 0.13393482565879822, 0.01102188229560852, 0.6585192680358887, -0.2625000476837158, -0.38937804102897644, 0.303560346364975, -0.3910524547100067, 0.21095331013202667, 0.06777691096067429, 0.7428492903709412, 0.021340668201446533, -0.28735387325286865, -0.31841325759887695, -0.34461554884910583, -0.4161543846130371, -0.05024704337120056, 0.2878868281841278, 0.10105226188898087, -0.14402997493743896, 0.07991854846477509, 0.10412134230136871, -0.38559457659721375, 0.505874514579773, -0.0951652079820633, 0.20576101541519165, 0.3343373239040375, -0.9071187973022461, -0.5971454381942749, -0.8447905778884888, 0.23080460727214813, 0.30798956751823425, -0.3921753466129303, 0.06596057862043381, -0.3417423665523529, 0.1059483215212822, -0.0063123577274382114, 0.11215424537658691, -0.1272551268339157, -0.0034824181348085403, 0.08903861045837402, 0.7287034392356873, 0.29462072253227234, 0.2978184223175049, 0.23589390516281128, -0.08997918665409088, -0.9647202491760254, 0.014656608924269676, -0.14211662113666534, 0.3501385748386383, 0.025042571127414703, -0.23120981454849243, 0.2530800700187683, -0.3071696162223816, -1.2892078161239624, -0.1612716019153595, 0.35455504059791565, 0.3394823968410492, 0.0003128228709101677, -0.7351709008216858, -0.119294174015522, 0.6397736072540283, 0.11084525287151337, -1.2136260271072388, -0.11226276308298111, 0.0015573407290503383, -0.368527889251709, -0.22864149510860443, -0.15404675900936127, 0.06130848452448845, -0.3520757853984833, 0.32251712679862976, -0.1775953620672226, 0.10106667876243591, -0.3590223789215088, 0.010821310803294182, 0.011869959533214569, -0.0033386503346264362, -0.5585358142852783, -0.11808399856090546, -0.39270856976509094, -0.11647380143404007, -0.2663659155368805, 0.1467336118221283, 0.04769014194607735, 0.13045231997966766, -0.0610860139131546, -0.297107458114624, -0.3782327473163605, -0.13296979665756226, -0.18369391560554504, -0.4083976149559021, -0.5906913876533508, -0.0314362458884716, -0.0633675828576088, 0.13449861109256744, -0.39232996106147766, -0.2091272622346878, 0.6493836641311646, -0.12331979721784592, 0.02392265945672989, 0.5110134482383728, -1.2002060413360596, -0.792548656463623, -0.18443019688129425, 0.43372872471809387, -0.39144155383110046, 0.6252328753471375, -0.23872880637645721, 0.08139920979738235, -0.6367784738540649, -0.16477835178375244, -0.5470715165138245, -0.12353204935789108, -0.47841328382492065, -0.10799052566289902, -0.09957527369260788, 0.6448912620544434, 0.4073559045791626, -0.5656868815422058, 0.7986788153648376, 0.032319750636816025, -0.5503783226013184, -0.14205828309059143, -0.3753892183303833, 0.4217381775379181, -0.5186997056007385, 0.36530762910842896, 0.7793756723403931, 0.15330377221107483, 0.1391669064760208, 0.4571947455406189, 0.63164222240448, 0.6714854836463928, 0.048719748854637146, -0.0808848887681961, 0.6025671362876892, 0.4962441027164459, 0.120841845870018, -0.7277519702911377, 0.12540218234062195, 0.2279849499464035, -0.08049439638853073, -0.08729790151119232, -0.5300723314285278, 0.03017517738044262, 1.076035499572754, -0.31375083327293396, -0.31754401326179504, 0.5757309794425964, 0.21058151125907898, 0.37594062089920044, 0.057941339910030365, 0.6419540643692017, 0.3355047404766083, 0.05382153391838074, -0.10664601624011993, -0.04630909487605095, -0.23640334606170654, 0.02131832204759121, 0.35227692127227783, -0.004056067205965519, 0.09113871306180954, -0.09881200641393661, 0.22379273176193237, 0.7756822109222412, -0.04995230957865715, 0.31251251697540283, 0.001459267339669168, -0.0906049907207489, 0.32657378911972046, -0.35452693700790405, -1.5632859468460083, -0.3369264304637909, 0.3465614914894104, -0.38087257742881775, -0.08311008661985397, -0.6946964263916016, -0.13384400308132172, 0.5403009057044983, -0.462127685546875, 0.4207887649536133, -0.16851474344730377, -0.4296494126319885, 0.2062232941389084, -0.47701576352119446, -0.0011013810290023685, -0.10391786694526672, -0.7597779035568237, 0.3584633469581604, -0.10549713671207428, 0.10796919465065002, -0.27032771706581116, 0.906050443649292, 0.3829183876514435, -0.1593315452337265, -0.35435283184051514, -0.11530692130327225, 0.3585008978843689, -0.557916522026062, 0.06876428425312042, -0.2798828184604645, -0.010990303009748459, -0.49972304701805115, 0.2905939817428589, 0.1838056743144989, -0.5265119671821594, 0.15148614346981049, 0.4788653552532196, -0.5400951504707336, -0.4042494297027588, -0.3047597110271454, 0.3325607180595398, 0.583633542060852, 0.3956514000892639, -0.5692959427833557, 0.5470568537712097, 0.7156842947006226, -0.05464745685458183, 0.13688699901103973, 0.03572729974985123, 0.42481374740600586, -0.43630772829055786, -0.3715789318084717, -0.8207302689552307, 0.7048216462135315, -0.17218826711177826, 0.32634949684143066, 0.6437404155731201, -0.5818457007408142, 0.40858495235443115, 0.3631199300289154, 0.027905507013201714, 0.7581614255905151, -0.5847365260124207, 0.10482700169086456, -0.455057293176651, 0.13519805669784546, -0.7497144341468811, 0.22910244762897491, 0.3239947557449341, 0.11389718949794769, 0.04345761612057686, 0.025378752499818802, -0.07636565715074539, -0.13241533935070038, -0.14047150313854218, 0.16872628033161163, 0.4082435667514801, 0.07338900864124298, -0.6230326294898987, 0.24464651942253113, -0.09325739741325378, -0.4643467664718628, 0.8205862045288086, -0.023875271901488304, 0.14386580884456635, 0.48079413175582886, -0.5872498750686646, -0.4799288809299469, 0.15451355278491974, 0.3439205586910248, 0.362008661031723, -0.11238597333431244, -0.5015160441398621, 0.16813327372074127, 0.3561803698539734, 0.16195322573184967, 0.14192607998847961, 0.5213728547096252, -0.08781228214502335, 0.27354857325553894, -0.5788556337356567, 0.05420136824250221, -0.2985203266143799, 0.03480951860547066, 0.33450034260749817, -0.6665486097335815, 0.2809559404850006, -0.0691576898097992, 0.1948995441198349, -0.23412668704986572, 0.22803425788879395, -1.1033591032028198, -0.4525260627269745, 0.08981551229953766, 0.039495740085840225, 0.10593069344758987, 0.12565641105175018, 1.0368804931640625, 0.5471717715263367, -0.9178860783576965, 0.1996651589870453, 0.04997410625219345, 0.01256574783474207, -0.5509214401245117, 0.06287647038698196, -0.040998633950948715, -0.027201399207115173, 0.006186277139931917, -0.4125647246837616, 0.06192775443196297, 0.16158424317836761, -0.09370232373476028, -0.7315317392349243, 0.10423526167869568, -0.2380041778087616, 0.23008568584918976, 0.5305368304252625, -0.6404797434806824, -0.14498983323574066, -0.7881575226783752, 0.17911379039287567, -0.5603843331336975, 0.0013292644871398807, 0.277797669172287, 0.44816073775291443, 0.21095684170722961, 0.07297483086585999, 0.18403641879558563, -0.4028852581977844, 0.6043326258659363, 0.39542296528816223, -0.1222139373421669, -0.6860993504524231, -0.5826199054718018, -0.4699699282646179, -0.3985702395439148, 0.8433757424354553, -0.3354833424091339, 0.5859361290931702, 0.020900698378682137, 0.5609214901924133, -0.22424428164958954, 0.09444740414619446, -0.599780261516571, 0.48514991998672485, -0.028654061257839203, -0.33646783232688904, -0.3099331855773926, 0.6836522221565247, 0.7982603311538696, 0.01675821840763092, 0.5016857385635376, 0.9320467114448547, -0.9193913340568542, 0.37029731273651123, 0.311068594455719, -0.09932848811149597, -0.3121851086616516, 0.07701165974140167, -0.1173798218369484 ]
202127	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annette%20Crosbie	Annette Crosbie	Annette Crosbie (born 12 February 1934) is a Scottish actor. She is best known for her role as Margaret Meldrew in the BBC sitcom One Foot in the Grave (1990–2000). She twice won the BAFTA TV Award for Best Actress, for The Six Wives of Henry VIII in 1971 and Edward the Seventh. In 1976, she was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role for the 1976 film The Slipper and the Rose and she won the award for Best Actress at the Evening Standard British Film Awards for the same role. Her other film appearances include The Pope Must Die (1991), Shooting Fish (1997), The Debt Collector (1999), Calendar Girls (2003) and Into the Woods (2014). Early life and career Crosbie was born in Gorebridge, Midlothian, Scotland, to Presbyterian parents who disapproved of her becoming an actress. Nevertheless, she joined the Bristol Old Vic Theatre School while still in her teens. She began her career with the Glasgow Citizens' Theatre Company in 1956. She was educated at Boroughmuir High School in Edinburgh. Her big break came in 1970 when she was cast as Catherine of Aragon in the BBC television series The Six Wives of Henry VIII, for which she won the 1971 BAFTA TV Award for Best Actress. In 1973, she starred alongside Vanessa Redgrave in the BBC serial A Picture of Katherine Mansfield. In 1975, Crosbie made a similar impact as another queen, Queen Victoria, in the ITV period drama Edward the Seventh, for which she won the 1976 BAFTA TV Award for Best Actress. She played Cinderella's fairy godmother in The Slipper and the Rose, which was chosen as the Royal Film Première for 1976. In that film, Crosbie sang the Sherman Brothers' song, "Suddenly It Happens". Crosbie voiced the character of Galadriel in Ralph Bakshi's animated movie, The Lord of the Rings, filmed in 1978. In 1980, she played the abbess in Hawk the Slayer. In 1986, she appeared as the vicar's wife in Paradise Postponed. Crosbie's next major role was as Margaret Meldrew, the long-suffering wife of Victor Meldrew (Richard Wilson) in the BBC sitcom One Foot in the Grave (1990–2000) for which she is best known. She also played Janet, the housekeeper to Dr. Finlay, in the 1993–96 revival of A. J. Cronin's popular stories. She also had a poignant role in the thriller The Debt Collector (1999). Crosbie's other roles include playing the monkey-lover Ingrid Strange in an episode of Jonathan Creek (1997), Edith Sparshott in An Unsuitable Job for a Woman (1997–2001), and Jessie in the film Calendar Girls (2003). In 2008 she appeared in a BBC adaptation of Little Dorrit. In 2009 she played Sadie Cairncross in the BBC television series Hope Springs. In 2010, Crosbie appeared in the Doctor Who episode "The Eleventh Hour" and in an episode of New Tricks. In 2014 Crosbie appeared in the movies What We Did on Our Holiday and Into the Woods. In 2015 she appeared in a BBC adaptation of Cider with Rosie. In 2016 she appeared in the new film version of Dad's Army. In 2019 she appeared in an episode of Call the Midwife. In 2020, she appeared in an episode of the second season of After Life, a British black comedy-drama series created, written, produced and directed by Ricky Gervais, which premiered on Netflix. Honours Crosbie was awarded the rank of Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 1998 New Year Honours for services to Drama. Personal life Crosbie was married to Michael Griffiths, the father of her son Owen and daughter Selina, who is also an actor. She is a campaigner for greyhound welfare. From 2003, she was President of the League Against Cruel Sports. She lives in Wimbledon, London Filmography Film Television Radio Appearances Good Behaviour (2014) on BBC Radio 4 One Foot in the Grave (1995) 4 episodes adapted from the British television sitcom of the same name, first aired between 21 January 1995 and 11 February 1995 on BBC Radio 2. The episodes are "Alive and Buried", "In Luton Airport, No One Can Hear You Scream", "Timeless Time" and "The Beast in the Cage". They are repeated regularly on BBC Radio 4 Extra. Old Harry's Game as Edith Cordelia Barrington (from series 6 onwards) on BBC Radio 4 The Price of Fear - Episode: To My Dear, Dear Saladin (6 June 1983) on BBC Radio 4 The works of Robert Burns (2016) for BBC Radio Scotland Awards and nominations References External links Alumni of Bristol Old Vic Theatre School Best Actress BAFTA Award (television) winners Officers of the Order of the British Empire People from Midlothian Scottish television actresses Scottish film actresses Scottish radio actresses Scottish stage actresses 1934 births Living people People educated at Boroughmuir High School 20th-century Scottish actresses 21st-century Scottish actresses	[ -0.48241037130355835, 0.23279689252376556, -0.49489647150039673, -0.9994308352470398, -0.06489498168230057, 0.5147476196289062, 0.6903793215751648, -0.1114155650138855, -0.4020143151283264, 0.40314432978630066, -0.05994720011949539, 0.6903116106987, -0.048185598105192184, 0.27252626419067383, -0.11337248980998993, 0.5657895803451538, -0.1040319949388504, 0.41388317942619324, 0.0009656139300204813, -0.8097360134124756, -0.4521583318710327, -0.46589505672454834, -0.11147809028625488, 0.6989622116088867, -0.7982925176620483, 0.8324893712997437, -0.13152740895748138, 0.2531319558620453, -0.09476938098669052, -0.17254821956157684, 0.09128214418888092, 0.13866527378559113, 0.2738335132598877, -0.08495528250932693, 0.17264607548713684, 0.2668585777282715, 0.08002278208732605, -0.44049355387687683, -0.08370086550712585, 0.2035890519618988, -0.4347756803035736, 0.3766288161277771, 0.30644476413726807, -0.1653180867433548, -0.36986738443374634, -0.40477436780929565, -2.0471293926239014, 0.07119151204824448, -0.536171555519104, -0.5803048610687256, -0.08793004602193832, 0.554915726184845, 1.0542877912521362, -0.07732465118169785, 0.13829532265663147, -0.2707393169403076, -0.5339370369911194, 0.060592856258153915, 0.1863795518875122, -0.07142870873212814, -0.03217323124408722, -0.16986435651779175, 0.42039093375205994, -0.5515812635421753, 0.35802939534187317, 0.2819449007511139, -0.016791189089417458, 0.11466952413320541, -0.00023164840240497142, 0.09097029268741608, 0.34284400939941406, 0.7045064568519592, 0.676324188709259, -0.7235466837882996, 0.1759052574634552, -0.1635427176952362, 0.1761191040277481, -0.1939350664615631, -0.14678528904914856, -0.03157947212457657, 0.13670289516448975, -0.24440929293632507, -0.15132571756839752, 1.0451126098632812, 0.3438171446323395, -0.035756759345531464, -0.4671739339828491, 0.42045700550079346, -0.1710387021303177, 0.5017980933189392, -1.077588438987732, -0.3306776285171509, -0.3607065677642822, 0.09540758281946182, -0.04773333668708801, 0.257420152425766, 0.024707941338419914, 0.06886009126901627, 0.6026310920715332, -0.1627170592546463, -0.4085767865180969, -0.15754275023937225, 0.08527708053588867, -1.188124418258667, -0.7474309802055359, -0.026348119601607323, -0.18711550533771515, 0.017925476655364037, -0.16086605191230774, -0.9268520474433899, -0.25770285725593567, 0.20105312764644623, -0.3500588834285736, -0.0451640821993351, 0.2751692235469818, 0.061754751950502396, 0.3200920820236206, -0.031522396951913834, -0.8085912466049194, 0.40876802802085876, 0.38094544410705566, 0.0464463047683239, -0.4393964409828186, 0.6232912540435791, -0.9169667959213257, 0.31712377071380615, 0.017532434314489365, 0.2640482187271118, -0.14100903272628784, 0.4653767943382263, 0.08605828881263733, 1.1675986051559448, -0.6642191410064697, -0.13570091128349304, -0.22278766334056854, 0.0725032389163971, 0.7066256999969482, 0.4174514412879944, 0.0020349128171801567, 0.27671629190444946, -0.06806287169456482, 0.4748511016368866, -1.514713168144226, 0.15295620262622833, 0.7215021252632141, -0.1551884263753891, -0.5074095726013184, 0.3369802236557007, 0.22729967534542084, -0.1118798702955246, -0.09138964116573334, 0.2806806266307831, 0.37703636288642883, -0.7097719311714172, -0.5702313184738159, 0.5207244157791138, 0.7583667039871216, 0.15897758305072784, -0.19178470969200134, -0.2675486207008362, 0.6199132800102234, -0.5078560709953308, -0.2122901976108551, -0.017406390979886055, 0.5571796894073486, -0.08445478975772858, 0.015506369061768055, -0.9605534672737122, 0.0814950242638588, 0.4628804922103882, -0.16324900090694427, 0.2002742737531662, 0.5067811608314514, -0.1974058300256729, -0.48985156416893005, -0.23263491690158844, 0.009859553538262844, 0.43539607524871826, -0.25160908699035645, -0.4992998540401459, -0.7501970529556274, -0.4989094138145447, 0.15579502284526825, 0.15278640389442444, 0.6128867864608765, 0.45231759548187256, 0.22495338320732117, -0.566951334476471, 0.6448969841003418, 0.1645377278327942, -0.2829757034778595, -0.3039585053920746, 0.16007739305496216, -0.002200228627771139, 0.635134220123291, 0.1291080266237259, -0.2613276243209839, -0.4396840035915375, 0.29686620831489563, 0.6765321493148804, -0.30994462966918945, 0.0029242909513413906, 0.5854239463806152, -0.204401895403862, -0.14197923243045807, 1.3400574922561646, 0.37107613682746887, 0.43943357467651367, 0.5639071464538574, 0.7782595753669739, -0.21176840364933014, -0.8461065888404846, -0.0316472053527832, 0.5312941670417786, -0.151277095079422, -0.4567693769931793, -0.4260367155075073, -0.3214494585990906, 0.28061628341674805, -0.6693234443664551, -0.0438334196805954, 1.0365071296691895, -0.055319126695394516, 0.358314573764801, -0.30950719118118286, 0.4727751612663269, -0.012200501747429371, 0.11272051185369492, 0.27009066939353943, -0.8161880970001221, 0.07643667608499527, 0.5650554299354553, 0.24890686571598053, -0.7530876994132996, -0.48262158036231995, -0.3883207440376282, 0.2987052798271179, -0.04517214372754097, -0.3806980848312378, -0.23694302141666412, 0.3534628748893738, 0.15584570169448853, -0.5578739643096924, 0.46645987033843994, -0.16968566179275513, 0.1303272247314453, 0.11325816810131073, 0.377602756023407, 0.23330803215503693, 0.11008512228727341, 0.6579733490943909, 0.17458945512771606, 0.3775172531604767, -0.037178076803684235, 0.4257511496543884, 0.19930149614810944, -0.1547185778617859, 0.21713274717330933, 0.5587354302406311, 0.43630656599998474, 0.33536162972450256, 0.17737993597984314, -0.084169402718544, 0.20653735101222992, -0.5212069153785706, -0.26574334502220154, -0.405710369348526, -0.6582597494125366, -0.04413081333041191, -0.07113998383283615, -0.5432755947113037, -0.4065896272659302, 0.3678675889968872, -1.6835700273513794, 0.34435367584228516, 0.8995455503463745, 0.05625898763537407, 0.21030180156230927, -0.7186778783798218, -0.15716256201267242, 0.47146502137184143, 0.6112939715385437, -0.6313614249229431, 0.05884517729282379, 0.11615829169750214, 0.5087368488311768, -0.4456627368927002, 0.031323667615652084, -0.18261893093585968, -0.5201494097709656, 0.29321983456611633, 0.933188796043396, -0.5773641467094421, 0.632219672203064, -0.6003974080085754, -0.23829537630081177, -0.47119057178497314, -0.34151753783226013, 0.1564277559518814, -0.30932146310806274, -0.013936782255768776, 1.0874775648117065, -0.1471022218465805, 0.12151660025119781, 0.26493239402770996, 0.39376452565193176, -0.707887589931488, -0.18319721519947052, -4.899429798126221, -0.4265845715999603, 0.3825182616710663, -0.38517460227012634, 0.992835283279419, -0.1968538612127304, 0.5307220816612244, -0.5222272872924805, -0.17486613988876343, 0.04058673605322838, -0.10744720697402954, -0.24440477788448334, -0.28336820006370544, 0.45353949069976807, 0.8897165060043335, 0.07301256060600281, 0.24856536090373993, -0.3356916308403015, 0.6423284411430359, 0.6126391887664795, -0.008720388635993004, 0.13707774877548218, -0.48001986742019653, -0.09579941630363464, -0.1345139741897583, 0.29126012325286865, -0.4350561499595642, -0.3575570583343506, -0.9572999477386475, -0.42283862829208374, -0.046417493373155594, 0.05618891492486, -0.5094329118728638, 0.043362077325582504, -0.7367637157440186, -0.009184742346405983, 0.41656213998794556, 0.020999019965529442, 0.2302732616662979, -0.5210778713226318, -0.310634046792984, 0.19057942926883698, -0.9276187419891357, 0.3529212176799774, 0.33495819568634033, -0.5269964933395386, -0.8909507393836975, -0.46076467633247375, 0.5024005770683289, 0.9189746379852295, 0.05512860044836998, 0.24440322816371918, 0.5572593808174133, -0.10350257903337479, 0.2792178988456726, -0.30844372510910034, 0.6300188302993774, 0.011904093436896801, -0.4790196716785431, 0.37692180275917053, 0.08993297070264816, -0.49775153398513794, 0.22653551399707794, -0.20978836715221405, -0.21713922917842865, -0.06954608112573624, 0.15264131128787994, 0.5463801622390747, 0.2641015946865082, -0.6744875907897949, -0.017784222960472107, 0.0156539473682642, 0.010207603685557842, -0.9890807271003723, -0.25814172625541687, -0.28784024715423584, 0.38729560375213623, 0.17125554382801056, -0.17124377191066742, -0.03008907474577427, 0.25842252373695374, -0.350195974111557, 0.0032381266355514526, 0.8618455529212952, -0.07773668318986893, -0.09752587974071503, -0.621921956539154, 0.47553882002830505, -0.050046421587467194, -0.6780163049697876, 0.11722879856824875, -0.144941508769989, -0.5163176655769348, 0.4207240343093872, 0.11479049175977707, -0.06288282573223114, 0.26339614391326904, 0.06301289796829224, 0.18146972358226776, -0.40604841709136963, -0.6965386271476746, -0.7880426645278931, 0.08572042733430862, -0.34005406498908997, -0.07888311892747879, 0.07571639120578766, 0.13920928537845612, 0.3447880446910858, 0.19213081896305084, 0.04361157491803169, 0.13446366786956787, 0.46398213505744934, -0.6675782799720764, -0.06832601130008698, -0.09200853109359741, -0.03939368948340416, 0.2636055052280426, 0.02855813503265381, 0.2788298726081848, 0.7305265069007874, 0.580886721611023, 0.43902575969696045, 0.1356944441795349, 0.14446210861206055, 0.08963698148727417, 0.08264178782701492, 0.8460953235626221, -0.004511154722422361, -0.5798513293266296, -0.40088650584220886, -0.7379985451698303, 0.35736963152885437, 0.16308730840682983, -0.20774264633655548, 0.5558480024337769, -0.3969310522079468, -0.4538184702396393, 0.3817809224128723, 0.41070303320884705, 0.338390588760376, 0.2701217234134674, -0.3569217622280121, -0.14781513810157776, 0.6968274712562561, -0.16933640837669373, 0.24543926119804382, 0.38292577862739563, 0.26611626148223877, -0.08691217750310898, 0.8947849869728088, 0.18841062486171722, -0.11077503114938736, 0.5068301558494568, -1.0243123769760132, -0.14606207609176636, -0.04973514750599861, -0.5313565135002136, -0.11482531577348709, 0.13391178846359253, -0.37772172689437866, -0.050255097448825836, 0.6271774172782898, -0.9296911358833313, 0.2683963477611542, 0.35083645582199097, 0.019483011215925217, -0.35748979449272156, -0.29188331961631775, -0.9490277767181396, 0.8559452891349792, -0.5075178146362305, -0.4076049327850342, -0.1554502248764038, -0.059371430426836014, 0.12166150659322739, 0.05427147448062897, -0.24422071874141693, -0.21654768288135529, -0.02325233444571495, -0.29151830077171326, 0.42277035117149353, 0.258944571018219, -0.9455918073654175, 0.21829713881015778, 0.11341120302677155, -0.32373565435409546, -0.6128734350204468, -0.38347530364990234, 0.047778788954019547, -0.26940736174583435, 0.25348570942878723, -0.2919345796108246, 0.1154288649559021, 0.5402451157569885, -0.9122214913368225, 0.016470612958073616, -0.28307607769966125, -0.40493714809417725, 0.2420438826084137, -0.1972154974937439, 0.09552481025457382, 0.14601017534732819, -0.5008012056350708, -0.25703978538513184, 0.43758484721183777, -0.7927275896072388, -0.07425958663225174, 0.38727426528930664, -0.447983056306839, 0.8750697374343872, -0.2946617305278778, -0.059424955397844315, 0.015418103896081448, 0.23551799356937408, -0.6024594306945801, 0.15090976655483246, 0.5708841681480408, 0.326504647731781, 0.2849181890487671, -0.2980773448944092, -0.5653074979782104, -0.8536761999130249, -0.02452741004526615, 0.32122132182121277, -0.8270427584648132, -0.09167404472827911, 0.007874073460698128, -0.2661241888999939, 0.3385975956916809, -0.20984908938407898, -0.5094338655471802, 0.057208046317100525, 0.8523201942443848, -0.4211520254611969, -0.38483041524887085, -0.02253052592277527, -0.2065742015838623, 0.8036894202232361, -0.12627631425857544, 0.5915842652320862, 0.890118420124054, 1.4668323993682861, 0.31792229413986206, 0.029176577925682068, 0.06004660204052925, 0.6630836129188538, 0.24819570779800415, -1.0018750429153442, 0.045162416994571686, 0.3120821714401245, -0.0170814860612154, -0.010080591775476933, -0.5287232398986816, -0.17374524474143982, 0.2011803537607193, -0.36460334062576294, 0.3759044110774994, 0.5633962154388428, 0.1352967768907547, -0.3402309715747833, 0.24211986362934113, 0.31719139218330383, 0.018101632595062256, -0.14809365570545197, 0.01629740558564663, 0.545661985874176, 0.17755623161792755, -0.23998764157295227, 0.7260239720344543, -0.07090909779071808, -0.6318625211715698, -0.16308259963989258, -0.06845268607139587, 0.437458872795105, -0.28639551997184753, -0.02246830239892006, 0.34626781940460205, -1.1668462753295898, 0.356472909450531, -0.4321344792842865, 0.7840949296951294, 0.6844091415405273, 0.34957849979400635, -0.8117648959159851, -0.6496666073799133, -0.33591732382774353, 0.014396099373698235, -0.39142778515815735, -0.3747631013393402, -0.11069928854703903, -0.2602965831756592, 0.1150321513414383, -0.3560132682323456, 0.07235126942396164, 0.024138659238815308, -0.19039344787597656, -0.797561764717102, 0.9264276623725891, -0.47251224517822266, -0.476048082113266, -0.4381990432739258, 0.5736932158470154, -0.06283938884735107, 0.0069706072099506855, 0.5877824425697327, -0.16869445145130157, -0.14076386392116547, -0.7363631129264832, -0.21602001786231995, -0.021196993067860603, 0.1727435141801834, -0.1793624758720398, 0.3462269902229309, 0.6096153855323792, -0.2707875967025757, -0.47777774930000305, 0.4787690043449402, -0.6603843569755554, -0.030471350997686386, 0.08633525669574738, -0.27995869517326355, -0.1054745614528656, 0.3459019362926483, -0.2590596079826355, 0.3391473591327667, 0.5769875049591064, 0.4095939099788666, 0.21538685262203217, 0.1778508722782135, 0.2255917489528656, 0.08489275723695755, -0.5479315519332886, -0.03464943543076515, 0.39924710988998413, -0.24634303152561188, -0.4150492250919342, 0.785165011882782, 0.03682393208146095, 0.6169204115867615, 0.18451452255249023, -0.9026167392730713, 0.4199230968952179, 0.18646767735481262, -0.07542916387319565, 0.04602469876408577, 0.3054404854774475, -0.13328441977500916, 0.43465596437454224, -0.26997843384742737, -0.5036575198173523, 0.4792148768901825, 0.2603636384010315, 0.3633138835430145, -0.6680396199226379, 0.650950014591217, 0.20867975056171417, 0.9570873975753784, -0.767911434173584, -0.4107418954372406, -0.6960653066635132, -0.3406069278717041, -0.5892672538757324, 1.0947563648223877, 0.5202558040618896, -0.07669192552566528, -0.37618115544319153, -0.32049357891082764, -0.7768048048019409, 0.45359373092651367, 0.9063442349433899, 0.19823400676250458, 0.16823191940784454, -0.15482880175113678, 0.32175493240356445, 0.929398775100708, 0.15696866810321808, -0.1653304398059845, -0.42805778980255127, -0.44043999910354614, 0.1163560003042221, -0.31073710322380066, 0.6133246421813965, 0.037907179445028305, -0.4705466330051422, 0.5305477976799011, -0.46684420108795166, -0.44658219814300537, -0.10992525517940521, 0.30090612173080444, 0.03675370663404465, 0.6969718933105469, -0.4542466402053833, -0.24033218622207642, 0.08452048152685165, -0.8059972524642944, 0.023133084177970886, -0.46304264664649963, 0.5304501056671143, 0.8742538094520569, -0.10276778042316437, -0.0248345248401165, 0.9507736563682556, -0.3360614776611328, 0.42938876152038574, -0.16235199570655823, 0.3451193571090698, -0.220474511384964, 0.25861886143684387, -0.24804547429084778, 0.030625522136688232, -0.09858915209770203, 0.03406665101647377, 0.05018296837806702, 0.13172900676727295, -0.49851730465888977, 0.41783374547958374, 0.21700146794319153, -0.19069527089595795, -0.05424649268388748, 0.34235426783561707, -0.0630151554942131, 0.0015646464889869094, 0.4959554076194763, -0.15703603625297546, -0.22510288655757904, 0.3059022128582001, 0.04280313849449158, -0.032043084502220154, 0.02131682075560093, 0.12012549489736557, 0.06700552254915237, 0.876891553401947, -0.05560201033949852, -0.36901554465293884, -0.0024014851078391075, -0.09848886728286743, 0.42361727356910706, 0.674189567565918, 0.6417170166969299, -0.025398407131433487, 0.6936517357826233, 0.14602471888065338, 0.39606162905693054, 0.39680272340774536, -2.885786533355713, -0.7095711827278137, 0.31587275862693787, -0.650579035282135, 0.45476940274238586, -0.017856180667877197, -0.3598664402961731, -0.6940864324569702, 0.005797306541353464, -0.6918686628341675, -0.5943379998207092, 0.18839487433433533, -0.3084317445755005, -0.07160735875368118, 0.42129677534103394, 0.28984081745147705 ]
202128	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Musical%20Offering	The Musical Offering	The Musical Offering (German: or ), BWV 1079, is a collection of keyboard canons and fugues and other pieces of music by Johann Sebastian Bach, all based on a single musical theme given to him by Frederick the Great (King Frederick II of Prussia), to whom they are dedicated. They were published in September 1747. The Ricercar a 6, a six-voice fugue which is regarded as the high point of the entire work, was put forward by the musicologist Charles Rosen as the most significant piano composition in history (partly because it is one of the first). This ricercar is also occasionally called the Prussian Fugue, a name used by Bach himself. The composition is featured in the opening section of Douglas Hofstadter's Pulitzer Prize winning book Gödel, Escher, Bach (1979). History The collection has its roots in a meeting between Bach and Frederick II on May 7, 1747. The meeting, taking place at the king's residence in Potsdam, came about because Bach's son Carl Philipp Emanuel was employed there as court musician. Frederick wanted to show the elder Bach a novelty, the fortepiano, which had been invented some years earlier. The king owned several of the experimental instruments being developed by Gottfried Silbermann. During his anticipated visit to Frederick's palace in Potsdam, Bach, who was well known for his skill at improvising, received from Frederick a long and complex musical theme on which to improvise a three-voice fugue. He did so, but Frederick then challenged him to improvise a six-voice fugue on the same theme. Bach answered that he would need to work the score and send it to the king afterwards. He then returned to Leipzig to write out the Thema Regium ("theme of the king"): Four months after the meeting, Bach published a set of pieces based on this theme which we now know as The Musical Offering. Bach inscribed the piece "Regis Iussu Cantio Et Reliqua Canonica Arte Resoluta" (the theme given by the king, with additions, resolved in the canonic style), the first letters of which spell out the word ricercar, a well-known genre of the time. Possible origin of the King's Theme Humphrey F. Sassoon has compared the theme issued by Frederick II to the theme of an A minor fugue (HWV 609) by George Frideric Handel, published in Six fugues or voluntarys for organ or harpsichord. Sassoon notes that "Handel's theme is much shorter than the King's, but its musical 'architecture' is uncannily similar: jumps followed by a descending chromatic scale." He also elaborates on their additional similarities, which led Sassoon to suggest that Bach used Handel's A minor fugue as a structural model or guide for the Musical Offerings Ricercar a 6, and that its musical concepts may also have influenced Bach's development of the Ricercar a 3. Nevertheless, the Ricercar a 6 is longer and incomparably more complex than Handel's fugue. Arnold Schoenberg, in his 1950 essay on Bach, suggested that the Thema Regium was created by Bach's son, Carl Phillip Emanuel, on the orders of the king, as a well-prepared trap to embarrass J. S. Bach. Structure and instrumentation In its finished form, The Musical Offering comprises: Two Ricercars, written down on as many staves as there are voices: a Ricercar a 3 (a three-voice fugue) a Ricercar a 6 (a six-voice fugue) Ten Canons: Canones diversi super Thema Regium: 2 Canons a 2 (the first representing a notable example of a crab canon or canon cancrizans) Canon a 2, per motum contrarium Canon a 2, per augmentationem, contrario motu Canon a 2, per tonos Canon perpetuus Fuga canonica in Epidiapente Canon a 2 "Quaerendo invenietis" Canon a 4 Canon perpetuus, contrario motu A Sonata sopr'il Soggetto Reale – a trio sonata featuring the flute, an instrument which Frederick played, consisting of four movements: Largo Allegro Andante Allegro Apart from the trio sonata, which is written for flute, violin and basso continuo, the pieces have few indications of which instruments are meant to play them, although there is now significant support for the idea that they are for solo keyboard, like most of Bach's other published works. The ricercars and canons have been realised in various ways. The ricercars are more frequently performed on keyboard than the canons, which are often played by an ensemble of chamber musicians, with instrumentation comparable to that of the trio sonata. As the printed version gives the impression of being organised for convenient page turning when sight-playing the score, the order of the pieces intended by Bach (if there was an intended order) remains uncertain, although it is customary to open the collection with the Ricercar a 3, and play the trio sonata toward the end. The Canones super Thema Regium are also usually played together. Musical riddles Some of the canons of The Musical Offering are represented in the original score by no more than a short monodic melody of a few measures, with a more or less enigmatic inscription in Latin above the melody. These compositions are called the riddle fugues''' (or sometimes, more appropriately, the riddle canons). The performer(s) is/are supposed to interpret the music as a multi-part piece (a piece with several intertwining melodies), while solving the "riddle". Some of these riddles have been explained to have more than one possible "solution", although nowadays most printed editions of the score give a single, more or less "standard" solution of the riddle, so that interpreters can just play, without having to worry about the Latin, or the riddle. One of these riddle canons, "in augmentationem" (i.e. augmentation, the length of the notes gets longer), is inscribed "Notulis crescentibus crescat Fortuna Regis" (may the fortunes of the king increase like the length of the notes), while a modulating canon which ends a tone higher than it starts is inscribed "Ascendenteque Modulatione ascendat Gloria Regis" (as the modulation rises, so may the king's glory). Canon per tonos (endlessly rising canon) The canon per tonos (endlessly rising canon) pits a variant of the king's theme against a two-voice canon at the fifth. However, it modulates and finishes one whole tone higher than it started out at. It thus has no final cadence. Theological character Among the theories about external sources of influence, Michael Marissen's draws attention to the possibility of theological connotations. Marissen sees an incongruity between the official dedication to Frederick the Great and the effect of the music, which is often melancholy, even mournful. The trio sonata is a contrapuntal sonata da chiesa, whose style was at odds with Frederick’s secular tastes. The inscription Quaerendo invenietis, found over Canon No. 9, alludes to the Sermon on the Mount (“Seek and ye shall find”, Matthew 7:7, Luke 11:9). The main title, Opfer (“offering”), makes it possible for the cycle to be viewed as an Offertory in the religious sense of the word. Marissen also points out that, canonic procedures often evoking the rigorous demands of the Mosaic Law, the ten canons likely allude to the Ten Commandments. Marissen believes that Bach was trying to evangelize Frederick the Great, pointing him to the demands of the Mosaic Law. In a recent study Zoltán Göncz has pointed out, the authorial injunction to seek (Quaerendo invenietis) does not only relate to the riddle canons but to the six-part ricercar as well, whose archaic title also means to seek. There are several Biblical citations hidden in this movement, and their discovery is made especially difficult by various compositional maneuvers. The unique formal structure of the fugue provides a clue: certain anomalies and apparent inconsistencies point to external, nonmusical influences. Among Bach's duties during his tenure at Leipzig (1723–50), was teaching Latin. Ursula Kirkendale argued for a close connection with the twelve-volume rhetorical manual Institutio Oratoria of the Roman orator Quintilian, whom Frederick the Great admired. Philologist and Rector of the Leipzig Thomasschule, Johann Matthias Gesner, for whom Bach composed a cantata in 1729, published a substantial Quintilian edition with a long footnote in Bach's honor. Adaptations and citations The "thema regium" appears as the theme for the first and last movements of Sonata No. 7 in D minor by Friedrich Wilhelm Rust, written in about 1788, and also as the theme for elaborate variations by Giovanni Paisiello in his "Les Adieux de la Grande Duchesse de Russies," written in about 1784, upon his departure from the court of Catherine the Great. The "Ricercar a 6" has been arranged on its own on a number of occasions, the most prominent arranger being Anton Webern, who in 1935 made a version for small orchestra, noted for its Klangfarbenmelodie style (i.e. melody lines are passed on from one instrument to another after every few notes, every note receiving the "tone color" of the instrument it is played on): Webern's arrangement was dedicated to the BBC music producer and conductor Edward Clark. Another version of the Ricercare a 6 voci was published in 1942 by C. F. Peters in an arrangement for organ by the musicologist Hermann Keller, then based in Stuttgart. Igor Markevitch produced a realization for three orchestral groups and, for the sonata movements, solo quartet (violin, flute, cello, and harpsichord), written in 1949–50. The Modern Jazz Quartet used one of the canons (originally "for two violins at the unison") as an introduction to their performance of the standard song "Softly, as in a Morning Sunrise". The Royal Theme is played on the double bass, with Milt Jackson (vibraphone) and John Lewis (piano) weaving the two imitative contrapuntal voices above: Isang Yun composed Königliches Thema for Solo Violin, a passacaglia on the Thema Regium with Asian and Twelve-tone influences, written in 1970. Bart Berman composed three new canons on the Royal Theme of The Musical Offering, which were published in 1978 as a special holiday supplement to the Dutch music journal Mens & Melodie (publisher: Het Spectrum). Sofia Gubaidulina used the Royal Theme of The Musical Offering in her violin concerto Offertorium (1980). Orchestrated in an arrangement similar to Webern's, the theme is deconstructed note by note through a series of variations and reconstructed as a Russian Orthodox hymn. Leslie Howard produced a new realisation of The Musical Offering, which he orchestrated and conducted in Finland in 1990. The organist Jean Guillou transcribed the entire work for organ in 2005. Notable recordings Karl Münchinger, Stuttgart Chamber Orchestra (Decca, 1955) Milan Munclinger, Ars Rediviva: Stanislav Duchoň, Karel Bidlo, Jiří Baxa, Josef Vlach, Václav Snítil, Jaroslav Motlík, František Sláma, František Pošta, Viktorie Švihlíková (Supraphon, 1959) Karl Richter, Otto Büchner, Kurt Guntner, Siegfried Meinecke, Fritz Kiskalt, Hedwig Bilgram (DGG/Archiv Produktion, 1963) Milan Munclinger, Ars Rediviva: Stanislav Duchoň, Karel Bidlo, Václav Snítil, Jaroslav Motlík, František Sláma, František Pošta, Josef Hála (Supraphon, 1966) Nikolaus Harnoncourt, Concentus Musicus Wien (Teldec, 1970) Neville Marriner, Academy of St. Martin in the Fields (Philips, 1974) Reinhard Goebel, Musica Antiqua Köln (Archiv Bach Edition, 1979) Hans-Martin Linde, Linde-Consort (EMI-Reflexe, 1981) Barthold Kuijken (flute), Sigiswald Kuijken (violin), Wieland Kuijken (viola da gamba), Robert Kohnen (harpsichord) (Deutsche Harmonia Mundi, 1994) Jordi Savall, Le Concert des Nations (Alia Vox, 1999) Konstantin Lifschitz (Orfeo 676071, 2008) (all movements on piano) See also List of compositions of Johann Sebastian Bach Perpetuum mobile References Further reading Reinhard Boess: Die Kunst des Rätselkanons im 'musikalischen Opfer, 1991, 2 vols., External links }} "The Musical Offering: A Musical Pedagogical Workshop by J. S. Bach, or The Musical Geometry of Bach's Puzzle Canons" [English], Schillerinstituttet [Danish]. The Mutopia Project has some of the music of The Musical Offering Das Musikalisches Opfer, PianoSociety.com Performance of Trio Sonata by The Chamber Music Society of Lincoln Center from the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum in MP3 format Phillips, Tony (March 1, 1999). Feature Column: "Math and The Musical Offering", What's New in Mathematics: American Mathematical Society "Johann Sebastian Bach (1685–1750), L'Offrande musicale – Musical Offering, Musikalisches Opfer BWV 1079", ClassicalÀlacarte.com''. Compositions by Johann Sebastian Bach Riddles Compositions in C minor 1747 compositions Music with dedications	[ -0.4049954414367676, 0.49538570642471313, 0.2487928718328476, -0.19709360599517822, -0.10551264882087708, 0.506698727607727, 0.34941959381103516, -0.1608496904373169, -0.41294655203819275, -0.44481387734413147, -0.3439432978630066, -0.239088237285614, 0.577806293964386, 0.19968460500240326, -0.601413905620575, 0.4326237738132477, 0.9505373239517212, -0.19185443222522736, -0.09989655017852783, -0.812275767326355, 0.3452417552471161, -0.07603105902671814, 0.21483078598976135, -0.2014625370502472, 0.6245748996734619, 0.2234765589237213, -0.1087423786520958, -0.6829873323440552, 0.0782342255115509, -0.05388082191348076, -0.38707706332206726, 0.5841937065124512, 0.30971911549568176, -0.6383865475654602, -0.4133233428001404, -0.19246172904968262, -0.11699686199426651, -0.575616717338562, -0.01692778430879116, -0.46781378984451294, 0.2041979730129242, -0.045686762779951096, 0.6232012510299683, 0.013596958480775356, -0.09086553007364273, -0.10075156390666962, -1.067130446434021, 0.3106773793697357, -0.73977130651474, 0.09270572662353516, 0.01280023343861103, 0.19241906702518463, 0.501620888710022, 0.7830643653869629, -0.4244425594806671, -0.11334510147571564, -0.704210102558136, -0.11677951365709305, 0.21349766850471497, -0.49197888374328613, 0.013117516413331032, 0.4492851495742798, 0.5829207301139832, -0.17260099947452545, -0.199919655919075, -0.004018234089016914, -0.6652008295059204, 0.37278902530670166, 0.5472748279571533, -0.6273226141929626, 0.20195168256759644, 0.0023115514777600765, -0.7617716789245605, -0.08778095990419388, 0.2938956022262573, -0.7356739044189453, 0.2260424643754959, 0.11790358275175095, 0.2763013243675232, 0.4108045995235443, -0.09372010827064514, 0.048854369670152664, 0.6403815746307373, 0.5073767304420471, 0.30290085077285767, 0.15687386691570282, -0.009577886201441288, -0.1285560131072998, -0.414622038602829, -0.8549566268920898, 0.06997206807136536, -0.5033349990844727, 0.5862784385681152, -0.0895855501294136, -0.4621868133544922, -0.40446722507476807, 0.4172464609146118, -0.16922329366207123, -0.10119540244340897, 0.3737213611602783, -0.030147219076752663, 0.21898752450942993, -0.015089785680174828, -0.11225970834493637, -0.47404149174690247, 0.047806933522224426, 0.17744123935699463, -0.3568761348724365, 0.09903161972761154, 0.5810644030570984, -0.09958451241254807, -0.6782816052436829, 0.2293359786272049, 0.17585037648677826, 0.048365261405706406, -0.21787799894809723, 0.23003017902374268, -0.9284548163414001, -0.6854000091552734, 0.33907410502433777, 0.841256856918335, 0.5146588087081909, 0.7747734189033508, 0.08397135883569717, 0.19784218072891235, -0.5168291926383972, 0.2504068613052368, 0.7307502031326294, -0.1523819863796234, -0.10477478057146072, 0.59125816822052, 0.6911227107048035, 0.1469675898551941, -0.13707736134529114, -0.09023161977529526, 0.19710773229599, 0.3726290464401245, -0.2721599340438843, -0.2575794458389282, 0.4255090057849884, -0.7019200325012207, -0.3486417531967163, -0.0921960100531578, -0.3684031069278717, 0.03359536454081535, -0.11104456335306168, -0.4643165171146393, -0.35485243797302246, 0.06985516101121902, -0.1730189472436905, -0.09171176701784134, -0.12510479986667633, -0.07870770245790482, 0.053762469440698624, -0.17531165480613708, 0.3700793385505676, 0.32533758878707886, 0.5135465860366821, 0.13775217533111572, 0.11462584137916565, 0.10400090366601944, 0.5353192090988159, 0.08267039805650711, -0.6161729693412781, 0.04423018544912338, -0.04726923629641533, 0.22688549757003784, 0.7743743658065796, -0.1747700423002243, -0.6862044930458069, -0.634958028793335, 0.18299266695976257, 0.33383214473724365, -0.44945451617240906, 0.033285148441791534, 0.23283615708351135, 0.745288074016571, -0.05132323503494263, 0.6582102179527283, -0.10272493213415146, -0.5895804762840271, 0.6127691864967346, 0.0939299687743187, -0.38646337389945984, -0.18442298471927643, 0.4725223779678345, -0.03983695060014725, 0.8643864393234253, 0.390161395072937, 0.48034384846687317, -0.45443302392959595, -0.6770196557044983, 0.3407661020755768, 0.41670748591423035, 0.8460814356803894, 0.215140238404274, -0.5095553398132324, 0.018319956958293915, 0.5671467781066895, -0.144877627491951, -0.13633489608764648, 0.1264401227235794, 0.39014407992362976, 0.32275012135505676, 0.08262928575277328, -0.19433066248893738, -0.12968313694000244, -0.439336895942688, 0.5991119742393494, -0.10847882181406021, 0.42015573382377625, 0.07774046063423157, 0.21545405685901642, 0.18013425171375275, -0.3508627414703369, -0.015924783423542976, -0.39881178736686707, 0.5864954590797424, -0.051629845052957535, -0.5563438534736633, 0.19089309871196747, 0.20548000931739807, 0.010751232504844666, 0.7530285716056824, -0.32448574900627136, 1.1502795219421387, -0.07924201339483261, 0.05207383260130882, -0.2880896031856537, 0.2932910621166229, 0.01901235803961754, 0.05333588644862175, -0.29296696186065674, -0.16924749314785004, 0.5974264144897461, 0.1572285294532776, -0.2980661392211914, -0.2446720451116562, 0.6869066953659058, -0.5509068965911865, 0.49569717049598694, -0.10069788247346878, -0.24643391370773315, 0.22593188285827637, 0.22533060610294342, 0.022296061739325523, -0.37454134225845337, -0.4829486012458801, -0.36112093925476074, -0.018422406166791916, -0.7937010526657104, 0.48280638456344604, -0.2923913300037384, 0.37010693550109863, 0.04488028958439827, -0.27408936619758606, 0.40535131096839905, 0.1802765130996704, -0.15010933578014374, 0.023023031651973724, 0.10835875570774078, 0.10237512737512589, 0.5411691665649414, -0.22283895313739777, -0.08590526133775711, -1.0494544506072998, 0.30019664764404297, -0.09319353848695755, 0.3435187041759491, 0.33728787302970886, 0.08954242616891861, -0.005770845338702202, -0.8966673612594604, 0.5363202691078186, -0.1273597627878189, -0.52114337682724, 0.0783076137304306, 0.0900544747710228, -0.017609337344765663, -0.7928640246391296, -0.2917139232158661, 0.28265881538391113, -0.36561861634254456, 0.016314329579472542, -0.2512539029121399, 0.07221201062202454, 0.6287564635276794, -0.3022224009037018, -0.11966747790575027, 0.11655513197183609, 0.06462003290653229, 0.7804501056671143, 0.1106720119714737, -0.35924938321113586, 0.4659218192100525, 0.3500177264213562, -0.07358963787555695, -0.47693073749542236, 0.3658881187438965, -0.5650234222412109, -0.8016949892044067, -0.1827806830406189, 0.29365554451942444, 0.1593182384967804, -0.18271644413471222, -0.24157270789146423, -0.1126890704035759, 0.18448549509048462, -5.744175910949707, -0.5773332118988037, 0.09801797568798065, 0.09410033375024796, 0.16011281311511993, 0.7025269269943237, 0.618273138999939, -0.36505502462387085, -0.0108970170840621, 0.10018251836299896, 0.15826447308063507, -0.16505470871925354, 0.11229177564382553, 0.5311655402183533, 0.1288013756275177, 0.03344709053635597, -0.15030330419540405, 0.32264482975006104, 0.20228959619998932, 0.038045402616262436, -0.006883922033011913, -0.8153274655342102, 0.22926709055900574, 0.5912375450134277, -0.336765319108963, -0.02617800049483776, 0.08977547287940979, 0.6987172365188599, -0.48665639758110046, -0.11420086026191711, 0.05938756465911865, -0.23374894261360168, 0.2774971127510071, -0.29066789150238037, -0.11557500064373016, 0.34744566679000854, 0.25049060583114624, 0.2854790687561035, 0.5001720190048218, 0.08720697462558746, 0.155923530459404, -0.35462814569473267, 0.4672725200653076, -0.18643005192279816, -0.33558550477027893, 0.17369608581066132, -0.5104319453239441, 0.3645111918449402, -0.4970465302467346, 0.6103594899177551, 0.4265340566635132, -0.27746453881263733, -0.009561199694871902, -0.40336182713508606, -0.11073761433362961, -0.023111466318368912, -0.3629489839076996, 0.2975058853626251, 0.4108388423919678, 0.04740844666957855, 0.8503268361091614, -0.1571395993232727, -0.33400803804397583, 0.06169414892792702, -0.674930989742279, -0.06622955203056335, -0.03954325243830681, 0.06734579056501389, 0.10885044187307358, 0.7610613703727722, 0.05322059988975525, 0.011616943404078484, 0.25083792209625244, -0.9256755709648132, -0.2143331915140152, -0.611020028591156, 0.03167812153697014, -0.21613453328609467, -0.32500797510147095, 0.4334354102611542, 0.42883744835853577, -0.4046366214752197, -0.0920225977897644, 0.21481086313724518, 0.6151848435401917, 0.158074751496315, -0.49765709042549133, 0.01833702251315117, -0.00872824527323246, -0.11807727813720703, 0.5304964780807495, -0.4345657527446747, -0.5814868807792664, 0.4306078255176544, -0.3576171398162842, 0.471162885427475, -0.08136331290006638, 0.4027763605117798, 0.20206326246261597, 0.5652574300765991, 0.46170368790626526, 0.25287723541259766, 0.457400381565094, 0.3726932406425476, 0.2723937928676605, -0.1443830132484436, -0.4826723635196686, -0.22651919722557068, 0.6929067969322205, 0.12765131890773773, -0.1609349250793457, -0.5267751216888428, 0.3507373631000519, -0.22697558999061584, -0.5219927430152893, -0.8231971859931946, -0.24297238886356354, 0.1398569941520691, 0.21578586101531982, 0.18609288334846497, 0.2641269266605377, -0.09670617431402206, -0.06147565692663193, -0.602810263633728, -0.7274797558784485, 0.15034951269626617, 0.07261452078819275, -0.4181373417377472, -0.564174234867096, 0.501649796962738, 0.42807620763778687, -0.15271411836147308, -0.21413564682006836, 0.15477116405963898, 0.21360191702842712, 0.39039748907089233, -0.2298586219549179, -0.18117666244506836, -0.28758931159973145, -0.47647130489349365, -0.05737531930208206, -0.9991362690925598, -0.20371416211128235, -0.029555654153227806, 0.3618801236152649, 0.14429309964179993, 0.19237829744815826, -0.9908532500267029, -0.6200963258743286, 0.43443262577056885, 0.07148179411888123, 0.3672618269920349, 1.007334589958191, 0.3297697603702545, -0.5743476152420044, -0.3287236988544464, 0.12333452701568604, -0.19744011759757996, -0.15527361631393433, 0.4687235653400421, -0.3156651258468628, -0.4957241714000702, -0.8552367687225342, -0.6273857951164246, -0.5357093214988708, 0.08621235191822052, -0.9055140018463135, -0.5268877744674683, 0.2776155471801758, 0.005078714340925217, 0.11649443954229355, -0.4805803894996643, -0.03455376997590065, 0.42091742157936096, 0.5048984885215759, -0.17313110828399658, 0.4047600328922272, -0.2430000603199005, -0.1726490557193756, 0.04126626253128052, 0.19326996803283691, -0.2761368453502655, -0.6086475849151611, -0.14199969172477722, 0.4607943296432495, -0.18752579391002655, -0.8633748888969421, 0.18688517808914185, -0.26092812418937683, 0.269758939743042, -0.3265494406223297, -0.286391019821167, 0.5430299043655396, 0.08294671773910522, -0.2709805369377136, -0.5627878904342651, 0.3211440443992615, -0.022500548511743546, 0.13845854997634888, -0.36908066272735596, 0.6515321135520935, -0.35421186685562134, -0.48393625020980835, -0.29161322116851807, -0.10686305910348892, -0.8962463140487671, 0.41756367683410645, -0.4375354051589966, -0.17344552278518677, 0.4153411090373993, -0.23665252327919006, -0.7009158730506897, 0.005487088579684496, 0.7197038531303406, -0.34255197644233704, -0.08789139986038208, -0.18442094326019287, -0.7857704162597656, -0.27624884247779846, 0.18594995141029358, -0.21189816296100616, 0.47775185108184814, -0.5295563340187073, 0.01026606559753418, -0.7629433274269104, -0.1631479561328888, -0.1560322791337967, -0.7933117747306824, -0.2384493350982666, -0.0942559540271759, 0.21753932535648346, -0.2102837860584259, -0.15477587282657623, 0.29831206798553467, 0.08840847760438919, -0.2604329586029053, -0.4960659146308899, 0.01943305693566799, -0.07016132771968842, 0.758510947227478, 0.014051947742700577, 0.8532892465591431, 0.305694043636322, -0.18424028158187866, 0.006633447948843241, 0.2154543399810791, 0.26102158427238464, 0.14051148295402527, 0.22743892669677734, 0.518416702747345, -0.20110726356506348, 0.022712066769599915, 0.0901181772351265, -0.8170745968818665, 0.7910024523735046, -0.3767800033092499, 0.16411852836608887, 0.04268525913357735, -0.06661780923604965, 0.40284284949302673, 0.2886131703853607, 0.23194101452827454, -0.13080017268657684, -0.2467930167913437, -0.3343881070613861, 0.18157628178596497, 0.08729436993598938, -0.24951627850532532, -0.5328089594841003, -0.39799025654792786, 0.4293286204338074, -0.29245296120643616, 0.1380864381790161, -0.26252150535583496, 0.20292706787586212, 0.29097792506217957, -0.21651169657707214, -0.8736310005187988, 0.6865177750587463, 0.07639268785715103, 0.07313742488622665, 0.6694868206977844, -0.394820898771286, -0.2870793342590332, -0.20567376911640167, -0.25767144560813904, -0.7452488541603088, -0.2530856430530548, 0.3053469657897949, 0.1583492010831833, -0.5816237330436707, 0.4027861952781677, 0.3015006482601166, 1.0294562578201294, 0.26964089274406433, 0.35769280791282654, 0.22080743312835693, -0.4097627103328705, -0.07790450751781464, -0.20425139367580414, -0.06021822243928909, -0.05143338069319725, 0.6385720372200012, -0.18053455650806427, -0.08839549869298935, 0.633172869682312, -0.046991121023893356, -0.027585487812757492, -1.1826727390289307, -0.19325067102909088, 0.17247320711612701, 0.1436995416879654, -0.1650855541229248, 0.006018747575581074, -0.25839635729789734, -0.13092800974845886, 0.7044419050216675, 0.16942988336086273, 0.42170989513397217, 0.49254289269447327, 0.5351762175559998, -0.31568631529808044, 1.1178773641586304, 0.029680224135518074, -0.4068641662597656, -0.3498481512069702, 0.4714604616165161, -0.1632288694381714, -0.5343601107597351, 0.4319205582141876, 0.6694888472557068, -0.10876121371984482, -0.3866236209869385, 0.19328628480434418, -0.3854493796825409, 0.25926846265792847, -0.07912413775920868, -0.41909220814704895, -0.607414722442627, 0.34309011697769165, -0.010131821036338806, 0.27438175678253174, 0.2412199229001999, -0.43679237365722656, 0.08327357470989227, 0.5261248350143433, 0.18764053285121918, -0.2013695389032364, 0.1995912343263626, -0.08003602176904678, -0.3766375184059143, 0.9015901684761047, 0.3674861192703247, -0.8756828904151917, 0.01854226179420948, 0.612346887588501, 0.1806834638118744, -0.03664819151163101, 0.4982123076915741, 0.01951013319194317, -0.19115716218948364, 0.005774522200226784, 0.3363528847694397, -0.2732139527797699, -0.6363124251365662, 0.31136173009872437, -0.1576462984085083, -0.33454009890556335, -0.27337056398391724, -0.3475121855735779, -0.3209865689277649, -0.23003625869750977, 0.0825003981590271, 0.2003914713859558, 0.1277708262205124, -0.15713845193386078, 0.25793692469596863, 0.4041212499141693, 0.6623190641403198, 0.7957709431648254, -0.4551814794540405, -0.8174881339073181, 0.3799334764480591, -0.22880646586418152, -0.21303097903728485, -0.13813968002796173, -0.0011436655186116695, -0.6565853357315063, -0.24934183061122894, -0.15953429043293, 0.25578364729881287, -0.4934728443622589, 0.31861981749534607, -0.048824943602085114, -0.6786647439002991, -0.28024744987487793, 0.3951548933982849, 0.7441705465316772, -0.032384973019361496, -0.16482661664485931, 0.15625284612178802, 0.07913930714130402, 0.2539849281311035, -0.10524409264326096, -0.2060231864452362, 0.20349673926830292, -0.4690519869327545, 0.23002499341964722, -0.17588190734386444, -0.04280573129653931, 0.1264609545469284, 0.06993851810693741, -0.03306890279054642, -0.4629536271095276, -0.2355658859014511, -0.6618534326553345, 0.5954672694206238, 0.3164025843143463, 0.20804092288017273, 0.05461050570011139, 0.45136839151382446, -0.039170317351818085, 0.1487460732460022, -0.14922486245632172, -0.31664296984672546, 0.4119686186313629, 0.36987629532814026, -0.4413210451602936, 0.13938628137111664, 0.49584341049194336, -0.0865081176161766, 0.11386354267597198, -0.1422710120677948, 0.40603208541870117, 0.012382862158119678, 0.14601224660873413, 0.696060836315155, 0.8237324953079224, 0.23939375579357147, -0.835987389087677, 0.3417825996875763, 0.13300958275794983, -0.14319610595703125, -0.11465834826231003, 0.012726015411317348, 0.3516554832458496, 0.3313600718975067, -0.6776627898216248, -0.9040243029594421, 0.5016878247261047, 0.450654000043869, -0.5273474454879761, 0.4224662780761719, -0.8716656565666199, -0.043256886303424835, -0.623613178730011, 0.4409872889518738, 0.49238133430480957, -0.164219930768013, 0.3072950839996338 ]
202132	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven%20Years%20in%20Tibet	Seven Years in Tibet	Seven Years in Tibet: My Life Before, During and After (1952; ; 1954 in English) is an autobiographical travel book written by Austrian mountaineer Heinrich Harrer based on his real life experiences in Tibet between 1944 and 1951 during the Second World War and the interim period before the Communist Chinese People's Liberation Army invaded Tibet in 1950. Plot The book covers the escape of Harrer and his companion, Peter Aufschnaiter, from a British internment camp in India. Harrer and Aufschnaiter then traveled across Tibet to Lhasa, the capital. Here they spent several years, and Harrer describes the contemporary Tibetan culture in detail. Harrer subsequently became a tutor and friend of the 14th Dalai Lama. It has been said that the book "provided the world with a final glimpse of life in an independent Tibetan state prior to the Chinese invasion." Publication Seven Years in Tibet was translated into 53 languages, became a bestseller in the United States in 1954, and sold three million copies. At the beginning of the Flamingo edition of the book, a message from the 14th Dalai Lama praises the work: "Harrer has always been such a friend to Tibet. His most important contribution to our cause, his book, Seven Years in Tibet, introduced hundreds of thousands of people to my country." When Harrer died in 2006, the Dalai Lama repeated his praise of the author and sent a message of sympathy to Harrer's widow. Films Two films have been based on the book: Seven Years in Tibet (1956), a 76-minute documentary directed by Hans Nieter which includes both movies shot by Harrer during his stay in Tibet and various scenes from his adventures reconstructed by Harrer himself, and Seven Years in Tibet (1997), directed by Jean-Jacques Annaud and starring Brad Pitt as Harrer and David Thewlis as Aufschnaiter. Song There is also a David Bowie song entitled "Seven Years in Tibet", from his album Earthling (1997). References External links Copy of the book on the Internet Archive 1952 non-fiction books Travel books Tibetan Buddhist art and culture Memoirs of imprisonment Austrian books Books about Tibet Non-fiction books adapted into films Cultural depictions of the 14th Dalai Lama Austrian autobiographies Books about India	[ -0.042290665209293365, 0.25913652777671814, -0.32788971066474915, -0.20277239382266998, 0.03061770834028721, -0.06300856173038483, 0.8885990381240845, -0.2783028483390808, -0.35284850001335144, 0.36303845047950745, -0.40495747327804565, -0.2922491133213043, -0.10411261022090912, 0.25279006361961365, 0.050787489861249924, 0.04373850300908089, 0.6422317028045654, -0.295815646648407, -0.2282869666814804, -0.6731184124946594, 0.35341688990592957, -0.19984792172908783, 0.17416544258594513, 0.14371483027935028, 0.09613480418920517, -0.20494593679904938, 0.22820718586444855, 0.13750889897346497, 0.3044279217720032, -0.08582805842161179, -0.5501514077186584, 0.16010309755802155, -0.05751921981573105, -0.03806767240166664, -0.15599919855594635, 0.2897275686264038, -0.1704694926738739, -0.14902620017528534, -0.29878413677215576, -0.2896447777748108, 0.1129138320684433, 0.4980306327342987, -0.3933396339416504, 0.2836852967739105, 0.3837558627128601, -0.5670323371887207, -0.21725435554981232, -0.057058002799749374, -0.5120505094528198, -0.29738742113113403, -0.6291928887367249, 0.6052811145782471, 0.6398327946662903, 0.03786721080541611, -0.01682392694056034, 0.7616770267486572, -0.4054248631000519, -0.21565446257591248, -0.2701146900653839, 0.07799027115106583, 0.4076516628265381, 0.26907235383987427, 0.25297462940216064, 0.21678295731544495, -0.4039168953895569, -0.25512489676475525, -0.02730698324739933, 0.4049224257469177, 1.0334725379943848, -0.4314015805721283, -0.1701965630054474, 0.09919608384370804, -0.20593225955963135, 0.8602803349494934, 0.0967811644077301, -0.5932230949401855, 0.31678783893585205, -0.27942365407943726, -0.07293540984392166, -0.07265546172857285, -0.40419715642929077, 0.023967964574694633, 0.2784157991409302, -0.23054642975330353, 0.1300354152917862, -0.10923077911138535, 0.009276183322072029, 0.023820556700229645, 0.2658202648162842, 0.10961861163377762, -0.0896124541759491, -0.4233078360557556, 0.462040513753891, 0.3738190531730652, 0.10197959840297699, -1.0426149368286133, -0.09106511622667313, 0.5390571355819702, -0.09415294229984283, -0.14178220927715302, 0.25275880098342896, 0.6044580340385437, 0.385891854763031, 0.12779422104358673, -0.3288594186306, -0.4385690689086914, 0.06054149195551872, -0.09934475272893906, -0.05580233037471771, -0.15643593668937683, -0.6701475381851196, -0.014651836827397346, -0.11586864292621613, 0.1266302764415741, -0.038781002163887024, 0.08285044133663177, -0.08266637474298477, -0.8566389679908752, -0.20620431005954742, -0.1694052666425705, -0.3499937355518341, 0.5422434210777283, 0.2956576347351074, 0.5117191672325134, 0.11493246257305145, -0.09216772764921188, 0.35923197865486145, -0.08213973045349121, -0.6531944870948792, 0.5507504343986511, -0.30375391244888306, 0.13700972497463226, 0.02797836624085903, -0.09276696294546127, -0.4247921109199524, 0.15614989399909973, 0.4055539071559906, 0.23658427596092224, -0.32281479239463806, -0.15779848396778107, -0.38001102209091187, 0.484552800655365, -0.21650004386901855, 0.38770973682403564, 0.4246197044849396, 0.19530907273292542, -0.3030262887477875, -0.2283065766096115, -0.16405753791332245, -0.6740854382514954, -0.375108927488327, -0.4354809522628784, 0.21846547722816467, -0.3350415825843811, -0.501128613948822, 0.898254930973053, 0.34407323598861694, 0.6962344646453857, 0.2848452925682068, -0.5301920175552368, 0.48936939239501953, 0.2830825746059418, 0.14293064177036285, 0.35093921422958374, 0.2573567032814026, -0.3053748905658722, 0.3243478834629059, 0.4136190712451935, 0.24602195620536804, -0.20898810029029846, -0.07438641786575317, 0.1410471647977829, 0.022246960550546646, -0.5413416028022766, -0.6907610893249512, 0.28358420729637146, 0.3080303370952606, 0.9099173545837402, -0.29632696509361267, -0.33140310645103455, -0.353690505027771, 0.29680177569389343, 0.0047775558196008205, -0.5353918075561523, 0.14613081514835358, 0.32534921169281006, 0.25681260228157043, 0.22307124733924866, -0.3952883780002594, 0.2742251455783844, -0.6928744316101074, -0.5282022953033447, 0.44831380248069763, -0.17273494601249695, 0.5098140835762024, 0.19047221541404724, 0.2149287760257721, 0.6159445643424988, 0.25242066383361816, 0.8583984375, -0.051443129777908325, -0.21202650666236877, 0.10040698945522308, 0.06084423512220383, -0.09239716082811356, 0.4713480472564697, -0.5872552990913391, 0.393642395734787, 0.2533160448074341, 0.3141590654850006, -0.04433245584368706, 0.181391641497612, 0.23302263021469116, 0.5478302240371704, -0.19626079499721527, 0.5550704002380371, -0.3644710183143616, 0.22410891950130463, 0.2790762782096863, -0.523359477519989, 0.4816453158855438, 0.40022164583206177, -0.29393938183784485, 0.29384365677833557, 0.07884837687015533, 0.6073130965232849, -0.17682035267353058, -0.1661318987607956, 0.14156854152679443, -0.4890923798084259, -0.744886040687561, 0.062381237745285034, 0.3007690906524658, 0.28604355454444885, 0.7389814257621765, -0.3825947344303131, -0.2673136591911316, -0.8072131276130676, 0.4096324145793915, -0.36837318539619446, 0.77785325050354, -0.30110886693000793, 0.6349174380302429, 0.17101797461509705, 0.009529300965368748, 0.5273337960243225, 0.06197032704949379, 0.4640156030654907, -0.5211081504821777, 0.0027010603807866573, -0.020249072462320328, 0.28993523120880127, 0.2078930288553238, 0.44904065132141113, -0.8573092818260193, -0.540969729423523, -0.3627597391605377, -0.5022821426391602, 0.5154975056648254, 0.3660329580307007, 0.8597777485847473, 0.28174707293510437, 0.2479451447725296, 0.0932832881808281, 0.2395242303609848, -0.8298999071121216, -0.17025241255760193, -0.8249464631080627, 0.7078883647918701, -0.10387024283409119, 0.27206262946128845, -0.3457825183868408, -0.49961498379707336, 0.42877787351608276, 0.39486321806907654, -0.8285121917724609, -0.030372625216841698, 0.16491125524044037, -0.2272018939256668, -0.3986467719078064, 0.12115039676427841, 0.49684643745422363, 0.4377554655075073, -0.07993518561124802, -0.18983501195907593, -0.36430662870407104, 0.029209453612565994, -0.05441707745194435, 0.5261565446853638, 0.6495135426521301, 0.8718862533569336, 0.6674633622169495, -0.14303188025951385, -0.2872360944747925, -0.18793128430843353, 0.6738399267196655, -0.13464516401290894, -0.10772625356912613, 0.6042913794517517, 0.10924650728702545, -0.34774667024612427, -0.30174243450164795, -0.44434019923210144, 0.3976125419139862, 0.33815717697143555, 0.387625515460968, -0.28418034315109253, -0.6942064166069031, -5.932795524597168, -0.199435293674469, -0.06837434321641922, -0.3981037735939026, -0.49797216057777405, 0.07395130395889282, 0.4065113067626953, -0.3329586088657379, -0.6290850639343262, -0.083506278693676, -0.02690020203590393, -0.4657059907913208, -0.03422808647155762, 0.2601085603237152, 0.01604146882891655, 0.33755406737327576, 0.3370303213596344, 0.33319416642189026, 0.3599120080471039, 0.2108640968799591, 0.09154131263494492, -0.2433512806892395, 0.2553539276123047, 0.08489906787872314, -0.14403431117534637, 1.1541109085083008, -0.13614365458488464, 0.30810296535491943, -0.41625726222991943, 0.44398537278175354, -0.15530318021774292, -0.8787988424301147, 0.10372520983219147, 0.056697115302085876, -0.3468230366706848, 0.27452579140663147, 0.41031011939048767, 0.3731573224067688, 0.6578882336616516, 0.3566094934940338, -0.16786527633666992, -0.026048310101032257, 0.43997806310653687, 0.09395836293697357, 0.233998641371727, 0.06291168928146362, -0.28712955117225647, -0.14330832660198212, -0.04837742820382118, 0.7444355487823486, 0.5457513928413391, 0.07890012860298157, 0.5304335355758667, -0.12109541893005371, -0.03976057842373848, 0.1423906534910202, 0.18582794070243835, -0.13808688521385193, -0.703497588634491, 0.41699352860450745, 0.08652987331151962, -0.10539136081933975, 0.055120524019002914, -0.8443446159362793, 0.32084548473358154, -0.22837203741073608, -0.2718912959098816, -0.23902708292007446, -0.2268543690443039, 0.4538169801235199, -0.29452791810035706, 0.2690890431404114, 0.1820381134748459, -0.8986374735832214, 0.02155025489628315, -0.49517473578453064, -0.5244579911231995, -0.2634762227535248, 0.22307103872299194, 0.22072012722492218, -0.3455352783203125, -0.3650035560131073, 0.18179622292518616, 0.07046534866094589, 0.6623750329017639, -0.48074355721473694, 0.0035533900372684, -0.31946948170661926, -0.17477376759052277, 0.13589298725128174, 0.4380891025066376, -0.4127044677734375, -0.031619083136320114, 0.3129081130027771, 0.3492925763130188, 0.5322580337524414, -0.150740385055542, -0.11133763939142227, 0.8279271125793457, -0.15144968032836914, -0.2014746516942978, -0.6610718369483948, 0.3268524408340454, -0.4466674029827118, -0.9513096213340759, 0.006385538727045059, -0.34964144229888916, 0.47521477937698364, 1.280171275138855, -0.18443724513053894, 0.13360120356082916, 0.48162418603897095, -0.11896835267543793, -0.21067136526107788, 0.17055347561836243, -0.6158289909362793, 0.3039412200450897, 0.02428075484931469, 0.22326430678367615, 0.06013035029172897, -0.3090490698814392, -0.4155055582523346, 0.2659241259098053, -0.41920119524002075, -0.2219237983226776, -0.043055497109889984, 0.07585623115301132, -0.4070786237716675, -0.04743625968694687, 0.060993995517492294, -0.19630567729473114, -0.19308912754058838, 0.37282946705818176, -0.0009432784863747656, -0.11540767550468445, -0.557547926902771, -0.299055814743042, -0.7682288885116577, -0.6650912165641785, 0.16383378207683563, -0.3293883502483368, 0.11316052079200745, -0.10757104307413101, 0.5929519534111023, 0.25468122959136963, -0.3019436001777649, -0.09362316131591797, -0.6281423568725586, -0.4703091084957123, 0.6518405079841614, -0.014107109047472477, 0.05649029091000557, 0.3377118706703186, 0.270094096660614, -0.4237547814846039, 0.025848256424069405, -0.4801647663116455, 0.33627790212631226, -0.011617173440754414, 0.3824273645877838, 0.13224196434020996, -0.8659747838973999, -0.7192113399505615, -0.012890802696347237, 0.048921748995780945, -0.16609200835227966, 0.21577832102775574, -0.31329014897346497, -0.16073422133922577, 0.23741351068019867, 0.834949254989624, -0.4071214199066162, -0.2385013997554779, 0.13333603739738464, 0.1718212366104126, 0.28336381912231445, -0.0434868186712265, -0.19781829416751862, -0.14040310680866241, 0.06865302473306656, -0.5987721085548401, 0.046910110861063004, -0.3162822127342224, 0.12014410644769669, 0.17477098107337952, -0.5029868483543396, -0.6745108366012573, -0.6598467230796814, -0.30848830938339233, -0.10632294416427612, 0.5301420092582703, 0.1907782256603241, 0.12221868336200714, 0.3093731105327606, -0.21894094347953796, -0.6690337657928467, 0.00858879555016756, -0.021558495238423347, 0.005202283151447773, 0.36249563097953796, 0.13932982087135315, -0.8097474575042725, 0.12199357897043228, 0.16030150651931763, 0.6161333918571472, -0.8810852766036987, -0.2775040566921234, 0.09978999942541122, -0.20624235272407532, 0.07473115622997284, -0.32974305748939514, -0.6131532788276672, -0.08805646002292633, 0.5965300798416138, 0.0638805478811264, 0.18927638232707977, 0.08297082036733627, -0.32850176095962524, -0.19575636088848114, -0.11327197402715683, -0.0640317052602768, 0.08019477128982544, -0.7186996936798096, -0.6003215909004211, -0.7992938160896301, -0.04392548277974129, 0.12219009548425674, -0.2736450433731079, 0.14552786946296692, -0.6240277290344238, -0.14147664606571198, -0.19370171427726746, -0.026740578934550285, 0.020304467529058456, -0.25070831179618835, 0.09648007154464722, 0.20765434205532074, -0.26914548873901367, 0.027787132188677788, 0.6394991278648376, 0.1029876172542572, 1.0246444940567017, 0.5483892560005188, -0.1666903793811798, -0.02713419310748577, 0.43719011545181274, 0.2463868111371994, -0.6331113576889038, -0.08399827778339386, -0.08227674663066864, -0.15602563321590424, -0.0709611102938652, -0.43345004320144653, -0.5860649347305298, 0.5005678534507751, -0.12071383744478226, -0.26018384099006653, -0.18607322871685028, 0.1867101639509201, -0.16385067999362946, 0.18272487819194794, 0.06168430671095848, -0.21393398940563202, -0.39305734634399414, 0.2186552733182907, 0.06416475027799606, -0.014430290088057518, 0.1093977838754654, -0.37513983249664307, -0.1394582986831665, -0.6545937061309814, -0.7155085206031799, 0.06966377049684525, -0.018729442730545998, 0.2123963087797165, 0.13009238243103027, -0.2593693733215332, 0.1454513520002365, -0.4082225263118744, -0.41506227850914, -0.607295572757721, -0.26021090149879456, -0.24301843345165253, 0.12557381391525269, -0.19090847671031952, -0.49572864174842834, -0.17790821194648743, -0.05678638070821762, -0.4815729260444641, 0.32955464720726013, -0.741450846195221, 0.12860850989818573, -0.20065072178840637, -0.13728445768356323, 0.18440654873847961, 0.12064683437347412, 0.12134363502264023, 0.29879093170166016, -0.6732561588287354, 0.14897164702415466, -0.07866337895393372, 0.1958051472902298, 0.2516607642173767, -0.143011674284935, -0.0053297714330255985, -0.15550151467323303, 0.04079008847475052, -0.4565773010253906, -0.17510928213596344, 0.33520033955574036, 0.895280122756958, 0.2609003186225891, -0.22381235659122467, 0.49842360615730286, -0.6513293385505676, -0.09797622263431549, 0.6105369329452515, -0.4441695809364319, 0.14681807160377502, 0.20495067536830902, 0.5403159856796265, 0.2923766076564789, 0.475490927696228, 0.08224955946207047, -0.3924349844455719, 0.3085598349571228, -0.3311251699924469, -0.3806701600551605, -0.2368871122598648, 0.209772527217865, 0.21077315509319305, 0.19311483204364777, -0.04302102327346802, 0.44985947012901306, 0.16893544793128967, -0.0778733640909195, -0.006218151189386845, -0.5614485740661621, -0.015935298055410385, 0.1494283527135849, 0.2755672037601471, 0.7084197402000427, -0.20108366012573242, -0.03341268375515938, 0.12014098465442657, -0.1006990522146225, 0.337035596370697, 0.26085391640663147, 0.5080361366271973, 0.2623702585697174, 0.34890612959861755, 0.35403648018836975, 0.6332966685295105, -0.5689550638198853, 0.14675961434841156, 0.045604825019836426, 0.03057042695581913, 0.5527024865150452, -0.37814614176750183, -0.1735353022813797, 0.3152287006378174, -0.1440272331237793, 0.10464727878570557, -0.06886439770460129, 0.5941663980484009, 0.0788022056221962, 0.027919694781303406, -0.44739624857902527, -0.1352711021900177, 0.2581979036331177, 0.4412713944911957, 0.3333294689655304, -0.21066679060459137, -0.43644484877586365, -0.029723016545176506, -0.3517068922519684, 0.2167038917541504, -0.08170440793037415, 0.2668110132217407, 0.24756675958633423, 0.24855703115463257, -0.6006626486778259, 0.19653943181037903, -0.12411259114742279, 0.1709612011909485, -0.05947113782167435, 0.45373672246932983, 0.22012221813201904, -0.2023145854473114, -0.1545615792274475, 0.14903128147125244, -0.4837414026260376, -0.1329784393310547, -0.024937570095062256, 0.09024231880903244, -0.005786194000393152, -0.4574877619743347, 0.7036982178688049, 0.4713882505893707, -0.07095397263765335, 0.06376146525144577, -0.1916065514087677, 0.30813512206077576, 0.7213626503944397, -0.28132614493370056, 0.20330025255680084, -0.5051986575126648, 0.13404503464698792, -1.081573486328125, 0.49581480026245117, -0.0925467312335968, 0.3532593548297882, -0.10975299775600433, 0.3422147333621979, -0.2637603282928467, 0.005906085949391127, 0.3516005575656891, -0.12234659492969513, 0.22209979593753815, -0.07974009960889816, -0.1464393436908722, -0.4921613037586212, -0.36660560965538025, 0.469498872756958, -0.4402904212474823, -0.11710330098867416, -0.015476402826607227, -0.0504571795463562, -0.63703852891922, 0.8290153741836548, 0.11357256770133972, -0.6447708010673523, -0.42913123965263367, 0.27821406722068787, -0.3569403886795044, -0.4418196678161621, 0.9028871059417725, 0.6027176976203918, 0.27745646238327026, -0.641460120677948, 0.2858128845691681, -0.05590392276644707, 0.18108296394348145, 0.6043099164962769, 0.30573442578315735, -0.07741692662239075, -0.060556694865226746, -0.17237114906311035, -0.6874576210975647, 0.4157821834087372, 0.2824922800064087, 0.15303486585617065, 0.08004621416330338, -1.2894296646118164, 0.12539897859096527, -0.0704510286450386, 0.0629718229174614, 0.07179713994264603, 0.1270061433315277, -0.18557634949684143 ]
202133	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Rules%20of%20the%20Game	The Rules of the Game	The Rules of the Game (original French title: La règle du jeu) is a 1939 French satirical comedy-drama film directed by Jean Renoir. The ensemble cast includes Nora Gregor, Paulette Dubost, Mila Parély, Marcel Dalio, Julien Carette, Roland Toutain, Gaston Modot, Pierre Magnier and Renoir. Renoir's portrayal of the wise, mournful Octave anchors the fatalistic mood of this pensive comedy of manners. The film depicts members of upper-class French society and their servants just before the beginning of World War II, showing their moral callousness on the eve of destruction. At the time, The Rules of the Game was the most expensive French film made: Its original budget of 2.5 million francs eventually increased to more than 5 million francs. Renoir and cinematographer Jean Bachelet made extensive use of deep-focus and long shots during which the camera is constantly moving, sophisticated cinematic techniques in 1939. Renoir's career in France was at its pinnacle in 1939 and The Rules of the Game was eagerly anticipated; its premiere was met with scorn and disapproval by critics and audiences. Renoir reduced the film's running time from 113 minutes to 85 but even then the film was a critical and financial disaster. In October 1939, it was banned by the wartime French government for "having an undesirable influence over the young". For many years, the 85-minute version was the only one available but despite this its reputation slowly grew. In 1956, boxes of original material were discovered and a reconstructed version of the film premiered that year at the Venice Film Festival, with only a minor scene from Renoir's first cut missing. Since then, The Rules of the Game has been called one of the greatest films in the history of cinema. Numerous film critics and directors have praised it highly, citing it as an inspiration for their own work. It is the only film to earn a place among the top films in the respected Sight & Sound (BFI) decennial critics' poll for every decade since the poll's inception in 1952. Plot Aviator André Jurieux lands at Le Bourget Airfield outside Paris after crossing the Atlantic in his plane. He is greeted by his friend Octave, who tells André that Christine the Austrian-French noblewoman André loveshas not come to greet him. André is heartbroken. When a radio reporter comes to broadcast André's first words upon landing, he explains his sorrow and denounces Christine. She is listening to the broadcast in her Paris apartment while attended by her maid, Lisette. Christine has been married to Robert, Marquis de la Chesnaye for three years. For two years, Lisette has been married to Schumacher the gamekeeper at Robert's country estate, La Colinière in Solognebut she is more devoted to Christine than to her husband. Christine's past relationship with André is openly known by her husband, her maid and their friend Octave. After Christine and Robert playfully discuss André's emotional display and pledge devotion to one another, Robert excuses himself to make a telephone call. He arranges to meet his mistress Geneviève the next morning. At Geneviève's apartment, Robert says he must end their relationship but invites her to join them for a weekend retreat to La Colinière. Christine also invites her niece, Jackie. Later, Octave induces Robert to invite André to the estate as well. They joke that André and Geneviève will begin a relationship, thereby solving everyone's problems. At the estate, Schumacher is policing the grounds and trying to eliminate rabbits. Marceau a poachersneaks onto the estate to retrieve a rabbit caught in a snare. Before Marceau can escape, Schumacher catches him and begins to escort him from the property when Robert demands to know what is happening. Marceau explains that he can catch rabbits and Robert hires him as a servant. Once inside the house, Marceau flirts with Lisette. The assembled guests go on a hunt led by Schumacher, who resents Marceau. On the way back to La Colinière's castle, Robert tells Geneviève that he no longer loves her. Geneviève wants to pack up and leave but Christine persuades her to stay. At a masked ball, various romantic liaisons are made. André and Christine declare their love for each other and plan to run away together. Marceau pursues Lisette, and the jealous Schumacher is upset. Robert and André come to an argument over Christine. In the secluded greenhouse, Octave declares that he too loves Christinewho is now having doubts about Andréand they decide to run away together. Schumacher and Marceau, who have both been expelled from the estate by Robert after a fight over Lisette, watch Octave and Christine in the greenhouse. As in Beaumarchais's Marriage of Figaro, the literary basis for Mozart's opera, they mistake Christine for Lisette because Christine is wearing Lisette's cape and hood. Octave returns to the house for his coat and hat, where Lisette begs him not to leave with Christine. Breaking his promise to Christine, Octave meets André and sends him out to Christine in the greenhouse, lending him his overcoat, which causes André's death. When André reaches the greenhouse wearing Octave's coat, Schumacher mistakes him for Octave, who he thinks is trying to run off with his wife, and shoots him dead. In the closing moments of the film, Octave and Marceau walk away into the night as Robert brings Schumacher back into the household and explains that he would report the killing to the authorities as nothing more than an unfortunate accident. Cast Credits adapted from British Film Institute. Nora Gregor as Christine, Marquise de la Chesnaye Paulette Dubost as Lisette, Christine's maid Marcel Dalio as Robert, Marquis de la Chesnaye, Christine's husband and Geneviève's lover Roland Toutain as André Jurieux, an aviator in love with Christine Jean Renoir as Octave, an old friend of Christine's and friend of André Mila Parély as Geneviève de Marras, Robert's lover Julien Carette as Marceau, a poacher and Lisette's would-be lover Gaston Modot as Edouard Schumacher, Robert's gamekeeper and Lisette's husband Anne Mayen as Jackie, a niece of Christine Pierre Magnier as The General, a guest at Robert's estate Léon Larive as the cook Henri Cartier-Bresson as the English servant Marguerite de Morlaye as a guest Pierre Nay as Monsieur de St. Aubin, a guest at Robert's estate Richard Francœur as Monsieur La Bruyère, a guest at Robert's estate Odette Talazac as Madame de la Plante, a guest at Robert's estate Claire Gérard as Madame de la Bruyère, a guest at Robert's estate Lise Elina as the radio reporter at the airport Eddy Debray as Corneille, Robert's butler Géo Forster as the effeminate guest Tony Corteggiani as Monsieur Berthelin, a guest Nicolas Amato as Cava, a guest from South America Jenny Hélia as Germaine, a servant André Zwoboda as André's engineer at the airport Camille François as a radio reporter (voice) Production Background and writing In 1938 the French film industry was booming, and Renoir was at the height of his career. He had had three consecutive hit films and La Grande Illusion had won awards from the New York Film Critics, the National Board of Review and the Venice Film Festival. The financial success of La Bête Humaine made it easy for Renoir to secure enough financial backing to form his own production company. In 1938 he founded Nouvelle Édition Française (NEF) with his brother Claude Renoir, together with André Zwobada, Oliver Billiou and Camille Francois. All five invested 10,000 francs into the company and intended to produce two films per year. The company was modeled after the American film production company United Artists, which was formed in 1919 as a film distribution company for independent artists by Charlie Chaplin, Douglas Fairbanks, D.W. Griffith and Mary Pickford. Renoir rallied his friends in the film industry around the company and got financial support from René Clair, Julien Duvivier, Jean Gabin and Simone Simon. NEF's headquarters on the Rue la Grange-Batelière was sublet from Marcel Pagnol's production company. On December 8, 1938 Georges Cravenne published a press release in Paris-Soir announcing that Renoir and Pagnol were about to sign an agreement to procure a large theatre where they would publicly screen "the films that they would direct from then on." The Rules of the Game was the only film produced by the company. In May 1938, Renoir completed the historical drama La Marseillaise and wanted to make a comedy. He was anxious about the Munich agreement and the strong possibility of another world war, and wanted to film a "happy dream" to subdue his pessimism. He wrote a synopsis for a film titled Les Millions d'Arlequin, which had characters similar to those in The Rules of the Game. When conceiving the film, Renoir was inspired by classical French art, such as the works of Pierre de Marivaux, Pierre-Augustin Caron de Beaumarchais and especially Alfred de Musset's Les Caprices de Marianne. Renoir initially intended to adapt the classic French play Les Caprices de Marianne; NEF first announced the film as an adaptation of it. Renoir later said he never intended to directly adapt Les Caprices de Marianne but only to re-read it and other classics of French literature for inspiration. After returning from lecturing in London in January 1939, Renoir left Paris to work on a script. He told a reporter that his next film would be "A precise description of the bourgeois of our age." Renoir, Carl Koch and Zwoboda went to Marlotte to work on the script. Because Renoir wanted to allow the actors to improvise their dialogue, only one-third of the film was scripted and the rest was a detailed outline. Renoir later said that his "ambition when I made the film was to illustrate this remark: we are dancing on a volcano." Renoir called the film a "divertissement" for its use of baroque music and aspects of classical French comedies. Renoir's initial inspiration by Les Caprices de Marianne led to the film's four main characters correlating with those of the play; a virtuous wife, a jealous husband, a despairing lover and an interceding friend. In both the play and the film the interceding friend is named Octave. Octave is also the only of the four characters inspired by the play that shares traits with its counterpart. In both works, Octave is a "sad clown" full of self-doubt and self-pity. The characters' names constantly changed between versions of the script; Renoir said that in an early draft, André Jurieux was an orchestra conductor rather than an aviator. Casting Renoir originally wanted the entire cast of La Bête Humaineincluding Fernand Ledoux, Simone Simon, Jean Gabin and Julien Carettefor the film. Gabin was offered the role of André but rejected it and accepted a role in Marcel Carné's Le Jour Se Lève instead. He was replaced by Roland Toutain. Simon was offered the role of Christine but wanted 800,000 francs, which was a third of the film's entire budget. Simon's salary request was vetoed by NEF administrator Camille Francois. Ledoux was offered the role of Schumacher. He was married to Simon at the time; he declined when her salary request was denied and instead took a role in Maurice Tourneur's Volpone. He was replaced by Gaston Modot. Claude Dauphin was offered the role of the Marquis de la Chesnaye; he refused it and instead acted with Simon in Raymond Bernard's Cavalcade d'amour. Renoir then cast Marcel Dalio as the Marquis. Years later, Dalio asked Renoir why he had been cast after having typically played burlesque or traitorous roles. Renoir told Dalio that he was the opposite of the cliché of what a Marquis was and that Dalio was the only actor he knew that could portray the character's insecurity. Renoir's brother Pierre was cast as Octave, and Carette was cast as Marceau. Francois suggested newly famous stage actress Michele Alfa for the role of Christine, and Renoir went with his wife Marguerite and Zwobada to see her perform in a play. While at the play Renoir noticed Nora Gregor in a box seat in the audience and asked about her during the intermission. He learned that Gregor was the wife of Prince Ernst Rudiger von Stahremberg, an Austrian nobleman. Renoir became friends with Gregor and her husband, getting to know them over several dinners in Paris. Stahremberg was forced to resign his leadership role in the Heimwehra paramilitary fascist partybecause Gregor was Jewish and he was anti-fascist. When Germany annexed Austria in March 1938 Gregor and Stahremberg fled to France. Renoir said they were "in a state of great disarray. Everything they believed in was collapsing." Gregor was an actress from the Viennese Burgtheater and had appeared in some films, including Carl Theodor Dreyer's Michael. Gregor's first husband had been the concert pianist Mitja Nikisch, son of the renowned conductor Arthur Nikisch of the Leipzig Opera and according to film theorist Charles Drazin, a possible inspiration for some characteristics of Octave. Despite objections from his NEF colleagues, Renoir hired Gregor for the role of Christine. She was older than the original character, and he made changes to the character based on Gregor's personality and on their dinner conversations, such as making Christine the daughter of an Austrian conductor. Many of Renoir's friends believed he fell in love with Gregor shortly after casting her. Zwoboda said Gregor had "that which Renoir loved above all; an incontestable class, a style, the gestures and bearing of a great distinction." Renoir said he cast Gregor because of her Austrian accent, which he believed would create "a little barrier ... between her and her surroundings" and because of her appearance, which he considered "birdlike" and "sincere." Renoir finished casting the remaining roles by late January 1939. When asked who the main character of the film was, Renoir answered: "There isn't any! My conception at the beginningand at the endwas to make a film d'ensemble, a film representing a society, a group of persons, almost a whole class, and not a film of personal affairs." Filming Filming for exterior scenes set in the country began on February 15, 1939, in Sologne and outside the Chateau de la Ferté-Saint-Aubin. Renoir later said he chose Sologne because his father Pierre-Auguste Renoir "regretted that he had never been able to paint [it]. How well I understand the sincerity of those regrets before these beautiful landscapes of Sologne, in astonishing colors, of a grace so melancholy yet so gentle." Renoir said Sologne's mist "took me back to the happy days of my childhood." The cast and crew arrived in Sologne between February 6 and 15. Renoir's son Alain worked as an assistant camera operator and Dido Freire worked as the script girl. Renoir's assistants on the film were Koch, Zwobada and Henri Cartier-Bresson. Tony Corteggianni was hired as a technical advisor for the rabbit hunting sequence. The cast and crew stayed at Hotel Rat in Lamotte-Beuvron. Heavy rainfall prevented the start of shooting in Sologne for several weeks and Renoir rewrote parts of the script to accommodate the rain. While he finished the script the entire company played cards and bonded; they described it as a happy time in their lives just before the horrors of World War II began. Paulette Dubost said shooting the film was great fun. The delays caused Pierre Renoir to pull out of the film because of prior commitments to stage plays in Paris. Renoir then asked Michel Simon to play Octave but Simon was busy with other projects. Renoir finally cast himself, later saying that he "was just waiting for the moment when Pierre would say 'Why don't you play the role yourself, Jean?' He didn't have to ask me twice." He added that after having gained experience and confidence as a director his "most stubborn dream has been to be an actor." Renoir rewrote the role of Octave to better suit himself since he and Pierre were physically and personally very different. To raise additional funding for the over-running production, Zwoboda had used the success of La Bête Humaine to sell advanced screening rights in large theatres to Jean Jay, the director of the Gaumont Film Company. When shooting in Sologne finally began progress was slow because of the constant improvisations of the actorswhich Renoir encouragedand Gregor's struggles with her role. Jay visited the set and was unhappy with the slow progress and with Renoir's performance. The cast and crew however admired Renoir and enjoyed the carefree atmosphere on set, forgetting about the impending political situation. The cast's improvisations caused some changes from the original script. Christine was initially written as a bored, upper class bourgeois whose main preoccupation was planning parties, but Renoir amended this to accommodate Gregor's acting. Renoir also cut most of the references to Christine's conductor father Stiller, such as his relationship with the Marquis. The Marquis was initially written as a patron of the arts and music instead of a collector of music boxes. Journalists often visited the set and wrote positively about the production. The film was shot almost chronologically in Sologne and again in Joinville, Val-de-Marne, which Renoir considered important for the actors' performances. Renoir said he did not need to do much directing since the actors were so involved in their roles. When directing himself, Renoir arranged the performers movements first then acted in the scenes. Jay pushed Renoir to finish filming in Sologne and move the production to sets erected at the Pathé studios in Joinville. Renoir finally agreed and left Zwobada, Cortegganni and Cartier-Bresson in Sologne to shoot B-roll footage of the rabbit hunting sequence. Hundreds of animals were killed during filming and local people were used as stand-ins for the actors. Filming on the sets in Joinville continued at a slow pace. Renoir would often film fifteen to twenty takes of individual shots and change dialogue on the set, making previous takes useless. Film historian Joel Finler said the film "truly evolved" during its making, as Renoir worked on writing and rewriting the script, balancing and rebalancing the characters and relationships, plots and subplots." Cartier-Bresson said the improvisation during filming was like a jam session; both cast and crew members were encouraged to suggest ideas and dialogue would often change on the morning of the shoot. On March 16, 1939, Germany invaded Czechoslovakia, breaking the Munich Agreement, which caused the French Army to start mobilizing in anticipation of a coming war. Shortly afterwards, several of the film's electricians and technicians left to join the army. Set designer Eugène Lourié left because he was Jewish and a communist, and Max Douy took over as the film's set designer. During filming, Renoir became disappointed by Gregor's performance. He began to cut her scenes and add new scenes for Paulette Dubost and Mila Parély. Film historian Gerald Mast found Gregor's performance to be "as haunting and bewitching as a plastic giraffe." During production, Jay told Renoir he hated his performance as Octave. Renoir offered to replace himself with Michel Simon, but Jay refused because two-thirds of the film had already been shot. Jay asked Renoir to instead remove Octave's scenes, which had not yet been shot. Renoir refused, and throughout shooting he added new scenes for Octave. Shooting in Joinville finally wrapped in May 1939; the film was over schedule and the rented soundstage was needed for other films. Renoir originally wanted to release the film in June because the potential war would make a post-summer release impossible. Renoir continued shooting additional scenes with some of the actors. The opening scene at the airfield was shot in mid-June at the Bourget Airport in the middle of the night with whatever extras they could find. Renoir almost ran out of money when he filmed the car crash scene, which was shot very quickly with Alain Renoir as the camera operator. Renoir never liked the scene and initially removed it. The principal photography was nine and a half weeks over schedule when it finally wrapped in June. Despite beginning the shoot in love with Gregor, Renoir's infatuation remained unrequited. During the film's production, he ended his relationship with his common-law wife Marguerite and began another with script girl Dido Freire, whom he had known for 12 years and was Alain Renoir's nanny. Eventually Dido married Renoir. Release Initial editing and previews Renoir edited the film while shooting; his first cut was three hours long. He and editor Marguerite completed a 113-minute final cut of the film in July 1939. Jay hated it and demanded that Renoir make cuts, including the excision of Renoir's entire performance as Octave. Renoir refused to completely omit Octave but agreed to remove 13 minutes from the film. The Rules of the Game was the most expensive film produced in France when it was released. Its original budget had been 2.5 million francs (which already made it the most expensive French film of that year) and was increased by another 2 million francs, costing over 5 million francs total. The film had an elaborate advertising campaign that began one week before its release in anticipation of it becoming another hit film for Renoir. This campaign included a promotional crossword puzzle published three days before the film's opening night; the prize for solving the puzzle was free tickets. The first preview screening of the 113-minute version of The Rules of the Game took place on June 28, 1939. It received a poor reaction from the audience. On June 29, the film was screened for the Minister of National Education and Fine Arts Jean Zay and for the jury of the annual Louis Delluc Prize for the best French film. When the awards were announced 10 days later, Marcel Carne's Le Quai des brumes won the first prize and The Rules of the Game was not a runner-up. Because of the success and popularity of Renoir's previous films, The Rules of the Game was highly anticipated, and Zay had expected to award it the prize. Renoir later said he thought the film would be commercially successful. Release and reception The Rules of the Game premiered on Friday, July 7, 1939, at the Colisée Theatre in Paris to a full house and later at the Aubert Palace also in Paris. It was shown on a double bill with a patriotic documentary about French history. The audience at the screening consisted of members of the right-wing organisations, who booed after a while into the screening; Paulette Dubost said people at the screening fought, and one person tried to set fire to the theater. Renoir said he "depicted pleasant, sympathetic characters, but showed them in a society in the process of disintegration, so that they were defeated at the onset ... the audience recognized this. The truth is that they recognized themselves. People who commit suicide do not care to do it in front of witnesses." In France, film attendance was typically low in July; The Rules of the Game ended its run at the Colisée Theatre after three weeks because of poor attendance. It later was shown at the Aubert-Palace in Paris. Renoir said of the attendance "I was utterly dumbfounded when it became apparent that the film, which I wanted to be a pleasant one, rubbed most people the wrong way." Renoir initially wanted to screen the film at the 1939 World's Fair in New York City, but this idea was abandoned after the disastrous release in France. Claude Gauteur surveyed reviews of The Rules of the Game published in Paris and said 12 were "unqualifiedly unfavorable", 13 were "favorable with reservations", and 10 were "favorable." Many reviews criticized the film for being "unpatriotic, frivolous and incomprehensible." One mixed review came from Nino Frank of Pour Vous, who called it "a copious work, even too much so, very complex and profoundly intelligent from one end to the other." Le Figaro called it a "bizarre spectacle" which was "one long succession of errors ... a heavy-handed fantasy with wooly dialogue." In the 1943 edition of Histoire du cinéma, Robert Brasillach wrote that The Rules of the Game was among Renoir's most "jumbled" and "confused" films but applauded the biting satire, which he considered "Proustian." Brasillach also praised the technical variation employed by the director and said the film was an unrealized masterpiece. In the United States, a negative review from Variety said Renoir "attempts to crowd too many ideas into 80 minutes of film fare, resulting in confusion." According to François Truffaut, the film was very disconcerting to audiences at the time because of its peculiar atmosphere, which explains its commercial failure. While the film received mostly unfavorable reviews, most critics praised the actingincluding Renoir's, and only the far right-wing press criticized Marcel Dalio's performance. In July 1939 a right-wing French newspaper criticized the film for portraying the Jewish Marquis married to the Austrian Christine. The Union Sacrée, a French clerical fascist group, organized demonstrations wherever the film was screened. Renoir was a known pacifist and supporter of the Communist Party, which made him unpopular in the tense weeks before World War II began. Years later Renoir said "there was no question of contrivance; my enemies had nothing to do with its failure. At every session I attended I could feel the unanimous disapproval of the audience." In the weeks that followed the premiere, Renoir reduced the film's running time from its original 113 minutes to 100 minutes, then to 90 minutes and finally to 85 minutes. He told Margurite Renoir and Zwobada to cut the scenes that the audience had found the most upsetting. Renoir said he mostly cut his own scenes or dialogue "as though I were ashamed, after this rebuff, of showing myself on the screen." He later defended his own performance as being awkwardthe way Octave should have been. The reduction in length removed Octave's complexity and completely changed the character's motives at the end of the film. In the 85-minute version, Octave does not intend to run away with Christine and merely lends André his coat for warmth before sending him out to the greenhouse. The omission of this item in the plot resulted in the misconception that the film has an alternative ending; this was first reported by Roger Manvell after he watched it at its London premiere in 1946. At one point, Jean Jay told Renoir to restore the film to the 100-minute version "to avoid commercial disaster", but none of the shorter versions improved its reception or attendance figures. When asked about the film's poor reception with audience members, Renoir said "I thought I was gentle with them, and they thought I was laughing at them." In October 1939 The Rules of the Game officially was banned in France for being "depressing, morbid, immoral [and] having an undesirable influence over the young." Other films that were similarly banned included Marcel Carné's Le Quai des brumes and Le Jour Se Lève. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs stated "we are especially anxious to avoid representations of our country, our traditions, and our race that changes its character, lie about it, and deform it through the prism of an artistic individual who is often original but not always sound." The Marriage of Figaro, one of the inspirations for the film, had been banned for similar reasons. After the end of World War II, the 85-minute version of the film was re-released in Paris on September 26, 1945, and it was banned again. Renoir said that of all his films, The Rules of the Game was the biggest failure at the time of its release. He also said its failure "so depressed me that I resolved to either give up the cinema or to leave France." During shooting, Renoir was offered the chance to film an adaptation of Tosca by Italian producers; he agreed to the deal on July 14, 1939, and saw it as an opportunity to leave France. Renoir and Carl Koch traveled to Rome on August 10 for pre-production, but had to leave on August 23 after the German-Soviet pact made his French citizenship an issue. Koch directed the film instead and Renoir emigrated to Hollywood. Rediscovery In 1942, during one of the Allied bombings of Boulogne-sur-Seine, the G.M. Film Lab, which housed the original negative of The Rules of the Game, was destroyed. In 1946, a print of the 85-minute version was found in a box, and a new print was made from it. This version occasionally was screened at film clubs, cinematheques and film festivals, and its reputation slowly began to grow. It finally premiered in New York City in April 1950, but it was critically unsuccessful. A review in the New York Times called it "one for the buzzards" and stated "the master has dealt his admirers a pointless, thudding punch below the belt." In 1952, the 85-minute version was included in Sight & Sound inaugural list of the 10 greatest films ever made. In 1956, film enthusiasts Jean Gaborit and Jacques Maréchal founded the Société des Grands Films Classiques, a film restoration company focused on neglected films. The Rules of the Game was one of the company's early restorations; Gaborit and Maréchal persuaded Camille François to sell them the rights to the film. With François' help, they discovered records that led to 224 boxes that had been found at the bombed G.M. Film Lab site. These boxes included negative prints, duplicated prints, and sound mixes of the film. With the help and advice of Renoir and Jacques Durand, Gaborit and Maréchal restored most of the cut footage from Renoir's original version and assembled a 106-minute version of the film. In mid-1959, Renoir saw the reconstructed version of the film for the first time and left the theater in tears. He said "there is only one scene missing in this re-construction, a scene that isn't very important. It's a scene with me and Roland Toutain that deals with the maids' sexual interest." The restored version premiered at the 1959 Venice Film Festival, where it was called a masterpiece. Claude Chabrol, Alain Resnais and Louis Malle were all in attendance and publicly called Renoir their master while praising the reconstructed version of the film. In 1961 Howard Thompson of the New York Times stated the film "completely justified its European reputation ... [it is] a memorable experience." Archer Winsten of the New York Post praised the film for "showing the corruption of French society from top to bottom" and a New York Herald Tribune review called it "a satire on French society ... a sharp criticism of social pretenses." The reconstructed version of the film was exhibited in France on April 23, 1965. It won the 1966 Bodil Award for Best Non-American Film/Best European Film (Bedste europæiske film) in Denmark. Themes The Rules of the Game is remembered as a commentary on the moral callousness of the European upper class and their servants just before World War II. While making the film, Renoir knew a new world war was coming; he later said there was a sense of it in film, and wrote "it is a war film and yet there is no reference to the war". This sense of doom began just before shooting started in January when Barcelona fell to Franco and throughout the production when Prime Minister of France Édouard Daladier recognized Francoist Spain, Italy annexed Albania and Adolf Hitler prepared his Invasion of Poland. Renoir articulated this unmentioned theme of the film by saying: what is interesting about this film, perhaps, is the moment when it was made. It was shot between Munich and the war, and I shot it absolutely impressed, absolutely disturbed by the state of mind of a part of French society, a part of English society, a part of world society. And it seemed to me that a way of interpreting this state of mind, to the world hopefully, was not to talk of that situation, but tell a frivolous story. I looked for inspiration to Beaumarchais, to Marivaux, to the classical authors of comedy. Renoir wanted to depict people as they truly were at that point in history; he said The Rules of the Game was "a reconstructed documentary, a documentary on the condition of a society at a given moment". He believed this depiction was the reason behind the film's disastrous premiere, saying "the audience's reaction was due to my candour". The Marriage of Figaro, an inspiration for the film, had also been considered controversial for its attack on the class system. The Rules of the Game remained controversial with the French public shortly after World War II when it was once again banned. Renoir's biographer Ronald Bergan said the film hit a raw nerve with the public by depicting "people, who might have had an influence in shaping the world, [but] did nothing to prevent an advance of Fascism; some of whom, indeed, actually welcomed it". The rabbit hunt scene often is compared to the senseless death that occurs during war; Renoir said he wanted to show a certain class of people killing for no reason. Renoir himself had never killed an animal and called hunting "an abominable exercise in cruelty". Bergan saw the analogy to world events and wrote "in the great set piece of the hunt, the callous cruelty of the guests is laid bare as they fire at any rabbit and bird that moves after the beaters have led the game to slaughter". The film's most-quoted line of dialogue, spoken by Octave, is "You see, in this world, there is one awful thing, and that is that everyone has his reasons". Renoir's sentiment of objective humanism for the film's characters is articulated by Octave's remark and shows his empathy for the people he was simultaneously criticizing. Richard Roud praised Renoir's role in the film, observing that Renoir's honesty compelled him to include his own role in his social criticism: "he did not wish to stand outside. And Renoir/Octave serves as the standard against which reality and fiction can be measured." In his original outline for the film, Renoir said he intended all the characters to be sincere and that the film would have no villains. Renoir said André was "the victim, who, trying to fit into a world in which he does not belong, fails to respect the rules of the game", and that André thought he could shatter the rules by a world flight, while Christine thought she could do the same by following her heart. The "rules" of the film's title are its only villain. Renoir said "the world is made up of cliques ... Each of these cliques has its customs, its mores, indeed, its own language. To put it simply, each has its rules, and these rules determine the game." Renoir said all human activity is "subject to social protocols that are less apparent than, but just as strict as, those practiced by Louis XIV." Renoir's son Alain said the film continues to be relevant and popular because it shows the artificial joy of the modern age in contrast to the rules of that (or any) age. Style Filming Émile Zola's La Bête Humaine inspired Renoir to "make a break, and perhaps get away from naturalism completely, to try to touch on a more classical, more poetic genre." While shooting, Renoir began listening to baroque music by Louis Couperin, Jean-Philippe Rameau, Jean-Baptiste Lully and André Grétry. He later said "Little by little, my idea took shape and the subject got simpler. I kept living on baroque rhythms, and after a few more days, the subject became more and more precise." He also said he began imagining Simone Simon "moving to the spirit of the music." This preoccupation with baroque music during filming led to Renoir's original idea of adapting Les Caprices de Marianne into a film. The Rules of the Game is known for its early and elaborate use of deep focus cinematography. Renoir said he and his cinematographer Jean Bachelet "ordered some special lenses, very fast lenses, but ones that still gave us considerable depth, so that we could keep our backgrounds in focus almost all the time." This depth of field in his shots allowed Renoir to shoot in large rooms and long corridors in the chateau sequences, and characters were able to move freely between the background and the foreground. Approximately half of the shots in the film have camera movements. In many shots the camera moves, stops in place, changes direction and circles around the subjects. Film critic David Thomson said "one has the impression of a camera that is always moving to cover as much as possible. One does not notice cuts, one delights in a continuity which is often on the verge of chaos and finally leads to tragedy in the intrusion of subplot into plot, of the theatrical into the real and of disaster into balances." Renoir used few close-ups or reverse shots and most of the shots are two shots. The hunt scene differs from the rest of the film; it uses rapid editing whereas most of the film uses long takes of dialogue or action. Renoir wanted to shoot the film in color to take advantage of the beauty of Sologne in the winter but he was unable to secure funding from Jean Jay. One week before filming began Renoir tried to persuade Technicolor to fund the color cinematography but the company refused. The sound in the film was complex for its time; it included dialogue spoken over ambient noises such as crowds at the airport and gunfire during the hunt. Film director Jean Prat said the film's soundtrack was "of a perfection never equaled by any French film." Characters often talk at once or talk over each other's lines. One example of the dense soundtrack is the party scene, which includes dialogue over screams, gunfire and music. Except for the opening credits and the very end of the film, all of the music heard in the film is incidental. The sound engineer was Joseph de Bretagne. Music used in the film includes Mozart's Three German Dances, Monsigny's Le déserteur, Louis Byrec, Léon Garnier and Eugène Rimbault's , Strauss's Die Fledermaus, Saint-Saëns's Danse macabre, Chopin's Minute Waltz and Scotto's À Barbizon. The music was arranged by Joseph Kosma and Roger Désormière. The film's set designers Eugène Lourié and Max Douy built one of the most expensive sets in French film history at the Joinville Studio. According to Douy they were based on the script and were not reproductions of the interior of Chateau de la Ferté-Saint-Aubin, where exterior scenes were shot. The music boxes used in the film were borrowed from several sources and some are now in a museum in Neuilly-sur-Seine. Renoir thought the musical organ scene and Dalio's performance in it was the best scene he had ever filmed. He shot the scene several times before he was satisfied with it. The costumes for the film were designed by Coco Chanel. Legacy Since its restoration, The Rules of the Game has come to be regarded by many film critics and directors as one of the greatest films of all time. The decennial poll of international critics by Sight & Sound magazine ranked it #10 in 1952, elevated it to No. 3 in 1962, and #2 in 1972, 1982 and 1992. In 2002 it fell to No. 3 behind Citizen Kane and Vertigo. In 2012, it fell to No. 4, behind Vertigo, Citizen Kane, and Tokyo Story. It is the only film to have been included on every top ten list since 1952. Empire magazine ranked at number 13 in its list of "The 100 Best Films Of World Cinema" in 2010. In Le Figaro 2008 list of the greatest films ever made it tied for second with The Night of the Hunter, behind Citizen Kane. In 2018 the film ranked fifth on the BBC's list of the 100 greatest foreign-language films, as voted on by 209 film critics from 43 countries. Critics and directors who have placed it on their Sight & Sound lists include Richard Peña, Michel Ciment, David Denby, Lawrence Kasdan, Steve McQueen and Paul Schrader. Schrader said the film "has it all ... [it] represents all that film can be." Martin Scorsese included it on a list of "39 Essential Foreign Films for a Young Filmmaker." French film critic André Bazin praised the film's mobile photographic style; he said its depth of field and deep focus mise-en-scène resembled that seen in Citizen Kane and The Best Years of Our Lives. Many contemporary film critics have written favorably about the film. It has been hailed as a masterpiece by Kent Jones, Adolf Heinzlmeier, Berndt Schulz and Penelope Gilliatt, who said it was "not only a masterpiece of filmmaking, not only a great work of humanism in a perfect rococo frame, but also an act of historical testimony." Its themes have been analyzed by film scholar and Renoir's biographer Leo Braudy, who observed that the film "embodies a social world in which there are rules but no values. If you don't know the rules, you are crushed; but if you do know the rules you are cut off from your own nature." Dudley Andrew described the film's "complex social criticism" while Kenneth Browser and Peter Cowie wrote about its sense of humanity. Other critics have written about the film's darker themes; Andrew Sarris praised its depiction of class differences. The complexity of Renoir's storytelling techniques have been examined by Roger Ebert, who called it "so simple and so labyrinthine, so guileless and so angry, so innocent and so dangerous, that you can't simply watch it, you have to absorb it", Lucy Sante, who called it "a dense clockwork mechanism" and Robin Wood, who said the film "operates on all levels." Critics have praised its farcical elements: Pauline Kael called it "a great satirical comedy, a dance of death" and Gerald Mast wrote "[it] depicts the failure of love, the failure of society, and the failure of men to rise above the ridiculous. Their only success is that they try and they care." David Thomson praised Renoir's performance and remarked on "Renoir's admission that the director, supposedly the authoritative and manipulating figure, is as much victim as originator of circumstances." Amy Taubin said "I can think of no other film that is as unfailingly generousto its audience, its characters, its actors, the milieu and the medium." J. Hoberman wrote about its influence on Woody Allen, Robert Altman and Mike Leigh. The film especially was appreciated by filmmakers and film critics associated with the French New Wave movement. André Bazin said "as a conventional love story, the film could have been a success if the scenario had respected the rules of the movie game. But Renoir wanted to make his own style of drame gai, and the mixture of genres proved disconcerting to the public." Film critic Claude Beylie called it "the cornerstone of the work of Jean Renoir, the point of arrival and the swan song of the French cinema of the thirties ...The Rules of the Game is a rare combination of satire, vaudeville and tragedy." It was a major source of inspiration for Alain Resnais, who said seeing the film was "the single most overwhelming experience I have ever had at the cinema";and Louis Malle, who said "for all of us, my generation of French filmmakers, La Règle du jeu was the absolute masterpiece." François Truffaut articulated the film's enormous influence and said "it isn't an accident that The Rules of the Game inspired a large number of young people who had first thought of expressing themselves as novelists to take up careers as filmmakers." He also said "It is the credo of movie lovers, the film of films, the film most hated when it was made and most appreciated afterwards, to the extent that it ultimately became a true commercial success." Satyajit Ray called it "a film that doesn't wear its innovations on its sleeve ... Humanist? Classical? Avant-Garde? Contemporary? I defy anyone to give it a label. This is the kind of innovation that appeals to me." Other notable filmmakers who have praised it include Bernardo Bertolucci, Wim Wenders, Peter Bogdanovich, Noah Baumbach and Cameron Crowe. Henri Cartier-Bresson, who worked on the film before beginning a long career as a photojournalist, called it "one of the summits of art and a premonition of everything that was to happen in the world." Robert Altman said "The Rules of the Game taught me the rules of the game." Altman's Gosford Park is similar to The Rules of the Game in many of its plot elements, including the relationship between wealthy people and their servants as well as the hunting sequence. Italian film critic Francis Vanoye stated The Rules of the Game has influenced numerous films that feature a group of character who spend a short time together at a party or gatheringoften while hunting animalsduring which their true feelings about each other are revealed. Along with Gosford Park, these films include Jean Grémillon's Summer Light, Ingmar Bergman's Smiles of a Summer Night, Carlos Saura's The Hunt, Peter Fleischmann's Hunting Scenes from Bavaria, Nikita Mikhalkov's An Unfinished Piece for a Player Piano, Theo Angelopoulos's The Hunters and Denys Arcand's The Decline of the American Empire. The Rules of the Game has also been compared to Paul Bartel's Scenes from the Class Struggle in Beverly Hills and Lawrence Kasdan's The Big Chill. See also Cinema of France List of French-language films List of films considered the best References Notes Bibliography * DVDs The Rules of the Game DVD, Disc 1. Special Features: Production History. The Criterion Collection. 2004. Spine Number 216 The Rules of the Game DVD, Disc 2. Special Features: Alain Renoir. The Criterion Collection. 2004. Spine Number 216 The Rules of the Game DVD, Disc 2. Special Features: Jean Renoir, David Thomson Omnibus. The Criterion Collection. 2004. Spine Number 216 The Rules of the Game DVD, Disc 2. Special Features: Max Douy. The Criterion Collection. 2004. Spine Number 216 The Rules of the Game'' DVD, Disc 2. Special Features: Oliver Curchod. The Criterion Collection. 2004. Spine Number 216 External links Janus Films – Trailer. Roger Ebert's Great Movies reflection on The Rules of the Game The Rules of the Game: Everyone Has Their Reasons an essay by Alexander Sesonske at the Criterion Collection 1939 comedy-drama films 1939 films Adultery in films French aviation films French black-and-white films Films directed by Jean Renoir Films set in country houses Films set in Paris Films shot in France French comedy-drama films French films French-language films Animal cruelty incidents in film Hyperlink films Films set in the 1930s	[ -0.23163358867168427, 0.3187660872936249, -0.2924889624118805, 0.23675452172756195, 0.10722048580646515, -0.3093375563621521, 0.41830185055732727, -0.42372918128967285, -0.4051454961299896, -0.3671797215938568, -0.3880775570869446, 0.6676663756370544, -0.32847359776496887, -0.0015180300688371062, 0.18243347108364105, 0.40793269872665405, 0.430767297744751, -0.28346043825149536, 0.4979734718799591, -0.4563779830932617, -0.6529275178909302, 0.0777728334069252, -0.16583676636219025, -0.10300060361623764, -0.028635196387767792, 0.11552410572767258, 0.15963390469551086, 0.3021640181541443, -0.16404864192008972, 0.03769587725400925, 0.4463878870010376, -0.2154153734445572, -0.1451348066329956, -0.20084552466869354, -0.25767919421195984, 0.0245002843439579, -0.3887082636356354, 0.38358810544013977, -0.1050436943769455, -0.6970838904380798, 0.26697173714637756, 0.17840063571929932, 0.1519521027803421, -0.17930693924427032, -0.05202312394976616, 0.03278539702296257, -1.0269403457641602, 0.0972428247332573, -0.5461920499801636, -0.21570466458797455, 0.14050540328025818, 0.8853686451911926, 0.27013319730758667, 0.6609041094779968, 0.004880415741354227, 0.45515066385269165, -0.36613643169403076, 0.467343807220459, -0.5951536297798157, -0.019504837691783905, 0.07945384085178375, 0.5475746989250183, 0.5251609086990356, 0.0017053249757736921, 0.3103818893432617, 0.5432076454162598, -0.21150580048561096, 0.0821976438164711, 0.482828825712204, 0.22667180001735687, -0.0026990920305252075, -0.13070696592330933, -0.08628007769584656, -0.007440517656505108, 0.04716884717345238, -0.642684817314148, 0.6192452311515808, 0.09049093723297119, 0.3252391517162323, 0.08376339077949524, 0.07688196748495102, 0.17012006044387817, 0.49209433794021606, 0.06339960545301437, 0.32237955927848816, 0.2124989777803421, -0.24874462187290192, 0.5135184526443481, -0.7029139399528503, -0.04476805031299591, -0.22991269826889038, -0.2687821388244629, 0.05840512737631798, -0.7090681195259094, -0.6068700551986694, -0.3952740430831909, -0.09468340873718262, -0.07660578936338425, 0.40932005643844604, 0.5624875426292419, 0.19869057834148407, -0.29448798298835754, 0.5174781084060669, 0.20011401176452637, -0.22036129236221313, -0.018318118527531624, -0.11258049309253693, -1.0438311100006104, -0.029968930408358574, 0.7792347073554993, -0.1264725625514984, -0.13522358238697052, 0.3343490660190582, -0.3515715003013611, -0.3565419912338257, 0.1653331071138382, -0.07181228697299957, 0.0684729665517807, 0.1873791217803955, 0.929877519607544, 0.036456093192100525, -0.6599054932594299, 0.3643482029438019, 0.638450026512146, -0.07114320248365402, 0.14781135320663452, 0.5299429893493652, 1.0122514963150024, 0.048639245331287384, -0.08631710708141327, 0.5426726341247559, 0.41716957092285156, -0.3275125324726105, 0.18327440321445465, -0.3224581480026245, 0.3202693462371826, 0.1537439525127411, -0.23152223229408264, -0.3499234616756439, 0.4727923572063446, -0.5027732253074646, 0.1585227996110916, -0.010902196168899536, -0.08169659972190857, -0.002571437507867813, -0.5288023948669434, 0.26230427622795105, -0.5513343811035156, 0.17281165719032288, 0.020062394440174103, 0.21567456424236298, 0.02397700399160385, 0.37659305334091187, 0.06073552742600441, -0.39876389503479004, 0.6979578733444214, -0.21436496078968048, 0.0823429524898529, -0.7433536052703857, -0.0379040464758873, -0.16693133115768433, -0.1088942289352417, -0.20783047378063202, 0.02358391508460045, 0.004216174595057964, -0.038303814828395844, 0.393212229013443, 0.3511255979537964, 0.12333240360021591, 0.1345764398574829, -0.5468634366989136, 0.08869827538728714, 0.22160010039806366, -0.1303098052740097, -0.5459966659545898, 0.21768829226493835, -0.010218805633485317, 0.6869080662727356, 0.6888827681541443, -0.0183139406144619, -0.7127641439437866, -0.08658473193645477, 0.42971158027648926, 0.03570122271776199, 0.42631492018699646, 0.006841619499027729, 0.4436176121234894, -0.6591639518737793, 0.2223055213689804, -0.13365685939788818, -0.4176977276802063, 0.5176000595092773, 0.5988257527351379, -0.4566909372806549, 1.1375387907028198, -0.3032556176185608, -0.3636026978492737, 0.520022451877594, -0.34583163261413574, 0.35249656438827515, -0.21745534241199493, -0.05086999759078026, 0.4184649586677551, 0.38260480761528015, -0.057794153690338135, 0.10662591457366943, -0.4587845504283905, 0.2444293051958084, 0.19243238866329193, 0.5893890261650085, -0.2705477476119995, -0.3179240822792053, 0.27689534425735474, 0.010097341611981392, -0.18250691890716553, -0.14985142648220062, -0.5177072882652283, 0.3663487434387207, 0.4523346424102783, -0.3893808424472809, 0.08463795483112335, 0.07002993673086166, -0.44956058263778687, 0.8150075674057007, -0.4266972243785858, 0.1736287921667099, 0.10360591858625412, 0.1973673701286316, 0.2898443341255188, -0.878707230091095, -0.2881961464881897, -0.013337024487555027, 0.5430986285209656, -0.49516287446022034, 0.25060540437698364, -0.6023527383804321, -0.018748527392745018, -0.36263352632522583, 0.09045828878879547, 0.018337298184633255, 0.7724621295928955, 0.24973158538341522, -0.14329150319099426, 0.04778093099594116, 0.2243940830230713, 0.05741826444864273, -0.0684339627623558, 0.624256432056427, -0.07751520723104477, 0.12814611196517944, 0.041452761739492416, 0.1543281078338623, 0.34994858503341675, 0.23819100856781006, -0.6412131190299988, 0.044879887253046036, -0.026502661406993866, 0.1683596521615982, 0.4647378921508789, 0.0951063260436058, -0.39720070362091064, -0.5103138089179993, -0.4097842872142792, -0.20935995876789093, -0.30113714933395386, -0.7852609157562256, -0.567937433719635, -0.35011860728263855, -0.4207771420478821, 0.5511329174041748, 0.7036885619163513, -0.049611646682024, -0.2272365391254425, -0.24415330588817596, 0.17419829964637756, -0.35108041763305664, 0.6179226040840149, 0.31773048639297485, -0.4408120810985565, -0.2325454205274582, -0.029856842011213303, 0.22554531693458557, 0.30147266387939453, -0.08693839609622955, -0.07110761106014252, 0.0012663111556321383, 0.1328718215227127, -0.7610899806022644, 0.12516050040721893, -0.03557169809937477, 0.09193906933069229, 0.6375820636749268, -0.6620000004768372, -0.7411460280418396, 0.2793508470058441, 0.0880080908536911, -0.5652403235435486, 0.052399978041648865, 0.2863132357597351, 0.11059201508760452, 0.27169808745384216, 0.4384596645832062, 0.276873916387558, -0.048989295959472656, 0.41593265533447266, -0.2363627552986145, -0.2275727093219757, 0.4676472544670105, -5.848970890045166, -0.28583478927612305, 0.12416177988052368, 0.12264629453420639, 0.27802255749702454, 0.3774305582046509, 0.7144105434417725, 0.03729335591197014, -0.2541903257369995, -0.39382851123809814, -0.724202036857605, -0.3435109257698059, -0.25658777356147766, 0.6877954602241516, 0.5673137903213501, 0.4133618474006653, 0.03698202967643738, -0.657721221446991, -0.17934496700763702, 0.7756968140602112, 0.0872574970126152, 0.0496334545314312, 0.28342291712760925, -0.01865348219871521, -0.14411219954490662, 0.45141100883483887, -0.3353956341743469, -0.03491523116827011, -0.22673720121383667, -0.1637870818376541, -0.09097576141357422, -0.11857347935438156, 0.1194637194275856, -0.6259307265281677, -0.04238039627671242, -0.1647435575723648, 0.6822174787521362, 0.019066279754042625, -0.26083827018737793, -0.1838829517364502, -0.7016329765319824, 0.5543521642684937, 0.222731351852417, 0.34840139746665955, 0.4789486825466156, 0.04274899885058403, -0.2460189163684845, -0.0647716298699379, -0.26582127809524536, 0.31696853041648865, -0.030401309952139854, 0.3992782235145569, 0.23381568491458893, -0.09334122389554977, -0.40369075536727905, -0.41113296151161194, 0.3359142243862152, -0.5951292514801025, -0.12280084192752838, 0.19344958662986755, 0.32788580656051636, -0.9291988611221313, 0.008053493686020374, 0.1384793072938919, 0.4185540974140167, -0.6298493146896362, -0.2572304308414459, 0.2163754403591156, 0.13029807806015015, 1.138625144958496, -0.06457386910915375, -0.20300430059432983, 0.23146001994609833, -1.1450647115707397, -0.07842148095369339, 0.07945707440376282, -0.11029911786317825, -0.42443758249282837, 0.6838096380233765, 0.15909485518932343, -0.07010700553655624, -0.30849283933639526, -0.41271519660949707, 0.10351566970348358, -0.09109694510698318, -0.33374619483947754, 0.042065054178237915, 0.46968668699264526, -0.39291489124298096, -0.1709013134241104, 0.8498002886772156, -0.27046334743499756, 0.07435793429613113, 0.28906428813934326, 0.36293619871139526, 0.47470906376838684, 0.2297677993774414, -0.34263381361961365, 0.4105447828769684, 0.0032333761919289827, -0.3301439881324768, -0.14432579278945923, 0.8005905747413635, -0.5253346562385559, -0.1571635752916336, -0.13138025999069214, 0.011902530677616596, 0.6793972253799438, 0.31067386269569397, 0.009289927780628204, -0.4830426871776581, -0.10975570976734161, -0.3899727761745453, 0.28867003321647644, 0.36350974440574646, -0.1537892371416092, -0.2577274441719055, -0.057497307658195496, 0.2385154366493225, -0.02219388820230961, -0.24837355315685272, 0.5568010807037354, -0.24590298533439636, -0.13643063604831696, -0.9803470373153687, 0.1888435184955597, 0.45033055543899536, -0.43470266461372375, 0.242535799741745, -0.035272181034088135, -0.6547757387161255, 0.19048534333705902, 0.122775137424469, 0.1636456549167633, 0.013950156979262829, 0.15392567217350006, -0.22478193044662476, 0.06758030503988266, -0.19344282150268555, -0.43393272161483765, -0.08030715584754944, -0.5894008278846741, 0.5414474606513977, 0.029351769015192986, 0.46705400943756104, -0.4252794086933136, 0.1587136834859848, -0.11483871191740036, 0.25330525636672974, 0.5168773531913757, 0.3252597153186798, -0.18687847256660461, 0.9896089434623718, -0.48421192169189453, -0.9269434809684753, -0.31180986762046814, -0.003392014652490616, -0.01013241708278656, 0.33147719502449036, -0.5226223468780518, 0.18371616303920746, -0.045671503990888596, -1.37618088722229, -0.5171409845352173, 0.3494381010532379, 0.19235998392105103, -0.3101919889450073, -0.8545076847076416, -0.3998710811138153, 0.15190160274505615, 0.2214909940958023, -0.16754086315631866, -0.033339980989694595, -0.12717260420322418, -0.2081388682126999, -0.03398190066218376, -0.049356650561094284, -0.2745479941368103, -0.3861050605773926, 0.02380821853876114, -0.10735214501619339, -0.5568404197692871, -0.3570745289325714, 0.5517177581787109, -0.2009788304567337, -0.5684043765068054, 0.14591218531131744, 0.7539713382720947, -0.08628246188163757, 0.038754984736442566, 0.7130032181739807, 0.34695762395858765, 0.4709748923778534, -0.05914139002561569, -0.8238133788108826, 0.12153482437133789, -0.12716299295425415, 0.4351189434528351, -0.5064401626586914, -0.4089103043079376, -0.01240819226950407, 0.19336825609207153, 0.1449698805809021, -0.32397589087486267, 0.2822721600532532, -0.7351165413856506, 0.48394355177879333, -0.2860437035560608, -0.6318680047988892, 0.36759838461875916, -0.40745094418525696, -0.7988104820251465, -0.24635660648345947, -0.10042876750230789, -1.0388895273208618, -0.31204286217689514, -0.03379660099744797, -0.13966292142868042, -0.670603334903717, -0.0004982440732419491, 0.014737037010490894, -0.36772409081459045, -0.7045211791992188, -0.20709453523159027, -0.38203585147857666, 0.008525834418833256, 0.6621406078338623, -0.47700750827789307, 0.5593752861022949, 0.14247547090053558, -0.11680612713098526, -0.23749791085720062, 0.3419286906719208, -0.13432246446609497, -0.4279210567474365, 0.061932750046253204, -0.4846537411212921, 0.5649336576461792, -0.3652891516685486, -0.03239457681775093, 0.06499990820884705, 0.6258484721183777, 0.18302786350250244, -0.2864798605442047, 0.42491522431373596, 0.21829646825790405, 0.41778630018234253, -0.5465138554573059, -0.023651976138353348, 0.4645178020000458, 0.03528961166739464, 0.6000317931175232, -0.670417308807373, 0.06612914055585861, 0.40132948756217957, -0.40543580055236816, 0.6447870135307312, 0.4103878140449524, 0.23297983407974243, 0.3677816092967987, -0.20873835682868958, 0.1563849002122879, -0.6722428798675537, -0.27803730964660645, -0.4064570963382721, -0.1417519897222519, 0.1570855677127838, -0.3025241196155548, 0.17916764318943024, 0.09955289214849472, -0.32956477999687195, -0.9942395687103271, 0.3695833683013916, 0.19976238906383514, 0.13172712922096252, -0.2500830590724945, -0.513850748538971, -0.21829470992088318, 0.35892537236213684, -0.031920190900564194, -0.6927165389060974, 0.5932497382164001, 0.15934957563877106, -0.298002690076828, 0.13079304993152618, -0.2650732100009918, 0.22915248572826385, 0.2494526207447052, -0.1924455314874649, -0.29520881175994873, -0.5812978744506836, -0.23414871096611023, -0.05529841408133507, 0.4889582395553589, 0.12791328132152557, -0.0819893404841423, -0.18050207197666168, -0.0672294870018959, 0.5061253309249878, -0.14197471737861633, -0.42630845308303833, 0.4859764575958252, 0.5701330900192261, 0.15410473942756653, 0.019099975004792213, 0.1709081530570984, 0.339543879032135, -0.45466166734695435, -0.35478541254997253, 0.6755988597869873, -0.09434839338064194, -0.10906345397233963, -0.035622745752334595, 0.5995649695396423, -0.683759331703186, -0.09407898038625717, 0.5523276329040527, -0.6281172633171082, 0.07158702611923218, 0.39243820309638977, 0.64506995677948, -0.5004377365112305, 0.5014408230781555, -0.4027474820613861, -0.36031752824783325, 0.605440080165863, -0.055635496973991394, -0.185566246509552, 0.600911557674408, -0.3173726201057434, 0.8954543471336365, 0.07117792218923569, 0.07514727860689163, 0.4528307020664215, -0.4403613805770874, -0.6587193012237549, 0.08104344457387924, -0.46345749497413635, 0.6131376624107361, 0.05728549137711525, 0.502387523651123, -0.24181614816188812, -0.17133726179599762, -0.5115073323249817, -0.2061556875705719, 0.06415470689535141, 0.3475971817970276, -0.48932209610939026, -0.6824883818626404, 0.16310879588127136, 0.4579866826534271, 0.16048310697078705, 0.27185922861099243, -0.3596809506416321, 0.5134435892105103, 0.04367995262145996, 0.06895525008440018, -0.08282642066478729, 0.3911438584327698, 0.281633585691452, -0.1861858367919922, -0.022839898243546486, 0.2377840131521225, 0.14787277579307556, -0.18218915164470673, 1.2082775831222534, 0.4052804112434387, -0.16823670268058777, -0.14859358966350555, 0.21876904368400574, -0.45312389731407166, -0.09753386676311493, 0.020278597250580788, -0.0467039979994297, -0.06084464490413666, -0.24338677525520325, 0.11517063528299332, 0.050180986523628235, 0.09633519500494003, 0.04410311207175255, 0.11861008405685425, 0.008737817406654358, -0.6924207806587219, -0.806698739528656, -0.03460502624511719, -0.31023427844047546, -0.19166871905326843, -0.12611433863639832, -0.2229187935590744, -0.09767340123653412, -0.19510917365550995, -0.7093810439109802, 0.029697006568312645, 0.04744425788521767, -0.31008005142211914, -0.3109014332294464, -0.10331893712282181, 1.062349557876587, 0.6073851585388184, 0.13810469210147858, 0.34757933020591736, 0.08877222239971161, 0.12126234918832779, -0.5311031937599182, -0.3042079210281372, 0.2784653306007385, -0.49382415413856506, 0.3604118525981903, -0.29867038130760193, -0.037491146475076675, 0.367876261472702, -0.1478288322687149, 0.0799158364534378, 0.3338411748409271, -0.2954348921775818, -0.135574609041214, 0.7128703594207764, -0.38156381249427795, 0.1811000406742096, -0.2168247550725937, -0.46245455741882324, -0.18916887044906616, -0.21874406933784485, 0.5965215563774109, -0.3177921175956726, -0.06802362203598022, 0.7085469961166382, -0.5203844308853149, -0.4414285123348236, 0.5713740587234497, -0.07009254395961761, -0.2727281451225281, -0.06909111142158508, 0.41361188888549805, -0.01730908639729023, -0.25525572896003723, 0.49857863783836365, 0.8217002749443054, -0.11271148920059204, -0.24592067301273346, 0.3968660831451416, 0.5998442769050598, 0.5489299297332764, 0.21628399193286896, -0.41834017634391785, -0.038608718663454056, -0.5487411022186279, -0.14097537100315094, 0.19978365302085876, 0.4593794047832489, -0.0036587833892554045, -0.31100723147392273, 0.42365583777427673, -0.5906314849853516, -0.20857509970664978, -0.015102827921509743, 0.03578919172286987, -0.5010802745819092, 0.2667466402053833, 0.8068433403968811 ]
202140	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20400%20Blows	The 400 Blows	The 400 Blows () is a 1959 French New Wave coming of age drama film, and the directorial debut of François Truffaut. The film, shot in DyaliScope, stars Jean-Pierre Léaud, Albert Rémy, and Claire Maurier. One of the defining films of the French New Wave, it displays many of the characteristic traits of the movement. Written by Truffaut and Marcel Moussy, the film is about Antoine Doinel, a misunderstood adolescent in Paris who struggles with his parents and teachers due to his rebellious behavior. Filmed on location in Paris and Honfleur, it is the first in a series of five films in which Léaud plays the semi-autobiographical character. The 400 Blows received numerous awards and nominations, including the Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Director, the OCIC Award, and a Palme d'Or nomination in 1959, and was also nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay in 1960. The film had 4.1 million admissions in France, making it Truffaut's most successful film in his home country. The 400 Blows is widely considered one of the best French films in the history of cinema; in the 2012 Sight & Sound critics' poll of the greatest films ever made, it was ranked 39th. It ranked 13th in the directors' poll on the same list. Plot Antoine Doinel is a young boy growing up in Paris. Misunderstood by his parents for playing truant from school and stealing, and tormented in school for discipline problems by his teacher (such as writing on the classroom wall, and later falsely explaining his absence as having been due to his mother's death), Antoine frequently runs away from both places. He finally quits school after his teacher accuses him of plagiarizing Balzac. (Antoine loves Balzac and in a school essay he describes "the death of my grandfather", in a close paraphrase of Balzac from memory.) He steals a Royal typewriter from his stepfather's workplace to finance his plans to leave home, but, having been unable to sell it, is apprehended while trying to return it. The stepfather turns Antoine over to the police and Antoine spends the night in jail, sharing a cell with prostitutes and thieves. During an interview with the judge, Antoine's mother confesses that her husband is not Antoine's biological father. Antoine is placed in an observation center for troubled youths near the seashore (as his mother wished). A psychologist at the center probes reasons for Antoine's unhappiness, which the youth reveals in a fragmented series of monologues. While playing football with the other boys one day, Antoine escapes under a fence and runs away to the ocean, which he has always wanted to see. He reaches the shoreline of the sea and runs into it. The film concludes with a freeze-frame of Antoine, and the camera optically zooms in on his face, looking into the camera. Cast Jean-Pierre Léaud as Antoine Doinel Albert Rémy as Julien Doinel, Antoine's stepfather Claire Maurier as Gilberte Doinel, Antoine's mother Guy Decomble as Sourpuss, School teacher Patrick Auffay as René Bigey, Antoine's best friend Georges Flamant as Monsieur Bigey, René's father Pierre Repp as an English teacher Daniel Couturier as Betrand Mauricet Luc Andrieux as Le professeur de gym Robert Beauvais as director of the school as Mme Bigey as L'inspecteur Cabanel as the examining magistrate Jacques Monod as commissioner Henri Virlojeux as the night watchman Jeanne Moreau as a woman looking for her dog Jean-Claude Brialy as a man trying to pick up a woman Truffaut also included a number of friends (fellow directors) in bit or background parts, including: himself and Philippe De Broca in the funfair scene; Jacques Demy as a policeman; Jean-Luc Godard and Jean-Paul Belmondo as overheard voices (Belmondo's in the print works scene). Production Title The English title is a literal translation of the French that fails to capture its meaning, as the French title refers to the idiom "faire les quatre cents coups", meaning "to raise hell". On the first prints in the United States, subtitler and dubber Noelle Gillmor translated the title as Wild Oats, but the distributor Zenith did not like that and reverted it to The 400 Blows. Themes The semi-autobiographical film reflects events of Truffaut's life. In style, it references other French works—most notably a scene borrowed wholesale from Jean Vigo's Zéro de conduite. Truffaut dedicated the film to the man who became his spiritual father, André Bazin, who died just as the film was about to be shot. Besides being a character study, the film is an exposé of the injustices of the treatment of juvenile offenders in France at the time. According to Annette Insdorf writing for the Criterion Collection, the film is "rooted in Truffaut’s childhood." This includes how both Antoine and Truffaut "found a substitute home in the movie theater" and both did not know their biological fathers. Filming locations Most of The 400 Blows was filmed in Paris: Avenue Frochot, Paris 9th Eiffel Tower, Champ de Mars, Paris 7th Montmartre, Paris 18th Palais de Chaillot, Trocadéro, Paris 16th Pigalle, Paris 9th Rue Fontaine Sacré Cœur, Paris 18th The exception was the closing reform school part, filmed in Honfleur, a small coastal town in the northern French province of Normandy. Reception The film opened the 1959 Cannes Film Festival and was widely acclaimed, winning numerous awards, including the Best Director Award at Cannes, the Critics Award of the 1959 New York Film Critics' Circle and the Best European Film Award at 1960's Bodil Awards. It was nominated for Best Original Screenplay at the 32nd Academy Awards. The film holds a 98% "Certified Fresh" rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 65 reviews, with a weighted average of 9.3/10. The website's critical consensus states, "A seminal French New Wave film that offers an honest, sympathetic, and wholly heartbreaking observation of adolescence without trite nostalgia." The film is among the top 10 of the British Film Institute's list of 50 films that should be seen by age 15. Awards and nominations Legacy Truffaut made four other films with Léaud depicting Antoine at later stages of his life: Antoine and Colette (which was Truffaut's contribution to the 1962 anthology Love at Twenty), Stolen Kisses, Bed and Board, and Love on the Run. Filmmakers Akira Kurosawa, Luis Buñuel, Satyajit Ray, Jean Cocteau, Carl Theodor Dreyer, Richard Linklater, Tsai Ming Liang, Woody Allen, Richard Lester, P C Sreeram, Norman Jewison, Wes Anderson and Nicolas Cage have cited The 400 Blows as one of their favorite movies. Kurosawa called it "one of the most beautiful films that I have ever seen". Martin Scorsese included it on a list of "39 Essential Foreign Films for a Young Filmmaker." The film was ranked #29 in Empire magazine's list of "The 100 Best Films of World Cinema" in 2010. In 2018, the film was voted the eighth greatest foreign-language film of all time in BBC's poll of 209 critics in 43 countries. The festival poster for the 71st Venice International Film Festival paid tribute to the film as it featured the character of Antoine Doinel portrayed by Jean-Pierre Léaud. References Further reading External links The 400 Blows on NewWaveFilm.com The 400 Blows: Close to Home an essay by Annette Insdorf at the Criterion Collection ''The 400 Blows: Review by Roger Ebert 1950s coming-of-age drama films 1959 directorial debut films 1959 drama films 1959 films Antoine Doinel Cultural depictions of Honoré de Balzac Films about runaways Films directed by François Truffaut Films set in Paris Films set in schools Films shot in Paris Films with screenplays by François Truffaut French black-and-white films French coming-of-age drama films French films 1950s French-language films	[ -0.19334112107753754, 0.6549187302589417, -0.1485607624053955, 0.3789714276790619, -0.1146274283528328, 0.4542311728000641, 0.07060325145721436, -0.29939278960227966, 0.1783733367919922, 0.058042168617248535, -0.20300868153572083, 0.8380427360534668, 0.25332099199295044, 0.4192665219306946, 0.2829982340335846, -0.03744586184620857, 0.043927088379859924, -0.17905497550964355, -0.27223098278045654, -0.8360254168510437, -0.08631792664527893, -0.18131594359874725, 0.705576479434967, 0.28979605436325073, -0.1478346735239029, 0.4464057683944702, -0.1921776682138443, -0.11362944543361664, 0.101460762321949, 0.2257782369852066, 0.20449815690517426, 0.5349997282028198, -0.042909007519483566, -0.6025400757789612, 0.1322319060564041, 0.0069516804069280624, -0.49016040563583374, 0.01946902461349964, -0.28727996349334717, -0.6542268991470337, 0.5753755569458008, -0.0048967404291033745, 0.3117770850658417, -0.27411994338035583, -0.38362619280815125, -0.19087077677249908, -1.0504744052886963, -0.10043370723724365, -0.8501200079917908, -0.6322793960571289, 0.2640255093574524, 0.5279463529586792, 0.2595345973968506, 0.18167035281658173, 0.028700480237603188, 0.9041243195533752, -0.7562073469161987, -0.35516148805618286, 0.1177610456943512, -0.27952146530151367, 0.2595983147621155, 0.14957866072654724, 0.27286311984062195, 0.060250699520111084, 0.3491922616958618, 0.0223084706813097, 0.05928855761885643, 0.19075614213943481, 0.17411096394062042, -0.26041749119758606, 0.1903878152370453, 0.07197705656290054, 0.40860214829444885, 0.07705240696668625, -0.08052657544612885, -0.6360016465187073, 0.6489966511726379, 0.07491394132375717, 0.1055256798863411, 0.30908599495887756, -0.4351872205734253, -0.09936252981424332, 0.5306341052055359, 0.355770081281662, 0.03813480585813522, 0.06450242549180984, 0.6718951463699341, 0.5645057559013367, -0.3102439343929291, -0.36403441429138184, -0.25891798734664917, -0.8157861232757568, -0.12439113110303879, 0.2286129593849182, -0.19809702038764954, -0.3345935642719269, 0.15930332243442535, -0.09050186723470688, -0.09938932955265045, 0.3385458290576935, 0.47310927510261536, 0.22189189493656158, 0.007708777207881212, 0.07784421741962433, -0.5881722569465637, -0.1396346241235733, -0.049712058156728745, -0.7202415466308594, 0.8732602000236511, 0.21180176734924316, 0.09003155678510666, 0.11013335734605789, -0.44426441192626953, -0.21808132529258728, -0.5738714337348938, -0.4698713719844818, 0.3811705410480499, -0.20635414123535156, -0.4407694339752197, -0.060567956417798996, 0.081041119992733, 0.11450693756341934, 0.08036172389984131, 0.3662950098514557, -0.48925694823265076, 0.0709390789270401, 0.523949384689331, 0.5707061290740967, -0.5963360071182251, -0.09527469426393509, 0.3142372965812683, 0.3138352930545807, -0.37493690848350525, -0.366769939661026, -0.2523869574069977, -0.10410211980342865, 0.18920907378196716, 0.2953430414199829, -0.3476623594760895, 0.18326209485530853, -0.5284164547920227, -0.13291898369789124, -0.43046650290489197, 0.06885533779859543, -0.09257929772138596, -0.44896945357322693, -0.19955603778362274, -0.12684902548789978, 0.39115816354751587, -0.21850578486919403, 0.19638174772262573, 0.14135079085826874, 0.06438853591680527, -0.7350611090660095, -0.14781701564788818, -0.05342775210738182, 0.45441070199012756, 0.04241837561130524, 0.030651742592453957, -0.0901394709944725, 0.06519703567028046, -0.10897422581911087, 0.1351303905248642, -0.038058262318372726, -0.5301623940467834, -0.3166338801383972, 0.8241825103759766, 0.04583199694752693, 0.047387149184942245, 0.2536810338497162, -0.34516391158103943, 0.3601888120174408, -0.010459850542247295, -0.4110204875469208, -0.2565830945968628, 0.0696507915854454, 1.0481518507003784, 0.9240666627883911, 0.2274613082408905, -0.1385166049003601, -0.4038085639476776, 0.1406393051147461, -0.19739875197410583, -0.3100237250328064, 0.2924090623855591, 0.28890058398246765, -0.12823888659477234, -0.12779362499713898, -0.09696144610643387, 0.08346066623926163, -0.49540793895721436, -0.8885664939880371, 0.9135633111000061, -0.5037099719047546, 1.0934457778930664, 0.1500243991613388, 0.25992897152900696, 0.05519896745681763, -0.23618480563163757, 0.16402672231197357, -0.5139338970184326, -0.14885233342647552, 1.1944981813430786, 0.29009881615638733, -0.5747305154800415, 0.020802780985832214, -0.3274247348308563, 0.3496427834033966, 0.2279426008462906, 0.3894696831703186, -0.14682209491729736, 0.051686838269233704, 0.22120703756809235, 0.1661498248577118, -0.08521072566509247, -0.35206466913223267, -0.6222227811813354, 0.27350321412086487, 0.3786912262439728, -0.03700443357229233, 0.1207074373960495, 0.13176056742668152, -0.24240179359912872, 0.30570799112319946, -0.0864388570189476, 0.9243621230125427, 0.1959010511636734, -0.6948778629302979, -0.11752510815858841, -0.7760692834854126, -0.44732218980789185, 0.6259591579437256, -0.4682409465312958, 0.11322817206382751, 0.05088704451918602, -0.3802252411842346, 0.2095077633857727, -0.4821052551269531, 0.5278679728507996, -0.13332626223564148, 0.3538704514503479, -0.18930844962596893, -0.4800015687942505, 0.31161752343177795, 0.5482180714607239, 0.4347222149372101, 0.1408076286315918, -0.15497732162475586, 0.39508259296417236, 0.06386838853359222, -0.009668256156146526, 0.9059138894081116, 0.09500095248222351, -0.25694864988327026, 0.2772332727909088, 0.00881910789757967, 0.1639825850725174, -0.18461614847183228, 0.7024227976799011, -0.4391438364982605, -0.32680296897888184, -0.2559531331062317, 0.43883955478668213, -0.03894403204321861, 0.3022102117538452, -0.514758288860321, -0.46256741881370544, -0.3039061427116394, 0.2194507122039795, -0.3767319321632385, -0.036235012114048004, -0.016050944104790688, 0.06682096421718597, 0.31549227237701416, 0.006388378795236349, -0.1455247849225998, 0.1823687106370926, 0.34582844376564026, -0.8963156938552856, -0.5682600140571594, 0.4189985990524292, 0.4345906674861908, -0.4559814929962158, -0.4101965129375458, 0.6711755394935608, 0.19171321392059326, 0.014395722188055515, -0.48892176151275635, 0.055904071778059006, -0.7488166093826294, -0.4241664707660675, -0.015471724793314934, -0.39291706681251526, -0.42203816771507263, 0.13491374254226685, 0.024359095841646194, -0.749004065990448, -0.055185407400131226, 0.18967607617378235, -0.058576297014951706, -0.08157690614461899, 0.645157516002655, -0.6020039319992065, 0.1872047632932663, -0.1860785186290741, -0.4356921911239624, -0.10921163856983185, 0.1252894401550293, -5.741312026977539, 0.2505077123641968, 0.011806422844529152, 0.6387935876846313, 0.2639959156513214, 0.10665380954742432, 0.7477232217788696, 0.1702895313501358, -0.06822527199983597, -0.42715999484062195, -0.6139424443244934, -0.32892701029777527, -0.1522737443447113, 0.5205243825912476, 0.22910477221012115, 0.4445691704750061, -0.282635897397995, -0.7810163497924805, 0.48659995198249817, 0.24384403228759766, 0.5042086839675903, -0.1091671884059906, -0.20104946196079254, 0.29507431387901306, 0.2274303287267685, 0.27985021471977234, -0.2649785876274109, 0.5753319263458252, -1.0090810060501099, 0.35202479362487793, -0.09644100069999695, -0.3725530207157135, 0.020761758089065552, 0.05105143040418625, -0.44910502433776855, -0.12376266717910767, 0.5734047293663025, -0.2916240990161896, 0.3794684112071991, -0.43845731019973755, -0.5327473282814026, 0.09286659210920334, -0.1913171261548996, -0.16713325679302216, 0.9850478172302246, -0.392663836479187, -0.5087606906890869, -0.6332632303237915, 0.48984047770500183, 0.4477081298828125, 0.5341497659683228, -0.1260886788368225, -0.1133546233177185, 0.3001859188079834, 0.21560470759868622, -0.09632673114538193, 0.0799873024225235, -0.09529954940080643, -0.1391446888446808, 0.5330718159675598, 0.12017204612493515, 0.0667014867067337, 0.23631078004837036, -0.033805329352617264, -0.03420611470937729, -0.39049777388572693, -0.30288487672805786, -0.29160067439079285, -0.3247217833995819, 0.07673099637031555, 0.4559752643108368, 0.5333312153816223, -0.013313138857483864, -1.1135436296463013, -0.26482364535331726, 0.25657418370246887, -0.3899875581264496, 0.09971458464860916, -0.0403219498693943, 0.23646491765975952, 0.0730040967464447, -0.7771279215812683, 0.017014529556035995, -0.20456722378730774, 0.08946781605482101, -0.06334388256072998, -0.06115051731467247, 0.4782862961292267, 0.15033289790153503, 0.046831440180540085, 0.47994092106819153, -0.18364518880844116, -0.3694981038570404, 0.2517789900302887, 0.3812128007411957, 0.17379726469516754, 0.07135898619890213, 0.14199399948120117, 0.35161033272743225, 0.7099862098693848, -0.3693486154079437, -0.17758218944072723, 0.2352263480424881, -0.6285470724105835, -0.20057646930217743, -0.6232443451881409, 0.42242515087127686, 0.8299842476844788, 0.5730544328689575, -0.013644260354340076, 0.18889838457107544, -0.16670992970466614, -0.43472176790237427, -0.3952369689941406, 0.13004106283187866, -0.6952807903289795, -0.3710431158542633, 0.22824257612228394, 0.6137233972549438, 0.03224974498152733, 0.25977012515068054, 0.8428970575332642, -0.8670541048049927, -0.35604533553123474, -0.6607961654663086, 0.12307916581630707, -0.22578462958335876, 0.48718327283859253, -0.2546707093715668, 0.4471576511859894, -1.034630298614502, 0.20298150181770325, 0.023031536489725113, -0.05718458443880081, 0.1598498523235321, -0.6853671669960022, -0.18839183449745178, -0.14992529153823853, -0.41812369227409363, -0.08319621533155441, -0.038364313542842865, 0.004423461854457855, -0.13004940748214722, 0.27069029211997986, 0.3933192789554596, -0.05274445563554764, -0.12275722622871399, -0.24835677444934845, -0.19453880190849304, 0.024965064600110054, 0.5668521523475647, 0.5024790167808533, 1.1439090967178345, -0.09717225283384323, -0.6023635268211365, 0.6136016845703125, -0.09060405939817429, 0.2952430248260498, -0.040376175194978714, -0.07471059262752533, 0.530257523059845, 0.2923663258552551, -1.2890900373458862, -0.15047402679920197, -0.052780162543058395, -0.6459603309631348, -0.4027671813964844, -0.6620791554450989, -0.3725701868534088, 0.42113232612609863, 0.7372504472732544, -0.07342098653316498, -0.2132740616798401, 0.37475648522377014, 0.12648214399814606, 0.3746684789657593, -0.24784517288208008, 0.1010388508439064, 0.29373306035995483, -0.2208397090435028, -0.031294435262680054, -0.2967667579650879, -0.6115513443946838, 0.26242244243621826, 0.2972400486469269, 0.12052742391824722, -0.8135237693786621, 0.007456196937710047, -0.835811197757721, 0.03018335998058319, 0.0037322307471185923, 0.2554767429828644, 0.32183513045310974, 0.15790072083473206, -0.748823881149292, -0.5639737248420715, 0.13546334207057953, 0.4829181134700775, -0.5643231272697449, 0.230679452419281, -0.08798866719007492, 0.646419882774353, -0.08860519528388977, -0.12449363619089127, 0.5055071711540222, -0.9635792970657349, 0.31924498081207275, -0.5002738237380981, -0.5108991265296936, 0.7068773508071899, -0.3330315351486206, -0.19096910953521729, 0.09727756679058075, -0.06250617653131485, -0.2751966714859009, 0.1831318736076355, 0.2514159381389618, 0.24607501924037933, -0.4205479919910431, -0.47228506207466125, -0.07744524627923965, 0.11207008361816406, -0.3954249620437622, -0.5405067801475525, -1.3045982122421265, -0.012111106887459755, 0.16221147775650024, -0.6341800689697266, -0.04119831323623657, -0.3748118281364441, -0.4727315604686737, -0.05980312451720238, 0.20500260591506958, 0.06539089977741241, 0.03787144646048546, 0.23996981978416443, 0.12694692611694336, 0.03579622879624367, -0.6493979692459106, 0.19655925035476685, 0.30289506912231445, 0.4219930171966553, 0.7694053053855896, 0.24325767159461975, 0.4099879264831543, 0.6442470550537109, -0.010986137203872204, -0.6383938193321228, -0.42658379673957825, -0.24200713634490967, -0.19887946546077728, 0.45402443408966064, -0.7457518577575684, -0.2628971040248871, 0.7018360495567322, -0.6694138050079346, -0.031230954453349113, -0.13799744844436646, 0.1274164766073227, 0.2700650095939636, 0.11794694513082504, 0.03286837041378021, -0.8824030756950378, -0.06697870790958405, 0.1218465119600296, 0.4861995577812195, 0.14380770921707153, 0.1270398646593094, -0.25920942425727844, -0.2913860082626343, 0.07475998252630234, 0.21954390406608582, -0.2902849018573761, 0.4866359531879425, -0.027460861951112747, 0.1548176109790802, -0.6194406151771545, -0.2776605486869812, -0.017961567267775536, -0.7639049887657166, -0.4347895681858063, 0.5124805569648743, -0.08167515695095062, -0.29574230313301086, -0.4165034890174866, 0.14097794890403748, -0.08742178231477737, -0.10761183500289917, -0.16131234169006348, 0.20803400874137878, -0.15880908071994781, -0.18040437996387482, -0.16018173098564148, 0.24696920812129974, 0.39928749203681946, -0.16307957470417023, -0.15323719382286072, 0.4485558271408081, -0.144697368144989, 0.09179361909627914, -0.3870348632335663, 0.42893680930137634, 0.0387280099093914, -0.8000777959823608, 0.14413157105445862, 0.01984243467450142, 0.4334700107574463, 0.3597024083137512, -0.5583098530769348, 0.31805071234703064, 0.3528238534927368, -0.33225512504577637, -0.21282820403575897, 0.41054317355155945, -0.09987743198871613, 0.04826526716351509, 0.9422624111175537, -0.17336693406105042, 0.20617826282978058, 0.17762131989002228, 0.30086052417755127, 0.42658862471580505, 0.7737294435501099, -0.3609847128391266, -0.550368070602417, 0.613223671913147, -0.712630033493042, 0.4136143922805786, 0.15262213349342346, -0.41362661123275757, 0.35390833020210266, 0.18116433918476105, -0.5476101636886597, 0.2521783709526062, -0.01996777392923832, -0.06060786172747612, -0.21369333565235138, -0.36947083473205566, 0.5059937834739685, 0.49148914217948914, 0.4633174240589142, 0.42898285388946533, 0.049822233617305756, -0.05345022678375244, -0.15054751932621002, 0.4575633406639099, 0.06048590689897537, 0.16742943227291107, 0.18315447866916656, -0.008488460443913937, 0.08052276819944382, 0.2452745884656906, -0.12368391454219818, -1.2051550149917603, 0.878595769405365, 0.25238779187202454, 0.11852515488862991, 0.46361932158470154, 0.5353630185127258, 0.5138338208198547, -0.22950944304466248, 0.15973018109798431, 0.33659377694129944, 0.3055802583694458, -0.4204685091972351, 0.5121734738349915, -0.2755587100982666, -0.3204402029514313, -0.2622790038585663, -0.002482793992385268, 0.181794673204422, 0.2619369626045227, 0.03831719979643822, -0.11845192313194275, 0.34847113490104675, 0.5061377882957458, -0.4816308617591858, 0.05002126842737198, -0.3486115634441376, -0.003401985624805093, -0.1521647870540619, -0.04047566279768944, -0.2767784297466278, 0.3576810956001282, 0.4961377680301666, 0.2041068971157074, 0.48891201615333557, -0.5377329587936401, 0.24969173967838287, -0.921978771686554, 0.3564990162849426, -1.1767832040786743, -0.21286946535110474, 0.5099257230758667, -0.8955816626548767, -0.40376439690589905, -0.15191219747066498, 0.451827734708786, -0.33073195815086365, 0.5688307285308838, 0.24505971372127533, -0.1006808876991272, 0.05058768391609192, 0.6673100590705872, -0.07893788069486618, 0.23173898458480835, -0.23743152618408203, 0.14378631114959717, -0.9456716775894165, 0.15754157304763794, 0.3216986656188965, 0.0700787603855133, -0.021803755313158035, 0.30112019181251526, -0.12005077302455902, -0.7695216536521912, 0.013223041780292988, 0.40019816160202026, 0.5200859904289246, -0.06612496823072433, -0.5809137225151062, -0.39256444573402405, -0.26841744780540466, -0.007584512233734131, -0.036321621388196945, 0.16597042977809906, 0.6144258975982666, -0.521501898765564, 0.27970439195632935, 0.24670714139938354, -0.2967692017555237, 0.3195207417011261, -0.32178929448127747, 0.7360641956329346, -0.0018426993628963828, 0.027385948225855827, 0.9888353943824768, 0.16086755692958832, 0.250202476978302, 0.025431575253605843, 0.8126041293144226, -0.32535040378570557, 0.3702385723590851, 0.02817421779036522, -0.1947326958179474, -0.6990396976470947, -0.4231214225292206, -0.5102919340133667, -0.2094668596982956, 0.9335963726043701, 0.11934299767017365, 0.031458284705877304, 0.33533960580825806, -0.6203347444534302, -0.5444027781486511, 0.40722838044166565, -0.23799310624599457, -0.10844415426254272, 0.11958435922861099, -0.13317392766475677 ]
202145	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony%20Baltazar	Tony Baltazar	Anthony Baltazar (born February 5, 1961) is an American former boxer that competed in the Lightweight division. After an amateur career during which he won various titles, he turned professional in the late 1970s, and boxed the likes of Robin Blake, former world champion Roger Mayweather (whom he beat by ten round unanimous decision), Hector Macho Camacho and Carlos Bolillo Gonzalez, the last two of which Baltazar fought for world titles. Baltazar was a contender at the Lightweight and Jr. Welterweight divisions. Early life Baltazar was born in Los Angeles, California and is the brother of former boxers Robert Baltazar and Frankie Baltazar. Professional career Baltazar grew up in La Puente, Calif, Baltazar now resides in Phoenix. He was one time the holder of a WBO regional title, the North American Boxing Organization Jr. Welterweight championship. His brother, Frankie Baltazar, was also a top rated contender during most of the 1980s. In 1995, Baltazar and his wife had a son who developed a strange blood disease. Two years later, the disease was diagnosed and Baltazar and his family started travelling constantly to Rochester, Minnesota for treatment. In between, Baltazar organized a foundation that helps grow funds for kids with that disease. After constant improvement and fall backs, Baltazar's son died in 2001, at the age of 6. In memory of his son, Baltazar has kept the foundation on working, and he and his helpers organize charity boxing undercards, rodeos and auctions every year. Retirement Baltazar's activities have been attended by several celebrities, such as world champion boxers George Foreman, Evander Holyfield and Carlos Palomino, as well as a varied list of Hollywood actors. In 2001, the auction charity was attended by Alice Cooper, former world boxing champion Michael Carbajal, daredevil Spanky Spangler and others. The Baltazar brothers Frankie, Tony and Bobby were trained and managed by their father, Frank Baltazar sr. Tony now works at Jacksons car wash in Arizona as a glass sales representative. See also Notable boxing families References External links 1961 births Living people American boxers of Mexican descent Boxers from Los Angeles American male boxers People from La Puente, California Lightweight boxers	[ -0.5823464393615723, -0.03392576053738594, -0.3649548590183258, -0.2830459177494049, 0.2553827166557312, 0.5567551851272583, -0.1634390652179718, 0.41347628831863403, -0.2412581592798233, 0.10856284201145172, 0.3564111292362213, 0.6418544054031372, -0.6653319597244263, -0.48903152346611023, -0.05928095430135727, 0.3836345970630646, 0.3173218071460724, -0.022219039499759674, -0.11976923793554306, 0.04567417874932289, -0.146428182721138, -0.22005102038383484, 0.27351999282836914, 0.48579227924346924, -0.15094582736492157, 0.5069041848182678, -0.37954121828079224, -0.007753362879157066, -0.5155254602432251, 0.16483116149902344, 0.27894702553749084, -0.009630785323679447, 0.12973976135253906, -0.5563848614692688, -0.6143186688423157, -0.04927196353673935, 0.39636048674583435, -0.2898966670036316, -0.11062731593847275, 0.10123641043901443, -0.06630891561508179, 0.5055055022239685, 0.21815167367458344, 0.344476580619812, -0.29908037185668945, 0.08740071207284927, -1.057471513748169, -0.23353703320026398, -0.8709024786949158, -0.9916738271713257, -0.24191336333751678, -0.28807082772254944, -0.16914308071136475, 0.41923442482948303, -0.16277407109737396, -0.05737662315368652, -0.4479343891143799, 0.08350216597318649, -0.6011121273040771, -0.7791692018508911, 0.16633345186710358, 0.3325643241405487, 0.6478698253631592, -0.6885523796081543, 0.5587074160575867, 0.006642937194555998, 0.29104533791542053, -0.044847480952739716, 0.1278364509344101, -0.16449394822120667, -0.19589318335056305, 0.06536850333213806, 0.023235974833369255, -0.40958720445632935, 0.4545876085758209, -0.6660269498825073, -0.4050976634025574, 0.2560819089412689, -0.8453425765037537, 0.46322837471961975, 0.0995202511548996, -0.36906179785728455, 0.767724871635437, 0.12534835934638977, -0.03376370668411255, -0.14450372755527496, -0.8458808064460754, 0.33654865622520447, -0.46718454360961914, -0.07642955332994461, -0.9260232448577881, 0.05577150732278824, 0.5672898292541504, 0.7939019799232483, -0.1734040230512619, -0.4125620424747467, -0.16267111897468567, 0.6862797141075134, -0.22081011533737183, -0.0675911009311676, 0.017699457705020905, -0.3647884130477905, 0.811395525932312, -0.5242068767547607, -0.26131561398506165, 0.27042901515960693, 0.21582479774951935, 0.4789915978908539, -0.28805217146873474, -0.2709382474422455, -0.7815186977386475, 0.34127649664878845, 0.33018240332603455, -0.439735472202301, 0.01092025637626648, 0.2676922380924225, 0.1965153068304062, -0.3902207016944885, -0.3676895797252655, -0.4428922235965729, -0.15221333503723145, 0.5340469479560852, -0.12584826350212097, 0.8421576023101807, -0.2852116525173187, 0.39127787947654724, 0.2965658903121948, 0.20666362345218658, -0.22651894390583038, 0.5271667242050171, 0.033390145748853683, 0.3949592411518097, -0.17237596213817596, 0.7466716170310974, -0.6544505953788757, 0.41260188817977905, 0.4873504638671875, 0.018625201657414436, -0.060044970363378525, -0.4939098358154297, -0.41026371717453003, -0.21473157405853271, -0.12230932712554932, -0.1465015411376953, -0.2831640839576721, -0.38583654165267944, 0.9384681582450867, 0.10015939921140671, 0.4530128538608551, -0.41088593006134033, 0.23934176564216614, 0.27488836646080017, -0.1662013977766037, -0.6988110542297363, -0.022637274116277695, 0.2658592462539673, 0.27666449546813965, -0.6869946122169495, 0.5668983459472656, -0.15062139928340912, -0.06474150717258453, -0.1169840395450592, -0.16010816395282745, 0.35508817434310913, 0.4662277400493622, -0.17536279559135437, 0.25334393978118896, -0.626858651638031, 0.4285251796245575, 0.18301859498023987, -0.08663628995418549, 0.5245852470397949, 0.03332812339067459, -0.2227758914232254, -0.7831350564956665, -0.16538569331169128, 0.6921018958091736, 0.32821786403656006, -0.4559972882270813, -0.4727548062801361, -0.41207942366600037, -0.2514960765838623, -0.08793316036462784, 0.13306628167629242, 0.6871891617774963, 0.14823679625988007, 0.8117101192474365, -0.021995099261403084, 0.7669991254806519, -0.0056520081125199795, -0.1455143243074417, -0.34106287360191345, -0.4442175030708313, -0.49953019618988037, 0.1584969162940979, -0.2673089802265167, -0.8430406451225281, 0.4059416353702545, 0.18154023587703705, 0.5140000581741333, -0.5642349123954773, 0.06397325545549393, 0.37394729256629944, 0.1294461339712143, 0.12967057526111603, -0.013284575194120407, 0.4889507591724396, 0.8995834589004517, 0.6124152541160583, 1.3436750173568726, 0.24476829171180725, -0.021654818207025528, -0.6305442452430725, 0.6253209114074707, -0.7531116604804993, -0.6163252592086792, -0.13976594805717468, -0.11816787719726562, 0.9779984951019287, -0.5493109226226807, 0.9416223168373108, 0.3962286710739136, -0.2031356394290924, 0.4614189565181732, -0.3008460998535156, 1.2860233783721924, -0.49898412823677063, -0.13979564607143402, 0.404859721660614, -0.3021601736545563, 0.5588247179985046, 0.3163944482803345, 0.06376096606254578, -0.4676394462585449, 0.033586692065000534, 0.16392286121845245, 0.37291401624679565, -0.8404820561408997, -0.43594181537628174, -0.6556205153465271, 0.21336892247200012, -0.0012942448956891894, -0.18508251011371613, 0.05926743894815445, -0.06776834279298782, 0.04057062789797783, 0.06914831697940826, 0.6731329560279846, -0.3059324324131012, 0.2272871732711792, 0.13012295961380005, 0.14831067621707916, 0.20660658180713654, 0.04468952864408493, -0.33345696330070496, 0.4726577401161194, -0.7883365750312805, -0.1793336719274521, 0.4989563524723053, -0.48106563091278076, 0.09794268012046814, 0.06868467479944229, 0.22941584885120392, 0.26490166783332825, -0.029267065227031708, -0.6578042507171631, 0.010994105599820614, -0.1654178947210312, -0.04002617299556732, -0.09867952018976212, 0.8595919013023376, -0.024011382833123207, -0.19610339403152466, -0.1005416288971901, 0.10175082087516785, 0.08053922653198242, -0.09363342076539993, 0.08614394813776016, -0.5496147871017456, -0.7547142505645752, 0.3689562976360321, 0.5467857122421265, 0.109258733689785, -0.029293499886989594, -0.37920087575912476, -0.30231887102127075, -0.07156693190336227, -0.5018762946128845, 0.018244102597236633, 0.10093244165182114, -0.4388413727283478, 0.24478626251220703, -0.776993453502655, 0.36389702558517456, -0.3730233609676361, 0.1240471750497818, 0.07033200562000275, -0.29628869891166687, 0.6664202213287354, -0.7041031122207642, -0.08403686434030533, -0.024232322350144386, 0.12977753579616547, 0.2566101551055908, 0.46009355783462524, -0.23889996111392975, -0.15492050349712372, -0.3927343487739563, -5.3135504722595215, 0.2979678809642792, 0.07428950071334839, -0.3891255259513855, 0.6282234787940979, -0.28393468260765076, 0.1956629902124405, -0.06174526363611221, 0.21666482090950012, -0.2987651228904724, -0.3190712332725525, -0.19784331321716309, 0.3209042549133301, 0.5746732950210571, 0.6256629228591919, 0.7027305364608765, 0.4318036735057831, -0.6139475107192993, 0.4795818030834198, 0.7225388288497925, 0.12374073266983032, -0.46292349696159363, -0.37479087710380554, 0.4086155593395233, 0.013609157875180244, 0.8210413455963135, -0.5160973072052002, 0.48939797282218933, -0.38250717520713806, -0.45606082677841187, -0.46960169076919556, 0.5600216388702393, -0.6375817656517029, -0.010533294640481472, 0.41454049944877625, -0.10490792244672775, 0.43741917610168457, 0.036782559007406235, -0.10834626108407974, -0.27099162340164185, 0.0035041586961597204, -0.003778420388698578, -0.2965298295021057, -0.43389222025871277, 0.406462162733078, -0.05956385284662247, -0.6069837212562561, -0.36004212498664856, -0.1694517731666565, 0.630290687084198, 0.6732906103134155, -0.23362353444099426, 0.17266057431697845, 0.5993788242340088, 0.5793852806091309, 0.3767007291316986, 0.192219078540802, -0.33528006076812744, -0.6752238869667053, 1.1271764039993286, -0.157554030418396, -0.6363669037818909, 0.20489270985126495, -0.5980889201164246, 0.17787423729896545, 0.24792879819869995, 0.8602414727210999, -0.21336837112903595, 0.6236355900764465, -0.10363134741783142, -0.6069883108139038, 0.3443378508090973, -0.16549646854400635, -1.1692715883255005, 0.4971323013305664, 0.12075057625770569, -0.15302838385105133, 0.25851476192474365, -0.6283581256866455, -0.5778259038925171, 0.13393931090831757, -0.47117045521736145, -0.24770160019397736, -0.5389794707298279, -0.022335730493068695, 0.26939207315444946, 0.11978896707296371, 0.6165611743927002, -0.27979904413223267, 0.5617492198944092, 0.5944487452507019, -0.12379598617553711, -0.1733194887638092, -0.29001179337501526, 0.4000392258167267, 0.24124401807785034, -0.18194927275180817, 0.14814722537994385, 0.7063923478126526, 0.47062575817108154, 0.05768220126628876, -0.637727677822113, 0.3292640745639801, -0.853622555732727, 0.5083582997322083, -0.18532557785511017, 0.1709265112876892, 0.26345741748809814, 0.22201760113239288, 0.0007249133777804673, 0.7367738485336304, 0.35333243012428284, -0.7348071932792664, 0.16172794997692108, 0.5229293704032898, 0.11240144073963165, -0.5205584168434143, -0.14794889092445374, 0.2897321581840515, 0.3040512502193451, 0.2958281338214874, -0.012541313655674458, -0.13157548010349274, -0.2916465401649475, -0.014890063554048538, -0.5809873938560486, 0.1665458232164383, 0.04310368001461029, -0.22261258959770203, 0.11582699418067932, -0.21645371615886688, 0.7601138949394226, 0.32452821731567383, -0.04168570414185524, 0.015729758888483047, 0.4713174104690552, 0.1629941314458847, -0.612526535987854, 0.5771673917770386, -0.2075394243001938, -0.665398895740509, -0.12407764792442322, 0.02790899947285652, -0.04648556932806969, 0.36785516142845154, -0.14080090820789337, -0.16635611653327942, -0.48608332872390747, -0.23761031031608582, 0.9426642656326294, 0.6027088761329651, -0.14979515969753265, 0.06343800574541092, -0.37736475467681885, -0.7252676486968994, 0.21441438794136047, -0.24767367541790009, -0.049784526228904724, -0.316231369972229, -0.47583481669425964, 0.585102379322052, -0.08178168535232544, -1.4491522312164307, 0.5051748752593994, 0.1613578498363495, -0.2739153802394867, -0.42880985140800476, -0.6717394590377808, -0.5403578877449036, 0.7495245933532715, 0.3723140358924866, -1.1452094316482544, -0.17567527294158936, -0.20754200220108032, -0.03213253617286682, -0.5946283340454102, -0.3807615637779236, -0.5486406683921814, -0.1775646209716797, 0.06278251111507416, 0.47951966524124146, 0.2182065099477768, -0.7288779020309448, -0.11344512552022934, 0.08054189383983612, -0.06414826959371567, -0.9691184759140015, -0.47231489419937134, -0.19925077259540558, -0.1383744776248932, -0.037008967250585556, -0.2207089513540268, 0.4711526334285736, 0.13035798072814941, -0.3052695691585541, 0.03916998207569122, -0.24773648381233215, 0.019411060959100723, -0.02518940158188343, -0.2740357518196106, -0.07944317162036896, -0.002427768660709262, -0.46337467432022095, 0.35312163829803467, -0.047373801469802856, -0.6172060370445251, 0.11865918338298798, 0.4432428777217865, -0.18124116957187653, 0.6054787039756775, -0.018150970339775085, 0.07390686124563217, -0.0933597981929779, 0.5674744844436646, 0.2275947779417038, 0.5626518130302429, 0.11464031040668488, 0.5790156722068787, -0.8971869945526123, -0.635262668132782, 0.22598272562026978, -0.35578107833862305, -0.4008055329322815, 0.1648762822151184, -0.5277034044265747, 0.1185319647192955, 0.25642403960227966, -0.175750270485878, 0.6435260772705078, -0.06396802514791489, -0.2518804967403412, -0.07083296775817871, -0.1045016273856163, 0.00042115841642953455, 0.14012464880943298, 0.47248780727386475, 0.04576262831687927, 0.3235969543457031, -0.07549123466014862, 0.06214801222085953, 0.41564786434173584, 0.9629552364349365, 0.16554321348667145, 0.28403201699256897, 0.4952704906463623, 0.5052609443664551, 0.6658211350440979, -0.2753836214542389, 0.044733405113220215, -0.12203298509120941, 0.21737486124038696, -0.2976212799549103, -0.6729227900505066, 0.5718938112258911, 0.9254215359687805, -0.36082854866981506, -0.4936002790927887, -0.10573803633451462, 0.08090490847826004, 0.2700898349285126, 0.024768691509962082, 0.2611478567123413, -0.36931660771369934, -0.05737350508570671, -0.2187715470790863, -0.0599440298974514, -0.2433769702911377, -0.06452373415231705, 0.05408608168363571, -0.6235368847846985, -0.07991001009941101, -0.07775076478719711, 0.274435818195343, 0.8656295537948608, -0.2917769253253937, 0.47044867277145386, 0.14632178843021393, -0.4649549722671509, 0.05014755576848984, -0.13324999809265137, -1.0652128458023071, 0.05352317914366722, -0.225566104054451, -0.7143343687057495, -0.7743259072303772, -0.425355464220047, -0.15402641892433167, 0.14428140223026276, -0.31360211968421936, 0.21685339510440826, -0.5344471335411072, 0.4639015793800354, 0.026296542957425117, -0.5667058825492859, -0.4657849669456482, -0.21118344366550446, -0.4868595600128174, 0.8775308132171631, -0.5764662027359009, -0.2412629872560501, 0.10220382362604141, 0.5795353055000305, 0.19465546309947968, 0.26714181900024414, -0.16926027834415436, -0.2833494246006012, 0.35709500312805176, -0.429734468460083, -0.6633992195129395, 0.34992581605911255, -0.34936195611953735, -0.486360102891922, 0.2185223400592804, -0.0694630965590477, -1.1150715351104736, 0.4953606128692627, 1.3435806035995483, -0.26795217394828796, -0.004109717905521393, 0.18355953693389893, 0.23786845803260803, -0.013126291334629059, 0.7455137372016907, -0.1227097287774086, 0.6375100016593933, 0.6643396019935608, -0.46206942200660706, -0.4274997413158417, -0.3957790434360504, -0.1409211903810501, -0.3054537773132324, 0.2577807903289795, -0.40494826436042786, 0.17033609747886658, 0.22705696523189545, -0.30547261238098145, 0.1276172697544098, -0.20342256128787994, 0.37387457489967346, 0.6217083930969238, 0.34342506527900696, 1.005359411239624, -0.10546322166919708, 0.33271172642707825, 0.05929330736398697, 0.06610763818025589, 0.3140179514884949, 0.48820120096206665, -0.15412946045398712, -0.2253090739250183, -0.3043850362300873, -0.23115019500255585, 0.4408237338066101, -0.4648389518260956, 0.09610795229673386, -0.35398927330970764, 0.6058239936828613, -0.2810792624950409, -0.711416482925415, 0.09474477916955948, -0.12531176209449768, -0.008828208781778812, 1.2524120807647705, 0.07370749115943909, -0.7993307709693909, -0.1543518751859665, -0.7347113490104675, -0.13063275814056396, -0.22440017759799957, 0.6597690582275391, -0.24490444362163544, -0.0070612807758152485, -0.3474331498146057, 0.9174861311912537, -0.3352713882923126, 0.49231433868408203, 0.49431049823760986, -0.029479410499334335, -0.45029330253601074, 0.24567636847496033, 0.05592096596956253, 0.039985258132219315, -0.6235237121582031, -0.064329594373703, -0.23847372829914093, -0.2930202782154083, -0.257104754447937, 0.4541025757789612, 0.2342202365398407, 0.0023572819773107767, 0.08146589994430542, -0.6205008625984192, 0.09747766703367233, 0.41795119643211365, 0.2630467712879181, -0.047676585614681244, -0.483593612909317, 0.5130289793014526, 0.753152072429657, -0.4862019121646881, 0.08410461992025375, 0.45784375071525574, -0.12288375943899155, 0.15721441805362701, -0.333522230386734, -0.5799676775932312, -0.5252829790115356, -0.018912239000201225, -0.2708893418312073, 0.7920799255371094, -0.08251724392175674, -0.2964664101600647, -0.6028498411178589, -0.18447451293468475, -0.30704861879348755, 0.37544557452201843, 0.17841501533985138, -0.0939691886305809, -0.08520108461380005, 0.05830186977982521, -0.0033333944156765938, -0.7679674625396729, 0.28390803933143616, 0.1739966720342636, 0.6314020752906799, -0.20225030183792114, 0.4738095700740814, 0.23885752260684967, -0.8109142184257507, 0.35508015751838684, 0.7998607158660889, -0.9420284628868103, -0.7350306510925293, 0.016384197399020195, 0.2633139193058014, -0.975277841091156, 0.787966787815094, 0.5500069260597229, 0.8490156531333923, -0.7129154801368713, 0.7603235244750977, -0.003545020241290331, 0.49939945340156555, -0.6617447733879089, 0.9968464970588684, -0.3288421034812927, 0.06155415251851082, -0.18040555715560913, 0.37323424220085144, 0.5384206771850586, -0.1535448580980301, -0.13897384703159332, 0.5687229037284851, -0.08044648915529251, 0.19435593485832214, 1.0272356271743774, -0.2745805084705353, -0.3297305107116699, -0.12009908258914948, -0.5871297717094421 ]
