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259233 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak%20Hill%2C%20Maine | Oak Hill, Maine | Oak Hill is a census-designated place (CDP) in the town of Scarborough in Cumberland County, Maine, United States. Prior to the 2020 census, the CDP was known as Scarborough. The population was 4,403 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Portland–South Portland–Biddeford, Maine Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Geography
Oak Hill is located at (43.59258, -70.333608).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , of which , or 0.27%, is water.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 3,867 people, 1,615 households, and 1,046 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 777.1 people per square mile (299.8/km2). There were 1,697 housing units at an average density of 341.0/sq mi (131.6/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 96.15% White, 0.47% Black or African American, 0.26% Native American, 1.99% Asian, 0.31% from other races, and 0.83% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.80% of the population.
There were 1,615 households, out of which 29.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.4% were married couples living together, 8.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.2% were non-families. 27.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.35 and the average family size was 2.90.
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 22.3% under the age of 18, 5.8% from 18 to 24, 31.9% from 25 to 44, 22.2% from 45 to 64, and 17.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.9 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $46,705, and the median income for a family was $60,037. Males had a median income of $37,891 versus $27,407 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $24,013. About 5.2% of families and 7.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.4% of those under age 18 and 3.0% of those age 65 or over.
References
Census-designated places in Maine
Portland metropolitan area, Maine
Census-designated places in Cumberland County, Maine | [
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259238 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmington%2C%20Maine | Farmington, Maine | Farmington is a town in and the county seat of Franklin County, Maine, United States. As of the 2020 census, its population was 7,592. Farmington is home to the University of Maine at Farmington, the Nordica Memorial Auditorium, the Homestead, and the annual Farmington Fair.
History
The area was once territory of the Canibas tribe of Abenaki Indians. They had two camps located near Farmington Falls, with fields cleared for cultivation of maize and potatoes. Their fort's stockade enclosed about an acre at the center of what is today Farmington Falls village. A group from Topsham arrived in 1776 to explore the area and lay out a town, called Plantation No. 1 or Sandy River Plantation, but permanent settlement was delayed by the Revolutionary War.
In 1781, the first settlers arrived, the same year a sawmill was established. On February 1, 1794, Sandy River Plantation was incorporated as Farmington, named for its unusually fertile soil. Beginning with a cluster of log houses at Farmington Falls, the town grew quickly and prospered. Agriculture was an important early occupation, with hay a principal product. Orchards yielded apples and other fruit. Farmington became one of the largest wool producing towns in New England, with many herds of sheep grazing the hills and intervales.
The town's water power attracted industry, including five lumber mills, two sash, blind and door factories, two brickyards, a foundry, a rake factory, three gristmills, nearly a dozen carriage factories, a cheese factory, two corn canning factories, two reaper machine factories, a spool factory and a tannery. As a regional center for manufacturing, trade and agriculture, Farmington was designated county seat when Franklin County was formed in 1838. In 1859, the Androscoggin Railroad completed its line from Leeds Junction to Farmington, carrying freight and tourists.
In 1879, the town became the southern terminus for the narrow gauge Sandy River Railroad (later part of the Sandy River and Rangeley Lakes Railroad), making it a gateway to the Rangeley Lake and Sugarloaf Mountain areas. Farmington suffered a devastating fire on October 22, 1886, when thirty-three houses, nineteen stores, three churches, the county jail and the post office were destroyed. The 1877 Methodist Church designed by noted architect Arthur H. Vinal survived. Farmington is today a college town and resort area.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which is land and is water. Farmington is drained by Wilson Stream, Temple Stream, Beaver Brook and the Sandy River.
The town is crossed by U.S. Route 2 and Maine State Routes 4, 27, 43, 133 and 149. It borders the towns of Industry and New Sharon to the east, Chesterville to the south, Wilton to the southwest, Temple to the west, and Strong and New Vineyard to the north.
Farmington is divided into four local areas and sometimes mapped as such. They are West Farmington, Fairbanks, Farmington Falls, and Farmington (downtown). Each except Fairbanks has its own zip code, but all are within Farmington's town limits.
Climate
Typically for Maine, Farmington has a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb) with cold (sometimes severely cold) winters and warm, often humid summers. Winters are cold and snowy, with forty nights per year under and 68.6 days failing to top freezing. Snow cover peaks in February at typically around , but the maximum reached is on February 28, 1969. The coldest month since records began in 1893 was January 1982, with an average of , and the hottest was July 1921, with an average of , including 12 days over , while the coldest winter was that of 1917–18, with an average temperature of . The hottest day was August 3, 1975, which reached , while the coldest temperature was on January 20, 1994.
Precipitation is abundant throughout the year, with snowfall especially heavy in winter. The wettest calendar month was December 1969, with including of snow and a fall from a warm front of of precipitation (mostly rain) on December 27 and 28. The snowiest season was from July 1968 to June 1969, with total snowfall of , while the least snowy was from July 1980 to June 1981, with .
Demographics
2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 7,760 people, 3,072 households, and 1,597 families residing in the town. The population density was . There were 3,441 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the town was 96.9% White, 0.3% African American, 0.4% Native American, 0.3% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 0.3% from other races, and 1.7% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.3% of the population.
There were 3,072 households, of which 23.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.2% were married couples living together, 9.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.9% had a male householder with no wife present, and 48.0% were non-families. 34.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.17 and the average family size was 2.75.
The median age in the town was 32.1 years. 16% of residents were under the age of 18; 27.2% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 18.3% were from 25 to 44; 23.3% were from 45 to 64; and 15.5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 45.3% male and 54.7% female.
2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 7,410 people, 2,813 households, and 1,533 families residing in the town. The population density was 132.8 people per square mile (51.2/km2). There were 3,048 housing units at an average density of 54.6 persons/sq mi (21.1 persons/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 97.48% White, 0.20% African American, 0.30% Native American, 0.65% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.40% from other races, and 0.94% from two or more races. 0.82% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There were 2,813 households, out of which 24.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.5% were married couples living together, 9.1% have a woman whose husband does not live with her, and 45.5% were non-families. 31.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.25 and the average family size was 2.87.
In the town, the population was spread out, with 18.4% under the age of 18, 25.0% from 18 to 24, 21.5% from 25 to 44, 19.3% from 45 to 64, and 15.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 81.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 75.1 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $26,814, and the median income for a family was $33,656. Males had a median income of $27,569 versus $21,101 for females. The per capita income for the town was $13,982. About 18.0% of families and 22.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 30.6% of those under the age of 18 and 5.4% ages 65 or older.
Government
Farmington is the largest town, and county seat, of Franklin County. As a result, it has a number of regional administrative buildings such as a courthouse and DHHS branch. It is governed by a board of selectmen who meet at Town Hall on alternating Tuesdays at 6:30 PM. Daily administration is by a town manager, and the town holds an annual town meeting in March.
Sites of interest
Farmington Historical Society
Nordica Memorial Homestead
Titcomb Mountain
Sandy River
Mount Blue Middle School
University of Maine at Farmington
Farmington is home to a number of historic properties and districts. These include the Cutler Memorial Library, Farmington Historic District, First Congregational Church, United Church of Christ, Franklin County Courthouse, Free Will Baptist Meetinghouse, Greenacre, Chester Greenwood House, Merrill Hall, Nordica Homestead, Old Union Meetinghouse, Hiram Ramsdell House and the Tufts House.
University of Maine At Farmington
Farmington is home to The University of Maine at Farmington, part of Maine's public university system. UMF had a full-time enrollment of 1,800 in 2016.
Neighborhoods
Downtown Farmington – The main part of town, downtown has several banks, houses, stores, and public facilities. The University of Maine at Farmington is next to downtown. Downtown is at the intersection of Main Street and Broadway Street.
West Farmington – West Farmington is at the junction of U.S. 2 and SR 43. Titcomb Mountain is in West Farmington. The Whistle Stop Rail-Trail starts at Oakes Street and continues to East Wilton, Wilton and Jay. Bikers, hikers, ATVs, snowmobiles, and cross-country skiers use the trail. There is also a gas station, Madores. The Zip code is 04992.
Farmington Falls – Farmington Falls is at the junction of U.S. 2, SR 41 and SR 156. There are some houses and a church. The Sandy River passes through here. The zip code is 04940.
Fairbanks – Fairbanks once housed a school, and has a trading post and some restaurants. It is at the junction of SR 4 and SR 27. It is part of the 04938 Zip Code. The Lillian Nordica House is in Fairbanks.
Wilton Road – U.S. 2 passes through Farmington. This area is mostly businesses. There is a Walmart, Hannaford, KFC, Taco Bell, Subway, Pizza Hut and Ford, GM, and Chrysler dealerships. There are two Dunkin Donuts off Wilton Road: one near Big Lots, and one near a Citgo gas station. Other businesses are on Wilton Road, where the zip code is 04938.
Front Street – Front Street is a street behind downtown. There are a few houses before the intersection at Broadway. There was a restaurant that served pizza and gelato called the Stone Hearth Cafe (now closed). The Narrow Gauge Square has a cinema, an eye doctor, and a few stores. Prescott Field is for baseball, softball, and soccer for the University of Maine at Farmington. It is the main way to get to the Sandy River swimming area. Giffords is on the corner of Main and Front Streets. Front Street is considered Historic Farmington's main street.
Prophecy
Farmington is the subject of a prophecy by the Quaker Licia Kuenning (formerly Lisa Bieberman) about a Coming New Order in the town. This was originally prophesied for Tuesday, June 6, 2006 but, after gathering more than 80 people together with no apparent miracles on that date, is now prophesied "within the next few years".
Notable people
Edward Abbott, clergyman, journalist, author
Jacob Abbott, author, educator
Elizabeth Akers Allen, author, journalist, poet
Hiram Belcher, US congressman
Supply Belcher, composer, musician
Nathan Cutler, politician
Robert Goodenow, US congressman
Walter Gooley, state legislator
Chester Greenwood, the inventor of earmuffs
Wilhelmina Harper, librarian and author
S. Clifton Ives, Methodist bishop
Julia Harris May (1833–1912), founder of May School in Farmington
Janet Mills, Governor of Maine, former state attorney general
Peter Mills, politician
Samuel P. Morrill, US congressman and minister
Lillian Nordica, singer
Thomas Parker, Judge, early donor to Bates College
Dan Simoneau, cross country skier
Charlie Webster, state legislator and Chair of the Maine Republican Party
Seth Wescott, first Olympic gold medalist in Snowboard Cross
Henry Clay Wood, U.S. Army officer who received the Medal of Honor during the American Civil War
Chandler Woodcock, state senator
See also
Maine Jazz Camp
Hiram Ramsdell House
WUMF-FM
WKTJ-FM
References
External links
Town of Farmington, Maine
Farmington Public Library
County seats in Maine | [
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259244 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar%20Harbor%2C%20Maine | Bar Harbor, Maine | Bar Harbor is a resort town on Mount Desert Island in Hancock County, Maine, United States. As of the 2020 census, its population is 5,089. During the summer and fall seasons, it is a popular tourist destination and, until a catastrophic fire in 1947, the town was a noted summer colony for the wealthy.
The town is home to the College of the Atlantic, Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor Bank & Trust and MDI Biological Laboratory.
Bar Harbor is also home to the largest parts of Acadia National Park, including Cadillac Mountain, the highest point within of the coastline of the eastern United States.
The town's main access road, from the north or south, is State Route 3, which is the coastal Eden Street taken from the Trenton Bridge. Upon entering the town limits from the north, Route 3 turns east onto Mount Desert Street, before turning south onto Main Street at Bar Harbor's Village Green. It then circumnavigates the eastern portion of Mount Desert Island. Two other streets link Route 3 to Main Street: West Street (the first visitors from the north see) and Cottage Street. Another principal road, Eagle Lake Road, leads west, from its intersection with Eden Street, Mount Desert Street and Kebo Street, into the national park.
History
The town of Bar Harbor was founded on the northeast shore of Mount Desert Island, which the Wabanaki Indians knew as Pemetic, meaning "range of mountains" or "mountains seen at a distance." The Wabanaki seasonally fish, hunt and gather berries, clams, and other shellfish in the area. They speak of Bar Harbor as Man-es-ayd'ik ("clam-gathering place") or Ah-bays'auk ("clambake place"), leaving great piles of shells as evidence of this abundance. In early September 1604, French explorer Samuel de Champlain ran aground on a rock ledge believed to be Egg Rock, just off Otter Cliffs, and when he came ashore to repair his boat he met local natives. Champlain named the island Isles des Monts Deserts, meaning "island of barren mountains"—now called Mount Desert Island, the largest island in Maine.
In 1761, Abraham Somes established the first European village on Mount Desert Island, naming it Somesville. Also named for him is Somes Sound, the only naturally occurring fjard on the East Coast of the United States. Bar Harbor itself was first settled by Europeans Israel Higgins and John Thomas in 1763 and incorporated on February 23, 1796, as Eden, after Sir Richard Eden, an English statesman.
Early industries included fishing, lumbering and shipbuilding. With the best soil on Mount Desert Island, it also developed agriculture, with a main focus on dairy. In the 1840s, its rugged maritime scenery attracted the Hudson River School and Luminism artists Thomas Cole, Frederic Edwin Church, William Hart and Fitz Henry Lane. Inspired by their paintings, journalists, sportsmen and "rusticators" followed. Agamont House, the first hotel in Eden, was established in 1855 by Tobias Roberts. Birch Point, the first summer estate, was built in 1868 for Alpheus Harding.
By 1880, there were 30 hotels, including the Mira Monte Inn, a historic landmark that survived a massive fire in 1947. Tourists were arriving by train and ferry to the Gilded Age resort that would rival Newport, Rhode Island. The rich and famous tried to outdo each other with entertaining and estates, often hiring landscape gardener and landscape architect Beatrix Farrand, a resident at local Reef Point Estate, to design their gardens. A glimpse of their lifestyles was available from the Shore Path, a coastal path skirting waterfront lawns. Yachting, garden parties at the Pot & Kettle Club, and carriage rides up Cadillac Mountain were popular diversions. Others enjoyed horse-racing at Robin Hood Park-Morrell Park. President William Howard Taft played golf in 1910 at the Kebo Valley Golf Club. He was the last sitting president to visit the town for a century thereafter, until Barack Obama's arrival in July 2010.
On March 3, 1918, Eden was renamed Bar Harbor, after the sand and gravel bar, visible at low tide, which leads across to Bar Island and forms the rear of the harbor. The name would become synonymous with elite wealth. It was the birthplace of vice-president Nelson Rockefeller.
Bar Harbor was also used for naval practices during World War II. More specifically, Bald Porcupine Island (one of the five Porcupine Islands) was used to fire live torpedoes. In October 1944, the submarine USS Piper fired 12 live torpedoes at the island. Of those fired, one failed to explode on the first attempt but was later detonated by the twelfth torpedo. In 1996, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers surveyed all 30 acres of Bald Porcupine Island for unexploded ordnance. Nine were found.
Many influential people have called Bar Harbor home for at least part of the year. John D. Rockefeller, Jr., son of John D. Rockefeller of Standard Oil Co., donated about one-third of the land in Acadia National Park and built the carriage roads that are used for hiking and biking. J. P. Morgan owned a house that is adjacent to the town. Cornelius Vanderbilt built cottages in Bar Harbor, while the Astor family owned hotels and cottages in Bar Harbor and the surrounding areas. The co-founder and CEO of Burt's Bees, Roxanne Quimby, has a home near Bar Harbor, and Martha Stewart has also been known to frequent Mount Desert Island and has been seen in Bar Harbor.
Mount Desert Island fire
In mid-October 1947, Maine experienced a severe drought, seeing only half of its usual rainfall. On October 17, sparks at a cranberry bog near Town Hill ignited a wildfire that intensified over the next ten days, due to strong winds that began on October 21, and it was not declared out until mid-November. This was one of several wildfires in the state that year. Nearly half the eastern side of Mount Desert Island burned, including 67 "cottages" – around a third of the 222 cottages that stood at the time. (Many were empty or for sale; only 135 were occupied that summer.) Five historic grand hotels were also destroyed. These were Agamont House (Main Street), Hamor House (Main Street at Cottage Street), Belmont Hotel (Mount Desert and Kebo Streets), Malvern Hotel (Kebo Street) and the DeGregoire Hotel (Eden Street at West Street). The Building of Arts civic building, on Kebo Street at Cromwell Harbor Road, also perished.
Over 10,000 acres (4,000 ha) of Acadia National Park were destroyed. The town's business district was spared, including Mount Desert Street, where several former summer homes within a historic district listed on the National Register of Historic Places operate as inns.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which is land and is water. Bar Harbor is situated on Frenchman Bay.
Climate
This climatic region is typified by large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters. According to the Köppen climate classification system, Bar Harbor has a humid continental climate, abbreviated "Dfb" on climate maps. Bar Harbor and Mount Desert Island are located near the coastline and surrounded by the North American continent to the northeast and southwest. This location, combined with prevailing winds that are not from the Atlantic, gives Bar Harbor a continental climate with very cold winters for an island location at such a low latitude.
Demographics
2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 5,235 people, 2,427 households, and 1,275 families residing in the town. The population density was . There were 3,495 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the town was 94.7% White, 0.8% African American, 0.2% Native American, 2.8% Asian, 0.4% from other races, and 1.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.1% of the population.
There were 2,427 households, of which 22.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.8% were married couples living together, 6.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.0% had a male householder with no wife present, and 47.5% were non-families. 36.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.08 and the average family size was 2.70.
The median age in the town was 45.3 years. 17.3% of residents were under the age of 18; 10% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 22.4% were from 25 to 44; 32.3% were from 45 to 64; and 18.1% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 46.3% male and 53.7% female.
2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 4,820 people, 2,142 households, and 1,163 families residing in or near the town. The population density was 114.2 people per square mile (44.1/km2). There were 2,805 housing units at an average density of 66.5 per square mile (25.7/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 97.88% White, 0.15% Black or African American, 0.21% Native American, 0.89% Asian, 0.08% from other races, and 0.79% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.62% of the population.
There were 2,142 households, out of which 24.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.5% were married couples living together, 6.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 45.7% were non-families. 34.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.16 and the average family size was 2.78.
In and near the town, the population was spread out, with 19.8% under the age of 18, 9.0% from 18 to 24, 28.6% from 25 to 44, 26.6% from 45 to 64, and 16.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 87.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82.7 males.
The median income for a household in or near the town was $37,481, and the median income for a family was $51,989. Males had a median income of $31,085 versus $25,417 for females. The per capita income for the area was $24,103. About 4.9% of families and 8.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.7% of those under age 18 and 8.3% of those age 65 or over.
Education
Conners Emerson School, founded in 1962, is located in Bar Harbor, serving students of grades K through 8.
Mount Desert Island High School serves the four towns of Mount Desert Island, plus the outlying islands of Swans Island and the town of Cranberry Isles. The school also serves students from towns such as Trenton, Hancock, Lamoine and Mariaville on the mainland.
The College of the Atlantic is located in Bar Harbor, on Route 3.
Transportation
The town is served by the Hancock County-Bar Harbor Airport, which provides year-round direct flights to Boston, Massachusetts.
Bar Harbor has historically served as a port for ferry service to Nova Scotia, though the town has not had active service since 2009.
In the fall of 2018, it was announced that The Cat, a high-speed vessel operated between Portland, Maine, and Yarmouth, Nova Scotia, by Bay Ferries Limited, would have its route changed and begin departing from Bar Harbor. Service along this new route was originally expected to begin in summer 2019, but was delayed due to construction work at the Bar Harbor marina. Service was then canceled during both the 2020 and 2021 seasons due to the COVID-19 pandemic. As of 2021, Bay Ferry's website indicates intention for The CAT to begin Bar Harbor service in the near future.
Tourism
Recreational activities abound in Bar Harbor. The downtown is particularly alive in the summer and fall months due to its approximation to Acadia National Park. Outdoor activities in Acadia include hiking along trails or carriage roads, biking along the carriage roads, bird watching, and mountain climbing, with Cadillac Mountain being the highest point on the Atlantic seaboard.
Those interested in the marine life surrounding Mount Desert Island can go to the marina at the end of Main Street and sign up for tours that feature puffins, whales, seals, seabirds, and lighthouses, or for a general nature cruise.
At low tide a sand bar is exposed that links the town to Bar Island.
In 2012, the American Planning Association named the Village Green as one of their top ten Great Places in America for Public Spaces.
Cruise ships arrive in the harbor from May through October (most often in September), with 154 ship visits and more than 222,000 passengers in 2018. The forecast for 2019 was 176 ship visits and more than 254,000 passengers. Bar Harbor also hosts many long-distance cyclists, as it is the eastern terminus of the Adventure Cycling Association's Northern Tier Bicycle Route (Anacortes, Washington, is the western terminus), and the northern terminus of its Atlantic Coast Bicycle Route (Key West, Florida, is the southern terminus).
Ben & Bill's Chocolate Emporium, on Main Street (across from Cottage Street), is a popular location due to its lobster-flavored ice cream. It also has a lobster statue at its storefront.
In popular culture
Bar Harbor is featured in the 2007 book The Titan's Curse by Rick Riordan as the setting of Westover Hall, a boarding school.
The Far Harbor add-on for the video game Fallout 4 is located on Mount Desert Island, with Bar Harbor being in a location on the island congruent with the main settlement in the game.
Notable people
Verna Bloom, actress
Charles Bolster, judge
Les Brewer, co-founder of College of the Atlantic
Dennis Damon, state senator (2002–2010)
Henry F. Dimock, lawyer
William E. Dodge, Jr., businessperson
George Dorr, preservationist, lived at Compass Harbor
Matthew Dunlap, Maine Secretary of State
Joseph T. Edgar, Secretary of State of Maine and Speaker of the Maine House of Representatives
Jill Goldthwait, state senator (1994–2002)
Carrie Jones, novelist
David E. Kelley, television producer
Shirley Povich, sports columnist and reporter for The Washington Post
Esther Ralston, actress
David Rockefeller, banker
Nelson Rockefeller, businessman, governor of New York (1959–1973), Vice President of the United States (1974–1977)
Jennifer Skiff, author, journalist, television producer
George Davis Snell, Nobel Prize winning geneticist conducted his groundbreaking research at The Jackson Laboratory in Bar Harbor
Marguerite Yourcenar, novelist and essayist
References
Further reading
External links
Town of Bar Harbor, Official website
Bar Harbor Chamber of Commerce
Bar Harbour, Travel Guide by The New York Times
https://www.barharbor.bank/about-us/about-us
Mount Desert Island
Populated places established in 1763
Towns in Hancock County, Maine
Towns in Maine
Acadia National Park
Populated coastal places in Maine
Resort towns | [
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259284 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howland%20%28CDP%29%2C%20Maine | Howland (CDP), Maine | Howland is a census-designated place (CDP) in Penobscot County, Maine, United States. The population was 1,096 at the 2010 census.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , of which is land and , or 3.65%, is water.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,210 people, 500 households, and 322 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 161.4 people per square mile (62.3/km2). There were 544 housing units at an average density of 28.0 persons/km2 (72.6 persons/sq mi). The racial makeup of the CDP was 98.26% White, 0.25% African American, 0.25% Native American, 0.08% Asian, 0.17% from other races, and 0.99% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.17% of the population.
There were 500 households, out of which 28.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.8% were married couples living together, 7.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.4% were non-families. 30.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.33 and the average family size was 2.87.
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 23.1% under the age of 18, 6.4% from 18 to 24, 27.7% from 25 to 44, 24.3% from 45 to 64, and 18.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 85.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.7 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $28,261, and the median income for a family was $36,250. Males had a median income of $32,333 versus $19,792 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $15,875. About 6.1% of families and 11.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.7% of those under the age of 18 and 25.6% ages 65 or older.
References
Census-designated places in Maine
Census-designated places in Penobscot County, Maine | [
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259285 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howland%2C%20Maine | Howland, Maine | Howland is a town in Penobscot County, Maine, United States, which was settled in 1818. It was named after John Howland, one of the passengers on the Mayflower. The population was 1,094 at the 2020 census.
Geography
The town is on the west bank of the Penobscot River at the confluence with the Piscataquis River. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which, of it is land and is water.
Climate
This climatic region is typified by large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters. 2. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Howland has a humid continental climate, abbreviated "Dfb" on climate maps.
Demographics
As of the 2000 census, the median income for a household in the town was $34,082, and the median income for a family was $36,302. Males had a median income of $32,000 versus $17,386 for females. The per capita income for the town was $15,466. About 6.9% of families and 11.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.8% of those under the age of 18 and 25.3% ages 65 or older.
2010 census
As of the 2010 census, there were 1,241 people, 523 households, and 330 families residing in the town. The population density was 35.6 people per square mile (13.7/km2). There were 639 housing units at an average density of 18.3 per square mile (7.1/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 97.4% White, 0.6% African American, 0.6% Native American, 0.2% Asian, and 1.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.4% of the population.
There were 523 households, of which 22.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.1% were headed by married couples living together, 9.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.9% were non-families. 30.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.2% were someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.32, and the average family size was 2.82.
In the town, the population was spread out, with 19.3% under the age of 18, 8.1% from 18 to 24, 21.6% from 25 to 44, 29.9% from 45 to 64, and 21.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 45.5 years.
Local schools
See MSAD 31
Notable people
Matthew Mulligan (born 1985), free agent NFL tight end, most recently for the Detroit Lions.
Percy Spencer (1894-1970), engineer and inventor of the microwave oven.
Fire and ambulance
Located in Howland, Maine, Howland Fire & EMS provides 24/7 coverage for Howland, as well as neighboring towns Enfield, Passadumkeag, Edinburg, Maxfield, and Mattamiscontis. The department largely consist of volunteers and part-time EMS providers. The department is funded by an annual budget from the Town of Howland and fire service contracts with other towns. Other equipment purchases which the town cannot afford are paid for through fundraising efforts.
Since the 2015, the department has undergone several changes that have resulted in a more modern, efficient service. With the adoption of new technology, as well as the department's recent launch of a website focused on recruiting and informing the public of news, announcements and fire safety related content, the department has grown into one of the leading volunteer departments in northern Maine.
See also
School Administrative Unit 31
References
External links
Towns in Penobscot County, Maine
Towns in Maine
Populated places established in 1818
1818 establishments in Maine | [
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259304 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond%20%28CDP%29%2C%20Maine | Richmond (CDP), Maine | Richmond is a census-designated place (CDP) in the town of Richmond in Sagadahoc County, Maine. The population was 1,864 at the 2000 census. It is part of the Portland–South Portland–Biddeford, Maine Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Geography
Richmond is located at (44.1055817, -69.8118560).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 7.1 square miles (18.4 km), all of it land.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,864 people, 759 households, and 494 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 262.7 people per square mile (101.4/km). There were 840 housing units at an average density of 45.7 persons/km (118.4 persons/sq mi). The racial makeup of the CDP was 97.80% White, 0.59% African American, 0.16% Native American, 0.21% Asian, 0.11% Pacific Islander, 0.32% from other races, and 0.80% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.86% of the population.
There were 759 households, out of which 35.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.3% were married couples living together, 13.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.9% were non-families. 28.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.43 and the average family size was 3.00.
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 26.7% under the age of 18, 6.3% from 18 to 24, 29.6% from 25 to 44, 25.8% from 45 to 64, and 11.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.9 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $33,750, and the median income for a family was $45,114. Males had a median income of $30,362 versus $26,161 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $15,867. About 18.1% of families and 16.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 24.3% of those under the age of 18 and 3.2% ages 65 or older.
References
Census-designated places in Maine
Portland metropolitan area, Maine
Census-designated places in Sagadahoc County, Maine | [
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259305 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond%2C%20Maine | Richmond, Maine | Richmond is a town in Sagadahoc County, Maine, United States. The population was 3,522 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Portland–South Portland–Biddeford, Maine metropolitan statistical area, situated at the head of Merrymeeting Bay.
Richmond is located adjacent to the 2,019 acre state-owned and managed Steve Powell Wildlife Management Area on Swan Island, a wildlife sanctuary and tourist area listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Swan Island is a major wildlife tourist attraction for the town, especially during the summer.
Richmond is also known for its collection of Greek Revival homes, unique for the area.
History
The tract of land which comprises Richmond and Gardiner was purchased in 1649 from the Abenaki Indians by Christopher Lawson. The site of Richmond, as well as neighboring Swan Island, is believed by historians to have served as a summer settlement for the Abenaki.
In 1719, Fort Richmond was built by the Province of Massachusetts Bay on the western bank of the Kennebec River where Richmond is located today. Named for Ludovic Stewart, 1st Duke of Richmond, the fort included a blockhouse, trading post, chapel, officers' and soldiers' quarters, all surrounded by a palisade. In 1722 during the Dummer's War, following the battle at Arrowsic, Maine, Fort Richmond was attacked in a three-hour siege by warriors from Norridgewock. Houses were burned and cattle slain, but the fort held. Brunswick and other settlements near the mouth of the Kennebec River were destroyed. The fort's defenses were enlarged in 1723. On August 19, 1724, a militia of 208 soldiers departed Fort Richmond under command of captains Jeremiah Moulton and Johnson Harmon, traveling up the Kennebec in 17 whaleboats to sack Norridgewock. Fort Richmond would be rebuilt in 1740, attacked by another tribe in 1750, then dismantled in 1755 when forts Shirley (also called Frankfort), Western and Halifax were built upriver.
Settled in 1725, the community was part of Bowdoinham when it was incorporated in 1762 by the Massachusetts General Court. In 1790, Revolutionary War veteran John Plummer was awarded a land grant on Plummer Road, where his son built the surviving house about 1810. The Embargo of 1807 crippled the port's economy, bankrupted merchants and created a recession which lingered through the War of 1812.
The town was set off and incorporated on February 10, 1823, taking its name from the old fort. Farms produced hay and potatoes. With the arrival of steamboats in the 1830s, Richmond boomed as a shipbuilding and trade center on the navigable Kennebec River estuary. Among the more important shipbuilders were T. J. Southard, also considered one of the town's "founding fathers". A brass foundry was established. The community also produced shoes, sails and wood products. Its peak years were between 1835 and 1857, endowing the town with a wealth of fine Greek Revival architecture.
Richmond is believed to have been a site along the Underground Railroad.
Richmond was once the center of the largest Slavic-speaking settlement in the United States. People of Ukrainian, Russian, and Polish heritage emigrated to the United States during World War II to settle along the Kennebec Valley. In the 1950s and 1960s, there was also a large influx of White Russian emigres, who earlier fled the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which is land and is water. Richmond is drained by Mill Brook, Abagadasset River and Kennebec River. Peacock Beach State Park, established in May 2010, is a state park located on Pleasant Pond in Richmond.
Demographics
2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 3,411 people, 1,420 households, and 965 families residing in the town. The population density was . There were 1,629 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the town was 97.3% White, 0.4% African American, 0.3% Native American, 0.2% Asian, 0.3% from other races, and 1.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.9% of the population.
There were 1,420 households, of which 29.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.5% were married couples living together, 11.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.2% had a male householder with no wife present, and 32.0% were non-families. 24.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.39 and the average family size was 2.85.
The median age in the town was 42.1 years. 22% of residents were under the age of 18; 6.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 25.7% were from 25 to 44; 31.9% were from 45 to 64; and 14% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 49.0% male and 51.0% female.
2000 census
At the 2000 census, there were 3,298 people, 1,290 households and 900 families residing in the town. The population density was 108.5 per square mile (41.9/km). There were 1,475 housing units at an average density of 18.7 persons/km (48.5 persons/sq mi). The racial makeup of the town was 98.18% White, 0.42% African American, 0.18% Native American, 0.24% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 0.36% from other races, and 0.55% from two or more races. 0.85% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There were 1,290 households, of which 36.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.8% were married couples living together, 11.1% have a woman whose husband does not live with her, and 30.2% were non-families. 24.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.54 and the average family size was 3.01.
Age distribution was 27.3% under the age of 18, 6.2% from 18 to 24, 30.7% from 25 to 44, 25.3% from 45 to 64, and 10.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.4 males.
The median household income was $36,654, and the median family income was $48,125. Males had a median income of $30,557 versus $25,844 for females. The per capita income for the town was $17,896. 13.6% of the population and 14.0% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 22.7% are under the age of 18 and 6.1% are 65 or older.
Sites of interest
Richmond Historical & Cultural Society
C. H. T. J. Southard House Museum—built about 1870 and remodeled in 1886
Gallery
Notable people
De Alva S. Alexander, journalist, lawyer, US congressman
Walter A. Burleigh, physician, US congressman
Andrey Dikiy, historian, writer. Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn would visit him occasionally at this address.
Seth Goodall, Maine state senator
George Hamilton-Gordon, Scottish earl, sailor
T. J. Southard, shipbuilder, merchant fleet operator, entrepreneur, politician, philanthropist, and a Richmond "founding father"
References
Further reading
External links
Town of Richmond, Maine
Isaac F. Umberhine Public Library
Maine Genealogy: Richmond, Sagadahoc County, Maine
Towns in Sagadahoc County, Maine
Portland metropolitan area, Maine
Populated places established in 1725
1725 establishments in Massachusetts
Polish communities in the United States
Russian communities in the United States
Ukrainian communities in the United States
Towns in Maine | [
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259334 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee%20for%20the%20Re-Election%20of%20the%20President | Committee for the Re-Election of the President | The Committee for the Re-election of the President (also known as the Committee to Re-elect the President), abbreviated CRP, but often mocked by the acronym CREEP, was, officially, a fundraising organization of United States President Richard Nixon's 1972 re-election campaign during the Watergate scandal.
History
Planning began in late 1970 and an office opened in the spring of 1971. Besides its re-election activities, CRP employed money laundering and slush funds, and was involved in the Watergate scandal.
The CRP used $500,000 in funds raised to re-elect President Nixon to pay legal expenses for the five Watergate burglars. This act helped turn the burglary into an explosive political scandal. The burglars, as well as G. Gordon Liddy, E. Howard Hunt, John N. Mitchell, and other Nixon administration figures (Watergate Seven), were indicted over the break-in and their efforts to cover it up.
The acronym CREEP was derisively applied to the CRP as a nickname by Nixon's opponents; the pejorative became popular due to the Watergate scandal.
Prominent members
Charles Colson, special counsel to the President
Kenneth H. Dahlberg, Midwest finance chairman; developer of the Miracle-Ear hearing aid
Francis L. Dale, chairman; publisher of The Cincinnati Enquirer; owner of the Cincinnati Reds
E. Howard Hunt, consultant to the White House; retired CIA operative
Herbert W. Kalmbach, deputy finance chairman; President Nixon's personal attorney
Fred LaRue, deputy director; aide to John Mitchell
G. Gordon Liddy, finance counsel; former aide to John Ehrlichman
James W. McCord, Jr., security coordinator; former director of security at the Central Intelligence Agency
Jeb Stuart Magruder, deputy director
Fred Malek, manager; former Deputy Undersecretary of Health, Education, and Welfare
Judy Hoback Miller, bookkeeper
John N. Mitchell, director; former United States Attorney General
Donald Segretti, political operative
DeVan L. Shumway, spokesman
Hugh W. Sloan, Jr., treasurer; former aide to White House Chief of Staff H.R. Haldeman
Maurice Stans, finance chairman; former United States Secretary of Commerce
Roger Stone, political operative
See also
Young Voters for the President
White House Plumbers
References
Committees
Watergate scandal
1972 United States presidential election
Fundraising | [
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259335 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assumption%20of%20Mary | Assumption of Mary | The Assumption of Mary is one of the four Marian dogmas of the Catholic Church. (The word 'assumption' derives from the Latin word assūmptiō meaning "taking up"). Pope Pius XII defined it in 1950 in his apostolic constitution Munificentissimus Deus as follows:
We proclaim and define it to be a dogma revealed by God that the immaculate Mother of God, Mary ever virgin, when the course of her earthly life was finished, was taken up body and soul into the glory of heaven.
The declaration was built upon the 1854 dogma of the Immaculate Conception of Mary, which declared that Mary was conceived free from original sin, and both have their foundation in the concept of Mary as the Mother of God. It leaves open the question of whether Mary died or whether she was raised to eternal life without bodily death.
The equivalent belief (but not held as dogma) in the Eastern Orthodox Church is the Dormition of the Mother of God or the "Falling Asleep of the Mother of God".
History
The first known narrative to address the end of Mary's life is the apocryphal third- and possibly second-century, Liber Requiei Mariae ("Book of Mary's Repose"). According to Stephen J. Shoemaker,this earliest evidence for the veneration of Mary appears to come from a markedly heterodox theological milieu ... [suggesting] that the cult of the Virgin had its origins somewhere outside of the proto-orthodox stream of early ChristianityThe next oldest surviving text outside the New Testament relevant to the development of the Marian tradition is the "Six Books Dormition Apocryphon", associated with the Collyridians who were condemned by Epiphanius of Salamis "for their excessive devotion to the Virgin Mary". Again, Shoemaker:Even though ... there is absolutely nothing at all heterodox about the Six Books Dormition Apocryphon, or seemingly even the related group [the Chollyridians, ... Epiphanius's] condemnation of Marian piety as theologically transgressive and subversive also suggests some intriguing possibilities regarding an "extra-orthodox" origin for Marian veneration.The earliest Dormition traditions all see Mary's death as special. Eamon Duffy notes that there is no historical evidence for Mary's assumption, and though the state of the sources concerning the Dormition and the Assumption is limited, it is generally agreed that it was unknown in the earliest ages of the Church. "The ancient narratives are neither clear nor unanimous in either supporting or contradicting the modern dogma" of the assumption. The New Testament is silent regarding the end of her life, the early Christians produced no accounts of her death, and in the late 4th century Epiphanius of Salamis wrote he could find no authorized tradition about how her life ended. Nevertheless, although Epiphanius could not decide on the basis of biblical or church tradition whether Mary had died or remained immortal, his indecisive reflections suggest that some difference of opinion on the matter had already arisen in his time, and he identified three beliefs concerning her end: that she died a normal and peaceful death; that she died a martyr; and that she did not die.
Only gradually did these practices become more accepted among the proto-orthodox Christians during the course of the fourth century. Notable later apocrypha based on these two texts include De Obitu S. Dominae and De Transitu Virginis, both probably from the 5th century, with further versions by Dionysius the Areopagite, and Gregory of Tours, among others. The Transitus Mariae was among apocrypha condemned in a 6th-century work called Decretum Gelasianum, but by the early 8th century the belief was so well established that John of Damascus could set out what had become the standard Eastern tradition, that "Mary died in the presence of the Apostles, but that her tomb, when opened, upon the request of St Thomas, was found empty; wherefrom the Apostles concluded that the body was taken up to heaven."
The Feast of the Dormition, imported from the East, arrived in the West in the early 7th century, its name changing to Assumption in some 9th century liturgical calendars. In the same century Pope Leo IV (reigned 847-855) gave the feast a vigil and an octave to solemnise it above all others, and Pope Nicholas I (858-867) placed it on a par with Christmas and Easter, tantamount to declaring Mary's translation to Heaven as important as the Incarnation and Resurrection of Christ. In the 10th century the German nun Elisabeth of Schonau was granted visions of Mary and her son which had a profound influence on the Western Church's tradition that Mary had ascended body and soul into Heaven, and Pope Benedict XIV (1740-1758) declared it "a probable opinion, which to deny were impious and blasphemous".
Traditions relating to the Assumption
The Catholic Church has two different traditions concerning the assumption/dormition of Mary: in the first, she rose from the dead after a brief period and then ascended into heaven; in the second, she was “assumed” bodily into heaven before she died.
In some versions of the story, the assumption is said to have taken place in Ephesus, in the House of the Virgin Mary. This is a much more recent and localized tradition. The earliest traditions say that Mary's life ended in Jerusalem (see "Mary's Tomb"). By the 7th century, a variation emerged, according to which one of the apostles, often identified as Thomas the Apostle, was not present at the death of Mary but his late arrival precipitates a reopening of Mary's tomb, which is found to be empty except for her grave clothes. In a later tradition, Mary drops her girdle down to the apostle from heaven as testament to the event. This incident is depicted in many later paintings of the Assumption.
Teaching of the Assumption of Mary became widespread across the Christian world, having been celebrated as early as the 5th century and having been established in the East by Emperor Maurice around AD 600. John Damascene records the following:
Theological issues and scriptural basis
Theological issues
In the dogmatic declaration by Pope Pius XII, the phrase "having completed the course of her earthly life", leaves open the question of whether the Virgin Mary died before her assumption or not. Mary's assumption is said to have been a divine gift to her as the Mother of God. Ludwig Ott's view is that, as Mary completed her life as a shining example to the human race, the perspective of the gift of assumption is offered to the whole human race.
Ott writes in his book Fundamentals of Catholic Dogma that "the fact of her death is almost generally accepted by the Fathers and Theologians, and is expressly affirmed in the Liturgy of the Church", to which he adds a number of citations. He concludes: "for Mary, death, in consequence of her freedom from original sin and from personal sin, was not a consequence of punishment of sin. However, it seems fitting that Mary's body, which was by nature mortal, should be, in conformity with that of her Divine Son, subject to the general law of death".
The manner in which Mary's earthly life ended has not been infallibly defined by any pope. Many Catholics believe that she did not die at all, but was assumed directly into Heaven. The dogmatic definition in the apostolic constitution Munificentissimus Deus which, according to Roman Catholic dogma, infallibly proclaims the doctrine of the Assumption, leaves open the question of whether, in connection with the ending of her earthly life, Mary underwent bodily death. The dogma does not attempt to answer or define this question, as indicated by the words "having completed the course of her earthly life".
Scriptural basis
Pope Pius, in promulgating Munificentissimus Deus, stated that "All these proofs and considerations of the holy Fathers and the theologians are based upon the Sacred Writings as their ultimate foundation." The pope did not advance any specific text as proof of the doctrine, but one senior advisor, Father Jugie, expressed the view that Revelation 12:1-2 was the chief scriptural witness to the assumption:
And a great sign appeared in heaven: a woman clothed with the sun, and the moon under her feet, and on her head a crown of twelve stars; and she was with child...
The symbolism of this verse is based on the Old Testament, where the sun, moon, and eleven stars represent the patriarch Jacob, his wife, and eleven of the twelve tribes of Israel, who bow down before the twelfth star and tribe, Joseph, and verses 2-6 reveal that the woman is an image of the faithful community. The possibility that it might be a reference to Mary's immortality was tentatively proposed by Epiphanius in the 4th century, but while Epiphanius made clear his uncertainty and did not advocate the view, many later scholars did not share his caution and its reading as a representation of Mary became popular with certain Roman Catholic theologians.
Many of the bishops cited Genesis 3:15, in which God is addressing the serpent in the Garden of Eden, as the primary confirmation of Mary's assumption:
Enmity will I set between you and the woman, between your seed and hers; he will strike your head, and you will strike his heel.
The Catechism of the Catholic Church affirms that the account of the fall in Genesis 3 uses figurative language, and that the fall of mankind, by the seductive voice of the snake in the bible, represents the fallen angel, Satan. Similarly, the great dragon in Revelation is a representation of Satan, identified with the serpent from the garden who has enmity with the woman. Though the woman in revelation represents the people of God, faithful Israel and the Church, Mary is considered the Mother of the Church. Therefore, in Catholic thought there is an association between this heavenly woman and Mary's Assumption.
A messianic prophecy was not originally intended. In the Hebrew Bible the serpent is not satanic, and the verse is simply a record of the enmity between humans and snakes (although a memory of the ancient Canaanite myth of a primordial sea-serpent may stand behind them, albeit at a distance). But although the verse speaks literally about mankind's relationship with snakes, there is also a metaphorical overtone: a door has been opened to a dark power and there is no promise of victory, but rather a warning of ongoing conflict.
Among the many other passages noted by the pope were the following:
:8, greeting the return of the Ark of the Covenant to Jerusalem ("Arise, O Lord, into your resting place, you and the ark which you have sanctified!"), where the ark is taken as the prophetic "type" of Mary;
Revelation 11:19, in which John sees the ark of the covenant in heaven (this verse immediately precedes the vision of the woman clothed with the sun);
Luke 1:28, in which the Archangel Gabriel greets Mary with the words, "Hail Mary, full of grace", since Mary's bodily assumption is a natural consequence of being full of grace;
and Matthew 27:52-53, concerning the certainty of bodily resurrection for all who have faith in Christ.
Assumption versus Dormition
Many Catholics believe that Mary died before being assumed, but they believe that she was miraculously resurrected before being assumed. Others believe she was assumed bodily into Heaven without first dying. Either understanding may be legitimately held by Catholics, with Eastern Catholics observing the Feast as the Dormition.
Many theologians note by way of comparison that in the Catholic Church the Assumption is dogmatically defined, whilst in the Eastern Orthodox tradition the Dormition is less dogmatically than liturgically and mystically defined. Such differences spring from a larger pattern in the two traditions, wherein Catholic teachings are often dogmatically and authoritatively defined – in part because of the more centralized structure of the Catholic Church – whilst in Eastern Orthodoxy many doctrines are less authoritative.
The Latin Catholic Feast of the Assumption is celebrated on 15 August and the Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholics celebrate the Dormition of the Mother of God (or Dormition of the Theotokos, the falling asleep of the Mother of God) on the same date, preceded by a 14-day fast period. Eastern Christians believe that Mary died a natural death, that her soul was received by Christ upon death, that her body was resurrected on the third day after her death and that she was taken up into heaven bodily in anticipation of the general resurrection.
Protestant views
Views differ within Protestantism, with those with a theology closer to Catholicism sometimes believing in a bodily assumption whilst most Protestants do not.
Lutheran views
The Feast of the Assumption of Mary was retained by the Lutheran Church after the Reformation. The current Lutheran Service Book formally calls it "St. Mary, Mother of our Lord."
Anglican views
Within Anglican doctrine the Assumption of Mary is either rejected or regarded as adiaphora ("a thing indifferent"); it therefore disappeared from Anglican worship in 1549, partially returning in some branches of Anglicanism during the 20th century under different names. A Marian feast on 15 August is celebrated by the Church of England as a non-specific feast of the Blessed Virgin Mary, a feast called by the Scottish Episcopal Church simply "Mary the Virgin", and in the US-based Episcopal Church it is observed as the feast of "Saint Mary the Virgin: Mother of Our Lord Jesus Christ",
while other Anglican provinces have a feast of the Dormition – the Anglican Church of Canada for instance marks the day as the "Falling Asleep of the Blessed Virgin Mary".
The Anglican-Roman Catholic International Commission, which seeks to identify common ground between the two communions, released in 2004 a non-authoritative declaration meant for study and evaluation, the "Seattle Statement"; this "agreed statement" concludes that "the teaching about Mary in the two definitions of the Assumption and the Immaculate Conception, understood within the biblical pattern of the economy of hope and grace, can be said to be consonant with the teaching of the Scriptures and the ancient common traditions".
Other Protestant views
The Protestant Reformer Heinrich Bullinger believed in the assumption of Mary. His 1539 polemical treatise against idolatry expressed his belief that Mary's sacrosanctum corpus ("sacrosanct body") had been assumed into heaven by angels:
Most modern Protestants neither teach nor believe in the Assumption of Mary, since they see no biblical basis or extra-biblical basis for it.
Feasts and related fasting period
Orthodox Christians fast fifteen days prior to the Feast of the Assumption of Mary, including abstinence from sexual relations. Fasting in the Orthodox tradition refers to not consuming a meal until evening.
The Assumption is important to many Christians, especially Catholics and Orthodox, as well as many Lutherans and Anglicans, as the Virgin Mary's heavenly birthday (the day that Mary was received into Heaven). Belief about her acceptance into the glory of Heaven is seen by some Christians as the symbol of the promise made by Jesus to all enduring Christians that they too will be received into paradise. The Assumption of Mary is symbolised in the Fleur-de-lys Madonna.
The present Italian name of the holiday, "Ferragosto", may derive from the Latin name, Feriae Augusti ("Holidays of the Emperor Augustus"), since the month of August took its name from the emperor. The Solemnity of the Assumption on 15 August was celebrated in the Eastern Church from the 6th Century. The Catholic Church adopted this date as a Holy Day of Obligation to commemorate the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary, a reference to the belief in a real, physical elevation of her sinless soul and incorrupt body into Heaven.
Public holidays
Assumption Day on 15 August is a nationwide public holiday in Andorra, Austria, Belgium, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chile, Republic of Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Croatia, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cyprus, East Timor, France, Gabon, Greece, Georgia, Republic of Guinea, Haiti, Italy, Lebanon, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Republic of North Macedonia, Madagascar, Malta, Mauritius, Republic of Moldova, Monaco, Montenegro (Albanian Catholics), Paraguay, Poland (coinciding with Polish Army Day), Portugal, Romania, Rwanda, Senegal, Seychelles, Slovenia, Spain, Syria, Tahiti, Togo, and Vanuatu; and was also in Hungary until 1948.
It is also a public holiday in parts of Germany (parts of Bavaria and Saarland) and Switzerland (in 14 of the 26 cantons). In Guatemala, it is observed in Guatemala City and in the town of Santa Maria Nebaj, both of which claim her as their patron saint. Also, this day is combined with Mother's Day in Costa Rica and parts of Belgium.
Prominent Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, and Oriental Orthodox countries in which Assumption Day is an important festival but is not recognized by the state as a public holiday include the Czech Republic, Ireland, Mexico, the Philippines and Russia. In Bulgaria, the Feast of the Assumption is the biggest Eastern Orthodox Christian celebration of the Holy Virgin. Celebrations include liturgies and votive offerings. In Varna, the day is celebrated with a procession of a holy icon, and with concerts and regattas.
In many places, religious parades and popular festivals are held to celebrate this day. In Canada, Assumption Day is the Fête Nationale of the Acadians, of whom she is the patron saint. Some businesses close on that day in heavily francophone parts of New Brunswick, Canada. The Virgin Assumed in Heaven is also patroness of the Maltese Islands and her feast, celebrated on 15 August, apart from being a public holiday in Malta is also celebrated with great solemnity in the local churches especially in the seven localities known as the Seba' Santa Marijiet. The Maltese localities which celebrate the Assumption of Our Lady are: Il-Mosta, Il-Qrendi, Ħal Kirkop, Ħal Għaxaq, Il-Gudja, Ħ'Attard, L-Imqabba and Victoria. The hamlet of Praha, Texas holds a festival during which its population swells from approximately 25 to 5,000 people.
In Anglicanism and Lutheranism, the feast is now often kept, but without official use of the word "Assumption". In Eastern Orthodox churches following the Julian Calendar, the feast day of Assumption of Mary falls on 28 August.
Art
The earliest known use of the Dormition is found on a sarcophagus in the crypt of a church in Zaragoza in Spain dated c. 330. The Assumption became a popular subject in Western Christian art, especially from the 12th century, and especially after the Reformation, when it was used to refute the Protestants and their downplaying of Mary's role in salvation. Angels commonly carry her heavenward where she is to be crowned by Christ, while the Apostles below surround her empty tomb as they stare up in awe. Caravaggio, the "father" of the Baroque movement, caused a stir by depicting her as a decaying corpse, quite contrary to the doctrine promoted by the church; more orthodox examples include works by El Greco, Rubens, Annibale Caracci, and Nicolas Poussin, the last replacing the Apostles with putti throwing flowers into the tomb.
See also
Assumption (disambiguation), a disambiguation page which includes many places named after the Assumption of Mary
Cathedral of the Assumption (disambiguation)
Assumption of Mary, patron saint archive
Ascension of Jesus
Coronation of Mary
Resurrection of Jesus Christ
Entering Heaven Alive
References
Citations
Bibliography
Further reading
Duggan, Paul E. (1989). The Assumption Dogma: Some Reactions and Ecumenical Implications in the Thought of English-speaking Theologians. Emerson Press, Cleveland, Ohio.
Mimouni, Simon Claude (1995). Dormition et assomption de Marie: Histoire des traditions anciennes. Beauchesne, Paris.
External links
"Munificentissimus Deus – Defining the Dogma of the Assumption" Vatican, 1 November 1950
Footage of the Assumption proclamation (1950) (British Pathé)
Marian dogmas
Glorious Mysteries
Marian feast days
Eastern Orthodox liturgical days
Catholic Mariology
Pope Pius XII mariology
August observances
Public holidays in Croatia
Catholic holy days
Entering heaven alive
Heaven in Christianity
Christian processions
Western Christianity | [
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259338 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subscription%20business%20model | Subscription business model | The subscription business model is a business model in which a customer must pay a recurring price at regular intervals for access to a product or service. The model was pioneered by publishers of books and periodicals in the 17th century, and is now used by many businesses, websites and even pharmaceutical companies in partnership with the government.
Subscriptions
Rather than selling products individually, a subscription offers periodic (daily, weekly, bi-weekly, monthly, semi-annual, yearly/annual, or seasonal) use or access to a product or service, or, in the case of performance-oriented organizations such as opera companies, tickets to the entire run of some set number of (e.g., five to fifteen) scheduled performances for an entire season. Thus, a one-time sale of a product can become a recurring sale and can build brand loyalty.
Industries that use this model include mail order book sales clubs and music sales clubs, private web mail providers, cable television, satellite television providers with pay television channels, providers with digital catalogs with downloadable music or eBooks, satellite radio, telephone companies, mobile network operators, internet providers, software publishers, websites (e.g., blogging websites), business solutions providers, financial services firms, health clubs, lawn mowing and snowplowing services, to rent an apartment and pharmaceuticals, as well as the traditional newspapers, magazines, and academic journals.
Renewal of a subscription may be periodic and activated automatically so that the cost of a new period is automatically paid for by a pre-authorized charge to a credit card or a checking account. A common variation of the model in online games and on websites is the freemium model, in which the first tier of content is free, but access to premium features (for example, game power-ups or article archives) is limited to paying subscribers.
Types and examples
There are different categories of subscriptions: to
A subscription for a fixed set of goods or services.
Periodicals, such as a newspaper or magazine, have several types of subscriptions:
Paid circulation
Non-paid circulation
Controlled circulation
Subscription boxes contain a variety of consumables
Community-supported agriculture
Meal delivery service
Meal kit delivery service
A subscription for unlimited use of a service or collection of services. Usage may be personal and non-transferable, for a family, or under certain circumstances, for a group utilizing a service at one time. In the publishing industry, a subscription to a bundle of several journals, at a discounted price, is known as a "big deal".
Software as a service
A pay-as-you-go subscription where you subscribe to purchase a product periodically. This is also known as the convenience model because it is a convenience for the customer to not have to remember to go find their product and buy it periodically. This model has been popularized by companies like Dollar Shave Club, Birchbox, and OrderGroove. Based on their success, many other retailers have begun to offer subscription model services.
For example, a subscription to a rail pass by a company may not be individualized but might permit all employees of that firm to use the service. For goods with an unlimited supply and for many luxury services, subscriptions of this type are rare.
A subscription for basic access or minimal service plus some additional charge depending on usage. A basic telephone service pays a pre-determined fee for monthly use but may have extra charges for additional services such as long-distance calls, directory services and pay-per-call services. When the basic service is offered free of charge, this business model is often referred to as freemium.
A subscription on content creation of artists on websites. This content may or may not be pornographic in nature. An example of such an adult content-subscription services is OnlyFans.
Publishing
In publishing, the subscription model typically involves a paywall or other "toll-access" system (named in opposition to open access). As revenues from digital advertising diminish, a paid subscription model is being favoured by more publishers who see it as a comparatively stable income stream.
Academic journals
In the field of academic publishing, the subscription business model means that articles of a specific journal or conference proceedings are only available to subscribers. Subscriptions are typically sold to universities and other higher education institutions and research institutes, though some academic publishers also sell individual subscriptions or access to individual articles.
In contrast with other media such as newspapers, subscription fees to academic publishers generally do not go towards supporting the creation of the content: the scientific articles are written by scientists and reviewed by other scientists as part of their work duties. The paper authors and reviewers are not paid by the publisher. In this light, the subscription model has been called undesirable by proponents of the open access movement.
Academic publications which use the subscription model are called "closed-access", by opposition to their open-access counterparts.
Effects
Vendors
Businesses benefit because they are assured a predictable and constant revenue stream from subscribed individuals for the duration of the subscriber's agreement. Not only does this greatly reduce uncertainty and the riskiness of the enterprise, but it often provides payment in advance (as with magazines, concert tickets), while allowing customers to become greatly attached to using the service and, therefore, more likely to extend by signing an agreement for the next period close to when the current agreement expires.
An integrated software solutions, for example, the subscription pricing structure is designed so that the revenue stream from the recurring subscriptions is considerably greater than the revenue from simple one-time purchases. In some subscription schemes (like magazines), it also increases sales, by not giving subscribers the option to accept or reject any specific issue. This reduces customer acquisition costs, and allows personalized marketing or database marketing. However, a requirement of the system is that the business must have in place an accurate, reliable, and timely way to manage and track subscriptions.
From a marketing-analyst perspective, it has the added benefit that the vendor knows the number of currently active members since a subscription typically involves a contractual agreement. This so-called 'contractual' setting facilitates customer relationship management to a large extent because the analyst knows who is an active customer and who recently churned.
Additional benefits include a higher average customer lifetime value (ACLV) than that of nonrecurring business models, greater customer inertia and a more committed customer base as it transitions from purchase to opt-out decisions, and more potential for upselling and cross-selling other products or services.
Some software companies such as Adobe and Autodesk have moved from a perpetual licensing model to a subscription model, known as "software as a service". This move has significant implications for sales and customer support organizations. Over time, the need to close large deals decreases resulting in lower sales costs. However, the size of the customer support organization increases so that the paying customers stay happy.
Customers
Consumers may find subscriptions convenient if they believe that they will buy a product on a regular basis and that they might save money. For repeated delivery of the product or service, the customer also saves time.
Subscriptions which exist to support clubs and organizations call their subscribers "members" and they are given access to a group with similar interests. An example might be the Computer Science Book Club.
Subscription pricing can make it easier to pay for expensive items since it can often be paid for over a period of time and thus can make the product seem more affordable. On the other hand, most newspaper and magazine-type subscriptions are paid upfront, and this might actually prevent some customers from subscribing. Fixed price may be an advantage for consumers using those services frequently. However, it could be a disadvantage to a customer who plans to use the service frequently but later does not. The commitment to paying for a package may have been more expensive than a single purchase would have been. In addition, subscription models increase the possibility of vendor lock-in, which can have fatally business-critical implications for a customer if its business depends on the availability of a software: For example, without an online connection to a licensing server to verify the licensing status every once in a while, a software under a subscription-model would typically stop functioning or fall back to the functionality of a freemium version, thereby making it impossible (to continue) to use the software in remote places or in particularly secure environments without internet access, after the vendor has stopped supporting the version or software, or even has gone out of business thereby leaving the customer without a chance to renew the subscription and access his own data or designs maintained with the software (in some businesses it is important to have full access even to old files for decades). Also, consumers may find repeated payments to be onerous.
Subscription models often require or allow the business to gather substantial amounts of information from the customer (such as magazine mailing lists) and this raises issues of privacy.
A subscription model may be beneficial for the software buyer if it forces the supplier to improve its product. Accordingly, a psychological phenomenon may occur when a customer renews a subscription, that may not occur during a one-time transaction: if the buyer is not satisfied with the service, he/she can simply leave the subscription to expire and find another seller.
This is in contrast to many one-time transactions when customers are forced to make significant commitments through high software prices. Some feel that historically, the "one-time-purchase" model does not give sellers incentive to maintain relationships with their customers (after all, why should they care once they've received their money?). Some who favor a subscription model for software do so because it may change this situation.
The subscription model should align customer and vendor toward common goals, as both stands to benefit if the customer receives value from the subscription. The customer that receives value is more likely to renew the subscription and possibly at an increased rate. The customer that does not receive value will, in theory, return to the marketplace.
Environment
Because customers may not need or want all the items received, this can lead to waste and an adverse effect on the environment, depending on the products. Greater volumes of production, greater energy and natural resource consumption, and subsequently greater disposal costs are incurred.
Subscription models might also create the opposite effect. This can be illustrated by subscribing to a service for mowing lawns. The effective use of a single mower increases when mowing for a collection of homes, instead of every family owning their own lawnmower which is not used as much as the service providing mower, the use of resources for producing lawnmowers, therefore, decreases while lawns stay cut.
See also
List of accounting topics
List of economics topics
List of finance topics
List of marketing topics
Pay to play
References
Business models
Mass media industry
Bundled products or services
Types of subscription services
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259341 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation%20Ranch%20Hand | Operation Ranch Hand | Operation Ranch Hand was a U.S. military operation during the Vietnam War, lasting from 1962 until 1971. Largely inspired by the British use of 2,4,5-T and 2,4-D (Agent Orange) during the Malayan Emergency in the 1950s, it was part of the overall herbicidal warfare program during the war called "Operation Trail Dust". Ranch Hand involved spraying an estimated of defoliants and herbicides over rural areas of South Vietnam in an attempt to deprive the Viet Cong of food and vegetation cover. Areas of Laos and Cambodia were also sprayed to a lesser extent. Nearly 20,000 sorties were flown between 1961 and 1971.
The "Ranch Handers" motto was "Only you can prevent a forest" – a take on the popular U.S. Forest Service poster slogan of Smokey Bear. During the ten years of spraying, over of forest and of crops were heavily damaged or destroyed. Around 20% of the forests of South Vietnam were sprayed at least once.
The herbicides were sprayed by the U.S. Air Force flying C-123s using the call sign "Hades". The planes were fitted with specially developed spray tanks with a capacity of of herbicides. A plane sprayed a swath of land that was 80 meters wide and long in about 4½ minutes, at a rate of about . Sorties usually consisted of three to five aircraft flying side by side. 95% of the herbicides and defoliants used in the war were sprayed by the U.S. Air Force as part of Operation Ranch Hand. The remaining 5% were sprayed by the U.S. Chemical Corps, other military branches, and the Republic of Vietnam using hand sprayers, spray trucks, helicopters and boats, primarily around U.S. military installations.
Defoliants
The herbicides used were sprayed at up to 50 times the concentration than for normal agricultural use. The most common herbicide used was Herbicide Orange, more commonly referred to as Agent Orange: a fifty-fifty mixture of two herbicides 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) and 2,4,5-T (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid) manufactured for the U.S. Department of Defense primarily by Monsanto Corporation and Dow Chemical. The other most common color-coded Ranch Hand herbicides were Agent Blue (cacodylic acid) that was primarily used against food crops, and Agent White which was often used when Agent Orange was not available.
The Agents used—known as the Rainbow Herbicides—their active ingredients, and years used were as follows:
Agent Green: 100% n-butyl ester 2,4,5-T, used prior to 1966
Agent Pink: 100% 2,4,5-T (60% n-butyl ester 2,4,5-T, and 40% iso-butyl ester of 2,4,5-T) used prior to 1966
Agent Purple: 50% 2,4,5-T (30% n-butyl ester of 2,4,5-T, and 20% iso-butyl ester of 2,4,5-T) and 50% n-butyl ester of 2,4-D used 1961–65
Agent Blue (Phytar 560G): 65.6% organic Arsenicical (cacodylic acid (Ansar 138) and its sodium salt sodium cacodylate) used from 1962–71 in powder and water solution
Agent White (Tordon 101): 21.2% (acid weight basis) triisopropanolamine salts of 2,4-D and 5.7% picloram used 1966–71
Agent Orange or Herbicide Orange, (HO): 50% n-butyl ester 2,4-D and 50% n-butyl ester 2,4,5-T used 1965–70
Agent Orange II:50% n-butyl ester 2,4-D and 50% isooctyl ester 2,4,5-T used after 1968.
Agent Orange III: 66.6% n-butyl 2,4-D and 33.3% n-butyl ester 2,4,5-T.