202147	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanny%20Hill	Fanny Hill	Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure—popularly known as Fanny Hill (possibly an anglicisation of the Latin mons veneris, mound of Venus)—is an erotic novel by English novelist John Cleland first published in London in 1748. Written while the author was in debtors' prison in London, it is considered "the first original English prose pornography, and the first pornography to use the form of the novel". It is one of the most prosecuted and banned books in history. The book exemplifies the use of euphemism. The text has no "dirty words" or explicit scientific terms for body parts, but uses many literary devices to describe genitalia. For example, the vagina is sometimes referred to as "the nethermouth", which is also an example of psychological displacement. A critical edition by Peter Sabor includes a bibliography and explanatory notes. The collection Launching "Fanny Hill" contains several essays on the historical, social and economic themes underlying the novel. Publishing history The novel was published in two installments, on 21 November 1748 and in February 1749, by Fenton Griffiths and his brother Ralph under the name "G. Fenton". There has been speculation that the novel was at least partly written by 1740, when Cleland was stationed in Bombay as an employee of the East India Company. Initially, there was no governmental reaction to the novel. However, in November 1749, a year after the first instalment was published, Cleland and Ralph Griffiths were arrested and charged with "corrupting the King's subjects". In court, Cleland renounced the novel and it was officially withdrawn. As the book became popular, pirate editions appeared. It was once believed that the scene near the end, in which Fanny reacts with disgust at the sight of two young men engaging in anal intercourse, was an interpolation made for these pirated editions, but the scene is present in the first edition (p. xxiii). In the 19th century, copies of the book sold underground in the UK, the US and elsewhere. In 1887, a French edition appeared with illustrations by Édouard-Henri Avril. The book eventually made its way to the United States. In 1821, a Massachusetts court outlawed Fanny Hill. The publisher, Peter Holmes, was convicted for printing a "lewd and obscene" novel. Holmes appealed to the Massachusetts Supreme Court. He claimed that the judge, relying only on the prosecution's description, had not even seen the book. The state Supreme Court wasn't swayed. The Chief Justice wrote that Holmes was "a scandalous and evil disposed person" who had contrived to "debauch and corrupt" the citizens of Massachusetts and "to raise and create in their minds inordinate and lustful desires". Mayflower (UK) edition In 1963, after the 1960 court decision in R v Penguin Books Ltd that allowed the continuing publication of Lady Chatterley's Lover, Gareth Powell's Mayflower Books published an uncensored paperback version of Fanny Hill. The police became aware of the 1963 edition a few days before publication, having spotted a sign in the window of the Magic Shop in Tottenham Court Road in London, run by Ralph Gold. An officer went to the shop, bought a copy, and delivered it to Bow Street magistrate Sir Robert Blundell, who issued a search warrant. At the same time, two officers from the vice squad visited Mayflower Books in Vauxhall Bridge Road to determine whether copies of the book were kept on the premises. They interviewed Powell, the publisher, and took away the five copies there. The police returned to the Magic Shop and seized 171 copies of the book, and in December, Gold was summonsed under section 3 of the Obscene Publications Act 1959. By then, Mayflower had distributed 82,000 copies of the book, but it was Gold who was being tried, although Mayflower covered the legal costs. The trial took place in February 1964. The defence argued that Fanny Hill was a historical source book and that it was a joyful celebration of normal non-perverted sex—bawdy rather than pornographic. The prosecution countered by stressing one atypical scene involving flagellation, and won. Mayflower elected not to appeal. Luxor Press published a 9/6 edition in January 1964, using text "exactly the same as that employed for the de-luxe edition" in 1963. The back cover features praise from The Daily Telegraph and from the author and critic Marghanita Laski. It went through many reprints in the first couple of years. The Mayflower case highlighted the growing disconnect between the obscenity laws and the permissive society that was developing in late 1960s Britain, and was instrumental in shifting views to the point where in 1970 an uncensored version of Fanny Hill was again published in Britain. 1960s US edition: prosecutions and court rulings In 1963, Putnam published the book in the United States under the title John Cleland's Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure. This edition led to the arrest of New York City bookstore owner Irwin Weisfeld and clerk John Downs as part of an anti-obscenity campaign orchestrated by several major political figures. Weisfeld's conviction was eventually overturned in state court and the New York ban of Fanny Hill lifted. The new edition was also banned for obscenity in Massachusetts, after a mother complained to the state's Obscene Literature Control Commission. Massachusetts high court did rule Fanny Hill obscene and the publisher's challenge to the ban now went up to the Supreme Court. In a landmark decision in 1966, the United States Supreme Court ruled in Memoirs v. Massachusetts that Fanny Hill did not meet the Roth standard for obscenity. Associate Justice William O. Douglas cited five primary defenses of the ruling: The art historian Johann Joachim Winckelmann recommended the work in a letter for "its delicate sensitivities and noble ideas" expressed in "an elevated Pindaric style". Illustrations The original work was not illustrated, but many editions of this book have contained illustrations, often depicting the novel's sexual content. Distributors of the novel such as John Crosby were imprisoned for "exhibiting [not selling] to sundry persons a certain lewd and indecent book, containing very lewd and obscene pictures or engravings". Sellers of the novel such as Peter Holmes were imprisoned and charged that they "did utter, publish and deliver to one [name]; a certain lewd, wicked, scandalous, infamous and obscene print, on paper, was contained in a certain printed book then and there uttered, [2] published and delivered by him said Peter Holmes intitled "Memoirs of a Woman Of Pleasure" to manifest corruption and subversion of youth, and other good citizens ... " None of the story's scenes have been exempt from illustration. Illustrations of this novel vary from the first homosexual experience to the flagellation scene. Although editions of the book have frequently featured illustrations, many have been of poor quality. An exception to this is the set of mezzotints, probably designed by the artist George Morland and engraved by his friend John Raphael Smith that accompanied one edition. Plot The novel consists of two long letters (which appear as volumes I and II of the original edition) written by Frances 'Fanny' Hill, a rich Englishwoman in her middle age, who leads a life of contentment with her loving husband Charles and their children, to an unnamed acquaintance identified only as 'Madam.' Fanny has been prevailed upon by 'Madam' to recount the 'scandalous stages' of her earlier life, which she proceeds to do with 'stark naked truth' as her governing principle. The first letter begins with a short account of Fanny's impoverished childhood in a Lancashire village. At age 14, she loses her parents to smallpox, arrives in London to look for domestic work, and gets lured into a brothel. She sees a sexual encounter between an ugly older couple and another between a young attractive couple, and participates in a lesbian encounter with Phoebe, a bisexual prostitute. A customer, Charles, induces Fanny to escape. She loses her virginity to Charles and becomes his lover. Charles is sent away by deception to the South Seas, and Fanny is driven by desperation and poverty to become the kept woman of a rich merchant named Mr H—. After enjoying a brief period of stability, she sees Mr H— have a sexual encounter with her own maid, and goes on to seduce Will (the young footman of Mr H—) as an act of revenge. She is discovered by Mr H— as she is having a sexual encounter with Will. After being abandoned by Mr H—, Fanny becomes a prostitute for wealthy clients in a pleasure-house run by Mrs Cole. This marks the end of the first letter. The second letter begins with a rumination on the tedium of writing about sex and the difficulty of driving a middle course between vulgar language and "mincing metaphors and affected circumlocutions". Fanny then describes her adventures in the house of Mrs Cole, which include a public orgy, an elaborately orchestrated bogus sale of her "virginity" to a rich dupe called Mr Norbert, and a sado-masochistic session with a man involving mutual flagellation with birch-rods. These are interspersed with narratives which do not involve Fanny directly; for instance, three other girls in the house (Emily, Louisa and Harriett) describe their own losses of virginity, and the nymphomaniac Louisa seduces the immensely endowed but imbecilic "good-natured Dick". Fanny also describes anal intercourse between two older boys (removed from several later editions). Eventually Fanny retires from prostitution and becomes the lover of a rich and worldly-wise man of 60 (described by Fanny as a "rational pleasurist"). This phase of Fanny's life brings about her intellectual development, and leaves her wealthy when her lover dies of a sudden cold. Soon after, she has a chance encounter with Charles, who has returned as a poor man to England after being shipwrecked. Fanny offers her fortune to Charles unconditionally, but he insists on marrying her. The novel's developed characters include Charles, Mrs Jones (Fanny's landlady), Mrs Cole, Will, Mr H— and Mr Norbert. The prose includes long sentences with many subordinate clauses. Its morality is conventional for the time, in that it denounces sodomy, frowns upon vice and approves of only heterosexual unions based upon mutual love. Analysis The plot was described as 'operatic' by John Hollander, who said that "the book's language and its protagonist's character are its greatest virtues". Literary critic Felicity A. Nussbaum describes the girls in Mrs Cole's brothel as a little troop of love' who provide compliments, caresses, and congratulation to their fellow whores' erotic achievements". According to literary critic Thomas Holmes, Fanny and Mrs Cole see the homosexual act thusly: "the act subverts not only the hierarchy of the male over the female, but also what they consider nature's law regarding the role of intercourse and procreation". Themes and genre Metonymy There are numerous scholars who claim that Fanny's name refers to a woman's vagina. However, this interpretation lacks corroborating evidence: the term "fanny" is first known to have been used to mean female genitalia in the 1830s, and no 18th-century dictionary defines "fanny" in this way. Disability Later in the text when Fanny is with Louisa, they come across a boy nicknamed "Good-natured Dick" who is described as having some mental disability/handicap. Louisa brings the boy in anyway, as Dick's functioning physical state supersedes his poor mental one. This scene also leads into an issue within the text of rape (for both Dick and Louisa) and how the possible label of rape is removed by resistance transitioning into pleasure. Bildungsroman One scholar, David McCracken, writes about Fanny Hill as a bildungsroman. Her sexual development contains three life stages: innocence, experimentation, and experience. McCracken specifically addresses how Fanny's word selections on describing the phallus change throughout the stages. Fanny sees the phallus as both an object of terror and of delight. McCracken relates her changing view of the phallus to Burke's theory of the sublime and beautiful. Shame Patricia Spacks discusses how Fanny has been previously deprived by her rural environment of what she can understand as real experience, and how she welcomes the whores' efforts to educate her. Since Fanny is so quickly catapulted into her new life, she has had little time to reflect on the shame and regret that she feels for leading a life of adultery, and replaces this shame with the pleasure of sexual encounters with men and women. Even though these feelings may have been replaced or forgotten, she still reflects on her past: "...and since I was now bent over the bar, I thought by plunging over head and ears into the stream I was hurried away by, to drown all sense of shame or reflection". Having little time to think about how she feels about her transition, she masks her thoughts with sexual pleasure, yet this is not a total fix to forget her emotions. Narrative voice Andrea Haslanger argues in her dissertation how the use of first-person narrative in the 18th-century "undermines, rather than secures, the individual" in classic epistolary novels like Roxanna, Evelina, Frankenstein, and specifically Fanny Hill. Haslanger claims that "the paradox of pornographic narration is that it mobilizes certain aspects of the first person (the description of intimate details) while eradicating others (the expression of disagreement or resistance)" (19). With this in mind, she raises the question of "whether 'I' denotes consciousness or body or both" (34). Fanny Hill versus the traditional conduct novel With sexual acts being viewed heavily as taboo within 18th-century England, Fanny Hill strayed far away from the norm in comparison to other works of its time. A large portion of books that focused on the idea of sex were written in the form of conduct novels: books that would focus on teaching women the proper ways to behave and live their lives in as virtuous of a manner as possible. These novels encouraged women to stay away from sexual deviance, for if they were to remain virtuous then they would ultimately be rewarded. One example of this is Samuel Richardson's conduct novel Pamela; or, Virtue Rewarded, in which the character of Pamela is able to resist sexual temptation, thus maintaining her virtue and being rewarded in the end with a prosperous life. However, Fanny Hill was widely considered to be the first work of its time to focus on the idea of sexual deviance being an act of pleasure, rather than something that was simply shameful. This can be seen through Fanny's character partaking in acts that would normally be viewed as deplorable by society's standards, but then is never punished for them. In fact, Fanny is ultimately able to achieve her own happy ending when she is able to find Charles again, marrying him and living in a life of wealth. This can be viewed in sharp contrast to a work like Pamela, where sexual acts are heavily avoided for the sake of maintaining virtue. Meanwhile, within Fanny Hill, normally deplorable acts can be conducted with little to no consequence. Literary and film adaptations Because of the book's notoriety (and public domain status), numerous adaptations have been produced. Some of them are: Fanny, Being the True History of the Adventures of Fanny Hackabout-Jones (1980) (a retelling of 'Fanny Hill' by Erica Jong purports to tell the story from Fanny's point of view, with Cleland as a character she complains fictionalised her life). Fanny Hill (US/West Germany, 1964), starring Letícia Román, Miriam Hopkins, Ulli Lommel, Chris Howland; directed by Russ Meyer, Albert Zugsmith (uncredited) The Notorious Daughter of Fanny Hill (US, 1966), starring Stacy Walker, Ginger Hale; directed by Peter Perry (Arthur Stootsbury). Fanny Hill (Sweden, 1968), starring Diana Kjær, Hans Ernback, Keve Hjelm, Oscar Ljung; directed by Mac Ahlberg Fanny Hill (West Germany/UK, 1983), starring Lisa Foster, Oliver Reed, Wilfrid Hyde-White, Shelley Winters; directed by Gerry O'Hara Paprika (Italy, 1991), starring Debora Caprioglio, Stéphane Bonnet, Stéphane Ferrara, Luigi Laezza, Rossana Gavinel, Martine Brochard and John Steiner; directed by Tinto Brass. Fanny Hill (UK, 1995), directed by Valentine Palmer. Fanny Hill (Off-Broadway Musical, 2006), libretto and score by Ed Dixon, starring Nancy Anderson as Fanny. Fanny Hill (UK, 2007), written by Andrew Davies for the BBC and starring Samantha Bond and Rebecca Night. Comic strip adaptations Erich von Götha de la Rosière adapted the novel into a comic book version. See also Banned in Boston Book censorship Erotic literature Index Librorum Prohibitorum Libertinism Josephine Mutzenbacher References Bibliography Foxon, David. Libertine Literature in England, 1660–1745. New Hyde Park: University Books, 1965. Gladfelder, Hal Fanny Hill in Bombay: The Making and Unmaking of John Cleland, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2012 Hurwood, Bernhardt J. The Golden age of erotica, Tandem, , 1969. External links Charles Dickens's Themes A surprising allusion to Fanny Hill in Dombey and Son. BBC TV Adaptation First Broadcast October 2007 1748 novels British erotic novels British pornography Hill, Fanny Literature related to the sexual revolution Novels about British prostitution British novels adapted into films British novels adapted into television shows Novels adapted into comics Novels with gay themes Obscenity controversies in literature United States pornography law Hill, Fanny Censored books Prison writings British bildungsromans	[ -0.6872841715812683, -0.22700485587120056, -0.2531864643096924, -0.000989324296824634, 0.4749559164047241, 1.1317366361618042, 0.4508533477783203, 0.03617336228489876, -0.8250513076782227, 0.023272588849067688, -0.05138586461544037, 0.282998651266098, 0.5418753623962402, 0.0436679907143116, -0.07820650935173035, 0.07755338400602341, 0.7584242224693298, 0.03908141702413559, -0.48277342319488525, -0.3143504858016968, -0.38053667545318604, -0.3603469133377075, 0.4290463924407959, -0.3120412528514862, 0.36901578307151794, -0.481990784406662, 0.4700779616832733, -0.31463712453842163, 0.3387020528316498, -0.14286771416664124, -0.4649677574634552, 0.03323248028755188, 0.4230746924877167, 0.059447843581438065, -0.3494693338871002, -0.41929858922958374, -0.48134034872055054, -0.32136446237564087, -0.5437260866165161, -0.33502331376075745, -0.5871156454086304, 0.23195527493953705, 0.6919357776641846, 0.31604209542274475, -0.5266386866569519, -0.010020210407674313, -1.4939682483673096, 0.2836346924304962, -0.7640320062637329, 0.13910676538944244, 0.15853558480739594, 0.9881503582000732, 0.5135214328765869, 0.537528395652771, -0.1053047776222229, 0.4272732138633728, -0.47358962893486023, -0.5148427486419678, 0.004719798918813467, -0.3197171092033386, 0.6124441027641296, 0.11712557822465897, 1.0735185146331787, 0.06669830530881882, -0.15995588898658752, 0.5953183174133301, -0.5164885520935059, 0.4449034631252289, -0.19273020327091217, 0.1858028918504715, 0.16138869524002075, -0.12767191231250763, -0.0017705890350043774, 0.6349760890007019, -0.2842237949371338, -0.17967543005943298, 0.37795189023017883, -0.15706144273281097, 0.7630526423454285, 0.7692828178405762, -0.6555121541023254, 0.17645403742790222, 0.6352781653404236, 0.09569013118743896, 0.25435957312583923, 0.3334927558898926, 0.13081346452236176, 0.7146256566047668, 0.1512688249349594, -0.22100885212421417, 0.16214945912361145, 0.24709725379943848, -0.31334325671195984, -0.18223154544830322, 0.16830478608608246, -0.5733523368835449, 0.16118136048316956, -0.13479694724082947, -0.7173357605934143, 0.014572938904166222, -0.09335591644048691, 0.6938179731369019, 0.053859513252973557, -0.1809927225112915, -0.5359687805175781, 0.10567839443683624, 0.4466407001018524, -0.17999304831027985, 0.6633419394493103, 0.6780646443367004, -0.10236202925443649, 0.2873852252960205, -0.2630394399166107, -0.12365992367267609, -0.3808499276638031, 0.09537636488676071, 0.3275180459022522, -0.6976621747016907, -0.6730304956436157, -0.5090410113334656, -0.1390344500541687, -0.33028772473335266, 1.1146810054779053, -0.027139130979776382, 0.13416887819766998, -0.04024108126759529, 0.21290168166160583, 0.5749446749687195, -0.06916992366313934, 0.6737937331199646, 0.22230523824691772, 0.13648706674575806, -0.23774294555187225, -0.27700039744377136, -0.018662521615624428, 0.14120158553123474, 0.30297234654426575, 0.243949294090271, 0.604653537273407, 0.10865753889083862, -0.5262982249259949, 0.46589207649230957, -0.5612038969993591, -0.12216474860906601, 0.13365191221237183, -0.5604718923568726, 0.03023410215973854, -0.3250202238559723, -0.5055763125419617, -0.7424304485321045, -0.3845704197883606, 0.10959701985120773, 0.13488885760307312, -0.8435245156288147, -0.007644099649041891, 0.2807324230670929, 0.4815356433391571, 0.4076095521450043, 0.38859277963638306, -0.2743110656738281, -0.07817373424768448, 0.48251137137413025, -0.08527401834726334, -0.19399040937423706, 0.018571825698018074, -0.34831979870796204, 1.0333131551742554, -0.08869832009077072, 0.42144453525543213, 0.12809112668037415, -0.5968483090400696, -0.0975179597735405, 0.11317677050828934, 0.3462769687175751, 0.011861317791044712, 0.4614417850971222, 0.6217398047447205, 0.41681671142578125, 0.36123546957969666, -0.11531317979097366, -0.6715728044509888, 0.39590367674827576, 0.12525972723960876, -0.6360831260681152, -0.18918584287166595, -0.07702656835317612, 0.5465250611305237, -0.12075520306825638, -0.3720158040523529, 0.33019188046455383, -1.2894318103790283, -0.28065505623817444, 0.2877520024776459, 0.6975777745246887, 1.1492165327072144, 0.1322770118713379, -0.7389070987701416, 0.8079223036766052, -0.38015463948249817, 0.2384888380765915, -0.04910913482308388, -0.11940095573663712, 0.21171703934669495, -0.10621850192546844, -0.9251731038093567, -0.3246120512485504, -0.480367511510849, 0.5129639506340027, -0.01833784021437168, 0.3553829491138458, -0.2434466928243637, -0.6995092034339905, 0.800841748714447, -0.02629293128848076, -0.4652981758117676, 0.026138387620449066, -0.14364925026893616, 0.28558358550071716, 0.43906161189079285, -0.42693498730659485, 0.40542158484458923, 0.08827243745326996, 0.24206335842609406, 0.4928606450557709, 0.06439410150051117, 0.3596765995025635, -0.2589816451072693, -0.09150058031082153, 0.4615986943244934, -0.12589648365974426, -0.6524015665054321, 0.4613998234272003, 0.49189966917037964, -0.1697138398885727, 0.40594980120658875, 0.41205957531929016, -0.008136473596096039, -0.4075559079647064, 0.23564191162586212, -0.38960379362106323, 0.25306183099746704, 0.02343127876520157, 0.06517945975065231, 0.6997149586677551, 0.27067476511001587, 0.054309312254190445, -0.05146632343530655, -0.19075706601142883, 0.08228497952222824, -0.38557517528533936, -0.06432216614484787, 1.1286283731460571, 0.2854348123073578, 0.5879831910133362, -0.1783110499382019, -0.5604794025421143, 0.09093140065670013, 0.050994329154491425, 0.6953781247138977, 0.5163455605506897, -0.42427635192871094, 0.37292084097862244, -0.11263379454612732, 0.6293320059776306, 0.4513387382030487, -0.18675433099269867, 0.2528058886528015, -1.0364888906478882, 0.22314731776714325, 0.4630368649959564, 0.18052883446216583, -0.1620282083749771, -0.6739699244499207, 0.5056690573692322, 0.462451696395874, -0.2559562623500824, 0.2250765562057495, -0.3170403242111206, -0.05472125485539436, -1.1294406652450562, -0.3354499936103821, 0.5676606297492981, 0.7602531909942627, -0.4025069773197174, 0.059380609542131424, -0.2802966237068176, 0.1860007345676422, 0.11033749580383301, -0.5134527683258057, 0.18347804248332977, -0.19776131212711334, -0.009788011200726032, -0.28709468245506287, -0.12702526152133942, 0.4132203757762909, 0.430062860250473, -0.32070648670196533, 0.515641987323761, 0.00852607749402523, -0.013916617259383202, -0.31918954849243164, -0.3559492528438568, -0.2164766639471054, 0.14776015281677246, 0.6048197150230408, -0.04440327361226082, 0.5112345814704895, 0.28448083996772766, -5.552865982055664, -0.005967688746750355, -0.005637262016534805, -0.7096872329711914, 0.22707447409629822, 0.22595404088497162, 0.2584401071071625, -0.49357080459594727, -0.2598438858985901, 0.4581718444824219, 0.27525490522384644, 0.05862940102815628, -0.26772430539131165, 0.023841049522161484, 0.19360075891017914, 0.24908685684204102, -0.34216204285621643, -0.08338318765163422, -0.642758309841156, 0.30844441056251526, 0.14459440112113953, 0.1713317185640335, -0.026894323527812958, 0.18445207178592682, -0.09613098949193954, 0.7648047208786011, 0.39771971106529236, -0.4357781410217285, -0.4520488679409027, 0.24089470505714417, 0.16307085752487183, -0.37737295031547546, 0.3630453050136566, 0.03329260274767876, -0.04764312505722046, 0.23055461049079895, 0.3736664354801178, 0.16423794627189636, 0.6147454977035522, 0.22228176891803741, -0.5724021792411804, -0.09258349239826202, 0.2440224587917328, -0.06587597727775574, 0.11217954754829407, -0.6861169338226318, -0.4464518129825592, -0.18885011970996857, -0.23992516100406647, 0.16732268035411835, 0.09133163839578629, -0.04021156206727028, 0.025353828445076942, 0.08171434700489044, -0.010964821092784405, 0.20548895001411438, -0.051966629922389984, 0.13230325281620026, -0.5120015144348145, 0.17717333137989044, 0.03134022653102875, 0.22707290947437286, -0.09155602008104324, 0.11675608903169632, -0.05489547550678253, -0.16221807897090912, -0.25886356830596924, 0.06704381108283997, -0.2545281946659088, 0.14409734308719635, 0.3834265172481537, 0.2255641222000122, 0.5263661742210388, -1.3365626335144043, -0.14607176184654236, -0.4362678825855255, -0.5208249092102051, -0.44239377975463867, -0.10384159535169601, -0.1866929680109024, 0.4925115406513214, -0.3456622362136841, 0.06841228902339935, 0.22854946553707123, -0.14139831066131592, -0.8421682119369507, -0.38365089893341064, -0.14977386593818665, -0.20565688610076904, -0.2756967842578888, -0.07433407008647919, -0.17716728150844574, 0.15027537941932678, 0.5588771104812622, 0.4578583538532257, 0.571723997592926, 0.167164146900177, 0.17421399056911469, 0.4280421733856201, 0.08655834197998047, -0.3856271803379059, 0.204912930727005, 0.17510610818862915, 0.22851784527301788, 0.03556231036782265, -0.41733431816101074, -0.2743252217769623, 0.024571169167757034, 0.63987797498703, -0.42676979303359985, 0.1896083652973175, 0.17308393120765686, -0.31535473465919495, -0.5250312685966492, 0.30570048093795776, -0.022262433543801308, 0.06312413513660431, -0.16357101500034332, 0.16827265918254852, -0.3458394408226013, -0.08479732275009155, 0.07906480878591537, -0.39065465331077576, -0.4132028818130493, -0.31491315364837646, -0.2968277037143707, 0.9390200972557068, -0.8231619000434875, 0.06492151319980621, 0.3933790922164917, 0.21605686843395233, -0.4359930455684662, 0.08662532269954681, -0.2064831703901291, -0.3953630030155182, -0.18341019749641418, -0.036970313638448715, -0.7239531874656677, -0.5810341238975525, 0.5168688297271729, -0.11591309309005737, -0.4057416319847107, -0.36990103125572205, 0.4197186827659607, 0.7497099041938782, -0.2825607359409332, -0.3240947425365448, -0.21084947884082794, -0.2242153137922287, 0.03885198384523392, -0.7790751457214355, -0.1296677589416504, 1.0510849952697754, -0.1362837553024292, -0.15075290203094482, -0.27582523226737976, -0.2869732677936554, 0.2821328639984131, -0.735633373260498, 0.0746467262506485, -0.09160354733467102, -0.6261516809463501, -0.9078518748283386, -0.8394187092781067, -0.762008786201477, 0.5307904481887817, -0.6391817927360535, -0.7402731776237488, 0.4674876928329468, -0.013520518317818642, 0.09763690829277039, -0.017164843156933784, 0.3028475046157837, -0.1486232578754425, 0.36460795998573303, 0.24198691546916962, -0.3439822196960449, 0.46654680371284485, 0.11865102499723434, -0.24907520413398743, -0.34566783905029297, -0.6761929392814636, -0.1430061310529709, 0.29729408025741577, 1.2341456413269043, -0.07173177599906921, -0.47129520773887634, 0.09871598333120346, -0.3751808702945709, 0.07090190798044205, -0.43138954043388367, 0.16983510553836823, 0.2128421664237976, 0.9549813866615295, -0.37691113352775574, 0.06855998933315277, 0.08478588610887527, 0.015650372952222824, 0.09564246237277985, -0.20912545919418335, -0.5764726996421814, -0.2417091578245163, -0.32870763540267944, -0.14036624133586884, 0.43248918652534485, -1.0857113599777222, -0.027466977015137672, -0.5616797208786011, -0.9113442301750183, 1.1288223266601562, -0.3191154897212982, 0.29170364141464233, 0.08616643399000168, 0.5726941227912903, 0.1522214263677597, -0.2301810383796692, -0.27753761410713196, -0.599922776222229, -0.29935452342033386, -0.2957639694213867, -0.3353390395641327, -0.4506019949913025, -0.8109270334243774, -0.24636894464492798, -0.3504432439804077, -0.6354666352272034, -0.07071420550346375, -0.8491289019584656, 0.4674330949783325, -0.27572935819625854, -0.2643595337867737, 0.3128579556941986, 0.31814244389533997, -0.263986200094223, 0.07331063598394394, -0.4714142680168152, 0.3958194851875305, 0.22898979485034943, 0.07341770827770233, 0.5962375402450562, 0.26790714263916016, 0.7511545419692993, 0.23109491169452667, 0.04925396293401718, 0.3633832335472107, 0.2812759578227997, -0.38655075430870056, -0.5737004280090332, -0.4564589858055115, 0.03636015206575394, 0.2744593024253845, -0.3073037564754486, -0.049729857593774796, -0.37295833230018616, 0.2872735559940338, -0.5500102639198303, 0.05463845282793045, -0.19153408706188202, -0.40846654772758484, 0.2611411511898041, 0.21754787862300873, 0.36217957735061646, -0.211549311876297, 0.05409665405750275, 0.5477484464645386, 0.007346926257014275, 0.47958847880363464, -0.009582074359059334, 0.27092140913009644, -0.34413617849349976, -0.3597009778022766, -0.07866808772087097, -0.19031867384910583, 0.06428612023591995, 0.09338853508234024, 0.39660385251045227, -0.26762232184410095, -0.6196383237838745, 0.5748996138572693, -0.3932234048843384, -0.3731588125228882, 0.23423302173614502, -0.7006763815879822, -0.37250903248786926, -0.3928707242012024, -0.11538558453321457, 0.26265060901641846, -0.6145162582397461, -0.3050205111503601, 0.5486500859260559, 0.426959753036499, -0.126044362783432, 0.5211671590805054, 0.07048934698104858, 0.4478200078010559, 0.21667346358299255, -0.2225901037454605, -0.2027321308851242, -0.20048421621322632, 0.12389989197254181, -0.6057018041610718, 0.3480527698993683, 0.27384746074676514, -0.004249934572726488, 0.47171446681022644, -0.42160654067993164, -0.1284625232219696, -0.20623621344566345, -0.7629168629646301, 0.1748449057340622, 0.20593343675136566, 0.1595679074525833, 0.0858708992600441, 0.1710975021123886, -0.5010148286819458, -0.4848109185695648, 0.37378647923469543, -0.14986568689346313, -0.09578405320644379, 0.6372566223144531, -0.06161384657025337, 0.38474658131599426, 0.514784038066864, -0.0015782822156324983, 0.04039580747485161, -0.037198979407548904, -0.5896527171134949, 0.5215746164321899, -0.06560831516981125, 0.5305051207542419, 0.5113098621368408, -0.11782237142324448, 0.1333083063364029, 0.8452021479606628, 0.15355101227760315, -0.5478228330612183, -0.0994974747300148, -0.43538209795951843, -0.22002170979976654, 0.11835533380508423, -0.1904890388250351, 0.11081057786941528, 0.1814255714416504, 0.32134121656417847, -0.2641586363315582, 0.6741057634353638, 0.48231327533721924, -0.2653402090072632, -0.31421801447868347, -0.05596911162137985, 0.642372727394104, 0.5690865516662598, 0.965303361415863, -0.5458948612213135, 0.41396790742874146, 0.6610515117645264, -0.10772538930177689, -0.14112821221351624, -0.9310340881347656, 0.03604915738105774, -0.4199320077896118, 0.16886577010154724, 0.5783718824386597, -0.00364092318341136, -0.2503717243671417, 0.5701012015342712, -0.1672818511724472, -0.18313851952552795, -0.17913207411766052, -0.17274430394172668, 0.7092067003250122, 0.15829315781593323, -0.30998310446739197, -0.015152068808674812, 0.2534509003162384, 0.5604209303855896, 0.20083636045455933, 0.6334399580955505, 0.249484121799469, 0.14030034840106964, -0.7170411944389343, -0.3144529163837433, 0.3271135687828064, 0.15778471529483795, 0.4198240637779236, -0.07807803153991699, -0.23335696756839752, 0.09536570310592651, 0.043243274092674255, -0.5754794478416443, 0.029004374518990517, -0.7874463796615601, -0.040682319551706314, 0.48609066009521484, -0.7324012517929077, 0.19709722697734833, 0.7788869142532349, 0.9552465081214905, 0.10434476286172867, 0.28983208537101746, -0.5953950881958008, 0.13704060018062592, -0.2801164984703064, 0.4228511452674866, -0.911650538444519, 0.9738004803657532, -0.12473048269748688, 0.06345482170581818, -0.897244930267334, -0.21150720119476318, -0.1996603161096573, -0.08730137348175049, 0.08406390249729156, 0.2979341149330139, -0.45432010293006897, 0.2687387764453888, 0.41073736548423767, 0.3620492219924927, 0.32425570487976074, -0.42666786909103394, 0.2232399880886078, -0.14335042238235474, -0.010992647148668766, 0.10783150792121887, -0.19654454290866852, 0.07599037885665894, 0.20437853038311005, -0.4666074216365814, -0.22071577608585358, 0.006506251636892557, -0.42251577973365784, 0.08033427596092224, -0.5589047074317932, 0.3747991621494293, 0.24501027166843414, 0.6289961338043213, 0.5589967370033264, 0.1965186893939972, -0.43868690729141235, -0.07887575030326843, 0.05242558568716049, -0.399456262588501, 0.0638686865568161, -0.18731804192066193, 0.15186387300491333, 0.4531796872615814, -0.3331494927406311, 0.03473610058426857, -0.42344918847084045, 0.19089943170547485, 0.02907501719892025, -0.13276571035385132, -0.327118456363678, -1.06321120262146, -0.15095488727092743, -0.40416115522384644, -0.0970267802476883, -0.5454518795013428, 0.1971159130334854, 0.21030378341674805 ]
202151	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20du%20Maurier	George du Maurier	George Louis Palmella Busson du Maurier (6 March 1834 – 8 October 1896) was a Franco-British cartoonist and writer known for work in Punch and a Gothic novel Trilby, featuring the character Svengali. His son was the actor Sir Gerald du Maurier. The writers Angela du Maurier and Dame Daphne du Maurier and the artist Jeanne du Maurier were all granddaughters of George. He was also father of Sylvia Llewelyn Davies and grandfather of the five boys who inspired J. M. Barrie's Peter Pan. Early life George du Maurier was born in Paris, France, son of Louis-Mathurin Busson du Maurier and wife Ellen Clarke, daughter of the Regency courtesan Mary Anne Clarke. He was brought up to believe his aristocratic grandparents had fled from France during the Revolution, leaving vast estates behind, to live in England as émigrés. In fact, du Maurier's grandfather, Robert-Mathurin Busson, was a tradesman who left Paris, France, in 1789 to avoid charges of fraud and later changed the family name to the grander-sounding du Maurier. Du Maurier studied art in Paris, France, in the studio of Charles Gleyre, and moved to Antwerp, Belgium, where he lost the vision in his left eye. He consulted an oculist in Düsseldorf, Rhineland, Prussia, German Confederation. He was reportedly studying chemistry at University College, London, in 1851. He is recorded in the 1861 England Census as a lodger at 85 Newman St in Marylebone. He met Emma Wightwick in 1853 and married her a decade later, on 3 January 1863, at St Marylebone, Westminster. Moving frequently over the course of their marriage, the couple first settled in Hampstead in 1869, initially at Gang Moor near the Whitestone Pond for three years, before moving to 27 Church Row and later at New Grove House in 1881. In 1891, the family is recorded as residing at 2 Porchester Rd in Paddington. They had five children: Beatrix (known as Trixy), Guy, Sylvia, Marie Louise (known as May) and Gerald. Career Cartoonist Du Maurier became a member of staff at the British satirical magazine Punch in 1865, drawing two cartoons a week. His commonest targets were the affected manners of Victorian society, the bourgeoisie and members of Britain's growing middle class in particular. His most enduring cartoon, True Humility (1895), popularised the expressions "good in parts" and "a curate's egg". In it, a bishop addresses a humble curate, whom he has invited to breakfast: "I'm afraid you've got a bad egg, Mr. Jones." The curate replies, "Oh no, my Lord, I assure you – parts of it are excellent!" The gag was not original to du Maurier, however, as it had appeared in a similar cartoon a few months earlier in Judy, a less widely read competitor to Punch.<ref name=QI>{{Cite web \|url=https://quoteinvestigator.com/2019/04/04/egg/\|title=The Curate''s Egg: Parts of It Are Excellent\|website=Quote Investigator\|language=en\|access-date=2019-03-05}}</ref> In an earlier (1884) cartoon, du Maurier coined the expression "bedside manner", with which he satirised medical care. Another of his notable cartoons depicted a fanciful videophone conversation in 1879, using a device he called "Edison's telephonoscope." While producing black-and-white drawings for Punch, du Maurier created illustrations for several other popular periodicals: Harper's, The Graphic, The Illustrated Times, The Cornhill Magazine, and the religious periodical Good Words. Furthermore, he did illustrations for the serialisation of Charles Warren Adams's The Notting Hill Mystery, which is often seen as the first detective story of novel length to have appeared in English. Among several other novels he illustrated was Misunderstood by Florence Montgomery in 1873. Writer His deteriorating eyesight caused du Maurier to reduce his involvement with Punch in 1891 and settle in Hampstead, where he wrote three novels. His first, Peter Ibbetson (1891), was a modest success at the time and later adapted for stage and screen, most notably in a 1935 film, and as an opera. His second novel, Trilby, published in 1894, fitted into the gothic horror genre that was undergoing a revival. Hugely popular, it tells of a poor artist's model, Trilby O'Ferrall, transformed into a diva under the spell of an evil musical genius, Svengali. Soap, songs, dances, toothpaste, and even the city of Trilby, Florida, were named after her, as was the variety of soft felt hat with an indented crown worn in the London stage dramatisation of the novel. The plot inspired Gaston Leroux's 1910 novel Phantom of the Opera and innumerable works derived from it. Du Maurier eventually came to dislike the persistent attention the novel was given. The third novel was a long, largely autobiographical work entitled The Martian, published posthumously in 1898. Death and legacy Du Maurier died on 8 October 1898 and was buried in St John-at-Hampstead churchyard in Hampstead. The success of his writings and illustrations allowed du Maurier to leave a then staggering amount of £47,555 in his will. Du Maurier was a close friend of Henry James, the novelist; their relationship was fictionalised in David Lodge's Author, Author (2004). BibliographyPeter Ibbetson (1891), also 1917 play; adapted in 1935 by Henry Hathaway into a film starring Gary Cooper; also adapted as an opera by Deems Taylor in 1931Trilby (1894) published first as a magazine serial in 8 partsThe Martian (1898)Social Pictorial Satire (1898) (Harper's New Monthly Magazine) Film adaptationsTrilby (1914), starring Herbert Beerbohm Tree and Viva Birkett Trilby (1915), starring Wilton Lackaye and Clara Kimball YoungForever (1921), starring Wallace Reid and Elsie FergusonTrilby (1923), starring Arthur Edmund Carewe and Andrée LafayetteSvengali (1927), starring Paul Wegener and Anita DorrisSvengali (1931), starring John Barrymore and Marian Marsh Peter Ibbetson (1935), starring Gary Cooper and Ann Harding The Guilt of Janet Ames (1947), starring Melvyn Douglas and Rosalind Russell Svengali (1954), starring Donald Wolfit and Hildegard KnefSvengali (1983), starring Peter O'Toole and Jodie Foster See also Trilbymania References Further reading Simon Cooke and Paul Goldman. George Du Maurier: Illustrator, Author, Critic. Beyond Svengali. Routledge, 2016 Richard Kelly. George du Maurier. Twayne, 1983 Richard Kelly. The Art of George du Maurier. Scolar Press, 1996 Leonée Ormond. George du Maurier.'' Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, 1969 "Du Maurier", a poem by Florence Earle Coates first published in 1898 External links Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement: Du Maurier, George Louis Palmella Busson Works by or about George du Maurier at HathiTrust Works by or about George du Maurier at GoogleBooks A gallery of George du Maurier works for Punch magazine George du Maurier at The Victorian Web George du Maurier at Lambiek.net George du Maurier's cartoon Love-Agony satirizing the Aesthetic Movement and Oscar Wilde. George du Maurier cartoons at CartoonStock (Commercial site) Telephonoscope, a cartoon of a television/videophone in 1879 Blue Plaque at 91, Great Russell Street, Bloomsbury, London George du Maurier at University of Exeter Special Collections 1834 births 1896 deaths French emigrants to the United Kingdom Artists from Paris British cartoonists British illustrators Punch (magazine) cartoonists Burials at St John-at-Hampstead 19th-century British writers Writers of Gothic fiction George Victorian novelists	[ -0.17734213173389435, 0.12984177470207214, -0.1913250982761383, 0.06869493424892426, -0.37328651547431946, 0.8285680413246155, 0.3592083156108856, 0.1897546499967575, -0.1670837253332138, -0.23551204800605774, -0.5731663703918457, -0.3561667203903198, -0.16614122688770294, 0.16141429543495178, 0.02876523695886135, -0.09126261621713638, -0.2440251111984253, -0.4131935238838196, -0.153168722987175, -0.2224348783493042, -0.3702283799648285, -0.4454498887062073, 0.27728167176246643, -0.13328996300697327, -0.14231397211551666, 0.14084167778491974, 0.472178190946579, 0.06665417551994324, 0.25638842582702637, 0.18650178611278534, 0.3613867461681366, 0.37669801712036133, 0.7084950804710388, -0.13986003398895264, -0.6640275120735168, 0.1343938559293747, -0.4851589798927307, -0.4454647898674011, -0.3554437756538391, -0.38282474875450134, -0.2817860245704651, -0.03100942075252533, 0.2622543275356293, -0.1707223653793335, -0.5745919346809387, -0.35454103350639343, -1.7815207242965698, 0.5370053052902222, -0.6154532432556152, -0.10179899632930756, -0.3017336428165436, 0.10605671256780624, 0.5131929516792297, 0.25507423281669617, -0.40368008613586426, 0.495132714509964, -0.1686170995235443, -0.2405848503112793, -0.08806408196687698, -0.3963049054145813, 0.4823254346847534, 0.08627533167600632, 0.6686842441558838, -0.0668845921754837, -0.11409793049097061, 0.1684352457523346, -0.09566593170166016, 0.11770893633365631, -0.2741747498512268, -0.5402451753616333, 0.2719610929489136, 0.5965566635131836, 0.42131203413009644, 0.4518020749092102, 0.05000125244259834, -0.2798556089401245, 0.050117820501327515, -0.11776615679264069, 0.4526256322860718, 0.40947088599205017, -0.35735848546028137, 0.08061592280864716, 1.4131304025650024, 0.5966261625289917, -0.0097241485491395, 0.2376449704170227, -0.043832432478666306, 0.07443185150623322, -0.24655619263648987, -0.32918184995651245, -0.8973115682601929, -1.0135319232940674, 0.3448997735977173, 0.04543570056557655, 0.07173668593168259, -0.07963456213474274, 0.12707707285881042, 0.2947269082069397, -0.5358977913856506, -0.43002796173095703, -0.18762920796871185, 0.34345024824142456, -0.16385109722614288, -0.34139519929885864, -0.6774897575378418, -0.17264524102210999, -0.32769498229026794, -0.14473411440849304, 0.11498192697763443, 0.21679562330245972, -0.6559321284294128, 0.1489807665348053, -0.23332469165325165, 0.2295403927564621, 0.7627478241920471, -0.12529751658439636, -0.1250610649585724, -0.30845892429351807, -0.6268725395202637, 0.21481379866600037, 0.1471705585718155, -0.10684892535209656, 0.22555100917816162, -0.26033928990364075, -0.3278689980506897, -0.20241039991378784, 0.030109530314803123, -0.04700387269258499, -0.557966411113739, 0.36334070563316345, 0.7849406003952026, 0.974865734577179, -0.4751753509044647, -0.7971888780593872, -0.16066282987594604, -0.3045301139354706, -0.15962496399879456, 0.21429359912872314, -0.4717145264148712, 0.10959726572036743, -0.41533195972442627, -0.04470742493867874, -0.39418724179267883, -0.033699266612529755, 0.17964911460876465, -0.40314650535583496, 0.5946955680847168, -0.18418946862220764, -0.22688311338424683, -0.788091242313385, -0.2341724932193756, 0.10003073513507843, -0.05555729568004608, -0.4719982445240021, 0.2975598871707916, 0.3532620668411255, 0.3419537842273712, -0.08753661811351776, 0.37020209431648254, -0.16468270123004913, 0.09867727011442184, 0.36877185106277466, -0.7284662127494812, -0.12153413146734238, 0.26414987444877625, -0.3246096968650818, 0.2600013017654419, 0.33592045307159424, -0.1378926932811737, -0.04658021777868271, 0.0070507419295609, 0.039038948714733124, 0.7250049710273743, -0.06697892397642136, 0.024160487577319145, 0.7864760756492615, 0.8803929686546326, 0.0750482901930809, 0.521922767162323, -0.551550567150116, -0.6523400545120239, 0.6037300825119019, -0.1951906532049179, 0.45489948987960815, -0.07928530126810074, 0.6411823630332947, 0.6706513166427612, -0.034117892384529114, 0.436119943857193, -0.28218352794647217, -0.4341854155063629, -0.48116758465766907, -0.05133136361837387, -0.4346656799316406, 0.7985238432884216, 0.3240228295326233, -0.9364645481109619, 1.1381709575653076, 0.3167355954647064, 0.1555808186531067, -0.21935950219631195, 0.1759178787469864, 0.022515976801514626, -0.10139825940132141, 0.15930578112602234, -0.2536523640155792, 0.19346754252910614, 0.3718377947807312, -0.06791278719902039, 0.7890824675559998, 0.5887196063995361, -0.8429895639419556, 0.27995771169662476, 0.5126301646232605, -0.5213423371315002, -0.3417968451976776, -0.5940422415733337, -0.1818147748708725, 0.32476192712783813, 0.006071330048143864, -0.06751566380262375, 0.1504676192998886, -0.8290020823478699, 0.40822696685791016, 0.6014394164085388, 1.1516355276107788, 0.26151007413864136, -0.2368662804365158, 0.5119778513908386, -0.9345297813415527, -0.4219318628311157, 0.6269645690917969, 0.1693938821554184, 0.25368407368659973, -0.3728129267692566, 0.12731441855430603, 0.5725584626197815, -0.3874724209308624, 0.5910912156105042, -0.22619299590587616, 0.020476719364523888, -0.07470590621232986, -0.037512991577386856, 0.037628717720508575, 0.25447672605514526, 0.3009759485721588, -0.4979363977909088, 0.1365402191877365, 0.1504593938589096, 0.08936938643455505, 0.6757402420043945, 0.8202730417251587, -0.3896413743495941, 0.4299844205379486, 0.1305234283208847, -0.30906370282173157, 0.32365572452545166, -0.057059403508901596, 0.3213205337524414, 0.2537088394165039, -0.283452570438385, -0.2206619381904602, 0.07356886565685272, 0.15478190779685974, 0.2727292776107788, -0.32955655455589294, -0.18628808856010437, -0.644370973110199, 0.14234891533851624, 0.3772232234477997, 0.31615152955055237, 0.11441419273614883, -0.7305559515953064, 0.33223170042037964, 0.2319222390651703, -0.4326857030391693, 0.10824418812990189, -0.16381940245628357, -0.3265518844127655, -0.6087824106216431, -0.5788241028785706, 1.0463900566101074, -0.4369751214981079, -0.41360628604888916, -0.5894778370857239, -0.24660839140415192, -0.14733581244945526, -0.20886459946632385, 0.3317174017429352, -0.6590040922164917, -0.5137436985969543, 1.0040444135665894, -0.22220484912395477, 0.11042103916406631, -1.1305629014968872, 0.009771287441253662, -0.3884212374687195, -0.18171042203903198, 0.06579677015542984, 0.0388953797519207, -0.40537920594215393, 0.2748190760612488, 0.5598050951957703, 0.29019686579704285, 0.6619433760643005, 0.5160764455795288, -0.3217792510986328, 0.14171752333641052, -5.620704650878906, 0.16779853403568268, 0.11632803082466125, -0.4098152220249176, -0.09497138112783432, 0.11852915585041046, -0.0364864245057106, 0.31553009152412415, 0.1138349249958992, -0.6146208047866821, -0.2637656033039093, -0.1288723200559616, -0.11851319670677185, 0.5356900691986084, 0.3711200952529907, 0.014030912891030312, -0.07710030674934387, -0.6142271161079407, -0.05851653218269348, 0.23012040555477142, -0.418209046125412, 0.19888935983181, 0.1997782438993454, 0.3828405737876892, 0.39396363496780396, 0.04206080362200737, -0.1441240906715393, -0.14742310345172882, -0.4652453064918518, 0.007821669802069664, 0.38935935497283936, 0.18414972722530365, -0.09105299413204193, 0.17044122517108917, 0.16757692396640778, -0.2066526561975479, 0.7090967297554016, 0.5132764577865601, 0.3002466857433319, -0.0518827885389328, 0.3048180341720581, 0.30810821056365967, -0.31938204169273376, -0.3687942326068878, 0.0903569832444191, 0.22693082690238953, -0.9311233758926392, 0.5426506996154785, -0.5836528539657593, 0.3186434507369995, 0.6309447288513184, 0.08840363472700119, -0.36936819553375244, 0.6690047383308411, 0.08389338105916977, -0.03737364336848259, 0.15917599201202393, -0.29229480028152466, -1.051454782485962, 0.04084324091672897, 0.45362040400505066, -0.25266751646995544, -0.2896440029144287, 0.14959174394607544, -0.11343754827976227, -0.05736492946743965, -0.27930575609207153, 0.022835172712802887, 0.18586023151874542, -0.4096403121948242, 0.1012805923819542, 0.23858478665351868, -0.0081389881670475, -1.219906210899353, -0.13677364587783813, -0.27280956506729126, -0.2915000319480896, -0.11503726243972778, -0.29961836338043213, -0.20299525558948517, -0.2548859119415283, -1.1748589277267456, -0.6199259161949158, 0.2060939073562622, 0.3923494517803192, -0.42782366275787354, -0.47159543633461, 0.5179250240325928, -0.5413553714752197, -0.09489475190639496, 0.18444079160690308, 0.09553634375333786, -0.017263904213905334, 0.18693698942661285, 0.38362419605255127, 0.005481961648911238, 0.157756507396698, 0.6185130476951599, 0.15214888751506805, 0.5184606909751892, -0.170244500041008, 0.12421819567680359, 0.24728557467460632, 0.01828664354979992, 0.86637282371521, 0.12963521480560303, -0.029706021770834923, -0.1948264241218567, 0.47642281651496887, 0.1953204870223999, -0.23395079374313354, 0.34030774235725403, -0.8107168078422546, 0.2565164864063263, 0.4790797829627991, -0.23371745645999908, 0.48580947518348694, 0.07976702600717545, 0.38195154070854187, 0.012475112453103065, -0.48215749859809875, 0.5964776873588562, -0.546194314956665, -0.23622141778469086, 0.6457513570785522, 0.319412499666214, -0.20266710221767426, -0.07930891215801239, 0.49926885962486267, 0.025395847856998444, -0.2798396944999695, 0.1650255024433136, -0.22699104249477386, -0.484279066324234, -0.004984402563422918, -0.16099537909030914, -0.5900497436523438, -0.4202989637851715, -0.4075694680213928, 0.07844725251197815, 0.33287110924720764, -0.34967949986457825, 0.2874881327152252, 0.3907591998577118, 0.4162209630012512, -0.42780399322509766, -0.06287278980016708, -0.679424524307251, 0.06559546291828156, 0.35978010296821594, -0.18470127880573273, 0.28518691658973694, 0.624176561832428, -0.3994530439376831, -0.19198159873485565, -0.058533597737550735, -0.29672864079475403, 0.364620566368103, -0.011389964260160923, 0.07092985510826111, -0.18783748149871826, -0.8470742702484131, -0.8098350763320923, -0.1680665761232376, -0.1946294903755188, 0.594305694103241, -0.22983771562576294, -0.358292818069458, 0.11188969761133194, 0.16257308423519135, 0.06858301907777786, 0.10517150908708572, -0.34313154220581055, 0.5307362079620361, 0.1118699386715889, 0.37683334946632385, -0.883545994758606, -0.2463253289461136, 0.05551725625991821, 0.07270900905132294, -0.23589929938316345, 0.008798284456133842, -0.17686308920383453, 0.13771259784698486, 0.5052462816238403, -0.21770498156547546, -0.02512730099260807, -0.2662021815776825, -0.3697303831577301, -0.1505240947008133, -0.07206722348928452, 0.4372309148311615, 0.23471833765506744, 0.7579436302185059, -0.40922680497169495, -0.16626501083374023, -0.4631245732307434, 0.5297905802726746, 0.34359002113342285, -0.190768301486969, -0.15529972314834595, -0.3131871521472931, -0.4977797567844391, -0.6746656894683838, 0.4878464937210083, -0.9444103837013245, -0.04461250454187393, -0.7840812802314758, -0.5150308012962341, 0.6645705103874207, -0.24549329280853271, -0.1309477984905243, 0.061140116304159164, -0.08174194395542145, -0.3989351987838745, 0.14941920340061188, -0.3077923357486725, 0.2170000970363617, -0.3913368880748749, -0.08597789704799652, -0.5187232494354248, -0.1683322787284851, -0.510621964931488, 0.19989699125289917, -0.30468282103538513, -0.4421766400337219, 0.6175754070281982, -0.39019906520843506, 0.5339758992195129, 0.12961092591285706, 0.856113076210022, -0.3547346591949463, -0.12229114025831223, 0.4346613585948944, -0.0938817709684372, 0.13615545630455017, 0.46643003821372986, 0.011624197475612164, 0.008358106948435307, 0.43091684579849243, 0.7756356000900269, 1.0606608390808105, -0.3910072445869446, 0.29240477085113525, 0.36350110173225403, 0.6545808911323547, 0.0964629054069519, -0.19982783496379852, -0.5372720956802368, -0.08683435618877411, -0.17908036708831787, -0.10756876319646835, 0.45018163323402405, 0.27840545773506165, 1.0277090072631836, -0.5491412281990051, 0.17970627546310425, 0.06179087981581688, 0.4694724678993225, 0.31563279032707214, -0.06566682457923889, 0.3845052123069763, 0.5916482210159302, 0.2548533082008362, 0.060740720480680466, 0.30773627758026123, 0.13273212313652039, 0.3188716769218445, 0.11385149508714676, -0.1787201464176178, 0.3150695562362671, 0.10544563829898834, -0.20221677422523499, 0.6082486510276794, -0.3154497444629669, -0.33415359258651733, 0.14039644598960876, -0.5379798412322998, 0.8159223794937134, -0.5324037671089172, -0.5868053436279297, 0.37399742007255554, -0.11747715622186661, -0.6905123591423035, -0.7375754117965698, -0.3610992431640625, 0.3722662925720215, -0.06464369595050812, -0.1684798002243042, 0.05120084807276726, -0.3058550953865051, 0.5989570021629333, 0.6115104556083679, 0.05399535596370697, 0.31557250022888184, 0.43803393840789795, -0.5728713870048523, 0.5414995551109314, -0.4511503577232361, -0.3273562788963318, 0.04008666053414345, 0.23446692526340485, 0.49446800351142883, -0.3642546832561493, 0.16693004965782166, 0.24561913311481476, 0.006023099180310965, -0.3289802372455597, -0.5899670720100403, 0.1379086673259735, 0.9176618456840515, -0.21269117295742035, -0.3347854018211365, 0.11273512989282608, -0.23574227094650269, 0.2539477050304413, 0.3130665123462677, -0.3492048978805542, -0.3566381335258484, 0.3469219207763672, 0.7416436076164246, 0.41884085536003113, 0.437492311000824, -0.6221166253089905, -0.24881984293460846, 0.15980537235736847, 0.13515636324882507, 0.10854551196098328, 0.30024635791778564, 0.3365735113620758, -0.014604669995605946, -0.7076095938682556, -0.569259524345398, 0.7330825328826904, -0.09980687499046326, -0.5352347493171692, 0.0838913694024086, -0.07342871278524399, 0.04352807253599167, -0.157365083694458, 0.4050346910953522, 0.9171234369277954, -0.4157145023345947, 0.18571768701076508, 0.34522202610969543, -0.09173360466957092, 0.3652857840061188, 0.15148000419139862, -0.26224154233932495, 0.4455605149269104, 0.43365970253944397, 0.14514097571372986, 0.3408065736293793, -0.45750343799591064, 0.7498113512992859, -0.6105188727378845, 0.3183545768260956, -0.49655237793922424, -0.44792187213897705, -0.13565468788146973, -0.45432156324386597, -0.28774791955947876, 0.5634110569953918, -0.6576348543167114, -0.22869785130023956, 0.35803550481796265, -0.07145725190639496, -0.18228411674499512, -0.04425754025578499, 0.31961503624916077, -0.023049667477607727, -0.5371325016021729, -0.010963797569274902, 0.46597349643707275, -0.15208852291107178, 0.4586924910545349, 1.1286767721176147, 0.31893977522850037, -0.056440260261297226, -0.2444084882736206, -0.8744907379150391, -0.20261801779270172, 0.23254181444644928, -0.06457303464412689, 0.36798587441444397, -0.776593804359436, 0.2739565372467041, 0.2104564756155014, 0.054506197571754456, -0.5041369199752808, 0.24783983826637268, -0.2243245244026184, -0.3359875977039337, 0.09269055724143982, -0.6411885619163513, -0.09975270181894302, -0.23211924731731415, 1.0999789237976074, 0.2058689296245575, -0.4608762264251709, 0.08429408073425293, -0.18836316466331482, 0.05221910402178764, -0.31074851751327515, -0.3113367557525635, 0.030763601884245872, -0.02590043470263481, 0.07820490747690201, -0.7226999998092651, 0.38169601559638977, -0.098072849214077, -0.28479480743408203, -0.618426501750946, 0.1457035392522812, -0.31362712383270264, -0.14015965163707733, -0.3655024468898773, -0.04165234789252281, 0.12045936286449432, -0.606780469417572, 0.3304140865802765, 0.5648041367530823, 0.6212382912635803, -0.12276005744934082, -0.4601214528083801, 0.6078550815582275, -0.2512529790401459, 0.11131139099597931, -0.02051408216357231, 0.4082822799682617, -0.2689150273799896, 0.438519686460495, -0.1332213431596756, -0.029746122658252716, -0.21317315101623535, -0.12418904900550842, 0.7329946160316467, 0.25498974323272705, -0.1323290318250656, -0.49939775466918945, 0.2809424102306366, 0.15236909687519073, 0.009365073405206203, -0.21769504249095917, -0.13122722506523132, 0.22115813195705414, 0.28288739919662476, 0.3136557638645172, -0.21276821196079254, -0.07876075059175491, -0.043781496584415436, 0.03207003325223923, 0.38011497259140015, -0.6549177169799805, 0.6516678333282471, 0.21242877840995789, -0.31684812903404236, -0.49589893221855164, 0.4645898640155792, 0.20529788732528687 ]
202154	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint%20Stephen%27s%20Day	Saint Stephen's Day	Saint Stephen's Day, also called the Feast of Saint Stephen, is a Christian saint's day to commemorate Saint Stephen, the first Christian martyr or protomartyr, celebrated on 26 December in Western Christianity and 27 December in Eastern Christianity. The Eastern Orthodox churches that adhere to the Julian calendar mark Saint Stephen's Day on 27 December according to that calendar, which places it on 9 January of the Gregorian calendar used in secular contexts. In Latin Christian denominations, Saint Stephen's Day marks the second day of Christmastide. It is an official public holiday in Alsace-Moselle, Austria, the Balearic Islands, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Catalonia, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Greece, Hungary, the Republic of Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Norway, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, Ukraine, Switzerland and Newfoundland. The date is also a public holiday in those countries that celebrate Boxing Day on the day in addition to or instead of Saint Stephen's Day, such as Australia, Canada, South Africa and the United Kingdom. History Saint Stephen's Day is the second day of Christmastide and is celebrated in honour of one of the first Christian martyrs, Saint Stephen, who was stoned to death in 36 AD. Celebrations by country Ireland In the Republic of Ireland, the day is one of nine official public holidays. Its name is sometimes shortened to "Stephen's Day", particularly in informal contexts. In Irish, it is called or , meaning the Wren Day. When used in this context, "wren" is often pronounced "ran". This name alludes to several legends, including those found in Irish mythology, linking episodes in the life of Jesus to the wren. People dress up in old clothes, wear straw hats and travel from door to door with fake wrens (previously real wrens were killed) and they dance, sing and play music. This tradition is less common than it was a couple of generations ago. Depending on which region of the country, they are called "wrenboys" and mummers. A Mummer's Festival is held at this time every year in the village of New Inn, County Galway, and Dingle in County Kerry. Mumming is also a big tradition in County Fermanagh in Ulster. Saint Stephen's Day is a popular day for visiting family members and going to the theatre to see a pantomime. In most of Ulster in the north of Ireland, the day is usually known as Boxing Day, especially in Northern Ireland and County Donegal (chiefly in East Donegal and Inishowen). Wales Saint Stephen's Day in Wales is known as , celebrated every year on 26 December. One ancient Welsh custom, discontinued in the 19th century, included bleeding of livestock and "holming" by beating with holly branches of late risers and female servants. The ceremony reputedly brought good luck. Catalonia, Balearic Islands, Valencian Country Saint Stephen's Day () on 26 December is a traditional holiday in Catalonia, in northeastern Spain. It is celebrated right after Christmas, with a big meal including . These are stuffed with the ground remaining meat from the , turkey, or of the previous day. Also in Catalan speaking territories, in the Balearic Islands the same day is known as the Second Christmas Day or the Festa Mitjana. In the Valencian Country the tradition is to eat with the paternal family, since the day of Christmas is tradition to eat with the maternal family. The Catalan holiday of the day after Christmas responded to the functional need to have enough time to return on foot, usually from the manor house where the party had been held to the home of each of the various members of the family. The difficulty of traveling at night always compelled to postpone the return journey until the next day, and therefore remained as a day not useful for work purposes; and so on until deriving on a public holiday. It is believed to have Carolingian origin, as the ancient Catalan counties originated in the Carolingian kingdom. Alsace and Moselle Saint Stephen's Day () is marked as part of its shared culture across the Rhine River with Germany. Austria, Czech Republic, Germany and Poland is a public holiday in mainly Catholic Austria. In the Archdiocese of Vienna, the day of patron saint Saint Stephen is even celebrated on the feast of the Holy Family. Similar to the adjacent regions of Bavaria, numerous ancient customs still continued to this day, such as ceremonial horseback rides and blessing of horses, or the "stoning" drinking rite celebrated by young men after attending Mass. The 26th of December is – as Second Day of Christmas (, ) – a public holiday in Poland, Germany and the Czech Republic. Republika Srpska Saint Stephen is also the patron saint of Republika Srpska, one of two entities of Bosnia and Herzegovina. St. Stephen's Day, 9 January, is celebrated as the Day of the Republika Srpska or Dan Republike, though mainly as an anniversary of the 1992 events rather than as a religious feast. Finland The best-known tradition linked to the Stephen's Day () is "the ride of Stephen's Day" which refers to a sleigh ride with horses. These merry rides along village streets were seen in contrast to the silent and pious mood of the preceding Christmas days. Another old tradition was parades with singers and people dressed in Christmas suits. At some areas these parades were related to checking forthcoming brides. Stephen's Day used to be a popular day for weddings as well. These days a related tradition is dances of Stephen's Day which are held in several restaurants and dance halls. Bulgaria In Bulgaria, the Orthodox Church celebrates Saint Stephen's Day, also called Stefanov Den (), on the third day after Christmas - December 27. On this day, the ones who have a nameday are given gifts. See also Boxing Day Good King Wenceslas Saint Stephen's Day bandy Wren Day References External links Saint Stephen's Day at IrishFestivals.net Christmastide December observances January observances Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland Public holidays in Croatia Stephen da:Jul#Anden juledag	[ 0.012669219635426998, 0.4066409766674042, 0.28242629766464233, -0.5273663997650146, -0.2075716108083725, 0.6405881643295288, 0.9925406575202942, 0.6962295770645142, -0.4530539810657501, -0.061941977590322495, -0.34176507592201233, 0.3041697144508362, -0.008215273730456829, 0.21953457593917847, -0.610948920249939, 0.6261205673217773, 0.8130164742469788, 0.3643065094947815, 0.09586352854967117, -0.43760061264038086, -0.07212594151496887, -0.05595036596059799, 0.49002501368522644, -0.04673422873020172, -0.18463678658008575, 0.320568710565567, 0.21146799623966217, 0.04420636594295502, -0.3882293105125427, -0.3179562985897064, -0.3424791395664215, 0.5808438658714294, 0.6597914099693298, 0.21188069880008698, -0.3238188624382019, 0.16766025125980377, 0.4109492897987366, -0.5593419075012207, -0.34369680285453796, -0.09099345654249191, 0.2885667383670807, -0.3385169208049774, 0.3300023674964905, 0.35978350043296814, -0.35252153873443604, 0.29671183228492737, -1.1699411869049072, 0.5155062079429626, -0.7066730260848999, -0.4589466452598572, -0.19796718657016754, 0.13750290870666504, -0.08681561052799225, 0.0664476677775383, -0.2015456259250641, 0.2615945339202881, -0.9007406234741211, 0.16896076500415802, 0.31028982996940613, -0.2666781544685364, 0.3353727161884308, 0.15287868678569794, 0.684413731098175, -0.2105434089899063, 0.13819804787635803, -0.06610517203807831, -0.12821514904499054, 1.1465390920639038, 0.09344732016324997, -0.4031029939651489, -0.7881423234939575, -0.41131991147994995, -0.6464344263076782, 0.384240061044693, -0.3939690589904785, -1.0220835208892822, 0.31179749965667725, -0.5413467884063721, 0.2902645766735077, -0.4263656437397003, 0.2936244606971741, -0.399042010307312, 0.5018799901008606, 0.312757283449173, 0.5142662525177002, 0.07089776545763016, -0.6278071403503418, -0.3379475176334381, -0.5503012537956238, 0.1677381694316864, -0.27853691577911377, 0.10148920118808746, 0.8391377329826355, -0.18439489603042603, -0.6019531488418579, -0.11173516511917114, -0.8186559677124023, -0.14085805416107178, 0.546151340007782, -0.26615479588508606, -0.0999014750123024, -0.010308281518518925, 0.4830005168914795, 0.29019004106521606, 0.09443194419145584, -0.09697253257036209, 0.11838902533054352, -0.5753775835037231, 0.23552271723747253, -0.058550816029310226, -0.8745142221450806, 0.1349553018808365, -0.16494183242321014, 0.6281403303146362, 0.07755628973245621, -0.027742421254515648, -0.2922426760196686, -0.9848416447639465, -1.1332783699035645, -0.4808649718761444, -0.24847689270973206, 0.5144141316413879, 0.031136665493249893, -0.15352776646614075, -0.07902973145246506, 0.10483631491661072, 0.7104175686836243, 0.8177742958068848, -0.5178610682487488, 0.21829718351364136, 0.20138920843601227, 0.7092324495315552, -0.34724146127700806, -0.4449484348297119, 0.05671751871705055, -0.45514461398124695, -0.08347973227500916, -0.2806646525859833, 0.05124177783727646, 0.11202117055654526, -0.5807579755783081, -0.5087695717811584, -0.4532582461833954, 0.3947106897830963, 0.4320598244667053, -0.37239959836006165, 0.309347540140152, -0.5375831723213196, -0.6143422722816467, -0.1084601879119873, -0.06572166830301285, 0.49755650758743286, -0.12044480443000793, 0.07984233647584915, -0.23863089084625244, 0.25645142793655396, 0.21270951628684998, -0.0641646757721901, -0.23938482999801636, 0.3204337954521179, -0.1378084123134613, -0.25086188316345215, -0.008704766631126404, -0.08118930459022522, 0.4131690561771393, -0.11184544861316681, 0.8744440674781799, 0.3910272717475891, 0.2241753786802292, -0.5617719292640686, -0.19304439425468445, 0.45334282517433167, 0.0558580607175827, -0.25121498107910156, -0.31836727261543274, 0.02635996602475643, 0.7281093597412109, -0.08345378935337067, 0.19615226984024048, -0.17944025993347168, -0.42571935057640076, 0.4153253436088562, 0.09340239316225052, 0.044382039457559586, -0.2429077923297882, 0.21114085614681244, -0.5529689192771912, 0.3095746338367462, -0.0375356487929821, -0.19117070734500885, -0.6683375835418701, 0.024029817432165146, -0.12882472574710846, -0.45343413949012756, 0.6588886380195618, -0.26159417629241943, -0.4961265027523041, 0.2501277029514313, -0.3671347200870514, 0.5980022549629211, -0.38064199686050415, -0.2549437880516052, -0.46182647347450256, 0.2632301151752472, -0.5853514671325684, 0.22289861738681793, -0.09356563538312912, 0.06268782168626785, 0.9226569533348083, 0.6930621266365051, 0.05692954361438751, -0.2770615518093109, 0.47627684473991394, 0.5349869132041931, -0.3442126512527466, 0.5880962610244751, -0.19197027385234833, 0.2304307371377945, 0.0006066632340662181, -0.3750171661376953, 0.32062193751335144, -0.3136811852455139, -0.21990136802196503, 0.06727815419435501, -0.12165901809930801, 0.4133780896663666, 0.002254041377454996, 0.07189677655696869, 0.16014958918094635, -0.7270905375480652, 0.04595666006207466, 0.37813711166381836, 0.41056060791015625, 0.24818754196166992, -0.3867012858390808, 0.07710786163806915, 0.1552383303642273, -0.7042161226272583, 0.2839069068431854, -0.329956591129303, -0.01146368682384491, 0.40339040756225586, 0.35464346408843994, -0.018116744235157967, 0.12331206351518631, 0.458575040102005, 0.09509039670228958, 0.16347044706344604, -0.6592127680778503, -0.39007776975631714, 0.1711767464876175, 0.2801278531551361, 0.10143991559743881, -0.3219161033630371, 0.2513536512851715, -0.2511900067329407, 0.10053360462188721, 0.0911872535943985, 0.01792835257947445, 0.37753263115882874, 0.05611788108944893, -0.33090919256210327, 0.6280516386032104, 0.40003758668899536, -0.17343658208847046, -0.18136799335479736, -0.22361619770526886, -0.12568624317646027, 0.02923417091369629, 0.3633553981781006, -0.05996224284172058, -0.4209110736846924, -0.6701231598854065, 0.3506472706794739, 0.03781332075595856, -0.5967517495155334, -0.5169779658317566, 0.40699002146720886, -0.3523307740688324, -0.2636883854866028, -0.5692023038864136, 0.7182184457778931, -0.21790236234664917, 0.1920560598373413, -0.7399072051048279, -0.6627861261367798, 0.012219053693115711, -0.5949580669403076, -0.14654426276683807, -0.4458124339580536, -0.1715410053730011, 0.8223634958267212, 0.43400469422340393, 0.06338442116975784, -0.007339615374803543, 0.38597020506858826, 0.029076840728521347, 0.18221768736839294, 0.30703282356262207, -0.2672869563102722, 0.18620555102825165, 0.10656410455703735, 0.6683180928230286, -0.22302232682704926, 0.7972554564476013, 0.24706026911735535, -0.24599258601665497, 0.48949605226516724, -5.530614852905273, 0.05595405027270317, -0.04873952269554138, -0.28891807794570923, -0.029452979564666748, -0.040115535259246826, 1.0007096529006958, 0.122890904545784, 0.5636336803436279, -0.29772451519966125, -0.3275320827960968, -0.4173857271671295, -0.5123632550239563, 0.5922331213951111, 0.6793592572212219, 0.13034559786319733, 0.3307032287120819, -0.6614977717399597, 0.3087458610534668, 0.1130906492471695, -0.06251294165849686, 0.1313801258802414, 0.2696118950843811, 0.9116122722625732, 0.02355850487947464, 0.5415385365486145, -0.08512532711029053, 0.602608323097229, -0.26500439643859863, 0.3738599121570587, 0.5627463459968567, -0.1277124434709549, 0.5516796112060547, -0.015302262268960476, 0.2515677213668823, 0.2942327558994293, -0.19204914569854736, 0.06837689876556396, 0.11943922936916351, -0.5782285332679749, -0.014873449690639973, 0.031751953065395355, -0.06429234147071838, -0.05138257145881653, 0.2335217148065567, -0.13738955557346344, -0.3441014587879181, 0.2824529707431793, -0.38277798891067505, 0.4048760235309601, 0.660910427570343, -0.14269928634166718, -0.132583886384964, -0.7507211565971375, -0.1892213374376297, 0.18482564389705658, 0.5319915413856506, -0.10342177748680115, -0.04310373216867447, -0.21871604025363922, 0.875449001789093, 0.20209863781929016, 0.20668253302574158, -0.11217118799686432, -0.1936357319355011, -0.4900209307670593, -0.7607532143592834, -0.5396322011947632, -0.531022310256958, 0.1546086072921753, -0.6179044842720032, 0.23688183724880219, -0.6851353049278259, -0.9917828440666199, 0.34735557436943054, -0.49782320857048035, -0.47883909940719604, 0.22077107429504395, -0.10488104075193405, 0.5431501865386963, -0.03209831565618515, -0.7085452079772949, -0.08801832050085068, 0.4664142429828644, 0.46178972721099854, 0.4526546895503998, 0.34653815627098083, 0.0647653266787529, -0.39649006724357605, -0.4927203357219696, 0.7019532322883606, -0.3124089241027832, 0.387867271900177, 0.4263932704925537, -0.2942277789115906, 0.9307302832603455, 0.011499893851578236, 0.24129849672317505, 0.74075847864151, 0.1757861226797104, 0.2152295857667923, 0.1970144510269165, 0.1288817971944809, -0.14316122233867645, 0.07341789454221725, -0.5114971995353699, -0.029735833406448364, 0.3946276903152466, 0.4916940927505493, 0.4609028100967407, 0.25025349855422974, -0.062324702739715576, -0.39847519993782043, -1.3945363759994507, 0.07671146094799042, -0.2034802883863449, 0.03944890573620796, -0.13485772907733917, 0.5476055145263672, 0.4305354356765747, -0.008474842645227909, -0.008825188502669334, -0.7369703054428101, 0.49115025997161865, -0.2453579157590866, 0.08846297115087509, -0.4360027015209198, -0.048683490604162216, 0.43339085578918457, 0.11737154424190521, 0.6954115629196167, 0.43999388813972473, 0.21981509029865265, 0.22357629239559174, 0.08926751464605331, 0.3628937005996704, 0.40483152866363525, -0.9036703109741211, -0.09428120404481888, -0.4431370198726654, 0.06413564831018448, -0.4802909195423126, -0.4790075421333313, 0.7239662408828735, 0.18561908602714539, 0.5771174430847168, -0.2580527067184448, -0.0500502809882164, -0.16674111783504486, 0.9006344079971313, 0.2073046714067459, -0.04763537645339966, -0.18221350014209747, 0.13732488453388214, -0.515841007232666, 0.02224317379295826, 0.5579593181610107, 0.11682717502117157, -0.07280900329351425, -0.39171767234802246, -0.5020287036895752, -0.9898630380630493, -0.7029895782470703, -0.7249869704246521, -0.36491861939430237, 0.17129753530025482, -0.24905656278133392, -0.66267991065979, 0.059116464108228683, 0.44598057866096497, 0.2566371560096741, -0.2638176381587982, -0.8478676080703735, -0.011774171143770218, 0.6387882232666016, -0.36621811985969543, -0.2259417176246643, 0.5785095691680908, -0.22164908051490784, -0.3596456050872803, 0.2909967005252838, -0.3466889262199402, -0.5924286842346191, 0.1490859091281891, 0.37683993577957153, -0.3069429397583008, -0.5145111083984375, -0.25637155771255493, -0.3212316036224365, -0.00047040218487381935, 0.202659010887146, 0.3717418611049652, 0.007979308255016804, 0.34408020973205566, 0.2895001769065857, -0.944419801235199, -0.2733434736728668, 0.22451789677143097, 0.34196051955223083, -0.13882899284362793, -0.3922085165977478, -0.11958377063274384, -1.3584023714065552, 0.5508653521537781, 0.14324656128883362, -0.4833543002605438, 0.5613707304000854, 0.07400307804346085, 0.06332594901323318, -0.23564881086349487, -0.06766301393508911, -0.3145870566368103, -0.29439231753349304, 0.6393589973449707, -0.38753706216812134, 0.34593528509140015, -0.615297257900238, -0.26320570707321167, -0.1028904989361763, -0.2485283613204956, -0.10800893604755402, 0.23158617317676544, -0.0955478623509407, -0.22597849369049072, 0.18881277740001678, 0.25715184211730957, 0.2594520151615143, -0.27968788146972656, -0.0816141739487648, 0.21607404947280884, 0.5591368079185486, -0.3211249113082886, 0.11341877281665802, -0.09056251496076584, -0.5223518013954163, -0.3923355042934418, 0.17909634113311768, 0.23272459208965302, -0.28556013107299805, 0.48312440514564514, 0.04170561954379082, 0.7770528793334961, -0.4202111065387726, -0.5494792461395264, -0.36861398816108704, -0.31567567586898804, -0.005849760957062244, 0.26097768545150757, 0.011999526061117649, -0.18442712724208832, 0.0036598709411919117, 0.42636993527412415, 0.335292249917984, -0.2380865216255188, 0.09298384934663773, -0.9468950629234314, -0.5294281244277954, -0.624778151512146, 0.08041129261255264, -0.12038128823041916, 0.7835903763771057, -0.5285171270370483, 0.2627968490123749, 0.017476549372076988, -0.12931770086288452, 0.45074114203453064, 0.02309095859527588, 0.4287723898887634, -0.25744861364364624, 0.08272646367549896, 0.05375417321920395, -0.6965446472167969, 0.20201532542705536, 0.3557836711406708, -0.11436320841312408, -0.029403740540146828, -0.331865519285202, -0.14954127371311188, 0.22759316861629486, 0.24482451379299164, -0.5707369446754456, -0.355986624956131, -0.2693551182746887, -0.07778185606002808, -0.4658738076686859, -1.426709771156311, 0.26070013642311096, 0.3936099112033844, -0.2242099642753601, -0.031366344541311264, -0.29377782344818115, -0.02930404059588909, -0.30599385499954224, 0.4925646483898163, -0.6982470750808716, -0.16346637904644012, -0.14427237212657928, 0.7901906967163086, -0.6424674391746521, 0.10118523985147476, -0.525083601474762, 0.3630387485027313, 0.6689531803131104, -0.7395657300949097, 0.010955317877233028, 0.26241472363471985, 0.6344040036201477, -0.23864968121051788, 0.10347099602222443, 0.4775172770023346, 0.6096118092536926, 0.157100647687912, 0.5371544361114502, 0.42898625135421753, -0.15289831161499023, 0.3285447359085083, 0.34887024760246277, -0.38524946570396423, 0.05416199192404747, 0.4344756305217743, -0.004461156670004129, 0.20716354250907898, 0.43377286195755005, -0.07464035600423813, 0.2479684203863144, 0.3286453187465668, -0.1137348860502243, 0.2737947106361389, -0.07936245203018188, 0.39681267738342285, 0.06392008811235428, 0.1715860217809677, -0.554002046585083, 0.8552404046058655, 0.0426141656935215, -0.03010743483901024, -0.0530308373272419, -0.9362230896949768, -0.2743929326534271, 0.2913074791431427, 0.2762693166732788, 0.14321553707122803, -0.14314042031764984, 0.06788279116153717, 0.5401657819747925, 0.7245772480964661, -0.7796061038970947, -0.25908708572387695, 0.25610464811325073, -0.11334921419620514, 0.13791730999946594, -0.025829315185546875, 0.006460313685238361, -0.2075650990009308, 0.4568735957145691, -0.14217554032802582, 0.16342206299304962, -0.303320050239563, -0.3153657019138336, -0.25209614634513855, 0.1739712357521057, -0.4880090653896332, 0.6215720176696777, -0.3764027953147888, -0.15800629556179047, 0.1967187076807022, 0.07206150144338608, -0.5630954504013062, -0.4387688934803009, 0.8560845255851746, 0.32600125670433044, 0.32808226346969604, -0.225644052028656, 0.2997990548610687, 0.29764825105667114, 0.5330435633659363, 0.327913373708725, 0.7130190134048462, 0.04084281250834465, -0.3082209825515747, -0.763612687587738, 0.1439742147922516, -0.1649741530418396, -0.8073400259017944, -1.2035571336746216, 0.04034942761063576, -0.0564207062125206, 0.2506243586540222, 0.06778102368116379, -0.27764907479286194, -0.5130786895751953, 0.3795199692249298, 0.19064997136592865, -0.6328787207603455, -0.8410619497299194, -0.025171784684062004, 0.2406262755393982, 1.1553845405578613, 0.6276193857192993, 1.004558801651001, -0.1546831727027893, -0.5140255689620972, -0.7749735116958618, 0.09188006818294525, -0.24770471453666687, 0.27706751227378845, -0.09162832796573639, -0.3634227216243744, -0.4448113739490509, 0.747181236743927, 0.22186987102031708, -0.17962802946567535, 0.15662916004657745, -0.3035323917865753, -0.29259204864501953, -0.09136856347322464, 0.45739635825157166, -0.5599009394645691, 0.6220517754554749, -0.8304339051246643, 0.5367131233215332, 0.8844116926193237, 0.39358776807785034, 0.12898947298526764, -0.5381454229354858, 0.026150338351726532, 0.44881948828697205, 0.5432894825935364, -0.6616320013999939, -0.4578830599784851, -0.31242573261260986, -0.21873904764652252, -0.240473672747612, 0.2007530927658081, -0.5379767417907715, 0.10059216618537903, 0.9564664959907532, -0.10486193746328354, 0.20496995747089386, -0.6631554365158081, 0.7495889067649841, -0.35134825110435486, 0.5745905041694641, -0.2057984620332718, 0.3609849214553833, -0.2947252094745636, -0.19498935341835022, 0.4992068111896515, -0.47590816020965576, 0.07961533963680267, 0.14468254148960114, 0.4548368453979492, 0.5670157670974731, -0.04525913670659065, -0.22200021147727966, -0.10776328295469284, 0.14197257161140442, -0.13729988038539886, 0.6876853704452515, 0.3656791150569916 ]
202155	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Cleland	John Cleland	John Cleland (c. 1709, baptised – 23 January 1789) was an English novelist best known for his fictional Fanny Hill: or, the Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure, whose eroticism led to his arrest. James Boswell called him "a sly, old malcontent". Publication of Fanny Hill John Cleland began courting the Portuguese in a vain attempt to refound the Portuguese East India Company. In 1748, Cleland was arrested for an £840 debt (equivalent to a purchasing power of about £100,000 in 2005) and committed to Fleet Prison, where he remained for over a year. It was while he was in prison that Cleland finalised Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure. The text probably existed in manuscript for a number of years before Cleland developed it for publication. The novel was published in two instalments, in November 1748 and February 1749. In March of that year, he was released from prison. However, Cleland was arrested again in November 1749, along with the publishers and printer of Fanny Hill. In court, Cleland disavowed the novel and said that he could only "wish, from my Soul," that the book be "buried and forgot" (Sabor). The book was then officially withdrawn and not legally published again for over a hundred years. However, it continued to sell well in pirated editions. In March 1750, Cleland produced a highly bowdlerised version of the book, but it too was proscribed. Eventually, the prosecution against Cleland was dropped and the expurgated edition continued to sell legally. Later life None of Cleland's literary works provided him with a comfortable living and he was typically bitter about this. He publicly denounced his mother before her death in 1763 for not supporting him. Additionally, he exhibited a religious tendency toward Deism that branded him as a heretic. Meanwhile he accused Laurence Sterne of "pornography" for Tristram Shandy. In 1772, he told Boswell that he had written Fanny Hill while in Bombay, that he had written it for a dare, to show a friend it was possible to write about prostitution without using "vulgar" terms. At the time, Boswell reported that Cleland was a "fine, sly malcontent". Later, he would visit Cleland again and discover him living alone, shunned by all, with an "ancient and ugly woman" as his sole servant. Josiah Beckwith in 1781 said, after meeting him, that it was "no wonder" that he was thought to be a "sodomite". From 1782 until his death on 23 January 1789 Cleland lived on Petty France, Westminster "a few hundred yards from his childhood home in St James's Place". He died unmarried and was buried in St Margaret's churchyard in London. Composition of Fanny Hill and after Cleland's account of when Fanny Hill was written is difficult. For one thing, the novel has allusions to other novels that were written and published the same year (including Shamela). Further, it takes part in the general Henry Fielding/Samuel Richardson battle, with Pamela: or, Virtue Rewarded on one side and Joseph Andrews on the other. Furthermore, the novel's geography and topicality make a Bombay composition less likely than a Fleet Prison one. It is possible, of course, that a pornographic novel without vulgarity was written by Cleland in Bombay and then rewritten in Fleet Prison as a newly engaged and politically sophisticated novel. Officially, Fanny Hill remained suppressed in an unexpurgated form until 1970 in the United Kingdom. However, in 1966 it became the subject of a famous US Supreme Court judgment 383 US 413 A Book Named "John Cleland's Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure" v. Attorney General of Massachusetts, holding that under the US Constitution a modicum of merit precluded its condemnation as obscene. In fact, the novel is now regarded as a "stylistic tour de force" and as a participant in the "making legible the bourgeois remapping of certain categories constitutive of 'woman', and then exposing that remapping as ludicrous" (Gautier x). It has exceptionally lively style, profoundly playful and ironic questions about womanhood, and a satirical exposition of love as commerce and pleasure as wealth. Fanny Hill and homosexuality The fact that the passionate descriptions of copulatory acts in Fanny Hill are written by a man from the point of view of a woman, and the fact that Fanny is obsessed by phallic size, have led some critics to suggest it is a homoerotic work. This aspect of the novel, plus Cleland's presumed offence at Westminster School, lack of intimate friends, and his unmarried status have aided conjecture that he was homosexual, as has his bitter falling out with friend Thomas Cannon, author of the pamphlet Ancient and Modern Pederasty Investigated and Exemplify'd (1749), the earliest surviving published defence of homosexuality in English (Gladfelder). The authorised edition of Fanny Hill also contains a scene where Fanny (to her disgust) comes across a man and a boy fornicating. The friendship of Cleland and Cannon was "volatile, verging on murderous", but in the opinion of Gladfelder, who rediscovered the Ancient and Modern Pederasty..., "It's no coincidence that they simultaneously produced the only two explicit accounts of male same-sex desire in English before the nineteenth century, published just a month apart in 1759." This may, however, simply reflect Cleland's knowledge of his friend's research, and the opportunity to use it in a novel that had a rare explicitness for the time. Bibliography Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure, or, Fanny Hill (1749) Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure, or, Fanny Hill (1750) (expurgated, legal version) Memoirs of a Coxcomb (1751) Titus Vespasian (1755) (unperformed play) The Ladies Subscription (1755) (unperformed play) Tombo-Chiqui, or, The American Savage (1758) (unperformed play) The Surprises of Love (1764) The Surprises of Love: Exemplified in the Romance of a Day Or An Adventure in Greenwich-Park Last Easter, The Romance of a Night Or A Covent-Garden-Adventure, The Romance of a Morning or The Chance of a Sport, The Romance of an Evening or Who would have thought it ? (Collection of short stories) The Woman of Honour (1768) Molly Hill. Memoirs of The Sister of Fanny Hill The Illustrated Fanny Hill Memoirs of an Oxford Scholar The Memoirs of Maria Brown (Genuine Memoirs of the celebrated Miss Maria Brown) The Way to Things by Words, and to Words by Things Other philological works, poetry, translations, periodical reviews and letters Notes References Further reading John Cleland (2005). Memoirs of a Coxcomb. Ed. Hal Gladfelder. Peterborough, ON: Broadview Press. Gary Gautier (2001). "Introduction". Fanny Hill or, Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure. New York: Modern Library Hal Gladfelder (2007). "In Search of Lost Texts: Thomas Cannon's 'Ancient and Modern Pederasty Investigated and Exemplified." Eighteenth-Century Life 31(1) J. H. Plumb (1965). "Introduction". Fanny Hill, or, Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure. New York: Signet Classics Peter Sabor (2004). "John Cleland" in H. C. G. Matthew and Brian Harrison, eds. The Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 12. London: Oxford University Press External links Complete text of Fanny Hill 1789 deaths English people of Scottish descent People educated at Westminster School, London British East India Company civil servants English erotica writers Inmates of Fleet Prison 18th-century English male writers 18th-century English novelists People imprisoned for debt English male novelists	[ -0.6790280342102051, 0.7698774337768555, -0.47869908809661865, -0.3534848988056183, -0.49863117933273315, 0.9980623126029968, 0.4370975196361542, 0.6173338294029236, -0.5999168753623962, -0.22384826838970184, 0.1074267104268074, -0.3374212086200714, -0.5208337306976318, 0.8119403719902039, -0.010921522043645382, 0.7283626794815063, -0.5914192795753479, 0.8121702075004578, 0.003338896669447422, -0.8276575803756714, 0.19497564435005188, -0.18379229307174683, -0.35037001967430115, -0.5160605907440186, -0.06728024780750275, 0.1007491871714592, -0.024373065680265427, -0.2550435960292816, 0.18097351491451263, -0.010646750219166279, -0.04673349857330322, 0.681459903717041, 0.42297372221946716, -0.1360267996788025, 0.09361391514539719, -0.2720590829849243, 0.2883867919445038, -0.08045820146799088, 0.4508598744869232, -0.3162497282028198, 0.0026700617745518684, 0.0931730642914772, 0.25842106342315674, 0.025313418358564377, 0.0665513128042221, 0.005892025772482157, -1.9731000661849976, -0.33812543749809265, -0.4900561571121216, -0.13985297083854675, 0.24791407585144043, -0.4846073389053345, 0.6226995587348938, 0.2877611517906189, 0.18800731003284454, 0.45525112748146057, -0.4407453238964081, 0.16747364401817322, 1.030613899230957, 0.7419014573097229, 0.6610012054443359, -0.17408929765224457, 0.11036847531795502, 0.0334123894572258, -0.04609682783484459, 0.644555389881134, -0.5932230353355408, 1.1193044185638428, -0.2958355247974396, 0.23057322204113007, -0.14039276540279388, -0.07090015709400177, 0.7564692497253418, 0.7060611248016357, -0.11523955315351486, 0.024450739845633507, 0.03868827968835831, 0.36679375171661377, -0.059384699910879135, -0.3511018455028534, 0.08911839127540588, -0.19422899186611176, 0.34393492341041565, -0.05750379338860512, 0.17321424186229706, 0.5978036522865295, -0.3639301061630249, -0.6840956211090088, -0.005399499088525772, 0.8669752478599548, -0.17967857420444489, 0.2800929546356201, -0.46280646324157715, 0.5781112313270569, -0.42483729124069214, 0.19682912528514862, -0.43204233050346375, 0.2579282522201538, 0.07141437381505966, 0.22384013235569, 0.28887253999710083, 0.446407675743103, 0.7145411968231201, 0.04490799829363823, -0.16190320253372192, 0.45011597871780396, -0.4046998620033264, -0.3845410943031311, -0.036996789276599884, -2.1375107765197754, -0.45807352662086487, 0.6043726801872253, -0.7845093607902527, -0.07452815771102905, -0.2710323929786682, 0.22418555617332458, 0.8473576903343201, -0.46032634377479553, -0.3558295667171478, 0.1313590258359909, 0.04729397967457771, 0.9027564525604248, -0.6833350658416748, 0.11104441434144974, -0.8136696219444275, 0.6090571880340576, 0.3020586371421814, -0.0906958281993866, 0.49271777272224426, 0.7580050230026245, -0.13476376235485077, 0.9017454981803894, -0.42975470423698425, -0.10204512625932693, -0.13002465665340424, -0.7819767594337463, 0.4786917567253113, 0.6130898594856262, 0.07231522351503372, 0.024435024708509445, -0.6197022199630737, -0.1269967406988144, -2.236274480819702, -0.09786292910575867, 0.49676311016082764, 0.7580454349517822, -0.5972718596458435, 0.025305453687906265, 0.44309157133102417, 0.731757640838623, -0.3019174635410309, -0.251321405172348, 0.41516920924186707, 0.12783771753311157, -0.3224143385887146, 0.32098060846328735, -0.04299851506948471, -0.38381481170654297, 0.35754135251045227, 0.46831876039505005, 0.09510018676519394, 0.07333321124315262, 0.33949244022369385, 0.16956326365470886, 0.021135520190000534, 0.3229430615901947, 0.5743883848190308, -0.3517698049545288, -0.0013971371809020638, -0.020885393023490906, -0.8046907186508179, -0.04989618808031082, 0.45206737518310547, -0.8152284026145935, 0.08672498911619186, 0.130584254860878, 0.5877583026885986, 0.8697323799133301, -0.5072183609008789, -0.40062370896339417, -0.6631197333335876, -0.1752195507287979, 0.459213525056839, -0.4038613736629486, -0.19646312296390533, 0.34212422370910645, 0.5068359375, -0.3713630735874176, 0.049177564680576324, 0.5388835668563843, -0.36222851276397705, -0.0744907557964325, 0.31880271434783936, -0.21027186512947083, 0.9355940818786621, 0.005132543388754129, 0.16715990006923676, -0.3643806576728821, 0.4129542112350464, 1.127740740776062, -0.11814144998788834, -0.33603259921073914, 0.0644666850566864, 0.03654596582055092, -0.28737175464630127, 2.5565261840820312, 0.034142058342695236, 0.03477270156145096, 0.5754731297492981, 0.4713418781757355, 0.49172458052635193, 0.10244359821081161, -0.11402393132448196, 0.2670312225818634, 0.30060875415802, -0.3867301940917969, 0.28869327902793884, -0.16232642531394958, -0.1516651213169098, -0.6506878733634949, -0.0949181467294693, 0.3255891799926758, -0.24122574925422668, 0.6674990057945251, -0.06935521215200424, 1.0134937763214111, -0.13994191586971283, 0.5247163772583008, -0.5334721207618713, -1.5759472846984863, 0.5878380537033081, 0.1889544129371643, -0.178053617477417, -0.9223855137825012, -0.25098752975463867, -0.050728488713502884, 0.05817092955112457, -0.25046026706695557, -0.10485810786485672, 0.198909729719162, 0.4917392134666443, 0.38149404525756836, -0.4938609004020691, 0.09946229308843613, -0.4522284269332886, 0.4966082274913788, -0.028493372723460197, -0.046028751879930496, -0.2123492807149887, -0.7442576885223389, 0.5373621582984924, -0.0485345795750618, 0.32337960600852966, -0.9746168255805969, -0.01943391188979149, -0.2727019488811493, 0.009389149025082588, -0.24225935339927673, -0.32398414611816406, -0.001331943436525762, -0.3711991310119629, 0.27663782238960266, -0.04212011769413948, 0.02894642762839794, 0.02753155119717121, -1.1119431257247925, -0.6467244029045105, -0.1847093403339386, -0.0735805332660675, -0.45128458738327026, 0.3878503739833832, -0.3382806181907654, -0.07962770760059357, -3.0198376178741455, 0.3473556935787201, 0.6532683968544006, 0.007512409705668688, 0.230790913105011, -0.9236509203910828, -0.07500838488340378, 0.001119231223128736, 0.5605196356773376, -0.637059211730957, 0.11890304833650589, -0.32605689764022827, 0.7215314507484436, 0.41513463854789734, 0.3168127238750458, 0.29371222853660583, -0.05603693053126335, 0.350504994392395, 0.14693208038806915, -0.1486808806657791, 0.7015600204467773, 0.11879522353410721, 0.20470504462718964, 0.03273361921310425, -0.3559875786304474, -0.3032001554965973, -0.03811107575893402, -0.6295648813247681, 0.29250115156173706, -0.6735625863075256, 0.13084818422794342, -0.2919228672981262, -0.39682963490486145, -0.3306041955947876, -0.126138836145401, -2.882937431335449, 0.2691386640071869, -0.17382104694843292, 0.11875457316637039, 0.19150924682617188, -0.4807485342025757, 1.0307869911193848, -0.14963296055793762, -0.13848444819450378, 0.4721221625804901, 0.05346057191491127, -0.25913795828819275, -0.0076699876226484776, 0.37773165106773376, 1.0783360004425049, 0.6466326713562012, 1.2453372478485107, 0.18852415680885315, 0.42401042580604553, -0.4020572602748871, -0.16801084578037262, 0.1282983124256134, -0.14190547168254852, -0.3371210992336273, -0.00316340709105134, 0.3746511936187744, 0.1971791535615921, -0.04181552678346634, -0.6103104948997498, 0.17427179217338562, 0.07942955195903778, 0.6881601810455322, 0.1772335171699524, -0.7094870805740356, -1.134788990020752, -0.08278681337833405, 0.1577022522687912, 0.9350008964538574, 0.31980305910110474, -0.6004500389099121, -0.040828265249729156, 0.4991080164909363, -0.35104385018348694, 0.5407336354255676, 0.6105901002883911, 0.15908579528331757, -1.0350418090820312, -0.05116590857505798, -0.06193726882338524, 0.5745194554328918, -0.1581779271364212, -0.12229447811841965, 1.351806640625, 0.5412012934684753, 0.15780894458293915, -0.38273754715919495, 0.4097954034805298, -0.31099218130111694, -0.2952214181423187, 0.22134526073932648, 0.958677351474762, -0.48060011863708496, 0.41693586111068726, 0.0094761298969388, 0.13321630656719208, -0.8765383958816528, 0.34994807839393616, -0.2485908567905426, 0.00988316535949707, -0.054899804294109344, -0.30355098843574524, 0.6349654197692871, 0.5518468022346497, -0.6849374175071716, -0.10895363986492157, -0.4149940013885498, -0.4102644920349121, 0.5595025420188904, 0.2143455445766449, -0.1688355803489685, 0.5675345659255981, -0.3382779657840729, -0.7218794822692871, 1.1089239120483398, 0.38785111904144287, 0.1781431883573532, -0.5928438901901245, -0.1882958710193634, -0.8546046018600464, -0.6882976293563843, -0.2177361100912094, 0.22890698909759521, -0.05154268443584442, 0.9931715130805969, -0.07221109420061111, 0.05906889960169792, 0.534335732460022, -1.3482677936553955, -0.09202038496732712, -0.32735544443130493, -0.20961572229862213, -0.35073235630989075, -0.4161970615386963, -0.5316347479820251, -0.6547982692718506, -0.5816561579704285, -0.5313096046447754, 0.45596006512641907, -0.17432650923728943, 0.16903309524059296, 0.5334328413009644, -0.3356074392795563, -0.32206445932388306, -0.2807084023952484, 0.6273475289344788, -0.19128131866455078, 0.15366211533546448, 0.4668945372104645, 0.5752835273742676, 0.45045581459999084, 0.34891247749328613, 0.528541624546051, -0.20155447721481323, -0.27340537309646606, -0.5726275444030762, 0.330226331949234, 0.5594723224639893, -0.2740868926048279, -0.556090772151947, -0.034824103116989136, -0.3847719728946686, 0.22365961968898773, -0.4497305154800415, -0.5303917527198792, -0.29305097460746765, -0.6821621060371399, -0.0860610157251358, 0.19744078814983368, 0.32294222712516785, -0.47075173258781433, 0.29228150844573975, -0.1811639815568924, -0.11741013824939728, 0.2631179094314575, -0.29692894220352173, 0.7802963256835938, 0.7645854353904724, -0.18053008615970612, -0.6028345227241516, 0.22156694531440735, -0.5440557599067688, -1.2480918169021606, -0.05864102765917778, -0.5954388380050659, 0.17455273866653442, -0.18424482643604279, 0.025035860016942024, -0.14847354590892792, -0.20310218632221222, 0.22992923855781555, -0.3136572539806366, 0.777439534664154, -0.9893730878829956, 0.49489229917526245, 0.324750155210495, -0.25253644585609436, 0.09430597722530365, -0.07555288076400757, -0.8947169780731201, 0.8341745138168335, -0.36646801233291626, -0.059014931321144104, -0.7066822052001953, -0.14928878843784332, 0.8316959142684937, -0.10700195282697678, 0.5625999569892883, 0.6431723237037659, 0.7482405304908752, -0.006541813723742962, -0.44793498516082764, 0.6871504187583923, -0.04438101127743721, 0.40452688932418823, 0.7397446632385254, -0.6830191612243652, -0.6871660351753235, -0.14838488399982452, -0.16124069690704346, -0.17666830122470856, -0.28287839889526367, 0.6302670836448669, 0.8003323674201965, 0.4214476943016052, -0.388877809047699, -0.3601903021335602, 0.2192383110523224, 0.039082080125808716, 0.36136695742607117, -0.5649074912071228, 0.5427355766296387, 0.80946284532547, 0.1440405398607254, 0.7585030794143677, 0.19256256520748138, -0.6138182282447815, -0.09882648289203644, 0.22198060154914856, -1.0857386589050293, 0.9112698435783386, 0.45928192138671875, -0.8344607949256897, 0.276536226272583, 0.386409193277359, -0.11786249279975891, -0.2994772493839264, 0.7103514671325684, 0.593007504940033, -0.019975008442997932, -0.5009636878967285, -0.06775758415460587, -0.4340140223503113, -0.10493220388889313, -0.2969701290130615, -0.8847672939300537, 0.21640008687973022, 0.17248022556304932, -0.686905026435852, 0.6926182508468628, -0.1944998949766159, -0.7475546002388, -0.00909354817122221, 0.23231607675552368, 0.15369845926761627, -0.04191550984978676, 0.12768049538135529, -0.37342873215675354, 0.25515174865722656, 0.08092167228460312, 0.14394931495189667, 0.6261914372444153, 1.114310383796692, 0.4199252426624298, -0.2215217649936676, -0.3949912488460541, 0.5178911089897156, -0.20605584979057312, 0.08167658746242523, -0.38466161489486694, 0.35942113399505615, -0.013386114500463009, -0.30923259258270264, -0.32687488198280334, -0.19003070890903473, 1.1087418794631958, 0.2406793236732483, 0.05582169070839882, 0.4490847885608673, -0.15732932090759277, 0.26723504066467285, -0.05049150064587593, 0.8271262645721436, -0.256789892911911, 0.6539177894592285, 0.16344517469406128, 0.4670478403568268, 0.16006803512573242, -0.15281230211257935, 0.6374542117118835, -0.3017693758010864, -1.0990477800369263, -0.7091549038887024, -0.686104953289032, 0.4049014747142792, 0.2028716504573822, -0.40934279561042786, 0.48923468589782715, -0.7126187086105347, 0.18154487013816833, -0.0010525115067139268, 1.0717430114746094, 0.012915721163153648, 0.886336088180542, -0.27358585596084595, 0.312492311000824, -0.15188460052013397, -0.8375763297080994, -0.14402274787425995, -0.3101365864276886, -0.04456864669919014, -0.4028988778591156, -0.33855000138282776, -0.09369969367980957, 0.5695967674255371, 0.05099884793162346, 0.5569520592689514, -0.6786758303642273, -0.7177517414093018, -0.5671165585517883, -0.018722739070653915, -1.2857509851455688, 0.9879003763198853, 0.24221689999103546, 0.041113875806331635, 0.6710766553878784, 0.21976377069950104, -0.34658873081207275, -0.7821924090385437, -0.07461509853601456, -0.051861636340618134, -0.03620704635977745, -0.07826605439186096, 0.19797749817371368, 0.4876713752746582, 0.3381533622741699, -0.33892881870269775, 0.63162761926651, -0.679940402507782, -0.40930232405662537, 0.1425863802433014, -0.041994351893663406, -0.38772520422935486, 0.45581838488578796, 0.16433179378509521, 0.23899464309215546, 0.9479174017906189, -0.4876457750797272, -0.6154576539993286, 0.15516528487205505, -0.2844332456588745, -0.29199814796447754, -0.6926376819610596, -0.9690604209899902, 0.7682844400405884, -0.5305693745613098, -0.06004522368311882, -0.45849835872650146, -0.2503950893878937, 0.08948279172182083, 0.339072585105896, 0.14529016613960266, 0.5836536288261414, 0.2409551739692688, -0.4587680697441101, -0.23106694221496582, -0.2194892317056656, -0.2767794728279114, 0.22547554969787598, 0.3222046494483948, -0.28255218267440796, 0.42631208896636963, 0.24289949238300323, 0.25486916303634644, -0.3909105658531189, -0.27811503410339355, 0.05400149151682854, 0.42662879824638367, -0.5307441353797913, -0.2630813717842102, -2.4197661876678467, -0.28435996174812317, -0.4125319719314575, 0.5520928502082825, 0.3884464502334595, -0.20790405571460724, -0.8569273948669434, -0.10695453733205795, -0.17893683910369873, 0.08565106242895126, 0.8679946660995483, 0.5480008125305176, -0.31741824746131897, 0.9051236510276794, 0.0006737952935509384, 0.15316307544708252, 0.08722774684429169, 0.21017053723335266, -0.38456323742866516, -0.11431141197681427, -0.5771826505661011, -0.3849962055683136, -0.5013685822486877, 0.016303127631545067, -0.7244262099266052, 0.6273013949394226, -0.48154762387275696, -0.7687371969223022, 0.3121725618839264, 0.21526245772838593, -0.20219476521015167, 0.4226178526878357, -0.21574518084526062, 0.069841668009758, 0.555086076259613, -0.6950438618659973, 0.5493736267089844, -0.4233657717704773, 0.1856360137462616, 0.08396775275468826, -0.28550904989242554, -0.14221052825450897, 0.6605826020240784, -0.10936979949474335, 0.2343694418668747, -0.194651797413826, 0.13545672595500946, -0.5228928923606873, 0.9301318526268005, -0.4276016652584076, 0.751337468624115, -0.01829582452774048, 0.19315339624881744, -0.495772123336792, 0.9214363694190979, 0.05823414772748947, -0.6526648998260498, 0.179893359541893, -0.49073025584220886, -0.6365088224411011, -0.003484486136585474, 0.32039397954940796, 0.3399502635002136, 0.07790596783161163, -0.2261343151330948, 0.03239955008029938, -0.8913773894309998, -0.027345633134245872, -0.46009835600852966, 0.14052866399288177, 0.36978986859321594, 0.2695765197277069, 0.21740660071372986, 0.02936488203704357, -0.749183714389801, 0.25126996636390686, 0.1952180415391922, 0.4103226959705353, 0.8866408467292786, 0.18755851686000824, 0.0037584896199405193, -0.11742909997701645, -0.8000394105911255, 0.5623521208763123, 0.14378274977207184, -5.446287155151367, -0.7413693070411682, 0.3980432152748108, -0.5103211998939514, 0.36000293493270874, 0.15965861082077026, 0.37996020913124084, -0.16457591950893402, -0.15895052254199982, -0.343586802482605, 0.3561154305934906, -0.5566707253456116, -0.5858587026596069, -0.70359206199646, 0.08745365589857101, 0.16114921867847443 ]
202158	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor%20Go-Sanj%C5%8D	Emperor Go-Sanjō	was the 71st emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. Go-Sanjō's reign spanned the years from 1068 through 1073. This 11th century sovereign was named after Emperor Sanjō and go- (後), translates literally as "later;" and thus, he is sometimes called the "Later Emperor Sanjō", or, in some older sources, may be identified as "Sanjō, the second" or as "Sanjo II." It was during, and due to, his reign that the Fujiwara grip on power was broken; following Go-Sanjo's rule, their power continued to wane until 1150, where any semblance of their power disappeared. Biography Before his ascension to the Chrysanthemum Throne, his personal name (imina) was Takahito-shinnō (尊仁親王). Takahito-shinnō was the second son of Emperor Go-Suzaku. His mother was Empress (kōgō) Sadako (禎子内親王), the third daughter of Emperor Sanjō, making him the first Emperor in 170 years (since Emperor Uda) whose mother was not of Fujiwara descent paternally. His father and mother were grandchildren of Fujiwara no Michinaga maternally. The Empress mother of the future Emperor Go-Sanjō was also known as Tishi, and a Yōmei-mon In (1012–94). His lack of connection with the Fujiwara meant he owed them no special loyalty - this meant that he could afford to oppose them. Events of Go-Sanjō's life Because Prince Takahito was not of Fujiwara descent, the Kampaku, Fujiwara no Yorimichi neglected him, but Emperor Go-Suzaku decreed that upon his elder brother Chikahito's enthronement (as Emperor Go-Reizei), that Takahito would become the heir (kōtaitei). As Go-Reizei had no children of his own, upon his death, Takahito became emperor. May 22, 1068 (Jiryaku 4, 19th day of the 4th month): In the 4th year of Emperor Go-Reizei's reign (後冷泉天皇四年), he died at age 44; and the succession (senso) was received by his younger half-brother. Shortly thereafter, Emperor Go-Sanjo is said to have acceded to the throne (sokui). Yorimichi's younger brother Norimichi became kampaku, but Go-Sanjō was determined to rule personally. 1069 (Enkyū 1): Go-Sanjō issued the Enkyū Shōen Regulation Decree (Enkyū is the name of the era in which the decree was issued); and the emperor called for the establishment of a government office to certify Shōen records. 1070 (Enkyū 2): Go-Sanjō ordered a preliminary system of laws and a bureaucracy for regulating silk. 1072 (Enkyū 4): As the Ritsuryō system of centralized authority had largely failed by this time, Go-Sanjō became interested in strengthening the finances of the Imperial Household. January 18, 1073 (Enkyū 4, 8th day of the 12th month): In the 6th year of Emperor Go-Sanjō's reign (桓武天皇六年), the emperor abdicated in favor of his son, and the succession (senso) was received by his son. Shortly thereafter, Emperor Shirakawa is said to have acceded to the throne (sokui). May 11, 1073 (Enkyū 5, 21st day of the 4th month): Go-Sanjō entered the Buddhist priesthood; and his new priestly name became Kongō-gyō. June 15, 1073 (Enkyū 5, 7th day of the 5th month): The former-Emperor Go-Sanjō died at the age of 40. Go-Sanjō is buried amongst the "Seven Imperial Tombs" at Ryōan-ji in Kyoto. The actual site of Go-Sanjō's grave is known. This emperor is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine (misasagi) at Kyoto. The Imperial Household Agency designates this location as Go-Sanjō's mausoleum. It is formally named Yensō-ji no misasagi. The mound which commemorates the Hosokawa Emperor Go-Sanjō is today named Shu-zan. The emperor's burial place would have been quite humble in the period after Go-Sanjō died. These tombs reached their present state as a result of the 19th century restoration of imperial sepulchers (misasagi) which were ordered by Emperor Meiji. Kugyō is a collective term for the very few most powerful men attached to the court of the Emperor of Japan in pre-Meiji eras. Even during those years in which the court's actual influence outside the palace walls was minimal, the hierarchic organization persisted. In general, this elite group included only three to four men at a time. These were hereditary courtiers whose experience and background would have brought them to the pinnacle of a life's career. During Go-Sanjō's reign, this apex of the Daijō-kan included: Kampaku, Fujiwara Norimichi (997–1075). Daijō-daijin, Fujiwara Norimichi. Sadaijin, Fujiwara Morozone, 1042–1101. Udaijin Naidaijin DainagonEras of Go-Sanjō's reign The years of Go-Sanjō's reign are more specifically identified by more than one era name or nengō. Jiryaku (1065–1069) Enkyū (1069–1074) Consorts Go-Sanjō had three consorts. Empress (chugū): Imperial Princess Kaoruko (馨子内親王) later Saiin-no Kogo (西院皇后), Emperor Go-Ichijō‘s daughter Consort: Fujiwara Shigeko (藤原茂子; d.1062), Fujiwara Kinnari‘s daughter and Fujiwara Yoshinobu‘s adopted daughter First Daughter: Imperial Princess Satoko (聡子内親王; 1050-1131) First son: Imperial Prince Sadahito (貞仁親王) later Emperor Shirakawa Second Daughter: Imperial Princess Toshiko (俊子内親王; 1056-1132) Third Daughter: Imperial Princess Yoshiko (佳子内親王; 1057-1130) Fourth Daughter: Imperial Princess Tokushi (篤子内親王; 1060–1114) married Emperor Horikawa Consort: Minamoto Motoko (源基子; 1047-1134), Minamoto Motohira‘s daughter Second son: Imperial Prince Sanehito (実仁親王; 1071-1085) Third son: Imperial Prince Sukehito (輔仁親王; 1073-1119) Consort: Fujiwara Akiko (藤原昭子), Fujiwara Yorimune’s daughter Lady-in-waiting: Taira Chikako (平親子), Taira Tsunakuni’s daughter Son: Fujiwara Arisuke (藤原有佐; d.1131), adopted by Fujiwara no Akitsuna Ancestry Notes References Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida, eds. (1979). Gukanshō: The Future and the Past. Berkeley: University of California Press. ; OCLC 251325323 Moscher, Gouverneur. (1978). Kyoto: A Contemplative Guide. ; OCLC 4589403 Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1959). The Imperial House of Japan. Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. OCLC 194887 Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Nihon Odai Ichiran''; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon. Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691 Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki: A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns. New York: Columbia University Press. ; OCLC 59145842 See also Emperor of Japan List of Emperors of Japan Imperial cult Japanese emperors 1032 births 1073 deaths People of Heian-period Japan 11th-century Japanese monarchs Japanese retired emperors Japanese Buddhist monarchs Heian period Buddhist clergy	[ -1.1952526569366455, 0.12858788669109344, -0.18020330369472504, 0.06320838630199432, -1.0645551681518555, 0.40105903148651123, 0.7284629344940186, 0.34578344225883484, -0.7159124612808228, -0.25625714659690857, -0.17595191299915314, -0.0021833828650414944, -0.37612125277519226, -0.13975904881954193, -0.4373243749141693, 0.372877299785614, 0.4257027506828308, -0.10195879638195038, -0.28833961486816406, -0.3759987950325012, -0.049454014748334885, 0.21948768198490143, 0.1285056620836258, -0.11360473185777664, 0.6561261415481567, -0.3526354134082794, 0.5706613063812256, 0.09917096048593521, -0.4909389615058899, -0.5440464615821838, 0.11416565626859665, 0.24551664292812347, 0.2563157081604004, -0.32363107800483704, -0.5992204546928406, -0.4888170659542084, -0.09441432356834412, -0.09565834701061249, -0.338469535112381, 0.2722659409046173, -0.29966095089912415, 0.003780659520998597, 0.20618367195129395, 0.2255900502204895, 0.20912352204322815, -0.42989441752433777, -1.5012874603271484, 0.130384624004364, -0.43151071667671204, -0.35637497901916504, -0.16559238731861115, 0.5104696750640869, -0.10129886120557785, 0.28837648034095764, -0.07809244096279144, 0.15016739070415497, -0.45274922251701355, -0.38915979862213135, -0.5834470391273499, -0.29084938764572144, 0.5561533570289612, -0.14226289093494415, 0.3559004068374634, 0.06132381781935692, -0.6768391728401184, -0.2269383668899536, 0.22786082327365875, 0.43855276703834534, 0.39260005950927734, -0.16955117881298065, 0.028638243675231934, 0.37108510732650757, 0.4027082622051239, 0.7489748597145081, -0.21970270574092865, -0.9242503046989441, -0.0208769291639328, 0.2132956087589264, 0.3162986636161804, -0.7319892048835754, -0.4269492030143738, -0.4044326841831207, 0.090519018471241, 0.14525841176509857, 0.26340776681900024, -0.008185170590877533, -0.0034647465217858553, 0.2784428894519806, -0.5318336486816406, 0.7549566030502319, -0.053137000650167465, 0.5172947645187378, 0.6054207682609558, -0.10709866881370544, -0.4829765558242798, -0.5311665534973145, -0.4228738248348236, 0.3714088499546051, -0.34033748507499695, -0.3373454213142395, -0.06313470751047134, 0.3832598328590393, 0.06303782016038895, -0.0946318581700325, -0.8953897953033447, -0.7574007511138916, -0.05427821725606918, 0.019339796155691147, -0.6538586020469666, 0.178560271859169, -0.5134463310241699, 0.4985557198524475, -0.18658290803432465, -0.029660502448678017, -0.009602113626897335, 0.35192543268203735, -0.3070331811904907, -0.4183143079280853, 0.2478751838207245, -0.1969066560268402, 0.6595054864883423, -0.01705033704638481, -0.14661580324172974, 0.2726823091506958, 0.1369490921497345, 0.040610868483781815, -0.28045228123664856, -0.1607467383146286, 0.08725778013467789, -0.21906061470508575, 0.5651375651359558, 0.43287894129753113, -0.38152632117271423, 0.16425347328186035, 0.22853459417819977, -0.48147621750831604, 0.7028984427452087, 0.2697582542896271, -0.23226580023765564, -0.49514350295066833, -1.066685438156128, -0.012632514350116253, -0.4985119700431824, 0.5072696208953857, 0.1888488233089447, 0.7512022256851196, -0.1502220779657364, -0.19092918932437897, -0.5384398102760315, 0.024480300024151802, -0.4635963439941406, -0.1480288952589035, -0.2190571427345276, -0.3263346254825592, -0.35633373260498047, 0.7311827540397644, 0.20460376143455505, -0.46873077750205994, 0.17707233130931854, 0.12597647309303284, 0.13601185381412506, 0.08018085360527039, -0.2724934220314026, -0.08927475661039352, 0.5702843070030212, -0.49570438265800476, -0.17568360269069672, 0.8778973817825317, -0.24561578035354614, -0.6168876886367798, -0.4084581732749939, -0.08981423079967499, -0.4370748996734619, -0.7476354241371155, 0.8931485414505005, 0.07690989971160889, 0.9074205160140991, -0.011065846309065819, 0.11369459331035614, -0.16806021332740784, -0.5469436645507812, 0.009810453280806541, 0.12732455134391785, 0.38552603125572205, 0.4121544659137726, 0.10015273839235306, 0.04277968406677246, 0.05812707170844078, 0.7356679439544678, 0.07932576537132263, -0.3878920376300812, -0.3655591309070587, 0.3464587926864624, 0.18517962098121643, 0.5841772556304932, 0.3331684470176697, 0.09247586131095886, -0.1826760172843933, -0.03971387445926666, 0.759264349937439, 0.41484516859054565, -0.4779146611690521, 0.2652323246002197, -0.06744331121444702, 0.2498275488615036, 0.31727221608161926, -0.4235350787639618, 0.20453308522701263, 0.8984292149543762, 0.8459310531616211, -0.1220080703496933, 0.1837676763534546, -0.07189534604549408, -0.10904797166585922, -0.2601717710494995, 0.5922540426254272, -0.23778404295444489, -0.5171079635620117, 0.2849760353565216, -0.5944601893424988, 0.3485663831233978, 0.5136824250221252, -0.15207338333129883, 0.46670907735824585, -0.10961297899484634, 1.7548258304595947, -0.18269991874694824, 0.6290275454521179, -0.536216139793396, -0.3018602728843689, 0.25287356972694397, 0.03120346926152706, 0.1595517247915268, 0.32357704639434814, 0.1261453479528427, -0.28170111775398254, -0.013292219489812851, -0.044275373220443726, -0.2765560746192932, -0.3819882273674011, 0.6649741530418396, -0.4196549654006958, 0.4111011326313019, 0.35469722747802734, 0.0039035934023559093, 0.23581908643245697, 0.048110321164131165, 0.1346329301595688, -0.6780910491943359, -0.46677353978157043, 0.7463047504425049, 0.025371937081217766, 0.30776286125183105, 0.0734342560172081, 0.0610685832798481, -0.5837683081626892, -0.08663029223680496, 0.003614832181483507, -0.25127217173576355, 0.2757335901260376, 0.1261136829853058, -0.33507460355758667, 0.3218097984790802, 0.41092607378959656, 0.12160336226224899, -0.42748764157295227, 0.22826442122459412, 0.18364334106445312, -0.08489438146352768, -0.33104321360588074, -0.5042754411697388, -0.3686179518699646, -0.7262003421783447, -0.2330787628889084, 0.19134141504764557, -0.7811602354049683, 0.02277563326060772, 0.7374579906463623, 0.1503172665834427, -0.5891237258911133, 0.7942307591438293, 0.3827252984046936, -0.2786189019680023, -0.5648204684257507, -0.6065987348556519, -0.7780579924583435, -0.5818655490875244, -0.518063485622406, 0.07299143075942993, -0.2751873731613159, 0.0180666521191597, 0.7731248140335083, -0.136137455701828, -0.3395159840583801, 0.19671311974525452, 0.5985485911369324, -0.19400419294834137, -0.328153520822525, 0.5513478517532349, -0.5318402647972107, -0.46184030175209045, -0.5327382683753967, 0.6572456955909729, 0.008328121155500412, 0.25985661149024963, 0.27577224373817444, -0.06475038826465607, 0.077772356569767, -5.677168846130371, 0.013413292355835438, -0.06349824368953705, 0.19316983222961426, 0.41637033224105835, 0.4422236382961273, 0.8158690929412842, 0.2379142940044403, 0.5289290547370911, -0.6873289346694946, 0.1174769178032875, -0.01563454605638981, 0.060850612819194794, 0.49704304337501526, 0.07897821068763733, 0.5385854244232178, 0.5862603187561035, -0.05392105504870415, 0.2137613147497177, 0.2957497239112854, -0.30734971165657043, -0.5646895170211792, -0.12173900008201599, 1.0122960805892944, 0.16827315092086792, 0.6794385313987732, -0.14658382534980774, 0.0430467426776886, -0.384469211101532, 0.16151593625545502, 0.4829403758049011, -0.22856254875659943, 0.06363881379365921, 0.433915913105011, -0.4159495234489441, -0.4354250729084015, 0.47884154319763184, 0.5277932286262512, 0.34606313705444336, 0.35580945014953613, -0.1760116070508957, -0.3588593900203705, -0.9724641442298889, 0.6386237740516663, 0.25390204787254333, -0.3244556784629822, -0.6307200789451599, 0.053868524730205536, 0.040574539452791214, 0.32735148072242737, 0.14762826263904572, 0.14424681663513184, 0.2089567929506302, -0.6696968674659729, 0.2830521762371063, -0.019633252173662186, -0.0840398445725441, 0.6592482924461365, -0.33778050541877747, -0.1593838483095169, 0.2419859766960144, -0.12832747399806976, -0.05977417528629303, -0.34947267174720764, 0.527416467666626, -0.031087184324860573, 0.025518881157040596, 0.20102077722549438, 0.1529533565044403, 0.6100742816925049, -0.6537609696388245, 0.5617311000823975, 0.16773465275764465, -0.6166709065437317, 0.469112753868103, 0.11745794862508774, 0.030293351039290428, 0.1971135437488556, 0.31633448600769043, -0.09515606611967087, -0.2857355773448944, -0.1566588282585144, 0.07960706204175949, 0.5849193930625916, 0.5400300621986389, 0.36397290229797363, 0.2618030905723572, 0.27348068356513977, 0.1547795534133911, 0.6493991613388062, 0.3890078663825989, -0.9664289951324463, -0.21030496060848236, -0.05681483820080757, 0.575336217880249, 0.22962769865989685, -0.06435763835906982, 0.021683763712644577, 0.3919104337692261, -0.3508356511592865, 0.6431959867477417, 0.03032822534441948, -0.7975004315376282, -0.18105369806289673, -0.4642472565174103, -0.23331470787525177, -0.40241289138793945, 0.4415104389190674, 0.39295175671577454, 0.3777296841144562, 0.15096579492092133, -0.5103071928024292, -0.3635263741016388, -0.47622400522232056, 0.9514352083206177, 0.10736455023288727, -0.19742758572101593, 0.04080571234226227, 0.4640202522277832, -0.04992712289094925, 0.025790158659219742, 0.4027487635612488, -0.8821110129356384, -0.2933292090892792, 0.4197370409965515, 0.7226575613021851, -0.30506718158721924, 0.3547682464122772, -0.24131867289543152, -0.5918976664543152, 0.08380366116762161, 0.13520345091819763, 0.01689745858311653, 0.10052422434091568, 0.37356147170066833, -0.7636035084724426, 0.17018398642539978, -0.6424931287765503, -0.0516330786049366, -0.4503304362297058, -0.9276059865951538, -0.489939421415329, -0.12916547060012817, 0.021319402381777763, -0.5842800736427307, 0.17378777265548706, -0.06724513322114944, -0.13401585817337036, 0.3316737115383148, 0.7748518586158752, -0.12020662426948547, -0.988460898399353, 0.35938161611557007, 0.042969729751348495, -0.31132546067237854, 0.37049952149391174, -0.6565398573875427, -0.20178094506263733, -0.41119563579559326, -0.02296818047761917, -0.03999875858426094, -0.43397098779678345, -0.40120214223861694, -0.1445980817079544, -0.5083296895027161, 0.09735520929098129, 0.21636845171451569, -0.2948174774646759, -0.4760351777076721, 0.3484475612640381, 0.3998875617980957, -0.35630548000335693, -0.13326480984687805, -0.11643783748149872, 0.9579582810401917, -0.06152733042836189, 0.11413544416427612, 0.34605443477630615, -0.010600770823657513, -0.3499419391155243, -0.10079001635313034, 0.21861472725868225, -0.7972501516342163, 0.7700939178466797, -0.14386823773384094, -0.30805325508117676, -0.3522636294364929, -0.8040417432785034, -0.5073156952857971, -0.0124385179951787, 0.22431780397891998, -0.12330716848373413, -0.1564878672361374, 0.09115377068519592, -0.3862972557544708, -0.47112056612968445, 0.2900518476963043, 0.032909609377384186, 0.30605095624923706, 0.33286717534065247, -0.3252454400062561, 0.5212563276290894, -0.36561721563339233, -0.061104871332645416, 0.6485124826431274, -0.560227632522583, 0.5075808167457581, 0.4166509807109833, 0.5048292279243469, 0.39447733759880066, -0.150215744972229, -0.9095953702926636, -0.10911468416452408, 0.3051525950431824, 0.12927596271038055, 0.00793290976434946, -0.3201238214969635, 0.20243699848651886, 0.21105341613292694, -0.7216061949729919, -0.5611705780029297, 0.022362222895026207, -0.3854016661643982, -0.36495301127433777, -0.1759130209684372, 0.40347567200660706, 0.39752042293548584, 0.25718340277671814, -0.3560485243797302, -0.5339385271072388, -0.11225805431604385, 0.2108701765537262, 0.24352112412452698, 0.5012102127075195, -0.3393101990222931, 0.34079086780548096, 0.32314345240592957, -0.3845067620277405, 0.22872009873390198, 0.23465634882450104, 0.09247349202632904, 0.9220035076141357, 0.05167681723833084, 0.238325834274292, 0.2360658049583435, 0.26969417929649353, -0.35334503650665283, 0.020156897604465485, 0.761934757232666, 0.40134987235069275, 0.01715310662984848, -0.18635714054107666, -0.4872070848941803, -0.23159241676330566, 0.6155383586883545, -1.2355331182479858, 0.08067171275615692, -0.026086950674653053, -0.6059803366661072, 0.06901473551988602, -0.3382931351661682, 0.5799184441566467, 0.3378259241580963, -0.2649921476840973, 0.16816192865371704, 0.46870842576026917, -0.4123367667198181, 0.3939031958580017, -0.0808257907629013, -0.4716598093509674, -0.8385904431343079, -0.7472331523895264, -0.3288882374763489, 0.5606275796890259, -0.013486696407198906, 0.028479209169745445, -0.40870314836502075, 0.21879993379116058, -0.07825448364019394, 0.012729507870972157, -0.3538695275783539, -0.2539658546447754, -0.2996118366718292, -0.5886846780776978, -0.36985400319099426, -0.9760543704032898, -0.16162560880184174, 0.08793634921312332, -0.18851184844970703, 0.2884836494922638, -0.9313578009605408, 0.11722522974014282, 0.03296270594000816, 0.03359140455722809, -0.34940358996391296, 0.5148782730102539, -0.08678028732538223, 0.04123755544424057, -0.4489747881889343, 0.27541685104370117, -0.14964111149311066, 0.37729260325431824, 0.2690299153327942, 0.7720767259597778, 0.2118525207042694, -0.2671821415424347, -0.44663989543914795, -0.05258126184344292, 0.10743799060583115, 0.5392540097236633, 0.4101414084434509, 0.2432752102613449, 0.3674186170101166, 0.312295138835907, -0.735480010509491, -0.2622935473918915, 0.03671962395310402, -0.10454275459051132, -0.3882412016391754, -0.3404354453086853, 0.2727039158344269, 0.2166295200586319, -0.37161239981651306, 0.3798519968986511, 0.5792624950408936, -0.1652376651763916, -0.3000199794769287, -0.07980343699455261, 0.17012947797775269, 0.48216983675956726, -0.06749341636896133, -0.014986975118517876, -0.1585407257080078, 0.8320214748382568, -0.3433920741081238, -0.11560404300689697, 0.21454617381095886, -0.6654885411262512, 0.2888944745063782, 0.09900782257318497, 0.3939436972141266, 0.8728383183479309, -0.8359718322753906, 0.28168487548828125, -0.3077436089515686, 0.1810893714427948, -0.519243061542511, 0.029075181111693382, -0.06107483059167862, 0.20268167555332184, 0.7196184396743774, 0.1665031462907791, 0.39400169253349304, -0.4291420876979828, 0.23940585553646088, 0.07635854184627533, 0.43023765087127686, 0.040759727358818054, -0.26879286766052246, -0.5122524499893188, -0.2831490635871887, -0.13054122030735016, 0.2427532821893692, 0.007438694592565298, 0.3654259443283081, 0.4458716809749603, -0.14703628420829773, -0.021486276760697365, -0.2143055647611618, 0.39243656396865845, -0.1936960071325302, -0.26234978437423706, 0.08844372630119324, -0.09418413043022156, 0.001792036578990519, 0.500542938709259, 0.22857509553432465, -0.3416261076927185, -0.012150623835623264, 0.14446772634983063, -0.4719283878803253, 0.049590468406677246, 0.13815274834632874, -0.9204879999160767, 0.01577633060514927, 0.8988142013549805, -0.42746424674987793, 0.5232946276664734, -0.7445945739746094, 0.26053208112716675, -0.22491112351417542, 0.1064058467745781, 0.03953548148274422, 0.09918752312660217, 0.039650313556194305, -0.1063184142112732, -0.0682884007692337, 0.2892637252807617, 0.446159303188324, 0.20435647666454315, 0.3192669749259949, 0.1640348583459854, -0.033882420510053635, 0.2765384316444397, 0.04537546634674072, 0.5799633264541626, -0.4510582685470581, -0.12913979589939117, 0.10588351637125015, -0.04210931807756424, -0.19313018023967743, -0.03187010437250137, -0.1905742734670639, 0.00582757918164134, -0.37693342566490173, 0.012933673337101936, 0.4860039949417114, -0.4694209098815918, -0.022373978048563004, -0.2144557535648346, 0.23625119030475616, -0.14382517337799072, -0.020163346081972122, 0.7527154684066772, -0.08285535871982574, 0.10156631469726562, 0.5339608788490295, 0.17634622752666473, 0.009879565797746181, 0.7437863349914551, -0.19812294840812683, -0.5702764987945557, -0.16424869000911713, -0.52294921875, 0.45637258887290955, -0.10697019845247269, 0.8535700440406799, 0.42064589262008667, -0.29554232954978943, -0.3080587387084961, -0.24073083698749542, 0.09585512429475784, 0.6023658514022827, 0.1904962807893753, -0.24409213662147522, -0.5345278382301331, 0.23279887437820435, -0.6130021214485168, -0.6314117908477783, 0.23096539080142975, 0.829575777053833, 0.24115987122058868, 0.47354090213775635, -0.08689352124929428, -0.040672484785318375, -0.06711699813604355, 0.07660941779613495, -0.14030329883098602, 0.3451564908027649, -0.021376345306634903 ]
202159	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter%20Lippmann	Walter Lippmann	Walter Lippmann (September 23, 1889 – December 14, 1974) was an American writer, reporter and political commentator. With a career spanning 60 years he is famous for being among the first to introduce the concept of Cold War, coining the term "stereotype" in the modern psychological meaning, as well as critiquing media and democracy in his newspaper column and several books, most notably his 1922 book Public Opinion. Lippmann also played a notable role in Woodrow Wilson's post-World War I board of inquiry, as its research director. His views regarding the role of journalism in a democracy were contrasted with the contemporaneous writings of John Dewey in what has been retrospectively named the Lippmann-Dewey debate. Lippmann won two Pulitzer Prizes, one for his syndicated newspaper column "Today and Tomorrow" and one for his 1961 interview of Nikita Khrushchev. He has also been highly praised with titles ranging anywhere from "most influential" journalist of the 20th century, to "Father of Modern Journalism". Michael Schudson writes that James W. Carey considered Walter Lippmann's book Public Opinion as "the founding book of modern journalism" and also "the founding book in American media studies". Early life Lippmann was born on New York's Upper East Side as the only child of Jewish parents of German origin. He grew up, according to his biographer Ronald Steel, in a "gilded Jewish ghetto". His father Jacob Lippmann was a rentier who had become wealthy through his father's textile business and his father-in-law's real estate speculation. His mother, Daisy Baum, who like her husband came from modest economic circumstances, had graduated from Hunter College. The wealthy and influential family belonged to the upper social class, cultivated contacts in the highest circles, and regularly spent their summer holidays in Europe. The family had a reform Jewish orientation; averse to "orientalism", they attended Temple Emanu-El. Walter had his reform Jewish confirmation instead of the traditional Bar Mitzvah at the age of 14. Lippmann was emotionally distanced from both parents, but had closer ties to his maternal grandmother. The political orientation of the family was Republican. From 1896 Lippmann attended the Sachs School for Boys, followed by the Sachs Collegiate Institute, an elitist and strictly secular private school in the German Gymnasium tradition, attended primarily by children of German-Jewish families and run by the classical philologist Dr. Julius Sachs, a son-in-law of Marcus Goldmann from the Goldman-Sachs family. Classes included 11 hours of ancient Greek and 5 hours of Latin per week. Shortly before his 17th birthday, he entered Harvard University where he wrote for The Harvard Crimson and studied under George Santayana, William James, and Graham Wallas, concentrating upon philosophy, history and languages (he spoke German and French). He was a member of the Phi Beta Kappa society, but important social clubs rejected Jews as members. He left university shortly before taking his master's degree. Lippmann became a member, alongside Sinclair Lewis, of the New York Socialist Party. In 1911, Lippmann served as secretary to George R. Lunn, the first Socialist mayor of Schenectady, New York, during Lunn's first term. Lippmann resigned his post after four months, finding Lunn's programs to be worthwhile in and of themselves, but inadequate as Socialism. Career Lippmann was a journalist, a media critic and an amateur philosopher who tried to reconcile the tensions between liberty and democracy in a complex and modern world, as in his 1920 book Liberty and the News. In 1913, Lippmann, Herbert Croly, and Walter Weyl became the founding editors of The New Republic. During the war, Lippmann was commissioned a captain in the Army on June 28, 1918, and was assigned to the intelligence section of the AEF headquarters in France. He was assigned to the staff of Edward M. House in October and attached to the American Commission to negotiate peace in December. He returned to the United States in February 1919 and was immediately discharged. Through his connection to House, Lippmann became an adviser to Wilson and assisted in the drafting of Wilson's Fourteen Points speech. He sharply criticized George Creel, whom the President appointed to head wartime propaganda efforts at the Committee on Public Information. While he was prepared to curb his liberal instincts because of the war, saying he had "no doctrinaire belief in free speech," he nonetheless advised Wilson that censorship should "never be entrusted to anyone who is not himself tolerant, nor to anyone who is unacquainted with the long record of folly which is the history of suppression." Lippmann examined the coverage of newspapers and saw many inaccuracies and other problems. He and Charles Merz, in a 1920 study entitled A Test of the News, stated that The New York Times coverage of the Bolshevik Revolution was biased and inaccurate. In addition to his newspaper column "Today and Tomorrow", he wrote several books. Lippmann was the first to bring the phrase "cold war" to a common currency, in his 1947 book by the same name. It was Lippmann who first identified the tendency of journalists to generalize about other people based on fixed ideas. He argued that people, including journalists, are more apt to believe "the pictures in their heads" than to come to judgment by critical thinking. Humans condense ideas into symbols, he wrote, and journalism, a force quickly becoming the mass media, is an ineffective method of educating the public. Even if journalists did better jobs of informing the public about important issues, Lippmann believed "the mass of the reading public is not interested in learning and assimilating the results of accurate investigation." Citizens, he wrote, were too self-centered to care about public policy except as pertaining to pressing local issues. Later life Following the removal from office of Secretary of Commerce (and former Vice President of the United States) Henry A. Wallace in September 1946, Lippmann became the leading public advocate of the need to respect a Soviet sphere of influence in Europe, as opposed to the containment strategy being advocated at the time by George F. Kennan. Lippmann was an informal adviser to several presidents. On September 14, 1964, President Lyndon Johnson presented Lippmann with the Presidential Medal of Freedom. He later had a rather famous feud with Johnson over his handling of the Vietnam War of which Lippmann had become highly critical. He won a special Pulitzer Prize for journalism in 1958, as a nationally syndicated columnist, citing "the wisdom, perception and high sense of responsibility with which he has commented for many years on national and international affairs." Four years later he won the annual Pulitzer Prize for International Reporting citing "his 1961 interview with Soviet Premier Khrushchev, as illustrative of Lippmann's long and distinguished contribution to American journalism." Lippmann retired from his syndicated column in 1967. Lippmann died in New York City due to cardiac arrest in 1974. He was mentioned in the monologue before Phil Ochs' recording of "The Marines Have Landed on the Shores of Santo Domingo" on the 1966 album Phil Ochs in Concert. Journalism Though a journalist himself, Lippmann did not assume that news and truth are synonymous. For Lippmann, the "function of news is to signalize an event, the function of truth is to bring to light the hidden facts, to set them in relation with each other, and make a picture of reality on which men can act." A journalist's version of the truth is subjective and limited to how they construct their reality. The news, therefore, is "imperfectly recorded" and too fragile to bear the charge as "an organ of direct democracy." To Lippmann, democratic ideals had deteriorated: voters were largely ignorant about issues and policies and lacked the competence to participate in public life and cared little for participating in the political process. In Public Opinion (1922), Lippmann noted that modern realities threatened the stability that the government had achieved during the patronage era of the 19th century. He wrote that a "governing class" must rise to face the new challenges. The basic problem of democracy, he wrote, was the accuracy of news and protection of sources. He argued that distorted information was inherent in the human mind. People make up their minds before they define the facts, while the ideal would be to gather and analyze the facts before reaching conclusions. By seeing first, he argued, it is possible to sanitize polluted information. Lippmann argued that interpretation as stereotypes (a word which he coined in that specific meaning) subjected us to partial truths. Lippmann called the notion of a public competent to direct public affairs a "false ideal." He compared the political savvy of an average man to a theater-goer walking into a play in the middle of the third act and leaving before the last curtain. Remarks about Franklin D. Roosevelt In 1932, Lippmann infamously dismissed future President Franklin D. Roosevelt's qualifications and demeanor, writing: "Franklin D. Roosevelt is no crusader. He is no tribune of the people. He is no enemy of entrenched privilege. He is a pleasant man who, without any important qualifications for the office, would very much like to be President." Despite Roosevelt's later accomplishments, Lippmann stood by his words, saying: "That I will maintain to my dying day was true of the Franklin Roosevelt of 1932." He believed his judgment was an accurate summation of Roosevelt's 1932 campaign, saying it was "180 degrees opposite to the New Deal. The fact is that the New Deal was wholly improvised after Roosevelt was elected." Mass culture Lippmann coined the phrase "Great Society" in 1921 (Essay: "The World Outside and the Pictures in Our Heads") Lippmann was an early and influential commentator on mass culture, notable not for criticizing or rejecting mass culture entirely but discussing how it could be worked with by a government licensed "propaganda machine" to keep democracy functioning. In his first book on the subject, Public Opinion (1922), Lippmann said that mass man functioned as a "bewildered herd" who must be governed by "a specialized class whose interests reach beyond the locality." The elite class of intellectuals and experts were to be a machinery of knowledge to circumvent the primary defect of democracy, the impossible ideal of the "omnicompetent citizen". This attitude was in line with contemporary capitalism, which was made stronger by greater consumption. Later, in The Phantom Public (1925), Lippmann recognized that the class of experts were also, in most respects, outsiders to any particular problem, and hence not capable of effective action. Philosopher John Dewey (1859–1952) agreed with Lippmann's assertions that the modern world was becoming too complex for every citizen to grasp all its aspects, but Dewey, unlike Lippmann, believed that the public (a composite of many "publics" within society) could form a "Great Community" that could become educated about issues, come to judgments and arrive at solutions to societal problems. In 1943, George Seldes described Lippmann as one of the two most influential columnists in the United States. From the 1930s to the 1950s, Lippmann became even more skeptical of the "guiding" class. In The Public Philosophy (1955), which took almost twenty years to complete, he presented a sophisticated argument that intellectual elites were undermining the framework of democracy. The book was very poorly received in liberal circles. Legacy The Walter Lippmann House at Harvard University, which houses the Nieman Foundation for Journalism, is named after him. Almond–Lippmann consensus Similarities between the views of Lippmann and Gabriel Almond produced what became known as the Almond–Lippmann consensus, which is based on three assumptions: Public opinion is volatile, shifting erratically in response to the most recent developments. Mass beliefs early in the 20th century were "too pacifist in peace and too bellicose in war, too neutralist or appeasing in negotiations or too intransigent" Public opinion is incoherent, lacking an organised or a consistent structure to such an extent that the views of US citizens could best be described as "nonattitudes" Public opinion is irrelevant to the policy-making process. Political leaders ignore public opinion because most Americans can neither "understand nor influence the very events upon which their lives and happiness are known to depend."Kris, Ernst, and Nathan Leites. 1947. "Trends in Twentieth Century Propaganda." In Psychoanalysis and the Social Sciences, ed. Geza Rheim, pp. 393–409. New York: International University Press. Liberal/neoliberal debate French philosopher Louis Rougier convened a meeting of primarily French and German liberal intellectuals in Paris in August 1938 to discuss the ideas put forward by Lippmann in his work The Good Society (1937). They named the meeting after Lippmann, calling it the Colloque Walter Lippmann. The meeting is often considered the precursor to the first meeting of the Mont Pèlerin Society, convened by Friedrich von Hayek in 1947. At both meetings discussions centered around what a new liberalism, or "neoliberalism", should look like. Private life Lippmann was married twice, the first time from 1917 to 1937 to Faye Albertson (*23 March 1893 – 17 March 1975). Faye Albertson was the daughter of Ralph Albertson, a pastor of the Congregational Church. He was one of the pioneers of Christian socialism and the social gospel movement in the spirit of George Herron. During his studies at Harvard, Walter often visited the Albertsons' estate in West Newbury, Massachusetts, where they had founded a socialist cooperative, the (Cyrus Field) Willard Cooperative Colony. Faye Albertson married Jesse Heatley after the divorce in 1940. Lippmann was divorced by Faye Albertson to be able to marry Helen Byrne Armstrong in 1938 (died 16 February 1974), daughter of James Byrne. She divorced her husband Hamilton Fish Armstrong, the editor of Foreign Affairs and a close friend of Lippmann, in the same year. The friendship and involvement in Foreign Affairs ended with the love affair with Armstrong's wife. Lippmann was very discreet in personal matters. There is no record of any correspondence with his first wife. He rarely dealt with his personal past. Bibliography Articles "The Campaign Against Sweating". The New Republic, March 27, 1915. "What Program Shall the United States Stand for in International Relations?". Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 66, July 1916, pp. 60–70. "The World Conflict in its Relation to American Democracy." Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 72, July 1917, pp. 1–10. "The Basic Problem of Democracy: What Liberty Means," The Atlantic Monthly, Vol. 124, 1919, pp. 616. "Liberty and the News," The Atlantic Monthly, Vol. 124, 1919, pp. 779. "Democracy, Foreign Policy and the Split Personality of the Modern Statesman." Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 102, July 1922, pp. 190–193. "Today and Tomorrow." Washington Post, February 12, 1942. Full text available. "A Talk With Mr. K." November 10, 1958. "Nearing the Brink in Vietnam." Newsweek, April 12, 1965, pp. 25–46. Book reviews Review of The Intimate Papers of Colonel House by Charles Seymour. Foreign Affairs, Vol. 4, No. 3, April 1926. Essays "The Basic Problem of Democracy." November 1919, pp. 616–627. This essay later became the first chapter Liberty and the News. "Concerning Senator Borah." Foreign Affairs, Vol. 4, No. 2, January 1926, pp. 211–222. "Vested Rights and Nationalism in Latin-America." Foreign Affairs, Vol. 5, No. 3, April 1927, pp. 353–363. "Second Thoughts on Havana." Foreign Affairs, Vol. 6, No. 4, July 1928, pp. 541–554. "Church and State in Mexico: The American Mediation." Foreign Affairs, Vol. 8, No. 2, January 1930. pp. 186–207. "The London Naval Conference: An American View." Foreign Affairs, Vol. 8, No. 4, July 1930, pp. 499–518. "Ten Years: Retrospect and Prospect." Foreign Affairs, Vol. 11, No. 1, October 1932, pp. 51–53. "Self-Sufficiency: Some Random Reflections." Foreign Affairs, Vol. 12, No. 2, January 1934, pp. 207–217. "Britain and America: The Prospects of Political Cooperation in the Light of Their Paramount Interests." Foreign Affairs, Vol. 13, No. 3, April 1936, pp. 363–372. "Rough-Hew Them How We Will." Foreign Affairs, Vol. 15, No. 4, July 1937, pp. 586–594. "The Cold War." Foreign Affairs, Vol. 65, No. 4, Spring 1987, pp. 869–884. Reports "A Test of the News." The New Republic, Vol. 23, No. 296, August 1920. 42 pages. Books A Preface to Politics. Mitchell Kennerley, 1913. . Audiobook available. Drift and Mastery. University of Wisconsin Press, 1914. . Full text available. The Stakes of Diplomacy. New York: Henry Holt & Co., 1915. The Political Scene. New York: Henry Holt & Co., 1919. Liberty and the News. New York: Harcourt, Brace & Howe, 1920. Public Opinion. New York: Harcourt, Brace & Co., 1922. . Audiobook available. The Phantom Public. Piscataway, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1925. Men of Destiny. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1927. . Excerpts available. American Inquisitors. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1928. A Preface to Morals. London: George Allen & Unwin, 1929. Interpretations, 1931-1932. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1932. The United States in World Affair, 1931. New York: Harper & Bros, 1932. The United States in World Affairs, 1932. New York: Harper & Bros, 1933. The Method of Freedom. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1934. Interpretations, 1933-1935. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1936. The Good Society. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1937. U.S. Foreign Policy: Shield of the Republic. Boston: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1943. U.S. War Aims. Boston: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1944. The Cold War. New York: Harper & Row, 1947. The Public Philosophy, with William O. Scroggs. New York: New American Library, 1955. The Coming Tests With Russia. Boston: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1961. Pamphlets Notes on the Crisis (No. 5). New York: John Day, 1932. 28 pages. A New Social Order (No. 25). John Day, 1933. 28 pages. The New Imperative. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1935. 52 pages. See also Harold Lasswell Edward Bernays Progressivism Liberal democracy References Further readingArticles Baker, Matt. "Walter Lippmann: How to Cure Liberal Democracy, Then and Now" The American Interest, November 19, 2019. Clavé, Francis. "Comparative Study of Lippmann's and Hayek's Liberalisms (or Neo-liberalisms)." The European Journal of the History of Economic Thought, Vol. 22, Issue 6, 2015, pp. 978–999. Jackson, Ben. "Freedom, the Common Good, and the Rule of Law: Lippmann and Hayek on Economic Planning." Journal of the History of Ideas, Vol. 72, 2012, pp. 47–68. Whitfield, Stephen J. "Part IV: The Journalist as Intellectual. Walter Lippmann: A Career in Media's Rays." Journal of Popular Culture, Vol. 15, No. 1, 1981, pp. 68–77. Porter, Patrick. "Beyond the American Century: Walter Lippmann and American Grand Strategy, 1943–1950." Diplomacy & Statecraft, Vol. 22, No. 4, 2011, pp. 557–577. Seyb, Ronald P. "What Walter Saw: Walter Lippmann, the New York World, and Scientific Advocacy as an Alternative to the News-Opinion Dichotomy." Journalism History, Vol. 41, No. 2, 2015, pp. 58+. Van Rythoven, E. (2021). "Walter Lippmann, emotion, and the history of international theory." International TheoryBook reviews McPerson, Harry C. Review of "Walter Lippmann and the American Century," by Ronald Steel. Foreign Affairs, Vol. 55, No. 1, Fall 1980. Books Adams, Larry Lee. Walter Lippmann. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1977. Forcey, Charles. The Crossroads of Liberalism: Croly, Weyl, Lippmann, and the Progressive Era, 1900-1925. New York: Oxford University Press, 1961. Goodwin, Craufurd D. Walter Lippmann: Public Economist. Harvard University Press, 2014. Riccio, Barry D. Walter Lippmann: Odyssey of a Liberal. Transaction Publishers, 1994. Walter Lippmann: philosopher-journalist by Edward L. Schapsmeier and Frederick H. Schapsmeier (Washington: Public Affairs Press, 1969) Steel, Ronald. Walter Lippmann and the American Century. Little, Brown & Co., 1980. Foreign Affairs review. Wasniewski, Matthew A. "Walter Lippmann, Strategic Internationalism, the Cold War, and Vietnam, 1943-1967" (Ph.D. dissertation). University of Maryland, 2004. Wellborn, Charles. Twentieth Century Pilgrimage: Walter Lippmann and the Public Philosophy. LSU Press, 1969. Wright, Benjamin F. Five Public Philosophies of Walter Lippmann. University of Texas Press, 2015. Primary sources''' Public Philosopher: Selected Letters of Walter Lippmann. New York: Ticknor & Fields, 1985. Rossiter, Clinton, and James Lare (eds.). The Essential Lippmann: A Political Philosophy for Liberal Democracy. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1963. External links Articles by Walter Lippmann at The Atlantic Articles by Walter Lippmann at Foreign Affairs Books by Walter Lippmann at HathiTrust Works by Walter Lippmann at JSTOR Walter Lippmann at Spartacus Educational Public Opinion (1922) from American Studies at the University of Virginia. Biography with excerpt from works Walter Lippmann Papers (MS 326). Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library. Walter Lippmann, "The Mental Age of Americans", New Republic 32, no. 412 (October 25, 1922): 213–15; no. 413 (November 1, 1922): 246–48; no. 414 (November 8, 1922): 275–77; no. 415 (November 15, 1922): 297–98; no. 416 (November 22, 1922): 328–30; no. 417 (November 29, 1922): 9–11. "Writings of Walter Lippmann" from C-SPAN's American Writers: A Journey Through History'' The American Presidency Project – Remarks at the Presentation of the 1964 Presidential Medal of Freedom Awards – September 14, 1964 Walter Lippmann, Patriotism and state sovereignty (1929) USC Center on Public Diplomacy Profile Robert O. Anthony Collection of Walter Lippmann (MS 766) – Yale University Library 1889 births 1974 deaths American columnists American foreign policy writers American male non-fiction writers American male journalists American magazine editors American magazine founders American people of German-Jewish descent American political writers Harvard University alumni Jewish American writers Liberalism in the United States The New Republic people Peabody Award winners Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients Progressive Era in the United States Pulitzer Prize winners for journalism Pulitzer Prize for International Reporting winners	[ -0.11588434875011444, 0.22369353473186493, -0.7911515235900879, 0.13412873446941376, -0.0004564286209642887, 0.22930310666561127, 0.6492742300033569, 0.0077812084928154945, -0.14660955965518951, -0.14855988323688507, -0.16174623370170593, 0.3636484742164612, -0.1314571350812912, 0.26874175667762756, -0.08097924292087555, -0.28569963574409485, -0.4631316065788269, 0.05712779611349106, -0.2530742585659027, -0.10897503793239594, -0.6232126951217651, -0.3500458896160126, 0.5617537498474121, -0.029330886900424957, -0.47304555773735046, 0.059985458850860596, 0.16176846623420715, -0.6439743041992188, -0.020681219175457954, 0.30983301997184753, -0.243817538022995, 0.5995293259620667, 0.11642719805240631, 0.11040385812520981, -0.43839031457901, 0.3998766541481018, -0.45706430077552795, 0.06321950256824493, 0.520845890045166, 0.3286917805671692, -0.12852439284324646, 0.4272848069667816, 0.2025042474269867, -0.18430264294147491, 0.43864256143569946, -0.47550153732299805, -2.339510440826416, 0.03260098397731781, -0.7843748927116394, -0.5555322170257568, -0.22119714319705963, 0.6526120901107788, 0.948269784450531, 0.6352251172065735, -0.39045655727386475, 0.23240116238594055, -0.48488906025886536, -0.19807998836040497, 0.0030278193298727274, -0.17557808756828308, 0.2353542596101761, -0.17167571187019348, 0.6715547442436218, -0.27260053157806396, 0.716465950012207, 0.19213801622390747, -0.21269889175891876, 0.369537889957428, -0.08049265295267105, 0.1478002965450287, -0.525452196598053, 0.08810341358184814, 0.8145762085914612, -0.10138627141714096, 0.7889826893806458, -0.04290563613176346, 0.14691749215126038, 0.15715378522872925, -0.3965763747692108, 0.03281063959002495, -0.1275734007358551, -0.23690234124660492, 0.6199456453323364, 0.6071963906288147, 0.3116459250450134, -0.6101086735725403, -0.5385826826095581, 0.20895658433437347, -0.36023104190826416, -0.21286575496196747, -0.3694431781768799, -0.25274205207824707, -0.03637784719467163, -0.050330180674791336, -0.11782636493444443, -0.04407017305493355, 0.3982457220554352, 0.46489036083221436, -0.47882789373397827, -0.1865115612745285, 0.2901150584220886, 0.14633126556873322, 0.8632466197013855, 0.10509899258613586, -0.5493093729019165, -0.15654371678829193, 0.28116291761398315, -0.6500700116157532, 0.6101037859916687, 0.009739254601299763, -0.27070263028144836, 0.018668267875909805, -0.05903139337897301, -0.36472228169441223, -0.41506052017211914, 0.8276597857475281, 0.12680025398731232, -0.957957923412323, -0.5271440744400024, -0.12458696961402893, -0.5874274969100952, 0.46987608075141907, -0.16722483932971954, -0.02953513152897358, -0.5674004554748535, 0.14729668200016022, 0.3092590868473053, 0.21944166719913483, -0.1908152550458908, 0.6187372207641602, 0.30962568521499634, 0.8544612526893616, -0.074506476521492, -0.1819973886013031, -0.7279621362686157, -0.3600371778011322, 0.7745883464813232, -0.06795015931129456, -0.2943374216556549, 0.2984059154987335, 0.10365252196788788, -0.13903182744979858, -0.9748453497886658, -0.3706335127353668, 0.5050507187843323, -0.2647530436515808, 0.14439544081687927, -0.04798077046871185, 0.20777180790901184, -0.33863070607185364, -0.0878811925649643, -0.12533196806907654, 0.34395620226860046, -0.31309348344802856, 0.3572361469268799, 0.5960765480995178, 0.37447163462638855, 0.09714832901954651, 0.5763310790061951, 0.31629350781440735, 0.4354393482208252, -0.2113524079322815, -0.34581658244132996, 0.1304381787776947, -0.012681416235864162, -0.13631728291511536, -0.06039228290319443, -0.36114510893821716, -0.16679567098617554, 0.5357681512832642, -0.06935036927461624, 0.03310786187648773, 0.10912062972784042, -0.09189290553331375, -0.03127367049455643, 0.5150901079177856, 0.7597771286964417, 0.41335806250572205, -0.11544295400381088, -0.6984958648681641, -0.5712776184082031, -0.02030489780008793, 0.014826606027781963, 0.09247886389493942, 0.3588261604309082, 0.2145136296749115, 0.4062320291996002, -0.39989104866981506, 0.3740699887275696, -0.1854792833328247, -0.21210113167762756, -1.026142954826355, 0.32978981733322144, -0.1806003600358963, 1.1888657808303833, 0.180121049284935, -0.059350598603487015, 0.34374913573265076, -0.09521330147981644, 0.3718007504940033, -0.3253457248210907, -0.5895484685897827, -0.04469127953052521, 0.09864815324544907, -0.10651491582393646, 1.218230128288269, 0.30326688289642334, -0.08062561601400375, -0.03395716845989227, 0.8542550206184387, 0.2932034730911255, -0.38422051072120667, -0.03739922493696213, 0.6175193786621094, -0.5512954592704773, -0.9150993824005127, -0.03631947934627533, -0.10846151411533356, 0.4158891439437866, -0.31670287251472473, 0.4269093871116638, 0.45220398902893066, 0.20681697130203247, 0.8476203083992004, 0.12266372889280319, 0.4067257344722748, -0.016130222007632256, 0.2283097356557846, -0.008813690394163132, -0.608995258808136, 0.1691855490207672, 0.5505972504615784, 0.22191110253334045, -0.7708455324172974, 0.4963027834892273, -0.051898956298828125, 0.06440962105989456, -0.4063478708267212, 0.07678532600402832, -0.7636228203773499, 0.3436887562274933, 0.11311239004135132, -0.30245694518089294, 0.04166631028056145, -0.11182022094726562, 0.15235763788223267, 0.021047119051218033, 0.10452228784561157, 0.05389295145869255, 0.48896002769470215, 0.3653930723667145, 0.6409984827041626, 0.16401027143001556, -0.6431756019592285, -0.4434340000152588, 0.05945950374007225, 0.1554531455039978, 0.24161769449710846, 0.7886725664138794, 0.1763278692960739, 0.3327116370201111, -0.21657617390155792, -0.1630106270313263, 0.07969272136688232, -0.27660197019577026, -0.49231308698654175, 0.09711305797100067, -0.5473319888114929, -0.3515739142894745, -0.030842574313282967, 0.5069576501846313, -0.33935078978538513, -0.03784386068582535, -0.5767638087272644, 0.053960103541612625, -0.26244500279426575, -0.5026639103889465, 0.2745278477668762, -0.6699545383453369, -0.5818241834640503, 0.5281723141670227, 1.031973958015442, 0.0042324974201619625, 0.20716612040996552, 0.19699470698833466, -0.2638588845729828, 0.06800587475299835, -0.09350692480802536, 0.31253525614738464, 0.1165689080953598, -0.27297964692115784, 0.7438147664070129, -0.39406031370162964, 0.0780559852719307, -0.052406005561351776, 0.654097855091095, -0.20194053649902344, -0.6847169399261475, -0.41141200065612793, 0.038864489644765854, -0.5823419690132141, 0.6581906080245972, -0.03423921391367912, 0.06080852076411247, 0.45357099175453186, 0.24303048849105835, -0.13262774050235748, 0.010903619229793549, -5.518006801605225, -0.027611881494522095, -0.619430422782898, -0.683649480342865, -0.026319030672311783, 0.37337496876716614, 0.4182802736759186, -0.12016455829143524, -0.43668726086616516, -0.12010412663221359, 0.15782104432582855, -0.04645685851573944, -0.15236423909664154, 0.9284617900848389, 0.7985449433326721, 0.576973557472229, 0.467986136674881, -0.18232889473438263, 0.3125656545162201, 0.3820961117744446, -0.08568607270717621, -0.5254707932472229, 0.03933975100517273, 0.62486732006073, 0.1875186413526535, 0.09839063137769699, -0.512486457824707, 0.46652042865753174, -0.5982897877693176, -0.6024811267852783, 0.30669471621513367, -0.24009379744529724, -0.5369191765785217, 0.07363282889127731, 0.25716280937194824, -0.41662049293518066, 0.564500629901886, 0.6838892698287964, -0.006989224348217249, 0.35455042123794556, -0.328374981880188, 0.25602757930755615, -0.8578492999076843, 0.19483929872512817, 0.17967765033245087, 0.0377902127802372, -0.4292609691619873, -0.1771651655435562, -0.7345759868621826, 0.4787895083427429, 0.4854200482368469, -0.132728710770607, 0.27048173546791077, 0.16789892315864563, -0.009857124648988247, 0.30488449335098267, 0.30616357922554016, -0.206668421626091, -0.9833332896232605, -0.07793433964252472, 0.2961418032646179, -0.5026223063468933, 0.1786201149225235, -0.4007869064807892, -0.6102230548858643, -0.6243678331375122, -0.1818876564502716, -0.04800765961408615, -0.12654447555541992, -0.3332456350326538, -0.27494004368782043, 0.9729233980178833, 0.38156911730766296, -1.220935344696045, -0.1888643354177475, -0.418033242225647, -0.05298665538430214, -0.0009144532377831638, -0.3831631541252136, 0.2931612432003021, 0.12910091876983643, -0.060226794332265854, -0.15960575640201569, 0.9804205894470215, 1.057936668395996, 0.5449669361114502, 0.0017494367202743888, 0.832710325717926, -0.5435246825218201, -0.02715953066945076, -0.3140273094177246, 0.05011238157749176, 0.12005864083766937, 0.1440962553024292, -0.24552705883979797, 0.47639191150665283, -0.11794683337211609, 0.08087234199047089, 0.6410257816314697, 0.19609180092811584, -0.5579013824462891, 0.019830049946904182, -0.05789013206958771, -0.6692261099815369, 0.4067637324333191, 0.05015430971980095, -0.2627766728401184, 0.3975295126438141, 0.517600417137146, 0.07120587676763535, -0.760932981967926, 0.4579760432243347, -0.26452311873435974, -0.5511052012443542, 0.38616126775741577, -0.2307298183441162, -0.18944533169269562, 0.3676697909832001, 0.4457227289676666, 0.325422078371048, -0.09399743378162384, 0.5215073227882385, -0.10474003106355667, -0.19483043253421783, -0.15443089604377747, -0.22828440368175507, -0.15763452649116516, -0.36015960574150085, -0.5884287357330322, 0.41078633069992065, -0.41971921920776367, 0.7222021818161011, 0.46185430884361267, 0.35540828108787537, 0.14116358757019043, -0.25860509276390076, -0.6663767099380493, -0.33712655305862427, -0.14791789650917053, 0.0263677891343832, -0.05615855008363724, 0.2045164853334427, -0.14867888391017914, 0.12836188077926636, 0.22578971087932587, -0.3116421401500702, 0.2689012289047241, 0.20186351239681244, -0.7430098652839661, 0.7985715866088867, -0.193192258477211, -0.18361079692840576, 0.3018583357334137, -0.3210143446922302, -0.32380834221839905, 0.4119000732898712, -0.0018332067411392927, 0.11200667917728424, -0.012387681752443314, 0.15849480032920837, -0.2362239956855774, 0.04593675211071968, -0.9510325789451599, -0.22058449685573578, -0.06828518956899643, -0.36111342906951904, -0.2272847294807434, 0.02458420768380165, -0.7343085408210754, 0.26429495215415955, -0.09422517567873001, -0.26245561242103577, -0.226719468832016, 0.11672855913639069, 0.4719998240470886, 0.1493316888809204, 0.10930778831243515, 0.12893734872341156, 0.25502529740333557, -0.2395762950181961, -0.05915034934878349, -0.40955960750579834, -1.1224385499954224, -0.13369610905647278, 0.32422417402267456, -0.10180629044771194, -0.2383091151714325, -0.28328418731689453, -0.372342050075531, -0.2340461164712906, 0.494594007730484, -0.5379428267478943, 0.1082499697804451, 0.9139312505722046, -0.45479270815849304, -0.17201663553714752, 0.528959333896637, -0.7690974473953247, -0.42555055022239685, -0.2980117201805115, 0.015942677855491638, 0.38371312618255615, -0.05522192269563675, -0.09549424797296524, -0.26112326979637146, -1.040454626083374, -0.20950020849704742, 0.3495900332927704, -0.03317686915397644, 0.8301315307617188, -0.4277697801589966, -0.4269029498100281, -0.03380200266838074, 0.30424556136131287, -0.24553866684436798, 0.10340980440378189, 0.874769926071167, -0.06359173357486725, -0.8288308382034302, -0.37519076466560364, -0.013915938325226307, -0.03753867745399475, -0.5034855604171753, -0.5210328102111816, -0.5377955436706543, 0.2744395434856415, -0.10411383956670761, 0.2206842452287674, 0.8846815228462219, -0.28543588519096375, -0.6738875508308411, -0.1643194556236267, -0.030293267220258713, 0.4106593728065491, 0.2612836956977844, -0.14090748131275177, -0.11981669068336487, 0.5119438767433167, -0.5676087141036987, -0.28115686774253845, 0.23677831888198853, 0.6271730065345764, 0.7914393544197083, 0.12853366136550903, 0.07594630867242813, 0.020565014332532883, 0.6685060858726501, -0.0873950719833374, -0.26455017924308777, -0.03264187276363373, 0.7552293539047241, 0.02586270309984684, -1.2881076335906982, -0.04584962874650955, 0.9645669460296631, -0.4528925120830536, -0.2858258783817291, 0.4534704089164734, 0.042516592890024185, 0.05330692231655121, -0.05475008487701416, 0.15658889710903168, 0.12729409337043762, 0.46527647972106934, 0.08702753484249115, 0.3044201135635376, 0.27462896704673767, 0.17572392523288727, 0.09715796262025833, -0.1899789571762085, -0.20654980838298798, -0.31077688932418823, -0.5368261337280273, 0.07683419436216354, -0.26571524143218994, 0.4218863248825073, 0.22680220007896423, -0.34516406059265137, 0.04882390424609184, -0.29211506247520447, -0.4795936346054077, -0.16422756016254425, -0.11416801810264587, -0.5712586641311646, -0.4444350004196167, -0.3860468864440918, -0.25764039158821106, 0.061160530894994736, -0.5253792405128479, -0.14850741624832153, -0.7860456109046936, 0.1717281937599182, -0.6305580139160156, -0.027770154178142548, -0.2656981945037842, 0.0074277399107813835, 0.12737581133842468, 0.7883409261703491, -0.5672402381896973, -0.39079463481903076, -0.1552385687828064, 0.46629977226257324, 0.3329859972000122, -0.2358170747756958, 0.4162628948688507, -0.1399400234222412, -0.5773330926895142, -0.20374761521816254, -0.29183876514434814, 0.38519537448883057, 0.17733490467071533, -0.1767166256904602, 0.2010999321937561, 0.8798938989639282, -0.197935089468956, -0.04412956163287163, 0.6456175446510315, -0.13515527546405792, -0.2188507318496704, -0.30790215730667114, -0.2858409881591797, 0.10955733805894852, 0.3986184000968933, -0.5504152178764343, -0.07384596765041351, 0.34673434495925903, 0.622316837310791, -0.045277662575244904, -0.6064289808273315, 0.2494768351316452, 0.32802820205688477, 0.1417078822851181, -0.3251926898956299, 0.113946832716465, 0.03127487003803253, -0.2366085797548294, 0.05377936735749245, -0.47670331597328186, -0.058911003172397614, 0.17795628309249878, -0.32484620809555054, 0.7722402215003967, -0.1210772693157196, 0.17783695459365845, -0.10899903625249863, -0.008744924329221249, -0.2890610694885254, 0.7371668219566345, -0.1711142510175705, -0.10170244425535202, 0.6629067063331604, 0.42037174105644226, -0.2521726191043854, -0.5862984657287598, 0.27892202138900757, -0.46624454855918884, 0.2027197927236557, -0.1670101135969162, -0.5273154377937317, -0.6412510275840759, -0.2864724099636078, -0.30150967836380005, 0.9878413081169128, 0.012617206200957298, -0.06102915480732918, 0.14195355772972107, -0.03638562560081482, -0.694221556186676, -0.07825487852096558, 0.35565873980522156, 0.24648131430149078, -0.3134821653366089, -0.21132449805736542, 0.8712841868400574, 0.4230533838272095, -0.3170878291130066, 0.7226630449295044, -0.4933575987815857, 0.5846654772758484, 0.17876599729061127, -0.3942345976829529, 0.0985778421163559, -0.17692144215106964, 0.08708992600440979, 0.2848113775253296, 0.15550069510936737, 0.01853237859904766, -0.09810865670442581, 0.48029109835624695, -0.6068820357322693, 0.20514130592346191, -0.7494311332702637, -0.2500435709953308, 0.6329240798950195, -0.30846908688545227, 0.4638887941837311, -0.4993215501308441, 0.8500204086303711, 0.12649132311344147, -0.25825783610343933, -0.04761231318116188, 0.23573757708072662, 0.0988713726401329, -0.2378981113433838, 0.03653286024928093, 0.25844377279281616, -0.1546042114496231, -0.380348801612854, -0.8942235112190247, 0.5876566767692566, -0.1033240407705307, 0.5524396300315857, -0.3869219124317169, 0.7770803570747375, -0.029120227321982384, 0.06704484671354294, 0.5917541980743408, 0.08072447031736374, -0.21078942716121674, -0.18949711322784424, 0.2503661811351776, -0.19356632232666016, -0.009575954638421535, -0.35259392857551575, 0.22552184760570526, 0.42403778433799744, 0.379356324672699, -0.4161989092826843, 0.07800539582967758, 0.2256542146205902, -0.2148001790046692, -0.14217433333396912, -0.23563779890537262, -0.31037604808807373, -0.006182957906275988, 0.25439879298210144, 0.3281714916229248, 0.7004244923591614, 0.7112850546836853, -0.9152625203132629, 0.5889979004859924, 0.07472442835569382, 0.27966684103012085, -0.12763114273548126, -0.810571014881134, 0.5003454089164734, -0.38521695137023926, -0.51931232213974, 0.2927279472351074, 0.7139232754707336, -0.38931071758270264, -0.0017661432502791286, 0.03797650337219238, -0.4690418839454651, 0.10570888966321945, 0.2871958017349243, -0.18883679807186127, -0.28998321294784546, 0.7908586859703064, -0.22495795786380768 ]
202161	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor%20Horikawa	Emperor Horikawa	was the 73rd emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. Horikawa's reign spanned the years from 1087 through 1107. Biography Before his ascension to the Chrysanthemum Throne, his personal name (imina) was Taruhito-shinnō (善仁親王). He was also known as Yoshihito-tennō. Horikawa was the son of Emperor Shirakawa. His mother was Fujiwara no Kenshi (藤原賢子), adopted daughter of Fujiwara Morozane (藤原師実). His wet nurse was a different Fujiwara no Kenshi (藤原兼子). Empress (chūgū): Imperial Princess Tokushi (篤子内親王), Emperor Go-Sanjo’s daughter Consort (Nyōgo): Fujiwara no Ishi (藤原苡子; 1076-1103), Fujiwara no Sanesue’s daughter Imperial Prince Munehito (宗仁親王) later Emperor Toba Lady-in-waiting (Naishi): Princess Jinshi (仁子女王; d.1126), Prince Yasusuke’s daughter Imperial Princess Soshi (悰子内親王, 1099–1162) Lady-in-waiting (Naishi): Fujiwara Muneko (藤原宗子; d.1129), Fujiwara Takamune’s daughter Kangyō (寛暁; 1103–1159) Lady-in-waiting (Naishi): Fujiwara Tokitsune’s daughter Imperial Prince Priest Saiun (最雲法親王; 1105–1162) head priest of Tendai sect Mother Unknown Imperial Princess Kishi (喜子内親王) Imperial Princess Kaishi (懐子内親王) Events of Horikawa's life He became Crown Prince and became emperor on the same day that his father abdicated. His reign was overshadowed by the cloistered rule of former emperor Emperor Shirakawa. January 3, 1087 (Ōtoku 3, 26th day of the 11th month): In the 14th year of Emperor Shirakawa-tennō 's reign (白河天皇十四年), the emperor abdicated; and the succession (‘‘senso’’) was received by his second son. Shortly thereafter, Emperor Horikawa is said to have acceded to the throne (‘‘sokui’’). His father's kampaku, Fujiwara Morozane became sesshō (regent), but Shirakawa held actual power as cloistered Emperor. Horikawa filled his reign with scholarship, poetry, and music. When his empress-consort (kōgō) died, his son, Imperial Prince Munehito, who had become Crown Prince (and later became Emperor Toba) was taken to be raised by Horikawa's father, the retired Emperor Shirakawa. 1105 (Chōji 2, 6th month): A red-colored snow fell over a large area in Japan. August 9, 1107 (Kajō 2, 19th day of the 7th month): Horikawa died at the age of 29. Horikawa died at age 29 in Kajō 2, on the 19th day of the 7th month 1107. He had reigned 20 years—seven years in the nengō Kanji, two years in Kahō, one year in the nengō Eichō, two years in Jōtoku, five years in the nengō Kōwa, two years in Chōji, and two years in the nengō Kajō. The actual site of Horikawa's grave is known. This emperor is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine (misasagi) at Kyoto. The Imperial Household Agency designates this location as Horikawa's mausoleum. It is formally named Nochi no Yenkyō-ji no misasagi. Horikawa is buried amongst the "Seven Imperial Tombs" at Ryōan-ji in Kyoto. The mound which commemorates the Emperor Horikawa today named Kinugasa-yama. The emperor's burial place would have been quite humble in the period after Horikawa died. These tombs reached their present state as a result of the 19th century restoration of imperial sepulchers (misasagi) which were ordered by Emperor Meiji. Emperor Horikawa was succeeded by his son, Munehito, who would take the name Emperor Toba. Kugyō Kugyō (公卿) is a collective term for the very few most powerful men attached to the court of the Emperor of Japan in pre-Meiji eras. Even during those years in which the court's actual influence outside the palace walls was minimal, the hierarchic organization persisted. In general, this elite group included only three to four men at a time. These were hereditary courtiers whose experience and background would have brought them to the pinnacle of a life's career. During Horikawa's reign, this apex of the Daijō-kan included: Sesshō, Fujiwara Morozane, 1043–1101. Kampaku, Fujiwara Moromichi, 1062–1099. Kampaku, Fujiwara Tadazane. Daijō-daijin, Fujiwara Morozane. Sadaijin Udaijin, Fujiwara Tadazane. Nadaijin, Fujiwara Moromichi. Dainagon, Fujiwara Tadazane. Eras of Horikawa's reign The years of Horikawa's reign are more specifically identified by more than one era name or nengō. Ōtoku (1084–1087) Kanji (1087–1094) Kahō (1094–1096) Eichō (1096–1097) Jōtoku (1097–1099) Kōwa (1099–1104) Chōji (1104–1106) Kajō (1106–1108) Empresses and consorts 1060–1114 Empress (chūgū): Imperial Princess Princess Tokushi (篤子内親王) – fourth daughter of Emperor Go-Sanjō, and hence his aunt 1076–1103 Empress (kōgō): Fujiwara no Ishi (藤原苡子) ????–1126 Lady-in-waiting: Minamoto ?? (源仁子) – Daughter of Prince ?? (康資王) ????–1129 Lady-in-waiting: Fujiwara ?? (藤原宗子), daughter of Fujiwara (藤原隆宗) – later wife of Fujiwara ?? (藤原家保) Daughter of Fujiwara ?? (藤原時経) Ancestry Notes References Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida, eds. (1979). Gukanshō: The Future and the Past. Berkeley: University of California Press. ; OCLC 251325323 Mosher, Gouverneur. (1978). Kyoto: A Contemplative Guide. ; OCLC 4589403 Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon. (1959). The Imperial House of Japan. Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. OCLC 194887 Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Nihon Odai Ichiran''; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon. Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691 Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki: A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns. New York: Columbia University Press. ; OCLC 59145842 See also Emperor of Japan List of Emperors of Japan Imperial cult Emperor Go-Horikawa Japanese emperors 1079 births 1107 deaths People of Heian-period Japan 11th-century Japanese monarchs 12th-century Japanese monarchs	[ -0.9312654137611389, 0.09289132803678513, -0.32266008853912354, 0.14611347019672394, -0.8606095314025879, 0.5593312978744507, 0.9654742479324341, -0.10165009647607803, -0.6965928077697754, -0.33842289447784424, -0.13181759417057037, -0.0646403357386589, -0.20704828202724457, 0.23350660502910614, -0.04364648833870888, 0.15728282928466797, 0.08448641747236252, -0.044245172291994095, -0.1550888866186142, -0.43589943647384644, -0.014952186495065689, 0.1769792139530182, -0.03588337451219559, -0.1331605762243271, 0.5242375731468201, -0.25600722432136536, 0.7552047967910767, 0.055263154208660126, -0.6760226488113403, -0.5350021123886108, 0.1251668930053711, 0.4232846200466156, 0.07932320982217789, -0.12752464413642883, -0.44148463010787964, -0.5264700055122375, 0.1908988058567047, -0.07719126343727112, -0.13187569379806519, 0.41028741002082825, -0.3311489224433899, 0.014627916738390923, 0.4990960657596588, -0.03019789792597294, 0.13279947638511658, -0.5985270142555237, -1.5303136110305786, -0.05576331540942192, -0.39240771532058716, -0.20979206264019012, -0.09050257503986359, 0.3980414867401123, 0.1833241581916809, 0.5240092873573303, -0.20450937747955322, 0.28484660387039185, -0.3836939036846161, -0.1664309948682785, -0.5030062794685364, -0.3570603132247925, 0.4413050711154938, -0.45731112360954285, 0.34277647733688354, 0.1093256026506424, -0.30066049098968506, 0.08250187337398529, 0.18229056894779205, 0.01425536721944809, 0.2703315317630768, 0.03230305016040802, -0.09096520394086838, 0.0701063722372055, 0.5876892805099487, 0.5277848839759827, 0.02671021781861782, -1.0262818336486816, -0.09509771317243576, 0.3550739884376526, 0.3141898512840271, -0.41272521018981934, -0.4745434522628784, -0.4924760162830353, 0.15369683504104614, 0.21727170050144196, 0.34631988406181335, -0.02004859782755375, 0.2023765593767166, 0.3409825265407562, -0.49093109369277954, 0.9566713571548462, -0.28318873047828674, 0.4670916199684143, 0.6915554404258728, 0.009968279860913754, -0.49982914328575134, -0.23295588791370392, -0.02203008159995079, 0.23075206577777863, -0.4035418629646301, -0.33891749382019043, -0.06427588313817978, 0.3704524338245392, 0.44979166984558105, -0.13706514239311218, -1.0811188220977783, -0.9670813083648682, -0.22240503132343292, 0.18461984395980835, -0.4942569434642792, 0.207117959856987, -0.2708193361759186, 0.5488489270210266, -0.1609666347503662, 0.05692736431956291, -0.15086351335048676, 0.24620366096496582, -0.15106041729450226, -0.34707221388816833, 0.43186238408088684, -0.03741385042667389, 0.6541109681129456, 0.06425277143716812, -0.022970080375671387, 0.3713170886039734, -0.3199252486228943, 0.24678802490234375, -0.22057870030403137, -0.5613463521003723, -0.04826568812131882, -0.029099158942699432, 0.7036291360855103, 0.5885049104690552, -0.3105374574661255, 0.13994894921779633, 0.3171541392803192, -0.4670197665691376, 0.2737235724925995, 0.11092038452625275, -0.029393082484602928, -0.37054377794265747, -1.0442661046981812, -0.21347907185554504, -0.48339664936065674, 0.5162711143493652, 0.11888027936220169, 0.7856346964836121, -0.27492913603782654, -0.16645587980747223, -0.28133171796798706, 0.03078087605535984, -0.46099039912223816, -0.1903214156627655, 0.06655152887105942, -0.506501317024231, -0.3686458170413971, 0.13588188588619232, 0.3990369439125061, -0.7218284606933594, 0.3942587971687317, 0.392404705286026, 0.12199508398771286, 0.11826954782009125, -0.14754652976989746, 0.20344485342502594, 0.46344077587127686, -0.46468040347099304, 0.06224694475531578, 0.6558576226234436, -0.3166022300720215, -0.29717686772346497, -0.3391133248806, -0.443713903427124, -0.5400990843772888, -0.6567391753196716, 0.8341408967971802, 0.23610691726207733, 0.9012086391448975, -0.024019332602620125, 0.05002070590853691, -0.23724621534347534, -0.515693724155426, -0.5835880637168884, -0.04168909415602684, 0.4544319212436676, 0.48721617460250854, 0.309781938791275, -0.10614467412233353, 0.23924140632152557, 0.7420333623886108, 0.12781400978565216, -0.6207045316696167, -0.22100532054901123, 0.27990400791168213, -0.06891266256570816, 0.6487501263618469, 0.596348226070404, 0.05344347283244133, 0.037241630256175995, 0.2044709473848343, 0.8782178163528442, 0.5230005383491516, -0.5798794031143188, 0.09757492691278458, 0.03405936807394028, 0.2590709924697876, 0.2596414387226105, -0.5987991690635681, 0.4846300780773163, 0.28282472491264343, 0.9134280681610107, -0.2628922164440155, 0.15590384602546692, -0.06842993944883347, -0.07953852415084839, 0.15237917006015778, 0.3998025953769684, -0.19163736701011658, -0.4748034179210663, 0.005427216179668903, -0.5799840688705444, 0.3662777245044708, 0.43056052923202515, -0.4455117881298065, 0.4727787971496582, 0.045664023607969284, 1.5550129413604736, 0.09112869948148727, 0.45724236965179443, -0.4487622380256653, -0.6168025732040405, 0.591597318649292, 0.07807359099388123, 0.14042311906814575, 0.39875051379203796, 0.09758156538009644, -0.22125425934791565, 0.17025437951087952, -0.03189503028988838, -0.35272806882858276, -0.2328704297542572, 0.6627558469772339, -0.16262581944465637, 0.33029472827911377, 0.3699420988559723, 0.16771401464939117, 0.24857057631015778, 0.04748177155852318, 0.32851147651672363, -1.1827120780944824, -0.2787945568561554, 1.0158227682113647, -0.06395992636680603, 0.36556944251060486, 0.03740667924284935, 0.1310197114944458, -0.5634810328483582, 0.1698661893606186, 0.02273298054933548, -0.3236224353313446, 0.18881656229496002, 0.13974609971046448, -0.36901241540908813, 0.3445681631565094, 0.37212786078453064, -0.008108418434858322, -0.13458050787448883, 0.45771145820617676, 0.2022734433412552, -0.034746378660202026, -0.2634250819683075, -0.1680319458246231, -0.19540129601955414, -0.6847314238548279, -0.22505125403404236, 0.02861398085951805, -0.9490577578544617, 0.07411462068557739, 0.7067095637321472, -0.05783051997423172, -0.6710091233253479, 0.6596162915229797, 0.45449212193489075, -0.7145360112190247, -0.5574955940246582, -0.5320101380348206, -0.6607570648193359, -0.5578063130378723, -0.5497108697891235, -0.03058229200541973, -0.044702935963869095, -0.08046281337738037, 0.7274080514907837, -0.14589069783687592, -0.4543992280960083, 0.06572520732879639, 0.6866129040718079, -0.23676083981990814, -0.3201139569282532, 0.6499698758125305, -0.46394088864326477, -0.6103270649909973, -0.62103271484375, 0.641708254814148, 0.22866690158843994, 0.32678717374801636, 0.07630135118961334, 0.11063279211521149, 0.1222175732254982, -5.574545860290527, 0.22017215192317963, -0.26759806275367737, 0.2023478001356125, 0.2096060812473297, 0.5997940897941589, 0.5843693614006042, 0.33416566252708435, 0.6775468587875366, -0.7594456076622009, 0.2877276837825775, 0.2248918116092682, 0.27089574933052063, 0.6131613254547119, -0.19409237802028656, 0.43012478947639465, 0.5273566842079163, -0.20486125349998474, 0.20670418441295624, 0.008759045973420143, -0.10857691615819931, -0.38100185990333557, -0.3274921774864197, 0.8013039231300354, 0.14869678020477295, 0.7279156446456909, -0.19715991616249084, 0.1163804903626442, -0.3911246061325073, -0.11061930656433105, 0.25606921315193176, -0.2530868649482727, 0.036584049463272095, 0.2657589018344879, -0.5057652592658997, -0.5535277128219604, 0.2559841573238373, 0.38324037194252014, -0.10670216381549835, 0.2754228115081787, 0.17176662385463715, -0.4369933009147644, -1.1512733697891235, 0.4950467646121979, 0.2492448091506958, -0.322404682636261, -0.8229337334632874, 0.21441295742988586, 0.3353530466556549, 0.04652591794729233, -0.15811055898666382, -0.023494405671954155, 0.45612335205078125, -0.32196661829948425, 0.3430347442626953, 0.22789855301380157, -0.20423614978790283, 0.468014121055603, -0.3336116075515747, -0.1482875943183899, 0.2044910043478012, -0.3094613254070282, 0.10563891381025314, -0.24326163530349731, 0.3679119646549225, -0.2220446765422821, 0.24903522431850433, 0.47747930884361267, 0.20682194828987122, 0.44072362780570984, -0.7636107802391052, 0.6746933460235596, 0.42437943816185, -0.8662337064743042, 0.38509461283683777, 0.08034056425094604, 0.22964873909950256, 0.39457276463508606, 0.129594624042511, -0.24034447968006134, -0.3517000079154968, -0.027011707425117493, -0.028400253504514694, 0.5085000395774841, 0.4118971526622772, 0.4754433333873749, -0.05879588797688484, 0.36607593297958374, 0.1724347174167633, 0.6832299828529358, 0.3343968689441681, -0.8923060894012451, -0.4120835065841675, -0.08938318490982056, 0.689065158367157, -0.046218063682317734, -0.16567109525203705, 0.15580983459949493, 0.593177318572998, -0.08882130682468414, 0.44340401887893677, -0.007691145874559879, -0.746726393699646, -0.2502442002296448, -0.3184487223625183, -0.17806057631969452, -0.4273390769958496, 0.27514466643333435, 0.27337536215782166, 0.4521026909351349, 0.1655275821685791, -0.6917791962623596, -0.4415818154811859, -0.6087665557861328, 1.0512053966522217, -0.16128325462341309, -0.06201010197401047, 0.4637528359889984, 0.38716843724250793, -0.05313139781355858, -0.0302839744836092, 0.12191469967365265, -1.060739517211914, -0.3643872141838074, 0.004839085042476654, 0.7399784922599792, -0.38214781880378723, 0.1680588722229004, -0.3881767690181732, -0.5517405867576599, -0.0328318253159523, 0.26460182666778564, -0.08012726157903671, 0.20228271186351776, 0.8351927399635315, -0.7284692525863647, -0.02539512701332569, -0.6052233576774597, 0.2592106759548187, -0.31907469034194946, -0.5579100847244263, -0.6959192752838135, -0.4020761251449585, 0.08690625429153442, -0.528424084186554, 0.4750569760799408, -0.16757608950138092, -0.27430459856987, 0.18609997630119324, 0.6365741491317749, -0.015275283716619015, -1.030002474784851, 0.2714773118495941, 0.3534625470638275, -0.5335936546325684, 0.5811129808425903, -0.6137857437133789, -0.13807660341262817, -0.42576372623443604, -0.020264631137251854, -0.2537696361541748, -0.04484999179840088, -0.5344595313072205, -0.3136158287525177, -0.2619306147098541, -0.06569481641054153, -0.011904914863407612, -0.24422308802604675, -0.3575454652309418, 0.32910120487213135, 0.38891053199768066, -0.36573201417922974, -0.18574248254299164, -0.08027907460927963, 0.7662939429283142, -0.03625696152448654, 0.016055269166827202, 0.5939925909042358, -0.07503558695316315, -0.2769649922847748, 0.056591592729091644, 0.26794230937957764, -0.8371787071228027, 0.7455429434776306, -0.28616026043891907, -0.17126166820526123, 0.02118854969739914, -0.7588575482368469, -0.27441853284835815, -0.12478529661893845, -0.11632545292377472, -0.24911434948444366, -0.10796354711055756, -0.03589674457907677, -0.5221774578094482, -0.39625439047813416, 0.4265977144241333, -0.1474110335111618, 0.07212739437818527, 0.031039627268910408, -0.2503899335861206, 0.5996977090835571, -0.25395622849464417, -0.25626906752586365, 0.44274893403053284, -0.5611777305603027, 0.4549107551574707, 0.404797226190567, 0.5782449245452881, 0.4896255135536194, -0.36679986119270325, -0.8837600946426392, -0.302460253238678, 0.4558817744255066, 0.2821844220161438, -0.06532290577888489, -0.2478215992450714, 0.11689359694719315, 0.3054845929145813, -0.7928511500358582, -0.22247891128063202, 0.26181328296661377, -0.43922483921051025, -0.42508792877197266, -0.1967073380947113, 0.46594423055648804, 0.5909453630447388, 0.2405184805393219, -0.5755686163902283, -0.6430023908615112, -0.3985474109649658, 0.1804533302783966, 0.19366180896759033, 0.5466111898422241, -0.4015316665172577, 0.28671231865882874, 0.3888620138168335, -0.44525623321533203, 0.6657665967941284, 0.6366907358169556, 0.39045965671539307, 0.8021482229232788, 0.24970267713069916, 0.057646505534648895, 0.3236593008041382, 0.29537859559059143, -0.19244703650474548, 0.05742822214961052, 0.42391902208328247, 0.7032521367073059, 0.0956682339310646, -0.06592244654893875, -0.523054838180542, -0.18815986812114716, 0.5296316742897034, -1.4096988439559937, 0.17626376450061798, 0.010310830548405647, -0.5724034309387207, 0.25792524218559265, -0.10571562498807907, 0.6620739102363586, 0.2911214232444763, -0.24865619838237762, 0.19868828356266022, 0.7257643938064575, -0.6313894987106323, 0.4771489202976227, 0.1407628357410431, -0.7811612486839294, -0.5807030200958252, -0.4317419230937958, -0.6741913557052612, 0.2180103212594986, 0.40312546491622925, 0.35333263874053955, -0.3198544979095459, 0.3333243429660797, -0.16597414016723633, -0.22426877915859222, -0.3319514989852905, -0.21396565437316895, -0.05130406841635704, -0.4811106026172638, -0.306991308927536, -0.8414897918701172, -0.46325352787971497, -0.06316547095775604, -0.2001505345106125, 0.22093182802200317, -0.894064724445343, -0.23890969157218933, 0.11296816170215607, -0.12667955458164215, -0.36761513352394104, 0.4114648103713989, -0.15196509659290314, -0.1854434758424759, -0.6477669477462769, 0.330318808555603, -0.22863735258579254, 0.5446982979774475, 0.06046249344944954, 0.6145548820495605, 0.3446730673313141, -0.2685791552066803, -0.2775055766105652, -0.014983621425926685, 0.03660257160663605, 0.7362060546875, 0.39813894033432007, -0.2879624366760254, 0.4362618923187256, 0.3328348398208618, -0.9892413020133972, -0.17593660950660706, 0.07413309812545776, 0.10363400727510452, -0.41101038455963135, -0.37389734387397766, 0.359438419342041, 0.11118527501821518, -0.12715116143226624, 0.43230384588241577, 0.5591713786125183, 0.1786148101091385, 0.13501118123531342, 0.05062252655625343, 0.29443126916885376, 0.7165421843528748, -0.049352459609508514, -0.11662199348211288, -0.3689973056316376, 0.7592070698738098, -0.5500422120094299, -0.0503528006374836, 0.011513852514326572, -0.694861650466919, 0.31109338998794556, 0.12726208567619324, 0.5903384685516357, 0.9165223836898804, -1.0272825956344604, 0.34531429409980774, -0.19251379370689392, -0.09076181054115295, -0.5294517278671265, -0.08220289647579193, 0.28115472197532654, -0.020701814442873, 0.370018869638443, 0.22120285034179688, 0.2647216320037842, -0.2672300934791565, 0.15935306251049042, 0.13217245042324066, 0.4208054840564728, -0.29561784863471985, -0.10579351335763931, -0.1412709355354309, -0.4186525344848633, -0.46214091777801514, 0.09525271505117416, 0.2496265470981598, 0.28497612476348877, 0.20291118323802948, -0.26488053798675537, -0.057557277381420135, -0.19218206405639648, -0.10380695760250092, 0.007275278680026531, -0.4895753264427185, 0.13834865391254425, -0.07536032050848007, 0.2879723906517029, 0.6287367939949036, 0.2690277099609375, -0.6649137735366821, 0.09724254906177521, 0.01429073791950941, -0.46838852763175964, -0.06303799152374268, 0.034176599234342575, -0.49221882224082947, 0.06650475412607193, 0.5629484057426453, -0.16733551025390625, 0.6298515796661377, -0.48090603947639465, 0.21438682079315186, -0.43164750933647156, -0.4241155683994293, -0.11047465354204178, 0.17428022623062134, -0.08120381832122803, -0.0649985522031784, -0.06718052178621292, 0.099542535841465, 0.6441296339035034, 0.3057824969291687, 0.16626861691474915, -0.10553304851055145, -0.015072496607899666, 0.02281123958528042, -0.18390735983848572, 0.37561240792274475, -0.6285035610198975, -0.17807134985923767, -0.1633857935667038, 0.17027515172958374, -0.308889240026474, -0.08122622221708298, -0.26755470037460327, -0.12959985435009003, -0.5481029748916626, -0.23110587894916534, 0.19055579602718353, -0.7663758397102356, -0.08346384763717651, -0.22362984716892242, 0.32063889503479004, -0.13409706950187683, 0.20204421877861023, 0.8283460736274719, -0.3267146348953247, -0.1475570648908615, 0.7254561185836792, 0.180514857172966, 0.2152145355939865, 0.5066143870353699, -0.1551705002784729, -0.3540894091129303, 0.18214371800422668, -0.6621896624565125, 0.1626257300376892, 0.11454464495182037, 0.5692335367202759, 0.522783637046814, -0.3188347816467285, -0.3784886300563812, -0.046238917857408524, 0.1229526698589325, 0.8622719645500183, 0.3588126301765442, -0.15935884416103363, -0.2717464566230774, -0.14082875847816467, -0.5258937478065491, -0.36150923371315, -0.030703023076057434, 0.8874111175537109, 0.23577052354812622, 0.7385956645011902, -0.09058047831058502, 0.24267345666885376, -0.3840162456035614, 0.32916292548179626, -0.4490565359592438, 0.373874306678772, -0.11842435598373413 ]
202168	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20All-American%20Rejects	The All-American Rejects	The All-American Rejects is an American rock band formed in Stillwater, Oklahoma, in 1999. The band consists of lead vocalist and bassist Tyson Ritter, lead guitarist and backing vocalist Nick Wheeler, rhythm guitarist and backing vocalist Mike Kennerty, and drummer Chris Gaylor. Wheeler and Ritter are the band's songwriters; Wheeler is the primary composer and Ritter is the primary lyricist. Although Kennerty and Gaylor are not founding members, they have appeared in all of the band's music videos and on all studio releases except for the band's self-titled debut. The group achieved mainstream success with their debut self-titled studio album The All-American Rejects, released in 2003 on the Dreamworks Records label. The album was certified platinum by the RIAA and spawned the single "Swing, Swing". The band's second studio album Move Along brought the group further mainstream success in 2005, producing the hit singles "Dirty Little Secret", "Move Along", and "It Ends Tonight", all of which charted in the top fifteen on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, while Move Along was certified double platinum by the RIAA. Their third studio album When the World Comes Down was released in 2008 and was later certified gold by the RIAA. Its lead single "Gives You Hell" became The All-American Rejects' most successful song to date, peaking at number 4 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and the top 5 in many other countries. "Gives You Hell" was certified 4× multi-platinum for sales of over 4 million in the United States by the RIAA. Kids in the Street, the band's fourth studio album, was released on March 26, 2012, and debuted at number 18 on the US Billboard 200 chart. On October 30, 2015, the group released a new single named "There's a Place". The All-American Rejects have sold over 10 million albums worldwide. They were ranked No. 73 on the "Hot 100 Artists of the 2000s" and No. 183 on the "Billboard 200 Artists of the Decade" list. The band has continued to tour, and released the singles "Sweat" on July 7, 2017, and "Send Her to Heaven" on their new label Epitaph on July 16, 2019. History 1999–2004: Formation and The All-American Rejects The band formed in Stillwater, Oklahoma in 1999 while members Nick Wheeler and Tyson Ritter were still in high school. It was here that Ritter offered himself for bass duties. Eventually Wheeler and Ritter decided to form the All-American Rejects. When asked where the name of the band came from, Mike Kennerty says, "It was a random name that sounded cool. I feel like we have grown into it over the years." In 2000, while still in high school, the group made a demo simply labeled The All-American Rejects, with Nick Wheeler (drums), Tyson Ritter (vocals, bass), and Jesse Tabish (guitar, vocals). The demo CD was engineered, mixed and mastered by Wheeler. It was also managed by Alisa Ben at Half-A-Cup Entertainment. The demo is now commonly referred to as The Blue Disc or The Blue Album. The CD consisted of twelve songs, a few of which would be included on the Same Girl, New Songs demo made in 2001. Jesse Tabish later split from the group and later became a member of the folk band Other Lives. Ritter and Wheeler put together the Same Girl, New Songs EP, which was soon sent to independent Doghouse Records, where an intern saved the disc from the trash, and revealed it to the label owner. The All-American Rejects were soon signed to a recording contract. In 2001, with producer Tim O'Heir, the band recorded their self-titled debut studio album, The All-American Rejects. The album and its first single, "Swing, Swing", were released towards the end of 2002. The group began looking for additional members for a live act. Edmond, Oklahoma resident Mike Kennerty joined on as rhythm guitarist soon before the album was released. Soon after, the band was having problems with drummer Tim Campbell. Campbell was later replaced by drummer Chris Gaylor, who knew and played in another band with Kennerty. The group was then signed by DreamWorks Records. The band hit the road for eight shows in January, and DreamWorks issued a broader-scale distribution of the debut LP. The album peaked at No. 25 on the Billboard 200 Album chart. The single "Swing, Swing" was also re-issued, which peaked on the Billboard Hot 100 at No. 60 as well as No. 8 on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart. The single "The Last Song" was also released spring 2003, and climbed to No. 29 on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart. Early in 2003, the band went on tour as an opening act for CKY. While several differing stories have occurred concerning the tour, they were kicked off the tour shortly after it began. In Spring 2003, the All-American Rejects set out on their first headlining tour, called the Too Bad For Hell Tour. In later 2003, the All-American Rejects released, Live from Oklahoma... The Too Bad for Hell DVD!, their first live DVD – which was later certified Gold by the RIAA. During this time, they performed on the Vans Warped Tour. They would later be part of the lineup again in summer 2005. In November, the All-American Rejects joined the bands Motion City Soundtrack and Limbeck for six shows in the United Kingdom, the first date on the 16th, and the last on the 22nd. 2005–06: Move Along In July 2005, the All-American Rejects released their second studio album, Move Along, produced by Howard Benson. The album's first single, "Dirty Little Secret", was released that summer to radio stations. At the end of 2005, the All-American Rejects embarked on The Rise of the Fall Tour along with The Academy Is... and Rooney. Then, on December 13, The Bite Back EP was released on the iTunes Music Store, and on New Year's Eve 2005, the band performed The Cars' "Good Times Roll" with Fall Out Boy on MTV. In 2006, the second single and title track from Move Along, was released. Within the first weeks after premiering their video, it had been on the Total Request Live countdown, hitting number-one four days in a row. The single did not chart on the Billboard Hot 100 until almost six months after its release, in June. On March 15, 2006, the All-American Rejects began a tour of the United States that wrapped up on May 13, 2006. On May 25, the All-American Rejects performed at the first ever VH1 Rock Honors, covering Def Leppard's "Photograph". In July the band sent a promotional single from Move Along, "Top of the World" to modern rock radio. A music video was created for it from clips of the All-American Rejects on tour and in concert. "Move Along" was also used to help promote Lego Bionicle's Inika toy sets in the summer of 2006. The group also participated in a promotion for the sets called "Free the Band". The overall priority of the promotion was that the Rejects got kidnapped by the villainous Piraka whilst sailing on a yacht and people had to assist the Inika on finding and rescuing the band via the website 'freetheband.com'. A competition could also be entered where the winners would receive Bionicle and All-American Rejects merchandise alike. In September 2006, a third headlining single, "It Ends Tonight", was released from Move Along. The video debuted at No. 10 on the VH1 Top 20 countdown. The video also peaked at No. 2 on TRL. Later in the year the All-American Rejects launched the Tournado tour in support of Move Along. The tour kicked off at Hartford, Connecticut on October 27, and wrapped up at Champaign, Illinois on December 20. That New Year's Eve, the All-American Rejects performed on a special on Las Vegas' Fremont Street, which also included the bands OK Go, Five for Fighting, Rock Star Supernova, and Chicago. 2007–09: When the World Comes Down The All-American Rejects began writing material for their third studio album in December 2006. The band also collaborated with composer Danny Elfman on "The Future Has Arrived", which was included on the soundtrack of Disney film Meet the Robinsons. The song was created in conjunction with the film's musical score. On July 17, 2007 the All-American Rejects released their second live DVD, titled Tournado, with content from the 2006 headlining tour of the same name. Also during the summer, they covered "Jack's Lament" from The Nightmare Before Christmas, which was featured on Nightmare Revisited. The finished album version of the song "I Wanna" appeared in the movie, The House Bunny, which was released to theaters on August 22, 2008. Vocalist/bassist Tyson Ritter played a role in the film, and offered up "I Wanna" for the soundtrack. On September 30, 2008 the first single from When the World Comes Down, "Gives You Hell" was released. The All-American Rejects were inducted into the Oklahoma Music Hall of Fame, and were awarded with "Rising Star". "Gives You Hell" peaked at No. 1 on Pop charts on billboard.com and also peaked No. 1 on iTunes charts and No. 5 most downloaded song of the 2009 year, and the No. 1 most played song of the year 2009. The music video for "Gives You Hell" was released November fifth and reached number one on VH1's Top 20 Countdown. On the sixth, in support of "Gives You Hell", the band started the Gives You Hell Tour, which hit many small venues and clubs. Then, on the eighteenth "Mona Lisa (When the World Comes Down)", another song from the band's upcoming album, was released digitally on iTunes. In the first week of December, the album version of "Real World" was made available for download on Rock Band for the Xbox 360/PlayStation 3. Three years after the Move Along album was issued, the group released their third studio album, When the World Comes Down (produced by Eric Valentine), on December 16, 2008. After the Gives You Hell Tour wrapped up, the band embarked on a world tour until coming back to the states to start the I Wanna Rock Tour, which hit many major venues in the United States. In May 2009, the All-American Rejects released a second single in the United States, entitled "The Wind Blows", which achieved moderate success. "I Wanna" was released internationally on July 8 to Australia and the United Kingdom. Another song from When the World Comes Down, In July, "Real World" was released as a promotional single in the United States, followed by "I Wanna" as a headliner. In late summer the All-American Rejects joined Weezer, Fall Out Boy and Taking Back Sunday for the second half of the Blink-182 Reunion Tour. On August 15, the All-American Rejects made history, performing alongside Hoobastank, Raygun, Boys Like Girls, Pixie Lott and Kasabian as one of the live acts at Asia's very first MTV World Stage Live In Malaysia concert. This performance gained them recognition in Malaysia. When the World Comes Down soon sold over 15,000 digital and physical copies in the country. On August 21 the "I Wanna" single was issued to Austria and Germany. In October 2009, the All-American Rejects were forced to cancel shows due to an injury to frontman Tyson Ritter. He performed from a wheelchair with his leg in a brace on September 27 during a show in Tampa, Florida, amid reports suggesting the singer had undergone knee surgery to remove a tumor that had been there for many months. Ritter's leg became infected, and he remained hospitalized for five days. Ritter made a full recovery in time to return to kick off the Battle Of The Bands Tour with Taking Back Sunday, with the first date at MSU in Michigan. At the end of 2009, Ritter suffered from alcohol abuse after ending a six-year relationship. Ritter's way of coping with this issue was to write and record music for the band's next album, Kids In The Street. The All-American Rejects announced that they will be performing their last show in support of When the World Comes Down at Hollywood, California on December 14. Since the date soon sold out, the band added a second date at the venue for the next day. However, the group played one more show at the "Jingle Bell Bash" in Seattle on December 19. 2010–13: Kids in the Street In February 2010, the All-American Rejects performed live at the Vancouver Winter Olympic Games at the Whistler Medals Plaza. They also had DirecTV performances at Super Bowl XLIV and a special set aired in February. The band also wrote and recorded the song "The Poison" for the Almost Alice compilation, a collection of songs representing the 2010 Tim Burton film Alice in Wonderland. From June 25 to July 18, the All-American Rejects toured the United States and Canada as part of the Warped Tour 2010 festival. Later that year, the band announced that they were working on a fourth studio album, which was planned to be released in early 2012. Songwriters Nick Wheeler and Tyson Ritter went on numerous writing retreats into secluded parts of the United States; a tradition of writing used on their previously released albums. Recording for the album wrapped up in June 2011, with mixing commencing the following August and concluding early September. On November 14, 2011 Ritter announced that ex Taking Back Sunday bassist Matt Rubano had joined the band as their bass player for live performances, but stated that [Ritter] is still the bass player recording-wise. On December 3, 2011, the group announced that the album will be titled Kids in the Street and released the song "Someday's Gone" from the album as a free download from their official website, a music video for the track that was filmed over the previous weekend also premiered the same day. The band later announced the track listing for the album on December 16, 2011, and that its first single would be titled "Beekeeper's Daughter", it premiered in an episode of American teen drama 90210 featuring the band performing the track on January 31, 2012, as well as being released the same day. The album spawned two further singles; "Kids in the Street" and "Heartbeat Slowing Down", both of which achieved little success in the US. The All-American Rejects later embarked on their Shaking Off the Rust tour, which began in San Luis Obispo, California, United States on January 18, 2012 and continued through the year - some of which they performed as a support act for Blink-182's 20th Anniversary Tour in the UK - and ended on July 27, 2013. The band performed at Sepang International Center in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia on September 27, 2013 alongside The Wanted and Five for Fighting as part of the Arthur's Day celebrations promoted by the Guinness brewing company. On November 5, 2013, Ritter released a solo song titled "Air" in order to "tide fans over until the next Rejects record", which Ritter claimed "it's time to start fishing for hooks for", while in an interview with Variance magazine. 2013–present: Other projects and future The band headlined the Slam Dunk festival tour in the UK on the Bank Holiday weekend of May 2014, alongside other bands such as Goldfinger, Letlive, We the Kings and Zebrahead. Following occasional performances of touring for 18 months and a concert with Musikfest, Wheeler announced in an interview with the former that the band plans to begin recording for their fifth studio album in the fall of 2013. He went on to describe the intended creative process as "in the moment", saying they plan to write as well as record new material in the studio rather than write in advance. The group performed at Universal Studios Orlando annual Mardi Gras event, Wabash College, and Manhattan College in the spring of 2015. A new song by the band titled "There's a Place" is featured in the trailer for the 2015 film Miss You Already, in which Ritter also stars. The song and its music video were released on October 30, 2015. On July 21, 2016, Tyson Ritter announced a new single from the band, entitled "DGAF". The song was performed live for the first time that night, which also marked the start of the band's tour with Blink-182. The band performed at Emo Nite LA's 2nd anniversary at the Echoplex in Los Angeles, CA in December 2016. On April 1, 2017, Tyson Ritter announced a new single from the band due out this summer, entitled "Sweat". On June 13 the band officially announced it via social media. They released their two-song EP, "Sweat" and "Close Your Eyes" on July 7, 2017. The All-American Rejects have written and recorded about 10 new songs as of June 2017. The band toured in the summer and fall of 2017, playing both new singles. Although the band is keeping quiet about the songs and album name, Ritter said in an interview with grammy.com that the next two songs to be released would be "Send Her To Heaven" (a song played on the 2017 summer/fall tour) and "Demons". "Sweat" charted at number 21 on the Hot Rock Songs chart, number 10 on Digital Rock songs chart, and later charted at 29 on the Billboard Adult Pop Songs chart, in the month of October. On February 8, 2018, Tyson Ritter said that the band was no longer signed to Interscope Records, saying that the band intended to release music "without all the politics that come into play when signed to a major label", citing the process of the label paying top 40 stations to play their music as not for them, and not what music is about. It was later announced on July 10, 2019 that Epitaph Records had signed the band. On the following July 16, The All-American Rejects released the 3-track single "Send Her to Heaven", followed by its music video. The band later released the single "Me Vs. The World" on November 20, 2020, stating that all of its proceeds would be donated to the MusiCares COVID-19 Relief Fund which aims to support employees in the music industry who have been out of work since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. On August 21, 2020, the band released a 14 song collection to Spotify titled 'Rejects Faves' that contains band-picked favorites from their four studio albums. On November 30, 2020, when asked if the band would be releasing new material in an interview with RADIO.COM, Tyson Ritter stated that "it's not likely that the band is going to make another record anytime soon if ever", it's given birth to these other projects that i've started", adding that “as an artist or as a songwriter you need to know when to stop." On January 18th, 2022, The All-American Rejects were announced as part of the When We Were Young Festival with headliners Paramore and My Chemical Romance. The festival takes place in October of 2022 and currently has three dates. Band members Current line-up Tyson Ritter – lead vocals, bass, keyboards, piano (1999-present) Nick Wheeler – lead guitar (2001–present); rhythm guitar (2001–2002); drums, percussion (1999–2001); keyboards, piano, backing vocals (1999–present) Mike Kennerty – rhythm guitar, bass, backing vocals (2002–present) Chris Gaylor – drums, percussion, backing vocals (2002–present) Touring musicians Scott Chesak – keyboards, piano, backing vocals, guitar, percussion, bass (2011–present) Former members Jesse Tabish – lead guitar, vocals (1999–2001) Tim Campbell – drums, percussion (2001–2002) Former touring musicians Timothy Jordan II – keyboards, piano, backing vocals, guitar, percussion (2005; died 2005) Nick Foxer – keyboards, piano, backing vocals, guitar (2006) Butch Walker – bass, backing vocals (2006) Kevin Saulnier – keyboards, piano, backing vocals, guitar, percussion (2006–2011) Ethan Novak – bass, backing vocals, guitar (2009–2011) Mike Shawcross – percussion, backing vocals (2011–2013) Matt Rubano – bass, backing vocals, keyboards, piano, guitar (2011–2016) Timeline Equipment Using mainly Fender and Gibson guitars, the All-American Rejects use numerous models. The band uses Sennheiser microphones, Dean Markley Custom Lights guitar strings, and Dunlop Picks. Lead vocalist/bassist Tyson Ritter uses two models of Fender; one is a Black P-Bass, and the other model is the then-discontinued Jaguar Bass. Ritter also uses Gibson models, including the Gibson Thunderbird and the Epiphone Flying V. The lead guitarist of the All-American Rejects, Nick Wheeler, primarily uses Gibson guitars. Wheeler's main guitar is the Gibson Firebird. He primarily uses a Vintage Sunburst Firebird V. Wheeler owns a rare cherry Firebird VII, which he no longer uses for live shows, as well as a custom Firebird, which is painted in blue glitter. He owns eight Firebirds overall. He also uses a Classic Gibson Firebird. Wheeler frequently uses a Gibson ES-335. This guitar is notably used live for the intro of "Top of the World", taking the place of the classical guitar originally used in the "Top of the World" recording. It is also commonly used in the songs "It Ends Tonight", "Real World", "Stab My Back", "My Paper Heart", "Gives You Hell" and "Dance Inside". Another guitar that Wheeler favors is the Gibson EDS-1275 doubleneck guitar, which he uses live on "The Wind Blows". He has also been known to occasionally use the Gibson Flying V, namely for the performing "The Last Song" live. Rhythm guitarist Mike Kennerty has used the Gibson SG since joining the band, and also uses Washburn Guitars. Another guitar that Kennerty favors is the PRS Guitars Mira X which came out in early 2009. Chris Gaylor, drummer for the band, uses Remo heads for his drums. Gaylor used to endorse Tama drums, but now he endorses C&C drums. He has a set with a Rootbeer Sparkle wood finish, as well as an acrylic kit. Gaylor's most-current set-up contains seven drums. He uses a 12×7 rack tom, 14×10, 16×12, and 18×14 floor toms, a 14×6.5 Nickel-Over-Brass snare, a 12×7 effects snare, and a 24×16 bass drum. Gaylor uses Tama hardware. Also, Gaylor uses Vater Universal drumsticks, and his cymbals are Sabian. His hi-hats are Sabian 14-inch HHX Evolution. His 3 crashes he uses are an 18-inch HHXplosion crash, a 19-inch AAXplosion crash, and a 20-inch HHX stage crash. Gaylor also uses 22-inch HH Power Bell ride cymbal. Gaylor also includes an LP cowbell in his set. He also uses an Alesis ADAT HD24 for recording purposes. Discography The All-American Rejects (2002) Move Along (2005) When the World Comes Down (2008) Kids in the Street (2012) Awards and nominations References External links American pop punk groups American emo musical groups American power pop groups Alternative rock groups from Oklahoma Rock music groups from Oklahoma Musical groups established in 1999 Musical groups from Oklahoma DreamWorks Records artists DGC Records artists Interscope Records artists 1999 establishments in Oklahoma Doghouse Records artists	[ 0.20839549601078033, -0.10488983243703842, -0.6537307500839233, 0.0032418458722531796, -0.3341662883758545, 0.15067100524902344, 0.6343391537666321, 0.49216175079345703, 0.3949948847293854, -0.018553826957941055, 0.1807922124862671, 0.33649903535842896, -0.46793803572654724, 0.40595388412475586, -0.3740924000740051, 0.07557487487792969, 0.014606759883463383, 0.17941218614578247, -0.1308087855577469, 0.29975277185440063, -0.2395133376121521, 0.09666134417057037, 0.7601330876350403, -0.40600723028182983, 0.07320091128349304, -0.06314540654420853, 0.31584006547927856, -0.5603694319725037, 0.12552237510681152, 0.08013251423835754, 0.11203362047672272, 0.7833989262580872, 0.20974527299404144, -0.8223006129264832, -0.23363667726516724, -0.05211586877703667, -0.021129494532942772, 0.15237641334533691, 0.16269050538539886, -0.17267625033855438, 0.003506704466417432, -0.5900658369064331, 0.20995742082595825, -0.011843066662549973, -0.022930223494768143, 0.012730926275253296, -1.4521911144256592, 0.35508719086647034, -1.1934934854507446, -0.17936933040618896, -0.09484921395778656, -0.02804773487150669, 0.06706001609563828, 0.5230934619903564, 0.2156602442264557, -0.16712574660778046, -0.33455395698547363, -0.17861932516098022, -0.12652643024921417, -0.06672155112028122, 0.005305076017975807, 0.43126580119132996, 0.15722493827342987, 0.05916432663798332, 0.5839014649391174, 0.029512574896216393, 0.0381447859108448, 0.617284893989563, -0.221450075507164, -0.39020848274230957, -0.2682217061519623, -0.25341325998306274, 0.030818236991763115, -0.22261874377727509, 0.5187137722969055, -0.6142457127571106, 0.13218800723552704, 0.617631733417511, 0.039752621203660965, 0.08722154796123505, -0.21677277982234955, 1.029294729232788, 0.4620516300201416, 0.6096751093864441, 0.055980972945690155, -0.6517552137374878, 0.11993053555488586, 0.09830844402313232, -0.11324547231197357, 0.1794847846031189, -0.5474109053611755, 0.09506426006555557, 0.5328069925308228, 0.29787886142730713, 0.29774633049964905, -0.7916173338890076, 0.1376889944076538, 0.10264214873313904, -0.12525972723960876, -0.04984673857688904, 0.09957147389650345, 0.3263849914073944, 0.4281289875507355, -0.23553332686424255, -0.6697204113006592, -0.35146257281303406, 0.16184772551059723, -0.3072558045387268, 0.09074129164218903, -0.04475680738687515, 0.2004309594631195, 0.9040724039077759, -0.05469977855682373, -0.4407435655593872, -0.257040411233902, 0.5606215000152588, 0.23247130215168, -0.6881652474403381, 0.05229347571730614, -0.03600471094250679, 0.12455084174871445, 0.6618152856826782, -0.38754528760910034, 0.3006206750869751, -0.4953603148460388, 0.622253954410553, 0.3429257273674011, 0.295149028301239, -0.5839331150054932, 0.15284264087677002, -0.3645135462284088, 0.6470005512237549, 0.10590415447950363, -0.19682493805885315, 0.10726157575845718, -0.029896460473537445, 0.6556414365768433, -0.0757715255022049, 0.7338811755180359, 0.39816203713417053, -0.6503875255584717, -0.277363657951355, -0.5266821980476379, -0.11982966214418411, 0.5023212432861328, -0.055103596299886703, -0.2508241832256317, 0.2129114866256714, -0.17588835954666138, -0.5574015974998474, 0.27264073491096497, -0.9517267942428589, -0.31804028153419495, -0.04709170013666153, -0.24872513115406036, -0.17288170754909515, 0.5583227872848511, -0.3101326525211334, 0.386144757270813, 0.805797278881073, 0.007840907201170921, 0.1484117954969406, -0.06882943212985992, 0.17039471864700317, 0.07213973999023438, -0.07800861448049545, -0.4170660674571991, 0.22581404447555542, -0.03067823499441147, -0.2736985683441162, -0.11144286394119263, -0.3023912310600281, 0.31795305013656616, 0.3751101791858673, 0.6486626863479614, -0.6377490162849426, 1.2180962562561035, 0.5446876883506775, -0.08807513862848282, 0.27940747141838074, -0.6708762645721436, 0.062621109187603, 0.49705395102500916, 0.5101296901702881, -0.1739266812801361, -0.19132877886295319, -0.1946956366300583, -0.09908417612314224, -0.16561929881572723, -0.04587266966700554, -0.3407468795776367, -0.667617678642273, -0.2267286777496338, -0.1922546774148941, 1.0695945024490356, 0.2914752662181854, -0.6733312010765076, 0.8727400302886963, 0.214808389544487, 0.8194729089736938, 0.06873604655265808, -0.46117788553237915, 0.2978362441062927, 0.3559431731700897, -0.3534933924674988, 0.37247246503829956, 0.3616029918193817, -0.040707897394895554, 0.22852745652198792, 0.34615984559059143, 0.03058701939880848, -0.2777545750141144, 0.22127307951450348, 1.0649926662445068, -0.5339200496673584, -0.2458258718252182, -0.19249354302883148, -0.03884200006723404, 0.4230174422264099, -0.38664090633392334, 0.9277842044830322, -0.18418583273887634, 0.15238536894321442, -0.39506158232688904, -0.19063378870487213, 0.8949057459831238, -0.014049136079847813, 0.20915664732456207, 0.09067735075950623, -0.055876076221466064, 0.25735604763031006, 0.5444591045379639, -0.2332325279712677, -0.19146080315113068, 0.397083580493927, -0.327055960893631, 0.10910913348197937, -0.363987535238266, 0.08874455839395523, -0.22931800782680511, 0.029316218569874763, -0.14323151111602783, -0.4667235016822815, 0.5545010566711426, -0.28678467869758606, -0.15939535200595856, 0.41483938694000244, 0.32730352878570557, -0.3360038101673126, 0.4498293995857239, 0.05222722515463829, -0.14802788197994232, 0.19715189933776855, -0.5170339345932007, -0.10856854915618896, 0.8152995109558105, 0.30507662892341614, 0.3970322608947754, 0.8231236934661865, -0.054105378687381744, -0.5621273517608643, 0.12399289757013321, 0.09659130126237869, 0.1185683012008667, -0.04934575781226158, -0.6510478258132935, -0.3144901692867279, 0.34650394320487976, 0.08026783168315887, -0.0742691233754158, 0.549528181552887, 0.42672520875930786, -0.18840965628623962, 0.5724886059761047, -0.7888025641441345, -0.15931916236877441, -0.2991049289703369, 0.3149047791957855, -0.7024983763694763, -0.6773319840431213, -0.044676560908555984, 0.9591782689094543, 0.1445494443178177, -0.6675638556480408, 0.051333487033843994, 0.20158077776432037, 0.5288001298904419, -0.17751672863960266, 0.0041096629574894905, -0.3340666890144348, -0.1079527884721756, 0.21297019720077515, -0.2902836501598358, -0.07875955104827881, 0.2446972280740738, -0.11182086914777756, 0.724428117275238, 0.14562836289405823, -0.03962574899196625, 0.31224876642227173, -0.86403888463974, -0.251692533493042, -0.3080839514732361, -0.14964264631271362, 0.3737024962902069, -0.27118951082229614, 0.20855380594730377, -0.2728746235370636, -5.691226482391357, 0.027315687388181686, -0.1751406043767929, 0.18477734923362732, 0.762241780757904, 0.011584310792386532, 0.46524861454963684, -0.6190629005432129, -0.2993878424167633, 0.06468606740236282, -0.9374377131462097, 0.4738715887069702, -0.5205712914466858, 0.4757634401321411, 0.14965355396270752, -0.49679455161094666, 0.21777264773845673, -0.07597623765468597, 0.2626684010028839, 0.23624970018863678, -0.4961584210395813, 0.21461208164691925, 0.06529897451400757, 0.8410821557044983, 0.008476796559989452, 0.7060452699661255, 0.42130616307258606, 0.29817500710487366, 0.26299795508384705, -0.09678277373313904, 0.3310640752315521, -0.017550012096762657, -0.08389598876237869, -0.5965473055839539, -0.13085439801216125, -0.17004011571407318, 0.6131567358970642, -0.12942835688591003, 0.15959511697292328, -0.3745323419570923, -0.18990829586982727, -0.047668538987636566, -0.08994594216346741, -0.3709573745727539, 0.2708314061164856, 0.3417833149433136, -0.2607326805591583, -0.1596982777118683, -0.17650815844535828, 1.0423386096954346, 0.433123379945755, -0.3773306608200073, 0.9752996563911438, 0.3076115548610687, 0.0032595512457191944, -0.3313213288784027, 0.39644747972488403, -0.30825936794281006, 0.4153197705745697, 0.2806985676288605, 0.47932490706443787, -0.19466088712215424, -0.10046916455030441, -0.10548695921897888, -0.5396759510040283, -0.8190070390701294, 0.1018703356385231, 0.3783736228942871, 0.34927910566329956, 0.3429350256919861, 0.019846240058541298, 0.027811149135231972, -0.6414994597434998, -1.2189438343048096, -0.004768723156303167, -0.10547520220279694, -0.3074778914451599, -0.4813225567340851, -0.6715478301048279, 0.656234622001648, -0.23974837362766266, -0.053463276475667953, 0.05642453581094742, 0.009445485658943653, 0.13514655828475952, -0.3969394862651825, 0.07852412760257721, 0.6011829972267151, -0.6351561546325684, -0.1570669412612915, 0.0866241529583931, -0.28401944041252136, 0.20127254724502563, -0.6295358538627625, 0.7689706683158875, 0.6464036703109741, 0.3948894441127777, 0.538455069065094, 0.2110101878643036, 0.5932893753051758, 0.07946446537971497, -0.22399704158306122, 0.246101513504982, -0.3491315245628357, -0.38293442130088806, -0.10936786979436874, 0.21162906289100647, 0.10486678034067154, 0.6169446706771851, -0.41357916593551636, 0.3078618347644806, -0.0908522754907608, 0.053770314902067184, -0.5029012560844421, -0.010506035760045052, 0.5410057306289673, -0.3412824869155884, 0.2648882567882538, 0.013077152892947197, 0.7218940258026123, 0.2375340312719345, 0.47878918051719666, -0.6997544169425964, -0.06206557899713516, -0.1445012390613556, 0.16289560496807098, -0.25841474533081055, 0.04223470762372017, -0.019947877153754234, -0.05678214132785797, 0.38898783922195435, -0.47920167446136475, -0.22705189883708954, 0.37031418085098267, 0.09416066855192184, -0.16902725398540497, -0.26432549953460693, 0.0842096284031868, -0.25094175338745117, -0.219525545835495, 0.12093669921159744, -0.5765044093132019, -0.4724995493888855, 0.5211628675460815, 0.3654639422893524, 0.4165480434894562, 0.1338217556476593, -0.29100245237350464, -0.581893801689148, 0.26357415318489075, 0.060941778123378754, -0.45474305748939514, 0.31036141514778137, -0.6385302543640137, 0.3042944371700287, 0.7402126789093018, 0.14710915088653564, -0.09489640593528748, -0.2698914110660553, -0.7272295355796814, -0.5334363579750061, -0.5094667077064514, -0.5787288546562195, -0.39769619703292847, 0.25486963987350464, -0.5360814929008484, 0.04132794216275215, -1.1288747787475586, -0.5074679851531982, 0.002507341094315052, -0.17058853805065155, -0.02742738649249077, 0.7121949195861816, 0.06469946354627609, 0.4614691436290741, 0.3680376410484314, 0.4688417315483093, -0.9596915245056152, 0.2611948251724243, -0.7721658945083618, -0.6610291600227356, 0.1800161749124527, -0.5947506427764893, 0.11647540330886841, 0.3142331838607788, -0.7398894429206848, -0.5815173983573914, -0.22170701622962952, -0.29274633526802063, 0.03941375017166138, -0.04340119659900665, 0.028908556327223778, 0.15631240606307983, -0.5085155963897705, -0.8737760782241821, -0.42396801710128784, -0.2556900680065155, -0.000596415251493454, -0.10799013078212738, -0.5617170929908752, 0.887636661529541, -0.032270967960357666, 0.0908830538392067, -0.1532813012599945, 0.04684597998857498, -0.9240979552268982, 0.29691675305366516, -0.24292698502540588, -0.4866432249546051, 0.6397903561592102, -0.07348036020994186, -0.4415751099586487, -0.0987846627831459, 0.2065468430519104, -0.2762414515018463, -0.4113606810569763, -0.1257396936416626, -0.423987478017807, -0.4442702531814575, -0.1346377283334732, -0.39556950330734253, 0.44075196981430054, -0.40376660227775574, 0.021094543859362602, -0.8843128681182861, 0.11756196618080139, 0.10312803834676743, -0.5273281335830688, 0.03027246706187725, -0.7070136070251465, 0.37309780716896057, 0.036295223981142044, 0.2992832362651825, 0.1924624890089035, -0.11874007433652878, 0.34543317556381226, 0.11084988713264465, 0.06698047369718552, -0.4373452961444855, 0.20771226286888123, -0.06815982609987259, 0.3063415586948395, 0.028498267754912376, -0.4132132828235626, -0.4031979441642761, -0.3192259967327118, 0.44280076026916504, 0.4074774384498596, -0.5765373706817627, 0.43102291226387024, 0.15097178518772125, -0.22976158559322357, -0.9245765209197998, -0.09080157428979874, 0.48482272028923035, -0.6252660751342773, -0.0991610586643219, -0.5832175612449646, -0.2323823869228363, -0.18975721299648285, 0.20071245729923248, -0.3157172203063965, -0.6413384079933167, 0.42760932445526123, -0.25721004605293274, 0.1999529004096985, 0.3074072301387787, -0.4696953296661377, -0.18847613036632538, -0.4631322920322418, -0.28621476888656616, 0.29465678334236145, -0.04853397607803345, 0.08400540053844452, -0.48064666986465454, -0.25197216868400574, -0.013133406639099121, -0.6186307072639465, -0.22085127234458923, 0.2601350247859955, -0.3451012969017029, -0.07826708257198334, 0.0021443082951009274, -0.21091051399707794, 0.1490519642829895, -0.6424858570098877, 0.46617844700813293, -0.5893148183822632, -0.5260674357414246, 0.13382360339164734, -0.13354015350341797, -0.2773306369781494, 0.5196353793144226, 0.38369351625442505, -0.019577108323574066, -0.3734041452407837, 0.1384611576795578, 0.15320515632629395, -0.3796364665031433, -0.18912000954151154, -0.6836464405059814, 0.43694043159484863, 0.13883836567401886, -0.2890375852584839, 0.03421378135681152, 0.09220034629106522, -0.1298617273569107, -0.07351355999708176, 0.025889048352837563, 0.6634799242019653, -0.048524051904678345, -0.12384805083274841, 0.04285280406475067, 0.7612922191619873, -0.8250516653060913, 0.33951061964035034, 0.8709295988082886, -0.5786696076393127, 0.4683488607406616, 0.2019324004650116, 0.13829997181892395, 0.04545086249709129, -0.1008588969707489, -0.06002836301922798, 0.13001254200935364, 0.4880744218826294, 0.030594198033213615, -0.32203587889671326, 0.6440670490264893, 0.4242262840270996, 0.3931618928909302, -0.020039696246385574, 0.09402453154325485, -0.1699858456850052, -0.2683151066303253, -0.890226423740387, -0.0931880846619606, -0.13020160794258118, -0.7177304625511169, 0.9456489086151123, -0.2841883897781372, 0.3236766457557678, -0.007837029173970222, 0.03298093378543854, 0.1796984225511551, 0.2940630316734314, 0.19651305675506592, 0.33670100569725037, 0.472957581281662, 0.05709740146994591, 0.22533082962036133, -0.4307451844215393, -0.18434807658195496, -0.5885801315307617, 0.7654792666435242, -0.43423911929130554, 0.3990735411643982, -0.07326307892799377, -0.30453580617904663, 0.10202652215957642, 0.024963347241282463, 0.48404985666275024, -0.2321884036064148, -0.014549164101481438, 0.0019825107883661985, -0.24437610805034637, -0.04149435833096504, -0.5383099317550659, -0.5507961511611938, 0.3419836759567261, 0.7221847772598267, 0.15784649550914764, -0.014848803170025349, 0.31977736949920654, 0.4085789620876312, 0.6692175269126892, 0.5810036063194275, 0.03235239163041115, -0.08617834001779556, 0.2162332683801651, 0.021344944834709167, -0.35920047760009766, 0.011798734776675701, -0.019520200788974762, 0.8067648410797119, -0.18430112302303314, -0.16959212720394135, 0.406489759683609, -0.3686402142047882, -0.38356128334999084, -0.161476269364357, -0.7380924224853516, -0.2847859859466553, -0.0740477666258812, -0.012437919154763222, 0.05607466399669647, 0.025905976071953773, 0.598497748374939, -0.0648055374622345, -0.024565814062952995, 0.2375149428844452, 0.39356398582458496, 0.3001191318035126, 0.27828776836395264, -0.8021464943885803, 0.2396857887506485, -0.5332162380218506, -0.14345112442970276, -0.9444401860237122, 0.6141150593757629, 0.5816150903701782, 0.10884712636470795, 0.2490958273410797, 0.7215529680252075, -0.637251079082489, -0.2734675705432892, 0.9247444272041321, -0.11972122639417648, -0.11964480578899384, 0.08572591096162796, -0.0938272699713707, -0.2410406917333603, -0.5355547666549683, 0.9653667211532593, -0.7227630019187927, -0.028574103489518166, 0.35042068362236023, -0.006027656607329845, -0.5022280812263489, 0.5117059946060181, 0.12494909018278122, -0.28162774443626404, 0.023540129885077477, 0.34876111149787903, -0.13725823163986206, -0.2604091167449951, 0.12101840227842331, 0.35665953159332275, 0.47598978877067566, -0.17680668830871582, 0.7182186245918274, -0.2632444202899933, -0.023764006793498993, -0.36448729038238525, 0.437341570854187, 0.38011398911476135, -0.34002363681793213, -0.2383982092142105, -0.5853611826896667, 0.7057890295982361, 0.18759940564632416, -0.24574235081672668, 0.08111900836229324, -0.2268219143152237, -0.025442451238632202, -0.04423995316028595, -0.3417126536369324, 0.20840990543365479, 0.47713330388069153, -0.1891082227230072 ]
202171	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebenezer%20Howard	Ebenezer Howard	Sir Ebenezer Howard (29 January 1850 – 1 May 1928) was an English urban planner and founder of the garden city movement, known for his publication To-Morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform (1898), the description of a utopian city in which people live harmoniously together with nature. The publication resulted in the founding of the garden city movement, and the building of the first garden city, Letchworth Garden City, commenced in 1903. The second true Garden City was Welwyn Garden City (1920) and the movement influenced the development of several model suburbs in other countries, such as Forest Hills Gardens designed by F. L. Olmsted Jr. in 1909, Radburn NJ (1923), Pinelands, Cape Town and the Suburban Resettlement Program towns of the 1930s (Greenbelt, Maryland; Greenhills, Ohio; Greenbrook, New Jersey and Greendale, Wisconsin). Howard aimed to reduce the alienation of humans and society from nature, and hence advocated garden cities and Georgism. Howard is believed by many to be one of the great guides to the town planning movement, with many of his garden city principles being used in modern town planning. Early life Howard was born in Fore Street, City of London, the son of Ebenezer Howard (18171900), a baker, and Ann (née Tow, 18161900). He was sent to schools in Suffolk and Hertfordshire. Howard left school at 15 and began working as a stenographer in London. Howard subsequently had several clerical jobs, including one with Dr Parker of the City Temple. In 1871, at the age of 21, influenced partly by a farming uncle, Howard emigrated with two friends to America. He went to Nebraska, and after his farming efforts failed, discovered he did not wish to be a farmer. He then relocated to Chicago and worked as a reporter for the courts and newspapers. Howard arrived to Chicago just after the great fire of 1871, which destroyed most of the central business district, and witnessed the regeneration of the city and the growth of its suburbs. In the US he became acquainted with, and admired, poets Walt Whitman and Ralph Waldo Emerson. Howard began to ponder ways to improve the quality of life. Later life By 1876 he was back in England, where he found a job with Hansard company, which produces the official verbatim record of Parliament, and he spent the rest of his life in this occupation. Howard's time in parliament exposed him to ideas about social reform, and helped inspire his ideas for the Garden City. In August 1879 he married Eliza Ann Bills. Howard has been described as a humble and practical inventor who used his spare time to create outlines of new cities. It was the social milieu of the 1800s which led Howard to consider the social problems of the time and try to find alternatives. Howard mingled with free thinkers, anarchists and socialists, whose revolutionary and reforming ideas greatly influenced him. Howard's parents died on consecutive days in 1900, after he had published the first edition of his book, but before work had started on the first garden city: his mother died on 23 November 1900 from pneumonia and his father died on 24 November 1900 from gastritis. Howard's wife Eliza Ann Bills (1853–1904) died in November 1904, shortly after work on the first garden city at Letchworth had begun. Howard married again in 1907 to Edith Annie Hayward (1864–1941), who became Edith, Lady Howard when Howard was knighted in 1927, and with whom he is buried in Letchworth Cemetery. Influences and ideas Howard read widely, including Edward Bellamy's 1888 utopian novel, Looking Backward, and Henry George's economic treatise, Progress and Poverty, and thought much about social issues. He disliked the way modern cities were being developed and thought people should live in places that should combine the best aspects of both cities and the countryside. Publications The only publication he wrote in his life was titled To-Morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform, which was significantly revised in 1902 as Garden Cities of To-morrow. Garden Cities of To-morrow was based on ideas of social and urban reform. Garden Cities were to avoid the downfalls of industrial cities of the time such as urban poverty, overcrowding, low wages, dirty alleys with no drainage, poorly ventilated houses, toxic substances, dust, carbon gases, infectious disease and lack of interaction with nature. This book offered a vision of towns free of slums and enjoying the benefits of both town (such as opportunity, amusement and good wages) and country (such as beauty, fresh air and low rents). He illustrated the idea with his famous Three Magnets diagram (pictured), which addressed the question 'Where will the people go?', the choices being 'Town', 'Country' or 'Town-Country'. Garden Cities of Tomorrow proposed that society be reorganised with networks of garden cities that would break the strong hold of capitalism and lead to cooperative socialism. It proposed the creation of new suburban towns of limited size, planned in advance, and surrounded by a permanent belt of agricultural land. These Garden cities were used as the model for many suburbs. Howard believed that such Garden Cities were the perfect blend of city and nature. Howard believed that a new civilisation could be found by marrying the town and the country. The towns would be largely independent, managed by the citizens who had an economic interest in them, and financed by ground rents on the Georgist model. The land on which they were to be built was to be owned by a group of trustees and leased to the citizens. While many believe the diagrams and designs in Howard's Garden Cities of Tomorrow to be a physical plan for the perfect garden city, Howard notes these to be merely suggestive as each city should be planned to be organised as per the needs of the people and their environment. Howard never intended for garden cities to be circular like his diagrams. Action In 1899 he founded the Garden Cities Association, known now as the Town and Country Planning Association. By his association with Henry Harvey Vivian and the co-partnership housing movement his ideas attracted enough attention and funding to begin Letchworth Garden City, a suburban garden city north of London. In 1901, under the guidance of Henry Vivian, a new co-partnership housing development venture was started in the London Borough of Ealing that was to become the Brentham Garden Suburb, now a conservation area. A second garden city, Welwyn Garden City, was started after World War I. His acquaintance with German architects Hermann Muthesius and Bruno Taut resulted in the application of humane design principles in many large housing projects built in the Weimar Republic. Hermann Muthesius also played an important role in the creation of Germany's first garden city of Hellerau in 1909, the only German garden city where Howard's ideas were thoroughly adopted. The creation of Letchworth Garden City and Welwyn Garden City were influential for the development of "New Towns" after World War II by the British government. This produced more than 30 communities, the first being Stevenage, Hertfordshire (about halfway between Letchworth and Welwyn), and the last (and largest) being Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire. Howard's ideas also influenced other planners such as Frederick Law Olmsted II and Clarence Perry. Walt Disney used elements of Howard's concepts in his original design for EPCOT (Experimental Prototype Community of Tomorrow). In 1913 Howard founded the 'Garden Cities and Town Planning Association' – presently the International Federation for Housing and Planning. Its goal was to promote the concept of planned housing and to improve the general standard of the profession by the international exchange of knowledge and experience. Howard was an enthusiastic speaker of Esperanto, often using the language for his speeches. Howard is buried in a modest grave in Letchworth Cemetery with his second wife Edith Annie, Lady Howard. Letchworth Garden City Letchworth was developed and owned by a company called First Garden City, Ltd. which was formed in 1903, based on the ideas of Howard. After Howard's book was published he worked to gain financial support to bring his ideas into reality, Howard ran lectures on Garden Cities and began the Garden City Association. The Garden City Association collected money from supporters, his supporters tended to be people who were impressed by the social justice element of the Garden City. The Letchworth estate which was agricultural land, was purchased from 15 individual owners. The Letchworth estate lies on a train line and is only from London, making commuting possible. The original land on which Letchworth was built cost the First Garden City, Ltd. £160,378 and covered . However, more land was purchased and the property increased to . The Letchworth garden city was to sustain a population of between 30,000 and 35,000 people, and would be laid out as Howard explained in his book. There would be a central town, agricultural belt, shops, factories, residences, civic centres and open spaces, this division of land for specific purposes is now referred to as zoning and is an important practice within town planning. Howard constructed Letchworth as an example of how the Garden City could be achieved, and hoped that in its success many other towns would be built emulating the same ideals. Some criticisms of Letchworth exist, claims that it is too spacious and there are few architecturally impressive designs. However, it can be argued the space is what makes Letchworth pleasant, and the architecture, while not highly impressive and uniform, has consistency of colour and is satisfying to the needs of the people. Welwyn Garden City Welwyn Garden City was an area of woodlands and open fields before the garden city was constructed. Welwyn Garden City was Howard's second Garden City after Letchworth. Howard purchased the land with £5000 borrowed from friends. Welwyn Garden City is only from London, and captured the charm of the countryside and managed to stay unspoiled by urbanisation. The architecture in Welwyn has been described as pleasant, and the residential cottages with their wide roads and open spaces make Welwyn Garden City a refreshing picture when compared to London of the time. After 10 years of existence Welwyn Garden City had a population of 10,000, with well-established residential, industrial and commercial zones. In 1930 the health of Welwyn Garden City inhabitants was considered greater than those living in London, as Welwyn Garden City recorded lower death rates and infant mortality rates. The increased health in Welwyn Garden City was understood to be due to the principles of the Garden City. It could be argued that Welwyn Garden City fell short of Howard's ideals, Howard wanted investors to invest for the sake of philanthropy, but investors wanted returns and local democracy failed with an exclusive government group formed. Finally, Welwyn Garden City was marketed as a middle class commuter suburb, entirely disrespecting the garden city ideals of a self-reliant city. Honours Howard was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in 1924 and a Knight Bachelor in 1927. Family members The actor, dancer and TV personality Una Stubbs was Howard's great-granddaughter. Other direct descendants include his cricket manager grandson Geoffrey Howard, another great-granddaughter, the poet and publisher Joy Bernadine Howard and his great-great-grandson (Una Stubbs's son), the television and film score composer Christian Henson. Diagrams from the 1898 edition Diagrams from the 1922 edition See also Clarence Stein Garden city movement Letchworth Garden City Welwyn Garden City Sutton Garden Suburb International Federation for Housing and Planning References External links Sir Ebenezer Howard and the Garden City Movement Town and Country Planning Association Garden Cities of Tomorrow at archive.org International Federation for Housing and Planning 1850 births 1928 deaths English urban planners City founders Urban theorists English Esperantists Knights Bachelor Officers of the Order of the British Empire People from the City of London Burials in Hertfordshire	[ 0.37149855494499207, -0.1010020449757576, -0.44513776898384094, -0.1531948447227478, -0.012597099877893925, 0.7362566590309143, 0.6079350709915161, -0.2019020915031433, 0.12845385074615479, -0.5946250557899475, -0.7970190048217773, -0.08450687676668167, -0.5941023230552673, 0.22434073686599731, 0.10794641077518463, 0.1950175017118454, -0.1811242401599884, -0.31922003626823425, -0.4251415431499481, 0.4032466411590576, -0.09540825337171555, -0.5307114124298096, 0.02556435763835907, 0.22045210003852844, -0.04197479784488678, -0.24847248196601868, 1.0305681228637695, -0.1831001341342926, -0.30656349658966064, -0.2757606506347656, 0.3003907799720764, -0.0315852165222168, 0.38916924595832825, -0.5000563263893127, 0.032360050827264786, -0.2660171091556549, -0.7727869153022766, -0.32600137591362, -0.6671409606933594, -0.2375204861164093, -0.38776665925979614, 0.390554279088974, 0.997704029083252, 0.1067221611738205, -0.33412253856658936, -0.18013852834701538, -1.4781229496002197, 0.576654851436615, -0.6116155982017517, -0.35856783390045166, 0.007943399250507355, 0.2820972502231598, 0.651023268699646, 0.3334035873413086, -0.19797535240650177, 0.45226040482521057, -0.6696012020111084, -0.4952830374240875, 0.18358537554740906, 0.14205320179462433, -0.03068823553621769, -0.03449631482362747, 0.49652403593063354, 0.027598800137639046, -0.29158106446266174, 0.554429829120636, -0.6650910973548889, 0.27945616841316223, 0.0918760895729065, -0.2770189344882965, -0.32797321677207947, -0.04021025076508522, 0.20890527963638306, 0.579868495464325, -0.26040318608283997, -0.3855994939804077, 0.019005853682756424, 0.005500605795532465, 0.1659870594739914, 0.27102041244506836, -0.24040263891220093, -0.05910099297761917, -0.1732611060142517, 0.1981438398361206, 0.5713542103767395, 0.20354551076889038, -0.4174756705760956, 0.26463374495506287, -0.414264053106308, 0.3436628580093384, 0.18808431923389435, -0.04809127748012543, 0.05765906721353531, -0.16227009892463684, -0.17605581879615784, 0.026533517986536026, 0.015222547575831413, -0.027022065594792366, -0.5401797294616699, -0.0035495769698172808, 0.2678458094596863, 0.7031124830245972, 0.3053458631038666, -0.19199131429195404, -0.01690286211669445, -0.2605403959751129, 0.25186511874198914, -0.40964221954345703, 0.2117629200220108, 0.35391271114349365, -0.3981357216835022, 0.6574292778968811, 0.007659981492906809, -0.0606222040951252, 0.5623105764389038, 0.5772239565849304, 0.22177720069885254, -0.7941703200340271, -0.6885520219802856, -0.5520469546318054, -0.5318087935447693, 0.19464057683944702, 0.1988488733768463, 0.5405526161193848, -0.6676007509231567, -0.29703912138938904, -0.06534173339605331, 0.31022533774375916, -0.7655618786811829, 0.4355309307575226, 0.32801535725593567, 0.7119219899177551, -0.1391696184873581, -0.8914667367935181, -0.3274639844894409, -0.3948180675506592, 0.25352782011032104, -0.026904618367552757, 0.09500498324632645, 0.4182933270931244, -0.6376821398735046, 0.011062419041991234, 0.4429645240306854, 0.40723559260368347, 0.40228334069252014, -0.3823252320289612, 0.590557873249054, -0.6136699914932251, -0.4247813820838928, -0.514036238193512, 0.12839758396148682, 0.3509845435619354, -0.2252456247806549, -0.4300697445869446, -0.04633696377277374, 0.734372615814209, 0.3370123505592346, 0.3515138328075409, 0.00223178300075233, -0.022758321836590767, 0.0009342014091089368, 0.33457064628601074, 0.1248927041888237, -0.23165033757686615, 0.36715489625930786, -0.6695194840431213, -0.041019633412361145, -0.1613990217447281, 0.5510593056678772, 0.0548756942152977, -0.35677358508110046, -0.14339153468608856, 0.15519511699676514, -0.7767020463943481, 0.3769038915634155, 0.5415725708007812, 1.1482454538345337, -0.031499411910772324, 0.16903895139694214, -0.6548598408699036, -0.5774733424186707, -0.19305597245693207, 0.11338061094284058, -0.13311457633972168, 0.3000725507736206, -0.5779944658279419, 0.5314347147941589, 0.27093347907066345, 0.16806836426258087, 0.2720670700073242, -0.43806812167167664, -0.44374799728393555, 0.0918906033039093, -0.5019421577453613, 1.0005435943603516, 0.4633845388889313, -0.2590286433696747, 0.31472113728523254, -0.06647977232933044, 0.4134209454059601, -0.2406972199678421, 0.01999194547533989, -0.5958194732666016, 0.0010046493262052536, -0.5250139832496643, -0.055893100798130035, 0.29429593682289124, 0.15416400134563446, 0.2703864872455597, 0.1391628235578537, 0.6748932600021362, -0.6202738285064697, 0.5281497836112976, -0.14509055018424988, -0.1764218509197235, -0.567036509513855, -0.0991726741194725, 0.38562262058258057, 0.2605215311050415, -0.5057203769683838, 0.1675877869129181, 0.685753583908081, -0.16250063478946686, 0.8237749338150024, 1.014318585395813, 0.18403840065002441, 0.4785716235637665, -0.14306148886680603, 0.02263748086988926, -0.16794003546237946, -0.15071865916252136, 0.44070857763290405, 0.2879301607608795, -0.16346026957035065, 0.444917231798172, -0.3438669443130493, 0.03145256265997887, -0.5704466700553894, 0.08555392175912857, 0.010139156132936478, 0.15348687767982483, -0.5711532235145569, -0.17821209132671356, 0.11208100616931915, -0.10755155980587006, 0.3918262720108032, -0.08257849514484406, 0.017681531608104706, -0.04170258343219757, 0.3553258776664734, 0.2631002366542816, 0.6626315116882324, 0.924483060836792, 0.18790115416049957, 0.1565345972776413, -0.04763839766383171, -0.05161750316619873, -0.4278091788291931, 0.61434406042099, 0.3257869482040405, -0.2095508724451065, -0.18170848488807678, -0.10654380917549133, 0.03669188916683197, 0.36964672803878784, -0.20395131409168243, -0.22914958000183105, -0.440122127532959, -0.1296774297952652, 0.21073035895824432, 0.5823509693145752, -0.07729887962341309, -0.6805679202079773, 0.2265186905860901, 0.33935871720314026, -0.551945149898529, 0.4008289873600006, 0.3602074086666107, 0.031381040811538696, -0.557991087436676, 0.3261010944843292, 0.8921869993209839, -0.28343111276626587, -0.7331470251083374, 0.06273259967565536, 0.03133297711610794, 0.4702048897743225, -0.6003183126449585, -0.06864042580127716, 0.17933744192123413, -0.20828711986541748, 1.0181361436843872, -0.21303676068782806, -0.0560719333589077, -0.328877329826355, 0.7921426892280579, -0.5134266018867493, -0.9819837808609009, 0.10191240161657333, 0.03810499608516693, 0.3230639100074768, -0.13051334023475647, 0.21584732830524445, 0.3487568497657776, 0.33925580978393555, -0.02718457579612732, -0.16846251487731934, 0.11058305203914642, -5.61646842956543, 0.1937544047832489, 0.21774180233478546, -0.3971795439720154, -0.06299145519733429, 0.07985369861125946, 0.5604998469352722, 0.10608336329460144, 0.19507580995559692, -0.7569088935852051, -0.32603418827056885, -0.7057535648345947, 0.01192870270460844, 0.3886417746543884, 0.7929990291595459, 0.6256875395774841, 0.2680250406265259, -0.26204177737236023, -0.1849926859140396, 0.2350618988275528, 0.4712910056114197, -0.5748318433761597, -0.1305696666240692, 0.412466436624527, 0.27337345480918884, -0.058429423719644547, -0.05270178243517876, 0.26052233576774597, -0.6332778930664062, -0.027866976335644722, 0.44324803352355957, -0.3054546117782593, 0.1265949308872223, -0.301183819770813, -0.03335336223244667, 0.33064141869544983, 0.39279037714004517, 0.7837292551994324, -0.1237628385424614, 0.0076676709577441216, -0.017474357038736343, 0.4206182658672333, -0.44790199398994446, 0.38617244362831116, -0.026369787752628326, -0.2952135503292084, -0.03822983801364899, 0.506612241268158, -0.6252130270004272, 0.4921317994594574, 0.8979531526565552, 0.7376275658607483, 0.8930084109306335, 0.06385974586009979, -0.42847853899002075, 0.039608243852853775, -0.041966602206230164, 0.009339526295661926, -0.752410352230072, -0.5511845350265503, 0.48783349990844727, -0.29725179076194763, 0.29186034202575684, 0.15312263369560242, 0.5745970606803894, -0.15917791426181793, -0.3696425259113312, -0.36638787388801575, -0.0558086521923542, 0.08160244673490524, -0.2522522509098053, 0.7317466139793396, 0.6349533796310425, -0.9924487471580505, -0.439789354801178, 0.1899346262216568, -0.37235450744628906, -0.8477979302406311, 0.28204599022865295, -0.48756322264671326, -0.13608279824256897, -0.7247588038444519, -0.16190846264362335, 0.6300456523895264, 0.18137219548225403, 0.010327789932489395, -0.236275315284729, 0.2949366271495819, -0.9648900032043457, -0.42680081725120544, -0.38450050354003906, -0.45504164695739746, 0.20097799599170685, -0.10810938477516174, 0.918584942817688, 0.2737612724304199, -0.4373614192008972, 0.16198068857192993, 0.4274233877658844, 0.36624130606651306, -0.2580915689468384, 0.1272793859243393, -0.4388352632522583, 0.3235150873661041, 0.2452351301908493, -0.08233538269996643, -0.6613184809684753, 0.01338677853345871, 0.1023058071732521, 0.26936814188957214, -0.06700405478477478, 0.3956318497657776, -0.8069403171539307, -0.10279858112335205, 0.37505480647087097, -0.19052989780902863, 0.39200538396835327, -0.08148951828479767, 0.7459248900413513, 0.3737286329269409, -0.20787853002548218, 0.10964848101139069, 0.17916414141654968, 0.36093100905418396, 0.3665926456451416, -0.0075175887905061245, 0.5270429849624634, 0.08139993250370026, -0.02923116646707058, -0.0027931351214647293, 0.053646862506866455, 0.38668355345726013, -0.41702088713645935, -0.4587196111679077, -0.3092431426048279, 0.005124288611114025, -0.3185729682445526, -0.3841572701931, -0.8582603931427002, 0.5693643093109131, -0.7117695212364197, -0.0718318447470665, 0.34759587049484253, 0.5106586813926697, 0.16137920320034027, -0.18501412868499756, 0.02025446854531765, 0.1647302806377411, -0.05152806267142296, 0.5676716566085815, -0.03252583369612694, 0.16482439637184143, 0.7008217573165894, -0.34661632776260376, -0.3228014409542084, 0.01895243115723133, -0.33029112219810486, 0.1165398433804512, -0.012594496831297874, -0.2179948389530182, 0.2854037284851074, -0.02392296865582466, -0.8259442448616028, -0.3126302659511566, -0.3835897147655487, 0.6665421724319458, 0.14543265104293823, -0.7519297003746033, -0.3147084712982178, 0.18944187462329865, 0.05670167878270149, -0.1430957317352295, -0.5010594129562378, -0.12555921077728271, 0.24225741624832153, -0.04338956996798515, -0.33240216970443726, -0.5858289003372192, -0.12205450236797333, -0.17789894342422485, -0.2418631613254547, -0.11135224252939224, -0.41329291462898254, 0.3519168794155121, 0.7301133275032043, -0.7837426066398621, -0.3460819125175476, -0.7973883748054504, -0.08169914036989212, -0.28631311655044556, -0.03495126962661743, 0.29721197485923767, 0.7374012470245361, 0.9249295592308044, -0.2145117074251175, -0.6870891451835632, 0.4145767390727997, 0.19802601635456085, -0.4097953140735626, -0.2235117405653, -0.7764056921005249, -0.2697256803512573, -0.7718977332115173, 0.08254395425319672, 0.6126859784126282, -0.6732070446014404, -0.051402755081653595, -0.3129991888999939, -0.06740923970937729, 0.5093594789505005, -0.49068182706832886, -0.42318016290664673, -0.4030192494392395, -0.38101503252983093, -0.5739216208457947, -0.0007155523635447025, -0.38015493750572205, -0.3561713397502899, -0.4790787994861603, -0.2737956941127777, -0.29297295212745667, -0.351502925157547, -0.24506229162216187, -0.1745976358652115, -0.32609957456588745, 0.2536740005016327, 0.2049371898174286, -0.18797406554222107, 0.15117695927619934, -0.5365045070648193, -0.5124689340591431, 0.1247127428650856, -0.14554907381534576, 0.2764917314052582, -0.6463443636894226, 0.20355065166950226, 0.04836512356996536, 0.21348147094249725, -0.45290160179138184, 0.6477733254432678, 0.028682410717010498, 1.037803053855896, 0.43811726570129395, -0.47878897190093994, 0.38816019892692566, 0.5240738391876221, 0.20894615352153778, 0.1287054717540741, -0.17356400191783905, -0.018849194049835205, -0.13781510293483734, -0.062338750809431076, -0.3201136887073517, -0.2591867744922638, 0.2630499005317688, -0.8008952140808105, -0.23168021440505981, 0.07593445479869843, 0.32009628415107727, -0.3074929714202881, -0.09573803842067719, 0.44008395075798035, 0.008538546040654182, 0.08110128343105316, 0.743722140789032, -0.13968238234519958, 0.2342805415391922, -0.4513358175754547, 0.24901992082595825, -0.7013391256332397, -0.216674342751503, -0.35450074076652527, 0.20522631704807281, 0.2564324736595154, 0.19079890847206116, -0.6263946294784546, 0.1307479590177536, -0.5128968954086304, 0.30758899450302124, -0.7085493803024292, -0.5317936539649963, 0.1445816606283188, -0.17426493763923645, -0.4644545316696167, -0.3137361705303192, -0.21979069709777832, -0.3551224172115326, -0.47038760781288147, -0.21883268654346466, -0.14296145737171173, -0.5451006293296814, -0.004516602028161287, -0.03862719237804413, -0.21652603149414062, -0.6463907957077026, 0.5283469557762146, 0.044634174555540085, -0.09278326481580734, -0.3531012535095215, -0.7383912205696106, 0.12477070093154907, 0.8070418834686279, 0.22055533528327942, 0.09363427013158798, 0.5149810314178467, 0.14063021540641785, 0.24073992669582367, 0.1348986029624939, -0.29428422451019287, -0.008589183911681175, 0.4594621956348419, 0.3212338387966156, 0.10310786217451096, 1.1174942255020142, -1.0135248899459839, 0.18080805242061615, 0.44123032689094543, -0.6085776686668396, 0.022441426292061806, 0.4816192388534546, 0.115030936896801, 0.404464453458786, 0.12317532300949097, -0.423831582069397, 0.3243955969810486, -0.0033692552242428064, 0.04831923171877861, 0.024640506133437157, -0.34202343225479126, 0.186458021402359, 0.31948354840278625, 0.3069486618041992, -0.5845162868499756, 0.7609272003173828, 0.01739751361310482, 0.4083530604839325, 0.035695914179086685, -0.5796967148780823, -0.5476466417312622, 0.0700884759426117, 0.2984253168106079, 0.31690970063209534, -0.038474150002002716, 0.5284522175788879, 0.0708620473742485, 0.02458297088742256, 0.332780659198761, 0.18346717953681946, -0.4291902780532837, 0.8518500328063965, 0.7885481119155884, 0.36660999059677124, 0.5933033227920532, -0.48811009526252747, 0.002472527092322707, -0.20771615207195282, 0.3950432240962982, -0.03155150264501572, -0.004535237792879343, 0.11318452656269073, 0.1090470403432846, -0.11121955513954163, 0.3082384169101715, -0.9370600581169128, -0.18635942041873932, 0.17932038009166718, -0.02390754222869873, -0.7106940746307373, -0.2828543782234192, 0.8448529243469238, 0.684488832950592, -0.10531698912382126, -0.19059111177921295, 0.24462151527404785, -0.014467800967395306, 0.11844123899936676, 0.6664011478424072, 0.23169656097888947, 0.12847800552845, 0.3120923638343811, -0.415567547082901, -0.0035773355048149824, 0.06010902673006058, 0.11184604465961456, 0.11361876875162125, -0.3614128828048706, -0.3833278715610504, -0.059065837413072586, -0.37874090671539307, -0.5141444802284241, 0.11867725849151611, -0.29487836360931396, -0.2782309651374817, 0.36815983057022095, -0.49423542618751526, 0.18588316440582275, -0.30384665727615356, 0.9000923037528992, 0.3729194402694702, -0.06121908128261566, -0.13935670256614685, 0.22207066416740417, -0.24155279994010925, -0.032731033861637115, 0.24961072206497192, 0.6079121828079224, -0.41235995292663574, -0.07882530242204666, -0.8544842600822449, 0.8308804035186768, -0.048138055950403214, 0.2383842021226883, 0.09448513388633728, 0.56397944688797, -0.35553014278411865, 0.7266878485679626, 0.16331510245800018, 0.017009373754262924, -0.24033315479755402, -0.5038679242134094, 0.6526931524276733, -0.10785097628831863, -0.36460644006729126, -0.4033384323120117, -0.43341585993766785, -0.3976607322692871, 0.19508881866931915, -0.2765038311481476, 0.02384955994784832, 0.8805786371231079, 0.38981524109840393, -0.2607521116733551, -0.5753306746482849, -0.11740442365407944, -0.5821259617805481, 0.6111630797386169, 0.5791851878166199, 0.8594833016395569, -0.14551611244678497, -0.17859172821044922, 0.3494061827659607, -0.36901310086250305, 0.061653103679418564, -0.008692543022334576, 0.05676638334989548, 0.18809889256954193, -0.05347692593932152, 0.3119926452636719, 0.15058934688568115, 0.8512355089187622, 0.4992295205593109, -0.04669646918773651, -0.5621761679649353, -0.2904869616031647, 0.5645358562469482, -0.6634723544120789, -0.09003917872905731, -0.4100627601146698, 0.37541934847831726, -0.15581437945365906 ]
202172	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toba	Toba	Toba may refer to: Languages Toba Sur language, spoken in South America Batak Toba, spoken in Indonesia People Toba people, indigenous peoples of the Gran Chaco in South America Toba Batak people, a sub-ethnic group of Batak people from North Sumatra, Indonesia Tuoba (拓拔), an early name for a clan of the Xianbei people in ancient China Toba Sōjō (1053–1140), Japanese astronomer and artist-monk Emperor Toba, emperor of Japan Toba Spitzer, lesbian rabbi in Arizona, USA Petre Tobă (born 1964), Romanian politician Toshimasa Toba (born 1975), Japanese footballer Georgian Tobă (born 1989), Romanian footballer Andreas Toba (born 1990), German gymnast Places Toba, an area in Northern Sumatra that is now included in the Toba Samosir Regency Lake Toba, a lake in northern Sumatra, Indonesia, and site of the volcanic Toba eruption 75,000 years ago Toba catastrophe theory, according to which modern human evolution was affected by the Toba eruption Toba, Mie, a city in Mie prefecture, Japan Toba (Nova Crnja), a village near Nova Crnja, Serbia Toba, Tibet Toba, Jhelum, a village in Pakistan Toba Tek Singh, a district city in Punjab, Pakistan La Toba, central Spain Other Crataegus × mordenensis 'Toba', cultivar of the Morden Hawthorn Japanese gunboat Toba of the 1930s–40s Month of Tobi, or Touba, the fifth month of the Coptic calendar Theatre Owners Booking Association (T.O.B.A.), a major black vaudeville circuit Tobă, a traditional Romanian sausage Torsion-Bar Antenna (TOBA), a proposed gravitational wave detector Istighfar, a form of repentance sometimes invoked by the word "Toba" Thoroughbred Owners and Breeders Association (TOBA), annually reviews/establishes Grading for Thoroughbred horse races in North America See also Tova (disambiguation) Language and nationality disambiguation pages	[ -0.07292547076940536, 0.023776907473802567, -0.4719351828098297, -0.550422728061676, -0.007081003859639168, 0.8492831587791443, 0.5681244730949402, 0.40750977396965027, -0.37883317470550537, 0.22886238992214203, -0.3284894526004791, -0.019616547971963882, -0.5678636431694031, 0.6280953288078308, -0.23605820536613464, 0.33912402391433716, 0.29706838726997375, 0.39514604210853577, -0.06919954717159271, 0.3085213005542755, -0.12884478271007538, -0.11700507998466492, 0.21956998109817505, 0.07075108587741852, 0.5376250743865967, -0.18131740391254425, 0.4472833573818207, 0.7328509092330933, 0.5215879082679749, -0.26002976298332214, -0.24194103479385376, 0.44237491488456726, 0.20501549541950226, -0.22269083559513092, -0.13711519539356232, -0.06492334604263306, -0.5635556578636169, -0.47268378734588623, -0.42792797088623047, -0.08526583015918732, -0.05608653649687767, 0.015654029324650764, 0.789432942867279, 0.648607075214386, -0.14467334747314453, -0.09036929160356522, -1.196425199508667, 0.8504744172096252, -0.5512953996658325, 0.22663697600364685, -0.37235715985298157, 0.44561147689819336, -0.012025554664433002, -0.38852402567863464, 0.307895302772522, 0.49744319915771484, -0.7293494343757629, 0.0314352847635746, 0.2252875119447708, -0.7540309429168701, 0.7087787985801697, 0.11202221363782883, 0.11255606263875961, -0.19285465776920319, -0.1794223040342331, 0.03420987352728844, -0.07208884507417679, 0.1503651887178421, -0.16446174681186676, -0.05533837154507637, 0.021429846063256264, 0.2731758654117584, -0.7338050603866577, 0.03531768172979355, -0.5200812220573425, -0.6695760488510132, -0.6325006484985352, 0.14115184545516968, 0.30436474084854126, -0.02158994786441326, -0.055077385157346725, -0.6438431739807129, 0.7519887089729309, -0.47799918055534363, 0.6005879640579224, 0.18560776114463806, -0.09980207681655884, 0.09853801876306534, -0.4941883087158203, -0.19319958984851837, -0.1265632063150406, -0.10456473380327225, 0.6392950415611267, 0.256415456533432, -0.5766632556915283, -0.3547040820121765, 0.041438907384872437, 0.19592566788196564, -0.003315727924928069, -0.14604394137859344, -0.6028738617897034, 0.045720815658569336, 0.3529101014137268, 0.33171355724334717, -0.39752790331840515, -0.20701143145561218, -0.10992123931646347, 0.2147843986749649, -0.31199419498443604, -0.02819402515888214, -0.021694926545023918, 0.09993311762809753, 0.4629843235015869, 0.056612975895404816, 0.22685599327087402, -0.05466610565781593, -0.5127755403518677, -0.3735013008117676, -0.19261783361434937, -0.11102090030908585, 0.6837971210479736, 0.37232500314712524, -0.10319370776414871, 0.5143775343894958, 0.03127006068825722, -0.11183598637580872, 0.006391169968992472, -0.1250295639038086, -0.6650580167770386, 0.7450709939002991, 0.615964949131012, 0.4219035506248474, -0.2001958191394806, 0.19750678539276123, -0.1245417445898056, 0.21147631108760834, -0.13474172353744507, -0.132470041513443, 0.4567260146141052, -0.17083317041397095, -1.2068538665771484, 0.0680222287774086, -0.5146701335906982, 0.25781744718551636, 0.769356906414032, 0.11210529506206512, -0.3864060938358307, -0.2896144390106201, -0.21843980252742767, -0.7908391356468201, -0.5480045676231384, -0.34237363934516907, 0.02978116273880005, 0.30644020438194275, -0.4725658595561981, 0.2914590537548065, 0.013046038337051868, -0.4270164370536804, 0.14857648313045502, -0.03568844497203827, -0.35677415132522583, 0.1549951136112213, 0.1650579869747162, 0.028102662414312363, 0.45321565866470337, -0.1522117257118225, 0.4288155734539032, 0.6656336188316345, -0.07912783324718475, 0.48496872186660767, -0.5105347633361816, -0.08478442579507828, 0.35846826434135437, -0.4464067816734314, -0.5205430388450623, -0.016253814101219177, 0.39875659346580505, -0.02739814855158329, 0.31200164556503296, 0.03785429894924164, -0.6191003918647766, 0.3646622598171234, -0.5497351884841919, 0.33187058568000793, 0.11637543886899948, -0.015206979587674141, 0.06452690064907074, 0.22252829372882843, 0.38865017890930176, 0.037634432315826416, -0.18110530078411102, -0.4313424229621887, 0.6003999710083008, 0.31731170415878296, 0.6339987516403198, -0.12843388319015503, -0.07418151199817657, 0.926159679889679, 0.439985990524292, 0.39668694138526917, -0.3934158980846405, 0.11649483442306519, 0.012867219746112823, -0.28494396805763245, -0.17936553061008453, 0.3536626994609833, -0.059892598539590836, 0.2724725306034088, 0.8762800097465515, 0.4001196026802063, -0.15148498117923737, -0.3208082318305969, 0.3770386576652527, -0.7422078847885132, 0.17676007747650146, 0.0557825081050396, -0.7592256665229797, 0.09559320658445358, -0.02547754906117916, -0.509037971496582, 0.6559916138648987, 0.09176722913980484, -0.410293847322464, 0.15542933344841003, 0.28665581345558167, 0.6264539957046509, 0.3096654713153839, 0.018453270196914673, 0.6579480767250061, -0.26699575781822205, 0.7516804933547974, 0.33178144693374634, 0.6476631760597229, -0.627249002456665, -0.11311584711074829, -0.2608987092971802, -0.15196877717971802, -0.23588256537914276, 0.5836577415466309, -0.07689203321933746, -0.24416449666023254, 0.22857099771499634, -0.47269296646118164, -0.43038418889045715, 0.7201528549194336, -0.176100492477417, -0.16215382516384125, -0.19057652354240417, -0.5893598794937134, 0.3339405059814453, -0.2298736423254013, 0.4652891159057617, 0.4650737941265106, 0.16945412755012512, -0.28040948510169983, 0.08072015643119812, -0.31506580114364624, 0.4679383337497711, 0.4300616979598999, -0.3421722650527954, -0.8595230579376221, -0.003088570199906826, 0.16281336545944214, -0.016595283523201942, -0.05037686973810196, 0.1596842259168625, 0.17472219467163086, -0.27698102593421936, 0.35984185338020325, 0.21012265980243683, 0.5555976033210754, -0.1940155327320099, -0.6022505164146423, -0.057803936302661896, 0.13401012122631073, -0.6146356463432312, 0.037901245057582855, 0.0831768736243248, -0.23026812076568604, -0.402471125125885, -0.21525798738002777, 0.4509151577949524, 0.11304527521133423, -1.2484945058822632, -0.12749044597148895, -0.29661932587623596, 0.00022736495884601027, -0.1742078959941864, -0.02758258767426014, 0.25791317224502563, 0.07169494032859802, -0.004432869143784046, -0.17119790613651276, -0.0025801423471421003, 0.09856419265270233, -0.3323458433151245, 0.09897202998399734, 0.19998805224895477, -0.046933311969041824, -0.49543753266334534, -0.7724602818489075, 0.19839149713516235, -0.0948869064450264, 0.2189469337463379, 0.36101898550987244, 0.6267523765563965, -0.5506391525268555, 0.239763543009758, -5.904463291168213, -0.280333012342453, -0.36065030097961426, -0.11106517165899277, 0.11326409131288528, -0.0012015753891319036, 0.5056994557380676, 0.27885326743125916, 0.3131561875343323, -0.37528690695762634, -0.0469108410179615, -0.1425163745880127, -0.06629694253206253, 0.2588595449924469, 0.1415327489376068, 0.6549321413040161, 0.25127649307250977, 0.245787113904953, -0.185829296708107, 0.11243247240781784, -0.30417585372924805, 0.10959259420633316, -0.47653132677078247, 0.785925567150116, -0.22215452790260315, 1.126944899559021, -0.28304511308670044, -0.1058831736445427, -0.5097344517707825, -0.46848228573799133, -0.015002381056547165, -0.2684948742389679, -0.09108440577983856, -0.48989516496658325, 0.10115794092416763, 0.7197903990745544, 0.3836152255535126, 0.1128101572394371, 0.386544793844223, 0.0828123465180397, 0.0366249606013298, 0.11204056441783905, 0.14110244810581207, -0.13355489075183868, 0.07397142797708511, -0.4050631821155548, -0.8294260501861572, 0.1131572425365448, -0.22946897149085999, 0.9293583035469055, 0.2088126391172409, -0.0713854655623436, 0.34616348147392273, 0.1403237134218216, 0.6313294172286987, 0.21133238077163696, 0.88633793592453, 0.03845421224832535, 0.5367410778999329, 0.20355574786663055, 0.6457267999649048, -0.03143981844186783, -0.11102572828531265, -0.49248456954956055, 0.1692724972963333, 0.1705620139837265, 0.05603918060660362, -0.054379653185606, 0.4000372588634491, 0.07535119354724884, -0.49504968523979187, -0.29398438334465027, -0.519207239151001, -1.041916847229004, -0.5290764570236206, -0.222036674618721, -0.6832756996154785, -0.06447427719831467, -0.3874148726463318, 0.17356470227241516, -0.107130266726017, -0.139207124710083, -0.4897657632827759, 0.09291049838066101, 0.051611557602882385, -0.9615144729614258, -0.06344351172447205, 0.1026083305478096, -0.603510856628418, 0.013495990075170994, 0.5769703984260559, -0.18254919350147247, 0.15852361917495728, 0.09970670193433762, 0.5548325777053833, 0.9258043169975281, -0.2972692549228668, -0.20623505115509033, 0.32270100712776184, -0.6604126691818237, 0.5505014061927795, -0.2632696032524109, 0.11898652464151382, -0.1643456369638443, 0.26421019434928894, 0.057933032512664795, -0.24203556776046753, 0.02446097508072853, 0.30372291803359985, -0.26817893981933594, 0.3030861020088196, 0.07980141043663025, -0.4326235055923462, -0.17581510543823242, 0.6669065356254578, 0.3764021098613739, 0.19647707045078278, 0.6314601898193359, 0.3528459370136261, 0.30420270562171936, 0.14259067177772522, 0.34090518951416016, -0.4674251973628998, 0.3632652163505554, 0.11361563205718994, -0.33394303917884827, -0.2402142584323883, 0.5915656685829163, -0.5001319646835327, -0.057520680129528046, 0.3807080388069153, -0.21129292249679565, 0.06648200005292892, 0.2516016960144043, 0.16258949041366577, -0.279767781496048, -0.2766053378582001, -1.0402027368545532, -0.1598776876926422, -0.13194294273853302, -0.4784488379955292, -0.611203670501709, -0.2752583622932434, 0.2566142678260803, 0.031260911375284195, 0.08198419958353043, -0.1498766988515854, -0.40570271015167236, -0.13191117346286774, 0.7835461497306824, 0.22488649189472198, 0.08246540278196335, 0.10024033486843109, -0.5280663967132568, -0.6208190321922302, -0.3688490092754364, 0.176229789853096, 0.3613656461238861, 0.5506828427314758, -0.04079937934875488, -0.09778860956430435, -0.7627971768379211, -0.5820178389549255, 0.06880881637334824, -0.28598135709762573, -0.6901605725288391, -0.0815047100186348, -0.33775758743286133, -0.05092164874076843, 0.22910334169864655, 0.2665582597255707, -0.6296681761741638, -0.44622236490249634, -0.06339143961668015, 0.2731596827507019, -0.2862708270549774, 0.13899099826812744, 0.19102028012275696, -0.4646572768688202, 0.10109930485486984, -0.1641157865524292, 0.2749112844467163, -0.10811963677406311, 0.5052821636199951, 0.4785001575946808, 0.2559451460838318, -0.0016883456846699119, -0.26169905066490173, -0.43219882249832153, -0.4260638952255249, -0.01317224558442831, 0.16428203880786896, 0.462157666683197, 0.4853110611438751, 0.35150954127311707, -0.537113606929779, 0.44597434997558594, 0.3266548812389374, -0.37000998854637146, 0.17925575375556946, 0.08121765404939651, -0.3287821114063263, -0.5859103798866272, 0.18792934715747833, 0.3591594099998474, -0.6487194299697876, 0.8809835314750671, -0.08989089727401733, -0.3294547200202942, -0.12878714501857758, 0.03319478780031204, -0.4461633563041687, -0.09263373911380768, -0.013779710978269577, -0.24262212216854095, 0.22681254148483276, 0.15256638824939728, -0.4315085709095001, -0.26259729266166687, -0.46741053462028503, -0.27475547790527344, -0.5695977807044983, 0.3139757812023163, -0.30598822236061096, -0.10958857834339142, 0.2842436730861664, 0.5025452375411987, -0.20057976245880127, -0.05176764354109764, 0.02271355502307415, -0.16941992938518524, -0.486788809299469, 0.3081970810890198, -0.21105411648750305, -0.3653283417224884, 0.251444011926651, 0.2421875298023224, -0.43255606293678284, -0.038799185305833817, 0.7035861015319824, 0.47340407967567444, 0.5189257264137268, 0.1404983252286911, -0.180111825466156, -0.3426758646965027, -0.10818808525800705, -0.012744996696710587, -0.15640321373939514, -0.21444670855998993, 0.11042799055576324, 0.1992117315530777, -0.06145945563912392, -0.6792460083961487, 0.11647666245698929, 0.1780887395143509, -0.21828611195087433, 0.07482548803091049, 0.13167351484298706, -0.24701188504695892, 0.41464459896087646, 0.1242617815732956, 0.47132065892219543, 0.4652395248413086, -0.24934828281402588, -0.425458699464798, -0.3118077516555786, -0.5303053259849548, -0.44051602482795715, 0.6766993999481201, -0.3259388208389282, 0.0538838692009449, -0.25133687257766724, 0.8791384100914001, 0.3028066158294678, -0.23792685568332672, -0.059123553335666656, -0.4750315845012665, -0.4528447687625885, -0.03488582372665405, 0.19320346415042877, -0.8912001848220825, 0.11347644031047821, -0.20241497457027435, -0.22726388275623322, 0.6343121528625488, -0.5772691965103149, -0.040389951318502426, -0.42398861050605774, -0.05352244898676872, -0.32808569073677063, -0.3707074522972107, 0.1994345635175705, 0.012589951045811176, 0.21038413047790527, -0.468611478805542, 0.15039347112178802, -0.058743853121995926, 0.2454063892364502, -0.6122123003005981, 0.10452916473150253, -0.34690433740615845, 0.1781182885169983, 0.16315890848636627, 0.12652061879634857, 0.10462940484285355, 0.1567995697259903, 0.1695266216993332, -0.15813510119915009, -0.1574319452047348, -0.07039600610733032, 0.5051688551902771, 0.0292527936398983, -0.06820794194936752, 0.6462655067443848, 0.06987424194812775, 0.5719133019447327, 0.5037577152252197, -0.12503620982170105, -0.036279335618019104, 0.25683119893074036, 0.413234680891037, 0.059511538594961166, 0.1824645847082138, 0.18400707840919495, 0.9120811820030212, 0.21549023687839508, -0.49609094858169556, -0.2832990288734436, 0.2519857585430145, 0.5707342624664307, 0.4747416079044342, -0.08481010794639587, -0.18406447768211365, -0.32364824414253235, -0.4459414482116699, -0.12983690202236176, 0.3681684136390686, -0.2646026611328125, -0.24564017355442047, 0.5601856112480164, 0.6310884952545166, 0.38919797539711, -0.2653433084487915, -0.6106239557266235, 0.2574717700481415, 0.09518210589885712, 0.0276136863976717, 0.26042628288269043, 0.17749781906604767, 0.20337428152561188, 0.025177864357829094, -0.05671392381191254, 0.30493292212486267, -0.6553354859352112, 0.23502857983112335, 0.38595208525657654, -0.009352893568575382, -0.3704836964607239, 0.1251513957977295, 0.2555758059024811, 0.0770501121878624, 0.22146791219711304, 0.5481506586074829, 0.1318841576576233, -0.30505117774009705, -0.20562142133712769, -0.5959715247154236, -0.8283092975616455, 0.18334364891052246, 0.3605489730834961, 0.39825761318206787, 0.18158438801765442, -0.20341908931732178, 0.11440770328044891, 0.24721573293209076, 0.5123476982116699, 0.3558090031147003, 0.4986467957496643, -0.13761243224143982, 0.3535717725753784, -0.397000253200531, -0.16903020441532135, -0.18575803935527802, -0.4310341775417328, 0.15247751772403717, -0.17476606369018555, 0.4048406779766083, 0.25960204005241394, -1.0140169858932495, 0.2498594969511032, 0.15403994917869568, -0.6640439033508301, -0.42520013451576233, 0.31489720940589905, -0.11597142368555069, -0.23129086196422577, -0.1657681167125702, 0.3302895128726959, 0.2712583839893341, -0.1693943440914154, 0.5411393642425537, -0.1358676552772522, 0.5224545001983643, 0.23069104552268982, -0.23991233110427856, 0.2956761121749878, -0.19850927591323853, 0.3927057683467865, -0.5746155381202698, 0.29003268480300903, 0.572077751159668, 0.26186126470565796, 0.06684347242116928, 0.11154991388320923, 0.008361638523638248, 0.37777164578437805, 0.371023952960968, -0.1003371849656105, 0.34660112857818604, -0.38291388750076294, 0.12786339223384857, -0.6330337524414062, -0.5188470482826233, 0.5032103657722473, -0.03725496307015419, 0.10193216800689697, -0.1760810911655426, 0.21998007595539093, -1.0787301063537598, 0.32105985283851624, 0.5309518575668335, -0.38330161571502686, 0.06826764345169067, 0.2659735679626465, -0.3782810866832733, -0.6610537171363831, 0.5199313759803772, 0.8650551438331604, -0.008369104005396366, -0.7486621141433716, 0.35112252831459045, 0.325797438621521, 0.2394511103630066, -0.1815677136182785, -0.45547714829444885, 0.03794730454683304, -0.1699017584323883, -0.39092594385147095, -0.7675317525863647, 0.34839537739753723, 0.20311512053012848, -0.5800573229789734, -0.018107859417796135, -0.14791260659694672, 0.2606064975261688, -0.4725656509399414, -0.0037403262685984373, -0.49622291326522827, 0.033616527915000916, -0.14057402312755585 ]
202174	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caveolae	Caveolae	In biology, caveolae (Latin for "little caves"; singular, caveola), which are a special type of lipid raft, are small (50–100 nanometer) invaginations of the plasma membrane in many vertebrate cell types, especially in endothelial cells, adipocytes and embryonic notochord cells. They were originally discovered by E. Yamada in 1955. These flask-shaped structures are rich in proteins as well as lipids such as cholesterol and sphingolipids and have several functions in signal transduction. They are also believed to play a role in mechanoprotection, mechanosensation, endocytosis, oncogenesis, and the uptake of pathogenic bacteria and certain viruses. Caveolins Formation and maintenance of caveolae was initially thought to be primarily due to caveolin, a 21 kD protein. There are three homologous genes of caveolin expressed in mammalian cells: Cav1, Cav2 and Cav3. These proteins have a common topology: cytoplasmic N-terminus with scaffolding domain, long hairpin transmembrane domain and cytoplasmic C-terminus. Caveolins are synthesized as monomers and transported to the Golgi apparatus. During their subsequent transport through the secretory pathway, caveolins associate with lipid rafts and form oligomers (14-16 molecules). These oligomerized caveolins form the caveolae. The presence of caveolin leads to a local change in morphology of the membrane. Cavins Cavin proteins emerged in the late 2000s to be the main structural components controlling caveola formation. The cavin protein family consists of Cavin1 (also known as PTRF), Cavin2 (also known as SDPR), Cavin3 (also known as SRBC) and Cavin4 (also known as MURC). Cavin1 has been shown to be the main regulator of caveola formation in multiple tissues, with the sole expression of Cavin1 sufficient for morphological caveola formation in cells lacking caveolae but abundant in Cav1. Cavin4, analogous to Cav3, is muscle-specific. Caveolar endocytosis Caveolae are one source of clathrin-independent raft-dependent endocytosis. The ability of caveolins to oligomerize due to their oligomerization domains is necessary for formation of caveolar endocytic vesicles. The oligomerization leads to formation of caveolin-rich microdomains in the plasma membrane. Increased levels of cholesterol and insertion of the scaffolding domains of caveolins into the plasma membrane leads to the expansion of the caveolar invagination and the formation of endocytic vesicles. Fission of the vesicle from the plasma membrane is then mediated by GTPase dynamin II, which is localized at the neck of the budding vesicle. The released caveolar vesicle can fuse with early endosome or caveosome. The caveosome is an endosomal compartment with neutral pH which does not have early endosomal markers. However, it contains molecules internalized by the caveolar endocytosis. This type of endocytosis is used, for example, for transcytosis of albumin in endothelial cells or for internalization of the insulin receptor in primary adipocytes. Other roles of caveolae Caveolae have been shown to be required for the protection of cells from mechanical stress in multiple tissue types such as the skeletal muscles, endothelial cells and notochord cells. Caveolae can be used for entry to the cell by some pathogens and so they avoid degradation in lysosomes. However, some bacteria do not use typical caveolae but only caveolin-rich areas of the plasma membrane. The pathogens exploiting this endocytic pathway include viruses such as SV40 and polyoma virus and bacteria such as some strains of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Porphyromonas gingivalis. Caveolae have a role in the cell signaling, too. Caveolins associate with some signaling molecules (e.g. eNOS) through their scaffolding domain and so they can regulate their signaling. Caveolae are also involved in regulation of channels and in calcium signaling. Caveolae also participate in lipid regulation. High levels of caveolin Cav1 are expressed in adipocytes. Caveolin associates with cholesterol, fatty acids and lipid droplets and is involved in its regulation. Caveolae can also serve as mechanosensors in various cell types. In endothelial cells, caveolae are involved in flow sensation. Chronic exposure to the flow stimulus leads to increased levels of caveolin Cav1 in plasma membrane, its phosphorylation, activation of eNOS signaling enzyme and to remodeling of blood vessels. In smooth-muscle cells, caveolin Cav1 has a role in stretch sensing which triggers cell-cycle progression. Inhibitors Some known inhibitors of the caveolae pathway are Filipin III, Genistein and Nystatin. See also Pinocytosis References External links Cell anatomy	[ 0.44060003757476807, 0.2842821478843689, -0.15017500519752502, 0.35255753993988037, 0.7484301328659058, 0.19336828589439392, 0.46394476294517517, 0.6390576362609863, -0.27742800116539, -0.569517195224762, -0.5745498538017273, -0.006844282615929842, -0.3840514123439789, 0.26830533146858215, -0.2238101065158844, 0.054003145545721054, 0.5352787375450134, 0.3876643776893616, 0.3739873170852661, -0.25547781586647034, -0.05907993018627167, -0.04145731404423714, 0.23281581699848175, -0.1597825586795807, 0.13602213561534882, -0.3941589593887329, -0.3692525029182434, 0.06682907044887543, 0.6778081655502319, 0.13313637673854828, 0.008226729929447174, 0.6113225817680359, 0.1683066338300705, -0.2646726667881012, 0.28007400035858154, -0.10271598398685455, -0.11701449006795883, -0.39935585856437683, -0.10430677980184555, -0.2720700204372406, 0.23550017178058624, 0.12071473896503448, 0.2239019125699997, 0.04117262735962868, -1.019718050956726, 0.07528536021709442, -0.5690237879753113, 0.7022055983543396, -0.400191068649292, 0.42400723695755005, -0.2809654772281647, 0.3643856346607208, 0.660339891910553, 0.008344296365976334, -0.40938058495521545, 0.0447968952357769, -0.5008674263954163, 0.3627210855484009, 0.5066242218017578, -0.9900714755058289, 0.3324621617794037, 0.3850926458835602, 0.014193735085427761, -0.3401941955089569, 0.10464601963758469, 0.631797730922699, 0.0539250522851944, -0.02504711039364338, -0.27062714099884033, -0.49987661838531494, 0.10770967602729797, -0.29717448353767395, 0.03611959144473076, 0.0800815150141716, -0.33698222041130066, 0.5554422736167908, -0.9040305018424988, -0.023730086162686348, 0.6132088899612427, 0.7603316903114319, -0.35702842473983765, 0.2933444082736969, 0.2524436414241791, -0.005836909171193838, 0.20286248624324799, 0.30685070157051086, -0.7128402590751648, 0.8989787101745605, -0.7354059815406799, 0.06251204758882523, -0.18897980451583862, -0.4175681173801422, 0.7051201462745667, -0.3737625479698181, 0.05135812610387802, 0.019922351464629173, 0.273630827665329, -0.16748057305812836, 0.3727734386920929, 0.4091971218585968, -0.48284047842025757, -0.4605616331100464, 0.0021307850256562233, -0.3946276903152466, -0.6515743136405945, 0.09899577498435974, -0.3859202265739441, 0.27044224739074707, -0.44735705852508545, 0.26148533821105957, -0.44313809275627136, -0.17974896728992462, -0.4563661217689514, 0.09107586741447449, -0.490280419588089, -0.1276058554649353, -0.4526892304420471, -0.270224928855896, -0.4298030436038971, -0.44714224338531494, -0.022742895409464836, 0.04112236201763153, 0.40161335468292236, -0.15794885158538818, -0.3812834322452545, -0.1419823169708252, 0.3181527853012085, 0.29148247838020325, -0.11133542656898499, 0.5395686626434326, -0.04946992173790932, 0.7190728783607483, 0.2818872630596161, 0.42205578088760376, 0.11053953319787979, -0.20908184349536896, -0.23087792098522186, 0.3724247217178345, 0.6264842748641968, 0.3581724166870117, -0.2707761824131012, 0.08578799664974213, -0.9581997394561768, 0.40046021342277527, 0.19880351424217224, -0.5662139654159546, -0.3747973144054413, -0.2820858955383301, -0.5929216742515564, -0.5794686675071716, 0.07421644032001495, -0.04007451981306076, 0.5047430396080017, -0.2314966470003128, -0.1968667209148407, 0.06091351434588432, 0.3636290431022644, -0.02557317540049553, 0.2793003022670746, -0.043616436421871185, 0.12986361980438232, 0.29249611496925354, -0.4571499526500702, 0.3264818787574768, 0.24078689515590668, 0.5371797680854797, 0.6209345459938049, 0.2956051528453827, 0.49875178933143616, 1.1422759294509888, 0.2932058870792389, -0.02512025274336338, 0.3726905882358551, -0.037352241575717926, -0.5975078344345093, -0.3625734746456146, 0.3152020275592804, 0.27127155661582947, 0.7680301666259766, -0.1941666156053543, -0.6427271366119385, -0.31507307291030884, -0.05611015856266022, 0.03542468324303627, -0.21070706844329834, -0.48995834589004517, 0.6467145681381226, 0.3210344910621643, -0.5811367034912109, -0.3635208308696747, -0.33245497941970825, -0.3361198604106903, 0.21322278678417206, 0.04257073625922203, 1.672821044921875, -0.08859292417764664, -0.49552348256111145, 0.8023930191993713, 0.6818576455116272, 0.03852824121713638, -0.3855903446674347, 0.16822203993797302, 0.21001224219799042, -0.5431160926818848, -0.8702051639556885, 0.6270939707756042, 0.3037784993648529, -0.23157019913196564, 0.41229724884033203, -0.4650607705116272, 0.31430432200431824, -0.5468080639839172, 0.13655094802379608, -0.9579683542251587, 0.39724045991897583, -0.5535851120948792, -0.5814775228500366, 0.08880150318145752, 0.06591933220624924, -0.5016226768493652, 0.7236103415489197, -0.841177761554718, 0.36289551854133606, 0.26655423641204834, 0.0035741478204727173, 0.9133655428886414, 0.2673746347427368, -0.34734949469566345, 1.1601215600967407, -0.4863956570625305, -0.3211645781993866, -0.8520552515983582, 0.720665693283081, -0.19516488909721375, -0.36564069986343384, 0.29637300968170166, 0.4117545783519745, -0.33065637946128845, 0.24363240599632263, -0.3786505162715912, -0.23602145910263062, 0.11032267659902573, -0.4491106867790222, -0.1301485002040863, 0.8573144674301147, -0.13267414271831512, 0.28561463952064514, -0.223600834608078, -0.2688685655593872, 0.663205623626709, -0.7919859290122986, 0.8374668955802917, -0.5208687782287598, -0.08012961596250534, 0.4565056264400482, 0.3487982451915741, 0.08837894350290298, 0.35576242208480835, 0.1676427572965622, -0.000041294431866845116, -0.09966365993022919, 0.25808948278427124, -0.004554079845547676, 0.37390321493148804, -0.322174996137619, -0.36444857716560364, 0.18128079175949097, -0.48116400837898254, 1.1461398601531982, 0.5951409339904785, 0.5664365291595459, 0.16435934603214264, -0.7229633927345276, 0.3742038309574127, 0.18149718642234802, -0.41816550493240356, 0.014485575258731842, 0.4009333848953247, -0.17496155202388763, -0.09082361310720444, 0.2068547159433365, 0.24771712720394135, 0.4582686424255371, -0.5257647633552551, 0.08439058065414429, -0.11493851989507675, 0.09161589294672012, -0.17990607023239136, 0.19475926458835602, -0.5406066179275513, -0.7281498312950134, 0.2106133997440338, -0.29007279872894287, 0.17570790648460388, -0.3591906428337097, 0.42551901936531067, -0.14597630500793457, -0.2462504357099533, 0.6284269094467163, -0.07472426444292068, -0.6559262275695801, -0.3817715644836426, -0.5847502946853638, -0.0918610543012619, -0.1818951666355133, 0.2329372763633728, 0.4408704340457916, 0.3289060890674591, -5.482043743133545, 0.3494890034198761, 0.6521640419960022, -0.08676296472549438, 0.6167420744895935, 0.3226653039455414, 0.6392116546630859, -0.12434715032577515, -0.17529505491256714, -0.4630117118358612, -0.19057847559452057, 0.370595246553421, -0.07892625778913498, 0.6257661581039429, -0.11713983863592148, -0.10942298918962479, -0.5110873579978943, 0.4819149076938629, 0.0471794456243515, -0.4053717851638794, -0.31824493408203125, 0.46248698234558105, 0.1374373435974121, 0.13405677676200867, -0.11471747606992722, -0.0762559324502945, -0.431967169046402, 0.40765491127967834, -0.362297922372818, -0.17742331326007843, -0.6313707828521729, -0.6631250381469727, 0.103825643658638, -0.44400712847709656, -0.14224885404109955, 0.48469600081443787, 0.30095499753952026, -0.16119442880153656, 0.404588520526886, -0.645251452922821, -0.8140096068382263, 0.2500106990337372, -0.20833134651184082, -0.1335151046514511, 0.36016157269477844, -0.3460654318332672, -0.27094608545303345, 0.13887281715869904, 0.24161148071289062, 1.0802509784698486, 0.23731666803359985, 0.19714108109474182, 0.5737786293029785, 0.3611355721950531, 0.30401644110679626, 0.16128775477409363, 0.33138394355773926, -0.1947074979543686, -0.674636960029602, -0.12278319895267487, 0.4937799870967865, -0.2424190491437912, -0.933076024055481, -0.8976128697395325, 0.7455061674118042, -0.39376869797706604, -0.888003945350647, 0.35537680983543396, 0.5648398399353027, 0.09171487390995026, 0.3368968367576599, -0.004718482028692961, 0.14362816512584686, -0.889216959476471, 0.3438348174095154, -0.9381933808326721, -0.07876770198345184, -0.6252544522285461, 0.2911267578601837, 0.33499056100845337, -0.39541637897491455, 0.34850040078163147, -0.6460278034210205, 0.05952442064881325, 0.19772887229919434, -0.7810913324356079, -0.55992192029953, -0.2145058661699295, -0.2468399554491043, -0.4751453101634979, 0.4288710653781891, 0.10436602681875229, 0.04945513978600502, 0.14501670002937317, 0.09662109613418579, 0.4983106255531311, 0.06548824906349182, 0.6631898880004883, 0.6159168481826782, 0.2578650116920471, 0.6514809131622314, -0.23178863525390625, -0.2300659716129303, -0.06808901578187943, -0.16802345216274261, 0.06674987077713013, -0.5993546843528748, 0.3480820953845978, 0.15955378115177155, 0.10937835276126862, -0.2650302052497864, 0.633594274520874, -0.35602474212646484, -0.3225245475769043, 0.3110792636871338, -0.04918364807963371, -0.7029721736907959, 0.3754885494709015, 0.8053243160247803, -0.41228359937667847, 0.5510125756263733, 0.456388384103775, 0.017025602981448174, 0.04730020835995674, 0.025956708937883377, 0.5069842338562012, 0.5160034894943237, -0.17224104702472687, -0.15036173164844513, -0.03224782273173332, 0.3216093182563782, -0.05507075786590576, 0.14297020435333252, -0.28647610545158386, 0.3450399935245514, -0.1988053172826767, -0.31611180305480957, -0.12347948551177979, 0.09834647923707962, -0.35708102583885193, 0.12768785655498505, -0.401706337928772, -0.3711806833744049, -0.05356886237859726, 0.3435836732387543, 0.3718015253543854, -0.14328408241271973, 0.174748033285141, -0.17070403695106506, 0.5227683782577515, -0.051176898181438446, -0.5295637845993042, 0.307006299495697, -0.620003879070282, 0.3007366955280304, 0.11829514801502228, 0.08133343607187271, -0.23017184436321259, 0.15834015607833862, -0.2677094042301178, -0.16008314490318298, -0.19587922096252441, -1.053351879119873, 0.40064918994903564, -0.6879914402961731, -0.33135300874710083, -0.5383151769638062, 0.07165569812059402, -0.5526188611984253, -0.4984080493450165, -0.1257472187280655, 0.12705226242542267, 0.003450321964919567, 0.20767724514007568, -0.46451857686042786, -0.19841502606868744, -0.4699251353740692, 0.5772939324378967, -0.32828912138938904, 0.11292514204978943, 0.24776507914066315, -0.1916881948709488, 0.5556029081344604, 0.013257776387035847, 0.3761017322540283, 0.06880448758602142, -0.3510856628417969, 0.1716693937778473, -0.08619973063468933, 0.04746841639280319, -0.09473200142383575, 0.21720080077648163, 0.4665611684322357, -0.0741296112537384, -0.05878041684627533, 0.20005911588668823, -0.37697893381118774, 0.7758523225784302, -0.27596980333328247, -0.43170857429504395, -0.4302816689014435, -0.282438725233078, -0.4122031033039093, 0.2952938377857208, 0.11498167365789413, -0.10266765207052231, 0.29761070013046265, -0.016814474016427994, -0.20400869846343994, 0.26986896991729736, -0.4240320026874542, -0.23311755061149597, -0.38566821813583374, 0.9063297510147095, -0.3214786648750305, 0.055100277066230774, -0.0543532557785511, -0.26289233565330505, -0.108916737139225, -0.04059276729822159, 0.2920767366886139, -0.5170657634735107, 0.10983801633119583, -0.5278045535087585, -0.273567795753479, 0.27300897240638733, -0.3566270172595978, -0.3137727677822113, 0.6406533718109131, -0.5059270858764648, 0.2352522313594818, -0.3027525246143341, -0.028986673802137375, -0.13269640505313873, -0.06779255717992783, 0.19396014511585236, 0.2749996781349182, -0.10348932445049286, 0.165644109249115, 0.19476021826267242, 0.7021322846412659, 0.6509447693824768, -0.6134276390075684, -0.09029942750930786, -0.16357550024986267, 0.8207292556762695, 0.24440127611160278, -0.7556341886520386, -0.4646390676498413, -0.09376313537359238, 0.8848870396614075, -0.47497305274009705, -0.08151751756668091, -0.39557039737701416, 0.9721401333808899, 0.2465401142835617, -0.11632600426673889, -0.49598315358161926, 0.12737660109996796, 0.4929366409778595, 0.1143963560461998, -0.6949198246002197, -0.23235026001930237, 0.11213967204093933, 0.27676573395729065, -0.4027835428714752, -0.2548707127571106, 0.3907787501811981, -0.23944981396198273, -0.7316166758537292, 0.5916785001754761, 0.36951035261154175, 0.23760083317756653, -0.08851440995931625, -0.30481886863708496, 0.2962360084056854, 0.23840798437595367, -0.4932931065559387, 0.22142525017261505, -0.47725778818130493, -0.6925778985023499, -0.0035366283264011145, 0.11460957676172256, -0.0867333859205246, 0.15854287147521973, -0.8311622738838196, -0.352545827627182, 0.3045003116130829, -0.17556022107601166, -0.2595446705818176, -0.24528659880161285, -0.42828917503356934, -0.6143458485603333, 0.08257181197404861, 1.0242365598678589, 0.5082434415817261, -0.2672552466392517, 0.42675116658210754, -0.05878646671772003, 0.14114762842655182, -0.8762446641921997, 0.2979549467563629, 0.12407117336988449, -0.5950481295585632, 0.692627489566803, 0.2901756465435028, -0.3439251482486725, -0.44707831740379333, -0.20603735744953156, -0.20564396679401398, 0.23382996022701263, 0.24470318853855133, -0.29820385575294495, -0.12595340609550476, -0.29444384574890137, -0.4784618616104126, 0.2591646611690521, -0.9879952073097229, -0.07295138388872147, 0.5575541257858276, 0.24893493950366974, 0.1164102554321289, 0.23587021231651306, 0.06374940276145935, -0.11958127468824387, 0.09931140393018723, 0.12529154121875763, -0.022302089259028435, -0.01506204716861248, 0.9543988704681396, 1.43434476852417, -0.11690647900104523, 0.41362473368644714, -0.0018760038074105978, -0.11943857371807098, -0.6703195571899414, -0.37370961904525757, -0.45078516006469727, -0.21271201968193054, 0.3495868742465973, 0.3309580981731415, 0.3144741654396057, -0.1617211550474167, 0.10991280525922775, -0.2964482307434082, 0.7749887108802795, 0.10953812301158905, 0.11230061203241348, -0.39738112688064575, 0.01579866372048855, -0.0367288812994957, -0.558739960193634, 0.2507941424846649, 0.5063530206680298, -0.29330331087112427, 0.2312004715204239, 0.9466826319694519, 0.06822352856397629, -0.10774155706167221, 0.08361341059207916, -0.2933180034160614, 0.1539524495601654, 0.18219633400440216, 0.43297937512397766, -0.10682427138090134, -0.24452292919158936, -0.5491012930870056, -0.6730315685272217, 0.17582690715789795, -0.869611382484436, 0.5527249574661255, 0.5903581976890564, -0.6189199090003967, -0.07643890380859375, -0.2694757282733917, 0.030210906639695168, -0.13848604261875153, 0.6235218644142151, 0.15032900869846344, -0.46409872174263, -0.2616027295589447, 0.11583439260721207, -0.10353691130876541, -0.3338746130466461, -0.2240981161594391, 0.13486438989639282, 0.18173617124557495, -0.029382532462477684, -0.006298993714153767, 0.08611741662025452, 0.41236260533332825, -0.6632511019706726, 0.5908056497573853, 0.10039395838975906, 0.03835267573595047, 0.5190902948379517, 0.34597235918045044, 0.09928148239850998, 0.24156323075294495, 0.05810313671827316, -0.2962918281555176, 0.47003889083862305, 0.28935036063194275, -0.14144118130207062, -0.638839066028595, 0.596660852432251, -0.27077147364616394, 0.0553504154086113, -0.5205134749412537, -0.3279127776622772, 1.1536790132522583, 0.6994547247886658, -0.29307588934898376, 0.5128970146179199, 0.3232450485229492, -0.03880546987056732, -0.008778175339102745, 0.028386391699314117, 0.1456867903470993, -0.18507473170757294, -0.22584283351898193, -0.3946975767612457, 0.2825380563735962, 0.2777085304260254, -0.024350754916667938, -0.25894641876220703, 0.5949234962463379, -0.42126700282096863, -0.9068405628204346, 0.26696622371673584, -0.31276649236679077, -0.1355845034122467, -0.3957133889198303, 0.392452597618103, -0.6697766184806824, -0.4541189670562744, -0.04278930276632309, -0.05605396255850792, 0.3129287362098694, -0.5842102766036987, 0.3591645359992981, -0.41584041714668274, -0.14959074556827545, -0.0023969069588929415, 0.30574533343315125, 0.06551149487495422, -0.08424990624189377, -0.4157428443431854, -0.7556696534156799, -0.1429618000984192, 0.35356348752975464, -0.6367513537406921, 0.24459782242774963, -0.4855802655220032, -0.6305065751075745, -0.06449460238218307, 0.20986497402191162, 0.3158901333808899, -0.4064672589302063, 1.1573981046676636 ]
202175	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor%20Shirakawa	Emperor Shirakawa	was the 72nd emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. Shirakawa's reign lasted from 1073 to 1087. Biography Before his ascension to the Chrysanthemum Throne, his personal name (imina) was Sadahito-shinnō (貞仁親王). He was the eldest son of Emperor Go-Sanjō and Fujiwara Shigeko (藤原茂子). Shirakawa had one Empress and one Imperial Consort and nine Imperial sons and daughters. Empress (chūgū): Fujiwara no Kenshi (藤原賢子)—Minamoto Akifusa‘s daughter, adopted by Fujiwara Morozane First Son: Imperial Prince Atsufumi (敦文親王; 1075–1077) First Daughter: Imperial Princess Yasuko (媞子内親王) later Ikuhomon’in (郁芳門院) Third Daughter: Imperial Princess Reishi (令子内親王) saigū Third Son: Imperial Prince Taruhito (善仁親王) later Emperor Horikawa Fourth Daughter: Imperial Princess Shinshi (禛子内親王; 1081–1156)—Tsuchimikado Saiin (土御門斎院) Consort (Nyogo): Fujiwara Michiko (藤原道子; 1042–1132), Fujiwara no Yoshinaga‘s daughter Second Daughter: Imperial Princess Yoshiko (善子内親王; 1076–1131) Rokkaku >saigū at the Grand Shrine of Ise Lady-in-Waiting: Fujiwara Tsuneko (藤原経子), Fujiwara no Tsunehira's daughter Second Son: Imperial Prince Priest Kakugyō (覚行法親王; 1075–1105) Court Lady: Minamoto Raishi (源師子; 1070–1148), Minamoto Akifusa's daughter Fourth Son: Imperial Prince Priest Kakuhō (覚法法親王; 1092–1153) Minamoto Yoriko (源頼子), Minamoto Yoritsune's daughter Fifth Daughter: Imperial Princess Kanshi (官子内親王; b.1090)—Saiin (斎院) Fujiwara Suesane's daughter Sixth Daughter: Imperial Princess Junko (恂子内親王; 1093-1132) Kasuga-dono (春日殿), Fujiwara Morokane's daughter Fifth Son: Imperial Prince Priest Shōe (聖恵法親王; 1094–1137) Minamoto Masanaga's daughter Gyōkei (行慶; 1101–1165) Bizen-dono (備前), Minamoto Arimune's daughter Engyō (円行, b.1128) Minamoto Akifusa's daughter Josho (静證) Gion Nyōgo (祇園女御) Gion Nyōgo‘s younger sister Rō-no-Kata (廊御方), Fujiwara Michisue's daughter Kamo Nyōgo (賀茂女御, 1070 - 1148）, Kamo Shigesuke's daughter Kamo Nyōgo‘s younger sister, Kamo Shigesuke's daughter Events of Shirakawa's life He was the first emperor to ostensibly retire to a monastery, but in fact continue to exert considerable influence over his successor. This process would become known as cloistered rule. When he was very young, his relations with his father were very cold but loving and in 1068, when his father was enthroned, he was proclaimed a shinnō (Imperial Prince), becoming Imperial Prince Sadahito. In 1069, he became Crown Prince and in due course, he became emperor at the age of 19. January 18, 1073 (Enkyū 4, on the 8th day of the 12th month): In the 5th year of Emperor Go-Sanjō-tennō 's reign (桓武天皇六年), the emperor abdicated; and the succession (‘‘senso’’) was received by his son. Shortly thereafter, Emperor Shirakawa is said to have acceded to the throne (‘‘sokui’’). A kampaku was put in place, but Shirakawa attempted to rule directly, like his father. He attempted to regulate the shōen (manor) system, working to weaken the influence of the sekkan lines. 1074 (Jōhō 1, 1st month): Dianagon Minamoto- no Takakune asked to be relieved of his duties because of his age. He was 71, and he wanted to retire to Uji. In his retirement, he was visited by many friends with whom he pursued research into the history of Japan. He brought this work together in a book. 1074 (Jōhō 1, 7th day of the 2nd month): The former kampaku Fujiwara Yorimichi died at the age of 83. In this same period, his sister, the widow of Emperor Ichijo, died at the age of 87. 1074 (Jōhō 1, 3rd day of the 10th month): Empress Jōtō-mon In died at the age of 87. 1077 (Jōryaku 1, 1st month): Shirakawa went to the Kamo Shrines; and he visited Kiyomizu-dera and other Buddhist temples. 1077 (Jōryaku 1, 2nd month): Udaijin Minamoto no Morofusa died at of an ulcer at the age of 70. 1077 (Jōryaku 1): The emperor caused Hosshō-ji (dedicated to the "Superiority of Buddhist Law") to be built at Shirakawa in fulfillment of a sacred vow. This temple became only the first of a series of "sacred vow" temples to be created by Imperial decree. Hosshō-ji's nine-storied pagoda would become the most elaborate Imperial-sponsored temple structure ever erected up to this time. 1079 (Jōryaku 3, i10th month): The emperor visited the Fushimi Inari-taisha at the foot of Mount Fushimi and the Yasaka Shrine. May 26, 1081 (Eihō 1, 15th day of the 4th month): The Buddhist Temple of Miidera was set on fire by the monks of a rival sect on Mt. Hiei. 1081 (Eihō 1, 4th day of the 6th month): Miidera was burned again by monks from Mt. Hiei. 1083 (Eihō 3, 10th month): At Hosshō-ji, construction begins on a nine-story pagoda. 1084 (Ōtoku 1, 9th month): The empress Kenshi, the emperor's principal consort, died. Shirakawa was afflicted with great grief, and for a time, he turned over the administration of the government to his ministers. 1087 (Ōtoku 3, 9th month): Shirakawa announced his intention to abdicate in favor of his son. January 3, 1087 (Ōtoku 3, 26th day of the 11th month): Shirakawa formally abdicated, and he took the title Daijō-tennō. Shirakawa had personally occupied the throne for 14 years; and for the next 43 years, he would exercise broad powers in what will come to be known as cloistered rule. Go-Sanjō had wished for Shirakawa's younger half-brother to succeed him to the throne. In 1085, this half-brother died of an illness; and Shirakawa's own son, Taruhito-shinnō (善仁親王) became Crown Prince. On the same day that Taruhito was proclaimed as his heir, Shirakawa abdicated;, and Taruhito became Emperor Horikawa. The now-retired Emperor Shirakawa was the first to attempt what became customary cloistered rule. He exercised power, ruling indirectly from the Shirakawa-in (lit. "White River Mansion/Temple"); nevertheless, nominal sesshō and kampaku offices continued to exist for a long time. 1087 (Kanji 1, 5th month): Daijō-tennō Shirakawa retired himself to Uji. 1088 (Kanji 2, in the 1st month): The emperor paid a visit to his father's home. 1088 (Kanji 2, 10th month): Shirakawa visited the temples at Mt. Hiei. 1088 (Kanji 2, 14th day of the 12th): The sesshō Fujiwara Morozane was given additional honors with the further title of daijō-daijin. In this context, it matters a great deal that the mother of Emperor Horikowa, formerly the daughter of udaijin Minamoto no Akifusa, was also formerly the adopted child of Morozane. 1089 (Kanji 3, 5th month): Shirakawa made a second visit to Mt. Hiei; and this time, he stayed seven days. 1090 (Kanji 4, 12th month): Fujiwara Morozane was relieved of his responsibilities as sesshō and he was simultaneously named kampaku. 1094 (Kanji 8, 8th day of the 3rd month): Morozane resigned from his position as kampaku. 1095 (Kahō 2, i4th month): Emperor Horikawa paid visits to the Shinto Iwashimizu Shrine and to the Shinto Kamo Shrines. 1095 (Kahō 2, 8th month): The emperor was stricken with intermittent fevers; and he ordered prayers to be offered for his return to good health. After Horikawa recovered his health, he was generous and appreciative to the Buddhist priests who had prayed for his recovery. 1095 (Kahō 2, 11th month): The Buddhist priests of Mt. Hiei came down from their mountain to protest a dispute with Minamoto Yoshitsuna and other government officials which had led to military action and bloodshed. The priests carried a portable shrine as far as the central hall of Enryaku-ji, where a curse was laid on daijō-daijin Fujiwara Moromichi. 1096 (Kahō 3, 9th day of the 11th month): Former-Emperor Shirakawa entered the Buddhist priesthood at the age of 44 and received the Dharma name Yūkan (融観). In 1096, on the occasion of his daughter's death, Shirakawa entered a monastery under the name of Yūkan (融観); and thus, he became a hō-ō (法皇), which is the title accorded to a former emperor who has become a monk. After the death of Emperor Horikawa, Shirakawa's grandson became Emperor Toba. Shirakawa was still alive when Toba abdicated in turn to his son, who became Emperor Sutoku. By the time of his death in 1129, he had ruled as cloistered Emperor for 41 years and through the reigns of three emperors who were effectively little more than figureheads. This emperor's posthumous name comes from Shirakawa-in (白河院), the name of the residence from which he conducted his cloistered rule after abdicating the throne. Another name was Rokujō no Mikado (六条帝, Mikado being an old name for the Emperor of Japan). Kugyō is a collective term for the very few most powerful men attached to the court of the Emperor of Japan in pre-Meiji eras. Even during those years in which the court's actual influence outside the palace walls was minimal, the hierarchic organization persisted. In general, this elite group included only three to four men at a time. These were hereditary courtiers whose experience and background would have brought them to the pinnacle of a life's career. During Shirakawa's reign, this apex of the Daijō-kan included: Kampaku, Fujiwara Norimichi, 997–1075. Kampaku, Fujiwara Morozane, 1042–1101. Sadaijin, Fujiwara Morozane. Udaijin Nadaijin, Fujiwara Moromichi, 1062–1099. Dainagon, Minamoto no Takakuni. Eras of Shirakawa's reign The years of Shirakawa's reign are more specifically identified by more than one era name or nengō. Enkyū (1069–1074) Jōhō (1074–1077) Jōryaku (1077–1081) Eihō (1081–1084) Ōtoku (1084–1087) Ancestry Notes References Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida, eds. (1979). Gukanshō: The Future and the Past. Berkeley: University of California Press. ; OCLC 251325323 Kitagawa, Hiroshi and Burce T. Tsuchida, ed. (1975). The Tale of the Heike. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press. OCLC 164803926 Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon. (1959). The Imperial House of Japan. Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. OCLC 194887 Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Nihon Odai Ichiran''; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon. Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691 Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki: A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns. New York: Columbia University Press. ; OCLC 59145842 See also Emperor of Japan List of Emperors of Japan Imperial cult Emperor Go-Shirakawa Japanese emperors 1053 births 1129 deaths People of Heian-period Japan 11th-century Japanese monarchs 12th-century Japanese people Heian period Buddhist clergy Japanese Buddhist monarchs Japanese retired emperors	[ -0.9770854711532593, 0.2497415393590927, -0.58420330286026, 0.23900948464870453, -1.1163771152496338, 0.5068159699440002, 1.1326930522918701, -0.06134549528360367, -0.6041601300239563, -0.1824602484703064, 0.057994477450847626, -0.09745628386735916, -0.12011828273534775, 0.2870692312717438, -0.21438677608966827, 0.214140385389328, 0.015101378783583641, -0.017021432518959045, 0.07290825247764587, -0.20672576129436493, -0.16531167924404144, 0.09219682961702347, -0.011052770540118217, -0.25152042508125305, 0.6954740881919861, -0.16299115121364594, 0.756575345993042, 0.08010081946849823, -0.5887308716773987, -0.4599043130874634, 0.13870319724082947, 0.30242177844047546, 0.033662065863609314, -0.37739500403404236, -0.32449400424957275, -0.6708785891532898, -0.05105240270495415, -0.07857463508844376, -0.24130935966968536, 0.020962778478860855, -0.3899018168449402, -0.09451388567686081, 0.6026625037193298, 0.20726238191127777, 0.13902924954891205, -0.5822840332984924, -1.7720820903778076, 0.099326953291893, -0.4216090738773346, -0.3277335464954376, -0.07021951675415039, 0.33603477478027344, 0.07065325975418091, 0.3544921875, -0.23537786304950714, 0.42036402225494385, -0.3854336142539978, -0.3297760486602783, -0.4461897015571594, -0.1816484034061432, 0.5005733370780945, -0.4152248799800873, 0.40484586358070374, 0.13288162648677826, -0.11946216225624084, 0.06532922387123108, 0.24431154131889343, 0.3037087619304657, 0.35373902320861816, -0.015149886719882488, 0.06580284982919693, 0.29291990399360657, 0.4736383557319641, 0.6196386814117432, -0.05815759301185608, -1.0459849834442139, -0.0801360011100769, 0.35025709867477417, 0.506288468837738, -0.5109845995903015, -0.36295291781425476, -0.33485427498817444, 0.15684114396572113, 0.19048243761062622, 0.4006148874759674, 0.06264074891805649, 0.19394510984420776, 0.3560679852962494, -0.4044676423072815, 1.047013282775879, -0.06987336277961731, 0.46659260988235474, 0.8511624932289124, -0.0971486046910286, -0.504250168800354, -0.3913428783416748, -0.30758193135261536, 0.34252282977104187, -0.4558633267879486, -0.30592629313468933, -0.31674924492836, 0.34118035435676575, 0.20968885719776154, 0.041623104363679886, -0.8530356884002686, -0.7226869463920593, -0.2284613400697708, 0.06481444090604782, -0.5578902363777161, 0.08474742621183395, -0.058624498546123505, 0.5224037766456604, -0.16879430413246155, -0.10317187756299973, -0.32183000445365906, 0.17223311960697174, 0.1862582415342331, -0.2654431462287903, 0.5001839399337769, 0.035093601793050766, 0.6797780394554138, -0.1309356987476349, -0.14283744990825653, 0.15371736884117126, -0.20355117321014404, 0.08435367792844772, -0.03954419866204262, -0.4562762677669525, -0.01899082213640213, -0.12104995548725128, 0.44855502247810364, 0.7599696516990662, -0.4174920618534088, 0.1911741942167282, 0.34255528450012207, -0.5559459328651428, 0.1352565586566925, 0.11167201399803162, -0.3839428126811981, -0.681997537612915, -1.0489283800125122, 0.01969505473971367, -0.7795969247817993, 0.5060614943504333, 0.11140578985214233, 0.9596127867698669, -0.25520819425582886, -0.298134982585907, -0.42158207297325134, -0.11140406131744385, -0.49022796750068665, -0.024335108697414398, -0.09738846868276596, -0.1822243332862854, -0.2812890112400055, 0.16972209513187408, 0.2830142676830292, -0.6326285004615784, 0.18358303606510162, 0.4726874828338623, 0.05695060268044472, 0.21712076663970947, -0.23972821235656738, 0.02511880360543728, 0.37756314873695374, -0.35209962725639343, -0.03868177905678749, 0.7132275700569153, -0.27328380942344666, -0.5029540657997131, -0.378935843706131, -0.36051589250564575, -0.5906897783279419, -0.7092815637588501, 0.9256277680397034, -0.17291167378425598, 0.6735080480575562, -0.09861590713262558, 0.05306137725710869, -0.18537850677967072, -0.4351944327354431, -0.39921122789382935, -0.10516958683729172, 0.7533563375473022, 0.5649741888046265, 0.3251805603504181, 0.04922337457537651, 0.44997721910476685, 0.6059768795967102, -0.026759514585137367, -0.3798636794090271, -0.3188289701938629, 0.18271656334400177, 0.10658057779073715, 0.5137049555778503, 0.5689621567726135, -0.05655873566865921, 0.045171160250902176, 0.2638170123100281, 0.9253253936767578, 0.361095130443573, -0.542418360710144, 0.10062141716480255, -0.08906888216733932, 0.36854007840156555, 0.5307469367980957, -0.35004886984825134, 0.18323899805545807, 0.38098692893981934, 0.8679264187812805, -0.3155222535133362, 0.030425403267145157, -0.03130566328763962, -0.30596092343330383, -0.0738907903432846, 0.482857882976532, -0.1371822953224182, -0.20017540454864502, 0.19654452800750732, -0.4282114505767822, 0.4605399966239929, 0.40994390845298767, -0.522057056427002, 0.5231384038925171, 0.03546110540628433, 1.474032998085022, 0.0007108572754077613, 0.3905637264251709, -0.5017755031585693, -0.7510337233543396, 0.4055178761482239, -0.146053746342659, 0.009555023163557053, 0.353778600692749, -0.21773092448711395, -0.29951193928718567, 0.05313356593251228, -0.060560502111911774, -0.08052890747785568, -0.24344602227210999, 0.8214040994644165, -0.2000914365053177, 0.4558115005493164, 0.26573753356933594, 0.14040011167526245, 0.23163095116615295, 0.13423746824264526, 0.25852569937705994, -0.9073290824890137, -0.25859534740448, 0.9257673025131226, 0.018728118389844894, 0.29537075757980347, -0.1618691235780716, 0.10416660457849503, -0.6069369316101074, 0.2261570394039154, -0.029950661584734917, -0.35167333483695984, 0.14533378183841705, 0.056838259100914, -0.25120508670806885, 0.5106601119041443, 0.4194992780685425, 0.1178150326013565, -0.15885882079601288, 0.2992856204509735, 0.17743456363677979, 0.08610712736845016, -0.14691667258739471, -0.21182231605052948, -0.23725920915603638, -0.5803310871124268, -0.4872370958328247, 0.18833687901496887, -0.826461672782898, 0.019711889326572418, 0.6993359923362732, 0.08328451216220856, -0.5228633284568787, 0.674582302570343, 0.2885964810848236, -0.657460629940033, -0.4830942153930664, -0.695876955986023, -0.6654052138328552, -0.4263419806957245, -0.4941878020763397, -0.004363549407571554, -0.1637045294046402, -0.054284531623125076, 0.7657368779182434, -0.006798470392823219, -0.274792343378067, 0.06347198784351349, 0.5719005465507507, -0.2639830410480499, -0.3654928505420685, 0.7572667002677917, -0.5179368257522583, -0.6849244832992554, -0.3470746576786041, 0.5285505056381226, -0.02235395275056362, 0.5426134467124939, 0.22524522244930267, 0.018079297617077827, 0.0598173663020134, -5.581182956695557, 0.18802613019943237, -0.08620074391365051, 0.12236154824495316, 0.37205612659454346, 0.5309892296791077, 0.6119440793991089, 0.22190237045288086, 0.43476569652557373, -0.5047860741615295, 0.10407953709363937, 0.15764081478118896, 0.24983280897140503, 0.5606179237365723, 0.04515817388892174, 0.3700316846370697, 0.6825330853462219, -0.211500346660614, 0.2978173792362213, 0.22120220959186554, -0.2955144941806793, -0.4229387640953064, -0.33259347081184387, 1.043879508972168, 0.23689599335193634, 0.6703594923019409, -0.1502586305141449, 0.3006094694137573, -0.3398716449737549, 0.0790112167596817, 0.257712721824646, -0.20111890137195587, -0.07246258854866028, 0.36412179470062256, -0.6389618515968323, -0.37677040696144104, 0.3574264943599701, 0.33445364236831665, 0.3344670534133911, 0.2669125497341156, -0.018758906051516533, -0.5975284576416016, -0.9831414818763733, 0.5923445224761963, 0.2729162275791168, -0.4481491148471832, -0.7983782291412354, 0.32780832052230835, 0.009106612764298916, 0.06285922229290009, 0.046732667833566666, 0.11310534924268723, 0.41455167531967163, -0.3740653991699219, 0.14399319887161255, 0.06413146108388901, -0.08838051557540894, 0.51839679479599, -0.47920289635658264, 0.19240105152130127, 0.47164222598075867, -0.03842133283615112, 0.12218023091554642, -0.12501469254493713, 0.46286535263061523, -0.5357143878936768, 0.34820571541786194, 0.2104572355747223, -0.11709842085838318, 0.5725551843643188, -0.9131201505661011, 0.757377564907074, 0.2988172471523285, -0.842779815196991, 0.4699472188949585, 0.2521783411502838, 0.1411292850971222, 0.3334416151046753, 0.2916916310787201, -0.1099623441696167, -0.3714025318622589, -0.22196315228939056, 0.03836293891072273, 0.6682887673377991, 0.21710386872291565, 0.44107094407081604, 0.2039555162191391, 0.47798511385917664, 0.3503451943397522, 0.43891212344169617, 0.4025968611240387, -0.6308637857437134, -0.2327810823917389, -0.10333480685949326, 0.4502882957458496, -0.056270018219947815, -0.2662760317325592, -0.12651199102401733, 0.594597578048706, -0.019265124574303627, 0.43717920780181885, 0.05282848700881004, -0.8855565190315247, -0.3589199185371399, -0.22425954043865204, -0.3417362868785858, -0.37491002678871155, 0.3725777864456177, 0.3937837779521942, 0.5026640892028809, 0.18451040983200073, -0.5607314109802246, -0.4258257746696472, -0.393453449010849, 1.216818928718567, -0.14441139996051788, 0.012704020366072655, 0.27436649799346924, 0.3672226369380951, 0.09352189302444458, 0.036127377301454544, 0.2805745005607605, -0.7266276478767395, -0.2924315333366394, 0.4358308017253876, 0.7310595512390137, -0.23540322482585907, 0.0833410918712616, -0.4967489242553711, -0.5788130164146423, 0.22417019307613373, 0.02776830457150936, -0.10121572017669678, 0.11766764521598816, 0.6205216646194458, -0.6919804811477661, -0.13119959831237793, -0.6925761103630066, 0.3381938934326172, -0.14380913972854614, -0.5210244655609131, -0.4639516770839691, -0.40205180644989014, 0.08817030489444733, -0.4631856679916382, 0.4756779074668884, -0.09041529893875122, -0.1592605710029602, 0.2439824789762497, 0.4657905101776123, -0.14452917873859406, -1.1133633852005005, 0.24772146344184875, 0.17621953785419464, -0.42235106229782104, 0.6214520931243896, -0.39394184947013855, -0.20883554220199585, -0.33259719610214233, -0.04226517304778099, -0.271390438079834, 0.02748992294073105, -0.7158706188201904, -0.23628777265548706, -0.2969821095466614, -0.21082980930805206, -0.07402421534061432, -0.030273573473095894, -0.1413927972316742, 0.3757952153682709, 0.3948000371456146, -0.3990178406238556, -0.1526775360107422, -0.031049394980072975, 0.8361892104148865, -0.0012814312940463424, 0.11764847487211227, 0.47715479135513306, -0.23634424805641174, -0.5183181166648865, 0.0664733350276947, 0.2610550820827484, -0.8045474290847778, 0.7607977986335754, -0.35744625329971313, -0.058520447462797165, -0.3853752315044403, -0.6774614453315735, -0.6097474694252014, 0.06377730518579483, -0.21196392178535461, -0.22837771475315094, -0.025682413950562477, 0.02563135139644146, -0.5807374119758606, -0.47974950075149536, 0.46970003843307495, -0.1504061073064804, 0.25770917534828186, 0.18288233876228333, -0.2502935826778412, 0.34571370482444763, -0.23185478150844574, -0.23642230033874512, 0.41463375091552734, -0.6171832084655762, 0.5144802927970886, 0.6877363920211792, 0.5313349366188049, 0.34276866912841797, -0.12551532685756683, -0.9069511294364929, -0.41421735286712646, 0.41549667716026306, 0.14057324826717377, -0.04198796674609184, -0.19057489931583405, 0.08023025840520859, 0.11451581865549088, -0.8203564286231995, -0.22489862143993378, 0.25034451484680176, -0.22068025171756744, -0.5762208104133606, -0.30397796630859375, 0.491621196269989, 0.34392228722572327, 0.297715961933136, -0.4447265565395355, -0.45352718234062195, -0.4339033365249634, 0.28174489736557007, 0.29099562764167786, 0.6422956585884094, -0.5019312500953674, 0.3046141564846039, 0.06301509588956833, -0.47969213128089905, 0.40584519505500793, 0.44063061475753784, 0.07778790593147278, 0.9324580430984497, 0.33543381094932556, 0.3279145061969757, 0.23199769854545593, 0.2582608759403229, -0.34479624032974243, 0.1439489722251892, 0.6217052936553955, 0.5320004224777222, -0.04652179777622223, -0.1746254563331604, -0.28494948148727417, -0.3633740246295929, 0.3080597519874573, -1.0510138273239136, 0.2907724976539612, 0.007629104424268007, -0.566502034664154, 0.22249019145965576, -0.1754278540611267, 0.5884122252464294, 0.4508725702762604, -0.20334549248218536, 0.028145410120487213, 0.577570378780365, -0.5000516176223755, 0.4815085530281067, 0.2006959319114685, -0.7541347146034241, -0.8051161170005798, -0.5649412274360657, -0.5322670340538025, 0.5357682108879089, 0.21301060914993286, 0.2798252999782562, -0.5145054459571838, 0.3117848336696625, -0.2177763283252716, -0.16453608870506287, -0.4159552752971649, -0.36172643303871155, -0.09525271505117416, -0.5441570281982422, -0.3113548457622528, -0.6843852400779724, -0.43821656703948975, 0.018155666068196297, -0.21802744269371033, 0.35543712973594666, -0.8890601992607117, -0.18314963579177856, 0.020842108875513077, 0.09677273035049438, -0.46199825406074524, 0.3993365466594696, -0.3380601108074188, 0.004265598487108946, -0.6436115503311157, 0.24473091959953308, -0.32622551918029785, 0.47429800033569336, 0.195337176322937, 0.8268703818321228, 0.1711900532245636, -0.35412082076072693, -0.3894786834716797, 0.027280811220407486, 0.03980472311377525, 0.5930137634277344, 0.25326478481292725, 0.24426844716072083, 0.2956498861312866, 0.29064905643463135, -0.8648808002471924, -0.3281671106815338, 0.13349220156669617, 0.02987591363489628, -0.31928759813308716, -0.33762022852897644, 0.12803611159324646, -0.08432219177484512, -0.09528692811727524, 0.35042649507522583, 0.47414109110832214, 0.005688473582267761, 0.07624834030866623, 0.08600245416164398, 0.2827334403991699, 0.6540156602859497, -0.2325679361820221, -0.13485221564769745, -0.3300487697124481, 0.8206716179847717, -0.4233698844909668, -0.28853875398635864, 0.04877062886953354, -0.8484917283058167, 0.24046067893505096, -0.1647687554359436, 0.6822822690010071, 0.7063016891479492, -0.9085579514503479, 0.265781968832016, -0.17096535861492157, 0.00430808262899518, -0.5438567996025085, -0.05567300319671631, 0.027684926986694336, 0.07528340071439743, 0.4939280152320862, 0.30291518568992615, 0.4919343888759613, -0.44611048698425293, 0.22877302765846252, 0.02793310582637787, 0.3674364686012268, -0.11238764226436615, -0.12111161649227142, -0.5113288164138794, -0.4423966109752655, -0.38006141781806946, 0.2807736098766327, 0.052387796342372894, 0.228510320186615, 0.22563037276268005, -0.06499545276165009, -0.048045385628938675, -0.3014349043369293, 0.06311532855033875, -0.02321450412273407, -0.34998223185539246, -0.043785303831100464, -0.13609634339809418, 0.4944480359554291, 0.7550752758979797, 0.24311238527297974, -0.5856613516807556, 0.1320084035396576, -0.021272050216794014, -0.34798216819763184, 0.11310061067342758, -0.008806044235825539, -0.7380252480506897, 0.06334968656301498, 0.8505706787109375, -0.2828995883464813, 0.5793637633323669, -0.6401727795600891, 0.18829523026943207, -0.22717814147472382, -0.10586124658584595, 0.0394643135368824, 0.39218536019325256, -0.27100643515586853, -0.15132476389408112, -0.28310710191726685, 0.22518540918827057, 0.6034380793571472, 0.2168409526348114, 0.10534930974245071, 0.1262560784816742, -0.11121191084384918, 0.020747285336256027, -0.25796398520469666, 0.5186771750450134, -0.45376431941986084, -0.02097046747803688, -0.06579919159412384, 0.13851743936538696, -0.2795271575450897, -0.1721637099981308, -0.1550617665052414, -0.18138597905635834, -0.6616449952125549, -0.23001797497272491, 0.51544189453125, -0.6963068842887878, -0.18601830303668976, -0.1459706574678421, 0.2544129192829132, -0.17098532617092133, -0.005641628056764603, 0.7628046274185181, -0.1224546954035759, -0.08604735881090164, 0.5965800285339355, 0.2692318260669708, 0.10054749995470047, 0.5253651142120361, -0.45912355184555054, -0.522718608379364, 0.09326587617397308, -0.5396483540534973, 0.400607168674469, -0.011891401372849941, 0.7391687035560608, 0.6847721934318542, -0.1600397676229477, -0.5014341473579407, 0.010058483108878136, 0.21285705268383026, 0.7055356502532959, 0.18183539807796478, -0.5843075513839722, -0.28804758191108704, -0.1006573885679245, -0.6906644701957703, -0.23328354954719543, -0.12288081645965576, 0.8941917419433594, 0.19213393330574036, 0.5744491219520569, 0.04098740220069885, 0.10977645218372345, -0.3083456754684448, 0.204657644033432, -0.4910624325275421, 0.27300289273262024, 0.02923561818897724 ]
202180	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Els%20Segadors	Els Segadors	Els Segadors (; "The Reapers") is the official national anthem of Catalonia, nationality and autonomous community of Spain. History The original song dates in the oral tradition to 1640, based on the events of June 1640 known as Corpus de Sang during the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) between Spain, England, France and Austria, the event that started the Reapers' War or Guerra dels Segadors, also known as the Catalan Revolt, where Catalans fought against the Count-Duke of Olivares, the chief minister of King Philip IV of Spain. The song describes the event, an uprising of peasants due to the large presence of the Royal army in the Principality of Catalonia, as they were required to lodge and provision the troops, creating a large tension and discomfort and leading to episodes such as religious sacrileges, destruction of personal properties, and rape of women by the soldiers. The second part of the song tells the arrival of the rebel reapers in Barcelona, who kill various guards, the royal officers and the viceroy of Catalonia, Dalmau de Queralt, ending with the exhortation to Catalans to take the arms, as they are at war. In the 19th century, the text was compiled in the Romancillero Catalán, a book of folk traditions written by Manuel Milà i Fontanals. The music was standardized by Francesc Alió in 1892. Its modern lyrics were written by Emili Guanyavents, who won a competition convened by the political party Unió Catalanista in 1899, simplifying the text to three verses. At the time, the change of lyrics caused some controversy among conservative elements, as Guanyavents, coming from sectors close to anarchism, gave them a revolutionary tone. Since the beginning of the 20th century, Els Segadors became one of the most relevant symbols of catalanism and Catalonia itself, increasing its popularity during the Second Spanish Republic and the Civil War. Despite an attempt of the Generalitat de Catalunya (Catalan autonomous government) in 1931 to replace it with another song, El Cant del Poble, Els Segadors remained highly popular, treated by Catalan government and population as the national anthem. The dictatorship of Francisco Franco (1939-1975) banned the public use of Catalan national symbolism, among them Els Segadors. Tolerated songs, such as the Virolai or La Santa Espina, were often played in its place to express Catalan identity. After decades used de facto, sometimes alongside the Cant de la Senyera, the Catalan government officially adopted Els Segadors as the national anthem of Catalonia on 25 February 1993, by law of its parliament. The official version was made in 1994. The new Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia of 2006 confirms this decision by its article 8.4. Lyrics Modern lyrics Original lyrics: pre-1899 Recordings and variations Contemporary Catalan composer Jordi Savall made a version of the folk song, using the original narrative (which dates back to the 17th century) combined with the modern lyrics and refrain, which were added later. The song has also been recorded and interpreted by major artists, included on albums such as Traditional Catalan Songs (Victoria de los Ángeles). In October 2017, in the aftermath of the Catalan independence referendum, the American band A Sound of Thunder released a heavy metal variation of the anthem, using a mix of English and Catalan lyrics. See also Catalan nationalism Anthems of the autonomous communities of Spain Gernikako Arbola (anthem) Notes References External links Generalitat of Catalonia: National symbols National anthems Spanish anthems Regional songs Catalonia Catalan culture Catalan-language songs Catalan symbols Reapers' War National anthem compositions in A minor National anthem compositions in E minor National anthem compositions in G minor Anthems of non-sovereign states	[ 0.16126908361911774, 0.4237591326236725, 0.13483838737010956, 0.0017182372976094484, -0.3586685359477997, 0.2842324674129486, -0.3728128969669342, 0.9383575320243835, -0.17612580955028534, -0.35184717178344727, -0.14816999435424805, 0.7136054039001465, 0.0823780968785286, -0.03568499907851219, -0.5232253670692444, 0.7199575901031494, 0.05876884609460831, 0.7926573753356934, -0.29065558314323425, -0.31723514199256897, -0.23500163853168488, 0.016077721491456032, 0.09924807399511337, 0.08525864779949188, 0.11935824900865555, 0.027958257123827934, 0.20752638578414917, 0.44071683287620544, -0.4041309952735901, 0.4458408057689667, 0.6378304362297058, 0.39204683899879456, 0.6812135577201843, -0.46815234422683716, 0.06980022042989731, 0.17295685410499573, -0.2927461266517639, -0.37074190378189087, -0.0047386870719492435, -0.36293843388557434, 0.2260650396347046, -0.5166101455688477, 0.24988548457622528, -0.19054779410362244, 0.20790226757526398, -0.19524912536144257, -0.5498521327972412, 0.5285998582839966, -0.7129063010215759, 0.37463679909706116, -0.7970914840698242, 0.18691173195838928, -0.8258447051048279, 0.8032473921775818, -0.27849969267845154, 0.1482781320810318, -0.504215657711029, 0.0813421756029129, -0.0953112468123436, -0.2801594138145447, 0.2017509490251541, 0.47882652282714844, -0.002670640591531992, -0.08455775678157806, 0.3299803137779236, -0.2974754273891449, 0.25976771116256714, 0.06178447976708412, -0.3794815242290497, -0.8050531148910522, -0.07832372188568115, 0.4843515455722809, -0.5020590424537659, -0.5018320679664612, -0.3820616900920868, -0.3142206370830536, -0.02652350254356861, 0.1213260367512703, -0.36660486459732056, 0.7173819541931152, 0.34875375032424927, -0.35272017121315, 1.1240127086639404, 0.7549393773078918, -0.015310372225940228, -0.036010079085826874, -0.257717490196228, 0.21852652728557587, -0.25605449080467224, 0.6445622444152832, -0.17533588409423828, -0.9558666348457336, 1.252363681793213, 0.06142400577664375, -0.3684256374835968, 0.39757272601127625, 0.5977067947387695, 0.08301501721143723, -0.770043134689331, 0.21372264623641968, 0.20127195119857788, 0.42199450731277466, 0.0905049666762352, -0.6081487536430359, -0.5597661137580872, 0.1840301901102066, -0.3498164415359497, -0.1782870590686798, 0.3016345500946045, -0.4806702136993408, -0.1344679743051529, 0.260201096534729, 0.35816630721092224, 0.4807671904563904, 0.62239670753479, -0.6064496040344238, 0.7951157689094543, -0.19017381966114044, 0.2510061264038086, 0.1912095546722412, 0.34850507974624634, 0.8152551054954529, 0.3723585605621338, 0.3042665719985962, 0.513901948928833, 0.17166122794151306, 0.47195059061050415, 0.2566030025482178, 0.06872400641441345, 0.15296074748039246, 0.6837137341499329, 0.04693416878581047, -0.200343519449234, -0.2869686186313629, -0.13973063230514526, -0.09485812485218048, -0.4047366678714752, 0.08487054705619812, 0.4901476502418518, 0.6525181531906128, -0.9543389081954956, -0.24473808705806732, -0.319293737411499, -0.27259889245033264, 0.3604802191257477, -0.6812888979911804, -0.19980208575725555, -0.05794593319296837, -0.12763768434524536, -0.11167574673891068, 0.6202223896980286, -0.6760544776916504, -0.09036290645599365, -0.0748228132724762, -0.6694974303245544, -0.02847122773528099, -0.06618843227624893, -0.4820895493030548, 0.20398597419261932, 0.6763117909431458, 0.2982538938522339, -0.47915172576904297, -0.018125809729099274, 0.198967844247818, -0.5925548076629639, 0.12265138328075409, 0.24258030951023102, 0.9541720151901245, 0.4938414990901947, -0.2791908383369446, -0.19050224125385284, -0.4854595959186554, 0.6753139495849609, -0.4815794825553894, -0.5784593224525452, -0.04209253937005997, 0.4277985990047455, -0.20759877562522888, 0.025525277480483055, 0.36840683221817017, -0.6261495351791382, -0.07490503042936325, -0.043062902987003326, 0.7948786616325378, -0.11615469306707382, -0.20620863139629364, 0.022798839956521988, -0.06539051979780197, 0.4923440217971802, -0.3017784059047699, -0.7786338329315186, -0.3339347243309021, 0.2862870395183563, -0.4173646867275238, 0.21976765990257263, -0.35973185300827026, -0.47024205327033997, 0.4952297508716583, 0.010920779779553413, 0.22605235874652863, -0.12774658203125, 0.49280256032943726, 1.0616446733474731, -0.029834037646651268, -0.1702217310667038, 0.1625475138425827, 0.17766524851322174, 0.2920123338699341, -0.12937231361865997, 0.17386524379253387, -0.38102996349334717, -0.4084950387477875, 0.23810863494873047, 0.2236609160900116, -0.454490602016449, -0.6465247273445129, -0.2126709520816803, -0.005309147760272026, 0.14688915014266968, 0.30357906222343445, 0.3968738317489624, -0.4290517270565033, -0.4538460969924927, 0.02939004823565483, 0.2629656493663788, 1.1776435375213623, -0.0006326059810817242, 0.27477124333381653, 0.2529575824737549, -0.26187562942504883, 0.21115756034851074, -0.389117032289505, 0.0000141784830702818, -0.18301334977149963, -0.16333571076393127, -0.3609878420829773, -0.17749753594398499, -0.6328732371330261, 0.35109251737594604, -0.4076659381389618, 0.3538556694984436, -0.20784875750541687, 0.017624884843826294, -0.188541978597641, 0.14480571448802948, 0.3387547731399536, -0.5658527612686157, -0.12272204458713531, 0.3425999581813812, 0.19541272521018982, 0.15020492672920227, 0.005398889537900686, -0.19721369445323944, 0.12171177566051483, 0.09067730605602264, -0.1333107203245163, 0.5540918707847595, -0.19526343047618866, 0.27344730496406555, -0.1362055242061615, -0.35678625106811523, -0.555513322353363, 0.8644680380821228, 0.0137099614366889, 0.09240312874317169, -1.0840178728103638, -0.19867995381355286, -0.09557582437992096, 0.030383380129933357, -0.173392191529274, 0.19305320084095, 0.17269480228424072, -0.031396493315696716, -0.16205675899982452, -0.193656325340271, -0.11758193373680115, 0.23652471601963043, -0.5842231512069702, -1.0085854530334473, -0.5856966972351074, -0.10837670415639877, -0.028998496010899544, -0.29613354802131653, -0.15198810398578644, 0.22881872951984406, 0.05968138575553894, 0.6955963969230652, -0.6412094831466675, -0.3914183974266052, 0.2609204649925232, -0.2737971246242523, 0.3273760974407196, 0.21301037073135376, -0.2066412717103958, 0.15683627128601074, -0.4578104019165039, 0.3279147446155548, -0.1542048305273056, 0.24796341359615326, -0.8467126488685608, -0.47783759236335754, -0.01427560392767191, 0.02449912577867508, -0.2092365026473999, 0.6575696468353271, -0.31735897064208984, -0.2213597446680069, 0.4683818817138672, -5.483211040496826, 0.5274702310562134, -0.421174556016922, 0.21091046929359436, -0.39375996589660645, -0.04443949833512306, -0.02398991957306862, -0.5407785773277283, 0.21641525626182556, -0.9267618060112, -0.5337280631065369, -0.4004189968109131, 0.2979833781719208, 0.41087472438812256, -0.18311265110969543, -0.009736575186252594, -0.44978734850883484, -0.357848197221756, 0.5196850895881653, -0.1885533183813095, 0.3453316390514374, -0.4879175126552582, -0.31229299306869507, 0.6383597254753113, 0.5493662357330322, 0.29755109548568726, 0.390455037355423, -0.46365922689437866, -0.6689776182174683, 0.009489346295595169, 0.3078584372997284, -0.4258086085319519, -0.23152929544448853, 0.18912772834300995, -0.024271415546536446, -0.2183862179517746, 0.47795403003692627, -0.045174740254879, 0.5101911425590515, -0.5964657068252563, -0.08818972110748291, 0.346273273229599, -0.21331316232681274, -0.16341820359230042, 0.4124937355518341, -0.01067906804382801, -0.12495816498994827, -0.10424149036407471, -0.5095773339271545, 0.3305150270462036, 0.5270031094551086, -0.6675850749015808, 0.1039479449391365, -0.22786882519721985, -0.23299045860767365, 0.1989399641752243, 0.337266743183136, -0.9278771877288818, -0.31762489676475525, 0.7566021084785461, 0.9462200999259949, -0.14051684737205505, 0.10216205567121506, -0.6178328394889832, -0.2547553479671478, -0.2414419800043106, 0.10549774765968323, -0.361664354801178, 0.7956609129905701, 0.47230982780456543, 0.44168820977211, 0.14953815937042236, -0.45860618352890015, -0.7579772472381592, -0.2379036247730255, 0.35040056705474854, -0.5398657321929932, -0.004562768619507551, 0.17523939907550812, 0.7605286836624146, -0.4195989966392517, -0.5972087383270264, -0.32363221049308777, -0.4416772425174713, -0.23101505637168884, -0.11567270755767822, -0.4321436882019043, 0.5783886313438416, 0.22075185179710388, 0.4163646399974823, 0.8540147542953491, -0.9354608058929443, 0.32166755199432373, 0.7114149332046509, 0.17323672771453857, 0.38320082426071167, -0.006105943117290735, -0.18188048899173737, 0.30028027296066284, 0.6612075567245483, -0.2587069571018219, -0.04557516425848007, 0.5820119976997375, -0.4659513235092163, 0.07923363149166107, 0.2749934792518616, 0.1941736340522766, 0.12833274900913239, 0.7172762155532837, -0.7579877972602844, 0.3669431209564209, -0.4783124029636383, -0.03335404396057129, -0.4402109980583191, 0.16887468099594116, -0.9825336337089539, 0.4042693078517914, 0.4615934491157532, 0.3010812997817993, -0.2391396015882492, 0.10736675560474396, 0.2744692265987396, -0.34035587310791016, -0.3247431218624115, -0.5699571967124939, -0.035545580089092255, 0.25631651282310486, 0.39604684710502625, 0.6714128851890564, -0.429460346698761, -0.12247193604707718, -0.14867442846298218, 0.7267447113990784, 0.4730547368526459, 0.3349686563014984, -0.014045924879610538, -0.6084516048431396, -0.6170395016670227, 0.4556034207344055, -0.6847614049911499, 0.29987192153930664, -0.3211198151111603, 0.3168627917766571, -0.5722922086715698, 0.8532600998878479, 0.3319840133190155, -0.14726124703884125, -0.7372729778289795, -0.8959320187568665, 0.4244992733001709, 0.8672342300415039, 0.43125399947166443, 0.42571988701820374, -0.7480334639549255, -0.06957682222127914, 0.22372673451900482, -0.19092684984207153, -0.01701965555548668, -0.31258726119995117, -0.04835105314850807, 0.4838632345199585, -0.40221184492111206, -1.1673673391342163, 0.04527342692017555, 0.32769691944122314, -0.29733479022979736, -0.47239723801612854, -0.22805634140968323, 0.006848602555692196, 0.5344883799552917, -0.09510473906993866, -0.3556844890117645, -0.24084192514419556, 0.274715781211853, 0.026992270722985268, -0.8684107661247253, -0.13183528184890747, -0.10423954576253891, -0.5577548742294312, 0.18221469223499298, -0.6699313521385193, 0.11166074126958847, 0.07961380481719971, 0.2206813544034958, 0.05043982341885567, -0.27253207564353943, -0.3664615750312805, 0.14784246683120728, -0.20331239700317383, 0.18872487545013428, -0.22604532539844513, 0.11773943156003952, 0.11814185976982117, -0.2785322666168213, -0.7455307841300964, -0.1884227842092514, -0.1630220115184784, 0.4437732994556427, -0.4172939956188202, -0.33730950951576233, 0.02467442862689495, 0.04792100563645363, -0.30587586760520935, -0.40182575583457947, -0.2505926489830017, -0.44888806343078613, 0.9098724722862244, -0.012354818172752857, -1.2266379594802856, 0.12041392922401428, -0.8278036713600159, -1.110101580619812, -0.017875870689749718, 0.8032397031784058, -0.18164493143558502, -0.4685386121273041, 0.03477637097239494, -0.32195809483528137, -0.6106653213500977, -0.544098973274231, 0.25250551104545593, -0.041991494596004486, -0.08867847174406052, 0.9702906012535095, -0.4843571186065674, 0.3312438428401947, 0.2055283486843109, -0.7015525698661804, 0.6520897150039673, -0.5266990065574646, -0.012599530629813671, 0.5678161978721619, 0.22239072620868683, 0.7342774868011475, -0.20062698423862457, 0.2682086229324341, -0.5100643038749695, 0.024555981159210205, -0.5263039469718933, 0.555212140083313, 0.38164976239204407, 0.1786830723285675, -0.020504973828792572, -0.12565410137176514, 0.26037442684173584, 0.49890685081481934, 0.06969404965639114, -0.0908043384552002, -0.17177711427211761, 0.23974043130874634, -0.1276700794696808, 0.1794118583202362, -0.17737381160259247, 0.1879664659500122, 0.7137321829795837, -0.4501185417175293, -0.1747436672449112, 0.3399622142314911, 0.3219631612300873, 0.248318150639534, 0.3763069212436676, -0.05152998864650726, -0.16656795144081116, 0.3673984110355377, 0.16603489220142365, 0.44618117809295654, -0.0033030433114618063, -0.46015822887420654, 0.5303137302398682, 0.6318110823631287, -0.012499713338911533, -0.06994165480136871, 0.1318996548652649, 0.5612443089485168, -0.482467383146286, -0.09794129431247711, -0.012040129862725735, -0.29606616497039795, 0.022847553715109825, -0.022564077749848366, -0.7348191142082214, 0.37911301851272583, 0.014662852510809898, -0.13451236486434937, -0.23428915441036224, -0.49292510747909546, -0.001270896289497614, 0.4730771481990814, 0.020875319838523865, 0.3108372390270233, -0.18798135221004486, 0.40065789222717285, 0.20344969630241394, 0.3931220769882202, -0.06320828199386597, -0.047113995999097824, 0.3033670485019684, 0.40303561091423035, 0.03857528790831566, 0.21754126250743866, -0.5982561111450195, 0.13110899925231934, 0.3082716166973114, -0.025691553950309753, -0.05676989257335663, 0.04226449504494667, 0.2927470803260803, -0.3745196461677551, -0.7906168103218079, -0.20285725593566895, -0.45835840702056885, -0.019337613135576248, -0.26324954628944397, 1.0177347660064697, -0.5495771765708923, 0.22577029466629028, 0.5643810629844666, -0.3446134924888611, 0.0211112629622221, 0.7700269222259521, 0.3118651509284973, -0.3390158414840698, 0.5367956161499023, 0.18268193304538727, -0.23326851427555084, 0.25006309151649475, 0.34473419189453125, -0.39323627948760986, 0.6047192215919495, 0.1556330770254135, 0.23448534309864044, 0.07781420648097992, -0.7179445028305054, 0.759114682674408, -0.5458448529243469, -0.5990252494812012, -0.11904036998748779, -0.9026077389717102, -0.044133592396974564, 0.2832842171192169, 1.0926743745803833, 0.05265306681394577, -0.5024117231369019, -0.18120233714580536, 0.29555439949035645, -0.1342511624097824, 0.09143155068159103, 0.4054802358150482, 0.19906045496463776, -0.025263281539082527, 0.1556549370288849, 0.17570161819458008, 0.37306588888168335, -0.5030624270439148, 0.6795150637626648, 0.2967301607131958, 0.34005290269851685, 0.27741727232933044, -0.42553576827049255, 0.3950244188308716, -0.1517881155014038, -0.056735605001449585, 0.6322168707847595, -0.6102567911148071, -0.8523298501968384, -0.01313108205795288, 0.6944073438644409, 0.2471635788679123, -0.3535316288471222, -0.2698375880718231, -0.39143067598342896, 0.07948654890060425, -0.9676898121833801, -0.14520208537578583, -0.23386982083320618, 0.11425076425075531, 0.06130821257829666, 0.6996884942054749, 0.1445491760969162, 0.1015549823641777, -0.06521431356668472, 0.112779900431633, -0.39662447571754456, -0.41652119159698486, -0.45528024435043335, -0.18237262964248657, 0.2765982449054718, -0.34321510791778564, -0.00880990270525217, 0.2665954828262329, 0.0705685093998909, -0.2301379293203354, 0.4767763614654541, -0.24400344491004944, 0.4765726923942566, -0.0032872394658625126, -0.7173569202423096, 0.8541134595870972, 0.545488715171814, -0.20320487022399902, 0.560538113117218, 0.3480655550956726, 0.28854018449783325, -0.28084737062454224, -0.3172430992126465, -0.26082584261894226, -0.0083977822214365, -0.38074415922164917, 0.023038728162646294, 0.16941794753074646, 0.6659218072891235, -0.12067169696092606, -0.10487405210733414, 0.8583012819290161, -0.5380667448043823, -0.3405520021915436, 1.044418454170227, -0.23532108962535858, 0.09733404964208603, -0.8953405022621155, 0.3666689693927765, 0.029006319120526314, -0.09225592762231827, 0.7539046406745911, 0.4946986436843872, 0.18192923069000244, 0.5951327085494995, 0.07978014647960663, -0.716048002243042, 0.12177015095949173, -0.510554850101471, 0.18799588084220886, -0.19037555158138275, 0.1722472757101059, -0.9254621863365173, -0.29196083545684814, 0.4331401288509369, -0.09228009730577469, -0.2945947051048279, -0.3633491098880768, 0.32746997475624084, -0.2331721931695938, 0.35605576634407043, -0.5306556224822998, 0.2829457223415375, 0.11368852108716965, -0.21505896747112274, 0.08330123871564865, -0.6094509363174438, 0.45928043127059937, 0.4173015356063843, -0.3452003300189972, 0.8398444056510925, 0.23091743886470795, 0.5315011739730835, -0.6741907000541687, 0.17475762963294983, -0.35218361020088196, 0.11601186543703079, -0.2918771505355835 ]
202190	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uda	Uda	Uda or UDA may refer to: UDA UD Almería, a Spanish football club Unión Deportivo Ascensión, a Peruvian football club Ulster Defence Association, a loyalist paramilitary organisation in Northern Ireland Union des artistes, a Quebec actors' union Union for Democratic Action, an American political organization United Democratic Alliance (disambiguation), various political parties Urban Development Authority, a department of the Ministry of Urban Development (Sri Lanka) University of Atacama () UDA Holdings, a Malaysian holding company Places Uda, Argeș, a commune in Argeș County, Romania Uda, Nara, a city in Japan Uda District, Nara, Japan Uda District, Wuhai, Inner Mongolia, China Uda, a village in Tătăruși Commune, Iași County, Romania Rivers Uda (Khabarovsk Krai), a river in the Russian Far East, flowing into the Sea of Okhotsk Uda (Selenga), a tributary of the Selenga in Buryatia, Russia Uda River (Uda), a river in Japan; see Shibuya River Uda, the name for the upper course of the river Chuna in Irkutsk Oblast, Russia Uda, another name for the river Udy, a tributary of the Donets in Ukraine People Emperor Uda (866–931), Emperor of Japan Uda (surname), a surname Other uses Uda language, a language of Nigeria Uda-class oiler, a class of oilers built for the Soviet Navy Uda sheep, a breed of sheep	[ 0.4148896038532257, -0.13439804315567017, -0.21167334914207458, -0.2604203224182129, -0.4979150593280792, 0.3904849588871002, -0.09606634080410004, 0.07402542233467102, -0.29217764735221863, -0.13998474180698395, -0.3490094542503357, -0.15491126477718353, -0.4303209185600281, 0.7113906741142273, 0.11388390511274338, 0.7200567126274109, 0.02625218592584133, 0.5803468227386475, 0.09646096080541611, -0.06875710934400558, -0.11888472735881805, 0.2651427686214447, 0.32218238711357117, -0.04999294504523277, 0.45253199338912964, 0.06107024475932121, 0.5380108952522278, 0.08926234394311905, -0.4390753507614136, 0.2001427412033081, 0.4238129258155823, 0.4538538157939911, 0.17116516828536987, -0.034425582736730576, -0.11089114844799042, -0.04891097545623779, -0.24897173047065735, -0.19398105144500732, 0.01227489858865738, -0.8263018131256104, -0.3172370493412018, -0.49684861302375793, 0.3041446805000305, 0.44889208674430847, -0.12037207186222076, -0.26933735609054565, -1.3420978784561157, 0.6667536497116089, -0.8545947670936584, 0.5416945815086365, -0.4367416501045227, -0.051362697035074234, 0.19696736335754395, -0.3704468309879303, -0.13763020932674408, 0.23720188438892365, -0.43422064185142517, 0.04630713164806366, 0.06697607785463333, -1.1406540870666504, 0.5673805475234985, 0.3878178298473358, 0.1784340739250183, 0.2189023643732071, 0.26315125823020935, -0.05054333806037903, -0.13105347752571106, -0.13375170528888702, -0.8374460339546204, -0.5962953567504883, -0.18310917913913727, 0.10307474434375763, -0.31310340762138367, 0.07207915186882019, -0.43175268173217773, -0.7565096616744995, -0.26597991585731506, 0.2616141438484192, -0.19109764695167542, 0.33925530314445496, 0.32035455107688904, -0.22573688626289368, 0.7855770587921143, 0.19023415446281433, 0.4724908173084259, -0.02107100374996662, -0.5991989970207214, -0.159864604473114, -0.44053930044174194, 0.24270693957805634, -0.028579136356711388, -0.24309460818767548, 0.6610565185546875, 0.05834890156984329, -0.5180529356002808, -0.046537499874830246, 0.18898779153823853, 0.1278085559606552, 0.06615250557661057, -0.16976460814476013, -0.3681758642196655, 0.05268852785229683, 0.3304324448108673, -0.13164067268371582, -0.8817296028137207, -0.201294407248497, -0.7057681679725647, 0.02317431941628456, -0.2394285351037979, -0.1456945836544037, -0.42414602637290955, 0.40945330262184143, 0.4241759181022644, -0.03861142694950104, 0.6302515864372253, -0.07742778956890106, -0.005202651955187321, -0.08416596055030823, 0.22106897830963135, 0.030797865241765976, 0.010623262263834476, 0.9086886048316956, -0.2480914145708084, 0.49075040221214294, 0.23780351877212524, 0.07408852875232697, 0.5371753573417664, -0.07206462323665619, -1.1147433519363403, 0.24995703995227814, 0.5610257387161255, 0.5347445607185364, -0.30403921008110046, 0.4519276022911072, -0.40173858404159546, -0.2033594697713852, 0.0018806981388479471, -0.23831644654273987, 0.8038562536239624, 0.003978240303695202, -1.2010868787765503, 0.09927570819854736, -0.5723256468772888, -0.12627647817134857, 0.568922221660614, -0.18121159076690674, 0.13607414066791534, -0.0793674886226654, -0.3597290813922882, -0.3203120231628418, -0.01595401205122471, -0.26569533348083496, -0.2912557125091553, 0.508611798286438, -0.062258075922727585, 0.4401755928993225, 0.4405970871448517, -0.7180366516113281, 0.706753134727478, 0.44012534618377686, 0.01438922993838787, 0.3605576753616333, 0.05526743456721306, 0.5727832317352295, -0.09609370678663254, -0.4454120099544525, -0.4313257038593292, 0.2673466205596924, -0.31952905654907227, -0.30060169100761414, -0.47219428420066833, 0.15911482274532318, 0.20703205466270447, -0.10819530487060547, 0.07600746303796768, 0.36680611968040466, 0.15478092432022095, -0.02610965259373188, 0.5810086727142334, 0.4240245521068573, -0.6768708229064941, -0.16388262808322906, -0.12080197036266327, 0.6922538876533508, -0.24678146839141846, 0.03531121090054512, 0.42299458384513855, -0.05383671820163727, 0.37188056111335754, 0.38734954595565796, -0.5126615762710571, -0.20027773082256317, -0.528616726398468, -0.1278371661901474, 0.5110311508178711, 0.17118781805038452, -0.40815576910972595, 0.7319319844245911, 0.06668989360332489, 0.7619773745536804, -0.22752948105335236, -0.06465648114681244, 0.31962889432907104, -0.586219072341919, -0.19612866640090942, 0.02116110920906067, 0.09546404331922531, 0.26166561245918274, 0.11232578009366989, 0.4381774961948395, 0.2978351414203644, -0.6443789601325989, 0.2933964431285858, 0.09268654137849808, 0.5143243074417114, -0.0035428297705948353, -0.8391433358192444, -0.02318747527897358, 0.04574138671159744, 0.07461981475353241, 0.565393328666687, -0.24048151075839996, -0.27376142144203186, 0.36917904019355774, 0.05095228552818298, 0.3588026762008667, 0.0773671567440033, 0.5067036151885986, 0.35971978306770325, -0.9546611309051514, 0.33680206537246704, 0.16815528273582458, 0.03283015638589859, -0.1195593997836113, 0.46917012333869934, -0.2768821120262146, 0.07055545598268509, -0.22715646028518677, 0.40069231390953064, -0.14003469049930573, 0.14786817133426666, 0.09713055938482285, 0.08494463562965393, -0.1154421791434288, 0.6600158214569092, -0.15089714527130127, 0.1325947642326355, -0.06112967059016228, -0.30585139989852905, 0.25035130977630615, 0.04303673282265663, 0.20773765444755554, -0.015899276360869408, -0.08444187790155411, -0.03110640123486519, -0.17076438665390015, 0.2890327572822571, -0.04966641589999199, -0.4253852665424347, -0.4784848392009735, -0.7840852737426758, 0.1565028727054596, -0.21283340454101562, 0.1407681256532669, 0.4484487771987915, -0.05936930328607559, -0.5337135791778564, -0.3409882187843323, 0.35289430618286133, 0.1408132165670395, 0.05602835491299629, 0.22878149151802063, -0.23939485847949982, -0.02645593136548996, -1.148038387298584, -0.6061811447143555, 0.13771018385887146, 0.35298871994018555, -0.7235727906227112, -0.8073334097862244, -0.07708822935819626, 0.06666283309459686, 0.339487761259079, -0.6666058301925659, -0.34753894805908203, 0.006467137485742569, 0.1906360387802124, -0.007254763972014189, -0.6036877632141113, -0.20928029716014862, -0.0876019299030304, 0.09980951994657516, 0.19623379409313202, 0.13671356439590454, 0.004385901149362326, -0.2231631726026535, 0.19762755930423737, 0.13287906348705292, -0.04637427255511284, -0.26052045822143555, -0.592228353023529, 0.23476579785346985, -0.05922196805477142, 0.13166548311710358, 0.5150853395462036, -0.09009566158056259, -0.07130734622478485, 0.33589887619018555, -5.94599723815918, -0.040017835795879364, -0.0971962958574295, 0.37534916400909424, 0.3079640567302704, -0.1261991560459137, 0.4356105923652649, -0.24022094905376434, -0.3314175009727478, -0.6227412223815918, -0.17033931612968445, 0.01554259005934, 0.14551591873168945, -0.03899218887090683, 0.3624797761440277, 0.5253770351409912, 0.77353835105896, 0.6687396764755249, -0.01538171712309122, 0.3035717010498047, -0.30990728735923767, 0.04279743880033493, -0.27169278264045715, 1.0013785362243652, 0.04199433699250221, 0.2800423800945282, 0.021342674270272255, -0.30468642711639404, -0.6662126183509827, -0.7875440716743469, -0.12370818853378296, 0.40149515867233276, 0.000026610528948367573, 0.33770352602005005, -0.3404586613178253, 0.05953001230955124, 0.5851694345474243, 0.2611086666584015, -0.23431362211704254, -0.23296791315078735, 0.13285519182682037, 0.4606667459011078, 0.22680407762527466, -0.7066693305969238, -0.18213750422000885, -0.15806621313095093, -0.7900684475898743, 0.2903493642807007, -0.31977227330207825, 0.44984909892082214, 0.08874534070491791, -0.4187745153903961, 0.8125847578048706, 0.30664148926734924, -0.21480579674243927, 0.1469111293554306, 0.42545443773269653, 0.14948566257953644, 0.44960856437683105, 0.6337481141090393, 0.458911657333374, -0.44403886795043945, -0.10046984255313873, -0.8577308058738708, -0.4317488372325897, 0.14364789426326752, 0.011956756934523582, 0.1368144303560257, 0.38935762643814087, 0.4901386499404907, -0.3223010003566742, 0.07681235671043396, -0.35420504212379456, -0.9508624076843262, -0.40208178758621216, -0.6171604990959167, 0.05171822011470795, -0.29043322801589966, -0.09153931587934494, 0.611965000629425, -0.6494023203849792, 0.14102239906787872, 0.07839340716600418, -0.2531774640083313, -0.41022881865501404, -0.42832136154174805, 0.5917425751686096, 0.6661601662635803, -0.06276735663414001, 0.4206218421459198, 0.17561665177345276, -0.15044307708740234, 0.5044537782669067, 0.3868514597415924, 0.364531546831131, 0.1885671615600586, -0.06059114634990692, -0.1313484162092209, 0.1632339358329773, -0.3649628758430481, 0.6512829661369324, -0.18983010947704315, 0.055746402591466904, -0.005131713580340147, 0.12745271623134613, 0.2936905026435852, -0.10454375296831131, 0.09641578048467636, 0.5719623565673828, -0.018104763701558113, 0.2999340295791626, -0.10383857786655426, 0.17003099620342255, -0.6968643069267273, 0.5191747546195984, -0.0816332995891571, -0.11116008460521698, 0.42436423897743225, 0.11862292885780334, 0.15210184454917908, -0.12045035511255264, 0.35624217987060547, -0.6868993043899536, 0.13237151503562927, 0.05221441760659218, -0.13246306777000427, 0.05785650759935379, 0.25732293725013733, 0.4695628881454468, -0.06290493160486221, 0.53633713722229, -0.11326022446155548, 0.3663408160209656, 0.017728343605995178, -0.038010917603969574, -0.16337940096855164, -0.23582948744297028, -0.3352009952068329, -0.13404487073421478, -0.28094246983528137, -0.1150779202580452, -0.2235473096370697, -0.200857013463974, 0.06597738713026047, 0.2962951362133026, 0.4076061248779297, -0.363775372505188, 0.17843280732631683, -0.1617409586906433, 0.4149472415447235, 0.15435691177845, -0.4247495234012604, 0.296306848526001, -0.5787665247917175, -0.25963935256004333, -0.3557634949684143, -0.18791405856609344, 0.20329120755195618, 0.4030163288116455, -0.516150951385498, 0.24045495688915253, -0.3876926004886627, -0.7952595949172974, -0.06550249457359314, 0.300534188747406, -0.0246364027261734, 0.2662048935890198, -0.6843243837356567, -0.019161265343427658, 0.3684200048446655, -0.1913047879934311, -0.2254513055086136, -0.38796913623809814, -0.317709743976593, 0.022735638543963432, -0.03728517144918442, 0.12192808836698532, 0.46632182598114014, 0.10353818535804749, -0.042018573731184006, -0.050718456506729126, 0.45365026593208313, -0.051668308675289154, 0.5624063014984131, 0.21112008392810822, -0.22175900638103485, -0.36090245842933655, 0.09571803361177444, -0.39119285345077515, -0.1492096483707428, 0.09092191606760025, 0.4485343396663666, 0.5316413640975952, 0.046248167753219604, -0.21671563386917114, -0.4116189777851105, -0.199395552277565, 0.4465048909187317, -0.2691262662410736, -0.41563689708709717, 0.41678473353385925, 0.18063697218894958, -0.5388767123222351, -0.0063756974413990974, -0.11935167759656906, -0.14601770043373108, 0.675081193447113, -0.12791018187999725, -0.42356082797050476, -0.4067133963108063, -0.4077332317829132, -0.8005759119987488, -0.5751433372497559, 0.14283443987369537, -0.5111705660820007, -0.031528353691101074, 0.06984443962574005, -0.5482263565063477, -0.11936252564191818, -0.3894997835159302, -0.3046480715274811, -0.3429938852787018, 0.0765422135591507, 0.5471637845039368, -0.30886396765708923, 0.17880314588546753, 0.3308161795139313, -0.9548128843307495, 0.15314771234989166, 0.18844754993915558, -0.19094011187553406, 0.2736249268054962, -0.10764440149068832, 0.0017918632365763187, -0.19779399037361145, 0.14967285096645355, 0.4128837287425995, -0.23959699273109436, -0.12001229077577591, 0.26685863733291626, -0.1291840523481369, 0.8822590112686157, -0.03754577413201332, -0.708778440952301, 0.09472674131393433, 0.04513469338417053, -0.056517161428928375, 0.051345113664865494, -0.5097748637199402, 0.2585403621196747, 0.6322697997093201, 0.06314575672149658, -0.2337869256734848, -0.028777603060007095, 0.8501706719398499, -0.7305793166160583, 0.2590465545654297, -0.2794498801231384, -0.03845592588186264, 0.3563886284828186, -0.23392795026302338, 0.09984105080366135, -0.10250302404165268, 0.13781826198101044, 0.07256466895341873, 0.045397572219371796, -0.5269500613212585, -0.3741254508495331, 0.34967026114463806, -0.5917231440544128, -0.2190784513950348, 0.2483597993850708, 0.9945106506347656, 0.6410346031188965, 0.5604517459869385, -0.48496726155281067, -0.05358967185020447, -0.4217733144760132, 0.17669852077960968, 0.04314393550157547, -0.7335080504417419, 0.08889190107584, 0.2275238335132599, -0.262493759393692, 0.18959879875183105, -0.735133707523346, -0.03148410841822624, 0.5359122157096863, -0.7346660494804382, -0.38415274024009705, -0.16207261383533478, -0.24997510015964508, 0.23101794719696045, 0.3699035048484802, -0.5616400837898254, 0.024159301072359085, 0.2693774998188019, -0.32108232378959656, -0.23093128204345703, 0.08808218687772751, -0.5874194502830505, 0.47316086292266846, -0.005933641456067562, 0.23270416259765625, 0.37035101652145386, -0.04488244280219078, 0.19064362347126007, -0.5943609476089478, -0.07816189527511597, -0.5085534453392029, 0.4801478981971741, -0.5329886078834534, 0.7775837182998657, 0.42289528250694275, -0.3027292788028717, 0.5150039196014404, 0.20598100125789642, -0.11408787220716476, 0.24482813477516174, 0.016016662120819092, 0.7844421863555908, 0.2634263336658478, 0.2617523670196533, 0.5025419592857361, 0.5151824355125427, 0.15886197984218597, 0.07731461524963379, -0.3713369369506836, 0.6439287662506104, 0.3733571469783783, 0.16220270097255707, -0.05040440335869789, -0.48935630917549133, 0.3484105169773102, -0.4053345322608948, -0.324198842048645, 0.15752847492694855, -0.5900841951370239, -0.2537039518356323, 0.32962051033973694, 0.39776018261909485, 0.7000681757926941, -0.36666473746299744, -0.04141663759946823, 0.12249992787837982, -0.09091461449861526, 0.07398927956819534, 0.1394430696964264, 0.0708206295967102, 0.3600192368030548, -0.22819016873836517, -0.0638636127114296, 0.0139480484649539, 0.17400287091732025, -0.020657630637288094, 0.22097820043563843, 0.019236331805586815, -0.1868337094783783, 0.09223353117704391, -0.077584408223629, -0.38367629051208496, 0.061412498354911804, 0.1597825586795807, -0.17431561648845673, -0.21253998577594757, -0.3573814630508423, -0.2823556065559387, -0.6985697150230408, -0.108054019510746, 0.2739793658256531, 0.4241040349006653, 0.068746417760849, -0.26362013816833496, 0.05395844951272011, 0.15148241817951202, -0.1240580603480339, 0.7480249404907227, 0.4756969213485718, -0.20268313586711884, 0.3515315055847168, -0.4086141586303711, 0.1127413660287857, 0.29739779233932495, -0.44042447209358215, 0.32344433665275574, -0.26709821820259094, -0.08455915749073029, 0.2955617904663086, 0.23402410745620728, 0.23823150992393494, 0.0020176817197352648, -0.18667244911193848, -0.5484991669654846, 0.23324327170848846, 0.3236132860183716, 0.02839028276503086, -0.3454606831073761, 0.7064629793167114, 0.6045728921890259, -0.04810173436999321, -0.08330640941858292, -0.1577986776828766, 0.15153998136520386, -0.16870379447937012, -0.05602871626615524, 0.1940688043832779, -0.7668216228485107, 0.11205378919839859, -0.41666388511657715, 0.7151385545730591, 0.5487716197967529, -0.5781860947608948, -0.02988595888018608, 0.7966189384460449, -0.5739803314208984, 0.19713419675827026, 0.7491921782493591, -0.5290531516075134, 0.30330100655555725, -0.4510233700275421, 0.04911649972200394, -0.09904201328754425, 0.10027381777763367, 0.7094096541404724, -0.2524298131465912, -0.31698885560035706, 0.5712273716926575, 0.5092616677284241, -1.2055590152740479, 0.26628926396369934, 0.19802173972129822, -0.314508855342865, -0.4126773476600647, 0.17622405290603638, -0.9312289953231812, -0.017212769016623497, 0.05751520395278931, 0.36119410395622253, 0.1814139485359192, -0.5630298852920532, -0.06787586957216263, 0.09163854271173477, 0.3414529860019684, -0.5092450380325317, 0.21510657668113708, 0.02242683432996273, -0.259392112493515, -0.1488054096698761, -0.3196341395378113, 0.7673323154449463, 0.3147757351398468, -0.1666378378868103, 0.5127091407775879, 0.35470765829086304, 0.23418395221233368, -0.12268080562353134, -0.10295084863901138, -0.4177130460739136, -0.10093037039041519, 0.10934382677078247 ]
202192	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arvid%20Horn	Arvid Horn	Count Arvid Bernhard Horn af Ekebyholm (6 April 166418 April 1742) was a Swedish general, diplomat and politician, a member of the noble Horn family. He served twice as President of the Privy Council Chancellery (1710–1719 and 1720–1738) and was one of the leading figures of the Swedish Age of Liberty. Soldier and diplomat Arvid Bernhard Horn was born at Vuorentaka Manor in Halikko (now Salo, Finland). He was the son of Gustaf Horn af Kanckas (1627–1673) and his wife Anna Helena von Gertten (1640–1709). After completing his studies at the Royal Academy of Turku, he entered the Royal Swedish Army and served for several years in the Netherlands, in Hungary under Prince Eugene of Savoy (1663–1736), and in Flanders under Prince Georg Friedrich of Waldeck (1690–1695). Horn stood high in the favour of King Charles XII of Sweden and was one of his foremost generals in the earlier part of the Great Northern War, being the captain lieutenant over the Drabant Corps since 1696. In 1704 he was entrusted with his first diplomatic mission, the deposition of Augustus II, Elector of Saxony and the election of King Stanislaus I, King of Poland. This mission. he accomplished with distinguished ability but absolute unscrupulousness. Shortly afterwards he was besieged by Augustus in Warsaw and compelled to surrender. Politician In 1705 Horn was made a Privy Councillor and in 1706 a count. In 1708, he was given oversight of Charles XII's nephew, Charles Frederick, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp (1700–1739), who was under the guardianship of his grandmother Hedwig Eleonora of Holstein-Gottorp (1636–1715) following the death of his mother Hedvig Sophia of Sweden (1681–1708). In 1710 Horn succeeded Nils Gyldenstolpe as President of the Privy Council Chancellery. Transferred to the central point of the administration, he had ample opportunity of regarding with other eyes the situation of the kingdom, and in consequence of his remonstrances he fell rapidly in the favour of Charles XII. Both in 1710 and 1713 Horn was in favour of summoning the Estates, but when in 1714 the diet adopted an anti-monarchical attitude, he gravely warned and ultimately dissolved it. In Charles XII's later years Horn had little to do with the administration. After the death of Charles XII, in 1718 it was Horn who persuaded Princess Ulrika Eleonora of Sweden (1688–1741) to be elected Queen of Sweden after she had agreed to renounce the powers of absolute monarchy established by her father, King Charles XI. However, he later protested against the queen's autocratic behaviour and resigned from the Privy Council. President of the Privy Council Horn was elected lantmarskalk, for the Caps Party (Mössorna) at the Riksdag of 1720, and contributed, on the resignation of Ulrika Eleonora, to the election of Frederick of Hesse as king of Sweden, whose first act was to restore to him to the Privy Council and as President of its Chancellery, in effect as Prime Minister. For the next eighteen years he so absolutely controlled both the foreign and the domestic affairs of Sweden that the period between 1720 and 1738 has well been called the Horn period. Horn's strong hand kept the inevitable strife of the parliamentary factions within due limits, and it was entirely owing to his provident care that Sweden so rapidly recovered from the wretched condition in which the wars of Charles XII had plunged her. In his foreign policy Horn was extremely wary and cautious, yet without compromising either the independence or the self-respect of his country. He was, however, the promoter of a new principle of administration which in later days proved very dangerous to Sweden under ministers less capable than he was. This was to increase the influence of the Riksdag of the Estates and its secret committees in the solution of purely diplomatic questions, which should have been left entirely to the executive, thus weakening the central government and at the same time facilitating the interference of foreign Powers in Sweden's domestic affairs. Not till 1731 was there any appearance of opposition to Horn's "system"; but Horn, piqued by the growing coolness of the king, the same year offered his resignation, which was not accepted. In 1734, however, the opposition denounced his neutrality on the occasion of the War of the Polish Succession, when Stanislaus I of Poland again appeared upon the scene as a candidate for the Polish throne; but Horn still was able to prevent a rupture with Russia. Henceforth he was accused of want of patriotism, and in 1738 was compelled at last to retire before the triumphant young Hats Party (Hattarna). For the remainder of his life, Horn lived in retirement at his estate at Ekebyholm Manor (Ekebyholms slott) at Norrtälje. Notes References 1664 births 1742 deaths People from Salo, Finland Swedish generals Lord Marshals of the Riksdag of the Estates Members of the Privy Council of Sweden Swedish counts Swedish military personnel of the Nine Years' War Swedish military personnel of the Great Northern War 18th-century Swedish politicians Governors of Västerbotten County Age of Liberty people Caroleans Swedish-speaking Finns	[ -0.7108926773071289, 0.7594870328903198, 0.5444841384887695, -0.07110452651977539, -0.6183857917785645, 0.8570054769515991, 0.7606980800628662, -0.6828146576881409, -0.6927359104156494, -0.18797734379768372, 0.19116517901420593, 0.22453461587429047, -0.7560244798660278, 0.15128983557224274, 0.043900277465581894, -0.05630858987569809, 0.4016123116016388, 0.22912733256816864, -0.9741321802139282, -0.21446110308170319, -0.031809449195861816, -0.4464881718158722, 0.4831329882144928, 0.29819703102111816, 0.5485363602638245, 0.17597582936286926, 0.011460686102509499, 0.5590459108352661, 0.6161150932312012, 0.10325906425714493, 0.0876503437757492, 0.8072603344917297, 0.1900862753391266, -0.07784242928028107, -1.302064061164856, 0.22092366218566895, -0.44715484976768494, -0.5369833707809448, 0.21607378125190735, 0.8672700524330139, -0.3229239583015442, 0.46695590019226074, -0.51701420545578, -0.02894502878189087, -0.34554505348205566, -0.9100877046585083, -1.6825742721557617, 0.39147576689720154, -0.413465291261673, -0.24090568721294403, -0.17246049642562866, -0.1749373823404312, -0.05586486682295799, 0.5427873730659485, -0.049456462264060974, -0.29121553897857666, -0.6442623138427734, -0.2099735587835312, 0.027316266670823097, 0.024036604911088943, 0.4848427474498749, -0.01139152329415083, 0.4579233229160309, -0.19435946643352509, 0.44291794300079346, -0.11916714161634445, 0.2368869036436081, 0.06571803987026215, 0.3364205062389374, -0.19193029403686523, -0.20326608419418335, 0.6768333911895752, 0.08134786039590836, 0.03017134964466095, 0.7385334372520447, -0.30369579792022705, 0.04530240222811699, 0.5211167335510254, 0.322178453207016, -0.41052496433258057, 0.05328221246600151, -1.0503833293914795, 0.9377281069755554, -0.05544237047433853, 0.13968293368816376, -0.13793231546878815, -0.21202386915683746, 0.2441117912530899, -0.4476255178451538, -0.427318274974823, -0.01570248417556286, -0.6825545430183411, 0.1853478103876114, 0.44324401021003723, 0.20657578110694885, 0.3346361517906189, 0.18235746026039124, 0.3934881091117859, -0.4318024814128876, 0.16280557215213776, 0.33012279868125916, 0.39175790548324585, 0.2382250428199768, -0.11967328190803528, -0.10578635334968567, -0.1692884862422943, 0.04451392590999603, -0.03609808161854744, -0.9314948916435242, 0.31643393635749817, -0.6167668104171753, -0.10611851513385773, -0.10623989254236221, -0.2332291305065155, -0.23777836561203003, 0.6158439517021179, 0.32622256875038147, -0.45395514369010925, -0.18438923358917236, -0.05680513009428978, -0.25685468316078186, 1.16114342212677, -0.29585254192352295, 0.24932995438575745, -0.2595762014389038, -0.2242419421672821, -0.3292277157306671, 0.3867468535900116, -0.42474138736724854, 0.5965497493743896, 0.21925009787082672, 0.7050380110740662, -0.5656524896621704, 0.17525409162044525, -0.4570160508155823, 0.07387903332710266, 0.3052806854248047, 0.16269509494304657, -0.33310213685035706, 0.28979775309562683, -0.870488166809082, -0.5034952759742737, -0.33097413182258606, -0.12940359115600586, 0.1565226912498474, -0.06626229733228683, -0.5023103356361389, -0.4090975522994995, -0.09265884757041931, -0.14122232794761658, -0.04778657481074333, -0.03717333450913429, 0.20384575426578522, -0.48018786311149597, -0.42100590467453003, 0.757707953453064, 0.08114898949861526, 0.25626641511917114, 0.27335628867149353, 0.5135012865066528, 0.7842071652412415, 0.004536467604339123, -0.7048087120056152, -0.4157995581626892, -0.05896953120827675, -0.06574523448944092, -0.026333190500736237, 0.07494768500328064, -0.25173476338386536, -0.319671630859375, -0.5085998773574829, -0.3124002516269684, 0.1934606432914734, 0.24294210970401764, 0.19779589772224426, 0.6373594403266907, 0.03728582710027695, -0.53529292345047, 0.0056643118150532246, -0.16806094348430634, -0.7263404726982117, -0.6087333559989929, 0.3843097686767578, -0.3611140847206116, 0.5115892291069031, 0.4457707107067108, 0.16270048916339874, -0.13358919322490692, 0.7755130529403687, -0.7758150100708008, -0.35583484172821045, -1.0814651250839233, 0.6431654095649719, 0.3968810737133026, 0.8437203764915466, 0.2097155898809433, -0.04527342692017555, 0.33703988790512085, 0.223858043551445, 0.6791608929634094, -0.2053515762090683, -0.688971996307373, 0.33821988105773926, 0.05109221115708351, 0.8987334370613098, 0.4017314314842224, 0.1585691124200821, -0.33799007534980774, 0.06085902824997902, 0.8634481430053711, 0.3462716341018677, -0.6639194488525391, 0.2422657459974289, 0.4374788999557495, 0.16979214549064636, -0.05150048807263374, -0.4095032215118408, -0.55832439661026, 0.13715951144695282, 0.01908695511519909, 0.5594490766525269, 0.21470284461975098, -0.03135814517736435, 1.2533490657806396, -0.44103574752807617, 0.8547809720039368, 0.22536858916282654, 0.7037587761878967, -0.36178168654441833, -0.6211270093917847, 0.5925151109695435, -0.1023576632142067, 0.4517248272895813, -0.32298544049263, 0.2976062595844269, 0.06869714707136154, 0.07183370739221573, 0.4040556848049164, 0.2672240138053894, -0.46085596084594727, 0.1640596240758896, 0.5507881045341492, -0.5653873682022095, 0.27061453461647034, 0.37504902482032776, 0.9267179369926453, -0.4561607837677002, -0.3203989267349243, -0.027324896305799484, -0.6890621185302734, 0.04843059927225113, 0.09535780549049377, -0.14360114932060242, -0.07340021431446075, 0.06828435510396957, -0.34978577494621277, 0.5245968103408813, -0.23280075192451477, -0.24996289610862732, 0.1773529350757599, 0.3348235487937927, -0.05339815840125084, 0.35498446226119995, 0.10530032962560654, 0.1036796122789383, -0.053639452904462814, 0.4779159724712372, -0.5763277411460876, 0.35295039415359497, 0.007363900542259216, -0.14006584882736206, -0.27061229944229126, -0.15525516867637634, 0.21279917657375336, 0.17012649774551392, -0.8946279287338257, -0.3576655983924866, -0.17336128652095795, -0.17036743462085724, -0.3345867395401001, -0.015407492406666279, 0.9290821552276611, -0.19586874544620514, -0.3075999915599823, -0.5024347901344299, -0.03997843340039253, -0.43519914150238037, 0.05448425933718681, 0.6536001563072205, 0.11167428642511368, 0.01886787638068199, 0.7828473448753357, -0.38849812746047974, 0.3157423734664917, -0.11804740130901337, 0.24400483071804047, -0.4344061315059662, -0.7378608584403992, 0.4478631019592285, 0.0117756063118577, -0.8033130168914795, 0.3800423741340637, -0.14239971339702606, 0.6388262510299683, -0.433596134185791, -0.11599747836589813, -0.2804596722126007, 0.047572918236255646, -5.219542980194092, -0.214033305644989, 0.015139451250433922, -0.3729509115219116, -0.08549270778894424, 0.5300276875495911, 0.3473331034183502, -0.4975493550300598, 0.6245482563972473, -0.34208762645721436, 0.8982735872268677, 0.1062455028295517, 0.27238380908966064, 0.6524600386619568, 0.8435555696487427, 0.5340914726257324, 0.40407615900039673, 0.16436979174613953, 0.1728833168745041, 0.1125078871846199, 0.3227965831756592, -0.36192700266838074, 0.06425667554140091, 0.2636493444442749, 0.11567787081003189, -0.25254860520362854, -0.26248645782470703, -0.36800071597099304, -0.5821095108985901, -0.41424429416656494, 0.14760440587997437, 0.4001109302043915, -0.1415061205625534, 0.46320706605911255, -0.023669222369790077, 0.222897469997406, 0.5902197360992432, 0.8630107641220093, -0.13890621066093445, -0.03790510073304176, 0.4948694109916687, 0.5575289726257324, -0.14023227989673615, 0.5177369713783264, -0.15201182663440704, -0.27931901812553406, -0.8163161277770996, 0.7328041195869446, -0.6118573546409607, 1.0156917572021484, 0.385881632566452, -0.2539551854133606, -0.23699471354484558, 0.1948038786649704, 0.14235803484916687, 0.10435714572668076, 0.081947460770607, 0.14847955107688904, -0.508689284324646, 0.4787430465221405, 0.1908842772245407, -0.09028246253728867, 0.09089086949825287, -0.1505073457956314, -0.23699863255023956, 0.23787133395671844, 0.2971111238002777, 0.04714449867606163, 0.43191444873809814, -0.6706247925758362, 0.4865212142467499, 1.3517112731933594, 0.024512337520718575, -1.1274538040161133, 0.07555417716503143, -0.5838280916213989, -0.380901575088501, 0.05025067180395126, -0.5695708990097046, -0.6024370193481445, -0.15354284644126892, -0.37673550844192505, -0.01563987508416176, 0.7026511430740356, 0.6472839713096619, -0.3576071262359619, -0.2779751121997833, -0.49322986602783203, -0.10314289480447769, -0.752495288848877, -0.031636543571949005, -0.9215109348297119, -0.005244169384241104, 0.5211477279663086, -0.39300769567489624, 0.31488102674484253, -0.5217682123184204, 0.28345343470573425, 0.22805923223495483, 0.117540642619133, 0.443758100271225, 0.1543009728193283, -0.36034348607063293, -0.4186036288738251, -0.06006619706749916, 0.23860810697078705, -0.038569945842027664, 0.22419190406799316, 0.9378505945205688, 0.20788118243217468, 0.048507723957300186, 0.5308324098587036, -0.03878345340490341, -0.7946574687957764, 0.26814910769462585, -1.1108721494674683, 0.015885235741734505, 0.866606593132019, 0.5643799901008606, -0.4373823404312134, -0.48065805435180664, 0.07182205468416214, 0.17695504426956177, -0.25328612327575684, 0.08461833000183105, 0.078414686024189, -0.3399173617362976, -0.4484198987483978, -0.4079631567001343, 0.11669682711362839, -0.38497546315193176, 0.6232923269271851, -0.21703635156154633, 0.09770437330007553, -0.07500525563955307, -0.9854187369346619, -0.2223273366689682, 0.08210055530071259, 0.27872684597969055, -0.4843147099018097, 0.21871274709701538, -0.6367872357368469, -0.0840841606259346, 0.20230719447135925, -0.7135630249977112, -0.132037952542305, 0.0373656265437603, 0.23977316915988922, -0.555616557598114, 0.649126410484314, -0.9256344437599182, -0.059562746435403824, 1.0734466314315796, -0.326619416475296, -0.3525892496109009, -0.11128118634223938, -0.20850230753421783, 0.34302985668182373, -0.5059633255004883, -0.3872143030166626, -0.14947855472564697, -0.35767725110054016, -0.955492377281189, -0.1961197853088379, -0.036073096096515656, 0.15867935121059418, -0.855076253414154, -0.06726410984992981, -0.15236631035804749, 0.7340810894966125, 0.21808530390262604, -0.7780411243438721, -0.6107316017150879, -0.013650238513946533, -0.2955806255340576, -0.3051798343658447, 0.3164964020252228, 0.1259942650794983, -0.07299426198005676, 0.12085560709238052, -0.040936995297670364, 0.4061805009841919, -0.24508090317249298, 0.6436927914619446, 0.7025015354156494, -0.35619881749153137, -0.5804286599159241, -0.5651769042015076, 0.2402079999446869, -0.5908207893371582, -0.26178839802742004, -0.12540939450263977, -0.02859167940914631, 0.015226475894451141, 0.03321065753698349, -0.31927186250686646, -0.1257110983133316, -0.40219029784202576, -0.3967151939868927, -0.11028911918401718, 0.45662999153137207, 0.0176700446754694, -0.4183827042579651, 0.11268965154886246, 0.05899381265044212, -0.849897027015686, 0.058871228247880936, 0.1766488403081894, 0.17012260854244232, 0.8423805236816406, -0.6600726246833801, -0.6968004703521729, -0.2737634479999542, 0.6675553917884827, -0.572501540184021, -0.12571114301681519, 0.6433926820755005, 0.1320323497056961, -0.7127225995063782, -0.4318774342536926, -0.9911319613456726, -0.9988787174224854, -0.7527614831924438, -0.3532429337501526, -0.5456612706184387, 0.35626235604286194, 0.23626630008220673, 0.414778470993042, 1.1904867887496948, -0.1103927344083786, 0.21064803004264832, -0.15107381343841553, -0.10774499922990799, 0.8045072555541992, -0.2639283537864685, 0.062155429273843765, -0.09892743825912476, 0.28735414147377014, -0.033913616091012955, 0.6065067052841187, 1.0879064798355103, 1.090484857559204, 0.2761659026145935, 0.013791520148515701, 0.006279777269810438, -0.3666122257709503, 0.006634469609707594, -0.28548571467399597, 0.38403692841529846, 0.19713300466537476, 0.028303835541009903, -0.2102597951889038, 0.050762839615345, -0.025626905262470245, 1.3296672105789185, 0.057211581617593765, 0.49030035734176636, 1.0997451543807983, -0.008610336109995842, 0.2471899539232254, -0.3655518889427185, 0.7617654800415039, -0.04959927871823311, -0.22045522928237915, 0.1587468832731247, 0.5445283651351929, -0.640493631362915, -0.15708491206169128, 0.11971695721149445, 0.09286405146121979, -0.337642103433609, -0.8542224764823914, 0.044452887028455734, 0.2601781189441681, -0.32012394070625305, 0.12084297835826874, 0.3291490972042084, -0.05001324042677879, 0.6349111795425415, 0.20769262313842773, -0.9068440794944763, -0.31407177448272705, 0.19478146731853485, -0.7682011127471924, -0.34745553135871887, -0.6037448644638062, -0.6014174818992615, -0.3080544173717499, -0.032372549176216125, 0.24687564373016357, -0.32451340556144714, 0.2378341108560562, -0.1789921075105667, 0.5534632205963135, 0.21639078855514526, 0.35158562660217285, -0.16308848559856415, 0.946821928024292, -0.30087706446647644, 0.04410436004400253, -0.1925199180841446, 0.2799873948097229, 0.5560749173164368, -0.5159496068954468, 0.07768502086400986, 0.6567113995552063, -0.03311527892947197, 0.05201547220349312, -0.4198499023914337, -0.41484254598617554, 0.43811750411987305, -0.47426360845565796, -0.19106583297252655, 0.4227057695388794, -0.6768040657043457, -0.41143324971199036, 0.4081983268260956, -0.332243949174881, -0.09743453562259674, -0.3065454363822937, 0.3776102066040039, 0.12505348026752472, -0.025150664150714874, 0.037679579108953476, -0.14175724983215332, 0.332366406917572, 0.3303586542606354, 0.29602178931236267, 0.19316500425338745, -0.04787331447005272, -0.5618870854377747, -0.14622487127780914, -0.42653852701187134, 0.7780306339263916, -0.30310359597206116, 0.6215628981590271, -0.11200873553752899, -0.8641803860664368, -0.13796699047088623, 0.3516788184642792, -0.28178098797798157, 1.0675594806671143, -0.5609560012817383, 0.0937567725777626, -0.22241725027561188, 0.031737592071294785, -0.06189238652586937, 0.3685075342655182, 0.08413361012935638, 0.1477576643228531, -0.0786263570189476, -0.256974458694458, 0.2926887571811676, -0.6171950697898865, -0.4328598380088806, 0.14860741794109344, 0.5345793962478638, -0.16463251411914825, -0.30495837330818176, -0.008538777008652687, 0.014074915088713169, -0.9674493074417114, 0.9492906332015991, 0.45291802287101746, -0.303842693567276, -0.2978714406490326, -0.08636536449193954, -0.15082760155200958, 0.8735767006874084, -0.027041327208280563, -0.21744832396507263, -0.7280979156494141, 0.03646257147192955, 0.20404867827892303, -0.05407131463289261, 0.39314529299736023, 0.7118027806282043, -0.15458644926548004, 0.29410624504089355, 0.22204707562923431, -0.7343500852584839, 0.6849546432495117, 0.2381962537765503, -0.6955122351646423, -0.17531664669513702, -0.30188244581222534, -0.14985185861587524, 0.49964818358421326, -0.19007429480552673, -0.44827699661254883, 0.5329998135566711, -0.43131837248802185, -0.04109063372015953, 0.21775764226913452, -0.8716039061546326, -0.1762763410806656, 0.21783706545829773, 0.5565780401229858, 0.254110723733902, -0.6070210933685303, -0.5243561863899231, 0.5168562531471252, 0.0459374263882637, 0.15109799802303314, 0.010718688368797302, 0.33877483010292053, 0.04483163356781006, 0.41040340065956116, -0.3045898973941803, 0.41188570857048035, 0.0050596981309354305, -0.06207389384508133, -0.35125449299812317, 0.407206654548645, 0.08645344525575638, -0.35414430499076843, 0.6872694492340088, -0.48937612771987915, -0.19762183725833893, -0.27448761463165283, 0.052581679075956345, -0.2014908790588379, -0.27803510427474976, -0.4317234456539154, 0.06389036774635315, -0.10751926153898239, -0.12170346081256866, -0.26388421654701233, 0.26853787899017334, 0.8445407748222351, 0.16354936361312866, -0.4270172119140625, -0.4283822178840637, -0.4745601713657379, -0.10177920013666153, -0.8448300957679749, 0.6021804809570312, 0.2891978919506073, 0.8621565699577332, -0.4640962481498718, 0.08457864075899124, -0.31003648042678833, -0.043361350893974304, 0.10156802088022232, 0.02274816296994686, 0.5598162412643433, 0.061412420123815536, -0.6590275764465332, -0.12809011340141296, 0.5532104969024658, 0.5034447312355042, -0.356393426656723, 0.6372135281562805, -0.8114007711410522, 0.1658734530210495, 0.021080290898680687, -0.32521378993988037, -0.07323750108480453, 0.163482204079628, -0.3450945317745209 ]