Enhanced Agent Orange, Orange Plus, or Super Orange (SO), or DOW Herbicide M-3393: standardized Agent Orange mixture of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T combined with an oil-based mixture of picloram, a proprietary Dow Chemical product called Tordon 101, an ingredient of Agent White.
The herbicides were procured by the U.S. military from Dow Chemical Company (all but Blue), Monsanto (Orange, Purple and Pink), Hercules Inc. (Orange and Purple), Thompson-Hayward Chemical Company (Orange and Pink), Diamond Alkali/Shamrock Company (Orange, Blue, Purple and Pink), United States Rubber Company (Orange), Thompson Chemicals Corporation (Orange and Pink), Agrisect Company (Orange and Purple), Hoffman-Taft Inc. (Orange), and the Ansul Chemical Company (Blue). In April 1967, the entire American domestic production of 2,4,5-T was confiscated by the military; foreign sources were also tapped into, including the Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI).
65% of the herbicides used contained 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid that was contaminated with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin, a "known human carcinogen...by several different routes of exposure, including oral, dermal, and intraperitoneal". About of dioxin-contaminated herbicides were sprayed over Southeast Asia during American combat operations.
In 2005, a New Zealand government minister was quoted and widely reported as saying that Agent Orange chemicals had been supplied from New Zealand to the United States military during the conflict. Shortly after, the same minister claimed to have been mis-quoted, although this point was less widely reported. From 1962 to 1987, 2,4,5T herbicide had been manufactured at an Ivon Watkins-Dow plant in New Plymouth for domestic use, however it has not been proven that the herbicide had been exported for use by the U.S military in Vietnam.
Operations
For most of the war, Operation Ranch Hand was based at Bien Hoa Air Base (1966–1970), for operations in the Mekong Delta region where U.S. Navy patrol boats were vulnerable to attack from areas of undergrowth along the water's edge. Storage, mixing, loading, and washing areas and a parking ramp were located just off the base's inside taxiway between the Hot Cargo Ramp and the control tower. For operations along the central coast and the Ho Chi Minh trail regions, Ranch Hand operated out of Da Nang Air Base (1964–71). Other bases of operation included Phù Cát Air Base (1968–1970), Tan Son Nhut Air Base (1962–66), Nha Trang Air Base (1968–69), Phan Rang Air Base (1970–72), and Tuy Hoa Air Base (1971–72). Other bases were also used as temporary staging areas for Ranch Hand. The Da Nang, Bien Hoa and Phu Cat Air bases are still heavily contaminated with dioxin from the herbicides, and have been placed on a priority list for containment and clean-up by the Vietnamese government.
The first aerial spraying of herbicides was a test run conducted on 10 August 1961 in a village north of Đắk Tô against foliage. Testing continued over the next year and even though there was doubt in the State Department, the Pentagon and the White House as to the efficacy of the herbicides, Operation Ranch Hand began in early 1962. Individual spray runs had to be approved by President John F. Kennedy until November 1962, when Kennedy gave the authority to approve most spray runs to the Military Assistance Command, Vietnam and the U.S. Ambassador to South Vietnam. Ranch Hand was given final approval to spray targets in eastern Laos in December 1965.
The issue of whether or not to allow crop destruction was under great debate due to its potential of violating the Geneva Protocol. However, American officials pointed out that the British had previously used 2,4,5-T and 2,4-D (virtually identical to America's use in Vietnam) on a large scale throughout the Malayan Emergency in the 1950s in order to destroy bushes, crops, and trees in effort to deny communist insurgents the cover they needed to ambush passing convoys. Indeed, Secretary of State Dean Rusk told President Kennedy on 24 November 1961, that "[t]he use of defoliant does not violate any rule of international law concerning the conduct of chemical warfare and is an accepted tactic of war. Precedent has been established by the British during the emergency in Malaya in their use of aircraft for destroying crops by chemical spraying." The president of South Vietnam, Ngo Dinh Diem began to push the U.S. Military Advisory Group in Vietnam and the White House to begin crop destruction in September 1961, but it was not until October 1962 when the White House gave approval for limited testing of Agent Blue against crops in an area believed to be controlled by the Viet Cong. Soon after, crop destruction became an integral part of the Ranch Hand program.
Targets for the spray runs were carefully selected to satisfy the strategic and psychological operations goals of the U.S. and South Vietnamese military. Spray runs were surveyed to pinpoint the target area and then placed on a priority list. Due to the low altitude (ideally ) required for spraying, the C-123s were escorted by fighter aircraft or helicopter gunship that would strafe or bomb the target area in order to draw out any ground fire if the area was believed to be 'hot'. Spray runs were planned to enable as straight a run as possible to limit the amount of time the planes flew at low altitude. Data on the spray runs, their targets, the herbicide used and amount used, weather conditions and other details were recorded and later put into a database called the Herbicide Reporting System (HERBS) tapes.
The effectiveness of the spraying was influenced by many factors including weather and terrain. Spray runs occurred during the early morning hours before temperatures rose above 85 degrees and the winds picked up. Mangroves in the Delta region required only one spraying and did not survive once defoliated, whereas dense forests in the uplands required two or more spray runs. Within two to three weeks of spraying, the leaves would drop from the trees, which would remain bare until the next rainy season. In order to defoliate the lower stories of forest cover, one or more follow-up spray runs were needed. About 10 percent of the trees sprayed died from a single spray run. Multiple spraying resulted in increased mortality for the trees, as did following up the herbicide missions with napalm or bombing strikes.
Scientific community reaction
The use of herbicides in the Vietnam War was controversial from the beginning, particularly for crop destruction. The scientific community began to protest the use of herbicides in Vietnam as early as 1964, when the Federation of American Scientists objected to the use of defoliants. The American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) issued a resolution in 1966 calling for a field investigation of the herbicide program in Vietnam. In 1967, seventeen Nobel laureates and 5,000 other scientists signed a petition asking for the immediate end to the use of herbicides in Vietnam. Press coverage of the controversial use of herbicides in Vietnam increased in the late 1960s.
In 1970, AAAS sent a team of scientists—the Herbicide Assessment Commission (HAC) consisting of Matthew Meselson, Arthur Westing, John Constable, and Robert Cook—to conduct field tests of the ecological impacts of the herbicide program in Vietnam. A 1969 report authored by K. Diane Courtney and others found that 2,4,5-T could cause birth defects and stillbirths in mice. This and follow-up studies led the U.S. government to restrict the use of 2,4,5-T in the U.S. in April 1970. The Department of Defense followed suit by 'temporarily' suspending the use of Agent Orange in Vietnam, though they continued to rely on Agent White for defoliation until supplies ran out and the last defoliation spray run took place on 9 May 1970. Sporadic crop destruction sorties using Agent Blue and Agent White continued throughout 1970 until the final Ranch Hand run was flown on 7 January 1971.
Human impact
The use of herbicides as a defoliant had long-term destructive effects on the people of Vietnam and their land and ecology, as well as on those who fled in the mass exodus from 1978 to the early 1990s. According to the Vietnamese government, the US program exposed approximately 4.8 million Vietnamese people to Agent Orange, resulted in 400,000 deaths due to a range of cancers and other ailments.
Hindsight corrective studies indicate that previous estimates of Agent Orange exposure were biased by government intervention and under-guessing, such that current estimates for dioxin release are almost double those previously predicted. According to the Vietnamese Government, census data indicates that the United States military directly sprayed upon millions of Vietnamese during strategic Agent Orange use.
According to the Vietnamese government, the program caused three million Vietnamese health problems, with 150,000 children born with severe birth defects, and 24% of the area of Vietnam being defoliated. The Red Cross of Vietnam estimates that up to one million people were disabled or have health problems as a result of exposure to Agent Orange. The United States government has described these figures as unreliable. According to the Department of Veteran Affairs, 2.6 million U.S. military personnel were exposed and hundreds of thousands of veterans are eligible for treatment for Agent Orange-related illnesses.
See also
Agent Orange's effects on the Vietnamese people
Agent Orange
Scorched earth
Environmental issues in Vietnam
Operation Pacer HO, destruction of remaining stocks from Johnson Atoll in 1977
Aerial herbicide application in the War on Drugs
References
Further reading
Buckingham, William A. Jr. Operation Ranch Hand. Office of Air Force History, 1982. Archived
External links
An extensive repository of Agent Orange documentation, especially as regards US Military operations and resultant law suits.
Epandage de l’Agent Orange par l’US Army au Viêt Nam et ses conséquences,
Agent Orange and Other Herbicides in Vietnam research by Jeanne Stellman
War Legacies Project collection of Agent Orange research and resources
Conflicts in 1962
Conflicts in 1963
Conflicts in 1964
Conflicts in 1965
Conflicts in 1966
Conflicts in 1967
Conflicts in 1968
Conflicts in 1969
Conflicts in 1970
Conflicts in 1971
Campaigns of the Vietnam War
Aerial operations and battles of the Vietnam War
Battles and operations of the Vietnam War
Military operations of the Vietnam War
1962 in Vietnam
1963 in Vietnam
1964 in Vietnam
1965 in Vietnam
1966 in Vietnam
1967 in Vietnam
1968 in Vietnam
1969 in Vietnam
1970 in Vietnam
1971 in Vietnam
Strategic bombing operations and battles
Chemical warfare | [
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259343 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994%20Oregon%20Ballot%20Measure%2011 | 1994 Oregon Ballot Measure 11 | Measure 11, also known as "One Strike You're Out", was a citizens' initiative passed in 1994 in the U.S. State of Oregon. This statutory enactment established mandatory minimum sentencing for several crimes. The measure was approved in the November 8, 1994 general election with 788,695 votes in favor, and 412,816 votes against.
The sentencing judge cannot give a lesser sentence than that prescribed by Measure 11, nor can a prisoner's sentence be reduced for good behavior. Prisoners cannot be paroled prior to serving their minimum sentence.
The measure applies to all defendants aged 15 and over, requiring juveniles 15 and over charged with these crimes to be tried as adults.
The measure was placed on the ballot via initiative petition by Crime Victims United, a tough-on-crime political group. Then-State Representative Kevin Mannix, who sponsored the measure, has since argued that violent criminals cannot be reformed through probation or short prison sentences, and that the time they are kept incarcerated is itself a benefit to society.
Ballot Measure 10, also passed in 1994, permitted the Oregon Legislative Assembly to change Measure 11, but only with a 2/3 vote in each chamber. The legislature has done so several times.
Legislative Attempts to Alter or Repeal Measure 11:
House Bill 3439 passed June 1995: Added Attempted Murder and Attempted Aggravated Murder.
Senate Bill 1049 passed July 1997: Added Arson I (when a serious physical threat is involved), Compelling Prostitution, and Use of Child in Display of Sex Act. This also allowed for departures from the mandatory minimum sentencing for some Assault II, Kidnapping II, and Robbery II convictions.
House Bill 2494 passed August 1999: Allowed for departures from the mandatory minimum sentence for some Manslaughter II convictions committed after October 23, 1999.
Measure 94 defeated November 2000: Attempt to repeal mandatory minimum sentencing in Oregon; defeated 387,068 to 1,073,275.[14]
House Bill 2379 passed July 2001: Allowed for departure from the mandatory minimum sentence for some Rape II, Sodomy II, Sexual Penetration II, and Sexual Abuse I convictions after January 1, 2002.
Senate Bill 1008 passed in May 2019 (pending signature from the Governor): The bill is a major overhaul of many Measure 11 stipulations. Key parts of the bill seek to address the impacts of Measure 11 on youth reported by the Oregon Justice Resource Center, such as:
"Second Look" hearings for any juvenile convicted in adult court after completion of half their sentence. Judges are to consider factors such as remorse and rehabilitation, and may reduce the remainder of the juvenile's sentence to community-based supervision.
Prohibiting life without parole for minors.
Ensuring minors of 15 years or older are not automatically tried as adults for major crimes.
Proponents of Measure 11 argued that judges had been too lenient in sentencing violent offenders. They saw the measure as critical for lowering crime rates.
Opponents of Measure 11 argued that judges should be allowed discretion in sentencing and should be able to account for the particular circumstances of a given crime. They also objected to the requirement that many youth defendants be tried as adults.
Oregon's prison population increased after Measure 11, and as of 2004, 41% of the growth was attributed to the direct or indirect impact of Measure 11. Crime rates in Oregon decreased between 1994 and 2000, but increased in 2001; opponents of Measure 11 noted that the trend mirrored national trends, while acknowledging that some likely re-offenders were imprisoned as a result of the law.
The effectiveness of Measure 11 to deter crime is further questioned when compared to research about mandatory minimums. Research has repeatedly disproven mandatory minimums as public safety tools. For example, a 1993 meta-analysis report compiled from 50 different studies found mandatory minimums’ lengthier prison sentences produced higher rates of recidivism and a tendency for lower-risk offenders to experience more negative outcomes.
Background and context
Prior to 1989, Oregon judges would decide whether a convicted felon should be put on probation or sent to prison, and for those sent to prison, set a maximum sentence (known as an "indeterminate sentence.") Based on a subsequent decision by the Parole Board, which used an assessment of good behavior, rehabilitative efforts, and criminal case, the average offender would serve a fraction of the sentence handed down by the judge.
The Oregon Legislative Assembly established felony sentencing guidelines in 1989, in an attempt to achieve the following four goals:
Proportional punishment, imposing the most severe sentences on the most serious offenders
Truth in sentencing, so the judge's sentence would more closely reflect actual prison time
Sentence uniformity, to reduce disparities among judges
Maintenance of correctional capacity consistent with sentencing policy, so the criminal justice system would be able to deliver proposed penalties.
Parole release for most offenders was abolished by the establishment of these guidelines. The Board of Parole and Post-Prison Supervision continues to have release authority over those prison inmates sentenced for crimes committed prior to November 1, 1989, those sentenced by the courts as dangerous offenders, and for murderers and aggravated murderers who are eligible for parole, regardless of the date of their crimes. Other prisoners began serving at least 80% of their sentences.
Measure 11, passed in 1994, affected only specific crimes, which were covered by the sentencing guidelines from 1989 to 1994.
Various exceptions exist to the guidelines, and to Measure 11 restrictions on sentencing.
Impact on Youth
In February 2018, Oregon Council on Civil Rights, in collaboration with the Oregon Justice Resource Center, released a report on the impact of Measure 11 on Oregon's young people and whether the law is out-of-step with legal and scientific developments of recent years.
According to the report, Measure 11 mandates that juveniles hold the same culpability as adults, despite brain science declaring otherwise. The US Supreme Court has ruled several times in regards to the sentencing of minor:
Roper v. Simmons, which ruled that juveniles cannot be sentenced to death.
Graham v. Florida, which ruled that juvenile life without parole is unconstitutional for non-homicide juvenile offenders.
Miller v. Alabama, which ruled that mandatory juvenile life without parole is unconstitutional for all crimes.
Montgomery v. Louisiana, which confirms that the miller ruling now be applied retroactively.
Key conceptual takeaways from the supreme court decisions:
Youth have a unique capacity for reform.
Youth are fundamentally different from, and less culpable than, adults
All youth should have a reasonable opportunity to demonstrate their ability to change.
Lengthy sentences that fail to take into consideration the mitigating qualities of youth are in violation of their Eighth Amendment rights.
Youth should have access to a “meaningful opportunity for release.
Some key statistics:
Today, Oregon incarcerates young people at a higher rate than almost every other state in the country, including Texas and Louisiana. In fact, Oregon has the second highest rate of youth transfers to adult court in the nation, with young people - especially youth of color - subjected to lifelong consequences as a result.
In 2012, Oregon convicted black youth of Measure 11 offenses at 17 times the rate of their white counterparts.
Black youth account for 15.5% of Measure 11 indictments but only 1.8% of the general population in Oregon (resulting in an overrepresentation of around 8.6 times.)
The average relative rate of disparity (measure by the relative rate index or RRI2 ) between black and white youth for the five most common Measure 11 crimes is 15.26. The overall RRI for all crimes covered in this study was 13.6.
Oregon taxpayers bear a significant burden for youth incarceration. Measure 11 offenders require close custody, the most expensive form of state confinement, which can result in costs of as much as $263 per day and $95,995 per year, per juvenile.
Impact on Women
In October 2018, the annual Women in Prison Conference held by the Oregon Justice Resource Center Women's Justice Project focused primarily on the effects of mandatory minimum sentences imposed by Measure 11 on female defendants. The conference highlights similar concerns and statistics echoed by Measure 11's original opponents in concerns to youth, including:
Oregon's incarceration rate for women has tripled since 1994 when Measure 11 when was first passed
Many convicted females had mitigating circumstances at the times of their cases, which are barred from consideration during sentencing under Measure 11's mandatory minimums. Coffee Creek Correctional Facility reported 2015 that 46% of their intakes that year experienced domestic violence; 76% were unemployed; over half had children; and 38% had not finished high school.
Political Impact
The passage of Measure 11 was a central issue of Governor John Kitzhaber's first term, and remains a matter of controversy in Oregon politics. Supporters credit Measure 11 for reducing crime rates.[12] Opponents argue Measure 11 pressures innocent defendants into plea bargains for lesser (non-Measure 11) crimes, due to fear of mandatory sentences.[13]
See also
Oregon Ballot Measure 40 (1996) and subsequent measures
List of Oregon ballot measures
Oregon Criminal Justice Commission
References
External links
Chief Petitioner Kevin Mannix on BallotPedia.org
Overview of Measure 11 from Oregon.gov
Crime Victims United (supporters)
FAMM Families Against Mandatory Minimums (opponents)
Text of the measure
Multnomah County Measure 11 information for juveniles
The Development of Oregon's Sentencing and Corrections Policy, Oregon Criminal Justice Commission. Accessed January 2, 2008.
Sentencing Practices: Summary Statistics for Felony Offenders Sentenced in 2001, Oregon Criminal Justice Commission, January 2003.
Measure 11 Brings Justice and Lower Crime, Guest Viewpoint By Doug Harcleroad and Joshua Marquis for The (Eugene) Register-Guard, October 17, 2005.
Youth and Measure 11 in Oregon, Oregon Justice Resource Center, February 2018
1994 Oregon ballot measures
Penal system in Oregon
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259344 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Egyptian | The Egyptian | The Egyptian (Sinuhe egyptiläinen, Sinuhe the Egyptian) is a historical novel by Mika Waltari. It was first published in Finnish in 1945, and in an abridged English translation by Naomi Walford in 1949, from Swedish rather than Finnish. Regarded as "one of the greatest books in Finnish literary history", it is, so far, the only Finnish novel to be adapted into a Hollywood film, which happened in 1954.
The Egyptian is the first and the most successful, of Waltari's great historical novels, and which gained him international fame. It is set in Ancient Egypt, mostly during the reign of Pharaoh Akhenaten of the 18th Dynasty, whom some have claimed to be the first monotheistic ruler in the world.
The novel is known for its high-level historical accuracy of the life and culture of the period depicted. At the same time, it also carries a pessimistic message of the essential sameness of flawed human nature throughout the ages.
Summary
The protagonist of the novel is the fictional character Sinuhe, the royal physician, who tells the story in exile after Akhenaten's fall and death. Apart from incidents in Egypt, the novel charts Sinuhe's travels in then Egyptian-dominated Syria (Levant), in Mitanni, Babylon, Minoan Crete, and among the Hittites.
The main character of the novel is named after a character in an ancient Egyptian text commonly known as the Story of Sinuhe. The original story dates to a time long before that of Akhenaten: texts are known from as early as the 12th dynasty.
Supporting historical characters include the old Pharaoh Amenhotep III and his conniving favorite wife, Tiy; the wife of Akhenaten, Nefertiti; the listless young Tutankhamun (King Tut), who succeeded as Pharaoh after Akhenaten's downfall; and the two common-born successors who were, according to this author, integral parts of the rise and fall of the Amarna heresy of Akhenaten: the priest and later Pharaoh Ay and the warrior-general and then finally Pharaoh, Horemheb. Though never appearing onstage, throughout the book the Hittite King Suppiluliuma I appears as a brooding threatening figure of a completely ruthless conqueror and tyrannical ruler.
Other historical figures with whom the protagonist has direct dealings are: Aziru (ruler of Amurru kingdom), Thutmose (sculptor), Burna-Buriash II (Babylonian king), and, under a different name, Zannanza, son of Suppiluliuma I. Zannanza's bride is a collage of at least three historical figures: herself, first wife of Horemheb and, by him, mother of Ramesses I. Historical Horemheb died childless.
Plot
Sinuhe recounts, in his old age at his location of forced exile by the Red Sea coast, the events of his life. His tone expresses cynicism, bitterness and disappointment; he says humans are vile and will never change, and that he's writing down his story for therapeutic reasons alone and for something to do in the rugged and desolate desert landscape.
Sinuhe begins his life as a foundling discovered in a reed boat in the Nile, and grows up in the poor part of Thebes. His adoptive father Senmut is a doctor, and Sinuhe decides to walk in his footsteps. As an assistant to a royal doctor who knows his adoptive father, Sinuhe is allowed visit the court, during a trepanation on the dying Amenhotep III – here Sinuhe, the young crown prince Akhenaten and Horemheb meet for the first time. Well educated, Sinuhe sets up a clinic and acquires the sly and eloquent slave Kaptah, who will be his companion and close friend throughout his life.
One day he gets acquainted with the gorgeous woman Nefernefernefer and is bewitched by her. Nefernefernefer gets Sinuhe to give her everything he owns – even his adoptive parents' house and grave. When the woman has realised that Sinuhe has run out of possessions, she gets rid of him. Ashamed and dishonored, Sinuhe arranges his adoptive parents to be embalmed and buries them in the Valley of the Kings (they had taken their lives before eviction), after which he decides to go to exile in the company of Kaptah to Levant, which was under Egyptian rule at the time.
In Syria, his medical skill earns him fame and wealth. During an Egyptian military operation in Syria, he re-encounters Horemheb, serving as a military commander. From this, Sinuhe is commissioned to travel at his expense in the known world to determine what military potential the established nations have.
Sinuhe, in company of Kaptah, travels first to Babylon where he engages in science and socializes with the city's scholars. One day he is summoned to the sick king Burraburiash, whom he manages to cure. Soon Kaptah is selected for the traditional day of the false king, where the city's greatest fool is king for a day and then killed. A young Cretan woman named Minea has been recently acquired to the king's harem against her will; during a feast Sinuhe, in the process of falling in love with her, smuggles Minea and Kaptah from the palace and flees with the two to the neighboring country Mitanni. From there they proceed to Anatolia and to the fast-growing Hittite empire. Sinuhe and his companions feel unhappy about the militarism and tough rule of law that characterize the kingdom of the Hittites, and they decide to leave Anatolia and sail to Crete, Minea's homeland.
Minea has grown up with the mission to sacrifice herself as a virgin to the local bull god who lives in a mountain cave at the sea. Sinuhe is horrified by this and fears that he will not see her again. In the evening before Minea should enter the mountain cave, they marry each other unofficially. A while after Minea has been escorted into the mountain cave, Sinuhe enters the cave in search for her. He finds Minea's dead body and the remains of the Cretan god (described as a bull-headed sea serpent), and realises that she has been killed by the god's high priest Minotaurus to prevent her from returning and telling the god is dead. Sinuhe loses his mind from grief, but Kaptah eventually succeeds in calming him down and convinces him that it's best to move on and return to Syria.
In Syria, Sinuhe returns to medical profession and regains his previous status. He notices, however, that the Egyptian sovereignty in the area has now begun to be questioned and threatened. This rebellious mood is triggered not in the least by the Syrian, Hittite-friendly Prince Aziru, whom Sinuhe still befriends, among other things, through a medical assignment.
One day Sinuhe decides to return to Egypt. He sails to Thebes and opens a clinic for the poor in the same neighborhood he grew up in. He does not get rich in this, being driven by ideological motives instead. His slave Kaptah (now released by Sinuhe) instead becomes a businessman and buys a pub called "Crocodile's Tail". There Sinuhe meets a woman named Merit, who becomes Sinuhe's life partner.
In Egypt, a new king, Akhenaten, has begun to convey a monotheistic teaching centered around the sun god Aten. According to Akhenaten's doctrine, all people are equal, and in the new world order there no longer would be slaves and masters. Aspects of Akhenaten prove to be unpopular: his pacifism, among Horemheb and others concerned with the threat of Syrian and Hittite invasion; his attempts at redistributing property to the poor; and his worship of Aten at the exclusion of the old gods, among the clergy of the mighty state god Amon. Sinuhe is attracted to the teachings that the new king proclaims and, as he feels, focus on light, equality and justice, and joins Akhenaten's court.
After a particularly violent public incident, Akhenaten, fed up with opposition, leaves Thebes with Sinuhe to middle Egypt where a new capital, Akhetaten, dedicated to Aten, is built. However, the conflicts between Amon and Aten continue, and it all develops into a civil war. Aten's kingdom on Earth begins to fall, and the courtiers, one after another, abandon Akhenaten and Akhetaten in favor of Amon and Thebes. The final battle takes also place in Thebes. Sinuhe fights for the sake of Aten and Pharaoh to the end, but ultimately the side of Amon priesthood is victorious. During the chaos, Merit and her son Thot are killed – the latter would turn out to be Sinuhe's offspring. When defeat has become reality, Akhenaten dies after having drunk a cup of poison mixed by the embittered Sinuhe. Queen Nefertite's father, Ay, takes the throne, after the boy king Tutankhamun's short reign, despite Sinuhe having realised from Tiy that he himself is of royal blood and must be the son of Amenhotep III and his Mitannic consort, and thus closer to the throne.
With Akhenaten out of the way, Horemheb gathers all fit men and conducts a full-scale war against the Hittite kingdom – Egypt's premier rival at this time. Both Sinuhe and Kaptah participate in this battle, as Sinuhe wanted to know what war is like. A peace treaty is ultimately established, and king Aziru and his royal family are captured and publicly executed. Sinuhe later succeeds with Horemheb's and Ay's mission to assassinate the Hittite prince Shubattu, secretly invited by Baketamon to marry her, preventing him from reaching Egypt and seizing the throne.
Sinuhe now goes back, afflicted by all the losses, to a simple dwelling in Thebes, bitter and disillusioned in the heart. Every now and then he is visited by his former servant Kaptah, who only becomes richer and richer, and is now Sinuhe's patron. Sinuhe begins to criticise the new regime led by his old friend Horemheb, and as a punishment for this he is exiled to the Red Sea coast.
Writing process
Research and background
Although Waltari employed some poetic license in combining the biographies of Sinuhe and Akhenaten, he was otherwise much concerned about the historical accuracy of his detailed description of ancient Egyptian life and carried out considerable research into the subject. Waltari's fascination of ancient Egypt was sparked as a 14-year-old by the 1922 discovery of Tutankhamun, which became widely publicised and a cultural phenomenon at the time. On his trips to foreign countries he would always first visit the local egyptological exhibitions and museums. Waltari didn't make notes, instead preferring to internalise all this vast knowledge; this allowed him to interweave his accumulated information smoothly into the story. The result has been praised not only by readers but also by Egyptologists.
Waltari had long been interested in Akhenaten and wrote a play about him, Akhnaton, auringosta syntynyt (Akhnaton, Born of the Sun), which was published in 1936. In it, Waltari explored the disastrous consequences of Akhenaten's well-intentioned implementation of unconditional idealism in a society, and referenced the tensions at the borders of the Egyptian empire which resemble those on the Soviet-Finnish frontier. Waltari would later revisit these themes, which only had a minor role in the play, in greater depth in The Egyptian. The character of Sinuhe makes no appearance in this play.
With the advent of World War II, Waltari's idealism crumbled and was replaced with cynicism; this was in no small part due to him serving as a propagandist during the Winter War and Continuation War at the State Information Bureau, causing him to realise how much historical information is actually relative or made of half-truths. Waltari also witnessed Finland's sudden, perfidious change of policy towards the USSR from "enemy" to "friend" upon the signing of the armistice on 4 September 1944, another ideal shattered. The war provided the final impulse for exploring the subjects of Akhenaten and Egypt in a novel which, although depicting events that took place over 3,300 years ago, in fact reflects the contemporary feelings of disillusionment and war-weariness and pessimistically illustrates how little the essence of humanity has changed since then. The political and battle depictions of ancient Egypt and surrounding nations contain many parallels with World War II. The threatening King Suppiluliuma has many of the overtones of Hitler. Waltari often said that the novel would have been a very different one had it not been for World War II.
The writing
In April 1945 Waltari travelled to his mother-in-law's mansion in Hartola, where he began writing in the attic. After the experiences of war and 20 years of research the novel burst out of him: The novel was written within a three and a half-month period of great inspiration, with Waltari producing as many as between 15 and 27 sheets per day. So intense was his state of inspiration and immersion that, in a fictionalised account called A Nail Merchant at Nightfall he would write later, he claimed to have been visited by visions of Egyptians and to have simply transcribed the story as dictated by Sinuhe himself. He repeated the same story four decades later in Kirjailijan muistelmia. This has caused some to speculate that Waltari in fact had been an Egyptian in a prior life or was a reincarnation of Sinuhe. Waltari followed a consistent schedule, writing from 9 AM to 4 or 5 PM, meal breaks at predetermined times, family members leaving him to his work. A state of happiness and being in love during creative work was essential to Waltari, and on evenings he wrote long love letters to one Helena Kangas (later known as Leena Ilmari) throughout the summer. Waltari's extramarital relationships were no danger to his marriage, as he and his wife Marjatta had developed a mutual understanding regarding these matters and Waltari would always remain loyal to her in the end. His mother died during this; his wife managed the funeral arrangements, Waltari attended the funeral, and on the next morning he resumed writing the novel where he left off.
The completed manuscript, totaling almost one thousand pages, was delivered by Waltari to WSOY in the first half of August 1945. Editor Jalmari Jäntti had typically cut daring material from Waltari's prior works. This time, however, little to no corrections or deletions were required by the editor – it went on to be printed as it was on the same month.
Themes
Unchanging humanity
Central to the novel's themes is the conviction of the unchanging nature of mankind, exemplified by the reoccurring phrase "so there has ever been and ever will be". It has a reputation of viewing humanity grimly, displaying human failings such as selfishness, greed and prejudice as widespread. Waltari has gone on to state: "Although the basic characteristics of a human being can not change in the foreseeable time-frame due to the fact that they have 10000, 100000, 200000 years old inherited instincts as their basis, people's relationships can be altered and must be altered, so that the world can be saved from destruction."
Commenting on the prevalence of this interpretation, Finnish literary scholar Markku Envall views that the novel's main thesis is not simply that people can not change, but rather that it contains a contradiction that nothing can change and everything can change; on some levels things remain the same, but on other levels the hope of future change survives in the novel.
Envall brings up the "familiarity" of the depiction of 14th-century BC Egypt as highly developed: the novel describes phenomena – inventions, knowings, institutions etc. – that, although resembling familiar modern day equivalents that are rather new in Finland, are nonetheless egyptologically accurate. The similarity between ancient and modern times supports the themes of changelessness, and is in an "effective" tension with the archaic-style language. "The narration estranges the phenomena by portraying them as simultaneously archaic and timeless, alien and familiar," he writes. As examples of these cultural parallels, Envall lists: the pseudo-intellectuals exalt themselves by flaunting their usage of foreign loanwords; the language of Babylon is the common language of the learned throughout various countries (like Greek in the Hellenistic period, Latin in the medieval period, French among diplomats and English in the 20th and 21st centuries); education takes place in faculties that provide degrees for qualification in posts (European universities began in the Middle Ages); people have addresses and send mail as papyrus and clay tablets; censorship is circumvented by cloaking subjects with historical stand-ins. There are precursors to aspects of modern medicine and monetary economy as well.
Similar themes are expressed via repetition throughout the novel, such as: everything is futile, the tomorrow is unknowable, no one can know why something has always been so, all people are fundamentally the same everywhere, the world year is changing, and death is better than life.
Clash of ideologies
Markku Envall describes the work as a criticism of utopism, the advocation of an ideology or idealism while ignorant of the world where it is supposed to be realized. Idealistic and materialistic worldviews are at clash in the novel, the former represented by the pacifist pharaoh Akhenaten and latter by the cold-bloodedly realist warlord Horemheb – idealism and realism are similarly represented also by Sinuhe and Kaptah, respectively. This tension is played out in a world concerned chiefly with worldly matters and rampant with prejudiced attitudes and lust for material possessions, wealth and power. Akhenaten is an illustration of the destructiveness of well-intentioned blindness; he is a tragic character and this blindness is his tragic flaw, by which he causes the destruction of his own kingdom – much like King Lear. The protagonist Sinuhe is an open-minded, learning and developing character, the sole such one in the novel according to Envall. Through him, the worldviews represented by other characters are experienced and evaluated, and during his character arc he is able to internalise much of these aspects, combining idealism and realism. Although Horemheb is able to reinstate peace and order, rebuilding that which Akhenaten destroys, his ingenious realpolitik is rejected by Sinuhe, because it also abolishes freedom. Whether suffering is increased or decreased during Horemheb's reign is left ambiguous, however. Envall constructs the following graph:
He argues that "whole" individuals are achieved by combining these "partial" ones: a good ruler by combining Akhenaten and Horemheb, and an individual capable of surviving through everyday life by combining Sinuhe and Kaptah. Sinuhe is dependent on Kaptah's street-smartness and life experience, and they are inseparable to such an extent that in Kaptah's absence Sinuhe is forced to imagine his voice.
Allegory of Christianity
The portrayal of Atenism, as a doctrine advocating peace and equality, has attracted readings as an allegory of the attempted rise of an early form of Christianity. Markku Envall finds many resemblances between phrases uttered by Jesus and the apostles in the New Testament, and those by characters in The Egyptian (especially in context of Atenism). He argues that by this Waltari anachronistically utilizes literature from after the story's setting, and that it demonstrates the parallelism of the two religions: both religions are prophetic (a single informant), noninstitutional (to experience God, the believer does not necessarily require an intermediary infrastructure), egalitarian (before God, secularly unequal people are equal) and universal (meant for all humanity). As reasons for these similarities, Envall explains that firstly, the religions of Egypt were a major influence on Judaism and hence Christianity, and secondly, that the religions share common archetypical material. Sigmund Freud has likewise called out in his work Moses and Monotheism that there are numerous similarities between the worship of Akhenaten's Aten, and the books of the bible.
Relationship to Ecclesiastes
Ecclesiastes was an influence, both stylistically and thematically. A device Waltari uses to emphasise a theme is the "chorus" – the reiteration of an idea. On the first page Sinuhe states: "Everything returns to what it was, and there is nothing new under the Sun, and man never changes". Shortly afterwards, the opposite of this idea is denied: "There are also those, who say that which has happened has never before happened, but this is useless talk." This thesis is repeated by multiple other characters as well. The main thesis is borrowed from Ecclesiastes:
Like The Egyptian, Ecclesiastes strengthens the idea by denying its opposite:
Other shared themes are the futility of everything, and the suffering brought by knowledge. Conversely however, Sinuhe's preference of death over life is the antithesis of Ecclesiastes' love of life over death.
World War II allegory
The geopolitical situation of the Middle East, as depicted by the novel, is thought to represent the second world war. Waltari reluctantly approved this interpretation. These analogies are not exact but suggestive in nature; they are split up and mixed up, hidden among a vast amount of reliable historical knowledge. The relations between nations of the two time periods look as follows:
Land of the Hittites / Germany
Babylon / Soviet Union
Mitanni / Poland
Crete / France
Egypt / England
The similarities between the warlike Hittites and Nazi Germany include their Lebensraum project, fast sudden warfare or Blitzkrieg, use of propaganda to weaken the enemy, and worship of health and power while disdaining the sickly and weak. Mitanni is a border and buffer nation between the land of the Hittites and Babylon, like Poland between Germany and the USSR. Akhenaten's and Horemheb's battle for power mirrors the opposition of Neville Chamberlain and Winston Churchill; the former seeks peace by conceding lands to the invader but helps the enemy, whereas the latter knows that war is the only way to save the home country.
Historical accuracy
The novel's reputation of historical flawlessness has been often repeated, by the egyptological congress of Cairo, French egyptologist Pierre Chaumelle, and U. Hofstetter of The Oakland Post. In 2008 Dr Richard Parkinson, the director and the curator of the Egyptian department of the British Museum, called it a "serious intellectual achievement" and that it "depicts a culture of real human beings in a way achieved by few other novels". Waltari has been mistaken for an egyptologist. He never visited Egypt, because he feared it would ruin his mental image of Egypt and modern Egypt was completely different from the ancient one. He said: "I have lived in Egypt although I have never visited the place."
Nonetheless, Markku Envall cautions that the novel cannot be taken as absolutely free of errors on a literal level. A Swiss scholar complained that a sand flea species mentioned didn't exist in Africa until it migrated via slave ships. Rostislav Holthoer has doubted the historicity of the depiction of trepanation prominent in the novel, and the act of abandoning newborns in reed boats. He hasn't been able to confirm nor deny some specific manners or traditions, such as breaking vases to conduct marriage, but the majority of religious ones are real. Even the day of the false king has its basis on reality, with ancient Babylonians killing a surrogate king to save their real king should he have been prophesied to die. On the other hand, he has given Waltari credit for his predictions, as later discoveries have confirmed dubious details of the novel. Waltari's unflattering characterisation of Akhenaten, Horemheb, Tiy and Ay as flawed persons proved to be closer to reality than their earlier glorification. Research at Long Island University has supported Tutankhamun having been murdered, as hinted in the novel. Some have doubted the possibility of an ancient Egyptian person writing a text for oneself only, but in 1978 such a papyrus became public; its author, a victim of wrongdoing, tells his life story in it with no recipient. According to Jussi Aro, the real Hittites were seemingly less cruel and stern than other peoples of the Middle East and the day of the false king was misdated among other errors, although Panu Rajala dismisses his claims as alternative readings of evidence rather than outright contradictions. Markku Envall argues that the accuracy or lack thereof is irrelevant to a fictional work's literary merit, citing the errors of Shakespeare.
Reception
The messages of the novel evoked a wide response in readers in the aftermath of the World War, and the book became an international bestseller. The Egyptian has been translated into 41 languages; it's the most internationally famous and translated Finnish novel, yet in 2009 100 Must-read Historical Novels estimated that "its fame has faded in recent decades".
First publication
The Egyptian was first published in late November 1945. Initially knowledge of the novel spread through word of mouth in Finland; WSOY hadn't advertised it due to concerns over erotic content. It gained some early notoriety through an incident by historical novelist Maila Talvio: after hearing lewd sections read out beforehand in an autumn 1945 literature event, she took offense and demanded WSOY that the novel's printing be stopped, even offering to buy the whole edition – but the printing machines were already in full action. The first two editions were sold out by the end of the year, and it became one of the most talked about subjects in societal and literary circles. The few reviews before the end of the year were positive: Huugo Jalkanen of Uusi Suomi and Lauri Viljanen of Helsingin Sanomat said that the novel was no mere colourful retelling of history, but was relevant to the current attitude shaped by the events of recent years. More reviews followed in January, and a common element among the more negative or lukewarm reviews was the scolding of Waltari's previous work, but many saw it as a turning point for his career. The sexual depictions drew ire. Yrjö Tönkyrä of Kaiku wrote: "Not wanting to appear in any way as a moralist, I nonetheless cannot ignore the erotic gluttony that dominates the work, as if borne out of a sick imagination – the whole world revolves for the sole purpose that people can enjoy..."
French egyptologist Pierre Chaumelle read The Egyptian in Finnish and, in a letter featured in a Helsingin Sanomat article in 13. 8. 1946, wrote of his impressions:
Critics had been concerned that Waltari might have played fast and loose with historical events, but this article dispelled these doubts and begot a reputation of almost mythical accuracy around the novel. This lack of errors was also confirmed by the egyptological congress of Cairo, and egyptologist Rostislav Holthoer also has since then noted that later research has confirmed some of Waltari's speculations.
First translations
The Swedish translation by Ole Torvalds was published in late 1946, abridged with Waltari's approval. Torvalds was careful not to omit anything essential while streamlining the pacing. Waltari praised the result. In 1948 a complete French version came out, as well as the Danish and Norwegian versions. The novel sold one million copies in Europe within the first five years after its publication.
The Egyptian saw an English release in August 1949. It was translated by Naomi Walford, not directly from Finnish but rather Swedish, and abridged even further, losing about a third of the text: aside from the excision of repetitions, the philosophical content suffered and key facts were omitted. Kirkus Reviews wrote: "He [Sinuhe] observes- and remembers- and in his old age writes it down, – the world as he knew it. It's a rich book, a bawdy book, a book that carries one to distant shores and makes one feel an onlooker as was Sinuhe. The plot is tenuous, a slender thread never wholly resolved. But the book opens one's eyes to an ancient world, nearer to ours than we think." Edmund Fuller of The Saturday Review described the narrative as "colorful, provocative, completely absorbing"; he compared it to Thomas Mann's Joseph and His Brothers, writing: "Again, Mann's great work is a study of ideas and of personality. The Egypt emergent from his formidable style is shown within a limited social range and is detailed only in isolated scenes. If there are deeps of the personality that Mann plumbs further, Waltari makes an exciting, vivid, and minute re-creation of the society of Thebes and of Egypt and the related world in general, ranging from Pharaoh and his neighbor kings to the outcast corpse-washers in the House of the Dead. We see, feel, smell, and taste Waltari's Egypt. He writes in a pungent, easy style and it is obvious that he has been wonderfully served by his translator, Naomi Walford."
Soon after its release in the USA, it was selected book of the month in September 1949, and then entered the bestseller lists in October 1949, where it remained the unparalleled two years – 550 000 copies were sold in that time. Marion Saunders, the agent who had arranged its US publication, remarked that she had never seen anything like it during her 15-year career. It remained the most sold foreign novel in the US before its place was taken over by The Name of the Rose, by Umberto Eco. Overall the reception was highly positive and some predicted Waltari as being a Nobel prize candidate. A film version with a budget of 5 million dollars and an extensive marketing campaign started production in 1952 and was released in 1954. However, there were issues with actors and inexperience with the then new Cinemascope technology, and the film received mixed reviews and modest financial success.
Losing the "popular fiction" stigma
In Finnish academic literary circles, critics had generally regarded Waltari as an author of popular fiction. This stigma he had gained for perceived overproductivity, superficiality and looseness of style; for his popular erotic flavouring in clearly-told stories; and not conforming to the "Great Tradition" of Finnish literature (patriotic, realistic depiction of the struggles of poor yet courageous Finns with nature and society) favoured by critics at the time. Despite its popularity and acclaim, the novel was denied the 1946 state literature award, largely due to the efforts of vocal Waltari critic and ideological opponent Raoul Palmgren. Even the overseas success was denounced in Finland as a popular novel's success. Ritva Haavikko has described the literary discourse of the time as having been dominated by indifference and jealousy towards Waltari. Waltari finally gained appreciation in Finland in the 1980s, after his historical novels had made appearances in French bestseller lists one after another.
The Egyptian has since secured the place as a classic and masterpiece of Finnish literature. It came at first place in a 1988 Finnish reader poll, second place (after Alastalon salissa by Volter Kilpi) in a 1992 poll by Finnish representatives of art, science and culture, it was voted by Finns as the most beloved Finnish book in a 2008 poll and in a 2017 poll it was selected as the Finnish book of the century. When Finnish writer and scholar Panu Rajala was in 2017 asked by Ilta-Sanomat to select the 10 best books from Finland's period of independence, The Egyptian was one of them and he commented:
International reputation
By the 1990s, Waltari was regarded in foreign countries not as a specifically Finnish author but as a master of historical fiction in world literature. He had been invited multiple times to lecture in U.S. universities and literary clubs, but turned down these for his inadequate English and as he felt "the author shouldn't cause to his readers the disappointment caused by meeting him in person". He also politely turned down Egyptian President Nasser's invitation to visit Egypt, because it no longer had anything in common with the ancient one and he was already done with the subject.
An unlicensed Arabic translation appeared in Egypt in 1955, translated from the incomplete English version by engineer Hamed al-Qasb. Taha Hussein, an influential figure in Arabic literature, had read the French translation of The Egyptian and was very much taken in despite his reputation of criticalness. In the preamble of the Arabic translation of The Egyptian he relates that he had read numerous books about ancient Egypt but none had come close to Waltari's novel. He lamented the fact that it was translated from English instead of directly from Finnish, and exclaimed: "Because we have no mastery of even the dominant languages of the world, how could we translate from the minority languages either!" Faruk Abu-Chacra from the University of Helsinki has since then begun a project to produce a complete Arabic version, although he clarifies he is not the translator; as of 2003, he compares the 1955 edition with the original Finnish and other European versions, Pekka Lehtinen is the official translator, and they have to translate the missing portions by themselves. Abu-Chacra describes The Egyptian as a very well-known and respected novel in Egypt, but that nowadays it has become a rarity, disappearing from libraries in Arab countries. It took him 30 years to find some Arabic copies, from Beirut.
Among Czechs, The Egyptian and Waltari's oeuvre enjoy immense, "cult-like" popularity. The Egyptian depicted cynical power politics and a world of violence similar to which the Eastern Bloc lived under; it came out in Czechoslovakia in 1965, at a time when the country's isolation from the rest of the world was starting to ease. Translator Marta Hellmuthová, wanting to convey the novel's message to the Czech people as purely as possible, had learned Finnish in four months to translate directly from the original, and after 9 years of work and being imprisoned for Western thinking, was finished. A reader wrote in Lidové noviny: "I can say that it [The Egyptian] helped me survive through the darkness of the communist era sane! I am immensely grateful to Mr. Waltari." When Markéta Hejkalová's Waltari biography was released in 2007, a review in Hospodářské noviny likened it to the Czechs' own 200-page version of a monument to Waltari.
Editions
, German translation by Andreas Ludden. Bastei Lübbe Verlag, Cologne 2014.
, Serbian translation by Veljko Nikitović and Kosta Lozanić, NNK Internacional, Belgrade, 2011
, Estonian translation by Piret Saluri, Varrak 2009
, Danish translation by Inger Husted Kvan, Gyldendal 2007
, English translation by Naomi Walford, Independent Pub Group 2002
, Portuguese translation by José Geraldo Vieira, Belo Horizonte 2002
, Spanish translation by Manuel Bosch Barret. Plaza & Janés y Mondadori-Grijalbo (1950).
, Lithuanian translation by Aida Krilavičienė, Tyto alba 1997
, Czech translation by Marta Hellmuthová, Šimon & Šimon 1993 (7th ed.)
, Swedish translation by Ole Torvalds, Wahlström & Widstrand 1993
Estonian translation by Johannes Aavik, Eesti Raamat 1991 (2nd ed.)
ISBN _, Hebrew translation By Aharon Amir. Zmora Bitan Publishing, 1988.
, Persian translation by Zabihollah Mansuri, Zarrin 1985[=1364 H.sh]
ISBN _, Greek translation by Yiannis Lampsas. Kaktos, 1984.
, Hungarian translation by Endre Gombár, Európa Könyvkiadó, Budapest 1978
, Polish translation by Zygmunt Łanowski, Czytelnik 1962 (ISBN is for the 1987 edition)
, Estonian translation by Johannes Aavik, Orto Publishing House 1954
See also
Atenism
List of historical novels
A Nail Merchant at Nightfall – Waltari's retelling of his experience of writing The Egyptian
The Story of Sinuhe
References
Notes
Non-English quotes
Citations
Bibliography
1945 novels
Picaresque novels
Novels by Mika Waltari
Novels set in ancient Egypt
Finnish novels adapted into films
Novels set in the 14th century BC
Cultural depictions of Akhenaten
Cultural depictions of Nefertiti
Cultural depictions of Tutankhamun
20th-century Finnish novels
Finnish historical novels
Novels set in Crete | [
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259345 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerasian | Amerasian | An Amerasian originally meant a person born in Asia to an Asian mother and a U.S. military father also known as War babies or G.I. babies. Most Amerasians from Asia are either half or quarter American origin. They are either born as result of having military American fathers and in certain cases military American mothers, or having grandparent origins from the U.S military. A large part of the Amerasian population from Asia were also born as a result of Amerasians mixing with other Amerasians and local Asian population.
Several countries have significant populations of Amerasians in South Korea, Japan, Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam and, most notably, the Philippines, the last having had the largest US air and naval bases outside the US mainland.
Definitions
The term was coined by writer Pearl S. Buck and was formalized by the Immigration and Naturalization Service. Many people were born to Asian women and U.S. servicemen during World War II, the Korean War and the Vietnam War. The official definition of Amerasian came about as a result of Public Law 97-359, enacted by the 97th Congress of the United States on October 22, 1982.
According to the United States Department of Justice and the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS), an Amerasian is: "[A]n alien who was born in Korea, Kampuchea, Laos, Thailand or Vietnam after December 31, 1950 and before October 22, 1982 and was fathered by a U.S. citizen." The Amerasian Foundation (AF) and Amerasian Family Finder (AFF) define an Amerasian as "Any person who was fathered by a citizen of the United States (an American serviceman, American expatriate or U.S. Government Employee (Regular or Contract)) and whose mother is or was, an Asian National."
The term is commonly applied to half Japanese children fathered by a U.S. serviceman in Japan, as well as half Korean children fathered by veterans of the Korean War or stationary soldiers in South Korea. The term is also applied to children of Filipinos and American rulers during the U.S. colonial period of the Philippines (still used until today) and children of Thais and U.S. soldiers during World War II and the Vietnam War. The U.S. had bases in Thailand during the Vietnam War.
Amerasian should not be interpreted as a fixed racial term relating to a specific mixture of races (such as Mestizo, Mulatto, Eurasian or Afro-Asian). The racial strain of the American parent of one Amerasian may be different from that of another Amerasian; it may be White, Black, Hispanic or even Asian. In the latter case, it is conceivable that the Amerasian could be fathered by a person who shares the same racial background but not the same nationality.
In certain cases, it could apply to the offspring of American females, who engaged in professions such as military nurse, and Asian males. Mixed-race children, whatever the occupations of their parents, have suffered social stigma. With genetic relation to U.S. soldiers, Amerasians have faced additional exclusion by perceived association to military enemies of Asian countries. This stigma extended to the mothers of Amerasians, majority of whom were Asian, causing many of the Asian mothers to abandon their Amerasian children. The abandonment of both parents led to a large proportion of orphaned Amerasians.
Cambodia
The Amerasian Immigration Act included Amerasians whose fathers were U.S. citizens and whose mothers were nationals of Kampuchea (Cambodia). As many as 10,000 Cambodian Amerasians may have been fathered by US servicemen.
Japan
According to one estimate, around 5,000 to 10,000 Amerasian babies had been born from 1945 to 1952.
Data from the Japanese Welfare Ministry from July, 1952, on the other hand, revealed that only 5,013 Japanese Amerasian children were born in all of Japan. Masami Takada from the Welfare Ministry put an exaggerated estimate of 150,000 - 200,000. Another investigation by the Welfare Ministry was conducted again in August, 1953, with this time them revising the number to reveal that only 3,490 half-castes of American fathers and Japanese mothers had been born during the 7 years American occupation of Japan, which lasted from 1945 - 1952. Some of the children were abandoned and raised in orphanages such as the Elizabeth Saunders Home in Oiso, Japan.
The actual number of Japanese Amerasians is unknown. Officially, the number of 10,000 Japanese Amerasian would be an upper limit. Some contemporary writers had however reported rumors of 200,000 while actual numbers had found to be 5,000, possibly 10,000, no more than 20,000 allowing for underestimates. Of those fathered by American soldiers. Their presumed “colors” were 86.1% “white,” 11.5% “black,” and 2.5% “unknown.”
Hāfu
Today, many Japanese Amerasians are going by the term Hāfu which means half.
Amerasian School of Okinawa
In Okinawa, The Amerasian School of Okinawa was formed to educate children of two different cultures. The school population includes Japanese Amerasians.
Laos
The Amerasian Immigration Act included Amerasians whose fathers were U.S. citizens and whose mothers were nationals of Laos. The number of Laotian Amerasians is currently unknown.
Philippines
The Forgotten Amerasians
Since 1898, when the United States annexed the Philippines from Spain, there were as many as 21 U.S. bases and 100,000 U.S. military personnel stationed there. The bases closed in 1992 leaving behind thousands of Amerasian children. There are an estimated 52,000 Amerasians in the Philippines, but an academic research paper presented in the U.S. (in 2012) by an Angeles, Pampanga, Philippines Amerasian college research study unit suggests that the number could be a lot more, possibly reaching 250,000. This is also partially due to the fact that almost all Amerasians intermarried with other Amerasians and Filipino natives. The newer Amerasians from the United States would add to the already older settlement of peoples from other countries in the Americas that happened when the Philippines was under Spanish rule via the Mexico-centered Viceroyalty of New Spain. (Latin) "American" settlement came from Mexico, Colombia, Argentina, and Peru, as peoples there migrated as colonists and soldiers to the Philippines during the Spanish era.
Unlike their counterparts in other countries, American-Asians, or Amerasians, in the Philippines remain impoverished and neglected. A study done by the University of the Philippines' Center for Women Studies further found that many Amerasians have experienced some form of abuse and even domestic violence. The findings cited cases of racial, gender and class discrimination that Amerasian children and youth suffer from strangers, peers, classmates and teachers. The study also said black Amerasians seem to suffer more from racial and class discrimination than their white counterparts.
Two-thirds are raised by single mothers, others by relatives and non-relatives; six percent live on their own or in institution, and 90 percent were born out of wedlock. It was reported in 1993 that prostitutes are increasingly Amerasian, children of prostitutes caught in a cycle that transcends generations.
Legal action
In 1982, the U.S. passed the Amerasian Immigration Act, giving preferential immigration status to Amerasian children born during the Vietnam Conflict. The act did not apply to Amerasians born in the Philippines, who can only become United States citizens if their father claims them; most do not.
A class action suit was filed in 1993 on their behalf in the International Court of Complaints in Washington, DC, to establish Filipino American children's rights to assistance. The court denied the claim, ruling that the children were the products of unmarried women who provided sexual services to U.S. service personnel in the Philippines and were therefore engaged in illicit acts of prostitution. Such illegal activity could not be the basis for any legal claim.
South Korea
Since the Korean War, there has been a significant population of Amerasians in South Korea. Many Amerasians were born into "Camptowns" which were established by the South Korean government. The women in these Camptowns were affected by the post-war poverty and turned to prostitution with American soldiers. This perpetuated the stereotype that children born in Camptowns were mothered by prostitutes. The South Korean government never viewed Korean Amerasians as Korean citizens. Hence, the government encouraged the foreign adoption of mixed South Korean babies. United States Congress passed the 1953 Refugee Relief Act which allowed 4000 Amerasians to emigrate to the US for adoption. This group became commonly known as Korean Adoptees. They were part of the International adoption of South Korean children that made up roughly 160,000 adoptees.
Amerasian Christian Academy
The Amerasian Christian Academy still educates Amerasian children today in Gyeonggi-Do, South Korea.
Taiwan
US soldiers fathered children in Taiwan at the end of World War II. Today there is estimated 1,000 Taiwanese Amerasians.
Over 200,000 American soldiers in Korea and Vietnam visited Taiwan for rest and relaxation between 1950 and 1975.
Thailand
In Thailand, Amerasian children are dubbed as Luk khrueng or half children in the Thai language. These Amerasians were fathered by US soldiers who took part in the Vietnam War. At the height of the Vietnam War, 50,000 GIs were based in Thailand. The Pearl S. Buck Foundation estimated around 5,000-8,000 Thai Amerasians. Some migrated to the United States under the 1982 Amerasian Immigration Act. An unknown number were left behind.
Searches
US veteran, Gene Ponce, helps American fathers find their Thai Amerasian children. He has recently used popular DNA services, such as Ancestry.com to help match Amerasians with their relatives in the US.
Vietnam
The exact number of Amerasians in Vietnam is not known. The U.S soldiers stationed in Vietnam had relationships with local females, many of the women had origins from clubs, brothels and pubs. The American Embassy once reported there were less than 1,000 Amerasians. A report by the South Vietnamese Senate Subcommittee suggested there are 15,000 to 20,000 children of mixed American and Vietnamese blood, but this figure was considered low. Congress estimated 20,000 to 30,000 Amerasians by 1975 lived in Vietnam. According to Amerasians Without Borders, they estimated about 25,000 to 30,000 Vietnamese Amerasians were born from American first participation in Vietnam in 1962, and lasted until 1975. Although during the Operation Babylift it was estimated at 23,000.
In April 1975, Operation Babylift was initiated in South Vietnam to relocate Vietnamese children, many orphans and those of mixed American-Vietnamese parentage (mostly Vietnamese mother and American serviceman father), to the United States and finding American families who would take them in. The crash of the first flight of Operation Babylift led to the death of 138 people, 78 of which were children. During the operation, they estimated over 3,000 Amerasians were evacuated from South Vietnam; however, more than 20,000 Amerasians remained.
In 1982, the U.S. Congress passed the Amerasian Immigration Act in an attempt to grant Amerasian immigration to the U.S. However, the Amerasian Immigration Act was not applied to Vietnamese Amerasians, due to a lack of diplomatic relations between the U.S. and Vietnamese government. This was due to a clause in the Amerasian Immigration Act that required documentation of the fathers in the U.S. in order for the Vietnamese Amerasians to acquire a visa.
In 1988, U.S. Congress passed the American Homecoming Act, aiming to grant citizenship to Vietnamese Amerasians born between 1962 and 1975, which led to 23,000 Amerasians and 67,000 of their relatives immigrating to the U.S. For the Vietnamese Amerasians, this meant that their migration to the U.S. occurred as teenagers, leading to struggles in the resettlement process.
Vietnamese Amerasian Search Organizations
Up to the 2000s, many Vietnamese Amerasians were still not reunited with their fathers. Some Amerasians still resided in Vietnam unable to obtain the necessary documents to emigrate to the US. Organizations such as the Amerasian Child Find Network, run by Clint Haines, and AAHope Foundation, run by Jonathan Tinquist, helped American fathers reunite with their Amerasian children. Both are Vietnam Vets.
Other organizations that helped with Amerasian, Adoptee and family searches included the Adopted Vietnamese International (AVI) (Indigo Willing) and Operation Reunite (Trista Goldberg). The only current active US organization seeking to reunite Amerasians is Amerasian Without Borders (AWB) run by Jimmy Miller, a Vietnamese Amerasian based in the US.
Notable Vietnamese Amerasians
Phi Nhung - Phạm Phi Nhung was born on 10 April 1970 in Pleiku, Vietnam, to a Vietnamese mother and an American serviceman father. She was a singer who specialized in Dan Ca and Tru Tinh music. On 26 August 2021 she was hospitalized to Cho Ray Hospital after contracting COVID-19. About a month later, her health took a turn for the worse. Phi Nhung died on 28 September 2021 due to COVID-19 complications.
Thanh Hà - Trương Minh Hà was born in Đà Nẵng, Vietnam, to a Vietnamese mother and an American serviceman father of German origin. She is known under the stage name of Thanh Hà, is a Vietnamese American singer.
International Amerasian Day
March 4 has been designated as Amerasian Day in the Philippines. The Amerasian Foundation has designated it as International Amerasian Day.
In popular culture
The 1957 film Sayonara features a Japanese woman who falls in love with a white serviceman, and they talk about having mixed children together.
In the anime and manga franchise Great Mazinger ("Guretto Majinga" in Japanese), the character of Jun Honoo is the daughter of a Japanese woman and a U.S. African-American serviceman. As such, she had to endure stigma and racism during her youth due to her status as "hafu" and her darker skin compared to Amerasians born from white parents.
In the 1972 TV series M*A*S*H, episode 15 of season 8, "Yessir, That's Our Baby", Hawkeye and BJ attempt to send an Amerasian baby to the United States, facing difficulty at every step of the way. With no other viable solution, they act on Father Mulcahy's advice and take the baby to a monastery in the dead of night to provide her with safety and care.
"Straight to Hell", a song by rock music group the Clash, considers the plight of Vietnam War Amerasians.
The 1977 movie Green Eyes starred Paul Winfield as a Vietnam War veteran who returns to Vietnam in search of the son he fathered with a Vietnamese woman.
The Chuck Norris film Braddock: Missing in Action III (1988) depicted Amerasian children trapped in Vietnam; Norris plays the father of an Amerasian child who believes that his Vietnamese wife died during the Fall of Saigon.
In the 1984 TV series Highway to Heaven, episode 11 of season 1, titled "Dust Child," the two lead characters Jonathan, played by Michael Landon, and Mark, played by Victor French, help an Amerasian girl facing racial prejudice when she goes to live with her father's family in the United States.
In the 1988 TV series In the Heat of the Night, episode 9 of season 3, titled "My Name is Hank," an Amerasian teenager named Hank believes that he was fathered by a deceased police officer once employed by the Sparta, Mississippi police department.
The Oscar-nominated 1995 film Dust of Life tells the story of Son, a boy with Vietnamese mother and African American father, who is interned in a 're-education' camp.
In the 1997 animated television sitcom King of the Hill, Hank discovers that he has an Amerasian brother living in Japan.
In the 1999 American Vietnamese language film Three Seasons, James Hager, played by Harvey Keitel, searches for his Vietnamese Amerasian daughter in hopes of "coming to peace with this place".
The 2001 novel The Unwanted by Kien Nguyen is a memoir about the author's experience growing up as an Amerasian in Vietnam until he emigrates to the United States at age eighteen.
Daughter from Đà Nẵng is a 2002 award-winning documentary film about an Amerasian woman who returns to visit her biological family in Đà Nẵng, Vietnam after 22 years of separation and living in the United States.
The musical Miss Saigon focuses on a young Vietnamese woman who falls in love with an American GI and later has his child after the Fall of Saigon.
The 2004 film The Beautiful Country is about an Amerasian boy (played by Damien Nguyen) who leaves his native Vietnam to find his father.
In 2007 at TED, Photographer Rick Smolan's The Story of a Girl tells the unforgettable story of a young Amerasian girl, a fateful photograph, and an adoption saga with a twist.
The 2010 documentary Left By The Ship which aired on PBS Independent Lens in May 2012, follows the lives of four modern Filipino Amerasians for two years, showing the struggle to overcome the stigma related to their birth.
In the 2017 book, The Rebirth of Hope: My Journey from Vietnam War Child to American Citizen, by Sau Le Hudecek, Texas Christian University Press. The author recalls the trials she endured growing up in post-war Vietnam as a daughter of an American GI.
In 2018, Dateline NBC aired Father's Day, a Vietnamese Amerasian woman takes a DNA test hoping to learn more about her family tree. What she discovers will change her family forever—and send her father to the other side of the globe to confront a past he thought he had left behind.
See also
Bui doi
Hāfu
Hapa
Lai Đại Hàn
Luk khrueng
Multiracial
Occupation of Japan
Prostitutes in South Korea for the U.S. military
R&R (military)
References
Further reading
Listed in chronological order:
Sturdevant, Saundra Pollack and Brenda Stoltzfus, Let the Good Times Roll: Prostitution and the U.S. Military in Asia, New Pr, January 1, 1993. .
Bass, Thomas A., Vietnamerica: The War Comes Home, Soho Press, Incorporated, 1997. .
McKelvey, Robert S., The Dust of Life: America's Children Abandoned in Vietnam , University of Washington Press, August 1, 1999. .
Merlin, Jan, Ainoko, Xlibris Corp, February 1, 2002. ISBN 978-1401044213.
Anderson, Wanni Wibulswasdi; Lee, Robert G., Displacements and Diasporas: Asians in the Americas, Rutgers University Press, 2005. .
Yarborough, Trin, Surviving Twice: Amerasian Children of the Vietnam War, Potomac Books, April 1, 2005, .
.
Nguyen, Kien, The Unwanted: A Memoir of Childhood, Back Bay Books, October 22, 2008. .
Mendezona, Matthias, How Sweet The Mango, No?: The Journey of a Hispanic Amerasian, BookSurge/CreateSpace Publishing, May 2, 2009. .