202194	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin%20Lane%20Crothers	Austin Lane Crothers	Austin Lane Crothers (May 17, 1860 – May 25, 1912), was an American politician and a member of the United States Democratic Party, was the 46th Governor of Maryland in the United States from 1908 to 1912. Early life and career Crothers was born near Conowingo in Cecil County, Maryland, the eighth son of Alpheus and Margaret Crothers. He was raised on his father's farm, spending much of his life there. Educated at West Nottingham Academy, he spent several years in the work force, first as a store clerk, then as a public school teacher. He was inspired to become a lawyer, and graduated from the University of Maryland Law School in 1890. He practiced law in Elkton until becoming the State's Attorney for Cecil County, a post he held from 1891 to 1895. In 1897, Austin Crothers was elected to the Maryland State Senate as a Democrat, replacing his brother Charles C. Crothers. During the session of 1900, he became his party's leader in the Senate after becoming chairman of the Senate Finance Committee. He was re-nominated for the 1901 election, but was defeated by the Republican Henry M. McCullough. Crothers continued to act as party leader in Cecil County, but still failed another re-election attempt in 1905. In 1906, Governor Edwin Warfield appointed Crothers to succeed the late Judge Edwin H. Brown as an associate judge for the Second Judicial Circuit, which included Cecil County. However, he refused to run for a second term, and instead ran for governor in 1907. Despite being a relative unknown, Crothers was elected into office. Governor of Maryland Crothers' tenure as governor was notable for its reform aspects. He created the State Roads Commission in 1908 to improve Maryland's road system; he pushed through a Corrupt Practices Act to create more accountability for campaign funds; and he supported the direct election of U.S. Senators (though that actually passed into law after his term). Crothers also pushed for the creation of the Public Service Commission and the State Bank Commissioner. He supported pure food laws, better care for the mentally ill, and increased taxes for collateral inheritance and automobile licenses. He tried to reform the Baltimore Board of Police Commissioners, initiating an extensive investigation that led to charges against them. Crothers removed the three supposedly corrupt members and tried to fill their posts with chosen replacements while the originals awaited trial. However, the Maryland Court of Appeals determined that the governor did not have such power, neither to remove them or replace them before their time in court. Crothers still tried to bring the charges against them, but nothing came of it. Crothers also supported the 1910 Digges Amendment to the Maryland Constitution, which would have used property qualifications to disenfranchise African Americans. He also barely refrained (following a public outcry) from supporting a bill which would have effectively passed the bill's requirements into law even before the people ratified it. The Amendment was rejected by the people of Maryland. Crothers's actions led to some problems with Maryland's other politicians, including members of his own party, near the end of his time as governor. Crothers was sick when he left office in 1912, and eventually died at his nephew's home in Elkton on May 25 of that year. References Crothers, Austin Lane (1860–1912)– also known as Austin L. Crothers at The Political Graveyard External links Governors of Maryland Maryland state senators 1860 births 1912 deaths People from Elkton, Maryland University of Maryland Francis King Carey School of Law alumni Maryland Democrats Democratic Party state governors of the United States West Nottingham Academy alumni 19th-century American politicians	[ -0.5431675314903259, 0.07091827690601349, -0.48820924758911133, 0.1703297346830368, -0.09025146067142487, 0.3742903769016266, 0.3529811501502991, 0.15764525532722473, -0.41014158725738525, -0.38992780447006226, 0.26347893476486206, 0.6396856904029846, -0.4295727014541626, 0.5188680291175842, -0.2042369544506073, 0.510475754737854, 0.08193539083003998, 0.08676213026046753, -0.14286750555038452, 0.07413139194250107, -0.22633326053619385, -0.28106823563575745, 0.4274284243583679, 0.1308876872062683, -0.4188990294933319, 0.082411028444767, -0.12145135551691055, -0.045740123838186264, 0.20344765484333038, -0.10995020717382431, -0.18492966890335083, 0.6666449308395386, 0.3690682053565979, 0.23090602457523346, -0.7529771327972412, -0.2918364107608795, -0.006166967563331127, -0.5454647541046143, 0.5419942140579224, 0.3034483790397644, -0.478419691324234, -0.21716554462909698, 0.29155558347702026, -0.317941278219223, 0.032960787415504456, -0.6864075660705566, -1.4919363260269165, -0.05321953445672989, -0.6090831160545349, -0.4356873631477356, -0.41421106457710266, 0.35370108485221863, -0.23653142154216766, 0.1840549111366272, 0.12555387616157532, 0.1735081970691681, -0.35967302322387695, -0.5126044154167175, 0.019198989495635033, -0.20906133949756622, 0.23315507173538208, -0.20381760597229004, 0.674036979675293, 0.19395536184310913, -0.06368273496627808, -0.1263817548751831, -0.2115575522184372, 0.33505839109420776, -0.3474080562591553, 0.18791308999061584, -0.3213167190551758, 0.7393231987953186, 0.5564402341842651, 0.7622102499008179, 0.4131413996219635, -0.34287676215171814, -0.13656063377857208, -0.02704533003270626, 0.0047639221884310246, -0.02154838852584362, -0.14145015180110931, -0.3867093324661255, 0.7632142901420593, 0.6293390989303589, -0.04965495690703392, 0.20601126551628113, -0.7717174887657166, 0.27673932909965515, -0.10653048753738403, -0.15641483664512634, -0.9252505302429199, 0.03895680978894234, 0.30311498045921326, 0.08709292113780975, -0.5455676317214966, -0.845038115978241, 0.6751874089241028, 0.2484896332025528, -0.2296695113182068, -0.38668733835220337, -0.19722062349319458, 0.19834685325622559, 0.16694870591163635, 0.263392835855484, -0.457365483045578, 0.21610495448112488, -0.09383556991815567, 0.007206295616924763, -0.40950632095336914, 0.013050105422735214, -0.7324582934379578, 0.35747870802879333, 0.12404868006706238, -0.358803391456604, -0.2495286613702774, 0.16408222913742065, 0.5230554342269897, -0.6395029425621033, -0.21569275856018066, -0.33487996459007263, -0.5833123326301575, 0.023564165458083153, 0.1903536021709442, -0.09945628046989441, -0.5787746906280518, 0.2218368500471115, -0.0797634944319725, 0.18795804679393768, 0.12067358940839767, 0.5405000448226929, 0.6474849581718445, 0.3886207342147827, -0.4120056629180908, 0.03328535333275795, -0.4605112373828888, -0.22852042317390442, -0.051728662103414536, -0.13429659605026245, 0.021557511761784554, 0.05692370608448982, -0.05752738192677498, -0.3667292594909668, -0.3000589907169342, -0.31363895535469055, -0.09613904356956482, -0.2519490420818329, 0.20541425049304962, 0.21665336191654205, -0.2577901780605316, 0.07113517075777054, 0.42201370000839233, 0.38245314359664917, 0.0662531778216362, -0.13475137948989868, -0.021197428926825523, 1.0705682039260864, 0.28822559118270874, -0.0823911651968956, 0.18994615972042084, 0.7307662963867188, -0.09115660935640335, 0.2358914315700531, -0.2205677479505539, -0.4014696478843689, 0.35009151697158813, -0.14443042874336243, 0.2968585193157196, -0.5222054123878479, -0.10419832915067673, -0.006902663968503475, -0.5088945627212524, 0.09254852682352066, 0.2564169466495514, -0.16299916803836823, -0.1336372196674347, 0.2897108197212219, 0.9777191877365112, -0.1548594981431961, 0.07202371209859848, -0.38566064834594727, -1.0392906665802002, -0.1331198811531067, 0.4705016016960144, 0.4988785684108734, -0.020548339933156967, -0.05006309598684311, 0.30888041853904724, -0.8033698201179504, 0.49247944355010986, -0.8039693236351013, 0.06732270866632462, -0.8847336173057556, 0.05757920816540718, -0.09417395293712616, 0.5627462267875671, 0.16686475276947021, -0.36371517181396484, 0.21716426312923431, 0.17708411812782288, 0.21828749775886536, 0.016179926693439484, -0.4128793776035309, 0.05949622020125389, -0.49150586128234863, 0.10015353560447693, 0.4850315451622009, 0.1279504895210266, -0.11655104905366898, -0.3137648105621338, 1.0360966920852661, 0.2767822742462158, -0.4750449061393738, -0.21676325798034668, 0.5113887190818787, -0.27020591497421265, -0.4395904242992401, -0.26773425936698914, -0.36545926332473755, 0.43872198462486267, -0.3260602653026581, 0.5829939246177673, 0.4672662317752838, -0.270192414522171, 1.0321778059005737, -0.11619259417057037, 0.44746822118759155, -0.25492164492607117, 0.10377884656190872, -0.5657411813735962, -0.6397219896316528, -0.0557219460606575, -0.2343229055404663, 0.005945067852735519, -1.2333160638809204, 0.4796452224254608, 0.5904695987701416, -0.1762111932039261, -0.1569524109363556, 0.47942060232162476, -0.5036951303482056, 0.01757834106683731, 0.40312066674232483, -0.23546378314495087, 0.12941713631153107, 0.024312037974596024, 0.2023433893918991, -0.34028738737106323, -0.3887772262096405, -0.4292645752429962, -0.45926451683044434, 0.5908429622650146, 0.28026658296585083, 0.6175289154052734, -0.08753794431686401, 0.35896408557891846, -0.13459770381450653, 0.18633760511875153, -0.3461918234825134, -0.09454129636287689, 0.33925536274909973, -0.24800318479537964, 0.22000344097614288, 0.16204380989074707, -0.02391979657113552, 0.049617085605859756, 0.22872228920459747, -0.314868688583374, -0.6639825701713562, -0.7811750769615173, -0.28101035952568054, 0.422347754240036, 0.037979479879140854, 0.07105724513530731, 0.3818451762199402, 0.6833988428115845, 0.017725730314850807, -0.3551010489463806, 0.26768019795417786, -1.250061273574829, -0.6009573340415955, 0.4892125427722931, 0.997439980506897, -0.3691003620624542, 0.1706903874874115, 0.05390682443976402, -0.8547114729881287, -0.023693209514021873, -0.24147756397724152, 0.033549338579177856, -0.17378342151641846, 0.040292661637067795, 0.7079094052314758, -0.49785521626472473, 0.5463922023773193, -0.22256352007389069, 0.6561388373374939, 0.07950300723314285, -0.5305647253990173, 0.4198029041290283, -0.6308300495147705, -0.6208652257919312, 0.5180732607841492, 0.10741522163152695, -0.12723617255687714, 0.22427521646022797, -0.09490273892879486, -0.2930823266506195, -0.3099125623703003, -5.396250247955322, 0.025453059002757072, -0.4372784495353699, -0.48944300413131714, 0.4487917125225067, 0.20350277423858643, 0.0005158815183676779, -0.19728168845176697, 0.040142517536878586, 0.03162723779678345, 0.7216501235961914, 0.25824105739593506, -0.1708860546350479, 0.5278502106666565, 0.6996758580207825, 0.12691885232925415, 1.2922706604003906, -0.5937660932540894, 0.39745622873306274, 0.4723232388496399, -0.23012128472328186, -0.4569392800331116, 0.19449830055236816, 0.3250714838504791, 0.2499975860118866, -0.05395910143852234, -0.21297307312488556, 0.4072129428386688, -0.11022855341434479, -0.27299806475639343, -0.014579318463802338, 0.5218600034713745, -0.10934831202030182, 0.12310395389795303, 0.13094907999038696, -0.20115536451339722, 0.09370370209217072, 0.38415858149528503, -0.015519323758780956, -0.34379661083221436, 0.2381906509399414, 0.07196701318025589, -1.2858927249908447, -0.026141369715332985, -0.20171956717967987, -0.6139923930168152, 0.005324484780430794, 0.42755934596061707, -0.45037928223609924, 0.6278620958328247, 0.6104032397270203, 0.39641037583351135, 0.27977705001831055, 0.6970700621604919, 0.46342551708221436, -0.2819817364215851, 0.09510722756385803, 0.20720471441745758, -1.1866661310195923, 0.19501753151416779, 0.16475974023342133, -0.7355776429176331, -0.17674694955348969, -0.16941498219966888, -0.4131220281124115, -0.3594997525215149, -0.202323317527771, 0.2816045582294464, 0.06093265488743782, -0.18070200085639954, 0.054075177758932114, 0.7934677600860596, 0.26087620854377747, -0.9786023497581482, 0.6147811412811279, -0.36413121223449707, -0.3671873211860657, -0.08332160860300064, -0.7270233035087585, -0.3927494287490845, 0.0958494246006012, 0.060136035084724426, 0.4784882664680481, 0.9794923663139343, 0.6224914193153381, -0.16506823897361755, 0.1520703285932541, 0.6373599171638489, -0.2869615852832794, -0.5354729890823364, 0.05265515670180321, -0.20954163372516632, 0.38600653409957886, 0.13929378986358643, 0.015663687139749527, 0.04042288288474083, 0.11225292086601257, 0.4525987505912781, 0.29250869154930115, -0.4603739082813263, -0.22978267073631287, 0.13536959886550903, -0.6015235781669617, -0.6304701566696167, -0.16012555360794067, 0.23203611373901367, -0.022335907444357872, 0.2631402313709259, 0.7434497475624084, 0.15485553443431854, -0.32358258962631226, 0.25103798508644104, -0.5569413900375366, -0.7269718050956726, 0.24776960909366608, -0.34919631481170654, 0.17446240782737732, -0.06331358850002289, 0.8499245643615723, 0.4126873016357422, 0.01021116878837347, 0.4032959043979645, 0.2505183517932892, -0.027873672544956207, 0.01244295947253704, -0.049875516444444656, 0.7050800323486328, -0.3490707576274872, -0.24570070207118988, 0.21093519032001495, 0.2966229319572449, 0.6770818829536438, 0.04225100204348564, 0.2954851984977722, -0.3509438633918762, -0.1870541125535965, 0.4054999053478241, -0.16052620112895966, -0.524272620677948, -0.2676834166049957, 0.23875989019870758, -0.2613673508167267, -0.08681190013885498, -0.1220049187541008, 0.12175366282463074, -0.15070950984954834, 0.17786070704460144, 0.21504536271095276, -1.0429811477661133, 0.5223633646965027, -0.7761203646659851, -0.3515409529209137, -0.17000146210193634, -0.5173191428184509, 0.10818450152873993, -0.0618676021695137, -0.10852907598018646, -0.246902197599411, -0.07444432377815247, -0.1577240228652954, 0.005354444496333599, 0.44764697551727295, -0.7962730526924133, -0.2542787790298462, -0.22100970149040222, 0.32102537155151367, -0.7775328159332275, 0.20915697515010834, -0.4383191764354706, 0.6787771582603455, 0.08394873887300491, -0.4222242534160614, -0.5436143279075623, 0.0421917587518692, 0.25908520817756653, -0.22067593038082123, -0.4257637858390808, 0.3752884268760681, 0.16283133625984192, 0.03700161725282669, 0.10487409681081772, 0.05609574913978577, -0.5086855888366699, -0.8318966031074524, 0.5909247398376465, -0.7449963092803955, -0.7441404461860657, -0.3400534391403198, -0.1793174296617508, 0.2927241623401642, -0.18162164092063904, -0.44861966371536255, 0.11354949325323105, 1.125824213027954, 0.044024158269166946, 0.2087993323802948, 0.3461635410785675, -0.018168790265917778, -0.15986953675746918, -0.6984810829162598, -0.3523580729961395, -0.11430786550045013, 0.2250198870897293, -0.03945765644311905, -0.510436475276947, -0.4826076924800873, -0.012303496710956097, -0.018365267664194107, 0.03531517833471298, 1.1480236053466797, -0.08346792310476303, -0.4391622841358185, 0.20095320045948029, 0.18171542882919312, 0.07211561501026154, 0.20602263510227203, 0.14307531714439392, 0.6196500658988953, -0.47620704770088196, -0.5709336996078491, -0.43945831060409546, -0.20951978862285614, -0.17880983650684357, -0.1602398157119751, -0.5976321697235107, -0.05148996040225029, 0.42891204357147217, -0.10595094412565231, 1.1048654317855835, 0.14253078401088715, -0.30605998635292053, -0.2701149880886078, 0.050941359251737595, 0.6294569969177246, 0.06685218960046768, -0.1349516063928604, 0.4707874059677124, 0.5075088739395142, -0.8100578188896179, 0.06151231378316879, 0.42921626567840576, 1.830551028251648, 0.07908426970243454, -0.28469666838645935, -0.09605295211076736, 0.2051592618227005, 0.3244742751121521, 0.04387468844652176, -0.2666133940219879, 0.39375588297843933, 0.3895668685436249, 0.3218599557876587, -0.6699637174606323, 0.2527141869068146, 0.4244712293148041, -0.05094270780682564, 0.2404443919658661, 0.35016289353370667, 0.46689656376838684, -0.023842982947826385, -0.34993302822113037, 0.034713443368673325, 0.03187127411365509, 0.0564388670027256, -0.15377631783485413, 0.05376935005187988, 0.2349528670310974, 0.24901553988456726, 0.5949781537055969, -0.481843501329422, -0.529284656047821, -0.3565324544906616, -0.5125142335891724, 0.4300924241542816, -0.4300888478755951, 0.12882991135120392, 0.0540190152823925, -0.5185678005218506, 0.23686346411705017, -0.17538389563560486, -0.9889997243881226, -0.14394550025463104, -0.23019486665725708, -0.13554412126541138, -0.13496047258377075, -0.6487718820571899, -0.24971909821033478, -0.20939435064792633, -0.17325742542743683, -0.6639914512634277, 0.03560085967183113, 0.6554691195487976, -0.535629391670227, -0.44293928146362305, -0.7200444340705872, 0.6129501461982727, 0.20920594036579132, 1.044739007949829, -0.13067980110645294, 0.00014713486598338932, -0.792951762676239, 0.8220770359039307, 0.011692643165588379, -0.04843519628047943, -0.364874005317688, -0.5657021403312683, -0.2160642147064209, -0.4175194501876831, -0.45009610056877136, 0.07824642211198807, 0.4627460241317749, -0.23413917422294617, 0.6779792308807373, 0.6417662501335144, -0.789833128452301, -0.21538777649402618, 0.7422849535942078, -0.017665011808276176, -0.6994116306304932, 0.08025810122489929, -0.541520357131958, 0.39775723218917847, 0.34981170296669006, -0.11479302495718002, 0.17195828258991241, 0.9818093180656433, 0.059296030551195145, 0.4019913077354431, 0.16308440268039703, 0.4644440710544586, -0.18216745555400848, -0.28551816940307617, -0.6593956351280212, 0.9369788765907288, 0.038082677870988846, 0.051817815750837326, 0.05908433720469475, -0.5104897618293762, 0.2656591236591339, 0.37288805842399597, 0.09736822545528412, 0.6247125864028931, 0.29128727316856384, 0.5793486833572388, 0.34915971755981445, 0.043256912380456924, -0.4143069088459015, 0.18740729987621307, -0.01507883332669735, -0.27764880657196045, 0.289130300283432, -0.08963827788829803, 0.41122958064079285, -0.4257510006427765, -0.20210106670856476, 0.14323340356349945, 0.2916828691959381, 0.021151743829250336, -1.0067344903945923, -0.5169501900672913, 0.11637083441019058, -0.9626776576042175, 1.468005657196045, -0.32505446672439575, -0.3534660339355469, 0.03310275450348854, 0.3212951421737671, -0.10366357117891312, -0.30552083253860474, 0.8219628930091858, 0.21978320181369781, -0.2645398676395416, 0.16606111824512482, 0.32758474349975586, 0.4024696350097656, 0.29919663071632385, 0.8375166654586792, -0.07295498996973038, -0.21341785788536072, -0.001547624240629375, -0.31319963932037354, -0.15653561055660248, -0.16093739867210388, -0.9580764174461365, -0.08839689940214157, 0.2920988202095032, 0.11450730264186859, 0.2758229970932007, 0.22708526253700256, -0.6440422534942627, 0.3259941339492798, -0.31105268001556396, -0.3202008605003357, 0.3667730987071991, -0.18488842248916626, 0.3036715090274811, -0.044944457709789276, 0.9395617842674255, 0.9037920236587524, 0.32563114166259766, -0.054948899894952774, 0.05581214278936386, -0.40831106901168823, -0.1677883118391037, -0.35322386026382446, 0.21727532148361206, -0.30752161145210266, 0.03332602232694626, -0.2848754823207855, 0.6009823679924011, -0.3342214822769165, 0.8069363832473755, -0.6568998098373413, 0.7799906134605408, -0.3093116283416748, -0.026939839124679565, 0.7147325277328491, -0.2210865169763565, -0.5675435662269592, -0.3268739581108093, -0.10602455586194992, 0.36057397723197937, -0.14010024070739746, 0.15134967863559723, 0.3186994791030884, 0.09818974882364273, 0.25528600811958313, -0.20698359608650208, -0.0796046257019043, 0.25521424412727356, -0.44629615545272827, -0.8225272297859192, -0.3700620234012604, -0.3062957525253296, -0.618916392326355, 0.12750375270843506, -0.10508554428815842, 1.0906959772109985, 0.5221779942512512, -0.1870758980512619, 0.617156445980072, -0.3345438539981842, 0.5020958185195923, -0.16352586448192596, 0.7430710792541504, 0.20362745225429535, -0.19588693976402283, -0.37502384185791016, 0.5519860982894897, 0.2652476131916046, -0.5135219693183899, -0.3852320909500122, 0.5072479248046875, -0.4095941185951233, 0.6833325028419495, 0.25877901911735535, -0.10732917487621307, 0.07340165972709656, 0.23790690302848816, 0.18309368193149567 ]
202195	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20W.%20Marshall	James W. Marshall	James Wilson Marshall (October 8, 1810 – August 10, 1885) was an American carpenter and sawmill operator, who reported the finding of gold at Coloma on the American River in California on January 24, 1848, the impetus for the California Gold Rush. The mill property was owned by Johann (John) Sutter who employed Marshall to build his mill. The wave of gold seekers turned everyone's attention away from the mill which eventually fell into disrepair and was never used as intended. Neither Marshall nor Sutter ever profited from the gold find. Biography James Wilson Marshall, of English descent, was born to Philip Marshall and Sarah Wilson (married 1808) at the family homestead in Hopewell Township, New Jersey (then part of Hunterdon County, New Jersey, currently part of Mercer County) on October 8, 1810. The family homestead was known as the Round Mountain Farm and is still known as Marshalls Corner. He was the oldest of four children, and the only male. In 1816, the Marshall family relocated to nearby Lambertville, where Philip constructed a house on approximately five acres of land. James left New Jersey in 1834 and headed west. After spending time in Indiana and Illinois, he settled in Missouri (in an area created by the Platte Purchase) in 1844, and began farming along the Missouri River. It was there that he contracted malaria, a common affliction in the area. On the advice of his doctor, Marshall left Missouri in the hopes of improving his health. He joined an emigrant train heading west and arrived in Oregon's Willamette Valley in the spring of 1845. He left Oregon in June 1845 and headed south along the Siskiyou Trail into California, eventually reaching Sutter's Fort, California, an agricultural settlement, in mid-July. John Sutter, the founder of Sutter's Fort, was also the alcalde of the area, as California was still a Mexican possession in 1845. Sutter hired Marshall to assist with work at the sawmill, and around the fort (carpentry, primarily). He also helped Marshall to buy two leagues of land on the north side of Butte Creek (a tributary of the Sacramento River) and provided him with cattle. It was here that Marshall began his second stint as a farmer. Soon after this, the Mexican–American War began in May 1846. Marshall volunteered and served under Captain John C. Frémont's California Battalion during the Bear Flag Revolt. When he left the battalion and returned to his ranch in early 1847, he found that all his cattle had either strayed or been stolen. With his sole source of income gone, Marshall lost his land. Marshall soon entered into a partnership with Sutter for the construction of a sawmill. Marshall was to oversee the construction and operation of the mill, and would in return receive a portion of the lumber. After scouting nearby areas for a suitable location, he eventually decided upon Coloma, located roughly upstream of Sutter's Fort on the American River. He proposed his plan to Sutter, and construction began in late August. His crew consisted mainly of local Native Americans and veterans of the Mormon Battalion on their way to Salt Lake City, Utah. Construction continued into January 1848, when it was discovered that the tailrace portion of the mill (the ditch that drained water away from the waterwheel) was too narrow and shallow for the volume of water needed to operate the saw. Marshall decided to use the natural force of the river to excavate and enlarge the tailrace. This could only be done at night, so as not to endanger the lives of the men working on the mill during the day. Every morning Marshall examined the results of the previous night's excavation. Gold discovery On the morning of January 24, 1848, Marshall was examining the channel below the mill when he noticed some shiny flecks in the channel bed. As later recounted by Marshall: The metal was confirmed to be gold after members of Marshall's crew performed tests on the metal—boiling it in lye soap and hammering it to test its malleability. Marshall, still concerned with the completion of the sawmill, permitted his crew to search for gold during their free time. By the time Marshall returned to Sutter's Fort, four days later, the war had ended and California was about to become an American possession. Marshall shared his discovery with Sutter, who performed further tests on the gold and told Marshall that it was "of the finest quality, of at least 23 karat [96% pure]". News of the discovery soon reached around the world. The immediate impact on Marshall was negative. His sawmill failed when all the able-bodied men in the area abandoned everything to search for gold. Before long, arriving hordes of prospectors forced him off his land. Marshall soon left the area. Marshall returned to Coloma in 1857 and found some success in the 1860s with a vineyard that he started. That venture ended in failure towards the end of the decade, due mostly to higher taxes and increased competition. He returned to prospecting in the hopes of finding success. He became a partner in a gold mine near Kelsey, California but the mine yielded nothing and left Marshall practically bankrupt. The California State Legislature awarded him a two-year pension in 1872 in recognition of his role in an important era in California history. It was renewed in 1874 and 1876 but lapsed in 1878. Marshall, penniless, eventually ended up in a small cabin. Marshall died in Kelsey on August 10, 1885. In 1886, the members of the Native Sons of the Golden West, Placerville Parlor #9 felt that the "Discoverer of Gold" deserved a monument to mark his final resting place. In May 1890, five years after Marshall's death, Placerville Parlor #9 of the Native Sons of the Golden West successfully advocated the idea of a monument to the State Legislature, which appropriated a total of $9,000 for the construction of a monument and tomb which can be seen today, the first such monument erected in California. A statue of Marshall stands on top of the monument, pointing to the spot where he made his discovery in 1848. The monument was rededicated October 8, 2010, by the Native Sons of the Golden West, Georgetown Parlor #91 in honor of the 200th Anniversary of James W. Marshall's birth. Notes References External links 1810 births 1885 deaths 1848 in California American carpenters American people of English descent People of the California Gold Rush History of the San Joaquin Valley History of the Sierra Nevada (United States) People from Hopewell Township, Mercer County, New Jersey People from Lambertville, New Jersey People from Sacramento County, California People from El Dorado County, California	[ 0.2729647755622864, 0.4663425385951996, -0.3430139720439911, 0.3650510907173157, 1.106942892074585, 0.8289599418640137, 0.5168039798736572, 0.020236050710082054, -0.40637749433517456, -0.004610240925103426, 0.1141127273440361, 0.055194683372974396, -0.2590991258621216, 0.9316517114639282, -0.6798539757728577, -0.0013783314498141408, 0.30078497529029846, -0.08032911270856857, -0.016245348379015923, -0.001916062319651246, -0.2534714937210083, -0.48437538743019104, 0.524506151676178, 0.4595170319080353, 0.02674037404358387, -0.3453964591026306, -0.11999484151601791, -0.3031923174858093, 0.22767361998558044, 0.29770615696907043, -0.28045493364334106, -0.05202871561050415, 0.7210556864738464, -0.04790554568171501, -1.151702642440796, 0.17989355325698853, -0.453482449054718, -0.4117261469364166, -0.2547661364078522, 0.20144708454608917, -0.2962350845336914, -0.005206614267081022, -0.3352929353713989, -0.08420109748840332, -0.008603813126683235, 0.0450395867228508, -2.0027847290039062, -0.5466437935829163, -0.23365776240825653, -0.21661750972270966, -0.497793972492218, 0.6248254776000977, -0.24954460561275482, 0.02685159258544445, -0.25826001167297363, 0.6564565300941467, 0.08437711000442505, -0.11304410547018051, 0.2069961577653885, -0.3234710395336151, 0.2634560763835907, -0.43911534547805786, 0.7801657319068909, 0.10162127017974854, 0.20518182218074799, 0.2526496648788452, 0.36582207679748535, 0.14728498458862305, 0.5869598984718323, -0.05593826621770859, 0.40983378887176514, 0.06469423323869705, 0.08016344159841537, -0.022888895124197006, 0.14777421951293945, 0.11874499917030334, -0.26615291833877563, -0.2783648669719696, -0.2388579398393631, 0.6372828483581543, -0.7705076932907104, 0.25416988134384155, 0.7137069702148438, 0.14291386306285858, 0.03237629681825638, -0.12230387330055237, -0.13417330384254456, 0.2939450442790985, 0.14684908092021942, 0.13188081979751587, -0.6366682648658752, 0.10242602229118347, -0.00988641194999218, 0.05968967452645302, 0.010092751123011112, -0.49732697010040283, -0.13303108513355255, 0.25958168506622314, -0.5073822736740112, -0.30877241492271423, -0.3177667260169983, 0.22405783832073212, 0.47687047719955444, 0.4110214114189148, -0.020590992644429207, 0.03552400693297386, 0.3013934791088104, 0.2778206169605255, 0.06526041030883789, -0.47444960474967957, 0.13626495003700256, -0.41411370038986206, 0.2540426254272461, -0.052637387067079544, 0.09569341689348221, 0.4711926579475403, 0.5034504532814026, -0.6810935735702515, -0.1722169667482376, -0.6029295921325684, 0.3659651279449463, 0.8549874424934387, -0.6112439036369324, 0.27785149216651917, -0.48532864451408386, 0.02806316502392292, 0.12785448133945465, -0.3386485278606415, -0.2627488374710083, 0.09462584555149078, 0.17894412577152252, 0.23060332238674164, 0.16308878362178802, -0.23594413697719574, -0.23648884892463684, -0.12846049666404724, -0.651059627532959, -0.09247925877571106, -0.5388361215591431, 0.2101316750049591, -0.3009167015552521, -0.23777197301387787, -0.024875784292817116, -0.036851659417152405, 0.3005969822406769, -0.14520426094532013, 0.5978581309318542, -0.5369717478752136, -0.27494457364082336, 0.2253304421901703, -0.0247354656457901, 0.1349276602268219, 0.12015973776578903, -0.21588800847530365, -0.007035078946501017, 0.5337834358215332, 0.46252942085266113, 0.2145652323961258, 0.24291440844535828, 0.02150839753448963, -0.3197612762451172, 0.164657860994339, -0.07442382723093033, -0.07784616947174072, -0.063501738011837, 0.18738336861133575, 0.5678631067276001, -0.23607705533504486, -0.34835684299468994, -0.07546797394752502, 0.14123789966106415, -0.2748551070690155, 0.4496532678604126, -0.016899507492780685, -0.4853232204914093, -0.17238566279411316, 0.36636507511138916, 0.6850626468658447, 0.28175416588783264, -0.2649538516998291, -0.5541539788246155, -0.19691546261310577, -0.12035263329744339, 0.23978380858898163, -0.1915716677904129, -0.036188755184412, 0.38104695081710815, -0.3850642144680023, 0.028616182506084442, -0.5669894814491272, -0.12753024697303772, -1.0380090475082397, -0.7262415289878845, -0.30627185106277466, 0.6811366677284241, 0.2207605093717575, -0.359549880027771, 0.4810551702976227, -0.0034407498314976692, 0.3412705063819885, 0.0659797415137291, 0.12135986983776093, -0.1702037751674652, -0.5669772028923035, -0.7302803993225098, -0.037767596542835236, 0.6512410640716553, 0.24031655490398407, 0.252773255109787, 0.3989720344543457, 0.15274707973003387, -0.28173118829727173, 0.09082576632499695, 0.27651605010032654, -0.40296095609664917, 0.15430010855197906, -0.026866404339671135, -0.20585480332374573, 0.5542407035827637, -0.015453983098268509, 0.592828094959259, -0.022437401115894318, -0.0662790983915329, 0.5585436224937439, 0.5191527009010315, 0.9686345458030701, 0.07167095690965652, -0.12199951708316803, -0.23457926511764526, -0.7017027735710144, 0.026437873020768166, -0.030361825600266457, 0.4282746911048889, -0.5336588621139526, 0.46364662051200867, 0.21964828670024872, -0.21637696027755737, -0.15141651034355164, -0.10727045685052872, -0.09457263350486755, 0.2121458202600479, 0.1504373550415039, -0.1468789130449295, 0.15186813473701477, 0.44076472520828247, 0.4014281928539276, 0.19553561508655548, -0.8785115480422974, -0.05137411504983902, -0.09367203712463379, 0.2879646420478821, 0.4102765917778015, 0.29804620146751404, 0.07963216304779053, -0.126560240983963, -0.6764243245124817, 0.1293424367904663, -0.28593960404396057, -0.00030607645749114454, 0.09925635904073715, 0.6881661415100098, -0.15900233387947083, -0.6704846620559692, 0.26796790957450867, 0.45499733090400696, -0.3152075707912445, -0.5590206384658813, -0.06767059862613678, -0.01375031378120184, 0.23168475925922394, 0.16226202249526978, 0.09813643991947174, 0.12454623728990555, 0.6189377903938293, 0.9747505784034729, -0.24757778644561768, -0.3097330331802368, -0.15232229232788086, -0.37927791476249695, -0.6623905897140503, 0.5303618907928467, 0.3865950405597687, -0.28937670588493347, -0.1941978931427002, 0.13353118300437927, -0.9248823523521423, -0.3397826552391052, 0.10198909789323807, 0.009514212608337402, -0.01942254975438118, -0.19526253640651703, -0.261068731546402, -0.3112860321998596, 0.5923709273338318, -0.1162554994225502, 0.6696136593818665, 0.07131227850914001, -0.09106805175542831, 0.560146152973175, -0.17406627535820007, -1.1375219821929932, -0.02142101153731346, -0.47562193870544434, 0.12802857160568237, 0.4880536198616028, 0.10368914902210236, 0.30141133069992065, -0.44803503155708313, -5.622678756713867, 0.35691413283348083, -0.48365533351898193, -0.9688671231269836, -0.3296174705028534, 0.07866475731134415, -0.14294087886810303, 0.10419438779354095, 0.6225038766860962, 0.20876356959342957, 0.3378768265247345, -0.25645512342453003, -0.013881390914320946, 0.05077303200960159, 0.4019274115562439, 0.5112302899360657, 0.6148421764373779, 0.7731196284294128, 0.173906609416008, -0.10627733916044235, -0.2486952543258667, -0.08288551867008209, -0.025027237832546234, 0.4104890823364258, 0.3960088789463043, 0.23548898100852966, -0.01654258742928505, -0.25859662890434265, -0.49788108468055725, -0.07518485933542252, -0.18904364109039307, 0.027636904269456863, -0.4651406407356262, 0.10309281200170517, 0.07074224203824997, -0.40095221996307373, 0.25456348061561584, -0.05947939679026604, 0.3800525665283203, 0.053046464920043945, 0.35708579421043396, -0.29546889662742615, -0.9851809144020081, -0.46918022632598877, -0.01933509297668934, -0.5060899257659912, -0.3817961513996124, 0.6918143630027771, -0.3841725289821625, 0.2092396765947342, 0.3747541606426239, 0.16495348513126373, 0.485446035861969, -0.4406971037387848, -0.02437569759786129, 0.12304376065731049, 0.5900615453720093, 0.17095531523227692, -0.9126917123794556, 0.26441240310668945, 0.45782470703125, -0.19745782017707825, 0.3036653995513916, -0.2827678322792053, -0.6262435913085938, -0.2980114817619324, -0.04923202842473984, 0.059803642332553864, 0.16913366317749023, -0.5103998184204102, 0.021122435107827187, 0.9701558351516724, 0.5095497965812683, -1.09933602809906, 0.02107207477092743, -0.3072972595691681, -0.5037630200386047, 0.5912125706672668, -0.9298787713050842, -0.32774853706359863, -0.18481549620628357, 0.06728719174861908, 1.1678403615951538, 0.6159253716468811, 0.6840329170227051, 0.25275665521621704, -0.5735839009284973, -0.06278631091117859, -0.5647395849227905, -0.023487353697419167, 0.08566714823246002, 0.08751246333122253, 0.28242701292037964, -0.127947598695755, 0.2129610776901245, 0.21790045499801636, -0.2750127613544464, 0.37807127833366394, 0.43921199440956116, -0.18446701765060425, -0.10800442844629288, 0.13911578059196472, -0.4029424488544464, -1.0307968854904175, -0.272758811712265, -0.418040931224823, -0.27794545888900757, 0.13393783569335938, 0.49226659536361694, 0.4096265733242035, 0.014737901277840137, 0.12167177349328995, -0.24070297181606293, -0.051635488867759705, 0.20686666667461395, -0.3595775365829468, -0.2813084125518799, -0.17459335923194885, 1.0100892782211304, -0.2217751294374466, 0.09751041978597641, 0.27918633818626404, -0.3226901888847351, -0.04542532190680504, 0.5414649248123169, -0.904785692691803, 0.29992392659187317, 0.22124260663986206, -0.24193911254405975, -0.03818648308515549, -0.0763750672340393, 0.6724819540977478, -0.3559260666370392, -0.01733296550810337, -0.7392748594284058, -0.0066635943949222565, -0.8123726844787598, -1.0040693283081055, -0.08334212750196457, 0.5132750868797302, -0.1144191324710846, 0.16170375049114227, -0.13154663145542145, 0.2185470461845398, 0.47009900212287903, 0.17018009722232819, -0.12773355841636658, -0.23968905210494995, -0.5117448568344116, -0.34116387367248535, -0.5956780314445496, -0.768937349319458, 0.05390413850545883, -0.24056905508041382, -0.019256550818681717, -0.5723803043365479, -0.3537483215332031, 0.12594544887542725, -0.48219576478004456, 0.22428032755851746, 0.14051072299480438, 0.07200993597507477, -0.7305522561073303, -0.24273143708705902, 0.09616263210773468, 0.41480058431625366, -0.5154449343681335, 0.2753909230232239, -0.32437053322792053, 1.1535149812698364, 0.4902370274066925, -0.29358142614364624, -0.404653936624527, 0.1433737576007843, 0.2500540614128113, 0.17280244827270508, -0.32489898800849915, -0.06517958641052246, 0.5642336010932922, -0.0188135989010334, -0.22906151413917542, -0.269375741481781, -0.329984575510025, -0.09329671412706375, 0.38000598549842834, -0.2983998656272888, -0.19856318831443787, -0.5327883362770081, -0.15312983095645905, 0.3109973073005676, -0.24579249322414398, -0.3034602999687195, 0.3645784258842468, 0.9142805933952332, 0.18695950508117676, 0.19643880426883698, 0.0018478153506293893, 0.123231902718544, -0.40316450595855713, -0.5877662301063538, -0.3156834542751312, -0.44430965185165405, -0.6197291016578674, -0.44432660937309265, 0.041978444904088974, -1.0341397523880005, -0.10032738745212555, 0.5102753639221191, -0.6293819546699524, 0.748940110206604, -0.04753059893846512, 0.006517588626593351, -0.35363394021987915, 0.535894513130188, 0.009190968237817287, 0.27589792013168335, 0.7114898562431335, 0.38240891695022583, -0.48990166187286377, -0.5857489705085754, -0.47768738865852356, 0.11800525337457657, 0.09923193603754044, -0.31724414229393005, -0.28463754057884216, 0.2106049507856369, 0.2302129864692688, 0.21375620365142822, 0.510913610458374, -0.2550654113292694, -0.1614709049463272, -0.6828101277351379, -0.13047604262828827, 0.34540146589279175, 0.5016122460365295, 0.4765087068080902, 0.603470504283905, 0.10288028419017792, 0.35168591141700745, -0.3736872375011444, 0.49474814534187317, 1.2106293439865112, 0.48878371715545654, -0.11497995257377625, -0.25283512473106384, -0.4506506025791168, -0.12213896214962006, -0.3621428310871124, -0.11217499524354935, 0.2928292155265808, 0.8588562607765198, -0.6626776456832886, -0.517302393913269, 0.3191746771335602, 0.4375520348548889, -0.2728577256202698, -0.41578489542007446, 0.32302531599998474, 0.04097467660903931, -0.1314169317483902, 0.07286883890628815, 0.04810487851500511, -0.1494912952184677, -0.08168290555477142, 0.3413837254047394, 0.24502567946910858, -0.5432628393173218, -0.23919466137886047, 0.2870612144470215, -0.7355654835700989, 0.01726819947361946, -0.5625049471855164, -0.5700202584266663, 0.17692126333713531, -0.31574976444244385, 0.423306405544281, 0.3841095268726349, -0.08711215108633041, -0.023070547729730606, -0.19077853858470917, -1.0937440395355225, 0.2504436671733856, -0.1823962777853012, 0.012772596441209316, -0.0027194684371352196, -0.3982774019241333, -0.3622627854347229, -0.148550882935524, -0.12394483387470245, 0.002188323298469186, -0.5044689178466797, 0.3091984987258911, -0.1013554185628891, -0.2751695215702057, -0.33320945501327515, -0.028304126113653183, 0.14731991291046143, 0.685772180557251, -0.44371962547302246, 0.5243150591850281, -0.3004574477672577, 0.6748712658882141, 0.09517847746610641, -0.6113120913505554, -0.04345857724547386, -0.07399445027112961, -0.13160905241966248, -0.0339227020740509, -0.197728231549263, 0.021065419539809227, 0.2902534008026123, -0.15030492842197418, 0.30443447828292847, 0.1429368257522583, -0.9613863825798035, -0.3943929076194763, 0.6677291989326477, -0.27319857478141785, -0.11788680404424667, 0.23961597681045532, 0.04663069546222687, 0.15144413709640503, 0.3025950491428375, -0.18873293697834015, 0.5123121738433838, 0.7145030498504639, -0.15295186638832092, 0.3178179860115051, -0.19885343313217163, 0.7904308438301086, -0.22715546190738678, -0.7004331946372986, -0.146543949842453, 0.15902800858020782, -0.21347056329250336, -0.026446746662259102, -0.20789866149425507, -0.4460250735282898, -0.5941948890686035, 0.39537563920021057, -0.0998130738735199, 0.7074439525604248, 0.24113985896110535, 0.52168869972229, 0.5712730884552002, 0.16465112566947937, 0.36265629529953003, -0.06138039007782936, 0.3043120205402374, -0.21924735605716705, 0.36486420035362244, 0.07493668049573898, 0.5802783370018005, -0.5355238914489746, -0.17962880432605743, -0.11570274084806442, 0.22150494158267975, 0.48543450236320496, -0.2911527454853058, 0.01627231575548649, 0.2649465799331665, -0.24652287364006042, 1.0139906406402588, -0.6006383299827576, 0.14052017033100128, -0.43080222606658936, -0.01821555383503437, -0.4664858877658844, -0.26049456000328064, 0.4043959379196167, 0.1821839064359665, 0.014685890637338161, 0.1328641027212143, 0.3873126804828644, 0.22325870394706726, 0.2651001513004303, 0.5401182174682617, 0.48492711782455444, -0.011462164111435413, -0.10326816886663437, -0.052641380578279495, 0.3772481679916382, -0.1726502776145935, -0.16404159367084503, -0.3559745252132416, -0.17542414367198944, 0.417548269033432, 0.587688684463501, -0.31050369143486023, -0.6678063869476318, 0.30078110098838806, -0.513731837272644, -0.6807587742805481, 0.0027298121713101864, -0.44399499893188477, 0.10147051513195038, -0.1382276564836502, 0.8936704993247986, 0.7096632719039917, 0.37072524428367615, -0.03878452256321907, -0.6923152804374695, 0.5725727081298828, 0.05272134020924568, -0.25908586382865906, 0.14031100273132324, -0.5704323053359985, 0.31199419498443604, 0.01566721498966217, 0.7823188900947571, 0.07338143140077591, 0.28681787848472595, -1.0079195499420166, 0.774405300617218, -0.4922427535057068, 0.02509760670363903, 1.104486107826233, -0.035918254405260086, 0.19245539605617523, -0.8056383728981018, -0.03673297539353371, -0.22786439955234528, -0.043850865215063095, 0.33340051770210266, -0.1067977324128151, -0.03140147030353546, 0.12547078728675842, -0.2721559405326843, 0.07231717556715012, 0.8984586000442505, 0.34791913628578186, -0.44738757610321045, -0.23636269569396973, 0.30431821942329407, -0.42827048897743225, -0.9484478235244751, -0.23416416347026825, 0.4381040632724762, 0.10608763992786407, -0.10256385058164597, 0.7827409505844116, -0.05359809845685959, 0.2628272473812103, -0.05470719933509827, 0.20451156795024872, 0.12166202813386917, -0.24916937947273254, -0.37857353687286377, -0.02912592515349388, 0.3857310116291046, 0.4487258493900299, 0.02215203270316124, 0.0961570292711258, -0.41047778725624084, 1.065077543258667, 0.26701343059539795, 0.46342524886131287, -0.5321621298789978, 0.33102947473526, -0.5499979853630066 ]
202204	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kogen	Kogen	Kogen may refer to: People Arnie Kogen (), American TV comedy writer and producer and longtime writer for Mad Magazine Jay Kogen (born 1963), American comedy writer, son of Arnie Kogen Emperor Kōgen (, 278–153 BC), eighth emperor of Japan Other uses Kōgen (), an era of Japanese history from October 1256 to March 1257 Kōgen Prefecture, an administrative division of Korea under Japanese rule corresponding to the historical Gangwon Province See also Kogan Kohen Kohenitic surnames Jewish surnames Surnames of Russian origin Yiddish-language surnames	[ -0.24100875854492188, 0.1636197566986084, -0.6649747490882874, -0.09318683296442032, -0.7364407777786255, 0.5537006855010986, 0.41398221254348755, 0.2682385742664337, -0.2890545129776001, -0.2183735966682434, -0.43328002095222473, -0.20557335019111633, -0.0919116660952568, 0.593017578125, -0.3327837288379669, -0.07902871817350388, 0.19825558364391327, 0.300765722990036, -0.596998393535614, -0.2828657031059265, -0.12127412110567093, -0.2234639823436737, -0.18392367660999298, -0.19657936692237854, 0.39825454354286194, 0.11344417184591293, 0.21590541303157806, -0.012582995928823948, 0.09770575165748596, 0.176473006606102, -0.592776894569397, 0.48459139466285706, 0.2912980914115906, 0.29846280813217163, -0.3028218150138855, -0.2515976130962372, -0.23586918413639069, -0.34011465311050415, 0.1534430980682373, 0.010559406131505966, 0.5661867260932922, 0.23765552043914795, 0.3925383985042572, -0.0013305370230227709, -0.2264152467250824, -0.24763888120651245, -1.7727248668670654, 0.6409302353858948, -0.6900494694709778, -0.1719885915517807, -0.3291000425815582, -0.2926322817802429, -0.017703594639897346, 0.3828226923942566, -0.3331950306892395, 0.6345033645629883, -0.17871278524398804, -0.14759962260723114, 0.06599780172109604, -0.3255995213985443, 0.5489290952682495, -0.16953717172145844, 0.44710758328437805, -0.09584715962409973, -0.06235869973897934, 0.05945977196097374, 0.3076038658618927, 0.6189283728599548, -0.5672922730445862, -0.3904452323913574, 0.13313356041908264, 0.2471577227115631, -0.0034464967902749777, 0.4397629201412201, 0.09483873099088669, -0.7350008487701416, -0.10352753847837448, -0.01688775233924389, 0.06316166371107101, 0.13258112967014313, -0.5231563448905945, -0.2661919593811035, 0.2521274983882904, -0.3341268002986908, 0.38768503069877625, 0.07947462052106857, -0.30825987458229065, 0.1866571009159088, -0.5955069661140442, 0.207657590508461, 0.46346282958984375, 0.04457203298807144, 0.46193727850914, -0.12088467925786972, -0.3524722158908844, -0.0017036193748936057, -0.1291288137435913, 0.22522026300430298, 0.33969876170158386, -0.23923686146736145, -0.4637655019760132, 0.09419528394937515, 0.3976190686225891, 0.05264914035797119, -0.9054669737815857, -0.6007760763168335, 0.3384961187839508, 0.013719734735786915, 0.08791710436344147, 0.03912230208516121, -0.13358159363269806, 0.24711914360523224, 0.2512233555316925, 0.5368378162384033, -0.16660544276237488, -0.11683410406112671, -0.3186468183994293, -0.487345427274704, 0.009424356743693352, 0.3740043044090271, 0.010862681083381176, 0.4197535216808319, -0.2624795734882355, 0.3740033507347107, 0.20792652666568756, 0.03993324562907219, -0.0883287563920021, -0.01184700895100832, -0.30012503266334534, -0.15346519649028778, 0.31620362401008606, 0.4573100507259369, -0.25281256437301636, 0.08548722416162491, 0.1454438418149948, -0.15057991445064545, -0.09191735833883286, 0.06505227088928223, -0.40060654282569885, 0.005145586561411619, -0.7760096192359924, -0.30753353238105774, -0.7155516147613525, 0.06672852486371994, 0.5367847084999084, -0.041451774537563324, -0.2547754943370819, -0.3747774064540863, 0.1053866297006607, -0.07220523059368134, -0.3890565037727356, 0.13361117243766785, 0.2118004411458969, 0.3912403881549835, -0.08170619606971741, 0.19196362793445587, -0.17789863049983978, -0.009335590526461601, 0.66932213306427, -0.21577788889408112, -0.06368885189294815, 0.02103378251194954, -0.45164820551872253, 0.18644104897975922, 0.3359181880950928, -0.3280467391014099, 0.5056372284889221, 0.4808230400085449, -0.8897278308868408, -0.1362680047750473, -0.421854168176651, -0.17956803739070892, -0.01954677887260914, 0.012329304590821266, -0.30263957381248474, 0.4281708002090454, 0.4866200089454651, -0.09157527983188629, 0.2836296856403351, -0.24164502322673798, -0.648383378982544, -0.41685715317726135, -0.1398298293352127, -0.02035604603588581, 0.2650388479232788, 0.252432256937027, -0.29019132256507874, 0.007830698974430561, 0.20830613374710083, 0.262090265750885, -0.2657533288002014, -0.3989216983318329, 0.0929228663444519, -0.4942111670970917, 0.846356213092804, 0.16693973541259766, 0.0448487214744091, 0.7345405220985413, 0.1664767563343048, 0.8204072117805481, 0.013153104111552238, -0.803377628326416, 0.491497665643692, -0.15626098215579987, -0.13739997148513794, 0.4237837791442871, 0.1150466799736023, 0.19000977277755737, 0.42584288120269775, 0.29156768321990967, 0.32995733618736267, 0.43501606583595276, 0.447387158870697, -0.3043881058692932, -0.10228569805622101, 0.49488693475723267, -0.3330170214176178, -0.22675421833992004, -0.15434707701206207, -0.2960888743400574, 0.46934106945991516, -0.12601448595523834, 0.0655980184674263, 0.14393123984336853, 0.055403370410203934, 1.051942229270935, 0.66336590051651, 0.28427404165267944, 0.1859796792268753, -0.23921112716197968, 0.38528934121131897, -0.29745975136756897, 0.3453940153121948, -0.0020634473767131567, 0.08188707381486893, 0.17366686463356018, 0.513266384601593, -0.22163085639476776, 0.07287182658910751, -0.382082998752594, 0.22040213644504547, 0.26199135184288025, 0.16166093945503235, 0.062228407710790634, 0.38424408435821533, 0.32209646701812744, -0.011462803930044174, 0.31601399183273315, -0.49678120017051697, -0.30633416771888733, 0.24959306418895721, 0.22815611958503723, 0.36722227931022644, -0.12710191309452057, -0.019505217671394348, -0.3553540110588074, -0.03307683765888214, 0.2730368971824646, 0.029499921947717667, -0.0561615489423275, -0.09025260806083679, -0.004246226511895657, 0.2755490839481354, -0.4530652165412903, -0.32410842180252075, 0.1765085607767105, 0.10250408202409744, -0.13323941826820374, 0.17611901462078094, -0.024586603045463562, 0.1603441834449768, -0.08607332408428192, -0.4560472369194031, -0.1907893419265747, 0.019761303439736366, -0.747665524482727, -0.27595826983451843, 0.6140886545181274, -0.41238680481910706, -0.5654632449150085, -0.4879583418369293, 0.24554243683815002, -0.10143550485372543, -0.29198965430259705, -0.313046395778656, -0.9005639553070068, -0.3258174657821655, -0.5742244720458984, -0.1890564262866974, 0.36590245366096497, 0.19686642289161682, 0.509138286113739, -0.5614299178123474, 0.04488988220691681, 0.514925479888916, 0.3219718635082245, -0.3682995140552521, -0.029088295996189117, 0.01020398922264576, -0.3760984241962433, -0.4091084599494934, -0.08124977350234985, 0.1162121519446373, 0.23114441335201263, 0.3039788603782654, 0.1541540026664734, 0.027062203735113144, 0.13920505344867706, -6.157217502593994, -0.03160214424133301, -0.346589595079422, -0.27347633242607117, 0.381292462348938, 0.09379074722528458, 0.6029177904129028, -0.05879325792193413, 0.01520201750099659, -0.19001489877700806, 0.11771418154239655, -0.021979786455631256, -0.1520135998725891, 0.3344811797142029, -0.0206149909645319, 0.18746072053909302, 0.3343137800693512, 0.5032827258110046, -0.4664044976234436, -0.08322605490684509, 0.02771410532295704, 0.17661207914352417, -0.04283839464187622, 1.0728081464767456, 0.32527846097946167, 0.36328423023223877, -0.31639406085014343, 0.22797255218029022, -0.6395615339279175, -0.23285338282585144, -0.07840728014707565, -0.001775585813447833, 0.21863673627376556, 0.3519684672355652, -0.23113326728343964, 0.013880742713809013, 0.512060284614563, 0.4692709743976593, 0.5320160984992981, -0.03638475015759468, -0.1462109088897705, 0.01806451752781868, -0.4899209439754486, -0.5317203998565674, 0.2199281007051468, -0.2510358989238739, -0.573232889175415, 0.12620429694652557, -0.5905125737190247, 0.16719025373458862, 0.5811417102813721, 0.09472091495990753, 0.15865080058574677, 0.10270051658153534, 0.4642953872680664, 0.08584541827440262, 0.32556214928627014, 0.470527321100235, -0.3230605125427246, 0.0575438067317009, 0.5741398930549622, -0.039833180606365204, 0.13482573628425598, -0.4519960582256317, -0.20323868095874786, -0.3482300043106079, -0.29168900847435, -0.05504671856760979, 0.24592678248882294, 0.2884407341480255, -0.9359932541847229, 0.23334503173828125, 0.36956608295440674, -1.036708950996399, 0.030050575733184814, 0.024991504848003387, -0.3052741289138794, 0.4530337452888489, -0.25451257824897766, 0.5935937762260437, -0.31017327308654785, -0.13966573774814606, -0.25999099016189575, 0.4581804871559143, 0.005041173659265041, -0.450229287147522, -0.22923196852207184, -0.1135663390159607, 0.07429931312799454, 0.2273947149515152, 0.7831417918205261, -0.4918991029262543, 0.26838788390159607, 0.07731159776449203, 0.1409325748682022, 0.2963792085647583, -0.16045716404914856, 0.17372170090675354, 0.3777281939983368, -0.17354395985603333, 0.3586522936820984, -0.06081046164035797, -0.1195155531167984, -0.3683658838272095, 0.09996015578508377, -0.36451414227485657, -0.34280627965927124, 0.4366357624530792, 0.5257735252380371, 0.07186324894428253, -0.027258427813649178, 0.282312273979187, -0.4920327365398407, -0.8821147680282593, 0.45320066809654236, -0.08446221053600311, -0.05312490835785866, 0.4518057107925415, 0.6803674101829529, 0.24989046156406403, -0.05948939174413681, 0.6149877309799194, -0.4070890247821808, -0.03554225340485573, -0.027826599776744843, -0.1921190321445465, -0.45555579662323, -0.057788725942373276, 0.1541280299425125, 0.4174096882343292, 0.4484482705593109, 0.6353977918624878, 0.29014089703559875, -0.0720156580209732, 0.020973239094018936, -0.15635520219802856, -0.29918205738067627, -0.8517796993255615, -0.3279656171798706, -0.576310396194458, 0.40806519985198975, -0.3708699941635132, -0.2567140460014343, 0.12304189056158066, -0.6113805770874023, 0.5075563192367554, -0.19443930685520172, 0.003449050011113286, -0.10981820523738861, 0.4878595769405365, 0.09652888774871826, -0.5521376132965088, 0.45323288440704346, 0.06806094199419022, -0.6832461953163147, 0.1681378036737442, -0.13185584545135498, 0.5198314189910889, -0.42559659481048584, 0.0938437283039093, 0.14630179107189178, -0.7094268798828125, -0.8288496732711792, -0.26142603158950806, -0.1472102254629135, -0.5582453608512878, 0.26695960760116577, -0.097160704433918, 0.14061281085014343, 0.5243593454360962, 0.39861780405044556, -0.21559983491897583, -0.7218482494354248, 0.029243137687444687, 0.5077825784683228, 0.07232790440320969, 0.5762917995452881, 0.3011087477207184, -0.22954747080802917, 0.08482413738965988, 0.5624467134475708, -0.15735021233558655, -0.059940874576568604, 0.37798812985420227, 0.11602970957756042, -0.03814416006207466, 0.22998584806919098, -0.08467355370521545, -0.5765023231506348, -0.1361309438943863, -0.05891771242022514, -0.1354462206363678, 0.23047718405723572, 0.28256985545158386, 0.03506091237068176, -0.26522406935691833, 0.26444754004478455, 0.3682507872581482, 0.08916909992694855, 0.20879828929901123, 0.03446054086089134, 0.2524961233139038, -0.5931581854820251, -0.41500651836395264, 0.5043748617172241, -0.7082678079605103, 0.17758221924304962, 0.05096755176782608, 0.3060835003852844, 0.045396167784929276, -0.2690591812133789, -0.584686279296875, -0.07450973242521286, -0.6397299766540527, -0.005292410962283611, 0.04137885197997093, 0.38259953260421753, -0.2853139340877533, -0.27077874541282654, -0.9405702948570251, -0.2745093107223511, 0.16968896985054016, -0.29996126890182495, -0.008584346622228622, 0.23069937527179718, 0.49484506249427795, 0.04698190838098526, -0.3092406392097473, 0.26830142736434937, -0.3208884596824646, -0.09142155945301056, 0.21513839066028595, -0.1888095885515213, 0.2988605499267578, -0.029917104169726372, -0.3078768253326416, 0.6982740759849548, 0.3254941403865814, 0.19565291702747345, 0.3868326246738434, 1.0519524812698364, 0.4097422957420349, 0.1375351995229721, 0.11660940945148468, -0.41870638728141785, -0.033422719687223434, 0.005725879687815905, -0.2951560318470001, -0.18880750238895416, 0.32282331585884094, 0.03458034619688988, -0.5419283509254456, -0.37406766414642334, -0.22648116946220398, 0.5203858613967896, -1.0075485706329346, 0.0069871144369244576, 0.3447696566581726, -0.14358992874622345, 0.21491575241088867, -0.13373427093029022, 0.3839346468448639, 0.20313043892383575, -0.19545584917068481, -0.12584738433361053, 0.6014604568481445, -0.6936428546905518, 0.04482544958591461, -0.128383070230484, -0.2705201804637909, -0.18515554070472717, -0.009203668683767319, 0.5195240378379822, 0.5927237272262573, 0.15655161440372467, 0.17131763696670532, -0.4076601564884186, 0.37107381224632263, -0.7142549753189087, -0.4750920534133911, -0.6228010058403015, -0.19786304235458374, 0.1308750957250595, -0.4288772642612457, 0.42184069752693176, -0.9500564336776733, 0.2506023049354553, 0.05127009004354477, -0.37840646505355835, 0.008201111108064651, -0.30807191133499146, 0.06289292871952057, -0.4166450798511505, 0.16768936812877655, -0.554260790348053, 0.16756758093833923, -0.03807640075683594, 0.31293627619743347, -0.2959156036376953, -0.005799420177936554, -0.1655895709991455, -0.009087247774004936, 0.29402321577072144, -0.3414941728115082, 0.13141600787639618, 0.36229702830314636, 0.17009741067886353, -0.27910277247428894, -0.43679332733154297, 0.17847421765327454, 0.346149742603302, 0.12082967162132263, 0.16647453606128693, 0.5394365191459656, -0.20977216958999634, -0.14710743725299835, 0.0040810368955135345, -0.382944256067276, -0.18017511069774628, -0.4414288401603699, 0.506697416305542, -0.10498198121786118, -0.018598997965455055, 0.2187126725912094, -0.05129481106996536, 0.2560725212097168, 0.11637961119413376, -0.20359760522842407, 0.24219949543476105, 0.12629097700119019, 0.46069714426994324, -0.05323942005634308, -0.48366665840148926, 0.19440698623657227, 0.13594767451286316, -0.4023732841014862, -0.3763090670108795, -0.17657296359539032, 0.2545008361339569, 0.7684879302978516, 0.030335554853081703, 0.7992007732391357, -0.6345568895339966, -0.2506287097930908, -0.03973342105746269, 0.19915586709976196, -0.2995275557041168, 0.06776704639196396, 0.039593979716300964, -0.13039042055606842, 0.39859601855278015, 0.02346920408308506, -0.19801241159439087, -0.2269386202096939, 0.0718223974108696, 0.3811180889606476, -0.5927367806434631, -0.648037850856781, 0.14590434730052948, -0.24148009717464447, 0.35159334540367126, -0.2709357440471649, 0.4359476566314697, -0.13983935117721558, 0.5408530831336975, -0.05647274851799011, -0.5108682513237, -0.4176896810531616, -0.1627996414899826, -0.001437400234863162, -0.13620272278785706, -0.07109925150871277, -0.08852650970220566, -0.20100192725658417, -0.016861261799931526, 0.36838841438293457, 0.7026267051696777, 0.35237640142440796, 0.12420547008514404, -0.05192258954048157, -0.37458285689353943, 0.016803588718175888, -0.08434782922267914, -0.6302909255027771, 0.12417926639318466, 0.3637024462223053, 0.2938941419124603, 0.506348192691803, -0.31245601177215576, 0.37792354822158813, 0.34502118825912476, -0.5188257098197937, -0.3334473967552185, 0.33233100175857544, -0.16109542548656464, -0.38261130452156067, -0.2524365484714508, 0.07494643330574036, 0.6297049522399902, 0.31986087560653687, 0.010426411405205727, -0.45252683758735657, 0.16042077541351318, -0.0017506537260487676, -0.6553964018821716, 0.2510707676410675, -0.3842633366584778, -0.0468425452709198, -0.0947728157043457, 0.3693118989467621, 0.41734570264816284, -0.6302138566970825, 0.13619188964366913, 0.018030041828751564, -0.10927382111549377, -0.15526673197746277, 0.8006327748298645, -0.0032212259247899055, 0.27475500106811523, -0.6057854294776917, -0.12035653740167618, -0.08675170689821243, -0.0543898306787014, 0.5854206085205078, -0.029381288215517998, 0.19827036559581757, 0.29052552580833435, 0.13555683195590973, -0.34882596135139465, 0.41472747921943665, -0.321525901556015, -0.03277575597167015, -0.652267336845398, -0.0851549506187439, -0.22167082130908966, -0.27837514877319336, 0.44272246956825256, 0.6365804076194763, 0.23852764070034027, -0.29299402236938477, -0.2564305067062378, 0.034001875668764114, -0.04335623234510422, 0.21645012497901917, 0.2290552258491516, 0.484575092792511, 0.11409568786621094, -0.2290487438440323, -0.2523581385612488, 0.060498181730508804, 0.3466387987136841, 0.12055359035730362, 0.3994868993759155, 0.3070894181728363, 0.2664918899536133, -0.15475806593894958, 0.42246586084365845, -0.5843690037727356, 0.5265640020370483, 0.026145435869693756 ]
202205	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosho	Kosho	Kosho may refer to: Emperor Kōshō, the fifth imperial ruler of Japan to appear on the traditional list of emperors Kōshō, a Japanese era spanning from 1455 to 1457 Kosho Shorei Ryu Kempo, a martial art system of Kenpo Koshō, a premodern Japanese term for a page Kosho, a branch of the Jodo Shinshu Buddhist tradition Kōshō (crater), a crater on Mercury Kosho, a fictional martial art portrayed in the cult TV series The Prisoner kōshō seido, a wrestler ranking provision formerly used in professional sumo	[ -0.14419060945510864, 0.11504030972719193, -0.5421233773231506, 0.09527672827243805, -0.8169109225273132, 0.3671707212924957, 0.4212605953216553, -0.2102043181657791, -0.37156859040260315, -0.15529882907867432, -0.41727304458618164, 0.10374907404184341, 0.012325959280133247, 0.4223783016204834, -0.1105901300907135, -0.08865228295326233, 0.5765217542648315, -0.004132655914872885, -0.32051751017570496, -0.46171116828918457, -0.24278651177883148, 0.09594092518091202, -0.06280796229839325, -0.40631797909736633, 0.2695939838886261, -0.11745412647724152, 0.06565418839454651, 0.02677210606634617, 0.00015697976050432771, 0.27353546023368835, -0.058595459908246994, 0.39898136258125305, -0.10378530621528625, -0.04421520233154297, -0.41174814105033875, -0.2614511549472809, 0.02833099476993084, -0.1699773371219635, 0.17990627884864807, -0.3304356336593628, 0.5416630506515503, 0.06634271889925003, 0.7946677207946777, 0.18000486493110657, -0.3102356195449829, -0.13023357093334198, -1.8237929344177246, 0.27485528588294983, -0.531470537185669, 0.2425638735294342, -0.25734660029411316, 0.45827990770339966, -0.15984009206295013, 0.33114874362945557, -0.08985834568738937, 0.7773340344429016, -0.5475236177444458, 0.21271978318691254, 0.0582294762134552, -0.39210397005081177, 0.4862133860588074, -0.20549200475215912, 0.21245917677879333, 0.04666540399193764, -0.48357656598091125, 0.09797035902738571, 0.32246825098991394, 0.41301432251930237, -0.2019408792257309, -0.1068495362997055, -0.0028053205460309982, 0.025916000828146935, 0.18393221497535706, 0.2780973017215729, -0.3217428922653198, -0.4505409598350525, -0.25939643383026123, 0.20327256619930267, -0.16257205605506897, -0.20792895555496216, -0.3798326849937439, -0.31807011365890503, 0.18219377100467682, -0.17071828246116638, 0.22456423938274384, -0.13975387811660767, -0.27665162086486816, 0.27156469225883484, -0.18636302649974823, 0.2700665295124054, 0.27728381752967834, 0.17732296884059906, 0.5345399379730225, -0.037157680839300156, -0.4274623990058899, -0.3334837853908539, 0.05513367801904678, 0.16164174675941467, 0.13713891804218292, -0.05668330937623978, 0.0876646414399147, -0.14184744656085968, 0.5893527865409851, -0.04733766242861748, -0.9111201167106628, -0.5228362679481506, 0.1277545690536499, -0.07499387115240097, -0.26362836360931396, 0.14454592764377594, -0.6222468614578247, 0.3876952826976776, -0.31739845871925354, 0.4941942095756531, 0.05312764644622803, -0.6422572135925293, -0.396089643239975, -0.49395450949668884, 0.0009862568695098162, -0.07493017613887787, -0.02249409630894661, 0.00855207722634077, 0.1652524471282959, 0.3279127776622772, 0.1805972009897232, -0.08606667816638947, 0.11421996355056763, -0.056003037840127945, -0.5496928691864014, -0.00414938572794199, 0.506018877029419, 0.5410343408584595, -0.04796651378273964, -0.05212681367993355, -0.2972618043422699, 0.021707195788621902, 0.10376764833927155, -0.13594909012317657, -0.2504556477069855, 0.10942431539297104, -1.0040507316589355, -0.15012331306934357, -0.9247721433639526, 0.12094192951917648, 0.32040154933929443, -0.06942282617092133, 0.12939462065696716, -0.4796927273273468, 0.05025732144713402, -0.30316072702407837, -0.33140575885772705, 0.28860729932785034, 0.17917892336845398, 0.2399926632642746, 0.3314654231071472, 0.08305957913398743, 0.2606724500656128, -0.23831018805503845, 0.3667069673538208, -0.5762109160423279, -0.31336602568626404, -0.2628357708454132, -0.21583311259746552, 0.4998208284378052, 0.5474050641059875, -0.3573082685470581, 0.3440328538417816, 0.3141721189022064, -0.5401996970176697, 0.46934473514556885, -0.5734774470329285, 0.09906386584043503, 0.006695715244859457, 0.007633268367499113, -0.3628643751144409, 0.21442978084087372, 0.8641454577445984, 0.16197900474071503, 0.582757294178009, -0.19899658858776093, -0.690675675868988, -0.386276513338089, -0.008055280894041061, 0.010966090485453606, 0.2547180652618408, 0.060181163251399994, -0.0041694059036672115, 0.2662900388240814, -0.0184798464179039, 0.27240484952926636, -0.8372511863708496, -0.256740003824234, 0.27122655510902405, -0.2433834671974182, 1.228812575340271, 0.24363499879837036, -0.0189326461404562, 0.6949824094772339, 0.06591445952653885, 0.692487895488739, 0.10516495257616043, -0.45799413323402405, 0.3708201050758362, -0.16182959079742432, -0.12042878568172455, 0.13442911207675934, -0.2514692544937134, 0.4055275321006775, 0.47766101360321045, 0.04205620661377907, 0.27117761969566345, 0.11898418515920639, -0.06105358898639679, -0.41078996658325195, -0.12746001780033112, 0.7510982751846313, -0.6691794991493225, 0.05474020913243294, -0.32447853684425354, -0.7645818591117859, 0.3344474732875824, -0.10943309962749481, 0.018191443756222725, 0.27982211112976074, -0.17933794856071472, 1.0805392265319824, -0.016307802870869637, 0.30029624700546265, 0.06473112106323242, -0.6964803338050842, 0.12346445769071579, -0.3243965208530426, 0.36389026045799255, 0.2995208501815796, 0.4669351577758789, -0.005024433601647615, 0.40157490968704224, -0.5939062237739563, 0.3233015835285187, -0.5665313005447388, 0.4556940495967865, 0.1546826958656311, 0.20847202837467194, 0.24169713258743286, 0.4824396073818207, 0.4208158850669861, 0.09580419212579727, 0.46433159708976746, -0.8019701242446899, 0.011139274574816227, 0.26856523752212524, 0.30743616819381714, -0.01808503270149231, 0.05527987703680992, -0.05325398966670036, -0.6578202843666077, 0.0013414300046861172, 0.2446863055229187, -0.20758378505706787, -0.38295236229896545, -0.2871965765953064, 0.1307007223367691, 0.26708707213401794, -0.29766520857810974, 0.2789091169834137, -0.1407211571931839, 0.32683345675468445, -0.26626449823379517, 0.5346128940582275, 0.24948304891586304, -0.26995721459388733, -0.19141821563243866, -0.7444673180580139, -0.24872124195098877, -0.3471243977546692, -0.8643459677696228, 0.018288880586624146, 0.4088378846645355, -0.13709136843681335, -0.49318358302116394, -0.43216776847839355, 0.18647673726081848, -0.08157522976398468, -0.5884817838668823, 0.18477033078670502, -0.6795626878738403, -0.46558353304862976, -0.7847526669502258, -0.18744391202926636, -0.06151223182678223, 0.022252943366765976, 0.5981408357620239, -0.35681191086769104, -0.23201854526996613, 0.4692685902118683, 0.353960782289505, -0.45099708437919617, -0.08279762417078018, 0.31476879119873047, -0.5016623139381409, -0.3444178104400635, -0.5337063074111938, 0.4449930787086487, 0.33081763982772827, 0.28903770446777344, 0.12589453160762787, -0.11200029402971268, 0.5456216335296631, -6.090309143066406, 0.024561777710914612, 0.06486894935369492, -0.06122557818889618, 0.028888249769806862, 0.3432338237762451, 0.6353964805603027, 0.2161816656589508, 0.15989787876605988, -0.9467198252677917, 0.2319628894329071, 0.3330155313014984, 0.35926684737205505, 0.3706080913543701, -0.5223745107650757, 0.35625115036964417, 0.23589609563350677, 0.4465487599372864, -0.657703697681427, 0.020680291578173637, 0.09464525431394577, -0.1160680279135704, 0.23282895982265472, 1.2868279218673706, 0.11798443645238876, 0.6805195808410645, -0.5053144097328186, 0.2918567955493927, -0.23262542486190796, -0.0865948349237442, -0.08765909820795059, -0.0810282751917839, 0.2675926387310028, 0.09593063592910767, -0.3550081253051758, 0.14516718685626984, 0.6520028114318848, 0.42048871517181396, 0.20458638668060303, 0.1314014345407486, -0.42746230959892273, -0.14224499464035034, -0.3914634585380554, -0.598212718963623, 0.39360541105270386, -0.39753130078315735, -0.41805440187454224, 0.3338143229484558, -0.27470046281814575, 0.0035330725368112326, 0.24295780062675476, -0.07459757477045059, -0.02751282975077629, -0.06467236578464508, 0.41478583216667175, 0.19342103600502014, 0.07434248179197311, 0.4406927525997162, -0.209860697388649, -0.2597103416919708, 0.13115325570106506, -0.38136395812034607, -0.012951656244695187, -0.26631996035575867, 0.07407916337251663, -0.2786295711994171, -0.2305665910243988, 0.2893875539302826, 0.29530593752861023, 0.5048538446426392, -0.7534712553024292, 0.368358850479126, 0.3605893850326538, -1.1038120985031128, 0.03930523991584778, -0.25744783878326416, -0.13388259708881378, 0.3393037021160126, -0.14328280091285706, 0.5168768167495728, -0.613997220993042, 0.137310191988945, -0.09855475276708603, -0.013070235960185528, 0.22485771775245667, -0.2536432445049286, -0.07810446619987488, -0.002408216707408428, 0.10144051909446716, 0.23432521522045135, 0.8218356370925903, -0.5040470361709595, 0.288600891828537, 0.30345532298088074, 0.4146130084991455, 0.39326491951942444, -0.21032153069972992, -0.13468986749649048, 0.5347929000854492, -0.13743425905704498, 0.23193107545375824, -0.1722496747970581, 0.05411459133028984, -0.15455350279808044, -0.22070609033107758, -0.3562406599521637, -0.006818800233304501, 0.9068066477775574, 0.30899950861930847, 0.07616018503904343, -0.24088747799396515, -0.03770890086889267, -0.39922237396240234, -0.4460444450378418, 0.8700125217437744, 0.0601019486784935, -0.01577666401863098, 0.28714314103126526, 0.439100444316864, -0.10103078186511993, -0.1384030282497406, 0.7327600717544556, -0.4392383098602295, -0.6353915333747864, -0.34765297174453735, -0.032379891723394394, -0.2657604217529297, -0.03426678851246834, 0.3893429934978485, 0.3154655992984772, 0.42723530530929565, 0.24522219598293304, 0.2610917091369629, 0.11247263103723526, 0.21002642810344696, -0.3124491274356842, -0.0564887560904026, -0.5689562559127808, -0.5477188229560852, -0.0373702347278595, 0.062248315662145615, -0.35241514444351196, -0.2755497395992279, 0.03679186850786209, 0.007026664447039366, 0.42573243379592896, -0.4249410629272461, -0.029620084911584854, 0.23461759090423584, 0.6912418007850647, -0.0952627882361412, -0.23297810554504395, 0.043446604162454605, -0.5026299357414246, -0.6317437291145325, 0.048355236649513245, -0.5670062899589539, 0.3602674603462219, -0.06067696958780289, 0.07615391165018082, 0.22214338183403015, -0.6930427551269531, -0.8470119833946228, -0.3309091031551361, -0.11305967718362808, -0.5123229026794434, -0.04253210499882698, -0.28261399269104004, 0.23904328048229218, 0.062046706676483154, 0.398989200592041, -0.25312888622283936, -0.26158905029296875, 0.20673207938671112, 0.31809064745903015, -0.055709511041641235, 0.3355795741081238, 0.41455888748168945, -0.05661751702427864, 0.07748248428106308, 0.3376638889312744, -0.1606002002954483, 0.0433623269200325, 0.28765690326690674, -0.1150752454996109, -0.09309407323598862, -0.13802282512187958, 0.30978235602378845, -0.3335082530975342, -0.2712489068508148, 0.1159641444683075, -0.20866261422634125, 0.04856881499290466, 0.5148013830184937, -0.09496859461069107, -0.3708665668964386, -0.016708945855498314, 0.2786937654018402, 0.19291481375694275, 0.38637152314186096, -0.13679741322994232, 0.1339016705751419, -0.5759631395339966, -0.03155452385544777, 0.3615967333316803, -0.5828789472579956, 0.5957414507865906, -0.06491735577583313, 0.3550204336643219, -0.10121072083711624, -0.43495726585388184, -0.19381706416606903, -0.11688903719186783, -0.1195899024605751, 0.25687548518180847, -0.28494274616241455, 0.2799674868583679, -0.3316590487957001, 0.14750255644321442, -0.9376378655433655, 0.3530523180961609, 0.23338162899017334, -0.09428923577070236, -0.17904631793498993, 0.3670216500759125, 0.17317944765090942, 0.4056844115257263, -0.5982983708381653, -0.21202580630779266, -0.1561949998140335, -0.11342102289199829, 0.3814559876918793, -0.23525860905647278, 0.28173357248306274, -0.37134069204330444, -0.12134933471679688, 0.5131987929344177, -0.1989338994026184, 0.3843875825405121, 0.4389205276966095, 0.6721763014793396, 0.5429837107658386, 0.4944869577884674, 0.35160520672798157, -0.22127893567085266, 0.5163208246231079, 0.14183197915554047, -0.3426569998264313, 0.06013302132487297, 0.24825304746627808, 0.19627061486244202, -0.3426892161369324, -0.4675271511077881, -0.3696768879890442, 0.7307887077331543, -0.6902466416358948, 0.3114931881427765, -0.0907815471291542, -0.36647096276283264, 0.5159392356872559, 0.035941243171691895, 0.3348170220851898, 0.18525326251983643, -0.30239948630332947, 0.08969971537590027, 0.24975155293941498, -0.44867879152297974, 0.06788162887096405, 0.2835027277469635, -0.6409291625022888, -0.08026351779699326, -0.026643425226211548, 0.1952197104692459, 0.6192707419395447, 0.5096958875656128, 0.126844123005867, -0.5521574020385742, -0.05913476273417473, -0.4766831696033478, -0.17512646317481995, -0.4642333686351776, -0.11694690585136414, -0.12306731194257736, -0.5179758667945862, -0.017874151468276978, -0.7090247273445129, 0.3862205147743225, 0.15496627986431122, -0.20608371496200562, -0.47382038831710815, -0.6134718656539917, -0.09920765459537506, -0.022398680448532104, 0.06159408390522003, -0.3636943995952606, 0.3097255825996399, -0.5313944816589355, -0.1794426590204239, -0.16080030798912048, 0.14489340782165527, -0.48588570952415466, 0.13485412299633026, 0.12964265048503876, 0.0034708890598267317, 0.39571210741996765, 0.14631593227386475, -0.05174665153026581, 0.018222661688923836, -0.0534796342253685, 0.27165305614471436, 0.5048627257347107, -0.22936886548995972, 0.111788809299469, 0.20845384895801544, -0.22009098529815674, -0.16451500356197357, 0.09881588071584702, -0.060429707169532776, -0.23613253235816956, -0.25901737809181213, 0.5274562835693359, 0.20995457470417023, 0.21530966460704803, 0.32714003324508667, 0.03897644579410553, -0.12349997460842133, -0.1442909836769104, -0.22867074608802795, 0.014021444134414196, 0.09618575870990753, 0.7698971033096313, -0.16010461747646332, -0.29948392510414124, 0.29180824756622314, -0.20208421349525452, -0.298967570066452, -0.2045210301876068, -0.13044577836990356, 0.5752454400062561, 0.547486424446106, 0.3250933289527893, 0.3991147577762604, -0.5904573798179626, -0.2528218924999237, -0.12069757282733917, 0.32240229845046997, -0.31468066573143005, -0.24443446099758148, 0.05530611425638199, -0.04685904085636139, 0.22866730391979218, 0.1247459426522255, 0.17747865617275238, -0.23911525309085846, 0.21552568674087524, 0.4962681829929352, -0.028022024780511856, -0.010573197156190872, -0.062078896909952164, -0.3476162552833557, -0.27649185061454773, -0.14876778423786163, 0.3228210210800171, 0.03054046630859375, 0.16791991889476776, 0.6588540077209473, -0.7405263185501099, -0.44351083040237427, -0.3174333870410919, -0.15318168699741364, -0.1088271290063858, -0.05183769017457962, -0.016975808888673782, -0.17103159427642822, 0.3553340435028076, 0.17763099074363708, 0.48813456296920776, 0.38848385214805603, 0.7279990911483765, 0.030477605760097504, -0.18215279281139374, -0.44250330328941345, 0.1514553725719452, -0.7318584322929382, 0.36627817153930664, 0.7142319679260254, -0.012839250266551971, 0.2656985819339752, -0.2816369831562042, 0.12029854953289032, 0.04249272495508194, -0.48907172679901123, -0.1768108755350113, 0.7193153500556946, 0.001712252153083682, -0.08462285250425339, -0.15786609053611755, 0.41978904604911804, 0.3831636905670166, 0.21717388927936554, -0.000375018862541765, -0.5136910676956177, 0.08912480622529984, 0.17252327501773834, -0.6528787016868591, 0.36514028906822205, -0.21889029443264008, -0.13390952348709106, -0.3533262014389038, 0.17571194469928741, 0.565700352191925, -0.22042478621006012, 0.23577480018138885, 0.16733570396900177, -0.3903520107269287, -0.5153859257698059, 0.5621514916419983, -0.13226935267448425, 0.3487493395805359, -0.3876815736293793, -0.02808976173400879, 0.19537994265556335, 0.14416609704494476, 0.4911218285560608, -0.27902328968048096, -0.13110746443271637, 0.4185958504676819, -0.1003955528140068, -0.16598442196846008, 0.33108648657798767, -0.23374049365520477, -0.12020230293273926, -0.8441162705421448, -0.04776890575885773, -0.1765390932559967, 0.061128031462430954, 0.6054665446281433, 0.5778650641441345, -0.10023365914821625, -0.7631514072418213, -0.2395566701889038, 0.25539112091064453, -0.23984824120998383, -0.1303316205739975, 0.055738311260938644, 0.09266932308673859, -0.18618014454841614, -0.27281641960144043, -0.18598484992980957, 0.5036096572875977, 0.6503811478614807, 0.07505787163972855, 0.5712499022483826, -0.06406605243682861, 0.28588035702705383, -0.13924498856067657, 0.42338064312934875, -0.12701192498207092, 0.438001424074173, -0.22260166704654694 ]
202209	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken%20Akamatsu	Ken Akamatsu	is a Japanese manga artist and politician from Tokyo. After success with A.I. Love You from 1994–1997, he wrote Love Hina from 1998 to 2001. His longest work to date has been Negima! Magister Negi Magi from 2003 to 2012. His current serial, UQ Holder!, is a sequel to Negima. Akamatsu is also the creator of the J-Comi website, a free digital distributor of out-of-print manga. His work Love Hina is considered as the origin of harem manga and anime, especially romantic comedy. Overview Sailor Moon was his introduction to anime and manga fandom. In his teens, Akamatsu applied himself to Film Study (it is speculated that this is where he got the idea for Love Hina). Eventually, he became famous as an illustrator at the Comiket (a comic convention held bi-annually in Japan). He used the pen name . Akamatsu, still in college (Japanese literature course at Chuo University), then proceeded to win the Weekly Shōnen Magazine award twice. Soon after he graduated, his Hito Natsu no Kids Game was awarded the coveted 50th Shōnen Magazine's Rookie Award. After a big hit with A.I. Love You, he finally made a grand success with his manga, Love Hina. The series appeared in Weekly Shōnen Magazine and has been collected in eleven volumes (with fourteen volumes in total), which have sold over 6 million copies in Japan, and received the Kodansha Manga Award for shōnen in 2001. Akamatsu had added elements of his own life experiences to the story, and this was said to have induced a unique feeling to the manga especially for Western readers, whose lack of familiarity with Japanese culture for the most part added to the effect. The series, published in America in 2002, was especially well received in many overseas countries - Akamatsu was surprised that even foreign readers found Love Hina to be "cute" and to their liking. Akamatsu appears as a character in the Love Hina anime, in episode 14, and the Christmas and Spring specials. He is married to 'Kanon' Akamatsu, who was previously a singer/idol. His series, Negima! Magister Negi Magi, his longest running manga so far with 355 chapters, was, like Love Hina, also made into an anime. A second independent retelling of Negima was made called Negima!?. The first anime adaption was produced by Xebec, and the second retelling was produced by Shaft. Shaft also produces all of the OVAs for Magical Teacher Negima! and finally made a new Negima! OVA, Negima! Magister Negi Magi ~Shiroki Tsubasa Ala Alba~, and a newer series of OVAs, Maho Sensei Negima! Mo Hitotsu no Sekai ~Another World~ . Along with working on the Negima manga, he was also helping with the live action Negima! series. He has no task-based daily schedule for his manga work; instead he works on one page at a time until the whole chapter is finished. When he was younger he could draw one chapter each week, but nowadays he usually draws 18 pages every 9 days. Thus, he has time to take a week-long break on four-week intervals while maintaining his weekly publishing schedule. In November 2010, he announced he would start a free manga download site for out-of-print titles called J-Comi, and announced that all 14 volumes of Love Hina will be its first release. The service is completely free and without any time restrictions or commissions, with authors receiving payment based on site ads. The comics will be distributed as PDFs without any type of DRM. He also expects other manga artists to take advantage of the service. He started a new manga, UQ Holder!, in Weekly Shōnen Magazine; which debuted in the 38th issue in August 2013. On December 16, 2021, Akamatsu announced he will be running for the House of Councillors, the upper house of Japan's House of Representatives, as part of the Liberal Democratic Party, in the 2022 summer election, to protect artistic freedom in Japan from foreign puritan and politically correct censorship, standards and regulations and creators' rights. Works Manga UQ Holder! Anime Love Hina (story; also voiced himself in two special episodes) Ground Defense Force! Mao-chan (story, character designs) Negima! Magister Negi Magi (story) Uta Kata (ending illustrator, episode 11) Itsudatte My Santa! (story) Hayate the Combat Butler! Heaven Is a Place on Earth (special thanks) UQ Holder! (story) References External links Ken Akamatsu's personal site J-Comi 1968 births People from Higashikurume, Tokyo Manga artists from Tokyo Chuo University alumni Living people Manga artists Winner of Kodansha Manga Award (Shōnen) Liberal Democratic Party (Japan) politicians	[ -0.4545544981956482, -0.3042086064815521, -0.3499845564365387, -0.021106943488121033, -0.7724233865737915, 0.11831767857074738, 0.28396931290626526, -0.2610069215297699, -0.08843498677015305, 0.08194499462842941, -0.028816597536206245, 0.38982322812080383, -0.3146341145038605, 0.10443864017724991, -0.08378367871046066, -0.24193404614925385, -0.03445972129702568, 0.4603756368160248, -0.6238970160484314, -0.34164321422576904, -0.39291131496429443, -0.6569587588310242, 0.05275585502386093, -0.06052316725254059, 0.2702009975910187, 0.5177867412567139, 0.281156063079834, 0.9026675224304199, -0.07167820632457733, -0.08154028654098511, 0.23000124096870422, 0.6097047328948975, 0.21188518404960632, -0.41971543431282043, -0.15330764651298523, 0.07606308907270432, -0.2046521008014679, 0.12009909003973007, 0.31806835532188416, 0.16710658371448517, 0.03663051128387451, 0.28382912278175354, -0.20228731632232666, 0.18647848069667816, 0.08210508525371552, -0.8027331829071045, -2.2363831996917725, 0.06155996024608612, -0.800620973110199, -0.4230993092060089, -0.21939437091350555, 0.0331374816596508, -0.01949351653456688, 0.3893062472343445, -0.601850152015686, 0.971433699131012, -0.12340246886014938, 0.17739881575107574, -0.09994090348482132, -0.16790206730365753, -0.08088432252407074, -0.5354430675506592, 0.5249970555305481, 0.03539954870939255, -0.13734348118305206, 0.4318961203098297, 0.217523992061615, -0.06911326199769974, 0.2996966242790222, 0.17091010510921478, 0.20589831471443176, 0.6141795516014099, 0.24532955884933472, 0.2550416588783264, 0.12452073395252228, -0.4474424123764038, -0.16268125176429749, -0.0778135433793068, 0.006835011765360832, 0.17648574709892273, -0.40903598070144653, -0.2721101641654968, 0.012438277713954449, 0.31913965940475464, 0.1474442481994629, -0.0050506191328167915, -0.33891862630844116, 0.2635137140750885, -0.6492131948471069, 0.9644706845283508, -0.3498791456222534, -0.41761237382888794, 0.18088398873806, 0.02017834223806858, 0.08421537280082703, -0.2820156514644623, -0.2217070311307907, 0.7955308556556702, 0.21579691767692566, -0.5352897047996521, 0.19543756544589996, -0.10586375743150711, 0.11364196240901947, -0.09251357614994049, -1.0857994556427002, -0.547720193862915, -0.029005911201238632, -0.18017855286598206, -0.07323058694601059, -0.580807626247406, -0.42096659541130066, 0.7461830973625183, 0.02724446915090084, -0.08266723155975342, -0.20170530676841736, 0.14809583127498627, 0.24021348357200623, 0.0651223435997963, 0.0922035425901413, 0.22926029562950134, 0.207940936088562, 0.3420429825782776, -0.24362678825855255, 0.26940882205963135, -0.26003456115722656, 0.21443769335746765, -0.3352690041065216, -0.2707146108150482, -0.05148975923657417, 0.250247061252594, 0.4292152523994446, 0.9368720650672913, -0.6111849546432495, 0.12369323521852493, 0.42863887548446655, -0.2192404568195343, 0.31981801986694336, 0.12897147238254547, -0.2941837012767792, -0.06548410654067993, -0.9388895630836487, 0.023493709042668343, -1.9196760654449463, -0.19190655648708344, -0.17698168754577637, 0.21970762312412262, -0.7659849524497986, -0.4951135516166687, -0.2519289255142212, 0.11697541177272797, 0.05881734564900398, 0.5111783742904663, -0.036981385201215744, 0.2537423372268677, -0.22464613616466522, 0.18085089325904846, 0.5182339549064636, -0.2201796919107437, 0.042660199105739594, 0.18970009684562683, -0.04875043034553528, -0.38416779041290283, -0.5166330337524414, 0.27806806564331055, -0.41490665078163147, -0.5674245357513428, 0.33660608530044556, -0.09935352951288223, -0.4452728033065796, 0.04692663624882698, -0.06324537098407745, -0.6556335091590881, -0.12215760350227356, -0.6955894827842712, 0.5810873508453369, -0.352356880903244, 0.5509500503540039, 0.0885763168334961, 0.1553809642791748, -0.002612222218886018, -0.5804280042648315, -0.6007762551307678, -0.3800145983695984, 0.027394136413931847, 0.4257856011390686, 0.28996527194976807, 0.08748310804367065, 0.2815319895744324, 0.9271615147590637, 0.42366525530815125, -0.2251022309064865, -0.29954594373703003, 0.022647352889180183, -0.08553007245063782, 0.7119914889335632, 0.6964431405067444, -0.13164006173610687, 0.4224167466163635, -0.060354381799697876, 0.700950562953949, 0.3949631154537201, -0.07867801189422607, -0.06022625416517258, -0.16273349523544312, -0.15505260229110718, 1.473750352859497, 0.2041172832250595, 0.2420494258403778, -0.09892163425683975, 0.6083953976631165, -0.004797465167939663, 0.08519142121076584, -0.13022160530090332, 0.182003915309906, 0.023339703679084778, -0.1351350098848343, -0.3558790981769562, -0.015643376857042313, 0.5144111514091492, -0.37757909297943115, 0.5189771056175232, 0.5264539122581482, -0.4953562617301941, 0.5607752203941345, -0.03489987924695015, 1.2347376346588135, 0.1339619755744934, 0.020550135523080826, 0.42223313450813293, -0.9174312949180603, 0.42760878801345825, 0.5679838061332703, 0.020208457484841347, -0.15306657552719116, -0.3693191707134247, 0.1729467660188675, 1.0910195112228394, 0.08324235677719116, 0.15329736471176147, -0.010896370746195316, 0.21899233758449554, 0.7146909832954407, 0.06436002999544144, 0.39728856086730957, 0.3512108325958252, 0.0504118837416172, -0.6405585408210754, 0.6369650959968567, -0.609143853187561, -0.14730019867420197, 0.528634786605835, -0.015816347673535347, 0.5113403797149658, 0.06847052276134491, -0.02143682911992073, -0.16307689249515533, 0.004916184116154909, -0.2527303993701935, -0.35453343391418457, -0.24741484224796295, -0.35313838720321655, -0.0808880403637886, 0.056561727076768875, -0.5753114819526672, -0.32121604681015015, -0.47461405396461487, 0.5035810470581055, -0.3105650544166565, 0.6914076209068298, -0.1215766966342926, 0.010600392706692219, 0.08395376801490784, -0.1746324747800827, -1.6172806024551392, 0.06500241905450821, -0.2416895478963852, -0.2680620849132538, 0.582750141620636, -0.58921217918396, -0.7206823825836182, 0.40525174140930176, 0.1254907250404358, -0.27536022663116455, -0.2687048017978668, -0.14681647717952728, 0.08329277485609055, -0.2119290828704834, -0.7134812474250793, -0.19952009618282318, 0.17903456091880798, -0.10081316530704498, 0.7433933615684509, -0.40486299991607666, 0.1404065489768982, -0.016165057197213173, 0.5591865181922913, 0.00035670565557666123, -0.25982335209846497, 0.07320297509431839, -0.3341822624206543, -0.5908332467079163, 0.22119829058647156, 0.04879480227828026, 0.4392241835594177, 0.154256209731102, 0.030115943402051926, -0.11798327416181564, -0.14392687380313873, -5.294297218322754, 0.0619819350540638, -0.049321867525577545, 0.2676456570625305, -0.01069831382483244, 0.20943504571914673, 0.5598691701889038, 0.08004185557365417, 0.23103100061416626, -0.34168049693107605, -0.3420349359512329, -0.07343115657567978, 0.7399740815162659, 0.685337483882904, -0.10866610705852509, 0.4909774661064148, 0.6744124889373779, -0.3531542420387268, 0.20734845101833344, 0.06682896614074707, -0.07901111990213394, 0.05635321885347366, -0.17545850574970245, 0.7944622039794922, 0.09342247992753983, 0.8105539679527283, -1.0872046947479248, 0.30804821848869324, -0.2304137945175171, -0.05413072556257248, -0.5753937363624573, -0.12069641798734665, -0.3783054053783417, 0.3298340439796448, -0.4938252568244934, -0.14003689587116241, 0.3354312777519226, -0.18104031682014465, 0.21408486366271973, 0.3654642105102539, 0.258232444524765, -0.10413656383752823, -0.7275987267494202, 0.6432309746742249, 0.24641138315200806, -0.5943891406059265, -0.9235393404960632, -0.5929636359214783, 0.37223008275032043, 0.21580921113491058, 0.5196954607963562, 0.15524913370609283, 1.2168046236038208, -0.13516366481781006, 0.58978271484375, -0.29007357358932495, 0.47712868452072144, 0.011900724843144417, -0.27748727798461914, -0.2551742494106293, 0.18738974630832672, -0.2932020425796509, 0.26727813482284546, -0.4217778146266937, 0.23268824815750122, -0.12149529904127121, 0.6824308633804321, -0.223789781332016, 0.028670793399214745, -0.13263675570487976, -1.063979148864746, 0.525056004524231, 0.4408254027366638, -0.9237306118011475, 0.2915325164794922, 0.447123646736145, -0.04725877195596695, 0.40139010548591614, -0.4397183656692505, -0.8904107213020325, -0.7680459022521973, -0.36928558349609375, -0.0040795342065393925, 0.43312472105026245, -0.23007984459400177, -0.14758405089378357, 0.3726086914539337, 0.01962660625576973, 0.14022186398506165, 0.35381487011909485, 0.09531153738498688, -0.5582056045532227, 0.4289209544658661, -0.011704254895448685, 1.041691541671753, -0.06749238073825836, 0.11731456220149994, 0.15808312594890594, 0.506756603717804, -0.6626254320144653, 0.15534651279449463, -0.3991343677043915, -0.7611107230186462, -0.30029916763305664, -0.17527776956558228, -0.39746230840682983, 0.15892289578914642, -0.07540731877088547, 0.3492008447647095, 0.3920324146747589, -0.35379594564437866, -0.2555677592754364, -0.42231473326683044, 0.1305515319108963, 0.7793178558349609, -0.4005773067474365, -0.1727614849805832, 0.28981998562812805, 0.1637432873249054, 0.29422035813331604, -0.27713096141815186, 0.780631959438324, -0.15351754426956177, -0.9630545973777771, 0.5984728336334229, 0.10048723220825195, -0.27632880210876465, 0.3325314521789551, -0.07604150474071503, -0.004855531733483076, -0.33615005016326904, 0.7750447392463684, -0.18279530107975006, -0.6777905821800232, 0.06683765351772308, -0.7447722554206848, -0.598796546459198, -0.22030457854270935, -0.10745371878147125, 0.04464554786682129, 0.42485108971595764, -0.42558714747428894, -0.0707879513502121, 0.2973650395870209, -0.3697161078453064, -0.025886189192533493, -0.2710438072681427, 0.4294853210449219, -0.2980208098888397, 0.34105944633483887, 0.209690660238266, -0.8891164660453796, 0.2401358187198639, -0.43218693137168884, -0.3264434337615967, 0.5476387739181519, -0.717998743057251, -0.4209672510623932, -0.38865917921066284, 0.06879837065935135, 0.27640560269355774, -0.3808417022228241, -1.5276957750320435, 0.04404442012310028, 0.31652382016181946, -0.38643553853034973, -0.18257862329483032, -0.3073682487010956, -0.05073491483926773, 0.5724124312400818, 0.33487462997436523, -0.18168514966964722, -0.4296058714389801, 0.17670530080795288, 0.14296843111515045, 0.15930840373039246, 0.28147703409194946, 0.34199249744415283, -0.004343478009104729, 0.23338791728019714, 0.12069083005189896, 0.1721711903810501, -0.2904461920261383, 0.2401435226202011, 0.10839203000068665, -0.6448972225189209, -0.22996766865253448, -0.3948439657688141, -0.8112887144088745, 0.053574852645397186, 0.36015981435775757, -0.13016217947006226, 0.5151637196540833, 0.582009494304657, -0.09529604017734528, -0.4958374798297882, 0.4692278206348419, -0.23106303811073303, -0.07919695973396301, -0.17544129490852356, -0.1280011683702469, 0.15515761077404022, -0.4307565987110138, 0.012499053962528706, 0.17358212172985077, -0.7583212852478027, 0.050333429127931595, 0.8803387880325317, 0.5773557424545288, -0.031040089204907417, -0.46614688634872437, 0.04705304279923439, 0.20313294231891632, -0.5095396637916565, 0.05323151871562004, -0.0034808488562703133, 0.2966250777244568, 0.5564019680023193, -0.14692701399326324, -0.4265742003917694, -0.3942832052707672, 0.09219523519277573, -0.4901425838470459, -0.17680507898330688, -0.34817489981651306, -0.028240114450454712, 0.9039618372917175, 0.07492449879646301, -0.6631943583488464, -0.3440922498703003, -0.3947703540325165, 0.1866723746061325, 0.21826276183128357, 0.11704780161380768, -0.5659761428833008, 0.23280572891235352, 0.184731125831604, 0.5106285810470581, 0.3087444603443146, -0.16897854208946228, 0.6995699405670166, 0.38908398151397705, 0.09104597568511963, 0.5227493047714233, 0.03749167546629906, 1.286605715751648, 0.26844656467437744, -0.16569755971431732, 0.08405863493680954, 0.6377124190330505, 0.21615545451641083, 0.11655750125646591, -0.5417848229408264, 0.05915236100554466, 1.0442644357681274, -0.33259230852127075, 0.10352008789777756, 0.6597415804862976, -0.023829307407140732, -0.19980891048908234, -0.3642923831939697, 0.3745477497577667, 0.3180585503578186, -0.17040272057056427, -0.14595870673656464, 0.3719867467880249, -0.7166275382041931, -0.17310447990894318, -0.1444433033466339, -0.6827451586723328, -0.8084947466850281, -0.025102844461798668, -0.06584304571151733, 1.0886067152023315, 0.32554951310157776, 0.2927754819393158, -0.27318665385246277, -0.2047898918390274, -0.328097939491272, -0.05423193797469139, 0.10784377157688141, 0.027835477143526077, 0.2487519234418869, -0.17299488186836243, -0.1559344381093979, -0.38017117977142334, 0.3263086676597595, 0.09280622750520706, 0.25234079360961914, 0.018081221729516983, -0.78768390417099, -0.42207732796669006, -0.154908686876297, -0.20541588962078094, -0.6138820052146912, -0.007348393555730581, -0.4140273928642273, -0.24269650876522064, -0.5265863537788391, -0.32712963223457336, -0.24007588624954224, 0.29072096943855286, 0.30170172452926636, 0.2564593553543091, 0.7775723934173584, 0.2079796940088272, 0.0546264573931694, -0.1023770347237587, 0.23243573307991028, 0.2573298513889313, 0.044117625802755356, -0.13284587860107422, 0.20849551260471344, 0.7940493822097778, -0.03192184492945671, -0.09891266375780106, 0.039016783237457275, -0.502668023109436, -0.285900741815567, -0.44383108615875244, 0.7921384572982788, -0.11042722314596176, 0.41597211360931396, 0.4654412269592285, 0.6966479420661926, 0.5604019165039062, 0.12321188300848007, -0.08572279661893845, -0.12888258695602417, 0.9773482084274292, 0.3901055157184601, 0.20670963823795319, -0.23432782292366028, 0.3701768219470978, 0.07661950588226318, -0.033701539039611816, -0.0017699499148875475, -0.011670475825667381, 0.6315861344337463, -0.26478344202041626, 0.07226439565420151, 0.8448842167854309, -0.8883801102638245, -0.19555260241031647, 0.22015269100666046, -0.3076741695404053, -0.21005339920520782, -0.0009342882549390197, -0.03944141045212746, 0.48247775435447693, 0.43039268255233765, 0.6313638687133789, 0.34154483675956726, -0.5607444643974304, -0.14129167795181274, 0.12139833718538284, -0.08986454457044601, -0.5154216289520264, 0.19418364763259888, -0.8812716603279114, -0.16722293198108673, -0.6317819356918335, 0.5687326788902283, -0.05512598901987076, 0.05692040175199509, 0.13508880138397217, -0.6514487862586975, -0.46350395679473877, -0.1373244822025299, 0.03665408119559288, -0.8050306439399719, -0.46011021733283997, 0.08538098633289337, 0.4311414659023285, -0.12713225185871124, 0.5347297787666321, 0.5108075141906738, -0.05640752613544464, -0.5312764048576355, 0.12993890047073364, -0.07148127257823944, 0.624633252620697, -0.39792272448539734, 0.034540098160505295, 0.8947400450706482, 0.3840724527835846, -0.17445847392082214, 0.5506973266601562, -0.482727587223053, 0.4728018045425415, -0.11492813378572464, -0.31704768538475037, -0.48734697699546814, 1.156521201133728, -0.22529342770576477, 0.17727115750312805, -0.39761438965797424, 0.4840783476829529, 0.4590432345867157, 0.19408701360225677, 0.036437373608350754, -0.38266924023628235, -0.6080271005630493, 0.36018693447113037, -0.24085626006126404, 0.04799862951040268, -0.7648588418960571, 0.2744310200214386, -0.46578553318977356, -0.035512812435626984, 0.35181233286857605, 0.561038613319397, -0.19736091792583466, -0.2753818929195404, -0.06857012212276459, -0.30011501908302307, 0.45007818937301636, 0.024286754429340363, 0.17584486305713654, 0.15442214906215668, 0.05304674059152603, -0.08598728477954865, 0.24647721648216248, 0.4457835257053375, 0.1756364405155182, -0.07363782823085785, 0.4970462918281555, -0.2900922894477844, -0.3196154832839966, 0.14883260428905487, -0.269400417804718, -0.3454059958457947, -0.37718042731285095, 0.17849238216876984, -0.33688217401504517, 0.09355557709932327, 0.6392977237701416, 0.7102915048599243, 0.3071310818195343, 0.1209675520658493, 0.15737611055374146, -0.05261578783392906, 0.2547881007194519, 0.18515744805335999, -2.47802996635437, 0.21396751701831818, -0.22653459012508392, -0.2830883264541626, -0.1283644139766693, -0.39803409576416016, 0.11271363496780396, -0.4903653562068939, 0.7052612900733948, -0.3083561956882477, 0.13893073797225952, 0.17993348836898804, 0.4058710038661957, -0.5030678510665894, 0.6194157600402832, -0.3608768880367279 ]
202211	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night%20in%20the%20Ruts	Night in the Ruts	Night in the Ruts is the sixth studio album by American rock band Aerosmith, released in November 1979, by Columbia Records. Guitarist Joe Perry left the band midway through its recording. The album was initially produced at the band's Warehouse rehearsal space by Jack Douglas, who had produced Aerosmith's previous four albums, but later Columbia Records brought in Gary Lyons to replace Douglas as the producer. Background Recording of the album began some time in the spring of 1979, but right from the beginning there were delays. Hampered by rampant drug use, vocalist Steven Tyler had difficulty completing lyrics and vocals. Bassist Tom Hamilton recalled: "We worked on the album, but we couldn't finish it. It was supposed to come out in June and be called Off Your Rocker, but there were no lyrics. It was a big crisis." The band members were also in dire financial straits, with guitarist Joe Perry owing the band $80,000 for room service, which he planned to repay by recording a solo album. The relationship between Aerosmith and Jack Douglas also became frosty and unstable when the producer divorced his wife, whom the band had liked. This, combined with weak sales of Draw the Line, led to Columbia stepping in, with Douglas reflecting in the band memoir Walk This Way, "The label finally put a lot of pressure on them. It was: "Look at these sales numbers. Come up with another hit or there's going to be trouble.' David [Krebs, Aerosmith's manager] thought I no longer exercised control over the band, which was true. No one did." With the album still unfinished, the band was sent on tour to generate revenue, as they had burned through the budget allotment. This premature outing during the summer months pushed the album's release to later in the year. "Our management booked a tour," Hamilton noted, "leaving us just enough time to make the record, based on how long it'd taken us in the past, but we actually needed much more time. So we had to go on tour before the vocals were finished, and it was dragging on and on. Everyone was super-frustrated by it. It's ironic, because we were out on the road, playing stadiums to huge amounts of people, and yet the band was getting ready to die." Substance abuse among the members gradually worsened, and they started fighting among themselves. This often led to missed and sloppy live performances, culminating in a fight involving the members and their wives. The situation came to a head on July 28, 1979, at the World Series of Rock in Cleveland, Ohio when Perry left the band halfway through the tour after a heated argument with Tyler. Prior to Perry's departure, he had completed guitar parts for "No Surprize," "Chiquita," "Cheese Cake," “Reefer Headed Woman”, "Three Mile Smile," and "Bone to Bone (Coney Island White Fish Boy)." Guitar parts for the remaining songs were recorded by Brad Whitford, Richie Supa, Neil Thompson, and Jimmy Crespo. (The last became Perry's official replacement from 1979 to 1984.) Perry's last session with the band was on May 30, 1979. He stated: In his 2014 autobiography Rocks, Perry elaborated on his frustrations: Recording and composition Aerosmith spent the summer at Mediasound Studios in New York trying to finish off the album with producer Gary Lyons. The band caught a second wind when Tyler came up with lyrics for a song he had been composing with Perry that "told the story of the band," which became "No Surprize," a song that Tyler has cited as his favorite. In the band's 1997 memoir Walk This Way, Tyler shared his thoughts on several of the album's tracks: "Reefer Headed Woman" - "'Reefer Head Woman' was a 1940s blues record. I had the lyrics in a notebook that got stolen, and I had to call Dr. Demento from the Record Plant, where we finished the album, and the Doctor read the lyrics to me over the phone." "Mia" - "It was a lullaby I wrote on the piano for my daughter, but the tolling bell notes at the end of the song and the end of the album sounded more like the death knell of Aerosmith for people who knew what was going on." "No Surprize" - "For two months, I'd been totally blocked, writing lyrics for this track we had done with Joe. 'My name is nah nah nah, I come from Yonkers High, and I get drunk at night.' One night I had such a revelation to write the story of the band, how Aerosmith got started... I was so excited to be back on track." "Bone to Bone (Coney Island White Fish Boy)" - I had to explain to the press that a Coney Island whitefish is a used rubber." Also included on the album was a cover of "Think About It," a Yardbirds B-side from 1968 that Aerosmith had occasionally played live through the 70s. Tyler has expressed great satisfaction with Night in the Ruts, calling it his favorite album and cryptically enthusing to Stephen Davis in 1997, "Heroin. Shooting coke. Eating opium and it was just... I love that albumNight in the Ruts. It's like a fuckin' solar eclipse." Perry also insisted to Guitar World in 1997, "We were still fucked up, but the record sounds more cohesive than Draw the Line. Night in the Ruts was a rockin' record." Promo videos for "No Surprize" and "Chiquita" were filmed (featuring Jimmy Crespo); however, these videos received little television airplay. "Chiquita" is available on the band's Video Scrapbook VHS and laserdisc release. Reception The album was panned by contemporary critics and despite some early success, it quickly fell down the charts. Rolling Stone writer David Fricke described the album's best tracks "like inspired outtakes from Rocks and Toys in the Attic", showing Aerosmith's return to their basic sound; however, he found "the deviations from this norm... disastrous, if not in concept then in execution", as in the cover of Shangri-Las ballad "Remember (Walking in the Sand)" "wavering inconsistently between hard rock and the Spectorian grandeur of the original". The Village Voice critic Robert Christgau considered the opening song "No Surprize" the only "promising" track on the album. Critic Greg Prato of AllMusic offered a more charitable commentary in a historical context, calling it "a surprisingly coherent and inspired album. Although it's not up to par with such classics as Toys in the Attic or Rocks (although it could have been if the band weren't in such a state of turmoil at the time), it was definitely leaner and more focused than the [band's previous] studio release, Draw the Line." In his Collector's Guide to Heavy Metal, Martin Popoff found the album "a solid record" and a "triumph amidst adversity" which, even with the "band at its least energetic, coherent and cohesive", exudes "the canny genius of years spent welding modern flash rock to the blues." Track listing Personnel Aerosmith Steven Tylerlead vocals, keyboards, harmonica, piano, cover art concept Joe Perryguitar, slide guitar and backing vocals on "No Surprize", "Chiquita", "Cheese Cake", "Three Mile Smile", “Reefer Headed Woman”, and "Bone to Bone (Coney Island White Fish Boy)" Brad Whitfordguitar Tom Hamiltonbass guitar Joey Kramerdrums Additional musicians Mary Weissbacking vocals on "Remember (Walking in the Sand)" Richie Supa - additional guitars on "No Surprize" and "Mia" Jimmy Crespolead guitar on "Three Mile Smile" George Youngalto saxophone on "Chiquita" Louis del Gattobaritone saxophone on "Chiquita" Lou Marinitenor saxophone on "Chiquita" Barry Rogerstrombone on "Chiquita" Neil Thompsonguitar on "Chiquita" Production Gary Lyons - producer with Aerosmith, engineer David Krebs, Steve Leber - executive producers, management Peter Thea, Rod O'Brien - assistant engineers George Marino - mastering at Sterling Sound, New York John Berg, John Kosh - art direction, design Jim Shea - photography Vic Anesini - remastering Charts Certifications References Bibliography External links Aerosmith albums 1979 albums Columbia Records albums	[ -0.043400347232818604, -0.06804703921079636, -0.1994580179452896, -0.06465204805135727, -0.28969675302505493, 0.24435408413410187, 0.7829707860946655, 0.15881600975990295, -0.058961667120456696, 0.04480719566345215, 0.2776932418346405, 0.7082321047782898, -0.8449057936668396, 0.6017043590545654, 0.3384164571762085, 0.40192392468452454, -0.18701347708702087, -0.46309491991996765, 0.24307754635810852, -0.689314603805542, 0.38412633538246155, -0.4268916845321655, 0.5950272083282471, 0.11474825441837311, -0.2952972650527954, -0.15137730538845062, -0.6298924684524536, 0.41788250207901, 0.07366336137056351, -0.1683667004108429, 0.30408966541290283, 0.35409998893737793, 0.7771674990653992, -0.39644524455070496, 0.642914354801178, 0.5376614928245544, -0.06809522956609726, -0.4096486568450928, -0.3844860792160034, -1.0108325481414795, 0.15010309219360352, -0.2411939650774002, -0.3440598249435425, 0.14392463862895966, 0.08357975631952286, 0.0007524486863985658, -0.6900807619094849, 0.2935199737548828, -0.39145123958587646, -0.13693870604038239, -0.02077670954167843, 1.185213327407837, 1.1093335151672363, 0.17083920538425446, 0.11365777254104614, 0.3184221088886261, 0.06158085912466049, 0.030475417152047157, -0.21045149862766266, -0.01818595640361309, 0.4209713637828827, -0.2155490517616272, 0.19245393574237823, -0.439973920583725, -0.1848233938217163, 0.031439170241355896, -0.4749580919742584, 0.5809729099273682, 0.3262488543987274, -0.8910739421844482, -0.25269871950149536, -0.21576130390167236, -0.25326550006866455, -0.327414870262146, 0.05235229805111885, -0.2970559597015381, 0.33000022172927856, -0.1859327107667923, 0.3072121739387512, 0.479133665561676, -0.09762854874134064, 0.17134791612625122, 0.7572528123855591, 0.613945722579956, 0.4095175564289093, -0.3790242373943329, -0.46204257011413574, 0.699548602104187, -0.18636278808116913, 0.2451886236667633, -0.4718444347381592, -0.7997726798057556, 0.5221048593521118, 0.1338808834552765, -0.34233471751213074, -0.3949793875217438, 0.026404336094856262, -0.09450441598892212, 0.17116062343120575, 0.2135046273469925, 0.23449401557445526, 0.12460131198167801, 0.43584102392196655, 0.07427157461643219, -0.09421966224908829, -0.3146062195301056, -0.12536129355430603, -0.6716529130935669, 0.40951448678970337, -0.44903096556663513, -0.3531893193721771, 0.2978127896785736, 0.02442512847483158, -0.37634021043777466, 0.04045224189758301, 0.440133273601532, -0.2540651559829712, -0.27087095379829407, -0.33222469687461853, 0.5562138557434082, -0.1881387084722519, -0.30789604783058167, 0.2745589315891266, 1.0078701972961426, -0.9557473659515381, -0.033511389046907425, 0.22581122815608978, -0.10342881083488464, -0.7906479239463806, -0.02211560308933258, 0.1773524433374405, 1.037483811378479, -0.10582475364208221, 0.09622005373239517, -0.3186328113079071, -0.08447922766208649, 0.3275618553161621, 0.457780659198761, 0.030946791172027588, 0.05002638325095177, -0.6182505488395691, -0.049090251326560974, -0.5865514874458313, -0.8471545577049255, 0.30678659677505493, -0.23879143595695496, -0.13805659115314484, -0.4367666244506836, -0.13579422235488892, -0.6562768220901489, 0.9024625420570374, -0.41416430473327637, -0.16795217990875244, -0.17104266583919525, -0.3023305833339691, 0.013590255752205849, 0.30536743998527527, -0.10166379809379578, -0.29408201575279236, -0.16503900289535522, -0.09054103493690491, 0.42032667994499207, 0.013986516743898392, 0.5098705291748047, -0.1859479695558548, 0.039213504642248154, -0.10791005939245224, -0.1436859667301178, 0.29798397421836853, 0.2651313245296478, -0.3226199150085449, 0.31410759687423706, 0.23238639533519745, -0.8002405762672424, 0.23558591306209564, 0.13936172425746918, 0.5494701862335205, 0.2045520842075348, 0.33536869287490845, 0.23106180131435394, -0.29888540506362915, -0.31115251779556274, 0.683614194393158, -0.04085087403655052, 0.5577440857887268, -0.14476555585861206, 0.2773015797138214, 0.19380681216716766, 0.2615759074687958, 0.511467456817627, -0.6800156235694885, -0.512245237827301, 0.09134722501039505, -0.13034819066524506, 0.5422632694244385, 0.29666104912757874, 0.03701113536953926, -0.21831387281417847, -0.01925019919872284, 0.6133358478546143, -0.353894978761673, -0.10342974960803986, 0.5748631358146667, -0.5805335640907288, -0.3576333522796631, -0.24048936367034912, -0.31253698468208313, -0.8465386629104614, -0.2745164930820465, 0.542209804058075, -0.6123235821723938, -0.5961596369743347, 0.3014318346977234, 0.3184495270252228, -0.007285781670361757, -0.4241756498813629, -0.6356143355369568, 0.2130843997001648, 0.20990920066833496, -0.4412647485733032, 0.01907571405172348, 0.5770871043205261, -0.3262658715248108, 0.4824167490005493, -0.5344515442848206, 0.6530980467796326, -0.2231268435716629, -0.21905982494354248, 0.5772630572319031, -1.0393612384796143, -0.21316125988960266, 0.5339542031288147, -0.026726962998509407, -0.3489539921283722, 0.013692254200577736, 0.5655614137649536, 0.10706827789545059, -0.565894365310669, 0.16436384618282318, -0.33186468482017517, 0.6860150098800659, -0.06604374945163727, -0.28093400597572327, 0.46036627888679504, 0.2629229724407196, 0.24160389602184296, 0.17746825516223907, 0.41425254940986633, -0.37746095657348633, 0.4388347268104553, 0.2877544164657593, 0.6859225034713745, -0.011572033166885376, 0.1725800484418869, -0.37606409192085266, 0.11236850172281265, 0.2140672355890274, -0.42787206172943115, 0.3346758782863617, -0.06042264774441719, -0.01517509389668703, 0.20026156306266785, 0.051918286830186844, 0.27572324872016907, 0.4707275629043579, -0.676368236541748, -0.6227720975875854, -0.05765373632311821, 0.3441082239151001, -0.6664520502090454, -0.49774226546287537, 0.034448809921741486, -0.11167751997709274, 0.5731502175331116, -0.47397327423095703, -0.3521296977996826, -0.0795108824968338, 0.1907157450914383, -0.000051252944103907794, -0.47373273968696594, 0.5398792028427124, 0.4234539568424225, 0.5912424921989441, -0.4460175037384033, -0.47558021545410156, 0.5447930097579956, 0.3414413332939148, 0.25058314204216003, 0.4218080937862396, -0.5774827599525452, -0.2452579140663147, -0.1294545829296112, -0.41740769147872925, 0.4214343726634979, -0.5111328959465027, -0.05360575020313263, 0.25074562430381775, 0.15799112617969513, 0.35870450735092163, 0.12551064789295197, -0.47065338492393494, 0.04049057886004448, -0.7196813821792603, -0.37723273038864136, 0.2892976999282837, -0.5656965374946594, -0.08933988958597183, -0.4390124976634979, -5.486911773681641, 0.4302338659763336, 0.1505616307258606, 0.34299030900001526, 0.5151157975196838, 0.4164510667324066, 0.41761013865470886, -0.3156109154224396, -0.881180465221405, -0.2920718193054199, -0.6382830739021301, -0.23624520003795624, -0.21773847937583923, 0.35637298226356506, 0.1396676003932953, -0.08400706946849823, 0.43407049775123596, -0.34351301193237305, -0.10640411078929901, -0.013552329502999783, -0.05101825296878815, 0.2779959440231323, -0.16745951771736145, 0.05619407072663307, -0.02507951110601425, 1.1763925552368164, -0.27049291133880615, 0.05179633945226669, -0.6637768745422363, 0.4392971694469452, -0.23615767061710358, -0.3897855579853058, -0.24988596141338348, -0.2126135677099228, -0.5599790215492249, 0.038079287856817245, 0.16853800415992737, -0.22804442048072815, 0.2924550473690033, 0.13463783264160156, -0.5524137616157532, 0.260192334651947, 0.13026924431324005, -0.3059019446372986, 0.4209958612918854, 0.201743483543396, -0.7964491844177246, -0.8083460927009583, 0.05765891820192337, 0.8921078443527222, 0.3709215521812439, 0.30139800906181335, 0.34971603751182556, 0.060192473232746124, -0.3008268475532532, -0.11621664464473724, -0.0615835040807724, 0.10395338386297226, 0.4188450276851654, 0.44786497950553894, 0.5374365448951721, -0.6165459752082825, -0.006489128805696964, -0.5153116583824158, 0.34819483757019043, -0.5076794028282166, 0.1500118225812912, 0.04921972379088402, 0.685807466506958, 0.5410221815109253, 0.5244321823120117, 0.22090959548950195, 0.16478383541107178, -1.1349276304244995, -0.19868864119052887, -0.3290340304374695, -0.1060570776462555, -0.3899499773979187, 0.180806964635849, -0.0585264228284359, 0.31447654962539673, -0.034446366131305695, 0.12775661051273346, -0.1871344894170761, -0.3754885196685791, -0.9983950853347778, -0.04109414294362068, 0.3395220637321472, -0.6625782251358032, -0.09277201443910599, 0.08592858910560608, -0.3292810618877411, -0.13916315138339996, 0.11630750447511673, 0.23227280378341675, 0.3243599236011505, 0.18362587690353394, 0.24718648195266724, 0.3336430788040161, 0.319813996553421, -0.024141937494277954, -0.7163459062576294, 0.8126264810562134, -0.5697129964828491, -0.6596758365631104, -0.49910226464271545, -0.3043515682220459, 0.4218423664569855, 0.5639464259147644, 0.021361906081438065, 0.46709388494491577, -0.3010362982749939, -0.02128605544567108, -0.5113770365715027, 0.35873594880104065, -0.07482340186834335, 0.10137595981359482, 0.3417801856994629, 0.3190476894378662, -0.19143709540367126, 0.4663946330547333, 0.09704087674617767, -0.1611015796661377, -0.0987071692943573, -0.4073088467121124, 0.5922634601593018, 0.42511942982673645, -0.0793936625123024, 0.2845049798488617, 0.38719409704208374, -0.258256196975708, -0.004025330767035484, 0.13821150362491608, 0.16739925742149353, -0.00601440342143178, -0.47760722041130066, -0.6630715131759644, -0.18229630589485168, 0.16348375380039215, 0.19184987246990204, -0.19572800397872925, -0.07395569235086441, 0.13294506072998047, 0.09841087460517883, 0.4310186803340912, 0.29150712490081787, 0.12095793336629868, -1.0590733289718628, -0.029597872868180275, -0.009122621268033981, 0.6246963739395142, -0.07812567055225372, 0.24079588055610657, -0.8086301684379578, 0.21297858655452728, -0.026294847950339317, -0.2864658832550049, -0.3283490538597107, -0.13952066004276276, -0.4680660367012024, 0.5572905540466309, 0.04288845509290695, -1.517801284790039, 0.04065312072634697, -0.36072641611099243, 0.29995110630989075, 0.3868643343448639, -1.2076507806777954, -0.6538171768188477, 0.2292400449514389, -0.210272416472435, 0.04879292473196983, 0.10982523113489151, -0.1919560581445694, 0.42637285590171814, 0.5719460844993591, -0.16967938840389252, -0.0177224762737751, 0.964601457118988, -0.4156550168991089, -0.42361488938331604, 0.3313048779964447, -0.5849984288215637, 0.2959944009780884, 0.07764000445604324, -0.5772212743759155, -1.0313900709152222, -0.04890263080596924, 0.23679037392139435, 0.37760770320892334, 0.3684634566307068, 0.08866649121046066, 0.5396373867988586, 0.028660763055086136, -0.9641982316970825, -0.735212504863739, 0.239903524518013, 0.871001660823822, -0.294098824262619, -0.2934664487838745, 0.3151260316371918, 0.26594454050064087, 0.246425598859787, -0.2338896244764328, 0.4029131233692169, -0.4605460464954376, 0.3883022665977478, 0.2951291501522064, -1.0557427406311035, 0.7778117656707764, -0.26671871542930603, -0.5308321118354797, -0.6753219366073608, 0.5140349864959717, -0.40609660744667053, -0.09214019775390625, 0.047106027603149414, -0.8320256471633911, -0.46075063943862915, 0.0868813768029213, -0.8726145029067993, 0.5855056643486023, -1.0581600666046143, -0.2032301127910614, -1.1890671253204346, -0.03459814935922623, 0.30472326278686523, -0.24554866552352905, -0.2079657018184662, -0.0480765625834465, 0.048202067613601685, 0.06860166043043137, 0.42313337326049805, -0.09107282012701035, -0.25892120599746704, 0.47131288051605225, 0.08147028088569641, 0.019056202843785286, 0.2792424261569977, -0.18635863065719604, 0.515163242816925, 0.6290650963783264, 0.30103936791419983, -0.46391329169273376, 0.32451942563056946, -0.08137954026460648, 0.20704740285873413, -0.32350900769233704, -0.15200260281562805, 0.20826183259487152, 0.44673189520835876, 0.011271383613348007, -0.9432235956192017, -0.02594083733856678, 0.5197586417198181, -0.6149498820304871, -0.05169570818543434, -0.5516740679740906, 0.11767176538705826, 0.19532202184200287, 0.09671317040920258, 0.31640398502349854, -0.4425884485244751, 0.25031834840774536, 0.07570905983448029, 0.14211738109588623, 0.16933254897594452, 0.31498226523399353, 0.013722364790737629, -0.44136664271354675, -0.2740451991558075, 0.07639690488576889, 0.4569604992866516, 0.3401973247528076, 0.19299273192882538, -0.09171660244464874, 0.2690311074256897, -0.6825980544090271, 0.31024670600891113, -0.16813427209854126, -0.5638529062271118, 0.30343690514564514, -0.24654024839401245, -0.3646361231803894, 0.06395133584737778, -0.33270490169525146, -0.4598178267478943, 0.10928992182016373, -0.2042132318019867, -0.26592907309532166, -0.20632117986679077, -0.07437846064567566, 0.05007724091410637, 1.0138899087905884, 0.29825910925865173, 0.08868848532438278, -0.14180539548397064, 0.18043626844882965, -0.006338160485029221, 0.018703265115618706, -0.7986786961555481, 0.6873552799224854, 0.33758246898651123, -0.17083463072776794, 0.3105182349681854, -0.6015490889549255, 0.3312810957431793, 0.10655666142702103, -0.4973544478416443, 0.44008657336235046, 0.5435498952865601, -0.14889244735240936, -0.13346363604068756, 1.0602809190750122, -0.9505649209022522, 0.20567326247692108, 0.7559653520584106, -0.11124572902917862, 0.4306935667991638, 0.29267191886901855, 0.2059122622013092, 0.31471675634384155, 0.5136999487876892, 0.2740192115306854, 0.07408389449119568, 0.29718488454818726, -0.5155236721038818, 0.42947280406951904, 0.823563814163208, 0.21534958481788635, 0.5796190500259399, -0.4139188826084137, -0.27231064438819885, 0.3048931658267975, -0.4146503210067749, -0.22885525226593018, -0.11210200190544128, -0.5963279604911804, -0.16447362303733826, 0.2440970540046692, -0.12084154039621353, -0.45239001512527466, 0.5162345767021179, 0.27448412775993347, 0.03217023238539696, -0.09629839658737183, 0.35225188732147217, -0.5492676496505737, 0.5019711852073669, -0.3368418514728546, -0.1609848439693451, 0.20577695965766907, 0.5546436905860901, -0.44376111030578613, 0.6016069650650024, 0.05186467990279198, 0.7137745022773743, -0.030268631875514984, -0.7041661143302917, -0.1592029482126236, -0.1159975677728653, 0.4175832271575928, 0.0461437925696373, -0.0529351569712162, 0.21119046211242676, -0.10228683054447174, 0.00015698054630775005, -0.38788849115371704, -0.29435503482818604, 0.16887257993221283, 0.7119326591491699, 0.346816748380661, -0.15688860416412354, -0.03957056254148483, 0.40964746475219727, -0.18545381724834442, 0.33721014857292175, 0.4477015435695648, 0.012515264563262463, 0.018749359995126724, -0.09354571998119354, 0.309637188911438, -0.18715251982212067, -0.36820974946022034, 0.1370936930179596, -0.2668570876121521, -0.291757732629776, -0.026064865291118622, 0.19133523106575012, -0.6761143207550049, 0.45747148990631104, -0.7756564021110535, -0.7712185382843018, -0.17473962903022766, -0.41511616110801697, -0.19693554937839508, -0.06543514132499695, 1.0175760984420776, -0.19132795929908752, 0.3880211114883423, 0.09493705630302429, -0.260265588760376, -0.45111319422721863, 0.4697560667991638, -0.7962271571159363, 0.23210199177265167, -0.6703552007675171, 0.09117870032787323, -0.5212962627410889, 1.4051001071929932, 0.24293917417526245, 0.21449796855449677, 0.028607387095689774, 1.236082673072815, -0.38020598888397217, -0.3474059998989105, 0.6081660985946655, -0.4063809812068939, -0.25558680295944214, 0.27584078907966614, 0.43348950147628784, 0.7866960763931274, -0.05943805351853371, 0.35551396012306213, -0.3576437830924988, -0.17474429309368134, 0.2269684076309204, 0.11590869724750519, -0.018559329211711884, 0.7960789203643799, -0.2841004729270935, -0.26490986347198486, -0.11102976649999619, -0.19025057554244995, 0.06817952543497086, -0.2992183268070221, 0.35006067156791687, 0.6235290169715881, 0.9832807779312134, -0.02518068440258503, 1.200787901878357, -0.7322439551353455, -0.17438159883022308, -0.05559263378381729, -0.13732479512691498, -0.22372952103614807, 0.011876440607011318, -0.2037893831729889, -0.4702252149581909, 0.6086228489875793, 0.1457100808620453, -0.16318398714065552, -0.18546591699123383, -0.47893965244293213, -0.3912985622882843, -0.4076169729232788, -0.0381484217941761, -0.14726711809635162, 0.10261461138725281, -0.3490920960903168 ]
202212	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCAF%20%28disambiguation%29	RCAF (disambiguation)	RCAF may refer to: Royal Cambodian Armed Forces, Cambodia's military, including the army, navy, air force and military police Royal Cambodian Air Force Royal Canadian Air Farce, a comedy troupe which starred in their own radio and television shows Royal Canadian Air Force, the name of Canada's air force from 1924 to 1968, and from 2011–Present Royal Ceylon Air Force, the Sri Lankan air force from 1948 to 1973 Royal Chicano Air Force, a collective of artists based in Sacramento, California	[ 1.1094958782196045, 0.5579718351364136, -0.23271338641643524, -0.23051458597183228, -0.28672850131988525, 0.0941021740436554, 0.4779236614704132, 0.030303463339805603, -0.4287661910057068, 0.28549379110336304, -0.4079473316669464, 0.24939170479774475, -0.3834022581577301, -0.004147818312048912, -0.3732976019382477, 0.7307662963867188, 0.290437251329422, 0.4896049499511719, 0.596079409122467, -0.4090581238269806, -0.2529061734676361, 0.1337684690952301, 0.2252972424030304, -0.24027618765830994, 0.41462936997413635, 0.400402694940567, 0.2655945420265198, -0.039000220596790314, 0.014715766534209251, 0.13436415791511536, 0.03222554549574852, 0.06795965880155563, 0.6907761096954346, -0.2737288177013397, 0.14808806777000427, 0.21499553322792053, -0.2107233703136444, 0.29428449273109436, -0.07967628538608551, -0.7580641508102417, 0.002786539029330015, -0.6091359257698059, 0.4450742304325104, -0.3691907227039337, -0.2175220251083374, -0.2829364538192749, -1.0933865308761597, 0.973745584487915, 0.13690586388111115, 0.7375794649124146, -0.6568590998649597, 0.30353981256484985, -0.026815202087163925, -0.20013731718063354, 0.2663520276546478, 0.4629160165786743, -0.5589888095855713, 0.0017299228347837925, 0.15176260471343994, -0.6822559833526611, 0.4901461899280548, 0.33376529812812805, 0.06994690746068954, -0.015935707837343216, -0.01863444782793522, 0.15647368133068085, 0.18024089932441711, 0.11276788264513016, -0.3903047442436218, -0.45831573009490967, 0.03421424701809883, -0.016197333112359047, -0.03397955372929573, 0.08180024474859238, -0.003938955720514059, -0.1974431276321411, 0.2125677913427353, -0.20021267235279083, 0.14491532742977142, 0.2713325321674347, 0.28615760803222656, -0.021694188937544823, 0.2107429802417755, -0.3869788944721222, -0.08953160792589188, 0.008189377374947071, -0.5889163613319397, -0.15064436197280884, -0.3562745749950409, -0.41679057478904724, -0.2725614607334137, -0.1001848578453064, 0.5746335983276367, 0.396589994430542, -0.5359591245651245, 0.39211052656173706, 0.13500761985778809, -0.0362553633749485, 0.19735239446163177, -0.06520918011665344, 0.03180171176791191, -0.19567444920539856, 0.41230902075767517, 0.22144430875778198, -0.9288190007209778, -0.08719464391469955, -0.3170575201511383, 0.26609593629837036, -0.6420888900756836, 0.01974083110690117, -0.22742821276187897, -0.40947282314300537, -0.407181978225708, 0.17728933691978455, -0.007391560822725296, -0.009843533858656883, 0.36570924520492554, -0.2863732576370239, 0.08511975407600403, 0.4397783875465393, 0.09500641375780106, 1.1010384559631348, -0.5417336225509644, 0.10774431377649307, -0.2897186279296875, 0.1817362904548645, 0.3238309621810913, -0.14692504703998566, -0.5715744495391846, 0.13599002361297607, -0.02464602142572403, 0.7537468075752258, -0.0029424591921269894, 0.305596262216568, -0.48301830887794495, -0.05320311710238457, 0.09433882683515549, 0.10827191174030304, 0.03239447623491287, 0.14727921783924103, -1.3597431182861328, -0.5828173160552979, -0.643631100654602, -0.3204905092716217, -0.10886739939451218, -0.125078022480011, -0.09871906787157059, 0.1716807335615158, -0.48801353573799133, -0.3851473033428192, -0.16634677350521088, -0.2673753499984741, -0.14652299880981445, -0.06159374117851257, 0.047250404953956604, 0.1858665943145752, 0.20118816196918488, 0.1431679129600525, 0.47680458426475525, -0.14299741387367249, 0.14914102852344513, 0.29001474380493164, 0.0764639601111412, 0.17597845196723938, 0.5551376938819885, -0.052709922194480896, -0.5043242573738098, 0.24291430413722992, -0.2250872701406479, -0.17885801196098328, -0.18786899745464325, -0.14081726968288422, 0.7126143574714661, 0.32119324803352356, -0.6071882843971252, 0.14346812665462494, 0.5174670815467834, 0.02433694526553154, 0.1607619673013687, 0.3357185423374176, -0.4745559096336365, 0.4054720997810364, -0.09645510464906693, -0.418185293674469, 0.15251535177230835, 0.34474626183509827, -0.05048437789082527, -0.14427970349788666, 0.34346771240234375, 0.42393913865089417, -0.6728984117507935, -0.522597074508667, 0.5222517251968384, -1.1345707178115845, 1.1086009740829468, 0.10187160223722458, -0.28727221488952637, 0.8594546318054199, -0.27356669306755066, 0.27747148275375366, 0.3380415439605713, 0.005106127820909023, 0.5351895689964294, -0.0762426033616066, -0.564217209815979, 0.5066562294960022, -0.04664664715528488, 0.47604578733444214, 0.25728172063827515, 0.3729347586631775, 0.35102424025535583, -0.1362563669681549, -0.2194647341966629, -0.17233328521251678, 0.15514050424098969, 0.024786148220300674, -0.8907099962234497, -0.27890920639038086, -0.21358947455883026, -0.5706367492675781, -0.10538291931152344, -0.21905535459518433, -0.2074776440858841, 0.19199664890766144, -0.22166815400123596, 0.46070900559425354, 0.1595917046070099, 0.17467406392097473, 0.29436200857162476, -0.46488964557647705, 0.23289425671100616, 0.012635787948966026, -0.06510721147060394, -0.6048400402069092, -0.01236391719430685, 0.11732181161642075, 0.29115936160087585, -0.19720199704170227, 0.4207841455936432, 0.22997009754180908, -0.018405916169285774, -0.4260011315345764, -0.43188270926475525, -0.1726868748664856, 0.07109600305557251, 0.21625229716300964, -0.1509292870759964, 0.06328968703746796, 0.2913099527359009, 0.16545800864696503, 0.3953982889652252, 0.3546764552593231, 0.3658936023712158, 0.19005529582500458, 0.43981558084487915, 0.4037989377975464, 0.4185151755809784, -0.37877947092056274, -0.2580529451370239, -0.40978971123695374, -0.543594241142273, -0.3560236692428589, -0.06797750294208527, 0.02368229255080223, 0.44662797451019287, -0.3032670021057129, -0.7178353667259216, -0.10618641972541809, 0.6835685968399048, 0.0983608067035675, -0.2993357181549072, -0.33067914843559265, -0.119585320353508, 0.07999928295612335, 0.15486681461334229, 0.11271896213293076, 0.11773750931024551, 0.12232591211795807, -0.44494113326072693, -0.06446753442287445, 0.17359942197799683, -0.010005948133766651, 0.04288789629936218, -0.7264440655708313, 0.1717366874217987, -0.02382298745214939, -0.29064375162124634, -0.18125241994857788, -0.10752871632575989, -0.4494817852973938, -0.3921155631542206, -0.2255450040102005, -0.22430817782878876, 0.07128394395112991, 0.12900994718074799, -0.13231533765792847, 0.459700345993042, 0.005597830284386873, 0.14779303967952728, -0.38003942370414734, -0.4064519703388214, 0.24642892181873322, -0.3055966794490814, -0.001885225297883153, 0.05573638528585434, -0.06507489830255508, -0.11330582946538925, -0.01921645551919937, -6.091862678527832, 0.2130078673362732, -0.8438413739204407, -0.5057649612426758, -0.5179309248924255, -0.09690944850444794, -0.11336460709571838, -0.1643732488155365, 0.2276793122291565, -0.3454910218715668, 0.534142792224884, -0.0821036621928215, 0.2716309726238251, 0.35355088114738464, 0.25881150364875793, 0.35533222556114197, 0.38656583428382874, -0.2677218019962311, 0.3408530354499817, 0.10188065469264984, 0.6503905057907104, 0.475085973739624, 0.3898724913597107, 0.028625618666410446, 0.24542467296123505, 0.4259825646877289, -0.14215399324893951, 0.15649652481079102, -0.5067481398582458, -0.29534485936164856, -0.3772936165332794, 0.04798223078250885, 0.35004922747612, -0.3177066147327423, -0.39748483896255493, -0.23297007381916046, 0.4273420572280884, 0.10552284121513367, 0.22801460325717926, 0.10461849719285965, -0.24135129153728485, -0.465593159198761, -0.06956180930137634, -0.11213399469852448, -0.10288572311401367, -0.4228055477142334, -0.5718785524368286, -0.04807005077600479, -0.11030945181846619, 0.7921896576881409, 0.03453144058585167, 0.12270376086235046, 0.6020520329475403, 0.2760287821292877, 0.05075981095433235, -0.4001902639865875, -0.036203231662511826, -0.047347355633974075, -0.543174684047699, 0.05822095274925232, 0.20723924040794373, -0.26423439383506775, -0.3639678359031677, -0.46469762921333313, -0.14139679074287415, 0.07272414863109589, -0.2694673538208008, -0.36855095624923706, 0.7174872159957886, 0.06152581050992012, -0.25345638394355774, 0.20205727219581604, -0.5742387175559998, -0.7305595874786377, -0.11707621067762375, -0.6226392388343811, 0.42907029390335083, 0.5534445643424988, -0.018172571435570717, 0.2569190263748169, -0.23201923072338104, 0.34338006377220154, -0.2756183445453644, -0.06904026120901108, -0.1767810434103012, -0.4129870533943176, -0.4494780898094177, 0.5484567880630493, 0.23323287069797516, 0.5026983618736267, 0.7108674645423889, -0.33936190605163574, 0.26190805435180664, 0.7153696417808533, 0.3983467221260071, -0.13259224593639374, 0.6657524704933167, 0.03452597185969353, 0.5091376900672913, -0.6684826612472534, 0.007985115982592106, -0.1894221007823944, 0.05080089345574379, -0.7228747606277466, -0.2433699518442154, -0.5040119290351868, -0.5973682999610901, -0.15029007196426392, 0.2081676423549652, -0.17700296640396118, -0.08192889392375946, -0.321677565574646, -0.05455496534705162, 0.09861373901367188, 0.34167933464050293, -0.16421771049499512, 0.2706657648086548, 0.49733343720436096, 0.9794411659240723, -0.09476294368505478, -0.21846069395542145, 0.283480167388916, 0.2966064214706421, 0.24817946553230286, -0.32161927223205566, 0.029006516560912132, 0.03373949974775314, 0.2986656725406647, -0.34203165769577026, 0.05175042524933815, 0.01896526850759983, 0.29212796688079834, 0.24561995267868042, 0.41354987025260925, 0.2902064919471741, -0.27353325486183167, 0.13027551770210266, -0.14066921174526215, 0.1699780970811844, -0.19994553923606873, 0.3031521737575531, -0.08371999859809875, -0.12453038990497589, 0.6858906745910645, -0.14592410624027252, 0.5456337928771973, -0.1806589514017105, -0.3910261392593384, 0.5048537254333496, 0.5011153817176819, 0.5907511115074158, 0.3669198751449585, 0.7258671522140503, -0.03568475320935249, -0.2345248907804489, -0.18125206232070923, 0.15889844298362732, -0.21795199811458588, 0.2589113414287567, -0.028709841892123222, 0.5470049381256104, 0.4424768388271332, -0.7521054744720459, -0.20411859452724457, 0.39610663056373596, -0.3205789029598236, 0.11610323935747147, -0.2230253517627716, 0.2942872643470764, 0.5159327983856201, 0.06274087727069855, -0.7177231311798096, -0.35792768001556396, 0.6085008978843689, 0.6502535939216614, 0.5482348203659058, 0.26060083508491516, -0.41339924931526184, 0.3922309875488281, 0.5902150869369507, 0.052670709788799286, -0.398861289024353, -0.4751580059528351, 0.8375173211097717, 0.3205564320087433, 0.11304506659507751, -0.1385679394006729, -0.464918315410614, 0.03557945042848587, -0.01687266118824482, 0.28641486167907715, 0.012629003264009953, 0.36869296431541443, 0.2506272792816162, -0.5437749028205872, -0.09469546377658844, -0.10551278293132782, 0.5037470459938049, -0.09253530204296112, -0.22256825864315033, 0.28544387221336365, 0.4159022569656372, -0.39272308349609375, -0.32225048542022705, -0.05621393024921417, -0.10641942918300629, 0.3499894440174103, -0.3899780511856079, -0.5987140536308289, 0.05486554652452469, -0.19384238123893738, -0.330524206161499, 0.2745656967163086, 0.757963240146637, -0.023683445528149605, 0.06683032959699631, -0.20992332696914673, 0.796988844871521, -0.027101142331957817, -0.4932710826396942, -0.26544779539108276, -0.05715910717844963, -0.20899616181850433, 0.0033909848425537348, -0.5447854995727539, 0.3975367248058319, -0.07820062339305878, -0.7990443110466003, 0.035163551568984985, 0.19608592987060547, -0.6879367828369141, -0.057019952684640884, -0.41241955757141113, -0.23557893931865692, -0.35023999214172363, -0.07288004457950592, 0.21724829077720642, -0.023804370313882828, 0.263592928647995, 0.22997653484344482, 0.5797474384307861, 0.6500317454338074, 0.48311010003089905, -0.4382953345775604, -0.20229023694992065, 0.3388546109199524, 0.48824405670166016, -0.9414243698120117, -0.30716633796691895, 0.31105732917785645, -0.16072331368923187, -0.2860898971557617, -0.46454253792762756, 0.0669836699962616, 1.1149314641952515, -0.13325558602809906, 0.008158122189342976, 0.0012017895933240652, -0.16438567638397217, -0.08653638511896133, -0.06388689577579498, 0.16441600024700165, -0.6661288142204285, 0.16591212153434753, -0.15591555833816528, 0.0654047355055809, -0.2696889340877533, -0.21083107590675354, 0.3500436842441559, -0.4813476800918579, 0.1399841457605362, 0.09564926475286484, 0.37093859910964966, 1.0095998048782349, 0.5231679677963257, -0.27790528535842896, 0.15976722538471222, -0.10137081891298294, 0.07357145100831985, -0.1068090945482254, -0.4290531575679779, -0.2374563217163086, 0.37252792716026306, -0.18724314868450165, 0.29421377182006836, -0.7609999775886536, -0.23554427921772003, 0.2553294599056244, -0.1456969827413559, -0.4436836838722229, -0.2428731620311737, -0.0014884775737300515, -0.1928074210882187, -0.4750696122646332, -0.3807713985443115, -0.32399284839630127, -0.08829738944768906, 0.47825148701667786, 0.040682848542928696, 0.3022683262825012, -0.8567875027656555, 0.06613632291555405, 0.14709791541099548, -0.7963042855262756, -0.0864935889840126, -0.05430024117231369, 0.17707589268684387, -0.24818728864192963, -0.20997487008571625, -0.04365341737866402, 0.6364153623580933, -0.5764384865760803, 0.0857366994023323, -0.23959419131278992, -0.0683194100856781, 0.05109010264277458, -0.07095614075660706, -0.5179839134216309, 0.07259483635425568, -0.04350174963474274, 0.06272643059492111, 0.4470292627811432, 0.4277757406234741, 0.5277827978134155, -0.5836121439933777, 0.27845656871795654, -0.1884821206331253, -0.49868425726890564, 0.08713112026453018, 0.053155865520238876, 0.3777112662792206, -0.37545663118362427, -0.44933462142944336, 0.4145795404911041, -0.6620175838470459, -0.12076971679925919, 0.5393926501274109, -0.42676976323127747, -0.3186660408973694, 0.7247761487960815, 0.11371687054634094, 0.4294843375682831, 0.19016286730766296, -0.34495946764945984, -0.13449980318546295, 0.45527416467666626, 0.25813454389572144, -0.0795750766992569, 0.6171720623970032, 0.020629912614822388, -0.030936287716031075, 0.1360788643360138, 0.26542797684669495, 0.05880771204829216, -0.09718041121959686, 0.16145502030849457, 0.08628246188163757, -0.4600681960582733, 0.38605600595474243, -0.08908122032880783, -0.7688090205192566, -0.12166056782007217, -0.02780960127711296, 0.289519339799881, -0.2349478304386139, -0.04502147436141968, 0.4508403241634369, -0.4529171884059906, 0.5239574313163757, 0.21552658081054688, -0.3368302285671234, 0.20086553692817688, -0.7246569991111755, -0.24841779470443726, -0.49268338084220886, -0.1253490447998047, 0.22588218748569489, 0.21665431559085846, 0.06877791881561279, 0.41413334012031555, 0.013251647353172302, 0.4013373851776123, -0.2565937936306, -0.39539724588394165, 0.4315645694732666, 0.09984482079744339, 0.04943761229515076, 0.11521633714437485, -0.057730529457330704, -0.008878342807292938, 0.3985756039619446, -0.8672099709510803, -0.40678033232688904, 0.2668589949607849, 0.36736634373664856, 0.19356322288513184, -0.41287121176719666, 0.20910492539405823, 0.6949880719184875, -0.20819544792175293, 0.13875702023506165, 0.0624886155128479, 0.05951295420527458, -0.22539912164211273, -0.18454097211360931, 0.24529920518398285, -0.18813452124595642, -0.14299805462360382, -0.3568190634250641, 0.15473388135433197, -0.006668449379503727, -0.2850516736507416, -0.0862155631184578, -0.025704490020871162, -0.19705457985401154, -0.22525064647197723, 0.3591788709163666, -0.6098966598510742, 0.06439469754695892, -0.2152107059955597, -0.22039206326007843, -0.09411924332380295, 0.128036767244339, 0.32350149750709534, -0.16153983771800995, -0.601525068283081, 0.1280338168144226, 0.19020581245422363, -0.10529851913452148, 0.5424001812934875, 0.11738327145576477, -0.4268549680709839, -0.3424719572067261, 0.34015363454818726, -0.4089093506336212, -0.7380036115646362, 0.4437970817089081, 0.26222628355026245, 0.22903376817703247, -0.1781076192855835, 0.3628925383090973, -0.10130970180034637, 0.25237414240837097, -0.38977354764938354, 0.1712883859872818, -0.07646358013153076, 0.1691904067993164, -0.12757417559623718, -0.4625541865825653, 0.5488919615745544, -0.04976818710565567, -0.14958538115024567, 0.15741614997386932, -0.3024670481681824, 0.19313177466392517, -0.2575998604297638, 0.2504604756832123, 0.17607226967811584, 0.19166558980941772, 0.08157550543546677 ]
202214	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digges%20Amendment	Digges Amendment	The Digges Amendment was an amendment to the Maryland Constitution proposed in 1910 to curtail the Fifteen Amendment of the United States Constitution and disenfranchise black voters in the state with the use of a property requirement. It was an initiative by the predominately white conservative Democratic Party members in the state. The amendment was drafted by Democratic state delegate (lower house) Walter Digges and co-sponsored by state senator (upper house) William J. Frere. The proposal was passed by the Democratic-dominated Maryland General Assembly and approved by Governor Austin Lane Crothers but was not ratified by the required general election voter referendum. History After a brief period of Republican control in Maryland from 1896 to 1900, when the party was supported by many African Americans, Democrats regained control of the government on a white supremacist platform. They were responding to the rise of elected African-American Republican politicians in municipal and state offices. The Democrats made three separate attempts to amend the Maryland Constitution so as to disenfranchise the black votes: the Poe Amendment of 1905, the Strauss Amendment of 1908-1909 and the Digges Amendment of 1910-1911. All three of the proposals were subsequently defeated by voter referendums. The Digges Amendment, if ratified, would have granted the right to votes for all white male citizens over the age of 21. All other men had to prove to have owned and paid taxes on a minimum of $500 worth of property for two previous consecutive years. Along with the introduction of this amendment and before the general election referendum of 1911, the Maryland General Assembly also attempted to pass a temporary voter registration law that would limit the votes from black-majority counties. This law was vetoed by the Governor due to popular opposition, as African Americans were politically active and fought this law. All male Marylanders continued to have the chance to vote in the election. Maryland did not ratify the Fifteenth Amendment in 1870. Digges and Frere, both from the Republican stronghold of Charles County, argued that the amendment provisions did not apply at the state level. The Digges plan was opposed by Southern leaders, who were concerned that such extreme and blatant challenge to the Fifteen Amendment would undermine their own legal attempts underway to circumvent the enfranchisement of black votes. Beginning with Mississippi in 1890, most Southern states had passed new constitutions and other laws that made voter registration more difficult and effectively disenfranchised most blacks. In Maryland's unrestricted general election of 1911, the Digges Amendment was defeated with 46,220 votes for and 83,920 votes against the proposal. The Democratic gubernatorial ticket lost to the Republican ticket by a much closer margin. References 1910 in Maryland African-American history of Maryland Anti-black racism in Maryland Anti-immigration politics in the United States Class discrimination History of Maryland History of racism in Maryland History of voting rights in the United States	[ -0.012872559949755669, 0.2172679454088211, -0.4836437702178955, 0.00879628211259842, -0.07195260375738144, 0.1112915426492691, 0.33652785420417786, -0.455209881067276, -0.18357491493225098, -0.2011905163526535, 0.09169988334178925, 0.6910690069198608, -0.5926879644393921, 0.679559051990509, -0.6135584115982056, 0.7367852330207825, 0.2297087162733078, -0.0405416339635849, -0.21539515256881714, -0.19895726442337036, 0.3320666551589966, -0.1159563660621643, -0.014538782648742199, -0.030765945091843605, 0.07935377955436707, 0.07049739360809326, 0.5658120512962341, -0.1130349189043045, -0.21598657965660095, 0.09183583408594131, 0.15564149618148804, 0.10031967610120773, -0.09005765616893768, -0.2289547324180603, -0.5448650121688843, 0.3398464322090149, -0.12337619066238403, -0.6634243726730347, 0.13953371345996857, -0.006364182569086552, -0.08772432804107666, -0.2061876505613327, -0.21981802582740784, -0.01613209955394268, -0.16924253106117249, 0.5613308548927307, -1.3080692291259766, -0.2775419354438782, -0.7730396389961243, -0.2707921266555786, -0.056375566869974136, 0.17490270733833313, -0.3145708739757538, 0.5851776599884033, 0.24103643000125885, -0.11632377654314041, -0.6414251327514648, -0.9248301982879639, 0.21167482435703278, -0.5853645205497742, 0.7676190137863159, 0.23356260359287262, 0.36142635345458984, 0.21463409066200256, 0.21619239449501038, 0.3275063633918762, -0.5858478546142578, 0.5390859246253967, -0.8193510174751282, -0.4929262697696686, -0.028391042724251747, 0.07724602520465851, 0.15381550788879395, 0.5123586654663086, 0.08884233236312866, 0.0480419285595417, -0.23232455551624298, -0.3685385584831238, 0.2500460147857666, 0.021978577598929405, 0.014022422954440117, 0.19283424317836761, 0.46805182099342346, 0.19097471237182617, 0.25889840722084045, -0.03699052333831787, -0.393804132938385, 0.36160945892333984, 0.3812585175037384, 0.5135170817375183, -0.36186683177948, 0.37397798895835876, 0.15623024106025696, 0.17411327362060547, -0.422576904296875, -0.3880229592323303, 0.27559253573417664, -0.2869262397289276, -0.16111110150814056, 0.23862971365451813, -0.02858077362179756, 0.11526560038328171, 0.30502742528915405, 0.4428228437900543, -0.9547814130783081, 0.07652874290943146, -0.05665387958288193, 0.1134880781173706, 0.0795971006155014, -0.03337188437581062, -0.1769178956747055, 0.4681313931941986, -0.233844593167305, -0.3321003019809723, -0.4377768635749817, 0.3042214810848236, 0.17821663618087769, -0.2578648328781128, 0.523542582988739, 0.03024023212492466, 0.2944076657295227, 0.5715563893318176, 0.054622720927000046, 0.42999616265296936, 0.20488031208515167, 0.36579424142837524, 0.379589319229126, 0.8500630855560303, -0.8997756838798523, 0.02969859540462494, 0.3108733296394348, 0.33757150173187256, 0.15585444867610931, -0.23693205416202545, -0.5095902681350708, -0.334982693195343, 0.08738547563552856, -0.23569250106811523, 0.40640148520469666, 0.15051719546318054, -0.2944740951061249, -0.12404411286115646, -0.38017502427101135, -0.26809394359588623, -0.14359422028064728, -0.7460108399391174, 0.5269615650177002, 0.5611498951911926, -0.29171839356422424, -0.004220400471240282, 0.5604202151298523, -0.13872817158699036, 0.1574043482542038, 0.02772417664527893, -0.4273681342601776, 0.2617420554161072, 0.12619426846504211, -0.140954852104187, -0.16440504789352417, 0.6043948531150818, 0.3470662236213684, 0.008433577604591846, -0.19252479076385498, -0.10919152945280075, 0.3519439399242401, 0.008773639798164368, -0.014906677417457104, -0.09526737034320831, 0.2388169914484024, 0.19191423058509827, -0.5152438879013062, -0.23059220612049103, -0.05937838554382324, -0.8062759041786194, -0.4020511209964752, 0.11695906519889832, 0.39371997117996216, -0.3025127649307251, 0.08352392166852951, 0.027269983664155006, -0.6911906599998474, -0.5907538533210754, 0.3465779721736908, 0.6814655065536499, -0.009511919692158699, -0.005369601771235466, 0.15112940967082977, -0.04134175181388855, 0.2068604975938797, 0.09293945878744125, -0.19079244136810303, -0.6634221076965332, 0.6597616076469421, -0.41833940148353577, 1.1139508485794067, 0.3760988712310791, -0.3137796223163605, 1.0137717723846436, 0.38237226009368896, 0.5451722145080566, -0.12479556351900101, -0.1811426728963852, 0.5105815529823303, -0.019873544573783875, -0.35388344526290894, 0.44283920526504517, -0.5420333743095398, 0.5624073147773743, -0.6071661710739136, 0.4607689082622528, 0.3291547894477844, 0.1061970517039299, 0.5694532990455627, -0.042161453515291214, -0.028405651450157166, -0.0942707434296608, -0.2900446057319641, 0.06828384101390839, -0.0037661718670278788, -0.29787325859069824, 0.2103467732667923, 0.31851252913475037, -0.05685647577047348, 0.1399686187505722, -0.16778288781642914, 0.5347017049789429, -0.5841689109802246, 0.3189238905906677, -0.069089874625206, -0.6582052707672119, -0.10043875873088837, 0.013691702857613564, 0.2395881712436676, -0.5399144887924194, 0.6089284420013428, 0.039559997618198395, -0.5034337639808655, -0.29162177443504333, 0.14998090267181396, -0.1796133667230606, 0.014283637516200542, -0.017524657770991325, -0.352643758058548, -0.09379326552152634, -0.5429237484931946, 0.24933737516403198, -0.0259389765560627, 0.34809237718582153, 0.5034555792808533, -0.1039172112941742, 0.5399541258811951, 0.07640330493450165, -0.11827398091554642, -0.12365324795246124, 0.3149717152118683, 0.35106274485588074, -0.21892999112606049, -0.3648807108402252, -0.21886993944644928, -0.4431024193763733, -0.3804820477962494, 0.49761146306991577, -0.07476865500211716, 0.013450209982693195, -0.24666061997413635, -0.15234580636024475, -0.97005695104599, 0.09986796975135803, -0.4484015107154846, 0.06971696764230728, 0.36582010984420776, 0.090792715549469, -0.4431779682636261, 0.15364940464496613, -0.16886559128761292, 0.48265403509140015, 0.3344101309776306, 0.5923815369606018, -1.1003965139389038, -0.5622198581695557, 0.009732340462505817, 0.12452034652233124, -0.1537483036518097, -0.8894963264465332, 0.024121902883052826, -0.21638864278793335, 0.5523883700370789, -0.7704131007194519, -0.4975801110267639, 0.1978459358215332, 0.21092644333839417, 0.22340640425682068, -0.08364881575107574, -0.03350518271327019, 0.2611648738384247, 0.7964757680892944, -0.39559242129325867, -0.023047659546136856, 0.36102715134620667, -0.0354202501475811, -0.44985252618789673, 0.16838093101978302, -0.37087613344192505, -0.561371922492981, 0.06847507506608963, -0.23040889203548431, -0.21933022141456604, 0.031381964683532715, -5.691742897033691, 0.49829044938087463, -0.4422483742237091, -0.18145446479320526, 0.16343364119529724, 0.2997235655784607, 0.16758784651756287, 0.010073442943394184, -0.23265290260314941, -0.008322962559759617, -0.13816186785697937, -0.21806232631206512, -0.011742294766008854, 0.2746284008026123, 0.32765835523605347, -0.058390527963638306, 0.8197696805000305, -0.8609368205070496, 0.04475438967347145, 0.20106744766235352, -0.02361277863383293, -0.22526870667934418, 0.08567146211862564, 0.0923536866903305, 0.13867837190628052, 0.2507033050060272, 0.1276973932981491, 0.10670876502990723, -0.2917633056640625, -0.2306044101715088, 0.18838565051555634, 0.5939924120903015, 0.33640623092651367, -0.3427574634552002, -0.5958459973335266, -0.003076268592849374, 0.603743851184845, -0.014194679446518421, -0.3239442706108093, -0.5081276297569275, -0.7016394734382629, -0.017912397161126137, -0.5857897400856018, 0.20321008563041687, 0.010243630968034267, -0.29126685857772827, -0.1541813760995865, -0.027290310710668564, -0.36132004857063293, 0.45841556787490845, -0.06570140272378922, 0.4311208128929138, 0.502014696598053, 0.7351905703544617, -0.186199352145195, 0.12787756323814392, -0.2034304440021515, -0.1946229785680771, -0.8826817870140076, 0.13299502432346344, 0.5724194049835205, -0.8693849444389343, 0.21063101291656494, -0.1636991649866104, -0.07987391203641891, -0.6904024481773376, -0.49410247802734375, -0.09148696810007095, 0.37970566749572754, 0.6837066411972046, 0.15964683890342712, 1.29204261302948, 0.5583414435386658, -1.1435037851333618, 0.09310266375541687, 0.08597100526094437, -0.3540221154689789, -0.3928395211696625, -0.16650041937828064, 0.1902167648077011, 0.3354477286338806, 0.07076895236968994, -0.5022847056388855, 0.7783941030502319, -0.04826224595308304, -0.07813481986522675, 0.00645083375275135, 0.8779804706573486, -0.7071346640586853, -0.3124956488609314, 0.6377760171890259, 0.2569630444049835, 0.4998064637184143, -0.22027049958705902, -0.25914445519447327, 0.010128571651875973, -0.37693411111831665, 0.17041133344173431, 0.2892879843711853, 0.47331488132476807, 0.2585911750793457, -0.29167187213897705, -0.3771500587463379, -0.5610384941101074, -0.20569400489330292, -0.4400767385959625, -0.3335617482662201, 0.32149338722229004, 0.2945171296596527, -0.17198465764522552, -0.6128852367401123, 0.04073631018400192, -0.19148588180541992, -0.01456320472061634, 0.7067811489105225, -0.49186986684799194, 0.48823466897010803, -0.3847411274909973, 0.5083179473876953, -0.09070039540529251, 0.8442776203155518, 0.6879991888999939, -0.13617517054080963, -0.2347617745399475, -0.9124024510383606, -0.20283563435077667, 0.7271649241447449, 0.016263306140899658, -0.4683951735496521, 0.12496258318424225, -0.01047990657389164, 0.309173583984375, -0.1171116754412651, -0.32685279846191406, -0.3762081265449524, -0.25621744990348816, -0.02127515897154808, 0.37016093730926514, -0.744236171245575, 0.04313543438911438, 0.08391871303319931, -0.6387473344802856, -0.14725247025489807, -0.1471969187259674, 0.8932956457138062, 0.027652902528643608, 0.3375975489616394, 0.1846482753753662, -1.6125280857086182, 0.4581928253173828, -0.12272169440984726, -0.6563136577606201, 0.40964826941490173, -0.5046990513801575, -0.020194407552480698, 0.04748177155852318, 0.5328508019447327, 0.3232986629009247, 0.6853734254837036, -0.9933487176895142, -0.24806515872478485, -0.018049629405140877, -0.6975170969963074, -0.19559939205646515, 0.07569575309753418, -0.04347455874085426, -0.7481281757354736, -0.15301136672496796, -0.5008929967880249, 0.7255178093910217, -0.37523025274276733, -0.05870005488395691, -0.5821083188056946, -0.04110479727387428, 0.44595253467559814, -0.34034839272499084, -0.24359264969825745, 0.3029116988182068, -0.178721085190773, 0.05506660416722298, 0.1992415487766266, -0.21867145597934723, -0.2512435019016266, 0.33229541778564453, 0.9602750539779663, -0.8264362215995789, -0.7325229048728943, 0.05105653405189514, -0.07763022184371948, -0.17420777678489685, -0.412210077047348, -0.5946400165557861, 0.2735385000705719, -0.17065279185771942, -0.4517726004123688, -0.0475509949028492, -0.1406160295009613, 0.5347919464111328, -0.21276022493839264, -0.5269448757171631, -0.010781585238873959, 0.4448457360267639, 0.4040577709674835, 0.3242686688899994, 0.0865161344408989, -0.6208417415618896, 0.06639741361141205, -0.621420681476593, -0.9882014989852905, 0.9271562695503235, 0.426128625869751, -0.582321286201477, -0.04642545431852341, 0.15673190355300903, -0.0612294040620327, 0.28959181904792786, 0.08995017409324646, -0.1638612449169159, -0.551281213760376, -0.511509895324707, 0.0631788820028305, -0.14320257306098938, 0.2923126518726349, 0.10656191408634186, -0.17862088978290558, 0.024021591991186142, -0.03385084494948387, -0.15296337008476257, 0.5043689608573914, 0.19370783865451813, -0.2824776768684387, -0.3469107747077942, 0.002356176031753421, 0.19289524853229523, -0.695873498916626, -0.2277573049068451, 0.28538277745246887, 0.45278382301330566, -0.4137023091316223, 0.7495301365852356, 0.47266483306884766, 1.3917968273162842, -0.017372796311974525, -0.17298592627048492, 0.6479920148849487, 0.25143495202064514, -0.0028172258753329515, 0.23631933331489563, -0.388674259185791, 0.779806911945343, -0.042089879512786865, 0.7037577033042908, -0.8306032419204712, -0.2846820652484894, 0.6265818476676941, 0.20075646042823792, 0.31589096784591675, 0.05546567961573601, 0.15815964341163635, 0.47557246685028076, -0.11654958128929138, 0.8016929030418396, -0.5659231543540955, -0.23310688138008118, 0.30847159028053284, 0.028550375252962112, 0.7583194971084595, -0.0462324321269989, 0.36507150530815125, -0.7023125290870667, -0.1455681025981903, -0.2879285514354706, -0.21708588302135468, 0.2596346437931061, -0.11133863031864166, -0.031155085191130638, 0.09007444232702255, -0.5402420163154602, 0.33077406883239746, -0.673948347568512, -0.567213773727417, -0.0976472795009613, 0.022155774757266045, -0.1804163157939911, 0.11713044345378876, -0.011008460074663162, 0.14736980199813843, 0.2872515022754669, -0.6040878891944885, -0.9956034421920776, -0.12096922844648361, 0.18160369992256165, -0.2014143466949463, 0.0017697160365059972, -0.3491629958152771, 0.477906733751297, 0.06908350437879562, 0.16667252779006958, -0.03926040604710579, -0.12194132059812546, -0.8069431781768799, 0.7061098217964172, 0.20622707903385162, -0.11295131593942642, -0.26094403862953186, -0.5505959987640381, 0.6894927620887756, 0.03579550236463547, -0.423505038022995, 0.020072875544428825, 0.2346988022327423, 0.06261906772851944, 0.23838824033737183, 0.9217905402183533, -0.5724744200706482, 0.002025376074016094, 0.6709210872650146, 0.2983435094356537, -0.39522239565849304, -0.2364383488893509, -0.20944829285144806, 0.06202870234847069, 0.16995850205421448, -0.15241007506847382, 0.13247999548912048, 0.7761030793190002, -0.5266847014427185, 0.22169263660907745, -0.04021558538079262, 0.18795174360275269, 0.13306018710136414, -0.12452763319015503, -0.4516478180885315, 1.0317825078964233, 0.3491738736629486, -0.2355998009443283, 0.1811373382806778, -0.40383070707321167, -0.08243648707866669, 0.6786395311355591, 0.04405180364847183, 0.47461050748825073, -0.10237769037485123, -0.40048500895500183, 0.1830306053161621, 0.3035315275192261, -0.5851774215698242, 0.21683569252490997, 0.8037247657775879, 0.508845329284668, 0.20232951641082764, -0.009557215496897697, -0.3334844410419464, -0.29071956872940063, 0.25345152616500854, 0.5242593288421631, 0.1567133367061615, -0.12936221063137054, -0.5707646012306213, 0.014490094035863876, -0.17968516051769257, 0.19071727991104126, 0.21818141639232635, -0.4187798798084259, -0.5790157914161682, -0.19933158159255981, 0.165681391954422, 0.365122526884079, -0.4351324141025543, 0.3640264570713043, 0.5982709527015686, -0.3755734860897064, -0.10803956538438797, -0.23717109858989716, 0.2435387223958969, -0.19537243247032166, 0.4127866327762604, 0.041719965636730194, -0.23505568504333496, -0.026649685576558113, 0.49824070930480957, -0.25866344571113586, -0.2555531859397888, -0.3963102698326111, -0.2717737853527069, 0.1655772626399994, 0.011254968121647835, 0.11501637101173401, 0.17370086908340454, -0.4750777781009674, -0.4922316372394562, -0.5280296802520752, -0.4334997534751892, 0.43873393535614014, -0.6018490195274353, 0.36419111490249634, -0.5776578187942505, 0.790564775466919, 0.628154993057251, -0.053475383669137955, -0.12659843266010284, 0.18682795763015747, -0.1581108570098877, -0.1516295075416565, -0.30470991134643555, 0.5192533731460571, -0.2680870592594147, 0.4227597415447235, -0.28001105785369873, 0.7889763116836548, -0.3708840012550354, 0.3343032896518707, -0.22609156370162964, 0.5529590249061584, -0.1885877251625061, -0.07802528887987137, 0.841290295124054, -0.004588439594954252, -0.45224517583847046, -0.027599841356277466, 0.10454661399126053, 0.062484197318553925, -0.5032694935798645, 0.4584222435951233, 0.3029158413410187, 0.04233227297663689, 0.3221870958805084, -0.025805212557315826, 0.3474145829677582, 0.6433097124099731, 0.26859399676322937, -0.1623123586177826, 0.3299978971481323, -0.12273231893777847, -0.5886008739471436, 0.48133641481399536, -0.16357001662254333, 0.9577040076255798, -0.15451081097126007, 0.16999508440494537, 0.18472857773303986, -0.5237669348716736, 0.11544658988714218, -0.09900069981813431, 0.5943548083305359, 0.0883861780166626, 0.03831423074007034, 0.0925619825720787, 0.190942645072937, -0.0632033571600914, 0.007767890114337206, 0.3178310692310333, 0.19192597270011902, -0.21183837950229645, 0.17123892903327942, -0.6786604523658752, 0.14032842218875885, -0.38738900423049927, -0.5534003973007202, 0.6588832139968872 ]
202216	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor%20Murakami	Emperor Murakami	was the 62nd emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. Murakami's reign spanned the years from 946 to his death in 967. Biography Before he ascended to the Chrysanthemum Throne, his personal name (imina) was Nariakira-shinnō (成明親王). Nariakira-shinnō was the 14th son of Emperor Daigo, and the younger brother of Emperor Suzaku by another mother. Murakami had ten Empresses and Imperial consorts and 19 Imperial sons and daughters. Events of Murakami's reign In 944, he was appointed crown prince and ascended the throne two years later. 16 May 946 (Tengyō 9, 13th day of the 4th month): In the 16th year of the reign of Emperor Suzaku (朱雀天皇十六年), the emperor abdicated; and the succession (the senso) was received by his younger brother, Nariakira-shinnō. 31 May 946 (Tengyō 9, 28th day of the 4th month): Shortly thereafter, Emperor Murakami, who was 21 years old, acceded to the throne (the sokui). Murakami's maternal uncle Fujiwara no Tadahira remained as the Sessho regent until 949. After the death of Tadahira, there was no regent and although contemporaries praised Murakami as the emperor who governed the state directly, in reality the Fujiwara clan seized power and ruled Japan. The brothers Fujiwara no Saneyori and Fujiwara no Morosuke became the de facto rulers of Japan. 23 October 949 (Tenryaku 3, 29th day of the 9th month): The former-Emperor Yōzei died at the age of 82. 951 (Tenryaku 5): The emperor ordered the compilation of Gosen Wakashū; this work was undertaken by the Five Men of the Pear Chamber under his patronage. 6 September 952 (Tenryaku 6, 15th day of the 8th month): The former-Emperor Suzaku died at the age of 30. 16 October 960 (Tentoku 4, 23rd day of the 9th month): The Imperial palace burned down, the first time it had been ravaged by fire since the capital was removed from Nara to Heian-kyō in 794. Murakami was a central figure in Heian period culture. He was also a skilled flute and koto (Japanese harp) player. 5 July 967 (Kōhō 4, 25th day of the 5th month): The former-Emperor Murakami died at the age of 42. The actual site of Murakami's grave is known. This emperor is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine (misasagi) at Kyoto. The Imperial Household Agency designates this location as Murakami's mausoleum. It is formally named Murakami no misasagi Kugyō is a collective term for the very few most powerful men attached to the court of the Emperor of Japan in pre-Meiji eras. In general, this elite group included only three to four men at a time. These were hereditary courtiers whose experience and background have brought them to the pinnacle of a life's career. During Murakami's reign, this apex of the Daijō-kan included: Kampaku, Fujiwara no Tadahira (藤原忠平), 880–949. Daijō-daijin, Fujiwara no Tadahira (藤原忠平). Sadaijin, Ono-no Miya Fujiwara no Saneyori (藤原実頼), 900–970. Udaijin, Fujiwara no Saneyori (藤原実頼). Udaijin, Fujiwara no Morosuke (藤原師輔), 908–960. Udaijin, Fujiwara no Akitada　(藤原顕忠). Udaijin, Minamoto no Taka-akira　(源高明). Nadaijin Dainagon Eras of Murakami's reign The years of murakami's reign are more specifically identified by more than one era name or nengō. Tengyō (938–947) Tenryaku (947–957) Tentoku (957–961) Ōwa (961–964) Kōhō (964–968) Consorts and children Empress (Chugu): Fujiwara no Anshi/Yasuko (藤原安子; 927–964), Fujiwara no Morosuke‘s daughter Prince: (946) First Daughter: Imperial Princess Shōshi (承子内親王; 948–951) Second son: Imperial Prince Norihira (憲平親王) later Emperor Reizei Fourth Son: Imperial Prince Tamehira (為平親王; 952–1010) Seventh Daughter: Imperial Princess Sukeko (輔子内親王; 953–992), 32nd Saiō in Ise Shrine 968–969 Ninth Daughter: Imperial Princess Shishi (資子内親王; 955–1015) Seventh Son: Imperial Prince Morihira (守平親王) later Emperor En'yu Princess: (962) Tenth Daughter: Imperial Princess Senshi (選子内親王; 964–1035), 16th Saiin in Kamo Shrine 975–1031 Consort (Nyōgo): Princess Kishi (徽子女王; 929–985), Imperial Prince Shigeakira's daughter Fourth Daughter: Imperial Princess Kishi/Noriko (規子内親王; 949–986), 34th Saiō in Ise Shrine 975–984 Eighth Son: (962) Consort (Nyōgo): Princess Sōshi/Takako (荘子女王; 930–1008), Imperial Prince Yoakira's daughter Sixth daughter: Imperial Princess Rakushi (楽子内親王; 952–998), 31st Saiō in Ise Shrine 955–967 Ninth Son: Imperial Prince Tomohira (具平親王; 964–1009), called Nochi no Chūshoō (後中書王) Consort (Nyōgo): Fujiwara no Jutsushi/Nobuko (藤原述子; 933–947), Fujiwara no Saneyori‘s daughter Consort (Nyōgo): Fujiwara no Hōshi (藤原芳子; d. 967), Fujiwara no Morotada‘s daughter Sixth son: Imperial Prince Masahira (昌平親王; 956–961) Tenth son: Imperial Prince Nagahira (永平親王; 965–988) Court Attendant (Koui): Minamoto no Kazuko (源計子), Minamoto no Moroakira's daughter Second Daughter: Imperial Princess Rishi (理子内親王; 948–960) Fifth Daughter: Imperial Princess Seishi (盛子内親王; d. 998), married to Fujiwara no Akimitsu Court Attendant (Koui): Fujiwara no Seihi (藤原正妃; d. 967), Fujiwara no Arihira's daughter Third Daughter: Imperial Princess Hoshi (保子内親王; 949–987), married to Fujiwara no Kaneie Third Prince: Imperial Prince Munehira (致平親王; 951–1041) Fifth Prince: Imperial Prince Akihira (昭平親王; 954–1013) Court Attendant (Koui): Fujiwara no Sukehime (藤原祐姫), Fujiwara no Motokata's daughter First Son: Imperial Prince Hirohira (広平親王; 950–971) Eighth Daughter: Imperial Princess Shūshi (緝子内親王; d. 970) Court Attendant (Koui): Fujiwara no Shūshi (藤原脩子), Fujiwara no Asahira's daughter Court Attendant (Koui): Fujiwara no Yūjo (藤原有序), Fujiwara no Arisuke's daughter Court Lady: Fujiwara no Tōshi/Nariko (藤原登子; d. 975), Fujiwara no Morosuke‘s daughter; later married Imperial Prince Shigeakira Ancestry Notes References Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida, eds. (1979). [ Jien, c. 1220], Gukanshō (The Future and the Past, a translation and study of the Gukanshō, an interpretative history of Japan written in 1219). Berkeley: University of California Press. Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon. (1959). The Imperial House of Japan. Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. OCLC 194887 Titsingh, Isaac, ed. (1834). [Siyun-sai Rin-siyo/Hayashi Gahō, 1652], Nipon o daï itsi ran; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon. Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. Varley, H. Paul , ed. (1980). [ Kitabatake Chikafusa, 1359], Jinnō Shōtōki ("A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns: Jinnō Shōtōki of Kitabatake Chikafusa" translated by H. Paul Varley). New York: Columbia University Press. See also Emperor of Japan List of Emperors of Japan Imperial cult Emperor Go-Murakami Japanese emperors 926 births 967 deaths Koto players Japanese flautists People of Heian-period Japan 10th-century Japanese monarchs	[ -1.0772844552993774, 0.19136616587638855, -0.4400489628314972, 0.21948975324630737, -0.8246096968650818, 0.5754114389419556, 0.964066207408905, 0.20253482460975647, -0.608955442905426, -0.21832935512065887, -0.15377473831176758, -0.13450106978416443, -0.04291640967130661, 0.31418168544769287, -0.2941882014274597, 0.27610331773757935, 0.148002490401268, -0.04592948779463768, -0.2598961591720581, -0.34811532497406006, -0.1826436072587967, -0.07050374150276184, 0.3471093475818634, -0.44747790694236755, 0.7425997853279114, -0.3306116759777069, 0.6625592708587646, 0.21769669651985168, -0.5066566467285156, -0.2677251696586609, -0.00019842972687911242, 0.23670795559883118, -0.007002492435276508, -0.5257464051246643, -0.32597997784614563, -0.44504669308662415, -0.09613828361034393, 0.10971444100141525, -0.11053460091352463, 0.18166495859622955, 0.07025736570358276, -0.003562040627002716, 0.2809898555278778, 0.17005431652069092, 0.2749873399734497, -0.7377834320068359, -1.6010584831237793, 0.08126069605350494, -0.2769923508167267, -0.3739964962005615, 0.010656813159584999, 0.4176797568798065, -0.01732935570180416, 0.2147289514541626, -0.014668099582195282, 0.607334315776825, -0.20767875015735626, -0.2929331064224243, -0.5626488327980042, 0.00025920168263837695, 0.28142791986465454, -0.1781264692544937, 0.3774087429046631, 0.1440030336380005, -0.5720188021659851, -0.16759254038333893, 0.4648464024066925, 0.03964081034064293, 0.2248513102531433, -0.028460172936320305, 0.037449028342962265, 0.36713284254074097, 0.41632768511772156, 0.6002095341682434, -0.14991812407970428, -0.9631804823875427, 0.010624992661178112, 0.3183571696281433, 0.2182968109846115, -0.34870898723602295, -0.6107110977172852, -0.4095083177089691, -0.045345984399318695, 0.3591090738773346, 0.3368995487689972, 0.04166689142584801, 0.2517148554325104, 0.20791351795196533, -0.39317333698272705, 0.8008062243461609, -0.10362394154071808, 0.42733263969421387, 0.7523173093795776, 0.00919613428413868, -0.4492604434490204, -0.6877471804618835, -0.4687808156013489, 0.34616416692733765, -0.4332577884197235, -0.2055377960205078, -0.3159976601600647, 0.4393467307090759, 0.07198251038789749, 0.030139198526740074, -0.917736291885376, -0.840590238571167, -0.10228472203016281, 0.048924125730991364, -0.41068586707115173, 0.1804068684577942, -0.3005049526691437, 0.5242708921432495, -0.018372707068920135, -0.18161335587501526, -0.3263557553291321, 0.24034856259822845, -0.11853004992008209, -0.4530400335788727, 0.22852902114391327, 0.22953394055366516, 0.4706445336341858, -0.1319267898797989, -0.2254818230867386, 0.19176900386810303, -0.16397149860858917, 0.13241805136203766, -0.09137654304504395, -0.5858297944068909, -0.14028437435626984, -0.27830982208251953, 0.6491541862487793, 0.7621585130691528, -0.4215315878391266, 0.18123288452625275, 0.27353161573410034, -0.5244031548500061, 0.33681347966194153, 0.18880575895309448, -0.15051725506782532, -0.7621976733207703, -1.1733274459838867, -0.12478645145893097, -0.5738227963447571, 0.4060783386230469, 0.17580586671829224, 0.7937366962432861, -0.055578384548425674, -0.36613014340400696, -0.48888394236564636, -0.035541169345378876, -0.11556331813335419, -0.0004959276993758976, -0.23438680171966553, -0.42844370007514954, -0.28303951025009155, 0.46556252241134644, 0.179584801197052, -0.4979228079319, -0.21068190038204193, 0.24949923157691956, 0.021892713382840157, -0.03718677535653114, -0.3280237913131714, -0.1977003812789917, 0.3733604848384857, -0.2896439731121063, -0.0149445915594697, 0.6905573606491089, -0.2833724617958069, -0.46411028504371643, -0.15961214900016785, -0.15525154769420624, -0.2864384055137634, -0.7917497754096985, 0.8616029024124146, 0.17446182668209076, 0.9678264856338501, 0.17234985530376434, 0.1789729744195938, -0.38788896799087524, -0.4379418194293976, -0.29133203625679016, -0.16223561763763428, 0.6629658937454224, 0.6323055624961853, 0.447981595993042, 0.16974884271621704, 0.28427696228027344, 0.6487575173377991, 0.03105768747627735, -0.4997791349887848, -0.33896806836128235, 0.16341367363929749, 0.07338897138834, 0.5848566293716431, 0.6114203929901123, -0.18787385523319244, 0.06296596676111221, -0.06646568328142166, 1.0675129890441895, 0.3064438998699188, -0.4108791947364807, 0.24135753512382507, -0.19778141379356384, -0.0023878412321209908, 0.15796998143196106, -0.526658833026886, 0.09110415726900101, 0.5118072032928467, 0.9585450291633606, -0.17258748412132263, 0.12443599849939346, -0.2183496654033661, -0.0718594416975975, -0.199507936835289, 0.43742644786834717, -0.25522947311401367, -0.3864067494869232, 0.22957690060138702, -0.6465587615966797, 0.2937670648097992, 0.3373968005180359, -0.5890108942985535, 0.22719840705394745, -0.1561633199453354, 1.542432427406311, -0.2989964485168457, 0.29165127873420715, -0.4711534380912781, -0.5340983271598816, 0.29610899090766907, -0.012577126733958721, 0.050818584859371185, 0.5366485714912415, -0.3440064489841461, -0.2828004062175751, 0.37828928232192993, 0.022612040862441063, -0.16622185707092285, -0.24588537216186523, 0.5925902128219604, 0.01205277256667614, 0.35801130533218384, 0.10307233780622482, -0.14990635216236115, 0.08515839278697968, -0.14871910214424133, 0.20260240137577057, -0.7788422107696533, -0.22663559019565582, 0.7614619135856628, -0.02942834608256817, 0.430206835269928, -0.08827044814825058, -0.0621166005730629, -0.4359373450279236, 0.07084831595420837, -0.21243146061897278, -0.2767799496650696, 0.2121693342924118, -0.023876318708062172, -0.12894999980926514, 0.30211499333381653, 0.2530101239681244, 0.08167088776826859, -0.32504716515541077, 0.335422158241272, 0.38429152965545654, -0.0233219712972641, -0.03938315063714981, -0.3210025429725647, -0.3554259240627289, -0.5937497019767761, -0.19288593530654907, 0.17680510878562927, -0.871677041053772, 0.043852657079696655, 0.7720546722412109, 0.21797047555446625, -0.702947735786438, 0.839793860912323, 0.5921812653541565, -0.6336625814437866, -0.47479763627052307, -0.6159855723381042, -0.44197872281074524, -0.5939099192619324, -0.7388534545898438, 0.17431887984275818, -0.009987303987145424, 0.0018291178857907653, 0.9124414920806885, -0.2285301834344864, -0.2921679615974426, 0.05947083979845047, 0.8322316408157349, -0.2497507929801941, -0.509238064289093, 0.6843729615211487, -0.46997955441474915, -0.7455939054489136, -0.6034642457962036, 0.5356440544128418, 0.18649621307849884, 0.5137350559234619, 0.2615460157394409, -0.1481901854276657, 0.020991969853639603, -5.5932769775390625, -0.2385862171649933, -0.20317982137203217, 0.012274197302758694, 0.5398991107940674, 0.5462290048599243, 0.449987530708313, 0.14518095552921295, 0.5111759901046753, -0.5404903888702393, 0.2684820592403412, 0.1781950294971466, 0.204959437251091, 0.7029662132263184, 0.19198444485664368, 0.14807210862636566, 0.7686918377876282, -0.1686916947364807, 0.40889665484428406, 0.1177007183432579, 0.052325375378131866, -0.5530920624732971, -0.20194590091705322, 0.9896011352539062, 0.32215771079063416, 0.7680268287658691, -0.207089364528656, 0.36659422516822815, -0.549997091293335, 0.10407539457082748, 0.3437179625034332, -0.2971368730068207, 0.14461924135684967, 0.2567715644836426, -0.6622811555862427, -0.4804218113422394, 0.08274862915277481, 0.33663883805274963, 0.523215651512146, 0.6605506539344788, 0.021982919424772263, -0.7897460460662842, -0.8204531073570251, 0.2958109676837921, 0.32650408148765564, -0.18545222282409668, -0.6827189326286316, 0.08476526290178299, 0.40518078207969666, 0.2417951077222824, 0.32788458466529846, 0.27801018953323364, 0.3310739994049072, -0.5808044672012329, 0.2610725462436676, -0.017773611471056938, -0.11404714733362198, 0.4435676038265228, -0.548805296421051, -0.04612719267606735, 0.485333651304245, -0.071817547082901, 0.1215713694691658, -0.267241507768631, 0.25941553711891174, -0.45870158076286316, 0.22163447737693787, 0.22149156033992767, -0.0707542821764946, 0.618773877620697, -0.7126501202583313, 0.47663962841033936, 0.2663373053073883, -0.861090362071991, 0.4268491268157959, 0.4261118471622467, -0.03982245922088623, 0.21024960279464722, 0.2990017235279083, -0.3211028575897217, -0.5570498108863831, -0.3090067207813263, -0.03254144638776779, 0.4027787744998932, 0.2638249695301056, 0.30926015973091125, -0.10458466410636902, 0.06003948673605919, 0.17123673856258392, 0.538346529006958, 0.26587188243865967, -1.103228211402893, -0.15874004364013672, -0.2764289081096649, 0.5869132876396179, -0.1086408868432045, -0.26989978551864624, 0.20674370229244232, 0.7794618010520935, -0.11023775488138199, 0.1979215294122696, -0.03929593041539192, -0.5570734143257141, -0.28024354577064514, -0.4132641851902008, -0.5070716142654419, -0.25691482424736023, 0.15096232295036316, 0.271580308675766, 0.46962225437164307, 0.029031777754426003, -0.5919994115829468, -0.6424782276153564, -0.3635531961917877, 0.6416497826576233, -0.0767531543970108, 0.023914583027362823, 0.24023227393627167, 0.443921834230423, 0.23109373450279236, -0.07097911089658737, 0.23253801465034485, -0.6795283555984497, -0.21722202003002167, 0.4795495271682739, 0.6777374148368835, -0.14157390594482422, 0.2570515275001526, -0.33826541900634766, -0.4909077286720276, 0.17592933773994446, -0.017255941405892372, -0.04035530239343643, 0.07127893716096878, 0.4946567118167877, -0.6524029970169067, -0.0481337271630764, -0.3785197138786316, 0.06852295249700546, -0.1626502275466919, -0.5458645820617676, -0.48574766516685486, -0.3928501307964325, 0.04434860870242119, -0.5977555513381958, 0.2589304745197296, 0.011499390006065369, -0.21909436583518982, 0.14332716166973114, 0.6095191836357117, -0.1083342432975769, -0.934861958026886, 0.37355831265449524, 0.07242392003536224, -0.5854125618934631, 0.2827727496623993, -0.531703531742096, -0.0337090864777565, -0.4500190317630768, -0.13838598132133484, -0.5070590376853943, -0.3187793791294098, -0.7138535380363464, -0.2482985258102417, -0.3305492699146271, -0.19331373274326324, 0.15681186318397522, -0.2625499665737152, -0.2189478725194931, 0.6447358131408691, 0.6788914799690247, -0.14303743839263916, -0.09419463574886322, 0.09421953558921814, 0.8365415930747986, -0.1901405304670334, 0.35926106572151184, 0.08253742754459381, -0.16712625324726105, -0.19292862713336945, -0.08694259822368622, 0.30418306589126587, -0.743955135345459, 0.5806440711021423, -0.3290000557899475, -0.08769325911998749, -0.34165942668914795, -0.6307795643806458, -0.583904504776001, -0.18674664199352264, -0.03866739198565483, -0.2820188105106354, -0.14141923189163208, 0.015384876169264317, -0.5548385381698608, -0.26329419016838074, 0.5184145569801331, 0.3897866904735565, 0.18931899964809418, 0.4301876127719879, -0.3713759481906891, 0.6878553628921509, -0.2618482708930969, 0.02120322361588478, 0.5493324995040894, -0.9723872542381287, 0.2643420696258545, 0.6757408380508423, 0.6039406061172485, 0.21204997599124908, -0.16281485557556152, -0.8455402851104736, -0.29609185457229614, 0.38544973731040955, 0.16229309141635895, -0.01049104519188404, -0.11152710765600204, 0.3184605538845062, 0.2033521682024002, -0.7294020056724548, -0.4750398099422455, 0.3178050220012665, -0.29796916246414185, -0.4962337613105774, -0.3051609396934509, 0.3318415880203247, 0.599192202091217, 0.14239203929901123, -0.30932149291038513, -0.5106095671653748, 0.05385376140475273, 0.14351655542850494, 0.2957976758480072, 0.738862931728363, -0.13513638079166412, 0.2510091960430145, 0.4054737389087677, -0.5253949761390686, 0.25985318422317505, 0.6183185577392578, 0.2552341818809509, 0.777864933013916, 0.42059755325317383, 0.24087384343147278, 0.06974366307258606, 0.577379047870636, -0.18884572386741638, -0.13934612274169922, 0.6352179646492004, 0.6039699912071228, -0.10142657160758972, -0.2794009745121002, -0.4674639105796814, -0.31176236271858215, 0.6485247015953064, -0.989356517791748, 0.0824589654803276, -0.06451362371444702, -0.43931087851524353, 0.35372817516326904, -0.03174714371562004, 0.6482034921646118, 0.27485159039497375, -0.03404669091105461, 0.17933975160121918, 0.5087953805923462, -0.2241656631231308, 0.6128355860710144, 0.15093085169792175, -0.5584349632263184, -0.9055960178375244, -0.42815715074539185, -0.3005200922489166, 0.6167908906936646, -0.06692052632570267, 0.21942830085754395, -0.6393998265266418, 0.2969832122325897, -0.015083873644471169, -0.28789153695106506, -0.6425469517707825, -0.18284204602241516, -0.17315489053726196, -0.4502950608730316, -0.5116115212440491, -0.7486086487770081, -0.1933608502149582, 0.2713639438152313, -0.07641851902008057, 0.28984078764915466, -0.9446842670440674, -0.11203254759311676, -0.015358654782176018, 0.0555807389318943, -0.432282418012619, 0.48838236927986145, -0.41794729232788086, -0.11872575432062149, -0.4432230293750763, 0.16996128857135773, -0.11391587555408478, 0.2950129508972168, 0.07802852243185043, 0.668134331703186, 0.3019163906574249, -0.42541658878326416, -0.2747272253036499, -0.0003912461979780346, -0.05472389608621597, 0.795527994632721, 0.5575042963027954, -0.0049103666096925735, 0.2482132911682129, 0.36027756333351135, -0.7481798529624939, -0.3618946373462677, 0.20304149389266968, -0.0801621824502945, -0.20102092623710632, -0.41768985986709595, 0.19689860939979553, 0.2619892954826355, -0.33993980288505554, 0.46870508790016174, 0.5758430361747742, 0.09078735113143921, -0.005289243068546057, -0.0006299896049313247, 0.1333031803369522, 0.5962460041046143, -0.31705278158187866, -0.29044225811958313, -0.6028280854225159, 0.7330294847488403, -0.39174988865852356, -0.4181523323059082, 0.11867727339267731, -0.7810039520263672, 0.2899108827114105, 0.165154367685318, 0.8000316023826599, 0.6246278882026672, -1.1137332916259766, 0.276387095451355, -0.014393520541489124, 0.10390593856573105, -0.4279998242855072, -0.31435802578926086, 0.431222140789032, 0.05802995339035988, 0.5742002725601196, 0.3379819095134735, 0.40457379817962646, -0.4107922911643982, 0.3795168697834015, 0.20230580866336823, 0.5149795413017273, -0.17493189871311188, -0.32800740003585815, -0.5032966732978821, -0.13156788051128387, -0.23868495225906372, 0.2747848629951477, -0.2516704201698303, 0.5719289779663086, 0.09998216480016708, -0.1956760734319687, 0.08656517416238785, -0.46527743339538574, 0.15531933307647705, -0.015175423584878445, -0.09430119395256042, -0.09605777263641357, -0.06389566510915756, 0.25490522384643555, 0.45652616024017334, 0.5538523197174072, -0.5315244197845459, 0.1991775780916214, -0.06255185604095459, -0.3417886793613434, 0.06755372881889343, 0.0773814395070076, -0.835660994052887, 0.18512797355651855, 0.6721290946006775, 0.09308113157749176, 0.5527142286300659, -0.6306406855583191, 0.10317865014076233, -0.06939791887998581, -0.2638551890850067, -0.23638825118541718, 0.3742366135120392, -0.14108316600322723, -0.2276427298784256, -0.25438711047172546, 0.35301533341407776, 0.3541927933692932, 0.16885672509670258, 0.30836719274520874, 0.05083942413330078, -0.1431778222322464, 0.3612309396266937, -0.2966543436050415, 0.23834635317325592, -0.4128923714160919, -0.27670010924339294, -0.11295362561941147, -0.0770224779844284, -0.01272603590041399, 0.0750785544514656, -0.13419052958488464, -0.2685166895389557, -0.5052564144134521, -0.49527329206466675, 0.24836178123950958, -0.6765284538269043, 0.022158650681376457, -0.06912291049957275, 0.4906347990036011, -0.011825868859887123, 0.14052486419677734, 1.001223087310791, -0.1340804547071457, -0.12684741616249084, 0.8794835209846497, 0.2829705774784088, 0.10618085414171219, 0.6648091077804565, -0.40035280585289, -0.3313325345516205, -0.07230193167924881, -0.2701645493507385, 0.5785148739814758, 0.18606214225292206, 0.8326804637908936, 0.534185528755188, -0.22335457801818848, -0.5491324663162231, -0.3256315290927887, 0.10355497151613235, 0.8030269145965576, -0.03205020725727081, -0.10473792254924774, -0.29313647747039795, 0.21339671313762665, -0.427435964345932, -0.36265480518341064, -0.049537889659404755, 0.6654823422431946, 0.2613641023635864, 0.5745295882225037, -0.1280115246772766, 0.27229535579681396, -0.33013173937797546, 0.24749769270420074, -0.24640993773937225, 0.16995127499103546, 0.022584611549973488 ]