DeBonis, Steven, Children of the Enemy: Oral Histories of Vietnamese Amerasians and Their Mothers, McFarland & Company, April 19, 2013. .
Le, Kevin, The Outcast Amerasian, Publish Green, April 13, 2014. .
Hudecek Sau Le, The Rebirth of Hope: My Journey from Vietnam War Child to American Citizen, Texas Christian University Press, 2017. .
Vo, John, What Endures: An Amerasian's Lifelong Struggle During and After the Vietnam War, Xlibris Us, February 16, 2018. .
Kakinami Cloyd Fredrick D., Dream of the Water Children: Memory and Mourning in the Black Pacific, 2Leaf Press, March 2, 2019. .
Thomas, Sabrina, Scars of War: The Politics of Paternity and Responsibility for the Amerasians of Vietnam, University of Nebraska Press, December, 2021. .
External links
List includes archived websites as well:
. AAHope was formed by Jonathan Tinquist, a Vietnam veteran.
. ACFN was formed by Clint Haines, A Vietnam veteran who was searching for his Amerasian child.
. AFF was formed by Jennifer Williams, a Filipino Amerasian.
. AF was formed by Kevin Miller, Jr., a Japanese Amerasian and US Marine Corps veteran.
Amerasian Photography Project by Enrico Dungca.
Amerasian Research Network, LTD..
. Formed by Shandon Phan, a Vietnamese Amerasian.
Amerasians Without Borders. AWB was formed by Jimmy Miller, a Vietnamese Amerasian.
AmerasianWorld.com's "Salaam Central Asia", by Kevin Miller, Jr., MPA.
Asian-Nation: Vietnamese Amerasians, by C.N. Le, Ph.D., a Senior Lecturer at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst.
Asian-Nation: Multiracial Asian Americans, by C.N. Le, Ph.D., a Senior Lecturer at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst.
Elizabeth Saunders Home Reunion Facebook Page. The Elizabeth Saunders Home in Japan included many Japanese Amerasians.
. Run by Gene Ponce, a US Air Force veteran.
. This organization worked with other organizations that served "Children of War" fathered by foreign soldiers.
Ethnic groups in the United States
Multiracial affairs in the United States
Philippine society
Asian-American society
Aftermath of the Vietnam War | [
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259347 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian%20Kane | Christian Kane | Christian Kane is an American actor and singer-songwriter. He is known for his roles in the television shows Angel, Leverage, The Librarians, and Into the West, and the movies Just Married, Taxi, and Secondhand Lions.
Kane is the lead singer of the country-southern rock band Kane. On December 7, 2010, they released The House Rules, their third album and their debut for record label Bigger Picture Music Group. The album reached no. 25 on the Billboard Country Albums chart. The first single from the album, also titled "The House Rules", debuted at no. 54 on the Billboard Country Songs chart. The second single, “Let Me Go”, was released on July 11, 2011.
Early life
Kane has stated that he is of Cherokee (Native American) ancestry. His parents participated in, and met at, the rodeo. The family moved around the South and the Midwest because his father was in the oil business, and they finally settled in Norman, Oklahoma, when Kane was in eighth grade. While growing up in Texas and Oklahoma, Kane was a collegiate-style wrestler and played football (as a strong safety). He studied art history at the University of Oklahoma, but decided he wanted to be an actor and headed to Los Angeles before finishing the degree. In Los Angeles, he worked at a talent management company, where he delivered scripts in exchange for getting acting jobs.
Career
Acting
Kane landed his first acting role in 1997 as one of the leads in MGM's television series Fame L.A. playing a country singer who moved to Los Angeles from Kansas. His television roles have included a recurring role in Joss Whedon’s Angel as the lawyer Lindsey MacDonald, the Jerry Bruckheimer-produced series Close to Home on CBS, the TNT television film Crossfire Trail in which he appeared alongside Tom Selleck, and the role of Abe Wheeler in the Steven Spielberg-produced 2005 miniseries Into the West. He starred as Billy Ryan in the MTV movie Love Song in 2000, alongside R&B artist Monica.
Kane’s appearances on the big screen include the 20th Century Fox film Just Married and New Line Cinema's Secondhand Lions (as the younger version of Robert Duvall's Hub McCann, he has a scar on his upper lip from an injury he received while filming the movie). He also appeared in Taxi, Life or Something Like It, the Peter Berg-directed Friday Night Lights, and the Warner Bros. baseball film Summer Catch.
In 2007, Kane was featured in the Carrie Underwood music video "So Small", playing the role of one of the three converging stories. In 2009, he appeared in the psychological thriller, Hide, in which he played the lead role of Billy, and The Donner Party which is based on the true story of the Donner Party. In 2010, he starred in the romantic drama, Not Since You.
From 2008 to 2012, Kane appeared on the TNT television series Leverage as Eliot Spencer, a retrieval specialist and black ops soldier who teams up with four other specialists to undo the injustices perpetrated upon the helpless. Kane performed all his own fight scenes and also choreographed fights for the series. Kane plays the same character in Leverage:Redemption, which premiered in July 2021, streaming on IMDb TV. The show takes up the team's adventures 8 years after the last episode.
In 2013, Kane appeared as JT Maxwell, brother to Rebecca Romijn's female lead Michelle Maxwell on TNT's King & Maxwell. He appeared again with Romijn. co-starring in the 2014 to 2018 TNT television series The Librarians, based on The Librarian film series.
In 2020, Kane starred as Alex Walker on the drama series Almost Paradise. In an interview with Tell-Tale TV, Kane described that character as being several of his previous roles on other series rolled into one.
Music
In 1997, Kane met Steve Carlson, who had taken over his old job. They started writing songs together, and in 1998 formed the Southern rock band Kane. They have toured the U.S., as well as England and Germany. The band has self-released two albums, their self-titled debut, Kane, in 2002, and a recording of a live acoustic set, Acoustic Live In London! in 2004.
The band consists of Kane (lead vocals, guitar), Carlson (rhythm guitar, backing vocals), Jason Southard (lead guitar), Will Amend (bass guitar), and Ryan Baker (drums) and is signed to independent record label Bigger Picture Music Group. Their label debut, The House Rules, was released December 7, 2010. It debuted at no. 1 on the Billboard Heatseekers album chart and no. 25 on the Country Albums chart. The album was produced by Bob Ezrin and Jimmie Lee Sloas.
The first single from the album, also titled "The House Rules", debuted at no. 54 on the Billboard Country Songs chart and was the seventh-most added song on Mediabase Country stations on its official impact date. The video for the single was directed by Timothy Hutton and premiered on CMT's Big New Music Weekend October 1, 2010. "The House Rules" was featured in the video game NASCAR 09. The second single, "Let Me Go", was released on July 11, 2011. The video for the single, directed by Roman White, premiered on CMT August 8, 2011 and reached no. 1 on their Today's Top Videos chart .
Kane is also signed to a songwriting deal with EMI Music Publishing and writes much of his own material. Trace Adkins released a song written by Kane called "Happy Man" on his 2010 album, Cowboy's Back in Town.
Kane's co-writing efforts include songs written with Blair Daly, Brett James, David Lee Murphy, Casey Beathard, and Jerrod Niemann. "Thinking of You", a song he co-wrote with Blair Daly, was featured in Leverage Season 3 episode, "The Studio Job."
Filmography
Film
Television
Video game
Discography
Soundtrack
Studio albums
Extended plays
Live albums
Singles
Music videos
References
External links
Living people
American country singer-songwriters
American male film actors
American male television actors
Columbia Records artists
Male actors from Dallas
Musicians from Norman, Oklahoma
Bigger Picture Music Group artists
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
Singer-songwriters from Oklahoma
21st-century American singers
Country musicians from Texas
Country musicians from Oklahoma
American people who self-identify as being of Native American descent
Year of birth missing (living people)
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259349 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stokely%20Carmichael | Stokely Carmichael | Kwame Ture (; born Stokely Standiford Churchill Carmichael; June 29, 1941November 15, 1998) was a prominent organizer in the civil rights movement in the United States and the global Pan-African movement. Born in Trinidad, he grew up in the United States from the age of 11 and became an activist while attending the Bronx High School of Science. He was a key leader in the development of the Black Power movement, first while leading the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), then as the "Honorary Prime Minister" of the Black Panther Party (BPP), and last as a leader of the All-African People's Revolutionary Party (A-APRP).
Carmichael was one of the original SNCC freedom riders of 1961 under Diane Nash's leadership. He became a major voting rights activist in Mississippi and Alabama after being mentored by Ella Baker and Bob Moses. Like most young people in the SNCC, he became disillusioned with the two-party system after the 1964 Democratic National Convention failed to recognize the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party as official delegates from the state. Carmichael eventually decided to develop independent all-black political organizations, such as the Lowndes County Freedom Organization and, for a time, the national Black Panther Party. Inspired by Malcolm X's example, he articulated a philosophy of Black Power, and popularized it both by provocative speeches and more sober writings. Carmichael became one of the most popular and controversial Black leaders of the late 1960s. J. Edgar Hoover, director of the FBI, secretly identified Carmichael as the man most likely to succeed Malcolm X as America's "black messiah". The FBI targeted him for personal destruction through its COINTELPRO program, so Carmichael moved to Africa in 1968. He reestablished himself in Ghana, and then Guinea by 1969. There he adopted the name Kwame Ture, and began campaigning internationally for revolutionary socialist Pan-Africanism.
Ture died of prostate cancer in 1998 at the age of 57.
Early life
Stokely Standiford Churchill Carmichael was born in Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago. He attended Tranquility School there before moving to Harlem, New York City, in 1952 at age 11, to rejoin his parents. They had immigrated to the United States when he was two, and he was raised by his grandmother and two aunts. He had three sisters.
His mother, Mabel R. Carmichael, was a stewardess for a steamship line. His father, Adolphus, was a carpenter who also worked as a taxi driver. The reunited Carmichaels eventually left Harlem to live in Van Nest in the East Bronx, at that time an aging neighborhood primarily of Jewish and Italian immigrants and descendants. According to a 1967 interview Carmichael gave to Life Magazine, he was the only black member of the Morris Park Dukes, a youth gang involved in alcohol and petty theft. He and his family were members of the Westchester United Methodist Church.
Carmichael attended the Bronx High School of Science in New York, being selected through high achievement on its standardized entrance examination. At Bronx Science, he participated in a boycott of a local White Castle restaurant that did not hire blacks. On student recognition Sunday at his church, Carmichael gave an eye-opening student sermon to the almost totally white congregation. Carmichael was acquainted with fellow Bronx Science student Samuel R. Delany during his time there.
After graduation in 1960, Carmichael enrolled at Howard University, a historically black university in Washington, D.C. His professors included the poet Sterling Brown, Nathan Hare, and Toni Morrison, who was later awarded the Nobel Prize for literature. Carmichael and fellow civil rights activist Tom Kahn (a Catholic whose last name has sometimes caused him to be misidentified as Jewish) helped to fund a five-day run of the Three Penny Opera, by Bertolt Brecht and Kurt Weill:
Tom Kahn—very shrewdly—had captured the position of Treasurer of the Liberal Arts Student Council and the infinitely charismatic and popular Carmichael as floor whip was good at lining up the votes. Before they knew what hit them the Student Council had become a patron of the arts, having voted to buy out the remaining performances. It was a classic win/win. Members of the Council got patronage packets of tickets for distribution to friends and constituents.
Carmichael's apartment on Euclid Street was a gathering place for his activist classmates. He graduated in 1964 with a degree in philosophy. Carmichael was offered a full graduate scholarship to Harvard University but turned it down.
At Howard, Carmichael joined the Nonviolent Action Group (NAG), the Howard campus affiliate of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). Kahn introduced Carmichael and the other SNCC activists to Bayard Rustin, an African-American leader who became an influential adviser to SNCC. Inspired by the sit-in movement in the southern United States during college, Carmichael became more active in the Civil Rights Movement.
1961: Freedom Rides
In his first year at Howard, in 1961, Carmichael participated in the Freedom Rides that the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) organized to desegregate the interstate buses and bus station restaurants along U.S. Route 40 between Baltimore and Washington, D.C., as they came under federal rather than state law. They had been segregated by custom. He was frequently arrested, and spent time in jail. He was arrested so many times for his activism that he lost count, sometimes estimating 29 or 32. In 1998, he told the Washington Post that he thought the total was fewer than 36.
Along with eight other riders, on June 4, 1961, Carmichael traveled by train from New Orleans, Louisiana, to Jackson, Mississippi, to integrate the formerly "white" section on the train. Before getting on the train in New Orleans, they encountered white protesters blocking the way. Carmichael said, "They were shouting. Throwing cans and lit cigarettes at us. Spitting on us." Eventually, the group was able to board the train. When the group arrived in Jackson, Carmichael and the eight other riders entered a "white" cafeteria. They were charged with disturbing the peace, arrested, and taken to jail.
Eventually, Carmichael was transferred to the infamous Parchman Penitentiary in Sunflower County, Mississippi, along with other Freedom Riders. He gained notoriety as a witty and hard-nosed leader among the prisoners.
He served 49 days with other activists at Parchman. At 19, Carmichael was the youngest detainee in the summer of 1961. He spent 53 days at Parchman in a six-by-nine cell. He and his colleagues were allowed to shower only twice a week, were not allowed books or any other personal effects, and were at times placed in maximum security to isolate them.
Carmichael said of the Parchman Farm sheriff:
The sheriff acted like he was scared of black folks and he came up with some beautiful things. One night he opened up all the windows, put on ten big fans and an air conditioner and dropped the temperature to 38 degrees [Fahrenheit; 3 °C]. All we had on was T-shirts and shorts.
While being hurt one time, Carmichael began singing to the guards, "I'm gonna tell God how you treat me", and the other prisoners joined in.
Carmichael kept the group's morale up in prison, often telling jokes with Steve Green and the other Freedom Riders, and making light of their situation. He knew their situation was serious.
What with the range of ideology, religious belief, political commitment and background, age, and experience, something interesting was always going on. Because no matter our differences, this group had one thing in common, moral stubbornness. Whatever we believed, we really believed and were not at all shy about advancing. We were where we were only because of our willingness to affirm our beliefs even at the risk of physical injury. So it was never dull on death row.
In a 1964 interview with author Robert Penn Warren, Carmichael reflected on his motives for going on the rides:
I thought I have to go because you've got to keep the issue alive, and you've got to show the Southerners that you're not gonna be scared off, as we've been scared off in the past. And no matter what they do, we're still gonna keep coming back.
1964–67: SNCC
Mississippi and Cambridge, Maryland
In 1964, Carmichael became a full-time field organizer for SNCC in Mississippi. He worked on the Greenwood voting rights project under Bob Moses. Throughout Freedom Summer, he worked with grassroots African-American activists, including Fannie Lou Hamer, whom Carmichael named as one of his personal heroes. SNCC organizer Joann Gavin wrote that Hamer and Carmichael "understood one another as perhaps no one else could."
He also worked closely with Gloria Richardson, who led the SNCC chapter in Cambridge, Maryland. During a protest with Richardson in Maryland in June 1964, Carmichael was hit directly in a chemical gas attack by the National Guard and had to be hospitalized.
He soon became project director for Mississippi's 2nd congressional district, made up largely of the counties of the Mississippi Delta. At that time, most blacks in Mississippi had been disfranchised since the passage of a new constitution in 1890. The summer project was to prepare them to register to vote and conduct a parallel registration movement to demonstrate how much people wanted to vote. Grassroots activists organized the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP), as the regular Democratic Party did not represent African Americans in the state. At the end of Freedom Summer, Carmichael went to the 1964 Democratic Convention in support of the MFDP, which sought to have its delegation seated. But the MFDP delegates were refused voting rights by the Democratic National Committee, which chose to seat the regular white Jim Crow delegation. Carmichael, along with many SNCC staff members, left the convention with a profound sense of disillusionment in the American political system, and what he later called "totalitarian liberal opinion". He said, "what the liberal really wants is to bring about change which will not in any way endanger his position".
Selma to Montgomery marches
Having developed an aversion to working with the Democratic Party after the 1964 convention, Carmichael decided to leave the MFDP. Instead he began exploring SNCC projects in Alabama in 1965. During the period of the Selma to Montgomery marches, James Forman recruited him to participate in a "second front" to stage protests at the Alabama State Capitol in March 1965. Carmichael became disillusioned with the growing struggles between SNCC and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), which opposed Forman's strategy. He thought SCLC was working with affiliated black churches to undercut it. He was also frustrated to be drawn again into nonviolent confrontations with police, which he no longer found empowering. After seeing protesters brutally beaten again, he collapsed from stress, and his colleagues urged him to leave the city.
Within a week, Carmichael returned to protesting, this time in Selma, to participate in the final march along Route 80 to the state capital. But on March 23, 1965, Carmichael and some in SNCC who were participating in the Selma to Montgomery march declined to complete the march, instead initiating a grassroots project in "Bloody Lowndes" County, along the march route, talking with local residents. This was a county known for white violence against blacks during this era, where SCLC and Martin Luther King Jr. had tried and failed to organize its black residents. From 1877 to 1950, Lowndes County had 14 documented lynchings of African Americans. Carmichael and the SNCC activists who accompanied him also struggled in Lowndes, as local residents were at first wary of their presence. But they later achieved greater success as a result of a partnership with local activist John Hulett and other local leaders.
Lowndes County Freedom Organization
In 1965, working as a SNCC activist in the black-majority Lowndes County, Alabama, Carmichael helped increase the number of registered black voters from 70 to 2,600, being 300 more than the number of registered white voters. Black voters had essentially been disfranchised by Alabama's constitution, passed by white Democrats in 1901. After Congressional passage in August of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, the federal government was authorized to oversee and enforce their rights. There was still tremendous resistance from wary residents, but an important breakthrough occurred when, while he was handing out voter registration material at a local school, two policemen confronted Carmichael and ordered him to leave. He refused, and avoided arrest after challenging the two officers to do so. As word of this incident spread, Carmichael and the SNCC activists who stayed with him in Lowndes gained more respect from local residents and started working with Hulett and other local leaders. With the objective of registering African American voters, Carmichael, Hulett and their local allies formed the Lowndes County Freedom Organization (LCFO), a party that had the black panther as its mascot, over the white-dominated local Democratic Party, whose mascot was a white rooster. Since federal protection from violent voter suppression by the Ku Klux Klan and other white opponents was sporadic, most Lowndes County activists openly carried arms.
Despite Carmichael's role in forming the LCFO, Hulett served as the group's chairperson and became one of the first two African Americans whose voter registration was successfully processed in Lowndes County. Although black residents and voters outnumbered whites in Lowndes, their candidate lost the countywide election of 1965. In 1966, several LCFO candidates ran for office in the general election but lost. In 1970, the LCFO merged with the statewide Democratic Party, and former LCFO candidates, including Hulett, won their first offices in the county.
Chair of SNCC and Black Power
Carmichael became chairman of SNCC in 1966, taking over from John Lewis, an activist who later was elected to Congress. James Meredith had initiated a solitary March Against Fear in early June of that year from Memphis to Jackson, Mississippi. He did not want the big civil rights organizations or leaders involved, but was willing to have individual black men join him. On his second day out, Meredith was shot and wounded by a white sniper and had to be hospitalized. Civil rights leaders vowed to finish the march in his name.
Carmichael joined King, Floyd McKissick, Cleveland Sellers and others to continue Meredith's march. He was arrested in Greenwood during the march. After his release, he gave his first "Black Power" speech at a rally that night, using the phrase to urge black pride and socioeconomic independence:
According to historian David J. Garrow, a few days after Carmichael spoke about Black Power at the rally during "Meredith March Against Fear", he told King: "Martin, I deliberately decided to raise this issue on the march in order to give it a national forum and force you to take a stand for Black Power." King responded, "I have been used before. One more time won't hurt."
While Black Power was not a new concept, Carmichael's speech brought it into the spotlight. It became a rallying cry for young African Americans across the country who were frustrated by slow progress in civil rights, even after federal legislation had been passed to strengthen the effort. Everywhere that Black Power spread, if accepted, Carmichael got credit. If it was condemned, he was held responsible and blamed. According to Carmichael, "Black Power meant black people coming together to form a political force and either electing representatives or forcing their representatives to speak to their needs [rather than relying on established parties]". Strongly influenced by the work of Frantz Fanon and his landmark book The Wretched of the Earth, along with others such as Malcolm X, Carmichael led SNCC to become more radical. The group focused on Black Power as its core goal and ideology.
During the controversial Atlanta Project in 1966, SNCC, under the local leadership of Bill Ware, engaged in a voter drive to promote the candidacy of Julian Bond from an Atlanta district for a seat in the Georgia State Legislature. Ware excluded Northern white SNCC members from working on this drive. Carmichael initially opposed this decision but changed his mind. At the urging of the Atlanta Project, the issue of white members in SNCC came up for a vote. Carmichael ultimately sided with those calling for the expulsion of whites. He said that whites should organize poor white southern communities, of which there were plenty, while SNCC focused on promoting African-American self-reliance through Black Power.
Carmichael considered nonviolence a tactic, not a fundamental principle, which separated him from civil rights leaders such as King. He criticized civil rights leaders who called for the integration of African Americans into existing institutions of the middle-class mainstream.
Now, several people have been upset because we've said that integration was irrelevant when initiated by blacks, and that in fact it was a subterfuge, an insidious subterfuge, for the maintenance of white supremacy. Now we maintain that in the past six years or so, this country has been feeding us a "thalidomide drug of integration", and that some Negroes have been walking down a dream street talking about sitting next to white people; and that that does not begin to solve the problem; that when we went to Mississippi we did not go to sit next to Ross Barnett; we did not go to sit next to Jim Clark; we went to get them out of our way; and that people ought to understand that; that we were never fighting for the right to integrate, we were fighting against white supremacy. Now, then, in order to understand white supremacy we must dismiss the fallacious notion that white people can give anybody their freedom. No man can give anybody his freedom. A man is born free. You may enslave a man after he is born free, and that is in fact what this country does. It enslaves black people after they're born, so that the only acts that white people can do is to stop denying black people their freedom; that is, they must stop denying freedom. They never give it to anyone.
Carmichael wrote, "in order for nonviolence to work, your opponent must have a conscience.
The United States has none."
During Carmichael's leadership, SNCC continued to maintain a coalition with several white radical organizations, most notably Students for a Democratic Society (SDS). It encouraged the SDS to focus on militant anti-draft resistance. At an SDS-organized conference at UC Berkeley in October 1966, Carmichael challenged the white left to escalate their resistance to the military draft in a manner similar to the black movement. For a time in 1967, he considered an alliance with Saul Alinsky's Industrial Areas Foundation, and generally supported IAF's work in Rochester's and Buffalo's black communities.
Vietnam
SNCC conducted its first actions against the military draft and the Vietnam War under Carmichael's leadership. He popularized the oft-repeated anti-draft slogan "Hell no, we won't go!" during this time.
Carmichael encouraged King to demand unconditional withdrawal of US troops from Vietnam, even as some King advisers cautioned him that such opposition might have an adverse effect on financial contributions to the SCLC. King preached one of his earliest speeches calling for unconditional withdrawal with Carmichael in the front row at his invitation. Carmichael privately took credit for pushing King toward anti-imperialism, and historians such as Peniel Joseph and Michael Eric Dyson agree.
Carmichael joined King in New York on April 15, 1967, to share his views with protesters on race related to the Vietnam War:
1967–68: Transition out of SNCC
Stepping down as chair
In May 1967, Carmichael stepped down as chairman of SNCC and was replaced by H. Rap Brown. SNCC was a collective and worked by group consensus rather than hierarchically; many members had become displeased with Carmichael's celebrity status. SNCC leaders had begun to refer to him as "Stokely Starmichael" and criticized his habit of making policy announcements independently, before achieving internal agreement. According to historian Clayborne Carson, Carmichael did not protest the transfer of power and was "eager to relinquish the chair". It is sometimes mistakenly reported that Carmichael left SNCC completely at this time and joined the Black Panther Party, but that did not occur until 1968. SNCC officially ended its relationship with Carmichael in August 1968; in a statement, Philip Hutchings wrote, "It has been apparent for some time that SNCC and Stokely Carmichael were moving in different directions."
Targeted by FBI COINTELPRO
During this period, Carmichael was targeted by a section of J. Edgar Hoover's COINTELPRO (counter-intelligence program) that focused on black activists; the program promoted slander and violence against targets Hoover considered enemies of the US government. It attempted to discredit them and worse, often having them killed as an example to would-be "revolutionaries". Carmichael accepted the position of Honorary Prime Minister in the Black Panther Party, but also remained on the SNCC staff. He tried to forge a merger between the two organizations. A March 4, 1968 memo from Hoover states his fear of the rise of a Black Nationalist "messiah" and that Carmichael alone had the "necessary charisma to be a real threat in this way". In July 1968, Hoover stepped up his efforts to divide the black power movement. Declassified documents show he launched a plan to undermine the SNCC-Panther merger, as well as to "bad-jacket" Carmichael as a CIA agent. Both efforts were largely successful: Carmichael was expelled from SNCC that year, and the Panthers began to denounce him, putting him at grave personal risk.
International activism
After stepping down as SNCC chair, Carmichael wrote the book Black Power: The Politics of Liberation (1967) with Charles V. Hamilton. It is a first-person reflection on his experiences in SNCC and his dissatisfaction with the direction of the Civil Rights Movement in the late 1960s. Throughout the work he directly and indirectly criticizes the established leadership of the SCLC and NAACP for their tactics and results, often claiming that they were accepting symbols instead of change.
He promoted what he calls "political modernization." This idea included three major concepts: "1) questioning old values and institutions of the society; 2) searching for new and different forms of political structure to solve political and economic problems; and, 3) broadening the base of political participation to include more people in the decision-making process." By questioning "old values and institutions", Carmichael was referring not only to the established Black leadership of the time but also to the values and institutions of the nation as a whole. He criticized the emphasis on the American "middle-class." "The values," he said, "of that class are based on material aggrandizement, not the expansion of humanity." (40) Carmichael believed that blacks were being lured to enter the "middle-class" as a trap, in which they would be assimilated into the white world by turning their backs on others of their race who were still suffering. This assimilation, he thought, was an inherent indictment of blackness and validation of whiteness as the preferred state. He said, "Thus we reject the goal of assimilation into middle-class America because the values of that class are in themselves anti-humanist and because that class as a social force perpetuates racism."
Secondly, Carmichael discussed searching for different forms of political structure to solve political and economic problems. At the time, the established forms of political structure were the SCLC and the NAACP. These groups were religiously and academically based and focused on nonviolence and steady legal and legislative change within established U.S. systems and structures. Carmichael rejected that. He discusses the development of the Mississippi Freedom Democrats, the 1966 local election in Lowndes County, and the political history of Tuskegee, Alabama. He chose these examples as places where blacks changed the system by political and legal maneuvering within the system, but said they ultimately failed to achieve more than the bare minimum. In the process, he believed they reinforced the political and legal structures that perpetuated the racism they were fighting.
In response to these failures and to offer a way forward, Carmichael discusses the concept of coalition with regard to the Civil Rights Movement. The leadership of the movement had affirmed that anyone who truly believed in their cause was welcome to join and march. Carmichael offered a different vision. Influenced by Fanon's ideas in The Wretched of the Earth, wherein two groups were not "complementary" (could have no overlap) until they were mutually exclusive (were on an equal power footing economically, socially, politically, etc.), Carmichael said that U.S. blacks had to unite and build their power independent of the white structure, or they would never be able to build a coalition that would function for both parties, not just the dominant one. He said, "we want to establish the grounds on which we feel political coalitions can be viable." For this to happen, Carmichael argued that blacks had to address three myths regarding coalition: "that the interests of black people are identical with the interests of certain liberal, labor, or other reform groups"; that a viable coalition can be created between "the politically and economically secure and the politically and economically insecure"; and that a coalition can be "sustained on a moral, friendly, sentimental basis; by appeals to conscience." He believed that each of these myths showed the need for two groups to be mutually exclusive, and on relatively equal footing, to be in a viable coalition.
This philosophy, grounded in the independence literature of Africa and Latin America, became the basis for a great deal of Carmichael's work. He believed the Black Power Movement had to be developed outside the white power structure.
Carmichael also continued as a strong critic of the Vietnam War and imperialism in general. During this period he traveled and lectured extensively throughout the world, visiting Guinea, North Vietnam, China, and Cuba. He became more clearly identified with the Black Panther Party as its "Honorary Prime Minister." During this period, he acted more as a speaker than an organizer, traveling throughout the country and internationally advocating for his vision of Black Power.
Carmichael lamented the 1967 execution of Marxist revolutionary Che Guevara, saying:
Carmichael visited the United Kingdom in July 1967 to attend the Dialectics of Liberation conference. After recordings of his speeches were released by the organizers, the Institute of Phenomenological Studies, he was banned from reentering Britain. In August 1967, a Cuban government magazine reported that Carmichael met with Fidel Castro for three days and called it "the most educational, most interesting, and the best apprenticeship of [my] public life." Because relations with Cuba were prohibited at the time, after his return to the US, the government withdrew his passport. In December 1967, he traveled to France to attend an antiwar rally. There he was detained by police and ordered to leave the next day, but government officials eventually intervened and allowed him to stay.
1968 D.C. riots
Carmichael was present in Washington, D.C. on April 5, 1968, the night after the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. He led a group through the streets, demanding that businesses close out of respect. He tried to prevent violence, but the situation escalated beyond his control. Due to his reputation as a provocateur, the news media blamed Carmichael for the ensuing violence as mobs rioted along U Street and other areas of black commercial development.
Carmichael held a press conference the next day at which he predicted mass racial violence in the streets. Since moving to Washington, he had been under nearly constant FBI surveillance. After the riots, FBI director J. Edgar Hoover instructed a team of agents to find evidence connecting Carmichael to them. He was also subjected to COINTELPRO's bad-jacketing technique. Huey P. Newton suggested Carmichael was a CIA agent, slander that led to Carmichael's break with the Panthers and his exile from the U.S. the following year.
1969–98: Travel to Africa
Carmichael soon began to distance himself from the Panthers, mainly over white activist participation in the movement. The Panthers believed that white activists could help the movement, while Carmichael had come to agree with Malcolm X in his Nation of Islam incarnation, that white activists should organize their own communities before trying to lead black people.
In 1968, he married Miriam Makeba, a noted singer from South Africa. They left the US for Guinea the next year. Carmichael became an aide to Guinean president Ahmed Sékou Touré, and a student of the exiled Ghanaian president Kwame Nkrumah. Makeba was appointed Guinea's official delegate to the United Nations. Three months after his arrival in Guinea, in July 1969, Carmichael published a formal rejection of the Black Panthers, condemning them for not being separatist enough and for their "dogmatic party line favoring alliances with white radicals".
Carmichael changed his name to Kwame Ture in 1978 to honor Nkrumah and Touré, who had become his patrons. At the end of his life, friends called him by both names, "and he doesn't seem to mind".
Carmichael's suspicions about the CIA were confirmed in 2007 by declassified documents revealing that the agency had tracked him from 1968 as part of their surveillance of black activists abroad. The surveillance continued for years.
Carmichael remained in Guinea after his separation from the Black Panther Party. He continued to travel, write, and speak in support of international leftist movements. In 1971 he published his collected essays in a second book, Stokely Speaks: Black Power Back to Pan-Africanism. This book expounds an explicitly socialist Pan-African vision, which he retained for the rest of his life. From the late 1970s till his death, he answered his phone by announcing, "Ready for the revolution!"
In 1986, two years after Sékou Touré's death, the military regime that took his place arrested Carmichael for his association with Touré, and jailed him for three days on suspicion of attempting to overthrow the government. Although Touré was known for jailing and torturing his opponents (some 50,000 people are believed to have been killed under his regime) Carmichael had never publicly criticized the man he named himself after.
All-African People's Revolutionary Party
For the final 30 years of his life, Kwame Ture was devoted to the All-African People's Revolutionary Party (A-APRP). His mentor Nkrumah had many ideas for unifying the African continent, and Ture extended the scope of these ideas to the entire African diaspora. He was a Central Committee member during his association with the A-APRP and made many speeches on the party's behalf.
Ture did not simply study with Sékou Touré and Kwame Nkrumah. The latter had been designated honorary co-president of Guinea after he was deposed by the US-backed coup in Ghana. Ture worked overtly and covertly to "Take Nkrumah Back to Ghana" (according to the movement's slogan). He became a member of the Democratic Party of Guinea (PDG), the revolutionary ruling party. He sought Nkrumah's permission to launch the All-African People's Revolutionary Party (A-APRP), which Nkrumah had called for in his book Handbook of Revolutionary Warfare. After several discussions, Nkrumah gave his blessing.
Ture was convinced that the A-APRP was needed as a permanent mass-based organization in all countries where people of African descent lived. For the last decades of his life, a period often ignored by popular media, Ture worked full-time as an organizer of the party. He spoke on its behalf on several continents, at college campuses, community centers, and other venues. He was instrumental in strengthening ties between the African/Black liberation movement and several revolutionary or progressive organizations, both African and non-African. Notable among them were the American Indian Movement (AIM) of the United States, New Jewel Movement (Grenada), National Joint Action Committee (NJAC) of Trinidad and Tobago, Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), the Pan Africanist Congress (South Africa) and the Irish Republican Socialist Party.
Routinely, Ture was regarded as the leader of the A-APRP, but his only titles were "Organizer" and Central Committee member. Beginning in the mid-1970s, the A-APRP began each May to sponsor African Liberation Day (ALD), a continuation of the African Freedom Day Nkrumah began in 1958 in Ghana. Although the party was involved in or was primary or co-sponsor of other ALD annual observances, marches, and rallies around the world, the best-known and largest event was held annually in Washington, DC, usually at Meridian Hill Park (also known as Malcolm X Park) at 16th and W Streets, NW.
While making his home in Guinea, Ture traveled frequently. The government of Trinidad and Tobago barred him from lecturing in the country for fear that he would cause disturbances among black Trinidadians. In the last quarter of the 20th century, Ture became the world's most active and prominent exponent of pan-Africanism, defined by Nkrumah and the A-APRP as "The Liberation and Unification of Africa Under Scientific Socialism".
Ture often returned to speak to audiences of thousands (including students and townspeople) at his alma mater, Howard University, and other campuses. The Party worked to recruit students and other youth, and Ture hoped to attract them with his speeches. He also worked to raise the political consciousness of African/Black people in general. He formed the A-APRP with the initial goal of putting "Africa" on the lips of Black people throughout the diaspora, knowing that many did not consciously or positively relate to their ancestral homeland. Ture was convinced that the party significantly raised international black "consciousness" of Pan-Africanism.
Under his leadership, the A-APRP organized the All African Women's Revolutionary Union and the Sammy Younge Jr. Brigade (named after the first black college student to die during the 1960s Civil Rights Movement) as component organizations.
Ture and Cuban president Fidel Castro admired each other, sharing a common opposition to imperialism. In Ture's final letter, he wrote:
It was Fidel Castro who before the OLAS (Organization of Latin American States) Conference said "if imperialism touches one grain of hair on his head, we shall not let the fact pass without retaliation." It was he, who on his own behalf, asked them all to stay in contact with me when I returned to the United States to offer me protection.
Ture was ill when he gave his final speech at Howard University. A standing-room-only crowd in Rankin Chapel paid tribute to him, and he spoke boldly, as usual. A small group of student leaders from Howard and a former Party member traveled to Harlem (Sugar Hill) in New York City to bid Ture farewell shortly before his final return to Guinea. Also present that evening were Kathleen Cleaver and another Black Panther, Dhoruba bin Wahad. Ture was in good spirits though in pain. The group included men and women born in Africa, South America, the Caribbean, as well as the USA.
Illness and death
After his diagnosis of prostate cancer in 1996, Ture was treated for a period in Cuba, while receiving some support from the Nation of Islam. Benefit concerts for Ture were held in Denver, New York, Atlanta, and Washington, D.C., to help defray his medical expenses. The government of Trinidad and Tobago, where he was born, awarded him a grant of $1,000 a month for the same purpose. He went to New York, where he was treated for two years at the Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center, before returning to Guinea.
In a final interview given in April 1998 to The Washington Post, Ture criticized the limited economic and electoral progress made by African Americans in the U.S. during the previous 30 years. He acknowledged that blacks had won election to the mayor's office in major cities, but said that, as the mayors' power had generally diminished over earlier decades, such progress was essentially meaningless.
In 1998 Ture died of prostate cancer at the age of 57 in Conakry, Guinea. He had said that his cancer "was given to me by forces of American imperialism and others who conspired with them." He claimed that the FBI had infected him with cancer in an assassination attempt.
The civil rights leader Jesse Jackson spoke in celebration of Ture's life, saying: "He was one of our generation who was determined to give his life to transforming America and Africa. He was committed to ending racial apartheid in our country. He helped to bring those walls down". NAACP Chair Julian Bond said that Carmichael "ought to be remembered for having spent almost every moment of his adult life trying to advance the cause of black liberation."
Personal life
Carmichael married Miriam Makeba, the noted singer from South Africa, in the US in 1968. They divorced in Guinea after separating in 1973.
Later he married Marlyatou Barry, a Guinean doctor. They divorced some time after having a son, Bokar, in 1981. By 1998, Marlyatou Barry and Bokar were living in Arlington County, Virginia, near Washington, DC. Using a statement from the All-African People's Revolutionary Party as a reference, Carmichael's 1998 obituary in The New York Times referred to his survivors as two sons, three sisters, and his mother, without further details.
Legacy
Ture, along with Charles V. Hamilton, is credited with coining the phrase "institutional racism", defined as racism that occurs through institutions such as public bodies and corporations, including universities. In the late 1960s Ture defined "institutional racism" as "the collective failure of an organization to provide an appropriate and professional service to people because of their color, culture or ethnic origin".
In his book on King, David J. Garrow criticizes Ture's handling of the Black Power movement as "more destructive than constructive". Garrow describes the period in 1966 when Ture and other SNCC members managed to register 2,600 African American voters in Lowndes County as the most consequential period in Ture's life "in terms of real, positive, tangible influence on people's lives". Evaluations by Ture's associates are also mixed, with most praising his efforts and others criticizing him for failing to find constructive ways to achieve his objectives. SNCC's final chair, Phil Hutchings, who expelled Ture over a dispute about the Black Panther Party, wrote, "Even though we kidded and called him 'Starmichael', he could sublimate his ego to get done what was needed to be done....He would say what he thought, and you could disagree with it but you wouldn't cease being a human being and someone with whom he wanted to be in relationship." Washington Post staff writer Paula Span described Carmichael as someone who was rarely hesitant to push his own ideology. Tufts University historian Peniel Joseph's biography, Stokely: A Life, says that Black Power activist Ruby Doris Smith Robinson, the first to call him as "Stokely Starmichael," gave him the nickname in protest of his growing ego and that other SNCC staff shared her view.
Joseph credits Ture with expanding the parameters of the civil rights movement, asserting that his black power strategy "didn't disrupt the civil rights movement. It spoke truth to power to what so many millions of young people were feeling. It actually cast a light on people who were in prisons, people who were welfare rights activists, tenants' rights activists, and also in the international arena." Tavis Smiley calls Ture "one of the most underappreciated, misunderstood, undervalued personalities this country's ever produced".
In 2002, the American-born scholar Molefi Kete Asante listed Ture as one of his 100 Greatest African Americans.
Ture is also remembered for his actions in James Meredith's March Against Fear in June 1966, when he issued the call for Black Power. When Meredith got shot, Carmichael came up with the phrase and gathered a crowd to chant it in Greenwood, Mississippi. Already, earlier that day, he had been arrested for the 27th time; he spoke to over 3,000 people that day in the park. Ture was angry that day because black people had been "chanting" freedom for almost six years with no results, so he wanted to change the chant. He also participated in and contributed to the Black Freedom Struggle. Many people have overlooked his involvement in the movement. He never switched from left to right in his politics as he got older, and his trajectory both marked and influenced the course of black militancy in the United States. The outrage that most affected him was King's assassination.
Controversies
Views on Adolf Hitler
Although he stated in his posthumously published memoirs that he had never been anti-semitic, in 1970 Carmichael proclaimed: "I have never admired a white man, but the greatest of them, to my mind, was Hitler." However, Carmichael in the same speech condemned Hitler on moral grounds, Carmichael himself stating:
Adolph Hitler—I'm not putting a judgment on what he did—if you asked me for my judgment morally, I would say it was bad, what he did was wrong, was evil, etc. But I would say he was a genius, nevertheless . . . . You say he's not a genius because he committed bad acts. That's not the question. The question is, he does have genius. Now when we condemn him morally or ethically, we will say, well, he was absolutely wrong, he should be killed, he should be murdered, etc., etc. . . . But if we're judging his genius objectively, we have to admit that the man was a genius. He forced the entire world to fight him. He was fighting America, France, Britain, Russia, Italy once— then they switched sides—all of them at the same time, and whipping them. That's a genius, you cannot deny that.
Views on women
In November 1964 Carmichael made a joking remark in response to a SNCC position paper written by his friends Casey Hayden and Mary E. King on the position of women in the movement. In the course of an irreverent comedy monologue he performed at a party after SNCC's Waveland conference, Carmichael said, "The position of women in the movement is prone." A number of women were offended. In a 2006 The Chronicle of Higher Education article, historian Peniel E. Joseph later wrote:
While the remark was made in jest during a 1964 conference, Carmichael and black-power activists did embrace an aggressive vision of manhood — one centered on black men's ability to deploy authority, punishment, and power. In that, they generally reflected their wider society's blinders about women and politics.
Carmichael's colleague, John Lewis, stated in his autobiography, March, that the comment was a joke, uttered as Carmichael and other SNCC officials were "blowing off steam" following the adjournment of a meeting at a staff retreat in Waveland, Mississippi. When asked about the comment, former SNCC field secretary Casey Hayden stated: "Our paper on the position of women came up, and Stokely in his hipster rap comedic way joked that 'the proper position of women in SNCC is prone'. I laughed, he laughed, we all laughed. Stokely was a friend of mine." In her memoir, Mary E. King wrote that Carmichael was "poking fun at his own attitudes" and that "Casey and I felt, and continue to feel, that Stokely was one of the most responsive men at the time that our anonymous paper appeared in 1964."
Carmichael appointed several women to posts as project directors during his tenure as chairman of SNCC; by the latter half of the 1960s (considered to be the "Black Power era"), more women were in charge of SNCC projects than during the first half.
In popular culture
Film
In Spike Lee's 2018 film BlacKkKlansman, Kwame Ture is portrayed by Corey Hawkins.
In Mario Van Peebles' 1995 film Panther based on Melvin Van Peebles' screenplay, Stokley Carmichael is portrayed by Mario Van Peebles.
Exhibition
In 2018 a national tribute 'the fight of a lifetime' is dedicated to him during a one-month exhibition at the Gamal Abdel Nasser University of Conakry.
Works
Black Power: The Politics of Liberation (1967)
Stokely Speaks: From Black Power to Pan-Africanism (1965)
Ready for Revolution: The Life and Struggles of Stokely Carmichael (Kwame Ture) (2005)
See also
List of civil rights leaders
References
Further reading
Carmichael, Stokely (and Michael Thelwell), Ready for Revolution: The Life and Struggles of Stokely Carmichael (Kwame Ture). New York: Scribner, 2005.
Carmichael, Stokely (and Charles V. Hamilton), Black Power: The Politics of Liberation. Vintage; reissued 1992.
Carmichael, Stokely, Stokely Speaks: Black Power Back to Pan-Africanism. Random House, 1971, 292 pages.
Joseph, Peniel E., Waiting 'Til The Midnight Hour: A Narrative History of Black Power in America. Henry Holt, 2007.
Joseph, Peniel E. Stokely: A Life. New York: Basic Books, 2014.
External links
SNCC Digital Gateway: Stokely Carmichael, Documentary website created by the SNCC Legacy Project and Duke University, telling the story of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee & grassroots organizing from the inside-out
Stokely Carmichael
Stokely Carmichael page. Stokely Carmichael spoke to an enthusiastic crowd at Garfield High School in Seattle, Washington, on April 19, 1967. Audio and slideshow. Retrieved May 3, 2005.
Stokely Carmichael FBI Records - Stokely Carmichael records at FBI's The Vault Project.
Image of Stokely Carmichael, speaking with a crowd of more than 6500 at Will Rogers Park in Los Angeles, California, 1966. Los Angeles Times Photographic Archive (Collection 1429). UCLA Library Special Collections, Charles E. Young Research Library, University of California, Los Angeles.
Research resources
Stokely Carmichael-Lorna D. Smith Collection, 1964–1972 (5 linear ft.) is housed in the Department of Special Collections and University Archives at Stanford University Libraries
Videos
Montgomey Interview video at The Jack Rabin Collection of Alabama Civil Rights and Southern Activists
Kwame Ture on Zionism
February 17, 1968 on PBS.org
Consciousness and Unconsciousness
With H. Rap Brown, Oakland, 1968 (longer version of PBS clip)
From Protest to Resistance: A Critical Look at the New Left. A 1968 TV movie with interviews and footage of Carmichael's speeches, made by Saul Landau
University of Nebraska Omaha, 1993
Eyes on the Prize interview (1986) in the American Archive of Public Broadcasting
1941 births
1998 deaths
Activists for African-American civil rights
American civil rights activists
American community activists
American exiles
American expatriates in Guinea
American pan-Africanists
American socialists
Black Power
Civil rights movement
COINTELPRO targets
Deaths from cancer in Guinea
Deaths from prostate cancer
Freedom Riders
Howard University alumni
Members of the Black Panther Party
People from Port of Spain
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
Trinidad and Tobago activists
Trinidad and Tobago emigrants to the United States
Trinidad and Tobago pan-Africanists
Trinidad and Tobago socialists
The Bronx High School of Science alumni
Washington, D.C. socialists | [
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259351 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerner%20Commission | Kerner Commission | The National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders, known as the Kerner Commission after its chair, Governor Otto Kerner Jr. of Illinois, was an 11-member Presidential Commission established in July 1967 by President Lyndon B. Johnson in to investigate the causes of urban riots in the United States during the summer of 1967, and to provide recommendations to the government for the future.
The report was released in 1968, after seven months of investigation. It attributed the riots to lack of economic opportunity for African Americans and Latinos, failed social service programs, police brutality, racism, and the orientation of national media to white perspectives. The 426-page report was a bestseller.
Background
President Johnson appointed the commission on July 28, 1967, while rioting was still underway in Detroit, Michigan. Mounting civil unrest since 1965 had resulted in riots in the black and Latino neighborhoods of major U.S. cities, including Los Angeles (Watts riots of 1965), Chicago (Division Street Riots of 1966, the first Puerto Rican riot in U.S. history); and Newark (1967 Newark riots). In his remarks upon signing the order to establish the commission, Johnson asked for answers to three basic questions about the riots: "What happened? Why did it happen? What can be done to prevent it from happening again and again?"
Report summary
The commission's final work, Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders or Kerner Report, was issued on February 29, 1968, after seven months of investigation. The report became an instant bestseller, and more than two million Americans bought copies of the 426-page document. Its primary finding was that the riots resulted from black and Latino frustration at the lack of economic opportunity. Martin Luther King Jr. pronounced the report a "physician's warning of approaching death, with a prescription for life."
The report berated federal and state governments for failed housing, education, and social-service policies. The report also aimed some of its sharpest criticism at the media. "The press has too long basked in a white world looking out of it, if at all, with white men's eyes and white perspective."
The report's best-known passage warned: "Our nation is moving toward two societies, one black, one white—separate and unequal." The report was a strong indictment of white America: "What white Americans have never fully understood — but what the Negro can never forget — is that white society is deeply implicated in the ghetto. White institutions created it, white institutions maintain it, and white society condones it."
Its results suggested that one main cause of urban violence was white racism and suggested that white America bore much of the responsibility for black rioting and rebellion. It called to create new jobs, construct new housing, and put a stop to de facto segregation in order to dismantle the destructive ghetto environment. In order to do so, the report recommended that government programs provide needed services, police forces should be improved by hiring more officers and educating them about their neighborhoods, and, most notably, to invest billions in housing programs aimed at breaking up residential segregation.
Among other points, the commission's suggestions included:
"Unless there are sharp changes in the factors influencing Negro settlement patterns within metropolitan areas, there is little doubt that the trend toward Negro majorities will continue."
"Providing employment for the swelling Negro ghetto population will require ...opening suburban residential areas to Negroes and encouraging them to move closer to industrial centers..."
"[c]ities will have Negro majorities by 1985 and the suburbs ringing them will remain largely all white unless there are major changes in Negro fertility rates, in migration settlement patterns or public policy."
"[w]e believe that the emphasis of the program should be changed from traditional publicly built slum based high rise projects to smaller units on scattered sites."
The Law Enforcement Assistance Administration released federal funding for local police forces in response. Appointed by Johnson to serve as the commission's executive director, David Ginsburg played a pivotal role in writing the commission's findings.
Legacy
President Johnson, who had already pushed through the Civil Rights Act and the Voting Rights Act, largely rejected the Kerner Commission's recommendations. In April 1968, one month after the Kerner report was published, leader Martin Luther King, Jr. was assassinated and rioting of protest and grief broke out in more than 100 cities.
Presidents Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford, Ronald Reagan, and Donald Trump espoused a law and order platform that favored strong policing and suppression of riots. As the report predicted, incidents of police brutality continued to spark riots and protest marches even after the 1960s had ended, including the 1980 Miami riots, 1989 Miami riot, 1992 Los Angeles riots and West Las Vegas riots, 1992 Washington Heights riots, St. Petersburg, Florida riots of 1996, Cincinnati riots of 2001, 2013 Flatbush Riots, 2009 and 2010 riots associated with the shooting of Oscar Grant, 2014 Oakland riots, 2014 Ferguson unrest, 2015 Baltimore protests, 2016 Charlotte riot, 2016 Milwaukee riots, 2017 Anaheim protests, 2017 St. Louis protests and the 2020 George Floyd protests.
Continuation of the Commission
The Milton S. Eisenhower Foundation (the Eisenhower Foundation) was formed in 1981 to continue the work of the Kerner Commission and of the 1968 National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence (the National Violence Commission). Kerner Commission Executive Director Ginsburg, Kerner Commissioner and Senator Fred Harris (D, OK) and Kerner Commissioner and Senator Edward Brooke (R, MA) were among the founding trustees of the Eisenhower Foundation. The Foundation has released 25 year, 30 year and 40 year updates of the Kerner Commission's final report.
To mark the 30th anniversary of the Kerner Report, the Eisenhower Foundation in 1998 sponsored two complementary reports, The Millennium Breach and Locked in the Poorhouse. The Millennium Breach, co-authored by commissioner Harris, found the racial divide had grown in the subsequent years with inner city unemployment at crisis levels.
The Millennium Breach found that most of the decade that followed the Kerner Report, America made progress on the principal fronts the report dealt with: race, poverty, and inner cities. Then progress stopped and in some ways reversed by a series of economic shocks and trends and the government's action and inaction.
Harris reported in Locked in the Poorhouse, "Today, thirty years after the Kerner Report, there is more poverty in America, it is deeper, blacker and browner than before, and it is more concentrated in the cities, which have become America's poorhouses."
Criticism
At a 1998 lecture commemorating the 30th anniversary of the report, Stephan Thernstrom, a conservative voice and a professor of history at Harvard University, argued: "Because the commission took for granted that the riots were the fault of white racism, it would have been awkward to have had to confront the question of why liberal Detroit blew up while Birmingham and other Southern cities — where conditions for blacks were infinitely worse — did not. Likewise, if the problem was white racism, why didn't the riots occur in the 1930s, when prevailing white racial attitudes were far more barbaric than they were in the 1960s?"
Others refute this criticism by pointing to the importance of expectations; in Alabama and other states black people could only survive by "knowing their place", in the North black people expected fair treatment.
Members of the commission
Otto Kerner, Governor of Illinois and chair
John Lindsay, Mayor of New York and vice chairman
Edward Brooke, Senator (R-MA)
Fred R. Harris, Senator (D-OK)
James Corman, Congressman (D-CA)
William McCulloch, Congressman (R-OH)
Charles Thornton, Founder of defense contractor Litton Industries
Roy Wilkins, Executive Director of the NAACP
I.W. Abel, President of United Steelworkers of America
Herbert Turner Jenkins, Police chief, Atlanta, Georgia
Katherine Graham Peden, Commissioner of Commerce, Kentucky
David Ginsburg, Commission Executive Director appointed by President Johnson
See also
Moynihan Report
President's Commission on Campus Unrest (Scranton Commission)
Investigation of the Watts Riots by the McCone Commission
Educational inequality in Southeast Michigan
Cleveland: Now!
References
Further reading
Gillon, Steven M. (2018). Separate and Unequal: The Kerner Commission and the Unraveling of American Liberalism, Basic Books, ; .
External links
"Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders, Summary of Report, Introduction"
The Kerner Commission Report, 1967
National Advisory Commission On Civil Disorders, Report (U.S. Dept of Justice)
The Kerner Report Revisited; final report and background papers, by Assembly on the Kerner Report Revisited (1970 : Allerton House); ed, Meranto, Philip J.
Public inquiries
Urban decay in the United States
United States Presidential Commissions
History of African-American civil rights
Civil rights movement
1968 in the United States
Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson
Reports of the United States government | [
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] |
259355 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazu%20%28disambiguation%29 | Mazu (disambiguation) | Mazu is a goddess worshipped in China, Taiwan, and Southeast Asia.
Mazu may also refer to:
Matsu Islands, also spelled Mazu
Mazu Daoyi (709–788), master of Chan Buddhism
Mazu (TV series), 2012 Chinese mythology fantasy television series starring Liu Tao, Stephen Wong Ka-lok, and Yan Kuan
Iran
Mazu, Fars, a village in Fars Province, Iran
Istgah-e Mazu, a village in Khuzestan Province, Iran
Mazu, Iran, a village in Khuzestan Province, Iran
Mazu Rural District, an administrative subdivision of Khuzestan Province, Iran
See also
Matsu (disambiguation) | [
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259362 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennebunk%20%28CDP%29%2C%20Maine | Kennebunk (CDP), Maine | Kennebunk is a census-designated place (CDP) comprising the central village in the town of Kennebunk in York County, Maine, United States. The population was 5,214 at the 2010 census, out of a total town population of 10,798. It is part of the Portland–South Portland–Biddeford, Maine Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Geography
Kennebunk is located at (43.386508, -70.540454).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 6.7 square miles (17.5 km2). None of the area is covered with water.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 4,804 people, 2,109 households, and 1,284 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 712.3 people per square mile (275.2/km2). There were 2,295 housing units at an average density of 340.3/sq mi (131.5/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 98.31% White, 0.17% Black or African American, 0.08% Native American, 0.48% Asian, 0.19% from other races, and 0.77% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.29% of the population.
There were 2,109 households, out of which 27.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.8% were married couples living together, 9.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39.1% were non-families. 34.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 19.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.22 and the average family size was 2.85.
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 22.4% under the age of 18, 4.3% from 18 to 24, 24.4% from 25 to 44, 26.7% from 45 to 64, and 22.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 44 years. For every 100 females, there were 81.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 75.9 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $49,015, and the median income for a family was $60,885. Males had a median income of $42,206 versus $25,556 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $26,562. About 3.6% of families and 5.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.7% of those under age 18 and 6.3% of those age 65 or over.
References
Census-designated places in Maine
Portland metropolitan area, Maine
Census-designated places in York County, Maine | [
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259363 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennebunk%2C%20Maine | Kennebunk, Maine | Kennebunk is a town in York County, Maine, United States. The population was 11,536 at the 2020 census (The population does not include Kennebunkport, a separate town). Kennebunk is home to several beaches, the Rachel Carson National Wildlife Refuge, the 1799 Kennebunk Inn, many historic shipbuilders' homes, the Brick Store Museum and the Nature Conservancy Kennebunk Plains (known locally as the Blueberry Plains), with 1,500 acres (6 km) of nature trails and blueberry fields. The municipality includes the constituent villages of Kennebunk Village (Town), the Lower Village (Lower Kennebunk), Kennebunk Landing (the Landing), Bartlett Mills, West Kennebunk, Kennebunk Beach, Lords Point, Coopers Corner Crossing, Sea Roads Crossing, Webahennet Grove, and Vinegarhill, Cheshire Commons, Kennebunk Meadows, and various newer neighborhoods.
History
First settled in 1621, the town developed as a trading and, later, shipbuilding and shipping center with light manufacturing. It was part of the town of Wells and Arundel until 1820, when it incorporated as a separate town. "Kennebunk, the only village in the world so named," was featured on a large locally famous sign attached to the Kesslen Shoe Mill on Route One. To the Abenaki peoples, Kennebunk means "the long cut bank," presumably the long bank behind Kennebunk Beach. Kennebunk's coastline is divided into three major sections: Mother's Beach; Middle Beach or Rocky Beach; and Gooch's Beach or Long Beach. Separate from Kennebunk Beach is secluded Parson's Beach, a quiet alternative to the summer crowds. Note there is some local controversy regarding the "Mother's Beach" moniker, (nickname). According to many local residents, the smaller of the three main beaches - at the intersection of Beach Ave and Ridge Ave - is officially Kennebunk Beach or, alternatively, Boothby Beach. The term Boothby beach was from the mid-1730s when a Mabel Littlefield married Richard Boothby and settled on land near what came to be known as Boothby Beach. The information about the Boothbys was taken from "Old News From Southern Maine" article on Mable and Richard Boothby, by Sharon Cummins. Many natives today may not remember it being called Boothby Beach and over the years the beach came to be known as Kennebunk Beach or Mothers Beach. Older residents also recall the name Dipsy Bath Beach, a reference to the baths once located there. The term Mother's Beach didn't come into widespread use until the mid '80s; Although other native residents will dispute that date and say they remember it being called "Mothers Beach" as far back as the late 1950s. The name likely evolved due to its small size and generally calmer water, due to the rocks under and above the ocean, thus making it a natural made harbor of refuge that is safer for swimming and which makes it popular with mothers keeping a watchful eye on their progeny, (children). The name is clearly descriptive rather than official, in spite of the recent installation of road signs pointing the way to "Mother's Beach". Contradicting the above beach naming is the Town's website listing "Permits are valid for Gooch’s Beach, Kennebunk Beach (Middle Beach) and Mother’s Beach." Additionally without public parking access both Libbys and Crescent beaches are in Kennebunk between Parson's beach and Mother's beach.
In the 19th century and early 20th century, many industrial concerns were attracted to Mousam River at Kennebunk to provide motive force for their mills. Among the firms to do business there were the Kennebunk Manufacturing Company, the Mousam Manufacturing Company, the Leatheroid Company and the Rogers Fibre Company.
The town is a popular summer tourist destination. Kennebunk contains fine examples of early architecture, the most noted of which is the Wedding Cake House, a Federal-style dwelling extensively decorated with scroll saw Gothic trim. This was added to the house for his wife of many years by George Washington Bourne late in his life, and not as legend has it by a ship captain for a young bride lost at sea. Local economy is tourism based. The headquarters for the natural health-care product manufacturer Tom's of Maine is located in Kennebunk. The town's archives are located at the local history and art center, the Brick Store Museum, on Main Street. Many residents commute to Portland, New Hampshire, and Massachusetts.
The Lafayette Elm was a tree which was planted to commemorate General Lafayette's 1825 visit to Kennebunk. It became famous for its age, size, and survival of the Dutch elm disease that destroyed the hundreds of the other elms that once lined Kennebunk's streets. The elm is featured on the town seal. The restored Kesslen Shoe Mill has been renamed the Lafayette Center. Kennebunk is home to two of the state's oldest banks—Ocean Bank (1854) and Kennebunk Savings Bank (1871). Only Saco & Biddeford Savings Institution (1827) and Bangor Savings Bank (1852) are older. Summer Street was Maine's first Historic District that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which, of it is land and is water. Kennebunk is drained by the Kennebunk River and Mousam River.
Transportation links are:
Interstate 95
U.S. 1 which goes through the center of Kennebunk and is part of the main street.
Route 9A
Route 35
Amtrak also goes through Kennebunk, but does not have a station stop. The closest Amtrak station to Kennebunk is in Wells, towards Boston, and Saco, towards Portland.
Adjacent municipalities
Arundel, Maine (north)
Kennebunkport, Maine (north)
Wells, Maine (south)
Sanford, Maine (west)
Alfred, Maine (west)
Lyman, Maine (northwest)
Demographics
2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 10,798 people, 4,689 households, and 2,966 families living in the town. The population density was . There were 5,906 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the town was 96.9% White, 0.00% African American, 0.2% Native American, 1.0% Asian, 0.3% from other races, and 1.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.0% of the population.
There were 4,689 households, of which 26.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.1% were married couples living together, 8.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 2.7% had a male householder with no wife present, and 36.7% were non-families. 31.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.27 and the average family size was 2.85.
The median age in the town was 48.2 years. 20.8% of residents were under the age of 18; 5.2% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 18.7% were from 25 to 44; 33.4% were from 45 to 64, and 21.9% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 46.5% male and 53.5% female.
2000 census
At the 2000 census, there were 10,476 people, 4,229 households and 2,901 families living in the town. The population density was 298.5 per square mile (115.3/km). There were 4,985 housing units at an average density of 142.1 per square mile (54.9/km). The racial makeup of the town was 98.04% White, 0.18% Black or African American, 0.11% Native American, 0.85% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.18% from other races, and 0.62% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.51% of the population.
There were 4,229 households, of which 33.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.9% were married couples living together, 9.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.4% were non-families. 26.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.44 and the average family size was 2.97.
Age distribution was 25.6% under the age of 18, 4.2% from 18 to 24, 27.3% from 25 to 44, 25.8% from 45 to 64, and 17.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 87.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82.1 males.
The median household income was $50,914, and the median family income was $59,712. Males had a median income of $42,417 versus $25,788 for females. The per capita income for the town was $26,181. About 2.9% of families and 4.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.3% of those under age 18 and 3.5% of those aged 65 or over.
Sites of interest
Brick Store Museum
Wedding Cake House
Education
Kennebunk, along with neighboring Kennebunkport and Arundel, form Regional School District 21. The schools in RSU 21 are Consolidated School, Kennebunk Elementary School, Mildred L. Day School, Sea Road School, Middle School of the Kennebunks, and Kennebunk High School. The Middle School of the Kennebunks is part of Maine's project that gives laptops to all of the 6th, 7th and 8th graders in the school called MLTI, or Maine Learning Technology Initiative.
In 2000, a group of students teamed up with parents and local community members to found The New School, a small alternative high school, with students coming from as close as Kennebunk and Wells and as far away as Portland and Somersworth. The school is accredited by the State of Maine and the first group of students graduated in June 2001. The New School has a focus on community-based learning.
Notable people
Kate Chappell, businesswoman
Tom Chappell, businessman
Eunice Hale Waite Cobb, writer, public speaker, activist
Jack Coombs, baseball player who grew up in Kennebunk.
Joseph Dane, US congressman
Judith Hunt, illustrator
Hugh McCulloch, secretary of the U.S. Treasury
Brooke McEldowney, cartoonist.
Bruce McMillan, children's book author, photo-illustrator, and watercolor artist
Thomas W. Murphy Jr., eight-term State Representative and chair of the Maine Republican Party
Edmund S. Muskie, U.S. Senator and 58th U.S. Secretary of State, summer resident of Kennebunk Beach
Erik Nedeau, runner
Jeff Olson, musician
Kenneth Roberts, author
Clement Storer, US congressman and senator
Pinkerton Thugs, musicians
Mary Alice Willcox, zoologist
References
External links
"Kennebunk, Maine History" (1996) by Joyce Butler at University of Maine, Maine Town Documents. 394.)
Town of Kennebunk, Maine
Kennebunk Free Library
MSAD 71
The New School
History and old maps of Kennebunk Maine
City Data Profile
Epodunk Town Profile
Kennebunk Images
Maine Genealogy: Kennebunk, York County, Maine
Populated places established in 1620
Portland metropolitan area, Maine
Towns in York County, Maine
Towns in Maine
Populated coastal places in Maine
1620 establishments in the Thirteen Colonies | [
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259364 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennebunkport%20%28CDP%29%2C%20Maine | Kennebunkport (CDP), Maine | Kennebunkport is a census-designated place (CDP) consisting of the central village in the town of Kennebunkport in York County, Maine, United States. The population was 1,238 at the 2010 census, out of a total town population of 3,474. It is part of the Portland–South Portland–Biddeford, Maine Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Geography
Kennebunkport is located at (43.360221, -70.466142).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 3.1 square miles (8.0 km2), of which 2.9 square miles (7.6 km2) is land and 0.1 square miles (0.3 km2), or 4.76%, is water.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,376 people, 631 households, and 401 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 467.5 people per square mile (180.7/km2). There were 945 housing units at an average density of 321.1/sq mi (124.1/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 98.69% White, 0.36% Black or African American, 0.22% Native American, 0.15% Asian, 0.07% from other races, and 0.51% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.36% of the population.
There were 631 households, out of which 19.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.3% were married couples living together, 6.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.3% were non-families. 30.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.18 and the average family size was 2.69.
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 18.2% under the age of 18, 4.0% from 18 to 24, 20.6% from 25 to 44, 33.5% from 45 to 64, and 23.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 50 years. For every 100 females, there were 84.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.5 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $54,167, and the median income for a family was $66,477. Males had a median income of $42,500 versus $36,071 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $45,640. None of the families and 3.7% of the population were living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and none of those over 64.
References
Census-designated places in Maine
Portland metropolitan area, Maine
Census-designated places in York County, Maine | [
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259365 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennebunkport%2C%20Maine | Kennebunkport, Maine | Kennebunkport is a resort town in York County, Maine, United States. The population was 3,629 people at the 2020 census. It is part of the Portland–South Portland–Biddeford metropolitan statistical area.
The town center, the area in and around Dock Square, is located along the Kennebunk River, approximately from the mouth of the river on the Atlantic Ocean. Historically a shipbuilding and fishing village, for well over a century the town has been a popular summer colony and seaside tourist destination. The Dock Square area has a district of souvenir shops, art galleries, schooner attractions, seafood restaurants, and bed and breakfasts. Cape Porpoise, while retaining its identity as a fishing harbor, has a very small village area with several restaurants, a church, grocery store, coffee shop, small library, and art gallery. Kennebunkport has a reputation as a summer haven for the upper class and is one of the wealthiest communities in the state of Maine. The Municipality of Kennebunkport includes the constituent villages of Kennebunkport Village, Cape Arundel & Colony Beach, the Cottage Coast, Wilde's District (Wildwood), Goose Rocks Beach, Turbatts Creek, Cape Porpoise Village, North Village Crossing (Townhouse Corner), among various other newer developments. The town is the home of Walker's Point, a summer estate of the Bush family.
Kennebunkport and neighboring towns Kennebunk and Arundel comprise school district RSU 21.
History
Kennebunkport was first incorporated in 1653 as Cape Porpus, subject to the government of the Massachusetts Bay Colony (Maine was admitted to the Union in 1820 as part of the Missouri Compromise). Due to Abenaki Indian resistance to English encroachment, settlers abandoned the town by 1689 and did not return until the early 18th century. The town was renamed Arundel, and the town center located inland at Burbank Hill. In 1821 the town was renamed again, this time to Kennebunkport in reflection to its economy becoming one of shipbuilding and trade along the Kennebunk River.
By the 1870s the town had developed as a popular summer destination, with both hotels and homes constructed along its coastline. Cape Arundel, Cape Porpoise, and Beachwood (now called Goose Rocks) were some of the early summer colonies; although Cape Porpoise was, and still is, a working fishing harbor. Since 1939, Kennebunkport has been home to the Seashore Trolley Museum.
The Great Fires of 1947, which devastated much of York County, affected Kennebunkport and especially the area near Goose Rocks Beach. Much of the housing near Goose Rocks Beach was destroyed by the fire, but the area has since recovered and been rebuilt.
Geology
Like much of the northeast coast, the geography of the southern Maine coast was largely directed by the retreat of the Laurentide ice cap about 23,000 years ago. The coast is framed by bedrock, left during the formation of the Appalachian mountains, and the irregular shape of the coast (characteristic of much of the New England coast, with the exception of Cape Cod and the islands) is attributed to differential erosion of the underlying rock layer.
The coast along Kennebunkport differs sharply from the Maine coast north and east of Portland due to differences in the composition of this rock layer. Beyond Portland, the layer is a largely metamorphic rock, but here the coast is a mixture of igneous rock, and embayments of more deeply eroded sedimentary and metamorphic rock. These embayments result in the sandy beaches that can be found in southern Maine (such as Goose Rocks Beach, Colony Beach, and nearby Kennebunk Beach) but are uncommon north of Portland. Likewise, the geology here differs from that of the outer lands (Cape Cod, Nantucket, and Martha's Vineyard in Massachusetts, Block Island in Rhode Island, and Long Island in New York), which were formed as terminal and recessional moraines, and do not contain much in the way of a bedrock skeleton.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which, of it is land and is water.
The town has several distinct areas, each developed during a phase of the town's history. The original town center was at Cape Porpoise, which today has a small village center, is both a summer colony and year-round community, and hosts a working fishing harbor. Inland from Cape Porpoise is a mix of forest and agricultural land, punctuated by a historic town center at Burbank Hill (there are a few historic buildings of interest here, including a schoolhouse and jail). Heading west towards the mouth of the Kennebunk River is Dock Square, the current town center.
In the late 19th and early 20th century, Kennebunkport, and especially Cape Arundel (also known as Point Arundel), developed as a summer colony for the wealthy. Traveling from Dock Square along Ocean Avenue is the Cape Arundel Summer Colony Historic District. This district of many well-preserved examples of early 20th-century shingle-style cottages begins at Chick's Creek and ends at Walker's Point.
Adjacent municipalities
Biddeford, Maine (north)
Kennebunk, Maine (southwest)
Arundel, Maine (west)
Rachel Carson National Wildlife Refuge
The Rachel Carson National Wildlife Refuge has a significant portion of lands in Kennebunkport northeast of Cape Porpoise and through Goose Rocks. Within Kennebunkport, much of this protected land is salt-water marsh.
Climate
This climatic region is typified by large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Kennebunkport has a humid continental climate, abbreviated "Dfb" on climate maps.
Summer home of the Bush family
Kennebunkport was also the summer home of former U.S. President George H. W. Bush, father of former U.S. President George W. Bush. First built by Bush's maternal grandfather George Herbert Walker, it has been a family home ever since, and has been owned by the Bush family since sometime in the early 1980s. The Bushes' ancestry is distinct from the Walker family that settled York County, Maine. Some of this family's Walker relatives are buried in the Kennebunkport area ancient cemeteries. During his presidency, George H.W. Bush often invited world leaders, from Margaret Thatcher to Mikhail Gorbachev, to Kennebunkport. In 2007, his son George W. Bush invited Vladimir Putin and Nicolas Sarkozy. The Bush compound is on Walkers Point, called Point Vesuvius prior to the Walker family's acquisition.
Demographics
As of 2000, the median income for a household in the town was $54,219, and the median income for a family was $66,505. Males had a median income of $43,125 versus $34,028 for females. The per capita income for the town was $36,707. About 1.7% of families and 4.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.4% of those under age 18 and 1.4% of those age 65 or over.
2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 3,474 people, 1,578 households, and 1,039 families residing in the town. The population density was . There were 2,897 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the town was 99.0% White, 0.2% African American, 0.1% Native American, 0.7% Asian, 0.3% from other races, and 0.7% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.9% of the population.
There were 1,578 households, of which 22.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.7% were married couples living together, 6.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 2.8% had a male householder with no wife present, and 34.2% were non-families. 28.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.20 and the average family size was 2.68.
The median age in the town was 51.8 years. 17.9% of residents were under the age of 18; 5.6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 15.2% were from 25 to 44; 36.5% were from 45 to 64, and 24.7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 47.5% male and 52.5% female.
Gallery
Notable people
Margaret Deland, novelist
Patrick Dempsey, actor
Dan Goodwin, building, rock, and sports climber
Frank Handlen, painter
Garnet Hathaway, professional ice hockey player
Joshua Herrick, US congressman
Dick McCabe, racing driver and champion
Wiley Miller, cartoonist
Jane Morgan, singer, actress
Russell Nype, actor
Shiloh Pepin, Sirenomelia patient with legs fused
George Clement Perkins, 14th governor of California
Kenneth Roberts, author
Rex Smith, American singer and actor
Booth Tarkington, novelist and dramatist
George Herbert Walker, banker, businessman, grandfather of US President George H. W. Bush, and great-grandfather of George W. Bush
Bentley Warren, racecar driver
Neil Clark Warren, online dating service chairman
In popular culture
Kennebunkport was featured in the 2003 filming of the film Empire Falls by Maine author Richard Russo, with a downtown book shop making a notable appearance. Robin Wright appeared on set in Kennebunkport.
Other films with scenes shot in Kennebunkport include Lost Boundaries (1949), The Man Who Knew Bush (2004 documentary), The Living Wake (2007), 41 (2012 documentary) and US Route 1-ME (2012). My Husband's Double Life was partially set in the town, but filmed in Toronto.
References
External links
Town of Kennebunkport website
Louis T. Graves Memorial Public Library
Cape Porpoise Library
Kennebunkport Historical Society
City Data Profile
Epodunk Town Profile
History and old maps of Kennebunkport Maine
Maine Genealogy: Kennebunkport, York County, Maine
Populated places established in 1653
Portland metropolitan area, Maine
Towns in York County, Maine
Towns in Maine
Populated coastal places in Maine
1653 establishments in the Thirteen Colonies
Resort towns | [
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259366 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kittery%20%28CDP%29%2C%20Maine | Kittery (CDP), Maine | Kittery is a census-designated place (CDP) consisting of the main village in the town of Kittery in York County, Maine, United States. The village is also known as Kittery Foreside. The population of the CDP was 4,562 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Portland–South Portland–Biddeford, Maine Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Geography
Kittery is located at (43.089738, -70.741148).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 3.6 square miles (9.2 km), of which 2.8 square miles (7.3 km) is land and 0.8 square miles (2.0 km) (21.07%) is water.
Demographics
At the 2000 census, there were 4,884 people, 2,085 households and 1,221 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 1,737.1 per square mile (671.1/km). There were 2,207 housing units at an average density of 785.0/sq mi (303.2/km). The racial makeup of the CDP was 94.06% White, 2.74% Black or African American, 0.23% Native American, 0.80% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 0.82% from other races, and 1.31% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.33% of the population.
There were 2,085 households, of which 28.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.6% were married couples living together, 8.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 41.4% were non-families. 31.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.27 and the average family size was 2.92.
Age distribution was 22.1% under the age of 18, 10.0% from 18 to 24, 34.1% from 25 to 44, 20.2% from 45 to 64, and 13.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.6 males.
The median household income was $40,510, and the median family income was $52,532. Males had a median income of $35,850 versus $27,198 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $22,451. About 4.4% of families and 6.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.6% of those under age 18 and 7.5% of those age 65 or over
References
Census-designated places in Maine
Portland metropolitan area, Maine
Census-designated places in York County, Maine | [
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259367 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kittery%2C%20Maine | Kittery, Maine | Kittery is a town in York County, Maine, United States. Home to the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard on Seavey's Island, Kittery includes Badger's Island, the seaside district of Kittery Point, and part of the Isles of Shoals. The town is a tourist destination known for its many outlet stores. It is the southernmost town in Maine.
Kittery is part of the Portland–South Portland–Biddeford, Maine metropolitan statistical area. The town's population was 10,070 at the 2020 census. Kittery may be the namesake of William Billings' 1783 anthem "Kittery", which is printed in the Shenandoah Harmony and Missouri Harmony shape note tunebooks, but because the song was published after the incorporation of the town, this is debated.
History
English settlement around the natural harbor of the Piscataqua River estuary began about 1623. By 1632 it was protected by Fort William and Mary on today's New Hampshire side of the river; in 1689 defensive works that later became Fort McClary in Kittery Point were added on today's Maine side to the north.
Kittery was incorporated in 1647, staking a claim as the "oldest incorporated town in Maine." It was named after the birthplace of a founder, Alexander Shapleigh, from his manor of Kittery Court at Kingswear in Devon, England. Shapleigh arrived in 1635 aboard the ship Benediction, which he co-owned with another prominent settler, Captain Francis Champernowne, a cousin of Sir Ferdinando Gorges, lord proprietor of Maine. Together with the Pepperrell family, they established fisheries offshore at the Isles of Shoals, where fish were caught, salted, and exported back to Europe. Other pioneers were hunters, trappers, and workers of the region's abundant timber. The settlement at the mouth of the Piscataqua River was protected by Fort McClary.
Thomas Spencer, Esquire, immigrant from Gloucestershire, England, is also a notable settler of Kittery with his wife Patience Chadbourne. Their story is included in "The Maine Spencers: a history and genealogy, with mention of many associated families."
Kittery originally extended from the Atlantic Ocean inland up the Salmon Falls River, including the present-day towns of Eliot, South Berwick, Berwick, and North Berwick. Located opposite Portsmouth, New Hampshire, the town developed into a center for trade and shipbuilding. In 1652, after the death of Gorges, Maine became part of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Francis Small was a pioneer resident of Kittery, and operated a trading post near the confluence of the Ossipee River and Saco River. Here major Indian trails converged—the Sokokis Trail (now Route 5), the Ossipee Trail (now Route 25), and the Pequawket Trail (now Route 113) -- a location conducive towards lucrative fur trade with Indians, but also with risks of living isolated in the wilderness. Small became the largest property owner in the history of Maine, and became known as "the great landowner".
In 1663, John Josselyn wrote: "Towns there are, are not many in this province. Kittery, situated not far from Passacataway (Portsmouth), is the most populous."
In 1705, during Queen Anne's War, tribes of the Wabanaki Confederacy raided the town, killing six citizens and taking five prisoners.
During the Revolution, the first vessels of the U.S. Navy were constructed on Badger's Island, including the 1777 USS Ranger commanded by John Paul Jones. The Portsmouth Naval Shipyard, the nation's first federal navy yard, was established in 1800 on Fernald's Island. It connects to the mainland by two bridges. The facility rebuilt the USS Constitution, and built the Civil War USS Kearsarge. Seavey's Island was annexed and became site of the now defunct Portsmouth Naval Prison.
Kittery has some fine early architecture, including the Sir William Pepperrell House, built in 1733, and the Lady Pepperrell House, built in 1760. The John Bray House, built in 1662, is believed to be the oldest surviving house in Maine. Located at the John Paul Jones Memorial Park on U.S. 1 is the Maine Sailors' and Soldiers' Memorial by Bashka Paeff. Further northeast up the road, the town has developed factory outlet shopping, very popular with tourists. Kittery Point is home to Seapoint Beach and Fort Foster Park, originally a harbor defense. In 1905, The Treaty of Portsmouth, which formally ended the Russo-Japanese War, was signed at the shipyard. In 1996, the movie Thinner, based on the 1984 Stephen King novel, was filmed in Kittery. The Saturday morning cartoon DinoSquad is based in Kittery/Kittery Point.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which are covered by water. Situated beside the Gulf of Maine and Atlantic Ocean, Kittery is drained by Spruce Creek, Spinney Creek, Chauncey Creek, and the Piscataqua River.
The town is crossed by Interstate 95, U.S. Route 1, Maine State Route 101, Maine State Route 103, and Maine State Route 236.
Demographics
See also Kittery (CDP), Maine and Kittery Point, Maine for village demographics
2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 9,490 people, 4,302 households, and 2,488 families living in the town. The population density was . There were 4,942 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the town was 97.1% White, 0.01% African American, 0.1% Native American, 1.1% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 0.5% from other races, and 1.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.6% of the population.
There were 4,302 households, of which 23.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.3% were married couples living together, 7.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.6% had a male householder with no wife present, and 42.2% were non-families. 32.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.17 and the average family size was 2.77.
The median age in the town was 43.2 years. 18.2% of residents were under the age of 18; 7.8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 26% were from 25 to 44; 30.3% were from 45 to 64; and 17.7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 48.3% male and 51.7% female.
2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 9,543 people, 4,078 households, and 2,528 families living in the town. The population density was 535.5 people per square mile (206.8/km2). There were 4,375 housing units at an average density of 245.5 per square mile (94.8/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 95.98% White, 1.78% Black or African American, 0.18% Native American, 0.65% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.45% from other races, and 0.94% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.50% of the population.
There were 4,078 households, out of which 27.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.1% were married couples living together, 8.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.0% were non-families. 29.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.29 and the average family size was 2.86.
In the town, the population was spread out, with 21.9% under the age of 18, 7.4% from 18 to 24, 30.7% from 25 to 44, 24.8% from 45 to 64, and 15.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.1 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $52,200, and the median income for a family was $53,343. Males had a median income of $37,096 versus $29,850 for females. The per capita income for the town was $24,153. About 5.7% of families and 7.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.9% of those under age 18 and 6.6% of those age 65 or over.
Sites of interest
Fort Foster Park
Fort McClary State Historic Site
John Paul Jones Memorial Park
Education
Kittery is home to Robert William Traip Academy (9-12), a formerly private, preparatory school which became public and town-run in 1967. Kittery is also home to Horace Mitchell Primary School (K-3) and Shapleigh School (4-8).
Notable people
Jess Abbott, guitarist of the band Now, Now
William Badger, master shipbuilder
Devin Beliveau, state representative
John Haley Bellamy, woodcarver, folk artist
George Berry, captain, shipbuilder
Dennis C. Blair, admiral
Scott Brown, ambassador, senator from Massachusetts (2010–2013)
Tunis Craven, naval officer
Shem Drowne, metalworker, creator of Boston's Grasshopper Weathervane
Elisha T. Gardner, Wisconsin politician, lawyer
William Dean Howells, writer, magazine editor
Sandi Jackson, Chicago city alderman
Kenneth F. Lemont, state legislator
Jeremiah O'Brien, naval officer
John O'Hurley, television actor and game show host
Sir William Pepperrell, merchant, soldier
Joseph T. Palastra Jr., U.S. Army General
Arthur Shawcross, serial killer
Hunt Slonem, artist
Francis Small, trader and landowner
Celia Thaxter, poet
John Treworgie, last proprietary governor of Newfoundland
Donald Valle (1908-1977) American businessman and owner of the eponymously named Valle's Steak House.
Walter Wheeler, state representative
William Whipple, signer of the Declaration of Independence
References
Further reading
Stackpole, Everett S. Old Kittery and its Families. Published 1903. Full image at books.google
History of Whaleback Light
Seacoast Forts of Portsmouth Harbor from American Forts Network
External links
Town of Kittery official website
Populated places established in 1623
Towns in York County, Maine
Portland metropolitan area, Maine
1623 establishments in the Thirteen Colonies
Populated coastal places in Maine
Towns in Maine | [
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259368 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Berwick%20%28CDP%29%2C%20Maine | North Berwick (CDP), Maine | North Berwick is a census-designated place (CDP) consisting of the primary settlement in the town of North Berwick in York County, Maine, United States. The population was 1,615 at the 2010 census, out of a total town population of 4,576. It is part of the Portland–South Portland–Biddeford, Maine Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Geography
North Berwick is located at (43.303999, -70.734949).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 3.2 square miles (8.3 km), all of it land. North Berwick is drained by the Great Works River and its tributary, the Neoutaquet River.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,580 people, 601 households, and 420 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 493.5 people per square mile (190.6/km). There were 626 housing units at an average density of 195.5/sq mi (75.5/km). The racial makeup of the CDP was 96.33% White, 1.08% Black or African American, 0.32% Native American, 0.70% Asian, 0.06% from other races, and 1.52% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.70% of the population.
There were 601 households, out of which 33.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.2% were married couples living together, 10.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.1% were non-families. 23.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.55 and the average family size was 3.00.
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 25.1% under the age of 18, 7.0% from 18 to 24, 31.6% from 25 to 44, 22.8% from 45 to 64, and 13.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.9 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $39,931, and the median income for a family was $46,964. Males had a median income of $34,000 versus $20,662 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $17,992. About 4.5% of families and 5.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.3% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.
References
External links
History of North Berwick, Maine (1886)
Town of North Berwick, Maine
Census-designated places in Maine
Portland metropolitan area, Maine
Census-designated places in York County, Maine | [
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259369 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Berwick%2C%20Maine | North Berwick, Maine | North Berwick is a town in York County, Maine, United States. The town was set off from Berwick in 1831, following South Berwick in 1814.
North Berwick's population was 4,978 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Portland–South Portland–Biddeford, Maine metropolitan statistical area.
History
Originally a part of Kittery called Kittery Commons, the area was first settled in 1693 by John Morrell, a Quaker who built a log cabin on Wells Street. It was set off from Kittery in 1713 as part of Berwick, named for Berwick-upon-Tweed on the Anglo-Scottish border. Doughty Falls in the Great Works River provided water power for a sawmill, gristmill and carding mill. After the Revolutionary War, the small mill town grew rapidly. It was set off and incorporated as North Berwick on March 22, 1831. The town was named after Berwick, England.
Development was spurred in 1842 by the arrival of the Portland, Saco & Portsmouth Railroad, joined by the Boston & Maine Railroad in 1873. North Berwick became a railroad hub from which its manufactured goods were shipped, including lumber, shingles, clapboards, wooden boxes, firewood, bricks, carriages, caskets, clocks, stove and shoe polish, toboggans and sleds. Also loaded aboard the boxcars were barrels of apples, blocks of ice cut from frozen ponds, granite from quarries, and tins of corn packed at a canning factory. But the 2 biggest North Berwick businesses during the 19th-century made woolens and farm implements.
In 1834, the Maine Legislature incorporated Lang, Hill & Company to manufacture woolen blankets, called "printing blankets," at a mill beside the Great Works River. Renamed the North Berwick Company, by 1850 its principal owner was "Friend" William Hill, who trained as a machinist at the Great Falls Manufacturing Company in Somersworth, New Hampshire. The wooden mill was destroyed by fire in 1861 but rebuilt in brick in 1862. It produced blankets for Civil War troops. The factory had 40 looms turning out 1,500 yards of flannel daily, in addition to blankets. In 1955, the North Berwick Company would close. Its landmark Greek Revival building was used as the Parrish Shoes factory in the 1995 movie Jumanji, and has since been renovated and adapted as housing.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which, of it is land and is water. North Berwick is drained by the Great Works River and its tributary, the Negutaquet River. Bauneg Beg Hill, elevation 866 feet (264 m) above sea level, is the town's highest point.
Demographics
2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 4,576 people, 1,773 households, and 1,269 families residing in the town. The population density was . There were 1,930 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the town was 97.1% White, 0.5% African American, 0.3% Native American, 0.7% Asian, 0.3% from other races, and 1.0% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.4% of the population.
There were 1,773 households, of which 32.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.2% were married couples living together, 8.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.6% had a male householder with no wife present, and 28.4% were non-families. 21.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.54 and the average family size was 2.97.
The median age in the town was 42.3 years. 22.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 7.1% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 23.6% were from 25 to 44; 32.2% were from 45 to 64, and 14.3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 49.0% male and 51.0% female.
2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 4,293 people, 1,587 households, and 1,177 families residing in the town. The population density was 112.1 people per square mile (43.3/km2). There were 1,705 housing units at an average density of 44.5 per square mile (17.2/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 97.09% White, 0.65% Black or African American, 0.23% Native American, 0.77% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 0.07% from other races, and 1.14% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.61% of the population.
There were 1,587 households, out of which 36.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.7% were married couples living together, 8.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.8% were non-families. 19.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.67 and the average family size was 3.07.
In the town, the population was spread out, with 26.8% under the age of 18, 6.2% from 18 to 24, 31.1% from 25 to 44, 25.6% from 45 to 64, and 10.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.0 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $46,883, and the median income for a family was $51,753. Males had a median income of $35,938 versus $26,007 for females. The per capita income for the town was $19,558. About 4.2% of families and 5.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.2% of those under age 18 and 1.0% of those age 65 or over.
Economy
Local farmer William Hussey designed a cast iron plow in 1835, which led to the founding of the Hussey Plow Company. The North Berwick firm fabricated farm implements. It evolved into the Hussey Manufacturing Company, which produced a variety of items including sewer grates, manhole covers, ladders, ski jumps and chair lifts. Today, it is the Hussey Seating Company, a manufacturer of seats for auditoriums, bleachers for stadiums as well as other spectator facilities. In 2003, it was honored as Maine's oldest family-owned business.
The town's other major contemporary employer is a Pratt & Whitney aircraft engine parts factory and overhaul facility. Built as Simplex Wire & Cable, the structure was purchased and expanded by Pratt & Whitney in 1979 to cover , making it the largest manufacturing plant under one roof in Maine.
Parks and recreation
North Berwick includes Bauneg Beg Pond, a recreational area.
Education
North Berwick is part of MSAD60/RSU 60.
North Berwick is home to three schools: Noble High School, North Berwick Primary School and the Mary R. Hurd School. Middle school students attend Noble Middle School in the neighboring town of Berwick.
Notable people
James N. Buffum, Massachusetts politician who served as the twelfth and fourteenth Mayor of Lynn, Massachusetts; born in North Berwick.
Paul Chadbourne, educator and naturalist, served as President of the University of Wisconsin–Madison, President of Williams College and President of the Massachusetts Agricultural College; born in North Berwick.
Mark Eves, Speaker of the Maine House of Representatives
Ichabod Goodwin, 27th governor of New Hampshire
John W. Goodwin, minister
Daniel Johnson Morrell, Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania; born in North Berwick.
References
External links
Town of North Berwick, Maine
The D. A. Hurd Library
North Berwick Historical Society
Bauneg Beg Lake Homepage – pictorial news and information about Bauneg Beg Lake
Epodunk Town Profile
Maine Genealogy: North Berwick, York County, Maine
City-Data.com
Populated places established in 1693
Portland metropolitan area, Maine
Towns in York County, Maine
1693 establishments in the Thirteen Colonies | [
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259370 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanford%20%28CDP%29%2C%20Maine | Sanford (CDP), Maine | Sanford is a former census-designated place (CDP) comprising the downtown portion of the city of Sanford in York County, Maine, United States. The population of the CDP was 9,761 at the 2010 census. The CDP was abolished after the town of Sanford reincorporated as a city.
Geography
Sanford is located at (43.4400724, -70.7801460).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 5.2 mi2 (13.5 km2); 5.1 mi2 (13.3 km2) of it is land and 0.1 mi2 (0.2 km2) of it (1.69%) is water.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 10,133 people, 4,120 households, and 2,542 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 1,978.0 people per square mile (764.1/km2). There were 4,338 housing units at an average density of 864.8/sq mi (327.1/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 95.58% White, 0.59% African American, 0.35% Native American, 1.92% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.39% from other races, and 1.15% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.28% of the population.
There were 4,120 households, out of which 32.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.8% were married couples living together, 14.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.3% were non-families. 31.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.40 and the average family size was 3.00.
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 26.7% under the age of 18, 8.6% from 18 to 24, 28.1% from 25 to 44, 20.3% from 45 to 64, and 16.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.9 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $29,881, and the median income for a family was $36,278. Males had a median income of $32,917 versus $24,141 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $16,002. About 16.4% of families and 17.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 24.2% of those under age 18 and 10.8% of those age 65 or over.
References
Portland metropolitan area, Maine
Former census-designated places in Maine
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259372 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevy%20Chase%20%28town%29%2C%20Maryland | Chevy Chase (town), Maryland | Chevy Chase is an incorporated town in Montgomery County, Maryland, United States. The population was 2,824 at the 2010 census.
Geography
The town of Chevy Chase is located at (38.98061, -77.083822).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town of Chevy Chase has a total area of , all land.
Demographics
2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 2,824 people, 1,003 households, and 835 families living in the town. The population density was . There were 1,042 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the town was 92.1% White, 1.0% African American, 0.1% Native American, 3.9% Asian, 0.7% from other races, and 2.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.7% of the population.
There were 1,003 households, of which 41.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 75.0% were married couples living together, 6.2% had a female householder with no husband present, 2.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 16.7% were non-families. 13.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.82 and the average family size was 3.06.
The median age in the town was 46.3 years. 27.5% of residents were under the age of 18; 4.7% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 15.8% were from 25 to 44; 37.5% were from 45 to 64; and 14.4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 48.1% male and 51.9% female.
2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,726 people, 987 households, and 802 families living in the town. The population density was 5,822.9 people per square mile (2,239.4/km). There were 1,024 housing units at an average density of 2,187.3 per square mile (841.2/km). The racial makeup of the town was 95.01% White, 0.88% Black or African American, 0.04% Native American, 2.20% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 0.51% from other races, and 1.32% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.37% of the population.
There were 987 households, out of which 42.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 73.6% were married couples living together, 6.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 18.7% were non-families. 14.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.76 and the average family size was 3.04.
In the town, the population was spread out, with 28.5% under the age of 18, 2.7% from 18 to 24, 22.3% from 25 to 44, 32.5% from 45 to 64, and 13.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 86.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.1 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $160,331, and the median income for a family was $167,790. Males had a median income of $100,000 versus $66,705 for females. The per capita income for the town was $70,325. About 0.9% of families and 2.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1.8% of those under age 18 and 3.9% of those age 65 or over.
Transportation
Three state highways form the northern, eastern and southern borders of the town, with a fourth lying just beyond the western border. Of the three highways directly bordering the town, the most prominent is Maryland Route 185 (Connecticut Avenue), which forms the eastern border of the town. MD 185 extends south to Washington, D.C. and north to the nearest Interstate highway, Interstate 495 (the Capital Beltway). From the north side of town, Maryland Route 410 extends eastward, providing local connections to many other suburban towns north and northeast of Washington, D.C. On the south edge of town, Maryland Route 191 extends west through Bethesda to Potomac. The fourth highway, lying just beyond the town's western edge, is Maryland Route 355 (Wisconsin Avenue), which provides many of the same connections as MD 185 does on a slightly more west alignment.
Education
The town of Chevy Chase sends students to the Montgomery County Public Schools.
Residents are zoned to Rosemary Hills Elementary School (PreK-2) (unincorporated Montgomery County), North Chevy Chase Elementary School, Westbrook Elementary School, Chevy Chase Elementary School (3-6) (in the town of Chevy Chase), Westland Middle School (unincorporated Montgomery County) and Bethesda-Chevy Chase High School (unincorporated Montgomery County).
See also
Chevy Chase Elementary School
References
External links
1918 establishments in Maryland
Populated places established in 1918
Suburbs of Washington, D.C.
Towns in Maryland
Towns in Montgomery County, Maryland | [
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259373 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevy%20Chase%20%28CDP%29%2C%20Maryland | Chevy Chase (CDP), Maryland | Chevy Chase is a census-designated place (CDP) in Montgomery County, Maryland, United States. The population was 10,176 at the 2020 census.
Geography
Chevy Chase is located at (38.98926, −77.076198). There is also an unincorporated area, the boundaries of which are East West Highway, Grubb Road and the District Line.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 2.5 square miles (6.3 km), all land.
Demographics
As of 2010 Chevy Chase had a population of 9,545. The population was 86.7% white, 4.8% African-American, 0.2% Native American, 1.0% Asian India, 3.3% other Asian, 0.3% non-Hispanic from some other race, 3.0% from two or more races and 5.5% Hispanic or Latino.
At the 2000 census there were 9,381 people, 3,831 households, and 2,463 families in the CDP. The population density was 3,828.8 people per square mile (1,478.4/km). There were 3,959 housing units at an average density of 1,615.8/sq mi (623.9/km). The racial makeup of the CDP was 89.99% White or European American, 3.68% Black or African American, 0.14% Native American, 2.97% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 1.11% from other races, and 2.05% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.73%.
Of the 3,831 households 27.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.8% were married couples living together, 5.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.7% were non-families. 29.4% of households were one person and 17.6% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.34 and the average family size was 2.87.
The age distribution was 20.6% under the age of 18, 3.6% from 18 to 24, 26.0% from 25 to 44, 26.0% from 45 to 64, and 23.9% 65 or older. The median age was 45 years. For every 100 females, there were 84.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 80.4 males.
The median household income was $99,520 and the median family income was $127,254. Males had a median income of $87,688 versus $56,411 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $60,893. About 0.4% of families and 2.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 0.9% of those under age 18 and 2.4% of those age 65 or over.
Economy
Companies based in Chevy Chase include GEICO and CapitalSource. The city is also home to the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, the second-wealthiest philanthropic organization in the United States.
Education
Montgomery County Public Schools operates public schools.
Rochambeau French International School operates the Rollingwood Campus, for elementary grades, in Chevy Chase CDP, while its other campuses and its administrative headquarters are in Bethesda. Circa 2022 a new preschool and primary campus will open in Bethesda.
References
External links
The Greater Bethesda-Chevy Chase Chamber of Commerce
Census-designated places in Maryland
Census-designated places in Montgomery County, Maryland
Streetcar suburbs
Suburbs of Washington, D.C. | [
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259374 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourne%20%28CDP%29%2C%20Massachusetts | Bourne (CDP), Massachusetts | The village of Bourne is a census-designated place (CDP) in the town of Bourne in Barnstable County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 1,418 at the 2010 census, out of 19,754 in the town of Bourne as a whole.
Geography
Bourne is located at (41.735027, -70.6128).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of . of it is land and of it (43.13%) is water.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,443 people, 663 households, and 422 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 323.9/km2 (839.5/mi2). There were 946 housing units at an average density of 212.4/km2 (550.4/mi2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 98.66% White, 0.28% Black or African American, 0.18% Native American, 0.42% Asian, 0.17% from other races, and 0.49% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.59% of the population.
There were 663 households, out of which 22.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 81.3% were married couples living together, 2.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.3% were non-families. 30.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.18 and the average family size was 2.70.
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 18.3% under the age of 18, 4.4% from 18 to 24, 24.4% from 25 to 44, 29.3% from 45 to 64, and 23.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 47 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.5 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $104,830, and the median income for a family was $160,417. Males had a median income of $88,661 versus $62,981 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $83,055. About 0.2% of families and 0.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 0.3% of those under age 18 and 0.6% of those age 65 or over.
References
Bourne, Massachusetts
Census-designated places in Barnstable County, Massachusetts
Census-designated places in Massachusetts
Populated coastal places in Massachusetts | [
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259375 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourne%2C%20Massachusetts | Bourne, Massachusetts | Bourne ( ) is a town in Barnstable County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 20,452 at the 2020 census.
For geographic and demographic information on specific parts of the town of Bourne, please see the articles on Bourne (CDP), Buzzards Bay, Monument Beach, Pocasset, Sagamore, and Sagamore Beach.
History
Bourne was first settled in 1640 by Ezra Perry as a part of the town of Sandwich. Prior to its separation from Sandwich, the area was referred to as West Sandwich. It was officially incorporated in 1884, the last town to be incorporated in Barnstable County. It was named for Jonathan Bourne Sr. (1811–1889), whose ancestor Richard Bourne represented Sandwich in the first Massachusetts General Court and was the first preacher to the Mashpee Wampanoag on Cape Cod. The town lies at the northeast corner of Buzzards Bay and is the site of Aptucxet Trading Post, the nation's oldest store. It was founded by the Pilgrims in 1627 at a site halfway between the two rivers which divided Cape Cod from the rest of the state. It was out of this location that the Cape Cod Canal was formed, in order to save time and lives by eliminating the need to sail around the hazardous eastern shores of the Cape. Because of the canal, Bourne is now considered the "first" town on the Cape, as all three bridges (the Bourne, Sagamore and the Cape Cod Canal Railroad Bridge) are located within the town. Most of Bourne is on Cape Cod, Buzzards Bay and Sagamore Beach being the villages that are on the mainland side with Buttermilk bay forming the western edge of the peninsula (cape) and the Bourndale Road forming the northern boundary to the cape.
Bourne is the site of the Massachusetts Maritime Academy, a maritime college located at the southern mouth of the canal on the western shore.
Otis Air National Guard Base is partially located in the town. The Air Force Space Command system PAVE PAWS northeast radar is located within Bourne's borders inside Otis Air National Guard Base.
Bourne is home to an archaeological curiosity known as the "Bourne stone", featuring markings whose origin and significance have not been conclusively established.
President Grover Cleveland owned a summer estate in Bourne Village, Gray Gables, that served as the Summer White House from 1893 to 1896. The building was destroyed in a fire in 1973.
Geography
Bourne is located at the western end of Cape Cod, with the Cape Cod Canal cutting across the northern portion of the town. It is bordered by Sandwich to the east, Falmouth to the south, Marion and Wareham to the west, and Plymouth and Cape Cod Bay to the north. The town lies approximately west of Barnstable, south-southeast of Boston, and the same distance east of Providence, Rhode Island. The border with Plymouth and Wareham in Plymouth County constitutes the only landed border between Barnstable County and any other county (the borders with Dukes and Nantucket counties lie in Nantucket Sound). Major localities of Bourne include Bournedale and Buzzards Bay on the west side of the Cape Cod Canal, Sagamore, which straddles the canal, and Bourne village, Monument Beach, Pocasset, and Cataumet on the east side of the canal.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which is land and , or 23.11%, is water.
Bourne's geography was formed around its location on Buzzards Bay and the Cape Cod Canal. There are several necks (the local term for a peninsula), including Wings Neck and Scraggy Neck, and islands along the shore, which create several small coves and harbors. There are also several small ponds and rivers, all of which (except the Herring River, which feeds directly into the Canal) feed into Buzzards Bay. The largest of these inlets, Buttermilk Bay, lies along the border with Wareham. Because of the large parcel of land occupied by Otis A.N.G.B. in the eastern part of the town, the majority of settlement is either along the shores of the Canal or along Buzzards Bay. There is also a small neighborhood (South Sagamore) located between the Canal and the northern boundaries of the base. Bourne has a town forest and a small portion of the Shawme-Crowell State Forest, which is located along Otis's northern boundary. There are also many beaches along its shores, mostly along Buzzards Bay (although Sagamore Beach lies along Cape Cod Bay).
Climate
According to the Köppen climate classification system, Bourne, Massachusetts has a warm-summer, wet all year, humid continental climate (Dfb). Dfb climates are characterized by at least one month having an average mean temperature ≤ 32.0 °F (≤ 0.0 °C), at least four months with an average mean temperature ≥ 50.0 °F (≥ 10.0 °C), all months with an average mean temperature ≤ 71.6 °F (≤ 22.0 °C), and no significant precipitation difference between seasons. The average seasonal (Nov-Apr) snowfall total is around 30 in (76 cm). The average snowiest month is February which corresponds with the annual peak in nor'easter activity. According to the United States Department of Agriculture, the plant hardiness zone is 6b with an average annual extreme minimum temperature of −1.0 °F (−18.3 °C).
Ecology
According to the A. W. Kuchler U.S. Potential natural vegetation Types, Bourne, Massachusetts would primarily contain a Northeastern Oak/Pine (110) vegetation type with a Southern Mixed Forest (26) vegetation form.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 18,721 people, 7,439 households, and 5,013 families residing in the town. The population density was 457.6 people per square mile (176.7/km2). There were 9,648 housing units at an average density of 235.8 per square mile (91.1/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 97.72% White, 0.39% Black or African American, 0.53% Native American, 0.71% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.99% from other races, and 0.65% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.46% of the population.
There were 7,439 households, out of which 28.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 77.6% were married couples living together, 5.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.6% were non-families. 26.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.39 and the average family size was 2.90.
In the town, the population was spread out, with 21.9% under the age of 18, 9.4% from 18 to 24, 27.3% from 25 to 44, 23.8% from 45 to 64, and 17.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.9 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $92,216, and the median income for a family was $118,321. The per capita income for the town was $64,012.
Government
Bourne is represented in the Massachusetts House of Representatives as a part of three separate districts, the Second Plymouth, Fifth Barnstable, and a third district which includes portions of Falmouth and Mashpee. The town is represented in the Massachusetts Senate as a part of the Plymouth and Barnstable district, which includes Falmouth, Kingston, Pembroke, Plymouth, Plympton, Sandwich, and portions of Barnstable. The town is home to the Seventh Barracks of Troop D of the Massachusetts State Police.
On the national level, Bourne is a part of Massachusetts's 9th congressional district, and is currently represented by Bill Keating. The state's senior (Class I) member of the United States Senate, elected in 2012, is Elizabeth Warren. The junior (Class II) senator, Edward Markey, was elected in 2013.
The town uses the open town meeting form of government, which is led by a board of selectmen. Members of the Board of Selectmen are Peter Meier - Chair , Judith McLeod Froman - Vice Chair, George Slade- Clerk, Mary Jane Mastrangelo and Jarod MacDonald. The town hall, like the police station, lies on the mainland side of the Canal. There are four fire stations located throughout the town, and seven post offices for the town's eight ZIP codes. The town's Jonathan Bourne Public Library is located near the Aptucxet Trading Post, just south of the Bourne Bridge, and is a member of the Cape Libraries Automated Materials Sharing (CLAMS) library network.
Education
Bourne operates its own school department, with four public schools in the town. There are two elementary schools, Bourne Intermediate School, and Bourndale Elementary School. Bournedale serve grades kindergarten through second, Bourne Intermediate School Serves grades three through five. The town's middle school serves grades sixth through eight, and Bourne High School operates grades nine through twelve. The school's colors are purple and white, and their teams are the Canalmen and Lady Canalmen. Their logo includes the Railroad Bridge, one of the three bridges crossing the Cape Cod Canal, and the only one that looks different from the other two. Bourne's chief rival is Wareham High School.
In the fall of 2009 Bournedale Elementary School opened, closing Otis Memorial Elementary and Ella F. Hoxie School.
Bourne High School's sports teams have been very successful in the recent past, including state championships in boys' hockey and girls' volleyball. State finalists include girls' volleyball, golf, and boys' soccer. Conference championships have been won by boys' tennis, soccer, and football. The baseball team recently performed very well in the 2007 MIAA State Tournament, losing to Cape-rival Harwich in the South Finals. Bourne also perennially has a moderately successful ice hockey program.
Additionally, Bourne is home to the Upper Cape Cod Regional Technical School, located off Sandwich Road. The school serves Bourne, Falmouth and Sandwich on the Cape, as well as Wareham and Marion (off Cape). The town also has two private schools: The Bridgeview School in Sagamore, a private Montessori school serving Pre-K through 6th grades; and the Waldorf School of Cape Cod, a Waldorf school located just south of the Bourne Bridge, serving grades Pre-K through 8.
Area Catholic schools of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Fall River include: St. Francis Xavier School in Acushnet, St. Joseph School in Fairhaven, and St. Pius X School in South Yarmouth. Previously Buzzards Bay had its own Catholic grade school, St. Margaret Primary School, which closed in 2020 in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. St. Francis Xavier, St. Joseph, and St. Pius X took former St. Margaret students.
The Massachusetts Maritime Academy, a state maritime college, is also located in Buzzards Bay at the western mouth of the Cape Cod Canal.
Sports
Bourne is home to the Bourne Braves, an amateur collegiate summer baseball team in the Cape Cod Baseball League. The team plays at Doran Park, and has featured dozens of players who went on to careers in Major League Baseball, such as Kevin Youkilis, Mitch Moreland, and Pete Alonso.
A New England Football League team, the South Shore Outlaws were formerly located in Bourne.
Transportation
Roadways
There are no interstate highways on Cape Cod. As such, the largest highways in Bourne are Massachusetts Route 3, U.S. Route 6, Massachusetts Route 25 and Massachusetts Route 28. Routes 6 and 28 enter the town concurrently from Wareham, bypassing Buzzards Bay to the north. At the Buzzards Bay Rotary the two routes split. Route 6 goes straight ahead and assumes its old alignment as a four-lane highway along the north side of the Cape Cod Canal, going through the village of Bournedale before becoming the Mid-Cape Highway, a four-lane limited-access highway beginning at the western approach to the Sagamore Bridge. Sandwich Road, the road parallel to Route 6 running along the south side of the canal, was formerly signed as Route 6W. Currently it is an unsigned two-lane state highway that is used as an alternate to Route 6. Sandwich Road becomes Massachusetts Route 6A east of the intersection with Cranberry Highway, a road that acts as a connector between Route 6A and Route 6 eastbound prior to the approach of the Sagamore Bridge. Route 28 splits off at the Buzzards Bay Rotary as a ramp headed to the Bourne Bridge and Route 25. Route 25's terminus is just prior to the northern approach of the Bourne Bridge where the highway continues as Route 28 south. At the southern end of the bridge is the Bourne Rotary, where Sandwich Road intersects. Route 28 continues past the rotary as a four-lane divided highway, officially known as McArthur Boulevard. At the Otis Rotary, the intersection with the road leading to the main gate to Otis Air Force Base, Route 28A spurs off and heads towards Woods Hole in Falmouth. It is at this point that the highway goes from being a surface road to a true limited-access highway. Route 3, also known as the Pilgrims Highway, ends at the junction of Route 6, just prior to the Sagamore Bridge. Up until 2006, the intersection was a rotary, which caused daily traffic nightmares during the busy summer tourist season. The rotary was removed in 2007.
Rail
The third bridge over the Canal is the Cape Cod Canal Railroad Bridge, a vertical lift bridge. Freight rail service is provided by the Massachusetts Coastal Railroad. The town is part of the MBTA district and is directly served by the seasonal CapeFlyer at Buzzards Bay station and Bourne station. The closest MBTA Commuter Rail stations are Middleborough/Lakeville and Kingston/Route 3, which provide direct service to Boston. The nearest inter-city (Amtrak) passenger rail stations are Boston's South Station and Providence. The Cape Cod Central Railroad operates seasonal tourist excursions from Hyannis to Sagamore, with occasional special excursions to Buzzards Bay village.
Air
There are no public air facilities in town; the town is roughly equidistant between the Plymouth and Barnstable municipal airports. The nearest national and international airports are Logan International Airport in Boston and T. F. Green Airport outside Providence.
Notable people
Mark Fayne, NHL player
Bob Perryman, football player
Bobby Orr, former NHL player
Bill Arnold, NHL player
Peter Gammons, sportswriter
Bill Keating, member of the U.S. House of Representatives
Dan Shaughnessy, sportswriter
Mike Stud, hip-hop recording artist
Sammy Adams, rapper, singer and songwriter
TK O'Ryan, professional wrestler
See also
Avery Hill, a geographical feature in Bourne.
National Marine Life Center
References
External links
Town of Bourne official website
Bourne Youth Football and Cheerleading
1640 establishments in Massachusetts
Populated coastal places in Massachusetts
Populated places established in 1640
Towns in Barnstable County, Massachusetts
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259376 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brewster%20%28CDP%29%2C%20Massachusetts | Brewster (CDP), Massachusetts | Brewster is a census-designated place (CDP) in the town of Brewster in Barnstable County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 2,000 at the 2010 census, out of 9,820 in the town of Brewster as a whole.
Geography
Brewster is located at (41.766017, -70.077187).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of . of it is land and of it (1.47%) is water.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,212 people, 1,018 households, and 628 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 221.8/km2 (574.5/mi2). There were 2,129 housing units at an average density of 213.5/km2 (553.0/mi2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 97.33% White, 1.08% Black or African American, 0.54% Native American, 0.59% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 0.18% from other races, and 0.23% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.18% of the population.
There were 1,018 households, out of which 18.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.2% were married couples living together, 7.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.3% were non-families. 32.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 18.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.11 and the average family size was 2.65.
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 16.9% under the age of 18, 4.2% from 18 to 24, 20.4% from 25 to 44, 26.4% from 45 to 64, and 32.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 52 years. For every 100 females, there were 86.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.7 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $40,815, and the median income for a family was $53,333. Males had a median income of $41,143 versus $31,471 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $24,350. About 3.1% of families and 6.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.0% of those under age 18 and 4.2% of those age 65 or over.
References
Brewster, Massachusetts
Census-designated places in Barnstable County, Massachusetts
Census-designated places in Massachusetts
Populated coastal places in Massachusetts | [
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259377 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brewster%2C%20Massachusetts | Brewster, Massachusetts | Brewster is a town in Barnstable County, Massachusetts, United States, Barnstable County being coextensive with Cape Cod. The population of Brewster was 10,318 at the 2020 census.
Brewster is twinned with the town of Budleigh Salterton in the United Kingdom.
History
Brewster was first settled in 1656 as a northeastern parish of the town of Harwich. The town separated from Harwich as the northern, more wealthy parish in 1693, and was officially incorporated as its own town in 1803 when the less wealthy citizens of Harwich were upset that the town's institutions were all on Brewster's main street (now Route 6A), including the town hall and churches. Brewster was named in honor of Elder William Brewster, the first religious leader of the Pilgrims at Plymouth Colony. The town's history grew around Stony Brook, where the first water-powered grist and woolen mill in the country was founded in the late 17th century. There were many rich sea captains in the town, who built many of the mansions and stately homes which now constitute the town's inns and bed-and-breakfasts. Most notable of these are the Brewster Historical Society Capt. Elijah Cobb House on Lower Road, Crosby Mansion on Crosby Lane by Crosby Beach, and the Captain Freeman Inn on Breakwater Road.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which is land and , or 10.07%, is water.
Brewster is bordered on the north by Cape Cod Bay, on the west by Dennis, on the south by Harwich, and on the east by Orleans. The town is usually separated into two villages, West and East Brewster, both of which comprise the Brewster census-designated place. Brewster is south of Provincetown, east of Barnstable, east of the Sagamore Bridge, and southeast of Boston.
The town is bordered by the Brewster Flats, an extensive stretch of tidal sand flats to the north, along the shores of Cape Cod Bay. The town is home to the Roland C. Nickerson State Forest Park, the largest state forest on Cape Cod. The town has several large ponds, especially along the Harwich town line. There are several brooks throughout the town, all of which lead to Cape Cod Bay. The bay is home to several boat landings and beaches in the town.
Brewster is home to the largest pond on Cape Cod, Long Pond. The Brewster-Harwich town line goes directly through the middle of the pond. Brewster's second largest pond is Cliff Pond, located in Nickerson State Park. Both are popular destinations.
Climate
According to the Köppen climate classification system, Brewster, Massachusetts has a warm-summer, wet all year, humid continental climate (Dfb). Dfb climates are characterized by at least one month having an average mean temperature ≤ 32.0 °F (≤ 0.0 °C), at least four months with an average mean temperature ≥ 50.0 °F (≥ 10.0 °C), all months with an average mean temperature ≤ 71.6 °F (≤ 22.0 °C), and no significant precipitation difference between seasons. The average seasonal (Nov-Apr) snowfall total is around 30 in (76 cm). The average snowiest month is February which corresponds with the annual peak in nor'easter activity. The plant hardiness zone is 7a with an average annual extreme minimum air temperature of 4.0 °F (-15.6 °C).
Ecology
According to the A. W. Kuchler U.S. Potential natural vegetation Types, Brewster, Massachusetts, would primarily contain a Northeastern Oak/Pine (110) vegetation type with a Southern Mixed Forest (26) vegetation form.
Transportation
U.S. Route 6 passes through the southeast corner of Brewster from southwest to northeast, as a two-lane expressway with no exits in the town, although exits 9 through 12 provide access to Brewster via other roads. The five other numbered highways in Brewster are all surface roads. Massachusetts Route 6A passes through the town from east to west as Main Street through the town center. Routes 124 and 137 both have a northern terminus along Route 6A in town; short portions of Routes 28 and 39 also pass through the southeastern corner of town (the portion of 28 is less than long, and is actually signed as crossing from Harwich directly into Orleans). Brewster has one stop light (blinking red light, four-way stop) at the intersection of Harwich Road (Route 124) and Long Pond Road (Route 137).
There is no rail or air service in the town. The Cape Cod Rail Trail, as well as several other bicycle trails, pass through the town. The nearest public airfield is in Chatham (Chatham Municipal, CQX); the nearest regional airport is Barnstable Municipal Airport (HYA), and the nearest national and international air service is at Logan International Airport in Boston.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 10,094 people, 4,124 households, and 2,853 families residing in the town. The population density was 439.2 people per square mile (169.6/km2). There were 7,339 housing units at an average density of 319.3 per square mile (123.3/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 97.24% White, 0.76% Black or African American, 0.23% Native American, 0.76% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.35% from other races, and 0.63% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.06% of the population.
There were 4,124 households, out of which 25.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.9% were married couples living together, 8.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.8% were non-families. 24.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.34 and the average family size was 2.79.
In the town, the population was spread out, with 20.9% under the age of 18, 4.3% from 18 to 24, 21.5% from 25 to 44, 27.0% from 45 to 64, and 26.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 47 years. For every 100 females, there were 86.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82.2 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $49,276, and the median income for a family was $57,174. Males had a median income of $41,407 versus $33,388 for females. The per capita income for the town was $24,638. About 1.6% of families and 3.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1.4% of those under age 18 and 3.1% of those age 65 or over.
Government
Brewster is represented in the Massachusetts House of Representatives as a part of the First Barnstable District, along with Dennis and a portion of Yarmouth. The town is represented in the Massachusetts Senate as a part of the Cape and Islands District, which includes all of Cape Cod, Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket except the towns of Bourne, Falmouth, Sandwich and a portion of Barnstable. The town is patrolled by the Second (Yarmouth) Barracks of Troop D of the Massachusetts State Police.
On the national level, Brewster is a part of Massachusetts's 9th congressional district, and is currently represented by William Keating. The state's senior (Class II) member of the United States Senate, elected in 2012, is Elizabeth Warren. The junior (Class I) senator, elected in 2013, is Edward Markey.
Brewster is governed by the open town meeting form of government, led by an executive secretary and a board of selectmen. The town has its own police and fire departments. The fire department is located on Route 6A near the terminus of Route 137, while the police station is located about a half mile away on Route 124. There is a single post office near the geographic center of town, as well as the Brewster Ladies' Library, a 50,000-volume library which is a part of the Cape Libraries Automated Materials Sharing (CLAMS) library network. The Long Pond Medical Center, located just over the Harwich line at the intersection of Routes 6 and 137, serves the medical needs of the town, as well as the southeastern corner of the Cape.
Education
Brewster is a member of the Nauset Regional School District, along with the towns of Eastham, Orleans and Wellfleet. The town operates the Stony Brook Elementary School, which serves students from kindergarten through second grade, and the Eddy Elementary School, which serves students in third through fifth grades. Middle school students typically attend Nauset Middle School in Orleans, although the Cape Cod Lighthouse Charter School in East Harwich is an alternative choice. High school students attend Nauset Regional High School in North Eastham.
Additionally, the town's high school students may attend Cape Cod Regional Technical High School in neighboring Harwich free of charge. There are also two private schools, The Family School and The Laurel School, both of which serve elementary students.
The Sea Pines School operated in town from 1907 to 1972.
See also: Brewster (CDP), Massachusetts
Points of interest
Brewster Conservation Trust Walking Trails
Brewster Historical Society Museum
Brewster Ladies' Library
The Brewster Fish House
Brewster Oysters
The Brewster Store
Brewster Sweets
Cape Cod Museum of Natural History
Cape Cod Sea Camps
Captain Freeman Inn
Chatham Bars Inn Farm, Brewster
Crosby Mansion
Factory Village
JT's Seafood
Kate's Ice Cream
The Lemon Tree Village
First Parish Brewster
Ocean Edge Resort & Golf Club
Stony Brook Grist Mill
Satucket Farms
Snowy Owl Coffee Roasters
Sweetwater Farms, breeding world and national caliber Appaloosas since 1979
Sweetwater Forest Cape Cod's Family Campground since 1958
The Woodshed
Parks and recreation
Brewster beaches, from east to west on the Cape Cod Bay are: Crosby Landing, Linnell Landing, Ellis Landing, Point of Rocks Landing, Breakwater Beach, Saint's Landing, Mant's Landing (Robbins Hill Beach), and Paines Creek Beach. In addition to the beaches on the northside, there are numerous important recreation areas in the town. The Drummer Boy Park on Route 6A has walking trails, picnic areas, playground, and an 18th-century windmill, the Old Higgins Farm Windmill, and blacksmith shop. Several hiking trails leave the Natural History museum, with the John Wing Trail going over a salt marsh boardwalk to Wing Island and the beach on Cape Cod Bay. At Nickerson State Park, there are of open woodland, nearly of biking trails that can be hiked as well, and hiking trails around several ponds. Punkhorn Parklands also has thousands of acres of protected woodland with many hiking trails, the one to Eagle Point being particularly popular. Smaller conservation areas are available for hiking throughout the town.
Notable associations
In July 1888, Helen Keller and her teacher, Anne Sullivan, visited Brewster. In the photo, Helen is shown cradling a doll. The photograph was discovered almost 120 years after it was taken. The mother of the man who provided the photograph was Helen's playmate at the Elijah Cobb House.
Minnie Riperton's song, "Alone in Brewster Bay", refers to when Riperton and her husband, producer Dick Rudolph, vacationed on Cape Cod during the early 1970s, prior to the release of her 1975 hit single, "Lovin' You".
Samuel M. Nickerson, president of the First National Bank of Chicago, was one of the most influential business leaders of the time. Nickerson's shares in First National Bank were sold for $2.1M, according to The New York Times dated September 29, 1899. The syndicate that purchased the shares included J. P. Morgan, E. H. Harriman and Marshall Field. The Nickerson summer house, Fieldstone Hall in Brewster, is now a condominium resort called Ocean Edge.
The Brewster Whitecaps of the Cape Cod Baseball League has been the home of many current and former major league baseball stars, such as Mike Avilés, Brian Bannister, Sean Casey, Chris Dickerson, Hall of Famer Tony Gwynn and his son Tony Gwynn Jr., Matt Herges, Bobby Kielty, Mike Meyers, Aaron Rowand, Gaby Sánchez, and Billy Wagner. The Whitecaps play at Stony Brook Field.
In a 2011 episode of Who Do You Think You Are?, Ashley Judd traced her direct lineage back to William Brewster, the town's namesake.
References
External links
Town of Brewster official website
Brewster Chamber of Commerce tourist information
1656 establishments in Massachusetts
Populated coastal places in Massachusetts
Populated places established in 1656
Towns in Barnstable County, Massachusetts
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259378 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatham%20%28CDP%29%2C%20Massachusetts | Chatham (CDP), Massachusetts | Chatham is a census-designated place (CDP) in the town of Chatham in Barnstable County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 1,421 at the 2010 census, out of 6,125 in the entire town of Chatham.
Geography
Chatham is located at (41.679321, -69.961868).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of . of it is land and of it (24.36%) is water.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,667 people, 813 households, and 438 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 242.9/km2 (628.0/mi2). There were 1,886 housing units at an average density of 274.8/km2 (710.4/mi2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 94.18% White, 2.22% Black or African American, 0.18% Native American, 0.30% Asian, 2.10% from other races, and 1.02% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.86% of the population.
There were 813 households, out of which 13.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.4% were married couples living together, 5.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 46.1% were non-families. 40.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 22.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.92 and the average family size was 2.52.
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 13.6% under the age of 18, 5.2% from 18 to 24, 19.4% from 25 to 44, 29.4% from 45 to 64, and 32.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 53 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.2 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $47,037, and the median income for a family was $65,938. Males had a median income of $32,417 versus $31,339 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $28,542. About 0.9% of families and 7.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 0.9% of those under age 18 and 10.8% of those age 65 or over.
References
Census-designated places in Barnstable County, Massachusetts
Census-designated places in Massachusetts
Chatham, Massachusetts
Populated coastal places in Massachusetts | [
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259379 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatham%2C%20Massachusetts | Chatham, Massachusetts | Chatham (IPA: ˈ[tʃætəm]) is a town in Barnstable County, Massachusetts, United States. Chatham is located at the southeast tip of Cape Cod, and has historically been a fishing community. First settled by the English in 1664, the township was originally called Monomoit based on the indigenous population's term for the region. Chatham was incorporated as a town on June 11, 1712, and has become a summer resort area. The population was 6,594 at the 2020 census, and can swell to 25,000 during the summer months. There are four villages that comprise the town, those being Chatham (CDC), South Chatham, North Chatham, and West Chatham. Chatham is home to the Monomoy National Wildlife Refuge, and the decommissioned Monomoy Point Light both located on Monomoy Island. A popular attraction is the Chatham Light, which is an operational lighthouse that is operated by the United States Coast Guard.
History
Native American tribes who lived in the area before European colonization included the Nauset, specifically the Manomoy or Monomoy people. The expansive lands over which they roamed were known to them as Manamoyik or Monomoit. Explorer Samuel de Champlain landed here in October 1606 at a place he christened "Port Fortuné", where he contacted (and skirmished with) the Nauset. Twelve years later another group of Europeans gave it the name "Sutcliffe's Inlets". Neither name stuck, and the location was not permanently occupied by Europeans until English settlers reached Monomoit in 1664. The town was incorporated on June 11, 1712, at which point it was renamed after Chatham, Kent, England. Its territory expanded with the annexation of Strong Island and its vicinity on February 7, 1797.
Located at the "elbow" of Cape Cod, the community became a shipping, fishing, and whaling center. Chatham's early prosperity would leave it with a considerable number of 18th century buildings, whose charm helped it develop into a popular summer resort.
Chatham is home to the Chatham Lighthouse, which was established by President Thomas Jefferson in 1808 to protect the ships circling the Cape. The 1808 towers were replaced in 1841 by twin brick towers that were eventually lost to erosion. The pair were rebuilt in 1877 out of cast iron across the street from its original location, where the light is today. The northern of the two was moved to Eastham to become the Nauset Light in 1923, when the northern tower was declared surplus. Today, the keeper's house is home to a Coast Guard station which patrols the waters of the Atlantic and Nantucket Sound from Wellfleet to West Yarmouth. The first reforesting project in America took place on Great Hill in 1821 when Selectmen had pine trees and beach grass planted to prevent erosion and to keep sand from blowing over the village.
Although urban sprawl has invaded the Cape, the town of Chatham still boasts a quaint and walkable Main Street, home to numerous family-owned and -operated shops, restaurants, and businesses. The main shopping area features pedestrian-friendly crosswalks, on-street parallel parking, and some parking lots that are off Main Street. During the summer, concerts are held in a gazebo on Main Street, and not far from the shops is where the Chatham Anglers baseball team plays, as part of the Cape Cod Baseball League on the peninsula for collegiate-age players.
Chatham, like much of Cape Cod, is suffering from an exodus of young people and young families due to high housing prices and a lack of social and professional opportunities. The majority of homes in Chatham sit empty in the winter months until the summer when second-home owners come to use their summer/vacation homes, or they are used as weekly rentals for tourists. As of February 22, 2012, the average listing price for a home in Chatham was $1.3 million.
In summer, Chatham grows to a population of an estimated 30,000. Facilities are overcrowded, and there continues to be limited parking in the Main Street Business District. Beaches are affected by this increase of population. Limited parking exists in established parking areas, and the town's most popular beach, Lighthouse Beach, has only off the street parking, which sometimes involves a long walk to her sandy shores.
Historical sites and museums
Atwood House (1752)
Caleb Nickerson House (1772)
Chatham Railroad Museum (1887)
Josiah Mayo House (c. 1820)
Chatham Marconi Maritime Center (1914)
Chatham Windmill (1797)
Chatham Lighthouse (1808)
Geography
The town occupies the southeast corner (the "elbow") of Cape Cod. The town's villages include Chatham proper, Chatham Port, North Chatham, West Chatham, and South Chatham (west of West Chatham). Chatham is bordered by Harwich to the west, Pleasant Bay and Orleans to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the east, and Nantucket Sound to the south. The town is south of Provincetown and east of the Sagamore Bridge, east of Barnstable, and southeast of Boston.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which is land and , or 33.88%, is water.