202224	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor%20En%27y%C5%AB	Emperor En'yū	was the 64th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. En'yū's reign spanned the years from 969 through 984. Biography Before his ascension to the Chrysanthemum Throne, his personal name (imina) was Morihira-shinnō. Morihira-shinnō was the fifth son of Emperor Murakami by the empress consort Anshi, the daughter of Fujiwara no Morosuke, therefore the brother of Emperor Reizei. In 967, Morihira-shinnō was appointed as the crown prince, bypassing his elder brother by the same mother, since his brother had no support from the Fujiwara clan. En'yū had five Empresses or Imperial consorts and one Imperial son. Events of En'yū's life 27 September 969 (Anna 2, 13th day of the 8th month): In the 3rd year of Emperor Reizei's reign (冷泉天皇三年), he abdicated; and the succession (senso) was received by a younger brother. 5 November 969 (Anna 2, 23rd day of the 9th month): Emperor En'yu is said to have acceded to the throne (‘‘sokui’’). 8 June 976 (Ten'en 2, 11th day of the 5th month): The Imperial Palace burned down; and the Sacred Mirror was blackened to such an extent that it reflected no light. 31 December 980 (Tengen 3, 22nd day of the 11th month): The Imperial Palace burned down; and the Sacred Mirror was half destroyed. 5 December 982 (Tengen 5, 17th day of the 11th month): The Imperial Palace burned down; and the Sacred Mirror was reduced to a lump of melted metal which was collected and presented to the emperor. In his reign there was a severe struggle between the Fujiwara clan over who would be appointed kampaku. Emperor En'yū followed his mother's advice and favored Fujiwara no Kanemichi, his maternal uncle. He had only one son, later the emperor Emperor Ichijō by Senshi, a daughter of his uncle Fujiwara no Kaneie, who was another brother of his mother. He made the daughter of Kanemichi the empress consort, though she bore no children. Senshi and her father Kaneie were angry at this elevation of their rival and were absent from the court for a long time, staying at the mansion of Kaneie with the child. Imperial processions to the Hachiman and Hirano Shrines were first made during the reign of Emperor En'yū. 24 September 984 (Eikan 2, 27th of the 8th month): The emperor abdicated at age 26. 16 September 985 (Kanna 1, 29th of the 8th month): The former-Emperor En'yū took the tonsure, becoming a Buddhist priest and taking the name of Kongō Hō. 1 March 991 (Shōryaku 2, 12th of the 2nd month): En'yū, now known as Kongō Hō, died at age 32. The actual site of En'yū's grave is known. This emperor is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine (misasagi) at Kyoto. The Imperial Household Agency designates this location as En'yū's mausoleum. It is formally named Nochi no Mukarami no misasagi. Kugyō is a collective term for the very few most powerful men attached to the court of the Emperor of Japan in pre-Meiji eras. In general, this elite group included only three to four men at a time. These were hereditary courtiers whose experience and background have brought them to the pinnacle of a life's career. During En'yū's reign, this apex of the Daijō-kan included: Kampaku, Ōno-no-miya Fujiwara no Saneyori (藤原実頼), 900–970. Kampaku, Fujiwara no Yoritada (藤原頼忠), 924–989. Daijō-daijin, Fujiwara no Saneyori. Daijō-daijin, Fujiwara no Koretada (藤原伊尹) Daijō-daijin, Fujiwara no Kanemichi (藤原兼通) Daijō-daijin, Fujiwara no Yoritada. Sesshō, Fujiwara no Koretada, 924–972. Udaijin, Fujiwara no Koretada. Udaijin, Fujiwara no Kaneie (藤原兼家), 929–990. Udaijin, Fujiwara no Kanemichi, 925–977. Naidaijin, Fujiwara no Kanemichi Dainagon, Minamoto no Kaneakira (源兼明) Dainagon, Fujiwara no Morouji (藤原師氏) (Gon-no-Dainagon, 権大納言) Dainagon, Fujiwara no Koretada (藤原伊尹) Dainagon, Fujiwara no Yoritada (藤原頼忠) Dainagon, Tachibana no Yoshifuru (橘好古) Dainagon, Minamoto no Masanobu (源雅信) Dainagon, Fujiwara no Kaneie (藤原兼家) Dainagon, Minamoto no Nobumitsu (源延光) (Gon-no-Dainagon, 権大納言) Dainagon, Fujiwara no Tamemitsu (藤原為光) Dainagon, Fujiwara no Asateru (藤原朝光) (Gon-no-Dainagon, 権大納言) Dainagon, Minamoto no Shigenobu (源重信) Dainagon, Fujiwara no Naritoki (藤原済時) (Gon-no-Dainagon, 権大納言) Eras of En'yū's reign The years of En'yū's reign are more specifically identified by more than one era name (gengō or nengō). Anna (968–970) Tenroku (970–973) Ten'en (973–976) Jōgen (976–978) Tengen (978–983) Eikan (983–985) Consorts and children Empress (Chūgū): Fujiwara no Koshi (藤原媓子), Fujiwara no Kanemichi’s daughter Empress (Chūgū): Fujiwara no Junshi/Nobuko (藤原遵子), Fujiwara no Yoritada’s daughter Consort (Nyōgo): Imperial Princess Sonshi (尊子内親王; 966–985), Emperor Reizei’s daughter Consort (Nyōgo): Fujiwara no Senshi (藤原詮子; 962–1002), Fujiwara no Kaneie’s daughter; later, Nyoin (女院) 'Higashi-sanjō In' (東三条院) First Son: Imperial Prince Yasuhito (懐仁親王) later Emperor Ichijō Court Attendant (Koui): Chujo-Miyasudokoro (中将御息所), Fujiwara no Kanetada's daughter Court Attendant (Koui): Shōshō kōui (少将更衣) Ancestry See also Imperial cult Emperor Go-En'yū Notes References Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida, eds. (1979). Gukanshō: The Future and the Past. Berkeley: University of California Press. ; OCLC 251325323 Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon. (1959). The Imperial House of Japan. Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. OCLC 194887 Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Nihon Odai Ichiran; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon. Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691 Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki: A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns. New York: Columbia University Press. ; OCLC 59145842 Japanese emperors 959 births 991 deaths People of Heian-period Japan 10th-century Japanese monarchs Heian period Buddhist clergy Japanese Buddhist monarchs Japanese retired emperors	[ -0.9079745411872864, 0.25825026631355286, -0.242401123046875, 0.07885804027318954, -0.8000760078430176, 0.7307335734367371, 0.8106248378753662, 0.07846031337976456, -0.29616937041282654, -0.3390331566333771, -0.058090679347515106, -0.1281251758337021, -0.15821094810962677, 0.15181879699230194, -0.19664712250232697, 0.12120859324932098, 0.022767361253499985, 0.08409206569194794, -0.1377539187669754, -0.5930517911911011, 0.12857350707054138, -0.031517088413238525, -0.007232772186398506, -0.23860576748847961, 0.7031685709953308, -0.15016649663448334, 0.6025716662406921, -0.05439034476876259, -0.3330641984939575, -0.31516340374946594, -0.2595193088054657, 0.2725065350532532, 0.2097434252500534, -0.38170570135116577, -0.6230871677398682, -0.4351327419281006, -0.26568281650543213, -0.00674698781222105, -0.2592433989048004, 0.0867006704211235, -0.2376445233821869, -0.048011086881160736, 0.25003597140312195, 0.46135202050209045, 0.0791928842663765, -0.8815422654151917, -1.7182395458221436, 0.15662308037281036, -0.463470458984375, -0.4801260232925415, -0.06625538319349289, 0.47753968834877014, -0.1974748820066452, 0.3441999554634094, -0.31350645422935486, 0.48739489912986755, -0.4123714566230774, -0.5312607884407043, -0.2856667637825012, -0.07445019483566284, 0.3097859025001526, -0.007672968320548534, 0.31418976187705994, 0.13067378103733063, -0.2998029291629791, -0.29313501715660095, 0.21819019317626953, 0.05816316604614258, 0.31864356994628906, -0.21568416059017181, -0.01216399297118187, 0.3641251027584076, 0.5935505032539368, 0.22396326065063477, -0.18935757875442505, -1.0390467643737793, -0.1629081517457962, 0.21153447031974792, 0.5402162075042725, -0.3215513229370117, -0.4138353168964386, -0.3378065824508667, 0.1117384135723114, 0.2819945216178894, 0.29205697774887085, 0.06076813489198685, 0.03862053528428078, 0.24657678604125977, -0.39512011408805847, 0.6898215413093567, -0.10535185039043427, 0.21295468509197235, 0.6903056502342224, -0.27959102392196655, -0.45342716574668884, -0.0932449996471405, -0.4636734426021576, 0.5899438261985779, -0.4427958130836487, -0.3529508411884308, -0.034740496426820755, 0.5145185589790344, 0.14656120538711548, -0.05687139555811882, -1.1298447847366333, -0.5589056611061096, -0.0006297673680819571, -0.3039218783378601, -0.3350747525691986, 0.006472785957157612, -0.4885684847831726, 0.7280693054199219, -0.3171163499355316, -0.12501542270183563, -0.17868071794509888, 0.19697679579257965, -0.4569190442562103, -0.40804991126060486, 0.19888624548912048, -0.08713873475790024, 0.6478725671768188, 0.010535633191466331, -0.24941885471343994, 0.34855887293815613, 0.004615405574440956, -0.03082439862191677, -0.23031197488307953, -0.3325020968914032, -0.2118435502052307, -0.14896653592586517, 0.7220097780227661, 0.8096818327903748, -0.49100592732429504, 0.4806317687034607, 0.37845712900161743, -0.3514780104160309, 0.496895968914032, 0.30012986063957214, -0.381033331155777, -0.5013293623924255, -1.1250367164611816, 0.09836897253990173, -0.44560539722442627, 0.4375024437904358, -0.17602747678756714, 0.9834259748458862, -0.02421712689101696, -0.5457730889320374, -0.5573999881744385, 0.006154209841042757, -0.07337996363639832, -0.2975446283817291, -0.21587541699409485, -0.4189399480819702, -0.21575777232646942, 0.5164731740951538, 0.30561622977256775, -0.40459680557250977, 0.024583600461483, 0.32286331057548523, 0.012198072858154774, -0.024178052321076393, -0.47845643758773804, -0.15118838846683502, 0.3086589574813843, -0.24729964137077332, -0.07741153240203857, 0.8051160573959351, -0.5164076089859009, -0.5812134146690369, -0.40988075733184814, -0.08996228128671646, -0.23697346448898315, -0.7310468554496765, 0.828468918800354, 0.21207447350025177, 0.8261135220527649, -0.011777381412684917, 0.06188765913248062, -0.33301201462745667, -0.5058845281600952, -0.2717325985431671, 0.08051931113004684, 0.38060545921325684, 0.6575711965560913, 0.44731029868125916, -0.05493317171931267, 0.38990718126296997, 0.585796058177948, 0.12061180919408798, -0.394286185503006, -0.4563763439655304, 0.33967068791389465, 0.21502619981765747, 0.4724480211734772, 0.5742834806442261, 0.2828652858734131, 0.12002439796924591, -0.024794718250632286, 0.8071238994598389, 0.4400664269924164, -0.39645445346832275, 0.3098132610321045, -0.16293103992938995, 0.35039985179901123, 0.4820426106452942, -0.27182736992836, 0.11887077242136002, 0.46586450934410095, 0.8212788701057434, 0.0007745175971649587, 0.25157877802848816, -0.03925124183297157, -0.21209314465522766, -0.08070936053991318, 0.4027816355228424, -0.37828004360198975, -0.37597307562828064, 0.10153664648532867, -0.4725377857685089, 0.3467663526535034, 0.30590343475341797, -0.03676944598555565, 0.48409491777420044, -0.254078209400177, 1.5397567749023438, -0.04056414216756821, 0.453022301197052, -0.57081538438797, -0.5831922292709351, -0.035804059356451035, -0.3548760414123535, 0.20986248552799225, 0.5167853236198425, -0.35071343183517456, -0.20253826677799225, 0.22867615520954132, 0.1371290683746338, 0.008569643832743168, -0.15978126227855682, 0.4255600869655609, 0.0005845840787515044, 0.23328448832035065, 0.328284353017807, -0.17962904274463654, 0.23999305069446564, -0.07225910574197769, 0.3979843258857727, -0.7404468655586243, -0.19177432358264923, 0.8620371222496033, -0.04471003636717796, 0.2977454662322998, -0.09542142599821091, 0.16132453083992004, -0.4176279306411743, 0.06949165463447571, -0.12206967175006866, -0.06896452605724335, 0.1919698715209961, 0.19495153427124023, -0.3734438121318817, 0.5534079074859619, 0.2812957167625427, -0.004147533793002367, -0.3415157198905945, 0.4950966238975525, 0.05825672298669815, 0.2512241005897522, -0.08871246874332428, -0.3088526129722595, -0.2155686318874359, -0.6545469760894775, -0.25635042786598206, -0.03780378773808479, -0.801917552947998, 0.21608056128025055, 0.8681901693344116, 0.014437044970691204, -0.851334810256958, 0.6661436557769775, 0.49203503131866455, -0.43167784810066223, -0.4936790466308594, -0.9163937568664551, -0.5753998160362244, -0.7088719010353088, -0.47089093923568726, 0.19900822639465332, -0.48408055305480957, -0.04096822068095207, 0.5524028539657593, -0.07087559252977371, -0.17461532354354858, 0.23417536914348602, 0.7926972508430481, -0.04347733035683632, -0.3641607165336609, 1.0092096328735352, -0.2858774960041046, -0.39114776253700256, -0.3714154362678528, 0.48972514271736145, 0.22436510026454926, 0.29577818512916565, 0.21065813302993774, 0.2418597936630249, 0.18790385127067566, -5.63901948928833, 0.0716305524110794, 0.020708881318569183, 0.24913351237773895, 0.5122032165527344, 0.43533745408058167, 0.7060339450836182, 0.24295784533023834, 0.32106953859329224, -0.49282023310661316, 0.13463447988033295, 0.2582060396671295, 0.4127019941806793, 0.40196743607521057, 0.12951628863811493, 0.33197128772735596, 0.856768012046814, -0.2624554932117462, 0.3023979961872101, 0.14607010781764984, -0.20280319452285767, -0.37355929613113403, -0.4071200489997864, 1.0543464422225952, 0.2624492943286896, 0.47013992071151733, -0.12907496094703674, 0.08956295251846313, -0.6386505365371704, -0.09158612042665482, -0.04476381838321686, -0.34665608406066895, -0.08751706033945084, 0.5276933312416077, -0.535541296005249, -0.5840325951576233, 0.1362273097038269, 0.39825278520584106, 0.45973506569862366, 0.369040846824646, 0.04042526334524155, -0.7091450095176697, -0.7895379066467285, 0.4524686932563782, -0.13588905334472656, -0.43423378467559814, -0.7641303539276123, 0.044857896864414215, 0.053305190056562424, -0.14615340530872345, 0.0011959609109908342, 0.18721018731594086, 0.4753841459751129, -0.5426298379898071, 0.25465628504753113, 0.26166605949401855, -0.3710048794746399, 0.648208498954773, -0.6684036254882812, 0.16190023720264435, 0.6115077137947083, -0.13468801975250244, -0.1647561937570572, -0.15552011132240295, 0.5317744016647339, -0.356825053691864, 0.09915656596422195, 0.053620487451553345, -0.28181594610214233, 0.518002986907959, -0.5128672122955322, 0.5806711912155151, 0.43480122089385986, -0.8299112319946289, 0.4472767114639282, 0.45233139395713806, 0.15561164915561676, 0.1591419130563736, -0.01106961164623499, -0.2969476580619812, -0.2646464705467224, -0.2723059058189392, 0.23427817225456238, 0.7153952717781067, 0.07016497850418091, 0.6112831830978394, 0.28422436118125916, 0.38877207040786743, 0.19087636470794678, 0.7059505581855774, 0.12679986655712128, -0.8068845868110657, -0.3331979513168335, -0.22478409111499786, 0.726839005947113, 0.024840140715241432, -0.018318289890885353, 0.30861005187034607, 0.4835110008716583, -0.1252104490995407, 0.3692617416381836, 0.1453978419303894, -0.6888257265090942, -0.2735811173915863, -0.43606582283973694, -0.27216604351997375, -0.0561162605881691, 0.341928094625473, 0.5277110934257507, 0.3534579873085022, -0.15876467525959015, -0.2982645630836487, -0.2390809953212738, -0.2059423178434372, 0.8093774914741516, -0.16360318660736084, 0.02933981828391552, -0.06725304573774338, 0.2626464366912842, 0.31234753131866455, 0.08297793567180634, 0.5958071351051331, -0.8591329455375671, -0.5146087408065796, 0.24842756986618042, 0.47121182084083557, -0.24275608360767365, 0.27078232169151306, -0.7664329409599304, -0.8460395336151123, 0.28156933188438416, -0.08700814843177795, -0.08493679016828537, -0.02832699567079544, 0.3362963795661926, -0.7307124733924866, -0.02037012204527855, -0.586876630783081, -0.022074144333600998, -0.1030413880944252, -0.5698222517967224, -0.49770602583885193, -0.365946888923645, -0.04197995737195015, -0.5239865183830261, 0.49803993105888367, -0.0883217453956604, -0.373551607131958, 0.07074648141860962, 0.7183663249015808, 0.06521444767713547, -1.0810383558273315, 0.3513626158237457, -0.014716532081365585, -0.4707275331020355, 0.4154718816280365, -0.5911838412284851, -0.3412229120731354, -0.2527364492416382, -0.04734403267502785, -0.13113544881343842, -0.4105800688266754, -0.6625896692276001, -0.046825140714645386, -0.3123529255390167, 0.032781220972537994, 0.1654854118824005, -0.2436610609292984, -0.10837406665086746, 0.7095512747764587, 0.38611239194869995, 0.03997781127691269, -0.2841927707195282, -0.11418045312166214, 0.701340913772583, 0.09710393100976944, 0.13704022765159607, 0.29928889870643616, -0.2766422629356384, -0.507427990436554, 0.12756957113742828, 0.2960841953754425, -0.7347155213356018, 0.4834332764148712, -0.2954980432987213, 0.05367701128125191, -0.1394362449645996, -0.6759735941886902, -0.8283959031105042, 0.07737252116203308, -0.4645288586616516, -0.5162815451622009, -0.07325685769319534, 0.2339385747909546, -0.520802915096283, -0.21283215284347534, 0.3334728181362152, -0.176554873585701, 0.1450938880443573, 0.5460236668586731, -0.019759390503168106, 0.5582751631736755, -0.1826447993516922, 0.03363051265478134, 0.4617777466773987, -0.8706561923027039, 0.1537303924560547, 0.24435965716838837, 0.7838902473449707, 0.3215469419956207, -0.20613735914230347, -0.9928394556045532, -0.5880375504493713, 0.17227083444595337, 0.17836110293865204, 0.07983280718326569, -0.02198985405266285, 0.29225844144821167, -0.044720593839883804, -0.877790093421936, -0.4670751094818115, 0.2885376214981079, -0.2077898234128952, -0.4499662518501282, -0.17946547269821167, 0.09180714190006256, 0.3411427438259125, 0.2867732048034668, -0.2174675613641739, -0.46257564425468445, -0.36198896169662476, 0.034572601318359375, 0.374315470457077, 0.6882363557815552, -0.3943887948989868, 0.09911442548036575, 0.3404066264629364, -0.5735135078430176, -0.02795415371656418, 0.36822274327278137, 0.283366322517395, 0.8398928642272949, -0.07607848942279816, -0.12479960918426514, 0.048790913075208664, 0.4197717308998108, -0.1810988187789917, 0.08197078853845596, 0.6528567671775818, 0.299252450466156, 0.13260920345783234, -0.42772436141967773, -0.5153028964996338, -0.2521207928657532, 0.6292749643325806, -1.1760202646255493, 0.3058178424835205, 0.07609181851148605, -0.27903807163238525, 0.015544024296104908, -0.29101547598838806, 0.13840153813362122, 0.3025200068950653, -0.1405295729637146, 0.1254539042711258, 0.6140674948692322, -0.48339754343032837, 0.5318179726600647, -0.05268309637904167, -0.6458740234375, -0.7130624055862427, -0.43008965253829956, -0.42579683661460876, 0.5406879186630249, -0.13958954811096191, 0.05603909492492676, -0.3538675308227539, 0.17046400904655457, -0.10076352208852768, -0.3042353093624115, -0.5768764615058899, -0.2975122630596161, -0.009774483740329742, -0.29449668526649475, -0.39837440848350525, -0.5062530636787415, 0.0488923043012619, 0.045560579746961594, -0.06068373844027519, 0.23355525732040405, -0.8384167551994324, -0.24193963408470154, -0.2312561273574829, 0.2658550441265106, -0.3154033422470093, 0.28738632798194885, -0.3498646318912506, -0.24050703644752502, -0.23568589985370636, 0.09093192219734192, -0.30201199650764465, 0.4250926375389099, 0.02451375126838684, 0.9382443428039551, 0.1956024169921875, -0.22197526693344116, -0.31279873847961426, 0.06915970146656036, 0.14590802788734436, 0.6537081599235535, 0.6850970983505249, 0.20700481534004211, 0.3680729866027832, 0.33092397451400757, -0.6457924842834473, -0.12857548892498016, -0.006406969856470823, -0.1684449166059494, -0.19831658899784088, -0.6701663136482239, 0.2366989552974701, 0.3983812630176544, -0.3907308578491211, 0.4744080901145935, 0.33911314606666565, 0.08004676550626755, -0.33080431818962097, 0.21853619813919067, 0.2532382607460022, 0.6664659976959229, -0.32538363337516785, 0.09490454941987991, -0.3486817479133606, 0.6590294241905212, -0.17036667466163635, -0.35876238346099854, 0.13027499616146088, -1.0608447790145874, 0.34409525990486145, -0.04085802659392357, 0.796967089176178, 0.7942233681678772, -0.9114347696304321, 0.5048735737800598, -0.11334427446126938, 0.3125607669353485, -0.32082176208496094, -0.1483323872089386, 0.0076451911590993404, -0.16283798217773438, 0.3042968511581421, 0.18394865095615387, 0.3826616108417511, -0.7918916940689087, -0.02760159596800804, 0.39572104811668396, 0.1678423136472702, -0.3024745285511017, -0.2596970796585083, -0.3980160653591156, -0.06281478703022003, -0.0006852424703538418, 0.32732751965522766, -0.4980107545852661, 0.38487786054611206, 0.2807198464870453, -0.1463041454553604, 0.004189430736005306, -0.5702254772186279, 0.29646041989326477, 0.034699879586696625, -0.2944670021533966, 0.0611741840839386, -0.32260221242904663, 0.16931681334972382, 0.6825385093688965, 0.37896379828453064, -0.36559635400772095, -0.12321820855140686, 0.18765276670455933, -0.16907018423080444, 0.1269899606704712, 0.4060307443141937, -0.7604329586029053, 0.2362707555294037, 0.6868377327919006, -0.15906178951263428, 0.5974947810173035, -0.3933914303779602, 0.552071750164032, -0.04044245555996895, -0.11162391304969788, 0.09645139425992966, 0.5433935523033142, 0.0003440562868490815, -0.037175774574279785, -0.48984038829803467, 0.6226186752319336, 0.5087490677833557, 0.5308626294136047, 0.2152925431728363, -0.12128271162509918, -0.1369399130344391, 0.387737512588501, -0.17964693903923035, 0.5200672745704651, -0.6332929730415344, -0.0021773565094918013, -0.22307507693767548, 0.005394005216658115, 0.025639206171035767, 0.1232408955693245, -0.06369759142398834, -0.11515524983406067, -0.2668397128582001, -0.34080272912979126, 0.4262678325176239, -0.45474037528038025, -0.011538239195942879, -0.15949292480945587, 0.042661167681217194, 0.15766757726669312, 0.25108829140663147, 0.5723958611488342, -0.07431619614362717, 0.14199072122573853, 0.6414980292320251, 0.14746582508087158, 0.1900264471769333, 0.7172543406486511, -0.6459617614746094, -0.3494238555431366, -0.3497018814086914, -0.13459663093090057, 0.5590558648109436, 0.26493123173713684, 0.8542121648788452, 0.8017691373825073, -0.25911945104599, -0.29846706986427307, -0.25540846586227417, 0.11880980432033539, 0.5726891160011292, 0.1754358559846878, -0.3571717441082001, -0.024924524128437042, 0.14893849194049835, -0.5685338377952576, -0.4392244815826416, -0.0921643078327179, 0.470416396856308, 0.17556002736091614, 0.31995055079460144, -0.0003820321289822459, -0.14738978445529938, -0.1735384166240692, 0.2883232831954956, -0.39042145013809204, 0.23882894217967987, 0.17598208785057068 ]
202231	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sushun%20%28Qing%20dynasty%29	Sushun (Qing dynasty)	Sushun (Manchu: Uksun Sušun; 26 November 1816 – September 1861), courtesy name Yuting, was a Manchu noble and politician of the Qing dynasty. He was born in the Aisin Gioro clan, the imperial clan of the Qing dynasty, as the sixth son of Ulgungga. Ulgungga was distantly related to the Qing dynasty emperors and was the 12th heir to the Prince Zheng line, one of the "iron-cap" princely peerages of the Qing dynasty. Since the line of Prince Zheng was in charge of the Bordered Blue Banner, Sushun was a member of this banner. Sushun was a supporter of Zeng Guofan and Li Hongzhang but also characterized by his firm policy against the West. Although Sushun was born into nobility, the size of his family meant that he received little attention during childhood, and little expectation from the family. He was neither well versed in literature nor exceptionally able in martial arts. Sushun became a military general during the late years of the Daoguang Emperor's reign. Following the death of Wenqing, one of the Xianfeng Emperor's closest aides, Sushun was increasingly consulted by the emperor on many important policy matters. His first position in the court was as a member of the Imperial Guard and he subsequently served in a number of senior positions in the government, including a term as the president of the Lifan Yuan. During the Second Opium War, he was one of the chief architects of Qing foreign policy and he repudiated many of the treaties that were concluded in the late 1850s, in particular the territorial concessions in the Sino-Russian Treaty of Aigun. In 1859 Sushun instituted draconian monetary reforms. Following the death of the Xianfeng Emperor in 1861, Sushun, his elder brother Duanhua, and Zaiyuan, along with five other prominent people in the Qing imperial court, were appointed regents to oversee administrative affairs during the young Tongzhi Emperor's minority. However, without obtaining the seals of the two empress dowagers (Ci'an and Cixi), the regency could not carry out any important policy decisions, which led to increased political friction in the imperial court. In November 1861, a triumvirate consisting of Prince Gong (the Xianfeng Emperor's brother) and the two empress dowagers staged the Xinyou Coup, establishing themselves as the only rightful regents of the Tongzhi Emperor. All the members of the eight-men council were arrested and Sushun was beheaded in public in 1861 on charges of treason. Family Father: Ulgungga (乌尔恭阿), Prince Zhengshen of the First Rank Paternal grandfather: Jihana (积哈纳) Paternal grandmother: Mistress, of the Zheng clan (郑氏) Mother: Mistress, of the Hui people Consorts: Primary wife, of the Liugiya clan (嫡妻刘佳氏)， daughter of the Minister of Internal Affairs Akdangga (阿可当阿) Wife, of the Jin clan (妻金氏), daughter of Jin Fu (金福) Wife, of the Meng clan (妻孟氏), daughter of Meng Sheng (孟升) Issue: Xishan (熙善;1848-1870) Zhengshan (征善;1853-1896), adopted by Duanhua Chengshan (承善;1854-1904), had 1 son Tongshan (同善;1856-1899) References Sources 1816 births 1861 deaths 19th-century Chinese people 19th-century viceregal rulers Manchu politicians Manchu Bordered Blue Bannermen Qing dynasty regents Qing dynasty politicians from Beijing Assistant Grand Secretaries Suicides in the Qing dynasty People executed by the Qing dynasty People executed by the Qing dynasty by decapitation Prince Zheng	[ -0.7090960144996643, 0.10651802271604538, -0.5152117013931274, 0.13182581961154938, -0.5128978490829468, 0.9360613226890564, 0.5645490884780884, -0.12875640392303467, 0.023240018635988235, -0.5195556879043579, -0.2912682592868805, -0.390830934047699, -0.17628991603851318, 0.19887472689151764, -0.7569430470466614, -0.11570040136575699, 0.5082166194915771, 0.24997779726982117, -0.6549961566925049, 0.18007229268550873, -0.40571120381355286, -0.14243124425411224, 0.05245618522167206, 0.01811896450817585, 0.40169191360473633, 0.08700764179229736, 0.4217503070831299, -0.10135987401008606, 0.27603501081466675, -0.035048745572566986, -0.20210148394107819, 0.3865959942340851, 0.209502175450325, -0.08976604044437408, -0.9525603652000427, 0.38557350635528564, -0.4143548905849457, 0.19583861529827118, 0.16145513951778412, 0.2701737880706787, -0.09590698033571243, 0.33210667967796326, 0.11631333827972412, 0.38976767659187317, 0.2791987657546997, -1.190450668334961, -1.4240893125534058, 0.15042737126350403, -0.8784419894218445, -0.2295590341091156, 0.09488178044557571, 0.5877326726913452, -0.06025528907775879, -0.22298191487789154, 0.007426900323480368, 0.22419485449790955, -0.743863046169281, -0.5134761929512024, -0.014985274523496628, -0.34367021918296814, 0.33402183651924133, 0.12009162455797195, 0.7232980728149414, -0.25394997000694275, 0.04477032646536827, -0.3078460693359375, 0.3079271614551544, 0.2996760904788971, 0.37309134006500244, -0.5730897188186646, 0.24250011146068573, 0.7579859495162964, 0.36666256189346313, 0.20371806621551514, 0.5113164782524109, -0.8354936242103577, -0.2740098536014557, 0.2403164505958557, 0.34111106395721436, -0.05343034863471985, -0.3758673369884491, -0.16614477336406708, 0.5559689998626709, 0.6212735176086426, -0.18277062475681305, -0.060875218361616135, -0.06256421655416489, 0.7396619319915771, -0.4705474376678467, 0.2689095437526703, 0.15346594154834747, -0.06386539340019226, 0.6111223697662354, -0.09701820462942123, -0.6000687479972839, 0.28297045826911926, -0.10116802155971527, 0.8671790361404419, -0.2926471531391144, -0.37466827034950256, -0.16047810018062592, 0.36911338567733765, 0.3130105137825012, -0.29726728796958923, -0.32439926266670227, -0.36577147245407104, -0.0030630615074187517, 0.15092872083187103, -0.2965189814567566, -0.30700352787971497, -0.2615506649017334, 0.4702867269515991, -0.019613197073340416, 0.34116536378860474, 0.17043042182922363, 0.05405056104063988, -0.6195335388183594, -0.849997341632843, -0.09950145334005356, -0.11481045186519623, -0.28159311413764954, 0.1527319997549057, -0.18074138462543488, 0.11010462045669556, 0.4052479565143585, -0.2837158739566803, -0.2060178816318512, 0.14407694339752197, -0.5286731123924255, 0.6102518439292908, 0.6602746844291687, 0.7675833106040955, -0.5053626894950867, 0.1173487976193428, -0.2622116506099701, 0.1955825835466385, 0.2808528542518616, 0.05311902239918709, -0.7710102200508118, -0.11500442773103714, -0.8329874277114868, 0.21372827887535095, -0.293179452419281, -0.011183442547917366, 0.012814279645681381, 0.20205439627170563, -0.18638046085834503, -0.5262234807014465, -0.9349769949913025, -0.06341009587049484, -0.3641124367713928, -0.011302891187369823, -0.19409632682800293, -0.09903720021247864, -0.5169830322265625, 1.0969842672348022, 0.5803852081298828, -0.1591416448354721, 0.13065402209758759, 0.3995878994464874, -0.2936994135379791, -0.09182097762823105, -0.6842846870422363, -0.1684398502111435, -0.14214611053466797, -0.09278295934200287, 0.34363672137260437, 0.3575684130191803, -0.37446096539497375, -0.5236793160438538, -0.18079988658428192, -0.09929828345775604, -0.12851648032665253, -0.02963208593428135, -0.07573749870061874, 0.4651995599269867, -0.15839987993240356, 0.37397876381874084, 0.2581627070903778, -0.19563467800617218, -0.7769657373428345, 0.17922362685203552, 0.01619279570877552, 0.30536088347435, 0.39713361859321594, 0.7170395255088806, 0.4066397249698639, 0.035676173865795135, 0.3242555260658264, -0.5172691345214844, -0.32084333896636963, -0.663389265537262, 0.09920603781938553, 0.3456006646156311, 0.9849864840507507, 0.4574565887451172, -0.1921740025281906, 0.6067664623260498, -0.03468536213040352, 0.6484419703483582, -0.12014425545930862, -0.20697928965091705, -0.25312745571136475, -0.05743834748864174, 0.5435110330581665, 0.5708996057510376, 0.43975237011909485, 0.6133541464805603, 0.33173537254333496, 0.36763909459114075, 0.4540051221847534, -0.6857844591140747, 0.019063688814640045, 0.1496390700340271, -0.25090259313583374, -0.40777459740638733, -0.5166791677474976, -0.3568146526813507, 0.3048570454120636, -0.5789591670036316, 1.0335496664047241, -0.05385119840502739, -0.10902535170316696, 1.1194114685058594, 0.1274469792842865, 1.0594041347503662, 0.384257048368454, 0.44803711771965027, -0.29006317257881165, -0.152839794754982, -0.1267692893743515, -0.36747241020202637, 0.3100985288619995, -0.08854852616786957, -0.11752396821975708, -0.062772236764431, 0.2638607621192932, -0.05646206811070442, 0.5725531578063965, -0.4314219057559967, -0.0940365344285965, 0.7534145712852478, 0.3927918076515198, -0.3108014762401581, -0.08321972191333771, 0.3684280514717102, -0.36589619517326355, -0.007800874300301075, -0.25271886587142944, -0.25874003767967224, 0.11803121119737625, 0.5180505514144897, -0.17996862530708313, -0.10549372434616089, 0.38929328322410583, -0.568960428237915, 0.0662257969379425, -0.06549867242574692, 0.01389323826879263, 0.2889547348022461, 0.5264824628829956, -0.18495972454547882, 0.3105822503566742, 0.09189223498106003, 0.11989892274141312, 0.4391137957572937, 0.6610214114189148, -0.7296645045280457, 0.7492142915725708, -0.04274100065231323, 0.06555741280317307, 0.08928065001964569, -0.6315708160400391, -0.07106427103281021, -0.43206948041915894, -0.34726715087890625, -0.12770748138427734, 0.54764723777771, -0.5688803791999817, -0.9243496656417847, 0.1942185014486313, 0.3937924802303314, -0.24505063891410828, -0.16535387933254242, -0.5087260007858276, -0.8262624144554138, -0.3796124756336212, -0.13559690117835999, -0.05803731456398964, 0.017884915694594383, -0.15164227783679962, 0.9075635671615601, -0.042455483227968216, -0.021013470366597176, -0.2093416452407837, 0.8362067937850952, -0.2935333251953125, -0.18322408199310303, 0.5641847252845764, 0.02930864319205284, -0.984492301940918, -0.9382730722427368, -0.30205535888671875, 0.20490053296089172, 0.45348629355430603, 0.3972947299480438, 0.21430224180221558, -0.09354478865861893, -5.66276741027832, -0.42863377928733826, 0.03434053063392639, 0.29718536138534546, 0.2887796461582184, 0.17844651639461517, 0.32934439182281494, -0.3438039720058441, 0.3112381398677826, 0.11719191074371338, 0.35231879353523254, 0.050728507339954376, 0.022678334265947342, -0.24559815227985382, 0.18929357826709747, 0.4572901427745819, 0.935857355594635, 0.18318350613117218, 0.24664588272571564, 0.028316041454672813, -0.26810407638549805, -0.28291991353034973, -0.2601607143878937, 0.9420496225357056, 0.37551480531692505, 0.36416417360305786, -0.04563090205192566, 0.22092042863368988, -0.7431814074516296, -0.24865566194057465, -0.26095980405807495, 0.1657714992761612, -0.05221932381391525, 0.3730752170085907, -0.2746131420135498, -0.4639245569705963, 0.5066352486610413, 0.6769811511039734, 0.1396203339099884, 0.539546549320221, 0.024235201999545097, 0.009656046517193317, -0.730839192867279, 0.34763187170028687, -0.03839302062988281, -0.6032373309135437, -0.5459151864051819, -0.02894826978445053, -0.643623411655426, 0.20510399341583252, 0.2554774582386017, -0.17356117069721222, 0.20376424491405487, -0.28864461183547974, 0.49112826585769653, 0.42117390036582947, -0.15890924632549286, 0.444528728723526, -0.6359136700630188, 0.2703304588794708, 0.1841639280319214, -0.22065982222557068, -0.2674521505832672, -0.28503355383872986, 0.17338021099567413, -0.10980384796857834, 0.07217218726873398, -0.03961135447025299, -0.1752243936061859, 0.09880370646715164, -0.2279512882232666, 1.0211398601531982, 0.4256068170070648, -1.0111061334609985, 0.28849852085113525, -0.3777868151664734, -0.49098509550094604, -0.12326740473508835, -0.8786402940750122, 0.4620990455150604, 0.04686442017555237, -0.2593674063682556, 0.876192569732666, 1.1238107681274414, 0.5662758946418762, 0.1360940933227539, 0.5334821939468384, 0.22399775683879852, 0.036747995764017105, 0.37063559889793396, 0.46981531381607056, -1.1087305545806885, 0.02973213419318199, 0.15662677586078644, 0.5298296809196472, 0.20992645621299744, -0.3152453303337097, 0.24973154067993164, 0.04194842278957367, -0.496488094329834, 0.22864842414855957, 0.2725132405757904, -0.3379357159137726, -0.5695295333862305, 0.19897833466529846, -0.020233139395713806, 0.15108491480350494, 0.30449649691581726, 1.1601604223251343, 0.48183122277259827, 0.12533748149871826, 0.06749317049980164, -0.2851276993751526, 0.0014976928941905499, 0.39252862334251404, -0.1924080103635788, 0.18001508712768555, 0.15787485241889954, -0.012744875624775887, 0.45649901032447815, -0.310811847448349, 0.25058093667030334, -0.48660922050476074, -0.7498858571052551, 0.0723191499710083, -0.18895405530929565, -0.3304843008518219, 0.36902835965156555, -0.37085145711898804, -0.38452601432800293, 0.7436429858207703, 0.0807683914899826, -0.5630478858947754, 0.19202853739261627, -0.11583216488361359, -0.37761786580085754, -0.8732646107673645, -0.6638460159301758, -0.057697050273418427, -0.025079526007175446, -0.6928203701972961, -0.23776161670684814, -0.0521879717707634, 0.0669281929731369, -0.14380596578121185, 0.2144404798746109, -0.09070393443107605, -0.23299899697303772, -0.34507015347480774, 0.6455904245376587, -0.05280770733952522, -0.7105900645256042, 0.28585508465766907, -0.021231770515441895, 0.144642174243927, 0.015045218169689178, -0.35811275243759155, -0.3610701262950897, -0.1196046844124794, 0.14103680849075317, -0.22037142515182495, -0.40479201078414917, -0.5658308863639832, 0.12043528258800507, -0.26288023591041565, -0.04787087067961693, -0.18910589814186096, 0.18883804976940155, -0.3754713237285614, 0.7005194425582886, 0.2605946660041809, -0.556312084197998, -0.3068535327911377, -0.36024588346481323, 0.04697474092245102, -0.10793960094451904, -0.10732945799827576, 0.23685383796691895, -0.4261840283870697, -0.2302556186914444, -0.5924140214920044, 0.032665908336639404, -0.2666751742362976, -0.17487195134162903, 0.39746037125587463, 0.033815763890743256, -0.04366598650813103, -0.6658397316932678, -0.18098454177379608, -0.16460946202278137, -0.26227185130119324, -0.34724605083465576, -0.23308159410953522, 0.3209494948387146, -0.019162774085998535, -0.07068941742181778, 0.03817811235785484, 0.34351643919944763, -0.08303715288639069, 0.19195754826068878, -0.03408711403608322, 0.1873238980770111, -0.10967770218849182, -0.08706275373697281, -0.20604610443115234, -0.7124444246292114, 0.02664153277873993, 0.598308801651001, 0.05195295065641403, -0.0390983521938324, -0.3499959707260132, -1.2251551151275635, 0.012639499269425869, -0.07588288933038712, -0.07930198311805725, 0.16467629373073578, 0.3252686858177185, 0.04007512331008911, -0.10959194600582123, -1.112586498260498, -0.8874676823616028, 0.054683513939380646, -0.513537585735321, -0.19524362683296204, 0.01894676685333252, -0.01044063363224268, -0.1192254051566124, 0.2945285141468048, 0.12154821306467056, -0.31811419129371643, -0.003814014606177807, 0.0013416849542409182, 0.21467280387878418, 0.09235239773988724, 0.053380630910396576, -0.03483432158827782, 0.5597124099731445, -0.13788458704948425, -0.09577689319849014, -0.15852563083171844, 0.47042807936668396, 1.2178270816802979, -0.11851627379655838, -0.24891814589500427, -0.04567260667681694, 0.6515485048294067, -0.2184276431798935, -0.11680201441049576, 0.011833607219159603, 0.27337831258773804, 0.4445560574531555, -0.33266153931617737, -0.9791218042373657, -0.056562941521406174, 0.7053972482681274, -0.6724478602409363, 0.30255433917045593, 0.6816592216491699, -0.14140479266643524, 0.3815630078315735, -0.49330177903175354, 0.27063482999801636, 0.4304755628108978, -0.2754632830619812, -0.39654359221458435, 0.6001315116882324, -0.16461674869060516, -0.18685151636600494, -0.3087194561958313, -0.4233722984790802, -0.24467481672763824, -0.5054066181182861, -0.39005008339881897, 0.5827643871307373, -0.6139434576034546, 0.13838239014148712, 0.06704427301883698, 0.19598880410194397, -0.22060967981815338, 0.037598609924316406, -0.9976794123649597, -0.8129691481590271, -0.07645925879478455, -0.3084374666213989, -0.3985788822174072, -0.7224672436714172, 0.4817972481250763, 0.00003618616392486729, -0.30757513642311096, 0.09164045751094818, -0.7167844176292419, 0.06396336853504181, -0.2778194844722748, 0.08853878825902939, -0.2950635850429535, 0.316840261220932, -0.4778413474559784, 0.15119704604148865, -0.11874786764383316, -0.16582344472408295, -0.15551631152629852, 0.06334315985441208, 0.2894321084022522, 0.25166288018226624, 0.1946559101343155, 0.008825854398310184, 0.0934155136346817, 0.011479595676064491, -0.2957583963871002, 0.15763132274150848, 0.6146241426467896, 0.016269342973828316, 0.6468752026557922, 0.2116662710905075, -0.6459903120994568, -0.23225319385528564, -0.03650784492492676, -0.31812915205955505, -0.5038070678710938, -0.20258729159832, 0.2590247690677643, 0.04592837393283844, 0.3444749116897583, 0.19181203842163086, 0.42425814270973206, 0.3710353672504425, -0.08162420988082886, 0.20996499061584473, -0.4520489275455475, 0.41238829493522644, -0.30836039781570435, -0.2359054535627365, -0.6069735884666443, 0.10236677527427673, 0.5782520771026611, -0.4300445020198822, 0.4199700653553009, -0.6194946765899658, 0.1414003223180771, 0.28916680812835693, -0.07679852843284607, 0.6680673956871033, -0.7467845678329468, 0.048798929899930954, 0.5190157890319824, -0.025553900748491287, -0.33552277088165283, 0.43562033772468567, 0.19944779574871063, 0.007772443816065788, 0.3132389783859253, 0.18315725028514862, 0.31241509318351746, -0.7242935299873352, 0.35653156042099, 0.30054643750190735, 0.13316470384597778, -0.08243115246295929, 0.10740550607442856, -0.032886944711208344, 0.49906685948371887, -0.3981395661830902, 0.444755494594574, -0.1429067850112915, -0.21077677607536316, 0.01747140847146511, 0.006638042163103819, -0.37925875186920166, -0.2896566092967987, 0.07586067914962769, -0.062214091420173645, -0.5721237063407898, 0.1726703643798828, 0.40175703167915344, 0.574495255947113, 0.2697353959083557, 0.763279914855957, 0.35082560777664185, -0.02029842883348465, -0.19527322053909302, -0.07286756485700607, 0.2713707685470581, 0.6100226044654846, -0.8000151515007019, 0.554835319519043, 0.1281718611717224, 0.1635516881942749, 0.057379137724637985, -0.5074931383132935, 0.13844524323940277, -0.05562594160437584, -0.26508548855781555, -0.16608820855617523, 0.5476382970809937, -0.27371034026145935, 0.1970265656709671, -0.7019702196121216, 0.7932724952697754, 0.5568459630012512, 0.024816948920488358, 0.14640012383460999, 0.42632248997688293, 0.3181566894054413, 0.32227838039398193, -0.3813295066356659, 0.8370695114135742, -0.7679599523544312, 0.5455864071846008, -0.31014344096183777, 0.5040217041969299, 0.208553284406662, 0.3676838278770447, 0.05213264003396034, 0.15590408444404602, -0.3339157998561859, 0.5495311617851257, 0.654448926448822, -0.1476655751466751, 0.06280642002820969, 0.0781668946146965, -0.1270531266927719, 0.005046857986599207, -0.07614587247371674, -0.07788168638944626, 0.1541399508714676, 0.49766412377357483, 0.10081183910369873, 0.14908745884895325, -0.4409860074520111, 0.7581230401992798, -0.31904903054237366, -0.2576129138469696, -0.2676718235015869, -0.4839784801006317, 0.09937320649623871, -0.26859670877456665, 0.38181620836257935, 0.694898247718811, 0.15713810920715332, -0.6824855208396912, 0.42122170329093933, 0.24681136012077332, -0.15968190133571625, 0.2019527703523636, 0.4028201699256897, 0.30411067605018616, -0.35959547758102417, -0.20827138423919678, -0.211569145321846, 0.06782394647598267, 0.19654899835586548, 0.08982177078723907, 0.2811339795589447, -0.7411647439002991, 0.466702401638031, 0.07321114838123322, -0.13102790713310242, -0.12008251249790192, 0.03432837501168251, -0.2390945851802826 ]
202239	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustaf%20Bonde%20%281620%E2%80%931667%29	Gustaf Bonde (1620–1667)	Baron Gustaf Bonde (4 February 1620 – 25 May 1667) was a Swedish statesman. He was a persistent advocate of a pacifist policy at a time when war on the slightest provocation was the watchword of every Swedish politician. Even the popular Polish adventure of Charles X of Sweden was strenuously opposed by Bonde, though when once it was decided upon he materially assisted the king to find the means for carrying it on. He was also in favour of strict economy coupled with the recovery of the royal domains which had fallen into the hands of the nobles, though his natural partiality for his fellow-peers came out clearly enough when in 1655 he was appointed a member of Charles X's land-recovery commission. In 1660 he succeeded Herman Fleming as Lord High Treasurer, and was one of the council of regency appointed to govern Sweden during the minority of Charles XI of Sweden. In 1661 he presented to the Privy Council a plan which aimed at rendering Sweden altogether independent of foreign subsidies, by a policy of peace, economy and trade-development, and by further recovery of alienated estates. His budget in the following year, framed on the same principles, subsequently served as an invaluable guide to Charles XI. Bonde's extraordinary tenacity of purpose enabled him for some years to carry out his programme, despite the opposition of the majority of the senate and his co-regents, who preferred the more adventurous methods of the chancellor Magnus Gabriel De la Gardie, ultimately so ruinous to Sweden. But the ambition of the oligarchs, and the fear and jealousy of innumerable monopolists who rose in arms against his policy of economy, proved at last too strong for Bonde, while the costly and useless expedition against Bremen in 1665, undertaken contrary to his advice, completed the ruin of the finances. In his later years Bonde's powers of resistance were weakened by sickness and mortification at the triumph of reckless extravagance, and he practically retired from the government some time before his death. See also List of Swedish politicians List of Södermanland Governors References 1620 births 1667 deaths Swedish nobility County governors of Sweden Members of the Privy Council of Sweden 17th-century Swedish politicians Lord High Treasurers of Sweden	[ -0.22641631960868835, 0.32451513409614563, 0.1405264139175415, -0.12672215700149536, -0.8760914206504822, 0.9971733689308167, 1.543615698814392, -0.451688289642334, -0.9946361780166626, -0.8528426289558411, 0.16885946691036224, -0.11476579308509827, -0.2950669825077057, 0.5731372237205505, 0.057060129940509796, -0.21459828317165375, 0.35106784105300903, 0.4955258369445801, -0.5327601432800293, -0.755282998085022, -0.3219757080078125, -0.05558789148926735, 0.45738986134529114, 0.060679055750370026, -0.05711707845330238, -0.31347838044166565, 0.1808456927537918, -0.07560441642999649, 0.7798085808753967, 0.042971063405275345, 0.4472341537475586, 0.9439867734909058, 0.10160718113183975, -0.2923312485218048, -0.5154172778129578, 0.41649627685546875, -0.4930630922317505, -0.2843029797077179, 0.23163852095603943, 0.3099484145641327, -0.4443374276161194, 0.6613381505012512, 0.017139539122581482, 0.36645784974098206, -0.14368750154972076, -1.0007442235946655, -1.5953682661056519, 0.0538128986954689, -0.42999327182769775, -0.4405255615711212, 0.4880238175392151, 0.02542359009385109, 0.7405349612236023, 0.8711585998535156, -0.1838279813528061, 0.16894128918647766, -1.044093132019043, -0.39240825176239014, 0.3254601061344147, 0.1002037525177002, 0.4483056664466858, -0.016319600865244865, 0.2926442623138428, -0.31393688917160034, 0.5294712781906128, -0.15000464022159576, -0.13509775698184967, 0.8209714293479919, 0.4499475955963135, -0.8851232528686523, -0.34834396839141846, 0.6270625591278076, 0.3277481198310852, -0.06354442983865738, 0.5936914086341858, -0.5438516736030579, 0.2986874282360077, 0.49244463443756104, 0.07721024751663208, -0.9478892683982849, -0.08011103421449661, -0.09968278557062149, 0.5854310989379883, 0.05782755836844444, 0.1476089358329773, -0.03692447394132614, -0.15376737713813782, -0.17467425763607025, -0.3244088888168335, -0.3177182078361511, 0.21575483679771423, -0.026427971199154854, -0.16328683495521545, 0.36745768785476685, 0.3035759925842285, 0.557965874671936, -0.8256611824035645, 0.3537105917930603, -0.3790866434574127, 0.5051922798156738, 0.30675333738327026, 0.46146640181541443, 0.3415589928627014, -0.08932260423898697, 0.39275726675987244, -0.24521782994270325, 0.23152300715446472, -0.02762834168970585, -0.5045815110206604, -0.49548953771591187, -0.8275642395019531, -0.18345579504966736, -0.20857442915439606, -0.33256375789642334, -0.5221310257911682, 0.7025962471961975, 0.047255989164114, -0.8187687397003174, -0.1204109787940979, -0.07059381902217865, -0.46800798177719116, 0.6659245491027832, -0.3251626491546631, 0.218328595161438, -0.6045352220535278, -0.223724365234375, -0.38037943840026855, 0.4969261586666107, -0.19658465683460236, 0.2914843261241913, 0.5455590486526489, 1.5531309843063354, -0.6202879548072815, -0.00009384206350659952, -0.8219470381736755, 0.30641499161720276, 0.6710198521614075, 0.36229249835014343, -0.537936806678772, 0.061109840869903564, -0.6086276769638062, -0.5241914391517639, -1.0776466131210327, 0.2705385684967041, 0.2605958878993988, 0.026761285960674286, -0.17476952075958252, -0.28395748138427734, -0.3155497610569, -0.33494260907173157, -0.18792615830898285, -0.25579309463500977, 0.4160824716091156, -0.16517479717731476, -0.46595677733421326, 0.6233356595039368, 0.444899320602417, 0.15246954560279846, 0.11288914829492569, 0.5697423815727234, 0.5679646134376526, 0.14920605719089508, -0.4385654628276825, 0.15180912613868713, 0.06267455965280533, 0.30669355392456055, 0.0187672171741724, 0.3463136553764343, -0.434627890586853, -0.030355798080563545, -0.42626434564590454, -0.05646294727921486, 0.18218500912189484, -0.49521416425704956, 0.8358526825904846, 0.5732572674751282, -0.14591781795024872, -0.16871170699596405, 0.18578176200389862, 0.0284243356436491, -0.8024943470954895, 0.23279432952404022, 0.30135002732276917, -0.33190587162971497, 0.5016880035400391, 0.8180106282234192, 0.5776504874229431, 0.19837531447410583, 0.35480377078056335, -0.6828311681747437, -0.3528882563114166, -0.7746556401252747, 0.48911795020103455, 0.34702354669570923, 1.2813947200775146, 0.10575072467327118, -0.5201933979988098, -0.09223531186580658, 0.1249627098441124, 0.8370950222015381, -0.12940768897533417, -0.6742666959762573, 0.12559783458709717, 0.3237389922142029, 0.7647747993469238, 0.9614289999008179, 0.05956990271806717, -0.43116188049316406, -0.011823290959000587, 1.0184643268585205, 0.6518968343734741, -0.89095538854599, 0.29667240381240845, 0.4232524037361145, -0.03867131844162941, -0.4024273753166199, -0.2917962670326233, 0.07503920793533325, 0.15698905289173126, -0.10084681957960129, 0.776100754737854, 0.5167130827903748, -0.17439326643943787, 1.2591010332107544, -0.0609087273478508, 0.9676053524017334, -0.18457384407520294, 0.9144766330718994, -0.5640444755554199, -1.001932978630066, 0.2879505753517151, 0.256258100271225, 0.2293640524148941, -0.2636500597000122, -0.02796204946935177, -0.6072511672973633, -0.25449854135513306, 0.09099035710096359, -0.20261476933956146, -0.28275537490844727, 0.13341054320335388, 0.8764370679855347, -0.5207032561302185, 0.138309508562088, 0.21116137504577637, 1.0542353391647339, -0.33556288480758667, -0.9093783497810364, -0.4096018373966217, -0.5862811803817749, 0.13326825201511383, 0.6811826229095459, -0.5892151594161987, -0.2824477255344391, 0.14922359585762024, -0.056319210678339005, 0.2572215795516968, -0.15250305831432343, -0.4183575212955475, 0.11927969753742218, 0.46792852878570557, -0.11435847729444504, 0.30907395482063293, -0.016653094440698624, 0.18308137357234955, -0.20825624465942383, 0.31128424406051636, -0.25696098804473877, 0.630117654800415, -0.3355531692504883, -0.03168058022856712, -0.7539909482002258, -0.4288513958454132, -1.0562211275100708, 0.09969691932201385, -1.0620917081832886, 0.08161703497171402, -0.10529883950948715, -0.48160743713378906, -0.4458640515804291, 0.24524113535881042, 0.9644376635551453, -0.4658081829547882, -0.14814642071723938, -0.08724337071180344, -0.00443989597260952, -0.05256259813904762, 0.12079839408397675, 0.3519091308116913, 0.11249953508377075, 0.32651591300964355, 0.3904629349708557, -0.5957204103469849, 0.11600883305072784, -0.1839834451675415, 0.6245961785316467, -0.545425534248352, -0.57943195104599, 0.3207998275756836, 0.08760575950145721, -0.9022130966186523, 0.035456281155347824, -0.06672484427690506, 0.41193097829818726, 0.21991214156150818, -0.5584978461265564, -0.2927054762840271, -0.2522917687892914, -4.453751087188721, 0.11051946878433228, -0.06613621115684509, 0.003974385093897581, 0.531449019908905, 0.38684317469596863, 0.8147140741348267, -0.46974948048591614, 0.316293329000473, -0.3747503161430359, 0.5055474638938904, -0.24474357068538666, 0.27069219946861267, 0.6478368639945984, 0.5831860303878784, 0.4776066541671753, 0.904161274433136, 0.2593001425266266, 0.04819357022643089, -0.42766639590263367, -0.10344374179840088, -0.11157847940921783, -0.10890085995197296, 0.003068560501560569, 0.30780157446861267, -0.12683984637260437, -0.2566074728965759, -0.12414494901895523, -0.6414549946784973, 0.04263211786746979, -0.2752382755279541, 0.3360578417778015, -0.26392918825149536, 0.3422028720378876, 0.1797480583190918, -0.05092325806617737, 0.6338866949081421, 0.826607346534729, -0.3442988693714142, 0.3137345314025879, 0.3514142334461212, 0.7558106184005737, -0.5720853805541992, 0.7474895715713501, -0.23223550617694855, 0.07025870680809021, -1.0157432556152344, 0.2744855582714081, -0.4348474144935608, 1.2366749048233032, 0.004309040494263172, -0.2401740700006485, 0.013925416395068169, 0.03546231612563133, 0.31657838821411133, -0.1843642294406891, 0.024740226566791534, 0.002240202622488141, -0.3984340727329254, 0.44340837001800537, 0.12656177580356598, -0.5663593411445618, 0.3620621860027313, -0.45866408944129944, 0.4358599781990051, -0.32029488682746887, 0.03593630716204643, -0.4911571145057678, 0.7258390188217163, -0.5412841439247131, 0.2796764075756073, 1.0489916801452637, 0.07833046466112137, -1.2217457294464111, 0.17085477709770203, -0.6070820093154907, -0.5885870456695557, -0.10164676606655121, -0.40249472856521606, -0.2815134823322296, 0.43908044695854187, -0.4836495816707611, -0.7750767469406128, 1.2109878063201904, 0.9078903794288635, -0.10801290720701218, -0.09435385465621948, -0.5152931809425354, -1.1335678100585938, -0.5081799626350403, -0.5773639678955078, -0.9473347663879395, -0.5038297772407532, 0.2223615050315857, -0.5758461356163025, 0.36171573400497437, -0.8282296657562256, -0.07876365631818771, -0.08380450308322906, 0.1959209442138672, 0.3972674608230591, -0.08486279845237732, -0.6423249244689941, -0.3757939040660858, 0.040955621749162674, 0.11971060931682587, -0.24364180862903595, 0.6518487334251404, 0.3644424378871918, 0.646684467792511, -0.0741472989320755, -0.047820206731557846, 0.008687971159815788, -0.5570183396339417, 0.6281214952468872, -0.9888980984687805, -0.007717243395745754, 1.1824564933776855, 0.37660759687423706, -0.2347422093153, 0.08282188326120377, 0.2819446921348572, 0.343485951423645, -0.7469984292984009, -0.08603036403656006, 0.2974567711353302, -0.37723061442375183, -0.5029380917549133, -0.4933362603187561, -0.18753939867019653, -0.28907352685928345, 0.6928084492683411, -0.5317404270172119, 0.10696158558130264, 0.2545756995677948, -0.8157306909561157, -0.4108333885669708, -0.04971973970532417, 0.06686391681432724, -0.7254041433334351, 0.08108806610107422, -0.7580240368843079, -0.4462289810180664, 0.417875200510025, -0.2690659761428833, 0.05099518597126007, 0.8588541746139526, 0.11242496967315674, -0.5465955138206482, 1.1533334255218506, -0.893657922744751, -0.594334065914154, 0.46296873688697815, -0.3428911864757538, -0.18981428444385529, -0.35995975136756897, 0.12077468633651733, -0.13682827353477478, -0.12251351028680801, -0.30131590366363525, -0.20388896763324738, 0.3829839825630188, -0.8603271245956421, 0.24095217883586884, -0.006470649968832731, -0.6985318064689636, -0.8275778293609619, -0.19512589275836945, -0.4168773591518402, 1.0418645143508911, -0.3223889470100403, -0.5363323092460632, -0.38215675950050354, 0.20575615763664246, -0.09990180283784866, -0.5293341279029846, 0.8538525104522705, 0.4097438454627991, -0.23703141510486603, -0.08428502827882767, 0.014139673672616482, 0.5339263677597046, -0.5572532415390015, 0.6275243163108826, 0.5921517014503479, -0.22680243849754333, -0.29221856594085693, -0.5401005148887634, 0.1714288294315338, -0.5020945072174072, 0.09204135835170746, 0.023569392040371895, 0.0021059734281152487, 0.17041853070259094, -0.3442702889442444, -0.19943873584270477, 0.09847430139780045, 0.07957938313484192, 0.004914720077067614, -0.12677377462387085, 0.7783852815628052, 0.760852038860321, -0.4343809187412262, -0.07935254275798798, 0.036042626947164536, -0.6437234878540039, 0.16435004770755768, 0.49382033944129944, 0.28437668085098267, 0.6648284792900085, -0.17260491847991943, -0.5338135957717896, -0.8997210264205933, 0.7145518660545349, -0.45611071586608887, 0.004584182053804398, 0.7515088319778442, 0.11988627165555954, -0.902970552444458, -0.6209906339645386, -0.8862754702568054, -0.5189273953437805, -1.1391880512237549, -0.47300267219543457, -0.9940963387489319, 0.1336626261472702, -0.032588083297014236, 0.4106510877609253, 0.8566229939460754, 0.2986992299556732, 0.06883925199508667, -0.2782410979270935, 0.17068466544151306, 0.6208997964859009, -0.3143526315689087, -0.03130258619785309, -0.025407548993825912, 0.08783983439207077, 0.08533255010843277, 0.2646157443523407, 0.5128466486930847, 1.1850558519363403, 0.6215159893035889, -0.7856035232543945, -0.3140331506729126, 0.10189706832170486, 0.06604142487049103, -0.250250905752182, 0.3523418605327606, 0.34142106771469116, 0.019929638132452965, -0.08367316424846649, -0.5388241410255432, -0.27408817410469055, 1.5174609422683716, 0.6139137744903564, 0.1698603630065918, 1.0197112560272217, -0.14565220475196838, -0.08926022052764893, -0.3131379783153534, 1.021275520324707, -0.23971593379974365, -0.17348699271678925, 0.2902773916721344, 0.5763936638832092, -0.29530227184295654, 0.24790357053279877, 0.042165692895650864, 0.2161279320716858, -0.8554559350013733, -1.0569392442703247, -0.2960589826107025, 0.050541236996650696, -0.48106107115745544, 0.15503720939159393, 0.6655093431472778, -0.5071583986282349, 0.7251908779144287, -0.164810910820961, -0.36210641264915466, -0.35223478078842163, 0.4410564601421356, -0.5832793116569519, -0.9541930556297302, -0.868047833442688, -0.7822760939598083, -0.08921196311712265, -0.3491232693195343, 0.14054033160209656, -0.5427843332290649, 0.15204213559627533, -0.23212160170078278, 0.5333871841430664, 0.23297381401062012, 0.7937485575675964, -0.22891731560230255, 0.4024714529514313, -0.12661415338516235, -0.36983972787857056, -0.48071449995040894, 0.06008785218000412, 0.5205094218254089, -0.40423914790153503, 0.5349656343460083, 0.5846561789512634, -0.6269657015800476, 0.04897533729672432, -0.3172719478607178, -0.28471478819847107, 0.14283126592636108, -0.48451492190361023, -0.2300824373960495, 0.18945077061653137, -0.3625311851501465, -0.2112807333469391, 0.6037373542785645, -0.4974382519721985, -0.5836199522018433, -0.3752473294734955, 0.5588316321372986, -0.4473249912261963, 0.48409080505371094, -0.3955097794532776, 0.0162349883466959, 0.717991054058075, 0.375217467546463, 0.07179408520460129, 0.4821077883243561, 0.01106388308107853, -0.002979666693136096, -0.3784387707710266, -0.2688865661621094, 0.8601601719856262, 0.015167907811701298, 0.8109517097473145, -0.059502437710762024, -0.5132607817649841, -0.09577307105064392, 0.2659095227718353, -0.14760614931583405, 1.0837358236312866, -0.599811851978302, 0.010248103179037571, -0.1489657461643219, -0.1886059045791626, -0.005881883203983307, 0.27804890275001526, 0.44642093777656555, 0.2359715849161148, 0.7478709816932678, 0.037675485014915466, 0.5895296931266785, -0.34274882078170776, -0.028583813458681107, 0.2413882166147232, 0.8081803917884827, -0.2770533561706543, -0.5166376829147339, -1.0508068799972534, 0.2155257612466812, -0.63613361120224, 1.046506643295288, 0.4579494893550873, -0.2898569107055664, -0.4513527452945709, 0.06677448004484177, 0.059445928782224655, 0.36908596754074097, 0.1539267748594284, 0.11921799182891846, -0.7886092066764832, 0.39875271916389465, 0.6514642238616943, 0.2518846392631531, 0.43151071667671204, 0.5683835744857788, -0.4040120542049408, 0.09206967800855637, 0.09282354265451431, -0.593413770198822, 0.8095211982727051, 0.07968708872795105, -0.10562073439359665, -0.0528327152132988, -0.014812019653618336, -0.4583512544631958, 0.15900181233882904, 0.08299975097179413, -0.6228618025779724, 0.24588030576705933, -0.6026490926742554, 0.21080273389816284, 0.47289392352104187, -1.156091570854187, 0.3082473576068878, -0.1794273853302002, 1.0734033584594727, 0.23546795547008514, -0.8183736205101013, -0.6616975665092468, 0.0185598973184824, -0.11129269748926163, 0.27793624997138977, -0.15261989831924438, 0.39646074175834656, -0.5408614873886108, 0.9285557866096497, -0.40421876311302185, 0.5589776635169983, 0.10438960790634155, 0.01791241206228733, -0.3648033142089844, 0.4634974002838135, -0.2343040108680725, -0.010675852186977863, 0.9876171946525574, -0.3420325219631195, -0.3159900903701782, 0.41162145137786865, 0.44470664858818054, -0.2914164662361145, -0.08335890620946884, -0.33141568303108215, -0.4321903586387634, -0.21766921877861023, 0.3787761330604553, 0.10962718725204468, -0.15114694833755493, 0.5139747262001038, 0.22100745141506195, -0.2729763388633728, 0.21098443865776062, -0.481973260641098, -0.2738959491252899, -0.23218366503715515, 0.629362165927887, 0.8538392782211304, 0.9088585376739502, -0.5243155360221863, 0.3696626126766205, -0.315402626991272, 0.3886128067970276, 0.10467060655355453, -1.4759262800216675, -0.6217252016067505, 0.2295519858598709, -0.6616495847702026, 0.23449140787124634, 0.183509960770607, 0.21635815501213074, -0.5592836737632751, 0.7717438340187073, -0.8744556903839111, 0.25835880637168884, 0.5177271962165833, -0.7442737817764282, -0.2782498300075531, 0.2886485159397125, -0.2943224012851715 ]
202240	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bivalvia	Bivalvia	Bivalvia (), in previous centuries referred to as the Lamellibranchiata and Pelecypoda, is a class of marine and freshwater molluscs that have laterally compressed bodies enclosed by a shell consisting of two hinged parts. Bivalves as a group have no head and they lack some usual molluscan organs like the radula and the odontophore. They include the clams, oysters, cockles, mussels, scallops, and numerous other families that live in saltwater, as well as a number of families that live in freshwater. The majority are filter feeders. The gills have evolved into ctenidia, specialised organs for feeding and breathing. Most bivalves bury themselves in sediment where they are relatively safe from predation. Others lie on the sea floor or attach themselves to rocks or other hard surfaces. Some bivalves, such as the scallops and file shells, can swim. The shipworms bore into wood, clay, or stone and live inside these substances. The shell of a bivalve is composed of calcium carbonate, and consists of two, usually similar, parts called valves. These are joined together along one edge (the hinge line) by a flexible ligament that, usually in conjunction with interlocking "teeth" on each of the valves, forms the hinge. This arrangement allows the shell to be opened and closed without the two halves detaching. The shell is typically bilaterally symmetrical, with the hinge lying in the sagittal plane. Adult shell sizes of bivalves vary from fractions of a millimetre to over a metre in length, but the majority of species do not exceed 10 cm (4 in). Bivalves have long been a part of the diet of coastal and riparian human populations. Oysters were cultured in ponds by the Romans, and mariculture has more recently become an important source of bivalves for food. Modern knowledge of molluscan reproductive cycles has led to the development of hatcheries and new culture techniques. A better understanding of the potential hazards of eating raw or undercooked shellfish has led to improved storage and processing. Pearl oysters (the common name of two very different families in salt water and fresh water) are the most common source of natural pearls. The shells of bivalves are used in craftwork, and the manufacture of jewellery and buttons. Bivalves have also been used in the biocontrol of pollution. Bivalves appear in the fossil record first in the early Cambrian more than 500 million years ago. The total number of known living species is about 9,200. These species are placed within 1,260 genera and 106 families. Marine bivalves (including brackish water and estuarine species) represent about 8,000 species, combined in four subclasses and 99 families with 1,100 genera. The largest recent marine families are the Veneridae, with more than 680 species and the Tellinidae and Lucinidae, each with over 500 species. The freshwater bivalves include seven families, the largest of which are the Unionidae, with about 700 species. Etymology The taxonomic term Bivalvia was first used by Linnaeus in the 10th edition of his Systema Naturae in 1758 to refer to animals having shells composed of two valves. More recently, the class was known as Pelecypoda, meaning "axe-foot" (based on the shape of the foot of the animal when extended). The name "bivalve" is derived from the Latin bis, meaning "two", and valvae, meaning "leaves of a door". ("Leaf" is an older word for the main, movable part of a door. We normally consider this the door itself.) Paired shells have evolved independently several times among animals that are not bivalves; other animals with paired valves include certain gastropods (small sea snails in the family Juliidae), members of the phylum Brachiopoda and the minute crustaceans known as ostracods and conchostrachans. Anatomy Bivalves vary greatly in overall shape. Some, such as the cockles, have shells that are nearly globular; cockles can jump by bending and straightening their foot. Others, such as the razor clams, are burrowing specialists with elongated shells and a powerful foot adapted for rapid digging. The shipworms, in the family Teredinidae have greatly elongated bodies, but their shell valves are much reduced and restricted to the anterior end of the body, where they function as scraping organs that permit the animal to dig tunnels through wood. Mantle and shell Near the hinge of the shell is the umbo, often a rounded, knob-like protuberance usually surrounding the beak. The umbo - generally, and the beak - specifically, represent the oldest portion of the shell, with extra material gradually being laid down along the margins on the opposite sides. The hinge point or line is the dorsal region of the shell, and the lower, curved margin is the ventral region. The anterior or front of the shell is where the byssus (when present) and foot are located, and the posterior of the shell is where the siphons are located. With the umbones/ hinge uppermost and with the anterior edge of the animal towards the viewer's left, the valve facing the viewer is the left valve and the opposing valve the right. In all molluscs, the mantle forms a thin membrane that covers the animal's body and extends out from it in flaps or lobes. In bivalves, the mantle lobes secrete the valves, and the mantle crest secretes the whole hinge mechanism consisting of ligament, byssus threads (where present), and teeth. Visible on the inside of most empty bivalve valves is a shiny curved line that runs more or less parallel to the outer margin of the shell and often connects the two adductor muscle scars (if the animal had two adductor muscles). This line (known as the pallial line) exists because, parallel to the opening edge of the bivalve's shell, the mantle is attached to the shell by a continuous narrow row of minute mantle retractor muscles. The function of these small muscles is to pull the loose edge of the mantle up out of harm's way when this is necessary because of minor predation attempts. In many bivalves, the mantle edges fuse at the posterior end of the shell to form two siphons, through one of which water is inhaled, and the other expelled, for respiration and suspension feeding. Often, a pocket-like space occurs into which the siphons fit when they are retracted. This is visible on the inside of the valve as an indentation on the pallial line which is known as the pallial sinus. The shell is composed of two calcareous valves held together by a ligament. The valves are made of either calcite, as is the case in oysters, or both calcite and aragonite. Sometimes, the aragonite forms an inner, nacreous layer, as is the case in the order Pteriida. In other taxa, alternate layers of calcite and aragonite are laid down. The ligament and byssus, if calcified, are composed of aragonite. The outermost layer of the shell is the periostracum, a skin-like layer which is composed of a conchiolin. The periostracum is secreted in the groove between the outer and middle layers of the mantle, and is usually olive or brown in colour and easily abraded. The outer surface of the valves is often sculpted, with clams often having concentric striations, scallops having radial ribs and oysters a latticework of irregular markings. The shell is added to in two ways; the valves grow larger when more material is secreted by the mantle at the margin of the shell, and the valves themselves thicken gradually throughout the animal's life as more calcareous matter is secreted by the mantle lobes. Although the (sometimes faint) concentric rings on the exterior of a valve are commonly described as "growth rings" or "growth lines", a more accurate method for determining the age of a shell is by cutting a cross section through it and examining the incremental growth bands. Use of this technique has changed views on the longevity of many bivalves. For example, the soft-shell clam (Mya arenaria) was thought to be short-lived, but has now been shown to have a lifespan of at least 28 years. The two valves of the bivalve shell are held together at the hinge by a ligament composed of two keratinised proteins, tensilium and resilium. In different groups of bivalves, the ligament may be internal or external in position. The main function of the ligament (as well as joining the valves together) is to passively cause the shell to open. The shell is actively closed using the adductor muscle or muscles which are attached to the inner surface of both valves. The position of the muscles is often clearly visible on the inside of empty valves as circular or oval muscle scars. Along the hinge line of the shell are, in most cases, a number of hinge teeth which prevent the valves from moving laterally relative to one another. The arrangement of these teeth is often important in identifying bivalves. Nervous system The sedentary habits of the bivalves have meant that in general the nervous system is less complex than in most other molluscs. The animals have no brain; the nervous system consists of a nerve network and a series of paired ganglia. In all but the most primitive bivalves, two cerebropleural ganglia are on either side of the oesophagus. The cerebral ganglia control the sensory organs, while the pleural ganglia supply nerves to the mantle cavity. The pedal ganglia, which control the foot, are at its base, and the visceral ganglia, which can be quite large in swimming bivalves, are under the posterior adductor muscle. These ganglia are both connected to the cerebropleural ganglia by nerve fibres. Bivalves with long siphons may also have siphonal ganglia to control them. Senses The sensory organs of bivalves are not well developed and are largely located on the posterior mantle margins. The organs are usually mechanoreceptors or chemoreceptors, in some cases located on short tentacles. The chemoreceptor cells taste the water and are sensitive to touch. They are typically found near the siphons, but in some species, they fringe the entire mantle cavity. The osphradium is a patch of sensory cells located below the posterior adductor muscle that may serve to taste the water or measure its turbidity, but is probably not homologous with the structure of the same name found in snails and slugs. Statocysts within the organism help the bivalve to sense and correct its orientation. Each statocyst consists of a small sac lined with sensory cilia that detect the movement of a mineral mass, a statolith, under gravity. In the order Anomalodesmata, the inhalant siphon is surrounded by vibration-sensitive tentacles for detecting prey. Many bivalves have no eyes, but a few members of the Arcoidea, Limopsoidea, Mytiloidea, Anomioidea, Ostreoidea, and Limoidea have simple eyes on the margin of the mantle. These consist of a pit of photosensory cells and a lens. Scallops have more complex eyes with a lens, a two-layered retina, and a concave mirror. All bivalves have light-sensitive cells that can detect a shadow falling over the animal. Muscles The main muscular system in bivalves is the posterior and anterior adductor muscles, although the anterior muscles may be reduced or even lost in some species. These strong muscles connect the two valves and contract to close the shell. They work in opposition to the ligament which tends to pull the valves apart. In sedentary or recumbent bivalves that lie on one valve, such as the oysters and scallops, the anterior adductor muscle has been lost and the posterior muscle is positioned centrally. In file shells that can swim by flapping their valves, a single, central adductor muscle occurs. These muscles are composed of two types of muscle fibres, striated muscle bundles for fast actions and smooth muscle bundles for maintaining a steady pull. The mantle suspender muscles attach the mantle to the shell and leave an arc-shaped scar on the inside of the valve, the pallial line. The paired pedal protractor and retractor muscles operate the animal's foot. Some bivalves, such as oysters and most scallops, are unable to extend their foot and in them, these muscles are absent. Other paired muscles control the siphons and the byssus. Circulation and respiration Bivalves have an open circulatory system that bathes the organs in hemolymph. The heart has three chambers: two auricles receiving blood from the gills, and a single ventricle. The ventricle is muscular and pumps hemolymph into the aorta, and then to the rest of the body. Some bivalves have a single aorta, but most also have a second, usually smaller, aorta serving the hind parts of the animal. Oxygen is absorbed into the hemolymph in the gills which provide the primary respiratory surface. The gills hang down into the mantle cavity, the wall of which provides a secondary respiratory surface being well supplied with capillaries. In species with no gills, such as the subclass Anomalodesmata, the wall of the mantle cavity is the only organ involved in respiration. Bivalves adapted to tidal environments can survive for several hours out of water by closing their shells tightly. Some freshwater species, when exposed to the air, can gape the shell slightly and gas exchange can take place. Oysters, including the Pacific oyster (Magallana gigas), are recognized as having varying metabolic responses to environmental stress, with changes in respiration rate being frequently observed. The hemolymph usually lacks any respiratory pigment, although members of the families Arcidae and Limidae are known to possess haemoglobin dissolved directly into the serum. In the carnivorous genus Poromya, the hemolymph has red amoebocytes containing a haemoglobin pigment. Digestive system Modes of feeding Most bivalves are filter feeders, using their gills to capture particulate food such as phytoplankton from the water. The protobranchs feed in a different way, scraping detritus from the seabed, and this may be the original mode of feeding used by all bivalves before the gills became adapted for filter feeding. These primitive bivalves hold on to the substratum with a pair of tentacles at the edge of the mouth, each of which has a single palp, or flap. The tentacles are covered in mucus, which traps the food, and cilia, which transport the particles back to the palps. These then sort the particles, rejecting those that are unsuitable or too large to digest, and conveying others to the mouth. In the Filibranchia and Eulamellibranchia, water is drawn into the shell from the posterior ventral surface of the animal, passes upwards through the gills, and doubles back to be expelled just above the intake. In burrowing species, there may be two elongated, retractable siphons reaching up to the seabed, one each for the inhalant and exhalant streams of water. The gills of filter-feeding bivalves are known as ctenidia and have become highly modified to increase their ability to capture food. For example, the cilia on the gills, which originally served to remove unwanted sediment, have become adapted to capture food particles, and transport them in a steady stream of mucus to the mouth. The filaments of the gills are also much longer than those in more primitive bivalves, and are folded over to create a groove through which food can be transported. The structure of the gills varies considerably, and can serve as a useful means for classifying bivalves into groups. A few bivalves, such as the granular poromya (Poromya granulata), are carnivorous, eating much larger prey than the tiny microalgae consumed by other bivalves. In these animals, the gills are relatively small, and form a perforated barrier separating the main mantle cavity from a smaller chamber through which the water is exhaled. Muscles draw water in through the inhalant siphon which is modified into a cowl-shaped organ, sucking in small crustaceans and worms at the same time. The siphon can be retracted quickly and inverted, bringing the prey within reach of the mouth. The gut is modified so that large food particles can be digested. The unusual genus, Entovalva, is endosymbiotic, being found only in the oesophagus of sea cucumbers. It has mantle folds that completely surround its small valves. When the sea cucumber sucks in sediment, the bivalve allows the water to pass over its gills and extracts fine organic particles. To prevent itself from being swept away, it attaches itself with byssal threads to the host's throat. The sea cucumber is unharmed. Digestive tract The digestive tract of typical bivalves consists of an oesophagus, stomach, and intestine. A number of digestive glands open into the stomach, often via a pair of diverticula; these secrete enzymes to digest food in the stomach, but also include cells that phagocytose food particles, and digest them intracellularly. In filter-feeding bivalves, an elongated rod of solidified mucus referred to as the "crystalline style" projects into the stomach from an associated sac. Cilia in the sac cause the style to rotate, winding in a stream of food-containing mucus from the mouth, and churning the stomach contents. This constant motion propels food particles into a sorting region at the rear of the stomach, which distributes smaller particles into the digestive glands, and heavier particles into the intestine. Waste material is consolidated in the rectum and voided as pellets into the exhalent water stream through an anal pore. Feeding and digestion are synchronized with diurnal and tidal cycles. Carnivorous bivalves have a greatly reduced style, and a chitinous gizzard that helps grind up the food before digestion. In other ways, their gut is similar to that of filter-feeding bivalves. Excretory system Like most other molluscs, the excretory organs of bivalves are a pair of nephridia. Each of these consists of a long, looped, glandular tube, which opens into the body cavity just beneath the heart, and a bladder to store urine. The pericardial glands either line the auricles of the heart or attach to the pericardium, and serve as extra filtration organs. Metabolic waste is voided from the bladders through a pair of openings near the front of the upper part of the mantle cavity, from where it joins the stream of exhalant water. Reproduction and development The sexes are usually separate in bivalves but some hermaphroditism is known. The gonads are located close to the intestines, and either open into the nephridia, or through a separate pore into the mantle cavity. The ripe gonads of males and females release sperm and eggs into the water column. Spawning may take place continually or be triggered by environmental factors such as day length, water temperature, or the presence of sperm in the water. Some species are "dribble spawners", but others release their gametes in batches or all at once. Mass spawning events sometimes take place when all the bivalves in an area synchronise their release of spawn. Fertilization is usually external. Typically, a short stage lasts a few hours or days before the eggs hatch into trochophore larvae. These later develop into veliger larvae which settle on the seabed and undergo metamorphosis into juveniles that are sometimes (for example in the case of oysters) known as "spat". In some species, such as those in the genus Lasaea, females draw water containing sperm in through their inhalant siphons and fertilization takes place inside the female. These species then brood the young inside their mantle cavity, eventually releasing them into the water column as veliger larvae or as crawl-away juveniles. Most of the bivalve larvae that hatch from eggs in the water column feed on diatoms or other phytoplankton. In temperate regions, about 25% of species are lecithotrophic, depending on nutrients stored in the yolk of the egg where the main energy source is lipids. The longer the period is before the larva first feeds, the larger the egg and yolk need to be. The reproductive cost of producing these energy-rich eggs is high and they are usually smaller in number. For example, the Baltic tellin (Macoma balthica) produces few, high-energy eggs. The larvae hatching out of these rely on the energy reserves and do not feed. After about four days, they become D-stage larvae, when they first develop hinged, D-shaped valves. These larvae have a relatively small dispersal potential before settling out. The common mussel (Mytilus edulis) produces 10 times as many eggs that hatch into larvae and soon need to feed to survive and grow. They can disperse more widely as they remain planktonic for a much longer time. Freshwater bivalves in the order Unionoida have a different lifecycle. Sperm is drawn into a female's gills with the inhalant water and internal fertilization takes place. The eggs hatch into glochidia larvae that develop within the female's shell. Later they are released and attach themselves parasitically to the gills or fins of a fish host. After several weeks they drop off their host, undergo metamorphosis and develop into juveniles on the substrate. An advantage of this to the molluscs is that they can disperse upstream along with their temporary hosts, rather than being constantly swept downstream by the water flow. Some of the species in the freshwater mussel family, Unionidae, commonly known as pocketbook mussels, have evolved an unusual reproductive strategy. The female's mantle protrudes from the shell and develops into an imitation small fish, complete with fish-like markings and false eyes. This decoy moves in the current and attracts the attention of real fish. Some fish see the decoy as prey, while others see a conspecific. They approach for a closer look and the mussel releases huge numbers of larvae from its gills, dousing the inquisitive fish with its tiny, parasitic young. These glochidia larvae are drawn into the fish's gills, where they attach and trigger a tissue response that forms a small cyst around each larva. The larvae then feed by breaking down and digesting the tissue of the fish within the cysts. After a few weeks they release themselves from the cysts and fall to the stream bed as juvenile molluscs. The fish are relatively unharmed. Comparison with brachiopods Brachiopods are shelled marine organisms that superficially resembled bivalves in that they are of similar size and have a hinged shell in two parts. However, brachiopods evolved from a very different ancestral line, and the resemblance to bivalves only arose because they occupy similar ecological niches. The differences between the two groups are due to their separate ancestral origins. Different initial structures have been adapted to solve the same problems, a case of convergent evolution. In modern times, brachiopods are not as common as bivalves. Both groups have a shell consisting of two valves, but the organization of the shell is quite different in the two groups. In brachiopods, the two valves are positioned on the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the body, while in bivalves, the valves are on the left and right sides of the body, and are, in most cases, mirror images of one other. Brachiopods have a lophophore, a coiled, rigid cartilaginous internal apparatus adapted for filter feeding, a feature shared with two other major groups of marine invertebrates, the bryozoans and the phoronids. Some brachiopod shells are made of calcium phosphate but most are calcium carbonate in the form of the biomineral calcite, whereas bivalve shells are always composed entirely of calcium carbonate, often in the form of the biomineral aragonite. Evolutionary history The Cambrian explosion took place around 540 to 520 million years ago (Mya). In this geologically brief period, all the major animal phyla diverged and these included the first creatures with mineralized skeletons. Brachiopods and bivalves made their appearance at this time, and left their fossilized remains behind in the rocks. Possible early bivalves include Pojetaia and Fordilla; these probably lie in the stem rather than crown group. Watsonella and Anabarella are perceived to be (earlier) close relatives of these taxa. Only five genera of supposed Cambrian "bivalves" exist, the others being Tuarangia, Camya and Arhouriella and potentially Buluniella. Bivalves have also been proposed to have evolved from the rostroconchs. Bivalve fossils can be formed when the sediment in which the shells are buried hardens into rock. Often, the impression made by the valves remains as the fossil rather than the valves. During the Early Ordovician, a great increase in the diversity of bivalve species occurred, and the dysodont, heterodont, and taxodont dentitions evolved. By the Early Silurian, the gills were becoming adapted for filter feeding, and during the Devonian and Carboniferous periods, siphons first appeared, which, with the newly developed muscular foot, allowed the animals to bury themselves deep in the sediment. By the middle of the Paleozoic, around 400 Mya, the brachiopods were among the most abundant filter feeders in the ocean, and over 12,000 fossil species are recognized. By the Permian–Triassic extinction event 250 Mya, bivalves were undergoing a huge radiation of diversity. The bivalves were hard hit by this event, but re-established themselves and thrived during the Triassic period that followed. In contrast, the brachiopods lost 95% of their species diversity. The ability of some bivalves to burrow and thus avoid predators may have been a major factor in their success. Other new adaptations within various families allowed species to occupy previously unused evolutionary niches. These included increasing relative buoyancy in soft sediments by developing spines on the shell, gaining the ability to swim, and in a few cases, adopting predatory habits. For a long time, bivalves were thought to be better adapted to aquatic life than brachiopods were, outcompeting and relegating them to minor niches in later ages. These two taxa appeared in textbooks as an example of replacement by competition. Evidence given for this included the fact that bivalves needed less food to subsist because of their energetically efficient ligament-muscle system for opening and closing valves. All this has been broadly disproven, though; rather, the prominence of modern bivalves over brachiopods seems due to chance disparities in their response to extinction events. Diversity of extant bivalves The adult maximum size of living species of bivalve ranges from in Condylonucula maya, a nut clam, to a length of in Kuphus polythalamia, an elongated, burrowing shipworm. However, the species generally regarded as the largest living bivalve is the giant clam Tridacna gigas, which can grow to a length of and a weight of more than 200 kg (441 lb). The largest known extinct bivalve is a species of Platyceramus whose fossils measure up to in length. In his 2010 treatise, Compendium of Bivalves, Markus Huber gives the total number of living bivalve species as about 9,200 combined in 106 families. Huber states that the number of 20,000 living species, often encountered in literature, could not be verified and presents the following table to illustrate the known diversity: Distribution The bivalves are a highly successful class of invertebrates found in aquatic habitats throughout the world. Most are infaunal and live buried in sediment on the seabed, or in the sediment in freshwater habitats. A large number of bivalve species are found in the intertidal and sublittoral zones of the oceans. A sandy sea beach may superficially appear to be devoid of life, but often a very large number of bivalves and other invertebrates are living beneath the surface of the sand. On a large beach in South Wales, careful sampling produced an estimate of 1.44 million cockles (Cerastoderma edule) per acre of beach. Bivalves inhabit the tropics, as well as temperate and boreal waters. A number of species can survive and even flourish in extreme conditions. They are abundant in the Arctic, about 140 species being known from that zone. The Antarctic scallop, Adamussium colbecki, lives under the sea ice at the other end of the globe, where the subzero temperatures mean that growth rates are very slow. The giant mussel, Bathymodiolus thermophilus, and the giant white clam, Calyptogena magnifica, both live clustered around hydrothermal vents at abyssal depths in the Pacific Ocean. They have chemosymbiotic bacteria in their gills that oxidise hydrogen sulphide, and the molluscs absorb nutrients synthesized by these bacteria. The saddle oyster, Enigmonia aenigmatica, is a marine species that could be considered amphibious. It lives above the high tide mark in the tropical Indo-Pacific on the underside of mangrove leaves, on mangrove branches, and on sea walls in the splash zone. Some freshwater bivalves have very restricted ranges. For example, the Ouachita creekshell mussel, Villosa arkansasensis, is known only from the streams of the Ouachita Mountains in Arkansas and Oklahoma, and like several other freshwater mussel species from the southeastern US, it is in danger of extinction. In contrast, a few species of freshwater bivalves, including the golden mussel (Limnoperna fortunei), are dramatically increasing their ranges. The golden mussel has spread from Southeast Asia to Argentina, where it has become an invasive species. Another well-travelled freshwater bivalve, the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) originated in southeastern Russia, and has been accidentally introduced to inland waterways in North America and Europe, where the species damages water installations and disrupts local ecosystems. Behaviour Most bivalves adopt a sedentary or even sessile lifestyle, often spending their whole lives in the area in which they first settled as juveniles. The majority of bivalves are infaunal, living under the seabed, buried in soft substrates such as sand, silt, mud, gravel, or coral fragments. Many of these live in the intertidal zone where the sediment remains damp even when the tide is out. When buried in the sediment, burrowing bivalves are protected from the pounding of waves, desiccation, and overheating during low tide, and variations in salinity caused by rainwater. They are also out of the reach of many predators. Their general strategy is to extend their siphons to the surface for feeding and respiration during high tide, but to descend to greater depths or keep their shell tightly shut when the tide goes out. They use their muscular foot to dig into the substrate. To do this, the animal relaxes its adductor muscles and opens its shell wide to anchor itself in position while it extends its foot downwards into the substrate. Then it dilates the tip of its foot, retracts the adductor muscles to close the shell, shortens its foot and draws itself downwards. This series of actions is repeated to dig deeper. Other bivalves, such as mussels, attach themselves to hard surfaces using tough byssus threads made of keratin and proteins. They are more exposed to attack by predators than the burrowing bivalves. Certain carnivorous gastropod snails such as whelks (Buccinidae) and murex snails (Muricidae) feed on bivalves by boring into their shells, although many Busyconine whelks (e.g., Busycon carica, Sinistrofulgur sinistrum) are "chipping-style" predators. The dog whelk (Nucella lamellosa) drills a hole with its radula assisted by a shell-dissolving secretion. The dog whelk then inserts its extendible proboscis and sucks out the body contents of the victim, which is typically a blue mussel. The whelk needs a few hours to penetrate the shell and thus living in the littoral zone is an advantage to the bivalve because the gastropod can attempt to bore through the shell only when the tide is in. Some bivalves, including the true oysters, the jewel boxes, the jingle shells, the thorny oysters and the kitten's paws, cement themselves to stones, rock or larger dead shells. In oysters the lower valve may be almost flat while the upper valve develops layer upon layer of thin horny material reinforced with calcium carbonate. Oysters sometimes occur in dense beds in the neritic zone and, like most bivalves, are filter feeders. Bivalves filter large amounts of water to feed and breathe but they are not permanently open. They regularly shut their valves to enter a resting state, even when they are permanently submerged. In oysters, for example, their behaviour follows very strict circatidal and circadian rhythms according to the relative positions of the moon and sun. During neap tides, they exhibit much longer closing periods than during spring tides. Although many non-sessile bivalves use their muscular foot to move around, or to dig, members of the freshwater family Sphaeriidae are exceptional in that these small clams climb about quite nimbly on weeds using their long and flexible foot. The European fingernail clam (Sphaerium corneum), for example, climbs around on water weeds at the edges of lakes and ponds; this enables the clam to find the best position for filter feeding. Predators and defence The thick shell and rounded shape of bivalves make them awkward for potential predators to tackle. Nevertheless, a number of different creatures include them in their diet. Many species of demersal fish feed on them including the common carp (Cyprinus carpio), which is being used in the upper Mississippi River to try to control the invasive zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha). Birds such as the Eurasian oystercatcher (Haematopus ostralegus) have specially adapted beaks which can pry open their shells. The herring gull (Larus argentatus) sometimes drops heavy shells onto rocks in order to crack them open. Sea otters feed on a variety of bivalve species and have been observed to use stones balanced on their chests as anvils on which to crack open the shells. The Pacific walrus (Odobenus rosmarus divergens) is one of the main predators feeding on bivalves in Arctic waters. Shellfish have formed part of the human diet since prehistoric times, a fact evidenced by the remains of mollusc shells found in ancient middens. Examinations of these deposits in Peru has provided a means of dating long past El Niño events because of the disruption these caused to bivalve shell growth. Further changes in shell development due to environmental stress has also been suggested to cause increased mortality in oysters due to reduced shell strength. Invertebrate predators include crabs, starfish and octopuses. Crabs crack the shells with their pincers and starfish use their water vascular system to force the valves apart and then insert part of their stomach between the valves to digest the bivalve's body. It has been found experimentally that both crabs and starfish preferred molluscs that are attached by byssus threads to ones that are cemented to the substrate. This was probably because they could manipulate the shells and open them more easily when they could tackle them from different angles. Octopuses either pull bivalves apart by force, or they bore a hole into the shell and insert a digestive fluid before sucking out the liquified contents. Razor shells can dig themselves into the sand with great speed to escape predation. When a Pacific razor clam (Siliqua patula) is laid on the surface of the beach it can bury itself completely in seven seconds and the Atlantic jackknife clam, Ensis directus, can do the same within fifteen seconds. Scallops and file clams can swim by opening and closing their valves rapidly; water is ejected on either side of the hinge area and they move with the flapping valves in front. Scallops have simple eyes around the margin of the mantle and can clap their valves shut to move sharply, hinge first, to escape from danger. Cockles can use their foot to move across the seabed or leap away from threats. The foot is first extended before being contracted suddenly when it acts like a spring, projecting the animal forwards. In many bivalves that have siphons, they can be retracted back into the safety of the shell. If the siphons inadvertently get attacked by a predator, in some cases they snap off. The animal can regenerate them later, a process that starts when the cells close to the damaged site become activated and remodel the tissue back to its pre-existing form and size. On the other hand in some cases it does not snap off. If the siphon is exposed it is the key for a predatory fish to obtain the entire body. This tactic has been observed against bivalves with an infaunal lifestyle. File shells such as Limaria fragilis can produce a noxious secretion when stressed. It has numerous tentacles which fringe its mantle and protrude some distance from the shell when it is feeding. If attacked, it sheds tentacles in a process known as autotomy. The toxin released by this is distasteful and the detached tentacles continue to writhe which may also serve to distract potential predators. Mariculture Oysters, mussels, clams, scallops and other bivalve species are grown with food materials that occur naturally in their culture environment in the sea and lagoons. One-third of the world's farmed food fish harvested in 2010 was achieved without the use of feed, through the production of bivalves and filter-feeding carps. European flat oysters (Ostrea edulis) were first farmed by the Romans in shallow ponds and similar techniques are still in use. Seed oysters are either raised in a hatchery or harvested from the wild. Hatchery production provides some control of the broodstock but remains problematic because disease-resistant strains of this oyster have not yet been developed. Wild spats are harvested either by broadcasting empty mussel shells on the seabed or by the use of long, small-mesh nets filled with mussel shells supported on steel frames. The oyster larvae preferentially settle out on the mussel shells. Juvenile oysters are then grown on in nursery trays and are transferred to open waters when they reach in length. Many juveniles are further reared off the seabed in suspended rafts, on floating trays or cemented to ropes. Here they are largely free from bottom-dwelling predators such as starfish and crabs but more labour is required to tend them. They can be harvested by hand when they reach a suitable size. Other juveniles are laid directly on the seabed at the rate of per hectare. They grow on for about two years before being harvested by dredging. Survival rates are low at about 5%. The Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) is cultivated by similar methods but in larger volumes and in many more regions of the world. This oyster originated in Japan where it has been cultivated for many centuries. It is an estuarine species and prefers salinities of 20 to 25 parts per thousand. Breeding programmes have produced improved stock that is available from hatcheries. A single female oyster can produce 50–80 million eggs in a batch so the selection of broodstock is of great importance. The larvae are grown on in tanks of static or moving water. They are fed high quality microalgae and diatoms and grow fast. At metamorphosis the juveniles may be allowed to settle on PVC sheets or pipes, or crushed shell. In some cases, they continue their development in "upwelling culture" in large tanks of moving water rather than being allowed to settle on the bottom. They then may be transferred to transitional, nursery beds before being moved to their final rearing quarters. Culture there takes place on the bottom, in plastic trays, in mesh bags, on rafts or on long lines, either in shallow water or in the intertidal zone. The oysters are ready for harvesting in 18 to 30 months depending on the size required. Similar techniques are used in different parts of the world to cultivate other species including the Sydney rock oyster (Saccostrea commercialis), the northern quahog (Mercenaria mercenaria), the blue mussel (Mytilus edulis), the Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis), the New Zealand green-lipped mussel (Perna canaliculus), the grooved carpet shell (Ruditapes decussatus), the Japanese carpet shell (Venerupis philippinarum), the pullet carpet shell (Venerupis pullastra) and the Yesso scallop (Patinopecten yessoensis). Production of bivalve molluscs by mariculture in 2010 was 12,913,199 tons, up from 8,320,724 tons in 2000. Culture of clams, cockles and ark shells more than doubled over this time period from 2,354,730 to 4,885,179 tons. Culture of mussels over the same period grew from 1,307,243 to 1,812,371 tons, of oysters from 3,610,867 to 4,488,544 tons and of scallops from 1,047,884 to 1,727,105 tons. Use as food Bivalves have been an important source of food for humans at least since Roman times and empty shells found in middens at archaeological sites are evidence of earlier consumption. Oysters, scallops, clams, ark clams, mussels and cockles are the most commonly consumed kinds of bivalve, and are eaten cooked or raw. In 1950, the year in which the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) started making such information available, world trade in bivalve molluscs was 1,007,419 tons. By 2010, world trade in bivalves had risen to 14,616,172 tons, up from 10,293,607 tons a decade earlier. The figures included 5,554,348 (3,152,826) tons of clams, cockles and ark shells, 1,901,314 (1,568,417) tons of mussels, 4,592,529 (3,858,911) tons of oysters and 2,567,981 (1,713,453) tons of scallops. China increased its consumption 400-fold during the period 1970 to 1997. It has been known for more than a century that consumption of raw or insufficiently cooked shellfish can be associated with infectious diseases. These are caused either by bacteria naturally present in the sea such as Vibrio spp. or by viruses and bacteria from sewage effluent that sometimes contaminates coastal waters. As filter feeders, bivalves pass large quantities of water through their gills, filtering out the organic particles, including the microbial pathogens. These are retained in the animals' tissues and become concentrated in their liver-like digestive glands. Another possible source of contamination occurs when bivalves contain marine biotoxins as a result of ingesting numerous dinoflagellates. These microalgae are not associated with sewage but occur unpredictably as algal blooms. Large areas of a sea or lake may change colour as a result of the proliferation of millions of single-cell algae, and this condition is known as a red tide. Viral and bacterial infections In 1816 in France, a physician, J. P. A. Pasquier, described an outbreak of typhoid linked to the consumption of raw oysters. The first report of this kind in the United States was in Connecticut in 1894. As sewage treatment programmes became more prevalent in the late 19th century, more outbreaks took place. This may have been because sewage was released through outlets into the sea providing more food for bivalves in estuaries and coastal habitats. A causal link between the bivalves and the illness was not easy to demonstrate because the illness might come on days or even weeks after the ingestion of the contaminated shellfish. One viral pathogen is the Norwalk virus. This is resistant to treatment with chlorine-containing chemicals and may be present in the marine environment even when coliform bacteria have been killed by the treatment of sewage. In 1975 in the United States, a serious outbreak of oyster-vectored disease was caused by Vibrio vulnificus. Although the number of victims was low, the mortality rate was high at 50%. About 10 cases have occurred annually since then and further research needs to be done to establish the epidemiology of the infections. The cases peak in mid-summer and autumn with no cases being reported in mid winter so there may be a link between the temperature at which the oysters are held between harvesting and consumption. In 1978, an oyster-associated gastrointestinal infection affecting more than 2,000 people occurred in Australia. The causative agent was found to be the Norwalk virus and the epidemic caused major economic difficulties to the oyster farming industry in the country. In 1988, an outbreak of hepatitis A associated with the consumption of inadequately cooked clams (Anadara subcrenata) took place in the Shanghai area of China. An estimated 290,000 people were infected and there were 47 deaths. In the United States and the European Union, since the early 1990s regulations have been in place that are designed to prevent shellfish from contaminated waters entering the food chain. This has meant that there is sometimes a shortage of regulated shellfish, with consequent higher prices. This has led to illegal harvesting and sale of shellfish on the black market, which can be a health hazard. Paralytic shellfish poisoning Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) is primarily caused by the consumption of bivalves that have accumulated toxins by feeding on toxic dinoflagellates, single-celled protists found naturally in the sea and inland waters. Saxitoxin is the most virulent of these. In mild cases, PSP causes tingling, numbness, sickness and diarrhoea. In more severe cases, the muscles of the chest wall may be affected leading to paralysis and even death. In 1937, researchers in California established the connection between blooms of these phytoplankton and PSP. The biotoxin remains potent even when the shellfish are well-cooked. In the United States, there is a regulatory limit of 80 µg/g of saxitoxin equivalent in shellfish meat. Amnesic shellfish poisoning Amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) was first reported in eastern Canada in 1987. It is caused by the substance domoic acid found in certain diatoms of the genus Pseudo-nitzschia. Bivalves can become toxic when they filter these microalgae out of the water. Domoic acid is a low-molecular weight amino acid that is able to destroy brain cells causing memory loss, gastroenteritis, long-term neurological problems or death. In an outbreak in the western United States in 1993, finfish were also implicated as vectors, and seabirds and mammals suffered neurological symptoms. In the United States and Canada, a regulatory limit of 20 µg/g of domoic acid in shellfish meat is set. Ecosystem services Ecosystem services provided by marine bivalves in relation to nutrient extraction from the coastal environment have gained increased attention to mitigate adverse effects of excess nutrient loading from human activities, such as agriculture and sewage discharge. These activities damage coastal ecosystems and require action from local, regional, and national environmental management. Marine bivalves filter particles like phytoplankton, thereby transforming particulate organic matter into bivalve tissue or larger faecal pellets that are transferred to the benthos. Nutrient extraction from the coastal environment takes place through two different pathways: (i) harvest/removal of the bivalves – thereby returning nutrients back to land; or (ii) through increased denitrification in proximity to dense bivalve aggregations, leading to loss of nitrogen to the atmosphere. Active use of marine bivalves for nutrient extraction may include a number of secondary effects on the ecosystem, such as filtration of particulate material. This leads to partial transformation of particulate-bound nutrients into dissolved nutrients via bivalve excretion or enhanced mineralization of faecal material. When they live in polluted waters, bivalve molluscs have a tendency to accumulate substances such as heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants in their tissues. This is because they ingest the chemicals as they feed but their enzyme systems are not capable of metabolising them and as a result, the levels build up. This may be a health hazard for the molluscs themselves, and is one for humans who eat them. It also has certain advantages in that bivalves can be used in monitoring the presence and quantity of pollutants in their environment. There are limitations to the use of bivalves as bioindicators. The level of pollutants found in the tissues varies with species, age, size, time of year and other factors. The quantities of pollutants in the water may vary and the molluscs may reflect past rather than present values. In a study near Vladivostok it was found that the level of pollutants in the bivalve tissues did not always reflect the high levels in the surrounding sediment in such places as harbours. The reason for this was thought to be that the bivalves in these locations did not need to filter so much water as elsewhere because of the water's high nutritional content. A study of nine different bivalves with widespread distributions in tropical marine waters concluded that the mussel, Trichomya hirsuta, most nearly reflected in its tissues the level of heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Co, Ni, and Ag) in its environment. In this species there was a linear relationship between the sedimentary levels and the tissue concentration of all the metals except zinc. In the Persian Gulf, the Atlantic pearl-oyster (Pinctada radiata) is considered to be a useful bioindicator of heavy metals. Crushed shells, available as a by-product of the seafood canning industry, can be used to remove pollutants from water. It has been found that, as long as the water is maintained at an alkaline pH, crushed shells will remove cadmium, lead and other heavy metals from contaminated waters by swapping the calcium in their constituent aragonite for the heavy metal, and retaining these pollutants in a solid form. The rock oyster (Saccostrea cucullata) has been shown to reduce the levels of copper and cadmium in contaminated waters in the Persian Gulf. The live animals acted as biofilters, selectively removing these metals, and the dead shells also had the ability to reduce their concentration. Other uses Conchology is the scientific study of mollusc shells, but the term conchologist is also sometimes used to describe a collector of shells. Many people pick up shells on the beach or purchase them and display them in their homes. There are many private and public collections of mollusc shells, but the largest one in the world is at the Smithsonian Institution, which houses in excess of 20 million specimens. Shells are used decoratively in many ways. They can be pressed into concrete or plaster to make decorative paths, steps or walls and can be used to embellish picture frames, mirrors or other craft items. They can be stacked up and glued together to make ornaments. They can be pierced and threaded onto necklaces or made into other forms of jewellery. Shells have had various uses in the past as body decorations, utensils, scrapers and cutting implements. Carefully cut and shaped shell tools dating back 32,000 years have been found in a cave in Indonesia. In this region, shell technology may have been developed in preference to the use of stone or bone implements, perhaps because of the scarcity of suitable rock materials. The indigenous peoples of the Americas living near the east coast used pieces of shell as wampum. The channeled whelk (Busycotypus canaliculatus) and the quahog (Mercenaria mercenaria) were used to make white and purple traditional patterns. The shells were cut, rolled, polished and drilled before being strung together and woven into belts. These were used for personal, social and ceremonial purposes and also, at a later date, for currency. The Winnebago Tribe from Wisconsin had numerous uses for freshwater mussels including using them as spoons, cups, ladles and utensils. They notched them to provide knives, graters and saws. They carved them into fish hooks and lures. They incorporated powdered shell into clay to temper their pottery vessels. They used them as scrapers for removing flesh from hides and for separating the scalps of their victims. They used shells as scoops for gouging out fired logs when building canoes and they drilled holes in them and fitted wooden handles for tilling the ground. Buttons have traditionally been made from a variety of freshwater and marine shells. At first they were used decoratively rather than as fasteners and the earliest known example dates back five thousand years and was found at Mohenjo-daro in the Indus Valley. Sea silk is a fine fabric woven from the byssus threads of bivalves, particularly the pen shell (Pinna nobilis). It used to be produced in the Mediterranean region where these shells are endemic. It was an expensive fabric and overfishing has much reduced populations of the pen shell. There is mention in the Greek text on the Rosetta Stone (196 BCE) of this cloth being used to pay taxes. Crushed shells are added as a calcareous supplement to the diet of laying poultry. Oyster shell and cockle shell are often used for this purpose and are obtained as a by-product from other industries. Pearls and mother-of-pearl Mother-of-pearl or nacre is the naturally occurring lustrous layer that lines some mollusc shells. It is used to make pearl buttons and in artisan craftwork to make organic jewellery. It has traditionally been inlaid into furniture and boxes, particularly in China. It has been used to decorate musical instruments, watches, pistols, fans and other products. The import and export of goods made with nacre are controlled in many countries under the International Convention of Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. A pearl is created in the mantle of a mollusk when an irritant particle is surrounded by layers of nacre. Although most bivalves can create pearls, oysters in the family Pteriidae and freshwater mussels in the families Unionidae and Margaritiferidae are the main source of commercially available pearls because the calcareous concretions produced by most other species have no lustre. Finding pearls inside oysters is a very chancy business as hundreds of shells may need to be pried open before a single pearl can be found. Most pearls are now obtained from cultured shells where an irritant substance has been purposefully introduced to induce the formation of a pearl. A "mabe" (irregular) pearl can be grown by the insertion of an implant, usually made of plastic, under a flap of the mantle and next to the mother-of-pearl interior of the shell. A more difficult procedure is the grafting of a piece of oyster mantle into the gonad of an adult specimen together with the insertion of a shell bead nucleus. This produces a superior, spherical pearl. The animal can be opened to extract the pearl after about two years and reseeded so that it produces another pearl. Pearl oyster farming and pearl culture is an important industry in Japan and many other countries bordering the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Symbolism The scallop is the symbol of St James and is called Coquille Saint-Jacques in French. It is an emblem carried by pilgrims on their way to the shrine of Santiago de Compostela in Galicia. The shell became associated with the pilgrimage and came to be used as a symbol showing hostelries along the route and later as a sign of hospitality, food and lodging elsewhere. Roman myth has it that Venus, the goddess of love, was born in the sea and emerged accompanied by fish and dolphins, with Botticelli depicting her as arriving in a scallop shell. The Romans revered her and erected shrines in her honour in their gardens, praying to her to provide water and verdant growth. From this, the scallop and other bivalve shells came to be used as a symbol for fertility. Its depiction is used in architecture, furniture and fabric design and it is the logo of Royal Dutch Shell, the global oil and gas company. Bivalvian taxonomies For the past two centuries no consensus has existed on bivalve phylogeny from the many classifications developed. In earlier taxonomic systems, experts used a single characteristic feature for their classifications, choosing among shell morphology, hinge type or gill type. Conflicting naming schemes proliferated due to these taxonomies based on single organ systems. One of the most widely accepted systems was that put forward by Norman D. Newell in Part N of the Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, which employed a classification system based on general shell shape, microstructures and hinge configuration. Because features such as hinge morphology, dentition, mineralogy, shell morphology and shell composition change slowly over time, these characteristics can be used to define major taxonomic groups. Since the year 2000, taxonomic studies using cladistical analyses of multiple organ systems, shell morphology (including fossil species) and modern molecular phylogenetics have resulted in the drawing up of what experts believe is a more accurate phylogeny of the Bivalvia. Based upon these studies, a new proposed classification system for the Bivalvia was published in 2010 by Bieler, Carter & Coan. In 2012, this new system was adopted by the World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) for the classification of the Bivalvia. Some experts still maintain that Anomalodesmacea should be considered a separate subclass, whereas the new system treats it as the order Anomalodesmata, within the subclass Heterodonta. Molecular phylogenetic work continues, further clarifying which Bivalvia are most closely related and thus refining the classification. Practical taxonomy of R.C. Moore R.C. Moore, in Moore, Lalicker, and Fischer, 1952, Invertebrate Fossils, gives a practical and useful classification of pelecypods (Bivalvia) even if somewhat antiquated, based on shell structure, gill type, and hinge teeth configuration. Subclasses and orders given are: Subclass:Prionodesmacea Order Paleoconcha Taxodonta: Many teeth (e.g. order Nuculida) Schizodonta: Big bifurcating teeth (e.g. Trigonia spp.) Isodonta: Equal teeth (e.g. Spondylus spp.) Dysodonta: Absent teeth and ligaments joins the valves. Subclass:Teleodesmacea Order Heterodonta: Different teeth (e.g. family Cardiidae). [ Lower Ordovician – Recent] Pachydonta: Large, different, deformed teeth (e.g. rudist spp.). [ Late Jurassic – Upper Cretaceous] Desmodonta: Hinge-teeth absent or irregular with ligaments (e.g. family Anatinidae). Prionodesmacea have a prismatic and nacreous shell structure, separated mantle lobes, poorly developed siphons, and hinge teeth that are lacking or unspecialized. Gills range from protobranch to eulamellibranch. Teleodesmacea on the other hand have a porcelanous and partly nacreous shell structure; Mantle lobes that are generally connected, well developed siphons, and specialized hinge teeth. In most, gills are eulamellibranch. 1935 taxonomy In his 1935 work Handbuch der systematischen Weichtierkunde (Handbook of Systematic Malacology), Johannes Thiele introduced a mollusc taxonomy based upon the 1909 work by Cossmann and Peyrot. Thiele's system divided the bivalves into three orders. Taxodonta consisted of forms that had taxodont dentition, with a series of small parallel teeth perpendicular to the hinge line. Anisomyaria consisted of forms that had either a single adductor muscle or one adductor muscle much smaller than the other. Eulamellibranchiata consisted of forms with ctenidial gills. The Eulamellibranchiata was further divided into four suborders: Schizodonta, Heterodonta, Adapedonta and Anomalodesmata. Taxonomy based upon hinge tooth morphology The systematic layout presented here follows Newell's 1965 classification based on hinge tooth morphology (all taxa marked † are extinct) : The monophyly of the subclass Anomalodesmata is disputed. The standard view now is that it resides within the subclass Heterodonta. Taxonomy based upon gill morphology An alternative systematic scheme exists using gill morphology. This distinguishes between Protobranchia, Filibranchia and Eulamellibranchia. The first corresponds to Newell's Palaeotaxodonta and Cryptodonta, the second to his Pteriomorphia, with the last corresponding to all other groups. In addition, Franc separated the Septibranchia from his eulamellibranchs because of the morphological differences between them. The septibranchs belong to the superfamily Poromyoidea and are carnivorous, having a muscular septum instead of filamentous gills. 2010 taxonomy In May 2010, a new taxonomy of the Bivalvia was published in the journal Malacologia. In compiling this, the authors used a variety of phylogenetic information including molecular analysis, anatomical analysis, shell morphology and shell microstructure as well as bio-geographic, paleobiogeographic and stratigraphic information. In this classification 324 families are recognized as valid, 214 of which are known exclusively from fossils and 110 of which occur in the recent past, with or without a fossil record. This classification has since been adopted by WoRMS. Proposed classification of Class Bivalvia (under the redaction of Rüdiger Bieler, Joseph G. Carter and Eugene V. Coan) (all taxa marked † are extinct) : Grade Euprotobranchia Order Fordillida 2 families (2†) Order Tuarangiida 1 family (1†) Subclass Heterodonta Infraclass Archiheterodonta Order Carditida 4 families Infraclass Euheterodonta Unassigned Euheterodonta 4 families Order Pholadomyida (=Anomalodesmata) 16 families Order Myida 4 families Order Lucinida 2 families Order Venerida 30 families Subclass Palaeoheterodonta Order Trigoniida 16 families (15†) Order Unionida 15 families (8†) Subclass Protobranchia Order Nuculanida 8 families Order Nuculida 3 families (1†) Order Solemyida 2 families Subclass Pteriomorphia Order Arcida 7 families Infraclass Eupteriomorphia Order Ostreida 2 families Suborder Pectinida 7 families Suborder Limida 1 family Suborder Mytilida 1 family Suborder Pteriida 4 families References Further reading Mollusc classes Extant Cambrian first appearances Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus	[ -0.049725428223609924, -0.4406093955039978, -0.10138267278671265, 0.0640564039349556, -0.13144047558307648, 0.42761707305908203, 0.1904139518737793, 0.47553548216819763, -0.4188190698623657, -0.45648711919784546, 0.012119794264435768, 0.3077048361301422, -0.4176318943500519, 0.5316240787506104, 0.20189249515533447, 0.8003123998641968, 0.5427983403205872, 0.4772944152355194, -0.006881319917738438, 0.05146228149533272, -0.21727785468101501, -0.2677740156650543, 0.4567826986312866, -0.2684929370880127, 0.15546691417694092, -0.012117325328290462, -0.08636167645454407, 0.34372758865356445, -0.04014398530125618, -0.6076608896255493, -0.1830483078956604, 0.901934027671814, -0.25048917531967163, 0.4942546486854553, 0.10165969282388687, -0.3344075381755829, -0.25943607091903687, -0.822713315486908, -0.2982994318008423, -0.6649641394615173, 0.34812718629837036, -0.29279574751853943, 0.1232883557677269, 0.19919851422309875, -0.6745240688323975, -0.08647941052913666, -0.7227901816368103, 0.4790479242801666, -0.9529984593391418, 0.29950734972953796, 0.08662593364715576, 0.435407429933548, 0.16336894035339355, 0.9385244846343994, -0.16365213692188263, 0.5497382283210754, -0.17118984460830688, 0.19135689735412598, -0.08441309630870819, -1.0266002416610718, 0.14920392632484436, 0.24530063569545746, -0.1800355762243271, 0.12154518067836761, 0.6221301555633545, 0.25494375824928284, -0.10442434996366501, 0.07874732464551926, -0.6489532589912415, -0.14406552910804749, -0.38001883029937744, -0.5769920945167542, 0.4003739058971405, 0.23658788204193115, -0.9388121366500854, -0.5411072373390198, -0.2536858916282654, -0.39435166120529175, 0.7303085923194885, -0.019532330334186554, -0.09577205777168274, 0.14872755110263824, 0.18974997103214264, 0.6632274389266968, 0.06414704024791718, 0.14454664289951324, -0.482212096452713, 0.2022096812725067, -0.5382243394851685, 0.5822456479072571, -0.14618536829948425, -0.5816803574562073, 1.015921950340271, 0.2859664559364319, 0.23234716057777405, -0.5098221302032471, 0.0517667680978775, -0.013227120041847229, 0.40803202986717224, -0.08890856802463531, -0.5087093114852905, -0.2852161228656769, 0.38777345418930054, 0.274437814950943, -0.5706727504730225, -0.2872439920902252, -0.6764280200004578, -0.5807365775108337, 0.2298561930656433, 0.5430923700332642, -0.1983969658613205, -0.2657887637615204, -0.10397611558437347, 0.2552245855331421, -0.29408466815948486, -0.03703451529145241, -0.36097654700279236, -0.11093271523714066, -0.25842970609664917, -0.07559556514024734, -0.26485711336135864, -0.15084846317768097, 0.23385043442249298, -0.28027090430259705, 0.19848182797431946, -0.029812142252922058, 0.3575621247291565, 0.0859469473361969, -0.12450113147497177, 0.2313917726278305, 0.5473789572715759, 0.8295919299125671, -0.4643969237804413, 0.6221523880958557, 0.1778092384338379, -0.2394951432943344, -0.3613182604312897, -0.12410624325275421, 0.6060826182365417, 0.0565139502286911, -0.7381820678710938, -0.21122249960899353, -0.5340544581413269, -0.3844185769557953, 0.4027233123779297, -0.4672384262084961, 0.09861573576927185, -0.1477196365594864, -0.755233883857727, -0.8414027690887451, 0.2294573038816452, -0.3516843616962433, -0.08775033801794052, -0.3318263292312622, -0.09203695505857468, -0.09660037606954575, 0.4498419463634491, -0.13685517013072968, 0.2430858463048935, 0.13885179162025452, -0.5370842218399048, 0.12240621447563171, -0.45793458819389343, 0.23065316677093506, 0.20389190316200256, -0.1896374672651291, 0.6521067023277283, 0.7217462658882141, -0.18010777235031128, 0.6678751707077026, -0.284210205078125, -0.6416006088256836, 0.8709521889686584, 0.18327265977859497, -0.8927673697471619, -0.3712645471096039, 0.674655556678772, 0.30550822615623474, 1.015285611152649, -0.7627885341644287, -0.348593145608902, 0.4576672613620758, 0.21541954576969147, 0.2468964159488678, -0.026331238448619843, -0.3070107102394104, 0.12424476444721222, -0.0031460165046155453, -0.06952168792486191, -0.11067787557840347, -0.05800972133874893, 0.24049770832061768, -0.27160876989364624, 0.09519560635089874, 1.088642954826355, -0.33706405758857727, -1.1700303554534912, 0.5220422148704529, 0.14260835945606232, -0.024765999987721443, -0.8192297220230103, 0.5739073157310486, -0.08991839736700058, -0.40742024779319763, -0.7020933628082275, 0.5592814087867737, 0.4232838451862335, 0.28810611367225647, 0.2830316126346588, 0.12329468131065369, -0.44602927565574646, -0.41631433367729187, 0.22848235070705414, -0.6822984218597412, 0.09263194352388382, -0.21357940137386322, -0.5654661655426025, 0.3449288010597229, 0.022976703941822052, -0.5312902331352234, 0.7791904807090759, -0.5512988567352295, -0.1845518946647644, 0.5721150636672974, -0.0237447340041399, 0.28392598032951355, 0.44730740785598755, 0.03565150871872902, 0.5762860774993896, -0.2087533324956894, 0.5375595688819885, -0.22082701325416565, 0.6081699132919312, 0.24784031510353088, -0.22031867504119873, 0.2106042206287384, 0.4813810884952545, -0.6174168586730957, 0.53104567527771, -0.21777962148189545, 0.11513426154851913, 0.0557730495929718, -0.2075188159942627, 0.06989236921072006, 0.4466179609298706, -0.15397560596466064, 0.21730612218379974, 0.05712568759918213, -0.3446768522262573, -0.0953562781214714, 0.05776161700487137, 0.5574235916137695, 0.3742120563983917, -0.2729320824146271, 0.8463782072067261, -0.03374671936035156, 0.2019982933998108, 0.46699798107147217, 0.3973310887813568, -0.1484481245279312, -0.5276829600334167, 0.28707998991012573, 0.21362176537513733, -0.08148954063653946, -0.21880167722702026, -0.01566879265010357, 0.48052525520324707, -0.1476849764585495, 0.32411250472068787, 0.7907260060310364, 0.12973539531230927, 0.858245849609375, -0.5737395882606506, 0.3298879563808441, 0.154554545879364, -0.3083421289920807, 0.06664679199457169, 0.20193982124328613, -0.18596161901950836, -0.3018583059310913, -0.4061925709247589, 0.2902430593967438, 0.3950214684009552, -0.5748897194862366, -0.3868749737739563, -0.34590229392051697, 0.41011324524879456, -0.0767066702246666, 0.1637754589319229, -0.5481588244438171, -0.7615344524383545, 0.04103318229317665, -0.10532721877098083, 0.4190758764743805, -0.4291323125362396, 0.2206106334924698, -0.27365642786026, -0.0021499686408787966, 0.31475719809532166, -0.490656316280365, -0.8141226172447205, -0.27502989768981934, 0.1243802011013031, 0.22535648941993713, 0.28114840388298035, -0.005660166032612324, 0.47154560685157776, 0.40069302916526794, -5.460788726806641, -0.27229294180870056, -0.34941965341567993, 0.1868385225534439, 0.39205026626586914, 0.31764376163482666, 0.3422631621360779, -0.03283338248729706, -0.083172507584095, 0.05834439396858215, 0.30985119938850403, 0.5801732540130615, -0.01417604647576809, 0.2706151604652405, 0.4061732292175293, 0.3375304341316223, 0.1911243051290512, 0.3513364791870117, -0.564474880695343, -0.42696088552474976, 0.015474074520170689, 0.345907598733902, 0.22818152606487274, 0.5258486866950989, -0.11232901364564896, -0.39061829447746277, -0.07222241908311844, 0.019525233656167984, 0.03386861830949783, 0.2674137055873871, 0.05334443226456642, -0.26996272802352905, -0.13188700377941132, -0.2460421919822693, 0.4071422219276428, 0.24141375720500946, 0.43284106254577637, 0.535646378993988, 0.9383094310760498, -0.054848771542310715, -0.4123924672603607, 0.43306586146354675, 0.3635084331035614, -0.2600717842578888, 0.22028480470180511, -0.20538941025733948, -0.33076873421669006, 0.8109803199768066, 0.08016753196716309, 1.019859790802002, 0.04044010490179062, -0.1555204540491104, 0.2538693845272064, 0.4663976728916168, 0.5117071866989136, -0.09820283949375153, 0.5205614566802979, -0.07010617107152939, -0.5850093960762024, -0.16032154858112335, 0.674589216709137, -0.3752021789550781, -0.9776753187179565, -0.6001942157745361, -0.002875483827665448, -0.04065133258700371, -1.024718999862671, 0.3457436263561249, 0.5503137111663818, 0.45932304859161377, -0.3739559054374695, 0.2761237919330597, 0.14080952107906342, -0.804377019405365, 0.6922376751899719, -0.3567555248737335, -0.01320195198059082, -0.027052072808146477, -0.18792371451854706, 0.04210749641060829, -0.11147253215312958, -0.44244396686553955, -0.3706449568271637, -0.04999006167054176, -0.08039407432079315, -0.8909555077552795, -0.3514501452445984, -0.14858666062355042, -0.437936395406723, -0.3470803201198578, 0.3615691363811493, 0.04466690123081207, 0.21233369410037994, 0.1407477706670761, 0.5394823551177979, 0.9908915162086487, -0.32799801230430603, 0.11591683328151703, 0.5955784916877747, -0.7165131568908691, 0.8619831800460815, -0.20740839838981628, 0.022714752703905106, 0.13139262795448303, -0.1891915202140808, -0.5403459072113037, -0.07948858290910721, -0.009649470448493958, 0.5827503204345703, -0.5500453114509583, 0.03295992314815521, 0.3203613758087158, -0.3793122172355652, -0.30368858575820923, 0.3996742367744446, 0.14293983578681946, -0.606364369392395, 0.30753591656684875, 0.37281113862991333, -0.3027569353580475, 0.6565256118774414, 0.7487785816192627, -0.45557156205177307, -0.2145727574825287, -0.0720432922244072, 0.18791118264198303, 0.20681966841220856, -0.19160881638526917, -0.5513115525245667, -0.4028061628341675, 0.22216548025608063, -0.08320565521717072, -0.22460947930812836, 0.08980048447847366, -0.1654576063156128, 0.18628303706645966, -0.4472953677177429, 0.5325205326080322, -0.48143982887268066, -0.2991345226764679, 0.14873607456684113, -0.8751767873764038, -0.44165173172950745, -0.286419540643692, 0.5217626690864563, 0.5477336049079895, -0.4794105291366577, -0.13296805322170258, -0.2926211655139923, 1.1869415044784546, -0.32659244537353516, -0.29369622468948364, -0.02453831024467945, -0.42774054408073425, 0.0505363903939724, -0.2083621621131897, 0.28780919313430786, 0.30402863025665283, -0.10802958905696869, -0.6225146055221558, -0.367808073759079, -0.30441129207611084, -0.8796930313110352, -0.019849004223942757, -0.25704723596572876, 0.5569576621055603, -1.0150965452194214, -0.5747969150543213, -0.25747400522232056, 0.2508789598941803, -0.08529817312955856, 0.23295283317565918, -0.4784025251865387, -0.7266635894775391, -0.5494658946990967, -0.3570551872253418, -0.21184997260570526, 0.1366378664970398, -0.35231465101242065, 0.00008632236131234095, 0.017926840111613274, -0.03475133329629898, 0.2920820713043213, -0.33048245310783386, 0.3287736773490906, -0.6970013380050659, 0.15770500898361206, -0.3091352880001068, -0.42267492413520813, -0.11762842535972595, -0.15945552289485931, 0.5265541672706604, 1.0397436618804932, -0.1209818422794342, -0.6929546594619751, 0.20729807019233704, -0.525069534778595, 0.48044392466545105, -0.809552013874054, -0.7270313501358032, -0.06880676746368408, 0.21586798131465912, -0.5218140482902527, 0.21646519005298615, -0.17920176684856415, -0.32268011569976807, 0.5156622529029846, -0.5366652011871338, -0.06468284875154495, 0.45227041840553284, -0.6546458005905151, -0.14080175757408142, 0.4305959641933441, 0.9053656458854675, -0.037558551877737045, -0.03612910583615303, -0.13988584280014038, -0.014910418540239334, -0.13724219799041748, -0.16005843877792358, 0.15442892909049988, 0.4414953291416168, -0.2426268458366394, -0.34937334060668945, -0.28450340032577515, 0.44577568769454956, 0.29594361782073975, -0.1172434464097023, 0.7194350957870483, 0.07188626378774643, 0.2978270649909973, -0.9691025614738464, -0.5109999179840088, -0.7209179997444153, 0.3968617916107178, 0.04054305702447891, 0.26455357670783997, -0.29127615690231323, -0.28385069966316223, -0.19990304112434387, 0.8675717711448669, 1.165426254272461, 0.32227981090545654, -0.19055303931236267, -0.06949304789304733, 0.21976803243160248, 0.27348002791404724, -0.12455382198095322, -1.2570483684539795, 0.1479211002588272, 0.892726480960846, -0.450777530670166, -0.5470617413520813, -0.0010869778925552964, 0.4359531104564667, -0.6139081716537476, 0.31314677000045776, -0.19994483888149261, -0.10187547653913498, 0.7407335638999939, 0.5430784225463867, 0.0804903507232666, -0.4857025742530823, -0.07900020480155945, -0.2633795738220215, -0.5707544088363647, -0.36575233936309814, 0.30032113194465637, 0.13254782557487488, -0.3295411467552185, 1.14381742477417, 0.5804370641708374, 0.06908256560564041, 0.19005154073238373, -0.05454660952091217, 0.46695375442504883, 0.11272864043712616, -0.7405698895454407, 1.0291305780410767, -0.36954402923583984, -0.3527194559574127, -0.07033933699131012, -0.2740066349506378, -0.1347120851278305, -0.39777234196662903, -0.6119692325592041, -0.16395451128482819, 0.25600171089172363, 0.04707061126828194, 0.05436744540929794, -0.27233341336250305, -0.12303697317838669, -0.09200453013181686, 0.4804653525352478, 0.678162157535553, 0.12655982375144958, -0.10488393157720566, 0.40037721395492554, -0.4385516941547394, 0.5734264254570007, -0.5285324454307556, 0.5643488168716431, 0.2813315689563751, -0.9648494124412537, 0.22779391705989838, 0.20320528745651245, -0.1199050322175026, 0.1318710744380951, -0.1444510966539383, -0.016778649762272835, 0.3339657783508301, -0.06494199484586716, 0.15070608258247375, 0.4802817404270172, 0.06990600377321243, 0.04168776422739029, 0.41240453720092773, -0.7104104161262512, 0.05985717102885246, 0.3834564983844757, 0.3602554500102997, 0.24827855825424194, -0.20747970044612885, -0.32856690883636475, 0.06712640076875687, -0.20185869932174683, -0.6638507843017578, 0.1034010723233223, 0.07751501351594925, 0.7998747229576111, 0.7360463738441467, -0.16358283162117004, -0.6884878277778625, -0.49602577090263367, -0.5851621031761169, -0.2250184416770935, -0.34388935565948486, -0.5136776566505432, -0.4883456230163574, 1.0169267654418945, 0.9354090094566345, 0.18058763444423676, 0.0843847319483757, 0.4892672598361969, 0.16115915775299072, 0.4437146484851837, -0.44951802492141724, -0.17832188308238983, -0.3494606912136078, -0.5411977767944336, 0.3222525119781494, -0.3161051273345947, 0.4214603900909424, -0.13367849588394165, 0.3069300949573517, -0.25238513946533203, 0.6091027855873108, -0.057082418352365494, -0.5538349747657776, -0.3420015871524811, -0.32538244128227234, 0.33303946256637573, 0.5567094683647156, -0.41533738374710083, -0.3041676878929138, -0.3177555501461029, 0.070375457406044, -0.33123335242271423, -0.3021555244922638, -0.28931257128715515, 0.43315640091896057, 0.48790648579597473, -0.30728283524513245, 0.17660047113895416, 0.2153097242116928, 0.4944864809513092, -0.04971570521593094, 0.93295818567276, 0.5173587799072266, -0.1715444028377533, -0.5460285544395447, -0.44432663917541504, 0.027343953028321266, -0.3902633786201477, 0.3452518582344055, -0.6880765557289124, 0.2007259577512741, 0.187599778175354, 0.3233369290828705, 0.2099163830280304, 0.4133268892765045, -0.38687795400619507, -0.09553425759077072, 0.45083123445510864, -0.9466670155525208, -0.5384296774864197, 0.3129253089427948, 1.090889573097229, 0.3990388810634613, -0.10888951271772385, 0.1592588722705841, 0.7809480428695679, -0.03929297626018524, 0.03689265996217728, -0.5951160788536072, 0.2316795289516449, -0.05664019659161568, 0.3100748360157013, -0.35386940836906433, 0.22448235750198364, 1.0022166967391968, -0.5238238573074341, -0.2595396041870117, 0.4652225971221924, 0.027914462611079216, 0.2668517827987671, 0.5469271540641785, -0.4529974162578583, -0.09778297692537308, -0.2803743779659271, 0.1166791021823883, -0.15653689205646515, 0.06420959532260895, 0.32747864723205566, -0.07094687223434448, 0.019255749881267548, 0.1491573601961136, -0.2965869903564453, -1.0553092956542969, 0.28992289304733276, -0.6620250344276428, 0.4960925877094269, -0.45415037870407104, 0.4545537531375885, 0.30954667925834656, -0.26888537406921387, 0.3327156901359558, 0.23542620241641998, 0.10939107835292816, -0.22558046877384186, -0.0016528451815247536, 0.17415602505207062, 0.021110864356160164, -0.33096376061439514, -0.14355862140655518, 0.14669859409332275, -0.28678157925605774, -0.037276145070791245, -0.5909216403961182, -0.13532674312591553, 0.2792157232761383, -0.22256208956241608, 0.5072099566459656, -0.2186930924654007, -0.28608840703964233, -0.4383888244628906, -0.17876677215099335, -0.25138455629348755, -0.11243311315774918, 0.7217729687690735 ]
202245	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenji	Tenji	The word Tenji can refer to several things in Japanese, including: Tenji (点字) is a system of Japanese braille. Emperor Tenji (天智天皇 Tenji Tennō) is the name of an emperor of Japan. Tenji (天治) was a Japanese era after Hōan and before Daiji, lasting from 1124 to 1126. The reigning Emperor was Emperor Sutoku. Japanese eras	[ -0.09816870838403702, -0.10731637477874756, -0.47816047072410583, -0.3030729293823242, -0.6397439241409302, 0.4285755455493927, 0.259394109249115, 0.19438335299491882, -0.2712602913379669, -0.39412111043930054, -0.16914890706539154, 0.20587196946144104, -0.047010451555252075, 0.09059039503335953, -0.4164533019065857, 0.13798899948596954, 0.6377939581871033, 0.5521165728569031, 0.06277137994766235, -0.2728769779205322, -0.259983628988266, -0.05506112799048424, -0.19917525351047516, -0.7286499738693237, 0.6210273504257202, -0.39005881547927856, 0.1764349341392517, 0.33834218978881836, -0.12615609169006348, -0.14445403218269348, -0.10510529577732086, 0.7611240744590759, 0.3039224445819855, 0.06146280840039253, -0.09553951025009155, -0.5673425793647766, -0.2113671600818634, -0.17208507657051086, 0.04130100831389427, -0.05462127551436424, -0.10083375126123428, -0.41795361042022705, 0.27095144987106323, 0.22661720216274261, 0.1433268040418625, -0.37884286046028137, -2.171264886856079, 0.013813612051308155, -0.768022894859314, 0.5005277395248413, -0.5346059799194336, 0.599368691444397, 0.40829914808273315, 0.25702235102653503, -0.2370452731847763, 0.6558985114097595, -0.5090882778167725, 0.05519535392522812, 0.47478678822517395, -0.09140471369028091, 0.3721565306186676, -0.1822950392961502, 0.16261546313762665, 0.3979993164539337, 0.1368054747581482, 0.25058549642562866, -0.3701784014701843, 0.0852196142077446, -0.5765984058380127, -0.2227644920349121, -0.44592931866645813, -0.45032015442848206, -0.1658460795879364, 0.07381578534841537, -0.25052881240844727, -0.11692547798156738, -0.40796491503715515, -0.13222165405750275, -0.26650193333625793, 0.1327596753835678, -0.2754579782485962, 0.11101441085338593, 0.5305840373039246, 0.14712955057621002, 0.3166143596172333, -0.1617649793624878, -0.5872281193733215, -0.04179093986749649, -0.23884741961956024, 0.5295738577842712, 0.47794729471206665, -0.24521884322166443, 0.044362545013427734, -0.1362490952014923, -0.34408149123191833, -0.056475039571523666, -0.39608749747276306, 0.22099818289279938, -0.015232888981699944, 0.45605260133743286, -0.17766869068145752, 0.06497285515069962, 1.2262452840805054, 0.3392467200756073, -1.5215733051300049, -0.3951721787452698, -0.3929487466812134, -0.20383337140083313, 0.2974291145801544, -0.28222140669822693, -0.46770817041397095, 0.13560383021831512, 0.19350025057792664, 0.2317129224538803, -0.1305355578660965, 0.06863274425268173, -0.2495974451303482, 0.11842718720436096, -0.22492296993732452, -0.2755592465400696, 0.08311986923217773, 0.3360599875450134, 0.7251949906349182, 0.1935345083475113, 0.41268208622932434, 0.15714871883392334, 0.3391416370868683, 0.21482013165950775, 0.44242221117019653, 0.023951688781380653, -0.03145997226238251, 0.8587697148323059, 0.27120861411094666, -0.09732009470462799, -0.22660166025161743, -0.39071786403656006, 0.23449140787124634, 0.03296372666954994, 0.11372110992670059, 0.11706173419952393, -0.8945358991622925, 0.42006373405456543, -0.9149248003959656, -0.12326294928789139, 0.7293843626976013, 0.32407093048095703, -0.5325473546981812, -0.3358461856842041, -0.5698933601379395, -0.03351346403360367, -0.2803276777267456, -0.0861327275633812, 0.34841325879096985, 0.4385187327861786, 0.007279860321432352, 0.31511637568473816, 0.22478649020195007, 0.2117912769317627, 0.024799706414341927, -0.2662315368652344, -0.6152923703193665, 0.04484707862138748, -0.4032997190952301, 0.46622493863105774, 0.1330491304397583, -0.13034622371196747, 0.37247776985168457, 0.560077965259552, -0.24958790838718414, 0.3378634452819824, 0.03333071991801262, -0.5881615281105042, 0.14873406291007996, -0.2525687515735626, -0.48362618684768677, -0.3696070611476898, 0.426466703414917, -0.11308006197214127, 0.7290279269218445, -0.16969306766986847, -0.8378534317016602, 0.08433469384908676, 0.2508958876132965, 0.09505312144756317, -0.14168597757816315, -0.21674810349941254, 0.01703326217830181, 0.20295202732086182, -0.22794412076473236, 0.02998114749789238, -0.4935355484485626, -0.3129440248012543, 0.2625369429588318, -0.47392380237579346, 0.499356746673584, 0.33297601342201233, -0.1842682957649231, 1.1186745166778564, -0.1300472468137741, 0.587608277797699, 0.10153262317180634, -0.3967165946960449, -0.15753361582756042, 0.3073154389858246, 0.06335260719060898, 0.3239327669143677, -0.22502201795578003, 0.6339321136474609, 0.21780185401439667, 0.04550211504101753, 0.06594359874725342, 0.14919450879096985, 0.6662311553955078, -0.4302893877029419, -0.06929519772529602, 0.0874568521976471, -0.3381788432598114, -0.1730269193649292, -0.004192946944385767, -0.670132040977478, 0.7054687738418579, -0.4372565448284149, -0.17934560775756836, -0.06980405002832413, 0.08842156827449799, 0.8341107368469238, 0.08058447390794754, 0.3217718005180359, 0.4202226400375366, -0.87808758020401, 0.18637888133525848, -0.6644895076751709, 0.6186510920524597, -0.0007361046154983342, -0.017336077988147736, -0.0821496993303299, 0.43276718258857727, -0.18142399191856384, 0.3118292987346649, -0.5342239737510681, 0.23951256275177002, 0.29719626903533936, -0.237148255109787, -0.2116118222475052, 0.9565256237983704, -0.2800808250904083, -0.2940846383571625, 0.24286489188671112, -0.2829504907131195, -0.14266741275787354, 0.5082767009735107, -0.0031165792606770992, 0.07360769808292389, -0.08948896080255508, -0.20047958195209503, -0.16466575860977173, -0.0015281232772395015, 0.3864167630672455, 0.538211464881897, 0.3283979892730713, -0.7383506894111633, 0.3075296878814697, 0.1932455152273178, -0.23534271121025085, -0.5896320939064026, -0.18201853334903717, 0.29190874099731445, -0.001366806565783918, 0.7206822037696838, 0.2936016917228699, -0.10170070081949234, -0.183376744389534, -0.8366516828536987, -0.567147970199585, -0.6796251535415649, -0.9493208527565002, 0.3265843987464905, 0.3779100179672241, -0.48959386348724365, 0.0015260634245350957, -0.19224850833415985, 0.5968401432037354, 0.33011680841445923, -0.7705895304679871, -0.13578854501247406, -0.9448245763778687, -0.15216675400733948, -0.8863591551780701, -0.10249710828065872, -0.23369047045707703, -0.17170833051204681, 0.7321265339851379, -0.3785727322101593, -0.13956142961978912, 0.5135117173194885, 0.20149287581443787, 0.044949326664209366, 0.19457624852657318, 0.24327068030834198, -0.5450530648231506, -0.22758299112319946, -0.4421277940273285, 0.28787484765052795, -0.05297616124153137, -0.40933889150619507, 0.40296876430511475, -0.1805870682001114, 0.31117138266563416, -5.806385517120361, 0.3475411832332611, -0.4058389663696289, -0.24994944036006927, -0.09597644954919815, 0.16951224207878113, 0.8482969999313354, 0.06497594714164734, 0.321796178817749, -0.4819556474685669, -0.17740605771541595, 0.30219385027885437, -0.02831433340907097, 0.22179636359214783, -0.1660386621952057, 0.17900262773036957, 0.11370917409658432, 0.22855277359485626, 0.20176377892494202, 0.3875541687011719, 0.10213823616504669, -0.00016700351261533797, 0.261841744184494, 1.0520654916763306, 0.3228282332420349, 0.4231832027435303, -0.45489320158958435, -0.13505683839321136, -0.2311682105064392, 0.042686160653829575, 0.062252264469861984, -0.31514155864715576, -0.17602333426475525, -0.5661502480506897, -0.6202016472816467, -0.16680122911930084, 0.781078577041626, 0.1842702031135559, 0.4849126935005188, 0.23688186705112457, 0.028049802407622337, 0.529151201248169, 0.15250059962272644, -0.25956377387046814, 0.23812910914421082, -0.008413692936301231, -0.5374274849891663, -0.3013531565666199, -0.1228971928358078, 0.3779163062572479, 0.006046166177839041, -0.07705067098140717, 0.4974639415740967, -0.405969500541687, 0.5210901498794556, 0.16691215336322784, 0.5753070712089539, 0.1405731588602066, -0.25581276416778564, -0.37193912267684937, 0.49893540143966675, -0.6661208271980286, -0.126451775431633, -0.5327016115188599, 0.19426357746124268, -0.5516875982284546, -0.21300651133060455, 0.08412693440914154, 0.4810279309749603, 0.3730444014072418, -0.6079007387161255, -0.013328113593161106, 0.3566805422306061, -0.8218017220497131, 0.36738184094429016, 0.04796699807047844, -0.2135339230298996, 0.20113545656204224, -0.38824209570884705, 0.24903152883052826, -0.6752538084983826, -0.416544646024704, -0.3744593560695648, 0.351360946893692, 0.39246729016304016, -0.3704434931278229, -0.48654502630233765, 0.15989860892295837, -0.1245015487074852, 0.3511371314525604, 1.383440375328064, -0.22900259494781494, 0.2974766492843628, -0.030308982357382774, 0.5449761152267456, 0.2640593647956848, 0.6779018640518188, -0.21365225315093994, 0.3168676495552063, -0.8962777853012085, 0.07922948896884918, -0.16960026323795319, 0.018466055393218994, -0.07882188260555267, -0.05858621746301651, -0.06277546286582947, -0.7335238456726074, 0.32656198740005493, 0.6273019313812256, -0.14026673138141632, -0.215568408370018, 0.0006793702486902475, -0.12087085843086243, -0.14339233934879303, 0.16300350427627563, 0.067362941801548, -0.18189160525798798, 0.24646446108818054, 0.43286558985710144, -0.017361806705594063, -0.08833236247301102, 0.6317614912986755, -0.3805282413959503, -0.272798091173172, -0.2184910774230957, -0.19626522064208984, -0.2905259430408478, 0.19359613955020905, 0.11975240707397461, -0.13152208924293518, 0.5984869003295898, -0.08779899030923843, 0.13313637673854828, 0.056551460176706314, 0.05254998058080673, -0.24575871229171753, -0.5224207639694214, -0.20691244304180145, -0.4782800078392029, -0.6226891875267029, 0.2807464301586151, -0.3841843008995056, -0.2086353749036789, -0.013379351235926151, 0.6204116940498352, 0.2572575807571411, -0.32538557052612305, -0.55476313829422, -0.501383900642395, 0.48281165957450867, 0.29581576585769653, -0.671502411365509, 0.00591982202604413, -0.5360506176948547, -0.3509874641895294, 0.04883924499154091, -0.49301445484161377, 0.3465358316898346, -0.20550361275672913, 0.31003472208976746, 0.2905396521091461, -0.3365502953529358, -0.6421307325363159, -0.35571783781051636, 0.1647861748933792, -0.9693189859390259, 0.06434957683086395, 0.09469150006771088, 0.07186083495616913, 0.31016603112220764, -0.09229603409767151, -0.04755707457661629, -0.1366339921951294, 0.2583200931549072, 0.4810294210910797, 0.02704232931137085, 0.4160360097885132, 0.4668748676776886, -0.0008728880784474313, 0.6235311031341553, 0.5198107361793518, -0.24944442510604858, 0.1601342409849167, 0.6305392980575562, 0.25268515944480896, 0.14752422273159027, 0.3023400902748108, 0.18195225298404694, -0.5358617305755615, -0.47474899888038635, -0.18929678201675415, -0.6105479001998901, 0.37380295991897583, -0.16150544583797455, -0.6305114030838013, -0.3949284255504608, -0.014656969346106052, 0.4887653589248657, -0.08192673325538635, -0.453905314207077, 0.2548753321170807, 0.18340103328227997, -0.7388160824775696, -0.0027554489206522703, 0.14621250331401825, -0.8157344460487366, 0.3860507309436798, -0.08277459442615509, -0.12790818512439728, -0.35686469078063965, -0.5806275010108948, -0.7536191344261169, -0.1730630248785019, -0.6649087071418762, 0.031192049384117126, 0.021204929798841476, 0.3151526153087616, -0.14524883031845093, -0.09532012790441513, -1.2260786294937134, 0.43307510018348694, 0.07201258093118668, -0.14148876070976257, -0.07524894177913666, -0.02371869422495365, 0.046294745057821274, 0.40309056639671326, -0.14436984062194824, 0.2019633799791336, -0.5162773132324219, 0.1238848939538002, 0.08222808688879013, 0.12776409089565277, 0.4029791057109833, -0.2073775678873062, -0.35718250274658203, -0.47221988439559937, -0.28729701042175293, 0.7182663679122925, 0.6536515951156616, 0.6010816693305969, 0.8464809656143188, -0.08523859083652496, 0.27033528685569763, -0.4589848220348358, 0.2925160229206085, 0.37600594758987427, -0.591583788394928, -0.31271201372146606, 0.9914215803146362, 0.10760561376810074, -0.3097887933254242, -0.5900732278823853, -0.4444374740123749, 0.8169640302658081, -0.21614941954612732, 0.37359362840652466, 0.09854146838188171, -0.5100882053375244, 0.1442025601863861, -0.0332811065018177, -0.22006796300411224, 0.15812897682189941, 0.15456928312778473, 0.009215711615979671, 0.5291945338249207, -0.742499828338623, -0.017569782212376595, 0.43436193466186523, -0.6697415709495544, -0.4460979700088501, -0.1758335530757904, 0.12061567604541779, 0.20616014301776886, 0.3017934262752533, -0.28705212473869324, -0.20085303485393524, 0.19522641599178314, -0.18743853271007538, 0.11635948717594147, -0.02885354869067669, -0.11385364830493927, 0.49356189370155334, 0.07373511791229248, 0.10579297691583633, -0.0857783704996109, 0.24993304908275604, 0.3158435821533203, -0.3001040518283844, -0.09117303043603897, -0.8465538024902344, 0.15583273768424988, -0.14595550298690796, 0.09683297574520111, -0.6595828533172607, -0.3433420956134796, 0.47571325302124023, 0.19064325094223022, -0.09340345114469528, 0.18231253325939178, -0.0016457699239253998, 0.3023696839809418, 0.6721847057342529, -0.050072282552719116, 0.33380454778671265, 0.05388856306672096, 0.1961023211479187, -0.504379391670227, -0.3082176148891449, 0.18745891749858856, -0.20588451623916626, 0.09883201867341995, 0.6970915794372559, 0.7152405381202698, 0.11271810531616211, 0.01470086071640253, -0.0815277025103569, -0.4406741261482239, -0.11240693926811218, -0.2205774337053299, 0.4238239824771881, -0.6438272595405579, 0.34216657280921936, 0.021210642531514168, -0.3785233199596405, 0.5620262622833252, 0.4089149832725525, -0.4575365483760834, -0.11504058539867401, 0.13145585358142853, 0.8939817547798157, 0.09951947629451752, -0.21161144971847534, -0.32681989669799805, -0.3583686649799347, -0.5257608890533447, -0.20714890956878662, -0.16333769261837006, -0.12315411865711212, 0.46179643273353577, 0.8014954924583435, 0.6329410076141357, 0.00907783955335617, -0.32508593797683716, 0.11609583348035812, -0.12605072557926178, 0.13557957112789154, 0.1481802612543106, 0.1889677494764328, 0.2583712637424469, 0.1762121617794037, 0.4737193286418915, 0.2571883499622345, 0.22964748740196228, -0.08507289737462997, 0.06095876172184944, 0.09387202560901642, -0.28372249007225037, 0.04701261594891548, -0.12888813018798828, -0.5054713487625122, 0.7013038396835327, 0.03431330621242523, 0.06638386100530624, 0.10980125516653061, 0.3656846582889557, -0.030281517654657364, -0.4002477526664734, -0.18243619799613953, 0.14838580787181854, -0.07254638522863388, 0.41041263937950134, -0.03064037300646305, 0.043420884758234024, 0.13957956433296204, 0.339708149433136, 0.6688463091850281, 0.2808544635772705, 0.144142284989357, 0.0591905303299427, -0.20855553448200226, 0.10481244325637817, -0.10359865427017212, -0.7929490804672241, 0.03443498536944389, 0.32816120982170105, -0.18635885417461395, 0.3239082098007202, -0.4542986750602722, 0.4270004630088806, -0.3962358832359314, -0.30334705114364624, 0.3021298944950104, -0.032995566725730896, -0.21463419497013092, 0.33852484822273254, -0.6187924146652222, 0.9545354843139648, 0.6221251487731934, 0.13384974002838135, -0.0038650433998554945, -0.24071280658245087, 0.4070068597793579, 0.020022761076688766, -0.8074887990951538, 0.5691643357276917, -0.19086728990077972, 0.1527072936296463, -0.4445869028568268, -0.11005155742168427, 1.0595810413360596, 0.39499667286872864, 0.22570335865020752, 0.4144057631492615, -0.48340803384780884, -0.019518431276082993, 0.750338077545166, -0.1862657517194748, 0.11797644197940826, -0.5487070679664612, -0.28133058547973633, 0.2630641460418701, 0.254241019487381, 0.7671542763710022, -0.14600643515586853, -0.019536737352609634, 0.18021509051322937, -0.042405374348163605, -0.6475405693054199, 0.20375783741474152, -0.27467936277389526, -0.05242600291967392, -0.10475143045186996, 0.0337194986641407, -0.24208810925483704, 0.45850875973701477, 0.114625483751297, 0.13970740139484406, 0.47632506489753723, -0.20787714421749115, -0.07275330275297165, 0.13947749137878418, -0.28324443101882935, 0.3210486173629761, -0.8773220777511597, 0.4753623604774475, -0.4928847551345825, -0.07418178766965866, -0.37984102964401245, -0.10410811752080917, 0.33070215582847595, -0.6069322824478149, 0.6448028683662415, 0.18783913552761078, 0.2087400257587433, -0.3477857708930969, 0.6680467128753662, -0.1950257122516632, 0.1796218603849411, 0.0392649807035923 ]
202246	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobun	Kobun	Kobun could refer to: The original Japanese name of Servbot, an advertising character for video game developer Capcom Emperor Kōbun, the 39th emperor of Japan from the 7th century Kōbun (period), a chronological timeframe concurrent with the reign of Emperor Kōbun. Kōbun Chino Otogawa, a Japanese Sōtō Zen priest. Kōbun Shizuno, Japanese anime film and television director	[ -0.19886712729930878, 0.029945818707346916, -0.16082952916622162, -0.05543949082493782, -0.7447760105133057, 0.7560389041900635, 0.0733102560043335, 0.28118833899497986, -0.11190854012966156, -0.1448172777891159, -0.5747761130332947, 0.050149399787187576, -0.5291916131973267, 0.46657446026802063, -0.41993603110313416, -0.02407139539718628, 0.4444469213485718, 0.5447397232055664, -0.2768971025943756, -0.3951396942138672, -0.3667849004268646, -0.22748339176177979, -0.09040405601263046, -0.6384592056274414, 0.5770059823989868, -0.13963226974010468, 0.5834087133407593, 0.3610611855983734, 0.0417560413479805, -0.027970382943749428, 0.011033234186470509, 0.22763493657112122, 0.41297614574432373, -0.0888296440243721, -0.22830194234848022, -0.3760790228843689, -0.13435715436935425, 0.2602260708808899, 0.1542777270078659, -0.2547507584095001, 0.6501129865646362, 0.20635834336280823, 0.7074180841445923, 0.09175346046686172, 0.04847119376063347, -0.7695712447166443, -2.037935972213745, 0.38041001558303833, -0.49317124485969543, -0.21152935922145844, -0.3059089481830597, 0.4062228202819824, -0.26368799805641174, 0.3824688494205475, -0.21887895464897156, 0.9010605812072754, -0.012971640564501286, -0.14730355143547058, 0.019617384299635887, -0.4620020091533661, 0.5659048557281494, -0.27124688029289246, 0.5566933155059814, 0.021025381982326508, -0.5213019847869873, 0.39435669779777527, 0.36024415493011475, 0.4084388017654419, -0.24593135714530945, -0.4567188322544098, -0.09799352288246155, 0.27527642250061035, 0.013859760016202927, -0.016582591459155083, -0.20578835904598236, -0.891809344291687, -0.1826518476009369, 0.28354305028915405, 0.08238720893859863, 0.3776905834674835, -0.48631751537323, 0.3714131712913513, 0.27741673588752747, 0.034619349986314774, 0.28566795587539673, 0.3097415566444397, -0.07054116576910019, -0.022356439381837845, -0.5312548279762268, 0.3788500428199768, 0.05788908153772354, 0.07488614320755005, 0.36354008316993713, -0.33454692363739014, -0.4711270332336426, -0.9029285907745361, -0.23338331282138824, 0.1552538126707077, 0.014494647271931171, 0.1412632018327713, -0.40365955233573914, -0.030777066946029663, 0.44905146956443787, 0.053743135184049606, -0.9033217430114746, -0.10633093118667603, 0.005732438061386347, -0.3832149803638458, -0.3255477845668793, 0.1604376882314682, -0.18816792964935303, 0.3273904323577881, 0.20674756169319153, 0.547516942024231, 0.22485074400901794, -0.07136125862598419, -0.2861727774143219, -0.4256705641746521, -0.317878395318985, 0.27457180619239807, -0.10831276327371597, 0.0787871703505516, -0.011167731136083603, 0.21358293294906616, 0.4738539457321167, -0.24817734956741333, -0.17112401127815247, -0.2759704291820526, -0.34639203548431396, 0.30559253692626953, 0.6928090453147888, 0.8885494470596313, -0.08576370775699615, -0.3188636004924774, -0.268472820520401, -0.1521163433790207, -0.1690656840801239, -0.0871940478682518, -0.33136507868766785, -0.26698070764541626, -0.8755216598510742, 0.232672780752182, -1.1060792207717896, 0.11407439410686493, 0.3064521253108978, 0.20903193950653076, -0.019803183153271675, -0.4200120270252228, -0.4524477422237396, -0.18318726122379303, -0.08497975021600723, -0.17662158608436584, 0.3162446916103363, 0.4660666286945343, 0.14214247465133667, 0.14356286823749542, 0.11119156330823898, 0.03087799623608589, -0.0336993969976902, -0.04030390456318855, -0.21243850886821747, 0.13266025483608246, -0.7640933990478516, 0.07312270998954773, -0.0909469947218895, -0.2375154048204422, 0.569837212562561, 0.7614210247993469, -0.08332358300685883, 0.20757372677326202, -0.32595697045326233, -0.5193778276443481, 0.1302267611026764, -0.07626083493232727, 0.19192256033420563, 0.4353986084461212, 0.8876429200172424, 0.08544234186410904, 0.22465944290161133, -0.3215896487236023, -0.5065934062004089, -0.07798139750957489, -0.19086816906929016, 0.051871467381715775, -0.021103890612721443, 0.2698350250720978, 0.31156274676322937, 0.1515781730413437, 0.09148883074522018, -0.025439871475100517, -0.8607835173606873, -0.38093751668930054, -0.08774518966674805, -0.3885217010974884, 0.9419490694999695, 0.5903465747833252, -0.31882160902023315, 0.5917976498603821, 0.42858055233955383, 0.7079623937606812, -0.012530292384326458, -0.2905888855457306, 0.45717963576316833, -0.35395699739456177, -0.3793127238750458, 0.12030628323554993, -0.14400511980056763, 0.48633310198783875, 0.38993027806282043, 0.3313281536102295, 0.4644602835178375, 0.14959393441677094, 0.3326292932033539, -0.5946407318115234, 0.17246407270431519, 0.31430870294570923, -0.11432178318500519, -0.09303579479455948, -0.18575282394886017, -0.5255908370018005, 0.2861238420009613, -0.33761879801750183, -0.2688659131526947, 0.3940337300300598, 0.12692397832870483, 0.9537665843963623, 0.1642005741596222, 0.06507197767496109, 0.027775408700108528, -0.12075116485357285, 0.29134219884872437, -0.15350256860256195, 0.09059977531433105, 0.20441581308841705, -0.3206665813922882, -0.058170948177576065, 0.4749481678009033, -0.2533598840236664, 0.09525265544652939, -0.18895184993743896, 0.38922569155693054, 0.3554663360118866, -0.03810854256153107, -0.09496257454156876, 0.33649832010269165, -0.3014683127403259, -0.5380570888519287, 0.10154902935028076, -0.5213778018951416, -0.35530704259872437, 0.13052886724472046, 0.3107526898384094, 0.005701976362615824, 0.1324516385793686, 0.2092757523059845, -0.21106977760791779, -0.1516304314136505, 0.5150982141494751, -0.16327016055583954, 0.11929770559072495, -0.6242678761482239, 0.20072780549526215, 0.1888348013162613, -0.08297096192836761, -0.07207027077674866, -0.07841576635837555, 0.2837781012058258, -0.1570044308900833, 0.2618200182914734, 0.28991132974624634, -0.21255579590797424, -0.07289537787437439, -0.8385881185531616, -0.21541744470596313, 0.22728565335273743, -0.8148852586746216, 0.20252783596515656, 0.5366342663764954, -0.4396967589855194, -1.1651257276535034, -0.3740676939487457, 0.3059540092945099, -0.1575329452753067, -0.7513917684555054, -0.042665187269449234, -0.8090627193450928, -0.49247607588768005, -0.601970911026001, -0.31866922974586487, 0.24328166246414185, -0.21493057906627655, 0.568263590335846, -0.5421339273452759, 0.18483971059322357, 0.4389171004295349, 0.8608071208000183, -0.14674635231494904, -0.03378327935934067, 0.49741753935813904, -0.5224134922027588, -0.006339545361697674, -0.4449961483478546, 0.16785524785518646, 0.12689228355884552, 0.5295404195785522, 0.014223102480173111, 0.016814492642879486, 0.12232769280672073, -6.000076770782471, 0.1431376338005066, -0.12014415115118027, -0.20445558428764343, 0.6828052401542664, 0.6496169567108154, 0.5636799335479736, 0.12824073433876038, 0.43026965856552124, -0.6240697503089905, -0.1838996410369873, 0.28805044293403625, 0.20061948895454407, 0.2522912919521332, -0.4045115113258362, 0.4773673713207245, 0.5409149527549744, 0.5777931213378906, -0.30671194195747375, -0.1922128051519394, 0.021754439920186996, -0.346648246049881, 0.04738945513963699, 0.9288381338119507, 0.16466820240020752, 0.3935578465461731, -0.769256055355072, 0.31507325172424316, -0.08408812433481216, 0.20607541501522064, 0.05285662040114403, -0.5027939677238464, -0.1128474622964859, -0.3766935467720032, -0.50433748960495, -0.04480603337287903, 0.6281670928001404, 0.25818493962287903, 0.6516463160514832, 0.17407578229904175, -0.13270203769207, 0.056999556720256805, -0.3722923994064331, -0.1775963455438614, 0.060235243290662766, -0.17930680513381958, -0.44160500168800354, -0.2232745736837387, -0.12096375226974487, 0.3339909315109253, 0.4956452250480652, -0.20831741392612457, 0.1812242567539215, -0.10822586715221405, 0.6538789868354797, -0.018173158168792725, 0.023825203999876976, 0.21526843309402466, -0.148001030087471, -0.3555680811405182, 0.3435000777244568, -0.12426205724477768, -0.3593730330467224, -0.2735995054244995, 0.04618418589234352, -0.5208657383918762, 0.15015903115272522, 0.22689777612686157, 0.27116191387176514, 0.4533114433288574, -0.504926323890686, 0.17213021218776703, -0.039881620556116104, -1.0222790241241455, 0.19025075435638428, 0.1719396412372589, -0.144269660115242, 0.2616824805736542, -0.20978902280330658, 0.2716815769672394, -0.5794723629951477, -0.37231865525245667, -0.3400878608226776, 0.37376394867897034, -0.4338834881782532, -0.48949098587036133, -0.11683540046215057, -0.2626180946826935, -0.06849341094493866, 0.3719119727611542, 0.8010424971580505, -0.6040683388710022, -0.07562188804149628, 0.19156105816364288, 0.1817619651556015, 0.021767832338809967, 0.22228077054023743, 0.19294004142284393, 0.06360593438148499, -0.047486837953329086, 0.18078318238258362, -0.09660478681325912, -0.22884583473205566, -0.20385299623012543, 0.19934596121311188, -0.43916255235671997, -0.492602676153183, 0.14459970593452454, 0.5163942575454712, 0.3955000042915344, -0.4637340009212494, -0.026877906173467636, -0.3979319632053375, -0.31011703610420227, 0.4145053029060364, 0.1945965439081192, 0.37188586592674255, 0.051209233701229095, 0.4668327569961548, -0.141342893242836, -0.20553593337535858, 0.7902244925498962, -0.07300522923469543, -0.6312735676765442, 0.08469103276729584, -0.024805448949337006, -0.42272305488586426, 0.06993502378463745, 0.16098502278327942, -0.08682235330343246, 0.3880956172943115, 0.03923416510224342, -0.11024341732263565, 0.0784435048699379, -0.013754510320723057, -0.5830434560775757, -0.581605076789856, -0.7745873332023621, -0.46891215443611145, -0.5807589292526245, -0.11007487773895264, -0.3035666048526764, -0.21820206940174103, -0.23429031670093536, -0.4599539041519165, 0.29065394401550293, 0.0006437585107050836, -0.11754368245601654, -0.012492024339735508, 0.1992625743150711, 0.00048811265151016414, -1.0605148077011108, 0.4693188965320587, -0.3129923641681671, -0.43030664324760437, -0.053051285445690155, -0.5011307597160339, 0.389679878950119, -0.048673082143068314, 0.2168678343296051, 0.06520538777112961, -0.6379733681678772, -0.5723775625228882, 0.13888566195964813, -0.032352007925510406, -0.49641290307044983, 0.4211825430393219, -0.4237324297428131, 0.3804969787597656, 0.020028218626976013, 0.45858290791511536, 0.070185087621212, -0.5295991897583008, 0.4568820297718048, 0.5442291498184204, 0.0677819475531578, 0.06268563866615295, -0.18893465399742126, -0.06134898215532303, 0.007612308487296104, 0.3290085196495056, 0.05737137421965599, 0.12498992681503296, 0.19480690360069275, 0.3082786500453949, -0.29151251912117004, 0.14064528048038483, -0.2460128515958786, -0.46822214126586914, -0.24227771162986755, -0.2683435380458832, 0.22477558255195618, 0.36296290159225464, 0.1626013219356537, -0.6490815877914429, -0.42957887053489685, -0.09428369253873825, 0.6866229176521301, -0.028059346601366997, -0.06089548394083977, -0.31591281294822693, 0.4400465786457062, -0.6558524370193481, -0.045940447598695755, 0.1657196283340454, -0.7507973313331604, 0.3194473385810852, -0.06622379273176193, 0.09856373071670532, -0.20636515319347382, -0.466931015253067, -0.4117680490016937, 0.28288397192955017, -0.17551183700561523, -0.11456204950809479, -0.12780556082725525, 0.06431209295988083, -0.09131717681884766, -0.28285250067710876, -1.218014121055603, -0.36409813165664673, -0.18335841596126556, -0.41595491766929626, -0.07190396636724472, 0.28785240650177, 0.5697783827781677, 0.5332469344139099, -0.5824121236801147, 0.2521708309650421, -0.24991434812545776, -0.06314855068922043, -0.1998402327299118, 0.345443457365036, 0.40140393376350403, -0.13720673322677612, 0.18156732618808746, 0.17088598012924194, -0.02849738672375679, 0.24237824976444244, 0.6061184406280518, 0.7557950615882874, 0.4958276152610779, -0.0014165170723572373, 0.2024981528520584, -0.17829199135303497, 0.7431132197380066, -0.034693192690610886, -0.1819249987602234, -0.22869762778282166, 0.46372196078300476, -0.07833218574523926, -0.13829366862773895, -0.3247724771499634, 0.06285696476697922, 0.9290003776550293, -0.7160109877586365, 0.05181732028722763, 0.3371737599372864, -0.31180453300476074, 0.3005883991718292, -0.07222018390893936, 0.4379233717918396, 0.15308278799057007, 0.3643912971019745, -0.091323621571064, 0.4985974133014679, -0.5108359456062317, -0.06754356622695923, 0.19074557721614838, -0.2585645020008087, -0.13655146956443787, 0.17639915645122528, 0.5816412568092346, 0.8214991688728333, 0.13045747578144073, 0.031126657500863075, -0.008258258923888206, 0.16387473046779633, -0.5288992524147034, -0.3504319190979004, -0.6037620306015015, 0.044158924371004105, 0.24001142382621765, -0.3542841374874115, 0.22274622321128845, -0.6579623222351074, 0.6031932830810547, 0.13432833552360535, 0.11058659851551056, -0.3185059726238251, -0.6749542355537415, 0.5673301219940186, -0.4865220785140991, -0.07668393105268478, -0.5192292332649231, 0.16753338277339935, -0.182898610830307, -0.13530854880809784, 0.009126253426074982, 0.019804196432232857, -0.4189487397670746, -0.1784307062625885, 0.6847731471061707, 0.3250553011894226, 0.26525020599365234, 0.42143353819847107, 0.07146651297807693, 0.2671504616737366, -0.6468762755393982, 0.21783414483070374, 0.3313519358634949, -0.39715859293937683, -0.022526871412992477, 0.5417934060096741, 0.10141782462596893, -0.47511789202690125, -0.07922356575727463, -0.1791711300611496, -0.5007928609848022, 0.032494306564331055, 0.45250359177589417, -0.20279982686042786, -0.03291836380958557, 0.5146986246109009, -0.05270808935165405, 0.3480367064476013, 0.0987124890089035, -0.05209888517856598, 0.07928667217493057, 0.313900351524353, 0.6779431700706482, -0.40012750029563904, -0.343484491109848, 0.17906376719474792, -0.2004372775554657, -0.4467688202857971, -0.05461354926228523, -0.3046780526638031, 0.2694765329360962, 0.6397802233695984, -0.11761640012264252, 0.25844913721084595, -0.970855176448822, -0.22087587416172028, 0.14714424312114716, 0.4200790822505951, 0.10548858344554901, -0.29759442806243896, 0.18424496054649353, -0.03812341392040253, 0.42333436012268066, 0.33284878730773926, 0.02520620822906494, 0.19444586336612701, -0.013941281475126743, 0.014458161778748035, 0.12610596418380737, -0.3027298152446747, 0.08539734035730362, -0.19274145364761353, 0.06103798374533653, 0.07954579591751099, 0.2690613269805908, -0.13851304352283478, 0.17945516109466553, 0.6088307499885559, -0.7071352601051331, -0.30101847648620605, 0.08693469315767288, 0.1860523372888565, 0.05679011344909668, 0.20855553448200226, -0.11917956918478012, 0.2108316272497177, 0.06804054230451584, 0.6992102861404419, 0.5643250942230225, 0.5848451256752014, 0.4835927188396454, -0.04331229627132416, -0.3094936013221741, 0.24509896337985992, 0.2892979681491852, -0.36001384258270264, 0.38517966866493225, 0.10817964375019073, 0.1357388198375702, 0.48573601245880127, -0.553958535194397, 0.11240749061107635, -0.10867197066545486, -0.9113084673881531, -0.4840452969074249, 0.3791923522949219, 0.05298296734690666, -0.11402676999568939, -0.017019519582390785, 0.3268682062625885, 0.3953959047794342, 0.6278353333473206, 0.24518531560897827, -0.4996071755886078, -0.03998001292347908, 0.02587057650089264, -0.2589368224143982, 0.47297823429107666, -0.4751889705657959, 0.10616066306829453, -0.19545035064220428, 0.28531593084335327, 0.6533553004264832, 0.1688154935836792, 0.32310089468955994, -0.3365444839000702, -0.2217714488506317, -0.5260004997253418, 0.5126874446868896, -0.2412746250629425, 0.40302756428718567, -0.3789553642272949, 0.1586962342262268, 0.1499520093202591, -0.11262386292219162, 0.7973060011863708, -0.30926957726478577, -0.14081771671772003, 0.15342998504638672, -0.20131543278694153, -0.5062288045883179, 0.23857799172401428, 0.04176950827240944, -0.04232253506779671, -0.3319619596004486, -0.2089284211397171, -0.32498636841773987, 0.016893111169338226, 0.4901616871356964, 0.4674761891365051, -0.07717607170343399, -0.2593345046043396, 0.00031067244708538055, -0.07593993842601776, 0.2324148565530777, 0.10123955458402634, -0.10954450070858002, 0.3229607939720154, 0.2729117274284363, 0.01737307757139206, -0.5325570702552795, -0.07040737569332123, 0.52112877368927, -0.23196160793304443, 0.49304306507110596, 0.25613412261009216, 0.5427049994468689, -0.10559730231761932, 0.04486260935664177, 0.034457284957170486, 0.4413245916366577, 0.16445030272006989 ]
202253	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anko	Anko	Anko may refer to: People , Japanese emperor , the father of modern karate , karate master and contemporary of Itosu Ankopaaingyadete (Anko), 19th-century Kiowa calendar artist Fictional characters , a character in the Naruto series , a character in the manga/anime Great Teacher Onizuka Other The Japanese name for anglerfish Anko (餡こ or 小豆), a Japanese name for Red bean paste Anko (Kotlin), a library used in Android applications written in Kotlin Anko, in-house brand name of retail chain Kmart	[ 0.4054279625415802, -0.010848455131053925, -0.5556684732437134, -0.08624976873397827, -0.24677342176437378, 0.46808353066444397, -0.0017856407212093472, 0.33906856179237366, -0.17860251665115356, -0.2346145510673523, -0.17790192365646362, 0.012938220053911209, -0.07926548272371292, 0.11803599447011948, -0.04409513995051384, -0.2157505750656128, 0.30555015802383423, 0.3937339186668396, -0.43613213300704956, -0.1567872166633606, -0.47911641001701355, -0.43658098578453064, 0.007489783689379692, -0.274178683757782, 0.34874582290649414, 0.0010585237760096788, 0.08099979907274246, -0.1484304517507553, -0.3060572147369385, -0.054056596010923386, 0.10564544796943665, 0.6844264268875122, 0.19603434205055237, -0.24641965329647064, -0.09472167491912842, -0.297168493270874, -0.19343504309654236, 0.002862418768927455, -0.015530486591160297, -0.3737086057662964, 0.02315698005259037, 0.26056066155433655, 0.5709720253944397, 0.6828151941299438, -0.26813292503356934, -0.3639187812805176, -1.7767001390457153, 0.6624669432640076, -0.8068220019340515, 0.3495064079761505, -0.1520928591489792, 0.2504531145095825, 0.20375823974609375, 0.295705646276474, -0.23996597528457642, 0.8562907576560974, -0.14714665710926056, -0.3134012222290039, 0.20929372310638428, -0.44350457191467285, 0.5506749153137207, 0.015763839706778526, 0.4091019332408905, 0.04755459353327751, -0.11397937685251236, 0.3869453966617584, -0.03799188509583473, 0.43698418140411377, -0.3757553696632385, -0.046689119189977646, 0.07132336497306824, -0.1316216140985489, -0.436210960149765, 0.03122987225651741, -0.09753531217575073, -0.6444958448410034, -0.17421060800552368, 0.119633249938488, 0.21104231476783752, 0.12428119778633118, -0.3252859115600586, 0.16956932842731476, 0.4193617105484009, 0.0028021999169141054, 0.291293203830719, 0.2113247811794281, -0.38875752687454224, 0.05310504883527756, -0.5929257869720459, -0.07596470415592194, 0.5195074081420898, -0.22204673290252686, 0.3668810725212097, 0.016584085300564766, -0.26328369975090027, -0.11822420358657837, 0.04575200006365776, 0.0015385138103738427, 0.3138215243816376, -0.252064049243927, -0.25034213066101074, -0.3131064772605896, 0.38664188981056213, 0.15519635379314423, -0.5564872026443481, -0.06616497784852982, -0.22688943147659302, -0.24434272944927216, 0.49535101652145386, 0.10144370049238205, -0.31807029247283936, 0.4072893261909485, 0.32596006989479065, -0.04511076584458351, -0.17841599881649017, -0.11957208067178726, -0.29769957065582275, -0.19942481815814972, -0.4035276174545288, 0.21894697844982147, -0.14203551411628723, 0.47607043385505676, 0.17728236317634583, 0.08829419314861298, 0.21658892929553986, -0.18023602664470673, -0.009243642911314964, 0.3162868320941925, -0.20145295560359955, 0.18061617016792297, 0.3874771296977997, 0.4240882694721222, 0.03603456914424896, -0.1506139039993286, -0.08770532160997391, -0.13192416727542877, 0.030984967947006226, -0.09385379403829575, 0.24560828506946564, 0.2283124178647995, -0.815792977809906, -0.06330530345439911, -0.8609893918037415, -0.1110023558139801, 0.4067719876766205, -0.16056819260120392, -0.06853307038545609, -0.33007609844207764, 0.13824327290058136, -0.39256709814071655, -0.326405793428421, -0.09794054180383682, 0.15062309801578522, 0.22412844002246857, 0.19041591882705688, 0.5153307914733887, -0.02884041517972946, -0.07659114897251129, 0.10762600600719452, -0.22333002090454102, 0.06902093440294266, -0.0656270682811737, -0.41386178135871887, 0.0004087663837708533, 0.09096483141183853, -0.3078709840774536, 0.10389784723520279, 0.5104939937591553, -0.35579895973205566, 0.26752132177352905, -0.030297746881842613, -0.06456305086612701, 0.25539758801460266, -0.1979893445968628, -0.2615461051464081, 0.3117644786834717, 0.3818797171115875, -0.17852634191513062, 0.7574763298034668, 0.1693309098482132, -0.563718318939209, 0.21794110536575317, 0.005796864163130522, -0.12529948353767395, -0.10346664488315582, 0.04305725172162056, 0.2805294096469879, 0.2689144015312195, 0.3077133297920227, 0.3186548948287964, -0.3898411691188812, -0.45795154571533203, -0.1402394324541092, -0.3369144797325134, 1.0517041683197021, 0.17999964952468872, -0.6612230539321899, 0.8895177841186523, 0.04747898876667023, 0.4220440089702606, 0.0326387844979763, -0.08807984739542007, 0.3509182035923004, -0.3719291687011719, -0.40384945273399353, 0.1517232209444046, 0.2605312764644623, 0.1509326696395874, 0.5774068236351013, -0.029594795778393745, 0.5331194996833801, -0.22425642609596252, 0.2673751711845398, -0.7335085272789001, 0.19285568594932556, 0.5997318625450134, -0.3126174509525299, 0.5507105588912964, -0.1298104077577591, -0.3733721077442169, 0.5894414782524109, -0.25489917397499084, -0.2961938679218292, 0.25677087903022766, 0.0519111268222332, 0.7919284105300903, 0.2882064878940582, -0.10314901173114777, 0.5514202117919922, -0.5842112898826599, 0.6759533882141113, -0.262219101190567, 0.39780259132385254, -0.09243202209472656, -0.19227482378482819, 0.025244859978556633, 0.6482467651367188, -0.22707197070121765, 0.6242771744728088, -0.45955246686935425, -0.2251286506652832, 0.5189369320869446, -0.014032997190952301, -0.033527735620737076, 0.5117359757423401, -0.380119264125824, -0.4791884124279022, -0.1999366730451584, -0.3485701084136963, 0.054140545427799225, 0.22741931676864624, 0.4412948489189148, 0.2510249614715576, 0.0669376328587532, -0.1467471867799759, -0.26003125309944153, -0.12189745903015137, 0.2931303083896637, 0.5573224425315857, 0.06864770501852036, -0.4499499499797821, -0.04751601442694664, 0.2066190093755722, 0.10048489272594452, -0.3084631562232971, -0.3839225172996521, 0.3049784004688263, -0.3265591859817505, 0.5841148495674133, 0.2917676270008087, 0.19098864495754242, 0.2644864320755005, -0.4498167037963867, -0.15202596783638, -0.17685438692569733, -1.1005967855453491, 0.16092872619628906, 0.47291022539138794, -0.3197779953479767, -0.5665034055709839, -0.432721346616745, 0.36609965562820435, 0.27623820304870605, -0.4545399844646454, 0.13505743443965912, -0.9594122767448425, -0.11303941160440445, -0.32094046473503113, -0.3626254200935364, 0.512545645236969, -0.3202705681324005, 0.5373485088348389, -0.34430932998657227, -0.5209587216377258, 0.7689825892448425, 0.23887495696544647, -0.3357599973678589, 0.23229315876960754, 0.07540447264909744, -0.7090734839439392, -0.12238224595785141, 0.050494831055402756, 0.009774482809007168, 0.3847513496875763, 0.4352741837501526, 0.2745191156864166, -0.13291464745998383, -0.10215511173009872, -6.230483055114746, 0.22033044695854187, -0.361255407333374, -0.18497991561889648, -0.09511858969926834, 0.19183778762817383, 0.49751850962638855, -0.035554517060518265, -0.05792180076241493, -0.4359372854232788, -0.22509609162807465, 0.20602115988731384, 0.2935235798358917, 0.3477732539176941, -0.4557868540287018, 0.4103343188762665, -0.030768999829888344, 0.3985028564929962, -0.49148890376091003, 0.24026142060756683, -0.07818799465894699, 0.09073788672685623, 0.20177596807479858, 1.1752830743789673, 0.04704124107956886, 0.30625978112220764, -0.8727747201919556, 0.205727681517601, 0.16468188166618347, -0.49920663237571716, 0.10023503750562668, -0.29395756125450134, -0.0076929014176130295, -0.35262805223464966, -0.20121248066425323, 0.10238707810640335, 0.6852515935897827, -0.08356039971113205, 0.40984779596328735, 0.2504749596118927, -0.1809086948633194, 0.391008198261261, 0.18325521051883698, -0.19503428041934967, 0.5380488634109497, -0.2911114990711212, -0.2846548855304718, 0.05188341066241264, -0.38232889771461487, 0.014180554077029228, 0.10408991575241089, -0.1395530253648758, 0.00549805723130703, 0.18591703474521637, 0.33621546626091003, 0.00021612168347928673, 0.339847594499588, 0.11966011673212051, -0.1689261645078659, -0.14970532059669495, 0.49336913228034973, -0.248661071062088, -0.09217045456171036, -0.3712959885597229, -0.1344527006149292, -0.3348362147808075, 0.1053122729063034, -0.18648803234100342, 0.5658996105194092, 0.3404030501842499, -0.721622884273529, 0.37826284766197205, -0.03371148928999901, -0.971962034702301, 0.05114378780126572, 0.07078316062688828, -0.15156300365924835, 0.1776692420244217, -0.19051052629947662, 0.5585589408874512, -0.41354289650917053, -0.06971625983715057, -0.3070356249809265, 0.4064420759677887, -0.17133845388889313, -0.6810234189033508, -0.10259559005498886, -0.04169763997197151, -0.3131788671016693, 0.4747833013534546, 0.9901797771453857, 0.00607103668153286, 0.20773430168628693, -0.013667807914316654, 0.43939292430877686, 0.03397606313228607, -0.1133379191160202, 0.18048129975795746, 0.43160775303840637, -0.41333404183387756, 0.5189308524131775, -0.32047879695892334, 0.20702579617500305, -0.07284665107727051, 0.37043267488479614, -0.01829684153199196, 0.04896480217576027, 0.2886679172515869, 0.9484255313873291, -0.038544170558452606, -0.8113633394241333, -0.0012497043935582042, -0.35351240634918213, 0.021893171593546867, 0.33470502495765686, -0.0632331371307373, -0.07644142210483551, 0.1414521336555481, 0.2728751301765442, -0.15269333124160767, -0.2727554738521576, 0.49620217084884644, -0.4560650587081909, -0.46595314145088196, 0.42872440814971924, -0.4985850751399994, -0.29210808873176575, -0.11662160605192184, 0.22182147204875946, 0.11162915080785751, 0.2614980936050415, 0.08919531106948853, 0.20701074600219727, 0.08463194221258163, 0.05245627835392952, -0.14196231961250305, -0.27910521626472473, -0.47281739115715027, -0.18788248300552368, -0.557287871837616, 0.20440202951431274, -0.40885454416275024, 0.06331247091293335, 0.3566865026950836, 0.3609924912452698, 0.6096113920211792, -0.2858637571334839, -0.13431032001972198, -0.13137629628181458, 0.30459171533584595, 0.19016259908676147, -0.38098371028900146, 0.3327174484729767, -0.12676362693309784, -0.6034878492355347, -0.004096897318959236, -0.24206402897834778, 0.3197203278541565, -0.281692236661911, -0.010271115228533745, 0.39796972274780273, -0.4353641867637634, -0.7526751160621643, -0.06260541826486588, -0.12389382719993591, -0.1635368913412094, -0.14088839292526245, -0.29871734976768494, 0.10017175227403641, 0.07872702181339264, 0.35023096203804016, -0.21445322036743164, -0.5114083290100098, -0.04634759947657585, 0.12702882289886475, -0.014469534158706665, 0.2198743373155594, 0.49806028604507446, -0.09848550707101822, 0.09944683313369751, 0.37709251046180725, -0.2731471061706543, 0.3122897446155548, 0.2818903923034668, 0.3269655406475067, -0.3712584376335144, 0.0681598037481308, 0.5050867795944214, -0.568183183670044, -0.24038220942020416, -0.15609411895275116, 0.1867924928665161, 0.38378554582595825, 0.2767629623413086, -0.009783672168850899, -0.31218379735946655, 0.13650619983673096, 0.48009559512138367, 0.035085905343294144, -0.05339793860912323, 0.08027947694063187, 0.22744539380073547, -0.6279508471488953, 0.21504949033260345, 0.37327519059181213, -0.2289900928735733, 0.19251173734664917, -0.3111884593963623, 0.5287085175514221, -0.26378437876701355, -0.23080557584762573, -0.3823651373386383, 0.3304595351219177, -0.14977900683879852, 0.03799951449036598, 0.19284150004386902, 0.015333497896790504, -0.12346099317073822, -0.16255947947502136, -0.5099344849586487, 0.09724093228578568, -0.011205077171325684, -0.44020915031433105, 0.06482433527708054, 0.3500204086303711, 0.5129659175872803, 0.6390544772148132, -0.12785528600215912, 0.2803609371185303, 0.16812993586063385, -0.1749647855758667, -0.05865161120891571, -0.15864597260951996, 0.5139527320861816, -0.16626398265361786, -0.0715683326125145, 0.28050053119659424, 0.1924041360616684, 0.48539072275161743, -0.015802903100848198, 0.060318008065223694, 0.3047099709510803, -0.1854836493730545, 0.24847331643104553, -0.16415821015834808, 0.6405104994773865, -0.16230690479278564, -0.22358886897563934, -0.44608691334724426, 0.036496441811323166, 0.06781983375549316, -0.47220245003700256, -0.13138414919376373, -0.3902527093887329, 0.49503546953201294, -0.500555694103241, -0.1616838425397873, 0.5534999966621399, -0.4607801139354706, -0.006628886796534061, 0.0012801571283489466, 0.4282277524471283, -0.051074814051389694, 0.14061366021633148, -0.40722158551216125, -0.13235554099082947, -0.813112199306488, -0.3334777057170868, 0.17811712622642517, -0.6529847979545593, 0.00955239962786436, 0.024964841082692146, 0.7764719724655151, 0.880662202835083, 0.4437417984008789, -0.1484287679195404, -0.5744168162345886, -0.5508493781089783, -0.5850985050201416, -0.40072035789489746, -0.535028874874115, -0.21177244186401367, -0.24737967550754547, -0.4871780276298523, 0.28068670630455017, -0.42692825198173523, 0.5416594743728638, 0.12407077848911285, -0.3625364303588867, -0.3989587128162384, -0.43357205390930176, 0.2841288447380066, 0.19027793407440186, 0.07651638984680176, -0.7434549927711487, 0.011613569222390652, 0.15652257204055786, -0.21916186809539795, 0.045691393315792084, -0.3862888514995575, -0.657325804233551, 0.11814757436513901, 0.511471152305603, -0.21952727437019348, 0.13456614315509796, 0.49653518199920654, -0.07236051559448242, -0.07663766294717789, -0.24206151068210602, 0.327126145362854, 0.16298359632492065, -0.4249882996082306, -0.11457967758178711, 0.6702668070793152, 0.36265161633491516, -0.1551646590232849, -0.059637729078531265, -0.5111671090126038, 0.3167358636856079, 0.21780559420585632, 0.6395664811134338, 0.02532675862312317, 0.1911531388759613, 0.024335801601409912, 0.0547671765089035, -0.17910371720790863, 0.09303422272205353, -0.17525579035282135, -0.002553115598857403, 0.4455801248550415, 0.707029402256012, 0.07339534163475037, -0.3959096670150757, -0.27924951910972595, 0.148222416639328, -0.4265466332435608, -0.19945397973060608, -0.22535115480422974, -0.015678659081459045, 0.34660694003105164, 0.33823299407958984, 0.4972200393676758, -0.6585809588432312, -0.07295455783605576, -0.08485373109579086, -0.052372999489307404, 0.07940547168254852, 0.023465506732463837, -0.13104800879955292, 0.09129024296998978, 0.21008555591106415, 0.03215297684073448, 0.2048199474811554, -0.33021169900894165, -0.01213520485907793, 0.21127483248710632, -0.2700713872909546, -0.324885755777359, 0.0517282709479332, 0.09833289682865143, -0.1526007503271103, 0.40905365347862244, 0.5638641715049744, -0.5305061936378479, -0.07225162535905838, 0.2390575259923935, -0.6605365872383118, -0.7374633550643921, -0.2649819850921631, 0.3166097104549408, -0.2739408314228058, -0.08115840703248978, -0.3650173544883728, 0.49256178736686707, -0.16116660833358765, 0.37078672647476196, 0.39737948775291443, 0.6840159296989441, -0.09295720607042313, 0.23557621240615845, -0.3342190384864807, -0.168625608086586, -0.08254551887512207, -0.15837906301021576, 0.7321689128875732, -0.16149494051933289, 0.11488852649927139, 0.4188496470451355, -0.6809941530227661, 0.1416967660188675, -0.1926189363002777, -0.3782425820827484, -0.14873401820659637, 0.4913378059864044, 0.16887684166431427, -0.14277644455432892, -0.43761080503463745, 0.8543067574501038, 0.14096011221408844, 0.12629681825637817, -0.18065929412841797, -0.21923528611660004, -0.0018729292787611485, 0.1690387725830078, -0.6548868417739868, -0.0720399022102356, -0.32836878299713135, -0.02648126147687435, -0.17658959329128265, 0.44203439354896545, 0.3416019380092621, -0.0006131459376774728, 0.11459863185882568, -0.09233985841274261, 0.1346520185470581, -0.1164856106042862, 0.4312155246734619, -0.14212150871753693, 0.08859395980834961, -0.4017801284790039, 0.41619905829429626, -0.4553438723087311, -0.026506800204515457, 0.26630520820617676, -0.5668238997459412, -0.22566694021224976, 0.40527430176734924, 0.07558151334524155, -0.5644861459732056, 0.1547870635986328, -0.4512748718261719, 0.11825043708086014, -0.44842109084129333, 0.24065345525741577, -0.3915049731731415, -0.345848947763443, 0.3490085005760193, 0.6680305600166321, 0.1731310784816742, -0.1966191977262497, -0.17119042575359344, 0.17326191067695618, -0.08496914803981781, -0.12769487500190735, -0.1032448410987854, 0.48609524965286255, 0.048901792615652084, -0.14612405002117157, -0.0844963788986206, 0.14808809757232666, 0.07687477022409439, -0.4541047215461731, 0.2727992832660675, 0.11228520423173904, -0.029694586992263794, 0.06333667784929276, 0.15915542840957642, -0.3323603868484497, 0.19053678214550018, -0.022004812955856323 ]