The mainland portion of the town is typical of Cape Cod, with several ponds, brooks, rivers, harbors, and inlets around the town. The town includes two narrow strips of land which serve as a barrier between the Atlantic and the mainland; the northern of these is the southern part of the Cape Cod National Seashore. There are several islands, including Strong Island, Tern Island (which is a sanctuary), Morris Island, Stage Island, and Monomoy Island, a island south of the corner of the town which is home to the Monomoy National Wildlife Refuge. Erosion has changed the region over the years—for example, an island named Slut's Bush once existed until it vanished under water by the mid 19th century.
Climate
According to the Köppen climate classification system, Chatham, Massachusetts has a warm-summer, wet all year, humid continental climate (Dfb). Dfb climates are characterized by at least one month having an average mean temperature ≤ 32.0 °F (≤ 0.0 °C), at least four months with an average mean temperature ≥ 50.0 °F (≥ 10.0 °C), all months with an average mean temperature ≤ 71.6 °F (≤ 22.0 °C), and no significant precipitation difference between seasons. The average seasonal (Nov-Apr) snowfall total is around 30 in (76 cm). The average snowiest month is February which corresponds with the annual peak in nor'easter activity. The plant hardiness zone is 7b with an average annual extreme minimum air temperature of 5.2 °F (-14.9 °C).
Ecology
According to the A. W. Kuchler U.S. Potential natural vegetation Types, Chatham, Massachusetts would primarily contain a Northeastern Oak/Pine (110) vegetation type with a Southern Mixed Forest (26) vegetation form.
Transportation
All five roads that exit Chatham cross into Harwich. The two state routes that pass through the town are Route 28 and the southern end of Route 137. Route 28 circles through the center of town before exiting and heading north toward Route 6A, joining that route until the roads end at the Orleans Rotary.
Rail service no longer extends to the town; the former rail bed is a bicycling path, and is called the Old Colony Rail Trail. In addition, another bicycle route passes through the town, starting at the end of the Rail Trail, and providing views of Chatham Fish Pier, Chatham Bars, and Chatham Light.
The town is the home to the Chatham Municipal Airport, which provides local service to other small airports on the Cape and islands. The nearest national and international air service can be reached at Logan International Airport in Boston.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 6,625 people, 3,160 households, and 1,886 families residing in the town. The population density was 408.4 people per square mile (157.7/km2). There were 6,743 housing units at an average density of 415.7 per square mile (160.5/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 96% White, 1.9% Black or African American, 0.2% Native American, 0.3% Asian, <0.1% Pacific Islander, 0.9% from other races, and 0.8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.0% of the population.
During the summer months (generally Memorial Day through Labor Day), the population of the town triples to approximately 20,000, not counting the additional transient tourist population hosted by the town's many hotels, inns, motels, and bed and breakfasts. Tourism and Hospitality along with Commercial Fishing make up the town's main industry. The town has a thriving commercial fish pier where day-boats unload fresh fish and lobster.
There were 3,160 households, out of which 15.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.2% were married couples living together, 6.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.3% were non-families. 34.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 18.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.00 and the average family size was 2.52.
In the town, the population was spread out, with 13.3% under the age of 18, 4.4% from 18 to 24, 19.8% from 25 to 44, 28.2% from 45 to 64, and 34.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 54 years. For every 100 females, there were 89.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.4 males.
The local K-12 school system has approximately 700 students, making for average high school grade sizes between 30 and 40 students.
The median income for a household in the town was $85,519, and the median income for a family was $112,750. Males had a median income of $71,064 versus $40,365 for females. The per capita income for the town was $48,594. About 1.9% of families and 4.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.1% of those under age 18 and 3.7% of those age 65 or over.
Government
Chatham is represented in the Massachusetts House of Representatives as a part of the Fourth Barnstable district, which includes (with the exception of Brewster) all the towns east and north of Harwich on the Cape. The town is represented in the Massachusetts Senate as a part of the Cape and Islands District, which includes all of Cape Cod, Martha's Vineyard, and Nantucket except the towns of Bourne, Falmouth, Sandwich, and a portion of Barnstable.
The Chatham Police Department is the primary law enforcement agency that services the town. The Police Department is staffed for 24-hour patrol and is a member of the Cape Cod Regional Law Enforcement Council. The Police station was recently constructed in 2012, and is located on George Ryder Road, across the street from the Chatham Municipal Airport. Troopers from the Massachusetts State Police Troop D Yarmouth barracks provide secondary law enforcement services to the town.
The Chatham Fire/Rescue Department is a 24-hour, fully staffed fire department, that provides fire and medical services to the town. The new fire station was constructed in 2016, and is located on Depot Road, across the street from Veteran's Field. Prior to 2012, the fire and police stations were attached and sat on the Depot Road site. The Chatham Fire/Rescue Department also has an unmanned substation on Route 28 in South Chatham; this station houses one engine truck.
On the national level, Chatham is a part of Massachusetts's 9th congressional district and is represented by William R. Keating. The state's senior (Class II) member of the United States Senate, elected in 2012, is Elizabeth Warren. The junior (Class I) senator is Ed Markey.
Chatham is governed by the open town meeting form of government, administered by an elected Board of Selectmen and an appointed Town Manager. The town has four post offices, all located at various points along Route 28. The town is home to the Eldredge Public Library, named for its benefactor and designed by a student of H. H. Richardson. The town operates several piers, beaches, boat landings and recreation areas throughout town. The nearest hospital is Cape Cod Hospital in Hyannis.
Education
Until 2013, Chatham operated its own school system for the town's 700 students. The Chatham Elementary School served students from pre-kindergarten through fourth grade, the Chatham Middle School served students from fifth through eighth grade, and Chatham High School served grades nine through twelve. Chatham's athletics teams were known as the Blue Devils, and wore blue and white. In December 2010, Chatham and the neighboring town of Harwich voted to regionalize their school systems into the Monomoy Regional school system. The Monomoy teams are known as the Sharks and their colors are navy blue and sliver. In March 2013, construction began in Harwich on a new high school to serve the region, expected to open in 2014. High school students may attend Cape Cod Regional Technical School in Harwich free of charge. Other private schools are located in nearby Brewster and Harwich.
Atlantic White Shark Conservancy 2013
Notable people
Zered Bassett, pro skateboarder, grew up in Chatham
Shirley Booth, actress
Ruby Braff, musician, died in Chatham
Louis Brandeis, Supreme Court Justice
Harry Connick, Jr., actor and singer
Bernard Cornwell, best-selling author
Franklin Cover, late actor
David Drumm, former CEO of Anglo Irish Bank
Todd Eldredge, champion figure skater
Jack Forrester, Scottish-American professional golfer
Lisa Genova, best-selling author
Bobby Hackett, musician
Julie Harris, actress
Gilbert Knapp, Wisconsin State Assemblyman
Joseph C. Lincoln, author of Cape Cod Stories
Joseph Lord, Puritan pastor
Martha MacCallum, talk show host
Sandra Day O'Connor, Supreme Court justice; has a residence in Chatham
Sara Pennypacker, children's book author
Bill Richardson, American politician, author, and diplomat
Christopher Seufert, film director/photographer
Archelaus Smith, Nova Scotia pioneer
Bob Staake, cartoonist & illustrator
Tisquantum (Squanto), died in Chatham and is buried in an unmarked grave on Burial Hill, overlooking Ryder's Cove
Stuart Varney, talk show host
Bernard C. Webber, heroic Coast Guardsman who was award the Gold Lifesaving Medal for leading a rescue to the SS Pendleton in 1952
Gallery
References
External links
Town of Chatham official website
1664 establishments in Massachusetts
Populated coastal places in Massachusetts
Populated places established in 1664
Towns in Barnstable County, Massachusetts
Towns in Massachusetts | [
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259380 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis%20%28CDP%29%2C%20Massachusetts | Dennis (CDP), Massachusetts | Dennis is a village and census-designated place (CDP) in the town of Dennis in Barnstable County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 2,407 at the 2010 census. The CDP includes the populated places known as North Dennis and New Boston.
The Dennis post office, one of five post offices in the town of Dennis, is assigned zip code 02638.
Geography
Dennis is located near Cape Cod Bay in the northern portion of the town of Dennis, at (41.73526, -70.199199).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , of which is land and , or 4.05%, is water.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,798 people, 1,303 households, and 845 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 220.5/km2 (571.2/mi2). There were 2,322 housing units at an average density of 183.0/km2 (474.0/mi2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 97.86% White, 0.25% Black or African American, 0.11% Native American, 0.46% Asian, 0.32% from other races, and 1.00% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.04% of the population.
There were 1,303 households, out of which 18.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.6% were married couples living together, 7.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.1% were non-families. 30.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.15 and the average family size was 2.63.
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 16.2% under the age of 18, 4.5% from 18 to 24, 17.5% from 25 to 44, 32.5% from 45 to 64, and 29.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 52 years. For every 100 females, there were 89.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.1 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $51,286, and the median income for a family was $60,000. Males had a median income of $45,313 versus $36,167 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $27,113. About 2.3% of families and 3.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including none of those under age 18 and 5.6% of those age 65 or over.
References
Census-designated places in Barnstable County, Massachusetts
Census-designated places in Massachusetts
Dennis, Massachusetts
Populated coastal places in Massachusetts | [
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259382 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falmouth%20%28CDP%29%2C%20Massachusetts | Falmouth (CDP), Massachusetts | Falmouth is a census-designated place (CDP) consisting of the primary settlement in the town of Falmouth in Barnstable County, Massachusetts, United States. The population of the CDP was 3,799 at the 2010 census, out of 31,532 in the town as a whole. It was named after Falmouth, Cornwall, England.
Geography
Falmouth CDP is located in the southern part of Falmouth town at (41.548504, -70.604842). It is bordered to the east by the Teaticket CDP and to the south by Vineyard Sound. Woods Hole is to the southwest, and West Falmouth is to the northwest. Massachusetts Route 28 (Palmer Avenue and Main Street) is the main road through the community.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of . of it is land, and of it (7.50%) is water.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 4,115 people, 2,125 households, and 988 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 767.5/km2 (1,992.5/mi2). There were 3,088 housing units at an average density of 576.0/km2 (1,495.2/mi2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 94.97% White, 1.43% Black or African American, 0.44% Native American, 0.92% Asian, 1.17% from other races, and 1.07% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.29% of the population.
There were 2,125 households, out of which 13.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 36.5% were married couples living together, 8.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 53.5% were non-families. 47.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 26.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.81 and the average family size was 2.57.
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 12.5% under the age of 18, 3.2% from 18 to 24, 21.7% from 25 to 44, 26.5% from 45 to 64, and 36.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 54 years. For every 100 females, there were 76.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 72.5 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $34,286, and the median income for a family was $47,500. Males had a median income of $41,899 versus $30,088 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $26,292. About 5.9% of families and 8.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.2% of those under age 18 and 9.1% of those age 65 or over.
References
Census-designated places in Barnstable County, Massachusetts
Census-designated places in Massachusetts
Falmouth, Massachusetts
Populated coastal places in Massachusetts | [
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259383 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falmouth%2C%20Massachusetts | Falmouth, Massachusetts | Falmouth ( ) is a town in Barnstable County, Massachusetts, United States; Barnstable County is coextensive with Cape Cod. The population was 32,517 at the 2020 census, making Falmouth the second-largest municipality on Cape Cod after Barnstable. The terminal for the Steamship Authority ferries to Martha's Vineyard is located in the village of Woods Hole in Falmouth. Woods Hole also contains several scientific organizations such as the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), the Marine Biological Laboratory (MBL), the Woodwell Climate Research Center, NOAA's Woods Hole Science Aquarium, and the scientific institutions' various museums.
For geographic and demographic information on specific parts of the town of Falmouth, please see the articles on East Falmouth, Falmouth Village, North Falmouth, Teaticket, West Falmouth, and Woods Hole. Falmouth also encompasses the villages of Hatchville and Waquoit, which are not census-designated places and fall within the village of East Falmouth based on postal service.
History
Falmouth was first settled by English colonists in 1660 and was officially incorporated in 1686. Bartholomew Gosnold named the settlement for Falmouth, Cornwall, England, his home port. Early principal activities were farming, salt works, shipping, whaling, and sheep husbandry, which was very popular due to the introduction of Merino sheep and the beginnings of water-powered mills that could process the wool. In 1837, Falmouth averaged about 50 sheep per square mile.
Falmouth saw brief action in the War of 1812, when the area around Falmouth Heights, on its southern coast, was bombarded by several British frigates and ships of the line, and Massachusetts militia hastily entrenched themselves on the beaches to repulse a possible British landing which never came. By 1872, the train had come to Falmouth and Woods Hole, and some of the first summer homes were established. By the late 19th century, cranberries were being cultivated and strawberries were being raised for the Boston market. Large-scale dairying was tried in the early 20th century in interior regions. After the improvement in highways, and thanks in part to the heavy use of neighboring Camp Edwards (now part of Joint Base Cape Cod) during World War II, population growth increased significantly. Large homebuilding booms occurred in the 1970s, followed by others in the 1980s and 1990s.
In the late 1800s, after railroad service was established between Boston and Cape Cod, James Madison Beebe bought over and built Highfield Hall, which is now a museum, and much of the land is preserved as Beebe Woods. In 1965, Robert Manry sailed from Falmouth aboard his sailboat and reached Falmouth, Great Britain, 78 days later.
Historic districts
The town of Falmouth has seven historic districts, including four on the National Register of Historic Places:
Falmouth Village Green
North Falmouth Village
Waquoit
West Falmouth Village
The other three historic districts are in Woods Hole, Davisville, and Quissett.
In addition to the historic districts, Falmouth has ten individual sites on the National Register:
Central Fire Station
Crowell-Bourne Farm
Elnathan Nye House
Falmouth Pumping Station
Josiah Tobey House
Lawrence Academy
Nobska Light
Poor House and Methodist Cemetery
Teaticket School
Woods Hole School
Offshore Falmouth in Buzzards Bay, Cleveland East Ledge Light is listed with the National Register.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which is land and , or 19.04%, is water. Most of Falmouth, like the rest of Cape Cod, sits on glacial sands composed of glacial outwash deposits. However, the soil in the southwestern part of the town, consisting of moraine deposits, is more rocky and dense, like the rest of New England, and many glacial erratics are scattered about, having been dropped by the retreating glaciers. The climate is temperate marine. There is no exposed bedrock. Rainfall is evenly distributed throughout the year and averages 2 to 3 in (50 – 75 mm) per month.
Falmouth lies on the southwestern tip of Cape Cod. It is bordered by Bourne and Sandwich to the north, Mashpee to the east, Vineyard Sound to the south, and Buzzards Bay to the west. At its closest point, Falmouth is approximately from Nonamesset Island, the easternmost island of the town of Gosnold and the Elizabeth Islands. It is approximately north-northwest of Martha's Vineyard, the closest land to the island. Falmouth is approximately south of the Bourne Bridge, west of Barnstable, and south-southeast of Boston.
Falmouth's topography is similar to the rest of Cape Cod's, with many small ponds, creeks, and inlets surrounded by the pines and oaks of the Cape and often rocky beachfront. Falmouth's southern shore is notable for a series of ponds and rivers spaced very closely together, all of which travel some distance into the town. These include, from west to east, Falmouth Inner Harbor, Little Pond, Great Pond (which leads to the Dexter and Coonamesset rivers), Green Pond, Bourne's Pond, Eel Pond (which leads to the Childs River), and Waquoit Bay, which lies along the Mashpee town line. The Buzzards Bay side of the town is primarily bays divided by necks, peninsulas connected to land by isthmi. The largest inlet is Megansett Cove along the Bourne town line. The Buzzards Bay shore of Falmouth is punctuated by a number of hamlets, including, from north to south, Megansett, New Silver Beach, Old Silver, Chappaquoit, Sippewisset, Quissett, and Woods Hole.
Climate
According to the Köppen climate classification system, Falmouth, Massachusetts has a warm-summer, wet all year, humid continental climate (Dfb). Dfb climates are characterized by at least one month having an average mean temperature ≤ 32.0 °F (≤ 0.0 °C), at least four months with an average mean temperature ≥ 50.0 °F (≥ 10.0 °C), all months with an average mean temperature ≤ 71.6 °F (≤ 22.0 °C), and no significant precipitation difference between seasons. The average seasonal (Nov-Apr) snowfall total is around 30 in (76 cm). The average snowiest month is February which corresponds with the annual peak in nor'easter activity. According to the United States Department of Agriculture, the plant hardiness zone is 7a with an average annual extreme minimum air temperature of 1.3 °F (-17.1 °C).
Ecology
According to the A. W. Kuchler U.S. Potential natural vegetation Types, Falmouoth, Massachusetts would primarily contain a Northeastern Oak/Pine (110) vegetation type with a Southern Mixed Forest (26) vegetation form.
Transportation
Falmouth's main road is Massachusetts Route 28, which runs south from Bourne as a divided highway, then becomes a surface road and heads east through downtown as Main Street, then turns northeast through East Falmouth before crossing into Mashpee. As one of two major east–west routes on the Cape, Route 28 is regularly congested, and there is minimal room for widening opportunities. Route 151 runs east–west through the northern section of the town, connecting North Falmouth and Hatchville with Mashpee.
Falmouth is home to The Woods Hole, Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket Steamship Authority. Daily ferry service brings tourists, residents and supplies from Woods Hole to Nantucket and Martha's Vineyard. It is the main ferry line between the Vineyard and the mainland (as Nantucket is further east, its main line leaves Hyannis). A seasonal ferry, the Island Queen, runs from Falmouth Harbor to Martha's Vineyard.
The Massachusetts Coastal Railroad provides rail freight service to North Falmouth, where a spur runs into Otis Air Base to serve a trash transfer station. Also, as of a June 25, 2009 capecodonline.com article, the company plans to re-extend passenger railroad service to the town, complete with dinner and tourist trains, though this will also be only to North Falmouth, due to the fact that the other of railroad track had been replaced with the current Shining Sea Bikeway. On November 21, 2009, North Falmouth saw its first passenger train in at least 12 years. The nearest inter-city (Amtrak) passenger rail stations are Providence and Boston's South Station. The Middleborough/Lakeville and Kingston/Route 3 stations of the MBTA's commuter rail system provide the closest service to Boston.
There is a private air park in East Falmouth, and the nearest national and international air service is at Logan International Airport in Boston and T. F. Green Airport near Providence, both being about equidistant from Falmouth. There is a regional airport in nearby Hyannis.
Falmouth is also served by the Cape Cod Regional Transit Authority bus routes.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 32,660 people, 13,859 households, and 8,980 families residing in the town. The population density was . There were 20,055 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the town was 93.39% White, 1.82% Black or African American, 0.51% Native American, 0.92% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 1.44% from other races, and 1.91% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.28% of the population.
There were 13,859 households, out of which 24.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.0% were married couples living together, 10.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.2% were non-families. 29.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.30 and the average family size was 2.84.
In the town, the population was spread out, with 20.7% under the age of 18, 4.8% from 18 to 24, 24.5% from 25 to 44, 27.5% from 45 to 64, and 22.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 45 years. For every 100 females, there were 87.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.9 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $68,191, and the median income for a family was $97,422. Males had a median income of $61,797 versus $38,867 for females. The per capita income for the town was $42,548. About 4.5% of families and 6.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.8% of those under age 18 and 6.2% of those age 65 or over.
Government
Falmouth is represented in the Massachusetts House of Representatives as a part of two districts, the Third Barnstable (which also includes portions of Barnstable, Bourne and Mashpee), and the Barnstable, Dukes and Nantucket District, which includes all of Martha's Vineyard, Nantucket and Gosnold. The town is represented in the Massachusetts Senate as a part of the Plymouth and Barnstable district, which includes Bourne, Kingston, Pembroke, Plymouth, and Sandwich. The town is patrolled by the Seventh (Bourne) Barracks of Troop D of the Massachusetts State Police.
On the national level, Falmouth is a part of Massachusetts's 9th congressional district, and is currently represented by Bill Keating.
Falmouth is governed by the representative town meeting form of government with 9 precincts of 27 members each serving three-year terms and is led by a five-member board of selectmen serving rotating three-year terms. The town operates its own police and fire departments, with a central police station and five fire stations. The fire department also operates the town's ambulance service with four-ambulances staffed 24/7. The town's central library is located downtown. There are branches in North and East Falmouth, and private libraries in West Falmouth and Woods Hole which are open to the public. There are seven post offices in town for the six ZIP codes, although several overlap and the main office handles the majority of the work. Falmouth is also the site of Falmouth Hospital, which serves the Upper Cape region.
Education
Falmouth's public school system serves about 4,500 students yearly. There are four schools, East Falmouth, Mullen-Hall, North Falmouth, and Teaticket, which serve the elementary school population, from pre-kindergarten to fourth grade. The Morse Pond Middle School serves grades five and six, while the Lawrence Junior High School serves grades seven and eight. Falmouth High School covers grades 9-12. (Prior to 1974 the 9-12 grades were in the Lawrence building and known as Lawrence High School.) FHS's athletics teams are nicknamed the Clippers, and their colors are maroon and white. They compete in the Atlantic Coast League, having moved recently from the Old Colony League. Their chief rival is nearby Barnstable High School. The public schools are supported in part by the Volunteers in Public Schools (VIPS), various PTO associations, the Falmouth Scholarship Association, the Falmouth Education Foundation (FEF), the Falmouth STEM Boosters and the Woods Hole Science Technology Partnership.
Falmouth is also the home of a private school, Falmouth Academy, serving grades 7 through 12. Falmouth high school students may also choose to attend the Upper Cape Cod Regional Technical High School in Bourne free of charge. Resident students can also attend Sturgis Charter Public School in Hyannis also free of charge, pending acceptance through a lottery.
Sports and recreation
Falmouth is home to the Falmouth Commodores, an amateur collegiate summer baseball team in the Cape Cod Baseball League. The team plays at Arnie Allen Diamond at Guv Fuller Field, and has featured dozens of players who went on to careers in Major League Baseball, such as Tino Martinez, Darin Erstad, and Jacoby Ellsbury.
Falmouth is the home of its namesake Falmouth Road Race, an annual race started in 1973 that draws over 10,000 runners from all over the world. The race runs from the village of Woods Hole to Falmouth Heights Beach in downtown Falmouth.
Arts and entertainment
Falmouth is home to a vibrant theatre community. The College Light Opera Company has performed at the Highfield Theatre every summer since 1969. Other institutions include the Falmouth Theatre Guild and the Cape Cod Theatre Project.
In addition to theatre, there is the Cape Cod Conservatory and the Falmouth Arts Guild.
Falmouth holds a yearly Christmas parade in the month of December that runs along Main Street in downtown Falmouth.
Notable people
Peter Abrahams, author
Ben Affleck, actor
Casey Affleck, actor
Katharine Lee Bates, writer of "America the Beautiful"
Steve Cishek, relief pitcher for the Chicago Cubs
Colleen Coyne, 1998 Olympic gold medalist on the U.S. women's ice hockey team
Wesley Dennis (illustrator), illustrator of children's books
Pete Doherty (wrestler) "The Duke of Dorchester"
Jessica Dubroff, 7-year-old pilot trainee who died in a plane crash
Jacob Sloat Fassett, U.S. congressman from Elmira, New York; Fassett's Point in West Falmouth and the town of Fassett, Quebec, are named after him
Melissa Febos, writer
Paul Harney, former professional PGA golfer, resided in Falmouth and owned the Paul Harney Golf Club in Hatchville
Edward Hopkins Jenkins (1850–1931), agricultural chemist; director of the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station (1900–1923); born in Falmouth
Frederick E. Olmsted, WPA muralist and sculptor then later scientist
Julia O'Malley-Keyes, fine artist
Joseph Rago, journalist
Charles Bennett Ray Abolitionist journalist
Greg Dean Schmitz, online film journalist (Yahoo! Movies, Rotten Tomatoes)
Sunita Williams, astronaut and United States Navy officer
Military installations
Camp Edwards, formerly named Camp Falmouth, is a US military training camp in western Barnstable County. It is the largest part of Joint Base Cape Cod, formerly named Massachusetts Military Reservation.
The installation is of economic and environmental importance.
Groundwater pollution
During the 1970s and 1980s, it was discovered that the groundwater in some areas of Falmouth had been contaminated by toxic chemicals linked to the disposal of jet fuel, solvents, industrial chemicals, and other substances on the Massachusetts Military Reservation, now known as Joint Base Cape Cod. Plumes of groundwater pollution that reached into Falmouth contaminated household well water in some neighborhoods and forced the town to shut down a public well in 1975 that accounted for 25% of the town's public water supply. A major report was released on the contamination in 1986. In 1996, the Air Force Center for Environmental Excellence (now known as the Air Force Center for Engineering and the Environment) assumed responsibility for the cleanup, treating soils at several sites and installing pumping wells in an effort to contain the plumes of groundwater contamination.
In 2010, the Silent Spring Institute tested about 20 public water supplies, 40 percent of which had detectable levels of perfluorinated compounds (PFCs). In 2015, the Air Force started testing private wells in the Currier Road area after water treatment plant samples showed elevated levels of 1,4-dioxane. Since May 2016, four houses in the Currier Road neighborhood have been receiving bottled water for elevated levels of PFCs after the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency established a national standard for PFCs, such as PFOS and PFOAs.
References
External links
Town of Falmouth Official Website
Falmouth Historical Society
Falmouth Chamber of Commerce Tourist Information
1660 establishments in Massachusetts
Populated coastal places in Massachusetts
Populated places established in 1660
Towns in Barnstable County, Massachusetts
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259384 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orleans%20%28CDP%29%2C%20Massachusetts | Orleans (CDP), Massachusetts | Orleans is a census-designated place (CDP) in the town of Orleans in Barnstable County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 1,621 at the 2010 census.
Geography
The Orleans CDP consists of the main settlement in the town of Orleans, located in the northern part of the town. It is bordered to the north by the town of Eastham, to the northwest by Cape Cod Bay, to the southwest by the town of Brewster, to the south by Massachusetts Route 6A and Eldredge Parkway, and to the east by Massachusetts Route 28 and Town Cove. Routes 28 and 6A converge at the center of the village. U.S. Route 6 passes through the CDP and meets the two other highways at the Orleans Rotary at the eastern edge of the CDP.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of . of it is land, and of it (4.51%) is water.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,716 people, 867 households, and 390 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 289.3/km2 (747.7/mi2). There were 1,279 housing units at an average density of 215.6/km2 (557.3/mi2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 97.09% White, 0.52% Black or African American, 0.17% Native American, 0.64% Asian, 0.35% from other races, and 1.22% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.92% of the population.
There were 867 households, out of which 12.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 35.3% were married couples living together, 7.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 55.0% were non-families. 48.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 28.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.92 and the average family size was 2.59.
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 13.6% under the age of 18, 4.3% from 18 to 24, 19.9% from 25 to 44, 27.1% from 45 to 64, and 35.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 54 years. For every 100 females, there were 80.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 76.8 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $30,238, and the median income for a family was $44,130. Males had a median income of $39,792 versus $25,921 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $23,033. About 1.8% of families and 6.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including none of those under age 18 and 5.7% of those age 65 or over.
References
Census-designated places in Barnstable County, Massachusetts
Census-designated places in Massachusetts
Orleans, Massachusetts
Populated coastal places in Massachusetts | [
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259385 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orleans%2C%20Massachusetts | Orleans, Massachusetts | Orleans ( ) is a town in Barnstable County, Massachusetts situated along Cape Cod. The population was 6,307 at the 2020 census.
For geographic and demographic information on the census-designated place Orleans, please see the article Orleans (CDP), Massachusetts.
History
Orleans was first settled in 1693 by Pilgrims from the Plymouth Colony who were dissatisfied with the poor soil and small tracts of land granted to them. Originally the southern parish of neighboring Eastham, Orleans was officially incorporated in 1797. Orleans was named in honor of Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, in recognition of France's support for the 13 colonies during the American Revolution, and because the town did not want an English name, as they had been captured twice by the British during the war.
Early history, like much of the Cape, revolved around fishing, whaling and agriculture. As the fishing industry grew, salt works sprang up in the town to help preserve the catches. However, the town's growth helped deplete the town of lumber, a situation that did not begin to be remedied until the railroad came and brought lumber from the mainland in the mid-to-late 19th century. The rail also helped bring tourism to the town. In 1898, the French Cable Company built a transatlantic cable to Orleans, which operated from the French Cable Station. The town's historical society is located in the 1834 Universalist Meeting House.
In July 1918, Orleans was shelled by a German submarine; the only attack on the continental U.S during World War I.
The town's tourism industry was helped in 1961 with the creation of the Cape Cod National Seashore by President John F. Kennedy.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which is land and , or 37.59%, is water. Orleans is bordered by Eastham to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the east, Pleasant Bay and the town of Chatham to the south, Harwich to the southwest, Brewster to the west, and Cape Cod Bay to the northwest.
Orleans is south of Provincetown, east of Barnstable, east of the Sagamore Bridge, and southeast of Boston. Orleans is located on the inner "elbow" section of Cape Cod. Bogs and ponds dot the western part of town, while there are many inlets, islands and harbors along the eastern coast of the town, including Town Cove, Nauset Harbor, Pleasant Bay, and Little Pleasant Bay. Rock Harbor, bounded by and shared with the town of Eastham, is located in the "crease" of the inner elbow and provides boating access to Cape Cod Bay. Cape Cod National Seashore lies along the coast as well.
Transportation
The town line between Eastham and Orleans is the site of the termini of Massachusetts Routes 6A and 28. The two routes join in the Orleans town center and end at a rotary with Route 6 at the Eastham town line. Massachusetts Route 39, which traces a portion of the Brewster town line, ends in the southern part of Orleans at Route 28. Other than two small non-outleted lanes, only Route 6 and Bridge Road pass northward into Eastham. Orleans has no rail or air service in town. The nearest regional air service can be reached in nearby Chatham, and the nearest national and international airport is Logan International Airport in Boston.
Climate
The town of Orleans has a mild summer Humid continental climate (Dfb). The plant hardiness zone is 7a with an average annual extreme minimum air temperature of 4.0 °F (−15.6 °C). The average seasonal (Nov.–Apr.) snowfall total is around 30 in (76 cm). The average snowiest month is February which corresponds to the annual peak in nor'easter activity.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 6,341 people, 3,087 households, and 1,771 families residing in the town. The population density was 447.3 people per square mile (172.8/km2). There were 5,073 housing units at an average density of 357.9 per square mile (138.2/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 97.57% White, 0.58% Black or African American, 0.17% Native American, 0.54% Asian, 0.14% from other races, and 0.99% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.77% of the population.
There were 3,087 households, out of which 14.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.4% were married couples living together, 6.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 42.6% were non-families. Of all households, 37.2% were made up of individuals, and 21.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.00 and the average family size was 2.55.
In the town, the population was spread out, with 13.8% under the age of 18, 3.5% from 18 to 24, 17.3% from 25 to 44, 29.4% from 45 to 64, and 36.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 56 years. For every 100 females, there were 87.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.2 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $42,594, and the median income for a family was $62,909. Males had a median income of $44,246 versus $30,017 for females. The per capita income for the town was $29,553. About 2.7% of families and 6.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.6% of those under age 18 and 5.6% of those age 65 or over.
Government
Orleans is represented in the Massachusetts House of Representatives as a part of the Fourth Barnstable district, which includes (with the exception of Brewster) all the towns east and north of Harwich on the Cape. The town is represented in the Massachusetts Senate as a part of the Cape and Islands District, which includes all of Cape Cod, Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket except the towns of Bourne, Falmouth, Sandwich and a portion of Barnstable. The town is patrolled by the Second (Yarmouth) Barracks of Troop D of the Massachusetts State Police.
On the national level, Orleans is a part of Massachusetts's 9th congressional district, and is currently represented by William R. Keating. The state's senior (Class I) member of the United States Senate, elected in 2012, is Elizabeth Warren. The junior (Class II) member, elected in 2013, is Ed Markey.
Orleans is governed by the open town meeting form of government, and is led by a town secretary and a board of selectmen. The town has its own police and fire departments, both headquartered south of the Route 6A – Route 28 intersection. There are three post offices, in East Orleans, Orleans Center and South Orleans. The Snow Library, named for the original benefactor of the library, is located in Orleans Center, and is supported by the Cape Libraries Automated Materials Sharing (CLAMS) library network. The town also operates several beaches, boat landings, and small parks, and has a historical society and museum called the Centers for Culture and History in Orleans which meets in the town's original meeting house (across the street from the current Town Hall). Orleans is the site of a county courthouse, which serves much of the lower Cape.
Education
Orleans, along with Brewster, Eastham and Wellfleet, belongs to the Nauset Regional School District. Each town provides schooling for their own elementary students, and collectively send their middle and high school students to regional schools. Orleans operates the Orleans Elementary School for students from kindergarten through fifth grade. The town is home to Nauset Regional Middle School, which serves students from sixth through eighth grade for the district. High school students attend Nauset Regional High School in North Eastham, but also have the option of attending Cape Cod Regional Technical High School in Harwich free of charge.
Attacks in wartime
Orleans, being on Cape Cod, and thus an exposed portion of the coast, has been a target in wartime. In 1814 its residents repelled an invasion of British marines from HMS Newcastle. Nauset Beach was the only United States site hit by foreign munitions during World War I; the shells were apparently aimed at barges close off shore. This was the first time a foreign entity had fired artillery upon United States soil since the Siege of Fort Texas in 1848.
Orleans Arena Theater
The Orleans Arena Theater was founded by Betsy (born 1922) and Gordon Argo (born 1924) in 1950 for performing summer stock theater in the round. The couple's three children, Allison, Elizabeth and Walter, grew up around the theater and helped their parents run it. The children also acted in some of the theater's productions. Kurt Vonnegut, Jr. wrote a play, Penelope, that was performed at the theater. Penelope later became Happy Birthday, Wanda June, a feature film released in 1971. By 1976 the Argos had long since divorced and for various reasons the theater was sold by Mrs. Argo. It is now known as the Academy of Performing Arts.
Notable people
John Kendrick (1740–1794), maritime fur trader; one of the first Americans to visit the Pacific Northwest, the Hawaiian Islands, and China.
Victor A. Vyssotsky, mathematician and computer scientist
See also
Nauset Beach
References
External links
Town of Orleans official website
1693 establishments in Massachusetts
Populated coastal places in Massachusetts
Populated places established in 1693
Towns in Barnstable County, Massachusetts
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259386 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincetown%20%28CDP%29%2C%20Massachusetts | Provincetown (CDP), Massachusetts | Provincetown (CDP) is a census-designated place (CDP) in the town of Provincetown in Barnstable County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 2,642 at the 2010 census, out of 2,942 in the entire town.
Geography
The Provincetown CDP comprises the densely populated main settlement within the town of Provincetown. The CDP is bounded by U.S. Route 6 to the north, by the western extension of Massachusetts Route 6A (Province Lands Road) to the southwest, by Provincetown Harbor to the south, and by the Truro town line to the east.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of . of it is land, and of it (65.86%) is water.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 3,192 people, 1,726 households, and 429 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 680.9/km (1,759.3/mi). There were 3,712 housing units at an average density of 791.8/km (2,045.9/mi). The racial makeup of the CDP was 87.53% White, 7.49% Black or African American, 0.31% Native American, 0.50% Asian, 1.13% from other races, and 3.04% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.10% of the population.
There were 1,726 households, out of which 8.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 17.7% were married couples living together, 5.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 75.1% were non-families. 54.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.67 and the average family size was 2.62.
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 7.6% under the age of 18, 5.1% from 18 to 24, 36.4% from 25 to 44, 32.6% from 45 to 64, and 18.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 45 years. For every 100 females, there were 116.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 116.6 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $32,731, and the median income for a family was $39,786. Males had a median income of $30,655 versus $25,595 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $26,878. About 8.7% of families and 15.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 21.6% of those under age 18 and 17.3% of those age 65 or over.
References
Census-designated places in Barnstable County, Massachusetts
Provincetown, Massachusetts
Census-designated places in Massachusetts
Populated coastal places in Massachusetts | [
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259388 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandwich%20%28CDP%29%2C%20Massachusetts | Sandwich (CDP), Massachusetts | Sandwich is a village and census-designated place (CDP) in the town of Sandwich in Barnstable County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 2,962 at the 2010 census, out of a total 20,675 people in the town of Sandwich.
Geography
Sandwich village is located in the northwestern part of the town of Sandwich at (41.75891, -70.500174). It is bordered to the north by Massachusetts Route 6A and the Cape Cod Canal, to the northeast by Cape Cod Bay, to the east by the Dock Creek saltmarsh and the CDP of East Sandwich, to the south by U.S. Route 6 (the Mid-Cape Highway), and to the west by the town of Bourne.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of . of it is land, and of it (4.90%) is water.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 3,058 people, 1,379 households, and 864 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 329.8/km (854.5/mi). There were 1,706 housing units at an average density of 184.0/km (476.7/mi). The racial makeup of the CDP was 98.04% White, 0.23% Black or African American, 0.13% Native American, 0.49% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.46% from other races, and 0.62% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.65% of the population.
There were 1,379 households, out of which 21.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.3% were married couples living together, 9.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.3% were non-families. 32.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.21 and the average family size was 2.80.
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 19.1% under the age of 18, 5.2% from 18 to 24, 21.9% from 25 to 44, 30.0% from 45 to 64, and 23.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 48 years. For every 100 females, there were 85.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 81.0 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $56,184, and the median income for a family was $63,789. Males had a median income of $40,417 versus $32,963 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $30,817. About 2.3% of families and 4.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.8% of those under age 18 and 2.6% of those age 65 or over.
References
Census-designated places in Barnstable County, Massachusetts
Sandwich, Massachusetts
Census-designated places in Massachusetts
Populated coastal places in Massachusetts | [
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259389 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans%20von%20Ohain | Hans von Ohain | Hans Joachim Pabst von Ohain (14 December 191113 March 1998) was a German physicist, engineer, and the designer of the first operational jet engine. His first test unit ran on externally supplied hydrogen in March 1937, and it was a later development that powered the world's first flyable all-jet aircraft, the prototype of the Heinkel He 178 (He 178 V1) in late August 1939. In spite of these early successes, other German designs quickly eclipsed Ohain's, and none of his engine designs entered widespread production or operational use.
Ohain started to develop his first turbojet engine designs independently during the same period that Frank Whittle was working on his own similar designs in Britain, and their turbojet designs are said by some to be an example of simultaneous invention. However, Frank Whittle was already working on his design in the late 1920s and openly patented the design in 1930, a full seven years before Ohain's design ran. The core of Ohain's first jet engine, the Heinkel HeS 1, which he described as his 'hydrogen test engine' was run 'in March or early April' according to Ohain (although Ernst Heinkel's diaries record it as September 1937) but it was not self-sustaining, requiring externally supplied hydrogen. The engine required modifications to cure overtemperature problems and to fit a fuel system to enable it to run self-contained on liquid fuel which was achieved in September 1937, . Ohain's jet engine was the first to fly operationally within the Heinkel He 178 aircraft in 1939, which was followed by Whittle's engine within the Gloster E.28/39 in 1941. Operational jet fighter aircraft from both Germany and Britain entered operational use virtually simultaneously in July, 1944. After the war the two men met and became friends.
Early life and jet development
Born in Dessau, Germany, Ohain earned in 1933 a PhD in physics, with his thesis on an optical microphone to record sound directly to film, at the University of Göttingen, then one of the major centers for aeronautical research, having attended lectures by Ludwig Prandtl. In 1933, while still a student, he conceived what he called "an engine that did not require a propeller".
After receiving his second degree in Physics and Aerodynamics in 1935, Ohain became the junior assistant of Robert Wichard Pohl, then director of the Physical Institute of the University. In 1936, while working for Pohl, Ohain registered a patent on his version of a jet engine, Process and Apparatus for Producing Airstreams for Propelling Airplanes. Unlike Frank Whittle's Power Jets WU design, Ohain's used a centrifugal compressor and turbine placed very close together, back-to-back, with the flame cans wrapped around the outside of the assembly.
While working at the University, Ohain often took his sports car to be serviced at a local garage, Bartles and Becker. Here he met an automotive mechanic, Max Hahn, and eventually arranged for him to build a model of his design for around 1,000 Reichsmarks. The completed model was even larger in diameter than Whittle's fully working engine of 1937, although much shorter along its thrust axis. Ohain took the model to the University for testing but ran into serious problems with combustion stability. Often the fuel would not burn inside the flame cans and would be blown through the turbine, sending flames shooting out in the airstream and overheating the electric motor powering the compressor.
According to von Ohain, "My interest in jet engines began in about 1933. I found that the elegance of flying was spoiled by the enormous vibrations and noise from the piston engine/propeller combination. I came to the conclusion that a constant work process, i.e. constant compression, combustion, expansion, would have great advantages. Thus I chose a quite simple engine, a radial compressor with a radial turbine." However, the model he and Max Hahn built and tested in the courtyard of the Institute showed the combustion chamber needed further development. As a consequence, Pohl and von Ohain decided to approach Heinkel as someone who "doesn't back away from new ideas".
Heinkel
In February 1936, Pohl wrote to Ernst Heinkel, telling him about Ohain's design and its possibilities. Heinkel arranged a meeting between his engineers and Ohain, during which he argued that the current "garage engine" would never work, but that the concept upon which it was based was sound. The engineers were convinced, and in April Ohain and Hahn began working for Heinkel at the Marienehe airfield outside Rostock, in Warnemuende.
Working with Engineer Gundermann and Hahn in Special Development, von Ohain states: "Under pressure of aiming to bring a combustion chamber of unknown endurance to flight readiness, I came upon the idea of separating the turbine problem from the combustion chamber problem by using hydrogen fuel. As a physicist, I knew of course that the diffusion and combustion speed of gaseous hydrogen was substantially greater than that of petrol."
A study of the model's airflow resulted in several improvements over a two-month period. Encouraged by these findings, Ohain produced a new prototype that would run on hydrogen gas supplied by an external pressurised source. The resulting Heinkel-Strahltriebwerk 1 (HeS 1), German for Heinkel Jet Engine 1, was built by hand-picking some of the best machinists in the company, much to the chagrin of the shop-floor supervisors. Hahn, meanwhile, worked on the combustion problem, an area in which he had some experience.
The engine was extremely simple, made largely of sheet metal. Construction, by the blacksmith in his village, started late in the summer of 1936 and was completed in March 1937. Two weeks later the engine was running on hydrogen, but the high temperature exhaust led to considerable "burning" of the metal. The tests were otherwise successful, and in September the combustors were replaced and the engine was run on gasoline for the first time. Ohain had at last, albeit five months after Frank Whittle, working in parallel in England, run a self-contained turbojet. Running on gasoline proved to clog up the combustors, so Hahn designed a new version based on his soldering torch, which proved to work much better. Although the engine was never intended to be a flight-quality design, it proved beyond a doubt that the basic concept was workable, and Ohain had at last caught up with Whittle. With vastly more funding and industry support, Ohain would soon overtake Whittle and forge ahead.
In February 1937, the turbine was running on a test stand. According to von Ohain, "We were now working on a machine capable of powering an aircraft, the forerunner of the He-S3B. I had intended to put the combustion chamber between the compressor and the turbine, as we had done with the hydrogen unit, but Hahn suggested putting it ahead of them, which was an excellent idea." The He-S3 turbine was test flown by Erich Warsitz and Walter Künzel in a Heinkel He 118, providing additional throttled thrust to the conventional engine.
While work on the HeS 1 continued, the Pohl-Ohain team had already moved on to the design of a flight-quality engine, the HeS 3. The major differences were the use of machined compressor and turbine stages, replacing the bent and folded sheet metal, and a re-arrangement of the layout to reduce the cross-sectional area of the engine as a whole by placing the flame cans in an extended gap between the compressor and turbine. The original design proved to have a turbine area that was simply too small to work efficiently, and increasing the size of the turbine meant the flame cans would no longer fit into the gap correctly.
In the beginning of 1939, the He-S3A was fitted into the He 178 airframe for a standing display at Roggentin on 3 July 1939. Yet this turbine was still not powerful enough for flight. According to von Ohain, "We experimented with various combinations to modify the compressor diffuser and turbine nozzle vanes to increase thrust sufficiently to qualify the aircraft for the first flight demonstration. We found that a small diffuser behind the engine with a collar and splitter to divert flows functioned better than a high speed flow through the entire tube. The final result of the changes was the He-S3B."
A new design, the HeS 3b was proposed, which moved the flame cans out of the gap and modified their shape to allow the widest part of the cans to lie in front of the compressor's outer rim. In the HES 3b, compressed air was piped forward to the combustion chambers, and from there the hot air flowed rearward into the turbine inlet. While not as small as the original HeS 3 design, the 3b was nevertheless fairly compact. The 3b first ran in July 1939 (some references say in May), and was air-tested under the Heinkel He 118 dive bomber prototype. The original 3b engine soon burned out, but a second one was nearing completion at about the same time as a new test airframe, the Heinkel He 178, which first flew on 27 August 1939, the first jet-powered aircraft to fly by test pilot Erich Warsitz. Heinkel had applied, May 31, 1939, for a patent: US2256198 , an 'Aircraft power plant', inventor Max Hahn. First application for this patent in Germany was May, 1938.
Work started immediately on larger versions, first the HeS 6 which was simply a larger HeS 3b, and then on a new design known as the HeS 8 which once again re-arranged the overall layout. The 8 separated the compressor and turbine, connecting them with a long shaft, placing a single annular combustion chamber between them, replacing the individual flame cans. It was intended to install the engine on the Heinkel He 280 fighter, but the airframe development progressed much more smoothly than the engine, and had to be used in gliding tests while work on the engine continued. A flight-quality HeS 8 was installed in late March 1941, followed by the first flight on 2 April. Three days later the aircraft was demonstrated for a party of Nazi and RLM officials, all of whom were impressed. Full development funds soon followed.
By this point there were a number of turbojet developments taking place in Germany. Heinkel was so impressed by the concept that he arranged the transfer to the project of Adolph Müller from Junkers, who was developing an axial compressor-powered design, renamed as the Heinkel HeS 30. Müller left Junkers after they purchased the Junkers Motoren company, who had their own project under way, which by this time was known as the Junkers Jumo 004. Meanwhile, BMW was making good progress with its own design, the BMW 003.
By early 1942 the HeS 8, officially the 109-001 (HeS 001), was still not progressing well. Meanwhile, Müller's HeS 30, officially the 109-006 (HeS 006), was developing much more quickly. Both engines were still some time from being ready for production, however, while the 003 and 004 appeared to be ready to go. In early 1942 the director of jet development at the RLM, Helmut Schelp, refused further funding for both designs, and ordered Heinkel to work on a new "pet project" of his own, eventually becoming the Heinkel HeS 011. Although this was the first of Schelp's "Class II" engines to start working well, production had still not started when the war ended. Work continued on the HeS 8 for some time, but it was eventually abandoned in the spring of 1943.
It has long been claimed that Ohain was unaware of Whittle's work. While in a very strict sense this may be true - (in that he was unaware of Whittle's experiments at Lutterworth where the RAF engineer ran the world's first jet engine in March 1937), nevertheless Ohain had thoroughly studied Whittle's various patents for gas turbine engines, as is normal professional practice for any academic working in a similar field, prior to filing his own patent which was registered in 1935, some five years after Whittle's. In his biography, Ohain frankly critiqued Whittle's design:
"When I saw Whittle's patent I was almost convinced that it had something to do with boundary layer suction combinations. It had a two-flow, dual entrance flow radial flow compressor that looked monstrous from an engine point of view. Its flow reversal looked to us to be an undesirable thing, but it turned out that it wasn't so bad after although it gave some minor instability problems ... Our patent claims had to be narrowed in comparison to Whittle's because Whittle showed certain things." He then somewhat understandably justified their knowledge of Whittle's work by saying: "We felt that it looked like a patent of an idea ... We thought that it was not seriously being worked on."
Post-World War II
In 1947, Ohain was brought to the United States by Operation Paperclip and went to work for the United States Air Force at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base. In 1956 he was made the Director of the Air Force Aeronautical Research Laboratory and by 1975 he was the Chief Scientist of the Aero Propulsion Laboratory there.
During his work at Wright-Patterson, Ohain continued his own personal work on various topics. In the early 1960s he did a fair amount of work on the design of gas core reactor rockets which would retain the nuclear fuel while allowing the working mass to be used as exhaust. The engineering needed for this role was also used for a variety of other "down to earth" purposes, including centrifuges and pumps. Ohain would later use the basic mass-flow techniques of these designs to create a fascinating jet engine with no moving parts, in which the airflow through the engine created a stable vortex that acted as the compressor and turbine.
This interest in mass-flow led Ohain to research magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) for power generation, noting that the hot gases from a coal-fired plant could be used to extract power from their speed when exiting the combustion chamber, remaining hot enough to then power a conventional steam turbine. Thus an MHD generator could extract further power from the coal, and lead to greater efficiencies. Unfortunately this design has proven difficult to build due to a lack of proper materials, namely high-temperature non-magnetic materials that are also able to withstand the chemically active exhaust. Ohain also investigated other power related concepts.
He also invented the idea of the "jet wing", in which air from the compressor of a jet engine is bled off to large "augmented" vents in the wings to provide lift for VTOL aircraft. A small amount of high-pressure air is blown into a venturi, which in turn sucks a much larger volume of air along with it, thus leading to "thrust augmentation". The concept was used in the Rockwell XFV-12 experimental aircraft, although the market interest in VTOL aircraft was short-lived. He participated in several other patents.
Ohain was the influence in shifting the mind of Paul Bevilaqua, one of his students at WP-AFB, from math to engineering, which later enabled Bevilaqua to invent the Rolls-Royce LiftSystem for the JSF F35B STOVL: "in school I learned how to move the pieces, and Hans taught me how to play chess". Ohain also showed Bevilaqua "what those TS-diagrams actually mean".
During his career, Ohain won many engineering and management awards, including (among others) the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) Goddard Astronautics Award, the United States Air Force Exceptional Civilian Service Award, Systems Command Award for Exceptional Civilian Service, the Eugene M. Zuckert Management Award, the Air Force Special Achievement Award, and just before he retired, the Citation of Honor. In 1984–85, Ohain served as the Charles A. Lindbergh Chair in Aerospace History, a competitive senior fellowship at the National Air and Space Museum. In 1991 Ohain and Whittle were jointly awarded the Charles Stark Draper Prize for their work on turbojet engines. Ohain was elected a member of the U.S. National Academy of Engineering (NAE).
Awards
He retired from Wright-Patterson in 1979 and took up an associate professor position at the nearby University of Dayton. Ohain was awarded the Ludwig-Prandtl-Ring from the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Luft- und Raumfahrt (German Society for Aeronautics and Astronautics) for "outstanding contribution in the field of aerospace engineering" in 1992.
In 1982, Ohain was inducted into the International Air & Space Hall of Fame at the San Diego Air & Space Museum.
Death
Ohain later moved to Melbourne, Florida, with his wife Hanny, where he died in 1998, aged 86. He was survived by four children.
See also
List of German inventors and discoverers
Nathan C. Price
Frank Whittle
References
General
External links
Hans von Ohain, U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission.
entry of Hans von Ohain in Rostock Matrikelportal
1911 births
1998 deaths
Draper Prize winners
German aerospace engineers
German emigrants to the United States
20th-century German inventors
German people of World War II
20th-century German physicists
Heinkel
Jet engine pioneers
Ludwig-Prandtl-Ring recipients
Operation Paperclip
People from Dessau-Roßlau
People from the Duchy of Anhalt
University of Göttingen alumni
Engineers from Saxony-Anhalt | [
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259390 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandwich%2C%20Massachusetts | Sandwich, Massachusetts | Sandwich is a town in Barnstable County, Massachusetts, and is the oldest town on Cape Cod. The town motto is Post tot Naufracia Portus, "after so many shipwrecks, a haven". The population was 20,259 at the 2020 census.
History
Cape Cod was inhabited for thousands of years by Native Americans prior to European colonization. In the contact period, Sandwich was occupied by the Eastern Algonquian speaking Wampanoag who aided the Pilgrims of Plymouth Colony in the 1620s. Despite significant losses of life and cultural heritage due to virgin soil epidemics, King Philip's War, and conversion and assimilation efforts that pushed them into Praying Towns, the Mashpee Wompanoag still live on Cape Cod and efforts are underway to revive the Wompanoag language.
A group of English settlers from Saugus, Massachusetts colonized Sandwich in 1637 with the permission of the Plymouth Colony. It is named for the seaport of Sandwich, Kent, England. It was incorporated in 1639 and is the oldest town on Cape Cod, together with Yarmouth, Massachusetts. The western portion of the town was separated from the original Town of Sandwich and became the town of Bourne in 1884.
There are many historic homes in Sandwich, including the Benjamin Nye Homestead on Old County Road (formerly known as Old King's Highway) and the Benjamin Holway House built in 1789 at 379 Route 6A. This property hosts one of the original Nye Homestead structures built in 1698, believed to have originally served as either a tavern or a shop. It is now used as a law office.
Sandwich was the site of an early Quaker settlement and today hosts the oldest continuous Quaker Meeting in the U.S. There were some conflicts with other religious groups, and so some Quakers left the town for further settlements elsewhere, including Dartmouth, Massachusetts. Many of Sandwich's prominent families have Quaker ties.
Early industry revolved around agriculture, with fishing and trading also providing for the town. Later, the town grew a small industrial component along the Scusset River and Old Harbor Creek and its tributaries. Today, most of its industry revolves around tourism.
Deming Jarves founded the Boston & Sandwich Glass Factory in 1825. Sandwich had proximity to a shallow harbor, was a possible canal site, and had local supplies of timber to fuel the glass furnaces. The glass works primarily made lead glass and was known for its use of color. Jarves received several patents for his improvements in glass mold designs and pressing techniques. The factory declined after the American Civil War due to competition from Ohio, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia companies that produced less expensive pressed soda-lime glass tableware.
The Cape Cod Canal was constructed through the town starting in 1909, opening for travel in 1914. The Canal Generating Plant went online in 1968.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which is land and , or 3.32%, is water. Sandwich is bordered by Cape Cod Bay to the north, Barnstable to the east, Mashpee and Falmouth to the south, and Bourne to the west. It is approximately south-southeast of Boston.
Sandwich is the site of the Cape Cod Bay entrance to the Cape Cod Canal. The northern point of Sandwich, where Sagamore Hill and Scusset Beach State Reservation lie, is divided from the rest of the town by the canal. The town is also the location of the Shawme-Crowell State Forest and the Massachusetts State Game Farm. The town is home to six beaches along the shores of Cape Cod Bay. The rest of the town's geography is typical of the rest of the Cape, with many small ponds and hills, with most of the trees being pine or oak. Sandwich is also the site of Old Harbor Creek, a large inlet with several other small creeks feeding it, which once served to provide safe harbor for ships.
Climate
According to the Köppen climate classification system, Sandwich, Massachusetts has a warm-summer, wet all year, humid continental climate (Dfb). Dfb climates are characterized by at least one month having an average mean temperature ≤ 32.0 °F (≤ 0.0 °C), at least four months with an average mean temperature ≥ 50.0 °F (≥ 10.0 °C), all months with an average mean temperature ≤ 71.6 °F (≤ 22.0 °C), and no significant precipitation difference between seasons. The average seasonal (Nov-Apr) snowfall total is around 30 in (76 cm). The average snowiest month is February which corresponds with the annual peak in nor'easter activity. According to the United States Department of Agriculture, the plant hardiness zone is 6b with an average annual extreme minimum air temperature of -0.7 °F (-18.2 °C).
Ecology
According to the A. W. Kuchler U.S. Potential natural vegetation Types, Sandwich, Massachusetts would primarily contain a Northeastern Oak/Pine (110) vegetation type with a Southern Mixed Forest (26) vegetation form.
Transportation
U.S. Route 6, also known as the Mid-Cape Highway on Cape Cod, passes through the town to the north of Otis Air National Guard Base as a four-lane divided freeway. There are three exits off this route within town. Massachusetts Route 6A passes through town to the north of Route 6, and is the town's main local road. The northern terminus of Massachusetts Route 130 is near the intersection of Routes 6 and 6A within town. The road passes along the eastern side of Otis on its way towards Mashpee.
Freight rail service is provided by the Massachusetts Coastal Railroad. The Cape Cod Central Railroad, which operates seasonal tourist excursions from Hyannis to Buzzards Bay, serves Sandwich via a station in the western section of the town.
The nearest MBTA's commuter rail stations are the Kingston/Route 3 and Middleborough/Lakeville stations, both of which provide direct service to Boston. There is also seasonal passenger rail available in nearby Hyannis and Bourne via the CapeFlyer, which runs to Boston's South Station along the Middleborough/Lakeville line. The nearest inter-city (Amtrak) passenger rail stations are Boston's South Station and Providence.
The town was one that had been served by Amtrak's Cape Codder train service (1986-1996); however, it has been eliminated from the schedule of the seasonal Cape Flyer train service. From the 19th century, under the Old Colony Railroad, and until 1964 under the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad, passenger trains served Sandwich. Trains of the 1940s-1960s included the Day Cape Codder and the Neptune.
The nearest private and regional air service can be found in Barnstable, and the nearest national and international airport is Logan International Airport in Boston.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 20,136 people, 7,335 households, and 5,515 families residing in the town. The population density was 467.9 people per square mile (180.6/km2). There were 8,748 housing units at an average density of 78.5 persons/km2 (203.3 persons/sq mi). The racial makeup of the town was 97.75% White, 0.38% African American, 0.31% Native American, 0.54% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.32% from other races, and 0.69% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.80% of the population.
There were 7,335 households, out of which 38.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 65.0% were married couples living together, 8.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.8% were non-families. 20.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.72 and the average family size was 3.18.
In the town, the population was spread out, with 28.4% under the age of 18, 4.9% from 18 to 24, 27.7% from 25 to 44, 25.3% from 45 to 64, and 13.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.2 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $61,250 and the median income for a family was $66,553. Males had a median income of $49,195 versus $33,516 for females. The per capita income for the town was $26,895. About 2.2% of families and 3.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.3% of those under the age of 18 and 4.1% ages 65 years or older.
Government
Sandwich is represented by State Representative Steven Xiarhos in the Massachusetts House of Representatives as a part of the Fifth Barnstable District, which also includes portions of Barnstable, Bourne and Plymouth. The town is represented by State Senator Susan Moran in the Massachusetts Senate as a part of the Plymouth and Barnstable district, which includes Bourne, Falmouth, Kingston, Pembroke, Plymouth, and Plympton. The town is patrolled by the Sandwich Police Department. The Police Department has 28 full-time staff members, including Chief, Lieutenants, Sergeants, Detectives, Patrol Officers and support staff. The Sandwich Board of Selectmen has five members: Robert George, Shane Hoctor, Susan James, Michael Miller, and David Sampson.
On the national level, Sandwich is a part of Massachusetts's 9th congressional district, and is currently represented by William Keating. The state's junior (Class II) member of the United States Senate is Ed Markey. The senior (Class I) senator is Elizabeth Warren.
Sandwich is governed by the open town meeting form of government. Day-to-day operation is led by a board of selectmen, which appoints a town manager. The town manager is George H. "Bud" Dunham, who has served in that role for more than 30 years. The town operates a police department, and a fire department consisting of three fire stations. There are three post offices in town (East Sandwich, Sandwich, and Forestdale). The Sandwich Public Library is located in the town's center, and belongs to the Old Colony Library Network, the Southeastern Massachusetts Regional Library System, and the Massachusetts Library Information Network. Sandwich has a public access television station (PEG) Sandwich Community TV which archives all government meetings on its website.
Education
Sandwich operates its own public school system. Forestdale PreK-2, Oak Ridge 3-6, STEM Academy 7-8. The STEM Academy is located in the town's High School. Sandwich High School, located in East Sandwich, operates Grades 7-12. The school teams are called the Blue Knights, and their colors are navy blue, Columbia blue, and white.
High school students may also choose to attend the Upper Cape Cod Regional Technical High School in Bourne free of charge (Sandwich taxpayers contribute to that school's budget) as well as Sturgis Charter Public School in Hyannis. Students may also choose to attend private schools in Barnstable, Bourne, Falmouth or other neighboring communities. A few Sandwich students choose to attend private high schools off-Cape, such as Tabor Academy, Sacred Heart High School, and Bishop Stang High School.
Attractions
There are several attractions in Sandwich, including Heritage Museums and Gardens, the Wing Fort House, the Sandwich Glass Museum, the Thornton Burgess Museum, Hoxie House (the oldest house on Cape Cod), the Daniel Webster Inn, the Dexter Grist Mill (the oldest mill on Cape Cod), the Sandwich Friends (Quaker) Meetinghouse (the oldest in North America), and Shawme Lake. Sandwich is home to numerous art galleries, as well as rare book and antique stores. Many of these attractions are found within the Town Hall Square Historic District and Jarvesville Historic District within the town. Sandwich is also home to a major portion of Otis Air National Guard Base, including half the land that the runways are on.
The Sandwich boardwalk is located in downtown and leads to the Town Beach on Cape Cod Bay. It is a popular tourist attraction and was elected by National Geographic in July 2010 as one of the top ten boardwalks in the United States. It is 1,350 feet long, from Scorton Creek to the Cape Cod Canal, and crossing the Creek Mill and the marsh. It was created in 1875 by Gustavus Howland, the son of Ellis Howland who built the town hall. In 1991, it was almost completely destroyed by Hurricane Bob. It was rebuilt in 1992, financed through the sale of 1,700 personalized planks with engravings. It was damaged by blizzards in March 2018, but was rebuilt and reopened in June 2018.
Notable people
Charles Higbee Bridges (1873–1948), Adjutant General of the United States Army 1928–1933
Thornton Burgess (1874–1965), conservationist and author of the Old Mother West Wind and Bedtime Stories series
Ed Conley (1864-1894), Major League Baseball pitcher
Edmund Freeman, one of the town's founders, Deputy Governor of Plymouth Colony under Governor William Bradford and Governor Edward Winslow
Nathaniel Freeman Jr. (1766-1800), Massachusetts's 5th congressional district Representative for the Democratic-Republican Party 1795-1799 and Massachusetts militia brigade major
Duff Goldman (1974- ), pastry chef, television personality, and cookbook author; Sandwich High School, Class of 1993
Willard Woodard (1824–1891), Chicago politician, publisher, and parks advocate
References
External links
Town website
Sandwich Chamber of Commerce
Populated coastal places in Massachusetts
Towns in Barnstable County, Massachusetts
Populated places established in 1637
1637 establishments in Massachusetts | [
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259391 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adams%20%28CDP%29%2C%20Massachusetts | Adams (CDP), Massachusetts | Adams is a census-designated place (CDP) located in the town of Adams in Berkshire County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 5,515 at the 2010 census, out of 8,485 in the entire town of Adams.
Geography
Adams CDP is located in the center of the town of Adams at (42.625349, -73.118249). Massachusetts Route 8 passes through the center of the community, leading north to North Adams and south towards Pittsfield. Massachusetts Route 116 leaves southeast from the center of town, leading eventually to Amherst in the Connecticut River valley.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the Adams CDP has a total area of , of which is land and , or 1.36%, is water.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 5,784 people, 2,729 households, and 1,555 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 988.1/km (2,554.6/mi²). There were 3,005 housing units at an average density of 513.4/km (1,327.2/mi²). The racial makeup of the CDP was 98.24% White, 0.35% Black or African American, 0.12% Native American, 0.21% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.36% from other races, and 0.69% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.02% of the population.
There were 2,729 households, out of which 25.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.1% were married couples living together, 12.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 43.0% were non-families. 39.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 20.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.12 and the average family size was 2.80.
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 21.9% under the age of 18, 6.5% from 18 to 24, 26.5% from 25 to 44, 22.9% from 45 to 64, and 22.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 87.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82.3 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $28,703, and the median income for a family was $37,574. Males had a median income of $31,096 versus $23,802 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $18,210. About 7.9% of families and 11.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.7% of those under age 18 and 11.9% of those age 65 or over.
References
Census-designated places in Berkshire County, Massachusetts
Census-designated places in Massachusetts | [
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259393 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great%20Barrington%20%28CDP%29%2C%20Massachusetts | Great Barrington (CDP), Massachusetts | Great Barrington is a census-designated place (CDP) located in the town of Great Barrington in Berkshire County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 2,231 at the 2010 census, out of 7,104 in the entire town of Great Barrington.
Geography
The Great Barrington CDP is located near the center of the town of Great Barrington at (42.19532, -73.362645), along the Housatonic River. U.S. Route 7 (Main Street) passes through the center of the CDP, leading north to Stockbridge, Lenox, and Pittsfield, and south to Sheffield then into Connecticut. Massachusetts Route 23 also passes through CDP on Main Street but leads east to Monterey, Otis, and beyond, and west to Egremont and then into New York. Massachusetts Route 41 also uses Main Street in Great Barrington and leads north to West Stockbridge and southwest through South Egremont towards Connecticut.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the Great Barrington CDP has a total area of , of which is land and , or 3.30%, is water.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,459 people, 1,184 households, and 590 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 668.6/km2 (1,737.7/mi2). There were 1,282 housing units at an average density of 348.6/km2 (906.0/mi2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 92.84% White, 3.09% Black or African American, 0.33% Native American, 1.02% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 1.26% from other races, and 1.42% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.97% of the population.
There were 1,184 households, out of which 24.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 34.6% were married couples living together, 11.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 50.1% were non-families. 42.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.06 and the average family size was 2.84.
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 21.5% under the age of 18, 8.6% from 18 to 24, 27.7% from 25 to 44, 25.9% from 45 to 64, and 16.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 87.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.2 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $35,077, and the median income for a family was $53,542. Males had a median income of $31,653 versus $28,846 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $23,390. About 2.5% of families and 8.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.7% of those under age 18 and 5.9% of those age 65 or over.
References
Census-designated places in Berkshire County, Massachusetts
Census-designated places in Massachusetts | [
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259395 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee%20%28CDP%29%2C%20Massachusetts | Lee (CDP), Massachusetts | Lee is a census-designated place (CDP) located in the town of Lee in Berkshire County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 2,051 at the 2010 census, out of 5,943 in the entire town of Lee.
Geography
The Lee CDP is located in the center of the town of Lee at (42.306929, -73.247351). U.S. Route 20 passes through the CDP as Main Street and Housatonic Street, leading north to Lenox and Pittsfield and south to Interstate 90 (the Massachusetts Turnpike), which forms the southern edge of the CDP and accesses it via Turnpike Exit 2. The Housatonic River flows north to south through the center of the CDP.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , of which is land and , or 2.68%, is water.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,021 people, 901 households, and 500 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 573.8/km2 (1,481.9/mi2). There were 953 housing units at an average density of 270.6/km2 (698.8/mi2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 95.50% White, 1.39% Black or African American, 0.15% Native American, 0.89% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 1.24% from other races, and 0.79% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.50% of the population.
There were 901 households, out of which 27.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.4% were married couples living together, 10.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 44.4% were non-families. 38.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.20 and the average family size was 2.88.
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 21.8% under the age of 18, 9.0% from 18 to 24, 29.4% from 25 to 44, 22.9% from 45 to 64, and 17.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 89.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.8 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $32,183, and the median income for a family was $41,588. Males had a median income of $32,188 versus $25,741 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $18,069. About 7.0% of families and 13.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.7% of those under age 18 and 4.1% of those age 65 or over.
References
Census-designated places in Berkshire County, Massachusetts
Census-designated places in Massachusetts | [
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259396 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee%2C%20Massachusetts | Lee, Massachusetts | Lee is a town in Berkshire County, Massachusetts, United States. It is part of the Pittsfield, Massachusetts, metropolitan statistical area. The population was 5,788 at the 2020 census. Lee, which includes the villages of South and East Lee, is part of the Berkshires resort area.
History
Lee occupies land that was originally territory of Mahican Indians. The first non-native settlement in the area was known as Dodgetown as early as 1760. Dodgetown was named after its founding settler, Asahel Dodge, who immigrated to the area from Cape Cod. Lee was incorporated in 1777 from parts of Great Barrington and Washington. It is named after Revolutionary War General Charles Lee. Lee is a former mill town.
In the autumn of 1786 during Shays' Rebellion, about 250 followers of Daniel Shays encountered state troops commanded by General John Paterson near East Lee. The Shaysites paraded a fake cannon crafted from a yarn beam, and the troops fled.
Early industries included agriculture, lumbering, and lime making. Abundant streams and rivers provided water power for mills that produced textiles and wire. Papermaking became the principal industry in 1806 with the construction of the Willow Mill by Samuel Church in South Lee. The Columbia Mill in central Lee was established in 1827, and eventually became the first to supply 100% groundwood newsprint to The New York Times. By 1857, there were 25 paper mills in Lee. The Smith Paper Company discovered how to manufacture paper solely from wood pulp in 1867, and through the 1870s was the country's largest producer of paper. The mills previously owned by Smith Paper Company were closed in 2008. Today, Lee has only a single papermaking facility.
The town's marble is famous for its quality. The first quarry was established in 1852. In 1867, almost of marble was excavated and shipped on the Housatonic Railroad. Buildings constructed of Lee marble include a wing of the Capitol in Washington, 250 sculptures adorning Philadelphia City Hall, as well as the General Grant National Memorial, and St. Patrick's Cathedral (both in New York City).
The town's 19th-century prosperity is still evident in its architecture, including its town hall, library, several churches and private homes. South Lee includes a historic district listed on the National Register.
Lee has become a popular tourist destination, noted both for its New England charm and its bed and breakfast establishments. It is known as the "Gateway to The Berkshires" because it provides one of only two exits on the Massachusetts Turnpike that serve the county, and the only one going eastbound.
Arlo Guthrie's court appearance before the blind judge and his seeing-eye dog for dumping garbage as described in the song "Alice's Restaurant" took place in the courtroom at the Lee Town Hall.
Lee was a filming location for Before and After (1996) and The Cider House Rules (1999).
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which is land and , or 3.22%, is water. Lee is bordered by Lenox to the northwest, Washington to the northeast, Becket to the east, Tyringham in the southeast, Great Barrington to the southwest, and Stockbridge to the west. Lee is south of Pittsfield, west-northwest of Springfield, and west of Boston.
Lee is in the southern section of the Berkshires, in a valley along the Housatonic River. It is west of October Mountain State Forest, with two sections of the forest in Lee. In the southwest corner of town lies a portion of Beartown State Forest, where Burgoyne Pass crosses the northern end of the mountain. Hop Brook, a marshy brook which flows from Tyringham, flows into the Housatonic in the south; other bodies of water include Laurel Lake to the north and Goose Pond to the southeast. The Appalachian Trail skirts the eastern part of town, passing through Tyringham, Becket and Washington.
Lee is on Interstate 90 (the Massachusetts Turnpike), and is home to Exit 2, the westernmost full exit on the turnpike (Exit 1, in West Stockbridge, is only a turnaround exit) as well as the first service area along the Pike. Lee is also on U.S. Route 20, the "old Mass Pike", which was the main route to New York until the interstate. A small section of U.S. Route 7 crosses through the northwest corner of town before meeting Route 20 in Lenox. Massachusetts Route 102's eastern terminus is at Route 20 at the Exit 2 toll plaza.
Lee lies along the Housatonic Railroad line, which travels from Pittsfield to Great Barrington and Sheffield, terminating near at New Milford, Connecticut, near Danbury. The line is still the area's primary rail link to New York City's metropolitan area, Boston, and Albany. As of 2013 negotiations are underway to restore rail commuter service between the Berkshires and New York City along this route. The town is covered by the Berkshire Regional Transit Authority (BRTA) bus line, which runs between Pittsfield and Great Barrington. Regional bus services make regular daily stops, and maintain year-round schedules through Lee. Peter Pan and Bonanza Bus Lines each make scheduled stops at Town Hall.
Regional air service can be reached at Pittsfield Municipal Airport. The nearest national and international air services can be reached at Albany International Airport in Albany, New York, about away. Bradley International Airport, near Hartford, Connecticut, approximately from Lee, is also a popular option.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 5,985 people, 2,442 households, and 1,606 families residing in the town. By population, Lee ranks seventh out of the 32 cities and towns in Berkshire County, and 227th out of 351 cities and towns in Massachusetts. The population density was 226.7 people per square mile (87.5/km2), which ranks sixth in the county and 241st in the Commonwealth. There were 2,927 housing units at an average density of 110.9 per square mile (42.8/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 96.93% White, 0.62% Black or African American, 0.15% Native American, 0.95% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.74% from other races, and 0.60% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.49% of the population.
There were 2,492 households, out of which 28.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.7% were married couples living together, 10.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.2% were non-families. 28.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.39 and the average family size was 2.91.
In the town, the population was spread out, with 22.1% under the age of 18, 7.0% from 18 to 24, 28.5% from 25 to 44, 25.6% from 45 to 64, and 16.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.1 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $41,556, and the median income for a family was $49,630. Males had a median income of $35,565 versus $26,232 for females. The per capita income for the town was $19,799. About 2.5% of families and 6.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.4% of those under age 18 and 4.2% of those age 65 or over.
Government
Lee is the least populous municipality in Massachusetts not to use the open town meeting form of government; instead, it uses the representative town meeting, and is led by a board of selectmen and a town administrator. Lee has its own police, fire and public works departments, as well as a post office. The town's library is a member of the regional library networks.
On the state level, Lee is represented in the Massachusetts House of Representatives by the Fourth Berkshire district, which covers southern Berkshire County, as well as the westernmost towns in Hampden County. In the Massachusetts Senate, the town is represented by the Berkshire, Hampshire and Franklin district, which includes all of Berkshire County and western Hampshire and Franklin counties. The town is home to the First Station of Barracks "B" of the Massachusetts State Police.
On the national level, Lee is part of Massachusetts's 1st congressional district, represented by Richard Neal of Springfield, Massachusetts. Massachusetts is represented in the United States Senate by senior Senator Elizabeth Warren and junior Senator Ed Markey.
Education
Lee operates its own school department, which also serves the town of Tyringham, and has an option to serve Otis and Sandisfield. Lee Elementary School serves students from pre-kindergarten through sixth grades, and the Lee Middle and High School serves students from seventh through twelfth grades. Lee's athletics teams are nicknamed the Wildcats, and their colors are black and orange. Additionally, Lee is home to Saint Mary's School, a parochial school which serves students through eighth grade. Other private schools can be found in Great Barrington and other surrounding towns.
The nearest community college is the South County Center of Berkshire Community College in Great Barrington, and the nearest state university is Massachusetts College of Liberal Arts. The nearest private college is Bard College at Simon's Rock.
Sites of interest
Festival Latino of the Berkshires
Golden Hill Bridge
Hyde House
Hyde School
Lee historic railroad station
Lower Main Street Historic District
Museum of Animation, Special Effects & Art
October Mountain State Forest
South Lee Historic District
Unique Specialty Shops of Main Street
Notable residents
John M. Barlow, politician and businessman
Nathan B. Bradley, congressman
Henry Billings Brown, Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court
Michelle Cuevas, author
Thomas C. Durant, financier and railroad promoter
Frank Dwyer, baseball pitcher
Elisha Foote, judge, inventor, and mathematician
Henri Gosselin, politician
Addison H. Laflin, congressman
Wayne Larrivee, sportscaster
Debra Jo Rupp, actress
Augusta Read Thomas, composer
Edward V. Whiton, Chief Justice of the Wisconsin Supreme Court
Notes
References
External links
Lee Library
Lee Chamber of Commerce
TownofLee.com
Towns in Berkshire County, Massachusetts
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259398 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenox%20%28CDP%29%2C%20Massachusetts | Lenox (CDP), Massachusetts | Lenox, also known as Lenox Center, is a census-designated place (CDP) in the town of Lenox in Berkshire County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 1,675 at the 2010 census, out of 5,025 in the entire town of Lenox.
Geography
The Lenox CDP is located southwest of the geographic center of the town of Lenox at (42.35722, -73.284172). It is bordered to the south and west by the town of Stockbridge. Massachusetts Route 7A passes through the center of the CDP, heading north on Main Street and south on Kemble Street. In both directions it ends at U.S. Route 7, which bypasses the town center and forms the eastern edge of the CDP. Massachusetts Route 183 crosses Route 7A in the center of town, leading southeast through Lenox Dale towards East Lee, and southwest into the Interlaken part of Stockbridge.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the Lenox CDP has a total area of , of which , or 0.53%, is water.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,667 people, 885 households, and 386 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 359.6/km2 (931.5/mi2). There were 1,045 housing units at an average density of 225.4/km2 (584.0/mi2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 97.66% White, 0.60% Black or African American, 0.06% Native American, 0.78% Asian, 0.36% from other races, and 0.54% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.74% of the population.
There were 885 households, out of which 15.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 34.6% were married couples living together, 7.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 56.3% were non-families. 49.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 29.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.84 and the average family size was 2.69.
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 15.4% under the age of 18, 4.7% from 18 to 24, 21.7% from 25 to 44, 24.6% from 45 to 64, and 33.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 51 years. For every 100 females, there were 71.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 67.4 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $35,662, and the median income for a family was $60,893. Males had a median income of $41,875 versus $35,208 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $23,810. About 3.6% of families and 12.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.7% of those under age 18 and 12.3% of those age 65 or over.
References
External links
Town of Lenox, Massachusetts
Lenox Library
Census-designated places in Berkshire County, Massachusetts
Census-designated places in Massachusetts | [
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259400 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamstown%20%28CDP%29%2C%20Massachusetts | Williamstown (CDP), Massachusetts | Williamstown is a census-designated place (CDP) in the town of Williamstown in Berkshire County, Massachusetts, United States. The population of the CDP was 4,325 at the 2010 census, out of 7,754 in the entire town.
Geography
The Williamstown CDP is located in the northeast part of the town of Williamstown at (42.709577, -73.197396). Williams College occupies much of the center of the CDP. At the west side of campus is the intersection of U.S. Route 7 and Massachusetts Route 2. Route 2 leads east through the CDP as Main Street, then becomes the Mohawk Trail as it continues east towards North Adams and the Connecticut River valley. Route 7 leaves to the north as North Street towards Vermont, and the two highways leave to the south as Cold Spring Road.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of . of it is land, and , or 0.95%, is water. The Hoosic River, a tributary of the Hudson River, forms the northern edge of the CDP, and the Green River flows into the Hoosic River from the south.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 4,754 people, 1,368 households, and 715 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 536.7/km (1,389.8/mi). There were 1,550 housing units at an average density of 175.0/km (453.1/mi). The racial makeup of the CDP was 86.87% White, 3.83% Black or African American, 0.06% Native American, 4.80% Asian, 0.11% Pacific Islander, 1.20% from other races, and 3.13% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.64% of the population.
There were 1,368 households, out of which 21.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.9% were married couples living together, 7.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 47.7% were non-families. 40.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 18.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.04 and the average family size was 2.75.
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 11.7% under the age of 18, 45.0% from 18 to 24, 13.8% from 25 to 44, 15.8% from 45 to 64, and 13.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 22 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.3 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $40,223, and the median income for a family was $70,000. Males had a median income of $44,167 versus $23,702 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $20,859. About 0.4% of families and 7.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1.7% of those under age 18 and 4.6% of those age 65 or over.
References
Census-designated places in Berkshire County, Massachusetts
Census-designated places in Massachusetts
Williamstown, Massachusetts | [
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259401 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamstown%2C%20Massachusetts | Williamstown, Massachusetts | Williamstown is a town in Berkshire County, in the northwest corner of Massachusetts, United States. It shares a border with Vermont to the north and New York to the west. It is part of the Pittsfield, Massachusetts Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 7,513 at the 2020 census. A college town, it is home to Williams College, the Clark Art Institute and the Tony-awarded Williamstown Theatre Festival.
History
Originally called West Hoosac, the area was first settled in 1749. Prior to this time its position along the Mohawk Trail made it ideal Mohican hunting grounds. Its strategic location bordering Dutch colonies in New York led to its settlement, because it was needed as a buffer to stop the Dutch from encroaching on Massachusetts. Fort West Hoosac, the westernmost blockhouse and stockade in Massachusetts, was built in 1756. The town was incorporated in 1765 as Williamstown according to the will of Col. Ephraim Williams, who was killed in the French and Indian War. He bequeathed a significant sum to the town on the condition that the town would be named after him and that a free school would be established. In 1791 the school opened but only lasted a short time as a free school. It became Williams College in 1793.
The primary industry was agriculture, particularly dairy farming, sheep herding and wool production. Sawmills and gristmills operated by water power at the streams. With the Industrial Revolution larger mills were added, including the Walley Mill and Williamstown Manufacturing Company (Station Mill), both of which produced textiles. The A. Loop & Company (Water Street Mill) produced twine. With the opening of the railroad, tourists arrived. Several inns and hotels were established, including the Idlewild Hotel and Greylock Hotel. In the late 1930s and 1940s, E. Parmelee Prentice and his wife Alta, the daughter of John D. Rockefeller, created Mount Hope Farm. With a mansion designed by James Gamble Rogers, it was one of the outstanding experimental farms in the country. Today, it belongs to Williams College, which remains the largest employer in town.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which is land and , or 0.27%, is water. Located in the Berkshires, Williamstown is drained by the Hoosic River.
Williamstown is the northwesternmost town in Massachusetts. The town is bordered on the north by Pownal, Vermont, on the east by Clarksburg, North Adams and Adams, on the south by New Ashford and Hancock, and on the west by Berlin and Petersburgh, New York.
The town proper lies southwest of the confluence of the Green River and the Hoosic River. To the west, the Taconic Range lines the N.Y. state border and is where Taconic Trail State Park is located. Brodie Mountain rises to the south of town, and Mount Greylock State Reservation occupies the southwest corner of town, with the peak of Mount Greylock and its subsidiary peak Mount Fitch just over the line in Adams. The highest point in town is at above sea level, just west of the summit of Greylock. The Appalachian Trail skirts the town twice, near the southeast corner of town and again along the North Adams border. To the northeast, Pine Cobble lies along the Clarksburg town line, and to the north lies the Green Mountain National Forest in Vermont.
U.S. Route 7 passes from north to south through the town, crossing into Vermont to the north and New Ashford to the south. Massachusetts Route 2 begins in the town, starting from New York State Route 2 at the Petersburg Pass, then combining with Route 7 for a stretch before heading east into North Adams. From Route 7 westward, it is known as the Taconic Trail; the road does not become the Mohawk Trail in the east until passing through North Adams. Route 43 also begins at Route 2 and heads southward towards Hancock, crossing Route 7 near the fork of the east and west branches of the Green River.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 8,424 people, 2,753 households, and 1,693 families residing in the town. Williamstown is the fourth-largest town in Berkshire County, and ranks 189th out of the 351 cities and towns in Massachusetts by population. The population density was 179.7 people per square mile (69.4/km), ranking it 7th in the county and 264th in the Commonwealth. There were 3,053 housing units at an average density of 65.1 per square mile (25.1/km).
In 2017, the population of the town was estimated at 7,623. The racial makeup of the town in 2017 was 81.6% white (77.8% non-Hispanic white), 5.1% black, 0.9% Native American, 6.3% Asian (1.8% Chinese, 0.9% Korean, 0.9% Japanese, 0.5% Cambodian, 0.4% Nepalese, 0.3% Indonesian, 0.3% Indian, 0.3% Vietnamese, 0.2% Filipino, 0.2% Sri Lankan, 0.1% Thai), 0.00% Pacific Islander, 1.7% from other races, and 4.3% from two or more races. Hispanics and Latinos of any race were 7.5% of the population (3.1% Puerto Rican, 1.7% Mexican, 0.4% Dominican, 0.3% Cuban, 0.3% Ecuadorian, 0.3% Spanish, 0.2% Colombian, 0.2% Nicaraguan, 0.1% Costa Rican, 0.1% Guatemalan). The ten largest ancestry groups in the town were Irish (15.0%), English (12.5%), German (10.9%), Italian (9.7%), French (6.8%), Polish (6.7%), Scottish (3.9%), French-Canadian (3.1%), American (2.7%), and Russian (2.1%). Immigrants accounted for 11.6% of the population. The ten most common countries of origin for immigrants in the town were China, South Korea, Cambodia, Canada, Nepal, Ireland, Japan, Colombia, Indonesia, and Kenya.
In 2000 there were 2,753 households, out of which 24.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.3% were married couples living together, 7.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.5% were non-families. 32.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.21 and the average family size was 2.80.
In the town, the population was spread out, with 15.3% under the age of 18, 27.5% from 18 to 24, 16.6% from 25 to 44, 21.0% from 45 to 64, and 19.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 87.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.8 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $51,875, and the median income for a family was $67,589. Males had a median income of $50,011 versus $32,845 for females. The per capita income for the town was $26,039. About 1.7% of families and 5.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1.3% of those under age 18 and 6.8% of those age 65 or over.
Government
Williamstown is governed by the open town meeting form of government, and is governed by a board of selectmen and a town manager. The town has its own police department and a volunteer fire department. The town has its own library, Milne Public Library, and other public services. The nearest hospital, Southwestern Vermont Medical Center, is located in Bennington, to the north.
On the state level, Williamstown is represented in the Massachusetts House of Representatives by Representative John Barrett of the First Berkshire district, which covers northern Berkshire County, as well as portions of Franklin County. In the Massachusetts Senate, the town is represented by Senator Adam Hinds of the Berkshire, Hampshire and Franklin district, which includes all of Berkshire County and western Hampshire and Franklin counties.
Education
The town has its own elementary school, Williamstown Elementary School, which serves students from pre-kindergarten through sixth grade. The town is home to Mount Greylock Regional High School, which also serves the neighboring towns of New Ashford, Lanesborough and portions of Hancock. The school's colors are red and white, and the sports teams are nicknamed the Mounties. Williamstown is also home to Pine Cobble School, a private school serving students from pre-kindergarten through ninth grade, as well as Buxton School, a private co-educational boarding school serving high-school students.
Williamstown is home of Williams College, an elite, private liberal arts college. The nearest community college is Berkshire Community College, located in Pittsfield. The nearest public college is Massachusetts College of Liberal Arts in neighboring North Adams, and the nearest University of Massachusetts is the University of Massachusetts Amherst.
Places of interest
Williamstown Historical Museum, founded in 1941, is currently located in the historic South Center School building at 32 New Ashford Road. It catalogs the history of the area from when it was a stopping point along the Mohawk Trail to the present. In addition to permanent exhibits tracing the history of the town, there is a rotating exhibit which changes twice annually. Permanent exhibits include "From Wilderness to Williamstown", "The College: A Defining Presence", "Growth of a Summer Resort", and "The Twentieth Century: Continuity and Change", among others.
The 1753 House was built in 1953 to help celebrate the 200th anniversary of the town's founding. Built by volunteers using 18th-century building materials and tools, the replica house is intended to recreate how a typical home is believed to have looked back in 1753.
Clark Art Institute
Williams College Museum of Art
Field Farm
Notable people
W. J. Abrams, Wisconsin state senator
Herbert A. Allen, Jr., businessman
Albert LeRoy Andrews, professor of Germanic philology and avocational bryologist
Jean Ankeney, Vermont state senator
Florence Bascom, geologist
John Bascom, educator, author and President of University of Wisconsin
Ali Benjamin, author
Bernard Blair, congressman
Gerald Warner Brace, author and educator
James MacGregor Burns, historian and biographer
Albert Cummings, blues guitarist
Daniel Dewey, congressman
Dick Farley, football player and coach
Ali Fedotowsky, entertainment journalist (2001-2007)
Darra Goldstein, cookbook author and food scholar
Stephen Hannock, painter
Carol Holloway, actress
Mark Hopkins, educator, President of Williams College
Peter H. Hunt, producer and director
Alex Kershaw, author
Elizabeth Kolbert, journalist & author
Joe McGinniss, author
Francis Christopher Oakley, historian, President of Williams College
Farah Pahlavi, former empress of Iran
John Bennett Perry, actor
Matthew Perry, actor
Cole Porter, songwriter
Roger Rees, actor
Christopher Reeve, actor
Dick Sabot, economist
John Edward Sawyer, historian, soldier, Wiliams pres., Mellon Foundation pres.
Michael Scanlan, friar
Benjamin Simonds, Revolutionary War commander
Jane Swift, former Lieutenant governor and acting Governor
Charles Stebbins, member of the New York State Senate and acting lieutenant governor
George Steinbrenner, New York Yankees owner
William Henry Vanderbilt III, statesman
Fay Vincent, baseball commissioner
Bill Wootters, physicist
Transportation
Williamstown is crossed by U.S. Route 7, MA Route 2 – also known as the Mohawk Trail, and MA Route 43. Town bus service is provided by Berkshire Regional Transit Authority (BRTA) to and from North Adams and Pittsfield. The Green Mountain Express' Purple Line provides a weekday commuter bus route northward to Bennington. Daily intercity bus service to Williamstown is operated by Peter Pan Lines to and from New York City, and intermediate towns and cities along the way.
There is a freight rail line that passes from the north to the east into North Adams and the Hoosac Tunnel. The nearest Amtrak train station, on the Boston-Chicago Lake Shore Limited line is in Pittsfield. Until 1958 there had been passenger Boston & Maine service from nearby North Adams to Troy, New York. Previously, that service continued to Chicago. Until 1960 there had been service from North Adams to Boston's North Station on the Fitchburg Line which has been truncated to Fitchburg. The nearest small-craft airport is Harriman-and-West Airport in North Adams, and the nearest airport with commercial jet service is Albany International Airport.
References
External links
Town of Williamstown official website
Towns in Berkshire County, Massachusetts
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259402 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amesbury%20%28CDP%29%2C%20Massachusetts | Amesbury (CDP), Massachusetts | Amesbury CDP was a census-designated place comprising the main urban portions of the city of Amesbury, Massachusetts, in Essex County. With the change of Amesbury's status from town to city in 1996, the delineation of the downtown area as a CDP became unnecessary, and it was no longer used for data collection by the time of the 2010 census.
Those details reported here are also included in the aggregate values reported for the entire city; at the 2000 census, the CDP had a total population of 12,327.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP had a total area of 14.7 km2 (5.7 mi2). 13.8 km2 (5.3 mi2) of it was land and 1.0 km2 (0.4 mi2) of it was water. The total area was 6.51% water.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were:
12,327 people,
4,910 households, and
3,093 families residing in the CDP.
The population density was 896.3/km2 (2,321.5/mi2). There were 5,099 housing units at an average density of 370.8 inhabitants/km2 (960.3 inhabitants/mi2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 96.87% White, 0.65% African American, 0.21% Native American, 0.60% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.28% from other races, and 1.37% from two or more races. 1.05% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There were 4,910 households, out of which 33.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.6% were married couples living together, 12.4% had a woman whose husband did not live with her, and 37.0% were non-families. 29.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.45, and the average family size was 3.07.
In the CDP the population was spread out, with 25.4% under the age of 18, 6.6% from 18 to 24, 34.5% from 25 to 44, 21.0% from 45 to 64, and 12.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.6 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $50,037, and the median income for a family was $59,853. Males had a median income of $41,566 versus $31,209 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $22,657. 7.0% of the population and 4.6% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 8.7% were under the age of 18 and 10.3% were 65 or older.
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259403 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amesbury%2C%20Massachusetts | Amesbury, Massachusetts | Amesbury is a city in Essex County, Massachusetts, United States, located on the left bank of the Merrimack River near its mouth, upstream from Salisbury and across the river from Newburyport and West Newbury. The population was 17,366 at the 2020 United States Census. A former farming and mill town, Amesbury is today largely residential. It is one of the two northernmost towns in Massachusetts (the other being neighboring Salisbury).
History
Settlement period
In 1637, the first English settler in the Salisbury-Amesbury region, John Bayly, crossed the Merrimack River from the new settlement at Newbury, built a log cabin, and began to clear the land for cultivation. He intended to send for his wife and children in England, but they never joined him. He and his hired man, William Schooler, were arrested for a murder Schooler had committed. Schooler was hanged for the murder but Bayly was acquitted. Given the fishing rights on the river by the subsequent settlement, provided he would sell only to it, he abandoned agriculture for fishing.
On September 6, 1638, the General Court of Massachusetts created a plantation on behalf of several petitioners from Newbury, on the left bank of the Merrimack, as far north as Hampton, to be called Merrimac. They were given permission to associate together as a township. The area remained in possession of the tribes along the Merrimack, who hunted and fished there.
The settlers of the plantation, who entered Massachusetts Bay Colony, were rebels in a cause that was settled by the English Civil War (1642-1651). Although nominally subjects of the crown, they did not obey it. The settlers maintained close ties with the Parliamentary cause in Britain. The supreme government of the colony was the General Court, which functioned autonomously, passing its own laws, establishing courts, incorporating townships and providing for the overall defense of the colony. They established a Puritan church rather than the Church of England.
In the early spring of 1639, approximately 60 planters took up residence on land cleared by the natives. In May, an elected planning committee laid out the green, the initial streets, the burial ground, and the first division into lots, apportioning the size of a lot to the wealth of the settler. In November, the General Court appointed a government of six, which required that every lot owner take up residence on his lot. They began to assign lots west of the Pow-wow river. The town was originally named Colchester, but was renamed Salisbury in October 1640, potentially at the suggestion of Christopher Batt, from Salisbury, England. Batt trained the militia in the town. The incorporation of the town granted it legal recognition by the colony to a township of that name, with its own government, empowered by citizens populating a territory of legally defined boundaries. The original Salisbury was many times larger than the present. From it several townships were later separated.
On January 12, 1641, a town meeting ordered the first roads north and west of the Pow-wow River to be built. On April 21, another meeting granted William Osgood 50 acres of "upland" and 10 of "meadow" along the Pow-wow River, provided he build a sawmill for the town to use. It utilized a water wheel driven by the Pow-wow River. The mill produced lumber for local use and pipe-staves for export. A gristmill was added to the Pow-wow river location in 1642. The Powwow River provided water power for a subsequent mill complex. In 1642, the town wanted families to take up residence west of the Pow-wow and form a "New Town." No volunteers responded.
In 1643, the General Court divided Massachusetts Bay Colony into four counties: Essex, Norfolk, Middlesex and Suffolk. Norfolk contained Salisbury, Hampton, Haverhill, Exeter, Dover, and Strawberry Bank (Portsmouth). This division was a legal convenience based on the distribution of courts. Since the first establishment of four courts on March 3, 1635, the General Court had found it necessary to multiply and distribute courts, so that the magistrates would not spend time in travel that they needed for settling case loads. The main requirement for membership in a shire was incorporation.
Private occupation of the west bank of the Pow-wow River went on as East Salisbury citizens sold their property and moved to New Town. However, New Town remained a paper construct without enforcement. On January 14, 1654, articles of agreement adopted at town meeting divided Salisbury into Old Town and New Town, each to conduct its own affairs. The border was the Pow-wow. The agreement went into effect on January 19, 1655. In New Town, a new government was voted in, which claimed authority over "all matters of publicke concernment." They still paid taxes to Old Town and expected services from it. The board of Old Town contained some members from New Town for fair representation. This agreement also was known as a "settlement".
On May 26, 1658, New Town petitioned the General Court for independent town status, but the Old Town denied the petition. The Old Town required all inhabitants, including those in the New Town, to attend church in Old Town and fined settlers for each missed meeting The church and preacher were maintained from taxes. Minister Joseph Peasley of New Town and his congregation attempting to defy the General Court were summoned into District Court at Ipswich "to answer for their disobedience", were fined there and Peasly was enjoined from preaching. Another petition for separation was denied in 1660.
The burden of attending church several miles away became so great that New Town built a new meeting house and requested the General Court to find a preacher. The court yielded to the petition of 1666, granting the "liberty of a township" to New Town. The town was unofficially incorporated, meaning a government was constituted and officers elected, on June 15. It was named New Salisbury, but in 1667 the name was changed to Amesbury on the analogy of Amesbury, England, which was next to Salisbury, England. Amesbury was officially granted incorporation under that name on April 29, 1668.
After King Phillips War (1675–78), an effort by the natives to rid themselves of the colonists, the Royal Province of New Hampshire was created and took away several towns in northern Norfolk shire. Massachusetts was reduced in size from most of New England to roughly its current borders. The Court dissolved Norfolk Shire, transferring Salisbury and Amesbury to Essex County.
In 1876, Merrimac was created out of West Amesbury. In 1886, West Salisbury was annexed to Amesbury, unifying the mill areas on both banks of the Pow-wow River.
Post-settlement
Beginning as a modest farming community, it developed a maritime and industrial economy. Shipbuilding, shipping and fishing were also important. The ferry across the Merrimack River to Newburyport was a business until the construction of bridges to cross the river. Newton, New Hampshire, was set off from Amesbury in 1741, when the border between the two colonies was adjusted.
In the 19th century, textile mills were built at the falls, as was a nail-making factory. Beginning around 1800, Amesbury began building carriages, a trade which evolved into the manufacture of automobile bodies. Prominent manufacturers included Walker Body Company, Briggs Carriage Company, and Biddle and Smart. The industry ended with the Great Depression. The Merrimac Hat Company was founded in 1856 and became one of the top hat producers in the nation. Amesbury also produced Hoyt's Buffalo Brand Peanut Butter Kisses.
In 1876, the town of Merrimac was set off from Amesbury.
Newspapers in the 19th century included the Amesbury Daily News, Merrimac Journal, Morning Courier, Evening Courier, New England Chronicle, Transcript, and the Villager. Newspapers in the 20th century included the Amesbury Advocate, Amesbury News, Amesbury Times, and Leader.
Twentieth century and beyond
In 1996, the town changed its status to a city, and adopted the mayor and municipal council form of government, although it retained the title "Town of Amesbury", as voters "thought Amesbury was too small and quaint to be a city". Voters approved a charter amendment in November 2011 changing the city's official name to the "City of Amesbury" and removing references to the old "Town of Amesbury" name. The city's seal still bears the name "Town of Amesbury", although the City put forth a bill in 2013 to correct the seal with the new name.
The community has several buildings that feature early architecture, particularly in the Federal and Victorian styles. The "Doughboy", a memorial sculpture by Leonard Craske, stands on the front lawn of the Amesbury Middle School. It was dedicated November 11, 1929. Craske is best known as sculptor for the "Fishermens' Memorial" in Gloucester. There is also a monument erected to Josiah Bartlett, the first signer of the Declaration of Independence, who was born in Amesbury.
Geography
Amesbury is located at . According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which is land and , or 10.65%, is water. Amesbury is drained by the Powwow River. Powwow Hill, elevation , is the highest point in town. Once the site of Indian gatherings, or "powwows", it has views to Maine and Cape Ann. Amesbury is the second northernmost town in Massachusetts, its northernmost point coming just south of the northernmost point of the state, in Salisbury. Amesbury lies along the northern banks of the Merrimack River and is bordered by Salisbury to the east, Newburyport to the southeast, West Newbury to the southwest, Merrimac to the west, and South Hampton, New Hampshire, to the north.
The Powwow River bisects the town, joined by the Back River near the town center. The river flows through Lake Gardner and Tuxbury Pond, which are two of several inland bodies of water in town, including Lake Attitash (which is partially in Merrimac), Meadowbrook Pond, and Pattens Pond. Several brooks also flow through the town. Amesbury has a town forest, which is connected to Woodsom Farm, as well as Powwow Conservation Area, Victoria Batchelder Park and Amesbury Golf & Country Club.
Transportation
Amesbury is served by two interstate highways. Interstate 495 runs from west to east through town, ending at Interstate 95 just over the Salisbury town line. It has two exits in town, Exit 54 at Massachusetts Route 150 (which lies entirely within Amesbury, and leads to New Hampshire Route 150) and Exit 55 at Massachusetts Route 110, which also provides the town's only direct access to Interstate 95 at Exit 58. I-95 crosses the southeast corner of town, entering along the John Greenleaf Whittier Memorial Bridge, a steel through-truss bridge crossing the Merrimack River. The Whittier Memorial Bridge lies just west of the town's only other bridges across the Merrimack, the Derek S. Hines Memorial Bridge, which connects Amesbury to Deer Island (which is still part of Amesbury), and the Chain Bridge, the only suspension bridge in Massachusetts, which spans from Deer Island to Newburyport. The current version was built in 1909, but was predated by the 1810 suspension bridge, one of the oldest suspension bridges in the country. The Chain Bridge and its counterparts over the years have been the main entryways into town across the Merrimack, and until the building of the Newburyport Turnpike Bridge, it was the easternmost bridge on the Merrimack River.
MVRTA provides bus service in Amesbury. Route 51 connects to the Haverhill train station. Route 54 connects to Newburyport train station.
Government
Amesbury is part of the Massachusetts Senate's 1st Essex district.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 16,450 people, 6,380 households, and 4,229 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,326.3 people per square mile (512.2/km2). There were 6,623 housing units at an average density of 206.2 persons/km2 (534.0 persons/sq mi). The racial makeup of the city was 97.2% White, 0.6% African American, 0.22% Native American, 0.9% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There were 6,380 households, out of which 34.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.2% were married couples living together, 11.3% have a woman whose husband does not live with her, and 33.7% were non-families. 26.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.52 and the average family size was 3.09.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 26.1% under the age of 18, 6.1% from 18 to 24, 33.8% from 25 to 44, 22.0% from 45 to 64, and 12.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.7 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $34,906, and the median income for a family was $62,875. Males had a median income of $25,489 versus $31,968 for females. The per capita income for the city was $23,103. 5.9% of the population and 3.9% of families were below the poverty line.
Education
The major educational institutions are:
Amesbury Public Schools
Amesbury Elementary School (K-5)
Charles C. Cashman Elementary School (K-5)
Amesbury Middle School (6-8)
Amesbury High School (9-12)
Amesbury Innovation High School (School of Choice)
Sparhawk School (School of Choice)
Amesbury's high school football rival is Newburyport; the two teams play against each other every Thanksgiving Day. The Amesbury mascot is "Indians."
Public library
As of 2012, the Amesbury Public Library pays for access to information resources produced by Brainfuse, Cengage Learning, EBSCO Industries, LearningExpress, Library Ideas, Mango Languages, NewsBank, Online Computer Library Center (OCLC), ProQuest, TumbleBook Library, World Book of Berkshire Hathaway, and World Trade Press.
The Public Library houses an extensive Local History and genealogy collection which is open and available for research.
Points of interest
Notable people
Susannah (North) Martin, victim of Salem witch trials in 1692
Josiah Bartlett (1729–1795), signer of the Declaration of Independence, fourth Governor of New Hampshire
Paine Wingate (1739–1838), preacher, served in the Continental Congress; US senator and congressman
Daniel Blaisdell (1762–1833), congressman from New Hampshire
John Greenleaf Whittier (1807–1892), poet
Nathaniel Currier (1813–1888), American lithographer, Currier and Ives
Mary Baker Eddy (1821–1910), founder of Christian Science
Harriet Prescott Spofford (1835–1921), author
William A. Paine (1844–1929), businessman, co-founded the brokerage firm Paine Webber
Jimmy Bannon (1871–1948), outfielder in Major League Baseball
Robert Frost (1874–1963), poet
Jeffrey Donovan (b. 1968), actor; star of television show Burn Notice
International relations
Twin towns – Sister cities
Amesbury is twinned with:
Esabalu, Kenya (since 1987)
See also
List of mill towns in Massachusetts
References
Publications
Books and articles
Amesbury Vital Records to 1849. Published 1913. Transcribed and put online by John Slaughter and Jodi Salerno.
Merrill, Joseph, History of Amesbury, from the History of Essex County Volume 2 Chapter 125, pages 1495–1535, compiled by D. Hamilton Hurd, published by J.W. Lewis 1888.
Maps
Sargeant, Christopher. 1794 Map of Amesbury.
Clough, Aaron. 1795 Map of Salisbury.
Nichols, W., J S Morse. 1830 Map of Amesbury.
Anderson, Philander. 1830 Map of Salisbury.
Beers, D.G. 1872 Atlas of Essex County, Massachusetts Amesbury. Plate 9. Amesbury and Salisbury Mills. Now Amesbury Center. Plate 12. Salisbury. Plate 15. West Amesbury now Merrimac. And East Salisbury. Plate 17. Salisbury Point. Plate 19. (Now The Point in Amesbury).
Bigelow, E.H. Amesbury and Salisbury Mills. Bird's-eye view at the Boston Public Library website.
Norris, George E. Amesbury. Panoramic View. Published 1890. Burleigh Lith. Est. At the Library of Congress website.
Hughes & Bailey. Amesbury. Panoramic View. Published 1914.
Walker, George H. 1884 Atlas of Essex County Massachusetts 1884 Map of Amesbury. Plate 169. Amesbury, Salisbury Point. Plate 74. Merrimac Center (was West Amesbury). Plate 151. Amesbury Village Mills. Plate 170-171. 1884 Map of Merrimac. Plate 172. 1884 Map of Salisbury. Plate 175. Salisbury Village Mills on the Powwow River. Plate. 176-177. East Salisbury. Plate 178. Danvers Catholic Church, Folger's Carriage Factory Amesbury. Plate 166.
External links
City of Amesbury
Explore Amesbury
Amesbury Chamber of Commerce
Amesbury Public Library
Cities in Massachusetts
Populated places established in 1642
Massachusetts populated places on the Merrimack River
Cities in Essex County, Massachusetts
1642 establishments in Massachusetts | [
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259404 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andover%20%28CDP%29%2C%20Massachusetts | Andover (CDP), Massachusetts | Andover is a census-designated place (CDP) in the town of Andover in Essex County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 8,762 at the 2010 census.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , of which is land and (2.15%) is water.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 7,900 people, 3,488 households, and 1,981 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 824.4/km2 (2,133.5/mi2). There were 3,611 housing units at an average density of 376.8 inhabitants/km2 (975.2 inhabitants/mi2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 93.84% White, 1.08% African American, 0.08% Native American, 3.14% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 0.95% from other races, and 0.87% from two or more races. 1.82% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There were 3,488 households, out of which 26.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.4% were married couples living together, 8.5% have a woman whose husband does not live with her, and 43.2% were non-families. 39.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 19.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.22 and the average family size was 3.03.
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 22.8% under the age of 18, 4.3% from 18 to 24, 27.8% from 25 to 44, 24.7% from 45 to 64, and 20.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 82.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 75.7 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $60,040, and the median income for a family was $87,516. Males had a median income of $70,074 versus $41,601 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $34,760. 8.3% of the population and 5.8% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 11.1% are under the age of 18 and 8.4% are 65 or older.
References
Census-designated places in Essex County, Massachusetts
Census-designated places in Massachusetts | [
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259405 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andover%2C%20Massachusetts | Andover, Massachusetts | Andover is a town in Essex County, Massachusetts, United States. It was settled in 1642 and incorporated in 1646. As of the 2020 census, the population was 36,569. It is located 20 miles north of Boston and 4 miles south of Lawrence. Part of the town comprises the census-designated place of Andover. It is twinned with its namesake: Andover, Hampshire, England.
History
Native Americans inhabited what is now northeastern Massachusetts for thousands of years prior to European colonization of the Americas. At the time of European arrival, Massachusett and Naumkeag people inhabited the area south of the Merrimack River and Pennacooks inhabited the area to the north. The Massachusett referred to the area that would later be renamed Andover as Cochichawick.
Establishment and incorporation
In 1634, the Massachusetts General Court set aside a portion of land in what is now Essex County for an inland plantation, including parts of what is now Andover, North Andover and South Lawrence. In order to encourage settlement, early colonists were offered three years' immunity from taxes, levies, and services (apart from military service). The first permanent settlement in the Andover area was established in 1642 by John Woodbridge and a group of settlers from Newbury and Ipswich.
Shortly after they arrived, they purchased land from the Massachusett sachem Cutshamekin for "six pounds of currency and a coat" on the condition that a local company of indigenous people headed by a man named Roger be allowed to plant corn and take alewives from a local water source. Roger's Brook, a small stream which cuts through the eastern part of town, is named in his honor.
In May 1646 the settlement was incorporated as a town and was named Andover. This name was likely chosen in honor of the town of Andover in England, which was near the original home of some of the first residents. The first recorded town meeting was held in 1656 in the home of settler John Osgood in what is now North Andover.
The old burying ground in what is now North Andover marks the center of the early town. Contrary to popular belief, the towns split due to the location of the Old North Church, also located in what is now North Andover. The villagers from the southwestern part of the town were tired of walking all the way to the extreme north of what was then Andover and decided to build their own South Church central to what is now Andover.
Witchcraft
During the 1692 Salem witch trials, Andover resident Joseph Ballard asked for help for his wife from several girls in the neighboring Salem Village who were already identifying witches there. After visiting Elizabeth Ballard, the girls claimed that several people in Andover had bewitched her: Ann Foster, her daughter Mary Lacey Sr. and her granddaughter Mary Lacey Jr. During the course of the legal proceedings, more than 40 Andover citizens, mostly women and their children, were formally accused of having made a covenant with the Devil. Three Andover residents, Martha Carrier, Mary Parker, and Samuel Wardwell, were convicted and executed. Five others either pleaded guilty at arraignment or were convicted at trial: Ann Foster, Mary Lacey Sr., and Abigail Faulkner Sr. (daughter of Andover's minister, Francis Dane) in 1692 and Wardwell's wife Sarah and Rev. Dane's granddaughter, Elizabeth Johnson Jr. in 1693. Those who were not executed were granted reprieves by Gov. William Phips, but the convictions remained on their records. In 1713, in response to petitions initiated in 1703 by Abigail Faulkner Sr. and Sarah Wardwell, Massachusetts Governor Joseph Dudley reversed the attainder on the names of those who were convicted in the episode.
The two parishes and the division of the town
By 1705, Andover's population had begun to move southward and the idea of a new meeting house in the south end of town was proposed. This was strongly opposed by the people living near the original meeting house in the north, but the dispute was finally settled in 1709 when the Great and General Court divided Andover into two parishes, North and South. After the division of the two parishes, South Andover established the South Church and South Parish "Burying-Yard," as it was called, with early Andover settler Robert Russell the first to be interred at age 80 in December 1710. But despite this split, the town remained politically one unit.
For many years, Andover was geographically one of the largest towns in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts; in 1826 a third parish was established and West Parish Church was constructed on Reservation Road.
In 1855, Andover divided into two separate political units according to the old parish boundaries. The name Andover was assumed by the West and South parishes, while the name North Andover was given to the North Parish. How those names were decided upon is still debated to this day, from the reasons being money being paid to one town to keep the name, to there being a controversy over a fire truck affecting the name change.
Andover in the American Revolutionary War
Records show that on the morning of April 19, 1775, approximately 350 Andover men marched toward Lexington. Although they did not arrive in time for the battle that day, they did go on to participate in the battle of Bunker Hill two months later and fought in subsequent skirmishes with the Redcoats during the war.
Among the Andover men who were representatives to the Massachusetts Constitutional Convention of 1779–1780 were Colonel Samuel Osgood, Zebadiah Abbot, John Farnum and Samuel Phillips Jr. Phillips – who had founded Phillips Academy in 1778 – was later appointed by John Adams to help draft the Massachusetts state constitution.
During the burning of Charlestown (June 17, 1775) Andover townspeople hiked to the top of Holt Hill to witness it. Holt Hill is the highest point in Essex County at and is currently part of the Charles W. Ward Reservation.
Post-Revolution Andover
In November 1798, David Brown led a group in Dedham, Massachusetts, in setting up a liberty pole with the words, "No Stamp Act, No Sedition Act, No Alien Bills, No Land Tax, downfall to the Tyrants of America; peace and retirement to the President; Love Live the Vice President," referring to then-President John Adams and Vice President Thomas Jefferson. Brown was arrested in Andover, but because he could not afford the $4,000 bail, he was taken to Salem for trial. Brown was tried in June 1799. Brown wanted to plead guilty but Justice Samuel Chase wanted him to name everybody who had helped him or who subscribed to his writings. Brown refused, was fined $480, and sentenced to eighteen months in prison, the most severe sentence then imposed under the Alien and Sedition Acts.
Death of President-elect Pierce's son
On January 4, 1853, Benjamin "Bennie" Pierce, the 11-year-old son of President-elect Franklin Pierce, was killed in a train accident in town. The Boston & Maine noon express, traveling from Boston to Lawrence, was moving at 40 miles per hour (64 km/h) when an axle broke. The only coach, in which Franklin Pierce was also riding, went down an embankment and broke in two. (The baggage car and locomotive remained on the track.) Pierce's son Benjamin was the only passenger killed, but it was initially reported that Franklin Pierce was also a fatality.
American Civil War
The anti-slavery movement had many supporters in Andover long before the American Civil War began. William Jenkins - an ardent abolitionist and friend of William Lloyd Garrison - and several others provided stops on the Underground Railroad for runaway slaves. Harriet Beecher Stowe, author of Uncle Tom's Cabin, was a longtime resident. Her home, known as Stowe House, is now owned by Phillips Academy. Her body is buried in Phillips Academy's cemetery. When the Confederate Army shelled Fort Sumter in 1861, a company of 79 volunteers formed. By the time the war ended in 1865, six hundred Andover men had served in the Union Army.
Shawsheen Village
In 1919, the American Woolen Company announced plans to build a million dollar mill in the already-existing mill community of Frye Village and rename the region "Shawsheen." The village was completely rebuilt as a "model industrial community" and became the site of the company's headquarters. The mill began operating in 1922 and within two years the village contained more than 200 houses, several community buildings, a few tennis courts, a swimming area, a bowling green, an athletic field and a golf course. The employees rented their homes from the company; the brick structures were reserved for upper management and the wooden buildings for those of lesser position. This industrial utopia, however, was short-lived - by the early 1940s almost all of the houses and administration buildings were in private hands. The mills became a victim of changing technology as synthetic fibers became more popular than wool. The American Woolen Company closed its mills in 1953, and the buildings today house a variety of businesses, homes, and apartments. The village left its mark nationally, however, when its soccer team, the Shawsheen Indians, won the national soccer championship in 1925.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 32.1 square miles (83.2 km2), of which 31.0 square miles (80.3 km2) is land and 1.1 square miles (2.9 km2) (3.49%) is water. Significant water areas include the Shawsheen River, Fosters Pond, Pomps Pond, and Haggetts Pond, located in west Andover, which serves as the town's reservoir. Haggetts Pond was originally set apart from other waters, but since the late 1990s has had waters added from the Merrimack River, which constitutes half of the town's northern border, to supplement the growing needs of the town. Andover is also home to the Harold Parker State Forest, the Trustees of Reservations' Charles W. Ward Reservation, as well as a very small portion of Lawrence's Den Rock Park. The town's Conservation Commission and privately non-profit A.V.I.S. (Andover Village Improvement Society) together own around 3000 acres in the town. Other notable reservations in the town include the Harold R. Rafton Reservation and the Deer Jump Reservation (along the banks of the Merrimack). The town is home to many glacial features including drumlins, eskers, and glacial erratics.
Andover's town center is located approximately four miles south of the center of Lawrence, and is north of Boston and southeast of Manchester, New Hampshire. Andover contains the westernmost point of Essex County, along the Merrimack River. It is bordered by Lawrence to the north, North Andover to the northeast, North Reading and Wilmington to the south, Tewksbury to the southwest. Andover also borders Methuen to the northeast; however, the boundary separation is formed by the Merrimack River.
Transportation
Andover is the location of the intersection of Interstate 93 and Interstate 495. The town is also served by Route 28, which serves as the main road from north to south through town, as well as Route 133 and Route 125, a bypass road going through the woods of eastern Andover.
Andover has two stops, Ballardvale and Andover along the Haverhill/Reading Line of the MBTA Commuter Rail, providing rail service from Haverhill to Boston's North Station. Andover Station is also near the Third Railroad Station, a former Boston and Maine Railroad station which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The nearest small plane service is at Lawrence Municipal Airport in North Andover, and national service can be found at both Logan International Airport and Manchester–Boston Regional Airport, both within thirty miles of the town. Several routes of the Merrimack Valley Regional Transit Authority also service the town. These include both service to Lawrence as well as a weekday commuter bus to Boston.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 31,247 people, 11,305 households, and 8,490 families residing in the town. The population density was 1,007.8 people per square mile (389.1/km2). There were 11,590 housing units at an average density of 144.3 persons/km2 (373.8 persons/sq mi). The racial makeup of the town was 91.60% White, 0.75% African American, 0.06% Native American, 5.73% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 0.84% from other races, and 0.99% from two or more races. 1.81% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There were 11,305 households, out of which 40.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 65.6% were married couples living together, 7.5% had a woman whose husband does not live with her, and 24.9% were non-families. 21.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.74 and the average family size was 3.24.
In the town, the population was spread out, with 28.8% under the age of 18, 4.7% from 18 to 24, 27.5% from 25 to 44, 26.8% from 45 to 64, and 12.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.9 males.
According to a 2012 estimate, the median income for a household in the town was $118,324, the median family income was $144,685. Males with full-time year-round jobs had a median income higher than $100,000; for females, the median was $62,532. The per capita income for the town was $53,378. 2.6% of families and 4.2% of the population, including 3.7% of people aged under 18 years and 5.8% of people aged 65 and over, were below the poverty line.
Andover had 217 residents who filed as making at least $1 million in 2011, accounting for one millionaire per every 157 people. The average income for millionaires in Andover was $2,441,000. Using income and other demographic data, Andover ranked 37 out of 490 in a ranking of wealthiest zipcodes in Massachusetts.
Economy
There are several companies headquartered in Andover. One of many companies, Mercury Systems, is included in the S&P 400 Index. Another Vicor Corporation is a part of the S&P 600 Index. Andover also hosts regional offices for many multinational corporations such as Schneider Electric, Pfizer, Raytheon Technologies, and Philips.
Internal Revenue Service (IRS) has the Andover Campus service center, which for many years accepted tax forms from several neighboring states. With increasing rates of e-filing, that function was threatened with phase-out in 2009. The federal employee's union, National Treasury Employees Union, in mid-2009 pushed for special consideration under the Troubled Asset Relief Program for employees threatened with losing jobs. In late 2009, the U.S. General Services Administration received money through the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 to fund the $85 million green modernization of the 1967 building complex.
Government
Public safety
Law enforcement
The Andover Police Department provides full-time general law enforcement for the town. The town is also served by Troop A of the Massachusetts State Police, operating out of the Andover barracks (A-1).
Fire/EMS
Andover Fire-Rescue provides full-time fire and emergency medical services for Andover. The department has three full-time stations and maintains 4 engines, 2 ladder trucks, 4 ambulances, and 2 forest fire units, as well as miscellaneous vehicles.
2018 gas leaks and explosions
On September 13, 2018, several gas lines suffered leakage due to high pressure in the tubes of Columbia Gas of Massachusetts, a subsidiary of NiSource. As a result, several fires and explosions occurred, and homes were evacuated. At the conclusion of the event, over 70 houses suffered from gas-related explosions in the Andover-Lawrence area. Dozens of people were injured and one 18-year-old Lawrence resident was killed.
Arts and culture
Points of interest
Phillips Academy, a prep school founded in 1778 with many famous alumni.
The Addison Gallery of American Art on the Phillips Academy campus is open to the public.
The Andover Inn, an inn on the Phillips Academy campus.
Andover is the site of a large factory owned by Raytheon, the builder of the Patriot Missile.
Chandler-Bigsby-Abbot House, built in 1673, is the oldest house in Andover.
Andover is home to the second oldest land preservation society in the country, the Andover Village Improvement Society (AVIS), which controls over .
Dundee Park, a historical mill district and current business park
Lebanon maintains an honorary consulate on North Main Street, near the Lawrence line near the Andover train station.
Harold Parker State Forest is located on the border between Andover and North Andover
Education
Public schools
Preschools - Shawsheen Preschool Program
Elementary Schools (K-5)- Bancroft, West Elementary, South, Sanborn, High Plain
Middle Schools (6-8)- Doherty, West Middle, Wood Hill
High Schools (9-12)- Andover High School
Greater Lawrence Technical School, serves grades 9-12
Private schools
Saint Augustine's Catholic School, serves grades K-8
The Pike School, serves grades Pre-K-9
Phillips Academy, serves grades 9-12 (Post-Grad)
Andover School of Montessori
Higher education
Massachusetts School of Law
Notable people
See also
Ballardvale, Massachusetts
List of municipalities in Massachusetts
Feaster Five Road Race, an annual Thanksgiving race in Andover
Andover, Kansas
Andover, Hampshire, a town in England
Notes
References
Sources
Farnum, John, Moses Abbott. 1795 Map of Andover.
Dorman, Moses. 1830 Map of Andover.
Beers, D.G. 1872 Atlas of Essex County 1872 Map of Andover. Plate 51.Andover Center. Plate 53.Lawrence South Side. Plate 48.
Walker, George H. 1884 Atlas of Essex County, Massachusetts Map of Andover. Plate 110-111.Frye Village and Ballardville, Andover. Plate 112.Dove Residence Andover. Plate 107.Phillips Academy. Plate 113.
External links
Town of Andover official website
Salem witch trials
Populated places on the Underground Railroad
Massachusetts populated places on the Merrimack River
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259406 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxford%20%28CDP%29%2C%20Massachusetts | Boxford (CDP), Massachusetts | Boxford is a census-designated place (CDP) in the town of Boxford in Essex County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 2,339 at the 2010 census.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , of which is land and (1.99%) is water.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,340 people, 756 households, and 674 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 164.0/km2 (424.8/mi2). There were 765 housing units at an average density of 53.6 inhabitants/km2 (138.9 inhabitants/mi2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 96.84% White, 0.34% African American, 1.37% Asian, 0.00% Pacific Islander, 0.47% from other races, and 0.98% from two or more races. 0.98% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There were 756 households, out of which 47.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 80.4% were married couples living together, 6.6% have a woman whose husband does not live with her, and 10.8% were non-families. 7.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 3.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.10 and the average family size was 3.29.
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 31.3% under the age of 18, 4.1% from 18 to 24, 26.2% from 25 to 44, 27.5% from 45 to 64, and 10.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.1 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $108,778, and the median income for a family was $116,810. Males had a median income of $72,426 versus $38,073 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $51,977. None of the families and 1.0% of the population were below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 0.0% are under the age of 18 and 5.1% are 65 or older.
References
Census-designated places in Essex County, Massachusetts
Census-designated places in Massachusetts | [
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259407 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial%20by%20combat | Trial by combat | Trial by combat (also wager of battle, trial by battle or judicial duel) was a method of Germanic law to settle accusations in the absence of witnesses or a confession in which two parties in dispute fought in single combat; the winner of the fight was proclaimed to be right. In essence, it was a judicially sanctioned duel. It remained in use throughout the European Middle Ages, gradually disappearing in the course of the 16th century.
History
Origins
Unlike trial by ordeal in general, which is known to many cultures worldwide, trial by combat is known primarily from the customs of the Germanic peoples. The practice was "almost universal in Europe" according to medievalist Eric Jager. It was in use among the ancient Burgundians, Ripuarian Franks, Alamans, Lombards, and Swedes.
It was unknown in Anglo-Saxon law and Roman law and it does not figure in the traditions of Middle Eastern antiquity such as the code of Hammurabi or the Torah. However, it is recorded in the medieval Irish Brehon Laws, such as Din Techtugad.
The practice is regulated in various Germanic legal codes. Being rooted in Germanic tribal law, the various regional laws of the Frankish Empire (and the later Holy Roman Empire) prescribed different particulars, such as equipment and rules of combat. The Lex Alamannorum (recension Lantfridana 81, dated to 712–730 AD) prescribes a trial by combat in the event of two families disputing the boundary between their lands. A handful of earth taken from the disputed piece of land is put between the contestants and they are required to touch it with their swords, each swearing that their claim is lawful. The losing party besides forfeiting their claim to the land is required to pay a fine.
Capitularies governing its use appear from the year 803 onwards. Louis the Pious prescribed combat between witnesses of each side, rather than between the accuser and the accused, and briefly allowed for the Ordeal of the Cross in cases involving clerics.
In medieval Scandinavia, the practice survived throughout the Viking Age in the form of the Holmgang.
An unusual variant, the marital duel, involved combat between a husband and wife, with the former physically handicapped in some way. The loser was killed.
Holy Roman Empire
Otto the Great in 967 expressly sanctioned the practice of Germanic tribal law even if it did not figure in the more "imperial" Roman law. The celebrated case of Gero, Count of Alsleben, is a good example. The Fourth Lateran Council of 1215 deprecated judicial duels, and Pope Honorius III in 1216 asked the Teutonic order to cease its imposition of judicial duels on their newly converted subjects in Livonia. For the following three centuries, there was latent tension between the traditional regional laws and Roman law.
The Sachsenspiegel of 1230 recognises the judicial duel as an important function to establish guilt or innocence in cases of insult, injury, or theft. The combatants are armed with swords and shields and may wear linen and leather clothing, but their heads and feet must be bare and their hands only protected by light gloves. The accuser is to await the accused at the designated place of combat. If the accused does not appear after being summoned three times, the accuser may execute two cuts and two stabs against the wind, and his matter will be treated as if he had won the fight.
The Kleines Kaiserrecht, an anonymous legal code of c. 1300, prohibits judicial duels altogether, stating that the emperor had come to this decision on seeing that too many innocent men were convicted by the practice just for being physically weak. Nevertheless, judicial duels continued to be popular throughout the 14th and 15th centuries.
Trial by combat plays a significant role in the German schools of fencing in the 15th century. Notably, Hans Talhoffer depicts techniques to be applied in such duels, separately for the Swabian (sword and shield) and Franconian (mace and shield) variants, although other Fechtbücher such as that of Paulus Kal and the Codex Wallerstein show similar material. While commoners were required to present their case to a judge before duelling, members of the nobility did have the right to challenge each other for duels without the involvement of the judiciary, so that duels of this kind were separate from the judicial duel already in the Middle Ages and were not affected by the latter's abolition in the early 16th century by Emperor Maximilian I, evolving into the gentlemanly duel of modern times which was outlawed only as late as in the 19th century.
Hans Talhoffer in his 1459 Thott codex names seven offences that in the absence of witnesses were considered grave enough to warrant a judicial duel, viz. murder, treason, heresy, desertion of one's lord, "imprisonment" (possibly in the sense of abduction), perjury/fraud and rape.
Great Britain and Ireland
Wager of battle, as the trial by combat was called in English, appears to have been introduced into the common law of the Kingdom of England following the Norman Conquest and remained in use for the duration of the High and Late Middle Ages.
The last certain trial by battle in England occurred in 1446: a servant accused his master of treason, and the master drank too much wine before the battle and was slain by the servant. In Scotland and Ireland, the practice was continued into the sixteenth century. In 1446, a trial by combat was arranged between two quarrelling Irish magnates, James Butler, 5th Earl of Ormonde, and the Prior of Kilmainham, but King Henry VI intervened personally to persuade them to settle their differences peacefully.