202262	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chulalongkorn	Chulalongkorn	Chulalongkorn (, 20 September 1853 – 23 October 1910) was the fifth monarch of Siam under the House of Chakri. He was known to the Siamese of his time as Phra Phuttha Chao Luang (พระพุทธเจ้าหลวง, the Royal Buddha). His reign was characterised by the modernisation of Siam, governmental and social reforms, and territorial concessions to the British and French. As Siam was surrounded by European colonies, Chulalongkorn, through his policies and acts, ensured the independence of Siam. All his reforms were dedicated to ensuring Siam's independence given the increasing encroachment of Western powers, so that Chulalongkorn earned the epithet Phra Piya Maharat (พระปิยมหาราช, the Great Beloved King). Early life King Chulalongkorn was born on 20 September 1853 to King Mongkut and Queen Debsirindra and given the name Chulalongkorn. In 1861, he was designated Krommamuen Pikhanesuan Surasangkat. His father gave him a broad education, including instruction from Western tutors such as Anna Leonowens. In 1866, he became a novice monk for six months at Wat Bawonniwet according to royal tradition. Upon his return to his secular life in 1867, he was designated Krommakhun Phinit Prachanat (.) In 1867, King Mongkut led an expedition to the Malay Peninsula south of the city of Hua Hin, to verify his calculations of the solar eclipse of 18 August 1868. Both father and son fell ill of malaria. Mongkut died on 1 October 1868. Assuming the 15 year-old Chulalongkorn to be dying as well, King Mongkut on his deathbed wrote, "My brother, my son, my grandson, whoever you all the senior officials think will be able to save our country will succeed my throne, choose at your own will." Si Suriyawongse, the most powerful government official of the day, managed the succession of Chulalongkorn to the throne and his own appointment as regent. The first coronation was held on 11 November 1868. Chulalongkorn's health improved, and he was tutored in public affairs. The young Chulalongkorn was an enthusiastic reformer. He visited Singapore and Java in 1870 and British India in 1872 to study the administration of British colonies. He toured the administrative centres of Calcutta, Delhi, Bombay, and back to Calcutta in early 1872. This journey was a source of his later ideas for the modernization of Siam. He was crowned king in his own right as Rama V on 16 November 1873. Si Suriyawongse then arranged for the Front Palace of King Pinklao (who was his uncle) to be bequeathed to King Pinklao's son, Prince Yingyot (who was Chulalongkorn's cousin). As regent, Si Suriyawongse wielded great influence. Si Suriyawongse continued the works of King Mongkut. He supervised the digging of several important khlongs, such as Padung Krungkasem and Damneun Saduak, and the paving of roads such as Charoen Krung and Silom. He was also a patron of Thai literature and performing arts. Early reign At the end of his regency, Si Suriyawonse was raised to Somdet Chao Phraya, the highest title a noble could attain. Si Suriyawongse was the most powerful noble of the 19th century. His family, the House of Bunnag, was a powerful aristocratic dynasty of Persian descent. It dominated Siamese politics since the reign of Rama I. Chulalongkorn then married four of his half-sisters, all daughters of Mongkut: Savang Vadhana, Saovabha, and Sunandha (Mongkut with concubine Piam), and Sukumalmarsri (Monkut with concubine Samli). Chulalongkorn's first reform was to establish the "Auditory Office" (Th: หอรัษฎากรพิพัฒน์) on 4 June 1873, solely responsible for tax collection, to counter the influence of the Bunnag family whom had been in control of weath collection since early Rattanakosin. One of the purposes was As tax collectors had been under the aegis of various nobles and thus a source of their wealth, this reform caused great consternation among the nobility, especially the Front Palace. Chulalongkorn appointed Chaturonrasmi to be an executive of the organization with he closely oversaw it. From the time of King Mongkut, the Front Palace had been the equivalent of a "second king", with one-third of national revenue allocated to it. Prince Yingyot of the Front Palace was known to be on friendly terms with many Britons, at a time when Siamese relations with the British Empire were tense. In 1874, Chulalongkorn established the Council of State as a legislative body and a privy council as his personal advisory board based on the British privy council. Council members were appointed by the monarch. Front Palace crisis On the night of 28 December 1874, a fire broke out near the gunpowder storehouse and gasworks in the main palace. Front Palace troops quickly arrived, fully armed, "to assist in putting out the fire". They were denied entrance and the fire was extinguished. The incident demonstrated the considerable power wielded by aristocrats and royal relatives, leaving the king little power. Reducing the power held by the nobility became one of his main motives in reforming Siam's feudal politics. When Prince Yingyot died in 1885, Chulalongkorn took the opportunity to abolish the titular Front Palace and created the title of "Crown Prince of Siam" in line with Western custom. Chulalongkorn's son, Prince Vajirunhis, was appointed the first Crown Prince of Siam, though he never reigned. In 1895, when the prince died of typhoid at age 16, he was succeeded by his half-brother Vajiravudh, who was then at boarding school in England. Haw insurgency In the northern Laotian lands bordering China, the insurgents of the Taiping Rebellion had taken refuge since the reign of King Mongkut. These Chinese were called Haw and became bandits, pillaging the villages. In 1875, Chulalongkorn sent troops from Bangkok to crush the Haw who had ravaged as far as Vientiane. However, they met strong Chinese resistance and retreated to Isan in 1885. New, modernized forces were sent again and were divided into two groups approaching the Haw from Chiang Kam and Pichai. The Haw scattered and some fled to Vietnam. The Siamese armies proceeded to eliminate the remaining Haw. The city of Nong Khai maintains memorials for the Siamese dead. Third Anglo-Burmese War In Burma, while the British Army fought the Burmese Konbaung Dynasty, Siam remained neutral. Britain had agreements with the Siamese government, which stated that if the British were in conflict with Burma, Siam would send food supplies to the British Army. Chulalongkorn honored the agreement. The British expected he would send an army to help defeat the Burmese, but he did not do so. Military and political reforms Freed of the Front Palace and Chinese rebellions, Chulalongkorn initiated modernization and centralization reforms. He established the Royal Military Academy in 1887 to train officers in Western fashion. His upgraded forces provided the king much more power to centralize the country. The government of Siam had remained largely unchanged since the 15th century. The central government was headed by the Samuha Nayok (i.e., prime minister), who controlled the northern parts of Siam, and the Samuha Kalahom (i.e., grand commander), who controlled southern Siam in both civil and military affairs. The Samuha Nayok presided over the Chatu Sadombh (i.e., Four Pillars). The responsibilities of each pillar overlapped and were ambiguous. In 1888, Chulalongkorn moved to institute a government of ministries. Ministers were, at the outset, members of the royal family. Ministries were established in 1892, with all ministries having equal status. The Council of State proved unable to veto legal drafts or to give Chulalongkorn advice because the members regarded Chulalongkorn as an absolute monarch, far above their station. Chulalongkorn dissolved the council altogether and transferred advisory duties to the cabinet in 1894. Chulalongkorn abolished the traditional Nakorn Bala methods of torture in the judiciary process, which were seen as inhumane and barbaric to Western eyes, and introduced a Western judicial code. His Belgian advisor, Rolin-Jaequemyns, played a great role in the development of modern Siamese law and its judicial system. Pressures for reform Chulalongkorn was the first Siamese king to send royal princes to Europe to be educated. In 19th century Europe, nationalism flourished and there were calls for more liberty. The princes were influenced by the liberal notions of democracy and elections they encountered in republics like France and constitutional monarchies like the United Kingdom. In 1884 (year 103 of the Rattakosin Era), Siamese officials in Europe warned Chulalongkorn of possible threats to Siamese independence from the European powers. They advised that Siam should be reformed like Meiji Japan and that Siam should become a constitutional monarchy. Chulalongkorn demurred, stating that the time was not ripe and that he himself was making reforms. Throughout Chulalongkorn's reign, writers with radical ideas had their works published for the first time. The most notable ones included Thianwan Wannapho, who had been imprisoned for 17 years and from prison produced many works criticizing traditional Siamese society. Conflict with French Indochina In 1863, King Norodom of Cambodia was forced to put his country under French protection. The cession of Cambodia was officially formulated in 1867. However, Inner Cambodia (as called in Siam) consisting of Battambang, Siem Reap, and Srisopon, remained a Siamese possession. This was the first of many territorial cessions. In 1887, French Indochina was formed from Vietnam and Cambodia. In 1888, French troops invaded northern Laos to subjugate the Heo insurgents. However, the French troops never left, and the French demanded more Laotian lands. In 1893 Auguste Pavie, the French vice-consul of Luang Prabang, requested the cession of all Laotian lands east of the Mekong River. Siam resented the demand, leading to the Franco–Siamese War of 1893. The French gunboat Le Lutin entered the Chao Phraya and anchored near the French consulate ready to attack. Fighting was observed in Laos. Inconstant and Comete were attacked in Chao Phraya, and the French sent an ultimatum: an indemnity of three million francs, as well as the cession of and withdrawal from Laos. Siam did not accept the ultimatum. French troops then blockaded the Gulf of Siam and occupied Chantaburi and Trat. Chulalongkorn sent Rolin-Jacquemyns to negotiate. The issue was eventually settled with the cession of Laos in 1893, but the French troops in Chantaburi and Trat refused to leave. The cession of vast Laotian lands had a major impact on Chulalongkorn's spirit. Prince Vajirunhis died in 1894. Prince Vajiravudh was created crown prince to replace him. Chulalongkorn realised the importance of maintaining the navy and established the Royal Thai Naval Academy in 1898. Despite Siamese concessions, French armies continued the occupation of Chantaburi and Trat for another 10 years. An agreement was reached in 1903 that French troops would leave Chantaburi but hold the coast land from Trat to Koh Kong. In 1906, the final agreement was reached. Trat was returned to Siam but the French kept Koh Kong and received Inner Cambodia. Seeing the seriousness of foreign affairs, Chulalongkorn visited Europe in 1897. He was the first Siamese monarch to do so, and he desired European recognition of Siam as a fully independent power. He appointed his queen, Saovabha Phongsri, as regent in Siam during his travel to Europe. During a visit to Spain and Portugal, on 26 October, he condemned and ordered his servant to be executed for a breach of etiquette committed in Lisbon, according to the telegram news from Saragossa. Reforms Siam had been composed of a network of cities according to the Mandala system codified by King Trailokanat in 1454, with local rulers owing tribute to Bangkok. Each city retained a substantial degree of autonomy, as Siam was not a "state" but a "network" of city-states. With the rise of European colonialism, the Western concept of state and territorial division was introduced. It had to define explicitly which lands were "Siamese" and which lands were "foreign". The conflict with the French in 1893 was an example. Sukhaphiban districts Sukhaphiban () sanitary districts were the first sub-autonomous entities established in Thailand. The first such was created in Bangkok, by royal decree of King Chulalongkorn in 1897. During his European tour earlier that year, he had learned about the sanitary districts of England, and wanted to try out this local administrative unit in his capital. Monthon system With his experiences during the travel to British colonies and the suggestion of Prince Damrong, Chulalongkorn established the hierarchical system of monthons in 1897, composed of province, city, amphoe, tambon, and muban (village) in descending order. (Though an entire monthon, the Eastern Province, Inner Cambodia, was ceded to the French in 1906). Each monthon was overseen by an intendant of the Ministry of Interior. This had a major impact, as it ended the power of all local dynasties. Central authority now spread all over the country through the administration of intendants. For example, the Lanna states in the north (including the Kingdom of Chiangmai, Principalities of Lampang, Lamphun, Nan, and Prae, tributaries to Bangkok) were made into two monthons, neglecting the existence of the Lanna kings. Local rulers did not cede power willingly. Three rebellions sprang up in 1901: the Ngeaw rebellion in Phrae, the 1901–1902 Holy Man's Rebellion in Isan, and the Rebellion of Seven Sultans in the south. All these rebellions were crushed in 1902 with the city rulers stripped of their power and imprisoned. Abolition of corvée and slavery Ayutthaya King Ramathibodi II established a system of corvée in 1518 after which the lives of Siamese commoners and slaves were closely regulated by the government. All Siamese common men ( ไพร่) were subject to the Siamese corvée system. Each man at the time of his majority had to register with a government bureau, department, or leading member of the royalty called () as a () or under a nobleman's dominion ( or ) as a (). owed service to sovereign or master for three months of the year. () were those who could make payment in kind (cattle) in lieu of service. Those conscripted into military service were called (). Chulalongkorn was best known for his abolition of Siamese slavery (ทาส.) He associated the abolition of slavery in the United States with the bloodshed of the American Civil War. Chulalongkorn, to prevent such a bloodbath in Siam, provided several steps towards the abolition of slavery, not an extreme turning point from servitude to total freedom. Those who found themselves unable to live on their own sold themselves into slavery by rich noblemen. Likewise, when a debt was defaulted, the borrower would become a slave of the lender. If the debt was redeemed, the slave regained freedom. However, those whose parents were household slaves (ทาสในเรือนเบี้ย) were bound to be slaves forever because their redemption price was extremely high. Because of economic conditions, people sold themselves into slavery in great numbers and in turn they produced a large number of household slaves. In 1867 they accounted for one-third of Siamese population. In 1874, Chulalongkorn enacted a law that lowered the redemption price of household slaves born in 1867 (his ascension year) and freed all of them when they had reached 21. The newly freed slaves would have time to settle themselves as farmers or merchants so they would not become unemployed. In 1905, the Slave Abolition Act ended Siamese slavery in all forms. The reverse of 100 baht banknotes in circulation since the 2005 centennial depict Chulalongkorn in navy uniform abolishing the slave tradition. The traditional corvée system declined after the Bowring Treaty, which gave rise to a new class of employed labourers not regulated by the government, while many noblemen continued to hold sway over large numbers of . Chulalongkorn needed more effective control of manpower to undo the power of nobility. After the establishment of the monthon system, Chulalongkorn instituted a census to count all men available to the government. The Employment Act of 1900 required that all workers be paid, not forced to work. Establishment of a modern army and modern land ownership Chulalongkorn had established a defence ministry in 1887. The ending of the corvée system necessitated the beginning of military conscription, thus the Conscription Act of 1905 in Siam. This was followed in 1907 by the first act providing for invoking martial law, which seven years later was changed to its modern form by his son and successor, King Vajiravudh. The Royal Thai Survey Department, a Special Services Group of the Royal Thai Armed Forces, engaged in cadastral survey, which is the survey of specific land parcels to define ownership for land registration, and for equitable taxation. Land title deeds are issued using the Torrens title system, though it was not until the year 1901 that the first–fruits of this survey were obtained. Abolition of prostration In 1873, the Royal Siamese Government Gazette published an announcement on the abolition of prostration. In it, King Chulalongkorn declared, "The practice of prostration in Siam is severely oppressive. The subordinates have been forced to prostrate in order to elevate the dignity of the phu yai. I do not see how the practice of prostration will render any benefit to Siam. The subordinates find the performance of prostration a harsh physical practice. They have to go down on their knees for a long time until their business with the phu yai ends. They will then be allowed to stand up and retreat. This kind of practice is the source of oppression. Therefore, I want to abolish it." The Gazette directed that, "From now on, Siamese are permitted to stand up before the dignitaries. To display an act of respect, the Siamese may take a bow instead. Taking a bow will be regarded as a new form of paying respect." Civic works The construction of railways in Siam had a political motivation: to connect all of the country so as to better maintain control of it. In 1901, the first railway was opened from Bangkok to Korat. In the same year, the first power plant of Siam produced electricity and electric lights first illuminated roadways. In 1906 King Chulalongkorn adopted a Semang orphan boy named Khanung. In 1907 he founded the royal rice varieties competition, at first only for the Tung Luang and Rangsit Canal districts. The next year it was held at Wat Suthat and since then has been held at various locations around the kingdom, by Chulalongkorn and his descendants. Relations with the British Empire Siamese authorities had exercised substantial control over Malay sultanates since Ayutthaya times. The sultans sought British support as a counterweight to Siamese influence. In 1909, the Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909 was agreed. Four sultanates (Kedah, Kelantan, Terengganu and Perlis) were brought under British influence in exchange for Siamese legal rights and a loan to construct railways in southern Siam. Family King Chulalongkorn was a prolific producer of children. He had 92 consorts during his lifetime who produced 77 surviving children. Death and legacy Chulalongkorn had visited Europe twice, in 1897 and 1907. In 1897 he travelled widely through Europe, learning all he could on many subjects to benefit the Siamese people. He travelled and visited many European royal families. He spent much time in Britain and was inspired, among other things, to improve the health of his people by creating public health, or sanitary districts. In Sweden he studied the Forestry system. The 1907 visit was to his son's at school in Britain and to consult with European doctors in pursuit of a cure for his kidney disease. King Chulalongkorn died on 23 October 1910 of kidney disease at the Amphorn Sathan Residential Hall in the Dusit Palace, and was succeeded by his son Vajiravudh (King Rama VI). The royal Equestrian statue of King Chulalongkorn was finished in 1908 to celebrate the 40th anniversary of the king's reign. It was cast in bronze by a Parisian metallurgist. Chulalongkorn University, founded in 1917 as the first university in Thailand, was named in his honour. On the campus stand the statues of Rama V and his son, Rama VI. In 1997 a memorial pavilion was raised in honour of King Chulalongkorn in Ragunda, Sweden. This was done to commemorate King Chulalongkorn's visit to Sweden in 1897 when he also visited the World's Fair in Brussels. During the time when Swedish–Norwegian king Oscar II travelled to Norway for a council, Chulalongkorn went up north to study forestry. Beginning in Härnösand and travelling via Sollefteå and Ragunda he mounted a boat in the small village of Utanede in order to take him back through Sundsvall to Stockholm. His passage through Utanede left a mark on the village as one street was named after the king. The pavilion is erected next to that road. The old 100 baht banknote of Series 14, circulated from 1994 to 2004, bears the statues of Rama V and Rama VI on its reverse. In 2005, the 100 baht banknote was revised to depict King Chulalongkorn in naval uniform and, in the background, abolishing slavery. The 1,000 baht banknote of Series 16, issued in 2015, depicts the King Chulalongkorn monument, Ananda Samakhom Throne Hall, and the abolition of slavery. Chulalongkorn was one of twenty "Most Influential Asians of the Century" for the 20th Century by Time Asia Magazine in 1999. Honours Military ranks Field Marshal of the Royal Siamese Army Admiral of the Fleet of the Royal Siamese Navy National honours Sovereign Knight Grand Cross of the Most Exalted Order of the White Elephant, with Collar Sovereign Knight of the Ancient and Auspicious Order of the Nine Gems, with Collar Founder and Sovereign of the Most Noble Order of the Crown of Siam, 1869 Founder and Sovereign of the Most Illustrious Order of Chula Chom Klao, 16 November 1873 Founder and Sovereign of the Most Illustrious Order of the Royal House of Chakri, 1882 Dushdi Mala Medal Chakra Mala Medal King Mongkut's Royal Cypher Medal King Chulalongkorn's Royal Cypher Medal King Chulalongkorn's Rajaruchi Medal Foreign honours Grand Cross of the Royal Hungarian Order of Saint Stephen, 1868 (Austria-Hungary) Grand Cross of the Royal and Distinguished Order of Charles III, 5 August 1871; with Collar, 16 October 1897 (Spain) Honorary Grand Cross of the Most Distinguished Order of St Michael and St George, 3 August 1878 (United Kingdom) Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Kamehameha I, 1881 (Kingdom of Hawaii) Grand Cross of the Royal Norwegian Order of Saint Olav, 23 November 1884 (Sweden-Norway) Knight of the Royal Order of the Seraphim, 11 July 1887 (Sweden-Norway) Grand Cordon of the Supreme Order of the Chrysanthemum, 6 October 1887 (Empire of Japan) Knight of the Order of the Elephant, 8 January 1892 (Denmark) Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus, 1887 (Kingdom of Italy) Knight of the Order of St. Andrew the Apostle the First-called, 1891 (Russian Empire) Knight of the Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation, 24 December 1891 (Kingdom of Italy) Grand Cross of the Sash of the Three Orders, 1897 (Kingdom of Portugal) Knight of the Order of the Black Eagle, 1897 (Kingdom of Prussia) Knight of the Order of the Rue Crown, 1897 (Kingdom of Saxony) Grand Cross of the Ludwig Order, 7 October 1897 (Grand Duchy of Hesse) Knight of the House Order of Fidelity, 1897 (Grand Duchy of Baden) Knight of the Order of Saint Hubert, 1906 (Kingdom of Bavaria) Grand Cross of the Order of Henry the Lion, 1907 (Duchy of Brunswick) Ancestry See also List of children of Chulalongkorn List of people with the most children King Ananda Mahidol King Bhumibol Adulyadej Notes References External links Chulalongkorn – Definition of Chulalongkorn King Chulalongkorn Day at Chiang Mai Best A clip of King Chulalongkorns 1897 visit to Sweden Investiture of His Majesty Somdetch Pra Paramindr Maha Chulalonkorn, King of Siam, with the Ensigns of a Knight Grand Cross of the Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George Biography of His Majesty King Chulalongkorn Rama V Thai monarchs 19th-century Chakri dynasty 20th-century Chakri dynasty 19th-century monarchs in Asia Child rulers from Asia 1853 births 1910 deaths People from Bangkok Deaths from kidney disease Rama V period Thai male Chao Fa Children of Mongkut Knights Grand Cordon of the Order of Chula Chom Klao Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George 3 3 3 Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary	[ -0.26485633850097656, 0.29661375284194946, 0.13390985131263733, 0.49993661046028137, -0.5692800283432007, 0.3245677053928375, 0.691159725189209, 0.46583303809165955, -0.9153020977973938, 0.17210206389427185, -0.30619919300079346, 0.3129214346408844, -0.07352568954229355, 0.4109894931316376, -0.5806434750556946, 0.15123026072978973, 1.0161323547363281, 0.009952900931239128, 0.22295552492141724, -0.15308937430381775, -0.28113025426864624, -0.07160848379135132, 0.4389335811138153, -0.024711264297366142, 0.2911436855792999, -0.12855638563632965, 0.18205717206001282, -0.12071013450622559, 0.3814927935600281, -0.09768974035978317, 0.16438907384872437, 0.3552955090999603, -0.022782184183597565, -0.1062631905078888, -0.6881378293037415, -0.19490934908390045, 0.0660601556301117, -0.09195154905319214, -0.45227107405662537, -0.10876310616731644, -0.26485300064086914, 0.18033675849437714, 0.19798709452152252, 0.1685236245393753, -0.14435124397277832, -1.248131275177002, -1.2117247581481934, -0.09485355019569397, -0.5247345566749573, -0.06898833066225052, -0.6864548325538635, 0.43396639823913574, -0.1042490303516388, -0.24420778453350067, 0.4328620433807373, 0.3077196180820465, -0.8348584771156311, -0.3016420304775238, -0.8352441191673279, 0.019128786399960518, 0.47493910789489746, -0.03526001423597336, -0.03004632703959942, 0.18985241651535034, 0.05640414357185364, 0.04782745614647865, 0.2737218737602234, -0.12804114818572998, 0.27041447162628174, 0.050158653408288956, 0.15059877932071686, 0.9187152981758118, 0.3479151725769043, 0.6718822121620178, 0.367034912109375, -0.6497940421104431, -0.03135215491056442, -0.012762336991727352, 0.527091920375824, -0.3681444227695465, -0.035621095448732376, -0.3708036541938782, 0.8528816103935242, 0.6598831415176392, -0.3057247996330261, -0.14024849236011505, -0.11683744937181473, 0.09904737025499344, -0.04251006245613098, 0.13377252221107483, -0.4241202473640442, 0.5549622178077698, 0.5976421236991882, 0.274593710899353, -0.9174133539199829, -0.6964462399482727, -0.2793509364128113, -0.05139708146452904, -0.0080342385917902, 0.017187826335430145, 0.3300231397151947, -0.1096598356962204, 0.12925297021865845, -0.3200169801712036, -1.097021222114563, -0.2401438057422638, -0.6778047680854797, 0.3604029715061188, -0.5732893943786621, -0.15299606323242188, -0.491672158241272, 0.5318614840507507, 0.06965836882591248, 0.4872998297214508, 0.027384638786315918, 0.2712687849998474, 0.280933678150177, -0.1320539265871048, 0.049516353756189346, -0.5647832751274109, 0.060170091688632965, 0.3046224117279053, 0.17706818878650665, 0.41484999656677246, 0.17132914066314697, 0.18681837618350983, -0.2152911126613617, -0.09581584483385086, -0.3022916913032532, 0.36164590716362, 0.4487662613391876, 0.3885078430175781, -0.5734018087387085, -0.6775864362716675, -0.1370854675769806, -0.39317965507507324, 0.8379887342453003, 0.3068091571331024, -0.24949002265930176, 0.027667449787259102, -0.47213563323020935, -0.4156860113143921, -0.44442230463027954, 0.4181269705295563, 0.2976572811603546, 0.27662646770477295, 0.0055735050700604916, 0.1975502371788025, -0.4416019916534424, 0.13893280923366547, -0.000654509465675801, -0.2527591586112976, -0.20297899842262268, -0.5575839877128601, -0.43055459856987, 0.5414699912071228, 0.30833661556243896, 0.17594195902347565, -0.06851276755332947, 0.4246588945388794, 0.05975411459803581, 0.4220741391181946, -0.5422239303588867, -0.47508853673934937, 0.5836815237998962, -0.2703132927417755, -0.25001803040504456, 0.6454911828041077, -0.7544180154800415, 0.03965969383716583, -0.27785468101501465, 0.2697683274745941, -0.4425591826438904, 0.09093832224607468, 0.26998212933540344, 0.4130669832229614, 0.1110672801733017, -0.12916040420532227, -0.28989264369010925, -0.19538694620132446, -0.6463719606399536, 0.5317263603210449, 0.19694727659225464, 0.1764892190694809, 0.3451397120952606, 0.2807883024215698, 0.731917679309845, -0.2715452015399933, 0.42304426431655884, -0.30630168318748474, -0.6859897375106812, -0.4714261293411255, 0.33025413751602173, 0.04510754719376564, 0.7469040751457214, 0.7684969902038574, 0.2287890613079071, 0.5429832935333252, -0.1796097457408905, 0.6489042043685913, 0.512624204158783, -0.22436687350273132, 0.4568168818950653, -0.12769538164138794, -0.3380924463272095, 0.4863491356372833, -0.16428925096988678, 0.49925005435943604, 1.0295662879943848, 1.186785101890564, 0.5121806859970093, -0.19909706711769104, -0.6039103865623474, 0.1714048832654953, -0.3808201551437378, -0.5705870985984802, -0.5094029307365417, 0.14958921074867249, -0.20767812430858612, -0.21673725545406342, 0.411241352558136, 0.3795808255672455, -0.1531071811914444, 0.6109159588813782, 0.08117039501667023, 1.182460904121399, -0.3625088632106781, -0.07322660088539124, -0.5478776097297668, -0.38888704776763916, -0.24799509346485138, -0.3663731813430786, 0.3881262242794037, -0.2863670885562897, 0.6075401306152344, -0.30413296818733215, 0.0679173395037651, 0.03911132365465164, 0.4698497951030731, -0.6641748547554016, 0.31672585010528564, -0.4836595952510834, 0.17799317836761475, 0.8456568717956543, -0.1870686560869217, 0.6727936863899231, -0.8454734683036804, -0.34886470437049866, -0.7097799777984619, -0.24538329243659973, 0.21733276546001434, 0.3195056617259979, 0.4716441333293915, -0.10132724046707153, -0.2815832197666168, -0.3574674427509308, -0.3686196506023407, -0.23676079511642456, -0.13546563684940338, 0.38768962025642395, 0.14291393756866455, -0.0005993206286802888, 0.5783432722091675, 0.007461589761078358, 0.11104901880025864, 0.04211614653468132, 0.2181256264448166, -0.5231069326400757, -0.03057163953781128, 0.07841227203607559, -0.4671119153499603, -0.41973209381103516, -0.5226930975914001, -0.18180039525032043, -0.12019621580839157, -0.48986440896987915, -0.363688200712204, 0.3393331468105316, -0.66021329164505, -1.1146968603134155, 0.614423930644989, 0.9130860567092896, -0.025023361667990685, -0.3258194029331207, -0.15738217532634735, -0.2762816846370697, -0.7858298420906067, -0.21602162718772888, 0.2193594127893448, -0.07403776794672012, -0.10884953290224075, 0.5569570660591125, 0.1140047088265419, -0.372226357460022, -0.3325573205947876, 0.3888094127178192, -0.8121867179870605, 0.11011715978384018, 0.6709197163581848, -0.07629279792308807, -0.7496874928474426, -0.10298929363489151, -0.11605601757764816, 0.4744320213794708, 0.14435553550720215, -0.2544107139110565, 0.29059478640556335, -0.370739609003067, -5.542934894561768, -0.61665940284729, 0.24529002606868744, -0.6815553307533264, 0.3246532380580902, 0.6410456299781799, 0.5776395201683044, 0.04724397882819176, 0.47099679708480835, -0.07320080697536469, 0.6245038509368896, -0.3654709756374359, 0.02045038342475891, 0.3965471088886261, 0.3631051480770111, 0.5789990425109863, 0.15335258841514587, -0.13370464742183685, 0.38603654503822327, 0.5871546864509583, 0.4555926024913788, -0.34582239389419556, -0.07232535630464554, 0.5563629269599915, 0.11452969908714294, 0.03498607128858566, 0.34401196241378784, -0.18600468337535858, -1.0763592720031738, -0.20145562291145325, -0.5009380578994751, 0.5579323172569275, 0.30521583557128906, -0.16229669749736786, -0.33110201358795166, -0.44194260239601135, 0.1696898639202118, 0.3458285927772522, -0.484685480594635, 0.4915531575679779, 0.19140486419200897, -0.4726311266422272, -0.5426385998725891, -0.02631928026676178, 0.06656168401241302, 0.325542151927948, -0.5820795297622681, -0.10984647274017334, -0.1736316680908203, 0.010077682323753834, -0.025257688015699387, -0.07742221653461456, 0.495769739151001, -0.30683833360671997, -0.33035793900489807, 0.6122703552246094, -0.4299743175506592, 0.4197995066642761, -0.5004273653030396, 0.5463235974311829, 0.5674492120742798, -0.22465571761131287, -0.08165637403726578, 0.22487729787826538, 0.3222709894180298, -0.40246737003326416, -0.00834483839571476, 0.021137110888957977, 0.06398328393697739, 0.3920934498310089, -0.3422161042690277, 0.3600700795650482, -0.2611713409423828, -0.6141963005065918, 0.13176441192626953, -0.42794090509414673, 0.11408568173646927, 0.6391156315803528, 0.3185064494609833, 0.08682592213153839, 0.032470375299453735, 0.1748788058757782, 0.09473740309476852, 1.2124881744384766, 0.45080745220184326, -0.43065014481544495, 0.08449938148260117, 0.3238960802555084, 0.4510708749294281, 0.41340377926826477, 0.4326845109462738, -1.069445252418518, -0.27006930112838745, -0.07200412452220917, -0.09830019623041153, -0.20479720830917358, 0.03672241419553757, 0.17071028053760529, 0.26546576619148254, -0.0405983105301857, 0.07520213723182678, -0.26220542192459106, -0.12234018743038177, 0.08240780234336853, 0.1961132287979126, -0.18277069926261902, 0.0238571148365736, -0.20458687841892242, 0.05857858061790466, 0.346183717250824, 0.09084378182888031, -0.012296201661229134, 0.18287748098373413, 0.19955867528915405, 0.2523133456707001, -0.5214203596115112, 0.34560978412628174, -0.07230079174041748, 0.16181553900241852, -0.3708062171936035, -0.548272967338562, 0.6733385920524597, -0.0834449753165245, 0.3998066484928131, 0.7643110752105713, -0.13665196299552917, -0.18478411436080933, -0.05202820524573326, -0.3748924434185028, -0.29967042803764343, -0.053018856793642044, 0.047260649502277374, 0.5177328586578369, -0.39182156324386597, -0.1325506865978241, -0.5140392184257507, 0.16402198374271393, -0.61670982837677, -0.25978773832321167, -0.10710195451974869, -0.9213602542877197, -0.27797216176986694, -0.18214398622512817, 0.49678853154182434, 0.09801853448152542, -0.09248881042003632, 0.5040463209152222, -0.23095767199993134, -0.11760476231575012, 0.8552964329719543, -0.11282507330179214, -0.43639251589775085, 1.1036810874938965, 0.5415140986442566, -0.18156705796718597, 0.06660869717597961, 0.06314953416585922, -0.13513465225696564, 0.22250834107398987, 0.2729104161262512, -0.13587960600852966, -0.06166809797286987, -0.8722883462905884, -0.334373414516449, 0.02221054770052433, 0.025559278205037117, -0.5208262801170349, 0.15977813303470612, -0.3752031922340393, 0.4539436101913452, 0.5881296396255493, -0.6226224303245544, -0.3449328541755676, 0.2196017950773239, 0.13448065519332886, 0.0707654058933258, 0.10568012297153473, 0.0903908908367157, -0.251870334148407, -0.05603324621915817, -0.6939588189125061, 0.07583563029766083, -0.29533499479293823, 0.3648309111595154, 0.5445528030395508, 0.17851760983467102, -0.5749245285987854, -0.8990469574928284, -0.017702395096421242, 0.13713860511779785, 0.20728836953639984, -0.19799385964870453, -0.599729597568512, -0.27713578939437866, -0.30912646651268005, -0.5215362906455994, -0.302798867225647, 0.5237343311309814, 0.20217537879943848, -0.05567760393023491, -0.18615742027759552, 0.5136593580245972, 0.5707445740699768, -0.25996077060699463, 0.247990220785141, -0.5316557884216309, 0.16717666387557983, 0.33869150280952454, 0.12165351957082748, 0.19461850821971893, -0.41592490673065186, -0.5597161650657654, 0.4306980073451996, 0.47376638650894165, -0.031496621668338776, 0.22302211821079254, 0.3047085106372833, -0.0905514508485794, 0.4033339321613312, -1.1164156198501587, 0.14737528562545776, -0.2968181073665619, -0.26239892840385437, -0.41869354248046875, -0.7588924765586853, 0.18882909417152405, 0.47579073905944824, 0.034449636936187744, 0.46983084082603455, -0.35092565417289734, -0.4744144678115845, -0.08298144489526749, 0.38768768310546875, 0.5194148421287537, -0.09859621524810791, -0.060807932168245316, 0.4531629979610443, 0.40067487955093384, 0.5465384721755981, -0.13932432234287262, -0.04419931396842003, 1.0755428075790405, 0.0462961345911026, 0.3169478476047516, -0.04865443706512451, -0.014884567819535732, -0.1880016326904297, -0.04474429786205292, -0.045307379215955734, 0.13303007185459137, 0.036022864282131195, -0.041922472417354584, -0.8592037558555603, -0.7695598602294922, 0.4189745783805847, -0.6234676241874695, -0.18853387236595154, 0.5034803748130798, 0.4486837685108185, 0.19655250012874603, -0.5814028382301331, 0.41647008061408997, 0.15404273569583893, -0.11186536401510239, 0.40844517946243286, 0.6050301194190979, -0.3523631989955902, 0.19263297319412231, -0.10534973442554474, -0.38028818368911743, -0.1514766663312912, -1.235473394393921, -0.5208428502082825, -0.04077352583408356, -0.03579382970929146, -0.11581316590309143, -0.49113503098487854, -0.33689194917678833, 0.023965828120708466, -0.05251246690750122, -0.15633799135684967, -0.49225562810897827, 0.11193834990262985, -0.31592392921447754, -0.5840261578559875, -0.9078013896942139, -0.2482861429452896, -0.4469601511955261, -0.7645296454429626, 0.41838550567626953, -1.1797572374343872, 0.5170589089393616, 0.16417250037193298, 0.2543662488460541, 0.463250994682312, 0.6323304176330566, 0.07601089030504227, 1.2405314445495605, -0.2853055000305176, 0.28012534976005554, -0.1276574432849884, 0.24132239818572998, 0.6186976432800293, 0.16293244063854218, -0.2768896520137787, -0.0004779839364346117, 0.43608343601226807, -0.5524508357048035, 0.030948979780077934, 0.7283902168273926, 0.3920578956604004, 0.3687542676925659, 0.3004189133644104, -0.23540230095386505, -0.830288290977478, -0.3236334025859833, 0.41229596734046936, -0.6853638291358948, -0.22736167907714844, 0.16541260480880737, 0.21525657176971436, -0.14321698248386383, 0.17355267703533173, 0.12857681512832642, 0.016639744862914085, 0.06337249279022217, -0.3139283359050751, 0.02084181271493435, -0.19621166586875916, 0.2788394093513489, -0.37786227464675903, 0.17340579628944397, -0.689815878868103, 0.9167381525039673, -0.026930971071124077, -0.27515465021133423, 0.12634357810020447, -0.33734026551246643, 0.05720905214548111, 0.6896365284919739, 0.5159157514572144, 0.6058753728866577, -0.21917285025119781, 0.31988534331321716, 0.2601984739303589, 0.4298710823059082, -0.13370969891548157, 0.25928810238838196, 0.46094629168510437, 0.06771562993526459, 0.15014900267124176, 0.22776545584201813, 0.2529597580432892, -0.9701417684555054, 0.800710916519165, 0.29071009159088135, -0.2439909726381302, 0.24917031824588776, 0.29966482520103455, -0.33194470405578613, -0.3941500186920166, -0.5571316480636597, -0.05583789572119713, 0.15835019946098328, 0.3937307596206665, 0.19919165968894958, 0.023970555514097214, -0.3945665955543518, 0.2974908947944641, 0.03503047674894333, 0.25143536925315857, -0.1918865591287613, -0.050790369510650635, -0.29891782999038696, -0.5877299308776855, -0.2944079339504242, 0.454285591840744, -0.14828482270240784, -0.10341647267341614, -0.5310626029968262, -0.1420595794916153, -0.051190074533224106, 0.00031887294608168304, -0.6232699751853943, 0.39641115069389343, 0.903445839881897, 0.046364400535821915, 0.29500335454940796, -0.2066112905740738, 0.028337780386209488, 0.24182461202144623, -0.1107100248336792, -0.07135394215583801, 0.17090223729610443, -0.3661189079284668, 0.48122671246528625, -0.6228823661804199, 0.06487386673688889, 0.39613088965415955, -0.6075466275215149, 0.14803838729858398, 0.5239835977554321, 0.25994664430618286, 0.13636672496795654, 0.27059057354927063, 0.39224421977996826, -0.28280648589134216, -0.1054275706410408, -0.8773384094238281, -0.03218824416399002, -0.6737100481987, 0.38419443368911743, -0.13583862781524658, -0.06438779085874557, -0.2618366479873657, -0.27623575925827026, 0.15988563001155853, -0.7791839838027954, -0.49978286027908325, -0.6093652844429016, -0.23764272034168243, -0.1825728714466095, 0.2601988911628723, 0.1710820198059082, 0.0960996001958847, -0.5120481252670288, 0.5457337498664856, 0.6011540293693542, -0.0019294880330562592, 0.37759941816329956, -0.4029908776283264, -0.5007429122924805, -0.05866968631744385, -0.8811632990837097, -0.01702369749546051, -0.25310850143432617, 0.9648140072822571, 0.7636727094650269, -0.2077232450246811, -0.12255386263132095, -0.25404879450798035, -0.021603044122457504, 0.7784678936004639, 0.16760948300361633, 0.591776967048645, -0.23488730192184448, -0.01625422202050686, -0.42274388670921326, -0.9333255887031555, 0.046578098088502884, 0.5114848017692566, 0.5463080406188965, 0.32397523522377014, -0.7711702585220337, 0.372720867395401, -0.47908422350883484, -0.49029380083084106, 0.21742326021194458, 0.2333603799343109, -0.2079188972711563 ]
202265	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaika	Kaika	Kaika may refer to: Emperor Kaika of Japan Kaika (yōkai), a phenomenon of mysterious flames of unknown cause. Kaika, Tibet, village in Tibet Kaika, Estonia, village in Antsla Parish, Võru County, Estonia Kāinga, traditional Māori villages, spelt kaika in southern dialects of Māori	[ 0.3262249529361725, 0.26623234152793884, -0.779878556728363, 0.22826245427131653, -0.9741196036338806, 0.18628154695034027, 0.8824477195739746, -0.26963359117507935, -0.44754689931869507, -0.17394135892391205, -0.13413585722446442, -0.22600515186786652, -0.2000850886106491, 0.29548531770706177, -0.28232142329216003, -0.09339971840381622, 0.108156219124794, 0.49980512261390686, -0.15832644701004028, -0.12580569088459015, -0.46156325936317444, -0.10230423510074615, -0.2288699597120285, -0.7510022521018982, 0.4362875819206238, 0.005116701126098633, 0.20569734275341034, 0.46576040983200073, 0.05813951790332794, -0.05734581872820854, -0.14734792709350586, 0.8192343711853027, 0.18897061049938202, -0.33214011788368225, -0.03602539002895355, -0.19312870502471924, -0.02049044705927372, -0.0979730635881424, 0.22449037432670593, -0.3972368538379669, 0.041715871542692184, 0.19125188887119293, 0.6600050330162048, 0.0903482735157013, 0.030318483710289, -0.40237554907798767, -1.8274431228637695, 0.278449684381485, -0.3975040018558502, 0.06036505103111267, -0.29128938913345337, 0.5008013844490051, -0.15030905604362488, 0.4785436987876892, -0.28666406869888306, 0.7352068424224854, -0.5008652210235596, 0.3645451068878174, 0.2838294208049774, -0.5951560735702515, 0.6149148941040039, -0.47073498368263245, 0.49552327394485474, 0.24153850972652435, -0.1500360667705536, 0.2891574203968048, 0.18510180711746216, 0.2800213098526001, 0.06519044935703278, -0.12922152876853943, 0.25436434149742126, 0.07628648728132248, -0.38150855898857117, 0.2553323805332184, -0.638127326965332, -0.4932297468185425, -0.11281012743711472, 0.0020490579772740602, -0.023384250700473785, 0.2404661476612091, -0.18027935922145844, -0.17061667144298553, 0.210159033536911, 0.336011677980423, 0.1720571666955948, 0.1502000391483307, -0.10488875210285187, 0.10491010546684265, -0.22259287536144257, 0.48599979281425476, -0.02114928513765335, -0.03414396196603775, 0.7403280735015869, -0.0032470268197357655, -0.428998738527298, -0.04045335575938225, 0.31156113743782043, -0.17646273970603943, 0.19209876656532288, -0.38153210282325745, -0.38418224453926086, -0.4355974793434143, 0.1336166262626648, 0.1234813928604126, -0.5434449911117554, -0.3664534389972687, -0.15500187873840332, -0.4113984704017639, 0.232906311750412, -0.044256776571273804, -0.5196235179901123, 0.2451205849647522, -0.004159434698522091, 0.2897343933582306, -0.08361987769603729, 0.026133345440030098, 0.02535705827176571, -0.1760667860507965, -0.12411607056856155, 0.07393546402454376, 0.600523054599762, 0.4066770076751709, 0.06375385820865631, 0.10266795754432678, 0.022680388763546944, 0.38975653052330017, 0.7039533853530884, 0.08495530486106873, -0.14233140647411346, 0.027575548738241196, 0.21621935069561005, 0.8520258665084839, -0.05930507928133011, -0.5578927993774414, -0.10833358764648438, -0.27314135432243347, 0.13520123064517975, 0.20344553887844086, 0.18033890426158905, 0.1425657868385315, -0.8933629393577576, -0.1649557650089264, -1.1047776937484741, -0.002703686011955142, 0.38150402903556824, 0.35874903202056885, -0.5075310468673706, -0.4206213653087616, -0.2194412499666214, -0.06874449551105499, -0.25794732570648193, 0.6131613850593567, 0.38076210021972656, 0.8387398719787598, -0.09676190465688705, 0.14198417961597443, 0.34693780541419983, -0.33943429589271545, 0.3006178140640259, -0.31958842277526855, -0.29722270369529724, -0.2843307852745056, -0.06674136221408844, 0.3251468241214752, 0.018074430525302887, 0.3556670546531677, 0.12924505770206451, 0.7130323648452759, -0.3934970796108246, -0.03152824938297272, -0.2682444751262665, -0.1955084353685379, -0.2708771526813507, 0.20147287845611572, 0.11242644488811493, 0.07772473990917206, 0.3896336257457733, 0.11107058823108673, 0.2764233350753784, 0.2808096408843994, -0.7502263188362122, -0.3166007101535797, -0.30954328179359436, -0.006622878834605217, -0.1403948813676834, -0.021475236862897873, 0.05929577723145485, 0.4348716139793396, 0.23898133635520935, -0.013297585770487785, -0.4822954535484314, -0.12296394258737564, -0.07345743477344513, -0.434490442276001, 1.1977074146270752, -0.14715218544006348, -0.16795797646045685, 0.42448368668556213, 0.32080763578414917, 0.4603186249732971, 0.2600618898868561, -0.08067601919174194, 0.6363248825073242, -0.19155870378017426, -0.6137194633483887, 0.2282242327928543, -0.30034682154655457, 0.6979714035987854, 0.20190629363059998, -0.16730280220508575, 0.21185603737831116, -0.1223469004034996, 0.17519760131835938, -0.5187416672706604, 0.08130578696727753, 0.4192371964454651, -0.6659882068634033, 0.32542315125465393, 0.3057206869125366, -0.45927390456199646, 0.5064840316772461, -0.08829958736896515, -0.46599799394607544, -0.1100061759352684, 0.32117605209350586, 0.9240458607673645, 0.5607874393463135, -0.11153825372457504, 0.3644130825996399, -1.1571168899536133, 0.5273425579071045, -0.07381230592727661, 0.15665669739246368, 0.00736553780734539, -0.3156290352344513, -0.32324281334877014, 0.6620320081710815, -0.46796247363090515, 0.4420185387134552, -0.8025481104850769, 0.3118016719818115, 0.582923948764801, 0.23653894662857056, 0.26956456899642944, 0.5053483843803406, -0.04909224435687065, -0.21892409026622772, -0.1168658435344696, -0.6228221654891968, -0.0019087280379608274, 0.22950248420238495, 0.61415034532547, 0.09332624822854996, -0.18819186091423035, 0.39226043224334717, -0.38796135783195496, -0.25223416090011597, 0.14570382237434387, 0.009772020392119884, 0.04033675417304039, -0.2388191521167755, 0.16233567893505096, 0.4496641755104065, -0.12932170927524567, 0.18995654582977295, -0.478182852268219, 0.35791635513305664, -0.1611768901348114, 0.2737189829349518, 0.3722136616706848, 0.09722641110420227, -0.22030211985111237, -0.11155001819133759, -0.5673547387123108, -0.538529098033905, -0.9888100624084473, 0.13186663389205933, 0.5151023864746094, -0.49744123220443726, -0.13818199932575226, -0.4273861050605774, 0.1393832564353943, -0.021978748962283134, -0.4962594211101532, 0.06943624466657639, -0.11312266439199448, -0.2403837889432907, -0.5259301066398621, -0.21614733338356018, 0.3829905688762665, 0.02901705540716648, 0.47527840733528137, 0.19563031196594238, -0.10135723650455475, 0.27469658851623535, -0.05864927917718887, -0.36853277683258057, 0.49355223774909973, 0.09586957842111588, -0.24481353163719177, -0.4557483196258545, -0.42432352900505066, -0.09033756703138351, 0.08669096231460571, 0.022636841982603073, 0.008100212551653385, -0.2844185531139374, 0.8375732898712158, -5.921651363372803, 0.008265994489192963, -0.01718120090663433, 0.07935533672571182, -0.1672399342060089, 0.6433765292167664, 0.3719477951526642, -0.04021986946463585, 0.04452886804938316, -0.19718369841575623, 0.4712216556072235, 0.39018985629081726, 0.12105384469032288, 0.3906824290752411, -0.3816666901111603, 0.11107974499464035, 0.027567580342292786, -0.008620025590062141, -0.2368060201406479, -0.1711917370557785, -0.04404440149664879, 0.35577821731567383, -0.2927534282207489, 1.3161081075668335, -0.14842991530895233, 0.11059257388114929, -0.2683398723602295, 0.1363338679075241, -0.14975310862064362, 0.2583681643009186, 0.23358701169490814, -0.12853072583675385, -0.2864084243774414, 0.1622246652841568, -0.7105146646499634, 0.2606615126132965, 0.5092563033103943, -0.30709439516067505, -0.031739961355924606, 0.3697846531867981, -0.5678479671478271, -0.45410940051078796, -0.45510923862457275, -0.1722944974899292, 0.511197030544281, -0.6405687928199768, -0.6246302723884583, 0.13265955448150635, -0.37223389744758606, 0.21070678532123566, 0.153239443898201, -0.22139054536819458, 0.6866811513900757, -0.5639339089393616, 0.31322890520095825, 0.4295259714126587, 0.27289077639579773, 0.12454252690076828, 0.06269915401935577, -0.5617097616195679, 0.5171225666999817, -0.017084937542676926, 0.04676123335957527, -0.010001195594668388, 0.1997801810503006, -0.19583013653755188, -0.03802275285124779, -0.29010042548179626, 0.2968360483646393, -0.09416168928146362, -0.7728526592254639, 0.4644184112548828, -0.28615719079971313, -1.212074637413025, 0.14126595854759216, 0.05983598902821541, -0.00577697204425931, 0.34113889932632446, -0.029635844752192497, 0.4325518310070038, -0.7865274548530579, -0.10885067284107208, -0.45917248725891113, 0.18282824754714966, 0.05919390544295311, 0.154594287276268, -0.07550330460071564, -0.09163625538349152, 0.1567181497812271, 0.47596102952957153, 1.326646089553833, -0.24878068268299103, 0.179612934589386, 0.6170210838317871, 0.46197769045829773, 1.0325595140457153, -0.1387435346841812, -0.28661081194877625, 0.3396257758140564, -0.13678985834121704, -0.04815705865621567, 0.17471574246883392, -0.12183047831058502, 0.18335749208927155, -0.07466069608926773, -0.06664010882377625, 0.05139327049255371, 0.3408810496330261, 0.8600503206253052, -0.05967932939529419, -0.09622464329004288, 0.007605821825563908, 0.0036435965448617935, -0.14272218942642212, 0.6284856796264648, 0.30732887983322144, 0.24528807401657104, 0.6038289070129395, 0.5866014361381531, 0.3632064461708069, -0.38623300194740295, 0.8615027070045471, -0.4995565116405487, -0.6682069301605225, 0.23548822104930878, 0.04835322126746178, -0.5529086589813232, 0.06388480216264725, 0.49435994029045105, 0.2833709120750427, 0.6499346494674683, -0.06708820164203644, 0.3651651442050934, 0.3318268656730652, 0.19132621586322784, -0.34944993257522583, -0.25931140780448914, -0.9248152375221252, -0.32058221101760864, -0.5007500052452087, -0.3396953046321869, -0.07887972146272659, -0.5769181251525879, 0.3251018524169922, 0.46545982360839844, 0.5021737217903137, -0.4993109107017517, 0.006474818103015423, -0.12682734429836273, 0.7984134554862976, 0.02431543543934822, -0.7462100982666016, 0.30507713556289673, -0.6543329358100891, -1.000452995300293, 0.031557582318782806, -0.031977321952581406, 0.48551732301712036, -0.18536162376403809, 0.15414857864379883, -0.011957824230194092, -0.5562893748283386, -1.023895263671875, -0.48321935534477234, -0.5393308997154236, -0.8855583071708679, -0.16213883459568024, 0.0007601776742376387, -0.02252408303320408, -0.025310758501291275, -0.02015373483300209, -0.4014987647533417, -0.4223752021789551, 0.1423455774784088, 0.4638150632381439, 0.3972071707248688, 0.10778608918190002, 0.42264270782470703, -0.15484923124313354, -0.2841564416885376, 0.14642812311649323, -0.1735624223947525, -0.37600988149642944, 0.11138726025819778, 0.1471807211637497, -0.29984956979751587, 0.09890307486057281, -0.14557509124279022, 0.04938873276114464, 0.14407499134540558, 0.22389693558216095, 0.25236210227012634, 0.12548962235450745, 0.34165075421333313, -0.12892791628837585, -0.45192864537239075, -0.04500749707221985, 0.21805383265018463, 0.13256332278251648, -0.47647926211357117, 0.29254570603370667, -0.3765764832496643, -0.8217257857322693, -0.17778386175632477, 0.289450466632843, -0.7092607617378235, 0.33959537744522095, 0.1964423805475235, 0.08542323112487793, -0.6065972447395325, -0.13570427894592285, -0.4277670681476593, -0.2644767463207245, -0.0695495530962944, 0.05428490787744522, 0.20147281885147095, -0.13903836905956268, -0.29131561517715454, 0.18643225729465485, -1.0508992671966553, 0.32487714290618896, -0.013635857962071896, -0.060108304023742676, -0.2757032811641693, 0.17459434270858765, 0.23165550827980042, 0.6618031859397888, -0.4488406181335449, -0.213173970580101, -0.20530442893505096, -0.3089003562927246, 0.39462804794311523, -0.10737255960702896, 0.09955445677042007, -0.07806754857301712, -0.20279671251773834, -0.09649217873811722, -0.1571079045534134, 0.16362744569778442, 0.5426620244979858, 0.14187423884868622, 0.533410906791687, 0.19023634493350983, 0.1260712891817093, -0.21989798545837402, 0.47858723998069763, -0.08146458119153976, -0.6138607263565063, -0.07962636649608612, 0.022252656519412994, 0.33515846729278564, -0.22554664313793182, -0.2640422284603119, -0.4469746947288513, 0.843805730342865, -0.5212008357048035, 0.4484606683254242, 0.07191025465726852, 0.01777040958404541, 0.05386998876929283, -0.1880691796541214, -0.125072181224823, -0.18825627863407135, -0.0867365300655365, -0.31292620301246643, 0.5863743424415588, -0.6428530216217041, -0.25023216009140015, 0.13633178174495697, -0.6125455498695374, 0.18373090028762817, -0.06289532780647278, 0.33602556586265564, 0.5651260614395142, 0.4532672166824341, 0.15502294898033142, -0.8562905192375183, -0.24996331334114075, -0.8718025088310242, -0.011635897681117058, 0.0996161699295044, -0.19290722906589508, -0.01819722354412079, 0.3129899799823761, 0.4055674374103546, -0.31149742007255554, 0.40112829208374023, -0.07092732191085815, -0.1932927966117859, -0.2757888436317444, -0.7535820007324219, 0.2692808210849762, -0.04639735072851181, 0.07485192269086838, -0.2443884015083313, 0.09039007127285004, 0.08574935793876648, 0.014689309522509575, -0.5418418049812317, 0.08818642050027847, -0.552412748336792, 0.1116098091006279, 0.6382624506950378, 0.025642573833465576, 0.10297596454620361, -0.22003372013568878, 0.11664948612451553, -0.32647162675857544, -0.18114988505840302, 0.18712380528450012, 0.273466020822525, -0.0181792750954628, -0.07995189726352692, 0.5349751710891724, -0.04102974757552147, 0.04198255017399788, -0.12407948076725006, -0.1596970111131668, 0.035350020974874496, -0.06079934537410736, 0.4851934015750885, -0.06744261831045151, 0.7305744290351868, -0.04963204264640808, 0.17323915660381317, -0.13349512219429016, 0.14005251228809357, 0.01636730693280697, 0.22775378823280334, 0.14094747602939606, 1.0667153596878052, -0.12592782080173492, -0.1457035094499588, 0.14629869163036346, 0.014369639568030834, -0.45408308506011963, -0.013150738552212715, -0.292262464761734, -0.5214431285858154, 0.1844114065170288, 0.5688108801841736, 0.11626707762479782, -0.3908708989620209, -0.4548946022987366, -0.08937668800354004, 0.30992335081100464, 0.13924162089824677, 0.13744741678237915, -0.10921727865934372, -0.1211220920085907, -0.0947219729423523, 0.4955258071422577, 0.17959071695804596, -0.2323005199432373, 0.512123703956604, 0.031256191432476044, -0.04493144154548645, -0.3995372951030731, 0.3007667064666748, -0.19433164596557617, 0.015115365386009216, 0.09226673096418381, 0.4647067189216614, -0.005575159564614296, -0.03822820633649826, 0.33973801136016846, -0.7251186966896057, -0.6173363327980042, -0.6119057536125183, -0.09646223485469818, -0.19526967406272888, -0.29665666818618774, -0.2866290509700775, 0.32606440782546997, 0.2099785953760147, 0.3611430525779724, 0.334431529045105, 0.3221946656703949, 0.5688416361808777, 0.20136897265911102, -0.2717803716659546, -0.07579739391803741, -0.09005924314260483, -0.7406427264213562, 0.6549206972122192, 0.5725442171096802, 0.017181750386953354, 0.3642340302467346, -0.7550070285797119, 0.27348941564559937, -0.016968002542853355, 0.3168090581893921, 0.18869423866271973, 0.31669890880584717, 0.10916443169116974, -0.2696344554424286, 0.15682141482830048, 0.26796382665634155, 0.11483761668205261, 0.49125754833221436, 0.13875800371170044, -0.3259759247303009, 0.4986168444156647, -0.19020427763462067, -0.6699411273002625, 0.37851017713546753, -0.4445229470729828, 0.11137258261442184, -0.7395919561386108, 0.39174777269363403, 0.5715419054031372, -0.2663074731826782, 0.5763520002365112, -0.4307897388935089, -0.1413082480430603, -0.43172791600227356, 0.6554904580116272, -0.41376692056655884, 0.4035748839378357, -0.6174741983413696, -0.14492617547512054, -0.533961296081543, 0.23914150893688202, 0.5027084946632385, -0.5758253931999207, -0.37992751598358154, 0.3686700463294983, -0.5514593720436096, -0.006523785647004843, 0.06248371675610542, -0.021006351336836815, -0.1839694380760193, -0.5219228863716125, 0.08112699538469315, -0.3011119067668915, -0.40635716915130615, 0.3479008376598358, 0.7611503005027771, 0.26695531606674194, -0.07198915630578995, 0.4654024541378021, -0.1783050149679184, -0.11834027618169785, -0.11886081844568253, -0.5962563157081604, 0.3603447377681732, -0.10051222145557404, -0.3171405494213104, -0.07187700271606445, 0.2277827262878418, 0.3590817451477051, -0.634200394153595, 0.4968259334564209, -0.08152652531862259, 0.1717955768108368, -0.013057460077106953, 0.5753093361854553, -0.28935492038726807, 0.23036633431911469, 0.0030075886752456427 ]
202266	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sujin	Sujin	Sujin may be: Places Nellikkunnam , Kottarakkara Kollam Kerala,India People Emperor Sujin of Japan, traditionally said to have reigned in the 1st century B.C. Soo-jin, Korean unisex given name Sujin (สุจินต์), Thai unisex given name Sujin Boriharnwanaket (born 1927), Thai female Buddhist writer Sujin Naknayom (born 1979), Thai male footballer Other An old name for the Nivaclé language of South America	[ -0.5200532674789429, 0.08306870609521866, -0.11307795345783234, -0.06363604217767715, -0.5622099041938782, 0.3055271804332733, 0.9103745818138123, 0.3287723958492279, -0.22232750058174133, -0.44055524468421936, -0.39438483119010925, -0.14606446027755737, -0.04083401337265968, 0.17963160574436188, -0.10830646753311157, 0.1457359343767166, 0.46087655425071716, 0.4823940694332123, 0.16998030245304108, -0.2531908452510834, -0.47605013847351074, 0.05763215944170952, 0.043425604701042175, -0.4541739523410797, 0.8661828637123108, -0.057378869503736496, 0.7017416954040527, 0.0662383958697319, 0.27183797955513, -0.2907746136188507, -0.16142894327640533, 0.8798924684524536, -0.40862131118774414, -0.3293141722679138, -0.34500694274902344, -0.35601916909217834, 0.07665833830833435, -0.1745593398809433, 0.14054955542087555, 0.16139250993728638, 0.3631885349750519, 0.16273868083953857, 0.7570894360542297, 0.5435009598731995, -0.035787638276815414, -0.4084728956222534, -1.576279878616333, 0.4717319905757904, -0.41604822874069214, -0.06688623875379562, -0.22502508759498596, 0.5578007698059082, -0.2585853338241577, 0.047372374683618546, -0.07186661660671234, 0.6694759726524353, -0.21504896879196167, 0.3040231764316559, 0.2832135558128357, -0.4175282418727875, 0.478701114654541, 0.1526137739419937, 0.25390204787254333, 0.13706104457378387, -0.2441909909248352, 0.31234249472618103, 0.45627421140670776, 0.11706851422786713, 0.26063138246536255, 0.28464892506599426, -0.2636287808418274, 0.46323877573013306, 0.03683267533779144, 0.6391094326972961, -0.3293166756629944, -0.48235803842544556, -0.14988067746162415, 0.1389245092868805, 0.24037973582744598, -0.1690918356180191, -0.29079070687294006, -0.019746391102671623, 0.8112769722938538, -0.20969265699386597, 0.5280743837356567, -0.2711884677410126, -0.046460412442684174, 0.4307020306587219, -0.48324939608573914, -0.22376669943332672, 0.1101771891117096, 0.10476405173540115, 0.2422800213098526, -0.13296499848365784, -0.4923836290836334, -0.4639124870300293, -0.39276161789894104, 0.2768907845020294, 0.20737570524215698, -0.4204311668872833, -0.31251224875450134, 0.6486756801605225, -0.14966163039207458, -0.16046090424060822, -1.0474382638931274, -0.3611026108264923, -0.2779790461063385, 0.1568899303674698, -0.38791123032569885, 0.03227664530277252, -0.35060742497444153, 0.30876654386520386, -0.1154715046286583, 0.10584088414907455, -0.03218553215265274, 0.30480629205703735, -0.587205171585083, -0.735532820224762, -0.24986588954925537, -0.08038079738616943, 0.14018027484416962, 0.5338347554206848, -0.3028670847415924, 0.42331254482269287, 0.2600439190864563, 0.21388950943946838, 0.2996262013912201, -0.628685712814331, -0.4035959541797638, -0.07427220046520233, 0.3466912508010864, 0.45084455609321594, -0.2822876572608948, 0.2552746534347534, 0.02756691537797451, -0.4510563611984253, -0.19669179618358612, 0.29939043521881104, -0.16140390932559967, -0.30542775988578796, -0.8445221185684204, 0.17127253115177155, -0.8238852024078369, -0.08026161044836044, 0.7637186050415039, 0.37428921461105347, 0.07997643947601318, -0.6359851956367493, -0.40366825461387634, -0.3196561932563782, -0.2091415673494339, 0.30130651593208313, -0.07158219069242477, 0.5050855875015259, -0.315799742937088, 0.3093012571334839, -0.16593040525913239, -0.3336665630340576, 0.2206486463546753, -0.44865965843200684, -0.5996693968772888, 0.12084736675024033, 0.0077487207017838955, 0.11499319970607758, 0.504859983921051, -0.40932032465934753, -0.15084043145179749, 0.4798955023288727, -0.34421712160110474, -0.43629080057144165, -0.4699784219264984, -0.09365551173686981, -0.08529356867074966, -0.35528185963630676, 0.24109771847724915, -0.12211926281452179, 0.7704105973243713, 0.30552878975868225, 0.12838901579380035, -0.5290448665618896, -0.7664611339569092, 0.024212118238210678, -0.20728033781051636, 0.4073251485824585, 0.3445662558078766, 0.5001042485237122, 0.04099741950631142, 0.669649600982666, 0.3969716727733612, 0.007830684073269367, -0.21645598113536835, -0.5009090304374695, 0.07883211970329285, -0.23272325098514557, 1.3111082315444946, 0.5043758749961853, -0.24812152981758118, 0.5269556045532227, 0.2473616898059845, 0.9329443573951721, -0.07337496429681778, -0.7595155835151672, 0.15502649545669556, -0.11454329639673233, -0.4446580111980438, 0.47642526030540466, -0.062276944518089294, 0.28490149974823, 1.0430736541748047, 0.5083983540534973, 0.07798922806978226, 0.1860600858926773, -0.10907895863056183, -0.6909394860267639, -0.4435900151729584, 0.17218798398971558, -0.28488191962242126, -0.06859549134969711, 0.228313609957695, -0.49184927344322205, 0.8097534775733948, -0.07304895669221878, -0.19810990989208221, 0.38594314455986023, -0.026817969977855682, 1.0361759662628174, -0.06306599825620651, 0.17921681702136993, -0.2845265567302704, -0.4840826392173767, -0.07260660082101822, -0.3409522771835327, 0.1220456138253212, 0.33857083320617676, 0.09874802827835083, -0.05616005137562752, 0.30973508954048157, -0.2262062132358551, 0.10720887035131454, -0.1127457320690155, 0.2907504141330719, 0.3250201940536499, -0.1629643440246582, 0.07455513626337051, 0.22322708368301392, 0.1378164291381836, 0.14573025703430176, -0.13726551830768585, -0.681491494178772, -0.023137956857681274, 0.11201855540275574, 0.20335304737091064, 0.05034078285098076, 0.11755476146936417, 0.14992213249206543, -0.3334100842475891, -0.06512418389320374, 0.22680747509002686, -0.14715683460235596, -0.08230818808078766, -0.7603559494018555, 0.0009177736937999725, -0.07122033089399338, -0.05756901204586029, -0.0871947705745697, -0.17057938873767853, 0.4271985590457916, -0.3786528408527374, 0.7486451864242554, 0.3359984755516052, 0.2560800313949585, -0.3458125591278076, -0.32046279311180115, -0.1734517514705658, -0.19983820617198944, -0.6265802383422852, -0.1227504089474678, 0.5679585337638855, 0.07060354948043823, -0.21258535981178284, 0.3016107976436615, 0.3133853077888489, -0.24517913162708282, -0.6742620468139648, -0.32003024220466614, -0.6897823214530945, -0.42687171697616577, -0.6118152737617493, -0.26632848381996155, 0.04287978261709213, 0.22869959473609924, 0.3829014003276825, -0.33498120307922363, -0.1361369639635086, -0.06399364769458771, 0.46510347723960876, -0.15820930898189545, -0.04240620136260986, 0.34775060415267944, -0.7870248556137085, -0.8797265887260437, -0.17928795516490936, -0.20850521326065063, 0.2815399765968323, 0.6654917001724243, 0.4316531717777252, -0.43549561500549316, -0.1244615763425827, -5.779665946960449, -0.18139168620109558, -0.26048704981803894, -0.09719585627317429, 0.7221968770027161, 0.23972396552562714, 0.6763049960136414, -0.028211422264575958, 0.6926628947257996, -0.5480713844299316, 0.051703762263059616, 0.4191463887691498, -0.07558532059192657, -0.09959357231855392, -0.22351646423339844, 0.41255420446395874, 0.7065815329551697, 0.6413283348083496, -0.24030178785324097, 0.05168449506163597, -0.37025028467178345, 0.2525709271430969, 0.19405195116996765, 1.0923434495925903, 0.13147850334644318, 1.0451830625534058, -0.210407093167305, -0.29727694392204285, -0.5028020739555359, -0.16833515465259552, -0.07067830115556717, -0.36671799421310425, 0.48830026388168335, -0.030013252049684525, -0.43701693415641785, -0.01599910296499729, 0.5573668479919434, 0.5316393375396729, 0.60198575258255, -0.029656896367669106, -0.7504478693008423, -0.6657548546791077, -0.289069801568985, 0.11451074481010437, 0.11193322390317917, -0.2970964014530182, -0.5606189370155334, 0.20289349555969238, -0.20710846781730652, 0.8340543508529663, -0.17059369385242462, -0.3417292535305023, 0.6839892268180847, -0.3935670256614685, 0.3950234055519104, 0.013684622012078762, 0.36132755875587463, 0.6419602632522583, 0.037969689816236496, -0.15719068050384521, 0.6127784848213196, -0.13429610431194305, -0.3330878019332886, -0.5395212769508362, 0.22160591185092926, -0.0730840414762497, -0.08201632648706436, 0.14748691022396088, -0.007189048454165459, 0.23414701223373413, -0.6808313131332397, -0.07785344123840332, -0.36499539017677307, -0.9460296630859375, -0.062283843755722046, 0.037484124302864075, -0.7761545181274414, 0.5672169327735901, -0.022086499258875847, 0.5301753282546997, -0.7148184776306152, 0.327044814825058, -0.4691828489303589, 0.28452786803245544, 0.14725090563297272, 0.04392283037304878, 0.454673171043396, 0.06167959049344063, 0.2077716886997223, -0.15831413865089417, 0.8451112508773804, -0.7485079765319824, 0.001394534483551979, 0.23246453702449799, 0.680626630783081, 0.7667526602745056, -0.273313969373703, 0.17855049669742584, 0.7546348571777344, -0.7837143540382385, 0.7891406416893005, -0.25705674290657043, -0.575796365737915, 0.17663680016994476, 0.1150272861123085, 0.05076514929533005, -0.06882863491773605, 0.13744519650936127, 0.48467665910720825, 0.2210274189710617, 0.028373802080750465, -0.5225086808204651, -0.3947846293449402, 0.05260630324482918, 0.790675699710846, -0.03381948173046112, -0.2736123502254486, 0.5012668371200562, 0.6746273040771484, 0.2515038251876831, 0.08046164363622665, 0.8364055156707764, -0.5184904336929321, 0.1861133873462677, 0.08645221590995789, 0.2289147824048996, -0.47800421714782715, 0.3528274595737457, -0.2400205284357071, 0.13950271904468536, 0.6738722324371338, -0.29148605465888977, 0.21783475577831268, 0.22418732941150665, -0.07159975171089172, -0.3702169358730316, -0.2734999358654022, -0.8630351424217224, -0.1253812462091446, 0.03747911378741264, -0.48766809701919556, -0.22954457998275757, -0.490727961063385, 0.10479965806007385, -0.09181754291057587, 0.541488528251648, -0.24985986948013306, -0.4479081928730011, -0.16776300966739655, 0.3579457700252533, -0.24653460085391998, -0.9237939119338989, 0.10769935697317123, -0.28140386939048767, -1.1336042881011963, -0.17021186649799347, -0.24932700395584106, 0.2699296772480011, -0.3196864426136017, 0.2296169251203537, -0.36935868859291077, -0.6363853216171265, -0.2830955386161804, -0.01604839600622654, 0.10763080418109894, -0.5043190717697144, 0.12885768711566925, -0.2712026834487915, 0.11311797797679901, 0.44843974709510803, 0.3713887929916382, 0.04178576171398163, -0.37933629751205444, 0.025040652602910995, 0.40744608640670776, -0.011206970550119877, 0.5886803865432739, 0.4908391237258911, -0.07113572955131531, -0.38121920824050903, -0.09566531330347061, 0.18320773541927338, -0.32325971126556396, 0.41385188698768616, -0.25625288486480713, -0.48541492223739624, -0.22185064852237701, -0.7446517944335938, -0.7905197143554688, -0.09242136776447296, 0.5510784983634949, 0.13371001183986664, -0.34863945841789246, 0.09288674592971802, -0.3563430905342102, -0.3450741469860077, 0.21071547269821167, 0.07414724677801132, 0.10110840201377869, 0.2607094645500183, 0.15885314345359802, 0.15500715374946594, -0.5766403675079346, 0.4740660488605499, -0.004233902785927057, -0.6694901585578918, 0.4826701283454895, 0.647549033164978, 0.06680616736412048, -0.2839778959751129, -0.35619089007377625, -0.4041549265384674, 0.2220999300479889, -0.13431017100811005, 0.47536608576774597, -0.4331440031528473, -0.07986004650592804, -0.0295710489153862, 0.06785748898983002, -1.095700740814209, -0.09736237674951553, -0.44825899600982666, -0.10054802149534225, -0.16089951992034912, 0.07295119017362595, 0.5558229088783264, 0.3990951180458069, -0.5619097948074341, 0.18261870741844177, -0.4726695716381073, -0.028056245297193527, 0.20078375935554504, 0.2594175338745117, 0.24751822650432587, -0.11449755728244781, 0.08244240283966064, 0.2550705075263977, -0.5073786973953247, 0.47954508662223816, 0.829426109790802, 0.25310733914375305, 0.5491126775741577, 0.012677198275923729, 0.1054091826081276, -0.48513320088386536, 0.2117956429719925, -0.21899476647377014, -0.3102107346057892, 0.21068017184734344, -0.06438267230987549, -0.12924744188785553, -0.7497376203536987, -0.2916538417339325, -0.27082133293151855, 1.0484400987625122, -0.4941577613353729, 0.21554358303546906, 0.07844842970371246, -0.3926909565925598, -0.3983321189880371, -0.39850324392318726, 0.35624003410339355, 0.5809463262557983, 0.07711219042539597, -0.29197052121162415, -0.04213019087910652, -0.6022523045539856, 0.13798829913139343, 0.20071470737457275, -0.48479732871055603, -0.5519368052482605, -0.34981319308280945, 0.7868555188179016, 0.14088144898414612, 0.04774387553334236, -0.033263299614191055, -1.0263971090316772, 0.27359530329704285, 0.06762892007827759, -0.2059309482574463, -0.8763968348503113, -0.4555715024471283, -0.22885450720787048, -0.09825174510478973, 0.15893450379371643, -0.7966214418411255, 0.2959376871585846, 0.2601551413536072, -0.07855437695980072, -0.34811729192733765, -0.4345030188560486, -0.0820113867521286, 0.5950109958648682, 0.18052546679973602, -0.5167286396026611, 0.24507786333560944, -0.5964488387107849, 0.14619097113609314, -0.6924290060997009, 0.3232901692390442, -0.5540533065795898, -0.19196803867816925, 0.5243842005729675, 0.1549699753522873, 0.2407970130443573, 0.4378034770488739, 0.055629268288612366, -0.2714058756828308, 0.005364076234400272, 0.04725375771522522, 0.6253771781921387, 0.4316565692424774, 0.05136735737323761, 0.39992043375968933, -0.6417819261550903, -0.13641853630542755, 0.03381361439824104, -0.3806171417236328, -0.209840327501297, 0.24878662824630737, 0.35547304153442383, -0.06007537990808487, 0.238686203956604, 0.36314722895622253, 0.6557877659797668, 0.314985454082489, -0.5404378175735474, 0.07045570015907288, -0.045478276908397675, 0.29543060064315796, 0.33070117235183716, -0.3920161724090576, -0.7855051755905151, 0.1427925080060959, 0.309175044298172, -0.4212322235107422, 0.32289373874664307, -0.4747871160507202, -0.09781423956155777, 0.6717490553855896, 0.3316490948200226, 0.19671636819839478, -0.8712179660797119, -0.1172078400850296, 0.1795046180486679, 0.41870036721229553, 0.1570419818162918, -0.16472500562667847, 0.4467870593070984, -0.16677241027355194, 0.3677060902118683, 0.43538355827331543, 0.6753062605857849, 0.03530021756887436, 0.22280271351337433, 0.2776803970336914, -0.05366832762956619, 0.09410706162452698, -0.12881328165531158, -0.3421993553638458, 0.04257703572511673, -0.3560487627983093, 0.28317564725875854, -0.06395827233791351, 0.2135491520166397, 0.040493499487638474, -0.45052120089530945, -0.5308415293693542, -0.26581302285194397, 0.2451678067445755, 0.10575142502784729, 0.1166493147611618, -0.40643224120140076, -0.05225999280810356, 0.1500817835330963, 0.3577633500099182, 0.2846941351890564, 0.30268150568008423, 0.28222328424453735, -0.017498303204774857, -0.4201696217060089, 0.22780326008796692, 0.510614812374115, -1.0099513530731201, 0.43201500177383423, 0.3567599356174469, -0.031384628266096115, 0.5541328191757202, -0.5824731588363647, 0.22673362493515015, 0.25372716784477234, 0.04322531074285507, -0.5677456855773926, 0.466703325510025, -0.11670377850532532, -0.07449361681938171, 0.20856058597564697, 0.18818463385105133, 0.6082327961921692, 0.09571274369955063, 0.2741406559944153, -0.0257596243172884, 0.11683226376771927, 0.26712143421173096, -0.22364658117294312, 0.5092585682868958, -0.21438512206077576, -0.07642044126987457, -0.297831654548645, 0.2667818069458008, 0.2912178039550781, 0.17004671692848206, 0.3343788683414459, -0.41300085186958313, -0.5116895437240601, 0.01717914082109928, 0.6735461354255676, -0.313058465719223, 0.34209808707237244, -0.49211370944976807, 0.04962310940027237, -0.2711770236492157, -0.5086925029754639, 0.5156497955322266, -0.05255861580371857, -0.33572521805763245, 0.40782874822616577, 0.53521728515625, -0.6994783282279968, 0.7472137212753296, 0.29317522048950195, -0.330722838640213, -0.31114259362220764, 0.18220731616020203, 0.20279841125011444, -0.18537411093711853, 0.5919323563575745, 0.26898741722106934, -0.01862284354865551, -0.6763247847557068, 0.0322115421295166, -0.1639079451560974, 0.007176239043474197, -0.12792488932609558, -0.237884059548378, -0.35199135541915894, -0.2015315145254135, -0.37088456749916077, -0.4174119830131531, 0.26403287053108215, 0.47854357957839966, -0.3554454445838928, 0.31460264325141907, -0.01625921204686165, -0.0788823738694191, 0.2579836845397949, 0.2193964421749115, -0.02859664522111416, 0.29623934626579285, -0.07273665070533752 ]
202268	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keiko%20%28given%20name%29	Keiko (given name)	Keiko is a feminine Japanese given name. Keikō (景行), with a long "o", is the name posthumously given to Emperor Keikō. Possible meanings As with many Japanese names, Keiko can be written using a number of different kanji. Some of the most common ways of writing Keiko (and the most representative meanings of the respective kanji) are: 恵子 — "lucky child" 敬子 — "respectful child" 景子 — "sunlight/view/scenic child" 桂子 — "katsura tree child" 圭子 — "blessed child" 慶子 — "happy child" 啓子 — "open (one's eyes)/express/spring (season) child" 硅子 — "silicon child" The suffix ko (子) implies the name is female and the name is almost never given to males. Much less commonly, Keiko can also be written as 螢子, 輕子, or 軽子. People with the name Keiko Abe, 安倍圭子 a Japanese composer and percussionist Keiko Agena, an American actress , Japanese speed skater Keiko Chiba (千葉景子), a politician and former justice minister of Japan Keiko Fukuda (福田敬子, 1913-2013), a Japanese-born American martial artist Keiko Fuji (藤圭子, 1951-2013), a Japanese enka singer, actress, and mother of Hikaru Utada Keiko Fujimori (藤森恵子), a Peruvian congresswoman and former first lady Keiko Fukuda, judoka Keiko Han (潘恵子), a Japanese voice actress and western astrologer , Japanese speed skater , Japanese sport shooter Mazie Keiko Hirono (広野慶子), an American politician and the junior United States senator from Hawaii Keiko Ihara (井原慶子), a Japanese race car driver , Japanese poet Keiko Kitagawa (北川景子), a Japanese model/actress Keiko Kubota (窪田啓子), a Japanese singer and a member of the J-pop groups FictionJunction and Kalafina Keiko Masuda (増田恵子), member of the J-pop duo Pink Lady Keiko Matsui (松居慶子), an Japanese pianist and composer Keiko Miura (三浦恵子), a Japanese field hockey athlete , Japanese women's basketball player Keiko Nobumoto, (信本敬中) a Japanese screenwriter the creator of Wolf's Rain , Japanese long-distance runner , Japanese sailor Keiko Takemiya (竹宮惠子), a Japanese manga artist Keiko Takeshita (竹下景子), a Japanese actress Keiko Toda (戸田恵子), a Japanese actress , Japanese botanist Keiko Utoku (宇徳敬子), a Japanese singer/songwriter Keiko Yamada (山田桂子), a Japanese singer and lead vocalist of the J-pop band Globe Keiko Yamada (manga artist) (山田圭子), a Japanese manga artist , Japanese voice actress Keiko Yokozawa (born 1952), Japanese voice actress Keiko Kubota (窪田啓子), a Japanese singer Fictional characters Keiko Arahida, a recurring character played by Yūko Takeuchi in the 2009 TV series FlashForward Keiko Hasegawa, a main character in the webcomic Okashina Okashi – Strange Candy Keiko Katou, a character from Strike Witches Keiko O'Brien, a character from Star Trek: The Next Generation and Star Trek: Deep Space Nine Keiko Onuki or Keiko Inoue, a character in the novel and film Battle Royale Keiko Makino, a character from the manga The Kurosagi Corpse Delivery Service. Keiko (Kayko) Yukimura, a character from the manga series Yu Yu Hakusho Keiko Nekton, a character from the graphic novel The Deep: Here Be Dragons and the following TV series The Deep. Keiko Tanaka a character from What's New Scooby Doo, episode Big Appetite in Little Tokyo Keiko Ayano (Silica), a character in Sword Art Online Keiko Kahn, a character in the Menagerie series by This and Kari Sutherland Animals Keiko (orca), the orca, or killer whale, which performed in the film Free Willy See also Japanese names Japanese writing system Svetlana, an equivalent Slavic name References Japanese feminine given names	[ -0.49095508456230164, -0.007847512140870094, -1.0343656539916992, -0.49739810824394226, -1.3308013677597046, 0.5359960794448853, 1.1277422904968262, 0.3594626486301422, -0.3536025881767273, -0.01475096307694912, -0.13793085515499115, -0.08596736192703247, 0.08262670040130615, 0.34814876317977905, -0.617458164691925, -0.48506176471710205, 0.30124935507774353, 1.1016523838043213, -0.023590894415974617, -0.23299811780452728, -0.04406510293483734, -0.19862544536590576, -0.3580087125301361, -0.2757919132709503, 0.38591623306274414, 0.21454645693302155, 0.6055596470832825, 0.4743342399597168, 0.2643239498138428, -0.7052904367446899, -0.2351701557636261, 0.8607618808746338, 0.28372228145599365, -0.020376678556203842, 0.2983089089393616, -0.14548969268798828, -0.06497793644666672, -0.030198577791452408, 0.11107025295495987, -0.38368460536003113, 0.23335102200508118, -0.18803435564041138, 0.32478585839271545, 0.5103090405464172, 0.5467121005058289, -0.3705952763557434, -2.080369234085083, 0.1096411719918251, -0.8914318084716797, -0.3964933156967163, -0.13601329922676086, -0.4321686029434204, 0.789313793182373, 0.5499793887138367, -0.05906490981578827, 1.3378314971923828, -0.5926977396011353, 0.19133436679840088, 0.524794340133667, 0.07812049984931946, 0.15662775933742523, -0.05601903051137924, 0.762105405330658, 0.29998964071273804, 0.3184420168399811, 0.5734443068504333, -0.23628270626068115, 0.37908029556274414, -0.3654140830039978, -0.06106037274003029, -0.3804323077201843, -0.07051698863506317, 0.31602802872657776, 0.05049700662493706, -0.6603342890739441, -0.3743802607059479, -0.3243885934352875, -0.1431439369916916, 0.3008667528629303, 0.005034229718148708, -0.3500959873199463, -0.19201897084712982, 0.15285760164260864, 0.01786019839346409, 0.36597421765327454, 0.4368723928928375, -0.5985491275787354, -0.20570677518844604, -0.44405728578567505, 0.8127771615982056, 0.07702197134494781, 0.13219423592090607, -0.2168908268213272, 0.2819509506225586, 0.12523122131824493, 0.23037323355674744, -0.5591663122177124, 0.530769407749176, 0.40268537402153015, 0.48128268122673035, 0.06380701065063477, 0.19386419653892517, 0.36739659309387207, 0.03405040502548218, -1.067615032196045, -0.6438438892364502, -0.4284778833389282, -0.411817342042923, 0.02523762919008732, -1.283481240272522, -0.1628040224313736, 0.5731053352355957, -0.16885939240455627, -0.05291380733251572, -0.36281371116638184, 0.40252918004989624, 0.16133913397789001, 0.092349573969841, 0.09386831521987915, -0.028583692386746407, -0.01735065132379532, 0.37551772594451904, -0.025421930477023125, -0.07372371107339859, 0.23412249982357025, 0.5069258213043213, 0.20383578538894653, -0.18295316398143768, 0.39836350083351135, 0.18199487030506134, 0.24121832847595215, 0.9661813974380493, -0.15221893787384033, 0.26406118273735046, 0.08096959441900253, -0.5788561105728149, 0.272162526845932, 0.7515218257904053, -0.057756394147872925, -0.2139034867286682, -1.3440319299697876, 0.3199771046638489, -2.273409128189087, 0.01626664772629738, 1.051720142364502, 0.7506371736526489, -0.41310250759124756, -0.28833529353141785, -0.1696348488330841, 0.14098067581653595, 0.24531204998493195, 0.1929447203874588, 0.35573291778564453, 0.6999364495277405, -0.21044999361038208, 0.13922114670276642, 0.24754349887371063, -0.2507788836956024, 0.16671359539031982, 0.0449402742087841, -0.27908986806869507, 0.12734930217266083, -0.3261522948741913, 0.2371188849210739, 0.10527019947767258, 0.17603981494903564, 0.35252654552459717, 0.1840813010931015, -0.4069880247116089, 0.41929754614830017, -0.6430147886276245, -0.7007872462272644, -0.37359997630119324, -0.29245197772979736, -0.266156941652298, -0.006748412270098925, 0.18507567048072815, 0.17017285525798798, 0.0006716525531373918, -0.5271940231323242, -0.504220724105835, 0.02142118662595749, 0.2336394488811493, -0.4090828001499176, 0.16480860114097595, 0.639919102191925, 0.025000303983688354, 0.7095378637313843, 0.16515867412090302, 0.4157044291496277, -0.23414704203605652, 0.05909319221973419, -0.004301601555198431, -0.2784743905067444, 0.926752507686615, 0.332989364862442, -0.21769435703754425, 0.010825802572071552, 0.3053627908229828, 1.111040711402893, 0.39323776960372925, -0.6283441185951233, 0.013803836889564991, 0.03671364486217499, -0.7279027700424194, 1.5631287097930908, -0.10898203402757645, 0.5808814764022827, 0.5753158330917358, 0.5251830220222473, 0.17558063566684723, 0.07975857704877853, 0.45534390211105347, -0.2501244843006134, 0.06528078019618988, 0.3974950909614563, -0.11182647198438644, 0.31654950976371765, 0.5734976530075073, -0.3553670346736908, 0.15655517578125, -0.21172310411930084, 0.053558096289634705, 0.2356657236814499, 0.36930614709854126, 0.8056784272193909, 0.30859342217445374, 0.46954798698425293, -0.17338606715202332, -0.6452252864837646, 0.5556158423423767, -0.16879971325397491, 0.3754024803638458, 0.02745981514453888, -0.603757917881012, -0.3968183398246765, 0.5504144430160522, -0.35530081391334534, -0.11201935261487961, -0.27949681878089905, 0.23198208212852478, 0.4651640057563782, -0.016707878559827805, 0.24123232066631317, 0.35072946548461914, -0.03779879957437515, 0.044068094342947006, -0.007712068501859903, -0.11651937663555145, -0.12468348443508148, 0.7213691473007202, 0.5678510069847107, 0.7215327620506287, -0.27661004662513733, 0.44712570309638977, -0.4872781038284302, -0.31902822852134705, 0.5188189148902893, 0.16322551667690277, 0.04067017883062363, -0.5244743824005127, 0.5202230215072632, 0.4792531430721283, -0.12014712393283844, -0.1463516801595688, -0.1215478926897049, 0.4134371280670166, -0.20738205313682556, 0.6333482265472412, 0.15381088852882385, -0.030537107959389687, -0.14981475472450256, -0.7970931529998779, -2.330045223236084, -0.42185142636299133, -0.4291704595088959, -0.6291741132736206, 0.33590176701545715, -1.0631357431411743, -0.4013766050338745, 0.1900053173303604, 0.6513254642486572, -0.27142056822776794, -0.513160228729248, -0.06594806164503098, -0.6503846645355225, 0.025345006957650185, -0.5435206890106201, -0.27349361777305603, 0.03664559870958328, -0.3283575773239136, -0.004696174059063196, -0.6990357637405396, -0.09875471144914627, 0.6347793936729431, 0.29831409454345703, -0.47399821877479553, 0.2397889792919159, 0.3604012429714203, -0.4685238301753998, -0.291300892829895, -0.17994576692581177, -0.20340962707996368, -0.08097261190414429, -0.20251785218715668, 0.18885251879692078, 0.07373074442148209, 0.23151397705078125, -4.364471912384033, 0.3777082860469818, -0.3546644449234009, -0.037845902144908905, 0.03192981705069542, 0.43332844972610474, 0.6054760217666626, -0.2164602279663086, 0.32740870118141174, -0.10560723394155502, 0.0168771892786026, 0.34569475054740906, 0.3229396343231201, 0.5921235084533691, 0.430137038230896, 0.16472208499908447, 0.514578640460968, 0.24945653975009918, 0.19484536349773407, -0.4125658869743347, 0.08799847960472107, 0.6468359231948853, -0.29650062322616577, 1.0309942960739136, -0.05046304687857628, 0.5285122394561768, -0.35103532671928406, -0.3340109884738922, -0.658430278301239, -0.07968993484973907, 0.17216987907886505, -0.11213132739067078, -0.1270524263381958, -0.3163132071495056, -1.1057953834533691, 0.07687079906463623, 0.5042475461959839, 0.7178122401237488, 0.6164652109146118, 0.20072004199028015, -0.6520301103591919, 0.019527483731508255, -0.196835458278656, 0.3995654881000519, 0.6635322570800781, -0.40045711398124695, -0.6469040513038635, -0.32077550888061523, 0.19538964331150055, 0.4834177494049072, -0.16973048448562622, -0.42617741227149963, 1.0578033924102783, 0.13478833436965942, 0.46697506308555603, -0.05001711845397949, 0.6752386093139648, 0.43838658928871155, -0.019374776631593704, -0.27261942625045776, 0.719098687171936, 0.05320879444479942, -0.09298060834407806, -0.9897599816322327, 0.49071457982063293, -0.6269920468330383, -0.019410274922847748, -0.21775859594345093, -0.21264304220676422, 0.5860335826873779, -0.4827822744846344, 0.12693381309509277, 0.30003777146339417, -1.416750192642212, 0.7008580565452576, 0.15555666387081146, -0.721386194229126, 0.187373086810112, -0.029895761981606483, 0.13122588396072388, -0.17387647926807404, -0.1994062066078186, -0.7494211792945862, 0.5542672276496887, -0.12060946971178055, -0.07039857655763626, -0.25630030035972595, -0.23552709817886353, -0.3648444414138794, 0.12958478927612305, 0.4184646010398865, -0.1558481603860855, 0.42449983954429626, 0.3558180034160614, 0.03453245013952255, 0.8464958667755127, 0.14275845885276794, -0.6126410961151123, 0.6150379180908203, -0.9547376036643982, 0.15964624285697937, -0.4678553342819214, 0.00017899971862789243, -0.10783357918262482, 0.2256377786397934, -0.46327435970306396, -0.16158495843410492, -0.13217519223690033, 0.8180542588233948, -0.15258415043354034, 0.039605557918548584, -0.5668172240257263, -0.37221917510032654, -0.4290446937084198, 0.5794346928596497, 0.013975933194160461, 0.06217357888817787, 0.4077342450618744, 0.35954251885414124, 0.2459062784910202, -0.02073986828327179, 0.6856223344802856, -0.16511580348014832, -0.8252972364425659, 0.005902045406401157, -0.39871302247047424, -0.41176700592041016, -0.09327563643455505, -0.45451468229293823, 0.3343692719936371, -0.10993946343660355, 0.5005455017089844, -0.28454655408859253, -0.3065136969089508, -0.2773059010505676, -0.5407559871673584, -0.7656095027923584, -0.09412097930908203, -0.0844426304101944, -0.407183974981308, 0.12552276253700256, -0.446664035320282, -0.7891446948051453, 0.3768908977508545, 0.1514788120985031, 0.6405689120292664, -0.30558910965919495, -0.36823388934135437, -0.6151747107505798, 0.5216230154037476, -0.033336203545331955, -1.1908940076828003, 0.2752901017665863, -0.7895859479904175, -0.5757894515991211, 0.002246350748464465, -0.20382624864578247, 0.8849539160728455, -0.7461782097816467, 0.24583514034748077, -0.012793566100299358, -0.5762145519256592, -0.7514066696166992, 0.737537145614624, -0.21423400938510895, -1.1517324447631836, 0.12016082555055618, -0.166829451918602, -0.4815428853034973, 0.6852269768714905, 0.052829086780548096, -0.6376325488090515, -0.6517034769058228, 0.04597127437591553, 0.746042788028717, 0.36228147149086, 0.6445391774177551, 0.7426825761795044, -0.355152428150177, -0.413928359746933, 0.15741991996765137, -0.13358837366104126, -0.09369086474180222, 0.6713157296180725, -0.031222131103277206, -0.20980162918567657, 0.15807272493839264, -0.07292485982179642, -0.5466693043708801, -0.160260871052742, -0.42894428968429565, 0.2759120762348175, 0.32019755244255066, 0.32236185669898987, -0.6438126564025879, -0.17023231089115143, 0.07673189043998718, 0.18768887221813202, 0.06337849795818329, -0.16252854466438293, -0.026700634509325027, 0.6886221170425415, -0.13718433678150177, 0.2969104051589966, 0.0688261091709137, -1.2196890115737915, 0.45170000195503235, 0.8126583099365234, -0.36602622270584106, -0.08502303063869476, -0.28364497423171997, -1.279768705368042, -0.054644875228405, -0.2724170982837677, 0.0052689011208713055, -0.37917348742485046, 0.4803636968135834, 0.374539852142334, -0.19364900887012482, -0.9780977964401245, 0.0189297404140234, -0.27770566940307617, -0.36571943759918213, -0.5101110339164734, 0.22051747143268585, 0.7873349189758301, 0.3057998716831207, -0.4295898675918579, 0.21242552995681763, -0.3077143132686615, -0.5136159062385559, 0.20555417239665985, 0.3264550268650055, -0.006880513858050108, -0.09067482501268387, -0.08585817366838455, -0.40511056780815125, -0.14222700893878937, 0.7439141869544983, 0.8564265370368958, 0.6784281134605408, 0.9757040739059448, 0.16891157627105713, 0.18908050656318665, -0.36120882630348206, 0.33628541231155396, 0.07137314230203629, -0.43851691484451294, -0.403722882270813, 0.3491239845752716, 0.2221587747335434, -0.8164029121398926, -0.7518840432167053, -0.6926970481872559, 1.1984424591064453, -0.7266778349876404, -0.17778480052947998, 0.44159623980522156, -0.24202850461006165, 0.35222241282463074, -0.05148922652006149, 0.3564659655094147, -0.21731652319431305, 0.6076412200927734, -0.07141129672527313, 0.8532578349113464, -0.5553377866744995, 0.2659373879432678, 0.6759474873542786, -0.27328047156333923, -0.31033092737197876, -0.4473581612110138, -0.14001785218715668, 0.6200135946273804, -0.16437317430973053, 0.06096367537975311, -0.17672081291675568, -0.25458499789237976, -0.3019808232784271, -0.797849714756012, 0.821793258190155, -0.06563492864370346, 0.5159643292427063, -0.29947516322135925, -0.11372929066419601, -0.24747203290462494, -0.0957460030913353, -0.10597903281450272, -0.31886982917785645, 0.192717045545578, -1.0030213594436646, -0.11642281711101532, -0.5364006757736206, 0.32178929448127747, -0.29292234778404236, 0.2560526728630066, -0.41679278016090393, -0.22326254844665527, -0.5677010416984558, 0.08015009760856628, -0.37621164321899414, 0.6685362458229065, 0.15611232817173004, 0.2963868975639343, 0.4418872892856598, 0.33994507789611816, 0.24425262212753296, 0.09605152159929276, 0.08734860271215439, 0.30645447969436646, 0.10053911060094833, 0.08877826482057571, 0.3264712691307068, 0.6485854387283325, 0.24329689145088196, 0.0985756516456604, -0.38032588362693787, -0.5433424115180969, -0.1395532786846161, -0.11262144148349762, 0.5652838349342346, -0.6785632371902466, 0.3712594509124756, 0.464768648147583, -0.10885264724493027, 0.2220645397901535, 0.3884144723415375, -0.5285918712615967, 0.11204114556312561, -0.055157605558633804, 0.5329226851463318, -0.16108310222625732, -0.36726853251457214, -0.018812721595168114, -0.2561274468898773, -0.17721888422966003, 0.049014151096343994, -0.36706751585006714, -0.18910740315914154, 0.4939761459827423, 0.3580010235309601, 0.3828217685222626, -0.09126091003417969, -0.5856320261955261, 0.1306914985179901, 0.11919870972633362, -0.30214744806289673, 0.029598264023661613, 0.14851687848567963, -0.2918846309185028, 0.5962724089622498, 0.6267367601394653, 0.5027811527252197, -0.2945742905139923, -0.22960050404071808, 0.3511543869972229, -0.04416127875447273, -0.719896674156189, -0.19119732081890106, -1.6520493030548096, -0.10838514566421509, -0.5979200601577759, 0.18133261799812317, -0.17061321437358856, 0.38787367939949036, 0.15449272096157074, -0.40159371495246887, -0.024615244939923286, -0.25112003087997437, 0.6142532825469971, 0.21620921790599823, 0.18851135671138763, 0.04239021986722946, -0.09016124904155731, 0.4495089054107666, 0.7100859880447388, 0.12140338867902756, 0.024242235347628593, 0.6245390176773071, -0.5070594549179077, -0.20920975506305695, 0.33509886264801025, -0.28932544589042664, -0.5510098934173584, 0.5525109767913818, -0.13354253768920898, -0.19543401896953583, 0.5517796277999878, -0.40502357482910156, 0.33491188287734985, 0.4947090148925781, 0.05658869072794914, -0.19288918375968933, 0.2587592601776123, -0.47005563974380493, -0.05069645121693611, -0.42852047085762024, 0.5546185374259949, 0.267924427986145, 0.3955162763595581, -0.13439540565013885, 0.1013062372803688, 0.026436379179358482, 0.48165014386177063, -0.3768187165260315, 0.5496414303779602, -0.6235255599021912, 0.4350332021713257, -0.35445624589920044, -0.23269720375537872, 0.5978963971138, -0.12135108560323715, 0.03916444256901741, -0.306936115026474, -0.03471563756465912, -0.5236533880233765, 0.673712432384491, -0.5913776159286499, -0.30636677145957947, -0.19044405221939087, 0.22800642251968384, -0.11121177673339844, 0.2384779006242752, 0.9135016202926636, -0.49369102716445923, -0.22568441927433014, 0.07811437547206879, -0.3887006938457489, -0.18488889932632446, -0.10603727400302887, -0.06526067107915878, 0.18468745052814484, -0.2932245135307312, -0.3913770318031311, 0.4519338607788086, 0.5546103119850159, 0.6022996306419373, 0.7660946846008301, 0.43143773078918457, 0.324483186006546, 0.006673966534435749, -0.5455899238586426, 0.13900990784168243, 0.1979573369026184, -4.320502758026123, 0.1768280267715454, -0.1697118878364563, -0.759477972984314, 0.20487424731254578, -0.03041786700487137, 0.35295209288597107, -0.5402842164039612, 0.6093620657920837, 0.004927048925310373, -0.050151001662015915, -0.1525026112794876, 0.4868009388446808, -0.44592559337615967, 0.17391648888587952, 0.20641009509563446 ]
202273	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dtoku	Shōtoku	Shōtoku may refer to: Prince Shōtoku (574-622), a politician of the Asuka period Empress Kōken, or Empress Shōtoku (718-770), the 48th imperial ruler of Japan Shōtoku (era) (1711–1716), a Japanese era	[ -0.30576008558273315, -0.4714618921279907, -0.586967945098877, 0.2993404269218445, -1.337377905845642, 0.8033232688903809, 0.6911554932594299, -0.3726671636104584, -0.7104288339614868, -0.5955183506011963, 0.16189995408058167, -0.12991857528686523, -0.14204338192939758, 0.35890671610832214, -0.5349045395851135, -0.3508841395378113, 0.5085365176200867, 0.44713857769966125, -0.18310986459255219, -0.434491902589798, -0.41273897886276245, -0.09635868668556213, -0.20831525325775146, -0.48776376247406006, 0.3434368371963501, -0.5262307524681091, 0.3391956090927124, -0.06297342479228973, 0.4246828854084015, 0.06830842047929764, 0.044490937143564224, 0.5433475375175476, -0.0505131259560585, 0.29040729999542236, -0.18776969611644745, -0.3627833127975464, -0.06330587714910507, -0.07547931373119354, 0.29499202966690063, -0.5415740609169006, 0.3195573091506958, -0.3707111179828644, 0.7005501389503479, 0.02860940992832184, 0.4108116030693054, -0.6555072665214539, -2.148198127746582, 0.4752647280693054, -0.49639326333999634, 0.20395727455615997, -0.23807059228420258, 0.24681943655014038, 0.034387409687042236, 0.7700384259223938, -0.19796699285507202, 1.1483358144760132, -0.3747533857822418, -0.1154501885175705, 0.04376033693552017, -0.2852698266506195, 0.5313193202018738, -0.368093878030777, 0.5386079549789429, 0.1790379136800766, -0.2858894467353821, -0.3682756721973419, 0.4852389693260193, 0.5556525588035583, -0.012246168218553066, -0.22257697582244873, 0.0782301276922226, 0.5352732539176941, 0.5353677272796631, 0.12502306699752808, -0.025115326046943665, -0.7062275409698486, -0.4322928488254547, 0.18507274985313416, 0.4553808271884918, -0.23583437502384186, -0.45519429445266724, -0.20135533809661865, -0.043606776744127274, 0.04963100329041481, 0.3080216348171234, 0.15220369398593903, -0.15682199597358704, 0.047520462423563004, -0.6260126233100891, 0.5207577347755432, 0.3070627748966217, 0.2476048320531845, 0.1877841055393219, -0.18239203095436096, -0.523632287979126, -0.1320953369140625, -0.3079085052013397, 0.3801058232784271, 0.26829463243484497, -0.04889064282178879, -0.3505263030529022, 0.16305993497371674, 0.4827392101287842, -0.2291928082704544, -0.9184103012084961, -0.5962684750556946, -0.0638880506157875, -0.28582146763801575, -0.38995060324668884, 0.09574626386165619, -0.10381018370389938, 0.4182819724082947, 0.35183030366897583, 0.2449887990951538, -0.16631659865379333, -0.35724642872810364, -0.2276916801929474, -0.48146507143974304, -0.007905913516879082, -0.13024428486824036, -0.03276228532195091, -0.1304769515991211, 0.10096653550863266, 0.28664159774780273, 0.06239732354879379, 0.105084627866745, 0.4703027904033661, -0.21489176154136658, -0.04679489880800247, -0.24031800031661987, 0.30790695548057556, 0.9189299941062927, -0.4732050597667694, 0.17070551216602325, 0.04296687990427017, -0.018913865089416504, -0.05840056762099266, 0.06921085715293884, -0.3599265515804291, -0.29550668597221375, -0.8287943005561829, 0.22692450881004333, -0.394338995218277, 0.19424183666706085, 0.16725650429725647, 0.4497676491737366, 0.15634092688560486, -0.5509428977966309, -0.11770723015069962, -0.40775227546691895, -0.4987892806529999, 0.14850212633609772, 0.4543401002883911, 0.44940847158432007, -0.18227167427539825, 0.4610891342163086, 0.3012852072715759, -0.3461785316467285, 0.11391222476959229, 0.2182287722826004, -0.05429460108280182, -0.1686987280845642, -0.09729231894016266, 0.3777465224266052, 0.12532375752925873, -0.43569278717041016, 0.45855459570884705, 0.8413552641868591, -0.6010270118713379, -0.2348792552947998, -0.5551963448524475, -0.3958147466182709, -0.2733318507671356, -0.0407341867685318, 0.04418307915329933, 0.32917043566703796, 0.7210898399353027, 0.16368763148784637, 0.2749153673648834, -0.42444172501564026, -0.7816604375839233, -0.07160446047782898, 0.028426362201571465, -0.17893086373806, 0.4208747148513794, 0.8010534644126892, -0.08832426369190216, 0.534833550453186, 0.025695903226733208, 0.06041523441672325, -0.531189501285553, -0.29034334421157837, -0.14232520759105682, -0.5049543976783752, 1.0053170919418335, 0.43791764974594116, -0.44898271560668945, 0.46388715505599976, 0.3981730043888092, 0.7950816750526428, 0.09349347651004791, -0.3219805657863617, 0.3526969850063324, -0.08976215124130249, 0.18379157781600952, -0.030682863667607307, -0.4085704982280731, 0.4715849459171295, 0.21938583254814148, 0.40906715393066406, -0.04807554930448532, 0.3036135733127594, 0.19829639792442322, -0.016852693632245064, -0.036448247730731964, 0.22404682636260986, -0.7499033808708191, -0.02310389094054699, -0.10934033989906311, -0.3079652488231659, 0.131808802485466, 0.034781355410814285, -0.024340776726603508, 0.5721626877784729, 0.19224567711353302, 1.085150957107544, 0.13518495857715607, 0.631613552570343, 0.1474982500076294, -0.4041094481945038, 0.20536787807941437, -0.06396541744470596, 0.3826189339160919, -0.13625971972942352, -0.09778425097465515, 0.12348445504903793, 0.645898163318634, -0.46219831705093384, -0.09099943190813065, -0.34276166558265686, 0.32767024636268616, 0.597970187664032, 0.23243312537670135, 0.015019209124147892, 0.5341404676437378, 0.27990734577178955, -0.068270243704319, -0.11784711480140686, -0.5681789517402649, -0.16726645827293396, 0.4228663444519043, 0.5714944005012512, 0.10521908849477768, -0.11805175989866257, 0.10856976360082626, -0.6806660890579224, 0.24891698360443115, 0.23282934725284576, -0.2495095431804657, -0.18447712063789368, -0.0864962711930275, 0.401324063539505, 0.2800837755203247, -0.23754514753818512, 0.027630850672721863, -0.23065081238746643, 0.3109167218208313, 0.03865622729063034, 0.8128063678741455, 0.1329362839460373, 0.09476255625486374, -0.3136364221572876, -0.7470777034759521, 0.061633966863155365, -0.23753881454467773, -1.315641164779663, -0.06042687967419624, 0.5658406615257263, -0.32436683773994446, -0.794022262096405, -0.15763284265995026, 0.6523628234863281, -0.315522700548172, -0.7156827449798584, -0.25264155864715576, -0.4284701645374298, -0.34949737787246704, -0.6139501333236694, -0.14473646879196167, 0.10624365508556366, 0.1535874605178833, 0.7848019003868103, -0.3651517331600189, -0.457071989774704, 0.534588634967804, 0.7471736073493958, -0.5819289088249207, 0.07600220292806625, 0.17493227124214172, -0.4315015971660614, -0.8863185048103333, -0.3487933874130249, 0.34617820382118225, -0.2389254868030548, 0.13590309023857117, 0.18817703425884247, 0.1305035948753357, 0.4258787930011749, -5.714942932128906, -0.26756522059440613, -0.22979632019996643, -0.31499940156936646, 0.24799931049346924, 0.2940749228000641, 0.680881679058075, 0.24316942691802979, 0.8474653363227844, -0.424495130777359, 0.448493093252182, 0.174846351146698, 0.2665129601955414, 0.36618971824645996, 0.0154946930706501, 0.08281823992729187, 0.5598414540290833, 0.4153074324131012, -0.18433703482151031, -0.06338021904230118, -0.3348172605037689, -0.1909121721982956, -0.029552042484283447, 1.2571924924850464, -0.002679225755855441, -0.0233113132417202, -0.02407124638557434, -0.051571790128946304, -0.2519938051700592, -0.40861472487449646, -0.02727111242711544, -0.12611402571201324, 0.22849661111831665, 0.38503992557525635, -0.6404074430465698, -0.23610052466392517, 0.5972633957862854, 0.5873812437057495, 0.3951682448387146, 0.4573372006416321, -0.03984568640589714, -0.1826869547367096, -0.583423912525177, -0.06691376119852066, -0.06921221315860748, -0.4479653835296631, -0.4692147672176361, 0.5964822173118591, -0.3145422637462616, 0.6012678742408752, 0.3974003791809082, -0.1776985228061676, 0.46488502621650696, -0.3709096908569336, 0.4702635109424591, -0.0931735560297966, 0.07942932099103928, 0.5187507271766663, -0.42961737513542175, 0.03400164842605591, 0.6045592427253723, -0.3823713958263397, -0.0009918294381350279, -0.5633326172828674, 0.12348532676696777, -0.7529269456863403, -0.3829757571220398, 0.09799155592918396, -0.06043611839413643, 0.6510991454124451, -0.5590099096298218, 0.27877891063690186, 0.12884190678596497, -1.175295114517212, 0.2254171371459961, 0.13548621535301208, 0.03945249691605568, 0.30000796914100647, -0.22497163712978363, 0.12482929974794388, -0.2548964321613312, -0.30681806802749634, -0.04009799286723137, 0.7649564146995544, -0.01102188229560852, -0.13116997480392456, -0.041123535484075546, 0.056565266102552414, -0.03250601515173912, 0.36165767908096313, 0.9473141431808472, -0.5768797397613525, 0.1548357754945755, 0.4303725063800812, 0.22180934250354767, 0.4088062644004822, -0.050210680812597275, -0.1837521344423294, 0.11496651917695999, -0.40473732352256775, 0.20841272175312042, -0.15145756304264069, -0.4940344989299774, -0.10693899542093277, -0.2597094178199768, -0.1269901841878891, -0.02390303649008274, 0.3176734447479248, 0.4628734290599823, 0.17133313417434692, -0.1344873309135437, -0.4043443202972412, -0.08545643836259842, -0.6232815384864807, 0.601085901260376, -0.19653856754302979, 0.24334584176540375, 0.3387165069580078, 0.30250728130340576, 0.24318452179431915, -0.15374113619327545, 0.9702928066253662, -0.4484862983226776, -0.3762282133102417, -0.06773898005485535, 0.23956093192100525, -0.38060498237609863, 0.16283786296844482, -0.3052806854248047, 0.05004846677184105, 0.9317501187324524, 0.04571150615811348, 0.19272346794605255, 0.34024372696876526, -0.04417574778199196, -0.834202766418457, -0.6283241510391235, -0.4535277783870697, -0.1701364517211914, -0.1305394470691681, -0.15170730650424957, -0.2663751542568207, -0.9904061555862427, 0.4312394857406616, -0.5687532424926758, 0.5957306027412415, -0.4930400252342224, -0.30297452211380005, -0.16165117919445038, 0.6229819655418396, -0.8746609687805176, -1.1366859674453735, 0.3165816068649292, -0.4646727442741394, -0.5682530403137207, 0.08995797485113144, -0.7682422399520874, 0.11770694702863693, -0.3364340364933014, 0.11754622310400009, -0.1803167313337326, -0.260082483291626, -0.679673433303833, 0.11809995770454407, -0.37310636043548584, -0.446556955575943, 0.1450413316488266, -0.08437611907720566, 0.025731803849339485, 0.11324699968099594, 0.2573641538619995, -0.34078991413116455, -0.0429714098572731, -0.030180806294083595, 0.7472215294837952, 0.20729005336761475, 0.5959053039550781, 0.3455294668674469, -0.24175967276096344, -0.19150410592556, 0.2521631419658661, 0.1832551509141922, 0.05541400611400604, 0.4458659589290619, -0.1382877677679062, -0.047467365860939026, 0.14416402578353882, -0.03908257931470871, -0.3367779552936554, -0.06143336743116379, -0.3792692720890045, 0.25874626636505127, -0.15512536466121674, 0.2219911813735962, -0.5347307324409485, -0.43940913677215576, 0.5407202243804932, 0.04759298264980316, -0.006164719816297293, 0.1052558496594429, -0.06840724498033524, 0.5654474496841431, -0.23446312546730042, 0.003812269540503621, 0.2715809643268585, -0.9301784634590149, 0.6270503997802734, 0.6829882860183716, 0.09259262681007385, -0.3976168632507324, -0.33683356642723083, -0.6175484657287598, -0.3418756127357483, -0.282103568315506, 0.25655943155288696, -0.01696939207613468, 0.344311386346817, -0.23647914826869965, -0.07198762148618698, -1.113936185836792, 0.009981010109186172, 0.15456484258174896, -0.3273024260997772, -0.33351844549179077, -0.1137436032295227, 0.30964234471321106, 0.2944444417953491, -0.3398461639881134, 0.0390305258333683, -0.027029402554035187, -0.4932234585285187, 0.4292462170124054, -0.08012957870960236, 0.3187258839607239, -0.3688361346721649, -0.3978119492530823, -0.17705607414245605, -0.36886149644851685, 0.3320492208003998, 0.4281124174594879, 0.41240057349205017, 0.8062963485717773, 0.3684625029563904, 0.15914887189865112, -0.2318621277809143, 0.3405802249908447, 0.15958979725837708, -0.2468639761209488, 0.29110705852508545, 0.6003453135490417, 0.0026394266169518232, -0.2689700126647949, -0.49209877848625183, -0.43050792813301086, 0.759758472442627, -0.6348919868469238, 0.3412795662879944, 0.48281389474868774, -0.2804487943649292, 0.3719564974308014, -0.4126317799091339, 0.2995838522911072, 0.12028925120830536, -0.02747706137597561, 0.30915340781211853, 0.6032794117927551, -0.3381989896297455, 0.2280954122543335, 0.33984240889549255, -0.32821449637413025, -0.340596467256546, -0.26093029975891113, 0.12567684054374695, 0.4098164439201355, 0.006542328279465437, 0.2882659435272217, -0.37802472710609436, 0.2359875589609146, -0.12555666267871857, -0.48703351616859436, -0.8076669573783875, -0.4535525143146515, 0.21165503561496735, -0.4390272796154022, -0.24052807688713074, -0.49850866198539734, 0.14549797773361206, 0.010516063310205936, -0.14697390794754028, -0.29590800404548645, -0.5189601182937622, 0.18236105144023895, -0.04153978079557419, 0.17468605935573578, -0.477472722530365, 0.238624706864357, -0.1816694140434265, 0.13972482085227966, -0.54300457239151, 0.179942324757576, -0.44571128487586975, -0.18864832818508148, 0.17128139734268188, 0.6701122522354126, 0.42166629433631897, 0.09021870791912079, -0.2921653389930725, 0.08811086416244507, -0.3516991436481476, 0.9641280174255371, 0.2933441698551178, -0.08297967165708542, 0.5860218405723572, -0.045273661613464355, -0.17098040878772736, 0.11450020223855972, -0.0759119838476181, -0.07594797760248184, -0.35750168561935425, -0.4922093451023102, 0.6047639846801758, 0.13933002948760986, -0.16933782398700714, 0.32336553931236267, 0.028646990656852722, 0.0804208517074585, 0.09084883332252502, -0.022916477173566818, 0.44034963846206665, 0.43432965874671936, 0.7163034677505493, -0.11334120482206345, -0.5932542085647583, 0.4335889220237732, -0.2013566493988037, -0.16647553443908691, -0.008118927478790283, -0.6752762198448181, 0.2661570906639099, 0.30837371945381165, 0.5435824990272522, 0.46546804904937744, -0.8037578463554382, -0.17472262680530548, -0.41044747829437256, 0.1938910335302353, -0.21841999888420105, -0.32583972811698914, -0.12127051502466202, -0.3374864161014557, 0.6729454398155212, 0.2969486713409424, 0.425030380487442, -0.21717029809951782, 0.11442361772060394, 0.7191055417060852, 0.14875194430351257, -0.3676069378852844, 0.38685324788093567, -0.4950597584247589, -0.37296122312545776, -0.4692934453487396, 0.3395131230354309, 0.05810277536511421, 0.029100634157657623, 0.28843453526496887, -0.6363552808761597, 0.01089010201394558, -0.2854539155960083, -0.05549057200551033, -0.19809451699256897, -0.011332888156175613, 0.08186967670917511, -0.0963675007224083, 0.20244215428829193, 0.48978665471076965, 0.5202380418777466, 0.13138136267662048, 0.4370698928833008, -0.04590156674385071, -0.46966609358787537, 0.022152386605739594, 0.1165037676692009, -0.9582266211509705, 0.18456286191940308, 0.10015949606895447, 0.21975891292095184, 0.2598941922187805, -0.430934339761734, -0.015763064846396446, 0.0015565995126962662, -0.6179665327072144, -0.21786268055438995, 0.6319817900657654, -0.41790032386779785, 0.026232359930872917, -0.3320661783218384, 0.2699258625507355, 0.7403895854949951, 0.5766541361808777, 0.01112127024680376, -0.2316540628671646, 0.19602635502815247, 0.3105369508266449, -0.33022013306617737, 0.25039196014404297, -0.31376853585243225, 0.0740416944026947, -0.4073573350906372, -0.0017986757447943091, 0.4975956976413727, -0.10397283732891083, 0.33088570833206177, 0.13847431540489197, -0.3463301956653595, -0.4934878945350647, 1.2060226202011108, -0.3406071662902832, 0.009842035360634327, -0.030398281291127205, -0.16867493093013763, -0.484661340713501, 0.016508497297763824, 0.6181485056877136, -0.3361944556236267, -0.02848830819129944, 0.14245428144931793, -0.04472349211573601, -0.11011944711208344, 0.5314319729804993, -0.2293415516614914, -0.16925421357154846, -0.5749101042747498, -0.2795681953430176, 0.153469979763031, 0.40630894899368286, 0.29624810814857483, 0.4861113727092743, 0.2261328250169754, -0.5360594987869263, -0.022624129429459572, 0.2216293066740036, -0.018386084586381912, 0.39610880613327026, -0.05494029074907303, 0.09614038467407227, 0.20567020773887634, -0.4561062753200531, -0.4944136142730713, 0.29495400190353394, 0.6754167079925537, 0.032929662615060806, 0.3526465892791748, -0.2814633548259735, 0.30817437171936035, -0.35682544112205505, 0.5055145025253296, -0.40857234597206116, 0.17612753808498383, -0.09149427711963654 ]
202274	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor%20Sanj%C5%8D	Emperor Sanjō	was the 67th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. Sanjō's reign spanned the years from 1011 through 1016. Biography Before his ascension to the Chrysanthemum Throne, his personal name (imina) was Iyasada-shinnō. He was also known as Sukesada-shinnō, and as Okisada-shinnō (居貞親王). Iyasada was the second son of Emperor Reizei. He was the half-brother of Emperor Kazan, who was Reizei's first-born son. Ieyasada's mother was Fujiwara no Chōshi (藤原超子) (?-982), who was the daughter of the sesshō, Fujiwara no Kaneie. Chōshi was posthumously elevated to the rank of empress mother (Zō-Kōtaigō, 贈皇太后). In ancient Japan, there were four noble clans, the Gempeitōkitsu (源平藤橘). One of these clans, the Minamoto clan (源氏) are also known as Genji, and of these, the Sanjō Genji (三条源氏) are descended from the 67th emperor Sanjō. Events of Sanjō's life After his mother died when he was seven, his maternal grandfather Fujiwara no Kaneie raised him at Kaneie's mansion. August 23, 986 (Kanna 2, 16th day of the 7th month): Iyasada-shinnō was appointed as heir and crown prince at age 11. This followed the convention that two imperial lineages took the throne in turn, although Emperor Ichijō was in fact Iyasada's junior. He thus gained the nickname Sakasa-no moke-no kimi (the imperial heir in reverse). When Emperor Kanzan abandoned the world for holy orders, this grandson of Kaneie ascended to the throne as Emperor Ichijō. July 16, 1011 (Kankō 8, 13th day of the 6th month): In the 25th year of Emperor Ichijō's reign (一条天皇二十五年), the emperor abdicated; and the succession (senso) was received by his cousin. Shortly thereafter, Emperor Sanjō is said to have acceded to the throne (sokui) at age 36. August 29, 1011 (Kankō 8, 22nd day of the 6th month): Daijō-tennō Emperor Ichijō died at the age of 32. August 30, 1011 (Kankō 8, 23rd day of the 8th month): Fujiwara Michinaga is granted the extraordinary privilege of travelling to and from the court by ox-drawn cart. November 28, 1011 (Kankō 8, 24th day of the 10th month): Daijō-tennō Reizei, who was Emperor Sanjō's father, died at age 62. 1011 (Kankō 8): Prince Atsunari, the second son of former-Emperor Ichijo, is proclaimed Crown Prince. Sanjō's eldest son, Prince Atsuakira, had been the officially designated heir; but pressure from Michinaga forced the young prince abandon his position. Kaneie died in the early part of Ichijō's reign. His three uncles, sons of Kaneie, made their daughters consorts of Ichijo and each aimed to seize power as the grandfather of a future emperor. These courtiers therefore sought to exclude Okisada from the Imperial succession, though each of them married their daughter to him. Later Ichijō had two sons by Fujiwara no Shōshi, the daughter of Fujiwara no Michinaga, and Michinaga expected his grandson to ascend to the throne as soon as possible. Michinaga became the kampaku (regent) of Japan during the reign of Ichijō and expected to hold this position in Sanjō's government as well. 1012 (Chōwa 1): The era name was changed to mark Emperor Sanjō's accession; and in the 8th month, he married a daughter of kampaku Michinaga. 1013 (Chōwa 2, 3rd month): Sanjō sent an offering of grain to the gods of the 21 principal temples of Japan. 1013 (Chōwa 2, 9th month): Sanjō visited the home of Michinaga. 1013 (Chōwa 2, 11th month): Sanjō visited the Shrine of Iwashimizu Hachiman, and successive emperors would emulate his example visiting this shrine annually. 1013 (Chōwa 2, 12th month): Sanjō visited the Shrines of Kamo, and successive emperors would emulate his example visiting this shrine annually. 1013 (Chōwa 2, 12th month): Fujiwara no Masanobu, an officer of the chūgo’s guard, was killed by Fujiwara no Korekane; and Michinaga ordered the assassin imprisoned. March 12, 1014 (Chōwa 3, 9th day of the 2nd month): The Imperial Palace is destroyed by fire. 1014 (Chōwa 3, 5th month): Sanjō visited the home of Michinaga where he enjoyed himself with horse riding and archery. 1015 (Chōwa 4, 9th month): The reconstruction of the palace is completed. 1015 (Chōwa 4, 10th month): Michinaga's 50th birthday is celebrated. 1015 (Chōwa 4, 11th month): The palace is again reduced to cinders after a devastating fire. 1016 (Chōwa 5, 1st month): Sanjō grew increasingly blind; he abdicated at the age of 40, having reigned for six years in the nengō Chōwa. He took the title Daijō-tennō. March 10, 1016 (Chōwa 5, 29th day of the 1st month): In the 6th year of Emperor Sanjō's reign (三条天皇6年), the emperor abdicated; and the succession (‘‘senso’’) was received by his cousin. Shortly thereafter, Emperor Go-Ichijō is said to have acceded to the throne (‘‘sokui’’) at age 9. May 21, 1017 (Chōwa 6, 23rd day of the 4th month): The era name was changed to Kannin to mark the beginning of Emperor Go-Ichijō's reign. May 27, 1017 (Kannin 1, 29th day of the 4th month): Sanjō entered the Buddhist priesthood. June 5, 1017 (Kannin 1, 9th day of the 5th month): The former-Emperor Sanjō died at age 42. He was given the posthumous name of Sanjō-in (三条院) after the palace where he spent his life after abdication. During the Meiji Era, the in was dropped and replaced with tennō (Emperor). The actual site of Sanjō's grave is known. This emperor is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine (misasagi) at Kyoto. The Imperial Household Agency designates this location as Sanjō's mausoleum. It is formally named Kitayama no misasagi. Michinaga gifted Atsuakira a status equal to the retired emperor, with the title of Ko-ichijo-in. Although no son of Sanjō ascended to the throne, a future emperor (Emperor Go-Sanjō) was child of Princess Teishi, Sanjō's daughter, and thus his blood remained in the imperial bloodline. Kugyō is a collective term for the very few most powerful men attached to the court of the Emperor of Japan in pre-Meiji eras. Even during those years in which the court's actual influence outside the palace walls was minimal, the hierarchic organization persisted. In general, this elite group included only three to four men at a time. These were hereditary courtiers whose experience and background would have brought them to the pinnacle of a life's career. During Sanjō's reign, this apex of the Daijō-kan included: Sesshō, Fujiwara no Michinaga (藤原道長), 1016–1017. Sadaijin, Fujiwara no Michinaga. Udaijin, Fujiwara no Akimitsu (藤原顕光) Naidaijin, Fujiwara no Kinsue (藤原公季) DainagonEras of Sanjō's reign The years of Sanjō's reign are more specifically identified by more than one era name or nengō. Kankō (1004–1012) Chōwa (1012–1017) Consorts and children Empress (Kōgō): Fujiwara no Seishi (藤原娍子), Fujiwara no Naritoki's 1st daughter First Son: Imperial Prince Atsuakira (敦明親王; 994–1051), Emperor Go-Ichijō's Crown Prince; later, Ko-ichijō In (小一条院) Second Son: Imperial Prince Atsunori (敦儀親王; 997–1054) Third Son: Imperial Prince Atsuhira (敦平親王; 999–1049) First daughter: Imperial Princess Masako (当子内親王; 1001–1023), 37th Saiō in Grand Shrine of Ise) 1012–1016 Second daughter: Imperial Princess Shishi (real pronunciation is unknown) (禔子内親王; 1003–1048), married Fujiwara no Norimichi Fourth Son: Imperial Prince Moroakira (師明親王; 1005–1085) later Imperial Prince Priest Seishin (性信入道親王), 2nd head priest of Ninna-ji Temple. Empress (Chūgū): Fujiwara no Kenshi (藤原妍子), Fujiwara no Michinaga‘s 2nd daughter Third Daughter: Imperial Princess Teishi (禎子内親王) later Empress Dowager Yōmei-mon In (陽明門院), Empress (kōgō) to Emperor Go-Suzaku Consort (Nyōgo): Fujiwara no Yasuko (藤原綏子; 974–1004), Fujiwara no Kaneie‘s 3rd daughter Consort (Nyōgo): Fujiwara no Genshi (藤原原子; ca. 980–1002), Fujiwara no Michitaka‘s 2nd daughter Ancestry Notes References Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida, eds. (1979). Gukanshō: The Future and the Past. Berkeley: University of California Press. ; OCLC 251325323 Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon. (1959). The Imperial House of Japan. Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. OCLC 194887 Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Nihon Odai Ichiran''; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon. Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691 Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki: A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns. New York: Columbia University Press. ; OCLC 59145842 See also Emperor of Japan List of Emperors of Japan Imperial cult Emperor Go-Sanjō Japanese emperors 976 births 1017 deaths People of Heian-period Japan 10th-century Japanese people 11th-century Japanese monarchs Heian period Buddhist clergy Hyakunin Isshu poets Japanese Buddhist monarchs Japanese retired emperors People from Kyoto	[ -1.0371465682983398, 0.199722021818161, -0.16941313445568085, -0.09346337616443634, -0.999907374382019, 0.4250310957431793, 0.7977320551872253, 0.1704121232032776, -0.49136799573898315, -0.15638016164302826, -0.09286567568778992, -0.24758237600326538, -0.04124627634882927, 0.16880878806114197, -0.2706650197505951, 0.16221806406974792, 0.40256500244140625, 0.12010298669338226, 0.11074686050415039, -0.3841666579246521, -0.2477867156267166, 0.14772698283195496, 0.026662033051252365, -0.2868640124797821, 0.5435848236083984, -0.2500837743282318, 0.5548382997512817, -0.0749262198805809, -0.48004987835884094, -0.506465494632721, 0.14671069383621216, 0.1739611178636551, 0.006588165182620287, -0.47040271759033203, -0.6294630169868469, -0.6738414168357849, 0.0027216090820729733, -0.17882315814495087, -0.23700498044490814, 0.20693761110305786, -0.3546213209629059, -0.0860617458820343, 0.47219857573509216, 0.26346203684806824, -0.02326333336532116, -0.6769593358039856, -1.4926005601882935, -0.008009478449821472, -0.3895147740840912, -0.041823096573352814, -0.12919652462005615, 0.3857239782810211, 0.0009505164343863726, 0.3242330551147461, -0.1992088258266449, 0.2767515182495117, -0.2619538903236389, -0.23353399336338043, -0.46146270632743835, -0.3730742633342743, 0.42699962854385376, -0.10294494777917862, 0.39967530965805054, 0.02531765028834343, -0.2805480659008026, -0.058069318532943726, 0.38350045680999756, 0.1569049209356308, 0.2979787588119507, 0.006012632977217436, 0.0329529345035553, 0.4112231731414795, 0.5592626333236694, 0.39026153087615967, -0.0008036054205149412, -1.189081072807312, -0.07821452617645264, 0.42635855078697205, 0.12826579809188843, -0.5160390138626099, -0.32129135727882385, -0.38508978486061096, 0.26190027594566345, 0.1900283545255661, 0.5445972084999084, -0.029160549864172935, 0.09744127094745636, 0.40611788630485535, -0.4781379699707031, 0.9106616973876953, -0.22112640738487244, 0.7178122997283936, 0.7278791069984436, -0.09865546226501465, -0.5092588067054749, -0.3682476878166199, -0.27741101384162903, 0.4888521730899811, -0.38185709714889526, -0.27172037959098816, -0.1683482974767685, 0.5001251697540283, 0.28972920775413513, -0.0825163871049881, -0.9491584300994873, -0.7786659598350525, -0.090250164270401, 0.059078413993120193, -0.545100748538971, 0.1539808213710785, -0.2918058931827545, 0.4375815987586975, -0.0895870104432106, 0.2027331292629242, -0.15873104333877563, 0.26517754793167114, -0.24757657945156097, -0.23462629318237305, 0.4960694909095764, -0.12275324016809464, 0.7031581997871399, -0.027981890365481377, -0.24930769205093384, 0.4064972400665283, -0.1845466047525406, 0.1329769492149353, -0.16559314727783203, -0.40397801995277405, 0.051490623503923416, -0.3494519591331482, 0.5744195580482483, 0.5813212990760803, -0.3625328838825226, 0.2871114909648895, 0.18960514664649963, -0.4258372187614441, 0.42945393919944763, 0.17228910326957703, -0.07005143165588379, -0.5000901818275452, -1.0759416818618774, -0.24101057648658752, -0.5891286134719849, 0.5138126611709595, 0.04242593050003052, 0.7596320509910583, -0.20529085397720337, -0.40448427200317383, -0.5101332664489746, -0.04238137975335121, -0.3201722502708435, -0.25394943356513977, -0.16926564276218414, -0.26712897419929504, -0.2833681106567383, 0.35263484716415405, 0.30370497703552246, -0.42512282729148865, 0.14601387083530426, 0.3446667492389679, 0.1648998111486435, 0.10725989192724228, -0.4036417305469513, 0.008330527693033218, 0.2973131239414215, -0.14886876940727234, -0.12675772607326508, 0.7257371544837952, -0.19666819274425507, -0.5803248286247253, -0.3556748330593109, -0.2740142047405243, -0.3793621063232422, -0.6729718446731567, 0.6614960432052612, -0.01612829603254795, 0.6463886499404907, -0.0638526901602745, -0.12328489869832993, -0.13255926966667175, -0.47871294617652893, -0.18847323954105377, -0.06472930312156677, 0.36832043528556824, 0.49528032541275024, 0.4083637595176697, -0.13476285338401794, 0.24755460023880005, 0.44940999150276184, -0.048203080892562866, -0.42089566588401794, -0.3467097878456116, 0.10417822748422623, 0.13564781844615936, 0.41250526905059814, 0.6276127099990845, -0.08014873415231705, 0.3256775438785553, 0.06309109926223755, 0.9826408624649048, 0.41097038984298706, -0.3418789803981781, 0.2893676459789276, -0.1625458002090454, 0.4347023367881775, 0.3034866452217102, -0.3352562189102173, 0.1329483687877655, 0.710467517375946, 0.7735912203788757, -0.31399449706077576, 0.16605746746063232, 0.0680994838476181, -0.20837721228599548, -0.0814128965139389, 0.4414309859275818, -0.22150644659996033, -0.38760629296302795, 0.1605454981327057, -0.5544431805610657, 0.509014368057251, 0.5006870627403259, -0.2651994824409485, 0.6631521582603455, -0.25191110372543335, 1.6320106983184814, -0.012861615978181362, 0.5095341205596924, -0.6018271446228027, -0.47170454263687134, 0.46851783990859985, -0.13629670441150665, 0.0896679162979126, 0.19950035214424133, -0.040289778262376785, -0.2266482263803482, 0.2793387174606323, 0.1962612271308899, -0.5021315813064575, -0.09106864780187607, 0.6800481081008911, -0.15582585334777832, 0.19852158427238464, 0.47610464692115784, -0.01753871515393257, 0.1471853405237198, -0.046025775372982025, 0.4653153121471405, -0.8344289660453796, -0.36682745814323425, 0.658410906791687, -0.059795644134283066, 0.2130337506532669, -0.08143987506628036, 0.08785148710012436, -0.477536678314209, -0.05467734485864639, -0.09481219202280045, -0.41452687978744507, 0.3227425813674927, 0.07023239880800247, -0.3380468487739563, 0.4633016288280487, 0.39798927307128906, -0.017861874774098396, -0.21235132217407227, 0.49120986461639404, 0.25810617208480835, 0.12428142875432968, 0.052096202969551086, -0.3609657287597656, -0.3199912905693054, -0.7060381770133972, -0.46103110909461975, -0.000877755752298981, -0.588461697101593, -0.10960118472576141, 0.6643787026405334, 0.08543305844068527, -0.5001780986785889, 0.6701003313064575, 0.3862268626689911, -0.5209490060806274, -0.5743658542633057, -0.5130631327629089, -0.7055630683898926, -0.5754260420799255, -0.7461166977882385, -0.008922139182686806, -0.184499591588974, -0.12165610492229462, 0.7100767493247986, -0.08539839088916779, -0.25906988978385925, 0.038844868540763855, 0.6309747695922852, -0.10517970472574234, -0.33166542649269104, 0.7543827295303345, -0.5550739169120789, -0.711223840713501, -0.6147937774658203, 0.45163866877555847, 0.38391000032424927, 0.41448190808296204, 0.2853068709373474, 0.09487216919660568, 0.06943809241056442, -5.663352966308594, -0.22250023484230042, -0.04500098526477814, 0.25582155585289, 0.48215141892433167, 0.6706097722053528, 0.5565451979637146, 0.1726955622434616, 0.5470598340034485, -0.5048874616622925, 0.09701495617628098, 0.2859865427017212, 0.26864075660705566, 0.8121496438980103, -0.07195905596017838, 0.30031001567840576, 0.6559029817581177, -0.28418251872062683, 0.22912493348121643, -0.037806227803230286, -0.5389300584793091, -0.40091782808303833, -0.2669377624988556, 1.0710269212722778, 0.17225706577301025, 0.7467131018638611, -0.27906563878059387, 0.08973632007837296, -0.29600605368614197, 0.12835995852947235, 0.12503816187381744, -0.17145627737045288, -0.09897767007350922, 0.2092828005552292, -0.8157788515090942, -0.381213515996933, 0.257204532623291, 0.3680346608161926, 0.2735455632209778, 0.3726644515991211, -0.06360258162021637, -0.6494936347007751, -0.9988526105880737, 0.4799277186393738, 0.09545698016881943, -0.30806687474250793, -0.8422927260398865, 0.02527630515396595, 0.15076273679733276, 0.237593412399292, -0.21975362300872803, 0.17635157704353333, 0.5874564051628113, -0.5766353011131287, 0.33011430501937866, -0.024727540090680122, -0.19441074132919312, 0.49826931953430176, -0.5232375860214233, -0.19689936935901642, 0.19703571498394012, -0.12320107966661453, -0.0031650203745812178, -0.160653218626976, 0.4227513372898102, -0.4390343725681305, 0.2379707247018814, 0.32560548186302185, 0.018377458676695824, 0.5641312599182129, -0.6922845840454102, 0.5115269422531128, 0.2512917220592499, -0.8626837134361267, 0.4403553903102875, 0.15388672053813934, 0.16849234700202942, 0.21088221669197083, 0.208075612783432, -0.3127615451812744, -0.41085052490234375, 0.039313945919275284, -0.07770393043756485, 0.6725061535835266, 0.1302965134382248, 0.5350560545921326, 0.21041394770145416, 0.4311005771160126, 0.2571365535259247, 0.6398239135742188, 0.2658764123916626, -0.778401255607605, -0.10022067278623581, -0.1809786707162857, 0.652675211429596, 0.13446755707263947, -0.2266930639743805, 0.2856317460536957, 0.5336804986000061, -0.3794494867324829, 0.47469422221183777, 0.10907434672117233, -0.7083183526992798, -0.11451242119073868, -0.4820236265659332, -0.3642047941684723, -0.3039364218711853, 0.3048625886440277, 0.27013957500457764, 0.42868882417678833, 0.030727652832865715, -0.6062865853309631, -0.4180009961128235, -0.4403468668460846, 0.9797810316085815, 0.008629041723906994, -0.09046708047389984, 0.21029032766819, 0.27359580993652344, 0.14914129674434662, 0.05707792192697525, 0.25116977095603943, -0.7221511006355286, -0.30033907294273376, 0.2230057716369629, 0.5699793696403503, -0.3004148006439209, 0.217722550034523, -0.28121331334114075, -0.7323284149169922, 0.1568804830312729, 0.21945573389530182, 0.03338005021214485, 0.2456483393907547, 0.4839627742767334, -0.7353006601333618, -0.15303659439086914, -0.673865795135498, 0.15147282183170319, -0.20710863173007965, -0.535934329032898, -0.4202057123184204, -0.43208062648773193, 0.01224219799041748, -0.6515598297119141, 0.20780037343502045, -0.19726260006427765, -0.30141589045524597, 0.32782894372940063, 0.8162352442741394, -0.005616656504571438, -1.1346713304519653, 0.2308720052242279, 0.05696577951312065, -0.6222639679908752, 0.48561927676200867, -0.4678552746772766, -0.05642697215080261, -0.38600975275039673, 0.04678833857178688, -0.1533518135547638, -0.2510027587413788, -0.3844263553619385, 0.02310834638774395, -0.3550516963005066, -0.0414460226893425, -0.053427476435899734, -0.0795261338353157, -0.29518163204193115, 0.4718562960624695, 0.29954588413238525, -0.35253670811653137, -0.10339830070734024, -0.2704891860485077, 0.7660651206970215, -0.17896528542041779, 0.1288975179195404, 0.405025452375412, -0.06643407046794891, -0.43700745701789856, -0.03852487727999687, 0.4629991054534912, -0.9336969256401062, 0.7058004140853882, -0.2879472076892853, -0.1491721123456955, -0.13922856748104095, -0.7521837949752808, -0.3527846038341522, -0.021865075454115868, -0.21005013585090637, -0.2308531105518341, -0.1804591864347458, -0.0065541816875338554, -0.6018179655075073, -0.4118894040584564, 0.351137638092041, -0.026351477950811386, 0.2357543259859085, 0.35627996921539307, -0.1599138081073761, 0.5316293239593506, -0.28516748547554016, -0.0035399014595896006, 0.5418810844421387, -0.691821813583374, 0.29884570837020874, 0.41848024725914, 0.547279417514801, 0.36460167169570923, -0.1675955057144165, -0.9448408484458923, -0.21498890221118927, 0.3358086943626404, 0.09646477550268173, -0.06716247648000717, -0.14622211456298828, 0.09649841487407684, 0.2237289994955063, -0.8156421780586243, -0.3991801142692566, 0.3027796149253845, -0.4192694425582886, -0.5248193144798279, -0.2225496917963028, 0.2791358232498169, 0.45163869857788086, 0.2932753264904022, -0.3014396131038666, -0.5579237341880798, -0.13602446019649506, 0.2823922038078308, 0.4461853504180908, 0.569265604019165, -0.2979555130004883, 0.22140036523342133, 0.21380838751792908, -0.5632498860359192, 0.38143911957740784, 0.6008551716804504, 0.20168457925319672, 0.7818403840065002, 0.0993494987487793, 0.12299512326717377, 0.14245253801345825, 0.27187007665634155, -0.2048870176076889, 0.17079389095306396, 0.7490843534469604, 0.6504265069961548, -0.05470960587263107, -0.3197580575942993, -0.44594642519950867, -0.3425937592983246, 0.5094922184944153, -1.2820425033569336, 0.26379549503326416, 0.11930312216281891, -0.5365668535232544, 0.0794244185090065, -0.29673707485198975, 0.48098301887512207, 0.5118856430053711, 0.027240119874477386, 0.028023971244692802, 0.7176812887191772, -0.5322798490524292, 0.5113311409950256, 0.1915404200553894, -0.5241463780403137, -0.5988622903823853, -0.5791672468185425, -0.46671825647354126, 0.5420086979866028, 0.15704268217086792, 0.17089031636714935, -0.42113736271858215, 0.49197056889533997, -0.1820894032716751, 0.000577299389988184, -0.2521365284919739, -0.15960972011089325, -0.04617388918995857, -0.39659735560417175, -0.30594781041145325, -0.7497875094413757, -0.10581272840499878, -0.07513917237520218, -0.019001610577106476, 0.2898472547531128, -1.0019761323928833, -0.2849577069282532, 0.1110205352306366, 0.04781176149845123, -0.4007420539855957, 0.5019612312316895, -0.20817101001739502, -0.17446452379226685, -0.6169286966323853, 0.16858169436454773, -0.21245944499969482, 0.2673036456108093, 0.07316447794437408, 0.8293027281761169, 0.1898936927318573, -0.2753051817417145, -0.3241247832775116, -0.04189225286245346, -0.03129526227712631, 0.7149776816368103, 0.5299263000488281, 0.009027378633618355, 0.2972847521305084, 0.31368425488471985, -0.8360510468482971, -0.12801767885684967, 0.03498749062418938, -0.061681900173425674, -0.495315283536911, -0.32244622707366943, 0.11965762823820114, -0.12478233873844147, -0.44068020582199097, 0.39567267894744873, 0.5189860463142395, 0.08569852262735367, -0.0507630854845047, -0.043144263327121735, 0.1726512312889099, 0.5792847871780396, -0.005518374964594841, -0.05759239196777344, -0.32881924510002136, 0.5696724057197571, -0.5468282699584961, -0.3840339481830597, 0.3423868417739868, -0.7943669557571411, 0.3641849756240845, 0.13196204602718353, 0.4564349949359894, 0.666970431804657, -0.9931840300559998, 0.24812309443950653, -0.09889717400074005, -0.07020509988069534, -0.46340954303741455, -0.04129011183977127, 0.11320900917053223, 0.13241317868232727, 0.5244215726852417, 0.2863267660140991, 0.45280203223228455, -0.3654109835624695, 0.4595271646976471, 0.13522225618362427, 0.18254441022872925, -0.14073911309242249, -0.0541604720056057, -0.4769613742828369, -0.38333576917648315, -0.14949804544448853, 0.3674519658088684, 0.11603686958551407, 0.30404558777809143, 0.34256768226623535, -0.1718834936618805, 0.30492809414863586, -0.4314274191856384, 0.027286984026432037, 0.05481589958071709, -0.4557383358478546, -0.06796984374523163, -0.13572949171066284, 0.25162526965141296, 0.6600847244262695, 0.45096659660339355, -0.40216341614723206, 0.0075515033677220345, -0.15330910682678223, -0.39827442169189453, 0.05260656774044037, 0.1166800856590271, -0.8767457008361816, 0.11385025084018707, 0.9255204796791077, -0.35774141550064087, 0.707625687122345, -0.7923293113708496, 0.28542742133140564, -0.013429040089249611, -0.11987283825874329, 0.0718969851732254, 0.10261914134025574, -0.047308336943387985, -0.15653321146965027, -0.13026216626167297, 0.2631099224090576, 0.7175782322883606, 0.2217935472726822, 0.26631590723991394, 0.32288146018981934, -0.13587526977062225, 0.23527950048446655, -0.19857636094093323, 0.5903716683387756, -0.7132661938667297, -0.19743140041828156, 0.1366371512413025, -0.09705229848623276, -0.3048023581504822, -0.026756463572382927, -0.09443949908018112, -0.09284012019634247, -0.3402615785598755, -0.11681152880191803, 0.4062323272228241, -0.6896259188652039, 0.024689238518476486, -0.0061758654192090034, 0.1109485998749733, 0.16587692499160767, 0.18180051445960999, 0.7255765795707703, -0.054733727127313614, 0.09522969275712967, 0.7575380206108093, 0.11624253541231155, 0.2938486635684967, 0.6138308048248291, -0.3440953493118286, -0.5178202390670776, 0.10896679013967514, -0.5797789692878723, 0.4914105534553528, 0.05373379960656166, 0.7393625974655151, 0.5596999526023865, -0.10545957088470459, -0.44445329904556274, -0.17717070877552032, 0.26849794387817383, 0.6906216144561768, 0.2379394769668579, -0.40590184926986694, -0.3513851761817932, 0.006698294542729855, -0.6778296232223511, -0.42779621481895447, -0.21476337313652039, 0.7405288815498352, 0.1677836924791336, 0.5209054350852966, 0.01929815113544464, 0.05443667992949486, -0.11248903721570969, 0.2229263186454773, -0.28271231055259705, 0.3429335951805115, -0.12295672297477722 ]
202278	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jit%C5%8D	Jitō	were medieval territory stewards in Japan, especially in the Kamakura and Muromachi shogunates. Appointed by the shōgun, jitō managed manors including national holdings governed by the provincial governor (kokushi). There were also deputy jitōs, jitōdai. History The term jitō (literally meaning "land head") began to be used in the late Heian period as an adjectival word like "local". For example, a jitō person (地頭人) meant an influential local. Later, the term was sometimes used for persons who managed each local manor. Modern historians cannot clarify the character of the early jitō appointed by Minamoto no Yoritomo, as the conditions of these precursors are not well known. Jitō were officially established when Minamoto no Yoritomo was appointed to the office of Head of jitō by the Imperial court with the right to their appointment. Yoritomo appointed many jitō nationwide, however mainly in Kantō. During the Kamakura period, the jitō were chosen amongst the gokenin (the shogun's vassals) who handled military affairs. Jitō handled the taxation and administration of the manor to which they were appointed, and directly administrated the lands and the farmers of the manor. After the Jōkyū War, the shogunate appointed many jitō in Western Japan to the land that the people of the losing side had possessed. At that time, many prominent gokenin, including the Mori clan (1221) and the Ōtomo clan, moved from the east to the west. The jitō system was officially abolished in the late of 16th century by Toyotomi Hideyoshi. Government of feudal Japan Medieval occupations	[ 0.1366395652294159, -0.3205856680870056, -0.36985698342323303, -0.11148425191640854, -0.9517998099327087, 0.3412569761276245, 0.3760540783405304, 0.1103222519159317, 0.14475709199905396, -0.4099876582622528, 0.032616905868053436, 0.4058235287666321, 0.19979386031627655, 0.1456146091222763, -0.663114070892334, 0.14441128075122833, 0.20801247656345367, 0.4468393921852112, -0.23677217960357666, -0.7742170691490173, -0.15786664187908173, -0.3785332143306732, -0.2351149618625641, -0.07519956678152084, 0.6167576909065247, 0.007378730922937393, 0.33855143189430237, 0.2147616446018219, -0.34954366087913513, -0.35120889544487, -0.13305698335170746, 0.5907489061355591, 0.3124741017818451, 0.08390796929597855, -0.5517110228538513, -0.06603694707155228, -0.2801190912723541, -0.4092057943344116, -0.15090522170066833, -0.22173474729061127, 0.34425362944602966, -0.18457090854644775, 0.37413060665130615, 0.7286791205406189, -0.567400336265564, -0.1225384920835495, -1.9219648838043213, 0.5478144884109497, -0.28450265526771545, 0.49895820021629333, -0.06560228765010834, 0.7627634406089783, 0.40019160509109497, 0.10737332701683044, -0.020053435117006302, 0.5962221026420593, 0.06637607514858246, -0.14052709937095642, 0.35265547037124634, -0.7387283444404602, 0.8371031284332275, -0.12907566130161285, 0.536426842212677, -0.10349927097558975, -0.21613453328609467, 0.09851846098899841, 0.24537013471126556, 0.23438270390033722, -0.11236691474914551, -0.39661309123039246, -0.1995641142129898, 0.5006202459335327, 0.13167649507522583, 0.13174636662006378, -0.4391244351863861, -0.7485998868942261, -0.33816272020339966, 0.03827376291155815, 0.14930136501789093, 0.37290158867836, -0.41637346148490906, -0.4257467985153198, 0.054653145372867584, -0.29202473163604736, 0.19942954182624817, -0.04999905824661255, 0.24930857121944427, 0.11271083354949951, -0.6959146857261658, -0.030622420832514763, 0.1253419667482376, 0.057809289544820786, 0.24022388458251953, -0.43912944197654724, -0.9442543387413025, 0.35885336995124817, 0.003606974147260189, 0.08813180774450302, 0.37641143798828125, 0.03722667694091797, -0.17920786142349243, 0.1537596881389618, 0.19080007076263428, 0.3846658170223236, -1.1338099241256714, -0.42294570803642273, -0.029138274490833282, -0.6066616177558899, -0.023959016427397728, 0.03948602452874184, -0.41132161021232605, 0.21622876822948456, -0.2047065645456314, 0.20202364027500153, 0.44425931572914124, 0.29294300079345703, -0.3114567995071411, -0.05144982412457466, -0.3429197072982788, 0.008416206575930119, 0.18037620186805725, 0.053504373878240585, -0.08567695319652557, 0.4299788773059845, 0.028025604784488678, -0.22169850766658783, -0.03708072751760483, 0.03554645553231239, -0.3311397135257721, -0.4617692530155182, 0.5267980694770813, 0.6355020403862, -0.29900071024894714, -0.23474983870983124, -0.05674053728580475, -0.322481632232666, 0.21485166251659393, -0.058888621628284454, 0.1772935688495636, -0.1392589807510376, -1.1377124786376953, 0.2217680811882019, -0.8775544762611389, -0.10107775777578354, 0.021227864548563957, 0.18445217609405518, -0.5165209770202637, -0.5636457800865173, -0.2358948439359665, 0.09329632669687271, -0.5839820504188538, 0.45609986782073975, 0.6847791075706482, 0.05157003924250603, 0.2408914566040039, 0.4626758396625519, -0.4586436152458191, -0.23563186824321747, 0.30836400389671326, -0.01679656282067299, -0.7208953499794006, 0.0888494923710823, -0.11551564186811447, 0.11305030435323715, 0.022819703444838524, 0.02743852511048317, 0.5847958922386169, 0.10792122781276703, -0.22009651362895966, 0.13015790283679962, -0.44934913516044617, -0.33110567927360535, -0.35063621401786804, -0.27536001801490784, -0.11165156960487366, 0.2281637340784073, 0.6357556581497192, -0.36314040422439575, 0.32453951239585876, -0.1069934070110321, -0.9016812443733215, -0.020165110006928444, 0.4738601744174957, 0.020505722612142563, 0.07566902786493301, 0.48191314935684204, -0.26806363463401794, 0.06733866780996323, 0.6323546171188354, -0.046445656567811966, 0.07469957321882248, -0.02354251593351364, 0.19691216945648193, -0.5473034977912903, 0.44829487800598145, 0.40150752663612366, -0.0877620056271553, 0.28628653287887573, -0.31420594453811646, 0.0991157740354538, 0.212883859872818, -0.3090081512928009, 0.0384172722697258, -0.21942022442817688, 0.23333972692489624, 0.4451669752597809, -0.2533535957336426, 0.3015822172164917, 0.39363083243370056, -0.038422610610723495, 0.07806224375963211, 0.2448221892118454, 0.33746418356895447, -0.5335915088653564, -0.12779469788074493, 0.16246308386325836, -0.1524912267923355, -0.1751554012298584, 0.051941290497779846, -0.8626432418823242, 0.8171335458755493, -0.29421818256378174, -0.17071855068206787, 0.3369600176811218, 0.4701751470565796, 0.8954081535339355, 0.1452188789844513, 0.06623046845197678, 0.37313830852508545, -0.9601750373840332, -0.0592670664191246, 0.180885910987854, 0.24142970144748688, 0.06447084248065948, 0.07919711619615555, 0.43775177001953125, 0.4294140338897705, -0.41625943779945374, -0.08071475476026535, 0.14032891392707825, -0.04081551730632782, -0.1910112202167511, -0.05293925479054451, -0.0323527567088604, 0.6989235281944275, 0.12428296357393265, -0.08810444921255112, 0.8131140470504761, -0.8419802188873291, -0.2411506175994873, 0.20337238907814026, 0.3529808521270752, 0.2068723738193512, -0.10517317056655884, 0.27567076683044434, -0.6450165510177612, -0.2794337868690491, -0.33892586827278137, 0.2623003125190735, 0.3611249625682831, -0.3388136029243469, 0.1788681596517563, -0.12339694797992706, -0.24027027189731598, 0.5181209444999695, -0.11727549880743027, 0.47685888409614563, 0.20511075854301453, 0.6860315799713135, -0.11748313158750534, -0.06630320101976395, -0.14746417105197906, -0.5043016672134399, -0.4289471209049225, -0.22865597903728485, -0.7055239081382751, -0.1265237033367157, 0.20987169444561005, -0.11297424882650375, -0.05875023081898689, 0.07636436074972153, 0.2935620844364166, -0.09332332015037537, -1.1079580783843994, 0.1927931159734726, -0.44509026408195496, -0.7763081192970276, -1.2675526142120361, -0.09708163887262344, -0.1809624433517456, 0.020406141877174377, 0.761880099773407, -0.13837315142154694, -0.07013341784477234, 0.16850906610488892, 0.23408158123493195, -0.4141220152378082, 0.15396331250667572, 0.1822313517332077, -0.28241950273513794, -0.5385460257530212, -0.4086341857910156, 0.04159127548336983, -0.04564835503697395, 0.2440611869096756, 0.24712860584259033, -0.3193584382534027, 0.01642012409865856, -5.951449871063232, 0.09597542136907578, -0.2400064468383789, 0.29179704189300537, -0.1302209496498108, 0.26349422335624695, 0.8726591467857361, 0.208502396941185, 0.45390790700912476, -0.24263764917850494, -0.1767662763595581, 0.019806459546089172, 0.05895908549427986, 0.12039127945899963, -0.09842804819345474, 0.9582956433296204, 0.40197667479515076, 0.24365079402923584, 0.186265230178833, 0.18595795333385468, -0.3329596519470215, 0.01234045997262001, -0.2705431878566742, 1.112610936164856, 0.04571045562624931, 0.29893171787261963, -0.9263763427734375, 0.03980892896652222, -0.5157384872436523, -0.3671025335788727, -0.6541270017623901, -0.21871644258499146, -0.2681250274181366, -0.07790548354387283, -0.4009005129337311, 0.09369845688343048, 0.7758870720863342, 0.6167645454406738, 0.07833867520093918, -0.24049943685531616, -0.2865087687969208, 0.1647627204656601, -0.8005409240722656, -0.026953168213367462, 0.4340139925479889, -0.4354434609413147, -0.45369210839271545, -0.05928253009915352, -0.21748679876327515, 0.25232401490211487, 0.3909924626350403, -0.11597714573144913, 0.36604171991348267, -0.17852210998535156, 0.9073112607002258, -0.17129452526569366, -0.033653657883405685, 0.1157316192984581, 0.05425368994474411, -0.4932231903076172, 0.23365919291973114, -0.47862979769706726, -0.23791250586509705, -0.3291425108909607, 0.18584121763706207, 0.02664833329617977, -0.09990110248327255, -0.05995379760861397, 0.5919973850250244, 0.23264792561531067, -0.5967456102371216, 0.3267195522785187, 0.6472228169441223, -0.8820648193359375, 0.3448325991630554, -0.17448556423187256, 0.5851069688796997, 0.21538498997688293, -0.3162473142147064, 0.36456674337387085, -0.2819785475730896, -0.1782260239124298, -0.08834227919578552, -0.15838105976581573, 0.15530553460121155, -0.14289097487926483, 0.3151020109653473, -0.12911421060562134, -0.2661804258823395, 0.5700135231018066, 0.7268616557121277, -0.05219769850373268, 0.002269287593662739, 0.33839187026023865, 1.195235252380371, 0.3420855402946472, 0.3140133023262024, 0.04329965263605118, -0.2111077904701233, -0.16983021795749664, 0.31570062041282654, 0.39659735560417175, -0.24247436225414276, 0.10261370986700058, 0.26992663741111755, 0.025764672085642815, -0.21592944860458374, 0.4434426426887512, 0.6762433052062988, 0.48787176609039307, 0.2213260382413864, 0.3322458565235138, -0.681621789932251, -0.18370136618614197, 0.334802508354187, 0.48681220412254333, 0.03828918933868408, 0.3912059962749481, 0.6269702315330505, -0.02433926984667778, 0.33759602904319763, 0.620245635509491, -0.7112498879432678, -0.3412962257862091, -0.2660196125507355, 0.32712703943252563, -0.45463186502456665, 0.4106861352920532, 0.057259175926446915, -0.08011815696954727, 0.26864224672317505, -0.3641696572303772, -0.2751959264278412, 0.31550657749176025, -0.041680172085762024, -0.10939707607030869, -0.8288440108299255, -0.8961639404296875, -0.5377964973449707, -0.2685990035533905, -0.22728019952774048, -0.5302472710609436, 0.027052734047174454, 0.11764920502901077, 0.15865279734134674, 0.1920606642961502, -0.9451445937156677, -0.3335620164871216, 0.14997832477092743, 0.3244796693325043, 0.44244855642318726, -0.3612135052680969, 0.335581511259079, 0.22320513427257538, -0.37481170892715454, -0.3163493275642395, -0.5543649196624756, -0.2118603140115738, -0.07093170285224915, -0.1853141039609909, 0.2965220808982849, -0.7034395337104797, -0.5370051264762878, 0.13737612962722778, 0.21804237365722656, -0.30819568037986755, -0.15892718732357025, -0.09205883741378784, -0.3574252724647522, 0.13073325157165527, 0.14876852929592133, -0.03529621660709381, -0.4789671301841736, -0.0672704353928566, 0.6271529197692871, 0.17168618738651276, 0.44266843795776367, 0.7159618139266968, 0.09221474081277847, 0.34012559056282043, 0.4199801981449127, 0.3291982412338257, 0.10245203226804733, 0.20372478663921356, 0.31169411540031433, -0.37022966146469116, 0.3330879211425781, -0.1834384649991989, -0.02961960807442665, 0.2358434498310089, 0.08073654770851135, -0.2855052053928375, 0.35296565294265747, 0.32014235854148865, -0.27213793992996216, -0.28054630756378174, 0.5483995676040649, 0.3263980448246002, -0.15749295055866241, 0.17106567323207855, 0.06114254146814346, -0.3857243061065674, -0.7506135106086731, -0.49871212244033813, -0.14916469156742096, -0.28552699089050293, 0.19219444692134857, -0.28686782717704773, -0.22622694075107574, -0.14213214814662933, -0.7195081114768982, -0.20735859870910645, -0.37581780552864075, -0.06762898713350296, -0.032809384167194366, -0.5707396864891052, -0.19439172744750977, -0.11791834980249405, -0.043132953345775604, -0.9328720569610596, 0.32924237847328186, -0.07796649634838104, -0.3380895256996155, -0.14569582045078278, 0.2563387453556061, 0.12504470348358154, 0.12521256506443024, 0.006940547376871109, 0.034213900566101074, -0.3839930295944214, 0.21963903307914734, 0.01327698677778244, -0.16914990544319153, 0.021130934357643127, -0.29955315589904785, -0.18786472082138062, 0.32001614570617676, -0.12978976964950562, 0.6047408580780029, 0.4369420111179352, 0.8014820218086243, 0.6385136246681213, 0.25712883472442627, 0.1195826455950737, 0.3068695366382599, 0.5234476327896118, -0.555303692817688, -0.6023908853530884, 0.04487311840057373, 0.17100213468074799, 0.22333694994449615, 0.11754895001649857, -0.3067939281463623, 0.10067640244960785, 0.7463147044181824, -0.5958175659179688, 0.40404924750328064, 0.11896155029535294, -0.02540888637304306, 0.20774933695793152, 0.23561455309391022, 0.05268067121505737, 0.17998731136322021, -0.252355694770813, -0.010321003384888172, 0.3396262228488922, -0.690241813659668, -0.10297936946153641, 0.16971026360988617, -0.9744875431060791, -0.09742675721645355, 0.11360916495323181, 0.20977352559566498, 0.7151954174041748, 0.46962103247642517, -0.25988197326660156, -0.26482775807380676, 0.04519909247756004, 0.06957189738750458, 0.07580029219388962, -0.3636581599712372, -0.07472943514585495, 0.31176796555519104, 0.12760142982006073, 0.08338960260152817, -0.5840380191802979, 0.04058537632226944, 0.25914785265922546, -0.12114755809307098, -0.2791348695755005, -0.47261038422584534, 0.07032255828380585, 0.03601522371172905, 0.16631557047367096, -0.8679090142250061, 0.033442478626966476, -0.034945979714393616, -0.6966531276702881, -0.45951372385025024, 0.30657556653022766, -0.1283167451620102, 0.13253208994865417, 0.5691149830818176, 0.26245903968811035, 0.3061322569847107, 0.021821532398462296, 0.025099599733948708, -0.15913830697536469, -0.3502524793148041, -0.08793852478265762, -0.10219321399927139, -0.25131353735923767, 0.3172052800655365, 0.14698190987110138, -0.03991209715604782, 0.043611109256744385, -0.1394442617893219, 0.0026273184921592474, -0.10166078060865402, -0.3807346820831299, 0.6313642859458923, 0.07437465339899063, -0.3767048716545105, 0.11662396788597107, 0.6974310278892517, 0.1817650943994522, 0.10589206963777542, -0.1426764279603958, -0.2947726249694824, -0.013511895202100277, 0.7279618978500366, 0.2517867982387543, -0.5479867458343506, -0.6357698440551758, 0.16977868974208832, -0.13168078660964966, -0.008624209091067314, -0.25205203890800476, 0.20933327078819275, 0.5242543816566467, 0.030356643721461296, -0.06803255528211594, -0.5459717512130737, 0.2988624572753906, 0.26410427689552307, 0.1120535209774971, 0.26052606105804443, -0.3252585828304291, 0.2897714674472809, 0.23711366951465607, 0.6655184626579285, -0.19755616784095764, 0.2583046555519104, 0.16036300361156464, -0.31983858346939087, 0.3881492614746094, -0.010015858337283134, -0.09780488163232803, 0.3347727060317993, -0.0782565325498581, -0.031815432012081146, 0.12456262111663818, 0.18744155764579773, -0.32911261916160583, 0.09281925857067108, 0.5523826479911804, -0.28279998898506165, -0.8157556653022766, -0.2109776735305786, 0.3512135446071625, 0.19815465807914734, 0.37564313411712646, -0.28948917984962463, 0.4670112729072571, 0.1535555124282837, 0.22613948583602905, 0.8014452457427979, 0.2181841880083084, 0.39913466572761536, -0.009379616007208824, -0.16136674582958221, 0.05940742790699005, -0.3236352503299713, -0.7302895784378052, 0.4239492416381836, 0.2544431686401367, -0.00531519902870059, 0.09563099592924118, -0.45555856823921204, 0.3886517882347107, -0.514530599117279, -0.4445907175540924, 0.09338119626045227, 0.6928065419197083, -0.37354540824890137, 0.1201310008764267, -0.38011497259140015, 0.6542418599128723, 0.4209815561771393, 0.28637218475341797, 0.15228253602981567, -0.12530800700187683, -0.12159686535596848, -0.3191170394420624, -0.2670413851737976, 0.42528852820396423, -0.609020471572876, -0.495071142911911, -0.1560392677783966, 0.3608878552913666, 0.8938969373703003, 0.008857998996973038, 0.1317974328994751, 0.19611583650112152, -0.18810109794139862, -0.3177213966846466, 0.8769760727882385, -0.12415863573551178, 0.13772371411323547, 0.003910045139491558, -0.14117972552776337, 0.35505935549736023, -0.0627804771065712, 0.19877175986766815, -0.13782089948654175, 0.0928470566868782, 0.5025052428245544, -0.2470904290676117, -0.28304290771484375, 0.9139901399612427, -0.18816927075386047, -0.330398291349411, -0.4283408522605896, -0.4613058567047119, 0.31942716240882874, 0.22933287918567657, -0.16380919516086578, 0.18792371451854706, 0.4538642168045044, -0.6900582909584045, 0.2964850068092346, 0.08193153142929077, 0.2465493381023407, 0.2039463073015213, -0.6854345202445984, -0.00905002560466528, 0.29404640197753906, -0.29430997371673584, -0.29134365916252136, 0.1427699625492096, 0.31644824147224426, -0.26751482486724854, 0.21733379364013672, 0.007859776727855206, 0.17105288803577423, -0.33485397696495056, 0.39989304542541504, -0.37558871507644653, 0.36502474546432495, -0.5313922762870789 ]
202285	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kammu	Kammu	Kammu can refer to: Emperor Kanmu Kammu language Kammu people	[ 0.10171670466661453, 0.4474340081214905, -0.596045732498169, -0.06626968085765839, -0.3619081377983093, 0.6939201951026917, 0.6236941814422607, 0.08604530245065689, -0.698191225528717, -0.19399824738502502, -0.37961840629577637, -0.004666640888899565, -0.027464257553219795, 0.38693156838417053, 0.0183783657848835, -0.025930646806955338, -0.25903916358947754, 0.16194100677967072, 0.009753854013979435, -0.09699466079473495, -0.14190252125263214, -0.010930757038295269, 0.21081095933914185, -0.4111834168434143, 0.18908941745758057, -0.013231243006885052, 0.9319653511047363, 0.0029109863098710775, 0.03261364996433258, -0.1284313201904297, -0.41457700729370117, 0.49084970355033875, 0.18203094601631165, 0.13531394302845, -0.10949385166168213, -0.5394327044487, -0.11516845971345901, -0.2974792718887329, 0.20988036692142487, -0.022918550297617912, 0.1910974383354187, -0.3434270918369293, 0.3188171088695526, 0.21518924832344055, -0.31296542286872864, -0.4817446768283844, -1.2826658487319946, 0.18910199403762817, -0.6977686882019043, 0.13481281697750092, -0.2863638401031494, 0.2767927050590515, -0.18730837106704712, 0.3411923348903656, 0.23294200003147125, 0.718238890171051, -0.16950544714927673, 0.039769791066646576, -0.0031734020449221134, -0.41352707147598267, 0.6611030697822571, -0.26414817571640015, -0.12982767820358276, 0.22045454382896423, 0.1994757205247879, 0.09495546668767929, 0.02195628732442856, 0.19268667697906494, -0.23543553054332733, -0.4593451917171478, -0.06183724105358124, 0.4099496006965637, -0.12485145032405853, 0.13732512295246124, 0.047722529619932175, -0.7250968217849731, -0.28511491417884827, 0.16898658871650696, 0.5087025761604309, -0.17521512508392334, -0.6148003935813904, 0.17375719547271729, 0.6728999018669128, 0.22135001420974731, 0.02810519188642502, 0.191731259226799, 0.31392762064933777, 0.009643531404435635, -0.2189941555261612, 0.2055010050535202, -0.2628259062767029, -0.2636913061141968, -0.10047811269760132, 0.08873626589775085, -0.19835524260997772, -0.2446008175611496, -0.4356115162372589, 0.33790284395217896, 0.04371299222111702, 0.014967153780162334, -0.06238175928592682, 0.26635313034057617, 0.7199385166168213, 0.3318973481655121, -0.9256029725074768, -0.2943177819252014, -0.27622008323669434, 0.6236791610717773, -0.1505153775215149, -0.7650982737541199, -0.264511376619339, 0.21861520409584045, -0.17867273092269897, -0.13963036239147186, -0.0822567492723465, 0.0805012509226799, -0.11965657025575638, -0.8116275668144226, -0.1321130245923996, 0.11830204725265503, 0.26119622588157654, 0.8601769208908081, 0.5445167422294617, 0.2309766411781311, 0.15148615837097168, -0.1289745718240738, 0.18567617237567902, -0.36267659068107605, -0.6435490846633911, 0.1354687213897705, 0.5045329928398132, 0.572929859161377, 0.03909459710121155, 0.5558393597602844, 0.16936874389648438, -0.10298978537321091, 0.28746628761291504, 0.13497351109981537, 0.14284493029117584, 0.037161968648433685, -1.0572690963745117, -0.23697924613952637, -1.161615252494812, 0.33267489075660706, 0.13035158812999725, 0.5411001443862915, -0.01853588968515396, 0.02479960024356842, -0.19296769797801971, -0.19076703488826752, -0.40673378109931946, 0.22141142189502716, 0.12097413092851639, 0.42847445607185364, 0.05110646411776543, 0.2516521215438843, 0.39054322242736816, -0.518853485584259, 0.487703800201416, -0.027643438428640366, -0.30917924642562866, 0.342509925365448, -0.48224571347236633, -0.018654480576515198, 0.6391992568969727, -0.27412354946136475, 0.12265655398368835, 0.0745185986161232, 0.041193120181560516, -0.021855754777789116, -0.23566384613513947, -0.3395835757255554, -0.1643248200416565, -0.25817492604255676, -0.28015613555908203, -0.38356855511665344, 0.23906774818897247, 0.061713747680187225, 0.1635325700044632, -0.2574590742588043, -0.4352129399776459, -0.12573647499084473, -0.3358435034751892, 0.17069967091083527, -0.09793795645236969, 0.38753941655158997, 0.05818955600261688, 0.41988617181777954, 0.17562207579612732, 0.143172949552536, -0.3091348111629486, -0.33074089884757996, 0.4087846279144287, -0.17100241780281067, 1.002472162246704, 0.34706994891166687, -0.5358849763870239, 0.671524703502655, 0.10785853862762451, 0.4436255991458893, -0.274016410112381, -0.5287439227104187, 0.5495122671127319, -0.3683531582355499, -0.4218049645423889, 0.8458790183067322, -0.4081845283508301, 0.555487871170044, 0.8375064134597778, 0.3232191503047943, 0.19594773650169373, 0.060664087533950806, -0.035059478133916855, -0.28397223353385925, -0.09967685490846634, 0.21963945031166077, -0.12206899374723434, -0.20346641540527344, 0.3296348452568054, -0.3148960769176483, 0.8496224880218506, -0.31045570969581604, 0.15818855166435242, 0.5498388409614563, 0.1671169549226761, 0.7878340482711792, 0.2629126310348511, 0.18596884608268738, 0.08747050166130066, -0.37876424193382263, 0.12871970236301422, -0.2775701582431793, 0.17263402044773102, 0.002205217955633998, -0.13739711046218872, -0.3110003173351288, 0.30146077275276184, -0.24282144010066986, 0.054065119475126266, -0.23349422216415405, 0.2772749662399292, -0.013819384388625622, -0.40250858664512634, -0.044391024857759476, 0.33073142170906067, -0.034675728529691696, 0.08855748176574707, -0.02415377087891102, -0.7363891005516052, 0.1388578712940216, 0.1294211745262146, 0.29839450120925903, 0.21385793387889862, -0.44552263617515564, 0.07476960867643356, 0.27308589220046997, -0.30368772149086, -0.10693628340959549, -0.016611536964774132, 0.0007223511347547174, -0.4316689670085907, 0.2833971679210663, -0.3098698854446411, -0.05295752361416817, -0.05267361178994179, 0.026005875319242477, 0.7779456377029419, -0.05062292516231537, 0.8356172442436218, 0.2606515884399414, -0.023152025416493416, -0.08121830970048904, -0.35658931732177734, -1.3276469707489014, 0.11596670001745224, -0.8675899505615234, -0.13641679286956787, 0.25729435682296753, -0.37151971459388733, -0.5606160163879395, -0.16176363825798035, 0.325945109128952, 0.15514728426933289, -0.4706031382083893, -0.1353502869606018, -0.32921895384788513, 0.06136445701122284, -0.07421671599149704, 0.26765820384025574, 0.2639586329460144, -0.08857803046703339, 0.41118234395980835, -0.279925137758255, -0.28594961762428284, 0.16722843050956726, -0.36598366498947144, 0.1631840467453003, -0.2676927447319031, 0.08377178013324738, -0.6142157316207886, -0.4880366325378418, 0.03648713603615761, 0.04603373631834984, -0.11396972090005875, 0.4293208122253418, 0.25974294543266296, -0.08686870336532593, 0.18879693746566772, -5.924927711486816, -0.44946613907814026, 0.04422294721007347, -0.6254720687866211, 0.488209068775177, 0.3309094309806824, 0.6121479868888855, -0.24671798944473267, 0.37353235483169556, -0.4983883798122406, 0.24579867720603943, 0.6429440975189209, 0.0022307592444121838, 0.11707781255245209, 0.1736665517091751, 0.0420689731836319, 0.5256332159042358, 0.5058146715164185, 0.18634767830371857, 0.07807540893554688, 0.0237538143992424, 0.07475397735834122, -0.25267764925956726, 0.8748694658279419, -0.05807163566350937, 0.591856837272644, -0.295398086309433, -0.3051382899284363, -0.17014582455158234, -0.712365984916687, -0.1045629158616066, -0.10450535267591476, 0.5693609714508057, -0.5846861004829407, -0.4935351610183716, -0.19905921816825867, 0.3126390874385834, 1.0259106159210205, 0.6272572875022888, 0.04357920214533806, -0.4340379536151886, -0.42724737524986267, -0.16032321751117706, -0.5069562792778015, -0.06946288794279099, -0.14591927826404572, -0.6736938953399658, -0.46973761916160583, -0.08684424310922623, 0.45758336782455444, -0.154185950756073, -0.38468191027641296, 1.1924118995666504, 0.1978195160627365, 0.7966485619544983, 0.12404941022396088, 0.2976519465446472, 0.6956748366355896, -0.2848382890224457, 0.2784017324447632, 0.6565060615539551, -0.28194403648376465, -0.3285648822784424, -0.8438073396682739, -0.3379688858985901, -0.20373062789440155, -0.14667262136936188, 0.2512589693069458, 0.6639843583106995, 0.10097081959247589, -0.9882062673568726, -0.2721934914588928, -0.1981060951948166, -0.9589945673942566, 0.1364971101284027, -0.18424220383167267, -0.9043025374412537, 0.14702297747135162, -0.11438527703285217, 0.43885430693626404, -0.597842276096344, -0.07398238033056259, -0.16053742170333862, -0.12110373377799988, 0.05753747373819351, -0.1959071308374405, -0.4721909165382385, 0.2303459793329239, 0.03432197496294975, -0.065223328769207, 0.35214072465896606, -0.5282089710235596, 0.1543002724647522, -0.12144257128238678, 0.8153167366981506, 0.05853799730539322, -0.030092431232333183, -0.1856548935174942, 0.7915955781936646, -0.38200557231903076, 0.07378396391868591, -0.29141736030578613, -0.13984349370002747, -0.2514784038066864, -0.10007774084806442, 0.2675973176956177, -0.219303160905838, 0.12008162587881088, 0.331747442483902, 0.5257259011268616, -0.19013312458992004, -0.41420042514801025, 0.19050636887550354, -0.0010232089553028345, 0.5645367503166199, 0.21449995040893555, -0.18433651328086853, 0.3868926167488098, 0.5926446914672852, 0.20671655237674713, -0.11259931325912476, 0.3733444809913635, -0.7655821442604065, -0.002315205056220293, 0.635604977607727, 0.12275489419698715, -0.2894565463066101, 0.4862721264362335, -0.4571581482887268, -0.03196757286787033, 0.6465259194374084, -0.2540709376335144, 0.4105689227581024, -0.23285146057605743, -0.0030131260864436626, -0.0487358495593071, 0.05971965938806534, -0.5023282170295715, -0.31248605251312256, -0.4792153239250183, -0.3909432291984558, -0.773809015750885, -0.09272857755422592, 0.8764607906341553, 0.1643640100955963, 0.20128147304058075, -0.06116260960698128, 0.38994577527046204, -0.09503647685050964, 0.43450501561164856, -0.20833425223827362, -0.6104425191879272, 0.7976486086845398, -0.36515167355537415, -0.47587940096855164, 0.13346530497074127, 0.07474573701620102, 0.22738702595233917, -0.2344822883605957, 0.21486428380012512, -0.07386725395917892, -0.6044279336929321, -0.5655075311660767, 0.015306001529097557, -0.3553227186203003, -0.17297685146331787, -0.011554863303899765, -0.2069673240184784, 0.17729362845420837, 0.3651636242866516, -0.04943893104791641, -0.1422543227672577, -0.4922389090061188, -0.18498200178146362, 0.5775442719459534, 0.008153333328664303, 0.2395956814289093, 1.076073408126831, 0.13118956983089447, -0.2180900275707245, -0.25766900181770325, 0.27841272950172424, 0.1320408284664154, 0.14164604246616364, -0.22217951714992523, 0.02497909590601921, 0.18045173585414886, -0.21776483952999115, -0.30023401975631714, -0.05312637239694595, 0.2404506802558899, 0.18129007518291473, 0.19457952678203583, 0.1474892944097519, -0.44511014223098755, -0.12647540867328644, 0.23624230921268463, 0.031666968017816544, 0.43332552909851074, 0.02453422360122204, 0.6607918739318848, 0.11274451017379761, 0.03403988108038902, 0.40169042348861694, 0.17589031159877777, -0.6640102863311768, 0.5447664260864258, 0.033161062747240067, -0.14816859364509583, -0.22703181207180023, -0.22653907537460327, -0.7429355978965759, -0.1391279101371765, 0.08401017636060715, 0.06858635693788528, -0.4166429042816162, 0.2348150610923767, -0.1901647448539734, -0.0322323814034462, -0.8987662196159363, -0.41610047221183777, -0.07343313843011856, -0.13541945815086365, 0.006394484080374241, 0.020014723762869835, 0.10208544880151749, 0.17484590411186218, -0.47248056530952454, 0.18882067501544952, -0.3374458849430084, 0.22834046185016632, 0.09789960086345673, 0.11838346719741821, 0.06299366801977158, 0.06256278604269028, -0.038903240114450455, 0.2605155110359192, -0.13015851378440857, 0.20555312931537628, 0.4837803840637207, 0.1935955435037613, 0.9364443421363831, -0.05477266013622284, -0.02505846507847309, -0.3354792594909668, 0.24104253947734833, 0.0774448812007904, -0.26012852787971497, 0.09925651550292969, 0.3641591966152191, 0.06754396855831146, -0.29094186425209045, -0.2562560737133026, -0.09797242283821106, 0.896318793296814, -0.24933910369873047, 0.07815239578485489, 0.21258163452148438, 0.0005454836646094918, -0.4935654401779175, -0.02964301034808159, 0.22387239336967468, -0.01746848225593567, -0.10073906183242798, -0.3897981643676758, -0.0010352511890232563, -0.5063447952270508, 0.17685551941394806, 0.48594194650650024, -0.34057292342185974, -0.4209495186805725, -0.23053914308547974, -0.042675431817770004, 0.0930766612291336, 0.15183213353157043, -0.07969948649406433, -0.7661576867103577, -0.0259409137070179, -0.26455649733543396, 0.07168795168399811, -0.12179762125015259, -0.025371743366122246, -0.15753145515918732, -0.2032472938299179, 0.7876735925674438, -0.4158537685871124, 0.2766564190387726, 0.07163133472204208, -0.21390555799007416, -0.4525556266307831, -0.5204693675041199, 0.323745459318161, 0.28926563262939453, 0.649423360824585, -0.533805251121521, 0.18489012122154236, 0.028712237253785133, 0.49693137407302856, -0.6821320652961731, 0.20311124622821808, -0.12321390211582184, 0.26293495297431946, 0.469745397567749, 0.13026979565620422, -0.06721615046262741, -0.09744489938020706, -0.15448255836963654, -0.05503532290458679, -0.2677980065345764, 0.33860164880752563, 0.2868505120277405, 0.6508453488349915, 0.4435155391693115, 0.3319842219352722, -0.06986658275127411, 0.0790707990527153, -0.07711024582386017, -0.7017755508422852, -0.12707433104515076, -0.1889498382806778, 0.5494562387466431, -0.1279364675283432, 0.16287581622600555, 0.3527836799621582, 0.43587473034858704, 0.20285890996456146, -0.07992390543222427, -0.3665681481361389, 0.19553208351135254, 0.2611393928527832, 0.3531287610530853, 0.07626859843730927, -0.5442489385604858, -0.049768101423978806, -0.33560803532600403, -0.3173553943634033, 0.144156813621521, 0.19278770685195923, -0.11588562279939651, 0.6962411403656006, -0.11127553135156631, 0.48529064655303955, -0.7104163765907288, -0.11235819011926651, 0.36599525809288025, -0.1354849487543106, -0.2091440111398697, 0.14250139892101288, 0.3071824610233307, 0.03525746241211891, 0.20091122388839722, -0.2558037340641022, 0.06773063540458679, -0.2940559685230255, 0.550348699092865, -0.0737512856721878, -0.33565056324005127, -0.3109433352947235, 0.16832049190998077, -0.6335194110870361, -0.2955739200115204, -0.219895601272583, 0.262069970369339, 0.4286264479160309, 0.34473738074302673, -0.05453877151012421, -0.7288091778755188, -0.5757965445518494, -0.08204299956560135, -0.10598886758089066, 0.3326752483844757, 0.08215761929750443, -0.013129773549735546, 0.10291185975074768, -0.14416471123695374, 0.2021683156490326, -0.07644379138946533, 0.23781436681747437, -0.05071565508842468, -0.3447546660900116, -0.2483820766210556, 0.009357082657516003, 0.5511472821235657, -0.6974005103111267, 0.5576521754264832, 0.34608814120292664, 0.4161323606967926, 0.6641332507133484, -0.5820480585098267, 0.20341642200946808, 0.3336614668369293, -0.042627569288015366, -0.0868695005774498, 0.21091042459011078, -0.3183594048023224, 0.06685185432434082, -0.15211187303066254, 0.14323532581329346, 0.11597651988267899, 0.3042043447494507, 0.05557716637849808, 0.06683770567178726, 0.40524977445602417, 0.4046964943408966, -0.4555590748786926, 0.15326619148254395, -0.2783026695251465, -0.009753383696079254, -0.7666503190994263, 0.46053826808929443, 0.3949888348579407, 0.07009441405534744, 0.26202458143234253, 0.1729297637939453, -0.3537972569465637, 0.16303931176662445, 0.6432499885559082, -0.3780888020992279, 0.09022246301174164, -0.052582234144210815, 0.009246932342648506, -0.6637762188911438, 0.3975958526134491, 0.649573802947998, 0.17388738691806793, -0.366609662771225, 0.03457073122262955, 0.22172316908836365, -0.7955607771873474, 0.11309519410133362, -0.0018331102328374982, -0.5298531651496887, -0.2833928167819977, 0.24411191046237946, -0.04651462286710739, -0.07707934081554413, 0.5310686230659485, 0.6162895560264587, 0.03243832290172577, -0.620604932308197, -0.18837688863277435, 0.06868063658475876, 0.34296613931655884, -0.2005975991487503, -2.022993803024292, -0.04879791662096977, 0.29977506399154663, -0.739516019821167, -0.6649119853973389, 0.10578394681215286, 0.29030972719192505, -0.48933660984039307, 0.3130355179309845, -0.11885993182659149, 0.2198425978422165, 0.5700006484985352, 0.6230003833770752, -0.2502292990684509, -0.24846413731575012, -0.12901780009269714 ]
202286	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preadolescence	Preadolescence	Preadolescence, also commonly known as pre-teen, is a stage of human development following early childhood and preceding adolescence. It commonly ends with the beginning of puberty but may also be defined as ending with the start of the teenage years. For example, the age range is commonly designated as 10–13 years. Preadolescence can bring its own challenges and anxieties. Terminology Other slang and terminology used to refer to the preadolescent stage include tween, as a combination of the words "teen" and "between." While known as preadolescent in psychology, the terms preteen, preteenager, or tween are common in everyday use. A preteen or preteenager is a person 12 and under. Generally, the term is restricted to those close to reaching age 13, especially ages 9 to 12. Tween is an American neologism and marketing term for preteen, which is a blend of between and teen. People within this age range are variously described as tweens, preadolescents, tweenies, preteens, pubescents, junior highschoolers, middle schoolers, or tweenagers. Prepubescence, puberty, and age range Being prepubescent is not the same thing as being preadolescent. Instead, prepubescent (and sometimes child) is a term for boys and girls who have not developed secondary sex characteristics, while preadolescent is generally defined as those ranging from age 10 to 13 years. Preadolescence may also be defined as the period from 9 to 14 years. The point at which a child becomes an adolescent is defined by the onset of puberty or the beginning of the teenage stage. However, in some individuals (particularly females), puberty begins in the preadolescence years. Studies indicate that the onset of puberty has been one year earlier with each generation since the 1950s. One can also distinguish middle childhood and preadolescence – middle childhood from approximately 5–8 years, as opposed to the time children are generally considered to reach preadolescence. There is no exact agreement as to when preadolescence starts and ends. Hormonal development and the development of secondary sex characteristics Early puberty begins as the result of the initiation of the pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion by the hypothalamus; the exact mechanism of this initiation is currently unknown and remains under investigation. Pulsatile GnRH secretion results in the pulsatile secretions of gonadotropins Luteinizing Hormone (LH) and Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH), which act on the gonads (ovaries in females or testicles in males) to cause increase secretion of sex steroids. In females, the predominant sex steroid released is estrogen and in individuals with testicles, the predominant sex steroid released is testosterone. These sex hormones then lead to the development of secondary sex characteristics. The stages of puberty can be described with the Tanner scale, also known as the Sexual Maturity Rating, which incorporates measurements and characteristics of primary and secondary sex characteristics. For example, genital and breast development, as well as pubic hair growth. Pubertal development is regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. Tanner staging ranges from 1 through 5 (with 5 being the most developed). With regards to pubic hair development, the scale goes as follows: Stage 1-no hair; 2-downy hair; 3-scant terminal hair; 4-terminal hair overlying the pubic triangle; 5-terminal hair extending to the thigh. With regards to male genitalia development, the scale goes as follows: 1-testes at the same size and proportion of early childhood; 2-enlargement of the scrotum/change in texture of scrotal skin; 3-growth of the penis length-wise; 4-growth of the penis in terms of length and circumference; 5-adult-sized genitalia. With regards to female breast development, the scale is as follows: 1-no palpable gland tissue; 2-palpable breast bud under areola; 3-breast tissue palpable outside of areola; 4-areola elevated above breast contour; 5-areolar mound recedes into single breast contour. The average age in which both males and females reach Tanner stage 5 of pubertal development is around 15–16. Neurological development There are significant neurological changes that are expressed during preadolescence. White matter refers to the region of the nervous system corresponding to neuronal axons, which form fibers that convey information across different regions of the brain. In contrast, grey matter refers to the region of the nervous system corresponding to neuronal cell bodies, which process and relay neuronal signals. White matter volume increases at a relatively linear rate of about 12% from ages 4 through 22, specifically focused in the frontal, parietal, and occipital lobes. Increases in white matter volume may be correlated to improvements of fine motor performance, auditory processing, as well as sensory information transfer between language areas of the brain. In contrast, cortical gray matter increases in early life, peaks in preadolescence, and declines through adulthood, with the exception of occipital lobe gray matter. For example, parietal lobe gray matter peaks at age 10 in girls and 12 in boys, while frontal lobe gray matter peaks at age 11 in girls and 12 in boys. Such changes might reflect overproduction of synapses in the preadolescent years; in subsequent years, there seems to be pruning dependent on environmental context, corresponding to increased synchronicity of neuron firing. A key caveat from these imaging studies, however, is that there exists significant variability in the timing and characteristics of neurological change in preadolescents. Neurological changes, particularly in the prefrontal cortex, appear to be highly dependent on environmental input. Toxins, hormones, and lifestyle factors including stress and nutrition impact neurological maturation, demonstrating the importance of early lifestyle health interventions in preadolescence with regards to neurological and psychological development. Psychological and social development Of the 'two major socializing agents in children's lives: the family environment...and formal educational institutions,' it is 'the family in its function a primary socializer of the child' that predominates in the first five years of life: middle childhood by contrast is characterized by 'a child's readiness for school...being self-assured and interested; knowing what kind of behavior is expected...being able to wait, to follow directions, and getting along with other children.' Preadolescent children have a different view of the world from younger children in many significant ways. Typically, theirs is a more realistic view of life than the intense, fantasy-oriented world of earliest childhood. Preadolescents have more mature, sensible, realistic thoughts and actions: 'the most "sensible" stage of development...the child is a much less emotional being now.' They will often have developed a sense of ' intentionality. The wish and capacity to have an impact, and to act upon that with persistence'; and will have a more developed sense of looking into the future and seeing effects of their actions (as opposed to early childhood where children often do not worry about their future). This can include more realistic job expectations ("I want to be an engineer when I grow up", as opposed to "I want to be a wizard"). Middle children generally show more investment 'in control over external reality through the acquisition of knowledge and competence': where they do have worries, these may be more a fear of kidnappings, rapes, and scary media events, as opposed to fantasy things (e.g., witches, monsters, ghosts). Preadolescents may well view human relationships differently (e.g. they may notice the flawed, human side of authority figures). Alongside that, they may begin to develop a sense of self-identity, and to have increased feelings of independence: 'may feel an individual, no longer "just one of the family."' A different view on morality can emerge; and the middle child will also show more cooperativeness. The ability to balance one's own needs with those of others in group activities'. Many preadolescents will often start to question their home life and surroundings around this time and they may also start to form opinions that may differ from their upbringing in regards to issues such as politics, religion, sexuality, and gender roles. Greater responsibility within the family can also appear, as middle children become responsible for younger siblings and relatives, as with babysitting; while preadolescents may start caring about what they look like and what they are wearing. Prior to adolescence, children may have a dependence on their family as their main agent of socialization. This helps the child establish their attitudes, viewpoints, social norms, and societal roles. Among these changes is the shift from elementary to middle (or junior high) school. In this unfamiliar environment, the child may find the pressure to rapidly adapt and fit in. Children start to spend less time with family and more time with friends. At this time, socialization by the school and peer environment can become more predominant, as the preadolescent starts to learn more about how they would wish to hold themselves during interpersonal relationships. While children find this need to fit in, preadolescents have a conflicting desire to establish their own individualism. As the child grows into the transitionary period of preadolescence, the child often starts to develop a sense of autonomy as the child is exposed to a larger world around them full of sudden and unfamiliar changes. Compounded with a sense of self-consciousness, the preadolescent starts to explore their own self-identity and their role in society further. Development of sexual orientation During preadolescence (early adolescence), individuals may become more preoccupied with body image and privacy, corresponding to physical changes seen during adrenarche and puberty. Early adolescents may become aware of their sexuality for the first time, and experience attraction towards others. Homosexual and heterosexual experimentation is not uncommon, although it is important to note that many teens who eventually identify as LGBT do not always do so during adolescence. On average, gay, lesbian, and bisexual individuals report experiencing same-sex attraction in early adolescence, at age 12. About 4 in 10 gay men, and 2 in 10 lesbian women report experiencing same-sex attraction before age 10. For individuals who begin to experience same-sex attraction, familial support and acceptance consistently predicts positive outcomes. Parents and guardians can support preadolescents, regardless of sexual orientation, by having honest conversations about sex. Specifically, parents can talk and listen in a way that invites preadolescents to have an open discussion about sexual orientation. Home from home Where development has been optimal, preadolescents 'come to school for something to be added to their lives; they want to learn lessons...which can lead to their eventually working in a job like their parents.' When earlier developmental stages have gone astray, however, then, on the principle that 'if you miss a stage, you can always go through it later,' some middle children 'come to school for another purpose...[not] to learn but to find a home from home...a stable emotional situation in which they can exercise their own emotional liability, a group of which they can gradually become a part.' Divorce Children at the threshold of adolescence in the nine-to-twelve-year-old group would seem to have particular vulnerabilities to parental separation. Among such problems were the very "eagerness of these youngsters to be co-opted into the parental battling; their willingness to take sides...and the intense, compassionate, caretaking relations which led these youngsters to attempt to rescue a distressed parent often to their own detriment". Media Preadolescents may well be more exposed to popular culture than younger children and have interests based on internet trends, television shows and movies (no longer just cartoons), fashion, technology, music and social media. Preadolescents generally prefer certain brands, and are a heavily targeted market of many advertisers. Their tendency to buy brand-name items may be due to a desire to fit in, although the desire is not as strong as it is with teenagers. Some scholars suggest that 'pre-adolescents ... reported frequent encounters with sexual material in the media, valued the information received from it, and used it as a learning resource ... and evaluated such content through what they perceived to be sexual morality.' However, other research has suggested that sexual media influences on preadolescent and adolescent sexual behavior is minimal. Freud Freud called this stage the latency period to indicate that sexual feelings and interest went underground. Erik H. Erikson noted that latency period children in middle childhood can then direct more of their energy into asexual pursuits such as school, athletics, and same-sex friendships. Nevertheless, recent research contradicts these notions—suggesting that sexual development, interest, and behavior among latent period children does not cease. Instead, the apparent lack of sexual interest is due to children not sharing their sexual interests/emotions with adults. See also Precocious puberty References Further reading Myers, James. "Tweens and cool", Admap, March 2004. G. Berry Brazelton, Heart Start: The Emotional Foundations of School Readiness (Arlington 1992) Childhood Human development Youth Adolescence Human life stages Puberty	[ 0.1554601937532425, 0.15674889087677002, -0.121038056910038, 0.49861961603164673, 0.17329590022563934, -0.04297040030360222, 0.6086755990982056, 0.666694164276123, 0.07281623035669327, -0.38564732670783997, -0.5048383474349976, 0.38978469371795654, 0.828072190284729, 0.2120950073003769, -0.5410496592521667, -0.06349605321884155, 0.7856812477111816, 0.6287540197372437, 0.13847649097442627, -0.18206633627414703, -0.8032030463218689, -0.29445114731788635, 0.10965600609779358, -0.4529285132884979, 0.554136335849762, -0.6528497934341431, 0.008126573637127876, -0.07095259428024292, 0.0402337908744812, -0.6012104153633118, -0.6846258640289307, -0.013587743043899536, 0.136415496468544, 0.16119223833084106, -0.18797588348388672, 0.07940071821212769, 0.05391651764512062, -0.5291204452514648, -0.44606634974479675, -0.657910168170929, -0.25636646151542664, -0.17601054906845093, 0.1531866490840912, -0.2058228701353073, -0.6843333840370178, -0.4079135060310364, -1.3949731588363647, 0.029711570590734482, -0.3877483010292053, -0.19561833143234253, -0.39070045948028564, 0.15710696578025818, 0.3441382050514221, -0.2165706306695938, -0.02368108555674553, -0.3608952462673187, -0.5333138108253479, 0.12252236157655716, 0.21245378255844116, 0.04554366320371628, 0.8963056206703186, 0.016421349719166756, 0.10383245348930359, 0.06539241224527359, 0.26161184906959534, -0.025538867339491844, 0.11004512012004852, 0.02081443928182125, 0.10988166183233261, -0.34087198972702026, -0.5142277479171753, -0.10960815101861954, 0.33377209305763245, 0.06868608295917511, -0.7809380888938904, 0.33218124508857727, 0.13244901597499847, -0.0049950238317251205, -0.11517433077096939, -0.12216466665267944, -0.19351091980934143, 0.5389507412910461, 0.41388240456581116, -0.031021347269415855, -0.03242657706141472, -0.11202312260866165, 0.2755894064903259, 0.4639553725719452, -0.4178454279899597, 0.3076091408729553, -0.32721441984176636, 0.04558807611465454, 0.6080246567726135, 0.2918539047241211, 0.117864690721035, -0.4513661563396454, 0.20681461691856384, -0.1493712216615677, 0.19951321184635162, 0.13999517261981964, -0.017956694588065147, 0.37657973170280457, 0.28885313868522644, -0.6224918961524963, -0.07793570309877396, -0.3887983560562134, 0.3870193064212799, 0.10917030274868011, -0.22880373895168304, -0.18843071162700653, -0.12294641882181168, 0.2524873912334442, -0.19708484411239624, 0.6853578090667725, 0.14395681023597717, 0.23558105528354645, 0.04788836091756821, 0.5282670259475708, -0.251360684633255, -0.7845803499221802, -0.24624542891979218, -0.15751485526561737, -0.018873123452067375, -0.674898624420166, -0.17658139765262604, 0.6365022659301758, -0.10599371790885925, 0.30294913053512573, 0.15084919333457947, -0.07036823034286499, -0.1612856239080429, 0.09164340794086456, -0.1782250851392746, -0.4246976971626282, -0.13912570476531982, -0.03454091399908066, 0.4699288010597229, 0.12723368406295776, 0.9219087362289429, 0.20682783424854279, -0.2950662672519684, -0.17393764853477478, -0.3220428228378296, -0.1437627673149109, 0.4324240982532501, -0.3416450619697571, 0.26333796977996826, 0.05291289463639259, -0.7559781074523926, 0.20382578670978546, 0.021328626200556755, -0.33331620693206787, -0.4364275336265564, -0.09200378507375717, -0.23593661189079285, -0.1928686499595642, 0.09603824466466904, 0.042333491146564484, -0.3360826075077057, 0.5801934003829956, -0.05938619002699852, 0.07160863280296326, -0.13201971352100372, 0.31148895621299744, 0.24443288147449493, -0.07264091074466705, 0.2405860424041748, 0.4395001232624054, 0.1639374941587448, -0.01733540929853916, 0.1071304976940155, 0.04721584543585777, -0.2097330093383789, -0.19341175258159637, -0.5826715230941772, 0.23478512465953827, 0.2759712338447571, 0.4376765191555023, -0.1272878348827362, 0.03517769277095795, -0.4859831631183624, 0.2866186499595642, 0.3490726053714752, 0.028127174824476242, -0.06895776838064194, -0.316188782453537, -0.08309442549943924, 0.20807863771915436, -0.5787015557289124, -0.6092684268951416, -0.04218478128314018, -0.23412786424160004, 0.05925683304667473, -0.4882831275463104, 0.47659534215927124, -0.2770780622959137, 0.08047356456518173, 0.7285336256027222, 0.049287840723991394, 0.3204035460948944, 0.1547613888978958, 0.08489755541086197, 0.338468998670578, 0.41917452216148376, -0.2535621225833893, 0.23225878179073334, 0.13345356285572052, 0.5013629794120789, 0.6529828310012817, -0.43142303824424744, -0.048886459320783615, 0.1484060287475586, 0.2320559173822403, 0.4144294261932373, -0.06960846483707428, -0.06816250830888748, -0.1768794059753418, 0.07972616702318192, -0.05094882845878601, -0.33207061886787415, -0.09187549352645874, -0.27423006296157837, -0.11602941155433655, -0.1733759045600891, -0.047231581062078476, 0.39411255717277527, 0.22575698792934418, -0.5553012490272522, 0.3885922431945801, -0.48817723989486694, -0.09528046101331711, -0.03388015553355217, 0.3048405349254608, -0.024852629750967026, 0.1326589286327362, 0.08274911344051361, 0.09522438794374466, -0.3081018030643463, 0.15957440435886383, -0.4010554552078247, -0.41730475425720215, -0.24146856367588043, -0.19465570151805878, 0.4002789258956909, 0.3733404576778412, 0.21404026448726654, 0.2205837219953537, 0.6625220775604248, -0.9597620964050293, -0.20009365677833557, -0.5365850925445557, 0.27488937973976135, 0.04307348653674126, -0.2564537525177002, 0.19018897414207458, -0.7073023319244385, -0.406770259141922, -0.0631927028298378, 0.17817288637161255, 0.2351871132850647, -0.04209253937005997, -0.014066147617995739, 0.5062807202339172, 0.4130617082118988, -0.2125759869813919, -0.15647278726100922, 0.06466875970363617, -0.4267966151237488, 0.2168830931186676, 0.41297149658203125, 0.31200742721557617, -0.1525183618068695, -0.6973946690559387, -0.014009802602231503, -0.10925985872745514, -0.5225071310997009, 0.47156181931495667, -0.16145429015159607, 0.5619156360626221, -0.2101936787366867, 0.2227243036031723, 0.9663264155387878, 0.044074174016714096, -0.4759919047355652, -0.3485545516014099, -0.4449205994606018, -0.009828251786530018, -0.23109494149684906, 0.20860186219215393, -0.37408483028411865, -0.15364189445972443, 0.4022426903247833, -0.2233077585697174, 0.4348394274711609, 0.3741908371448517, 0.07459438592195511, 0.005215005483478308, 0.3221436142921448, 0.4328971803188324, -0.0602680929005146, -0.11324978619813919, -0.352904736995697, -0.4150274991989136, 0.3248065710067749, 0.349020391702652, 0.23916944861412048, 0.25171148777008057, -0.5225729942321777, -6.012270450592041, -0.21937842667102814, 0.08252633363008499, -0.8275743722915649, -0.2293880730867386, -0.061815522611141205, 0.45522797107696533, -0.20657745003700256, -0.07868766784667969, 0.6198663711547852, -0.3657071888446808, -0.04470669478178024, -0.028622198849916458, 0.4536944627761841, 0.030753331258893013, -0.24895982444286346, -0.010057516396045685, 0.2871595323085785, -0.4804733991622925, 0.6279138326644897, -0.38957518339157104, 0.15146082639694214, 0.04200553894042969, 0.7609153389930725, 0.12543587386608124, -0.9369668960571289, 0.3613744080066681, -0.09709059447050095, -0.7435623407363892, -0.1453375667333603, 0.44148746132850647, -0.1323179304599762, 0.46011123061180115, 0.3339160680770874, 0.2121194750070572, 0.570448100566864, 0.42640969157218933, -0.0025996174663305283, 0.3218137323856354, -0.27960285544395447, -0.118490070104599, -0.25616350769996643, 0.31626084446907043, 0.5067529082298279, -0.021717727184295654, 0.2831626832485199, 0.41474679112434387, -0.3716539442539215, 0.08138705790042877, 0.8566392064094543, -0.0636974573135376, 0.4358808696269989, -0.18111589550971985, -0.44909635186195374, -0.15985848009586334, 0.20219756662845612, 0.3872210681438446, -0.6190825700759888, -0.5735019445419312, -0.23901334404945374, 0.06456530094146729, 0.28533080220222473, -0.09349986165761948, -0.5324022173881531, 0.4095152020454407, -0.675182044506073, -0.889197051525116, 0.13727818429470062, -0.1549963802099228, 0.3366181254386902, -0.11108546704053879, -0.23412714898586273, 0.008581425063312054, -0.7731556296348572, 0.09354224801063538, -0.6542493104934692, -0.25190243124961853, 0.3518781065940857, 0.08988074958324432, -0.10592242330312729, 0.24371428787708282, 0.14785966277122498, -0.10770193487405777, 0.4101791977882385, 0.28299057483673096, -0.15962880849838257, -0.13897791504859924, 0.23720796406269073, -0.03799177333712578, 0.17541131377220154, 1.2709463834762573, 0.1650393307209015, -0.3743799328804016, -0.33267366886138916, 0.06279567629098892, 0.5343084335327148, 0.040905799716711044, 0.3868214190006256, 0.5686151385307312, -0.30022403597831726, -0.14775781333446503, 0.21595971286296844, -0.002271079458296299, 0.5726132988929749, -0.766930341720581, -0.39512771368026733, -0.2447272539138794, -0.04501018673181534, 1.053278923034668, -0.8591535091400146, 0.24361588060855865, 0.31291255354881287, -0.4875257909297943, 0.06137416884303093, 0.4028725028038025, 0.18012864887714386, -0.27681758999824524, 0.9686098098754883, 0.5111445188522339, -0.36413276195526123, 0.05725063011050224, -0.0039038104005157948, -0.8038702011108398, 0.4013403356075287, -0.16437992453575134, -0.13310082256793976, -0.3025379478931427, 0.2960459291934967, 0.04618540406227112, -0.04961187765002251, 0.6263006925582886, 0.12378329783678055, 0.043396688997745514, -0.35280388593673706, -0.06689963489770889, -0.6033572554588318, 0.15540289878845215, -0.22924165427684784, -0.23236922919750214, -0.515633225440979, 0.041127193719148636, 0.02078968472778797, 0.14193663001060486, 0.18778187036514282, 0.9695417881011963, -0.42352408170700073, 0.2202736884355545, -0.5377544164657593, -0.2824878990650177, 0.13694782555103302, 0.45692816376686096, -0.17015334963798523, 0.5304934978485107, -0.005916532129049301, -0.7981916666030884, -0.17277082800865173, 0.15294529497623444, -0.16575831174850464, -0.2587781250476837, -0.21853305399417877, 0.2043575495481491, -0.4780321419239044, -0.49867814779281616, -0.28750675916671753, 0.4971766769886017, -0.023491092026233673, -0.6308869123458862, -0.2591630220413208, -0.17495577037334442, 0.3356545865535736, 0.4879661500453949, -0.17800287902355194, -0.16807423532009125, -0.7011460065841675, 0.31995585560798645, -0.25675126910209656, -0.02159908041357994, -0.442634642124176, -0.07858561724424362, -0.7216866612434387, -0.4725007116794586, -0.3788599371910095, -0.0741678848862648, -0.1988464593887329, 0.2474454641342163, 0.12151654064655304, -0.30764758586883545, 0.010003702715039253, -0.9020208120346069, -0.03825554996728897, -0.09474749118089676, -0.31578150391578674, 0.2605869174003601, -0.13021612167358398, -0.3074660301208496, -0.23111672699451447, -0.2122052162885666, 0.7387032508850098, 0.18109484016895294, 0.037835489958524704, -0.0925746038556099, -0.5955008268356323, -0.589678943157196, 0.09783801436424255, 0.876014769077301, -0.6194737553596497, 0.35244670510292053, 0.2577894628047943, -0.7273087501525879, 0.47379329800605774, -0.2746428847312927, -0.6452198028564453, -0.21452753245830536, 0.13884039223194122, 0.537025511264801, -0.24672481417655945, -0.2841795086860657, -0.5338610410690308, -0.28978845477104187, -0.41212350130081177, 0.777377724647522, 0.18342965841293335, -0.5491167306900024, -0.08033633232116699, -0.499837726354599, -0.2854938805103302, 0.3316842317581177, -0.37813568115234375, 0.5044956803321838, -0.1411302536725998, 0.3302975594997406, 0.4364718198776245, 0.16363824903964996, -0.184968501329422, -0.23520171642303467, -0.4910154938697815, -0.15563702583312988, 0.056490931659936905, 0.4133602976799011, 0.8816084861755371, 0.008145731873810291, 0.15865786373615265, 0.20984424650669098, -0.3399135172367096, -0.30310070514678955, 0.4052446186542511, -0.047384899109601974, -0.19506514072418213, -0.5625343918800354, 0.5307295918464661, -0.03479921445250511, -0.44720903038978577, -0.11621589958667755, 0.02462639845907688, 0.38978371024131775, -0.29719993472099304, -0.07844537496566772, -0.12613573670387268, -0.1528790295124054, 0.49020814895629883, 0.3265579044818878, -0.4635986089706421, 0.1630937159061432, 0.13580313324928284, 0.4030827581882477, 0.3232463002204895, -0.6172633171081543, 0.6618763208389282, 0.03570706024765968, -0.20455443859100342, 0.31929007172584534, -0.07713688910007477, 0.5193352103233337, -0.26909035444259644, 0.17501311004161835, 0.00860454048961401, -0.15696923434734344, -0.09437431395053864, -0.08622667193412781, -0.24176137149333954, 0.2265383005142212, 0.05267932265996933, 0.16615165770053864, -0.3770595192909241, -0.06279917806386948, -0.6112042665481567, -0.3046318292617798, -0.3316972851753235, -0.5273908972740173, 0.18888992071151733, 0.2529117166996002, 0.2310679852962494, -0.47485998272895813, 0.4210719168186188, 0.285739541053772, 0.5579938888549805, 0.2577401399612427, 0.4526141583919525, -0.061146385967731476, 0.12352196872234344, 0.1870870739221573, 0.2901977598667145, 0.2523530423641205, -0.5386896133422852, 0.054715197533369064, 0.2674243748188019, 0.17754580080509186, -0.5881138443946838, -0.16316218674182892, -0.10720483958721161, 0.23888245224952698, 0.24544286727905273, 0.6876741051673889, 0.330750972032547, -0.5928052663803101, 0.19579151272773743, 0.38298147916793823, 0.11605162173509598, -0.10693162679672241, 0.21093173325061798, 0.16209577023983002, -0.1518721580505371, 0.21264874935150146, -0.4760242700576782, -0.0038905562832951546, 0.3949013650417328, 0.17558477818965912, -0.11665741354227066, 0.10899470001459122, 0.3020211160182953, 0.5057761669158936, 0.1804753839969635, 0.506996214389801, 0.8417872190475464, -0.05360301584005356, -0.5630269050598145, 0.042775217443704605, -0.6620188355445862, 0.007667327765375376, 0.35086166858673096, 0.9548695087432861, 0.1603502631187439, -0.028798602521419525, 0.3831935226917267, 0.17439979314804077, 0.5937934517860413, 0.38375821709632874, 0.7005650997161865, -0.10372774302959442, -0.0116209601983428, 0.3547212481498718, -0.8139601349830627, 0.4940381348133087, -0.04151035472750664, 0.393216073513031, -0.4345887303352356, 0.5307641625404358, 0.25714293122291565, -0.43897005915641785, -0.506916344165802, -0.1865842342376709, 0.4447772204875946, 0.7716806530952454, 0.18186941742897034, 0.15738537907600403, -0.4119884669780731, 0.4297199249267578, 0.76551353931427, -0.09011328220367432, -0.22112040221691132, 0.39336442947387695, 0.46930456161499023, -0.3217768967151642, -0.1145825982093811, 0.5726916790008545, -0.1480894237756729, 0.5582699179649353, 0.06913430243730545, 0.3111473023891449, -0.8168414831161499, -0.4275013506412506, -0.22471550107002258, -0.3458930253982544, -0.14652001857757568, -0.1844450980424881, 0.02281101420521736, 0.3313480019569397, 0.30405446887016296, -0.6222990155220032, -0.00039243255741894245, 0.010830983519554138, -0.028744913637638092, 0.3602225184440613, -0.000038073339965194464, -0.8585782647132874, 0.03502644971013069, 0.19689252972602844, 0.4502391815185547, -0.0654539242386818, -0.46621444821357727, -0.11127282679080963, 0.5024712085723877, -0.5078611373901367, -0.26800790429115295, -0.17632398009300232, 0.5284527540206909, -0.06956598907709122, -0.1039576530456543, -0.2173246592283249, 0.13836821913719177, 0.6975491642951965, -0.08216094970703125, 0.23762373626232147, 0.2509436309337616, -0.3379703462123871, 0.0494290329515934, 0.3518741726875305, 0.3077762722969055, 0.44404223561286926, -0.9271812438964844, -0.17439086735248566, -0.08760487288236618, 0.2640787661075592, 0.14361073076725006, -0.30642473697662354, 0.3635123670101166, -0.12490741163492203, 0.42427578568458557, -0.4341716766357422, 0.2267483025789261, -0.3594420850276947, -0.21810027956962585, -0.16968324780464172, 1.0832048654556274, -0.30409738421440125, -0.4045403301715851, 0.10388575494289398, -0.4030859172344208, 0.6578458547592163, -0.19116580486297607, -0.09756110608577728, -0.031179696321487427, 0.6991381049156189, 0.13590338826179504, -0.23354220390319824, -0.13191400468349457, -0.24525678157806396, 0.13262256979942322, -0.5831050872802734, -0.6020461916923523, 0.08816204965114594, -0.40663447976112366, -0.10931975394487381, 0.022018996998667717, -0.5040296912193298, -0.5684931874275208, 0.017921000719070435, -0.12916933000087738, 0.10775516927242279, 0.35608595609664917 ]
202287	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%20Brahe%20the%20Younger	Per Brahe the Younger	Count Per Brahe the Younger (18 February 1602 – 12 September 1680) was a Swedish soldier, statesman, and author. He served as Privy Councillor from 1630, Lord High Steward from 1640, as well as Governor General of Finland in 1637–1640 and 1648–1654. Brahe fought in Prussia during the Polish War (1626–1629) and in Germany in 1630. However, his military activity later yielded to his political activity, and he held posts of Privy Councillor and Lord High Steward of Sweden. During the minority of Queen Christina (1632-1644) and after the death of King Charles X in 1660, he was one of the regents of Sweden. During his time as Governor General of Finland, he made large administrative reforms, introduced a postal system, improved and developed commerce and agriculture, and promoted education. He was the founder of Royal Academy of Turku and the town of Raahe (), along with ten other new towns in Finland. Life Brahe was born in Rydboholm Castle (now in Österåker Municipality) in Uppland. He was the son of riksråd Count Abraham Pedersson Brahe of Visingsborg (1569–1630) and Elsa Gyllenstierna of Lundholm, and as such the brother of Margareta Brahe and Nils Brahe, and the cousin of Ebba Brahe. He was the grandson of Per Brahe the Elder (1520–1590), one of Gustavus Vasa's Privy Councillors, created count of Visingsborg by King Eric XIV, known also as the continuator of Peder Svart's chronicle of Gustavus (sometimes the "Chronicles of Per Brahe"), and author of Oeconomia in 1585, a manual for young noblemen. Per Brahe the younger, after completing his education by several years’ travel abroad, became in 1626 chamberlain to Gustavus Adolphus, whose lasting friendship he gained. He fought with distinction in Prussia during the last three years of the Polish War (1626–1629) and also, as colonel of a regiment of horse, in 1630 in Germany. After the death of Gustavus Adolphus in 1632 his military yielded to his political activity. He had been elected president or Lantmarskalk in the Riksdag of 1629, and in the following year was created a Privy Councillor. In 1635 he conducted the negotiations for an armistice with Poland (Treaty of Stuhmsdorf). In 1637–1640 and again in 1648–1654 he was Governor General in Finland, to which country he rendered inestimable services by his wise and provident rule. He reformed the whole administration, introduced a postal system, founded ten new towns, improved and developed commerce and agriculture, and very greatly promoted education. In 1640 he opened the Royal Academy of Turku, of which he was the founder, and first chancellor. Still today the expression "Kreivin aikaan", or "at Count's Time" in the Finnish language means "at the correct/good time". The base of his statue in Turku bears the inscription "I was well pleased with the land and the land with me". After the death of King Charles X in 1660, Brahe, as Lord High Steward, became one of the regents of Sweden for the second time (he had held a similar office during the minority of Queen Christina, 1632–1644), and during the difficult year 1660 he had entire control of both foreign and domestic affairs. He died on 2 September 1680 at his castle Bogesund in Uppland. He also held the castles Visingsborg at Visingsö and Brahehus on the mainland by Gränna, where during his lifetime he had held more than regal pomp. Legacy The Finnish town of Raahe (), which he founded in the year of 1649 in Ostrobothnia, is named after him, as is the asteroid , discovered by Liisi Oterma at the Turku Observatory in 1942. The official was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 April 1980 (). Other Finnish towns he founded with Raahe include Hamina, Jakobstad, Kajaani, Kristinestad, Kuopio and Lappeenranta. Gallery See also Nils Brahe Nils Magnus Brahe References External links 1602 births 1680 deaths People from Österåker Municipality Brahe, Per 2 Per Swedish Governors-General of Finland Swedish military officers Members of the Privy Council of Sweden Lord Marshals of the Riksdag of the Estates 17th-century Swedish politicians 17th-century Finnish people 17th-century military personnel	[ -0.6111894249916077, 0.5492567420005798, 0.09477865695953369, -0.11525221168994904, -0.4941762387752533, 0.9682478308677673, 1.1737092733383179, -0.6275638341903687, -0.6622856855392456, 0.05648535490036011, 0.10304398834705353, 0.244466632604599, -0.28149232268333435, 0.018467029556632042, -0.0788070484995842, -0.12252438068389893, 0.34324103593826294, 0.16674493253231049, -0.14735132455825806, -0.4309031069278717, -0.03832615539431572, -0.0250835083425045, 0.6123612523078918, 0.3414354622364044, 0.04551339149475098, -0.06261513382196426, 0.4865233898162842, 0.2418016791343689, 0.6351562738418579, -0.18151071667671204, -0.05247288942337036, 0.5859201550483704, 0.36488109827041626, -0.21918845176696777, -0.7964102625846863, 0.36375707387924194, -0.595654308795929, -0.5432381629943848, 0.34783226251602173, 0.6508675217628479, -0.7033451199531555, 0.6009519100189209, -0.5356131792068481, -0.03387759253382683, 0.07367976754903793, -0.64922034740448, -1.6301040649414062, 0.4151628911495209, -0.36920633912086487, -0.01854771375656128, 0.016934771090745926, 0.15535826981067657, 0.38083913922309875, 0.6999830603599548, -0.16503891348838806, 0.030022917315363884, -0.9472329616546631, -0.4375765025615692, 0.28620123863220215, 0.186989426612854, 0.5978900194168091, 0.36408910155296326, 0.22208048403263092, -0.1485900729894638, 0.524104654788971, -0.16899412870407104, -0.27448615431785583, 0.2055637091398239, 0.32351022958755493, -0.03090461902320385, -0.4660707116127014, 0.4250814914703369, 0.15851032733917236, -0.15370109677314758, 0.7625292539596558, -0.6872939467430115, -0.07731886208057404, 0.7126950025558472, 0.20847156643867493, -0.791073739528656, 0.051344580948352814, -0.5870203375816345, 0.5419002771377563, 0.08064433932304382, 0.12847140431404114, 0.20324848592281342, -0.17683681845664978, -0.14690563082695007, -0.7604320645332336, -0.8516153693199158, -0.18762552738189697, -0.22144180536270142, 0.2164813131093979, 0.43696749210357666, 0.23806340992450714, 0.17081008851528168, -0.5615186095237732, 0.5333189368247986, -0.2961767017841339, 0.5065917372703552, 0.5311115980148315, 0.6552519202232361, 0.5149686932563782, 0.23259490728378296, 0.10094354301691055, -0.1947697550058365, 0.09319387376308441, 0.007611725013703108, -0.06432966887950897, 0.16491617262363434, -0.4356468915939331, 0.3599698543548584, -0.3899388611316681, -0.1694517731666565, -0.21850056946277618, 0.8691251873970032, -0.12856058776378632, -1.0407178401947021, -0.17538776993751526, -0.07713962346315384, -0.4340333640575409, 0.9697080850601196, -0.24392738938331604, 0.30753636360168457, -0.395624577999115, -0.4014739990234375, -0.03994640335440636, 0.5166008472442627, 0.10687591880559921, 0.6923540234565735, 0.2824726104736328, 1.1883379220962524, -0.45419183373451233, 0.23853857815265656, -0.8910303115844727, -0.0910332128405571, 0.4440648853778839, 0.6148344278335571, -0.44723084568977356, 0.24008826911449432, -0.7548887133598328, -0.6047536730766296, 0.11981535702943802, -0.2744048833847046, 0.15318676829338074, 0.11370155960321426, -0.3191058337688446, -0.4550798237323761, -0.39303189516067505, -0.31775176525115967, -0.1323002129793167, -0.25084546208381653, 0.3570617437362671, -0.5708603262901306, -0.12097371369600296, 0.8708780407905579, -0.05051451548933983, 0.013041318394243717, -0.08349404484033585, 0.5014770030975342, 0.40150606632232666, 0.12050547450780869, -0.598299503326416, -0.18796643614768982, 0.23058831691741943, 0.18367673456668854, 0.24296554923057556, 0.31195923686027527, -0.05234619975090027, -0.27185267210006714, -0.3069956302642822, -0.14663837850093842, 0.0997956171631813, -0.27430200576782227, 0.1272626370191574, 0.8259690999984741, 0.06357135623693466, -0.41454240679740906, 0.24502642452716827, -0.4903263449668884, -0.6566933989524841, 0.04255837947130203, 0.2336532324552536, -0.4025740921497345, 0.5878459811210632, 0.4318429231643677, 0.6452367305755615, -0.11146491765975952, 0.6981568932533264, -0.5126356482505798, -0.29292070865631104, -1.0508525371551514, 0.590755045413971, 0.07114935666322708, 1.084314227104187, 0.055864542722702026, -0.3004729151725769, 0.3562183082103729, 0.08258766680955887, 0.860954225063324, -0.2328823059797287, -0.36310020089149475, -0.05176640301942825, 0.22955752909183502, 0.6149891018867493, 0.2508479952812195, -0.009942213073372841, -0.20208124816417694, 0.3929448127746582, 0.8139539957046509, 0.5620281100273132, -0.6276658177375793, 0.33205145597457886, 0.34579354524612427, -0.08419856429100037, -0.2654612362384796, -0.3712187707424164, -0.07143165916204453, 0.3367268145084381, -0.5301515460014343, 0.6644003391265869, 0.1397712081670761, 0.06449084728956223, 1.020554780960083, -0.06812561303377151, 0.6816224455833435, 0.2905700206756592, 0.370907187461853, -0.4281372129917145, -1.2670774459838867, 0.11488805711269379, -0.160267636179924, 0.6455037593841553, -0.32514914870262146, -0.052962202578783035, 0.08315837383270264, -0.4219285547733307, -0.013983825221657753, -0.14932051301002502, -0.3970031142234802, 0.09013690799474716, 0.728626549243927, -0.3431171774864197, 0.062292397022247314, 0.4008212387561798, 0.936803936958313, -0.45295286178588867, -0.20188267529010773, -0.6114410758018494, -0.5870180726051331, 0.21614064276218414, 0.17517325282096863, -0.3355482518672943, -0.17353758215904236, -0.020893223583698273, -0.19855479896068573, 0.20076876878738403, 0.18828752636909485, -0.28536906838417053, 0.4306640625, 0.10414783656597137, -0.03829897567629814, 0.07654088735580444, 0.26854240894317627, 0.29717516899108887, 0.1598604917526245, 0.21199487149715424, -0.42517486214637756, 0.4697413444519043, -0.02276594564318657, -0.3718218207359314, -0.5734284520149231, -0.22718816995620728, -0.06333351135253906, 0.26961761713027954, -1.0221465826034546, 0.037793852388858795, -0.19850167632102966, -0.1548696607351303, -0.1705971509218216, -0.06436844170093536, 1.0285850763320923, -0.43010878562927246, -0.17039066553115845, -0.5463778376579285, 0.16122859716415405, 0.09685118496417999, 0.3987180292606354, 0.7288838624954224, 0.1658201962709427, 0.3882858455181122, 0.5426737070083618, -0.6343111991882324, 0.19550316035747528, 0.09508948773145676, 0.6480057835578918, -0.3990679979324341, -0.748609721660614, 0.35315921902656555, 0.1585191786289215, -1.014801025390625, -0.07038000971078873, -0.23954768478870392, 0.3764703869819641, 0.15889936685562134, -0.1806308478116989, -0.12902715802192688, 0.18749627470970154, -5.266539573669434, -0.39618515968322754, -0.3346324861049652, -0.47859159111976624, 0.1821347177028656, 0.3111523389816284, 0.6475805640220642, -0.5050293803215027, 0.4014263451099396, -0.032881736755371094, 0.7675862312316895, -0.08750978857278824, 0.19272083044052124, 0.6653004288673401, 0.656441330909729, 0.729482889175415, 0.5987371206283569, 0.2594950497150421, -0.026775119826197624, -0.20810216665267944, -0.068294458091259, -0.050101567059755325, -0.07873248308897018, 0.05013711750507355, 0.3137812614440918, 0.40237924456596375, -0.15413324534893036, -0.04171581566333771, -0.535860538482666, -0.2847673296928406, -0.04066888242959976, 0.36374443769454956, 0.1588308960199356, -0.16983067989349365, -0.08054831624031067, -0.038248635828495026, 0.36822324991226196, 1.1562329530715942, -0.272291898727417, 0.4093053340911865, 0.35525456070899963, 0.29425913095474243, -0.280489057302475, 0.6323306560516357, 0.22299779951572418, -0.42464932799339294, -1.1260408163070679, 0.47377297282218933, -0.5102360844612122, 0.9205123782157898, 0.09191136062145233, -0.24177047610282898, 0.2338724136352539, 0.2493026703596115, 0.03692511469125748, 0.12663504481315613, 0.10961080342531204, 0.09360560029745102, -0.39655107259750366, -0.1812315136194229, 0.10441422462463379, -0.385312020778656, 0.11826516687870026, -0.10092263668775558, 0.20942021906375885, -0.07715542614459991, 0.1979328989982605, -0.3553510010242462, 0.10746563225984573, -0.24000516533851624, 0.3181692957878113, 0.7499139308929443, 0.1682766079902649, -1.232791543006897, 0.034692585468292236, -0.4079993665218353, -0.31472840905189514, 0.0019355254480615258, -0.3276384770870209, -0.4412030875682831, 0.2137286216020584, -0.24581044912338257, -0.2446756809949875, 0.9901859760284424, 0.9570456147193909, -0.02064228616654873, -0.3162396252155304, -0.33587881922721863, -0.7140342593193054, -0.5628519654273987, -0.20598408579826355, -0.5407950282096863, -0.32133886218070984, 0.3016278147697449, -0.4546394348144531, 0.663603663444519, -0.5298126339912415, -0.2725902199745178, 0.2866497337818146, 0.03645845502614975, -0.0085843401029706, 0.28716009855270386, -0.3236461877822876, -0.3603202700614929, 0.048502128571271896, 0.2551547884941101, 0.004441493656486273, 0.5270881056785583, 0.24636156857013702, 0.4437594413757324, -0.03841410577297211, 0.42851564288139343, -0.1710229367017746, -0.7512598633766174, 0.2063668966293335, -0.9097996354103088, -0.39634865522384644, 0.9746972918510437, 0.3760428726673126, 0.18923264741897583, -0.42692309617996216, 0.18004904687404633, 0.4988601505756378, -0.5646806955337524, -0.22352315485477448, 0.018618298694491386, -0.20399081707000732, -0.4991507828235626, -0.012156585231423378, -0.3032093346118927, -0.07205510884523392, 0.5738340616226196, -0.12540888786315918, 0.06035443767905235, -0.08063425868749619, -0.9741225242614746, 0.006261144764721394, -0.14503437280654907, 0.2192569226026535, -0.8014863133430481, -0.1797269582748413, -0.6888423562049866, -0.12152377516031265, 0.04569537565112114, -0.39986443519592285, -0.00823909044265747, 0.36757153272628784, -0.07303214073181152, -0.5787164568901062, 0.5180462002754211, -0.6142655611038208, -0.08065103739500046, 0.7788516879081726, -0.25295719504356384, -0.6208810806274414, -0.44559869170188904, -0.507834255695343, 0.267486572265625, -0.09185785055160522, -0.22498424351215363, -0.09572027623653412, 0.0007815849385224283, -1.1148056983947754, -0.16481804847717285, -0.11239847540855408, 0.023532424122095108, -0.3612457513809204, -0.538119375705719, -0.36930346488952637, 0.9212293028831482, 0.23252063989639282, -0.8290455937385559, -0.4804503321647644, -0.2971164286136627, 0.047705866396427155, 0.020190726965665817, 0.4663439989089966, 0.20448774099349976, -0.19701935350894928, 0.09924796223640442, -0.04720460623502731, 0.6365803480148315, -0.5392804145812988, 0.5302041172981262, 0.49153468012809753, -0.037818439304828644, -0.1526900827884674, -0.5509116053581238, -0.1334218680858612, -0.5348119139671326, 0.2919353246688843, -0.2861488461494446, 0.4791586101055145, 0.00392023054882884, -0.41742002964019775, -0.4771322011947632, -0.08746509999036789, -0.13552555441856384, 0.25767168402671814, -0.1360025703907013, 0.3635755181312561, 0.3977917730808258, -0.32085439562797546, 0.12831635773181915, 0.13429346680641174, -0.9180307984352112, -0.06485923379659653, 0.42827582359313965, -0.19692301750183105, 0.6788759827613831, -0.6095832586288452, -0.5975781083106995, -0.6100347638130188, 0.6040267944335938, -0.5585057139396667, -0.023745205253362656, 0.5611507296562195, 0.11570367217063904, -0.9010294675827026, -0.8450295329093933, -0.9089998602867126, -0.6131224036216736, -0.8221661448478699, -0.21594509482383728, -0.8376585245132446, 0.14170116186141968, 0.32971546053886414, 0.44679901003837585, 1.0883270502090454, -0.1959122121334076, 0.003158289473503828, -0.21753697097301483, -0.07713092118501663, 0.2138957977294922, -0.46629106998443604, 0.09674448519945145, 0.04132291302084923, 0.3759443759918213, 0.050688911229372025, 0.7222319841384888, 0.5793763399124146, 1.2044857740402222, 0.5841332674026489, -0.02936132252216339, 0.05118366330862045, -0.2253675013780594, -0.1117178425192833, -0.4817669987678528, 0.38214242458343506, 0.16753220558166504, -0.2554490566253662, -0.4370485842227936, -0.4417124092578888, 0.3017984628677368, 1.796775221824646, 0.15524885058403015, 0.6539760231971741, 0.6671143174171448, 0.021647097542881966, 0.03562420979142189, -0.3116573095321655, 0.4564869701862335, -0.023927224799990654, 0.03746877983212471, 0.5402908325195312, 0.2274300456047058, -0.21725080907344818, -0.0622270330786705, 0.17144091427326202, -0.15130390226840973, -0.4445609748363495, -0.9486539959907532, -0.42922812700271606, 0.11112790554761887, -0.5788693428039551, 0.0992325022816658, 0.47017526626586914, -0.32067054510116577, 0.838683545589447, -0.17090833187103271, -0.9414318799972534, -0.09019093215465546, 0.08638937026262283, -0.6179395914077759, -0.3010387122631073, -0.3852335214614868, -0.41325947642326355, -0.2175910621881485, -0.22929395735263824, 0.4804915189743042, -0.7056608200073242, 0.14948850870132446, -0.42294108867645264, 0.6328800916671753, 0.29936859011650085, 0.17958354949951172, -0.4610362946987152, 0.6302447319030762, -0.42814895510673523, -0.18504661321640015, -0.0638839602470398, 0.4251370429992676, 0.5010983943939209, -0.21318373084068298, 0.26719504594802856, 0.4484686255455017, -0.37156760692596436, -0.11004257202148438, -0.4842688739299774, 0.17837920784950256, 0.2991296052932739, -0.2639862596988678, -0.10311730206012726, 0.06792561709880829, -0.4154263734817505, -0.20067846775054932, 0.4087373614311218, -0.4413442015647888, -0.45694226026535034, -0.4511590898036957, 0.7851882576942444, -0.0641297698020935, 0.38790208101272583, -0.23479695618152618, 0.06269614398479462, 0.8569166660308838, 0.06432828307151794, -0.5240672826766968, -0.27211323380470276, -0.0033125460613518953, -0.12571154534816742, -0.00369935086928308, -0.6126434803009033, 0.9605932831764221, -0.3310650885105133, 0.5601691603660583, 0.0018258162308484316, -0.7586550712585449, -0.032982710748910904, 0.1403951793909073, -0.19982710480690002, 1.2500637769699097, -0.5247758626937866, -0.2356928586959839, -0.2859592139720917, -0.03558359295129776, -0.3955802321434021, -0.10375010967254639, 0.06651820987462997, 0.23682083189487457, -0.025796452537178993, -0.14330489933490753, 0.20101696252822876, -0.910807192325592, 0.12384872138500214, 0.27260449528694153, 0.4562113583087921, -0.45208555459976196, -0.499773770570755, -0.24499937891960144, 0.05683135986328125, -0.4561443626880646, 0.33967840671539307, 0.20710615813732147, -0.06312049180269241, -0.2537574768066406, 0.06656095385551453, 0.03544182330369949, 0.3763173222541809, 0.2344662994146347, 0.0191957987844944, -0.5126279592514038, 0.237636536359787, 0.25995373725891113, 0.28000134229660034, 0.24271568655967712, 0.5787727236747742, -0.26605069637298584, 0.19338372349739075, 0.05503126233816147, -0.5900628566741943, 0.4874710738658905, 0.1965692937374115, -0.6241756081581116, -0.07176308333873749, -0.009701007977128029, -0.123275987803936, 0.2350267916917801, 0.21406613290309906, -0.5964043736457825, 0.2616691291332245, -0.6573320627212524, 0.2425946742296219, 0.3728770613670349, -1.2896053791046143, 0.3013934791088104, -0.10041173547506332, 0.9821662306785583, 0.3237740695476532, -0.21736252307891846, -0.49792972207069397, -0.2518264949321747, -0.05266860872507095, 0.19144365191459656, -0.34698256850242615, 0.7402557730674744, -0.3906881809234619, 0.18751519918441772, -0.26255741715431213, 0.6135349273681641, 0.37221744656562805, -0.1054106280207634, -0.3939097225666046, 0.05536534637212753, -0.11570180207490921, -0.04450487717986107, 0.4805687367916107, -0.652840793132782, -0.2851572632789612, 0.20463204383850098, 0.30587610602378845, -0.0005582430167123675, 0.21874654293060303, -0.22357895970344543, -0.11847768723964691, -0.06854359805583954, 0.07191266864538193, -0.00843608845025301, 0.007730231154710054, 0.20788976550102234, 0.02832845225930214, -0.48716312646865845, 0.11960073560476303, -0.10688646137714386, 0.25373685359954834, -0.2530573606491089, 0.6668103933334351, 0.4438588619232178, 0.8949910402297974, -0.7010296583175659, 0.5902397632598877, -0.2559007704257965, 0.7264089584350586, 0.2117326855659485, -0.16171269118785858, 0.3385971784591675, -0.09597945213317871, -0.4340114891529083, 0.35821008682250977, 0.3610548973083496, 0.16815011203289032, -0.238779678940773, 0.26960045099258423, -0.7581154704093933, 0.03540938347578049, 0.31990718841552734, -0.6061985492706299, -0.2827049791812897, 0.3249083161354065, -0.5040282011032104 ]
202292	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seiwa	Seiwa	Seiwa can refer to: Emperor Seiwa, emperor of Japan Seiwa, Mie, a district in Mie, Japan	[ -0.002059721853584051, -0.38025662302970886, -0.5255062580108643, -0.1359182447195053, -0.8773542642593384, 0.8089005947113037, 0.5860087871551514, 0.09090664237737656, -0.1437225341796875, -0.7226807475090027, -0.005576425231993198, -0.6847681403160095, 0.1686524748802185, 0.4048926532268524, -0.26917093992233276, -0.2123810350894928, 0.07764480262994766, 0.6990141272544861, -0.09599359333515167, -0.33826836943626404, -0.17534197866916656, -0.0841621458530426, -0.2776446044445038, -0.47229230403900146, 0.39536571502685547, -0.1582811176776886, 0.8438670039176941, 0.2913239002227783, 0.3304230570793152, -0.15729594230651855, -0.21481627225875854, 0.6095996499061584, 0.08348187059164047, 0.18540897965431213, -0.2618181109428406, -0.2602968215942383, -0.19791516661643982, -0.287717342376709, 0.11917775869369507, -0.27152401208877563, -0.1062534973025322, -0.1045542061328888, 0.4855276644229889, 0.19465546309947968, -0.2213241010904312, -0.6995545625686646, -2.0928397178649902, 0.21512854099273682, -0.7395502924919128, 0.290666401386261, -0.5830735564231873, 0.2731526494026184, 0.0438435897231102, 0.47584134340286255, -0.17950287461280823, 0.8281209468841553, -0.3104780614376068, -0.13053539395332336, 0.5806592702865601, -0.34883740544319153, 0.8783009648323059, -0.24024353921413422, 0.13560013473033905, 0.18720951676368713, 0.3342539370059967, -0.018655605614185333, 0.015268051996827126, 0.02180570736527443, -0.26782292127609253, -0.3656235635280609, -0.16309218108654022, 0.09508495777845383, 0.31340843439102173, 0.5963695645332336, -0.49354106187820435, -0.5764931440353394, -0.3595428466796875, -0.19416575133800507, -0.11441131681203842, -0.0939224511384964, -0.3496790826320648, -0.10799455642700195, 0.42803168296813965, 0.13194067776203156, 0.40302664041519165, 0.30603259801864624, -0.4425668716430664, -0.15697745978832245, -0.4608304500579834, 0.6925176382064819, 0.186817467212677, 0.22873590886592865, 0.40054982900619507, -0.06496017426252365, -0.4644787609577179, -0.13817204535007477, -0.14751385152339935, 0.32530665397644043, 0.07674891501665115, 0.1044299304485321, -0.48288044333457947, 0.225871279835701, 0.7259905934333801, 0.25989270210266113, -0.8338910341262817, -0.9752038717269897, -0.34321847558021545, 0.15440155565738678, -0.13923607766628265, -0.6507318615913391, -0.35354259610176086, 0.4159804880619049, -0.1495046615600586, 0.23176075518131256, 0.03396948426961899, 0.2650941014289856, 0.19867432117462158, -0.35862308740615845, 0.01936258189380169, -0.14073114097118378, 0.13168443739414215, 0.15134386718273163, 0.24497947096824646, 0.09912443161010742, 0.11017967760562897, -0.03496415913105011, 0.1271197646856308, -0.1543506234884262, -0.4262576997280121, 0.16671252250671387, 0.16876006126403809, 0.6882309913635254, 0.11257730424404144, 0.45593565702438354, 0.1264166235923767, -0.4512409567832947, 0.17206884920597076, 0.07405808568000793, -0.07458748668432236, -0.428384006023407, -1.069247841835022, 0.040842022746801376, -1.5994478464126587, -0.10938207060098648, 0.4216857850551605, 0.27803176641464233, -0.30895325541496277, -0.8614877462387085, -0.34542983770370483, -0.3641822338104248, -0.18937654793262482, 0.26136428117752075, 0.36115601658821106, 0.7967777848243713, -0.270722359418869, 0.2291591465473175, 0.14543196558952332, -0.1255672574043274, 0.0790005549788475, 0.08181166648864746, -0.36549147963523865, -0.07960423082113266, -0.01498194970190525, 0.2697994112968445, 0.2399701327085495, 0.025930102914571762, 0.22857971489429474, 0.4267809987068176, -0.355206161737442, 0.2648814022541046, -0.3771568238735199, -0.67137610912323, -0.22560276091098785, -0.37896499037742615, -0.0716707780957222, 0.07265297323465347, 0.8666796684265137, 0.05260423943400383, -0.14075757563114166, 0.006094193551689386, -0.6317805647850037, -0.035119712352752686, 0.22683624923229218, 0.28891339898109436, 0.008804610930383205, 0.24993129074573517, 0.19221507012844086, 0.6377707123756409, -0.06682279706001282, -0.07654128223657608, -0.5208630561828613, -0.20125165581703186, 0.26217660307884216, -0.44269460439682007, 0.6572703123092651, 0.7716101408004761, -0.1517370045185089, 0.5269654989242554, -0.2553703784942627, 0.7311379313468933, -0.10366426408290863, -0.5591074228286743, 0.28673556447029114, -0.08156641572713852, -0.06289313733577728, 1.0652637481689453, -0.19518692791461945, 0.2973826229572296, 0.3463846743106842, 0.27355122566223145, 0.20152218639850616, -0.24933406710624695, 0.680626630783081, -0.34496521949768066, -0.08071570843458176, 0.22905796766281128, -0.38998985290527344, -0.4429323077201843, 0.1995663195848465, -1.00454580783844, 0.8329975008964539, -0.009066428057849407, -0.35377201437950134, 0.5847854614257812, 0.07424337416887283, 0.42194172739982605, 0.263301283121109, 0.4516906440258026, -0.17360389232635498, -0.7829797863960266, 0.2557483911514282, -0.3863859474658966, 0.5503692626953125, 0.18333181738853455, 0.05215681716799736, -0.2148151993751526, 0.4129902422428131, -0.4970313608646393, 0.3241029381752014, -0.5982652902603149, 0.2827712595462799, 0.3023623526096344, 0.03148877993226051, -0.04336569085717201, 0.7860694527626038, 0.2900559902191162, 0.10839245468378067, 0.18136699497699738, -0.6867777109146118, -0.43506062030792236, 0.6721509099006653, 0.310223251581192, 0.21676406264305115, -0.37045595049858093, 0.37704816460609436, -0.4561154842376709, 0.034112729132175446, 0.5532985925674438, -0.30739152431488037, -0.004953849595040083, -0.5941992998123169, 0.27788159251213074, 0.4972873330116272, 0.0665600448846817, 0.08266572654247284, 0.4384520947933197, 0.44112199544906616, -0.4748190939426422, 0.5909901857376099, 0.11948179453611374, 0.06551867723464966, -0.44125044345855713, -0.7459763884544373, -0.9845276474952698, -0.1127123013138771, -0.7259162664413452, -0.01610948145389557, 0.5574167966842651, -0.4010798931121826, -0.21145682036876678, 0.24816347658634186, 0.4334258735179901, 0.0594155378639698, -0.9184919595718384, 0.18910738825798035, -0.7649999260902405, -0.09376934915781021, -0.46468105912208557, -0.3252776563167572, 0.44475892186164856, 0.03946399316191673, 0.7169954180717468, -0.4952436685562134, -0.16168212890625, 0.5023869872093201, 0.2635994553565979, -0.476699560880661, -0.1135532408952713, 0.4836752712726593, -0.8485844731330872, -0.7167376279830933, -0.4506208002567291, 0.13705196976661682, 0.24573664367198944, 0.22463001310825348, 0.4845232665538788, -0.0324346087872982, 0.27114632725715637, -5.467837810516357, 0.037016768008470535, 0.19531676173210144, 0.12511701881885529, 0.1452547013759613, 0.32847070693969727, 0.31607720255851746, -0.11840375512838364, 0.09798777848482132, -0.7687839865684509, 0.31416088342666626, 0.09177999943494797, 0.4709973633289337, 0.21716631948947906, 0.04050218313932419, 0.3643568158149719, 0.7829852104187012, 0.3639884889125824, -0.045229390263557434, -0.2902719974517822, -0.4353559613227844, 0.015805792063474655, 0.18471194803714752, 1.3506544828414917, 0.3736950159072876, 0.40495502948760986, -0.7135714888572693, 0.01736495830118656, -0.5848053097724915, -0.6992252469062805, 0.15535660088062286, -0.2607113718986511, -0.14203815162181854, 0.18682140111923218, -0.7415695190429688, 0.1514212191104889, 0.5344482064247131, 0.721882700920105, 0.46270331740379333, 0.3556581735610962, -0.13261301815509796, 0.09608615934848785, -0.5985260605812073, -0.04627296328544617, -0.21405437588691711, -0.7725436091423035, -1.0222891569137573, 0.014874673448503017, 0.07868258655071259, 0.6562758088111877, 0.11024429649114609, -0.16959848999977112, 0.9407863020896912, -0.19782720506191254, 0.25464293360710144, 0.06980304419994354, 0.5168452262878418, 0.5429988503456116, -0.5024223327636719, -0.1525103747844696, 0.4579835832118988, -0.43071314692497253, -0.16546683013439178, -0.5312547087669373, 0.15026791393756866, -0.43589797616004944, -0.01729016751050949, 0.43406349420547485, 0.09323683381080627, 0.3632681369781494, -0.2746172547340393, 0.32280951738357544, 0.004419050645083189, -1.1118829250335693, 0.2588416039943695, -0.06648752093315125, -0.3185427486896515, 0.24458040297031403, 0.16450423002243042, 0.3823051452636719, -0.29715195298194885, 0.17535048723220825, -0.35012832283973694, 0.40184465050697327, -0.19864413142204285, -0.32863563299179077, 0.07211807370185852, 0.09742142260074615, 0.007982363924384117, -0.047942522913217545, 0.35196900367736816, -0.37893784046173096, 0.30501222610473633, 0.1942533403635025, 0.49245843291282654, 0.05474238470196724, 0.23676319420337677, -0.39837074279785156, 0.2846359312534332, -0.8669270873069763, 0.3079262971878052, 0.08562473952770233, -0.29742759466171265, 0.06679872423410416, -0.009735102765262127, -0.12537060678005219, -0.2188120037317276, 0.3056117594242096, 0.5475317239761353, 0.024094466120004654, -0.08181504160165787, -0.5600226521492004, -0.112813800573349, -0.7991088032722473, 0.9193866848945618, 0.3119754195213318, -0.34371235966682434, 0.9437680244445801, 0.42044275999069214, 0.3615274429321289, -0.11565607786178589, 0.7076414823532104, -0.6337570548057556, -0.4589986205101013, 0.1531171202659607, 0.3574710488319397, -0.3325176239013672, 0.3069263994693756, 0.20848289132118225, 0.2759398818016052, 0.5603557825088501, 0.028440192341804504, -0.17501898109912872, -0.06620582938194275, -0.023246612399816513, -0.4012925922870636, -0.26450014114379883, -0.6561065912246704, -0.2918495535850525, 0.03993051499128342, 0.38709959387779236, -0.31340304017066956, -0.20933982729911804, 0.33551284670829773, 0.1373756229877472, 0.5987370014190674, -0.4656217098236084, -0.12766017019748688, -0.20520557463169098, 0.6217874884605408, -0.5754444599151611, -0.8835148811340332, 0.055424764752388, -0.638828456401825, -0.5234175324440002, -0.17957600951194763, -0.37872329354286194, 0.27563202381134033, -0.09909611940383911, 0.10419691354036331, 0.14154379069805145, -0.6311876773834229, -0.8616896271705627, 0.017314188182353973, -0.38060298562049866, -0.6048189997673035, 0.15791039168834686, 0.007172639947384596, 0.09793277829885483, 0.24897263944149017, 0.1602167934179306, -0.44382259249687195, -0.39954835176467896, -0.14236167073249817, 0.5525066256523132, 0.29842257499694824, 0.3571685552597046, 1.0287750959396362, -0.06539065390825272, -0.17736724019050598, 0.051346246153116226, 0.02942810393869877, 0.07461035996675491, 0.5765350461006165, -0.25033390522003174, -0.20875467360019684, 0.2924877405166626, -0.044763632118701935, -0.33682042360305786, -0.4883134663105011, -0.07520879060029984, -0.38674992322921753, -0.07553161680698395, 0.2705391049385071, -0.4204348027706146, -0.5358383059501648, 0.5942365527153015, -0.30649396777153015, -0.06909745931625366, 0.013280875980854034, 0.25376924872398376, -0.04063483700156212, -0.517428994178772, 0.27757617831230164, 0.10517050325870514, -0.7636135220527649, 0.37434354424476624, 0.517116904258728, 0.04393385723233223, -0.26250776648521423, -0.7330695986747742, -0.5690631866455078, 0.07794499397277832, 0.20013700425624847, 0.0744101032614708, -0.12822774052619934, 0.4162900447845459, 0.14399856328964233, 0.05309026688337326, -1.4866111278533936, 0.093402199447155, -0.057685334235429764, -0.12447784096002579, -0.4623532295227051, 0.010887152515351772, 0.8031437397003174, 0.41127052903175354, -0.5760111808776855, -0.11121398210525513, -0.5541773438453674, -0.04430073872208595, 0.6054161787033081, 0.3114616572856903, 0.030429236590862274, -0.12957391142845154, -0.15577487647533417, 0.06916175037622452, -0.6170319318771362, 0.4673067033290863, 0.8727869391441345, 0.4736333191394806, 0.999386727809906, -0.03633580729365349, 0.03232979774475098, 0.10490506142377853, 0.29272565245628357, -0.15948331356048584, -0.292106956243515, -0.15479372441768646, 0.6073771715164185, 0.09954486042261124, -0.44439637660980225, -0.34914684295654297, -0.09223928302526474, 1.0002483129501343, -0.8046478033065796, 0.6464682221412659, 0.4738614857196808, -0.24244344234466553, 0.24563467502593994, -0.2678174078464508, 0.22338728606700897, 0.3377443253993988, 0.21841181814670563, -0.15716612339019775, 0.18413536250591278, -0.4787150025367737, 0.6473485231399536, 0.4760797619819641, -0.6290924549102783, -0.3832068145275116, -0.38766252994537354, 0.036091480404138565, 0.49467211961746216, 0.3145988881587982, -0.09196590632200241, -0.6185199022293091, 0.010547716170549393, -0.5452401041984558, -0.12941181659698486, -0.1524585783481598, -0.5510377287864685, 0.2431982308626175, -0.425213485956192, 0.49612927436828613, -0.603518545627594, 0.32412490248680115, 0.432862788438797, -0.39353734254837036, -0.14124007523059845, -0.7532446384429932, -0.37470754981040955, 0.055184509605169296, 0.23141904175281525, -0.7481229901313782, 0.1733514964580536, -0.25782546401023865, 0.08679099380970001, -0.7013678550720215, 0.19222505390644073, -0.5975785255432129, -0.32364243268966675, 0.1061655804514885, 0.4212084114551544, 0.11147034168243408, 0.06461269408464432, 0.020775843411684036, -0.41186168789863586, -0.13236890733242035, 0.19597621262073517, -0.08133690804243088, 0.20122158527374268, 0.703964114189148, 0.5759616494178772, -0.11434357613325119, 0.09850530326366425, -0.6461108326911926, -0.08894556760787964, -0.40583837032318115, -0.5536696910858154, 0.5237538814544678, -0.6041924357414246, 0.34466585516929626, 0.710231602191925, 0.06925021857023239, 0.30166786909103394, 0.4831524193286896, -0.4028506278991699, -0.1543189287185669, 0.18679487705230713, 0.5174230933189392, -0.15895172953605652, -0.43580159544944763, 0.183104008436203, -0.3414488732814789, -0.4519893527030945, 0.03241181746125221, -0.37455588579177856, 0.12253553420305252, 0.1984432488679886, -0.018387489020824432, 0.21480689942836761, -0.5112016201019287, 0.24899527430534363, 0.36131909489631653, -0.020900743082165718, -0.0757165178656578, 0.1234368234872818, 0.5053467750549316, -0.34088125824928284, 0.23344026505947113, 0.24145394563674927, 0.5599859356880188, 0.19614902138710022, 0.11677097529172897, 0.2840237319469452, 0.05036408081650734, -0.5373291373252869, 0.10659044981002808, -0.7235230803489685, -0.45595985651016235, -0.40116894245147705, 0.05477534979581833, 0.0810195729136467, 0.2662275433540344, 0.13770951330661774, -0.7574878334999084, -0.4161921739578247, -0.719308078289032, 0.13351690769195557, 0.19197025895118713, 0.06856967508792877, -0.22299513220787048, -0.1647624522447586, 0.47570520639419556, 0.6994589567184448, 0.30820149183273315, 0.14045250415802002, 0.5813230872154236, -0.3007946312427521, 0.17200973629951477, 0.22520315647125244, 0.5489702224731445, -1.0243520736694336, 0.46270373463630676, 0.4688819944858551, -0.11163365840911865, 0.18030031025409698, -0.1991191953420639, 0.3576045632362366, -0.014446389861404896, -0.09513789415359497, -0.0703064575791359, 0.23935431241989136, -0.22596457600593567, 0.08522100001573563, -0.28698238730430603, 0.39429977536201477, 0.9575666189193726, 0.10236305743455887, 0.14659008383750916, -0.06000354513525963, -0.22211027145385742, 0.09253822267055511, -0.46460995078086853, 0.6093375086784363, 0.08536902815103531, 0.13064850866794586, -0.7700217962265015, 0.7034674882888794, 0.354164183139801, -0.306867390871048, 0.3259844183921814, 0.23169343173503876, -0.526589035987854, -0.1019374430179596, 0.9095637202262878, -0.0370648019015789, 0.28735625743865967, -0.28434351086616516, 0.2565461993217468, -0.15281665325164795, 0.0982150286436081, 0.33535996079444885, 0.24783127009868622, -0.32334408164024353, 0.08742881566286087, 0.06716752797365189, -0.13148584961891174, 0.48709526658058167, 0.0037066347431391478, -0.1903318166732788, -0.325180321931839, -0.020485296845436096, 0.14103561639785767, 0.7434165477752686, 0.4694996774196625, 0.47815823554992676, 0.08707443624734879, -0.4194178581237793, 0.12888988852500916, -0.16716192662715912, -0.17995157837867737, 0.002100924961268902, -1.8609646558761597, 0.3071926534175873, -0.199305921792984, -0.60306715965271, -0.3686342239379883, 0.031234728172421455, 0.7965589165687561, -0.12874868512153625, 0.7882488369941711, 0.003789047012105584, 0.3126274049282074, -0.24969054758548737, 0.560062825679779, -0.1602736860513687, 0.42173972725868225, 0.12130101770162582 ]
202294	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nils%20Brahe	Nils Brahe	Count Nils Brahe (14 October 1604 – 21 November 1632) was a Swedish soldier and younger brother of Per Brahe and Margareta Brahe. He served with distinction under King Gustavus Adolphus, who regarded him as the best general in the Swedish army after Lennart Torstenson. Life Brahe was born at Rydboholm Castle (now in Österåker Municipality) in Uppland. He was the son of riksråd Count Abraham Pedersson Brahe of Visingsborg (1569-1630) and Elsa Gyllenstierna of Lundholm, and as such the brother of Margareta Brahe and Per Brahe, and the cousin of Ebba Brahe. He took part in the Polish-Swedish Wars, in which he first participated in the siege and capture of Riga (1621), and later served with distinction in Poland (1626–1627) and assisted in the defence of Stralsund in 1628. On 16 April 1628 he married baroness Anna Margareta Bielke at the Stockholm castle, at double wedding, when also his elder brother count Peder Brahe married Kristina Katarina Stenbock. In 1630 he accompanied Gustavus into Germany, in the Thirty Years' War and in 1631 was appointed colonel of "the yellow regiment," the king's world-renowned life-guards, at the head of which he captured the castle of Würzburg on October 8, 1631. Brahe took part in the long duel between Gustavus and Wallenstein around Nuremberg as general of infantry, and commanded the left wing at Lützen on November 6, 1632, where he was the only Swedish general officer present. At the very beginning of the fight he received a gunshot wound to his left knee so severe that he had to retire from the battle. After the fighting ended Brahe travelled to Naumburg to recuperate but his condition deteriorated over the next few weeks and he finally died on November 21, 1632 at the age of 28. Brahe was buried in the church at Östra Ryd. See also Nils Magnus Brahe References 1604 births 1632 deaths People from Österåker Municipality Swedish Army generals Swedish nobility Nils 17th-century Swedish military personnel Swedish people of the Thirty Years' War	[ -0.7802395224571228, 0.390135258436203, 0.28143608570098877, 0.32461613416671753, -0.3610450029373169, 0.5551258325576782, 1.2058411836624146, -0.6914991140365601, -0.49352163076400757, -0.22982928156852722, 0.1331804394721985, 0.03712760657072067, -0.3996102511882782, -0.019186723977327347, -0.17997346818447113, 0.1808425784111023, 0.3499394655227661, -0.005813901778310537, -0.21880978345870972, -0.3686358332633972, -0.0534694604575634, -0.05373823642730713, 0.6179673671722412, 0.3633365035057068, 0.700522780418396, 0.08986610919237137, 0.43086233735084534, 0.448702335357666, 0.5406484007835388, -0.06381344795227051, 0.2257315218448639, 0.28682857751846313, 0.7615342736244202, -0.023866945877671242, -0.7885167002677917, -0.07497410476207733, -0.8495253920555115, -0.08103351294994354, 0.26017382740974426, 0.49110132455825806, -0.5800966024398804, 0.3573623597621918, -0.6018227934837341, -0.2578710615634918, 0.022856809198856354, -0.4462386667728424, -1.493833303451538, 0.39868855476379395, -0.01645972579717636, 0.013398971408605576, 0.10302884876728058, 0.36016324162483215, 0.00911406334489584, 0.37273114919662476, -0.059819296002388, -0.35883864760398865, -0.8373749852180481, -0.3596143424510956, -0.1046692505478859, 0.0751434937119484, 0.4081585705280304, 0.2977532744407654, 0.24917738139629364, -0.06654184311628342, 0.4129146933555603, -0.14236602187156677, -0.02590726874768734, -0.16090770065784454, 0.397786021232605, -0.11300093680620193, 0.16529230773448944, 0.41073861718177795, -0.017749551683664322, -0.10825319588184357, 0.4186716079711914, -0.6781915426254272, -0.08504409343004227, 0.4782518446445465, 0.42336124181747437, -0.4117260277271271, -0.0480317585170269, -1.1278634071350098, 0.5092436671257019, 0.194244846701622, 0.09660809487104416, 0.30081820487976074, -0.1866617649793625, 0.1935187131166458, -0.6536076068878174, -0.6182134747505188, 0.024085313081741333, -0.14320477843284607, 0.2758071720600128, 0.4097449779510498, 0.2965860664844513, 0.32899537682533264, -0.17497014999389648, 0.4494231045246124, -0.22676865756511688, 0.3137909173965454, 0.1019677072763443, 0.4250815212726593, 0.42870399355888367, 0.20537525415420532, -0.04819699749350548, 0.021837200969457626, 0.10226018726825714, 0.24874237179756165, -0.5361469984054565, 0.057086046785116196, -0.2833296060562134, 0.12050996720790863, -0.027503689751029015, -0.14656682312488556, -0.16836802661418915, 0.7278937101364136, -0.4021303355693817, -0.7359127998352051, -0.12077222764492035, 0.03869366645812988, -0.2236199826002121, 0.8078977465629578, -0.35522332787513733, 0.5158824920654297, -0.2832178771495819, -0.11182896047830582, -0.21360889077186584, 0.2925110459327698, -0.07511091232299805, 0.4933047890663147, 0.3797917366027832, 0.9883015751838684, -0.6655552983283997, 0.4200979173183441, -0.7510320544242859, 0.07788415253162384, 0.41215986013412476, 0.1769786775112152, -0.4111022353172302, 0.35788992047309875, -0.6595993638038635, -0.7173607349395752, 0.16285687685012817, -0.009128861129283905, -0.1717090755701065, -0.10847246646881104, -0.32109567523002625, 0.10168197005987167, -0.2630566656589508, -0.11508473008871078, -0.222026526927948, 0.17013375461101532, -0.17537279427051544, -0.8116773962974548, -0.06673868000507355, 0.6238561868667603, 0.2611217796802521, 0.15283112227916718, -0.07998565584421158, 0.5603446960449219, 0.2389594465494156, 0.4686059057712555, -0.7717490196228027, -0.24460820853710175, 0.6588560938835144, 0.24534976482391357, -0.18596312403678894, 0.05964414402842522, -0.40818822383880615, -0.4497419595718384, 0.004978429991751909, 0.04155879095196724, 0.07233624160289764, -0.2843693494796753, 0.02198507823050022, 0.8619480729103088, -0.2209668904542923, -0.604689359664917, -0.0018783309496939182, -0.24768157303333282, -0.7253400683403015, 0.17970626056194305, 0.09522362053394318, -0.40268197655677795, 0.3375083804130554, 0.6393897533416748, 0.29430273175239563, -0.049937278032302856, 0.558680534362793, -0.5766416788101196, -0.17607374489307404, -1.0895838737487793, 0.13879938423633575, 0.188242107629776, 1.160254716873169, -0.11623947322368622, -0.11141502857208252, 0.17127585411071777, 0.04027345031499863, 0.552429735660553, -0.31510692834854126, -0.4593702554702759, 0.26727747917175293, 0.35651493072509766, 0.5876421928405762, 0.5155776143074036, -0.1749042123556137, -0.3329794704914093, 0.751308262348175, 0.6544760465621948, -0.08975043892860413, -0.5672018527984619, 0.2721189856529236, 0.2975121736526489, -0.11270104348659515, -0.39970800280570984, -0.41629496216773987, -0.47651031613349915, 0.38120225071907043, -0.2434629499912262, 0.7407037019729614, -0.08892139047384262, 0.11638599634170532, 0.7959467172622681, -0.2013157308101654, 0.6687207818031311, 0.30071312189102173, 0.5542688369750977, -0.48274827003479004, -0.948800265789032, 0.2300756722688675, 0.281655877828598, 0.2531168460845947, -0.4394225776195526, 0.20423884689807892, 0.23925530910491943, 0.11918032914400101, 0.2965169847011566, -0.38479718565940857, -0.28878137469291687, -0.25282740592956543, 0.8635759949684143, -0.24357272684574127, -0.1625399887561798, 0.2691080868244171, 0.48175227642059326, -0.6605427861213684, -0.42426902055740356, -0.29875338077545166, -0.4798358380794525, 0.03516724705696106, 0.21124882996082306, -0.45673543214797974, -0.07477498054504395, 0.4383809566497803, 0.13290566205978394, 0.17719964683055878, -0.1751129925251007, -0.3289475739002228, 0.20653697848320007, 0.2173554003238678, -0.12492435425519943, -0.22860969603061676, 0.21578159928321838, 0.43541115522384644, 0.0895005539059639, 0.13011381030082703, -0.4176075756549835, 0.882914125919342, 0.3173636496067047, -0.5446878671646118, -0.42195025086402893, -0.048770371824502945, -0.0937936082482338, 0.239935964345932, -0.719258189201355, -0.023200834169983864, 0.1840037703514099, 0.2653167247772217, -0.0923733189702034, -0.04461628198623657, 0.6386786699295044, -0.3178795576095581, -0.59980309009552, -0.37181562185287476, 0.19381283223628998, -0.1355385035276413, 0.337642103433609, 0.4823899269104004, 0.047563374042510986, 0.23687677085399628, 0.8268351554870605, -0.5752583742141724, 0.16345714032649994, 0.10015040636062622, 0.8207117915153503, -0.3742639124393463, -0.6117144227027893, 0.5743392705917358, 0.3310352861881256, -1.054272174835205, -0.23249070346355438, -0.17698229849338531, 0.16629168391227722, 0.3202691674232483, -0.38916945457458496, -0.19980232417583466, -0.019043682143092155, -5.699972152709961, -0.28178441524505615, -0.4858749210834503, -0.0855092704296112, 0.03800346329808235, 0.2830001413822174, 0.544929563999176, -0.27256113290786743, 0.7367466688156128, -0.13221335411071777, 0.8172744512557983, 0.052276093512773514, 0.2658120393753052, 0.439380019903183, 0.5126878619194031, 0.2578447461128235, 0.6797032952308655, 0.1826503574848175, 0.10824663937091827, -0.4452664256095886, -0.12683869898319244, -0.28423580527305603, -0.24865533411502838, 0.312998503446579, 0.4278731346130371, 0.36885589361190796, 0.07715451717376709, -0.0566859096288681, -0.48589885234832764, -0.35501888394355774, -0.054790668189525604, 0.2269783914089203, 0.01994495652616024, -0.3249140679836273, -0.17530043423175812, -0.43273136019706726, 0.00551338866353035, 0.8426309823989868, -0.20252162218093872, 0.4657799005508423, 0.44368481636047363, 0.22199316322803497, -0.28089797496795654, 0.40643420815467834, -0.11149604618549347, -0.2980227470397949, -0.7644305229187012, 0.8027827143669128, -0.47752925753593445, 0.8751015067100525, 0.16213113069534302, -0.35882803797721863, 0.3699587881565094, 0.02599574811756611, 0.14133703708648682, -0.04714139550924301, -0.26261261105537415, 0.13764001429080963, -0.42042627930641174, -0.062270116060972214, 0.1570291817188263, -0.1477355808019638, 0.06939686089754105, -0.17902466654777527, 0.1225980669260025, 0.011830653995275497, 0.2489609718322754, -0.15246739983558655, 0.08879154175519943, -0.3557654321193695, 0.2780817449092865, 0.752921998500824, 0.2813350260257721, -0.9668995141983032, -0.01219299528747797, -0.11848906427621841, -0.6061069965362549, 0.22086113691329956, -0.2653043270111084, -0.5487450957298279, 0.178678959608078, -0.1874569058418274, -0.11296580731868744, 0.6719234585762024, 0.715717077255249, -0.1707160770893097, -0.348734587430954, -0.37576496601104736, -0.0799960270524025, 0.00650080107152462, 0.2503022849559784, -0.6021991968154907, -0.014415969140827656, 0.2765113413333893, 0.08559022098779678, 0.27399328351020813, -0.46650591492652893, -0.25282877683639526, 0.10288824886083603, 0.1255938708782196, 0.24916771054267883, 0.4431963860988617, -0.11547278612852097, -0.7056122422218323, 0.02598118968307972, 0.34530335664749146, -0.05085388571023941, 0.41389796137809753, 0.17892144620418549, 0.4484153389930725, 0.18322372436523438, 0.2013440728187561, -0.18005000054836273, -0.5152755379676819, 0.24358312785625458, -1.0432450771331787, 0.052265897393226624, 0.4625954329967499, 0.3519704043865204, 0.06915954500436783, -0.4028364419937134, -0.07964198291301727, 0.2041778266429901, -0.11526454240083694, 0.22520777583122253, 0.055191729217767715, -0.4423614740371704, -0.04704912751913071, -0.06208871304988861, 0.031062833964824677, 0.140072762966156, 0.5543298125267029, -0.45355066657066345, -0.10189128667116165, 0.08595979958772659, -0.9577189087867737, -0.10434955358505249, -0.07513971626758575, 0.1228787899017334, -0.5364391207695007, -0.3278169631958008, -0.3735138773918152, -0.1982356756925583, 0.2487650215625763, -0.36063191294670105, 0.12074287235736847, 0.5493276715278625, -0.16121914982795715, -0.2507123351097107, 0.4956958591938019, -0.44699254631996155, -0.15964335203170776, 0.8345702290534973, 0.03354538604617119, -0.43560996651649475, -0.26545098423957825, -0.21199898421764374, 0.09213508665561676, -0.21879394352436066, -0.053338512778282166, -0.23330426216125488, 0.06970971077680588, -1.1713917255401611, 0.01524866372346878, -0.2696240544319153, 0.16529589891433716, -0.7359644770622253, -0.4558769762516022, -0.24674110114574432, 0.5924085378646851, 0.14515741169452667, -0.9511137008666992, -0.23060262203216553, -0.09914551675319672, 0.029672658070921898, -0.12575241923332214, 0.18110737204551697, 0.0754057988524437, -0.14128534495830536, -0.08053196966648102, 0.005627408158034086, 0.7051774859428406, -0.45205825567245483, 0.722608745098114, 0.6524059772491455, -0.13522841036319733, -0.20313692092895508, -0.5982904434204102, 0.34997275471687317, -0.3227478861808777, 0.10830686241388321, -0.2950759828090668, 0.36666208505630493, 0.20497409999370575, -0.06637833267450333, -0.48194125294685364, 0.13269846141338348, -0.16606777906417847, 0.011202548630535603, -0.1359555870294571, 0.12698186933994293, 0.4831482470035553, -0.3195224404335022, 0.006176150869578123, 0.04329528659582138, -0.7227095365524292, 0.008716020733118057, 0.5177416801452637, -0.0966254472732544, 0.2800602614879608, -0.5299386978149414, -0.7446991205215454, -0.13533979654312134, 0.6584362387657166, -0.34799444675445557, 0.06568527221679688, 0.7380200624465942, 0.02447662316262722, -0.8265530467033386, -0.7063972353935242, -0.9174821376800537, -0.42202112078666687, -0.7312066555023193, -0.5207890272140503, -0.8612373471260071, 0.07884183526039124, 0.3435932993888855, 0.330940306186676, 0.8386004567146301, 0.05870179086923599, 0.08247420936822891, -0.198945552110672, -0.02302299626171589, -0.0016170404851436615, -0.4178958535194397, -0.07288458943367004, 0.013532005250453949, 0.27125510573387146, 0.14333684742450714, 0.17442438006401062, 0.6010335087776184, 0.9858384132385254, 0.13744892179965973, -0.039686501026153564, 0.29190048575401306, -0.4711150825023651, -0.23074713349342346, -0.5589756965637207, 0.22608627378940582, 0.17294858396053314, -0.1416444182395935, -0.33834925293922424, -0.010170459747314453, 0.18624365329742432, 1.5481979846954346, 0.22628509998321533, 0.2504185140132904, 0.6608108878135681, 0.019583217799663544, -0.07117387652397156, -0.40987399220466614, 0.6392589211463928, 0.08304981887340546, -0.04087863489985466, 0.12632006406784058, 0.3432350158691406, -0.3850446939468384, -0.25818076729774475, -0.01866193115711212, -0.2228454351425171, -0.35806381702423096, -0.637799084186554, 0.02213701792061329, 0.2459326833486557, -0.3609746992588043, 0.31954503059387207, 0.3320986330509186, -0.0054740929044783115, 0.2601548731327057, -0.07534495741128922, -0.9943812489509583, -0.3956884443759918, -0.3395110070705414, -0.6124442219734192, -0.47700849175453186, -0.40188175439834595, -0.10149280726909637, -0.1842004358768463, -0.02360936440527439, 0.4342503249645233, -0.4684963524341583, 0.10649093985557556, -0.3357168734073639, 0.2585832178592682, 0.03568495437502861, 0.12939992547035217, -0.23410698771476746, 0.3518337905406952, 0.034261561930179596, -0.17520751059055328, -0.03975527733564377, 0.1897868812084198, 0.08386805653572083, -0.2928663194179535, 0.10276124626398087, 0.49594414234161377, -0.2634079158306122, -0.128832146525383, -0.16806860268115997, 0.0144203407689929, 0.4868054986000061, -0.41995519399642944, -0.023353463038802147, -0.05698064714670181, -0.38788124918937683, -0.10074616223573685, 0.2713603973388672, -0.3831041157245636, -0.16298595070838928, -0.44481319189071655, 0.625196099281311, 0.4151914119720459, 0.1320381462574005, -0.0441301092505455, 0.09854307770729065, 0.5044150352478027, 0.2792764902114868, -0.4229263663291931, -0.2007557451725006, 0.30972370505332947, -0.34773188829421997, 0.042359914630651474, -0.5327916741371155, 0.7201317548751831, -0.5215653777122498, 0.7095260620117188, 0.01163447555154562, -0.770155668258667, -0.0660507008433342, 0.5522773265838623, 0.0965747982263565, 0.9217997789382935, -0.5951645970344543, -0.23455511033535004, -0.11273278295993805, -0.15963125228881836, -0.09057607501745224, 0.10913224518299103, 0.295600950717926, 0.2857699990272522, -0.07069903612136841, -0.26664355397224426, 0.07277463376522064, -0.9253485798835754, -0.023427434265613556, 0.054173946380615234, 0.6152547597885132, -0.37710124254226685, -0.3126942217350006, -0.3613218069076538, -0.1931561678647995, -0.6360706686973572, 0.28779467940330505, 0.5545327663421631, -0.15245193243026733, -0.10952282696962357, 0.1084289476275444, -0.20380644500255585, 0.7799654006958008, -0.09625016897916794, 0.08529705554246902, -0.7157566547393799, 0.31086355447769165, 0.21988198161125183, 0.001848136424086988, 0.18673765659332275, 0.7279059886932373, 0.028713570907711983, 0.023821398615837097, -0.32433703541755676, -0.5254552364349365, 0.7409189939498901, 0.11280684173107147, -0.3155451714992523, -0.15752394497394562, 0.0038677703123539686, -0.16120782494544983, 0.2076387256383896, -0.07311856001615524, -0.4479711353778839, 0.1374742090702057, -0.6442402601242065, 0.32400503754615784, 0.3098926842212677, -0.8007926940917969, 0.3927973508834839, -0.12904338538646698, 0.4393347203731537, 0.46041545271873474, 0.20165815949440002, -0.691966712474823, 0.22459597885608673, 0.059256572276353836, 0.5363467335700989, -0.6951726078987122, 0.6777021288871765, -0.2595531642436981, 0.014689014293253422, 0.19139531254768372, 0.3125475347042084, 0.4260719120502472, 0.33367928862571716, -0.17383743822574615, -0.03037886694073677, -0.038085706532001495, 0.14195697009563446, 0.2824952006340027, -0.8620850443840027, 0.0434316024184227, 0.060239292681217194, 0.058060768991708755, -0.25484946370124817, 0.09082488715648651, -0.39462190866470337, -0.13255108892917633, -0.36152270436286926, -0.07853815704584122, 0.04147918522357941, -0.15571922063827515, 0.6379260420799255, 0.305168479681015, -0.4786042273044586, -0.010426117107272148, -0.2773292362689972, 0.041131019592285156, -0.5426911115646362, 0.34022173285484314, 0.18367049098014832, 0.7301748991012573, -0.8546291589736938, 0.39872822165489197, -0.00014307258243206888, -0.008570023812353611, -0.006728399079293013, 0.5331738591194153, 0.3659633696079254, 0.1212860718369484, -0.6067706346511841, 0.008203206583857536, 0.3241630792617798, 0.14376282691955566, -0.33381834626197815, 0.46486103534698486, -0.5339862108230591, 0.2916477918624878, 0.5027246475219727, -0.4676137864589691, 0.0574934259057045, 0.16720502078533173, -0.39953669905662537 ]
202295	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazan	Kazan	Kazan ( ; ; IPA: [qɑzan]) is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Tatarstan in Russia. The city lies at the confluence of the Volga and the Kazanka rivers, covering an area of , with a population of over 1.2 million residents, up to roughly 1.6 million residents in the urban agglomeration. Kazan is the fifth-largest city in Russia, and the most populous city on the Volga, as well as the Volga Federal District. In 1438, Kazan became the capital of the Khanate of Kazan. In 1552, Kazan was captured by Ivan the Terrible and became a part of Russia. The city was seized and largely destroyed during Pugachev's Rebellion of 1773–1775, but was later rebuilt during the reign of Catherine the Great. In the following centuries, Kazan grew to become a major industrial, cultural and religious centre of Russia. In 1920, after the Russian SFSR became a part of the Soviet Union, Kazan became the capital of the Tatar ASSR. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Kazan stayed as the capital of the Republic of Tatarstan. Kazan is renowned for its vibrant mix of Tatar and Russian cultures. In 2015, 2.1 million tourists visited Kazan, and 1.5 million tourists visited the Kazan Kremlin, a World Heritage Site. In April 2009, the Russian Patent Office granted Kazan the right to brand itself as the "Third Capital of Russia". In 2009 it was chosen as the "Sports capital of Russia", and it still is referred to as such. Kazan hosted the 2013 Summer Universiade, and was one of the host cities of the 2018 FIFA World Cup. Etymology The term kazan means 'boiler' or 'cauldron' (Russian: каза́н/Tatar: казан) in the Tatar and Turkic languages. The origin of the city and its name is often described as follows: a sorcerer advised the Bulgars to build a city where, without any fire, a boiler dug into the ground would boil water. As a result, a similar place was founded on the shore of Lake Kaban. One legend claims that the city was named after the river Kazanka, which was named after the son of a Bulgar governor who dropped a copper cauldron into it. History Middle Ages According to the official version adopted today, the city was founded more than 1,000 years ago. The estimated date of the urban settlement on the site of Kazan is 1004–1005 AD. The reason for this dating was found during excavations in the Kazan Kremlin – a Czech coin, dated by the Board of St. Wenceslaus (presumably, coinage 929–930 years) and the earliest Czech coin, the remains of masonry and wooden city fence, handicrafts and utensils (Hungarian type lining, women's beads, etc.), as well as other artifacts with less obvious dating. According to official statements, experts from 20 cities of Russia and 22 countries of the world were involved in the study of findings related to the age of Kazan. Kazan was a border post between Volga Bulgaria and two Finnic peoples—the Mari and Udmurt. Another vexatious question is where the citadel was built originally. Archaeological explorations have produced evidence of urban settlement in three parts of the modern city: in the Kremlin; in Bişbalta at the site of the modern Zilantaw monastery; and near the Qaban lake. The oldest of these seems to be the Kremlin. After the Mongols ravaged the Bolğar and Bilär territories in the 13th century, the surviving Bulgars recovered in numbers and a small number of Kipchaks were assimilated from which they adopted their language (the so-called Bulgarism), or Kipchaks and Bulgars mixed to create a modern Kazan-Tatar population. Some Tatars also went to Lithuania, brought by Vytautas the great. Kazan became the center of the Principality, which was dependent on The Golden Horde. In the 13th and 14th centuries, Kazan was growing, becoming an important trade and political center within The Golden Horde. The growth of the city was also promoted by the successful geographical location at the intersection of major trade routes connecting East and West. During the same period, the minting of currency began with the indication of the place of minting—"Bulgar al-Jadid", that is, a New Bulgar. In 1438, the Bulgar fortress Kazan (ISKE-Kazan) was captured by the ousted Golden Horde Khan Ulugh Muhammad, who killed the local Prince Swan and moved the fortress to a modern place (according to Russian Chronicles). The city became the capital of the Kazan Khanate. The city Bazaar, Taş Ayaq (stone foot) has become the most important shopping center in the region, especially for furniture. Handicraft production also flourished, as the city gained a reputation for its leather and gold products, as well as the wealth of its palaces and mosques. Kazan had trade relations with Moscow, Crimea, Turkey and other regions. Russian Tsardom period As a result of the Siege of Kazan in 1552, Tsar Ivan the Terrible conquered the city. During the subsequent governorship of Alexander Gorbatyi-Shuisky, most of the Kazan's Tatar residents were forcibly Christianized or deported, the Kerashen Tatars. Mosques and palaces were ruined. The surviving Tatar population was moved to a place away from the city and this place was forcibly settled by Russian farmers and soldiers. Tatars in the Russian service were settled in the Tatar Bistäse settlement near the city's wall. Later Tatar merchants and handicraft masters also settled there. During this period, Kazan was largely destroyed as a result of several great fires. After one of them in 1579, the icon Our Lady of Kazan was discovered in the city. In the early 17th century, at the beginning of the Time of Troubles in Russia, the Tsardom of Kazan declared independence under the leadership of voyvoda Nikanor Shulgin with the help of the Russian population, but this independence was suppressed by Kuzma Minin in 1612. Russian Empire period In 1708, the Tsardom of Kazan was abolished, and Kazan became the seat of Kazan Governorate. After Peter the Great's visit, the city became a center of shipbuilding for the Caspian fleet. The major Russian poet Gavrila Derzhavin was born in Kazan in 1743, the son of a poor country squire of Tatar ancestry though himself having a thoroughly Russian identity. Before the building of modern dams, low-lying areas were regularly flooded in April and May. Kazan suffered major fires in 1595, 1672, 1694, 1742, 1749, 1757, 1774, 1815, and 1842. Kazan was largely destroyed in 1774 as a result of the Pugachev revolt (1774–1776), an uprising by border troops and peasants led by the Don Cossack ataman (Captain) Yemelyan Pugachev, but the city, formerly largely of timber construction, was soon afterwards rebuilt, using stone and according to a grid pattern plan, during the reign of Catherine the Great. Catherine also decreed that mosques could again be built in Kazan, the first being Marjani Mosque. At the beginning of the 19th century Kazan State University and printing press were founded by Alexander I. It became an important center for Oriental Studies in Russia. The Qur'an was first printed in Kazan in 1801. Kazan became an industrial center and peasants migrated there to join its industrial workforce. In 1875, a horse tramway appeared; 1899 saw the installation of a tramway. After the Russian Revolution of 1905, Tatars were allowed to revive Kazan as a Tatar cultural center. The first Tatar theater and the first Tatar newspaper appeared. Soviet period In 1917, Kazan became one of the revolution centers. In 1918, Kazan was the capital of the Idel-Ural State, which was suppressed by the Bolshevist government. In the Kazan Operation of August 1918, it was briefly occupied by Czechoslovak Legions. In 1920, Kazan became the center of Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. After the Treaty of Rapallo (1922) until 1933, the German and the Russian army operated together the Kama tank school in Kazan. During World War II, many industrial plants and factories to the west were relocated in Kazan, making the city a center of the military industry, producing tanks and planes. After the war Kazan consolidated as an industrial and scientific center. In 1979, the city's population reached one million. Modern period In the late 1980s and in the 1990s, after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Kazan again became the center of Tatar culture and identity, and separatist tendencies intensified. With the return of capitalism, Kazan became one of the most important centers of the Russian Federation. The city went from 10th to 8th position in population ranking of Russian cities. In the early 2000s, the city earned the right to host both the 2013 Summer Universiade and 2018 FIFA World Cup. Millennium of Kazan Since 2000, the city has been undergoing a total renovation. The historical center—including the Kremlin—has been rebuilt, however a large number of the city's historical districts were completely demolished in the renovation. Kazan celebrated its millennium in 2005, after a city-organized historical commission settled on 1005 as the official year of the city's founding. During the millennium celebrations, one of the largest mosque in Russia, Qolsharif, was dedicated in the Kazan Kremlin, the holiest copy of Our Lady of Kazan was returned to the city, the Millennium Bridge was inaugurated that year, and the Kazan Metro began operation. The government of the Russian Federation released the Medal "In Commemoration of the 1000th Anniversary of Kazan". In 2010, for the preparations to the 2013 Universiade, Kazan began even more renovation by modernizing its airport, fixing the streets, enhancing public transport, and adopting Russian, English, and Tatar languages in all transportation, large stores, and shopping centers. Heraldry The historical symbol of Kazan is the mythical dragon-like creature Zilant, often mentioned in legends. For example, when numerous snakes and reptiles severely hampered the development of the city, the hunters went in search of the King of snakes and defeated him, according to another version, the residents of the city bought off the giant snake with gold, after which all the snakes left the city. Another legend says that the giant dragon-like serpent always guarded the Khan's treasures, and that it still protects the hidden wealth before the capture of the city in the secret caves. Historically, it is true that snakes were once numerous in the Kazan region, but then their number has decreased dramatically. The first official coat of arms of Kazan was approved on 18 October 1781 and was described as "black snake under the crown of gold, Kazan, red wings, white field". In 1926, the country introduced a ban on such heraldry. In the 1980s, the coat of arms of Kazan began to reappear, and in the 1990s Kazan Zilant in various styles began to appear in print media. Modern graphics of the emblem and flag appeared in 2005—in a silver field on the green earth a black dragon with red wings and tongue, with gold paws, claws and eyes, topped with a gold crown. The shield is crowned with a Kazan cap. According to the traditions of heraldry, the dragon symbolizes power, wisdom and invincibility, the earth—life and wealth, the crown-development, and the cap above the shield-the capital of the city. Administrative and municipal status Kazan is the capital of the republic. Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is incorporated as the city of republic significance of Kazan—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, the city of republic significance of Kazan is incorporated as Kazan Urban Okrug. City divisions Kazan is divided into seven districts: Economy Kazan is one of the largest industrial and financial centers of Russia, and a leading city of the Volga economic region in construction and accumulated investment. The city's gross regional product was 380 billion rubles in 2011. Total banking capital of Kazan banks is third in Russia. The main industries of the city are: mechanical engineering, chemical, petrochemical, light and food industries. An innovative economy is represented by the largest IT-park in Russia which is one of the largest of its kind among Eastern European science parks. Kazan ranks 174th (highest in Russia) in Mercer's Worldwide Quality of Living Survey. Investments In 2011, city organisations and businesses attracted more than 87 billion rubles for economy and social sphere development. This was 44% more than in 2010. In 2014, businesses attracted 86 billion rubles. Most of them have been implemented in the real economy sector. Because of the unstable economic situation within the country, there was a decrease of investment rates in 2015 and—according to the statistics of the first part of the year—it composed 51684.2 million rubles. There are head offices of six companies that are in the top 500 in terms of revenues in Russia. The total area of city business centres is 330 thousand square metres. Innovative economy in Kazan is represented by the biggest IT-park in Russia and also the biggest technical park in Europe. The only online platform for governmental trade except the Moscow one is operated in Kazan. During the post-Soviet period Kazan was the leader in terms of house construction in the Volga region, and now it holds the position and implements the Republican program of liquidation of dilapidated housing which was unique for Russia. According to Forbes, Kazan was ranked 15th among the "Best cities for business in Russia" of 2010. In 2012, Kazan ranked 6th in the quality of city environment rating, which was made by the Russian Federation Ministry of Regional Development, Russian Alliance of Engineers, Federal Construction Agency, Federal Service of Supervision of Consumer Protection and Welfare and Moscow Federal University. Transportation Bus The first bus routes in Kazan came to use in 1925. The bus is the most popular type of public transport in Kazan: in 2016, it carried about 74% of passengers. As of 2017, there are about 62 bus routes in the city, with a total length of more than 1.2 thousand km. The total number of buses operating on city routes is 840. The movement of all buses is monitored using an automated control system based on satellite navigation. Any Internet user can track the movement of buses. Kazan's bus system was totally renovated in 2007. 62 routes have an aggregate length of 1,981 km (1,231 mi). All 1,444 buses are colored red. Half of the buses are imported, produced by Golden Dragon, Higer, MAZ, Yutong, and Hyundai. Other buses are mostly Russian made NefAZ. The fare is 35 rubles in cash, 30 rubles by credit card and 27 rubles by a special transport card (2022). On the routes, conductors are involved and, in addition to paying for cash (with a higher fare), there are general civil (with different tariff plans for replenishment, including time passes and an "electronic wallet"), as well as preferential electronic transport cards. Tram Kazan's tram system is one of the oldest tram systems in Russia, opened on 20 November 1899. The tram system in Kazan consists of five operating routes. The daily output is 82 trams. Most of the tram lines are laid along the axis of the main streets, most of them on a dedicated track, fenced with side stones. The tram in the city center was largely removed in the 2000s due to the fight against traffic jams on narrow streets; some routes turned out to be unprofitable after the optimization of the transport scheme in 2006–2007. In 2009–2020, the reconstruction of tram tracks on the main highways was carried out, as well as the construction of four new tram lines, which made it possible to launch circular tram routes No. 5/5a with an accelerated mode of movement in 2012-2020 along the sections of the Big Kazan Ring. All trams are equipped with autoinformators, announcements in which are in three languages (Russian, Tatar, English), for this reason announcements are played for a very long time (up to one and a half minutes). The fare is 30 rubles in cash, 27 rubles for an electronic card (2020). On the routes, conductors are involved and, in addition to paying for cash (with a higher fare), there are general civil (with different tariff plans for replenishment, including time passes and an "electronic wallet"), as well as preferential electronic transport cards. Trolleybus Kazan's trolleybus system is one of the oldest in Russia. Operation opened on 27 November 1948. In recent years, it continues to develop: new lines were launched, built and planned, while some new trolleybus lines replaced the removed tram lines. Two trolleybus depots operate a fleet of over 200 trolleybuses, all of which are green, and serve 10 routes with a total length of . At the beginning of the XXI century, at the Kazan aircraft plant KAPO for the city, a major overhaul (CWR) of old trolleybuses was carried out. The fare is 30 rubles in cash, 27 rubles by electronic card (2020). On the routes, conductors are involved and, in addition to paying for cash (with a higher fare), there are general civil (with different tariff plans for replenishment, including time passes and an "electronic wallet"), as well as preferential electronic transport cards. All trolleybuses are monitored by an automated control system based on satellite navigation. Any Internet user can track the movement of trolleybuses. Metro A single-line Kazan Metro (running north to south-east), opened on 27 August 2005, the first and only metro system built in a post-soviet state after the collapse of the USSR. As of 2020, the Kazan Metro now has eleven stations, and crosses the Kazanka River. Railways Kazan is connected with Moscow, Ulyanovsk, Yoshkar-Ola and Yekaterinburg by train. The main railway station Kazan–Passazhirskaya is located in the city centre and includes a main building (built in 1896), a commuter trains terminal, a ticket office building and some other technical buildings. The station serves 36 intercity trains, and more than eight million passengers per annum. The second terminus called "Kazan-2" is situated in the northern part of the city. Kazan also has 19 platforms for commuter trains. In addition, within the city there are also 24 railway stations and stopping platforms Public transit Payment is received in cash, by dedicated travel cards and by banking cards. One ride fee is 27 rubles in cash or by banking card and 25 rubles by travel card. There are various plans for different types of travel which reduce single ride fees. There are no zoning tariffs within the city. Cycling On 1 July 2013, the Veli'k bicycle sharing system was launched in Kazan. In total, the system includes seven self-service bicycle docking stations, and a total fleet of 100 bikes. The service is open to anyone from 16 years of age. There are three types of subscription – monthly, weekly and daily. During the season from late spring to mid-autumn, residents and guests of Kazan typically use the service more than 15,000 times. In 2015, the first cycle routes on separate bike lanes were opened in the city centre; further expansion is planned throughout the city. Waterways Kazan's river port is one of the largest on the Volga, thanks to the system of canals from which Kazan is sometimes called the "port of five seas". The main building of the river station was built together with the new river port by the early 1960s and renovated in 2005. The station serves both passengers of intercity cruise ships and commuter boats (including high-speed fleet) – to the Kamsky Ustye, Tetyush, Bolgar, Pechishch, Sviyazhsk and Sadovaya. The daily passenger traffic in the summer period is up to 6 thousand people per day. In winter, Pneumocushion boats are used, it goes from Kazan to Verkhny Uslon. Highways There are federal highway connections to Moscow and Ufa (E-22), Orenburg (R-239), Ul'yanovsk (R-241) and Igra (R-242). There are also the R-175 federal highway and "Northern Europe – Western China" (in construction) route near the city. There are five bridges across the Kazanka (Qazansu) river in the city, and one bridge connecting Kazan with the opposite bank of the Volga. Intercity buses There are two bus stations in Kazan—Central and Southern. Bus routes connect Kazan with all districts of Tatarstan, Samara, Ufa, Tolyatti, Orenburg, Ulyanovsk, Cheboksary, Sterlitamak, Buzuluk, Baki, and Aktobe. It is planned to build new stations in the East, West and North districts instead of Central for relieving city centre. Kazan International Airport Kazan International Airport is located from the city center. It is a hub for UVT Aero and Kazan Air Enterprise and hosts eleven air companies. The airport is connected with the city by bus route #97 and by a suburban train line. There is also the Kazan Borisoglebskoye airfield, home to Kazan Aircraft Production Association, a major aircraft factory, famous in the past as "Aircraft Plant 22" ("22nd Zavod"). Adjacent to it lies a huge aircraft engines plant ("16th Zavod"). It produces versions of Tupolev 204 and 214 aircraft. In the past an Ilyushin-62, four-engine Russian mainliner, Tupolev-160 "Black Jack" supersonic strategic bomber and Tu-22M tactic bomber were also produced here. Both these plants and adjacent workers' housing make a whole city district known as "Aviastroitelny" ("Aircraft Builders"). Demographics Population Population: Kazan metropolitan area's population is 1.65 million. Ethnicity The city's population consists mostly of ethnic Tatars (47.6%) and ethnic Russians (48.6%). The other ethnicities are Chuvash, Mari, Ukrainians, Azerbaijanis and Jews. Religion Predominant faiths of Kazan city are Islam and Eastern Orthodox Christianity, with minority representation of Roman Catholicism, Protestantism, Judaism, and the Baháʼí Faith. Languages Its common to find the Tatar language being spoken in the city, mainly by Tatars. Geography Climate Kazan has a humid continental climate (Köppen: Dfb) with long, cold winters (colder than Moscow), and warm, sunny summers. As a result of its far inland position, summers are extremely warm for its latitude and winters are quite cold compared to areas further west in Europe. The warmest month is July with daily mean temperature near , and the coldest month is January, with a daily mean of . The city set its two hottest days on record during the 2010 Northern Hemisphere summer heat waves. Temperatures reached in the hottest days during that time. Central Kazan Kremlin The city has a citadel (Russian: кремль, tr. kreml', or sometimes Tatar: kirman), which was declared a World Heritage Site in 2000. Major monuments in the Kremlin are the five-domed, six-columned Annunciation Cathedral (1561–62) and the mysterious, formerly leaning Söyembikä Tower, named after the last queen of Kazan and regarded as the city's most conspicuous landmark. Also of interest are the towers and walls, erected in the 16th and 17th centuries but later reconstructed; the Qol-Şarif Mosque, which has been rebuilt inside the citadel; remains of the Saviour Monastery (a 16th-century cathedral demolished by the Bolsheviks) with the Spasskaya Tower; and the Governor's House (1843–53), designed by Konstantin Thon, now the Palace of the President of Tatarstan. Next door, the ornate baroque Sts-Peter-and-Paul's Cathedral on Qawi Nacmi Street and Marcani Mosque on Qayum Nasiri Street date back to the 18th century. Towers The Spasskaya Tower was built in two floors by 16th century Pskov architects Ivan Shiryai and Postnik Yakovlev. From the inside, the northern side of the fortress to the Spasskaya Tower adjoined the gate to Spasskaya Church, which has now merged with the tower. The typical Pskovian architectural elements of the facade face the main street of the Kremlin. At the end of the 17th century, instead of three tiers, the tower was built with two brick eight-sided tiers with a brick roof, getting its present, familiar appearance. Until 1917, the tower was crowned with the double-headed coat of arms of the Russian state. In the 18th century, a ringing clock was installed in the upper tier, and even earlier a large bell was moved from a small belfry (now lost, located on the castle wall on the left side of the tower). Until the middle of the 19th century, there was a moat with a stone bridge in front of the tower. The South-Western Tower was built simultaneously with the Spasskaya tower by Pskov masters and is a classic example of the Pskov style of defensive structures. The name of the Transfiguration Tower comes from the Transfiguration Monastery of the Savior, which was fenced from the north-west. The tower was also built by Pskov architects Postnik and Barma, but it was significantly rebuilt later, as it has strong traces of the architectural influence of the Moscow defensive architecture. The territory from the Transfiguration Tower to the Spasskaya pass was added to the old Khan's fortress by Pskov masters. There are unnamed round brick towers, presumably built by Moscow architects in the 17th century. The Tainitskaya Tower was built in its present form in the 1550s by Postnik Yakovlev. It was named after a secret source from which it was possible to take water during a siege. The entrance to the tower is in the form of a "knee", which increased the defense of the Kremlin. It replaced a tower from the time of the khanate, Nur Ali (in Russian transcription Muraleeva). The 22-year-old Tsar Ivan the Terrible entered the conquered city through the Nur Ali tower. The North-Eastern Round Tower was demolished after the Pugachev's assault. The Consistor Tower was built in brick by Moscow architects in the 17th century, its name was given in the 18th century from the Spiritual Consistory located near the tower in the Kremlin. Near the tower, archaeological excavations revealed the so-called Tezitsky (Arabic for "merchant") Moat, which went from the Consistor Tower to the Transfiguration. Archaeologist N. Kalinin and a number of scientists believed that the moat was the southern border of the Khan's fortress. The Southeast Round Tower is an example of Pskov architecture of the 16th century. Bistä, or Posad Central Kazan is divided into two districts by the Bolaq canal and Lake Qaban. The first district (Qazan Bistäse or Kazanskiy Posad), historically Russian, is situated on the hill, the second (İske Tatar Bistäse or Staro-Tatarskaya Sloboda), historically Tatar, is situated between the Bolaq and the Volga. Mosques, such as Nurullah, Soltan, Bornay, Apanay, Äcem, Märcani, İske Taş, Zäñgär are in the Tatar district. Churches, such as Blagoveschenskaya, Varvarinskaya, Nikol'skaya, Tikhvinskaya, are mostly in the Russian part of the city. The main city-centre streets are Bauman, Kremlyovskaya, Dzerzhinsky, Tuqay, Puşkin, Butlerov, Gorkiy, Karl Marx and Märcani. An old legend says that in 1552, before the Russian invasion, wealthy Tatars (baylar) hid gold and silver in Lake Qaban. Wooden Kazan In the beginning of the 1900s most of Central Kazan was covered by wooden buildings, usually consisting of two floors. There was a historical environment of Kazan citizens, but not the best place to live in. During the Republican program "The liquidation of ramshackle apartments" most of them (unlike other Russian cities), especially in Central Kazan, where the land is not cheap, were destroyed and their population was moved to new areas at the suburb of the city (Azino, Azino-2, Quartal 39). Nearly 100,000 citizens resettled by this programme. Other major buildings Another significant building in central Kazan is the former "Smolentzev and Shmelev" tea house and hotel, now the Shalyapin Palace Hotel. It is located at 7/80 Universitetskaya Street, at the corner of Universitetskaya and Bauman. A major landmark of late-19th and early-20th century commercial architecture, it consists of two portions. The original portion, built for a merchant named Usmanov in the 1860s, was bought by the inter-related families of Efim Smolentzev and Pavel and Nikolai Shmelev in 1899. They operated a store selling, among other things, tea. In 1910, the Smolentevs and Shmelevs constructed another portion, designed by architect Vasili Trifonov, and operated a hotel there. After the Russian Revolution, the building eventually became the Hotel Soviet and after 2000 it was heavily renovated to reopen as the Shalyapin Palace Hotel. Cityscape Education and science Primary and secondary education Primary and secondary education system of Kazan includes: 282 nurseries, most of which are municipal 178 schools, 2 of which are private 28 vocational technical schools 15 colleges 10 special colleges There are also 49 music schools, 43 sports school, and 10 fine-arts schools, including the Kazan Art School founded in 1895. Higher education There are 44 institutes of higher education in Kazan, including 19 branches of universities from other cities. More than 140,000 students are educated in the city. Kazan Federal University (founded in 1804) is third oldest university in Russia after Saint Petersburg State University (1724) and Moscow State University (1755). In 2009 KFU got Federal status as main university of Volga Region. Some other prominent universities are: Kazan State Technical University – founded in 1932. In 2009 it got status of National university Kazan State Medical University – founded in 1814 as a department within Kazan State University Kazan State Technological University – founded in 1919 on the base of pre-existing vocational school Kazan State Conservatory – founded in 1945 Volga Region State Academy of Physical Culture, Sport and Tourism founded in July 2010 in the framework of the XXVII World Summer Universiade Legacy. The branch, located in Naberezhnye Chelny, will proceed functioning. Science Kazan is a major scientific centre in Russia. Kazan formed a big number of scientific areas and schools (mathematical, chemical, medical, linguistic, geological, geobotanical, etc.). Scientific discoveries are a subject of special pride, including: the creation of non-Euclidean geometry (Nikolai Lobachevsky), the discovery of the chemical element ruthenium (Karl Ernst Claus), the theory about the structure of organic compounds (Aleksandr Butlerov), the discovery of the electron paramagnetic resonance (Yevgeny Zavoisky) and acoustic paramagnetic resonance (Altshuler) and many others. The city hosts: Kazan Science Centre of Russian Academy of Sciences, since 1945. It includes 5 academic institutions. Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, since 1991. It includes 7 local departments with 13 academic institutions (also, 21 organisations are under the guidance of TAS) and one branch in Ulyanovsk. Public health The year 1814 is considered to be an official year of the beginning of scientific medicine in Kazan. Exactly at that time University Hospital was open. In 1930 Faculty of Medicine is separated from the Kazan Federal University and holds a lot of specialized hospitals under its patronage. Nowadays Kazan becomes the largest public health center in Russia. 120 medical organisations are operated in the city. Kazan Interregional clinical-diagnostic center is the largest in Volga region in cardiovascular and neurological diseases. The largest hospital in Kazan is Republican Clinical Hospital. Government and administration Kazan City Duma is a representative body of the city, elected every four years and holds its sessions in Kazan City Hall. Executive committee is a municipal body of the executive organs. The committee's head is Denis Kalinkin. Kazan hosts Tatarstan President's residence and administration (in Kremlin), Tatarstan's Cabinet of Ministers and Council of State (on Freedom square). Communication Agency works 84 post offices belonging to the branch of "Russian Post", UFPS "Tatarstan pochtasy". The official opening of the Kazan city telephone network took place on 27 (15) November 1888. At the moment, there are four operators of wired telephone in Kazan. The total capacity of the telephone network in Kazan is about 456,000 numbers. Services of IP-telephony operators in addition to the basic wired connection is also supported by the five companies. The city has six mobile operators (Beeline, MegaFon, MTS, Tele2 Russia, Letai, Yota, and also operates virtual mobile operator "Mobile public communication"). By the number of Internet users—428 thousand people—Kazan takes the 4th place in Russia. According to the General Director of Google Russia Vladimir Dolgov, Kazan is the largest center of information technology development, the level of Internet penetration is 75%, which is a record figure for Russia. Access to the World Wide Web in Kazan is provided by 15 operators. The most popular forms of Internet access are cable networks and ADSL. Previously popular Dial-up has almost lost its position, at the same time actively developing wireless technology Wi-Fi and Wi-Max. Scartel launched the first LTE network in Russia. On 30 August 2012 in Kazan, IT Park was held a launch ceremony for the fourth generation network (4G, LTE). LTE network in Kazan was launched by three operators – Scartel LLC (Yota trademark), MegaFon OJSC and MTS OJSC. On 27 June 2014, the LTE network of mobile operator Fly was launched. Sports Kazan now is one of the most developed cities in Russia in terms of sport. The city has hosted two Bandy World Championships, in 2005 and 2011, the World Summer Universiade 2013, the World Championship in fencing in 2014, the Aquatics Championship FINA 2015, 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup, 2018 FIFA World Cup and other international competitions of various levels. In the future the city will hold the 2022 Special Olympics World Winter Games. The city of Kazan is a leader in terms of winnings in various sports including its most popular sports teams. Men's teams: Notable athletes Aliya Mustafina, artistic gymnastics Alexander Burmistrov, hockey player Viktor Kolotov, association football player Ruslan Nigmatullin, association football player Denis Arkhipov, hockey player Svetlana Demina, sport shooter Marat Safin, tennis player Dinara Safina, tennis player Alexander Fadeev, figure skater Evgenia Tarasova, figure skater Kamila Valieva, figure skater Vasily Mosin, sport shooter Infrastructure Kazan Arena – stadium with capacity 45,000, home ground for FC Rubin Central stadium – Olympic stadium, capacity 30,133. Ex-home ground for FC Rubin. TatNeft Arena – indoor sporting arena, capacity 10,000. Home to HSC Aq Bars Basket-Hall – indoor sporting arena, capacity 7,000 (large hall) and 1,500 (small hall). Home to BC UNICS. Kazan Volleyball Centre, capacity 4,600. Home to VC Zenit and WVC Dynamo-Kazan. Raketa and Trudovye Rezervy ice stadiums Important events 2022 Special Olympics World Winter Games 2019 Candidates Tournament for the Women's World Chess Championship 2019 2019 WorldSkills Championship 2018 FIFA World Cup 2017 and 2018 Red Bull Air Race World Championship Kazan is the host city for the 2013 Summer Universiade, 2015 World Aquatics Championships, 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup and 2018 FIFA World Cup. 2016 – 28th International Olympiad in Informatics 2016 European Judo Championships 2014 European Badminton Championships 2011 European Weightlifting Championships 2005 and 2011 Bandy World Championship 2010 finswimming European championship International relations Kazan is actively engaged in international activities. The city has foreign diplomatic, trade and cultural representations, the Kazan Kremlin and the Institute of culture of peace are under the auspices of UNESCO, the city participates in partner movements, is a member of the world organizations of cities. The summit of the CIS heads, the Summit of the world security services and other important forums, conferences and events of the world level were held in Kazan. The head of China, the US Secretary of State, about three dozen presidents and Prime Ministers of foreign States paid visits to the capital of the Republic, as to few other cities of the country. Renovated in 2005, the international airport provides flights to dozens of cities in different countries, including the largest airliners (class Boeing 747), and is gradually being rebuilt into a potential hub for the Universiade 2013 and the World Cup 2018; international rail links from the city. Branch offices of embassies Branch Office of the Embassy of Belarus Consulates Five consulates general are found in Kazan. Consulate-General of Iran Consulate-General of Turkey Consulate-General of Hungary Consulate-General of Kazakhstan Consulate-General of Turkmenistan Visa centers Italian Visa Center in Kazan. Joint Visa Application Center of European Union for: Twin towns and sister cities Kazan is twinned with: Al Minufiyah, Egypt, since 1997 Al Qalyubiyah (Egypt), since 2001 Ankara (Turkey), since 2013 Antalya (Turkey), since 2003 Braunschweig (Germany), since 1988 College Station, Texas, United States, since 1990 Donetsk (Ukraine), since 2002 Eskişehir (Turkey), since 1997 Guangzhou (China), since 2012 Hangzhou (China), since 2002 Harare (Zimbabwe), since 2011 Istanbul (Turkey), since 2002 Nur-Sultan (Kazakhstan), since 2004 Shenzhen (China), since 2012 Tabriz (Iran), since 2009 Kazan has also partner relations with the following cities and regions: Almaty (Kazakhstan), since 1996 Arkhangelsk (Russia), since 1999 Astrakhan (Russia), since 1997 Baku (Azerbaijan), since 2003 Bishkek (Kyrgyzstan), since 1998 Chelyabinsk (Russia), since 2002 Chengdu (China), since 2015 Evpatoria (Ukraine), since 1998 Grozny (Russia), since 2012 Gwangju (Korea), since 2013 Ivanovo (Russia), since 1997 Jūrmala (Latvia), since 2002 Kabul (Afghanistan), since 2005 Krasnoyarsk (Russia), since 2001 Nizhny Novgorod (Russia), since 1997 Orenburg (Russia), since 2001 Oryol (Russia), since 2010 Samara (Russia), since 1998 Saratov (Russia), since 1999 Shumen Province (Bulgaria), since 2003 Tashkent (Uzbekistan), since 1998 Tlemcen (Algeria), since 2011 Tyumen (Russia), since 2013 Ufa (Russia), since 1999 Ulan-Ude (Russia), since 2003 Ulyanovsk (Russia), since 1998 Urbino (Italy), since 2001 Verona (Italy), since 2011 Volgograd (Russia), since 2005 Yaroslavl (Russia), since 2003 Yoshkar-Ola (Russia), since 2002 International organizations membership Organization of World Heritage Cities United Cities and Local Governments Twin Cities International Association Historic Cities International Association General Conference of Mayors for Peace Organisation of Islamic Capitals and Cities (observer) Metropolis International Assembly of capitals and large cities of CIS Other organizations Alliance Française American Corner Notable people Venera Gimadieva, operatic soprano who has performed leading roles in major European opera houses Sofya Gulyak, pianist, only female winner of the Leeds Piano Competition, in 2009 Dayana Kirillova, singer who represented Russia at the Junior Eurovision Song Contest in 2013 Rashid Nezhmetdinov, International Master and five-time winner of the Russian Chess Championship Kamila Valieva, figure skater See also Arskoe Cemetery Kizichesky Monastery Russian Islamic University Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral (Kazan) References Notes Sources Further reading . Edward Tracy Turnerelli, Kazan, the Ancient Capital of the Tartar Khans, 1854. External links Official website of Kazan 11th-century establishments in Russia 11th-century establishments in Europe Cities and towns in Tatarstan Kazan Governorate Populated places established in the 11th century Populated places on the Volga	[ -0.3259356915950775, -0.08082406967878342, -0.08348166942596436, -0.019982662051916122, -0.3598836064338684, 0.6659640669822693, 0.5353095531463623, 0.6652507781982422, -0.4549793303012848, -0.13712374866008759, -0.5265662670135498, -0.5252004265785217, -0.4421699047088623, 0.7497290968894958, -0.24337343871593475, 0.5622846484184265, 0.6363633275032043, 0.4575038552284241, -0.22172802686691284, 0.061946384608745575, 0.05810067057609558, 0.14464877545833588, 0.7155299782752991, -0.047946978360414505, 0.5417392253875732, -0.717330813407898, 0.17866359651088715, 0.25519850850105286, -0.3404225707054138, 0.2682770788669586, -0.4283738136291504, 0.18426930904388428, -0.4298081696033478, -0.04422304779291153, -0.05371469259262085, 0.12031501531600952, -0.24729132652282715, -0.2361583560705185, -0.40878212451934814, -0.7234418988227844, -0.24038520455360413, 0.2555542290210724, 0.22483481466770172, 0.3082083463668823, -0.008287434466183186, -0.7909497618675232, -0.7583256959915161, 0.8490543961524963, -0.729817807674408, 0.2774583697319031, -0.6033222675323486, -0.2212202399969101, 0.028265150263905525, -0.030968761071562767, -0.028638649731874466, 0.24976196885108948, -1.0583871603012085, -0.07646365463733673, -0.08324569463729858, 0.02724040299654007, 0.35382646322250366, 0.5789728164672852, 0.4007193446159363, 0.6103097796440125, 0.5627918839454651, -0.1183798536658287, 0.18834064900875092, 0.25523102283477783, -0.12555061280727386, -0.44931668043136597, -0.2133406698703766, 0.6404500007629395, -0.14331571757793427, 0.029276881366968155, -0.15313225984573364, -1.0118294954299927, -0.5488432049751282, 0.1740308403968811, 0.4769914448261261, 0.3024267554283142, 0.03408432751893997, 0.18264248967170715, 0.3447519540786743, 0.16129568219184875, 0.551283597946167, -0.42345380783081055, -0.34028223156929016, 0.13402655720710754, -0.9260429739952087, 0.5514386892318726, 0.27335283160209656, 0.42311638593673706, 0.4441657066345215, -0.05047294870018959, -0.2501559853553772, -0.7251606583595276, -0.43935272097587585, 0.43299850821495056, -0.1273324340581894, 0.14919166266918182, -0.47429758310317993, 0.19114859402179718, 0.18505796790122986, 0.0904664620757103, -0.05514482781291008, -0.408798485994339, -0.34095579385757446, 0.45997050404548645, -0.011387836188077927, -0.04447397589683533, -0.49757903814315796, -0.011840038001537323, 0.27320000529289246, 0.10133213549852371, -0.2888850271701813, 0.003937076777219772, -0.009379665367305279, -0.4942269027233124, -0.32266464829444885, -0.3853333592414856, -0.007159193512052298, 0.30517280101776123, -0.2554893493652344, 0.014259427785873413, -0.23880383372306824, -0.8165227770805359, 0.14879724383354187, 0.39185085892677307, -0.5917612314224243, 0.16473282873630524, 0.21509845554828644, 0.3476489782333374, -0.4930386245250702, 0.3357069492340088, -0.2919912338256836, 0.02914082072675228, -0.11590541899204254, -0.01706199161708355, 0.33432069420814514, 0.17931436002254486, -1.2471107244491577, -0.2634507715702057, -0.1842184215784073, -0.11988385021686554, 0.3987586796283722, -0.3798970878124237, 0.08296656608581543, -0.4048880934715271, -0.3320930600166321, -0.402919203042984, -0.015918932855129242, 0.26106417179107666, -0.7170737385749817, 0.5084389448165894, -0.27622678875923157, -0.6123100519180298, 1.118306279182434, -0.22330909967422485, 0.4391246438026428, 0.39982375502586365, 0.2082923948764801, -0.19924424588680267, 0.3428574502468109, -0.3081282079219818, -0.49352309107780457, -0.03815840929746628, 0.4745674729347229, 0.6834158301353455, 0.11850612610578537, -0.11711304634809494, -0.3625468611717224, 0.09771298617124557, 0.4932239055633545, 0.08571337908506393, -0.01029323972761631, -0.5674657225608826, -0.26500508189201355, 0.058355096727609634, 0.4596494734287262, -0.4216318428516388, -0.38000860810279846, 0.6198944449424744, -0.1784617155790329, 0.7402836680412292, -0.1968158632516861, -0.1618945598602295, 0.0914931371808052, 0.13391360640525818, 0.03440254554152489, -0.35283368825912476, 0.31697311997413635, -0.44601577520370483, -0.5109099745750427, 0.29409533739089966, 0.523582935333252, 0.20030748844146729, -0.3524845242500305, 0.10330136120319366, -0.22495494782924652, 0.8676587343215942, -0.2537258565425873, -0.32908114790916443, 0.072116918861866, -0.051728639751672745, -0.18365056812763214, 0.1751713901758194, 0.16686128079891205, -0.07145842909812927, 0.14789099991321564, 0.7075436115264893, 0.1885681450366974, -0.9457643032073975, 0.3961171507835388, -0.36856263875961304, -0.28131046891212463, -0.446166068315506, -0.6097574234008789, -0.016353530809283257, -0.010368716903030872, -0.08496570587158203, 1.3623257875442505, 0.16439145803451538, -0.1072201281785965, 0.11308659613132477, -0.09468672424554825, 0.39910459518432617, 0.02754794806241989, 0.271340548992157, -0.1974179595708847, 0.1501697450876236, -0.2250824123620987, 0.13770779967308044, 0.12732423841953278, 0.017618641257286072, -0.43244487047195435, -0.5550971031188965, -0.25135987997055054, 0.02328348159790039, 0.792627215385437, -0.386957585811615, 0.2036149948835373, 0.48262521624565125, 0.27550795674324036, 0.10483451187610626, 0.49012571573257446, 0.10611511766910553, -0.00248018023557961, -0.12349176406860352, -0.007335403002798557, -0.3327230215072632, -0.2938171327114105, -0.08556269854307175, 0.027018625289201736, -0.052628714591264725, 0.290740042924881, -0.2057718187570572, 0.2500895857810974, -0.13577012717723846, 0.2179432064294815, 0.4032113552093506, -0.22531001269817352, 0.2611209750175476, -0.23659689724445343, -0.09468556940555573, -0.10125314444303513, 0.04234442859888077, 0.3176005780696869, -0.2366967648267746, 0.6808897256851196, 0.3790279030799866, 0.47709089517593384, -0.31803393363952637, -0.5417035818099976, -0.19941125810146332, -0.11430700868368149, -0.34767720103263855, 0.6131417751312256, 0.03926219791173935, -0.34487441182136536, -0.4732084274291992, -0.3268159031867981, 0.5788130164146423, -0.03142977133393288, -0.7095805406570435, -0.2765514552593231, -0.7914755940437317, -0.29139378666877747, -0.6592559814453125, 0.11017599701881409, -0.007773134857416153, -0.422958642244339, 0.356807142496109, -0.33563199639320374, 0.1935190111398697, -0.5594022870063782, -0.02213556319475174, 0.07122699171304703, 0.2064649760723114, 0.33342689275741577, -0.8234308958053589, -0.8949975371360779, -0.20977775752544403, -0.07845646888017654, -0.046105124056339264, 0.5578712821006775, 0.04687577858567238, -0.3757742941379547, 0.3219760060310364, -5.651456356048584, -0.11280039697885513, -0.5004351735115051, 0.11039401590824127, 0.7417175769805908, -0.07624751329421997, 0.15217287838459015, -0.18877184391021729, 0.1250610649585724, -0.6471432447433472, -0.07266269624233246, 0.02838999591767788, -0.5054239630699158, 0.2789873778820038, 0.3745800256729126, 0.03857223317027092, 0.04726855456829071, -0.24223950505256653, 0.1610821932554245, -0.03398517891764641, -0.5993288159370422, -0.12201321125030518, -0.013778908178210258, 0.8433240056037903, 0.5059635043144226, 0.5830896496772766, -0.08290622383356094, -0.2844125032424927, -0.620989978313446, -0.5737695693969727, -1.037831425666809, -0.34535521268844604, 0.22244893014431, -0.2806713283061981, 0.3270096182823181, 0.0005217124707996845, 0.39229315519332886, 0.27450546622276306, 0.48526033759117126, -0.4167461693286896, -0.00022625205747317523, 0.13331440091133118, 0.4029546082019806, -0.1977299451828003, 0.7623116970062256, -0.8297136425971985, -0.4469243884086609, 0.11789267510175705, -0.5325762629508972, 0.31642767786979675, 0.5541084408760071, 0.12956203520298004, -0.0632927194237709, -0.07850388437509537, 0.40682774782180786, -0.45698004961013794, 0.753165066242218, -0.059727743268013, 0.10104862600564957, 0.7867417335510254, 0.18741430342197418, -0.05539387837052345, -0.04954734817147255, 0.0016780607402324677, 0.03751988336443901, -0.21807906031608582, 0.20644934475421906, 0.2430482655763626, -0.10361526906490326, 0.2820887267589569, -0.859102725982666, 0.42494186758995056, -0.5533816814422607, -0.8870496153831482, -0.1554112583398819, -0.043872326612472534, -1.0132546424865723, 0.011594902724027634, -0.1753152459859848, 0.5818812251091003, -0.766351580619812, -0.6995800137519836, -0.22862258553504944, 0.6385465264320374, 0.09507156908512115, -0.6124377250671387, -0.1409602016210556, 0.7026109099388123, 0.030820945277810097, -0.27932602167129517, 0.28602343797683716, -0.7530989050865173, 0.7853075861930847, -0.5090702176094055, -0.26233574748039246, 0.1877579689025879, -0.19547495245933533, 0.008542180992662907, 0.2502380311489105, 0.21738150715827942, 0.28299635648727417, -0.02072528935968876, -0.22868852317333221, -0.2830229699611664, 0.3590611517429352, -0.2327677309513092, 0.1150297224521637, 0.8964283466339111, 1.170487642288208, -0.29784584045410156, -0.03958261385560036, -0.02623290941119194, -0.18678192794322968, -0.8422123789787292, 0.36762815713882446, -0.03782973065972328, -0.10585615783929825, 0.8838050365447998, -0.24835556745529175, 0.43967175483703613, -0.29733404517173767, 0.1594620794057846, -0.16369202733039856, 0.8947009444236755, -0.32715198397636414, -0.61418217420578, -0.24401149153709412, 0.14855802059173584, 0.49956247210502625, -0.22406703233718872, 0.5860419869422913, 0.10102628171443939, 0.42741063237190247, -0.4570784866809845, -0.08885014802217484, 0.4568699300289154, 0.21888165175914764, -0.9417285323143005, -0.0035207257606089115, -0.5750666260719299, 0.3103679120540619, 0.18403412401676178, 0.293375700712204, 0.24336591362953186, 0.21782709658145905, 0.2054651826620102, 0.13694103062152863, 0.5138145089149475, -0.27230972051620483, -0.07504601031541824, -0.17470170557498932, 0.10117963701486588, -0.21978919208049774, -0.28813743591308594, -0.06400144100189209, -0.23130862414836884, 0.45485007762908936, 0.29913046956062317, 0.08379317820072174, 0.10281215608119965, 0.09607291966676712, -1.0083744525909424, -0.6893749237060547, -0.11265511810779572, 0.14335808157920837, -0.3522239625453949, -0.18882492184638977, 0.11427797377109528, 0.015569521114230156, 0.524787187576294, 0.21852099895477295, -0.5538887977600098, -0.37198513746261597, -0.3327365219593048, 0.011798101477324963, -0.12013152241706848, 0.13107401132583618, -0.062072690576314926, -0.4931243062019348, 0.257537305355072, 0.36948147416114807, -0.367590993642807, -0.17791399359703064, 0.8605774641036987, 0.349626749753952, 0.044834624975919724, -0.13991351425647736, 0.036820828914642334, 0.1686360388994217, -0.09133506566286087, -0.019544066861271858, -0.24776002764701843, -0.43511059880256653, -0.16782574355602264, 0.354387491941452, -0.49910470843315125, 0.3955936133861542, 0.5277609825134277, -0.13969866931438446, 0.15130729973316193, 0.03687015175819397, 0.5752551555633545, -0.2430121749639511, 0.19431953132152557, 0.24014915525913239, -0.11147116869688034, 0.47354865074157715, 0.5764585137367249, -0.10610167682170868, -0.23162968456745148, -0.7742738127708435, -0.3039025068283081, -0.1995222270488739, 0.770936906337738, -0.7612555623054504, 0.19894623756408691, 0.16906221210956573, -0.28440696001052856, -0.5778597593307495, -0.18978266417980194, -0.15479031205177307, 0.1861899346113205, 0.4617612659931183, -0.34586846828460693, -0.5026772022247314, 0.6951337456703186, 0.1421043574810028, -0.2749585211277008, -0.2416881024837494, -0.3813064396381378, 0.8772947788238525, -0.2737897038459778, -0.13057801127433777, 0.3069356679916382, 0.09953393787145615, -0.30012190341949463, 0.11546758562326431, -0.28289058804512024, -0.262925922870636, 0.05896740406751633, 0.47080913186073303, 0.6380826830863953, -0.14055347442626953, 0.10673739016056061, -0.16006124019622803, 0.36214208602905273, 0.2156812697649002, 0.19250428676605225, -0.25142115354537964, 0.38570883870124817, 0.10809662193059921, -0.24846486747264862, -0.7081384062767029, -0.002535630250349641, 0.3767508566379547, -0.6343908905982971, 0.22007201611995697, 0.5567358136177063, -0.3157890737056732, 0.5523661971092224, -0.1402142494916916, 0.056001242250204086, -0.22711852192878723, 0.5841853618621826, -0.4190308153629303, -0.28645703196525574, -0.44014596939086914, 0.03733951225876808, 0.19606171548366547, -0.23584279417991638, -0.35087916254997253, -0.19267486035823822, 0.5350486636161804, 0.3853951692581177, -0.2345983386039734, 0.18274380266666412, 0.1121353805065155, -0.004475991707295179, -0.23967112600803375, 0.45209112763404846, -0.8025269508361816, -0.010229991748929024, -0.14561720192432404, -0.8372100591659546, -0.19817915558815002, -0.6648401021957397, 0.3233734667301178, 0.08277954161167145, -0.31397750973701477, 0.20309945940971375, -0.00764528289437294, -0.5500800013542175, 0.05503866448998451, 0.404672235250473, -0.4299909770488739, -0.29180818796157837, 0.4503863751888275, 0.6598158478736877, -0.03205528482794762, 0.5619246363639832, -0.8816640973091125, 0.3693668842315674, 0.003007416380569339, -0.5004457235336304, 0.20150212943553925, 0.4957028031349182, -0.27323734760284424, -0.12471652030944824, 0.28235357999801636, 0.302141398191452, 0.2069019377231598, 0.15678541362285614, 0.6269724369049072, 0.4178151488304138, -0.30715298652648926, 0.5333812236785889, 0.4859408438205719, -0.5794509053230286, -0.3827287256717682, 0.2242802232503891, 0.3405512571334839, -0.254716157913208, -0.3393477201461792, 0.46447086334228516, 0.048007793724536896, 0.6691800951957703, 0.3686535060405731, -0.5105738043785095, -0.07020968198776245, 0.6098563075065613, 0.27928438782691956, 0.047282252460718155, -0.5997875332832336, 0.6269029378890991, -0.17538857460021973, -0.8319303393363953, 0.07824134826660156, -0.24367249011993408, -0.3005134165287018, 0.46848103404045105, 0.7389056086540222, 0.15299446880817413, -0.9748877286911011, 0.4220030605792999, 0.07863253355026245, 0.1927010715007782, 0.36820173263549805, 0.2589057981967926, -0.2284540981054306, -0.1269216388463974, 0.7225381731987, -0.2030961662530899, -0.11496460437774658, -0.5654495358467102, 0.21948540210723877, -0.10049848258495331, 0.3901074528694153, -0.6585054397583008, -0.4056999683380127, -0.31214943528175354, 0.10808295011520386, 0.3441808819770813, 0.35748136043548584, 0.15373468399047852, 0.125767782330513, -0.19068153202533722, 0.2991456985473633, -0.30911844968795776, -0.390389621257782, -0.19933871924877167, 0.38418087363243103, 0.3847390413284302, 0.1782149076461792, -0.0780804455280304, 0.5425793528556824, 1.5993998050689697, -0.10695845633745193, 0.3304212689399719, -0.12367191165685654, -0.10811780393123627, -0.07854480296373367, -0.2071286141872406, 0.035419244319200516, -0.5374311208724976, -0.6290523409843445, 0.28351539373397827, 0.03014848381280899, -0.1903211921453476, -0.25918048620224, 0.26727569103240967, -0.3115204870700836, -0.10474439710378647, 0.6985510587692261, 0.2600981593132019, -0.35421109199523926, -0.5021443367004395, -0.4209035336971283, 0.4471212923526764, -0.055440083146095276, 0.5262882709503174, 0.4076935946941376, 0.05010046437382698, -0.02526424452662468, 0.5943355560302734, -0.13403376936912537, 0.16117112338542938, -0.07606738060712814, -0.2464425265789032, -0.4734029471874237, 0.35891854763031006, 0.4841021001338959, -0.4685256779193878, 0.031058073043823242, 0.2599337697029114, -0.14557033777236938, 0.5195691585540771, 0.29145851731300354, -0.45522186160087585, 0.5539010167121887, -0.41564416885375977, 0.607495903968811, -0.5858298540115356, -0.11544157564640045, 0.5360092520713806, -0.06607677787542343, 0.04872691258788109, 0.2167464643716812, 0.5415090918540955, -0.9696104526519775, -0.0014843803364783525, -0.2286892831325531, 0.0862707644701004, -0.21669231355190277, -0.07515567541122437, -0.28992289304733276, -0.014130820520222187, 0.810504674911499, 0.8732473254203796, 0.2240058183670044, -0.6555967926979065, 0.1159040629863739, 0.4316336214542389, 0.38591814041137695, 0.020519616082310677, 0.5621773600578308, -0.030300576239824295, -0.7510236501693726, 0.19005119800567627, -0.9876953959465027, 0.2769959270954132, 0.18208342790603638, -0.2839272618293762, 0.8326379656791687, 0.2306404560804367, -0.11424706131219864, -0.0991869866847992, 0.4504551887512207, -0.4379560351371765, 0.6085888743400574, -0.06693505495786667 ]
202296	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor%20Reizei	Emperor Reizei	was the 63rd emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. Reizei's reign spanned the years from 967 through 969, ending with his abdication and retirement. Biography Before his ascension to the Chrysanthemum Throne, his personal name (his imina) was Norihira-shinnō (憲平親王). Norihira-shinnō was the second son of Emperor Murakami. His mother, Empress Yasuko, was a daughter of minister of the right Fujiwara no Morosuke. Soon after his birth he was appointed as crown prince, displacing the Emperor's first-born son with the daughter of Fujiwara no Motokata. This decision was supposedly made under the influence of Morosuke and his brother Fujiwara no Saneyori who had seized power in the court. Motokata soon died, in despair at having lost the prospect of being grandfather to the next emperor. The malevolent influence of Motokata's was blamed for Norihira-shinnō'''s mental illness, which resulted in Saneyori acting as regent for the duration of his short reign. From ancient times, there have been four noble clans, the Gempeitōkitsu (源平藤橘). One of these clans, the Minamoto clan (源氏) are also known as Genji, and of these, the Reizei Genji (冷泉源氏) are descended from 63rd emperor Reizei. Events of Reizei's reign Questions about mental illness made Norihira-shinnōs succession somewhat problematic. In 967 his father Murakami died and Reizei ascended to the throne at the age of eighteen. July 5, 967 (Kōhō 4, 25th day of the 5th month): In the 16th year of Emperor Murakami's reign (村上天皇十六年), he died; and the succession (‘‘senso’’) was received by his second son. Shortly thereafter, Emperor Reizei is said to have acceded to the throne (‘‘sokui’’). 969 (Anna 2): Reizei abdicated; and he took the honorific title of Reizei-in Jōkō. His reign lasted for just two years; and he lived another 44 years in retirement. November 21, 1011' (Kankō 8, 24th day of the 10th month): Daijō-tennō Reizei-in Jōkō died at age 62. The actual site of Reizei's grave is known. This emperor is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine (misasagi) at Kyoto. The Imperial Household Agency designates this location as Reizei's mausoleum. It is formally named Sakuramoto no misasagiKugyō is a collective term for the very few most powerful men attached to the court of the Emperor of Japan in pre-Meiji eras. In general, this elite group included only three to four men at a time. These were hereditary courtiers whose experience and background would have brought them to the pinnacle of a life's career. During Go-Toba's reign, this apex of the Daijō-kan included: Kampaku, Ōno-no-miya Fujiwara no Saneyori (藤原実頼), 900–970. Daijō-daijin, Fujiwara Saneyori. Sadaijin, Minamoto no Takaakira (源高明) (relegated in 969 by Anna Incident) Sadaijin, Fujiwara Morotada (藤原師尹) Udaijin, Fujiwara Morotada (藤原師尹), 920–969. Naidaijin (not appointed) Dainagon, Fujiwara no Arihira (藤原在衡) Dainagon, Minamoto no Kaneakira (源兼明) Dainagon, Fujiwara no Koretada (藤原伊尹) Eras of Reizei's reign The years of Reizei's reign are more specifically identified by more than one : Kōhō (964–968) Anna (968–970) Consorts and children Empress (Chūgū): Imperial Princess Masako (昌子内親王) later Kanon'in taigō (観音院太后), Emperor Suzaku’s daughter Adopted Son: Imperial Prince Nagahira (永平親王; 965–988) Consort (Nyōgo): Fujiwara no Kaishi/Chikako (藤原懐子, 945–975), Fujiwara no Koretada’s daughter First Daughter: Imperial Princess Sōshi (宗子内親王; 964–986) Second Daughter: Imperial Princess Sonshi (尊子内親王; 966–985), 15th Saiin in Kamo Shrine 968–975; later, married to Emperor En'yū in 980 First Son: Imperial Prince Morosada (師貞親王) later Emperor Kazan Consort (Nyōgo): Fujiwara no Chōshi/Tōko (藤原超子; d.982), Fujiwara no Kaneie’s daughter Third Daughter: Imperial Princess Mitsuko (光子内親王; 973–975) Second Son: Imperial Prince Okisada (居貞親王) later Emperor Sanjō Third son: Imperial Prince Tametaka (為尊親王; 977–1002) Fourth Son: Imperial Prince Atsumichi (敦道親王; 981–1007) Consort (Nyōgo): Fujiwara no Fushi/Yoshiko (藤原怤子), Fujiwara no Morosuke’s daughter Ancestry Notes References Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida, eds. (1979). Gukanshō: The Future and the Past. Berkeley: University of California Press. ; OCLC 251325323 Kitagawa, Hiroshi and Bruce T. Tsuchida. (1975). The Tale of the Heike. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press. OCLC 262297615 Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon. (1959). The Imperial House of Japan. Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. OCLC 194887 Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Nihon Odai Ichiran''; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon. Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691 Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki: A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns. New York: Columbia University Press. ; OCLC 59145842 See also Emperor of Japan List of Emperors of Japan Imperial cult Emperor Go-Reizei Japanese emperors 950 births 1011 deaths People of Heian-period Japan 10th-century Japanese monarchs 11th-century Japanese people Japanese retired emperors	[ -1.0577396154403687, 0.10249527543783188, -0.09588111191987991, 0.026610542088747025, -0.7865480780601501, 0.8017585277557373, 0.9548320174217224, -0.1332230269908905, -0.3641650080680847, -0.2929559051990509, -0.24414879083633423, 0.03446086868643761, -0.18927498161792755, 0.08376440405845642, -0.21851682662963867, 0.3379290997982025, -0.008581237867474556, -0.07116402685642242, -0.22136814892292023, -0.4155336022377014, 0.08167480677366257, -0.10573537647724152, 0.14426970481872559, -0.39555343985557556, 0.6024777889251709, -0.27307966351509094, 0.7659481763839722, 0.07531647384166718, -0.4622570872306824, -0.3252404034137726, 0.1894511729478836, 0.22182215750217438, 0.10086113959550858, -0.456772118806839, -0.5567843317985535, -0.19222597777843475, -0.1114615797996521, -0.09119506180286407, 0.11106641590595245, 0.43431660532951355, -0.09197752177715302, 0.017960526049137115, 0.2763379216194153, 0.24523669481277466, 0.22951798141002655, -0.7816599607467651, -1.810249924659729, -0.36740508675575256, -0.3460707366466522, -0.43780994415283203, -0.10813687741756439, 0.33366310596466064, 0.017732543870806694, 0.44385191798210144, -0.17932015657424927, 0.18405146896839142, -0.3326730728149414, -0.584908127784729, -0.3119959831237793, -0.10474759340286255, 0.1798272579908371, -0.16164743900299072, 0.35562771558761597, 0.042642079293727875, -0.6121225357055664, -0.05090600624680519, 0.1076338142156601, 0.06623193621635437, 0.26614972949028015, -0.11342502385377884, 0.20158757269382477, 0.13094887137413025, 0.6194896697998047, 0.43090805411338806, -0.04770391061902046, -1.0758079290390015, -0.07575574517250061, 0.3908867835998535, 0.23235413432121277, -0.376847505569458, -0.33069583773612976, -0.5259683728218079, 0.13248921930789948, 0.2651049494743347, 0.3450208902359009, 0.008945406414568424, 0.1875249445438385, 0.3052726984024048, -0.4574926495552063, 0.8138492703437805, -0.32859089970588684, 0.3832818865776062, 0.6827111840248108, -0.07026021927595139, -0.5548304319381714, -0.47125735878944397, -0.2287568897008896, 0.5438587069511414, -0.2748793363571167, -0.11963813006877899, 0.11699752509593964, 0.6520175933837891, 0.3590855002403259, -0.043417058885097504, -1.0838505029678345, -0.8122000694274902, -0.17387863993644714, -0.1451609581708908, -0.48096132278442383, 0.28883475065231323, -0.3973549008369446, 0.6443491578102112, -0.23938782513141632, 0.10045284032821655, -0.037883102893829346, 0.3288640081882477, -0.43106740713119507, -0.2619466483592987, 0.3330139219760895, 0.01851462572813034, 0.705031156539917, -0.03973150625824928, -0.25179556012153625, 0.22345925867557526, -0.05662772059440613, 0.19097836315631866, -0.36634373664855957, -0.540126383304596, -0.4310556650161743, -0.08931811898946762, 0.9629849195480347, 0.8049514889717102, -0.4020710587501526, 0.2581867277622223, 0.29203131794929504, -0.5359426140785217, 0.5211459994316101, 0.15577979385852814, -0.08890914916992188, -0.4250835180282593, -1.0773532390594482, -0.20571176707744598, -0.4860911965370178, 0.44401004910469055, -0.03121168166399002, 0.4717307984828949, -0.2769595682621002, -0.45587360858917236, -0.36101073026657104, 0.06274010241031647, -0.32311275601387024, -0.3336848318576813, -0.31648150086402893, -0.3502943515777588, -0.5617048144340515, 0.5919189453125, 0.3295808732509613, -0.5337449908256531, 0.09806019812822342, 0.41671472787857056, 0.1262173354625702, -0.04840479791164398, -0.33501139283180237, 0.09044555574655533, 0.38714540004730225, -0.27427247166633606, -0.010889487341046333, 0.5153590440750122, -0.38833069801330566, -0.5215129256248474, -0.5158085227012634, -0.33082085847854614, -0.28226786851882935, -0.7163687944412231, 0.798166811466217, 0.33338117599487305, 0.8993032574653625, 0.07207360118627548, -0.0211864672601223, -0.2987811267375946, -0.5239021182060242, -0.20234183967113495, -0.013326451182365417, 0.2596287429332733, 0.5784626007080078, 0.3582993447780609, 0.12441037595272064, 0.1958732008934021, 0.37068432569503784, 0.02607264742255211, -0.46556949615478516, -0.2739638090133667, 0.47176414728164673, 0.12979736924171448, 0.7570477724075317, 0.656542956829071, -0.06716722249984741, -0.039843760430812836, -0.08663643896579742, 0.9998161196708679, 0.3750697076320648, -0.5068585276603699, 0.3259793221950531, -0.12895941734313965, 0.3669297397136688, 0.23687554895877838, -0.2887352705001831, 0.20968179404735565, 0.5189727544784546, 0.7638679146766663, -0.05970846116542816, -0.0679459422826767, -0.11499708890914917, -0.03514875844120979, 0.12245006114244461, 0.3239716589450836, -0.29485878348350525, -0.4839388430118561, -0.006448172498494387, -0.6849706172943115, 0.3185446560382843, 0.31847238540649414, -0.6258798837661743, 0.4942399561405182, -0.28600722551345825, 1.5894824266433716, 0.051338620483875275, 0.3578108251094818, -0.5014230012893677, -0.43910589814186096, 0.4424906373023987, 0.2649060785770416, 0.17616695165634155, 0.3932580053806305, -0.260017067193985, -0.3774298429489136, 0.371403306722641, 0.04150274768471718, -0.38905590772628784, -0.29132890701293945, 0.5452030897140503, -0.03663593530654907, 0.3561530113220215, 0.21628324687480927, -0.020328335464000702, 0.14274610579013824, -0.023604437708854675, 0.36104047298431396, -0.9385262727737427, -0.25607743859291077, 0.8979758024215698, 0.10549017786979675, 0.4881584942340851, -0.14595180749893188, 0.29779258370399475, -0.39073801040649414, 0.18347574770450592, 0.10252612829208374, -0.2975699305534363, 0.25533339381217957, -0.13102570176124573, -0.24095842242240906, 0.496732234954834, 0.48102766275405884, 0.15414270758628845, 0.01881220191717148, 0.5174127221107483, 0.2196909338235855, 0.0038146672304719687, -0.03195115178823471, -0.48240476846694946, -0.35987207293510437, -0.6624667644500732, -0.23469634354114532, 0.060881175100803375, -0.49675652384757996, 0.09714295715093613, 0.7369751334190369, -0.13046598434448242, -0.6157904267311096, 0.6787084341049194, 0.4058893918991089, -0.5686988830566406, -0.5585571527481079, -0.5337086319923401, -0.3934716582298279, -0.6824814677238464, -0.5120014548301697, -0.0054392521269619465, 0.015849508345127106, -0.0997689738869667, 0.7136479020118713, -0.19016513228416443, -0.19917914271354675, 0.09487409144639969, 0.7824618816375732, -0.2288678139448166, -0.5999113321304321, 0.8157212138175964, -0.34747663140296936, -0.4926317036151886, -0.38144370913505554, 0.3811981976032257, 0.37172695994377136, 0.28912973403930664, 0.18998341262340546, 0.06752147525548935, 0.4249330759048462, -5.611625671386719, -0.10438743978738785, -0.009244853630661964, 0.1874145120382309, 0.6018285751342773, 0.4506320059299469, 0.5955857634544373, 0.2000565081834793, 0.45345476269721985, -0.6151101589202881, 0.2779877781867981, 0.10675939917564392, 0.3740931749343872, 0.5917029976844788, 0.03617698699235916, 0.41144976019859314, 1.0250093936920166, -0.18714706599712372, 0.27575206756591797, 0.015316994860768318, -0.006013649050146341, -0.45668551325798035, -0.20802555978298187, 0.8025960326194763, 0.1491217315196991, 0.5935686230659485, -0.06834601610898972, 0.255687415599823, -0.5699910521507263, 0.01533372700214386, 0.20653679966926575, -0.12272049486637115, -0.06503511220216751, 0.3352438509464264, -0.5891274213790894, -0.5480702519416809, 0.07719843834638596, 0.351460725069046, 0.1869296133518219, 0.483337938785553, 0.1575419157743454, -0.6573407649993896, -0.8062378764152527, 0.4020787179470062, 0.015781501308083534, -0.44699081778526306, -0.7447108626365662, 0.14466366171836853, 0.28217947483062744, 0.12059220671653748, 0.1285516321659088, 0.17545168101787567, 0.7309635877609253, -0.2774067223072052, 0.49951010942459106, -0.04269980639219284, -0.06931071728467941, 0.6281047463417053, -0.3802402913570404, -0.07591252028942108, 0.3905192017555237, -0.36507079005241394, -0.06929253786802292, -0.3937232196331024, 0.3455984592437744, -0.3460303246974945, 0.07415854185819626, 0.2791109085083008, -0.02053191512823105, 0.5433149933815002, -0.7430562973022461, 0.5802356600761414, 0.32262319326400757, -0.9112450480461121, 0.6419999599456787, 0.6478824615478516, 0.17882698774337769, 0.19652491807937622, 0.22907806932926178, -0.3603347837924957, -0.4075506031513214, -0.152818962931633, 0.2804410755634308, 0.5163081288337708, 0.2897961735725403, 0.383862167596817, -0.2092084288597107, 0.2331293523311615, 0.23387448489665985, 0.6679980754852295, 0.18208864331245422, -0.9809724688529968, -0.15401631593704224, -0.27685266733169556, 0.6598734259605408, 0.03361891955137253, 0.0360029898583889, 0.1778319776058197, 0.6033318042755127, -0.3528795838356018, 0.25583475828170776, 0.1853221207857132, -0.5672495365142822, -0.09401223063468933, -0.3262481987476349, -0.6014397144317627, 0.024727050215005875, 0.331007719039917, 0.4286796450614929, 0.43409356474876404, -0.07587316632270813, -0.5402125120162964, -0.3012086749076843, -0.5505481362342834, 0.6689285635948181, -0.18558962643146515, 0.10890990495681763, 0.3108924627304077, 0.18011917173862457, 0.1621146947145462, -0.21487095952033997, 0.11893206089735031, -0.9115907549858093, -0.3898221552371979, 0.25486743450164795, 0.7686680555343628, -0.4420787990093231, 0.3336264491081238, -0.3341899514198303, -0.6839097738265991, 0.21458031237125397, -0.05396438390016556, -0.007554854266345501, 0.15244989097118378, 0.8122671246528625, -0.991518497467041, -0.10783166438341141, -0.45844513177871704, -0.027659527957439423, -0.26401570439338684, -0.39314717054367065, -0.5732483267784119, -0.42950910329818726, 0.06672952324151993, -0.7030290365219116, 0.3782247304916382, -0.10219070315361023, -0.219390869140625, 0.19226166605949402, 0.7157177329063416, -0.18962469696998596, -1.0269719362258911, 0.3300722539424896, -0.0469730943441391, -0.3945298492908478, 0.4562515914440155, -0.8965163230895996, -0.22383259236812592, -0.3909415006637573, -0.04075409471988678, -0.2541382610797882, -0.22127476334571838, -0.5324287414550781, -0.09335394203662872, -0.2631795406341553, 0.1388002336025238, 0.2727048993110657, -0.16673266887664795, -0.0225116815418005, 0.5597092509269714, 0.3851713538169861, -0.12427178770303726, -0.26475587487220764, 0.017765017226338387, 0.7979505658149719, 0.08828099071979523, 0.11994963884353638, 0.34490251541137695, -0.05114011466503143, -0.27283990383148193, -0.15379558503627777, 0.2021145522594452, -0.6308775544166565, 0.6797190308570862, -0.20154552161693573, -0.13610903918743134, -0.21450050175189972, -0.7433297634124756, -0.5782461762428284, -0.3066234886646271, -0.07679438591003418, -0.27175894379615784, 0.09831754118204117, 0.09873398393392563, -0.5817493796348572, -0.3602551221847534, 0.33985087275505066, 0.2525140643119812, 0.13047267496585846, 0.2000950127840042, -0.24382074177265167, 0.46139708161354065, -0.038792237639427185, -0.011842197738587856, 0.5631378889083862, -0.8127138018608093, 0.17123785614967346, 0.39298537373542786, 0.789425790309906, 0.2566395401954651, -0.31721991300582886, -1.1727006435394287, -0.2343609780073166, 0.39964401721954346, 0.2141985148191452, -0.09163996577262878, 0.005480220075696707, 0.19069063663482666, 0.14579224586486816, -0.6049508452415466, -0.7745519280433655, 0.18761079013347626, -0.6339840292930603, -0.4784139096736908, -0.2380916029214859, 0.3216843605041504, 0.42030006647109985, 0.10428543388843536, -0.6592925786972046, -0.43252286314964294, -0.2687215209007263, 0.22748233377933502, 0.4788483679294586, 0.6080789566040039, -0.17740003764629364, 0.19779162108898163, 0.3494671881198883, -0.3969089388847351, 0.3568004369735718, 0.6787647604942322, 0.16838976740837097, 0.7180333733558655, 0.2503974437713623, -0.04631901904940605, 0.3266230821609497, 0.5814852118492126, -0.11948417127132416, -0.281900018453598, 0.36765190958976746, 0.610023021697998, -0.07832986116409302, 0.01271627377718687, -0.6866061687469482, -0.17822763323783875, 0.7502656579017639, -1.0825471878051758, 0.0782114714384079, -0.04237878695130348, -0.4446033835411072, 0.36222025752067566, -0.44027069211006165, 0.626146674156189, 0.5043458938598633, -0.2739514410495758, 0.29186201095581055, 0.8321573734283447, -0.28941041231155396, 0.4523094594478607, 0.1117374449968338, -0.6172593235969543, -0.7729678153991699, -0.4465503990650177, -0.5760192275047302, 0.6831451058387756, -0.031576767563819885, 0.17780214548110962, -0.4906983971595764, 0.17409278452396393, -0.14885810017585754, -0.35202139616012573, -0.6534413695335388, -0.4291614890098572, -0.23752032220363617, -0.3107088804244995, -0.21227353811264038, -0.6278515458106995, -0.14517182111740112, 0.06646302342414856, -0.15438728034496307, 0.2596104145050049, -0.9306467771530151, -0.051639262586832047, -0.17868323624134064, -0.0545046441257, -0.3425644636154175, 0.5686447024345398, -0.2925282418727875, -0.3201361298561096, -0.5837074518203735, 0.09668446332216263, -0.07751331478357315, 0.3644169867038727, 0.07011193782091141, 0.5536884665489197, 0.3023983836174011, -0.27631789445877075, -0.3548144996166229, 0.01810546964406967, 0.14745181798934937, 0.6758649349212646, 0.6460245847702026, -0.10535527765750885, 0.38879454135894775, 0.3409899175167084, -0.6082016229629517, -0.23471124470233917, 0.024069758132100105, -0.03956715017557144, -0.3164018392562866, -0.34301477670669556, 0.20534832775592804, 0.4277074337005615, -0.22035548090934753, 0.4363318979740143, 0.45367199182510376, 0.17974306643009186, -0.08210697770118713, -0.09372097253799438, 0.11715223640203476, 0.5178287625312805, -0.21608245372772217, -0.26084408164024353, -0.47525668144226074, 0.6901984810829163, -0.4439273476600647, -0.334010511636734, 0.3178284168243408, -0.9127652645111084, 0.34446653723716736, -0.060509562492370605, 0.6231282353401184, 0.7356868386268616, -1.0027494430541992, 0.2359599620103836, -0.16193607449531555, 0.17616425454616547, -0.29621028900146484, -0.14716024696826935, 0.32963404059410095, -0.06272027641534805, 0.47910958528518677, 0.39563608169555664, 0.4597195088863373, -0.4548366069793701, 0.39315447211265564, 0.08961973339319229, 0.1537470668554306, -0.31676173210144043, -0.0646677315235138, -0.3549655079841614, -0.17003671824932098, -0.3561857044696808, 0.1051153764128685, -0.19533076882362366, 0.26319724321365356, 0.06934461742639542, -0.6345546245574951, -0.008446939289569855, -0.5500821471214294, 0.3268941044807434, -0.08302184194326401, -0.3262580633163452, -0.06855076551437378, -0.15173520147800446, 0.2024868130683899, 0.4154621958732605, 0.4401559829711914, -0.5584988594055176, 0.06967028975486755, 0.22732922434806824, -0.29702016711235046, -0.024211257696151733, 0.425843209028244, -0.47658655047416687, 0.1244533509016037, 0.5345292091369629, -0.04156128317117691, 0.5953101515769958, -0.48857834935188293, 0.3765208125114441, -0.13491427898406982, -0.20822159945964813, -0.09338540583848953, 0.11863347142934799, 0.20590908825397491, 0.0015148126985877752, -0.20819057524204254, 0.294649600982666, 0.4843415915966034, 0.40767598152160645, 0.15841469168663025, 0.28962400555610657, -0.3191319704055786, 0.3209114074707031, -0.25592443346977234, 0.4153420925140381, -0.4645251929759979, -0.08309384435415268, -0.27949073910713196, -0.07513462007045746, -0.2165943682193756, 0.11825931072235107, -0.20512540638446808, -0.22900505363941193, -0.4281764328479767, -0.43860822916030884, 0.11822031438350677, -0.5959141254425049, 0.130615696310997, -0.22564814984798431, 0.40791216492652893, 0.14097875356674194, 0.07445639371871948, 0.6942630410194397, -0.09522035717964172, -0.05569387972354889, 0.6883842945098877, 0.08190102875232697, 0.15746258199214935, 0.7435382008552551, -0.030497990548610687, -0.47626256942749023, -0.034817978739738464, -0.405230849981308, 0.30012819170951843, 0.030914846807718277, 0.7331951260566711, 0.48225313425064087, -0.41320139169692993, -0.31885460019111633, -0.20326702296733856, 0.08510737866163254, 0.5231003165245056, 0.17223712801933289, -0.2963663637638092, -0.25135913491249084, 0.07905693352222443, -0.5097275972366333, -0.25632187724113464, -0.041884664446115494, 0.6858720779418945, 0.14325091242790222, 0.42009055614471436, -0.21920160949230194, 0.05174485966563225, -0.3378281593322754, 0.28283441066741943, -0.33502402901649475, 0.5099765658378601, 0.03647937253117561 ]
202298	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor%20Suzaku	Emperor Suzaku	was the 61st emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. Suzaku's reign spanned the years from 930 through 946. Biography Before his ascension of the Chrysanthemum Throne, his personal name (imina) was Hiroakira-shinnō. He was also known as . Hiroakira-shinnō was the 11th son of Emperor Daigo and Empress Consort Onshi, a daughter of the regent and great minister of the council of state, Fujiwara no Mototsune. Suzaku had two Empresses or consorts and one Imperial daughter. Events of Suzaku's life Suzaku's older brother died unexpectedly young, as did his brother's son. These untimely deaths opened the way for Suzaku to accede to the throne. October 16, 930 (Enchō 8, 22nd day of the 9th month): In the 33rd year of the reign of Daigo-tennō (醍醐天皇三十三年), the emperor abdicated; and the succession (the senso) was received by his eleventh son, Hiroakira-shinnō (also known as Yutaakira-shinnō). December 14, 930 (Enchō 8, 22nd day of the 11th month): Emperor Suzaku, who was only 8 years old, acceded to the throne (the sokui). May 16, 931 (Enchō 9, 26th day of the 4th month): The era name was changed to mark the beginning of the new emperor's reign. August 5, 931 (Jōhei 1, 19th day of the 7th month): The former-Emperor Uda (867–931) died at the age of 65. 932 (Jōhei 2, 8th month): The udaijin (Minister of the Right) Fujiwara no Sadakata (873–932) died at the age of 65. 933 (Jōhei 3, 8th month): The dainagon (Counselor) Fujiwara no Nakahira is named udaijin. Nakahira is the brother of sesshō (regent) Fujiwara Tadahira. 933 (Jōhei 3, 12th month): Ten of the chief dignitaries of the empire went falcon-hunting together in Owari Province. Each of them was magnificent in his formal hunting attire. 935 (Jōhei 5): The Great Fundamental Central Hall (kompon chūdō) on Mt. Hiei burned down. September 7, 936 (Jōhei 6, 19th day of the 8th month): Fujiwara no Tadahira was named daijō-daijin (Prime Minister); and in this same period, Fujiwara no Nakahira was named sadaijin (Minister of the Left), and Fujiwara no Tsunesuke was named udaijin. 937 (Jōhei 7, 12th month): The former-Emperor Yōzei celebrated his 70th birthday. 938 (Jōhei 8, 4th month): Serial intermittent ground-tremors were felt in Heian-kyō from the 10th through the 29th days of this month. 940 (Tengyō 3): During his reign Taira no Masakado raised a great insurrection in the Kantō region and declared himself the "New Emperor" (新皇), but his forces were defeated by Fujiwara no Hidesato and Taira no Sadamori, and he was decapitated. 941 (Tengyō 4): Fujiwara no Sumitomo staged a rebellion, having made a secret agreement with Taira no Masakado, but his army was defeated by Tachibana Tōyasu. May 23, 946 (Tengyō 9, 20th day of the 4th month): Suzaku abdicates, having ruled for 16 years. The emperor was succeeded by his younger brother, who would become Emperor Murakami. 952 (Tenryaku 6): Suzaku took ordination as a Buddhist monk at Ninna-ji. September 6, 952 (Tenryaku 6, 15th day of the 8th month): Suzaku died at the age of 30. The actual site of Suzaku's grave is known. This emperor is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine (misasagi) at Kyoto. The Imperial Household Agency designates this location as Suzaku's mausoleum. It is formally named Daigo no misasagi in Fushimi-ku, Kyoto near the Buddhist temple, Daigo-ji. Kugyō is a collective term for the very few most powerful men attached to the court of the Emperor of Japan in pre-Meiji eras. In general, this elite group included only three to four men at a time. These were hereditary courtiers whose experience and background have brought them to the pinnacle of a life's career. During Suzaku's reign, this apex of the Daijō-kan included: Sesshō, Fujiwara no Tadahira, 880–949. Kampaku, Fujiwara no Tadahira. Daijō-daijin, Fujiwara no Tadahira. Sadaijin, Fujiwara no Tadahira . Sadaijin, Fujiwara no Nakahira. Udaijin, Fujiwara no Sadakata　 (藤原定方). Udaijin, Fujiwara no Nakahira. Udaijin, Fujiwara no Tsunesuke 　(藤原恒佐). Udaijin, Fujiwara no Saneyori, 900–970. Naidaijin Dainagon, Fujiwara no Nakahira. Eras of Suzaku's reign The years of Suzaku's reign are more specifically identified by more than one era name or nengō. Enchō (923–931) Jōhei (931–938) Tengyō (938–947) Consorts and children Consort (Nyōgo): Princess Hiroko/Kishi (熙子女王; d. 950), Imperial crown Prince Yasuakira's daughter (Emperor Daigo’s son) First Daughter: Imperial Princess Masako () later Kanon'in taigō (観音院太后), married Emperor Reizei Consort (Nyōgo): Fujiwara no Yoshiko (藤原慶子; d. 951), Fujiwara no Saneyori's daughter Ancestry Notes References Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida, eds. (1979). Gukanshō: The Future and the Past. Berkeley: University of California Press. ; OCLC 251325323 Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon. (1959). The Imperial House of Japan. Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. OCLC 194887 Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Nihon Ōdai Ichiran; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon. Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691 Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki: A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns. New York: Columbia University Press. ; OCLC 59145842 See also Emperor of Japan List of Emperors of Japan Imperial cult Emperor Go-Suzaku Japanese emperors 921 births 952 deaths People of Heian-period Japan 10th-century Japanese monarchs Heian period Buddhist clergy Shingon Buddhist monks Japanese Buddhist monarchs Japanese retired emperors	[ -1.1810040473937988, 0.0001998654188355431, -0.2588772773742676, 0.23985424637794495, -0.7470453977584839, 0.5950427651405334, 0.9009996056556702, 0.07680067420005798, -0.447529137134552, -0.33706173300743103, -0.19180691242218018, -0.4216577708721161, -0.06059294566512108, 0.37057435512542725, -0.37869271636009216, 0.26645925641059875, -0.006633581127971411, 0.4027129113674164, -0.017823833972215652, -0.3302050232887268, -0.2986047565937042, 0.21233229339122772, -0.02942858263850212, -0.2990171015262604, 0.8746600151062012, -0.18172496557235718, 0.5091421604156494, 0.03167875111103058, -0.22235187888145447, -0.40245315432548523, 0.268996000289917, 0.24523083865642548, 0.03838837891817093, -0.5944163799285889, -0.4458204507827759, -0.46642404794692993, -0.24187761545181274, 0.09450586885213852, -0.04742590710520744, 0.1000240296125412, -0.1312781423330307, 0.01455731876194477, 0.41230955719947815, 0.2669494152069092, 0.17799413204193115, -0.8195984363555908, -1.627703309059143, -0.30260947346687317, -0.38778403401374817, -0.4706927537918091, -0.021335436031222343, 0.49484193325042725, -0.11641872674226761, -0.013130930252373219, -0.19247408211231232, 0.3992614150047302, -0.332100510597229, -0.3584965765476227, -0.46825432777404785, -0.16500166058540344, 0.3235844373703003, -0.10115097463130951, 0.320816308259964, -0.049171920865774155, -0.31218981742858887, -0.22532261908054352, 0.5437013506889343, 0.08310525119304657, 0.26948222517967224, -0.015945734456181526, -0.08486092835664749, 0.41833531856536865, 0.3590327799320221, 0.46982622146606445, -0.07029125094413757, -0.9537513256072998, -0.008095672354102135, 0.30793526768684387, 0.46551942825317383, -0.08716869354248047, -0.46813905239105225, -0.17028726637363434, 0.19480197131633759, 0.41470208764076233, 0.40504026412963867, -0.0416700504720211, 0.48114344477653503, 0.3672030568122864, -0.46379029750823975, 0.9845860004425049, -0.03428015112876892, 0.6297466158866882, 0.6548725366592407, -0.33604782819747925, -0.453717440366745, -0.5191491842269897, -0.43107718229293823, 0.50229412317276, -0.47508272528648376, -0.4306388795375824, -0.3636860251426697, 0.4358118176460266, -0.2325650453567505, -0.05580460652709007, -1.0272094011306763, -0.6622255444526672, -0.20642507076263428, 0.0016067454125732183, -0.335545152425766, 0.048965420573949814, 0.0193104799836874, 0.5468538999557495, 0.12281941622495651, 0.06410440802574158, -0.21307826042175293, 0.12015556544065475, -0.23062573373317719, -0.4820813536643982, 0.14559853076934814, -0.058756303042173386, 0.6543064117431641, -0.019259978085756302, -0.09834055602550507, 0.24256695806980133, -0.0686442106962204, 0.1394091695547104, -0.05379708111286163, -0.6144905686378479, -0.17629283666610718, -0.3121921718120575, 0.904740035533905, 0.7590834498405457, -0.3011424243450165, 0.3824290633201599, 0.2705659866333008, -0.22217316925525665, 0.29048097133636475, 0.3448668420314789, -0.14747075736522675, -0.6255414485931396, -1.2550486326217651, 0.07273238152265549, -0.6211491823196411, 0.6234800815582275, 0.0653534010052681, 0.7392591834068298, -0.23582039773464203, -0.37200745940208435, -0.7176942229270935, -0.06411749124526978, -0.18946589529514313, 0.02405308373272419, -0.24525515735149384, -0.3144106864929199, -0.47234949469566345, 0.3165137469768524, 0.3411480188369751, -0.6400738954544067, 0.04287252202630043, 0.2901836931705475, -0.13969361782073975, 0.0016793261747807264, -0.339494526386261, -0.03343218192458153, 0.21799877285957336, -0.4053574204444885, -0.19910748302936554, 0.7362697720527649, -0.28645819425582886, -0.45177653431892395, -0.2288624793291092, -0.2125377506017685, -0.32191202044487, -0.892249584197998, 0.7572600841522217, -0.0938132032752037, 0.8234323859214783, 0.1841067224740982, 0.26680630445480347, -0.2537309527397156, -0.5079779028892517, -0.01902969367802143, -0.1295033097267151, 0.5739948153495789, 0.39843660593032837, 0.4825228154659271, 0.17517700791358948, 0.42881327867507935, 0.5741209983825684, -0.26651450991630554, -0.6267644166946411, -0.5310376882553101, 0.15510620176792145, 0.08870852738618851, 0.6271166205406189, 0.7043393850326538, -0.13842791318893433, -0.047247253358364105, 0.17893460392951965, 0.8791218400001526, 0.4218657612800598, -0.49608975648880005, 0.20245261490345, -0.3336668312549591, 0.2868023216724396, 0.5589550137519836, -0.38893941044807434, 0.01166687160730362, 0.49286624789237976, 0.6350085735321045, -0.17248427867889404, 0.023456290364265442, -0.18491391837596893, -0.3497403860092163, -0.37678301334381104, 0.2176763415336609, -0.25282973051071167, -0.35659608244895935, 0.41460153460502625, -0.693824827671051, 0.5520596504211426, 0.14956450462341309, -0.3934294283390045, 0.22078090906143188, -0.15492486953735352, 1.4941266775131226, -0.227564737200737, 0.39296767115592957, -0.3279155194759369, -0.2092253565788269, 0.23544231057167053, -0.19866156578063965, -0.09656603634357452, 0.4941517412662506, -0.09819116443395615, -0.4124828279018402, 0.2548676133155823, 0.12326453626155853, -0.3205004930496216, -0.19191518425941467, 0.6025386452674866, 0.007578677497804165, 0.33968019485473633, 0.24861101806163788, -0.21314412355422974, 0.09592989832162857, -0.23766233026981354, 0.14827193319797516, -0.7492112517356873, -0.10761570185422897, 0.597077488899231, 0.1446724832057953, 0.19381791353225708, -0.1155511885881424, 0.035099852830171585, -0.29822608828544617, -0.1158900335431099, -0.13687899708747864, -0.36425358057022095, 0.25086861848831177, -0.009597884491086006, -0.17641334235668182, 0.39831578731536865, 0.34542256593704224, 0.27586886286735535, -0.36273279786109924, 0.547002911567688, 0.14517247676849365, -0.07785205543041229, -0.08662645518779755, -0.12840045988559723, -0.49417388439178467, -0.40739864110946655, -0.21441268920898438, 0.16493988037109375, -0.7726642489433289, 0.31759846210479736, 0.7409650683403015, 0.18380466103553772, -0.7832478284835815, 1.0187149047851562, 0.342928022146225, -0.6640833616256714, -0.6420333385467529, -0.6352666020393372, -0.5405586361885071, -0.5946796536445618, -0.5680904984474182, 0.10009226202964783, -0.19915294647216797, -0.18726268410682678, 0.7908452153205872, -0.18169005215168, -0.31238242983818054, 0.014612515456974506, 0.8804149031639099, -0.21907290816307068, -0.35741525888442993, 0.93217933177948, -0.4739181101322174, -0.7918097972869873, -0.7051166296005249, 0.36150750517845154, 0.33478060364723206, 0.7340359091758728, 0.3099686801433563, -0.00672905333340168, 0.038655683398246765, -5.503106594085693, -0.06839718669652939, -0.14851564168930054, 0.4629702568054199, 0.9031843543052673, 0.6663421988487244, 0.5816829204559326, 0.021953584626317024, 0.38164839148521423, -0.6059719324111938, 0.05566743388772011, 0.354286789894104, 0.23597575724124908, 0.5933256149291992, -0.11773533374071121, 0.06629093736410141, 0.8689252734184265, 0.058072853833436966, 0.48774662613868713, 0.0396600216627121, -0.23501642048358917, -0.3869851231575012, -0.33182835578918457, 0.8706800937652588, 0.3074195384979248, 0.8120422959327698, -0.30660566687583923, 0.10944759100675583, -0.5928232669830322, 0.10581472516059875, 0.11021891981363297, -0.378682941198349, -0.08479887247085571, 0.4900466203689575, -0.6991586685180664, -0.4519197940826416, -0.04250709339976311, 0.419233113527298, 0.46276625990867615, 0.5268046259880066, -0.060127634555101395, -0.8171223402023315, -1.0268821716308594, 0.4525420665740967, -0.043744660913944244, -0.04878629744052887, -0.5752043128013611, 0.034798674285411835, 0.1619262993335724, 0.39722901582717896, -0.005757615901529789, 0.13576628267765045, 0.38518163561820984, -0.7747807502746582, 0.5111128091812134, 0.023988032713532448, -0.20366233587265015, 0.6806283593177795, -0.38221606612205505, 0.009928015992045403, 0.4604739844799042, -0.1987198293209076, 0.10974608361721039, -0.42679673433303833, 0.315160870552063, -0.29235443472862244, 0.18703916668891907, 0.18858112394809723, -0.09142251312732697, 0.6332979202270508, -0.6907839775085449, 0.41673216223716736, 0.3079814910888672, -0.7875808477401733, 0.45472708344459534, 0.12611034512519836, 0.0290586668998003, 0.31183913350105286, 0.23087237775325775, 0.0356099009513855, -0.42982518672943115, -0.16102418303489685, 0.030489420518279076, 0.4522647261619568, 0.2614066004753113, 0.44697487354278564, 0.24758745729923248, 0.36764952540397644, 0.3747056722640991, 0.5774182677268982, 0.20575320720672607, -1.1784532070159912, -0.27802231907844543, -0.25537386536598206, 0.7698310613632202, 0.0854814276099205, -0.40257200598716736, 0.34104958176612854, 0.7161859273910522, -0.36197441816329956, 0.3444996774196625, -0.014906058087944984, -0.7277387380599976, -0.07488358020782471, -0.13866110146045685, -0.41460108757019043, -0.19070300459861755, 0.14974600076675415, 0.380262166261673, 0.633545458316803, 0.19097034633159637, -0.5504683256149292, -0.5894510746002197, -0.2860424220561981, 0.6968439221382141, -0.0398489311337471, -0.23186521232128143, 0.25699448585510254, 0.1894424706697464, 0.3713940382003784, 0.23362046480178833, 0.2720010578632355, -0.9007795453071594, -0.40278685092926025, 0.5027065873146057, 0.7620205879211426, -0.24932041764259338, 0.11031423509120941, -0.3512636721134186, -0.6361947059631348, 0.3499893248081207, -0.01707656867802143, -0.10622797161340714, 0.12849299609661102, 0.5148473381996155, -0.6341591477394104, 0.04157335311174393, -0.590338945388794, 0.23349428176879883, -0.32576337456703186, -0.7057886719703674, -0.36831048130989075, -0.4602034091949463, -0.19305431842803955, -0.5569385290145874, 0.3133341073989868, -0.04109078273177147, -0.45140695571899414, 0.17708784341812134, 0.49075576663017273, -0.06008455902338028, -1.0347580909729004, 0.3022475242614746, -0.006186764221638441, -0.5398260951042175, 0.22678880393505096, -0.47100186347961426, -0.06638697534799576, -0.4339166283607483, -0.11050992459058762, -0.534153938293457, -0.6290663480758667, -0.7183645963668823, -0.26176589727401733, -0.34578782320022583, -0.03395568206906319, -0.12222666293382645, -0.06932523101568222, -0.09819068759679794, 0.6368698477745056, 0.4126630127429962, -0.2632455825805664, -0.15094734728336334, -0.11228431016206741, 0.7612151503562927, -0.07307340949773788, 0.46298232674598694, 0.345016211271286, -0.28407925367355347, -0.22536127269268036, -0.19927795231342316, 0.32863694429397583, -0.8246686458587646, 0.46636155247688293, -0.3882477879524231, -0.035036712884902954, -0.2856513261795044, -0.6611727476119995, -0.5846463441848755, 0.021087471395730972, -0.41772374510765076, -0.3017466962337494, -0.053582873195409775, -0.0224103182554245, -0.4747234284877777, -0.28763526678085327, 0.42878904938697815, 0.37706223130226135, 0.5324567556381226, 0.3953225910663605, -0.38513240218162537, 0.6429550647735596, -0.18579481542110443, 0.10707132518291473, 0.4185798764228821, -0.7964533567428589, 0.25343602895736694, 0.4825471341609955, 0.5613657236099243, 0.10187912732362747, -0.16523051261901855, -0.7970407009124756, -0.36051058769226074, 0.549116313457489, 0.14721399545669556, -0.18332906067371368, 0.00009706561831990257, 0.23665307462215424, 0.39324405789375305, -0.9826220870018005, -0.49495524168014526, 0.3499467074871063, -0.5087929964065552, -0.536486804485321, -0.2991178035736084, 0.3452950119972229, 0.3436238765716553, 0.045906178653240204, -0.3608642816543579, -0.652759850025177, 0.038926348090171814, 0.0453435555100441, 0.39442089200019836, 0.574634313583374, -0.3795461058616638, 0.21431149542331696, 0.45060208439826965, -0.6580005288124084, 0.2608059346675873, 0.49451175332069397, 0.2658134698867798, 0.8736890554428101, 0.27503877878189087, -0.1385604292154312, 0.16390615701675415, 0.4753873646259308, -0.20921283960342407, -0.17481017112731934, 0.7014458775520325, 0.533892035484314, -0.0028308946639299393, -0.4349834620952606, -0.6159289479255676, -0.2808310389518738, 0.7746890187263489, -0.9763669967651367, 0.15249322354793549, -0.09701632708311081, -0.37556159496307373, 0.032439351081848145, -0.09198898077011108, 0.47106632590293884, 0.31565210223197937, 0.07578766345977783, 0.04748135060071945, 0.5521436929702759, -0.4569495916366577, 0.6150735020637512, 0.25763553380966187, -0.7555984854698181, -0.7001025080680847, -0.37071147561073303, -0.5826884508132935, 0.7582672834396362, 0.34355592727661133, 0.15531431138515472, -0.4849768877029419, 0.46150124073028564, -0.09106041491031647, -0.1648445725440979, -0.5167580842971802, -0.2908834218978882, -0.2585466504096985, -0.3374444842338562, -0.39834117889404297, -0.8151248097419739, -0.15038980543613434, 0.15795771777629852, -0.024945441633462906, 0.11356367915868759, -0.937653124332428, -0.1758042722940445, 0.11286663264036179, 0.1117221862077713, -0.5207704901695251, 0.6122520565986633, -0.30516117811203003, -0.30798211693763733, -0.3264276683330536, 0.22330358624458313, -0.13634894788265228, 0.3599817454814911, -0.02508470043540001, 0.8380021452903748, 0.3210900127887726, -0.31675490736961365, -0.4638574719429016, 0.061186712235212326, 0.15448112785816193, 0.5540464520454407, 0.7802841067314148, 0.02708960324525833, 0.33626654744148254, 0.301871120929718, -0.9159284234046936, -0.4189576804637909, 0.03556397184729576, -0.03439938649535179, -0.16235680878162384, -0.2491653859615326, 0.3815421760082245, -0.16230633854866028, -0.2331613153219223, 0.4709806442260742, 0.5091630220413208, 0.0372321791946888, -0.07050587981939316, 0.18722671270370483, 0.2187386304140091, 0.5486963391304016, -0.13063740730285645, -0.20673967897891998, -0.4811638593673706, 0.6769378781318665, -0.24492667615413666, -0.420971155166626, 0.28827327489852905, -0.7001610994338989, 0.3211647570133209, 0.09434320777654648, 0.5722660422325134, 0.4338153600692749, -0.986306369304657, 0.3916991353034973, 0.04659073054790497, 0.0028501662891358137, -0.5291373133659363, -0.2023560255765915, 0.2927865982055664, 0.1634567379951477, 0.5362077951431274, 0.5461064577102661, 0.4146399199962616, -0.39922869205474854, 0.5215094089508057, 0.2242223620414734, 0.6077957153320312, -0.0895027443766594, -0.4074987471103668, -0.3957744240760803, -0.019222082570195198, -0.142099529504776, 0.6049086451530457, -0.02169572189450264, 0.4389330744743347, 0.22971875965595245, -0.26797324419021606, 0.06982532143592834, -0.44459405541419983, 0.010624417103827, 0.0281171053647995, -0.3620032072067261, -0.10835886746644974, 0.09770653396844864, 0.4225126802921295, 0.8281238675117493, 0.42465606331825256, -0.36144083738327026, 0.006859360262751579, -0.052877090871334076, -0.2554459571838379, 0.013739220798015594, 0.3807666301727295, -0.7416400909423828, 0.10348375141620636, 0.8148899674415588, -0.06402172893285751, 0.5726723074913025, -0.6646538972854614, 0.2782400846481323, -0.21804100275039673, -0.1629973202943802, 0.03809616342186928, 0.1969984620809555, 0.00810595229268074, -0.09116869419813156, -0.25736966729164124, 0.34700489044189453, 0.5401884317398071, -0.07661294937133789, 0.27540406584739685, 0.2128574252128601, -0.2311510145664215, 0.28990665078163147, -0.253647118806839, 0.41808998584747314, -0.6042684316635132, -0.05185169726610184, 0.05804424732923508, 0.17834529280662537, -0.1358788162469864, 0.2051352560520172, -0.06363940238952637, -0.16654089093208313, -0.5938636660575867, -0.11012378334999084, 0.4132574200630188, -0.6017596125602722, 0.17286747694015503, -0.06025896221399307, 0.2542230486869812, 0.1401589810848236, 0.026371894404292107, 0.8009414076805115, -0.016538051888346672, 0.15846076607704163, 0.6411227583885193, 0.3170471489429474, -0.3173787295818329, 0.7835401296615601, -0.6098595857620239, -0.4244031012058258, -0.2851030230522156, -0.46168065071105957, 0.26953133940696716, 0.28911450505256653, 0.6308658719062805, 0.4441675841808319, -0.11924760788679123, -0.7490024566650391, -0.04501307010650635, 0.05929487943649292, 0.5542475581169128, -0.05394008383154869, -0.23998960852622986, -0.3872714340686798, -0.02792494185268879, -0.5830137133598328, -0.4200024902820587, 0.06399931013584137, 0.8299190402030945, 0.11126435548067093, 0.4998437464237213, -0.23167182505130768, 0.051063019782304764, -0.13894417881965637, 0.32699134945869446, -0.10832260549068451, 0.3046465814113617, 0.14604152739048004 ]