The wager of battle was not always available to the defendant in an appeal of murder. If the defendant were taken in the mainour (that is, in the act of committing his crime), if he attempted to escape from prison, or if there was such strong evidence of guilt that there could be no effective denial, the defendant could not challenge. Similarly, if the plaintiff was a woman, above 60 years of age, a minor, lame or blind, they could decline the challenge, and the case would be determined by a jury. Peers of the realm, priests, and citizens of the City of London (the last pursuant to their guarantee of ancient liberties under Magna Carta) could also decline the battle if challenged. If the actual battle took place, it would occur in judicial lists, square, following the taking of oaths against witchcraft and sorcery. If the defendant was defeated and still alive, he was to be hanged on the spot. However, if he defeated his opponent, or if he were able to fend off his opponent from sunrise to sunset, he would go free. If the plaintiff said the word craven ("I am vanquished") and gave up the fight, he was to be declared infamous, deprived of the privileges of a freeman, and was liable for damages to his successful opponent.
Middle Ages
The earliest case in which wager of battle is recorded was Wulfstan v. Walter (1077), eleven years after the Conquest. Significantly, the names of the parties suggest that it was a dispute between a Saxon and a Norman. The Tractatus of Glanvill, from around 1187, appears to have considered it the chief mode of trial, at least among aristocrats entitled to bear arms.
Around 1219, trial by jury replaced trial by ordeal, which had been the mode of proof for crown pleas since the Assize of Clarendon in 1166. With the emergence of the legal profession in the thirteenth century, lawyers, guarding the safety of the lives and limbs of their clients, steered people away from the wager of battle. A number of legal fictions were devised to enable litigants to avail themselves of the jury even in the sort of actions that were traditionally tried by wager of battle. The practice of averting trial by combat led to the modern concept of attorneys representing litigants.
Civil disputes were handled differently from criminal cases. In civil cases, women, the elderly, the infirm of body, minors, and—after 1176—the clergy could choose a jury trial or could have champions named to fight in their stead. Hired champions were technically illegal but are obvious in the record. A 1276 document among Bishop Swinefield's household records makes the promise to pay Thomas of Brydges an annual retainer fee for acting as champion, with additional stipend and expenses paid for each fight. In criminal cases, an approver was often chosen from the accomplices of the accused or from prison to do the fighting for the crown. Approvers sometimes were given their freedom after winning five trials but sometimes were hanged anyway.
In practice, a person facing trial by combat was assisted by a second, often referred to as a squire. The role of the squire was to attend the battle and to arrange the particulars of the ceremony with the opposing squire. Over time, squires would meet and resolve the disputes during negotiations over combat. Ample time was made for this by creating a process for checking the saddle and bridle of horses for prayer scrolls and enchantments and requiring litigants to exchange gloves (the origin of "throwing down the gauntlet") and sometimes to go to separate churches and give five pence (for the five wounds of Christ) to the church.
Early trials by combat allowed a variety of weapons, particularly for knights. Later, commoners were given war hammers, cudgels, or quarterstaves with sharp iron tips. The duelling ground was typically sixty feet square. Commoners were allowed a rectangular leather shield and could be armed with a suit of leather armour, bare to the knees and elbows and covered by a red surcoat of a light type of silk called sendal. The litigants appeared in person. The combat was to begin before noon and be concluded before sunset.
Either combatant could end the fight and lose his case by crying out the word "Craven!", from the Old French cravanté, "defeated", which acknowledged "(I am) vanquished." The party who did so, however, whether litigant or champion, was punished with outlawry. Fighting continued until one party was dead or disabled. The last man standing won his case.
By 1300, the wager of combat had all but died out in favour of trial by jury. One of the last mass trials by combat in Scotland, the Battle of the Clans, took place in Perth in 1396. This event took the form of a pitched battle between teams of around thirty men each, representing Clan Macpherson and Clan Davidson, on the North Inch in front of King Robert III. The battle was intended to resolve a dispute over which clan was to hold the right flank in an upcoming battle of both clans (and several others) against Clan Cameron. The Clan Macpherson is thought to have won, but only twelve men survived from the original sixty.
16th century
The last trial by combat under the authority of an English monarch is thought to have taken place during the reign of Elizabeth I in the inner courtyard of Dublin Castle in Ireland on 7 September 1583. The dispute was between members of the O'Connor clan (i.e., sept) in King's County (modern County Offaly), who were persuaded by two judges (referred to in the account below) to bring the matter before the Irish privy council for resolution.
The dispute probably concerned dynastic power within the territory of the O'Connors, and the parties, Teig and Conor, had accused each other of treason; the privy council granted their wish for trial by combat to take place on the following day, and for another such trial between two other members of the same sept to take place on the Wednesday following. The first combat took place as appointed, with the combatants "in their shirts with swords, targetts and skulles". An account of the proceedings as observed by one of the privy councillors is given in the State papers Ireland 63/104/69 (spelling adapted):
The Annals of the Four Masters also refers to the trial and censures the parties for having allowed the English to entice them into the proceedings. It is also referred to in Holinshed's chronicles. This was a trial not at common law but under consiliar jurisdiction.
Modern era
It is uncertain when the last actual trial by battle in Britain took place. While some references speak of such a trial being held in 1631, records indicate that King Charles I intervened to prevent the battle. A 1638 case is less clear: it involved a legal dispute between Ralf Claxton and Richard Lilburne (the latter the father of the pugnacious John Lilburne). The king again stepped in, and judges acted to delay proceedings. No record survives of the outcome of the case, but no contemporary account speaks of the trial by battle actually taking place. The last certain judicial battle in Britain was in Scotland in 1597, when Adam Bruntfield accused James Carmichael of murder and killed him in battle.
Proposals to abolish trial by battle were made in the 17th century, and twice in the 18th, but were unsuccessful. In 1774, as part of the legislative response to the Boston Tea Party, Parliament considered a bill that would have abolished appeals of murder and trials by battle in the American colonies. It was successfully opposed by Member of Parliament John Dunning, who called the appeal of murder "that great pillar of the Constitution". Writer and MP Edmund Burke, on the other hand, supported the abolition, calling the appeal and wager "superstitious and barbarous to the last degree".
The writ of right was the most direct way, in the common law, of challenging someone's right to a piece of real property. The criminal appeal was a private criminal prosecution instituted by the accuser directly against the accused. It was not, unlike the contemporary appeal, a proceeding in a court of superior jurisdiction reviewing the proceedings of a lower court.
Such a private prosecution was last conducted in the case of Ashford v Thornton in 1818. Pronouncing judgement in favour of the accused's plea claiming the wager of battle, Justice Bayley of the King's Bench said that:
One inconvenience attending this mode of proceeding is, that the party who institutes it must be willing, if required, to stake his life in support of his accusation.
Parliament abolished wager of battle the following year, in February 1819, in an Act introduced by the Attorney General Samuel Shepherd. At the same time, they also abolished the writ of right and criminal appeals. Despite this abolition, in 2002, a Welshman in Bury St. Edmunds refusing to pay a small penalty charge for a vehicle-registration violation demanded trial by combat with the Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency; his demand was rejected, and he was fined by a court.
France
Judicial combat of 1386
In December 1386, one of the last trials by combat authorised by the French King Charles VI was fought in Paris. The trial was fought to decide a case brought by Sir Jean de Carrouges against squire Jacques Le Gris, whom he accused of raping his wife Marguerite when Carrouges was in Paris conducting business. After lengthy hearings at the Parlement de Paris, with Jacques LeGris claiming that he had not committed the crime and Marguerite being with child, it was decided that guilt could not be decided through a standard jury trial, and a judicial duel was ordered. The duel put three lives in the hands of fate: Jacques LeGris, the accused, Jean de Carrouges, and the accuser, Marguerite. In the duel, the survivor of the said duel would be considered the winner of the claim. If Jacques LeGris won the duel, not only would Jean de Carrouges die but his pregnant wife would also be put to death for the crime of being a false accuser.
In late December, shortly after Christmas, the combatants met just outside the walls of the abbey of Saint-Martin-des-Champs in the northern Paris suburbs. After a lengthy ceremony, the battle was joined, and after a furious and bloody encounter, Carrouges stabbed his opponent with a sword and claimed victory, being rewarded with substantial financial gifts and a position in the royal household. The duel was watched by the royal court, several royal dukes, and thousands of ordinary Parisians and was recorded in several notable chronicles including Froissart's Chronicles and Grandes Chroniques de France. It has since been covered by several notable texts, including Diderot's Encyclopédie, Voltaire and the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, and also by the 2004 book The Last Duel by Eric Jager.
Italy
About AD 630, Gundeberga, wife of the Lombard King Arioald (626–636), is supposed to have been accused by a disappointed lover of a plot to poison the king and take another man. King Arioald consented that her innocence should be tested by single combat between her accuser and a nobleman who undertook to defend her. The accuser having been slain, Gundeberga was declared innocent. This was the first instance of a trial by combat in the history of Italy. In the 730s, the Lombard king Liutprand (712–744) had lost confidence in the likelihood that the trial by battle would provide justice. He knew that the practice was subject to abuse.
The jurisprudence of judicial duelling in Italy is particularly well documented in the 15th and 16th centuries. In particular, the treatises of Achille Marozzo (1536), Giovanni Battista Pigna (1554) and Girolamo Mutio (1560) have contributed to shed considerable light on the subject.
The fundamental aspects of Italy's duelling customs were the following. The offended party ( or agent) had to accuse the defendant () of an injury of words or deeds he received, in matters that could not be reliably proven in a courtroom. In turn, the defendant had to issue a "mentita", meaning that he had to tell the agent "you lie", which consisted of an injury of words. After this, the agent had to issue a notarised , or a notice of challenge, to the defendant, which, if accepted, would set the formal proceedings in motion.
The defendant had the important advantage of the election of weapons. This was done to ensure that the institution would not be abused by the strong to overpower the weak, although the system was gamed in many ways bordering on the illegal.
The duel would take place on the land of a lord impartial to both parties, or if this was not practicable, , meaning on public lands. The herald read the accusation out loud and gave the defendant one last chance to confess. If the latter did not do so, the duel would begin, and it was the responsibility of the issuer of the challenge to deliver (or attempt) the first blow. Incapacitating injuries or death would dictate victory, although other scenarios were possible as well. For instance, if the defendant could successfully parry all blows delivered by the agent until sundown, the defendant would be considered the victor.
With the counter-reformation of the 16th century, duelling became illegal; however, its customs were maintained and utilised by most middle to upper social classes until the beginning of the 19th century.
United States
At the time of independence in 1776, trial by combat had not been abolished and it has never formally been abolished since. The question of whether trial by combat remains a valid alternative to civil action has been argued to remain open, at least in theory. In McNatt v. Richards (1983), the Delaware Court of Chancery rejected the defendant's request for "trial by combat to the death" on the grounds that dueling was illegal. In Forgotten Trial Techniques: The Wager of Battle, Donald J. Evans set out the possibility of a trial by battle in the setting of a lawyer's office. A tongue-in-cheek motion during 2015 for trial by combat in response to a civil suit was rejected in 2016.
In 2020, a man named David Zachary Ostrom requested a trial by combat in response to a custody and property dispute with his ex-wife over their kids. Following Ostrom requesting trial by combat, he was court-ordered to be administered a sanity test and was temporarily restricted parenting rights with his kids. Upon successfully clearing his sanity test, Ostrom's parenting time was restored. Ostrom has since admitted that he initially made the request for trial by combat in order to get media attention around his case.
On 6 January 2021, President Donald Trump's lawyer, and former New York Mayor, Rudy Giuliani called for "trial by combat" against political opponents who were in the US Capitol during the 2021 storming of the United States Capitol. The incident made worldwide headlines for several days, resulting in many arrests, injuries and resignations.
In fiction
In Aquaman, the title character fought trials by combat with Ocean Master.
In Avatar: The Last Airbender, Agni Kais were trials by combat done with firebending.
In Black Panther, T'Challa fought trials by combat with M'Baku and Erik Killmonger.
In C.S.Lewis's Prince Caspian, Peter Pevensie fought a trial by combat with Miraz.
In Dorothy Dunnett's book The Game of Kings, Lymond is forced into a trial by combat by Lord Culter, his older brother.
In George R. R. Martin's novel series A Song of Ice and Fire, and its television adaptation Game of Thrones, trials by combat are a frequent plot device.
In the Doctor Who episode "The Christmas Invasion", the Tenth Doctor (David Tennant) defeated the Sycorax leader in a trial by combat.
In The Fair Maid of Perth novel by Walter Scott, there is a trial by combat.
In The Flash, Solovar fought a trial by combat with Grodd for the throne of Gorilla City.
In The Last Duel, a 2021 Ridley Scott film based on a 2004 book with the same title, features the last Parliament of Paris sanctioned duel in 1386.
In Transformers: Age of Extinction, Optimus Prime won the allegiance of the Dinobots by defeating Grimlock in a trial by combat.
In William Shakespeare's Hamlet, the title character fought a trial by combat with Laertes.
See also
Gravi de pugna
Holmgang
Might makes right
Subpoena ad testificandum
Subpoena duces tecum
Notes
References
Bagwell, Richard (1885–1890), Ireland under the Tudors 3 vols. London
Boretius, Alfred (1883) Capitularia Regum Francorum 2 vols. Monumenta Germaniae Historica, LL S. 2.
Calendar of State Papers: Ireland (London)
. Full 1890 edition available online.
O'Donovan, John (1851) (ed.) Annals of Ireland by the Four Masters (1851).
The Newgate Calendar
External links
Appeal of Murder, etc. Act 1819
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259408 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxford%2C%20Massachusetts | Boxford, Massachusetts | Boxford is a town in Essex County, Massachusetts, United States. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the town's population was 8,203 in 2020.
The original town center of Boxford, was East Boxford and other areas in the eastern part of the town, comprise the census-designated place of Boxford.
History
Native Americans inhabited northeastern Massachusetts for thousands of years prior to European colonization of the Americas. At the time of contact, the area that would become Boxford was controlled by Agawam sachem Masconomet, but the Agawam would experience severe population loss from virgin soil epidemics, especially in 1617-19, killing an estimated 50-75% of the indigenous population in the region. Although Boxford was settled by Europeans in 1646, it was not until 1700 that the selectmen of Boxford would pay Masconomet's grandson Samuel English nine pounds for the rights to the town land.
Europeans first settled in Boxford in 1646 as a part of Rowley Village by Abraham Redington. When Boxford was officially incorporated in 1685, about forty families resided there. Farming was the primary occupation of the early settlers, although townspeople also counted craftsmen among their ranks. The original structure of Boxford's First Church was constructed in 1701 in East Boxford Village. As the population of West Boxford expanded, the legislature designated this section of town as precinct 2 in 1735. Town meetings then alternated between East and West parishes. The first West Boxford church building was erected in 1774. The town's largest industry --- a match factory located on Lawrence Road --- opened its doors just after the end of the American Civil War, and operated from 1866 to 1905.
As part of the American Bicentennial celebrations which took place during the mid-1970s, residents of Boxford, Massachusetts, visited two villages named Boxford in England in 1975. The aim of their trip was to search for the source of their town's name, ultimately deciding that the village of Boxford in the Babergh district of Suffolk, England, was likely the original source. Villagers from Boxford, Suffolk, were then invited to Boxford, Massachusetts, the following summer for two-week homestays with local host families. This second transatlantic exchange, which began in late July 1976, generated media attention from both Evening Standard and the BBC's Nationwide program [Sally's Dumptruck]
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which is land and , or 3.46%, is water.
Boxford is divided into Boxford Village (commonly called East Boxford) and West Boxford Village, corresponding to the respective East and West Boxford centers. It is heavily forested and criss-crossed by various streams and brooks, many of which empty into the Ipswich River on Boxford's southern border. A number of ponds dot town as well, among them Stiles Pond, Cedar Pond, Spofford Pond, Lowe Pond, Four Mile Pond and Baldpate Pond. Throughout Boxford there are also a number of scenic hiking trails. The highest natural point in Boxford is Bald Hill, at an elevation of . It sits in a corner of the Boxford State Forest, near Interstate 95 and the town's border with Middleton.
Small farms are interspersed throughout Boxford. Stone walls, remnants of old farming land boundaries, meander through the area. One major farm located in Boxford is Small Oxx farm, a branch of the main farm, Smolak's, located in North Andover.
Boxford is located near the geographic center of Essex County, with Boxford Center about southeast of Lawrence and north of Boston. The town is bordered by Haverhill to the north, Groveland to the northeast, Georgetown and Rowley to the east, Ipswich and Topsfield to the southeast, Middleton to the southwest, and North Andover to the west.
The eastern end of Boxford is crossed by Interstate 95, with three exits lying within the town. Route 133 crosses through the northern part of town, from North Andover to Georgetown, and Route 97 crosses through the eastern part of town, from Topsfield to Georgetown. The town does not have any means of mass transportation. The Newburyport/Rockport Line of the MBTA Commuter Rail passes through neighboring Rowley and Ipswich to the east, and the Haverhill/Reading Line passes to the north. The nearest small airport is Lawrence Municipal Airport, located in North Andover, and the nearest domestic and international air service is Logan International Airport.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 7,921 people, 2,568 households, and 2,254 families residing in the town. The population density was 330.4 people per square mile (127.6/km2). There were 2,610 housing units at an average density of 42.0 persons/km2 (108.9 persons/sq mi). The racial makeup of the town was 97.37% White, 0.34% African American, 0.11% Native American, 1.21% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.29% from other races, and 0.64% from two or more races. 0.85% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There were 2,568 households, out of which 48.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 80.0% were married couples living together, 6.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 12.2% were non-families. 9.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.08 and the average family size was 3.32.
In the town, the population was spread out, with 32.2% under the age of 18, 4.2% from 18 to 24, 25.8% from 25 to 44, 28.5% from 45 to 64, and 9.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.8 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $113,212, and the median income for a family was $119,491. Males had a median income of $90,397 versus $48,042 for females. The per capita income for the town was $48,846. 1.4% of the population and 0.8% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 0.8% are under the age of 18 and 3.1% are 65 or older
Government and infrastructure
Boxford employs the open town meeting form of government, and is led by a board of selectmen and a town executive secretary. Boxford has a police department, a fire department with two branches in the main villages, two post offices, a public works department and a library, which is isolated within the town hall. Boxford has no water department; all residents and businesses have wells and septic. A second library was located in West Boxford, but due to budget constraints it was closed in 2008. The nearest hospitals are Merrimack Valley Hospital in Haverhill to the north, Lawrence General to the west, and Beverly Hospital to the south.
On the state level, Boxford is under the jurisdiction of the Central District Court of Essex County, located in Haverhill. It is patrolled by the Newbury station of Troop A of the Massachusetts State Police. The town is represented by two representatives, from the Second and Eighteenth Essex districts, in the Massachusetts House of Representatives, and as part of the First Essex and Middlesex district in the Massachusetts Senate. On the national level, the town is part of Massachusetts's 6th congressional district, and has been represented by Seth Moulton (D) since 2014. The state's senior Senator, elected in the 2012, is Elizabeth Warren (D), and its junior Senator, elected in 2013, is Ed Markey.
Politics
One of the few communities in Massachusetts to have more registered Republicans than Democrats, the town is more conservative than the rest of the state. It was the only town not to vote to reelect Senator John Kerry in 2008. In 2012, Mitt Romney received 59% of the vote in Boxford compared to President Obama's 40%. Hillary Clinton, however, became the first Democratic presidential nominee to win the town in the 21st Century in 2016. The former Secretary of State defeated Republican entrepreneur Donald Trump 47.93-42.85 percent of the vote, with 5.80 percent going to Libertarian Gary Johnson. In 2020, Boxford behaved much more like most other Massachusetts towns, with Joe Biden carrying the town by a robust 15 point margin.
Education
Boxford has one high school, Masconomet Regional High School, named after Chief Masconomet, sagamore of the Agawam tribe, who lived in Essex County at the time of English colonization. Masconomet is a regional school, serving the towns of Boxford, Middleton, and Topsfield. The school was commonly believed to be in Topsfield because it had a Topsfield street address. However, the school, which is located on Endicott Road, lies entirely within Boxford. Students may also elect to attend Essex-North Shore Technical and Agricultural High School in Danvers. Nearby private schools include The Governor's Academy in Byfield; Pingree School in South Hamilton; St. John's Preparatory School (boys only) in Danvers; Phillips Academy in Andover; and Brooks School in North Andover.
Masconomet Regional Middle School is also located in Boxford, and is attached to the high school. There are also three elementary schools in Boxford. The Harry Lee Cole School, which serves Preschool through Grade 2, is located near East Boxford center. The Spofford Pond School, serving Grades 3 through 6, is located on the western side of the town's geographic center. Boxford Academy, Preschool - 5th grade, is located in First Church Congregational Boxford on Georgetown Road.
Boxford also has two public schools, Spofford Pond School and Harry Lee Cole School.
Points of interest
Boxford State Forest, near Interstate 95 and the towns of Topsfield and Middleton, boasts numerous walking trails that weave through heavily forested areas. There are also smaller parks and trails like the Wildcat trail and Witch Hollow Farm trails located within the thick forests. Much of the open lands within town are managed by the Boxford Trails Association/Boxford Open Land Trust.
Commercial landmarks in and around town include Benson's Ice Cream, Paisley's Farm Stand and West Village Provisions in West Boxford center, Ingaldsby Farm, the Boxford Community store in East Boxford (also known as "Jack's" or "Wayne's", after its former and current owners), and the Boxford House of Pizza, which lies near the border of Boxford and Georgetown.
Boxford is also well known for its Apple Festival, happening each fall. The apple festival takes place on the streets near Waynes.
"Witch Hollow Farm", (a.k.a. the Tyler-Wood House) build c. 1727 by Capt. John Tyler the son of Moses Tyler whose sister-in-law, Rebecca Eames was tried in the famous 1693 Salem Witch Trials, found at the intersection of Main Street and Ipswich Road in Boxford. The house gets its name from a hollow that was on the Tyler property in the 1690s where Rebecca Eames claimed, in her trial, that she was bewitched by the Devil. It is a nationally recognized "Haunted House".
The town has a retirement community called Four Mile Village which sits adjacent to Four Mile Pond. The waiting list to get into this community is significant, and prospective applicants must either be former Boxford residents, or primary family members of current Boxford residents.
Boxford's centrally located Stiles Pond is the site for the town beach, where membership can be purchased by Boxford residents only, each season for a nominal fee through the Boxford Athletic Association (BAA). The adjacent ballpark and play area were recently designated by unanimous vote at Town Meeting as "Keith Koster Memorial Baseball Park" in memory of one of Boxford's beloved young people, a former Boxford beach lifeguard, baseball and football player who fell victim to a senseless act of crime in 2006.
Baldpate Pond, and the adjacent state recreation area, is another popular swimming, fishing, boating, and hiking location.
Camp Rotary is a popular summer co-ed boarding camp located on Stiles Pond off Ipswich Road in Boxford. Danvers YMCA holds another popular summer day camp on Stiles Pond, next to the town beach.
Recently constructed is the Boxford Commons. Boxford Commons is an outdoor sports recreation area that includes a football/soccer/field hockey fields. Boxford Commons also includes a play area for younger children. The Commons is located on Captain Cashin way, off of Middleton Rd near Harry Lee Cole School and the Boxford Fire Department. The fields are primarily used for sports for toddlers up to middle schoolers. The main field is a turf field used primarily for football and soccer.
In popular culture
The fictional character Ed Mercer of the American science-fiction television series The Orville was from Boxford.
==Notable people==
Andrew Marshall, Contestant on The Voice, Season 20 (Spring 2021).
References
Sources
Perley, Sidney. History of Boxford, Essex County, Massachusetts. Full images at books.google.Published 1880.
Perley, Francis, Samuel Wood, Moses Carleton. 1795 Map of Boxford.
Dorman, Moses. 1830 Map of Boxford.
Beers, D.G. 1872 Atlas of Essex County 1872 Map of Boxford. Plate 57.
Walker, George H. 1884 Atlas of Essex County 1884 Map of Boxford. Plate 109.
Vital Records of Boxford to 1849. Originally published by the Topsfield Historical Society in 1905. Transcribed and put online by John Slaughter and Jodi Salero 2007.
Boxford Town Records 1685-1706. Transcribed by Sidney Perley in 1880. From page 41 of Volume 5 of The Historical Collections of the Topsfield Historical Society. Published 1899. Full image and OCR at books.google.
External links
Boxford-Topsfield Newcomers & Natives Club
Populated places established in 1645
1645 establishments in Massachusetts | [
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259409 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex%20%28CDP%29%2C%20Massachusetts | Essex (CDP), Massachusetts | Essex CDP is a census-designated place (CDP) in the town of Essex in Essex County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 1,471 at the 2010 census.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , of which is land and (7.82%) is water.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,426 people, 581 households, and 379 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 263.4/km2 (683.4/mi2). There were 619 housing units at an average density of 114.4 inhabitants/km2 (296.7 inhabitants/mi2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 98.88% White, 0.21% African American, 0.00% Native American, 0.28% Asian, 0.07% Pacific Islander, 0.14% from other races, and 0.42% from two or more races. 0.98% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There were 581 households, out of which 31.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.5% were married couples living together, 8.3% have a woman whose husband does not live with her, and 34.6% were non-families. 28.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.45 and the average family size was 3.04.
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 23.8% under the age of 18, 4.9% from 18 to 24, 29.3% from 25 to 44, 26.7% from 45 to 64, and 15.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.9 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $52,039, and the median income for a family was $61,976. Males had a median income of $44,000 versus $31,987 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $31,255. 5.7% of the population and 1.3% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 1.1% are under the age of 18 and 15.0% are 65 or older.
References
Census-designated places in Essex County, Massachusetts
Essex, Massachusetts
Census-designated places in Massachusetts | [
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259412 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipswich%20%28CDP%29%2C%20Massachusetts | Ipswich (CDP), Massachusetts | Ipswich is a census-designated place (CDP) located in the town of Ipswich in Essex County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 4,222 at the 2010 census.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , of which is land and (5.80%) is water.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 4,161 people, 1,841 households, and 994 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 967.8/km2 (2,508.1/mi2). There were 1,923 housing units at an average density of 447.3 inhabitants/km2 (1,159.1 inhabitants/mi2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 96.78% White, 0.38% African American, 0.14% Native American, 0.99% Asian, 0.55% from other races, and 1.15% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.11% of the population.
There were 1,841 households, out of which 28.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39.7% were married couples living together, 10.8% have a woman whose husband does not live with her, and 46.0% were non-families. 38.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.23 and the average family size was 3.01.
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 22.2% under the age of 18, 6.3% from 18 to 24, 32.8% from 25 to 44, 22.7% from 45 to 64, and 16.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.5 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $40,482, and the median income for a family was $56,803. Males had a median income of $39,148 versus $33,036 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $23,954. About 7.1% of families and 11.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.9% of those under the age of 18 and 10.0% ages 65 or older.
References
Census-designated places in Essex County, Massachusetts
Ipswich, Massachusetts
Census-designated places in Massachusetts | [
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259413 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipswich%2C%20Massachusetts | Ipswich, Massachusetts | Ipswich is a coastal town in Essex County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 13,785 at the 2020 census. Home to Willowdale State Forest and Sandy Point State Reservation, Ipswich includes the southern part of Plum Island. A residential community with a vibrant tourism industry, the town is famous for its clams, celebrated annually at the Ipswich Chowderfest, and for Crane Beach, a barrier beach near the Crane estate. Ipswich was incorporated as a town in 1634.
History
Ipswich was founded by John Winthrop the Younger, son of John Winthrop, one of the founders of the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1630 and its first governor, elected in England in 1629. Several hundred colonists sailed from England in 1630 in a fleet of 11 ships, including Winthrop's flagship, the Arbella. Investigating the region of Salem and Cape Ann, they entertained aboard the Arbella for a day, June 12, 1630, a native chief of the lands to the north, Chief Masconomet. The event was recorded in Winthrop's journal on the 13th, but Winthrop did not say how they overcame the language barrier. The name they heard from Masconomet concerning the country over which he ruled has been reconstructed as Wonnesquamsauke, which the English promptly rendered into the anglicized "Agawam". The colonists, however, sailed to the south where some buildings had already been prepared for them at a place newly named Charlestown.
That winter they lost a few hundred colonists from malnutrition and disease. They also experienced their first nor'easter, which cost them some fingers and toes, as well as houses destroyed by the fires they kept burning day and night. Just as Winthrop was handing out the last handful of grain, the supply ship Lyon entered Boston Harbor. John now sent for his family in England, but his then wife, Margaret, her children, and his eldest son, John, whose mother was the elder John's first wife, Mary Forth, did not arrive until November, on the Lyon.
John the Younger resided with his father and stepmother until 1633, when he resolved to settle in Agawam, with the permission of the General Court of Massachusetts. Captain John Smith had written about the Angoam or Aggawom region in 1614, referring to it as "an excellent habitation, being a good and safe harbour."
John the Younger and 12 men aboard a shallop sailed into Ipswich harbor and took up residence there. Two men continued up the river (now River Road) to a large meadow, which they called New Meadows, now Topsfield. Agawam was incorporated on August 5, 1634, as Ipswich, after Ipswich in the county of Suffolk, England. The name "Ipswich" was taken "in acknowledgment of the great honor and kindness done to our people which took shipping there." Nathaniel Ward, an assistant pastor in town from 1634 to 1636, wrote the first code of laws for Massachusetts and later published the religious/political work, The Simple Cobbler of Aggawam in America in England.
In 1638, Masconomet entered into a contract with John Winthrop the Younger for the purchase of Ipswich for "wampampeage, & other things: and ... also for the sume [sic] of twenty pounds." There is no record of any native resistance to the colonization either at Charlestown or at Agawam, though there is documentation of devastating virgin soil epidemics among indigenous people in the area around 1617 and again in 1633, and contemporary reports attest to ghost towns encountered by early English settlers.
Pioneers would become farmers, fishermen, shipbuilders or traders. The tidal Ipswich River provided water power for mills, and salt marshes supplied hay for livestock. A cottage industry in lace-making developed. Ipswich Lace is a unique style, and the only known hand-made bobbin lace to be produced commercially in America. But in 1687, Ipswich residents, led by the Reverend John Wise, protested a tax imposed by the governor, Sir Edmund Andros. As Englishmen, they argued, taxation without representation was unacceptable. Citizens were jailed, but then Andros was recalled to England in 1689, and the new British sovereigns, William III and Mary II, issued colonists another charter. The rebellion is the reason the town calls itself the "Birthplace of American Independence".
Great clipper ships of the 19th century, however, bypassed Ipswich in favor of the deep-water seaports at Salem, Newburyport, Quincy, and Boston. The town remained primarily a fishing and farming community, its residents living in older homes they could not afford to replace—leaving Ipswich with a considerable inventory of early architecture. In 1822, a stocking manufacturing machine which had been smuggled out of England arrived at Ipswich, violating a British ban on exporting such technology, and the community developed as a mill town. In 1828, the Ipswich Female Seminary was founded. In 1868, Amos A. Lawrence established the Ipswich Hosiery Mills beside the river. It would expand into the largest stocking mill in the country by the turn of the 20th century. What may be the last witchcraft trial in North America was held in Ipswich in 1878. In the Ipswich witchcraft trial, a member of the Christian Science religion was accused of using his mental powers to harm others, including a spinster living in the town.
In 1910, Richard T. Crane Jr. of Chicago, the business magnate owner of Crane Plumbing, bought Castle Hill, a drumlin on Ipswich Bay. He hired Olmsted Brothers, successors to Frederick Law Olmsted, to landscape his estate, and engaged the Boston architectural firm of Shepley, Rutan & Coolidge to design an Italian Renaissance-Revival style villa on the summit. A grande allée, wide and lined with statuary, would run the half mile from house to sea. But his wife, Florence, loathed the building. Crane promised that if she still didn't like it in 10 years, he would replace it. True enough, in 1928 a new 59-room mansion designed by Chicago architect David Adler in the English Stuart style stood in its place, called the Great House. At Mrs. Crane's death in 1949, the entire property was bequeathed to The Trustees of Reservations, which uses it as a venue for concerts and weddings.
The town government was reformed in 1950 with the acceptance of the Town Manager Charter. This charter was rescinded by the voters, regained, lost again, and the present Town Manager-Selectmen Charter was adopted by the voters in 1967. In 2012 Ipswich hired its first female Town Manager, Robin Crosbie, who served until her retirement in 2018.
Geography
Ipswich is drained by the Ipswich River and Plum Island Sound, which join at their mouths and empty through a narrow but navigable channel at the foot of Castle Hill around Sandy Point into Ipswich Bay adjoining the Atlantic Ocean. The crane estate has a long lawn that overlooks the bay and often has castle hill concerts. The southern portion of Plum Island falls within the area allotted to the town, making up the town's ocean shore along with Castle Neck, south of the Sound. The northeastern part of town is marshy, where the Rowley River, Roger Island River, and Eagle Hill River drain into Plum Island Sound. South of Castle Neck, the Castle Neck River separates the town from neighboring Essex. A large portion of the western end of town is dominated by Willowdale State Forest, and other portions of the town are also protected land, including Crane Wildlife Refuge on Castle Neck, the Parker River National Wildlife Refuge and Sandy Point State Reservation on Plum Island, as well as Hamlin Reservation, Heartbreak Hill Reservation, Bull Brook Reservoir, Greenwood Farm and a portion of Appleton Farms Sanctuary, which extends into Hamilton.
Ipswich is located in central Essex County and is south of Newburyport, northwest of Gloucester, north of Salem, east of Lawrence, and northeast of Boston. It is bordered by Rowley to the north, Boxford to the west, and Topsfield, Hamilton, Essex and Gloucester to the south. (The border with Gloucester lies across Essex Bay, and as such there is no land connection between the two.)
Transportation
There is no interstate highway which runs through Ipswich; Interstate 95 passes through neighboring Boxford and Topsfield. U.S. Route 1, known as the Newburyport Turnpike, passes through the western end of town. Massachusetts Route 1A and Route 133 pass through the town, entering concurrently from Rowley and passing through the center of town before splitting south of the town center; Route 1A heads towards Hamilton and Beverly, while Route 133 leads to Essex and Gloucester.
Ipswich has a station along the Newburyport/Rockport Line of the MBTA Commuter Rail, providing service between Newburyport and Boston's North Station. There is no air service within town; the nearest small airports are in Newbury and Beverly, and the nearest national service is Boston's Logan International Airport. The Ipswich Essex Explorer provides summertime weekend shuttle service connecting Ipswich MBTA train station with Crane Beach, Essex and Appleton Farms.
Demographics
This article describes the town of Ipswich as a whole. Additional demographic detail is available which describes only the more densely populated central settlement or village within the town, although that detail is included in the aggregate values reported here. See: Ipswich (CDP), Massachusetts.
As of the census of 2000, there were 12,987 people, 5,290 households, and 3,459 families residing in the town. The population density was 398.6 people per square mile (153.9/km2). There were 5,601 housing units at an average density of 66.4 persons/km2 (171.9 persons/sq mi). The racial makeup of the town was 97.60% White, 0.39% African American, 0.08% Native American, 0.80% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.33% from other races, and 0.79% from two or more races. 1.04% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There were 5,290 households, out of which 30.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.0% were married couples living together, 8.4% have a woman whose husband does not live with her, and 34.6% were non-families. 28.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.42 and the average family size was 3.00.
In the town, the population was spread out, with 23.0% under the age of 18, 5.1% from 18 to 24, 28.3% from 25 to 44, 28.1% from 45 to 64, and 15.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 89.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.2 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $57,284, and the median income for a family was $74,931. Males had a median income of $51,408 versus $38,476 for females. The per capita income for the town was $32,516. 7.1% of the population and 4.1% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 7.8% are under the age of 18 and 13.0% are 65 or older.
Education
The first Ipswich Grammar School began around 1636.
Elementary schools
Currently, Paul F. Doyon Memorial and Winthrop are the town's two elementary schools. Paul F. Doyon is located on Linebrook Road and was originally named the Linebrook School until its renaming in 1967 following the death of its namesake in the Vietnam War. Grade levels end in 5th grade, then the students move on to the Ipswich Middle School.
Middle and high schools
The middle school and high school are housed in the same building and share the library, the cafeteria, performing arts facilities and athletic resources (tennis courts, a baseball diamond, a football field, and a running track).
Ipswich Middle School (IMS) covers grades 6-8 with each grade assigned to a "pod", which is a common area with a projector with lockers and classrooms for the grade branching off of the pod.
Ipswich High School (IHS) has been considered one of the best public high schools in the Boston area. The Ipswich Public Schools also have what is considered one of the best performing arts programs. In 2005, the high school was named a "Blue Ribbon" school. The Blue Ribbon is an award for national excellence in education under the No Child Left Behind legislation. The school also received a Vanguard award for similar academic prowess. IHS offers college-prep, honors, and AP-level classes. IHS has one of the highest graduation rates in Massachusetts.
Ipswich Middle/High School is considered to have one of the best music programs in the state. It contains dance, choruses, bands (including jazz, pep and concert bands), orchestra and symphony orchestra.
The high school mascot is the Tiger, and the school colors are orange and black. Ipswich competes in the Cape Ann League. The high school football team won the Division 3A Super Bowl Championship in 2006. It was the school's first title since 1992, and the fifth in school history. (Previous titles were achieved in 1974, 1977, 1991, and 1992.) Ipswich's traditional rival is Hamilton-Wenham Regional High School.
Points of interest
Appleton Farms (1638)
Brown Stocking Mill Historic District
Castle Hill (1928)
Choate Bridge (1764)
Crane Beach
John Heard House/Ipswich Historical Society (c. 1800)
John Whipple House (1642/1677)
South Green Historic District
Notable people
James Appleton, 19th century politician and activist
Dick Berggren, motorsports announcer and magazine editor
Charles E. Bohlen, U.S. diplomat
Anne Bradstreet, poet
Simon Bradstreet, governor
Michael Burns, actor, historian, professor emeritus at Mount Holyoke College, former resident of Ipswich
Rufus Choate, Lawyer, Orator and Politician
Eunice Caldwell Cowles, educator
Nathan Dane, lawyer
Arthur Wesley Dow, artist
John F. Dolan, legislator and conservation advocate
Thomas Dudley, governor
Dennis Eckersley, baseball Hall-of-Fame pitcher
Ed Emberley, artist of children's drawing books
Melissa Ferrick, musician
David Giddings, Wisconsin Territorial legislator, engineer, and businessman
Elizabeth Topham Kennan, former president of Mount Holyoke College and wife of actor-historian Michael Burns, former resident of Ipswich
Stuffy McInnis, baseball player and manager
Jimmy McLane, swimmer, Olympic champion
John Norton, author, minister at Ipswich 1636
John Proctor, victim of the Salem witch trials
Richard S. Rust, abolitionist and educator
Jenny Slew, one of the first black Americans to sue for her freedom, and the first person to succeed through trial by jury
Crocker Snow, aviation pioneer
John Updike, author
Nathaniel Ward, clergyman and jurist
Sarah Whipple Goodhue, 17th century writer
References
External links
Town of Ipswich official website
Ipswich Historical Commission and Visitor Center website, HistoricIpswich.org
Ipswich Public Library
Willowdale State Forest
Ipswich Arts and Cultural Council
History of Ipswich, Essex, and Hamilton by Joseph Barlow Felt published 1834. Online at books.google.com
Ipswich in the Massachusetts Bay Colony Vol.2 1700–1917 by Thomas Franklin Waters, Sarah Goodhue, John Wise. Published 1917.
Memorial of Samuel Appleton of Ipswich, Massachusetts by Isaac Appleton Jewett, published 1850.
1795 Map of Ipswich, Massachusetts Click on the screen size maps to get a much larger image.
1832 Map of Ipswich, Massachusetts by Philander Anderson.
1872 Map of Ipswich plate 66-67 in the 1872 Atlas of Essex County, Massachusetts.
1872 Map of Ipswich Center plate 69 in the 1872 Atlas of Essex County, Massachusetts.
Old USGS maps of Ipswich
The Birthplace of American Independence, 1687, How Ipswich, Massachusetts, Won This Inscription for Its Town Seal, National Historical Society
Populated coastal places in Massachusetts
Populated places established in 1633
1633 establishments in Massachusetts | [
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259414 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockport%20%28CDP%29%2C%20Massachusetts | Rockport (CDP), Massachusetts | Rockport is a census-designated place (CDP) in the town of Rockport in Essex County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 4,966 at the 2010 census.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , of which is land and (2.62%) is water.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 5,606 people, 2,582 households, and 1,445 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 541.1/km2 (1,403.2/mi2). There were 3,178 housing units at an average density of 306.8 inhabitants/km2 (795.4 inhabitants/mi2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 97.91% White, 0.25% African American, 0.14% Native American, 0.46% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.37% from other races, and 0.84% from two or more races. 0.98% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There were 2,582 households, out of which 23.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.3% were married couples living together, 7.0% have a woman whose husband does not live with her, and 44.0% were non-families. 39.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.14 and the average family size was 2.90.
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 20.6% under the age of 18, 4.2% from 18 to 24, 24.3% from 25 to 44, 29.5% from 45 to 64, and 21.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 45 years. For every 100 females, there were 81.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 78.2 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $47,360, and the median income for a family was $67,621. Males had a median income of $48,088 versus $38,485 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $29,506. 4.1% of the population and 2.9% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 2.5% are under the age of 18 and 4.3% are 65 or older.
References
Census-designated places in Essex County, Massachusetts
Rockport, Massachusetts
Census-designated places in Massachusetts | [
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259416 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowley%20%28CDP%29%2C%20Massachusetts | Rowley (CDP), Massachusetts | Rowley is a census-designated place (CDP) in the town of Rowley in Essex County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 1,416 at the 2010 census.
Geography
Rowley is located at (42.718692, -70.877164).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , of which is land and , or 1.53%, is water.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,434 people, 569 households, and 386 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 316.4/km2 (817.7/mi2). There were 584 housing units at an average density of 128.8/km2 (333.0/mi2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 98.33% White, 0.35% Black or African American, 0.49% Native American, 0.56% Asian, and 0.28% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.49% of the population.
There were 569 households, out of which 29.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.5% were married couples living together, 7.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.0% were non-families. 27.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.52 and the average family size was 3.09.
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 23.9% under the age of 18, 6.1% from 18 to 24, 28.4% from 25 to 44, 27.1% from 45 to 64, and 14.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 89.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.7 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $47,031, and the median income for a family was $58,500. Males had a median income of $42,470 versus $28,487 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $21,343. About 2.2% of families and 4.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including none of those under age 18 and 19.0% of those age 65 or over.
References
Census-designated places in Essex County, Massachusetts
Rowley, Massachusetts
Census-designated places in Massachusetts | [
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259417 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowley%2C%20Massachusetts | Rowley, Massachusetts | Rowley is a town in Essex County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 6,161 at the 2020 census.
Part of the town comprises the census-designated place of Rowley.
History
Native Americans inhabited the area that would become Rowley for thousands of years prior to European colonization. During the contact period in the early 1600s, the area was inhabited by the Agawam people under sachem Masconomet. Virgin soil epidemics brought through early contacts with European fishermen, explorers, and traders during the early 1600s, especially in 1617 and 1633, caused significant loss of life among the Agawam, limiting their ability to resist English settlement on their land. Although the area that would become Rowley was colonized by English settlers starting in 1639, it was not until 1700 that the town would pay Masoconomet's heirs nine pounds for a quitclaim deed.
In spring of 1639 Rowley was originally colonized as a plantation by Reverend Ezekiel Rogers, who had arrived from England on the ship John of London with approximately twenty families. The John of London also brought over the first printing press in the colonies, which was later brought to Harvard University.
The following spring, on September 4, 1639, the town was incorporated, and included portions of modern-day Byfield, Groveland, Georgetown, and Haverhill. The town was named after Rowley, East Riding of Yorkshire, where Rogers had served as pastor for twenty years before his suspension due to non-conformist Puritan beliefs. Rogers was installed as Rowley's pastor on December 3.
1643 and 1645 saw the construction of a fulling mill and grist mill, respectively. The town became known for its hemp and flax cloth, as well as cotton. In 1642, a keystone arch bridge and a dam were built on the Mill River for the fulling mill, the first such in the colonies. The bridge was the first stone arch bridge in North America, constructed entirely of hand-chiseled granite and contained no mortar. It was rebuilt in the mid-19th century. In 1669, a sawmill was established in town and is still in business today. A wagon factory was built in 1868 by Moses E. Daniels. Later, at the start of the 20th century, the town had a booming shoe industry, as well as successful boat building businesses.
Many colonial homes line Rowley's streets, mixed in with a variety of architectural styles from all throughout American history. The town common (historically called the training place), is surrounded by many simple yet graceful old homes. It was at the training place where Benedict Arnold's expedition to Quebec encamped in 1775, during the American Revolution.
Education
Rowley serves one public elementary school, the Pine Grove Elementary School. Middle school students attend Triton Regional Middle School, and high school students attend Triton Regional High School along with Newbury, and Salisbury.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which is land and , or 10.56%, is water. Rowley lies along the Atlantic Ocean north of Cape Ann, the mainland separated from the ocean by a small portion of Plum Island and Plum Island Sound. The island and a portion of the marshes south of Mud Creek (part of the town's northern border) are protected as part of the Parker River National Wildlife Refuge. The town has other portions which are protected, including parts of the Mill Creek Wildlife Management Area, the Georgetown-Rowley State Forest, the Willowdale State Forest, the Arthur Ewell Reservation, and the Bay Circuit Trail. Much of the eastern mainland part of town is marshy, feeding Mud Creek, Mill River and the Rowley River, which constitutes part of the town's southern border.
Rowley is located south of Newburyport, north of Salem, east of Lawrence, and northeast of Boston. It is bordered to the north by Newbury, to the northwest by Georgetown, to the west by Boxford, and to the south by Ipswich.
Interstate 95 passes through the western end of town, with the nearest exits being in Georgetown and Boxford. U.S. Route 1, known as the Newburyport Turnpike in the area, passes near the geographic center of town, and Massachusetts Route 1A passes through the eastern part of town, through the town center. All three roads are connected by Massachusetts Route 133, which passes from west to east through the town, becoming coextensive with Route 1A just north of the Ipswich town line and heading south with it.
Rowley is one of the stations along the Newburyport/Rockport Line of the MBTA Commuter Rail, providing service between Newburyport to the North Shore and Boston's North Station. The nearest national air service can be found at Boston's Logan International Airport, though Plum Island Airport, a small general aviation airport, is located in neighboring Newburyport.
Climate
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 5,500 people, 1,958 households, and 1,468 families residing in the town. The population density was 293.8 people per square mile (113.4/km2). There were 2,004 housing units at an average density of 107.1 per square mile (41.3/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 98.38% White, 0.24% Black or African American, 0.25% Native American, 0.45% Asian, 0.27% from other races, and 0.40% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.85% of the population.
There were 1,958 households, out of which 39.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 64.5% were married couples living together, 7.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.0% were non-families. 20.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.77 and the average family size was 3.23.
In the town, the population was spread out, with 28.0% under the age of 18, 5.9% from 18 to 24, 32.5% from 25 to 44, 24.3% from 45 to 64, and 9.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.1 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $62,130, and the median income for a family was $75,527. Males had a median income of $49,970 versus $32,500 for females. The per capita income for the town was $27,413. About 3.3% of families and 4.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.8% of those under age 18 and 11.4% of those age 65 or over.
Literature
Rowley is the town that the protagonist flees to from fictional Innsmouth in the H. P. Lovecraft short story "The Shadow Over Innsmouth". In the story, Innsmouth is located to the southeast of Rowley.
Rowley is also featured in Chapter Three of The American Pageant, by Thomas A. Bailey, an American history textbook often used in AP United States History courses.
In Chesapeake, James Michener lists Rowley as one of several towns in the 17th century where Quakers were whipped in the town common en route to expulsion into Rhode Island.
In The Nightmare Murders, Ken Blaisdell sets the story about tracking down a serial killer in his original hometown of Rowley.
Notable people
Jacob Bailey, author and clergyman of the Church of England
Jeremiah Chaplin, 1st President of Colby College
Parker Cleaveland, geologist and mineralogist
Henry Harriman, one of the First Seven Presidents of the Seventy of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints
Bruce Kimball, retired NFL football player for the Washington Redskins and New York Giants
Eddie MacDonald, NASCAR driver
Josiah Little Pickard, educator
Jerry Moses, former catcher for the Boston Red Sox
Nathaniel Prime, merchant and banker based in New York City, pioneer in specializing in trading securities
Margaret Scott, hanged during the Salem witch trial
John S. Tenney, former Justice of the Maine Supreme Judicial Court
See also
List of mill towns in Massachusetts
References
External links
Town of Rowley official website
Walker, George. 1884 Atlas of Essex County. 1884 Map of Rowley. Published 1884 by George Walker.
Vital Records of Rowley to 1849. Originally published by the Essex Institute. Transcribed and put online by John Slaughter and Jodi Salero 2007. | [
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259418 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salisbury%20%28CDP%29%2C%20Massachusetts | Salisbury (CDP), Massachusetts | Salisbury is a census-designated place (CDP) in the town of Salisbury in Essex County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 4,869 at the 2010 census.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , of which is land and (20.08%) is water.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 4,484 people, 1,886 households, and 1,091 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 293.4/km2 (760.3/mi2). There were 2,927 housing units at an average density of 191.5 inhabitants/km2 (496.3 inhabitants/mi2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 97.23% White, 0.54% African American, 0.27% Native American, 0.49% Asian, 0.16% Pacific Islander, 0.33% from other races, and 0.98% from two or more races. 1.47% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There were 1,886 households, out of which 25.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.3% were married couples living together, 10.9% have a woman whose husband does not live with her, and 42.1% were non-families. 32.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.36 and the average family size was 3.05.
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 21.7% under the age of 18, 6.6% from 18 to 24, 31.6% from 25 to 44, 26.0% from 45 to 64, and 14.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.7 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $41,961, and the median income for a family was $51,806. Males had a median income of $41,910 versus $32,373 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $21,345. 8.0% of the population and 4.7% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 13.8% are under the age of 18 and 4.6% are 65 or older.
References
Census-designated places in Essex County, Massachusetts
Census-designated places in Massachusetts | [
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259419 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salisbury%2C%20Massachusetts | Salisbury, Massachusetts | Salisbury is a small coastal beach town and summer tourist destination in Essex County, Massachusetts, United States. The community is a popular summer resort beach town situated on the Atlantic Ocean, north of Boston on the New Hampshire border. It is home to the new Salisbury Beach Boardwalk, full of souvenir shops, restaurants, cafes, arcades and panoramic views of the Atlantic Ocean. The population was 9,236 at the 2020 census. Parts of town comprise the census-designated place of Salisbury.
History
This was once territory of the Pentucket tribe of Pennacook Indians. It was settled by the English in 1638 as Colchester, and incorporated in 1640 as Salisbury, after Salisbury in Wiltshire, England.
The original roads at the center of the town formed a compact semicircle, which allowed the residents to quickly reach the garrison house in case of attack. Those roads still exist, though the shape today is triangular, being bounded by Elm Street, School Street and Bridge Road. One of the two greatest fears at the time was the Naumkeag tribe of Indians, thus the men of the town took turns standing watch against a surprise attack, especially at night. The Naumkeags, however, had been decimated by plague, and the threat was not what it once might have been. The second threat came from wolves, which were plentiful, and which killed the livestock and dug in the graveyard.
The original residents, including Richard Currier, were given one small house lot near the center of town, and one larger planting lot just outside the center for farming. Families also owned large sections of "sweepage lots" near the beach, where apparently they harvested the salt marsh hay. At the time, the area was almost entirely unbroken virgin forest, which had to be cleared for the construction of houses and the planting of fields.
Richard Currier was a millwright and was one of the original settlers of Salisbury. He is listed in the first division of house lots in 1640 and received additional land in 1641 and 1642. In 1654 there were sixty commoners in Salisbury and they voted that thirty families were to be chosen to move west of the Powow River. Eighteen of these families were commoners and the number of commoners were increased to 26 by the time Salisbury New Town became the town of Amesbury in 1668. Richard heads the list of the eighteen commoners and was one of the signers to the Articles of Agreement between the inhabitants of the Old Town and those of the New Town, 1 May 1654.
In 1866, Beach Road was constructed across Great Marsh, providing access to the town's five miles of pristine beach. It developed into a thriving summer resort, lined with hotels, restaurants, shops, cottages, arcades and amusement parks. A carousel called The Flying Horses, hand carved by Charles I. D. Looff, was installed in 1914. John Miller built The Sky Rocket, the beach's first roller coaster. A Dodgem ride, originally built by Max and Harold Stoeher of Methuen, operated at Salisbury Beach in one form or another from 1920 to 1980. Major entertainers provided concerts, including Glenn Miller, Ella Fitzgerald, Louis Armstrong, Frank Sinatra and Liberace.
The resort remained vibrant through the 1960s, then gradually faded. WildCat, the last roller coaster, was razed in 1976. Pirate's Fun Park, the last small amusement park, closed in 2004 to be replaced with condominiums.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 17.9 square miles (46.2 km2), of which 15.4 square miles (40.0 km2) is land and 2.4 square miles (6.2 km2; 13.50%) is water. Salisbury is the northernmost town in Massachusetts, with its northwest corner (where Elmwood Street meets the New Hampshire border) being at approximately 42°53'12.26". Lying along the northern banks of the Merrimack River at its mouth, the town is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the east, the Merrimack River and Newburyport to the south, Amesbury to the west, and Seabrook, New Hampshire, to the north. The town is home to Salisbury Beach State Reservation, a park which includes the entire seacoast and a small portion inland, as well as the Ram Island and Carr Island State Wildlife Management Areas, the two islands lying in the middle of the Merrimack (along with Eagle Island, which is not protected). Much of the town is covered by marshes, especially in the eastern part of town. Several brooks and creeks run through town as well. The town contains three villages, Salisbury Beach, Salisbury Plains (in the northwest corner of town) and Browns Point (between Salisbury Beach and the center of town).
Education
Salisbury has one public school, Salisbury Elementary School. Middle school students attend Triton Regional Middle School, and high school students attend Triton Regional High School, along with Newbury, and Rowley.
Transportation
The town lies along the northern end of U.S. Route 1 in Massachusetts. It enters the town via the Newburyport Turnpike Bridge and heads in a roughly "S"-shaped route through the center of town to the New Hampshire border. Prior to the erection of the bridge, the road south of the town center was east of its current location, leading along Ferry Road to a ferry landing, which connected the town to Newburyport. The town also constitutes the northern termini of Interstate 95 in Massachusetts, and of Interstate 495, which lies just one-quarter mile into the town at I-95 Exit 59. Exit 60 gives access to both Route 1 and Massachusetts/New Hampshire Route 286, which provides access to the beaches. The eastern terminus of Massachusetts Route 110 is in Salisbury (at Route 1), and accesses I-95 at Exit 58, just over the Amesbury town line. The northernmost segment of Massachusetts Route 1A passes through town, entering concurrently with Route 1 before heading east from the town center and turning north along Salisbury Beach to join New Hampshire Route 1A.
The Merrimack Valley Regional Transit Authority provides local bus service connecting Salisbury to nearby communities. The nearest train station is in Newburyport.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 7,827 people, 3,082 households, and 1,990 families residing in the town. The population density was 507.1 people per square mile (195.9/km2). There were 4,156 housing units at an average density of 104.0 persons/km2 (269.3 persons/sq mi). The racial makeup of the town was 97.55% White, 0.41% African American, 0.31% Native American, 0.34% Asian, 0.09% Pacific Islander, 0.26% from other races, 1.05% from two or more races, and 1.18% was Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There were 3,082 households, out of which 29.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.2% were married couples living together, 10.9% have a woman whose husband does not live with her, and 35.4% were non-families. 26.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.53 and the average family size was 3.10.
In the town, the age distribution of the population shows 23.6% under the age of 18, 6.4% from 18 to 24, 32.1% from 25 to 44, 26.1% from 45 to 64, and 11.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.5 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $49,310, and the median income for a family was $56,327. Males had a median income of $41,705 versus $31,250 for females. The per capita income for the town was $21,608. 6.8% of the population and 4.5% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 9.6% are under the age of 18 and 5.6% are 65 or older.
Government
Salisbury is part of the Massachusetts Senate's 1st Essex district.
Points of interest
Salisbury Beach Boardwalk
Allen Rock
Ann's Diner
Badgers Rock
Blue Ocean Music Hall
Joe's Playland
Rings Island
Salisbury Beach State Reservation
Photos
Notable people
John Clough, a founder of the town, sailed on ship Elizabeth from England in 1635
Bob Corkum, ice hockey center
Caleb Cushing, congressman
Hannah Webster Foster, novelist
Horatio Balch Hackett, Biblical scholar
Josiah S. Johnston, congressman and senator
Susannah Martin, witch trial victim
Amos Morrill, judge
James Pike, congressman
Redford Webster, apothecary, politician and antiquarian
John Wheelwright, clergyman
See also
North Shore (Massachusetts)
Open town meeting
Salisbury Beach Military Reservation
References
External links
Town of Salisbury official website
Salisbury Public Library
1638 establishments in Massachusetts
Populated coastal places in Massachusetts
Populated places established in 1638
Massachusetts populated places on the Merrimack River | [
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259420 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topsfield%20%28CDP%29%2C%20Massachusetts | Topsfield (CDP), Massachusetts | Topsfield is a census-designated place (CDP) in the town of Topsfield in Essex County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 2,717 at the 2010 census.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , of which is land and , or 1.41%, is water.
Demographics
At the 2000 census, there were 2,826 people, 1,016 households and 765 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 395.3/km2 (1,023.0/mi2). There were 1,042 housing units at an average density of 145.8 inhabitants/km2 (377.2 inhabitants/mi2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 98.16% White, 0.11% African American, 0.07% Native American, 0.57% Asian, 0.00% Pacific Islander, 0.42% from other races, and 0.67% from two or more races. 0.85% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There were 1,016 households, of which 36.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.1% were married couples living together, 7.3% have a woman whose husband does not live with her, and 24.7% were non-families. 22.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.69 and the average family size was 3.18.
27.0% of the population were under the age of 18, 4.5% from 18 to 24, 24.1% from 25 to 44, 25.1% from 45 to 64, and 19.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.5 males.
The median household income was $84,898 and the median family income was $99,462. Males had a median income of $63,194 and females $43,843. The per capita income was $34,953. None of the families and 2.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 0.0% under the age of 18 and 6.1% ages 65 or older.
References
Census-designated places in Essex County, Massachusetts
Topsfield, Massachusetts
Census-designated places in Massachusetts | [
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259421 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topsfield%2C%20Massachusetts | Topsfield, Massachusetts | Topsfield is a town in Essex County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 6,569 at the 2020 census. Topsfield is located in the North Shore region of Massachusetts. Part of the town comprises the census-designated place of Topsfield.
History
Colonial period
The Agawam tribe inhabited Topsfield prior to and during the British colonization in the early seventeenth century. They were one of the Algonquian peoples. They claimed the land north of the Danvers River, the whole of Cape Ann and from there to the Merrimack River. However, the first European explorers had brought smallpox to New England, decimating all the shore tribes from the Penobscot River to Narragansett Bay in 1616.
Chief Masconomet, for whom Masconomet Regional High School is named, was the sagamore or chief of the Agawam at this time. He welcomed Massachusetts Bay Colony Governor John Winthrop on his arrival in Salem Harbor in 1630. Masconomet deeded all the Agawams' land to Winthrop in 1638 in exchange for twenty pounds sterling. The English had settled within the bounds of modern-day Topsfield by 1643. They originally named their settlement New Meadows. Tradition has long held that the Agawam called the place Shenewemedy, meaning "the pleasant place by the flowing waters." More recent historians believe that Shenewemedy was how the Agawam pronounced New Meadows, rather than a word in their own language.
The General Court of Massachusetts renamed the place Topsfield in 1648, undoubtedly after Toppesfield, England, a small parish in the county of Essex north of London. Topsfield was incorporated as a town in 1650. Masconomet died in 1658 and was buried on Sagamore Hill, now in Hamilton. Nine years later, two young men were punished for digging up the grave of the sagamore and carrying his skull on a pole. Native Americans were held in low regard and were poorly treated by the colonists. There is no record of hostilities between the colonists and Native Americans in Topsfield, however, even during the French and Indian Wars, which covered the period 1689-97. The Topsfield town records last mention Native American residents in 1750.
The Salem witch trials of 1692 touched Topsfield directly. Belief in witches was normal in the seventeenth century. People were accused of witchcraft in Europe and the colonies during this time, but executions were relatively rare in the colonies. Historians conclude that only fifteen people were executed as witches in the American colonies before 1692. In that year alone, however, over 160 people, mostly from Essex County, Massachusetts, were accused of witchcraft. Of these, nineteen were hanged and one was pressed to death for refusing to plead. In July 1692, Rebecca Nurse of Salem Village (then part of the town of Salem, now part of present-day Danvers) was hanged at Gallows Hill in Salem. She was the daughter of William Towne of Topsfield. Young Salem Village girls allegedly possessed by the devil – the source of Rebecca Nurse's witchcraft accusation and most others – also named as witches Rebecca's Topsfield sisters, Sarah Cloyce and Mary Esty; while Sarah was eventually set free, Mary was hanged in September. Sarah Wildes and Elizabeth Howe from Topsfield were hanged along with Rebecca Nurse. Many other Topsfield residents were accused of witchcraft until the hysteria ended in May 1693, when the governor of Massachusetts set free all of the remaining persons accused of witchcraft and issued a proclamation of general pardon. While the causes of the 1692 witchcraft episode continue to be the subject of historical and sociological study, there is a consensus view that land disputes and perhaps economic rivalry among factions in Salem, Salem Village and Topsfield fueled animosity and played an underlying role.
The witchcraft delusion is an extreme example of how religion is alloyed in Topsfield history, but other examples abound. Indeed, Topsfield was founded in part based on "alarming" 1633 news that the Roman Catholic French had planted settlements nearby and intended to send settlers "with divers priests and Jesuits among them". Governor Winthrop and the Puritan establishment (who believed a Protestant theocracy was proper), countered the perceived Catholic threat in March of that year by sending English men and women into the wilderness that would become Topsfield. Among the first group was William Perkins, a preacher. From the beginning, Topsfield residents made provision for "the publicke worship of God". In 1684, they hired the Reverend Joseph Capen, whose Parson Capen House still stands as the town's most notable historical landmark. A successor to Capen's original Congregational Church building overlooks the Topsfield common. Its white steeple graces countless postcards. Topsfield's preeminent historian, George Francis Dow, tells us: "No minister of those early days left a deeper impression on the town than Reverend Joseph Capen, who wisely led the minds of the people along the varied paths of knowledge until his death in 1725."
No minister in those early days may have left a deeper impression on Topsfield religious history, but it was a contemporary of Reverend Capen whose family has best connected Topsfield to the religious history of the world. Robert Smith settled in Topsfield in 1638. His descendants extended through five generations in Topsfield. They were respected townspeople and members of Capen's Congregational Church. Joseph Smith Sr. was born in Topsfield in 1771, and his son, Joseph Smith Jr., founded the Latter Day Saint movement. The younger Joseph Smith was born in Sharon, Vermont, in 1805, not long after his family moved from Topsfield. Mormons point out Topsfield in their church history books and continue to visit the Smith ancestral hometown today.
Revolution and New Republic: Minutemen, turnpike, gerrymander and the fair
The population of Topsfield grew slowly in the eighteenth century, reaching only 773 by the year 1776. Topsfield was much smaller and more agrarian than other Essex County towns by the time of the Revolution and perhaps for these reasons the town seemed a bit more conservative and less ardent for independence than its Essex County neighbors. Nonetheless, as tensions between crown and colonists mounted in the years before the American Revolution, Topsfield joined the network of committees dedicated to preserving the rights of the people. On June 8, 1771, the town voted to stand ready "to preserve and Defend Our Own Lawfull Rights Libertys and propertys even to the last Extremity". Topsfield sent two militia companies numbering 110 "Minute Men" under the command of Capt. Joseph Gould, to answer the Lexington Alarm on April 19, 1775. As Dow tells us, "The news from Lexington, spreading like wildfire in every direction, reached this place at about ten o'clock in the forenoon. The farmers were busy in their fields, but there was no hesitation. The plough was stayed mid-furrow, and within an hour, many were on their way to the scene of the conflict." Topsfield men participated in the Battle of Bunker Hill on June 17, 1775, and were part of General Washington's Continental army throughout the remainder of the American Revolutionary War.