202299	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor%20Daigo	Emperor Daigo	was the 60th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. Daigo's reign spanned the years from 897 through 930. He is named after his place of burial. Genealogy Daigo was the eldest son of his predecessor, Emperor Uda. His mother was Fujiwara no Taneko (or Inshi), daughter of the minister of the center, Fujiwara no Takafuji. He succeeded the throne at the young age after his father, the Emperor Uda, abdicated in 897. His mother died before his ascension, so he was raised by another Uda consort, Fujiwara no Onshi, daughter of the former kampaku Fujiwara no Mototsune. Daigo's grandfather, Emperor Kōkō, had demoted his sons from the rank of imperial royals to that of subjects in order to reduce the state expenses, as well as their political influence; in addition, they were given a family name Minamoto. As such, Daigo was not born as a royalty and was named Minamoto no Korezane (源維城) until 887, when Daigo's father, Minamoto no Sadami (formerly Prince Sadami), was once again promoted to the Imperial Prince and the heir to the throne. Afterwards, his personal name (imina) was changed to or Ono-tei before his ascension of the Chrysanthemum Throne. Daigo had 21 empresses, imperial consorts, and concubines; he had 36 imperial sons and daughters. Events of Daigo's life The era name was changed in 898 to mark the beginning of Emperor Daigo's reign. The highlight of Daigo's 34-year reign was that he ruled by himself without the regency of the Fujiwara clan, though he himself was part Fujiwara. August 4, 897 (Kanpyō 9, 3rd day of the 7th month ): In the 10th year of Uda-tennō 's reign (宇多天皇十年), Emperor Uda abdicated; and his eldest son received the succession ("senso"). August 14, 897 (Kanpyō 9, 13th day of the 7th month): Emperor Daigo formally acceded to the throne (sokui). December 7, 899 (Shōtai 2, 1st day of the 11th month): The sun entered into the winter solstice, and all the great officials of the empire presented themselves in Daigo's court. February 2, 900 (Shōtai 3, 3rd day of the 1st month): Daigo went to visit his father in the place Uda had chosen to live after the abdication. 900 (Shōtai 3, 10th month): The former Emperor Uda traveled to in what is now Wakayama prefecture to the south of Osaka. He visited the temples on the slopes of the mountain. January 23, 901 (Engi 1, 1st day of the 1st month): There was an eclipse of the sun. 901 (Engi 1, 1st month): The Sugawara Michizane "incident" developed, but more details cannot be known because Daigo ordered that diaries and records from this period be burned. 906 (Engi 5, 4th month): Ki-no Tsurayuki presented the emperor with the compilation of the Kokin Wakashū, a collection of waka poetry. 909 (Engi 9, 4th month ): The sadaijin Fujiwara no Tokihira died at the age of 39. He was honored with the posthumous title of regent. 929 (Enchō 7, 8th month): Floods devastated the country and many perished. July 21, 930 (Enchō 8, 26th day of the 6th month): A huge black storm cloud traveled from the slopes of Mt. Atago to Heian-kyō accompanied by frightful thunder. Lightning struck the Imperial Palace. Both Senior Counselor Fuijwara-no Kiyotsura (also known as Miyoshi no Kiyoyuki) and Middle Controller of the Right Taira-no Mareyo and many other subaltern officers were killed and their bodies were consumed in the subsequent fires. The deaths were construed as an act of revenge by the unsettled spirit of the late Sugawara Michizane. October 16, 930 (Enchō 8, 22nd day of the 9th month): In the 34th year of Daigo-tennō 's reign (醍醐天皇34年), the emperor fell ill and, fearing that he might not survive, Daigo abdicated. At this point, the succession (senso) was said to have been received by his son. Shortly thereafter, Emperor Suzaku is said to have acceded to the throne (sokui). October 23, 930 (Enchō 8, 29th day of the 9th month): Emperor Daigo entered the Buddhist priesthood in the very early morning hours. As a monk, he took the Buddhist name Hō-kongō and, shortly thereafter, he died at the age of 46. This monk was buried in the precincts of Daigo-ji, which is why the former-emperor's posthumous name became Daigo-tennō. Daigo also ordered construction of several halls in the Daigo-ji, such as the Yakushi hall. The actual site of Daigo's grave is known. This emperor is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine (misasagi) at Kyoto. The Imperial Household Agency designates this location as Daigo's mausoleum. It is formally named Nochi no Yamashina no misasagi in Fushimi-ku, Kyoto. Kugyō is a collective term for the very few most powerful men attached to the court of the Emperor of Japan in pre-Meiji eras. In general, this elite group included only three to four men at a time. These were hereditary courtiers whose experience and background have brought them to the pinnacle of a life's career. During Daigo's reign, this apex of the Daijō-kan included: Sesshō, Fujiwara no Tokihira (藤原時平), 909. Sadaijin, Fujiwara no Tokihira 871–909. Sadaijin, Fujiwara no Tadahira (藤原忠平), 880–949. Udaijin, Sugawara no Michizane (菅原道真), 845–901. Udaijin, Minamoto no Hikaru (源光), 845–913. Udaijin, Fujiwara no Tadahira. Udaijin, Fujiwara no Sadakata (藤原定方), 873–932. Naidaijin, Fujiwara no Takafuji (藤原高藤), 838–900. Dainagon Eras of Daigo's reign The years of Diago's reign are more specifically identified by more than one era name or nengō. Kanpyō (889–898) Shōtai (898–901) Engi (901–923) Enchō (923–931) Consorts and children Empress (Chūgū): Fujiwara no Onshi (藤原穏子), Kampaku Fujiwara no Mototsune’s daughter Second son: Imperial Prince Yasuakira (保明親王; 903–923), Emperor Daigo's crown prince, called Bunkengentaishi (文献彦太子) Fourteenth daughter: Imperial Princess Koushi (康子内親王; 919–957), married to Udaijin Fujiwara no Morosuke Fourteenth son: Imperial Prince Hirokira (also known as Yutaakira 寛明親王) later Emperor Suzaku Sixteenth son: Imperial Prince Nariakira (成明親王) later Emperor Murakami Consort (Hi): Imperial Princess Ishi (為子内親王) (d.899), Emperor Kōkō’s daughter First Daughter: Imperial Princess Kanshi (勧子内親王; 899–910) Consort (Nyōgo): Minamoto no Washi (源和子; d.947), Emperor Kōkō’s daughter Fourth daughter: Imperial Princess Keishi (慶子内親王; 903–923), married Imperial Prince Atsukata (Emperor Uda's son) Fifth Son: Imperial Prince Tsuneakira (常明親王; 906–944) Sixth son: Imperial Prince Noriakira (式明親王; 907–966) Seventh son: Imperial Prince Ariakira (有明親王; 910–961) Thirteenth daughter: Imperial Princess Shōshi (韶子内親王; 918–980), 13th Saiin in Kamo Shrine 921–930; later, married Minamoto no Kiyokage Seventeenth daughter: Imperial Princess Seishi/Tadako (斉子内親王; 921–936), 27th Saiō in Ise Shrine 936, but she didn't go to Ise because of her death. Consort ( Nyōgo): Fujiwara no Nōshi (藤原能子; d.964), Udaijin Fujiwara no Sadakata’s daughter; later married to Fujiwara no Saneyori Consort (Nyōgo): Court Lady Fujiwara no Wakako (藤原和香子, d.935), Dainagon Fujiwara no Sadakuni's daughter Court Attendant (Koui): Minamoto no Fūshi/Kaneko (源封子), Ukyōdaibu Minamoto no Motomi's daughter Second Daughter: Imperial Princess Nobuko/Senshi (宣子内親王; 902–920), 12th Saiin in Kamo Shrine 915–920 First Son: Imperial Prince Yoshiakira (克明親王; 903–927), father of the musician Minamoto no Hiromasa Twelfth Daughter: Imperial Princess Seishi (靖子内親王; 915–950), removed from the Imperial Family by receiving the family name from Emperor (Shisei Kōka, 賜姓降下) in 921; later, Imperial Princess in 930. married to Fujiwara no Morouji Court Attendant (Koui): Fujiwara no Senshi (藤原鮮子; d.915), Iyonosuke (伊予介) Fujiwara no Tsuranaga's daughter Third Daughter: Imperial Princess Takako/Kyōshi (恭子内親王, 902–915), 11th Saiin in Kamo Shrine 903–915 Third son: Imperial Prince Yoakira (代明親王; 904–937) Sixth Daughter: Imperial Princess Yoshiko/Enshi (婉子内親王; 904–969), 14th Saiin in Kamo Shrine 932–967 Ninth Daughter: Imperial Princess Toshiko (敏子内親王; b.906) Court Attendant (Koui): Minamoto no Noboru's daughter Fourth Son: Imperial Prince Shigeakira (重明親王; 906–954), author of the Ribuōki (吏部王記) Court Attendant (Koui): Minamoto no Chikako (源周子; d.935), Sadaiben Minamoto no Tonau's daughter Fifth Daughter: Imperial Princess Kinshi (勤子内親王; 904–938), married to Udaijin Fujiwara no Morosuke Seventh Daughter: Imperial Princess Miyako (都子内親王; 905–981) Tenth Daughter: Imperial Princess Masako/Gashi (雅子内親王; 909–954), 26th Saiō in Ise Shrine 932–936; later, married to Udaijin Fujiwara no Morosuke Eighth Son: Imperial Prince Tokiakira (時明親王; 912–927) Twelfth Son: Minamoto no Takaakira (源高明; 914–982), also called Nishinomiya (西宮) Sadaijin Daughter: Minamoto no Kenshi (源兼子; 915–949), removed from the Imperial Family by receiving the family name from Emperor (Shisei Kōka, 賜姓降下) in 921 Eighteenth son: : Imperial Prince Moriakira (盛明親王; 928–986), given the family name 'Minamoto' from Emperor (Shisei Kōka, 賜姓降下); later, Imperial Prince in 967. Court Attendant (Koui): Princess Manshi (満子女王; d.920), Prince Sukemi's daughter Eighth daughter: Imperial Princess Shūshi (修子内親王; d.933), married to Imperial Prince Motoyoshi Eleventh daughter: Imperial Princess Fushi (普子内親王; 910–947), married to Minamoto no Kiyohira, later to Fujiwara no Toshitsura Court Attendant (Koui): Fujiwara no Yoshihime (藤原淑姫; d.948), Sangi Fujiwara no Sugane's daughter Eleventh Son: Imperial Prince Kaneakira (兼明親王; 914–987), also called saki no chūshoō (前中書王). Chūshoō means Nakatsukasa-kyō (中務卿). Son: Minamoto no Yoriakira (源自明; 911–958) Ninth Son: Imperial Prince Nagaakira (長明親王; 913–953) Sixteenth Daughter: Imperial Princess Hideko/Eishi (英子内親王; 921–946), 29th Saiō in Ise Shrine 946, but she didn't go to Ise because of her death. Court Attendant (Koui): Fujiwara no Kuwako (藤原桑子), Chūnagon Fujiwara no Kanesuke’s daughter Thirteenth Son: Imperial Prince Akiakira (章明親王; 924–990) Court Attendant (Koui): Chūjō-Koui (中将更衣), Fujiwara no Korehira's daughter Minamoto no Tameakira (源為明; 927–961) Court Attendant (Koui): Minamoto no Toshimi's daughter Minamoto no Nobuakira (源允明; 919–942) Court Attendant (Koui): Minamoto Kiyoko (源清子) Court Attendant (Koui): Fujiwara Doshi (藤原同子) Court Attendant (Koui): Minamoto Haruko (源暖子) Unknown Minamoto no Genshi (源厳子; b.916) Ancestry See also Emperor of Japan List of Emperors of Japan Imperial cult Notes References Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida, eds. (1979). Gukanshō: The Future and the Past. Berkeley: University of California Press. ; OCLC 251325323 Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon. (1959). The Imperial House of Japan. Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. OCLC 194887 Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Nihon Odai Ichiran; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon. Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691 Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki: A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns. New York: Columbia University Press. ; OCLC 59145842 External links Imperial Household Agency webpage on mausoleum Japanese emperors 885 births 930 deaths 10th-century rulers in Asia 9th-century rulers in Asia 9th-century Japanese monarchs 10th-century Japanese monarchs Japanese retired emperors Heian period Buddhist clergy	[ -1.047524333000183, 0.12524807453155518, -0.08946338295936584, 0.16683244705200195, -0.8495613932609558, 0.37003806233406067, 0.6976689696311951, 0.15131767094135284, -0.5157158374786377, -0.24457018077373505, -0.20749181509017944, -0.020216042175889015, -0.03895393759012222, 0.3413827121257782, -0.3191991448402405, 0.34244200587272644, 0.166716068983078, 0.004275741521269083, -0.3494389057159424, -0.7655329704284668, -0.1720701903104782, 0.018458453938364983, 0.1765107363462448, -0.34264904260635376, 0.713095486164093, -0.25016868114471436, 0.6929320693016052, 0.2551933825016022, -0.31928256154060364, -0.4805292785167694, 0.28115174174308777, 0.1361304372549057, 0.1612633913755417, -0.11911039054393768, -0.41801249980926514, -0.5219452977180481, -0.020394165068864822, -0.17615260183811188, -0.3728022575378418, 0.03920400142669678, -0.13441689312458038, -0.0953032374382019, 0.35645633935928345, 0.25892290472984314, 0.17015676200389862, -0.7320559024810791, -1.5335749387741089, -0.10974569618701935, -0.21930374205112457, -0.31670376658439636, -0.23158107697963715, 0.33349502086639404, 0.03705392777919769, 0.2354041486978531, -0.18325340747833252, 0.5058106184005737, -0.24694973230361938, -0.297709584236145, -0.5797711610794067, -0.4624096751213074, 0.368483304977417, -0.03577452898025513, 0.40851667523384094, 0.21148480474948883, -0.3280913829803467, -0.20948690176010132, 0.4086071848869324, 0.08651471138000488, 0.22747115790843964, -0.14096799492835999, -0.24684792757034302, 0.460897833108902, 0.27598872780799866, 0.6958039402961731, -0.07489213347434998, -1.0047550201416016, 0.12539221346378326, 0.2633446753025055, 0.4493354260921478, -0.45798707008361816, -0.47909969091415405, -0.6492356061935425, 0.12209177017211914, 0.356220006942749, 0.3396401107311249, -0.1163906678557396, 0.14568449556827545, -0.04674490541219711, -0.588324248790741, 0.7454469799995422, -0.2616780400276184, 0.2587699294090271, 0.45327234268188477, -0.023724013939499855, -0.6339609026908875, -0.34765177965164185, -0.21148350834846497, 0.18423856794834137, -0.2525106966495514, -0.2485606074333191, -0.1778329461812973, 0.07733864337205887, 0.24674436450004578, -0.060205839574337006, -0.9584366083145142, -0.7681379914283752, -0.07869850099086761, -0.13174320757389069, -0.2881876528263092, 0.25133785605430603, -0.4846697449684143, 0.5254465341567993, 0.035865575075149536, 0.19395340979099274, -0.008192574605345726, 0.2725723385810852, -0.19046856462955475, -0.3224118649959564, 0.12650667130947113, -0.21296417713165283, 0.6149086952209473, 0.11934922635555267, -0.23455750942230225, 0.1616687923669815, -0.04783216491341591, -0.03975072503089905, -0.0646243542432785, -0.4326683580875397, -0.4453808665275574, -0.38248157501220703, 0.6865128874778748, 0.617841362953186, -0.4124937951564789, 0.2303197681903839, -0.0022756040561944246, -0.3304634392261505, 0.43856358528137207, 0.38029590249061584, -0.4135238826274872, -0.5587002635002136, -1.0576014518737793, -0.24504297971725464, -0.9384971261024475, 0.38494744896888733, 0.13065287470817566, 0.7676987648010254, -0.09902238100767136, -0.1337200254201889, -0.468896746635437, 0.18468917906284332, -0.365788072347641, -0.23136462271213531, -0.0577024482190609, -0.19793745875358582, -0.3083864748477936, 0.25396016240119934, 0.17438536882400513, -0.40458065271377563, 0.43104562163352966, 0.314529687166214, 0.23015360534191132, -0.11922389268875122, -0.33121463656425476, -0.007730377372354269, 0.30632516741752625, -0.22160041332244873, -0.14217090606689453, 0.7291656732559204, -0.4230956435203552, -0.42005375027656555, -0.23604686558246613, -0.27117645740509033, -0.39059096574783325, -0.8467954993247986, 0.5904431939125061, 0.18871398270130157, 0.7131171822547913, -0.21800945699214935, 0.07096482068300247, -0.3464357554912567, -0.46432119607925415, -0.2893884778022766, 0.13239723443984985, 0.45457983016967773, 0.21184027194976807, 0.3767102360725403, -0.007881863042712212, 0.2763940095901489, 0.5447694063186646, -0.08693061769008636, -0.3715534806251526, -0.5345431566238403, 0.11984831839799881, -0.11305347830057144, 0.6046913266181946, 0.596540093421936, 0.07341282814741135, -0.026472682133316994, -0.011388024315237999, 0.9483866095542908, 0.3753374218940735, -0.4832366704940796, 0.251139760017395, -0.06701833009719849, 0.42391037940979004, 0.3487510085105896, -0.43660232424736023, 0.18382295966148376, 0.7145640254020691, 0.8711631298065186, -0.08324605971574783, -0.10367389768362045, -0.12472653388977051, 0.042821627110242844, -0.12811793386936188, 0.2823902666568756, -0.22448867559432983, -0.6020621061325073, -0.016325026750564575, -0.5681108236312866, 0.295147180557251, 0.34185346961021423, -0.301811546087265, 0.2769022285938263, -0.07406657934188843, 1.5290385484695435, -0.1146184578537941, 0.547645628452301, -0.49483293294906616, -0.5045308470726013, 0.2708427906036377, -0.08931764960289001, 0.2997985780239105, 0.562126636505127, -0.12210653722286224, -0.43248799443244934, 0.26118144392967224, -0.12165236473083496, -0.2528928816318512, -0.21935603022575378, 0.4834965169429779, -0.1656179279088974, 0.23937039077281952, 0.3694354295730591, 0.11825869977474213, 0.22102366387844086, -0.1694919615983963, 0.29852065443992615, -0.7240513563156128, -0.45508068799972534, 0.8419843316078186, 0.16848278045654297, 0.38786858320236206, -0.10387033969163895, -0.03613762557506561, -0.4568363428115845, 0.0017635920085012913, -0.37159791588783264, -0.2627495527267456, 0.08451156318187714, -0.06643872708082199, -0.025408826768398285, 0.5942752957344055, 0.1750832498073578, 0.37197622656822205, -0.1990411877632141, 0.496659517288208, 0.21107333898544312, 0.0018747042631730437, -0.057900551706552505, -0.1850764900445938, -0.37192773818969727, -0.6282812356948853, -0.34325534105300903, 0.11855234950780869, -0.7965899109840393, -0.17251281440258026, 0.8145641088485718, -0.10305852442979813, -0.7487270832061768, 0.8596725463867188, 0.28045791387557983, -0.55270916223526, -0.6416783332824707, -0.6692762970924377, -0.7180473208427429, -0.7089343070983887, -0.5582234263420105, 0.05070307478308678, -0.14201611280441284, 0.11656299978494644, 0.8392632603645325, -0.3068074584007263, -0.3167577385902405, 0.13671505451202393, 0.6966896653175354, -0.17097441852092743, -0.23032881319522858, 0.7894105911254883, -0.45098328590393066, -0.6764221787452698, -0.5288465023040771, 0.5953919291496277, 0.1515922099351883, 0.5593677759170532, -0.019680067896842957, -0.061938147991895676, 0.2263469099998474, -5.706106185913086, -0.08619954437017441, -0.056036416441202164, 0.26878583431243896, 0.44246575236320496, 0.5024018287658691, 0.5930153131484985, 0.11217530816793442, 0.4376086890697479, -0.6794604063034058, 0.23976491391658783, 0.23237034678459167, 0.15342245995998383, 0.4885157346725464, 0.004398189950734377, 0.35288146138191223, 0.6263532042503357, -0.314485102891922, 0.4222073256969452, 0.1171359047293663, -0.09804509580135345, -0.3491460978984833, -0.3719378113746643, 1.0613093376159668, 0.36632612347602844, 0.5183314681053162, -0.5044821500778198, 0.2262175977230072, -0.4633922874927521, 0.012067370116710663, 0.22614872455596924, -0.28573521971702576, -0.12314464151859283, 0.38417601585388184, -0.3961903154850006, -0.36312976479530334, 0.2773437201976776, 0.31954464316368103, 0.10131829231977463, 0.3925365209579468, 0.1152031421661377, -0.48088228702545166, -1.0161948204040527, 0.4341965913772583, -0.08570879697799683, -0.4324508607387543, -0.6803795099258423, -0.045564763247966766, 0.1767965406179428, 0.0778261050581932, 0.05317803844809532, 0.27438247203826904, 0.2260032594203949, -0.6316817998886108, 0.2825712263584137, -0.05577704682946205, -0.1029774472117424, 0.5638493895530701, -0.432163804769516, -0.24747246503829956, 0.38923805952072144, -0.21830740571022034, 0.1466294676065445, -0.3801402449607849, 0.3893245756626129, -0.06978573650121689, 0.2607618570327759, 0.26503247022628784, 0.08340174704790115, 0.6071516275405884, -0.6953707933425903, 0.5195906758308411, 0.3778643012046814, -0.7096431255340576, 0.4764881730079651, 0.12309037148952484, 0.049369651824235916, 0.48179394006729126, 0.3138597309589386, -0.32297319173812866, -0.38808783888816833, 0.004757625050842762, 0.07434333115816116, 0.541770875453949, 0.20149019360542297, 0.19148071110248566, 0.04904259741306305, 0.11064141988754272, 0.304009348154068, 0.7579270601272583, 0.2609054744243622, -0.9004536271095276, -0.24110782146453857, -0.0071282112039625645, 0.7024244070053101, -0.029811924323439598, -0.2496366798877716, 0.3155887722969055, 0.6689913272857666, -0.13474369049072266, 0.5124747157096863, 0.0748424232006073, -0.8535263538360596, -0.08323614299297333, -0.3988969624042511, -0.18542338907718658, -0.1510237604379654, 0.3307899236679077, 0.4467279314994812, 0.3415076732635498, 0.07743237167596817, -0.44661635160446167, -0.5288347601890564, -0.4792439043521881, 0.6873247623443604, -0.1819741427898407, 0.06862881779670715, 0.4138531982898712, 0.3937562108039856, 0.04052945598959923, -0.0881931483745575, 0.21467292308807373, -0.9179670214653015, -0.41525134444236755, 0.29026034474372864, 0.6899579763412476, -0.3285689055919647, 0.036140359938144684, -0.277567058801651, -0.3626174032688141, 0.13691909611225128, -0.061235252767801285, -0.03821728751063347, 0.02900366298854351, 0.48435625433921814, -0.75594162940979, -0.005892516113817692, -0.726341962814331, 0.14595605432987213, -0.37680181860923767, -0.8861145973205566, -0.4723408818244934, -0.2985602021217346, -0.15486298501491547, -0.6157429218292236, 0.14963749051094055, -0.12399441748857498, -0.07607050240039825, 0.15643958747386932, 0.8792067766189575, -0.02994539402425289, -0.9380585551261902, 0.5613659024238586, 0.058494288474321365, -0.4857150614261627, 0.5131136178970337, -0.3493165969848633, -0.1937820166349411, -0.16554060578346252, -0.0400996133685112, -0.1320069581270218, -0.5876909494400024, -0.5423943400382996, -0.1625073254108429, -0.4823708236217499, -0.09312036633491516, -0.0566018782556057, 0.08135747164487839, -0.13509123027324677, 0.654340922832489, 0.6831976175308228, -0.26604270935058594, -0.27786535024642944, 0.034383662045001984, 0.75480717420578, 0.004630646668374538, 0.06314251571893692, 0.4995384216308594, -0.12153956294059753, -0.08377207815647125, 0.04550524801015854, 0.21656081080436707, -0.803598165512085, 0.5327683091163635, -0.28632310032844543, -0.011607425287365913, -0.2956371009349823, -0.6615646481513977, -0.5424352288246155, 0.06928277760744095, -0.24312366545200348, -0.1354750692844391, -0.10448013991117477, 0.029427120462059975, -0.6170600056648254, -0.22825263440608978, 0.4299706816673279, 0.2208772748708725, 0.3336285352706909, 0.15747922658920288, -0.015299594961106777, 0.4296894371509552, -0.5499584674835205, -0.14755436778068542, 0.5359991788864136, -0.5390267968177795, 0.1959533989429474, 0.24875116348266602, 0.7190142869949341, 0.38799041509628296, -0.06862249970436096, -0.8632089495658875, -0.37555763125419617, 0.36536601185798645, 0.030459046363830566, 0.010581813752651215, 0.03226848319172859, 0.3128518760204315, 0.20795728266239166, -0.7073348164558411, -0.39871397614479065, 0.30767393112182617, -0.4105108082294464, -0.40861642360687256, -0.38701242208480835, 0.24691061675548553, 0.5919623970985413, 0.22768734395503998, -0.25064706802368164, -0.7572536468505859, -0.05449160933494568, 0.11774301528930664, -0.007536861579865217, 0.7402646541595459, -0.17938444018363953, 0.1716817319393158, 0.548393726348877, -0.4998413026332855, 0.3575811982154846, 0.4842548668384552, 0.5137988924980164, 0.9845086932182312, 0.18089261651039124, 0.1819310188293457, 0.31392329931259155, 0.39273181557655334, -0.37389492988586426, -0.11674515902996063, 0.5722943544387817, 0.4040478765964508, 0.07971122860908508, -0.23687323927879333, -0.5596397519111633, -0.03367152065038681, 0.8579763174057007, -1.265915870666504, -0.02365013025701046, 0.12134659290313721, -0.388954222202301, 0.26390910148620605, -0.1868204027414322, 0.6977031826972961, 0.19465723633766174, -0.18143026530742645, 0.2695634067058563, 0.5240694284439087, -0.5263110399246216, 0.7297995686531067, -0.06091231480240822, -0.5138434767723083, -0.5980894565582275, -0.4326398968696594, -0.3753870129585266, 0.6068125367164612, 0.06477700918912888, 0.08371469378471375, -0.48458030819892883, 0.46029508113861084, 0.06683078408241272, 0.0033504674211144447, -0.5054274797439575, -0.25760701298713684, 0.027379168197512627, -0.5453296303749084, -0.3402509391307831, -0.81035315990448, -0.2588854730129242, 0.1327173411846161, 0.10590259730815887, 0.2113807648420334, -0.5881831049919128, -0.0712379589676857, -0.08464296162128448, 0.13725551962852478, -0.49521344900131226, 0.4042275846004486, -0.05974048376083374, -0.02197163738310337, -0.40644222497940063, 0.21194086968898773, -0.0889708623290062, 0.28356945514678955, 0.28872382640838623, 0.8035708069801331, 0.23081007599830627, -0.39629554748535156, -0.18936818838119507, -0.1375923752784729, -0.04777846112847328, 0.36372271180152893, 0.7273769378662109, -0.032203368842601776, 0.3279816210269928, 0.21581971645355225, -0.5840443968772888, -0.21618245542049408, 0.095000721514225, 0.027418605983257294, -0.42484962940216064, -0.4465765357017517, 0.36263537406921387, 0.11354836076498032, -0.26735591888427734, 0.5855217576026917, 0.4782411456108093, -0.30760759115219116, -0.01565609499812126, 0.032874658703804016, 0.285185307264328, 0.6294133067131042, -0.08661514520645142, -0.03631860017776489, -0.2404445856809616, 0.7608234286308289, -0.18604905903339386, -0.22172854840755463, 0.17916621267795563, -0.8299757242202759, 0.30199167132377625, 0.16459746658802032, 0.5630362033843994, 0.6342840790748596, -0.9870365858078003, 0.43224582076072693, -0.04898577556014061, 0.059291500598192215, -0.4064725339412689, -0.07977383583784103, 0.15965619683265686, 0.3018808364868164, 0.45234498381614685, 0.41138333082199097, 0.2906179428100586, -0.38209953904151917, 0.43524643778800964, 0.1897399127483368, 0.474391371011734, -0.11782962083816528, -0.23735569417476654, -0.2402246743440628, -0.18677523732185364, -0.24746504426002502, 0.3381372094154358, -0.07521219551563263, 0.3558463454246521, 0.46618059277534485, -0.4646551012992859, -0.02044719271361828, -0.19800062477588654, 0.04675216227769852, 0.02818692848086357, -0.2738645672798157, -0.0336013063788414, -0.08439081907272339, 0.19891420006752014, 0.824687659740448, 0.30746620893478394, -0.4318676292896271, 0.17380358278751373, -0.04389730840921402, -0.7149637937545776, 0.002220314694568515, 0.17348869144916534, -0.5422293543815613, 0.07954433560371399, 0.6807783246040344, -0.22580312192440033, 0.4797876179218292, -0.5013175010681152, 0.2047281265258789, -0.19792479276657104, -0.3720276653766632, -0.07122870534658432, -0.06825653463602066, 0.03878955543041229, -0.2398545742034912, -0.41220855712890625, 0.255022794008255, 0.44846951961517334, 0.11456644535064697, 0.2648829221725464, -0.09066879004240036, -0.12820522487163544, 0.15397344529628754, -0.008749469183385372, 0.4961572587490082, -0.46053189039230347, -0.23086316883563995, -0.14780734479427338, 0.1347203552722931, -0.18789182603359222, -0.0371391624212265, -0.3168327212333679, -0.2211553454399109, -0.2009379118680954, -0.2961861193180084, 0.20754195749759674, -0.7076536417007446, -0.0025094058364629745, -0.14697372913360596, 0.42070257663726807, -0.0383279025554657, 0.1653524488210678, 0.6658716201782227, -0.07654976099729538, 0.10261306166648865, 0.7133105397224426, 0.3387608826160431, 0.004795714747160673, 0.7090675234794617, -0.28804275393486023, -0.42096731066703796, -0.15646034479141235, -0.5954068303108215, 0.22296671569347382, 0.273969441652298, 0.727053701877594, 0.5318783521652222, -0.10901591181755066, -0.5060411691665649, -0.28686055541038513, 0.002653892384842038, 0.7859387993812561, 0.3074069619178772, -0.14950476586818695, -0.5024242997169495, 0.4046701192855835, -0.40407899022102356, -0.5473169684410095, 0.3486109673976898, 0.7338253259658813, 0.3825119733810425, 0.6165981292724609, 0.03826532140374184, 0.20461611449718475, -0.1776120960712433, 0.34175053238868713, -0.4859177768230438, 0.30961963534355164, 0.12961731851100922 ]
202300	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor%20K%C5%8Dnin	Emperor Kōnin	was the 49th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. Kōnin's reign lasted from 770 to 781. Traditional narrative The personal name of Emperor Kōnin (imina) was . As a son of Imperial Prince Shiki and a grandson of Emperor Tenji, his formal style was Prince Shirakabe. Initially, he was not in line for succession, as Emperor Tenmu and his branch held the throne. He married Imperial Princess Ikami, a daughter of Emperor Shōmu, producing a daughter and a son. After his sister in law, Empress Shōtoku (also Empress Kōken), died, he was named her heir. The high courtiers claimed the empress had left her will in a letter in which she had appointed him as her successor. Prior to this, he had been considered a gentle man without political ambition. Kōnin had five wives and seven Imperial sons and daughters. Emperor Kōnin is traditionally venerated at his tomb; the Imperial Household Agency designates , in Nara, Nara, as the location of Kōnin's mausoleum. Events of Kōnin's life September 8, 769 (): In the 5th year of Empress Shōtoku's reign, she died; she is said to have written a letter designating Senior Counselor Prince Shirakabe as her heir and crown prince. August 28, 770 (): Exactly one (Japanese era-based) year later, the succession (senso) was received by Kōnin, who was the 62-year-old grandson of Emperor Tenji. October 23, 770 (): Emperor Kōnin was said to have acceded to the throne (sokui) in a formal ceremony, following the plans of the nobles and ministers to have him placed on the throne. The era name was also changed on this date, to Hōki. 781 (): The emperor abdicated in favor of his son Yamabe, who became Emperor Kanmu. Emperor Kōnin's reign had lasted for 11 years. 781 (): Kōnin died at the age of 73. Eras of Kōnin's reign The years of Kammu's reign are more specifically identified by more than one era name (nengō). Hōki (770–781) Ten'ō (781–782) Legacy Kōnin attempted to reconstruct the state finance and administrative organizations, which had been corrupted under the reign of Empress Kōken. Political conflict around his successors Soon after his enthronement in 770 (Hōki 1), he promoted his wife Imperial Princess Inoe or Ikami (the exact pronunciation of her name is unknown) to the empress and appointed her son Imperial Prince Osabe to the crown prince in the next year. As a grandson of Emperor Shōmu by his mother, Osabe was one of few descendants of Emperor Tenmu, the line of Tenmu however didn't succeed to the throne finally. In 772 Osabe was deprived of his crown prince rank and Imperial Prince Yamabe, an issue by another woman, later Emperor Kanmu was named heir. According to the , the replacement happened as follows: in the third month of Hōki 3 (772), Ikami was accused of cursing her husband and Emperor Kōnin stripped her of the rank of Empress. In the fifth month of this year his son Osabe was deprived his crown prince status. In Hōki 4 (773), both were alleged to have murdered Imperial Princess Naniwa, a sister of Kōnin by cursing. This allegation made those two stripped of the rank of royals. Those two were together enclosed in a house in Yamato Province and died two years later in the same day, on the 27th day of the fourth month of Hōki 6 (on the Julian Calendar, on May 29, 775). In 772, soon after Osabe's deprivation of heir right, Prince Yamabe was named heir. His mother Takano no Niigasa, née Yamato no Niigasa, was a descendant of King Muryeong of Baekje. Since her clan had then no political power, his appointment had not been likely to happen without the deprivation of Osabe, the noblest male issue of Konin as the son of an Imperial Princess and Empress. Today it is pointed out the accusations to Ikami and Osabe were likely to be plotted for depriving her son of the throne, and they were likely to be assassinated, by Fujiwara no Momokawa. The late years of Kōnin's reign and the early years of Kanmu's reign suffered disasters. The people took those disasters as vengeance of noble victims of political conflicts, including late Ikami and Osabe. In 800 during the reign of Kanmu, Princess Ikami who had deceased in 775 was restored to the rank of Empress of Kōnin. Several shrines and temples were also founded for redemption, including Kamigoryō Shrine (:ja:上御霊神社). Kugyō is a collective term for the very few most powerful men attached to the court of the Emperor of Japan in pre-Meiji eras. In general, this elite group included only three to four men at a time. These were hereditary courtiers whose experience and background would have brought them to the pinnacle of a life's career. During Kōnin's reign, this apex of the Daijō-kan included: Sadaijin, Fujiwara no Nagate (藤原永手) (714–771),　766–771. Sadaijin, Fujiwara no Uona (藤原魚名) (721–783),　781–782. Udaijin, Ōnakatomi Kiyomaro (大中臣清麿) (702–788), 771–781. Naidaijin, Fujiwara no Yoshitsugu (藤原良継) (716–777), 771–777. Naidaijin, Fujiwara no Uona (藤原魚名) (721–783), 778–781 Dainagon, Fun'ya no Ōchi (文室大市) (704–780), 771–777 Dainagon, Fujiwara no Uona (藤原魚名) (721–783), 771–778 Sangi, Fujiwara no Momokawa (藤原百川), 732–779. Consorts and children Empress (deposed in 772): Imperial Princess Inoe/Ikami (井上内親王), Emperor Shōmu’s daughter Imperial Prince Osabe (他戸親王, 761–775), the Crown Prince (deposed in 772) Imperial Princess Sakahito (酒人内親王), Saiō in Ise Shrine 772–775, and married to Emperor Kanmu Hi: Princess Owari (尾張女王, d. 804), Prince Yuhara’s daughter (son of Prince Shiki) Third Son: Imperial Prince Hieda (稗田親王, 751–781) Bunin: Takano no Niigasa (高野新笠), Yamato no Ototsugu’s daughter First Daughter: Imperial Princess Noto (能登内親王, 733–781), married to Prince Ichihara First Son: Imperial Prince Yamabe (山部親王) later Emperor Kanmu Second Son: Imperial Prince Sawara (早良親王), the Crown Prince (deposed in 785) Bunin: Fujiwara no Sōshi (藤原曹子), Fujiwara no Nagate’s daughter Bunin: Ki no Miyako (紀宮子), Ki no Ineko’s daughter Bunin: Fujiwara no Nariko (藤原産子), Fujiwara no Momokawa’s daughter Court lady: Agatanushi no Shimahime (県主嶋姫), Agatanushi no Emishi’s daughter Imperial Princess Minuma (弥努摩内親王, d. 810), married to Prince Miwa (神王) Court lady (Nyoju): Agatainukai no Isamimi (Omimi) (県犬養勇耳/男耳) Hirone no Morokatsu (広根諸勝), removed from the Imperial Family by receiving the family name from Emperor (Shisei Kōka賜姓降下) in 787 Unknown Woman: Prince Kaisei (開成皇子, 724–781) Ancestry Notes References Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon. (1959). The Imperial House of Japan. Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. OCLC 194887 Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Nihon Ōdai Ichiran; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon. Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691 Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki: A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns. New York: Columbia University Press. ; OCLC 59145842 See also Emperor of Japan List of Emperors of Japan Imperial cult Japanese emperors 709 births 782 deaths 8th-century Japanese monarchs Japanese retired emperors	[ -1.019449234008789, -0.14930368959903717, -0.3139677047729492, 0.401850163936615, -0.9421529173851013, 0.2482650876045227, 0.8012099862098694, -0.0987793356180191, -0.5078348517417908, -0.10876055061817169, -0.2492280751466751, -0.05920929089188576, -0.16662846505641937, 0.19480659067630768, -0.22551538050174713, 0.15337876975536346, 0.504085898399353, -0.05101428180932999, 0.11749989539384842, -0.4939454197883606, -0.36620423197746277, 0.18632063269615173, -0.15467481315135956, -0.26886293292045593, 0.6288201808929443, -0.28331971168518066, 0.48741719126701355, -0.14939166605472565, -0.41768378019332886, -0.22793959081172943, 0.3142154812812805, 0.3724385201931, -0.2145099937915802, -0.401473730802536, -0.39097777009010315, -0.7040402293205261, 0.17375588417053223, -0.25420472025871277, -0.07045428454875946, 0.17553763091564178, -0.06923703104257584, 0.14505329728126526, 0.5625003576278687, 0.21245136857032776, 0.20049266517162323, -0.8332563638687134, -1.6544774770736694, 0.1813976913690567, 0.02936268225312233, -0.4216083884239197, -0.16448435187339783, 0.0742681473493576, -0.031212501227855682, 0.5211098194122314, -0.2838945686817169, 0.29766884446144104, -0.3445805609226227, -0.22273001074790955, -0.378609299659729, -0.20974303781986237, 0.32131659984588623, -0.21912819147109985, 0.5840306878089905, 0.22836923599243164, -0.26341044902801514, 0.030194004997611046, 0.4909793436527252, 0.13909174501895905, 0.18118910491466522, 0.16076284646987915, 0.1058635264635086, 0.8054541349411011, 0.5131373405456543, 0.4318424165248871, 0.34229618310928345, -1.0443594455718994, -0.16345618665218353, 0.5655626058578491, 0.5387605428695679, -0.32078415155410767, -0.6664525866508484, -0.27899450063705444, -0.09565380215644836, 0.0350002758204937, 0.34685200452804565, -0.0021316860802471638, 0.17143870890140533, 0.17360393702983856, -0.3999583423137665, 0.519643247127533, -0.06488553434610367, 0.625429093837738, 0.3593805432319641, -0.060494083911180496, -0.4914266765117645, -0.44234877824783325, -0.12385143339633942, -0.0767950788140297, -0.25892168283462524, -0.19268791377544403, -0.18133802711963654, 0.4096541702747345, 0.2891993522644043, -0.2544202208518982, -0.8371268510818481, -0.7078005075454712, -0.08595045655965805, -0.14309440553188324, -0.45741963386535645, 0.6744705438613892, -0.28218644857406616, 0.3525254428386688, 0.13863548636436462, -0.10324923694133759, -0.5652937889099121, -0.0073097157292068005, 0.06566910445690155, -0.3889310359954834, 0.4691008925437927, 0.1421637237071991, 0.5489566326141357, 0.03705060854554176, -0.27832287549972534, 0.5041200518608093, -0.10845443606376648, -0.11624953150749207, -0.029087670147418976, -0.3818410336971283, -0.1885397881269455, -0.26874953508377075, 0.33535394072532654, 0.757843554019928, -0.3164285719394684, 0.011986112222075462, 0.35560739040374756, -0.5593223571777344, 0.3214779794216156, 0.16782031953334808, -0.4990319311618805, -0.3383209705352783, -0.7933818101882935, -0.20115773379802704, -0.3717879056930542, 0.36185941100120544, 0.083478644490242, 0.8592336177825928, -0.2958533763885498, -0.37087351083755493, -0.3042570650577545, -0.09708451479673386, -0.380818247795105, 0.10095775872468948, -0.010943999513983727, -0.10650406032800674, -0.4850563108921051, 0.11765024065971375, 0.18618769943714142, -0.3018764853477478, 0.13351553678512573, 0.21803005039691925, 0.09248631447553635, 0.07068197429180145, -0.15159617364406586, -0.09688085317611694, 0.21969713270664215, -0.6313165426254272, -0.13026274740695953, 0.7140037417411804, -0.7150583267211914, -0.3420405983924866, -0.12817779183387756, -0.2386791706085205, -0.3784492313861847, -0.56405109167099, 0.745311439037323, 0.09390401840209961, 0.44595152139663696, -0.04283929616212845, -0.021079597994685173, -0.5965891480445862, -0.5118105411529541, -0.08907516300678253, 0.08205416053533554, 0.07291889190673828, 0.4776768982410431, 0.5426934361457825, -0.15500137209892273, 0.27841916680336, 0.25101107358932495, 0.04293770715594292, -0.2591690719127655, -0.7348286509513855, -0.2949148416519165, -0.09344110637903214, 0.7618628740310669, 0.3900427520275116, 0.04315359517931938, 0.1957191824913025, 0.3356529772281647, 0.7622063159942627, 0.4059487581253052, -0.6222093105316162, 0.3292829394340515, -0.02000921405851841, 0.35762566328048706, 0.3910205662250519, -0.32708191871643066, 0.19073167443275452, 0.7578539252281189, 0.7532848715782166, -0.3157605826854706, 0.0008362611406482756, 0.03800268843770027, -0.3156234622001648, -0.24501903355121613, 0.41915538907051086, -0.2897593080997467, -0.20857562124729156, 0.10643642395734787, -0.0859697163105011, 0.47375258803367615, 0.4877281188964844, -0.23730243742465973, 0.615500271320343, -0.09738652408123016, 1.6408655643463135, 0.29737532138824463, 0.5959012508392334, -0.7487421035766602, -0.2304009348154068, 0.046924300491809845, -0.3337109386920929, 0.10958917438983917, 0.28005433082580566, -0.31135231256484985, -0.3448769748210907, 0.33150583505630493, -0.18346382677555084, -0.16941876709461212, -0.03840889036655426, 0.5282849669456482, -0.12164988368749619, 0.26811161637306213, 0.7229114770889282, -0.058878883719444275, 0.29559391736984253, -0.13701966404914856, 0.2607327997684479, -0.5842108726501465, -0.37071898579597473, 0.564558207988739, -0.11087791621685028, 0.2638644278049469, -0.12943744659423828, 0.3184596002101898, -0.7758423089981079, 0.2771945595741272, -0.007030791137367487, -0.38018980622291565, 0.29862910509109497, 0.010044069960713387, -0.13740985095500946, 0.5057215690612793, 0.19074536859989166, -0.1343591809272766, -0.11361753195524216, 0.29740679264068604, 0.3002983331680298, 0.4985409379005432, 0.08959978818893433, -0.03990241512656212, -0.13040880858898163, -0.48314905166625977, -0.49199339747428894, -0.015149946324527264, -1.0235885381698608, -0.1880573183298111, 0.7885196208953857, 0.09474895894527435, -0.545967698097229, 0.33750373125076294, 0.12718351185321808, -0.803536057472229, -0.3430391252040863, -0.5631291270256042, -0.3144385516643524, -0.31575897336006165, -0.59734046459198, 0.017266305163502693, -0.0694035142660141, 0.0557740218937397, 0.7079840302467346, -0.15985450148582458, -0.32420551776885986, 0.011483521200716496, 0.7102548480033875, -0.31815993785858154, -0.19478411972522736, 0.5920765399932861, -0.47598209977149963, -0.6894121170043945, -0.5252730250358582, 0.5969147086143494, 0.2435549944639206, 0.5640832185745239, 0.21012240648269653, 0.28381800651550293, 0.17433223128318787, -5.7255024909973145, 0.13434873521327972, -0.36490145325660706, 0.11439170688390732, 0.46857112646102905, 0.42800965905189514, 0.6499738097190857, 0.04143344983458519, 0.7138148546218872, -0.22111965715885162, 0.04568062722682953, 0.11472707241773605, 0.22360901534557343, 0.5595085620880127, 0.194498211145401, 0.06733877211809158, 0.39156731963157654, -0.24285301566123962, 0.12110228091478348, 0.33284351229667664, -0.19426651298999786, -0.3764770030975342, 0.012271718122065067, 0.9284544587135315, 0.3035649359226227, 0.3336331844329834, -0.08593485504388809, 0.03756597638130188, -0.4068526327610016, -0.23142099380493164, -0.13351519405841827, -0.14605677127838135, 0.017331833019852638, 0.29603591561317444, -0.41929420828819275, -0.5030161738395691, 0.27959907054901123, 0.27879393100738525, 0.16471156477928162, 0.5771898031234741, -0.09226930886507034, -0.38321733474731445, -0.7022748589515686, 0.6076934933662415, 0.12944117188453674, -0.48960793018341064, -0.6455146074295044, 0.2601473033428192, -0.09883836656808853, 0.16464605927467346, 0.01681075431406498, 0.3894707262516022, 0.2816092371940613, -0.7636456489562988, 0.4313811659812927, 0.11502689868211746, -0.15998347103595734, 0.4014349579811096, -0.5519891381263733, 0.14639541506767273, 0.4097822308540344, -0.17117637395858765, -0.03195464611053467, -0.11677336692810059, 0.29099541902542114, -0.5224723815917969, 0.22802798449993134, 0.11402258276939392, -0.027479395270347595, 0.6902015805244446, -0.7253182530403137, 0.43343815207481384, 0.3511216938495636, -0.9137609004974365, 0.46414780616760254, 0.09671696275472641, -0.23468658328056335, 0.18585914373397827, 0.31504887342453003, -0.15649987757205963, -0.5329071879386902, -0.19028238952159882, 0.004133332055062056, 0.8556753396987915, 0.28968092799186707, 0.40580570697784424, 0.07618189603090286, 0.30928030610084534, 0.47399747371673584, 0.20532356202602386, 0.26687294244766235, -0.9419330954551697, -0.13907520473003387, -0.25415435433387756, 0.2582949995994568, -0.10107484459877014, -0.5337435007095337, 0.16593778133392334, 0.27851784229278564, -0.07760481536388397, 0.4484884440898895, 0.23643848299980164, -0.9022476077079773, -0.15059731900691986, -0.19907206296920776, -0.5127152800559998, -0.028917768970131874, 0.26567724347114563, 0.27592527866363525, 0.5099561214447021, -0.024445421993732452, -0.49903663992881775, -0.5487462878227234, -0.44734495878219604, 0.7266688942909241, -0.13107500970363617, 0.13018296658992767, 0.0983118861913681, 0.20338772237300873, 0.25775593519210815, -0.1283545047044754, 0.3908526599407196, -0.5780408978462219, -0.31115373969078064, 0.2750263810157776, 0.6264613270759583, -0.5212246775627136, -0.2178569883108139, -0.16655437648296356, -0.45231351256370544, 0.23849430680274963, 0.14703568816184998, 0.32412540912628174, 0.16346600651741028, 0.5283163189888, -1.0157952308654785, 0.00911069754511118, -0.730267345905304, 0.11303412914276123, -0.36564379930496216, -0.5416103601455688, -0.1763840615749359, -0.6985076665878296, 0.21275615692138672, -0.558584451675415, 0.19034361839294434, -0.17278873920440674, -0.10828650742769241, 0.03972255066037178, 0.7001194953918457, -0.15904666483402252, -1.123143196105957, 0.30387288331985474, 0.4088098406791687, -0.6141564846038818, 0.6525205373764038, -0.5738937258720398, -0.19790691137313843, -0.13202542066574097, 0.14577749371528625, -0.1257655918598175, -0.07144848257303238, -0.5114392042160034, -0.3585991859436035, -0.060854408890008926, 0.17793786525726318, -0.2676136791706085, -0.09016606211662292, -0.2624523639678955, 0.4319073557853699, 0.24057377874851227, -0.42588379979133606, -0.06064523383975029, 0.023394711315631866, 0.48678621649742126, 0.004039671737700701, 0.3735784888267517, 0.3402669429779053, -0.25574466586112976, -0.43412306904792786, 0.23465584218502045, 0.2874448001384735, -0.8872697353363037, 0.7387881875038147, -0.3026053011417389, -0.23895107209682465, -0.04524384066462517, -0.7328347563743591, -0.329393208026886, 0.1876787394285202, -0.014071138575673103, -0.12416550517082214, -0.4815784990787506, -0.19071942567825317, -0.6031009554862976, -0.3453030586242676, 0.40092626214027405, -0.0688403770327568, 0.43776848912239075, 0.4386430084705353, -0.06679478287696838, 0.5295585989952087, -0.3352018892765045, -0.3255714774131775, 0.4475294351577759, -0.5187799334526062, 0.33500224351882935, 0.6287209987640381, 0.4013928174972534, 0.17309360206127167, 0.010660530999302864, -0.8408166766166687, -0.26611602306365967, 0.03551388159394264, -0.0056160129606723785, 0.0940624475479126, -0.13295085728168488, -0.029925663024187088, 0.1308683604001999, -0.7779532670974731, -0.44211748242378235, 0.23847369849681854, -0.42429181933403015, -0.7108949422836304, -0.3294845521450043, 0.02510266937315464, 0.300159215927124, 0.4743198752403259, -0.1337769478559494, -0.3412016034126282, -0.44159963726997375, 0.16145679354667664, 0.12557704746723175, 0.7491616010665894, -0.4961415231227875, 0.11559741199016571, 0.17595089972019196, -0.2692233622074127, 0.4178716838359833, 0.47116613388061523, 0.5135945081710815, 0.9258174300193787, 0.4843660891056061, 0.352263867855072, -0.2473566234111786, 0.2152065634727478, -0.12338630110025406, 0.14878679811954498, 0.4087984263896942, 0.5620374083518982, -0.13966795802116394, -0.20151858031749725, -0.575556218624115, -0.560976505279541, 0.4885510802268982, -0.6365334391593933, 0.2834864854812622, 0.27486452460289, -0.4054725766181946, 0.43687698245048523, -0.3017820417881012, 0.2882547378540039, 0.2825327217578888, 0.09468677639961243, 0.018247734755277634, 0.5037181377410889, -0.5619298219680786, 0.25887367129325867, -0.06429281830787659, -0.709283709526062, -0.8050416111946106, -0.6650701761245728, -0.28497058153152466, 0.42296284437179565, 0.055720631033182144, 0.5195326209068298, -0.36105698347091675, 0.5466197729110718, -0.1750427931547165, -0.33848363161087036, -0.41049277782440186, -0.29750239849090576, -0.10798534750938416, -0.4045744240283966, -0.3716786205768585, -0.5206565856933594, -0.2798168659210205, -0.02815120853483677, -0.013653724454343319, 0.42037588357925415, -0.7739543914794922, -0.09290347248315811, 0.23483756184577942, 0.15519461035728455, -0.2675950229167938, 0.3703935146331787, -0.15396420657634735, 0.2626941502094269, -0.4759952425956726, 0.24557839334011078, -0.15136094391345978, 0.26704031229019165, 0.09757843613624573, 0.5909391045570374, 0.20470695197582245, -0.028369300067424774, -0.2015181928873062, -0.07082898169755936, 0.1713811606168747, 0.811958372592926, 0.39140430092811584, 0.24643589556217194, 0.13086020946502686, 0.1697547286748886, -0.843475341796875, -0.40741562843322754, 0.35094889998435974, -0.11348267644643784, -0.06001514568924904, -0.2237209975719452, 0.3739511966705322, -0.23615548014640808, -0.40237611532211304, 0.46299564838409424, 0.21252231299877167, -0.032195888459682465, -0.205501988530159, 0.20194853842258453, 0.2893482446670532, 0.6893168091773987, -0.23639005422592163, 0.21165694296360016, -0.39986124634742737, 0.5545821189880371, -0.39392855763435364, -0.2916423976421356, 0.19756309688091278, -0.5630950927734375, 0.39620426297187805, 0.22142858803272247, 0.5565931797027588, 0.993182897567749, -1.0499951839447021, 0.24843904376029968, -0.1887703835964203, 0.33237043023109436, -0.1487671434879303, -0.13077403604984283, -0.19921845197677612, 0.13831324875354767, 0.905293881893158, 0.23431339859962463, 0.5193874835968018, -0.4869227409362793, 0.30134230852127075, 0.2113867849111557, -0.01093322690576315, -0.22188986837863922, -0.09840012341737747, -0.44590693712234497, -0.21301038563251495, -0.13352099061012268, 0.4609090983867645, 0.040405258536338806, 0.3971863090991974, 0.3642914891242981, -0.02113957516849041, 0.11890799552202225, -0.2655125558376312, -0.3154115378856659, -0.09054672718048096, -0.4987340569496155, 0.05408313125371933, -0.396206796169281, 0.15636803209781647, 0.4302794635295868, 0.21891145408153534, -0.6146679520606995, 0.25756385922431946, 0.009161870926618576, -0.5520873665809631, -0.13108177483081818, 0.11467703431844711, -0.6399725079536438, 0.21277451515197754, 0.747566819190979, -0.19302910566329956, 0.5037205815315247, -1.0524787902832031, 0.24457134306430817, 0.06326401978731155, -0.175150528550148, -0.11798190325498581, 0.44955500960350037, -0.1068168357014656, -0.25393345952033997, 0.0065218606032431126, 0.2766955494880676, 0.4176003038883209, 0.2404516041278839, 0.06522339582443237, 0.28978314995765686, -0.053369659930467606, 0.18735766410827637, -0.021217528730630875, 0.5965623259544373, -0.5199023485183716, -0.24195872247219086, -0.06015468388795853, -0.18020778894424438, -0.31900086998939514, -0.0642593577504158, 0.013885032385587692, -0.011924621649086475, -0.24416209757328033, -0.24071496725082397, 0.5368818640708923, -0.6375446319580078, -0.13367143273353577, -0.0621696300804615, 0.36672326922416687, -0.20283332467079163, 0.268245130777359, 0.686257541179657, -0.49629995226860046, -0.024812696501612663, 0.8282234072685242, 0.3755946159362793, 0.1551242470741272, 0.700235903263092, -0.4517074227333069, -0.46131885051727295, 0.05599001795053482, -0.6940537691116333, 0.40899568796157837, -0.052063193172216415, 0.577444314956665, 0.7070164084434509, -0.017926597967743874, -0.35154852271080017, -0.015364063903689384, 0.22883017361164093, 0.5866546630859375, 0.3983980417251587, 0.19926530122756958, -0.3448518216609955, -0.05890283361077309, -0.5046689510345459, -0.5804287195205688, -0.1348496526479721, 0.7298763394355774, 0.4106815755367279, 0.5450571179389954, -0.18642233312129974, 0.12559077143669128, -0.5484750866889954, 0.11937263607978821, -0.4714551568031311, 0.24412518739700317, -0.019420698285102844 ]
202304	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protests%20against%20the%20Iraq%20War	Protests against the Iraq War	Beginning in late 2002, and continuing after the 2003 invasion of Iraq, large-scale protests against the Iraq War were held in many cities worldwide, often coordinated to occur simultaneously around the world. After the biggest series of demonstrations, on February 15, 2003, New York Times writer Patrick Tyler claimed that they showed that there were two superpowers on the planet: the United States and worldwide public opinion. These demonstrations against the war were mainly organized by anti-war organizations, many of whom had been formed in opposition to the invasion of Afghanistan. In some Arab countries demonstrations were organized by the state. Europe saw the biggest mobilization of protesters, including a rally of three million people in Rome, which is listed in the Guinness Book of Records as the largest ever anti-war rally. According to the French academic Dominique Reynié, between January 3 and April 12, 2003, 36 million people across the globe took part in almost 3,000 protests against the Iraq war. In the United States, even though pro-war demonstrators have been quoted as referring to anti-war protests as a "vocal minority", Gallup Polls updated September 14, 2007 state, "Since the summer of 2005, opponents of the war have tended to outnumber supporters. A majority of Americans believe the war was a mistake." From the protests before and during the Iraq War, this was one of the biggest global peace protests to occur in the early 21st century, since the 20th century protest of the Vietnam War. Scope and impact in the United States A March 2003 Gallup poll conducted during the first few days of the war showed that 5% of the population had protested or made a public opposition against the war compared to 21% who attended a rally or made a public display to support the war. An ABC news poll showed that 2% had attended an anti-war protest and 1% attended a pro-war rally. The protests made 20% more opposed to the war and 7% more supportive. A Fox News poll showed that 63% had an unfavorable view of the protesters, just 23% had a favorable view. According to Pew Research, 40% said in March 2003 that they had heard "too much" from people opposed to the war against 17% who said "too little". Some observers have noted that the protests against the Iraq War have been relatively small-scale and infrequent compared to protests against the Vietnam War. One of the most often cited factors for this is the lack of conscription. Prior to the invasion of Iraq These protests are said to be the biggest global peace protests before a war actually started; the peace movement is compared with the movement caused by the Vietnam War. September 2002 On September 12, 2002, U.S. President George W. Bush spoke to the United Nations General Assembly. Outside the United Nations building, over 1,000 people attended a protest organized by Voter March and No Blood for Oil. On September 24, Tony Blair released a document describing Britain's case for war in Iraq. Three days later, an anti-war rally in London drew a crowd of at least 150,000. On September 29, roughly 5,000 anti-war protesters converged on Washington, D.C. on the day after an anti-International Monetary Fund protest. October 2002 On October 2, the day President Bush signed into law Congress' joint resolution authorizing the war, a small-scale protest was held in Chicago, attended by a crowd of roughly 1,000 who listened to speeches by Jesse Jackson and then-Illinois State Senator Barack Obama. Obama's statement, "I am not opposed to all wars. I'm opposed to dumb wars," was barely noted at the time, but became famous during the 2008 Democratic presidential primaries when the Obama camp used it to demonstrate his courage and good judgment on the war. On October 7, Bush delivered a major speech justifying the invasion of Iraq at the Cincinnati Museum Center at Union Terminal. Outside, approximately 3000 people gathered to protest the coming war. Later, a few hundred protesters blocking the Museum Center exits were dispersed by mounted police, and six people were arrested. On October 26, protests took place in various cities across the world. Over 100,000 people took part in a protest in Washington. 50,000 people took part in a demonstration in San Francisco. Both protests were called by the ANSWER Coalition. On October 31, around 150 protests took place across the United Kingdom, including Critical Mass bike rides, occupations, and mass demonstrations in Brighton, Manchester, Glasgow and London. Protests also took place in the US. November 2002 On November 9, demonstrations were held against the war at the end of the first European Social Forum in Florence, Italy. According to the organizers, 1,000,000 people were in attendance. Local authorities put attendance at 500,000. On Saturday, November 16, in Canada an anti-war demonstration of about 2,000 people occurred at Queen's Park in Toronto. On November 17, a large anti-war coalition held a peace march in Vancouver marching from Peace Flame Park as part of a Cross-Canada Day of Action. In Vancouver, about 3,000 people gathered in the rain. Washington must take any complaints against foreign governments to the United Nations, they said. Many accused the White House of targeting Saddam Hussein in order to try to take control of valuable oil reserves. About 1,000 marched through a shower of ice pellets in Montreal, and about 500 showed up in a blur of white snow on Parliament Hill. Rallies were held in several other cities, including Halifax, Winnipeg and Edmonton. January 2003 On January 16, 2003, protests were held worldwide in opposition to a war with Iraq, including in Turkey, Egypt, Pakistan, Japan, Belgium, the Netherlands, Argentina, and the United States, where Americans attended a rally in Washington, D.C. The U.S. Park Police, which oversees activities on the National Mall, stopped providing estimates of crowd size after being threatened with lawsuits by the organizers of the Million Man March, but said that protest organizers only had a permit for 30,000 demonstrators. On January 18, anti-war demonstrations, focusing particularly but not exclusively on the expected war with Iraq, took place in villages, towns, and cities around the world, including Tokyo, Moscow, Paris, London, Dublin, Montreal, Ottawa, Toronto, Cologne, Bonn, Gothenburg, Florence, Oslo, Rotterdam, Istanbul and Cairo. In New Zealand, thousands rallied in Dunedin and Christchurch, while in Auckland protesters rallied at the Devonport naval base on January 28, opposing the deployment of the frigate HMNZS Te Mana to the Gulf. NION and ANSWER jointly organized protests in Washington, D.C. and San Francisco. Other protests took place all over the United States, including various smaller places such as Lincoln, Nebraska. Upwards of 50,000 people demonstrated in San Francisco. The day started with a waterfront rally at 11 am, followed by a march down Market Street to the civic center. In Seattle, a surprise turnout on a sunny Saturday saw over 45,000 people (Organizer and observers reports) march from the Seattle Center (after several speeches) to King Street Station-the local media all came up with nonsensical crowd numbers, from 200 up to 1,500 people. People were still vacating the starting point at the Seattle Center while the front of the march was piling up at King Street Station, the terminal point of the march; Over 5 miles of solid people-as was evidenced by one aerial photo courtesy KING-TV, showed the true scope of the march. Most of the media downplayed the numbers by taking photos at the front of the parade, on flat ground-which usually showed just a few hundred people. For some reason there was no speaker awaiting to what would have been a crowd of possibly 50,000 people-it simply ended...casual shoppers and walkers joining the crowd-the largest march of any kind in Seattle's history at the time (surpassed by the Women's March in Seattle in 2017). In Washington, "at least tens of thousands", people demonstrated through the city, ending with a rally at The Mall. Among the speakers was Rev. Jesse Jackson who told the crowd that "We are here because we choose coexistence over coannihilation." The protests were planned to coincide with the January 15, birthday of Martin Luther King Jr. February 2003 On February 15, millions of people protested, in approximately 800 cities around the world. Listed by the 2004 Guinness Book of Records as the largest protest in human history, protests occurred among others in the United Kingdom, Italy, Spain, Germany, Switzerland, Republic of Ireland, the United States, Canada, Australia, South Africa, Syria, India, Russia, South Korea, Japan, and even McMurdo Station in Antarctica. Perhaps the largest demonstration this day occurred in London, with up to one million protestors gathering in Hyde Park; speakers included the Reverend Jesse Jackson, London mayor Ken Livingstone, and Liberal Democrat leader Charles Kennedy. A large demonstration, also attended by perhaps around a million, took place in Madrid. March 2003 On March 1, Pete Seeger, Barbara Dane, Sonic Youth, Vietnam Veterans Against the War Watermelon Slim (Bill Homans) and Joe Bangert, and others sang in protest of the second invasion of Iraq on March 19, at Joe's Pub, one of the six entertainment venues in the New York Public Theatre. On March 8, three separate marches converged on Manchester Town Hall, UK. Official estimates put the number of participants at 10,000 (although this was disputed by organisers), making it the biggest political demonstration in the city since the Peterloo Massacre in 1819. On March 15, Spanish and Italian cities showed some of the largest turnouts against their governments' pro-war stance, with more than 400,000 protesters in Milan, more than 300,000 in Barcelona forming a mile-long human chain, and more than 120,000 in Madrid. Marches also took place in Seville, Aranjuez, Palencia, and in the Canary Islands. Many of the protests were said to be smaller than those in the same cities a month ago; exceptions were Montreal, which upped its turnout to 200,000 and Dublin where 130,000 demonstrated. The Montreal turnout may have been related to solidarity against American anti-French sentiment, which was a common theme for many of the protesters. A further 15,000 protested in Quebec City. 55,000 protested in Paris, and 4,500 to 10,000 in Marseilles. 100,000 protested in Berlin, some 20,000 protested in Athens, close to 10,000 people marched in Tokyo, and tens of thousands in Washington, D.C. Organizers claimed between 30,000 and 45,000 people turned out, while The Oregonian and the Associated Press estimated between 20,000 and 25,000 people attended, closer to the number in Portland who participated in the January 18 protest. Thousands more marched in cities worldwide including Bangkok, Seoul, Hong Kong, Amman, Chicago, Calcutta, Melbourne, Christchurch, Dunedin, Paris, London, Portsmouth, Leeds, York, Exeter, Newcastle upon Tyne, Frankfurt, Nuremberg, Zürich, Copenhagen, Stockholm, Nicosia, Monaco, Santiago de Chile, Havana, Buenos Aires, Moscow, Seattle, Chicago, San Francisco, Los Angeles, Atlanta, Vancouver, Halifax, Ottawa, and Toronto, as well as cities in Yemen, Turkey, Israel, and the Palestinian territories. On March 16, more than 6,000 candlelight vigils for peace were held in more than a hundred countries. On March 19, across the United Kingdom tens of thousands of school students staged walkouts. In Birmingham 4,000 (BBC estimate) striking school students held a demonstration which ended at Victoria Square. Though there were some reports of some students throwing coins, West Midlands police said that the protests were "buoyant rather than boisterous" and no arrests were made. The demonstration later moved on to Cannon Hill Park. The son of Lord Hunt, a junior health Minister who quit his job over the march, was amongst the students in attendance. In West Yorkshire around 500 students (BBC estimate) walked out of Ilkley Grammar School, reportedly one-third of the student body. In Bradford up to 200 students (BBC estimate) gathered in Centenary Square. Demonstrations also took place in the city centre in Leeds and Horsforth. A large protest took place at Westminster where London school students gathered. In Manchester, 300 (eye-witness Stop the War estimate) secondary school children, Further Education students and university students met at Albert Square at 12 noon. They marched to the BBC studios where they sat down in the road at around 1pm and blocked the traffic for over an hour where their numbers grew to around 1000 demonstrators. They were filmed by anti-war activists and video clips were distributed. The students then marched around the city centre and ended up back at Albert Square at about 4pm where they remained demonstrating in front of the Town Hall for some hours. The whole of this event was filmed by anti-war activists accumulating two hours of footage. Invasion to the fall of Baghdad March 20, 2003 The day after the invasion of Iraq had begun, protests were held in cities around the world. In some U.S. cities, protesters attempted to shut their respective cities down. In Germany, students staged a massive walkout. In London, a massive demonstration was held in front of the Houses of Parliament. March 21, 2003 Demonstrations were organized for a second day in a row in various US cities including Seattle, Portland, Oregon, Chicago, Atlanta, Georgia, San Francisco, and Los Angeles. In the last two cities, demonstrators closed parts of the city to traffic. March 22–23, 2003 Media report about 150,000 protesters in Barcelona (other sources say 1,000,000); more than 100,000 (other sources: up to 500,000) protesters in London; some 100,000 protesters in Paris; at least 150,000 protesters altogether in many German cities; between 35,000 and 90,000 in Lisbon; around 40,000 in Bern, the largest protest in Switzerland for decades; 10,000 to 20,000 in Greece, Denmark and Finland. 250,000 protesters demonstrated in New York City according to the German Spiegel Online magazine. There were protests in Washington, D.C.. In Chicago, protesters disrupted traffic by closing down Lake Shore Drive. CNN reported that a march of over a thousand protesters in Atlanta, Georgia passed by their headquarters, upset over that network's coverage of the war. Canada likewise experienced numerous anti-war protests over the weekend. Crowds of anti-war demonstrators took to the streets of Montreal and Toronto. Calgary held three days of protests (20 March – 22nd), culminating in a march which surrounded the government building and American consulate. In the Italian city of Naples 10,000 anti-war protesters marched towards a NATO base in Bagnoli. Protests also took place in Wellington, New Zealand.; the Australian cities of Brisbane and Hobart (which were brought to a halt); Jakarta, Indonesia, where protesters converged on the US embassy; across South Korea including the capital Seoul, where Buddhist monks played drums to console the sprits of war casualties to the 2,000 protesters; across India including 15,000 in Calcutta; Bangladesh which saw a general strike (closing down many businesses and mosques); and Japan, including protests near US naval and air bases on the southern island of Okinawa. Thousands of protesters, mainly Muslims, demonstrated across the African continent. Hundreds (BBC estimate) of young people marched in Mombasa in Kenya. The Somali capital Mogadishu saw protests by students, Koranic schoolchildren, women and intellectuals. There were reports about massive conflicts between protesters and police in the Gulf state of Bahrain for the second day. On the live broadcast of the 2003 Academy Awards, several presenters and recipients made various comments against the war ranging from Susan Sarandon giving a simple peace sign to Michael Moore publicly denouncing George W. Bush upon receiving his award. March 24, 2003 Media reports state at least 20,000 school pupils protesting in Hamburg, Germany. After the protest march, conflicts between police and protesters broke out in front of a US building in Hamburg. Protesters who were pushed back by the police began to throw stones, who in turn reacted with water cannons. There have since been serious discussions about police abuses in Hamburg, and political ramifications may follow. In the afternoon, 50,000 people protested peacefully in Leipzig following traditional prayers for peace in the city's Nikolai Church. Prayers for peace and subsequent large demonstrations at that church every Monday ('Montagsdemos') helped bring down the GDR government in East Germany in 1989. The weekly demonstrations, supported by churches, trade unions and other civic organizations, began again in January 2003 in protest to the impending invasion of Iraq. Protest marches in the afternoon were also reported in the German cities of Berlin and Freiburg. In Rome, Milan, Turin and other Italian cities, thousands of pupils and schoolteachers stayed away from school to protest against the Iraq war. The teachers union reported that 60 percent of all schools were closed. The strike had been planned weeks ago as a signal against a school reform bill, but was converted to an anti-war protest. 400 anti-war protesters tried to enter the Australian parliament in Canberra to speak to the prime minister, but were stopped by police. In the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh, Maoist protesters attacked shops selling Coca-Cola and US soft drinks. Protests in front of US buildings and in fast food shops were also held in Indonesia. In Egypt, 12,000 students of two universities in Cairo protested as well as 3,000 people in the Thai capital Bangkok. In Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 150 people threw stones at the United States consulate. March 25, 2003 Some people demonstrated in Syria against the United States, United Kingdom and Israel. This protest was endorsed by the Syrian government. In the Islamic country of Bangladesh, 60,000 people demonstrated. Media also reports protests in front of the South Korean parliament building, linked to plans to bring South Korean forces into the war. March 27, 2003 Hundreds of protesters participated in a civil disobedience in New York City. In a "die-in" organized by the M27 Coalition (an ad-hoc group of various anti-war organizations and individuals), 215 people were arrested after blocking traffic on 5th Avenue near the Rockefeller Center, protesting the cooperation between U.S. media and the government. Protesters also blocked traffic at various sites around the city in a coordinated protest with the theme of "No Business As Usual." Protests also took place across the UK. About 250 students (Police estimate) marched on the US embassy in central London. 200 people (South Wales Police estimate) brought Cardiff city centre traffic to a standstill leading to at least six arrests. There was a lunchtime anti-war demonstration on the Humber bridge in Hull which involved some friction between motorists and protesters. In Derry, up to a dozen anti-war protesters stormed the Raytheon defense technologies company building staging a sit-in until removed by police. Thousands joined a protest in Manchester. March 28, 2003 Global protests did not stop in the second week of war. Some 10,000 protested in Tehran, Iran. Protesters on the march, supported by the government, chanted "Death to Saddam" as well as "Death to America." 50,000 to 80,000 people protested in Cairo, Egypt after the Friday prayers. In Bogotá, Colombia there were violent conflicts in front of the US consulate. Protest marches and demonstrations happened also in Algiers, Algeria and in Bahrain, the Palestinian territories, South Korea, Indonesia and Pakistan. In Australia the police prevented protest marches. In Germany, protests by schoolchildren continued. In New Delhi and elsewhere in India, over 20,000 protested against the war. The largest demonstration comprised mainly Muslims, there was also a separate demonstration mainly made up of communists. March 29, 2003 In Boston, Massachusetts, 50,000 people attended the largest rally in the city since the end of the Vietnam War. Thousands of people blocked Boylston Street in a die-in along the Boston Common. A handful of arrests were made. In the UK hundreds of protesters marched from Cowley into the centre of Oxford and thousands took to the streets of Edinburgh (Police estimated 5,000, while organizers estimated more than 10,000). Edinburgh protesters marched along Princes Street to a mass rally in the city's Meadows area. March 30, 2003 100,000 people marched through the Indonesian capital, Jakarta. According to the BBC's Jonathan Head this was the biggest anti-war demonstration to take place so far in the world's most populous Muslim nation. The day also saw the first officially sanctioned demonstration in China, where a crowd of 200 made up mostly of foreign students were allowed to chant anti-war slogans as they marched past the US embassy in Beijing but around 100 Chinese students had their banners confiscated and were blocked from entering a park where locals had gained permission to demonstrate. In Latin America there were rallies in Santiago, Mexico City, Montevideo, Buenos Aires and Caracas. In Germany at least 40,000 people formed a human chain between the northern cities of Munster and Osnabrueck 35 miles apart. Also about 23,000 took part in marches in Berlin, ending in a rally in Tiergarten park, protests took place in Stuttgart and Frankfurt, where 25 people were arrested as they tried to block the entrance to a US air base. Marches were also held in Paris, Moscow, Budapest, Warsaw and Dublin. April 7, 2003 In Oakland, California, police fired rubber bullets and beanbags at protesters and dockworkers outside the port, injuring at least a dozen demonstrators and six longshoremen standing nearby. Protestors were protesting the Iraq War related action performed by American President Lines and defense contractor Stevedoring Services of America. Most of the 500 demonstrators were dispersed peacefully, but a crowd of demonstrators was blocking traffic on private property near the port and failed to disperse after police warnings. The Oakland Police Chief said demonstrators also threw objects and bolts at the police, and said the use of weapons was necessary to disperse the crowd. He indicated that the rubber bullets were used to respond to direct illegal action and the longshoremen were caught in the crossfire. A dockworker spokesman reported that police gave two minutes to disperse, then opened fire rather than making arrests. Demonstrators also claim that the police took direct aim at them, rather than firing in the air or at the ground. Thirty-one people were arrested. Demonstrators regrouped and marched to the Oakland Federal Building. In New York, United States, protesters targeted the Carlyle Group, an investment firm with deep connections to the war. About 20 protesters were arrested in a planned civil disobedience, but police then also surrounded and arrested close to 100 people who were simply watching the protest from across the street. After the fall of Baghdad Following the period of combat in March–April 2003, both protests and armed combat experienced a temporary decline in intensity. Protests against the war as a whole continued, often on the occasion of anniversaries of the war and visits by members of the Bush administration to foreign cities. Within the United States, general anti-war protests were joined by protests focusing on particular issues or strategies including: opposition to torture and abuse (such as that in the Abu Ghraib prison), calls for withdrawal of members of the coalition from Iraq, counter-recruitment, support for military resisters such as Lt. Ehren Watada, and opposition to military and corporate contractors. The largest protests during this period have been national, multi-issue mobilizations such as those on August 30, 2004, and April 29, 2006. Black bloc elements were present during some of the protests. April 12, 2003 Protests sponsored by A.N.S.W.E.R. were held in Washington, D.C., San Francisco, and Los Angeles to demonstrate against the Iraq War three days after the fall of Baghdad. In Washington, the march route took the group of 30,000 past offices of several mass media organizations, and companies such as Bechtel and Halliburton. October 25, 2003 Tens of thousands of people demonstrated in Washington, D.C., San Francisco, Reno, Nevada and other cities around the world, in opposition to the occupation of Iraq. Protesters also advocated for the return of American troops to the United States, and for the protection of civil liberties. The Washington DC rally attracted 20,000 (BBC estimate) protesters. The protest ended with a rally at the Washington Monument, within sight of the White House. Protesters also called for the repeal of the USA PATRIOT Act. The Washington and San Francisco protests were jointly organized by ANSWER (Act Now to Stop War and End Racism) and United for Peace and Justice. A pro-war demonstration in Washington organized by Free Republic attracted only dozens (BBC estimate) of people. November 20, 2003 George Bush's state visit to the UK was met with peaceful anti-war protests in London, attracting 100,000 (police estimate) to 200,000 (organisers' estimate) people, and culminating in the toppling of an effigy of Bush in Trafalgar Square. June 4, 2004 More than 100,000 people demonstrated in Rome and other Italian cities during Bush's visit to Pope John Paul II, who had expressed his opposition to the war in numerous occasions. Ten thousand police patrolled the conference site. June 5, 2004 ANSWER Coalition sponsored a demonstration in Washington, D.C., marching from the White House through working-class neighborhoods to the house of Donald Rumsfeld on Kalorama Road NW near Embassy Row. In addition, more than 10,000 citizens marched in San Francisco, as well as a counter-protest with hundreds of pro-war supporters. August 29, 2004 As part of the 2004 Republican National Convention protests, United for Peace and Justice organized a mass march, one of the largest in U.S. history, in which protesters marched past Madison Square Garden, the site of the convention. The march included hundreds of separate contingents as well as individual marchers. The group One Thousand Coffins held a procession of one thousand full-scale flag-draped cardboard coffins, commemorating each of the U.S. fallen troops as of that date, carried by a nationwide coalition of citizens, veterans, clergy and families of the fallen. Several hundred members of Billionaires for Bush held a mock countermarch. Estimates of crowd size ranged from 120,000 (unnamed police spokesman) to over 500,000 (organizers, second unnamed police source). In March, 2007 NYPD Deputy Commissioner Paul Browne stated about the RNC protests: "You certainly had 800,000 on August 29th." Organizers held a pre-march press conference in front of thousands on 7th Avenue. Several people spoke in opposition to the war in Iraq and Bush administration policies including Michael Moore, Jesse Jackson, Congressman Charles Rangel, and a father who had lost his son in Iraq. The whole event lasted six hours, with the lead contingent finishing the march long before thousands of people could even move from the starting point. The City government, under Republican Mayor Michael Bloomberg, had earlier denied the protesters a permit to hold a rally in Central Park following the march, citing concern for the park's grass. The West Side Highway was offered instead, but organizers refused, citing exorbitant costs for the extra sound equipment and problems for the location. Organizers encouraged people to go to Central Park following the march's conclusion in Union Square. Disturbances were minor. New York Commissioner Raymond W. Kelly reported about 200 arrests with 9 felonies—most of them occurring after the march had concluded. October 2, 2004 A large group of people assembled at the Women's Memorial at Arlington National Cemetery for the National Memorial Procession, described as "A Trail of Mourning and Truth from Iraq to the White House". The theme of the event was "Mourn the dead. Heal the wounded. End the war." Participants were encouraged to dress in black to symbolize mourning. Cindy Sheehan was among the participants at this demonstration. Speeches were made by veterans, members of military families, family members of fallen soldiers, and others. Following the speeches, participants marched from Arlington National Cemetery to the Ellipse in Washington, D.C., carrying cardboard coffins to symbolize the war dead. Following the march, another rally was held, where the coffins carried on the march were placed with more coffins placed at the Ellipse earlier. Following the second rally, 28 people, including Michael Berg (father of the American civilian contractor Nicholas Berg who was killed by insurgents in Iraq), were arrested while attempting to deliver the names of fallen heroes to the White House. October 17, 2004 Approximately 10,000 people attending the Million Worker March in Washington, D.C. conducted a pro-labor demonstration, with a very heavy additional focus against the war in Iraq as well. November 30, 2004 Two protests were held in Ottawa against George W. Bush's first official visit to Canada. A rally and march in the early afternoon was upwards of fifteen thousand (or 5,000 according to police). An evening rally on Parliament Hill drew another 15,000 and featured a speech by Brandon Hughey, an American soldier seeking refuge in Canada after refusing to fight in Iraq. Bush's stop on 1 December in Halifax, Nova Scotia drew between 4,000 and 5,000 protesters. January 20, 2005 Thousands of people attended multiple protest rallies and marches held throughout Washington, D.C. on the day of George W. Bush's second inaugural to protest the war in Iraq and other policies of the Bush Administration. March 19, 2005 Protests to mark the second anniversary of start of the Iraq War were held across the world, in the U.S., United Kingdom, Canada, Central America, South America, Europe, Australia, New Zealand, Africa, Asia and the Middle East. (Some protests were also held on March 20). In Glasgow, Scotland about 1,000 people (BBC estimate) attended a rally where some of the names of people who had so-far died in the conflict were read out, along with a "name and shame" list of Scottish MPs who backed the war. Speakers included Maxine Gentle, whose soldier brother Gordon was killed in Iraq. According to a survey (mainly of the reports of organizers), it has been claimed that, across the world, over one million people marched. The protests had been called by the Anti-War Assembly of the 2005 World Social Forum an annual conference of the alternative globalization movement which took place in Porto Alegre, Brazil on 26 January – 31, and were supported by coalitions from all over the world. June 21, 2005 An officer of the German army, Major Florian Pfaff, was exonerated by the Bundesverwaltungsgericht (German administrative court) after refusing to take part in the development of software likely to be used in the Iraq War. August 6, 2005 to August 31, 2005 Cindy Sheehan, mother of slain U.S. soldier Casey Sheehan, set up a protest camp outside the ranch of vacationing president George W. Bush in Crawford, Texas. Sheehan, who previously met with Bush in a short encounter before the media that she described as dismissive and disrespectful, demanded that Bush meet with her and stop using the deaths of soldiers, including her son, as a justification for remaining in Iraq. September 24, 2005 Protests were held in the US and Europe. Police estimated that about 150,000 people took part in Washington, D.C., 15,000 in Los Angeles, California, 10,000 in London, 20,000 in San Francisco, and more than 2,000 in San Diego, California. Additionally, in London, organizers claim 100,000 attended similar protests, but police place the figure at 10,000. November 4–5, 2005 Massive popular demonstrations against the U.S.-led war in Iraq, in addition to U.S.-backed economic policies in Latin America, were held in Argentina surrounding the November 4–5 Fourth Summit of the Americas. March 18–20, 2006 Coordinated protests were held to mark the third anniversary of the invasion of Iraq. Major protests occurred in Baghdad, Basra, London, New York City, Washington, D.C., Portland, Oregon, Madrid, Rome, Sydney, Tokyo, Seoul, Istanbul, Toronto and Dublin. Demonstration organizers in London said this marks the first coordinated protest in Iraq, Britain and the United States. More than 500 antiwar events were planned for the week of March 15–21 in the United States; thousands or tens of thousands demonstrated in San Francisco, New York City, Los Angeles, and Chicago. In Washington, D.C., 200 people marched to The Pentagon to deliver a faux coffin and bag of ashes to United States Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld. Two dozen people were arrested for crossing over a barrier around the Pentagon in an act of civil disobedience. They were cited for "failure to obey lawful orders," according to Cheryl Irwin, a Pentagon spokeswoman. Footage from the protest was incorporated into this scene from the movie The Identified. Turn-out for the United States events was damaged by splits between organizing groups such as UFPJ and ANSWER. April 1, 2006 Thousands from around the south marched in Atlanta, Georgia from the King Center to a rally at Piedmont Park to mark the 3rd anniversary of the Iraq war and the 38th anniversary of the assassination of Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. The Southern Regional March for Peace in Iraq/Justice at Home was organized by the April 1st Coalition and speakers included Dr. Joseph Lowery, Rev. Tim McDonald, and Damu Smith. (Jose Reynoso) April 29, 2006 A coalition of United States-based groups, initiated by United for Peace and Justice, Rainbow/PUSH Coalition, National Organization for Women, Friends of the Earth, U.S. Labor Against the War, Climate Crisis Coalition, People's Hurricane Relief Fund, National Youth and Student Peace Coalition, and Veterans for Peace held a national mobilization against the war in New York City on April 29. May 22–31, 2006 Members of the Port Militarization Resistance in Olympia, WA protested the shipment of 300 Army Stryker vehicles to Iraq through the Port of Olympia. Dozens of arrests resulted from the direct actions of protesters such as locking arms to block roads which the Army used to reach the port. August 9, 2006 Nine members of the Derry Anti-War Coalition, based in Northern Ireland, entered the Derry premises of Raytheon. The occupation of the plant lasted for eight hours, after which point riot police entered the building and removed the occupants. Charges of aggravated burglary and unlawful entry were brought against all nine. September 23, 2006 A national anti-war demonstration took place in Manchester, England coinciding with the Labour Party Annual Conference which also took place in the city on this date. The organisers, the Stop the War Coalition, estimated 50,000 people on the march. Police estimates were initially 8,000 revised upwards to 20,000. The local Stop the War organisers considered that it was the largest demonstration in the history of the city since Chartist times in the mid-19th Century. The event was followed by a Stop the War Alternative conference (alternative, that is, to the stage-managed Labour Conference). October 5, 2006 Actions across the United States took place in nearly every state. An organization called World Can't Wait organized the nationwide event. Demonstrations took place in vicinities such as New York City, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Chicago, Houston, and other places. Over 200 protests were organized. November 3, 2006 Malachi Ritscher committed suicide by self-immolation on the side of the Kennedy Expressway near downtown Chicago during the morning rush hour of Friday, November 3, 2006, apparently as a protest against the Iraq war and more generally "for the mayhem and turmoil caused by my country". January 4, 2007 The court martial of military resister Lt. Ehren Watada has been marked by protests. On January 4, 2007, Iraq Veterans Against the War Deployed established a protest camp called "Camp Resistance" at Fort Lewis in support of Watada. The same day, some 200 people protested his prosecution in San Francisco, with twenty-eight arrested after engaging in civil disobedience. January 10–11, 2007 Numerous groups organized demonstrations in response to a January 10 speech by George W. Bush, announcing an increase of U.S troop levels in Iraq by 21,500. A small number of protests occurred in the wake of the Wednesday night speech, including one in Boston which resulted in 6 arrests for blocking traffic. Organizers from MoveOn.org and TrueMajority.org each received reports of some 500–600 protests that were held nationwide on January 11. January 27, 2007 The January 27, 2007 Iraq War protest drew anywhere from "tens of thousands" to "hundreds of thousands" Washington DC to protest. March 11, 2007 In Tacoma, Washington peace activists campaigned to prevent the military from shipping 300 Stryker armored vehicles to Iraq. 23 protesters were arrested including T.J. Johnson who serves in the City Council of Olympia. The arrests came shortly after a small convoy of 12 to 15 Army vehicles arrived at a storage yard at the port. More vehicles, including Stryker armored fighting vehicles, arrived late Monday and early Tuesday, as protesters shouted the chants "You don't have to go" and "We are the majority." March 16, 2007 Roughly 100 protesters were arrested in front of the White House following a service at Washington National Cathedral in commemoration of the fourth anniversary of the Iraq War and a march to the White House. March 17, 2007 Approximately 10,000 to 20,000 anti-war protesters marched to The Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia, with several thousand pro-war protesters lining the route. Other protests and counter-demonstrations in the USA were held in Austin, Texas, Seattle, Washington, Chicago, Illinois, Los Angeles, California (5,000 to 6,000), San Francisco, California, San Diego, California, and Hartford, Connecticut. Tens of thousands marched in Madrid, Spain, with smaller protests in Turkey, Greece, Australia, Belgium, Britain, and Canada. September 15, 2007 A march took place from the White House to the Capitol on September 15, 2007. It was organized by Veterans for Peace and the Answer Coalition. Volunteers were recruited for a civil disobedience action, which included a die-in. Volunteers signed up to take on the name of a soldier or civilian who died because of the war, and lay down around the Peace Monument. In attendance were politicians such as Ralph Nader. Police arrested more than 190 demonstrators who crossed police lines in front of the Capitol. Chemical spray was used by Capitol Police. Organizers estimated that nearly 100,000 people attended the rally and march. That number could not be confirmed; police did not give their own estimate. Associated press reported "several thousand." A permit for the march obtained in advance by the ANSWER Coalition had projected 10,000. September 29, 2007 Troops Out Now Coalition organized a rally and march starting from the encampment in front of the Capitol Building. TroopsOutNow.org estimated 5,000 marched. A group of protesters, mainly youth, blocked sections of Constitution and Pennsylvania Avenue, including portions not on the march route. As of 8:40 PM, September 29, the demonstrators had set up tents and had not moved, after occupying the street for over 4 hours. March 19, 2008 Thousands of anti-war protesters marched through Washington, D.C. on the fifth anniversary of the U.S.-led 2003 invasion of Iraq, some splattering red paint on government offices and scuffling with police. Protesters, including many veterans, demanded the arrests of President George W. Bush, Vice President Dick Cheney and Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice as war criminals. Others hurled balloons full of paint at a military recruiting station and smeared it on buildings housing defense contractors Bechtel and Lockheed Martin. Several other protests took place during the days leading up to the five-year anniversary of the Iraq War. On March 7, in Washington, D.C. for example, several churches held services to pray for the safety of U.S. troops and an end to the war. In the afternoon the churchgoers marched to the Hart Senate Office Building with the intention of asking U.S. Senators to discontinue U.S.-funded terrorism. At least forty of the protesters were arrested as they entered the building and began praying for peace. March 21, 2009 Thousands of protesters marched from the Mall in Washington D.C. to the grounds of the Pentagon, and then to the Crystal City district of Arlington, Virginia. This area of Arlington is the home to offices of several defense contractors, such as KBR and General Dynamics. Protesters carried mock coffins representing the victims of U.S. conflicts and placed them in front of the office buildings. Virginia State police and Arlington County police greeted the protesters and reported no arrests. Among the protesters was a group of black block members. April 4, 2009 United for Peace and Justice held a march on Wall Street on April 4, 2009 against military spending in Iraq. March 20, 2010 On March 20, 2010, a multi-city anti-war event was held in the United States to protest the U.S. wars in Afghanistan and Iraq. The event was organized by A.N.S.W.E.R. with support from other civil society actors such as the Topanga Peace Alliance and the Teamsters. The scheduling of the event ties it to the seventh anniversary of the start of the U.S. invasion of Iraq in 2003. In Washington, D.C. thousands marched past the White House, some bearing coffins draped with various flags to symbolize fatalities of the wars. Others enacted mock attacks on the White House using cardboard combat drones. A parallel demonstration took place in Hollywood, California called "U.S. Out of Afghanistan and Iraq Now!". In addition to the big NGOs, this was supported by local grassroots organisations such as LA Workers' Voice and Long Beach Area Peace Network. Thousands of people slowly made their way down Hollywood Boulevard at 2 p.m. dressed as zombies and other undead. March 19, 2011 Over 100 protesters were arrested outside the White House. More protesters gathered in Hollywood. May 20, 2012 Veterans for Peace, Occupy Chicago and a slew of coalition partners convened the No-NATO protests in Chicago. About 8,000 marchers took Michigan Avenue the full length to Cermak, within several blocks of the NATO Summit at the Hyatt Regency. At the intersection of Cermak and Michigan, Iraq Veterans Against the War convened a rally. For the second time in United States history, soldiers and marines relinquished their military medals. The first time this occurred was in 1971. Criticism Anarchist author and activist Peter Gelderloos has criticized the protests against the Iraq War for their complete ineffectiveness at stopping the war. Americans on the political right were highly critical of the protesters, accusing them of giving aid and comfort to the enemy, if not outright treason. See also Canada and Iraq War resisters Governmental positions on the Iraq War prior to the 2003 invasion of Iraq International public opinion on the war in Afghanistan Japanese history textbook controversies List of anti-war organizations List of Iraq War resisters List of peace activists List of protest marches on Washington, D.C. Opposition to the Iraq War Popular opinion in the United States on the invasion of Iraq Post–September 11 anti-war movement 2005 anti-Japanese demonstrations Protests against the 2011 military intervention in Libya Protests against the invasion of Afghanistan The UN Security Council and the Iraq war Views on the 2003 invasion of Iraq Withdrawal of U.S. troops from Iraq The Ground Truth, a 2006 documentary film about veterans of the Iraq War. We Are Many, a 2014 documentary film by Amir Amirani. General anti-war Anti-war Nonviolence Pacifism Why We Fight, a 2005 documentary film about the military–industrial complex, and its rise particularly prior to the 2003 Invasion of Iraq. References Further reading Stop the War: the story of Britain's biggest mass movement, Andrew Murray and Lindsey German, External links Cities jammed in worldwide protest of war in Iraq CNN article. February 2003. Thousands protest Iraq war on 3rd anniversary MSNBC article. March 2006. Specific demonstrations October 26, 2002: People, signs, more signs, and more signs, Police March 20, 2006 Pentagon: Photos October 27, 2007 New York: Slideshow May 20, 2012 Chicago: Video of veterans relinquishing medals near NATO Summit 2000s protests 2010s protests Iraq George W. Bush administration controversies	[ 0.38586416840553284, 0.19778688251972198, -0.15966446697711945, -0.14342188835144043, -0.9336945414543152, 0.2415742427110672, 0.012869883328676224, 0.4352664053440094, -0.19998446106910706, 0.08761972934007645, -0.15960979461669922, 0.1576453447341919, -0.4846159517765045, 0.6912500858306885, -0.18600967526435852, 0.296036034822464, 0.1274787336587906, 0.31771865487098694, 0.08350697159767151, 0.16391101479530334, -0.07657670229673386, -0.1860455423593521, 0.593467652797699, 0.290639728307724, 0.325981467962265, -0.16708534955978394, 0.5934562087059021, -0.1725454479455948, 0.018372204154729843, 0.0685955137014389, 0.11217842251062393, 0.3761101961135864, 0.12349705398082733, -0.2262193113565445, -0.22907911241054535, 0.0743928849697113, 0.02280476689338684, 0.6318268179893494, -0.26243263483047485, -0.4960981607437134, -0.1573268473148346, -0.0712881088256836, -0.19130556285381317, 0.4031912386417389, 0.2639889121055603, -0.10290443897247314, -1.291480302810669, 0.25959670543670654, -0.5427875518798828, -0.2948223948478699, -0.44712749123573303, 0.3764333426952362, 0.9428326487541199, 0.16277502477169037, 0.24052105844020844, 0.13801759481430054, -0.7590970993041992, -0.5097880363464355, -0.15163229405879974, -0.7785952091217041, 0.37513503432273865, 0.031155377626419067, 0.1821432262659073, -0.2602974474430084, 0.26381993293762207, -0.016245989128947258, 0.12513591349124908, 0.8688565492630005, 0.0867689698934555, -0.9893434047698975, -0.4661079943180084, -0.4615481197834015, -0.36377620697021484, 0.1568215936422348, 0.08810554444789886, -0.4513799548149109, 0.6968750953674316, 0.37511733174324036, -0.37787511944770813, 0.020677750930190086, 0.32731544971466064, -0.1676236391067505, 0.49630090594291687, -0.4078473150730133, 0.6453954577445984, -0.3140612542629242, 0.29217728972435, 0.4296637773513794, 0.06067702919244766, 0.05457987263798714, -0.1737193912267685, 0.17868593335151672, 0.5512459874153137, 0.12462712079286575, -0.0005001631798222661, 0.06920672208070755, 0.2805010676383972, -0.1660454273223877, -0.0021429648622870445, 0.013083952479064465, 0.08607306331396103, 0.2554372549057007, 0.357831209897995, 0.14416614174842834, 0.00949282106012106, -0.12475649267435074, -0.005742838140577078, -0.23061320185661316, 0.5215941667556763, -0.4236549139022827, 0.4225305914878845, 0.20320138335227966, -0.09266703575849533, -0.44076040387153625, -0.24050506949424744, 0.4693945050239563, 0.2201673984527588, -0.36700212955474854, -0.02018342912197113, -0.22952604293823242, -0.4653061330318451, 0.8878685832023621, -0.8469008207321167, 0.42791515588760376, -0.49926871061325073, 0.4732424318790436, 0.40629687905311584, 0.33833104372024536, -1.268716812133789, 0.1422109156847, -0.07854903489351273, 0.7093154191970825, 0.07667282968759537, -0.34884458780288696, -0.02533620223402977, -0.4817075729370117, 0.8415905237197876, -0.038935210555791855, 0.749285101890564, -0.17715056240558624, -0.19902513921260834, -0.6510730981826782, -0.3946143686771393, 0.1585577428340912, 0.44416138529777527, -0.3463495075702667, -0.12075440585613251, -0.3647136986255646, -0.4503907859325409, -0.5363025665283203, 0.25674745440483093, -0.13122743368148804, -0.1922471672296524, 0.1446748524904251, 0.3264086842536926, 0.6508673429489136, 0.24073892831802368, -0.140879824757576, 0.4252903163433075, 0.596340000629425, 0.46505436301231384, 0.46234390139579773, 0.27935412526130676, -0.4169554114341736, -0.08421941101551056, -0.12001644819974899, -0.28827255964279175, 0.03329988941550255, 0.14349089562892914, -0.3801032602787018, -0.6072626709938049, 0.4205412268638611, -0.1595766842365265, 0.02504400722682476, 0.1542293280363083, -0.10913731902837753, 0.8333019614219666, 0.3956863284111023, 0.3768773078918457, 0.5926188826560974, -0.5271108150482178, 0.0634012520313263, 0.23979060351848602, 0.40783071517944336, 0.34305283427238464, -0.17957904934883118, 0.09683278203010559, -0.4709847867488861, -0.05941167101264, 0.05759205296635628, -0.15022042393684387, -0.4686028063297272, -0.0018845006125047803, -0.2013833373785019, 1.1240812540054321, 0.3454170823097229, -0.529837965965271, 0.44896814227104187, 0.39318132400512695, 0.8720018863677979, -0.08328098803758621, 0.029992694035172462, 0.4968939423561096, -0.19812284409999847, -0.7759647369384766, -0.07550372928380966, -0.07249758392572403, -0.030398188158869743, -0.19760258495807648, 0.49760761857032776, 0.13041378557682037, -0.20474140346050262, -0.03383287787437439, 0.169935941696167, -0.15535719692707062, 0.12652789056301117, -0.2119048684835434, 0.12241045385599136, -0.06780853122472763, -0.25421464443206787, 0.15380781888961792, -0.3300008773803711, -0.21965886652469635, 0.20088735222816467, 0.030449265614151955, 0.0538533553481102, -0.21675646305084229, 0.20504538714885712, 0.129970982670784, -0.8470399379730225, 0.1694357991218567, 1.0023442506790161, -0.286667138338089, -0.37529265880584717, -0.07108736783266068, 0.0684128850698471, 0.2785033583641052, -0.3033209443092346, -0.17227333784103394, -0.12150516360998154, 0.5136388540267944, -0.045168377459049225, 0.03693026304244995, 0.20540280640125275, -0.608269989490509, -0.06454496830701828, 0.4819971024990082, 0.13492390513420105, -0.13636252284049988, 0.31621798872947693, 0.07526204735040665, -0.07255557179450989, 0.4388222396373749, -0.4884259104728699, -0.07896245270967484, -0.24248217046260834, 0.2828640639781952, -0.30654799938201904, 0.2962055504322052, 0.03526315093040466, 0.17034240067005157, -0.2528108060359955, -0.15649168193340302, 0.4737594723701477, 0.4878796935081482, -0.5546647906303406, -0.856269896030426, -0.08796393871307373, -0.6105422973632812, 0.09615819156169891, 0.5315288305282593, -0.07170623540878296, -0.01673254743218422, -0.05532912537455559, -0.08224465698003769, -0.10490614175796509, -0.6396228075027466, 0.21387220919132233, -0.5518815517425537, -0.5424360036849976, 0.12892115116119385, 0.8448490500450134, 0.08326777815818787, -0.616170346736908, -0.33031049370765686, 0.12004102766513824, -0.2899554371833801, -0.6922294497489929, -0.3641873896121979, 0.19742466509342194, -0.18493737280368805, -0.0038172632921487093, 0.4852393567562103, -0.01633739471435547, 0.09430167824029922, 0.31996187567710876, -0.17334777116775513, 0.20681795477867126, 0.14477093517780304, 0.15822361409664154, -0.4543204605579376, 0.39266571402549744, -0.6238134503364563, -0.09534601122140884, 0.27552691102027893, -0.41754189133644104, -0.5353841781616211, -0.4366670250892639, -5.94822359085083, 0.2564050853252411, -0.2685541808605194, -0.1372012346982956, -0.6651593446731567, 0.46139171719551086, 0.3540225923061371, -0.6070330739021301, -0.08469607681035995, -0.08368397504091263, -0.07506230473518372, 0.007945545949041843, -0.5839082598686218, 0.38524580001831055, 0.5494903326034546, 0.12758123874664307, 0.906247079372406, -0.05894284322857857, 0.2995818257331848, 0.4495774805545807, 0.0233281459659338, -0.4790958762168884, -0.03269711881875992, 0.30983269214630127, 0.7138948440551758, 0.3909640610218048, 0.07166372239589691, 0.13313257694244385, 0.12920255959033966, 0.5382893681526184, 0.3587470054626465, -0.20401208102703094, 0.089372418820858, -0.03384741395711899, 0.009898402728140354, 0.19142694771289825, 0.44544997811317444, -0.2250424176454544, -0.009107391349971294, -0.8154249787330627, -0.37127771973609924, -0.2989068925380707, 0.09366243332624435, -0.10198589414358139, 1.024065613746643, 0.26426324248313904, -0.2541455328464508, 0.16765040159225464, -0.6151578426361084, 0.11237754672765732, 0.2663534879684448, -0.005663783755153418, 0.2940925061702728, 0.3788718581199646, -0.19066818058490753, 0.08768324553966522, 0.1523582488298416, -0.5945700407028198, 0.03531767800450325, -0.11388444155454636, 0.059964027255773544, -0.13811209797859192, -0.27337056398391724, -0.3448198437690735, -0.17613713443279266, -0.6458171606063843, -0.055541180074214935, -0.5866718888282776, 0.10280290991067886, 0.48164716362953186, 0.01992727816104889, 0.47187498211860657, -0.602378785610199, -0.9111101627349854, 0.14451813697814941, -0.657167375087738, -0.15582217276096344, 0.050323113799095154, 0.16912725567817688, 0.10342639684677124, -0.7091660499572754, -0.040971603244543076, 0.2975640892982483, -0.22266727685928345, -0.18962661921977997, 0.21535560488700867, 0.19619905948638916, -0.1459610015153885, 0.07453920692205429, 0.1510094851255417, 0.6418700814247131, -0.5203683376312256, 0.15299417078495026, -0.014804006554186344, 0.7019540071487427, 0.5232667922973633, 0.2593769431114197, 0.18903572857379913, 0.9767676591873169, -0.24216599762439728, -0.1078663244843483, -0.7255176305770874, -0.2532738447189331, -0.3083566725254059, 0.2878382205963135, -0.12915202975273132, -0.4588067829608917, 0.2271498143672943, 0.6995099186897278, -0.04257575422525406, 0.07713428139686584, -0.09409094601869583, -0.0420302115380764, -0.2561863958835602, -0.22549490630626678, 0.15082213282585144, 0.4514007568359375, 0.43824777007102966, 0.5977616906166077, 0.07901067286729813, -0.025033622980117798, -0.05114486441016197, -0.2579209804534912, 0.6219689846038818, 0.8309532999992371, 0.5489513874053955, -0.22739169001579285, 0.24842140078544617, -0.38940370082855225, 0.18398624658584595, 0.4388750195503235, -0.0882444828748703, -0.037431783974170685, 0.46930521726608276, -0.09153031557798386, -0.2196144461631775, 0.0213974267244339, -0.5201151967048645, 0.017487680539488792, 0.4658193588256836, 0.10389173030853271, -0.05121346190571785, -0.3201662003993988, 0.07220465689897537, 0.010856176726520061, 0.47855085134506226, -0.18201759457588196, 0.030093559995293617, -0.17336323857307434, 0.280325323343277, 0.43512314558029175, -0.25627994537353516, 0.23762719333171844, 0.0746559128165245, 0.09175572544336319, 0.2851264774799347, 0.8692688941955566, 0.46608781814575195, -0.567108154296875, -0.6964275240898132, -0.06246465817093849, 0.0758323147892952, -0.8825439810752869, -0.25346675515174866, 0.10483955591917038, -0.683506429195404, 0.3533594012260437, -0.08346685022115707, 0.010569476522505283, 0.4098406136035919, 0.5294346213340759, -0.21657590568065643, -0.165183424949646, 0.5005877017974854, 0.5681304335594177, -0.4593326151371002, -0.27983397245407104, -0.48737093806266785, 0.004254636820405722, -0.42647743225097656, -0.4040389358997345, -0.14079193770885468, -0.3244507610797882, 0.24272823333740234, 0.24670200049877167, -0.1892690509557724, -0.6718778014183044, -0.28618118166923523, -0.12120470404624939, 0.20582307875156403, 0.35208091139793396, 0.084295853972435, -0.503714382648468, -0.09239364415407181, -0.29087328910827637, -0.6532405614852905, -0.31265291571617126, 0.26987549662590027, -0.4542679488658905, -0.5810162425041199, 0.38455259799957275, 0.32722440361976624, -0.7838323712348938, -0.2421216070652008, -0.34551918506622314, -0.05096352845430374, 0.714458167552948, 0.012617859989404678, -0.39698994159698486, 0.06811712682247162, -0.5643086433410645, 0.09792374819517136, -0.7084237933158875, 0.8225860595703125, -0.4601778984069824, 0.05048495531082153, -0.467149019241333, -0.44389864802360535, -0.12024866789579391, 0.23699232935905457, 0.028056876733899117, -0.1741301566362381, -0.7207876443862915, -0.028144730255007744, -0.2930925190448761, 0.8388304114341736, -0.14485479891300201, -1.1147905588150024, 0.21776063740253448, -0.3982270359992981, -0.4039698541164398, -0.20117199420928955, 0.0443551167845726, 0.4302833676338196, 0.030002813786268234, 0.3010871708393097, 0.07079418003559113, -0.07886727154254913, -0.43887874484062195, 0.6086108684539795, 0.03285258635878563, 0.4020061194896698, 0.19951121509075165, -0.059177298098802567, -0.27244898676872253, 0.3255995512008667, -0.3235657215118408, 0.0896846204996109, -0.32064682245254517, -0.20810331404209137, -0.5293323993682861, 0.13681279122829437, -0.40399500727653503, -0.2653086483478546, -0.19472408294677734, -0.6076136231422424, -0.01323467493057251, -0.1615116447210312, 0.12256558984518051, -0.2985149323940277, -0.03774377703666687, -0.27729952335357666, -0.6154037117958069, -0.040509965270757675, 0.3650685250759125, -0.167110875248909, 0.18433217704296112, -0.38149943947792053, -0.4310495853424072, -0.11838139593601227, -0.5151016116142273, -0.06671058386564255, 0.308343768119812, 0.21981993317604065, 0.41510432958602905, -0.00012786721345037222, -0.15767833590507507, -0.20146118104457855, 0.5613303780555725, 0.31902551651000977, -0.15717801451683044, -0.3272193968296051, -0.013159921392798424, -0.4018297791481018, 0.579543948173523, -0.7709490060806274, -0.04920722171664238, 0.10168527066707611, -0.5888379216194153, -0.4146634638309479, -0.2245928794145584, 0.142094224691391, -0.028504634276032448, -0.006000011693686247, -0.1939067244529724, 0.25767210125923157, 0.49512749910354614, 0.37012648582458496, -0.7550769448280334, -0.012988904491066933, -1.0134491920471191, 0.5756222009658813, 0.07649482786655426, -0.7674906849861145, 0.17296957969665527, 0.055348508059978485, 0.3576320707798004, -0.008496851660311222, 0.02158721350133419, 0.13079869747161865, 0.21336856484413147, -0.25938376784324646, 0.34168553352355957, 0.4299975037574768, -0.7355697154998779, 0.24286775290966034, 0.3038751780986786, -0.8571162819862366, 0.23422257602214813, -0.24165408313274384, -0.09948735684156418, -0.28428247570991516, 0.3594675064086914, 0.1958206295967102, 0.4759753346443176, -0.0765659436583519, 0.3058227300643921, 0.05465294420719147, 0.15024949610233307, 0.03179914131760597, 0.00616087531670928, -0.253938764333725, -0.6199625730514526, -0.3229173719882965, -0.0319703072309494, -0.5207808017730713, 0.23621270060539246, -0.5774069428443909, -0.6353967189788818, 0.5818942189216614, 0.5017090439796448, 0.2235674262046814, -0.24920554459095, 0.2344082146883011, 0.055228933691978455, 0.1823335438966751, 0.00897208508104086, 0.18614402413368225, 0.27727416157722473, 0.7135158181190491, 0.2070562094449997, 0.2573210299015045, -0.20127324759960175, 0.08442377299070358, 0.27276650071144104, -0.9295415282249451, 0.13209299743175507, 0.07602788507938385, 0.09705965220928192, -0.19830216467380524, 0.7011743783950806, 0.19560779631137848, 0.40019491314888, -0.26898351311683655, 0.6583883762359619, 0.6465998291969299, 0.17245003581047058, -0.14710737764835358, -0.23252208530902863, 0.3741147220134735, 0.6344417929649353, 0.1232626661658287, -0.4442506432533264, -0.042072564363479614, 0.44413167238235474, -0.1589013934135437, -0.14654409885406494, -0.1539546400308609, -0.07069437950849533, 0.09605133533477783, 0.0046210987493395805, -0.21543028950691223, 0.006323646754026413, -0.6275445818901062, 0.11677943915128708, 0.196420818567276, 0.04651722311973572, 0.3684874176979065, -0.12538456916809082, -0.3400101661682129, -0.10899802297353745, -0.004317527636885643, -0.16090725362300873, -0.027148308232426643, -0.07620961219072342, -0.04088268429040909, 0.018415924161672592, 0.6657916903495789, 0.17223094403743744, -0.11869589239358902, 0.6429421305656433, 0.3116869628429413, -0.07531759142875671, 0.07764481008052826, -0.39315348863601685, 0.30927592515945435, -0.6195388436317444, -0.37527209520339966, -0.41143518686294556, 0.6205183863639832, 0.07523727416992188, 0.33087655901908875, 0.16356675326824188, 0.12211456149816513, -0.7859259843826294, 0.18976038694381714, 1.040883183479309, -0.5460834503173828, 0.06314899772405624, -0.3486784100532532, -0.25023511052131653, -0.07006129622459412, -0.23622660338878632, 0.4683091640472412, 0.027749530971050262, -0.5106114149093628, 0.7252105474472046, 0.01403974462300539, 0.2874017357826233, 0.34382715821266174, -0.019978037104010582, -0.047066256403923035, -0.1537623405456543, -0.03830892592668533, -0.31432047486305237, -0.3928968012332916, 0.8047257661819458, 0.1880919635295868, 0.27697184681892395, -0.45022252202033997, 0.49816346168518066, -0.6467366814613342, 0.20859336853027344, -0.11741402000188828, 0.23965632915496826, -0.10524944216012955, -0.056174397468566895, -0.03649365156888962, 0.21466991305351257, 0.5250259637832642, 0.5882155299186707, 0.14163218438625336, -0.240482896566391, 0.05351174622774124, 0.19484840333461761, -0.3967931866645813, -0.0992841050028801, -0.3792649209499359, 0.27294260263442993, -0.014619273133575916 ]
202305	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus%20Brahe%20%281790%E2%80%931844%29	Magnus Brahe (1790–1844)	Count Nils Magnus Brahe (1790–1844) was a Swedish statesman and soldier, known as the influential favorite of king Charles XIV John of Sweden. Nils Magnus Brahe was the son of Swedish Count Magnus Fredrik Brahe (1756–1826) in his first marriage with Baroness Ulrika Katarina Koskull (1759–1805), and thus a member of the Brahe comital family. He was also a descendant of Swedish statesman Per Brahe. After studying in the University of Uppsala, he began his professional military career. He fought in the War against Napoleon (1813–1814) under Jean Bernadotte who later ascended to the throne as Charles XIV John of Sweden (Swedish: Karl XIV Johan). He was in high favour with the French born king who had a poor command of the Swedish language. He became Marshal of the Realm, and especially from 1828 onwards, exercised an influence in public affairs. As a politician, he reportedly remained close to his stepmother, Countess Aurora Wilhelmina Koskull, who was active within Stockholm aristocratic circles and also related to the king's mistress Mariana Koskull. In 1837, he was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. References Note External links Magnus Swedish generals Swedish counts Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences 1790 births 1844 deaths 19th-century Swedish military personnel Marshals of the Realm Swedish military personnel of the Napoleonic Wars Swedish royal favourites Swedish courtiers 19th-century Swedish politicians Knights of the Order of Charles XIII	[ -0.17661628127098083, 0.8052271008491516, 0.1015893891453743, 0.17290560901165009, -0.3952229917049408, 0.7841309309005737, 1.0023671388626099, -0.5872001647949219, -0.5083370208740234, -0.37514764070510864, 0.275173544883728, -0.0909351110458374, -0.11938793212175369, 0.45635002851486206, -0.39996281266212463, 0.38204726576805115, 0.11901506036520004, 0.4409509599208832, -0.28730982542037964, -0.22031261026859283, -0.010553861036896706, -0.054431453347206116, 0.5498178005218506, 0.25836503505706787, 0.1284656971693039, -0.4146078824996948, 0.4781528413295746, -0.07065967470407486, 0.9472330212593079, 0.1646614968776703, 0.00702340342104435, 0.4299986660480499, 0.5526712536811829, -0.2158741056919098, -0.5488288402557373, 0.044514525681734085, -0.29339584708213806, -0.06365525722503662, 0.1786467730998993, 0.25541234016418457, -0.5927827954292297, 0.2504868805408478, 0.10383175313472748, -0.19739387929439545, -0.22303399443626404, -1.116790533065796, -1.408811092376709, 0.43940818309783936, -0.43952611088752747, -0.16660813987255096, 0.14364777505397797, 0.33504101634025574, 0.2659904956817627, 0.5985869765281677, -0.20720931887626648, 0.1464611142873764, -1.0701426267623901, -0.2909056544303894, 0.030419882386922836, -0.10362932831048965, 0.5708289742469788, 0.2459915429353714, 0.38393765687942505, -0.11218792200088501, 0.7337114214897156, 0.000497048138640821, -0.3799346089363098, 0.19286324083805084, 0.06430725008249283, -0.4127355217933655, -0.10187084227800369, 0.4806118309497833, 0.6567254662513733, 0.008445129729807377, 0.5010544061660767, -0.1861857920885086, -0.10005903989076614, 0.45647647976875305, 0.7492055296897888, -0.45762550830841064, -0.09626122564077377, -0.6338954567909241, 0.7186307907104492, 0.43060752749443054, 0.07620628923177719, 0.29302048683166504, 0.0069547249004244804, 0.13582612574100494, -0.3574496805667877, -0.9372041821479797, -0.16124506294727325, -0.044744499027729034, 0.648872971534729, 0.2037198394536972, -0.08782291412353516, 0.24257966876029968, -0.195912703871727, 0.26555243134498596, -0.44652053713798523, 0.42858758568763733, 0.44495609402656555, 0.381032794713974, 0.1351390928030014, 0.09208128601312637, 0.07284870743751526, -0.09785064309835434, -0.049672458320856094, 0.26544851064682007, -0.4393771290779114, -0.17617206275463104, -0.9209946393966675, 0.40152713656425476, -0.4513508677482605, -0.31857383251190186, -0.4249304533004761, 0.5794600248336792, -0.06116019934415817, -0.6489131450653076, 0.19335933029651642, -0.06679198890924454, -0.27490806579589844, 0.9908704161643982, -0.5196474194526672, 0.2721569538116455, -0.316524863243103, -0.22220908105373383, 0.04736638814210892, 0.32878437638282776, 0.18461178243160248, 0.643619954586029, 0.48881658911705017, 0.9026873707771301, -0.5148138403892517, 0.15879692137241364, -0.5502544641494751, -0.2341424971818924, 0.33891281485557556, 0.27714255452156067, -0.1840764731168747, 0.32309219241142273, -0.7453864812850952, -0.7484616637229919, 0.04041588306427002, -0.05998552590608597, -0.07815703004598618, -0.00752281816676259, -0.03798747435212135, 0.03319307416677475, -0.3884669244289398, -0.2965635061264038, 0.17745760083198547, -0.22913426160812378, 0.10486014932394028, -0.33473360538482666, -0.18879538774490356, 0.7473505735397339, 0.16275347769260406, -0.31481873989105225, 0.3763197064399719, 0.5742108225822449, 0.31077340245246887, 0.3207109868526459, -0.39926353096961975, -0.05562259256839752, 0.28295639157295227, 0.16370287537574768, 0.16834428906440735, 0.5602874755859375, -0.34085339307785034, -0.37257131934165955, -0.3735790550708771, 0.08852784335613251, -0.043843358755111694, 0.1041446253657341, 0.3168730139732361, 1.1716945171356201, -0.33256253600120544, -0.428728312253952, -0.03338686376810074, -0.11490529030561447, -0.5358538627624512, 0.07999937981367111, 0.10529502481222153, -0.22684544324874878, 0.4896681010723114, 0.3412817716598511, 0.46448758244514465, -0.1477220505475998, 0.509032666683197, -0.7778570055961609, -0.2611473798751831, -0.7785186171531677, 0.2695101499557495, 0.13637149333953857, 1.0893267393112183, -0.16011853516101837, -0.6289340853691101, 0.1562216579914093, 0.22893279790878296, 0.6597840785980225, 0.02433512546122074, -0.6752199530601501, -0.24965143203735352, 0.1868423968553543, 0.13334313035011292, 0.4270007312297821, 0.027751466259360313, -0.15510588884353638, 0.3301338255405426, 0.8904789686203003, 0.5309272408485413, -0.7288815379142761, 0.20197562873363495, 0.2573579251766205, -0.06608603894710541, -0.31375864148139954, -0.8257615566253662, -0.10333307832479477, 0.24781779944896698, 0.3995896279811859, 0.5718998908996582, 0.06131746247410774, -0.0413639210164547, 0.9795141816139221, -0.19358442723751068, 0.3365553319454193, 0.20656675100326538, 0.2034740000963211, -0.6837043166160583, -0.8866663575172424, 0.10782893747091293, -0.09200236201286316, 0.14880849421024323, -0.5734149217605591, 0.147312730550766, 0.013589287176728249, -0.36170512437820435, 0.14139099419116974, -0.10222283005714417, -0.5155174732208252, 0.2564977705478668, 0.6323827505111694, -0.27927273511886597, 0.060746751725673676, 0.54205322265625, 0.9170901775360107, -0.8771195411682129, -0.5530001521110535, -0.5009814500808716, -0.5279703736305237, -0.14004381000995636, 0.541363000869751, -0.16806738078594208, -0.0870477706193924, 0.3167535066604614, -0.2580612599849701, 0.4181830883026123, 0.04630143195390701, -0.4663271903991699, 0.5623801946640015, 0.024678317829966545, 0.008261335082352161, 0.1910916417837143, 0.19862951338291168, 0.15062327682971954, 0.15277647972106934, 0.14988496899604797, -0.3742818832397461, 0.5079435110092163, 0.12003305554389954, -0.3282540738582611, -0.5141409039497375, -0.38553038239479065, -0.13575047254562378, 0.1672721952199936, -1.0734034776687622, -0.35338762402534485, 0.24603432416915894, -0.4383322596549988, -0.5415549874305725, 0.1704799085855484, 1.0465059280395508, -0.1032160073518753, -0.048374027013778687, -0.4891006648540497, -0.0716753900051117, -0.026725182309746742, 0.40173935890197754, 0.4406523108482361, 0.11732368916273117, 0.2536705732345581, 0.5605365037918091, -0.5580847859382629, 0.14135198295116425, 0.10542868077754974, 0.4743509590625763, -0.09965867549180984, -0.7289787530899048, 0.6083480715751648, 0.28617069125175476, -0.9164454340934753, 0.10628079622983932, -0.021734798327088356, 0.14285513758659363, 0.3278629779815674, -0.28994688391685486, 0.1653997153043747, 0.18696773052215576, -5.544903755187988, -0.1916317492723465, -0.06633355468511581, -0.4833205044269562, 0.270376056432724, 0.5181349515914917, 0.3914159834384918, -0.41421249508857727, 0.47728246450424194, -0.1705317497253418, 0.8059244751930237, 0.0902487263083458, 0.21003444492816925, 0.3815508186817169, 0.352690726518631, 0.6841226816177368, 0.370613157749176, 0.2657916843891144, -0.100582554936409, -0.14181555807590485, 0.036900751292705536, 0.17259939014911652, -0.08397319167852402, 0.21197958290576935, 0.7371740341186523, 0.1466664969921112, 0.2456670105457306, -0.00625269953161478, -0.516875684261322, -0.3349972367286682, -0.03144359961152077, 0.48068732023239136, 0.23857150971889496, -0.2532787024974823, -0.19912785291671753, -0.1835007518529892, 0.32278910279273987, 0.49954673647880554, -0.3206595182418823, 0.36096763610839844, 0.3086359202861786, 0.5069237351417542, -0.38981685042381287, 0.2733437716960907, -0.056907493621110916, -0.4399224519729614, -0.96245938539505, 0.855476975440979, -0.8169146180152893, 0.57591712474823, 0.05678531527519226, -0.4196228086948395, 0.053361404687166214, 0.024122755974531174, -0.09955407679080963, 0.5249577760696411, -0.140380397439003, 0.356711745262146, -0.6289774179458618, -0.09811650961637497, 0.2735433280467987, -0.003774828976020217, 0.029667280614376068, 0.0802159309387207, 0.2416931539773941, -0.31657639145851135, 0.0015293636824935675, -0.2955315113067627, 0.09918719530105591, -0.1992298811674118, 0.3114432096481323, 0.8061955571174622, 0.3546837568283081, -1.1995527744293213, -0.010785569436848164, -0.46725761890411377, -0.7421679496765137, -0.0038285760674625635, -0.594379723072052, -0.31041255593299866, 0.04344309866428375, -0.1390351951122284, -0.024381140246987343, 1.0534168481826782, 0.8159735202789307, 0.10460177809000015, -0.3669208586215973, -0.08045712113380432, -0.23967203497886658, 0.023302091285586357, 0.05796322971582413, -0.838620126247406, -0.3248492479324341, 0.11892461031675339, -0.054051462560892105, 0.530919075012207, -0.2152506709098816, -0.30250608921051025, -0.0638970285654068, -0.03938218951225281, 0.3548572361469269, 0.36146536469459534, -0.41815465688705444, -0.32773861289024353, 0.2588180601596832, -0.0025058998726308346, -0.2302815169095993, 0.3311740756034851, 0.526056706905365, 0.5162954330444336, -0.04792270436882973, 0.2632330060005188, -0.20428277552127838, -0.8253976702690125, 0.8022176027297974, -0.8183629512786865, -0.02902955561876297, 0.830329179763794, 0.5258670449256897, -0.2345992624759674, -0.47541341185569763, 0.3070564866065979, 0.3879643976688385, -0.41867879033088684, -0.013756988570094109, -0.2498599886894226, -0.16327504813671112, -0.32405874133110046, -0.2738302946090698, 0.09470947831869125, -0.13655678927898407, 0.5666748285293579, -0.3723568916320801, -0.16278822720050812, 0.15457746386528015, -0.5527868866920471, 0.05957406386733055, -0.1353117972612381, 0.2168348878622055, -0.6163983345031738, -0.4200076758861542, -0.5695619583129883, -0.5239068269729614, 0.45475077629089355, -0.25264081358909607, 0.3600897192955017, 0.3054996430873871, 0.14951471984386444, -0.5648273825645447, 0.36953192949295044, -0.8072208166122437, -0.00820421427488327, 0.9942552447319031, -0.02018473669886589, -0.2868668735027313, -0.15333643555641174, -0.1883602887392044, 0.10408753901720047, -0.24292568862438202, -0.1890653818845749, -0.18898054957389832, -0.1429632157087326, -1.2268149852752686, -0.17154166102409363, 0.14772669970989227, 0.011667074635624886, -0.7222316265106201, -0.38933879137039185, -0.4696272313594818, 0.9859428405761719, 0.10965216904878616, -0.7546190023422241, -0.6694235801696777, -0.08862645924091339, -0.14295446872711182, 0.04195459187030792, 0.15189608931541443, 0.2885844111442566, -0.20957395434379578, -0.02491324581205845, -0.12556861340999603, 0.5668755769729614, -0.23481588065624237, 0.5632069110870361, 0.7815865278244019, 0.025647351518273354, -0.3459952473640442, -0.5574933886528015, -0.17933239042758942, -0.25847211480140686, -0.010434770956635475, -0.09669717401266098, 0.29390081763267517, 0.11441400647163391, -0.32939863204956055, -0.12357547879219055, -0.3672633469104767, -0.04717811197042465, 0.03284236043691635, -0.5074579119682312, 0.3349015414714813, 0.49344173073768616, -0.03328268975019455, -0.15173576772212982, -0.2529802918434143, -0.6004937291145325, 0.202898308634758, 0.1875176876783371, -0.2655240595340729, 0.6893018484115601, -0.32615235447883606, -0.6915385127067566, -0.4114663898944855, 0.7164913415908813, -0.29552701115608215, 0.12331358343362808, 0.6049131155014038, -0.06645172834396362, -0.9211078882217407, -0.6587392687797546, -0.7705694437026978, -0.6991623640060425, -0.6604709625244141, -0.3763419985771179, -0.7560405731201172, 0.14289888739585876, 0.30109748244285583, 0.29640159010887146, 1.190354347229004, 0.0939793512225151, -0.026027992367744446, -0.03253766521811485, -0.102866992354393, 0.15973573923110962, -0.5700024962425232, -0.1017855703830719, 0.1949794590473175, 0.4019448459148407, 0.14105036854743958, 0.34852293133735657, 0.6491487622261047, 0.9263342022895813, 0.05751964822411537, -0.30026301741600037, -0.11099936813116074, -0.2667020261287689, 0.026615340262651443, -0.1942131519317627, 0.1709141880273819, 0.16469722986221313, 0.018890274688601494, -0.38089820742607117, -0.31466376781463623, -0.30680203437805176, 1.337599515914917, 0.006922774016857147, 0.3486172556877136, 0.7589448690414429, -0.13308891654014587, 0.18667595088481903, -0.5338057279586792, 0.4530895948410034, -0.3712674677371979, 0.013179312460124493, 0.0707165002822876, 0.3307475447654724, -0.1382925808429718, 0.3132998049259186, 0.07557232677936554, -0.45142149925231934, -0.3747040331363678, -0.9817752242088318, -0.3000803291797638, 0.07166356593370438, -0.4796619117259979, 0.039343126118183136, 0.2806520164012909, -0.28196170926094055, 0.46840938925743103, 0.07565430551767349, -0.9072810411453247, -0.3685617744922638, 0.25093427300453186, -0.6218727827072144, -0.4864034652709961, -0.7477025389671326, -0.6209006905555725, -0.22989533841609955, -0.4293234646320343, 0.24587702751159668, -0.24735622107982635, 0.060999881476163864, -0.32025837898254395, 0.20063526928424835, 0.16657604277133942, 0.5445868968963623, -0.5241279006004333, 0.3344409465789795, 0.08625449985265732, 0.052030012011528015, -0.4994828999042511, 0.26140832901000977, 0.4602847397327423, -0.2709439694881439, -0.03623354807496071, 0.5566766858100891, 0.14879494905471802, -0.08140895515680313, -0.042543329298496246, 0.08991290628910065, 0.25425881147384644, -0.05459647998213768, -0.07248979061841965, -0.03936747834086418, -0.4363740384578705, 0.04649951308965683, 0.2942322790622711, -0.29564759135246277, -0.26025429368019104, -0.23113799095153809, 0.3703649640083313, 0.2645292282104492, 0.22949227690696716, -0.21476873755455017, 0.00542693305760622, 0.7566797137260437, 0.07057031244039536, -0.017599113285541534, 0.21770183742046356, -0.008745073340833187, -0.3245268762111664, 0.2590502202510834, -0.7617833614349365, 0.8509657979011536, -0.20161038637161255, 0.8571210503578186, 0.07284369319677353, -0.7942602634429932, -0.016594529151916504, 0.24062015116214752, -0.14445377886295319, 0.9405099749565125, -0.24575857818126678, -0.10533265024423599, 0.33343350887298584, -0.053461261093616486, -0.6026262044906616, 0.18407411873340607, 0.18859001994132996, -0.03459782898426056, 0.06470997631549835, -0.18578240275382996, -0.1854170858860016, -1.1510599851608276, -0.3237217366695404, 0.16461002826690674, -0.06486634165048599, -0.28343698382377625, -0.06604984402656555, -0.235152930021286, -0.1333623230457306, -0.6698062419891357, 0.20549620687961578, 0.2929873764514923, -0.32158926129341125, -0.019045040011405945, 0.13869602978229523, -0.2034214586019516, 0.17660577595233917, -0.06910589337348938, 0.16128404438495636, -0.881952702999115, 0.2596921920776367, 0.027408724650740623, 0.12113935500383377, 0.12126500904560089, 0.8875492215156555, 0.07239826768636703, 0.024894462898373604, -0.0801292136311531, -0.406805157661438, 0.7055492401123047, 0.23449963331222534, -0.31928661465644836, -0.09842973202466965, 0.14648182690143585, -0.28922730684280396, 0.14581149816513062, 0.3669774532318115, -0.626397967338562, 0.23577256500720978, -0.41445666551589966, 0.41752445697784424, 0.3451305627822876, -0.8245301842689514, 0.041158560663461685, -0.13963137567043304, 0.6614572405815125, 0.2668393552303314, -0.35453978180885315, -0.5679178833961487, -0.2103501558303833, 0.08631717413663864, 0.15741120278835297, -0.05719350650906563, 0.7810428142547607, -0.4732687473297119, 0.36892956495285034, -0.2328370213508606, 0.5897507071495056, 0.1568622589111328, -0.14250698685646057, -0.16383761167526245, 0.3805983066558838, -0.30490145087242126, -0.046743668615818024, 0.6299437284469604, -0.8292301297187805, -0.21547232568264008, -0.1831120401620865, -0.0008868686854839325, -0.15457119047641754, 0.4543585479259491, 0.05056234076619148, -0.2577093839645386, -0.3354765474796295, 0.1602104902267456, -0.002878353698179126, 0.4219929873943329, 0.5581083297729492, 0.08262740075588226, -0.39987418055534363, -0.0820709615945816, -0.2578188478946686, -0.1361868530511856, -0.09955140203237534, 0.5236636400222778, 0.5089462399482727, 0.4310239851474762, -0.4350980222225189, 0.2634367048740387, -0.13839156925678253, 0.8730009198188782, 0.13721182942390442, 0.10380938649177551, 0.4909195005893707, -0.19541390240192413, -0.4143432676792145, 0.06431066989898682, 0.03969927877187729, 0.040748629719018936, -0.15139730274677277, 0.5137126445770264, -0.683344304561615, 0.45287394523620605, 0.17249490320682526, -0.3639218509197235, -0.5927010774612427, 0.13920873403549194, -0.58881676197052 ]
202309	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touch%20%281980s%20band%29	Touch (1980s band)	Touch was an American rock band from New York City formed in 1978. Mark Mangold (songwriter and keyboards), Glen Kithcart (drums), and Craig Brooks (guitars) had all previously been in the band American Tears (releasing three albums on Columbia Records). The lineup was completed by bassist Doug Howard. History 1980: First album Their single, "Don't You Know What Love Is" reached #69 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 1 in some territories, as did their single "When The Spirit Moves You". However, the song was played heavily on AOR radio stations in the USA during the early 80's and did well on a specialist Melody Maker chart in Great Britain. The band released one eponymous album in 1980, and a second unreleased album was recorded in 1982. Touch was the first band to play at the inaugural Monsters of Rock festival at Castle Donington racetrack in 1980. A live version of "Don't You Know What Love Is" appeared on the compilation LP Monsters of Rock, documenting performances at the festival. Post break-up Mark Mangold has continued to write and record with and for other artists, with one of his earliest collaborators being a then-relatively unknown musician named Michael Bolton. This working relationship began when Mangold co-wrote and performed on Bolton's first solo hit, "Fool's Game," which was featured on the latter artist's self-titled 1983 solo album. The song "I Found Someone," another collaboration with Bolton, was initially recorded by Laura Branigan, though it ultimately became a top 10 hit for Cher. Craig Brooks joined Mangold in the studio for Michael Bolton's solo album. In addition to being a fellow co-writer on "Fool's Game," Brooks performed guitar and backing vocals on the album. The following year, he sang on Roger Glover's solo album, Mask. Doug Howard has also continued to perform, record and write with acts and artists such as Todd Rundgren, Edgar Winter, Stun Leer, and Roy Buchanan as well as a member of Rundgren's Utopia (Howard is co-writer of the Utopia hit "Feet Don't Fail Me Now" and managing partner of Lodestar Entertainment. 2014: Reformation In 2014, Mangold was asked to play Touch songs with a band assembled by the Firefest Festival, for the festival, including, Swedish singer Göran Edman on lead vocals along with other Swedish musicians. This lineup performed live at Firefest in Nottingham, UK in October 2014. 2020–present: New album In 2020 Mangold announced that all four original members had reunited and were once again working on a new Touch album for release in late 2020. In October 2020 Mangold posted a new Touch song on his Youtube account. The album, Tomorrow Never Comes, was released on 6 Mar 2021. Personnel Craig Brooks – guitars, vocals Mark Mangold – keyboards, vocals Doug Howard – bass guitar, vocals Glenn Kithcart – drums, percussion, vocals Discography Studio albums Touch (1980) Touch II (2021) Tomorrow Never Comes (2021) Compilation albums The Complete Works I & II (1998) References External links MusicMight biography Rock music groups from New York (state) Musical groups established in 1978 Musical groups from New York City	[ -0.2600070834159851, -0.0444345697760582, -0.4129467308521271, -0.055481404066085815, -0.2881843149662018, 0.42444494366645813, 0.01840139366686344, -0.05323588103055954, 0.03454931080341339, -0.09297776967287064, 0.3038218319416046, 0.5312116742134094, -0.578483521938324, 0.032295890152454376, -0.512877345085144, -0.2284279316663742, 0.1505773663520813, 0.27857691049575806, -0.5990001559257507, 0.3024227023124695, -0.009892459027469158, 0.21236594021320343, 0.2776585519313812, 0.0915813222527504, 0.10557050257921219, 0.2277298867702484, 0.1054864153265953, 0.35774004459381104, 0.892250657081604, 0.06779342889785767, 0.33604440093040466, 0.5306936502456665, 0.07480981945991516, -0.9832165241241455, -0.2377742975950241, 0.1773655265569687, 0.029764745384454727, 0.13635484874248505, -0.2432534545660019, -0.7428114414215088, -0.005110527388751507, -0.18131449818611145, 0.20457348227500916, 0.32132479548454285, 0.34496134519577026, -0.2569263279438019, -1.6167019605636597, 0.2950127124786377, -1.1554144620895386, 0.11603747308254242, -0.35289886593818665, 0.04033830016851425, 0.3313545286655426, 0.49327796697616577, -0.02330329827964306, -0.00039442325942218304, -0.41364848613739014, 0.35818302631378174, -0.3280722200870514, -0.47659868001937866, 0.1543116718530655, -0.033194705843925476, 0.46276411414146423, -0.7414770722389221, 0.08936940133571625, 0.5252712368965149, 0.20983053743839264, 0.34436312317848206, 0.18977132439613342, -0.5252512097358704, -0.07068736106157303, -0.3362596333026886, 0.0738847404718399, -0.2885390818119049, 0.20069889724254608, 0.13916166126728058, 0.5544264912605286, -0.7000164985656738, -0.17806202173233032, 0.6970322728157043, -0.2312607318162918, 0.519827663898468, 1.1136854887008667, 0.285636842250824, 0.2196940928697586, -0.4496145248413086, -0.276123046875, 0.5156727433204651, -0.4069604277610779, 0.2659167945384979, -0.4637148678302765, -0.9794521331787109, 0.7536580562591553, 0.43374258279800415, 0.19744832813739777, -0.013821948319673538, -0.6033522486686707, 0.6369847059249878, 0.06767129898071289, -0.003765333676710725, 0.3764575719833374, 0.17574357986450195, -0.08224070817232132, -0.7069653868675232, -0.5987861156463623, -0.04304848983883858, 0.38853758573532104, -0.3664419651031494, -0.0006978264427743852, -0.44755032658576965, -0.07693005353212357, -0.01902928203344345, 0.07980210334062576, -0.16367696225643158, 0.1955111026763916, 0.6454296708106995, -0.034048665314912796, -0.25636881589889526, -0.43835726380348206, -0.21827654540538788, 0.047768693417310715, 0.2352294921875, -0.08690126985311508, 0.3712308704853058, -0.10477165132761002, 0.585246205329895, 0.31153908371925354, 0.6183187365531921, -0.2090623825788498, 0.5227726101875305, -0.4856819212436676, 1.1834430694580078, 0.23690003156661987, -0.36602941155433655, -0.07370351254940033, 0.009964147582650185, 0.7599723935127258, 0.23661787807941437, -0.3115375339984894, 0.2128618210554123, 0.04073631390929222, 0.2860572636127472, -0.5315272212028503, -0.7266425490379333, 0.13601863384246826, -0.7748698592185974, 0.28063327074050903, 0.16061638295650482, -0.23305046558380127, -0.48055410385131836, 0.13361941277980804, -0.332912415266037, -0.29780179262161255, 0.24755312502384186, -0.00877404771745205, 0.33199992775917053, 0.31234511733055115, -0.3876018226146698, 0.4552975296974182, -0.059426449239254, -0.40000587701797485, -0.20758596062660217, -0.2640901505947113, 0.35410478711128235, 0.437958300113678, -0.3771028220653534, -0.461033433675766, -0.33161693811416626, 0.7113966345787048, 0.5647318363189697, -0.3206845223903656, 0.2902381122112274, -0.4036172330379486, 0.5796216130256653, 0.2622349262237549, -0.2347470223903656, 0.9406493306159973, 0.1458710879087448, -0.41086316108703613, 0.007068623788654804, -0.4638826847076416, -0.2243148535490036, 0.2829076945781708, 0.05375748872756958, 0.15875637531280518, 0.0108453668653965, 0.21280160546302795, 0.5505117774009705, 0.15671361982822418, 0.051071520894765854, -0.04976422339677811, 0.05820711702108383, 0.5499119162559509, -0.34550660848617554, 1.4041461944580078, 0.28739696741104126, -0.8085064888000488, 0.3279396593570709, 0.3819234073162079, 0.6624206304550171, 0.27180489897727966, -0.08695197105407715, 0.43580520153045654, 0.2551572918891907, -0.00492788664996624, 0.1274387240409851, 0.0036951564252376556, -0.260898232460022, 0.08180810511112213, 0.48491594195365906, -0.12331609427928925, -0.5121945142745972, 0.16655448079109192, 0.008275212720036507, -0.5268475413322449, -0.4203563630580902, -0.37449538707733154, 0.375932902097702, 0.3038560748100281, -0.3963688015937805, 0.5637780427932739, 0.12539610266685486, 0.15254418551921844, 0.09222876280546188, 0.2992272675037384, 1.241930365562439, 0.07686149328947067, -0.07636942714452744, 0.34387826919555664, -0.09145309031009674, -0.06273050606250763, 0.3773355484008789, -0.27490052580833435, -0.5910636782646179, 0.25281035900115967, 0.15897925198078156, 0.2764778733253479, -0.37062951922416687, 0.09505743533372879, -0.2204837203025818, 0.24198071658611298, 0.23739077150821686, -1.0174018144607544, 0.20696812868118286, 0.27942991256713867, 0.10612154006958008, 0.3581743538379669, -0.23465611040592194, -0.2641029953956604, 0.463861882686615, -0.22774706780910492, 0.4146617650985718, 0.02079164609313011, -0.023698335513472557, -0.2949650287628174, 0.4242141842842102, 0.05576106160879135, -0.533843994140625, 0.5892660021781921, 0.01373806782066822, -0.1383264660835266, -0.11681969463825226, 0.48855841159820557, 0.336617648601532, -0.46017393469810486, -0.5247043371200562, -0.05062611401081085, -0.16578228771686554, 0.4649369716644287, -0.3363925814628601, 0.046828508377075195, -0.04976378381252289, -0.27408355474472046, 0.11609358340501785, -0.20760785043239594, -0.09135393798351288, -0.5915300846099854, 0.1250983625650406, 0.1192575991153717, -0.8546027541160583, 0.6544901132583618, 1.055704116821289, 0.7103298902511597, -0.4615899324417114, -0.07652220875024796, 0.3519658148288727, 0.6407753825187683, 0.033839885145425797, 0.18547481298446655, -0.2736993730068207, -0.09375235438346863, -0.3475326597690582, -0.6521645188331604, 0.2804662883281708, 0.14111460745334625, 0.4724242389202118, 0.29574164748191833, 0.3147459924221039, -0.3990699350833893, 0.16715124249458313, -0.5218760967254639, -0.03076915442943573, -0.8011118769645691, -0.17652402818202972, 0.17801544070243835, -0.5100072622299194, -0.07434972375631332, -0.3835684061050415, -5.652134895324707, 0.30192485451698303, 0.06482408195734024, -0.011844959110021591, 0.08927137404680252, 0.1608138382434845, 0.7760729193687439, -0.532828152179718, -0.1527782380580902, 0.037571851164102554, -0.598479688167572, 0.271601140499115, -0.14514988660812378, 0.11885860562324524, 0.4817272126674652, -0.031927525997161865, -0.022716645151376724, -0.6882845759391785, 0.2511650621891022, -0.2618292570114136, -0.01014181412756443, -0.3335045576095581, 0.010689028538763523, 0.26985448598861694, -0.05897962301969528, 0.8638818264007568, -0.1593007892370224, 0.13230334222316742, -0.38922688364982605, 0.10382585972547531, -0.3841105103492737, 0.16648347675800323, -0.3296205997467041, -0.6655403971672058, 0.1281394511461258, -0.08105672895908356, 0.9408891201019287, -0.09747682511806488, 0.6376774907112122, -0.48427411913871765, -0.34655195474624634, 0.7643181681632996, 0.07904110848903656, -0.26000139117240906, 0.44050464034080505, 0.13964197039604187, -0.6939890384674072, -0.3819708824157715, -0.41405412554740906, 1.4296926259994507, 0.31759655475616455, -0.5071915984153748, 0.26767662167549133, 0.04524625465273857, -0.096574567258358, 0.11128844320774078, 0.09720209240913391, 0.3552272617816925, 0.1718188375234604, 0.4342831075191498, 0.22905750572681427, -0.2750682830810547, 0.15816240012645721, -0.9438899755477905, -0.00022451943368650973, -0.18991123139858246, -0.1265455186367035, 0.0996747761964798, 0.39068886637687683, 0.43155887722969055, 0.3263950049877167, 0.2068929374217987, -0.3421432673931122, -1.2233672142028809, -0.7653791904449463, -0.14411038160324097, -0.22104893624782562, -0.42829248309135437, -0.11880714446306229, 0.25307697057724, 0.202864870429039, -0.2557556629180908, -0.3875372111797333, 0.6749426126480103, -0.5263986587524414, -0.15443825721740723, -0.45065608620643616, 0.18934495747089386, -0.8755737543106079, 0.15245863795280457, 0.5021798610687256, -0.38085493445396423, -0.43701937794685364, 0.2526325583457947, -0.06680560857057571, 0.5891240835189819, 0.3006960451602936, 0.20849403738975525, 0.3947211802005768, -0.37073174118995667, 0.058090776205062866, -0.25328946113586426, -0.005894625559449196, -0.7153064012527466, -0.1726558953523636, -0.5923268795013428, -0.867004930973053, 0.11515795439481735, 0.8119664788246155, -0.5145785212516785, 0.10312023758888245, -0.227782741189003, -0.31110212206840515, -0.6314356923103333, 0.4477551579475403, -0.054428186267614365, -0.25623759627342224, 0.05762380734086037, 0.17239782214164734, 0.031042851507663727, -0.10151521861553192, 0.4388948380947113, 0.16354160010814667, -0.21517734229564667, -0.9115419983863831, -0.008034148253500462, -0.019535522907972336, 0.22249004244804382, -0.3973856568336487, 0.4764988124370575, 0.10918711125850677, 0.31014522910118103, 0.006184804253280163, 0.4281873404979706, -0.10789456218481064, -0.18262997269630432, -0.6661324501037598, -0.011141383089125156, 0.26711174845695496, 0.11263915151357651, -0.01320838276296854, -0.14682747423648834, -0.2799561023712158, -0.0006434423266910017, 0.2600356936454773, 0.4288022816181183, 0.19785292446613312, -0.7594819068908691, -0.19416147470474243, 0.8420759439468384, 0.40519168972969055, -0.23672643303871155, 0.3911544382572174, -0.6486423015594482, -0.09853605180978775, 0.43079930543899536, 0.31164735555648804, -0.33791491389274597, -0.10461818426847458, -0.18348881602287292, -0.11796995252370834, 0.276305228471756, -0.9934374094009399, -0.08974636346101761, 0.5148753523826599, -0.9284748435020447, -0.05093652009963989, -0.8855571150779724, -0.2616714537143707, -0.1964510977268219, 0.06111771613359451, -0.4387378990650177, 0.0736667811870575, -0.21003007888793945, 0.1918163150548935, 0.5400596261024475, 0.04330611228942871, -0.354068785905838, -0.06400138139724731, -0.29822883009910583, 0.11904580146074295, -0.16894479095935822, -0.45633816719055176, -0.03352586552500725, 0.5995920300483704, -0.43039822578430176, -1.1089096069335938, -0.2985890805721283, -0.30256202816963196, 0.3281526267528534, -0.15141718089580536, 0.15551863610744476, 0.17073950171470642, 0.08406882733106613, -0.7444963455200195, -0.3598441779613495, -0.07537557184696198, 0.4886331856250763, -0.2971436381340027, -0.6817377209663391, 0.3934125304222107, 0.258853554725647, -0.20220571756362915, 0.02217528410255909, 0.1543380469083786, -0.9384797811508179, 0.4981100261211395, 0.028575820848345757, -0.3402913808822632, 0.6601479053497314, -0.4233814477920532, -0.19316761195659637, 0.21060755848884583, -0.26588186621665955, -0.4076465368270874, 0.19554826617240906, 0.14636260271072388, -0.065945103764534, -0.8979235887527466, -0.3878496289253235, -0.1763329654932022, 0.5959113836288452, -0.3593110144138336, -0.3659869134426117, -0.6863336563110352, -0.3132650554180145, 0.23446080088615417, 0.3362255394458771, -0.1457219421863556, -0.15229572355747223, -0.32503557205200195, 0.09450612217187881, -0.08449946343898773, -0.7440263032913208, -0.5446224212646484, 0.3334611654281616, 0.10805722326040268, 0.3410496115684509, 0.19756145775318146, 0.34677574038505554, 0.8086934089660645, 0.5465927124023438, 0.06394825875759125, -0.019564036279916763, 0.5991092324256897, 0.09673992544412613, 0.5283674597740173, -0.27736395597457886, -0.7374538779258728, 0.16086289286613464, 0.40338075160980225, -0.5111941695213318, -1.0934134721755981, -0.703130304813385, 0.9822350144386292, -0.525755763053894, -0.2145376056432724, 0.025786399841308594, 0.07137159258127213, -0.2520199120044708, -0.16940782964229584, 0.2225426286458969, -0.8459945321083069, 0.13012154400348663, 0.06662368029356003, 0.3793959617614746, -0.0268446896225214, -0.14587120711803436, -0.021550865843892097, -0.46403709053993225, 0.09013895690441132, 0.07983081787824631, 0.2921137511730194, -0.3076711595058441, -0.7683650851249695, -0.18854080140590668, 0.04597174748778343, -0.8107874989509583, 0.5559707880020142, -0.08924736827611923, 0.032298389822244644, 0.3966866731643677, 0.08487827330827713, -0.0476715974509716, -0.011908067390322685, -0.4449698030948639, 0.09097271412611008, -0.7567607760429382, -0.27900296449661255, 0.014971855096518993, -0.028764214366674423, -0.46955347061157227, -0.09026040136814117, 0.2662619352340698, 0.024381741881370544, 0.07857933640480042, -0.24121642112731934, 0.10229107737541199, -0.26397621631622314, 0.07423828542232513, -0.299099326133728, 0.3280206620693207, 0.40168341994285583, -0.5890063643455505, 0.033859387040138245, -0.09190517663955688, 0.4913730323314667, -0.052876800298690796, 0.17601773142814636, 0.42392683029174805, -0.13339616358280182, -0.3786175549030304, -0.4187362492084503, 1.0228147506713867, -0.8741140365600586, 0.5687191486358643, 0.9303781390190125, -0.38646093010902405, 0.6027853488922119, 0.2879873812198639, 0.16668955981731415, 0.16427768766880035, 0.2317843735218048, 0.4358731806278229, 0.3984408378601074, 0.2241733819246292, -0.0034060252364724874, 0.13602814078330994, 0.3707990348339081, 0.5304359197616577, 0.7572134137153625, -0.10405732691287994, -0.315237820148468, 0.030608797445893288, -0.05176782235503197, -0.21351219713687897, 0.3841666877269745, 0.24988502264022827, -0.8394938707351685, 0.8595688343048096, 0.23762419819831848, 0.10836347937583923, -0.039315298199653625, -0.3769807517528534, -0.24348442256450653, 0.5512899160385132, 0.0695873573422432, 0.36412790417671204, 0.7712284922599792, -0.023968607187271118, 0.39303648471832275, 0.31262242794036865, -0.5480555295944214, -0.42743203043937683, 0.5379272103309631, -0.32123082876205444, 0.5576142072677612, -0.132574200630188, 0.15203125774860382, 0.021985679864883423, 0.024021798744797707, 0.21852602064609528, 0.4034857153892517, -0.03303605318069458, -0.6344517469406128, 0.34435707330703735, 0.08408590406179428, -0.3350570797920227, -0.19025945663452148, 0.2931138575077057, 0.46029961109161377, 0.4526577889919281, 0.14121082425117493, 0.4690953493118286, -0.25791051983833313, 0.07931520789861679, 0.5782490968704224, 0.5190638303756714, -0.361941933631897, 0.4022696614265442, -0.32125842571258545, 0.06924577057361603, -0.6962062120437622, 0.00048541006981395185, 0.11875400692224503, 0.31348851323127747, -0.06103210523724556, 0.3082088828086853, -0.23027509450912476, -0.1817031353712082, -0.002715839771553874, -1.1068729162216187, -0.02609286643564701, -0.05163165181875229, -0.3362760543823242, 0.21934613585472107, -0.17711539566516876, 0.5416034460067749, -0.07832150906324387, 0.3176082968711853, 0.3018783628940582, 0.30647891759872437, 0.2940630316734314, 0.22000859677791595, -0.3113574981689453, 0.6610328555107117, -0.9645684957504272, -0.2882956564426422, -0.7167225480079651, 0.3501383662223816, 0.5562429428100586, 0.20874229073524475, -0.11345091462135315, 0.36219313740730286, -0.32032880187034607, 0.3778829872608185, 0.43828439712524414, -0.1333816647529602, -0.6004329919815063, -0.15988712012767792, -0.11933135986328125, -0.05505217984318733, 0.12727802991867065, 0.43675556778907776, 0.022908752784132957, -0.07954545319080353, 0.5270432233810425, -0.3045054078102112, -0.007038958836346865, 0.4963182210922241, 0.2262006402015686, -0.12495880573987961, -0.12501411139965057, -0.08270933479070663, 0.011699092574417591, 0.0010037958854809403, -0.024207623675465584, 0.07868876308202744, 0.6412465572357178, 0.01438518613576889, 0.9429854154586792, -0.49221187829971313, -0.0007466204697266221, -0.1057528704404831, -0.42009425163269043, -0.21723362803459167, -0.25368189811706543, -0.4776362180709839, -0.7462256550788879, 0.4407193958759308, 0.04365082457661629, -0.7383826375007629, 0.2158641368150711, -0.7360965609550476, 0.16287276148796082, 0.4153987467288971, -0.12403860688209534, -0.5265500545501709, -0.30849766731262207, -0.24849505722522736 ]
202311	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-services	E-services	E-services (electronic services) are services which make use of information and communication technologies (ICTs). The three main components of e-services are: service provider; service receiver; and the channels of service delivery (i.e., technology). For example, with respect to public e-service, public agencies are the service provider and citizens as well as businesses are the service receiver. For public e-service the internet is the main channel of e-service delivery while other classic channels (e.g. telephone, call center, public kiosk, mobile phone, television) are also considered. Since its inception in the late 1980s in Europe and formal introduction in 1993 by the US Government, the term ‘E-Government’ has now become one of the recognized research domains especially in the context of public policy and now has been rapidly gaining strategic importance in public sector modernization. E-service is one of the branches of this domain and its attention has also been creeping up among the practitioners and researchers. E-service (or eservice) is a highly generic term, usually referring to "The provision of services via the Internet (the prefix 'e' standing for ‘electronic’, as it does in many other usages), thus e-Service may also include e-Commerce, although it may also include non-commercial services (online), which is usually provided by the government." (Irma Buntantan & G. David Garson, 2004: 169-170; Muhammad Rais & Nazariah, 2003: 59, 70-71). "E-Service constitutes the online services available on the Internet, whereby a valid transaction of buying and selling (procurement) is possible, as opposed to the traditional websites, whereby only descriptive information are available, and no online transaction is made possible." (Jeong, 2007). Importance of E-service Lu (2001) identifies a number of benefits for e-services, some of these are: Accessing a greater customer base Broadening market reach Lowering of entry barrier to new markets and cost of acquiring new customers Alternative communication channel to customers Increasing services to customers Enhancing perceived company image Gaining competitive advantages Enhancing transparency Potential for increasing Customer knowledge Importance and advantages of E-shopping E-shops are open 24 hours a day. There is no need to travel to the malls or wait at the checkout counters. There is usually a wide selection of goods and services. It is easy to compare prices and quality by using the E-shopping tool. Price reduction and discounts are electronically conveyed. E-service domain The term ‘e-service’ has many applications and can be found in many disciplines. The two dominant application areas of e-services are: E-business (or e-commerce): e-services mostly provided by businesses or [NGO\|non-government organizations] (NGOs) (private sector). E-government: e-services provided by government to citizens or business (public sector is the supply side). The use and description of the e-service in this page will be limited to the context of e-government only where of the e-service is usually associated with prefix 'public' as in "public e-services". In some cases, we will have to describe aspects that are related to both fields like some conferences or journals which cover the concept of e-service in both domains of e-government and e-business.[example: www.eserviceforyou.com] Architecture Depending on the types of services, there are certain functionalities required in the certain layers of e-service architectural framework, these include but are not limited to: Data layer (data sources), processing layers (customer service systems, management systems, data warehouse systems, integrated customer content systems), exchange layer (Enterprise Application Integration– EAI), interaction layer ( integrating e-services), and presentation layer (customer interface through which the web pages and e-services are linked). E-service quality Measuring service quality and service excellence are important in a competitive organizational environment. The SERVQUAL- service quality model is one of the widely used tools for measuring quality of the service on various aspects. The five attributes of this model are: reliability, responsiveness, assurance, tangibles, and empathy. The following table summarizes some major of these: The LIRNEasia study [Alawattegama & Wattegama (2008)] focuses more on content than on accessibility and ease of use, unlike the other studies mentioned in the table. Websites are increasingly important portals to government agencies, especially in the context of information society reforms. Stakeholders, including businesses, investors and even the general public, are interested in information produced by government agencies, and websites can help to increase their transparency and accountability. The quality of its website also demonstrates how advanced a regulatory agency is. E-service cost factor Some major cost factors are (Lu, 2001): Expense of setting up applications Maintaining applications Internet connection Hardware/software Security concerns legal issues Training; and Rapid technology changes Practical examples of e-services in the Developing World Information technology is a powerful tool for accelerating economic development. Developing countries have focused on the development of ICT during the last two decades and as a result, it has been recognized that ICT is critical to economy and is as a catalyst of economic development. So, in recent years there seems to have been efforts for providing various e-services in many developing countries since ICT is believed to offer considerable potential for the sustainable development of e-Government and as a result, e-Services. Many government agencies in developed countries have taken progressive steps toward the web and ICT use, adding coherence to all local activities on the Internet, widening local access and skills, opening up interactive services for local debates, and increasing the participation of citizens on promotion and management of the territory(Graham and Aurigi, 1997). But the potential for e-government in developing countries remains largely unexploited, even though. ICT is believed to offer considerable potential for the sustainable development of e-government. Different human, organizational and technological factors, issues and problems pertain in these countries, requiring focused studies and appropriate approaches. ICT, in general, is referred to as an “enabler”, but on the other hand, it should also be regarded as a challenge and a peril in itself. The organizations, public or private, which ignore the potential value and use of ICT may suffer pivotal competitive disadvantages. Nevertheless, some e-government initiatives have flourished in developing countries too, e.g. Brazil, India, Chile, etc. What the experience in these countries shows, is that governments in the developing world can effectively exploit and appropriate the benefits of ICT, but e-government success entails the accommodation of certain unique conditions, needs and obstacles. The adaptive challenges of e-government go far beyond technology, they call for organizational structures and skills, new forms of leadership, transformation of public-private partnerships (Allen et al., 2001). Following are a few examples regarding e-services in some developing countries: E-services in Bangladesh Bangladesh first e-service system is National E-Service System ([ NESS]) and 2nd e-Service For you [eserviceforyou.com]. E-services and e-commerce in Rwanda Only a decade after emerging from the fastest genocide of the 20th Century, Rwanda, a small country in Eastern Central Africa, has become one of the continent's leaders in, and model on, bridging the digital divide through e-government. Rwanda has undergone a rapid turnaround from one of the most technologically deficient countries only a decade ago to a country where legislative business is conducted online and wireless access to the Internet is available anywhere in the country. This is puzzling when viewed against the limited progress made in other comparable developing countries, especially those located in the same region, sub-Saharan Africa, where the structural and institutional constraints to e-government diffusion are similar. E-services in South Africa In South Africa, there continues to be high expectations of government in respect to improved delivery of service and of closer consultation with citizens. Such expectations are not unique to this country, and in this regard there is a need for governments to recognise that the implementation of e-government systems and e-services affords them the opportunity to enhance service delivery and good governance. The implementation of e-Government has been widely acclaimed in that it provides new impetus to deliver services quickly and efficiently (Evans & Yen, 2006:208). In recognition of these benefits, various arms of the South African government have embarked on a number of e-government programmes for example the Batho Pele portal, SARS e-filing, the e-Natis system, electronic processing of grant applications from remote sites, and a large number of departmental information websites. Also a number of well publicised e-government ventures such as the latter, analysts and researchers consider the state of e-government in South Africa to be at rudimentary stages. There are various factors which collectively contribute to such an assessment. Amongst these, key factors relate to a lack of a clear strategy to facilitate uptake and adoption of e-government services as well as evaluation frameworks to assess expectations of citizens who are one of the primary user groups of these services. E-services in Malaysia E-Services is one of the pilot projects under the Electronic Government Flagship within the Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC) initiative. With E-Services, one can now conduct transactions with Government agencies, such as the Road Transport Department (RTD) and private utility companies such as Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB) and Telekom Malaysia Berhad (TM) through various convenient channels such as the eServices kiosks and internet. No more queuing, traffic jams or bureaucratic hassles and one can now conduct transaction at one's own convenience. Also, Electronic Labour Exchange (ELX)is one stop-centre for labor market information, as supervised by the Ministry of Human Resource (MOHR), to enable employers and job seekers to communicate on the same platform. e-Syariah is the seventh project under the Electronic Government flagship application of the Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC). A case management system that integrates the processes related to management of cases for the Syariah Courts. Examples of E-services in Established Countries E-services in the United States of America In America, citizens have many options and opportunities to follow and understand government actions through e-government. Government 2.0 (Gov. 2.0) is currently in place to bring the people and governments together to learn new information, increase government transparency, and better means for communicating to one another. Gov. 2.0 offers increased citizen participation through on-line applications such as social media and other apps. Through the internet and websites such as USA.gov, an individual can perform actions such as contacting elected officials, find information about the work force such as retirement plans and labor laws, learn about money and consumer issues such as taxes, loans, and welfare, learn about citizenship and obtaining a visa or passport, and other topics such as health and welfare, education, and environmental issues. E-commerce is another growing E-service in the United States for both big and small businesses. E-commerce sales are projected to grow 10 to 12 percent annually. Amazon.com is the largest on-line marketplace in the country with annual sales of $79 billion. Wal-Mart is also a widely popular retailer. They have grown their business by having electronic services. Wal-Mart's sales for E-commerce in 2015 was roughly $13 billion. Apple develops and sells a wide variety of technological goods and services such as cell phones, music players, and computers. Apple's sales for E-commerce in 2015 was $12 billion. E-services allows businesses to reach new clientele and offer new services. Companies such as eBay and Etsy have achieved great success, with eBay posting a net income in 2016 of nearly $9 billion and Esty claiming roughly $200 million in profits from nearly $2 billion sales. The majority or eBay's business is conducted in the United States but it does a great deal of international business including the United Kingdom and Germany. The global reach of Etsy is seen in nearly every country in the world with 31% of gross merchandise sales occurring outside of the United States. E-services in China China's recent realization of the continuing growth of internet usage has caused the government to recognize the need to expand their E-government services. Some steps the government wants to take in order to increase their E-government services are to develop more online functions, use government sites to integrate on-line services, have supplementary open data available to citizens to further government transparency, and to combine services from local and country-wide governments for convenience. China's plan of action to incorporate the internet into everyday business and grow the economy is known as “Internet Plus.” The government plans to have this plan in full effect by 2025 to be the main driving force for economic and social improvements. Internet Plus will help to grow the job market as the government plans to use local citizens for development, and to generate more areas dedicated to technological growth such as Zhongguancun. Because of the large population, China has the most internet and cell phone users in the world.(consider rewording) This causes a need for technological growth and a demand for increased E-services. In 2016, Chinese consumers spent more money for on-line goods and services than the United States and United Kingdom combined. There is(are) a wide variety of reasons as to why E-commerce flourishes in China including easy access to mobile internet, low cost of shipping, and a vast selection of cheap, unbranded products. Alibaba is China's largest on-line marketplace with an annual revenue stream of $16 billion. Its services are globally available in Russia and Brazil through AliExpress. Tencent is another internet company with an annual revenue income of $16 billion. Tencent is used mainly for instant messaging but has other applications as well including mobile games and other digital content. By the end of 2015, Tencent's WeChat messaging app reached around 700 million users. The biggest competitor for Tencent is Facebook's WhatsApp. Baidu Is the most visited website in the country and it is used as a search engine and has an annual revenue of $10 billion. In March 2016, there were roughly 663 million users. Google challenges Baidu as the major internet search engines in the world. Huawei is a tech company that produces phones, tablets, and develops the equipment used in fixed-line networks. Huawei has an annual revenue income of $61 billion. It is currently located throughout 100 countries worldwide and in 2015, it filed 3,898 patent applications, more than any other country in the world. The biggest competitors to Huawei is Apple and Samsung. Challenges to e-services in the Developing World The future of e-service is bright but some challenges remain. There are some challenges in e-service, as Sheth & Sharma (2007) identify, are: Low penetration of ICT especially in the developing countries; Fraud on the internet space which is estimated around 2.8billion USD Privacy due to the emergence of various types of spyware and security holes, and intrusive characteristics of the service (e.g. mobile phones based) as customers may not like to be contacted with the service providers at any time and at any place. The first challenge and primary obstacle to the e-service platform will be the penetration of the internet. In some developing countries, access to the internet is limited and speeds are also limited. In these cases, firms and customers will continue to use traditional platforms. The second issue of concern is a fraud on the internet. It is anticipated that the fraud on the e-commerce internet space costs $2.8 billion. The possibility of fraud will continue to reduce the utilization of the internet. The third issue is privacy. Due to both spyware and security holes in operating systems, there is a concern that the transactions that consumers undertake have privacy limitations. For example, by stealthily following online activities, firms can develop fairly accurate descriptions of customer profiles. The possibility of privacy violations will reduce the utilization of the internet. The final issue is that e-service can also become intrusive as they reduce time and location barriers of other forms of contract. For example, firms can contact people through mobile devices at any time and at any place. Customers do not take like intrusive behavior and may not use the e-service platform. (Heiner and lyer, 2007) However, in the last years, one can observe appearing of different e-services and related initiatives in developing countries such as Project Nemmadi, MCA21 Mission Mode Project or Digital India even more, in India; Electronic Government Directorate in Pakistan; The E-government citizen program in Iraq; E-government Development Center in Azerbaijan etc. Major e-service keywords A considerable amount of research efforts already exists on the subject matter exploring different aspects of e-service and e-service delivery ; one worth noting effort is Rowley's study (2006) who did a review study on the e-service literature. The key finding of his study is that there is need to explore dimensions of e-service delivery not focusing only on service quality “In order to understand e-service experiences it is necessary to go beyond studies of e-service quality dimensions and to also take into account the inherent characteristics of e-service delivery and the factors that differentiate one service experience from another.” Some of the major keywords of e-service as found in the e-government research are as follows: Acceptance User acceptance of technology is defined according to Morris (1996, referred by Wu 2005, p. 1) as “the demonstrable willingness within a user group to employ information technology for the tasks it is designed to support”. This definition can be brought into the context of e-service where acceptance can be defined as the users’ willingness to use e-service or the willingness to decide when and how to use the e-service. Accessibility Users’ ability to access to the e-service is important theme in the previous literature. For example, Huang (2003) finds that most of the websites in general fail to serve users with disabilities. Recommendation to improve accessibility is evident in previous literature including Jaeger (2006) who suggests the following to improve e-services’ accessibility like: design for accessibility from the outset of website development, Involve users with disabilities in the testing of the site ...Focus on the benefits of an accessible Web site to all users. Administrative literacy According to Grönlund et al. (2007), for a simple e-service, the needs for knowledge and skills, content and procedures are considerably less. However, in complicated services there are needed to change some prevailed skills, such as replacing verbal skills with skill in searching for information online. Benchmarking This theme is concerned with establishing standards for measuring e-services or the best practices within the field. This theme also includes the international benchmarking of e-government services (UN reports, EU reports); much critic has been targeting these reports being incomprehensive and useless. According to Bannister (2007) “… benchmarks are not a reliable tool for measuring real e-government progress. Furthermore, if they are poorly designed, they risk distorting government policies as countries may chase the benchmark rather than looking at real local and national needs” Digital divide Digital divide is considered one of the main barriers to implementing e-services; some people do not have means to access the e-services and some others do not know how to use the technology (or the e-service). According to Helbig et al. (2009), “we suggest E-Government and the digital divide should be seen as complementary social phenomena (i.e., demand and supply). Moreover, a serious e-government digital divide is that services mostly used by social elites." E-readiness Most of the reports and the established criteria focus on assessing the services in terms of infrastructure and public policies ignoring the citizen participation or e-readiness. According to by Shalini (2009), “the results of the research project reveal that a high index may be only indicating that a country is e-ready in terms of ICT infrastructure and info-structure, institutions, policies, and political commitment, but it is a very poor measure of the e-readiness of citizens. To summarize the findings, it can be said that Mauritius is ready but the Mauritians are not” ``E-readiness, as the Economist Intelligence Unit defines, is the measure of a country’s ability to leverage digital channels for communication, commerce and government in order to further economic and social development. Implied in this measure is the extent to which the usage of communications devices and Internet services creates efficiencies for business and citizens, and the extent to which this usage is leveraged in the development of information and communications technology (ICT) industries. In general terms, the definition of e-readiness is relative, for instance depending on a country in question's priorities and perspective. Efficiency As opposed to effectiveness, efficiency is focused on the internal competence within the government departments when delivering e-services. There is a complaint that researchers focus more on effectiveness “There is an emerging trend seemingly moving away from the efficiency target and focusing on users and governance outcome. While the latter is worthwhile, efficiency must still remain a key priority for eGovernment given the budget constraints compounded in the future by the costs of an ageing population. Moreover, efficiency gains are those that can be most likely proven empirically through robust methodologies” Security Security is the most important challenge that faces the implementation of e-services because without a guarantee of privacy and security citizens will not be willing to take up e-government services. These security concerns, such as hacker attacks and the theft of credit card information, make governments hesitant to provide public online services. According to the GAO report of 2002 “security concerns present one of the toughest challenges to extending the reach of e-government. The rash of hacker attacks, Web page defacing, and credit card information being posted on electronic bulletin boards can make many federal agency officials—as well as the general public—reluctant to conduct sensitive government transactions involving personal or financial data over the Internet.” By and Large, Security is one of the major challenges that faces the implementation and development of electronic services. people want to be assured that they are safe when they are conducting online services and that their information will remain secure and confidential Stakeholders Axelsson et al. (2009) argue that the stakeholder concept-which was originally used in private firms-, can be used in public setting and in the context of e-government. According to them, several scholars have discussed the use of the stakeholder theory in public settings. The stakeholder theory suggests that need to focus on all the involved stakeholder s when designing the e-service; not only on the government and citizens. Usability Compared to Accessibility, There is sufficient literature that addresses the issue of usability; researchers have developed different models and methods to measure the usability and effectiveness of eGovernment websites. However, But still there is call to improve these measures and make it more compressive ``The word usability has cropped up a few times already in this unit. In the context of biometric identification, usability referred to the smoothness of enrollment and other tasks associated with setting up an identification system. A system that produced few false matches during enrollment of applicants was described as usable. Another meaning of usability is related to the ease of use of an interface. Although this meaning of the term is often used in the context of computer interfaces, there is no reason to confine it to computers.´´ Social, cultural and ethical implications of e-services The perceived effectiveness of e-service can be influenced by public’s view of the social and cultural implications of e-technologies and e-service. Impacts on individuals’ rights and privacy – as more and more companies and government agencies use technology to collect, store, and make accessible data on individuals, privacy concerns have grown. Some companies monitor their employees' computer usage patterns in order to assess individual or workgroup performance. Technological advancements are also making it much easier for businesses, government and other individuals to obtain a great deal of information about an individual without their knowledge. There is a growing concern that access to a wide range of information can be dangerous within politically corrupt government agencies. Impact on Jobs and Workplaces - in the early days of computers, management scientists anticipated that computers would replace human decision-makers. However, despite significant technological advances, this prediction is no longer a mainstream concern. At the current time, one of the concerns associated with computer usage in any organization (including governments) is the health risk – such as injuries related to working continuously on a computer keyboard. Government agencies are expected to work with regulatory groups in order to avoid these problems. Potential Impacts on Society – despite some economic benefits of ICT to individuals, there is evidence that the computer literacy and access gap between the haves and have-nots may be increasing. Education and information access are more than ever the keys to economic prosperity, yet access by individuals in different countries is not equal - this social inequity has become known as the digital divide. Impact on Social Interaction – advancements in ICT and e-Technology solutions have enabled many government functions to become automated and information to be made available online. This is a concern to those who place a high value on social interaction. Information Security - technological advancements allow government agencies to collect, store and make data available online to individuals and organizations. Citizens and businesses expect to be allowed to access data in a flexible manner (at any time and from any location). Meeting these expectations comes at a price to government agencies where it concerns managing information – more specifically, ease of access; data integrity and accuracy; capacity planning to ensure the timely delivery of data to remote (possibly mobile) sites; and managing the security of corporate and public information. E-service awards The benefits of e-services in advancing businesses efficiency and in promoting good governance are huge; recognizing the importance of these benefits has resulted in number of international awards that are dedicated to recognize the best designed e-services. In the section, we will provide description of some international awards Best online e-service in Europe European eGovernment Awards program started 2003 to recognize the best online public service in Europe. The aim of Awards is to encourage the deployment of e-services and to bring the attention to best practices in the field. The winners of the \|4th European eGovernment Awards were announced in the award ceremony that took place at the 5th Ministerial eGovernment Conference on 19 November 2009 (Sweden); the winners in their respective categories are: Category 1. eGovernment supporting the Single Market: EU-OPA, the European Order for Payment Application ( and ) Category 2a. eGovernment empowering citizens: Genvej () Category 2b. eGovernment empowering businesses: MEPA, the Public Administration eMarketplace () Category 3. eGovernment enabling administrative efficiency and effectiveness: Licensing of Hunters via the “Multibanco” ATM Network () Public prize: SMS Information System () Other awards Sultan Qaboos Award for excellence in eGovernance (Started 2009) The award has five categories: Best eContent, Best eService, Best eProject, eEconomy, eReadiness. eGovernment Excellence Awards (Started 2007) The program has three categories: Government Awards: Best eContent, Best eService, Best eProject, eEconomy, eEducation, eMaturity Business Awards: Best ICT solution Provider, eEconomy, eEducation Citizen Awards: Best eContent, eCitizen. Philippines e-Service Awards (Started 2001) Categories: Outstanding Client Application of the Year, Outstanding Customer Application of the year, Groundbreaking Technology of the Year, Most Progressive Homegrown Company of the Year. Major journals focusing on e-services There are some journals particularly interested for “e-Service “. Some of these are: International Journal of E-services and Mobile Applications eService Journal European Journal of Information Systems MIS Quarterly Information & Management Information Systems Journal International Journal of Electronic Government Electronic Journal of e-Government International Journal of Electronic Commerce Internet Research Journal Information Technology Journal of Strategic Information Systems Journal of the Association for Information Systems Government Information Quarterly Public Administration Review See also Electronic services delivery Customer knowledge References External links E-services delivery The Best E-Government Sites The World Bank (InfoDev) e-Government toolkit Digital divide E-commerce Information technology Knowledge representation E-government	[ 0.662498414516449, -0.04627678170800209, -0.06174342706799507, 0.4306810200214386, 0.28858545422554016, -0.07795991003513336, 0.15278609097003937, 0.48603203892707825, -0.08071484416723251, -0.8735482096672058, -0.8320984244346619, 0.19275514781475067, -0.0764043927192688, -0.06187950819730759, -0.07071360945701599, 0.18725734949111938, 0.2758239805698395, 0.657474935054779, 0.05935806408524513, -0.5046047568321228, -0.6824461817741394, 0.16089172661304474, 0.11417321860790253, -0.5684674978256226, 0.6505012512207031, 0.07405946403741837, -0.15095512568950653, 0.1761685460805893, -0.04786081239581108, -0.34798723459243774, 0.7652081251144409, 0.3179841935634613, -0.43785712122917175, 0.3392782211303711, -0.011072774417698383, -0.3001022934913635, -0.7017468214035034, -0.47393903136253357, -0.6126508712768555, -0.8612260818481445, -0.25854524970054626, -0.026078039780259132, 0.0337945818901062, 0.2329016923904419, -0.3322566747665405, -0.6832283139228821, -1.6397790908813477, -0.04471411556005478, -0.9066376090049744, 0.47874802350997925, -0.43072205781936646, 0.6192187070846558, 0.022632138803601265, 0.5057605504989624, -0.12500493228435516, 0.4229958653450012, 0.11468048393726349, -0.5103257298469543, 0.40150392055511475, -0.24135078489780426, 0.6826173067092896, -0.1723068356513977, -0.12842318415641785, 0.2658669948577881, 0.3285360336303711, -0.3366110324859619, -0.11179319769144058, 0.35085582733154297, -0.08146922290325165, -0.2768668830394745, -0.009399107657372952, -0.13218693435192108, -0.051855675876140594, 0.31901273131370544, -0.6314498782157898, -0.3784189522266388, 0.19158832728862762, -0.3108114004135132, -0.15693899989128113, 0.2144102305173874, -0.3962910771369934, 0.8812517523765564, 0.41614705324172974, 0.24802500009536743, 0.29408761858940125, 0.42207375168800354, -0.39035630226135254, 0.49006879329681396, -0.5123485326766968, 0.5497782826423645, 0.4273777902126312, -0.18407456576824188, 0.27017879486083984, 0.2636162042617798, 0.03138384595513344, 0.0008120100246742368, 0.23123450577259064, -0.6498394012451172, 0.40618425607681274, -0.043952714651823044, 0.0034761440474539995, -0.09861428290605545, -0.007211192511022091, -0.39248591661453247, -0.21147088706493378, 0.1913362294435501, -0.1386212557554245, -0.6847657561302185, 0.1927788406610489, 0.0008137172553688288, -0.2640615701675415, 0.13646253943443298, -0.5048931837081909, 0.13919080793857574, -0.29170677065849304, 0.7174389362335205, 0.3610118329524994, 0.1961200088262558, -0.37360435724258423, 0.13619789481163025, 0.3635585606098175, 0.9518824219703674, 0.2187659740447998, -0.018129993230104446, 0.37112462520599365, 0.14739488065242767, 0.3549284040927887, 0.3902798891067505, -0.28687527775764465, 0.13057465851306915, 0.6015915870666504, 0.8615626692771912, -0.2407638430595398, 0.11494126170873642, -0.24916161596775055, -0.2656191885471344, 0.3356645405292511, 0.2852588891983032, 0.49855172634124756, -0.20513814687728882, -0.6875644326210022, -0.5057232975959778, -0.3405238389968872, -0.34691014885902405, 0.5959911346435547, -0.19338785111904144, 0.14680792391300201, -0.18640735745429993, -0.35708045959472656, -0.09961529076099396, -0.10313279181718826, -0.060995619744062424, -0.5065764784812927, 0.2561984956264496, -0.17532552778720856, 0.7596021294593811, 0.41170409321784973, 0.13120608031749725, -0.01311187632381916, 0.0015264151152223349, 0.2459072768688202, 0.4742385447025299, -0.4796259105205536, -0.0313417986035347, -0.1849289834499359, -0.41812920570373535, -0.019934527575969696, 0.5090904235839844, 0.683501124382019, -0.0529603585600853, -0.10197723656892776, -0.2623305022716522, -0.021074853837490082, -0.3465222120285034, 0.16205503046512604, 0.31431320309638977, 0.204213485121727, 0.34962916374206543, 0.42154964804649353, 0.003795517375692725, -0.7529710531234741, 0.40300673246383667, 0.4803973436355591, -0.3990481495857239, -0.29242655634880066, -0.20108436048030853, 0.398522287607193, 0.003038994502276182, -0.18075962364673615, -0.10239771008491516, -0.7709909081459045, -0.769695520401001, 0.05662083253264427, -0.7038314938545227, 0.9781252145767212, -0.3935428261756897, 0.12327399104833603, 1.0315237045288086, -0.6586131453514099, -0.17424772679805756, 0.2752542495727539, 0.17793172597885132, 0.6883617639541626, -0.7530245184898376, -0.38723519444465637, -0.03161285072565079, 0.47227752208709717, -0.13300201296806335, -0.416265606880188, -0.17898884415626526, 0.7294905185699463, -0.1614871770143509, 0.19356270134449005, -0.35001954436302185, 0.5451445579528809, 0.04141322523355484, -0.5012449622154236, 0.18365231156349182, 0.03897356986999512, -0.023362040519714355, 1.0516390800476074, -0.5006489157676697, -0.11347897350788116, 1.078914999961853, -0.34861141443252563, 0.5180482268333435, 0.330068439245224, 0.20235908031463623, 0.6519141793251038, -0.22097226977348328, 0.05228136479854584, -0.20871643722057343, 0.023811185732483864, -0.35383179783821106, -0.2567572593688965, -0.2175605148077011, 0.08211676776409149, -0.16932059824466705, 0.38776835799217224, -0.2158130705356598, -0.44585344195365906, 0.005367030389606953, -0.5312099456787109, 0.1895572394132614, 0.7472956776618958, -0.1680367887020111, -0.6347365379333496, -0.1965809315443039, -0.5546036958694458, -0.16224835813045502, -0.4289623498916626, 0.25665682554244995, 0.22907322645187378, -0.7104114294052124, 0.14160707592964172, -0.4348912835121155, 0.2234233170747757, 0.33519279956817627, 0.0036951382644474506, 0.09631907939910889, -0.2026049792766571, -0.3233359754085541, 0.3296354115009308, 0.543548047542572, 0.08497545123100281, -0.3738339841365814, 0.1423306167125702, -0.5928224921226501, 0.05439436063170433, 0.4743500351905823, 0.43653371930122375, -0.18092896044254303, 0.04288578778505325, 0.10130137950181961, -0.2586613893508911, -0.7466742992401123, 0.8680084943771362, 0.6205545663833618, -0.62809818983078, -0.4510190784931183, 0.08899851143360138, 0.7655321359634399, 0.5920398235321045, -0.9223312735557556, 0.1674996316432953, -0.11899390071630478, -0.012953344732522964, -0.5698056817054749, -0.4955449402332306, 0.27757054567337036, -0.034846749156713486, 0.6135004162788391, -0.4797968566417694, 0.13691993057727814, 0.7577545642852783, 0.04693564772605896, -0.1770557016134262, 0.42375099658966064, 0.018223321065306664, -0.21024824678897858, 0.10545296221971512, 0.23265494406223297, -0.024541135877370834, 0.1819012463092804, 0.09709344804286957, -0.5380539894104004, -0.00823681615293026, -0.004499129485338926, -5.718747138977051, -0.02258945256471634, -0.1826872080564499, -0.08479737490415573, 0.007771278731524944, -0.14705824851989746, 0.7996916770935059, -0.0458519272506237, 0.3873421251773834, -0.09858059883117676, -0.10827382653951645, 0.44273728132247925, 0.053443484008312225, -0.12175863981246948, 0.1944679319858551, 0.6981567740440369, 0.4546054005622864, 0.16146297752857208, 0.5075783133506775, 0.07497560977935791, -0.42530593276023865, 0.004766011610627174, 0.053483158349990845, 0.8127167224884033, 0.08335816860198975, -1.078641414642334, -0.7989931702613831, 0.06226862221956253, -0.15524545311927795, -0.2531355023384094, 0.47742313146591187, -0.1991073042154312, -0.24033835530281067, -0.3004142940044403, -0.3498718738555908, -0.19101887941360474, 0.9103221893310547, 0.08356524258852005, -0.04674916714429855, -0.4673130512237549, 0.2137255072593689, 0.578822910785675, 0.06274913251399994, -0.11548968404531479, 0.422024667263031, -0.37505581974983215, 0.3761196732521057, 0.041826993227005005, -0.02139204740524292, 0.6512467861175537, -0.3215327560901642, -0.054364562034606934, 0.5563505291938782, -0.3550979495048523, 0.47698208689689636, -0.48740527033805847, 0.028919272124767303, 0.24641083180904388, -0.019379200413823128, 0.23281532526016235, 0.40443670749664307, -0.04888300970196724, -0.406512588262558, -1.0013664960861206, -0.3312733471393585, 0.16903093457221985, -0.8252941966056824, -0.7237663269042969, 0.24924717843532562, -0.09010100364685059, -0.49585339426994324, 0.652279794216156, 0.7179903984069824, -0.3460128605365753, 0.5174859762191772, -0.6627757549285889, 0.4152608811855316, 0.1226486936211586, 0.062681183218956, -0.11364386975765228, 0.04894459992647171, -0.19525255262851715, -0.2708340287208557, -0.11496274918317795, 0.28902897238731384, -0.4329117238521576, -0.1620466709136963, -0.44317466020584106, -0.17518456280231476, -0.03430388122797012, 1.0545179843902588, -0.10775715857744217, 0.5174838900566101, 0.6645804047584534, 0.7611806392669678, 0.3562493622303009, 0.40776172280311584, 0.49900129437446594, 0.12896627187728882, -0.7988267540931702, 0.4842665195465088, 0.31517794728279114, -0.06529935449361801, -0.3918306231498718, -0.17597240209579468, -0.07853236794471741, -0.24759843945503235, -0.35014763474464417, 0.7386711239814758, -0.515159547328949, -0.49121761322021484, -0.1334984451532364, -0.7617204785346985, -0.11111569404602051, -0.44893714785575867, 0.1782163679599762, -0.36956870555877686, 0.14837715029716492, 0.48234331607818604, -0.4167880415916443, 0.1574801504611969, 0.4639248549938202, 0.37023231387138367, -0.05016499385237694, 0.024315185844898224, -0.18177828192710876, -0.20866234600543976, 0.2442486435174942, -0.09363766759634018, -0.5880438089370728, 0.7109535336494446, 0.27562248706817627, 0.029966002330183983, -0.3724963963031769, 0.18926562368869781, -0.422958105802536, -0.14424385130405426, 0.16001592576503754, -0.18437017500400543, -0.4422842562198639, 0.19572190940380096, -0.23070131242275238, 0.010682142339646816, 0.1857472062110901, 1.0497586727142334, 0.08408817648887634, -0.2516418695449829, -0.13014888763427734, 0.00917487870901823, 0.4105994999408722, -0.4337281882762909, -0.2676822543144226, 0.34918370842933655, 0.023167070001363754, 0.12937544286251068, -0.024721868336200714, 0.5562037229537964, -0.15550918877124786, -0.4560815691947937, -0.6460453867912292, 0.3109505772590637, -0.04570334032177925, -0.5801828503608704, 0.20858319103717804, 0.2800481617450714, 0.09238354116678238, -0.8346160650253296, 0.22349491715431213, -0.38123801350593567, 0.33837777376174927, 0.11957229673862457, -0.39870885014533997, -0.5953618884086609, -0.3156132996082306, 0.11919205635786057, -0.04190399497747421, -0.2495446354150772, 0.4080187678337097, 0.038901567459106445, -0.21381334960460663, 0.475247323513031, -0.5760548710823059, -0.1742447316646576, -0.17520380020141602, 0.5724460482597351, -0.46391257643699646, 0.2344876080751419, -0.04931500554084778, -0.22636444866657257, -0.5966319441795349, 0.6903572678565979, -0.32497715950012207, 0.5133069753646851, -0.013452193699777126, 0.5041058659553528, -0.9880415201187134, 0.21072836220264435, -0.16373714804649353, 0.17963284254074097, -0.8615097999572754, 0.25895488262176514, 0.09973536431789398, -0.5638032555580139, 0.3089359998703003, -0.4258977472782135, -0.5006898641586304, -0.08398009836673737, -0.4129221737384796, -0.21472004055976868, -0.01345384493470192, -0.7968327403068542, -0.5179599523544312, 0.1733822077512741, 0.5166431665420532, -0.5967761278152466, 0.3087806701660156, 0.062407854944467545, -0.09787671267986298, -0.5874596834182739, -0.49897363781929016, 0.13838861882686615, -0.1830333024263382, -0.43412482738494873, -0.20464998483657837, -0.19542422890663147, 0.48496463894844055, 0.6480270624160767, -0.613160252571106, 0.40104180574417114, -0.4160793125629425, -0.3504881262779236, -0.1037864089012146, 0.3118813931941986, 0.45077139139175415, -0.001833711052313447, 0.24450580775737762, 0.044258881360292435, -0.10385984927415848, 0.4684992730617523, 0.19777746498584747, -0.2965671420097351, 0.5561580061912537, -0.5121737122535706, -0.49425262212753296, -0.018746208399534225, 0.8721873164176941, 0.27852514386177063, -0.4954392611980438, -1.0457357168197632, 0.04304612800478935, -0.07700488716363907, -0.25323373079299927, -0.20057836174964905, -0.206464946269989, 0.3309745788574219, -0.216202974319458, -0.0934276282787323, -0.21241822838783264, -0.048278968781232834, -0.18193598091602325, -0.3627605438232422, -0.779197096824646, -0.15006095170974731, 0.13184942305088043, 0.41671550273895264, 0.20380908250808716, -0.6508705019950867, -0.1472841501235962, -0.4278618395328522, -0.07493027299642563, 0.36778756976127625, -0.12403818219900131, 0.7350850105285645, 0.33404114842414856, 0.575510561466217, -0.3397892713546753, 0.10098126530647278, -0.5159753561019897, -0.359327107667923, 0.2965969145298004, -0.32051247358322144, -0.25164085626602173, 0.07916642725467682, -0.3137286901473999, 0.5667673349380493, -0.4713321030139923, 0.3168112337589264, 0.02437298372387886, -0.3253398537635803, -0.391887366771698, 0.012373313307762146, 0.4127214252948761, -0.31590205430984497, 0.41454455256462097, -0.3871406614780426, -0.11114288121461868, -0.184566468000412, 0.08725479245185852, -0.042232997715473175, -0.30630022287368774, -0.17945799231529236, 0.46778011322021484, 0.4838320016860962, -0.46256229281425476, 0.6091298460960388, 0.7356281876564026, 0.1851704865694046, -0.3703364431858063, 0.28860124945640564, -0.530461847782135, 0.1448647528886795, -0.21955013275146484, 0.4747283160686493, 0.6225035786628723, -0.4399815499782562, -0.0015528141520917416, -0.02865728735923767, -0.8040439486503601, 0.698461651802063, -0.15723693370819092, -0.304460346698761, 0.10057023167610168, 0.5655285716056824, -0.07423309236764908, -0.1173960343003273, 0.63620525598526, 0.06442844122648239, -0.13154011964797974, -0.3261914551258087, 0.49607762694358826, 0.6881289482116699, 0.2599773705005646, 0.06669000536203384, -0.15327821671962738, 0.2385597676038742, -0.08309783041477203, -0.027647828683257103, 0.04587613418698311, -0.0336778424680233, 0.7783998847007751, 0.5485715866088867, -0.017087416723370552, -0.25714626908302307, 0.7375726103782654, -0.49513137340545654, 0.5636893510818481, 0.47958317399024963, 0.7856926918029785, -0.40105578303337097, 0.0034375740215182304, -0.06297517567873001, 0.315142422914505, 0.36689355969429016, -0.13779081404209137, -0.45498576760292053, -0.42509159445762634, 0.01117625366896391, 0.12958499789237976, 0.003146006492897868, -0.2655886709690094, 0.24535824358463287, 0.3558086156845093, 0.9436966180801392, 0.00811437051743269, -0.029401728883385658, -0.2062154859304428, 0.2082614153623581, -0.9616689682006836, 0.2309718281030655, -0.2011132538318634, -0.2166072428226471, 0.6423798203468323, -0.4548526108264923, 0.4961383044719696, -0.17548421025276184, -0.03471963480114937, 0.10655513405799866, 0.380450040102005, 0.39228686690330505, 0.25179484486579895, 0.05720440298318863, -0.22604696452617645, 0.14618609845638275, -0.49739542603492737, 0.12563484907150269, 0.08619289100170135, -0.5019132494926453, 0.4967459738254547, 0.15369075536727905, 0.09152016043663025, -0.20327186584472656, -0.18263952434062958, 0.4564656615257263, 0.006441257894039154, -0.1482647806406021, 0.27938583493232727, 0.081476591527462, 1.344495177268982, 0.2340260148048401, -0.1139700710773468, -0.294393390417099, 0.5760693550109863, 0.21302050352096558, -0.12173803150653839, -0.26438015699386597, 0.5612040758132935, -0.6059938073158264, 0.003559884848073125, -0.7826917767524719, 0.18957477807998657, 0.4808080196380615, 0.34723013639450073, 0.32187139987945557, 0.06313090771436691, 0.4330708682537079, 0.2919417917728424, 0.37767526507377625, -0.07175105810165405, -0.03835495933890343, -0.007697875611484051, -0.06166437268257141, 0.21837526559829712, 0.183590367436409, -0.42072609066963196, 0.1404166966676712, 0.0642457902431488, -0.016796594485640526, 0.7942399382591248, -0.09228891134262085, 0.2669141888618469, -0.08212986588478088, -0.020022274926304817, -0.557458221912384, 0.5187914967536926, -0.3557703495025635, 0.05739366635680199, -0.36011070013046265, 0.03342568501830101, 0.20228400826454163, -0.3491502106189728, -0.5225626230239868, -0.131974995136261, -0.03717571869492531, 0.20701049268245697, -1.0930649042129517, -0.4069713056087494, -0.13786140084266663, -0.35022804141044617, -0.8473542332649231, 0.2482808530330658, 0.20135316252708435, -0.9717526435852051, 0.2807457149028778, 0.15491099655628204, -0.44544169306755066, 0.066916324198246, 0.00907827913761139, -0.34797561168670654, 0.046464499086141586, 0.14122320711612701 ]

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.