Advances in communication, transportation and commerce in the nineteenth century wove Topsfield ever more tightly into the fabric of the new republic. In 1803, Governor Caleb Strong chartered the Newburyport Turnpike Corporation, a profit-making venture that proposed building a toll road straight from Newburyport through Topsfield to Boston. Proponents of the turnpike claimed it would be a far more efficient way between the two endpoints, cutting travel time from six to four hours. Work on the Turnpike began in August 1803 and involved immense amounts of manual and animal labor. When the Newburyport Turnpike opened for business on February 11, 1805, its builders claimed it was the best in the nation. The turnpike had tollhouses located in Newbury, Topsfield and Chelsea, each with a large gate that swung open and closed across the way. Stagecoaches ran regularly carrying passengers, mail and freight, though not without difficulty over Topsfield's steep hills. Accidents were common. The Newburyport Turnpike Corporation was never particularly profitable and became less so with the advent of the railroad. The corporation ceased operations around 1847 and sold the turnpike to Essex County in the early 1850s.
In contrast to the straightness of the turnpike, Topsfield was one of the towns surrounded by the original "Gerrymander" - meandering electoral districts drawn by Governor Elbridge Gerry in 1812 to further the interests of his political party. The Gerrymander brought Topsfield little claim to fame; but on June 12, 1818, the state legislature did something that would bring Topsfield its greatest claim to fame - it chartered the Essex Agricultural Society, the organization that runs the Topsfield Fair.
Nineteenth and early twentieth century: railroad, Civil War, shoes and immigration
In the middle of the nineteenth century, entrepreneurs in New England started small railroad companies. John Wright and Asa Pingree were among the Topsfield men who chartered the Danvers and Georgetown Railroad in 1851, with plans to run a rail line between those two towns through Topsfield. Railroad cars entered Topsfield for the first time on August 12, 1854. When the line was open for public travel on October 23, the Boston Transcript wrote, "It was a great day for the hardworking citizens of several towns of Essex County when a new route between Boston and Newburyport was opened to the public. We understand a large number of persons from Georgetown, Boxford and Topsfield, who had never travelled with a steam horse, ventured the experiment of jumping on and trying him." The Topsfield station was first on Main Street and moved to a new location on Park Street in 1897. Railroad mergers and other unions were common at this time. By 1905, a number of the local lines – the Danvers and Georgetown, the Danvers Railroad, the Newburyport Railroad and the Eastern Railroad (Massachusetts) among them – were effectively made part of the Boston and Maine Railroad.
The news of the firing on Fort Sumter on April 12, 1861, reached Topsfield about five o'clock that afternoon. Topsfield sent 113 soldiers to the American Civil War and appropriated funds for recruiting and supporting them. Dow adds, "The ladies of Topsfield worked heartily in the cause of the soldiers during the war, and forwarded to the army, money, clothing and hospital stores". The Topsfield soldiers – many of whom may never before have "travelled with a steam horse" or left town at all – fought and died in places far from home: Bull Run, Virginia; Gettysburg, Pennsylvania; and Port Hudson, Louisiana, to name just a few. Several men of Topsfield died as prisoners in the Confederates' notorious Andersonville Prison in Georgia. In 1860, Topsfield had a population of 1,292, but in 1865 that number had fallen to 1,212. In his will, Dr. Justin Allen left money to the town to erect a monument to honor Topsfield soldiers of the Civil War. Alphonso T. Merrill's design, called "The wounded color Sergeant", is a prominent landmark on the Topsfield Common, dedicated in 1914.
Up to and through the 19th century, Topsfield was principally an agrarian town, but one industry - the manufacture of shoes - flourished for a while in Topsfield, as it did at this time across New England. The town records mention the first shoe maker in 1838. The industry picked up in Topsfield during the Civil War, as sewed shoes were beginning to supersede pegged ones, and many Essex County firms supplied shoes to the Union troops. In 1867, four shoe manufacturing firms were located in town. The Herrick family owned the largest, founded in 1837. Topsfield shoes found customers across the United States, and it was said that, at its highest point of production, Topsfield shipped 200,000 pairs annually. The shoe business in Topsfield declined after the Civil War. The Herrick family, the last manufacturer in town, ceased operations in the early 20th century.
During the time of the Great Famine of Ireland, a wave of Irish immigrants came to America, arriving in Topsfield in the 1850s to work constructing the railroad. Dow tells us, "The Irishmen employed in the making of the roadbed were brought into Topsfield in 50 tipcarts, just at the edge of the evening [after the work day was over]." The Irish workers slept in town and later occupied shanties located above the railroad bridge, which crosses West Street. The first known Catholic families moved to Topsfield during this time. Italian immigrants arrived in the wave of immigration, mostly from eastern and southern Europe, which occurred from 1890 to 1920. They worked constructing the great estates and summerhouses in Essex County. On the estate of Thomas E. Proctor, now owned by the Massachusetts Audubon Society (the Ipswich River Wildlife Sanctuary), Italian immigrant stonemasons constructed the "Rockery" - a lavish rock garden and series of caverns - which still exists. They lived in shanties during the construction. Historians believe that Topsfield's first Italian families are descended from these masons.
Modern period: technological advances, automobiles, Route 128 and suburbia
The turnpike and railroad were important technological advances affecting Topsfield history in the early and middle 19th century, but the pace of technological change picked up dramatically as that century came to a close. The 1870s and 1880s saw the invention of three technologies that we take for granted today, but were revolutionary in their day: the electric light bulb, the telephone and centrally-generated electricity generation. All three were available to Topsfield residents by the 1890s and boomed after the start of the 20th century. These technologies, like the turnpike and railroad before them, integrated the town of Topsfield ever more closely into the county, the state, the nation and the world.
The automobile, however, affected Topsfield more than any other technology by allowing its residents to disconnect where they lived from where they worked. Automobiles need roads, of course, and the quality and quantity of road-building accelerated during the twentieth century. Massachusetts Route 128, with Boston at its center, quietly but powerfully influenced Topsfield's history and character. Originally known as the "Circumferential Highway", Route 128 was the first limited-access beltway in the United States. The Route 128 number dates from the origin of the Massachusetts highway system in the 1920s. By the 1950s, Route 128 ran from Nantasket Beach in Hull to Gloucester. With the rapid growth of high-technology industry in the suburban areas along Route 128, the highway came to symbolize the Boston high-tech community itself. In 1955, Business Week magazine ran an article titled "New England Highway Upsets Old Way of Life" and referred to Route 128 as "the Magic Semicircle". The number of companies grew rapidly from that point in time, many of them involved with space race and cold war defense projects. In the 1980s, the positive effects of this growth on the Massachusetts economy were dubbed the "Massachusetts Miracle". Throughout this period of expansion, employees of the Route 128 companies made Topsfield their home.
For its first three hundred years, Topsfield was a small farm town. But each year from its colonial period Topsfield has grown more closely connected to the larger world. More than anything else, affordable automobiles and modern road systems changed Topsfield and made the town what it is today - a suburban bedroom community within the greater Boston metropolitan area.
Geography and transportation
According to the United States Census Bureau, Topsfield has a total area of , of which are land and , or 7.00%, is water. Topsfield lies in the geographic center of Essex County, Massachusetts. Like its namesake in Essex, England, Topsfield has within its bounds some of the higher land in the county. The highest point in town is found on Great Hill, with an elevation of at least , according to the most recent (2011-2012) USGS 7.5-minute topographical map. Hood's Pond, covering an area of in the northern part of town, is the largest body of water in Topsfield, though most of it lies in Ipswich. Topsfield also includes parts of the Ipswich River Wildlife Sanctuary, Bradley Palmer State Park, Willowdale State Forest and the entirety of the Topsfield Town Forest.
Clockwise from the north, Topsfield is bounded by Ipswich, Hamilton, Wenham, Danvers, Middleton and Boxford. Topsfield is located approximately north of Salem and north of Boston. Part of the North Shore in name, if not in actuality, Topsfield is south of the Merrimack River and from Massachusetts Bay and the Atlantic Ocean. Interstate 95 passes through the southwestern corner of town, with exits in neighboring Danvers and Boxford. The town is nearly bisected from southwest to northeast by U.S. Route 1, known locally as the "Newburyport Turnpike" or "Old Boston Road". From northwest to southeast, Massachusetts Route 97 also crosses through town. (A few yards of Route 35 enter the town as well, before terminating at Route 97.) The now-abandoned Boston and Maine Railroad line passes through town; the town lies west of the Newburyport/Rockport Line of the MBTA Commuter Rail. The nearest airport is the Beverly Municipal Airport, with the nearest national and international air service at Boston's Logan International Airport.
Demographics
At the 2000 census, there were 6,141 people, 2,099 households and 1,712 families residing in the town. The population density was 482.1 per square mile (186.1/km2). There were 2,144 housing units at an average density of 65.0 persons/km2 (168.3 persons/sq mi). The racial makeup of the town was 97.8% White, 0.4% African American, 0.03% Native American, 0.85% Asian, 0.00% Pacific Islander, 0.34% from other races, and 0.65% from two or more races. 0.83% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There were 2,099 households, of which 40.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 73.7% were married couples living together, 6.1% have a woman whose husband does not live with her, and 18.4% were non-families. 16.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.87 and the average family size was 3.22.
Age distribution was 28.2% under the age of 18, 4.6% from 18 to 24, 24.7% from 25 to 44, 27.0% from 45 to 64, and 15.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.3 males.
The median household income was $96,430, and the median family income was $104,475. Males had a median income of $67,428 versus $43,780 for females. The per capita income for the town was $37,770 1.7% of the population and 0.4% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 0.0% are under the age of 18 and 4.1% are 65 or older.
Government
Topsfield town government
Topsfield is governed by an Open Town Meeting and an elected five-member Select Board who appoint the Town Administrator Kevin Harutunian. One or two members of the Select Board are elected each year to serve for three years. The current members are Lynne Bermudez, Chair, Marshall Hook, Clerk, Boyd Jackson, Cameron Brown and A. Richard Gandt.
The Select Board has evolved through more than three hundred years of tradition and custom. In addition to those duties determined by Massachusetts General Law and established by custom, the Select Board Members' powers and duties are determined by state law and the Town’s bylaws.
Since 2009, following a vote of Town Meeting to update the Town’s General By-Laws, the Select Board have appointed a Town Administrator as serve as an agent of the Board and to oversee day to day operations and the delivery of Town Services provided under the legal authority of the Board of Selectmen. The first Town Administrator was Virginia Wilder (2009-2013). The second Town Administrator, Kellie A. Hebert was appointed in September 2013. The Board provides general supervision over Town matters not specifically delegated by law or voted to another officer or board.
The Select Board generally meet every other Monday night in the Town Hall. All meetings are posted and are open to the public. Regular business meetings are televised and may be viewed on Channel 10/47, the Community Channel. Select Board meetings, like those of all public boards and committees, must be posted at least 48 hours in advance. The meetings are open to the public and subject to the requirements of the state’s Open Meeting Law: Massachusetts General Laws Chapter 39, Section 23B. The Board may retire to executive session only to discuss those matters permitted by law. The Board must state which of the eight provisions is being invoked at that time. All minutes are a matter of public record except when they need to remain secret long enough to protect the legal purposes of the session.
State government
Topsfield is part of the Second Essex state senate district (seat held in 2015 by Senator Joan Lovely (D) and the Fourth Essex state congressional district (seat held in 2012 by Representative Bradford Hill (R)).
Federal government
Topsfield is part of the Sixth Congressional District of Massachusetts. The seat is currently held by Representative Seth Moulton (D- Salem).
Education
Topsfield has two public elementary schools: Steward School located on Perkins Row, serving preschool through third grade; and Proctor Elementary School located in downtown Topsfield, serving fourth through sixth grade. In the 1970s, each of these schools had all the elementary grades and students attended from different parts of town. Masconomet Regional Middle School and Masconomet Regional High School, situated together in Boxford (although they sport Topsfield mailing addresses), serve seventh through eighth grade and ninth through twelfth grade, respectively. Both the high school and middle school enroll students from Boxford and Middleton. In athletics, Masconomet is part of the Cape Ann League.
Tourism
Topsfield Fair
Topsfield is home of the Topsfield Fair, which attracted almost 500,000 visitors in 2008. The fair, one of the oldest of its type in the US, was started in 1818 by the recently formed Essex Agricultural Society. The first annual fair was a cattle show held by the society on October 5, 1818. The president of the society, Timothy Pickering, was awarded a first-place prize for the "superior performance of his plow." The Topsfield Fair ran every year following that first show, with the exception of three years during the Civil War and three years during World War II. The fair today features carnival rides, games and concert events in addition to the more traditional attractions, such as exhibitions of livestock, rabbits and cavies, crafts, horses and produce. The fair also hosts the All New England Giant Pumpkin Weigh-Off. The current record-holding pumpkin was entered in 2016 and weighed 2,075.5 pounds. The fairgrounds are used for various activities during the year including horse shows, mineral shows, indoor soccer, indoor lacrosse, concerts, and other forms of recreation. The grounds are located along Boston Street, adjacent to the Ipswich River. Five separate lots surrounding the grounds provide parking, and are lettered A-E during fair time. These lots are also regularly used for recreation during non-fair times. Satellite parking during peak hours of the fair can be found at Masconomet Regional High School, with busses regularly bringing people back and forth from the lot. The Topsfield Fair always runs for 11 days, between the last weekend in September and Columbus Day. The Fair is held in October and the weather is normally clear and it is a family fun time for kids of all ages.
Smith Family Homestead
Located approximately 2 miles from downtown Topsfield, the Smith Family Homestead was home to five generations of the Smith family who are ascendants of the Prophet Joseph Smith, an important figure in the Latter-day Saint movement. Four members of the prophet's family lived in the house, dating as far back as 1693. Robert Smith, the first in the family to live in Topsfield, came to America and purchased 208 acres of land located in both Topsfield and the nearby township of Boxford. Samuel Smith (I) built what would become known as the Smith Family Homestead following his father's passing, while becoming a prominent figure in the area. His son, Samuel Smith (II) also influenced local politics and was heavily involved in the First Provincial Congress in Concord in both 1774 and 1775. Following the death of Samuel Smith (II) in 1785, Asael Smith, grandfather of Prophet Joseph Smith, took control of the homestead. In 1771, Asael Smith’s wife Mary gave birth to Joseph Smith Sr, the father of prophet Joseph Smith. In 1875, the house originally built on the property was replaced by a more modern estate. In October 2005, a marker was placed in front of the house by the Mormon Historic Sites Foundation and the Topsfield Historical Society commemorating the lives of the Smith family and the presence they previously had on the property. The house is privately owned and not open for tours, but large groups are regularly seen visiting the property and commemorating the prominent figures of the Latter-day Saint society.
Annual events
Topsfield residents have traditionally celebrated Memorial Day with a parade through the center of town to honor Topsfield's living veterans and those who have died in service of the county. Topsfield residents served in the Revolutionary War, the Civil War, the Spanish–American War and all of the wars of the twentieth century. A memorial to Topsfield's veterans is on the common.
Summer begins in Topsfield with the Topsfield Historical Society's Strawberry Festival in early June. Bowls of fresh strawberries, whipped cream and piles of shortcakes are served by volunteer members to the attendees. This can be the first introduction to small-town life for Topsfield newcomers – all the local groups such as the Garden Clubs, the Friends of the Library, and the Newcomers Club, among many others, are available to explain their activities and invite new members. Old-timers look forward to live music, displays of arts and crafts, and the latest donations to the Friends of the Library book sale.
Notable people
Abbey D'Agostino, Olympic athlete
Donna Murphy, stage and film actress
Bradley Palmer, lawyer and businessman
Ryan Serhant, realtor and actor
Joseph Smith Sr., father of LDS Church founder Joseph Smith
Points of interest
Coolidge Estate
Ipswich River Wildlife Sanctuary
Parson Capen House
Notes
Bibliography
Further reading
External links
Town of Topsfield official website
Topsfield Historical Society
Topsfield Schools
Masconomet Regional High School
Council on Youth & Family Services
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259423 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenfield%2C%20Massachusetts | Greenfield, Massachusetts | Greenfield is a city in and the county seat of Franklin County, Massachusetts, United States. Greenfield was first settled in 1686. The population was 17,768 at the 2020 census. Greenfield is home to Greenfield Community College, the Pioneer Valley Symphony Orchestra, and the Franklin County Fair. The city has a Main Street Historic District containing fine examples of Federal, Greek Revival, and Victorian architecture.
Greenfield is part of the Springfield, Massachusetts, Metropolitan Statistical Area.
History
Pocumtuck Indians first settled and originally inhabited the Greenfield area. Native American artifacts found in the area have been dated between 7,000 and 9,000 years B.C. The Pocumtucks planted field crops and fished local rivers. Some sources claim that they were wiped out by the Mohawks in 1664 and that the land was left unoccupied. Other sources show that the Pocumtucks joined the Wampanoag chief Metacom in August 1675 in the fight against English encroachment, indicating a continued presence in the area. The Pocumtuck also played an important role in the Battle of Great Falls / Wissantinnewag – Peskeompskut on May 19, 1676, and tribal oral tradition indicates that following the battle, elements of the Pocumtuck fled to and were incorporated into the Abenaki people to the north and the Mahican people to the west.
The area was colonized as part of Deerfield by the English in 1686. In 1753, Greenfield, named for the Green River, was incorporated as a separate town from Deerfield.
In 1795, the South Hadley Canal opened, enabling boats to bypass the South Hadley falls and reach Greenfield via the Connecticut River. Located at the confluence of the Deerfield and Green rivers, and not far from where they merge into the Connecticut River, Greenfield developed into a trade center. Falls provided water power for industry, and Greenfield grew into a prosperous mill town. John Russell established the Green River Works in 1834, hiring skilled German workers at what was the country's first cutlery factory. The Connecticut River Railroad was the first of several railways to enter the town, replacing the former canal trade. During the 19th and 20th centuries, Greenfield was one of the most important American centers of the tap and die business and was the home of Greenfield Tap & Die Company (GTD).
It was designated the county seat when Franklin County was created from Hampshire County in 1811.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which is land and , or 2.08%, is water. Greenfield is located at the center of the county and is bordered by Colrain, Leyden, and Bernardston to the north; Gill to the east; Montague to the southeast; Deerfield to the south; and Shelburne to the west. Greenfield is located north of Springfield and west-northwest of Boston.
Greenfield lies at the confluence of the Deerfield, Green, and Connecticut rivers. The Green River runs from the north, through town to the Deerfield, which lies along the city's southern border. From there, the Deerfield meets the Connecticut, which flows southward along the Montague border before bending eastward briefly before continuing southward. Several brooks flow into the three rivers, as well as a fourth river, the Fall River, which makes up the city's border with Gill. The city is located beside the Pocumtuck Range, the northernmost subridge of the Metacomet Ridge, and is surrounded by hills, with the town center lying on an elevated point above the rivers.
Climate
Like most of New England, Greenfield has a humid continental climate, exactly on the border between Köppen Dfa and Dfb with its warmest-month (July) mean of . with cold, snowy winters and warm, humid summers. Extreme temperatures range from , recorded on July 22, 1926, and August 26, 1948, to , recorded on January 22, 1961. Precipitation is abundant and well distributed (every month except February over 3 inches) and averages 41.3 inches per year.
Demographics
By the 2010 census, the population had decreased to 17,456. Greenfield, as the only community in the county with a population over 10,000, is the largest community by population or population density in the county. It is also the smallest mainland county seat in the Commonwealth, as only the island towns of Edgartown and Nantucket are smaller.
As of the census of 2000, there had been 18,168 people, 7,939 households, and 4,374 families residing in the city. The population density was 836.2 people per square mile (322.8/km2). There were 8,301 housing units at an average density of 382.1 per square mile (147.5/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 93.39% White, 1.34% Black or African American, 0.32% Native American, 1.10% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 1.41% from other races, and 2.43% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.54% of the population.
There were 7,939 households, out of which 26.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.6% were married couples living together, 12.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 44.9% were non-families. 36.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.19 and the average family size was 2.88.
In the town the population was spread out, with 21.9% under the age of 18, 8.4% from 18 to 24, 28.7% from 25 to 44, 23.5% from 45 to 64, and 17.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.4 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $33,110, and the median income for a family was $46,412. Males had a median income of $33,903 versus $26,427 for females. The per capita income for the town was $18,830. About 11.4% of families and 14.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 19.2% of those under age 18 and 11.1% of those age 65 or over.
Government
Greenfield was one of several Massachusetts municipalities that applied for, and were granted, city forms of government but wished to retain "The Town of" in their official names. In December 2017, the Town Council voted to remove "The Town of" designation, making Greenfield known as the City of Greenfield. Since the charter change in 2003 Greenfield has been governed by a town council and a mayor. The former town council is now called the city council and consists of four at-large councilors and nine councilors that are each elected from one of the city's nine electoral precincts. The other city boards are appointed, with the exception of the seven-member school committee, which consists of the mayor plus six members elected at-large.
Mayor
Greenfield's first mayor, Christine Forgey, served until 2009 when she was defeated in a primary election. Greenfield's second mayor, Bill Martin, took second place in the 2009 primary as a write-in candidate and went on to win the general election in June. Martin's tenure began with a formal inauguration ceremony, the city's first, which also featured a mayoral fanfare, Long Live Our Mayor, written for the occasion in the style of Hail to the Chief. At the inauguration, Martin read a proclamation declaring July 1 as "Inauguration Day" in all following years. After Martin's retirement in 2019, Roxann Wedegartner became Greenfield's third mayor.
In Greenfield, the Mayor appoints most of the members of the various city boards, with the city council approving appointments. The mayor also serves as a voting member of the school committee, but is forbidden to serve as its chairman or vice-chair. In addition, the mayor sits as an ex officio non-voting member on all the other city boards.
City Council
The City Council consists of 13 members: four "Councilors at Large" and nine "Precinct Councilors" elected to represent each of the nine voting precincts. , Sheila Gilmour is the Council President, and Dan Guin is the Vice-President.
Municipal services
Greenfield operates its own police and fire departments. , ambulance service is provided under a contract with the local hospital system. The town is also patrolled by the Second (Shelburne Falls) Barracks of Troop "B" of the Massachusetts State Police. It runs a sizeable public works department and is the home base of the regional waste management system. The Greenfield Public Library is one of the larger libraries in the area, and is connected to the regional library network. Greenfield also operates numerous municipal parks and recreation areas including a town swimming center.
County seat
As county seat, Greenfield is home to many different state offices, including courthouses and one of the offices of the Northwest District Attorney, Dave Sullivan. The Franklin County Sheriff is based in Greenfield and operates the Franklin County Jail at the corner of Elm and Allen streets. The city also has the central post office for the "013" series of ZIP codes, which extends through Franklin County and several towns in Worcester County. Greenfield is home to the privately run Baystate Franklin Medical Center, which serves much of the northern Pioneer Valley.
Legislative delegation
Greenfield is part of the Second Berkshire district of the Massachusetts House of Representatives, which includes sixteen cities and towns in Berkshire and Franklin Counties. Paul Mark is the State Representative.
In the Massachusetts Senate, the town is part of the Hampshire and Franklin district, which includes much of eastern Franklin and Hampshire counties. State Senator Stanley C. Rosenberg represented this district but it now sits vacant.
Nationally, Greenfield is represented in the United States House of Representatives as part of Massachusetts's 2nd congressional district, and is represented in the 113th United States Congress by James McGovern.
, Massachusetts is represented in the United States Senate by Senators Elizabeth Warren and Edward Markey.
Culture
The Bee Connection
Greenfield was for many years the home of Lorenzo Langstroth, known as the "Father of Modern Beekeeping," and the city celebrates Langstroth's life and contributions with bee-themed events and attractions.
Bee Fest
Bee Fest was launched in 2010 by Greenfield's Second Congregational Church, where Langstroth was pastor during the late 1840s. The first Bee Fest served to celebrate the 200th anniversary of Langstroth's birth and to highlight the importance of the honeybee in sustaining the environment and in human agriculture. Bee Fest, now an annual celebration held in the spring, overlooks the center of town and Court Square and offers fun and learning for all ages.
Downtown Bee Sculptures
Greenfield has six large bee sculptures, installed in 2021 and together forming the largest public art project in the history of the city. Local artist Rachael Katz designed the sculptures and was a motive force in the overall project. Other local artists painted the bees in colorful themes. The project received support from the Massachusetts Cultural Council, local businesses and non-profit organizations, and the community. As of fall 2021, three more bees have been commissioned and will be installed in the spring of 2022.
Other Bee-Themed Attractions
Greenfield has a pocket park with educational installations, a painted crosswalk, lamppost signage, and parking garage banners, all themed around and celebrating Langstroth and honeybees. In 2021, the entire Franklin County Fair Kick-Off Parade was bee-themed, with many bee-decorated floats and marchers in bee costumes.
Attractions
The Crossroads Cultural District, named by the Massachusetts Cultural Council and the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in 2016.
Historical Society of Greenfield, 43 Church Street
Guiding Star Grange is a community hall, known for traditional music and dance in the Pioneer Valley.
Greenfield Center School, an independent K-8th grade school, is a site of the Coalition of Essential Schools and the home of the New England Coalition of Progressive Educators.
Greenfield Energy Park is a community greenspace featuring renewable energy exhibits, gardens, native arboretum, caboose museum, concerts, and public art in the heart of downtown Greenfield. It is the site of the former train station. Headquartered at the Northeast Sustainable Energy Association (NESEA).
Leavitt-Hovey House, now the Greenfield Public Library, built in 1797 by Asher Benjamin for judge Jonathan Leavitt.
The area is home to an optical illusion known as a gravity hill. It is located on Shelburne Road, while facing Greenfield, immediately after the Route 2 bridge. From under the overpass, the road appears to rise slightly to a crest a few hundred feet away. The illusion is slight, but convincing. A car in neutral at the "bottom" of the rise will appear to crawl uphill.
Rocky Mountain Park features Poet's Seat Tower, a 1912 sandstone observation tower named for the site's attraction to poets, particularly Frederick Goddard Tuckerman. The annual Fourth of July fireworks celebration takes place at Poet's Seat, which overlooks Beacon Field.
Wilson's Department Store, opened in 1882 and one of the few old-style large independent family-owned department stores remaining in America, until closing in 2020 after 138 years in business.
Infrastructure
Greenfield lies at the junction of four highways. Interstate 91 travels north and south through the western stretch of the city and is duplexed for a stretch with Massachusetts Route 2. Route 2, which follows the rough path of (and is nicknamed after) the Mohawk Trail, enters over the Fall River as a surface road before becoming a limited-access highway until its concurrence with I-91. Once it leaves the interstate, Route 2 becomes a surface road again. Between the start of the limited access section of Route 2 and its split from I-91 at Exit 43, the Mohawk Trail follows Massachusetts Route 2A, which uses Route 2's former right of way through the center of Greenfield. At the town center, Route 2A meets the duplexed U.S. Route 5 and Massachusetts Route 10, which comes over the Deerfield River in the south before heading northward through town, with another interchange along the highway portion of Route 2. In October 2016, the administration of Massachusetts Governor Charlie Baker announced a $7.5 million grant to the town government to build a new downtown parking garage.
The nearest general aviation airport is located in the Turners Falls section of Montague, and the nearest national air service is at Bradley International Airport in Windsor Locks, Connecticut.
Bus
The town is served by the Peter Pan and Greyhound bus lines and is the hub of the Franklin Regional Transit Authority (FRTA), whose local service extends from Bernardston to Northampton and from Orange to Charlemont. The John W. Olver Transit Center is the hub for FRTA bus service, as well as the local depot for Peter Pan and Greyhound intercity service.
Rail
Greenfield lies at the junction of two rail lines, an east–west line heading from the northern points of Worcester County towards the Hoosac Tunnel and Albany, New York, and the north–south line heading from Springfield in the south towards Vermont in the north. Freight service on both lines is operated by Pan Am Railways.
Passenger rail service resumed in Greenfield on December 29, 2014, with the rerouting of Amtrak's Vermonter, with all trains serving the Olver Transit Center. The former Greenfield train station (torn down in 1966) was located across the tracks from the current train platform, in the present-day Energy Park. In June 2018, it was announced that Greenfield would become the terminus for an extension of the New Haven–Springfield Shuttle, in a pilot program being launched by CTRail and the MassDOT. The new commuter rail service, now dubbed the Valley Flyer, made its first run August 30, 2019. It runs twice in each direction on weekdays and once on weekends, to and from New Haven, Connecticut, with connections to New York City. There is a proposal known as "Northern Tier Passenger Rail" in the early stages of planning, which would extend MBTA's Fitchburg Line westward through Greenfield and terminate at North Adams.
Education
Greenfield operates its own public school system for the town's 1,700 students. Greenfield operates the Academy of Early Learning at North Parish for pre-kindergarten students, three elementary schools – the Four Corners School to the north, the Federal Street School centrally, and the Newton Elementary School to the west – for students from kindergarten through fourth grade, the Greenfield Middle School for students from fifth grade through seventh grades, and Greenfield High School for eighth through twelfth grades. 8th grade is separate and not part of the official high school. Greenfield's athletic teams are nicknamed the "Green Wave", and their school colors are green and white.
Alternative public schools
Greenfield operates the Poet Seat School, an alternative middle and high school for special needs students. On July 9, 2009, Greenfield's local school committee approved creation of the Virtual Academy or "MAVA @ Greenfield", the only kindergarten-through-twelfth grade distance learning school of its kind in the state. The MAVA program is also expected to provide expanded course offerings to students in the traditional public schools. Greenfield is also home to the Four Rivers Charter Public School, which serves students in grades 7-12.
Private schools
Greenfield's oldest private school is the Stoneleigh-Burnham School, a private 7th-12th grade boarding school for girls. The Center School, established in 1981, serves students from preschool through eighth grade with a progressive approach to education.
there are no religious schools in Greenfield; the Cornerstone Christian School closed in 2013, and Holy Trinity School, a K-8 parochial school, closed in 2011.
Higher education
Greenfield is home to Greenfield Community College, which serves the northern Pioneer Valley and offers some courses to Greenfield High students seeking advanced learning opportunities.
The nearest state university is the University of Massachusetts Amherst. There are also several private colleges, including members of the Five Colleges and Seven Sisters, in the region, as well as Keene State College in Keene, New Hampshire.
Media
Greenfield has five FM radio stations, one FM Translator, two AM radio stations, one cable television station, and one daily local newspaper.
FM stations
95.3 WPVQ-FM (Country) Saga Communications
98.3 WHAI (Adult contemporary) Saga Communications
100.5 //WIZZ (Adult Standards) P&M Radio, LLC
102.9 W275AS (// WYRY-FM Country) Tri Valley Broadcast Corporation
107.9 WMCB-LP (Talk/Information) Greenfield Community Television¹
107.9 WLPV-LP (Religious) Living Waters Assembly of God Church¹
¹ – WMCB-LP/WLPV-LP operate under a "share time" agreement with the U.S. Federal Communications Commission.
AM stations
1240 WHMQ (// WHMP Talk) Saga Communications
1520 WIZZ (Nostalgia) P&M Radio
Cable stations
15 (Public Access) Greenfield Community Television
Newspapers
The Recorder
Notable people
Charles Allen, jurist
Christopher Baldwin, comic strip artist (Bruno)
Stan Batinski, football player
Asher Benjamin, architect
Stan Benjamin, baseball player, teacher, coach and scout
Peter Bergeron, baseball player
Titus Billings, religious pioneer
Silas Bullard, Wisconsin state legislator and jurist
Misha Collins, television and film actor
Scott Crago, musician
Kelly Doton, field hockey player
Tracy Grammer, singer-songwriter
George Grennell, Jr., congressman
John W. Haigis, State of Massachusetts Lieutenant Governor (1929-1933), State House of Representatives, State Senator
Van Hansis, actor (As the World Turns)
Kevin Hassett, economist & author (now lives in Washington, D.C.)
Herbert Huncke, Beat Generation figure
Penn Jillette, illusionist & comedian, half of Penn & Teller magician team
Jake Lacy, actor
Robin Lane, musician
L. L. Langstroth, the “Father of American Beekeeping”
Jonathan Leavitt, lawyer, judge, state senator & banker
Roger Hooker Leavitt, prominent abolitionist
Winter Miller, playwright (In Darfur)
Michael Moschen, juggler
Nicco, singer songwriter
Steve Partenheimer, baseball player
George Ripley, Transcendentalist and founder of the Brook Farm communal experiment
John E. Russell, congressman
Paul Fitzpatrick Russell, Roman Catholic archbishop and diplomat
Rufus Saxton, brigadier general
Bennett Jones Sims, Episcopal bishop
Charles Pomeroy Stone, army officer & engineer
Frederick Goddard Tuckerman, poet
Fred Wallner, football player
William B. Washburn, congressman & governor
Rev. Samuel Merrill Woodbridge (1819–1905), Reformed minister, author, and professor at Rutgers College and New Brunswick Theological Seminary
See also
List of mill towns in Massachusetts
References
Further reading
External links
Cities in Franklin County, Massachusetts
County seats in Massachusetts
Massachusetts populated places on the Connecticut River
Springfield metropolitan area, Massachusetts
Populated places established in 1686
1686 establishments in Massachusetts
Cities in Massachusetts | [
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259424 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northfield%20%28CDP%29%2C%20Massachusetts | Northfield (CDP), Massachusetts | Northfield is a census-designated place (CDP) in the town of Northfield in Franklin County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 1,089 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Springfield, Massachusetts Metropolitan Statistical Area. It is also home to the former Northfield campus of Northfield Mount Hermon School.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 11.6 km (4.5 mi). 11.6 km (4.5 mi) of it is land and 0.22% is water.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,141 people, 495 households, and 307 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 98.6/km (255.3/mi). There were 567 housing units at an average density of 49.0/km (126.9/mi). The racial makeup of the CDP was 97.90% White, 0.09% Black or African American, 0.53% Native American, 0.26% Asian, and 1.23% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.79% of the population.
There were 495 households, out of which 28.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.9% were married couples living together, 9.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.8% were non-families. 34.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.31 and the average family size was 2.98.
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 24.0% under the age of 18, 6.7% from 18 to 24, 23.7% from 25 to 44, 29.4% from 45 to 64, and 16.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 85.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 80.2 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $45,580, and the median income for a family was $56,146. Males had a median income of $41,603 versus $27,308 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $23,920. About 1.0% of families and 3.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.0% of those under age 18 and 9.4% of those age 65 or over.
References
Census-designated places in Franklin County, Massachusetts
Springfield metropolitan area, Massachusetts
Census-designated places in Massachusetts | [
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259425 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northfield%2C%20Massachusetts | Northfield, Massachusetts | Northfield is a town in Franklin County, Massachusetts, United States. Northfield was first settled in 1673. The population was 2,866 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Springfield, Massachusetts Metropolitan Statistical Area. The Connecticut River runs through the town, dividing West Northfield from East Northfield and the village of Northfield, where the town hall is located.
Part of the town is included in the census-designated place of Northfield.
History
The village of Skakeat/Squakheag was the site of modern-day Northfield and was home to the Nashaway Nipmuc and Sokoki Abenaki. Northfield was first colonized in 1673 by European settlers and was officially incorporated in 1723. Indian Land Deeds for Hampshire County, Including Later Berkshire, Franklin, and Hampden Counties, gives the name of the otan (village) as Squakheag (a Nipmuk name), also Skakeat (Sokoki Abenaki). John Eliot, in his Brief Narrative...History of the Nipmuk, attributes this village to the Nipmuc.
The territory was successfully defended a number of times by Native Americans. The Battle on Beer's Plain occurred in Nothfield in 1675. Peter Jethro, a Praying Indian, a son of Tantamous, a Nipmuc originally from Concord who was reputed to be a pauwau, spent a brief stint in the Northfield area as a Christian minister before a massacre plunged him into King Philip's War. During the war, Peter Jethro freed a settler who was being heldcaptive near Northfield. As a result of the conflict, New England settlers were occasionally taken north to Quebec, held as hostages by the French, causing the town to revert to American Indian control a few times. Eventually, conflicts with the Native American population ceased after most of the native population was displaced and/or sold into slavery as a result of King Philip's War and after a series of massacres of local Indian villages.
During Dummer's War, on August 13, 1723, Gray Lock raided Northfield, and four warriors killed two citizens near the town. The next day they attacked Joseph Stevens and his four sons in Rutland. Stevens escaped, two boys were killed, and the other two sons were captured.
Much of Northfield's development in the late nineteenth century was spurred by the work of evangelist Dwight Lyman Moody, a native of Northfield who established the Northfield Seminary for Girls in 1879 on a sweeping hillside in East Northfield. The school was the site of Moody's religious conferences, which attracted thousands of visitors to Northfield each summer. The influx of visitors led to the development of the town as a summer resort, especially after the opening of the Northfield Hotel in 1887. Francis Schell, a New York capitalist attracted by his interest in Moody's work at the Northfield Seminary, commissioned architect Bruce Price to design a summer home, which became known as the Northfield Chateau. Patterned after a French château but fanciful in style with prominent turrets and 99 rooms, the house had been converted into a hotel, A golf course was installed on the large grass lawns. By 1967 Northfield Mount Herman School purchased the property. It was decided they did not want to run a hotel and the Chateau was opened to the public to take what they wanted. The building was demolished in 1967. The school failed to notify guests of the closing of the Hotel and people were still arriving while the building was being demolished. All that is left today is the original pool house, golf course and some former workers maintenance buildings. Northfield Mount Herman School sold the property to Snow's Landscaping in the 2010's. Snow's manages the Northfield Golf Club and event venue.
The Vermont and Massachusetts Railroad had established rail service to Northfield by 1850, along a line running from Millers Falls, Massachusetts, to Brattleboro, Vermont. Even though the railway crossed the Connecticut River in Northfield, East Northfield Station was actually located in West Northfield, making it necessary for disembarking passengers to travel back across the Connecticut River on the lower deck of the rail bridge. To provide for safer and more convenient access across the river, Francis Schell gave $45,000 for the construction of a new steel bridge. The Schell Bridge is a Pennsylvania truss structure of impressive design, which crosses the river in one span of .
In 1971 the Northfield Mount Hermon School was formed by the merger of the Northfield Seminary and the Mount Hermon School for boys, which Moody had founded in 1881 in nearby Gill. The school continued to operate as one school with two campuses some apart on opposite banks of the Connecticut River until 2005 when the school consolidated its operations on the Mount Hermon campus in Gill. The school's former campus in Northfield was purchased by Hobby Lobby, an Oklahoma-based chain of arts and crafts stores, as of December 2009 to be used as the campus for the new C.S. Lewis College, run by the California-based C.S. Lewis Foundation. Renovation began on the disused buildings in summer 2010, and the college expected to open for instruction in fall 2012, pending accreditation, but failed to meet the necessary funding threshold. Moody's birthplace and grave site, located on the Northfield campus, remain as a historic site. In December 2013, Hobby Lobby donated the auditorium, used for Moody's religious conventions, and the school's original Romanesque Revival buildings and grounds to the National Christian Foundation, which is responsible for identifying a viable owner for the property. In 2017 the NFC agreed with Thomas Aquinas College of Santa Paula, California on a plan for TAC to open a second campus on the Northfield site. The first TAC classes began in August 2019.
In June 2016, The Trust for Public Land and the Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation ensured the complete and permanent protection of 1,300 acres of forest land which was previously the Northfield campus and owned by the Northfield Mount Hermon School for over a century. Although now a permanent part of the Northfield State Forest, it had been the largest parcel of unprotected land in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. The property includes woodlands, trails and a reservoir which will be managed by the DCR to ensure public access for recreation as well as serve as important habitat for wildlife.
Geography and transportation
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which is land and , or 3.07%, is water. Northfield is the only town in Franklin County to be divided by the Connecticut River, though only partially; the river forms the southwest border of town. Several brooks flow directly into the Connecticut River within town, with the others (on the east side of the hills) leading into the Millers River, itself a tributary of the Connecticut. The western banks lie near Pond Mountain, whose peak is in neighboring Bernardston. To the east of the river are several mountains in the Upper Bald Hills, including Northfield Mountain, Brush Mountain (the highest point in town), Beers Mountain, South Mountain, Notch Mountain and Hogback Mountain (along the New Hampshire border). The southeast corner of the town is protected as part of the Northfield State Forest, with part of the northwest corner protected as part of Satan's Kingdom Wildlife Management Area. Most of the inhabited areas in town lie along the Connecticut River, and the town's main villages include East Northfield, Mount Hermon Station, Gill Station, Northfield Farms, and Sky Farm (between Brush Mountain and Northfield State Forest). The town is also home to a cross-country skiing area at Northfield Mountain, which is also traversed by the Metacomet-Monadnock Trail.
Northfield is located at the junction of the Massachusetts, New Hampshire and Vermont state borders along the Connecticut River. The town center is located northeast of Greenfield, north of Springfield, northwest of Worcester and west-northwest of Boston. The town is bordered by Vernon, Windham County, Vermont, and Hinsdale and Winchester, Cheshire County, New Hampshire, to the north, Warwick to the east, Erving to the south, Gill to the southwest and Bernardston to the northwest.
The town has no interstate highways, the closest being Interstate 91 in neighboring Bernardston, the nearest exit being along Route 10, which enters through the northernmost portion of Gill before it crosses the Connecticut River over the Bennett's Meadow Bridge. The Route 10 bridge is the only active car bridge within town; the smaller Schell Bridge lies inactive (since 1985) near the Vermont state line, and the old Vermont & Massachusetts Rail Bridge lies between them. For , Route 10 shares a concurrency with Route 63, which passes from neighboring Erving to the south into Hinsdale to the north. Route 10 also passes into New Hampshire and the town of Winchester, as it heads north towards nearby Keene. Additionally, most of Route 142 passes through the town towards Vernon, Vermont, and nearby Brattleboro.
The Amtrak Vermonter line passes through the town daily, offering train service between many of the cities along the Eastern Seaboard. However, it no longer stops at Northfield (the nearest stops are in Greenfield and Brattleboro) and there is no other public transportation within town. The nearest private airport is Turners Falls Airport in nearby Montague, with the nearest national air service being south at Bradley International Airport in Connecticut. The town has a boat ramp near Schell Bridge.
It is the only town on the Connecticut River that's on both sides of the river except for Pittsburg, New Hampshire, Wethersfield, Connecticut, and Haddam, Connecticut.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there had been 2,951 people, 1,158 households, and 815 families residing in the town. The population density was 85.8 people per square mile (33.1/km). There were 1,262 housing units at an average density of 36.7 per square mile (14.2/km). The racial makeup of the town was 98.51% White, 0.10% Black or African American, 0.20% Native American, 0.20% Asian, 0.03% from other races, and 0.95% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.58% of the population.
There were 1,158 households, out of which 34.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.4% were married couples living together, 9.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.6% were non-families. 25.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.53 and the average family size was 3.04.
In the town, the population's age was spread out, with 26.3% under the age of 18, 6.3% from 18 to 24, 27.5% from 25 to 44, 26.4% from 45 to 64, and 13.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.5 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $49,141, and the median income for a family was $56,816. Males had a median income of $40,396 versus $28,615 for females. The per capita income for the town was $21,517. About 3.6% of families and 5.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.6% of those under age 18 and 9.1% of those age 65 or over.
Notable residents
D.L. Moody (Christian Evangelist)
James Kendall Hosmer, Civil War Union soldier, president of the American Library Association, prolific writer and historian of the American Civil War.
Government
The town is part of the Second Berkshire District in the Massachusetts House of Representatives, represented by Paul Mark, and the Franklin and Hampshire Senate district, represented by Jo Comerford.
Points of interest
King Philip's Hill
Linden Hill School (defunct)
Northfield Chateau (no longer existent)
Northfield Drive-In Movie Theater
Northfield Mountain
Northfield Mount Hermon School
Thomas Aquinas College
Schell Bridge
References
External links
Town of Northfield official website
Populated places established in 1673
Towns in Franklin County, Massachusetts
Springfield metropolitan area, Massachusetts
Massachusetts populated places on the Connecticut River
Towns in Massachusetts
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259426 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange%20%28CDP%29%2C%20Massachusetts | Orange (CDP), Massachusetts | Orange is a census-designated place (CDP) in the town of Orange in Franklin County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 4,018 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Springfield, Massachusetts Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Geography
Orange is located at (42.587796, -72.308163).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 15.6 km (6.0 mi). 15.5 km (6.0 mi) of it is land and 0.17% is water.
Demographics
As of the 2000 census, there were 3,945 people, 1,545 households, and 999 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 253.9/km (657.3/mi). There were 1,663 housing units at an average density of 107.0/km (277.1/mi). The racial makeup of the CDP was 95.87% White, 1.22% Black or African American, 0.25% Native American, 0.61% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.58% from other races, and 1.44% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.77% of the population.
There were 1,545 households, out of which 34.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.7% were married couples living together, 14.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.3% were non-families. 28.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.54 and the average family size was 3.11.
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 28.7% under the age of 18, 7.9% from 18 to 24, 28.8% from 25 to 44, 21.0% from 45 to 64, and 13.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.0 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $35,826, and the median income for a family was $43,704. Males had a median income of $33,769 versus $22,279 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $15,550. About 5.3% of families and 9.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.9% of those under age 18 and 15.9% of those age 65 or over.
References
Census-designated places in Franklin County, Massachusetts
Springfield metropolitan area, Massachusetts
Census-designated places in Massachusetts | [
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259427 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange%2C%20Massachusetts | Orange, Massachusetts | Orange is a town in Franklin County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 7,569 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Springfield, Massachusetts Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Part of the town is included in the census-designated place of Orange.
History
Orange was first settled by Europeans in 1746, created from lands in the towns of Royalston, Warwick and Athol. The lands were not fully settled until the latter parts of the century, becoming the District of Orange in 1783, and finally being incorporated as a town in 1810. It was named for William, Prince of Orange. In 1790, the Millers River was dammed within town, and industry began in the former farming community. Small industry grew within the town, with the town being considered more of a mill town by 1840. By the late nineteenth century the New Home Sewing Machine Company was the largest industry in town, putting out 1.2 million machines at its peak in 1892. In 1900, it was home to the pioneer automobile company Grout, considered the first automobile built in a factory in the United States.
Massachusetts Peace Statue
The Peace Statue — It Shall Not Be Again — a bronze war memorial statue was erected in Memorial Park in 1934 to recognize veterans who served in World War I. On February 25, 2000 the legislature designated it the official peace statue of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which is land and , or 2.58%, is water. Orange is drained by the Millers River, which flows through the center of the modern town. There are also several brooks within town, as well as several ponds and lakes, including Tully Pond, Lake Mattawa and part of Lake Rohunta. Only a small portion of the town is protected area, most of which is part of the Orange State Forest, with a small portion being part of the Warwick State Forest. Much of the northern half of town is spotted with swamps, and the town is home to three large hills, Temple Hill and Tully Mountain in the north and Chestnut Hill, the town's highest point, in the south.
Orange is the easternmost town within Franklin County along its border with Worcester County. The town center lies east of Greenfield, northwest of Worcester, northeast of Springfield and west-northwest of Boston. It is bordered by Royalston to the northeast, Athol to the southeast, New Salem to the south, Wendell to the southwest, a small portion of Erving to the west, and Warwick to the northwest.
Climate
Like most of Massachusetts, Orange falls into a humid continental climate type, or Koppen Dfa/Dfb. Hot, humid summers are common, along with cold, snowy winters. Spring and fall are typically mild, with notable fall foliage.
Transportation
The town lies along Massachusetts Route 2, the major east-west route across the northern part of the state. Except for the westernmost tenth of a mile, the entire road is a limited access highway through town. The highway portion ends at the junction of Route 2A, which passes just north of the Millers River near the town center, heading east into Athol and following Route 2's former right of way. Orange is also home to the southern terminus of Route 78 and the northern terminus of Route 122. Additionally, the western end of the concurrency between Route 2 and U.S. Route 202 is just within town.
The Springfield Terminal railway passes through town, crossing the Millers River several times in the western side of town. The Fitchburg Railroad and later Boston and Maine once provided passenger rail service to Orange; however, these trains have long ceased operating and today only freight passes through the town.
Two local bus routes, the Orange/Greenfield Route of the Franklin Regional Transit Authority, and the Gardner/Orange Route of Montachusett Regional Transit Authority, provide service along Route 2A.
The Town of Orange owns and operates Orange Municipal Airport , a small air service airstrip which also serves as a flight training center and parachuting center. The nearest national air service can be reached either at Bradley International Airport to the south or Manchester-Boston Regional Airport to the northeast.
Education
Elementary Schools:
Fisher Hill School (K-2)
Dexter Park School (3-6)
High School:
Ralph C. Mahar Regional High School (7-12)
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 7,518 people, 3,045 households, and 1,979 families residing in the town. The population density was 212.6 people per square mile (82.1/km). There were 3,303 housing units at an average density of 93.4 per square mile (36.1/km). The racial makeup of the town was 96.29% White, 1.06% Black or African American, 0.23% Native American, 0.48% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.59% from other races, and 1.34% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.65% of the population.
There were 3,045 households, out of which 31.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.6% were married couples living together, 12.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.0% were non-families. 28.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.46 and the average family size was 3.02.
In the town, the population was spread out, with 26.7% under the age of 18, 7.2% from 18 to 24, 28.3% from 25 to 44, 23.4% from 45 to 64, and 14.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.7 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $36,849, and the median income for a family was $44,128. Males had a median income of $34,367 versus $23,967 for females. The per capita income for the town was $17,361. About 5.8% of families and 7.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.4% of those under age 18 and 10.5% of those age 65 or over.
Events
North Quabbin Garlic and Arts Festival
Annual Athol to Orange River Rat Race
Notable people
Myrtle Bachelder, chemist and Women's Army Corps officer who worked on the Manhattan Project
Charles Chapin, U.S. Marshal for Vermont
Robert Dexter Conrad, naval captain
Walter William Spencer Cook (1888–1962), art historian and professor, specialized in Spanish Medieval art history; born in Orange.
Whitey Witt, former Baseball player and member of the New York Yankees first World Series championship team 1923
Genevieve Gaignard, artist
See also
Orange Center Historic District (Orange, Massachusetts)
Grand Army of the Republic Hall (Orange, Massachusetts)
Ralph C. Mahar Regional High School
List of mill towns in Massachusetts
References
External links
Town of Orange official website
Wheeler Memorial Library
Towns in Franklin County, Massachusetts
Springfield metropolitan area, Massachusetts
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259428 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holland%20%28CDP%29%2C%20Massachusetts | Holland (CDP), Massachusetts | Holland is a census-designated place (CDP) in the town of Holland in Hampden County, Massachusetts, United States, comprising the town center and other populated areas in the eastern part of the town. The population was 1,464 at the 2010 census, out of a total 2,481 people in the town. It is part of the Springfield, Massachusetts Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Geography
The Holland CDP is in the eastern part of the town of Holland at (42.044717, -72.153626). The CDP includes the Holland town center along Sturbridge Road, as well as residential communities on the shores of Hamilton Reservoir, a lake in the southeastern part of the town. The reservoir outlet is at the north end of the lake, flowing into the Quinebaug River. Sturbridge is northeast of Holland via Sturbridge Road.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the Holland CDP has a total area of , of which are land and , or 18.76%, are water.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,444 people, 561 households, and 399 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 205.7/km2 (532.2/mi2). There were 962 housing units at an average density of 137.1/km2 (354.5/mi2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 97.02% White, 0.14% Black or African American, 0.48% Native American, 0.21% Asian, 0.07% Pacific Islander, 1.11% from other races, and 0.97% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.39% of the population.
There were 561 households, out of which 34.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.8% were married couples living together, 7.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.7% were non-families. 20.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.57 and the average family size was 2.97.
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 26.8% under the age of 18, 5.5% from 18 to 24, 34.1% from 25 to 44, 24.3% from 45 to 64, and 9.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 103.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 105.2 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $50,163, and the median income for a family was $54,318. Males had a median income of $39,509 versus $28,125 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $21,732. About 6.3% of families and 7.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.2% of those under age 18 and 7.9% of those age 65 or over.
References
Census-designated places in Hampden County, Massachusetts
Springfield metropolitan area, Massachusetts
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259429 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holland%2C%20Massachusetts | Holland, Massachusetts | Holland is a town in Hampden County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 2,603 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Springfield, Massachusetts Metropolitan Statistical Area.
The area around the town center comprises the census-designated place of Holland.
History
In 1730, the area that would become the town of Holland was settled by Joseph Blodgett, whose descendants still live in the town today. The town was named after Lord Holland, an English statesman who lobbied for independence for the American colonies. The town was incorporated on July 5, 1783. It separated from the town of Wales, which had in turn separated from Brimfield a few years earlier, in 1775. Holland separated from Wales because the town center of Wales was up through a mountain which made it hard to get through.
Throughout the years, Holland has remained an example of the charm and beauty of the traditional New England village. At different times, it has sustained industries such as farming, the manufacturing of cloth, and brickmaking. Holland is now known most for its recreational opportunities. There are extensive recreational facilities at the Hamilton Reservoir, which is stocked with trout each year by the state of Massachusetts. There is also a park and a swimming area at the picturesque Lake Siog.
The 200-year-old town hall was destroyed in a fire in December 1995. The new town hall was dedicated on July 11, 1998, by Congressman Richard Neal of Springfield, whose congressional district includes Holland.
Geography
Holland is located in the southeast corner of Hampden County in western Massachusetts. It is drained by the Quinebaug River and contains the Hamilton Reservoir, one of the largest reservoirs in southern New England. The town is nestled amongst two hill ranges, where elevations reach up to greater than , for example on Rattlesnake Mountain in the northwest part of town.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which are land and , or 5.88%, are water. Holland is bounded on the east by Sturbridge in Worcester County, on the south by Union, Connecticut, on the west by Wales, and on the north by Brimfield. Holland is by road east of Springfield, southwest of Worcester, and northeast of Hartford, Connecticut. Interstate 84 touches the southeast corner of Holland at the Massachusetts–Connecticut border; the closest access is from Exit 74 in Union, Connecticut.
Demographics
At the 2010 census, there were 2,481 people, 994 households and 697 families residing in the town. There were 1,365 housing units in the town. The racial makeup of the town was 96.9% White, 0.6% Black or African American, 0.4% Native American, 0.4% Asian, 0.4% some other race, and 1.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.3% of the population.
Of the 994 households, 31.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.3% were headed by married couples living together, 8.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.9% were non-families. 22.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.6% were someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.50, and the average family size was 2.90.
21.2% of the population were under the age of 18, 6.9% were from 18 to 24, 25.6% were from 25 to 44, 35.3% were from 45 to 64, and 11.0% were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42.6 years. For every 100 females, there were 107.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 105.7 males.
For the period 2011-15, the estimated median household income was $75,000, and the median family income was $85,952. Male full-time workers had a median income of $60,915 and females $43,922. The per capita income was $34,188. About 3.2% of families and 7.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.9% of those under age 18 and 2.9% of those age 65 or over.
Education
Holland Elementary School, serving grades preschool-6, has its own school committee, part of School Union 61. Holland students attend Tantasqua Regional Junior High School (grades 7-8) and Tantasqua Regional High School in Sturbridge. Union 61 and the Tantasqua district share administrators, including the superintendent, and both include Brimfield, Brookfield, Holland, Sturbridge and Wales.
Notable people
Carl Beane (1952-2012), announcer at Fenway Park from 2003 until his death
Joel Crouse (1992– ), country music singer
Dick and Rick Hoyt, father-and-son marathon/triathlon team
Ephraim Paddock, Justice of the Vermont Supreme Court
References
External links
Towns in Hampden County, Massachusetts
Springfield metropolitan area, Massachusetts
Towns in Massachusetts | [
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259430 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmer%20%28CDP%29%2C%20Massachusetts | Palmer (CDP), Massachusetts | Palmer is former census-designated place (CDP) in Hampden County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 3,900 at the 2000 census. It is part of the Springfield, Massachusetts Metropolitan Statistical Area. The area is more commonly known as Depot Village, named for the ornate train depot built there by famed architect H.H. Richardson
Geography
Palmer is located at (42.157157, -72.326855).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP had a total area of 10.6 km2 (4.1 mi2), of which 10.6 km2 (4.1 mi2) is land and 0.1 km2 (0.04 mi2) (0.73%) is water.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 3,900 people, 1,778 households, and 970 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 368.2/km2 (954.2/mi2). There were 1,874 housing units at an average density of 176.9/km2 (458.5/mi2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 95.33% White, 1.44% Black or African American, 0.28% Native American, 1.03% Asian, 0.51% from other races, and 1.41% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.51% of the population.
There were 1,778 households, out of which 25.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 37.1% were married couples living together, 12.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 45.4% were non-families. 39.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.16 and the average family size was 2.89.
In the CDP the population was spread out, with 22.4% under the age of 18, 6.6% from 18 to 24, 30.6% from 25 to 44, 21.2% from 45 to 64, and 19.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.5 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $35,199, and the median income for a family was $43,958. Males had a median income of $31,956 versus $26,309 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $17,806. About 9.0% of families and 10.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12.6% of those under age 18 and 12.7% of those age 65 or over.
References
Populated places in Hampden County, Massachusetts
Springfield metropolitan area, Massachusetts
Palmer, Massachusetts
Former census-designated places in Massachusetts | [
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259431 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmer%2C%20Massachusetts | Palmer, Massachusetts | Palmer is a city in Hampden County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 12,448 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Springfield, Massachusetts Metropolitan Statistical Area. Palmer adopted a home rule charter in 2004 with a council-manager form of government. Palmer is one of thirteen Massachusetts municipalities that have city forms of government but retain "The town of" in their official names.
The villages of Bondsville, Thorndike, Depot Village, and Three Rivers are located in Palmer.
History
Palmer is composed of four separate and distinct villages: Depot Village, typically referred to simply as "Palmer" (named for the ornate Union Station railroad terminal designed by architect Henry Hobson Richardson), Thorndike, Three Rivers, and Bondsville. The villages began to develop their distinctive characters in the 18th century, and by the 19th century two rail lines and a trolley line opened the town to population growth. Today, each village has its own post office, and all but Thorndike have their own fire station.
Palmer was originally a part of Brimfield but separated after being too far from Brimfield. Palmer's first settler was John King. King was born in Edwardstone, Suffolk, England, and built his home in 1716 on the banks of the Quaboag River. The area as then known was called "The Elbow Tract". In 1731, a deed to land in today's Palmer renamed the town 'New Marlborough' after Marlborough, Massachusetts, in today's Middlesex County. In 1731, residents of the borough renamed the town 'Kingsfield', after the aforementioned John King. Though in some papers in the Massachusetts General Court, it was referred to as the Elbow. A large group of Scots-Irish Presbyterians followed, arriving in 1727. Finally in 1752, it was named Palmer after Chief Justice Palmer. In 1775, Massachusetts officially incorporated Palmer.
Depot Village became Palmer's main commercial and business center during the late 19th century and remains so today. Palmer's industry developed in Bondsville. During the 18th century, saw and grist mills were established by the rivers, and by 1825 Palmer woolen mills began to produce textiles. The Blanchard Scythe Factory, Wright Wire Woolen Mills, and the Holden-Fuller Woolen Mills developed major industrial capacity, and constructed large amounts of workers' housing. By 1900, Boston Duck (which made heavy cotton fabric) had over 500 employees in the town. The 20th century brought about a shift of immigrants in Palmer from those of French and Scottish origin to those of primarily Polish and French-Canadian extraction.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, Palmer has a total area of 32.0 square miles (82.9 km), of which 31.5 square miles (81.7 km) are land and 0.5 square mile (1.3 km) (1.53%) is water. The city is bordered by Ludlow and Wilbraham on the southwest, Belchertown on the northwest, Ware on the northeast, Warren on the east, Brimfield on the southeast, and Monson on the south.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 12,497 people, 5,078 households, and 3,331 families residing in the town. The population density was 396.3 people per square mile (153.0/km). There were 5,402 housing units at an average density of 171.3 per square mile (66.2/km). The racial makeup of the town was 96.82% White, 0.75% Black or African American, 0.23% Native American, 0.56% Asian, 0.44% from other races, and 1.19% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.23% of the population.
There were 5,078 households, out of which 31.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.5% were married couples living together, 12.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.4% were non-families. 28.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.45 and the average family size was 3.01.
In the town the population was spread out, with 25.2% under the age of 18, 6.8% from 18 to 24, 30.5% from 25 to 44, 22.0% from 45 to 64, and 15.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.9 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $41,443, and the median income for a family was $49,358. Males had a median income of $35,748 versus $26,256 for females. The per capita income for the town was $18,664. About 5.8% of families and 7.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.3% of those under age 18 and 9.8% of those age 65 or over.
Economy
Future development
The New England Region of the Sports Car Club of America has reached an agreement with the Town of Palmer to construct a new road course near their town. Palmer Motorsports Park will operate along a similar vein as Buttonwillow Raceway Park in California, in that it will be owned and operated by a limited liability corporation formed by New England Region. This effort is to ensure that NER would have its own "flagship" racetrack, as the two tracks it currently uses – New Hampshire Motor Speedway and Lime Rock Park in Connecticut – are heavily used by NASCAR. The benefits to the town would include upwards of $50,000 a year in property income taxes and increased business at local gas stations, restaurants, motels and retail stores.
Palmer Motor Sports Park opened for racing in May 2015. It is a 2.3 mile road course with over 190 feet in elevation change. Road & Track magazine named Palmer Motorsports Park one of the top 10 racetracks to drive in North America.
Business advocacy
The Quaboag Hills Chamber of Commerce is headquartered in Palmer and is the advocate for business and community development in the Quaboag Valley area by providing the 200+ members with a voice in political, social and economic issues.
Education
The Town of Palmer is served by three schools. Old Mill Pond Elementary School serves grades K through 5 and Palmer High School serves grades 6 through 12. Pathfinder Regional Vocational Technical High School is also located in Palmer, and serves grades 9 through 12. Camp Ramah in New England is located in Palmer.
Infrastructure
Transportation
Railroads
Palmer has been called the "Town of Seven Railroads". These included five operating railroads (Boston & Albany, Central Vermont, Springfield, Athol & North-eastern, Ware River, and Central Massachusetts), one which was built but never operated (Hampden), and one which was not completed (Southern New England) The B&A, CV, and Ware River served Union Station, which was designed by H. H. Richardson.
The Central Vermont was sold to RailTex in 1995 and operated as the New England Central Railroad. RailTex was merged into RailAmerica in 2000, which in turn was acquired by the Genesee & Wyoming company in 2012. The B&A is now the CSX Boston Subdivision, while parts of the otherwise defunct Ware River and Central Massachusetts are operated by the Massachusetts Central Railroad. The SA&N was abandoned in the 1930s when the Quabbin Reservoir was built.
Amtrak's Lake Shore Limited passes through Palmer, as did the Montrealer from 1989 to 1995 and the Vermonter from 1995 to 2014, but no trains have stopped at Palmer since 1971. Union Station is privately owned and houses a restaurant.
Road
I-90 (Mass. Turnpike) currently has one exit in Palmer nearby the center of the city. This exit leads to Massachusetts Route 32, which runs south to north from Monson to the center of the city then runs through the eastern side of the city until it enters Ware. U.S. Route 20 which runs east to west, coming from Brimfield (not including a short clip through Monson), it then enters the center of the city, intersecting MA 32 and MA 181. After this U.S. 20 heads west into Wilbraham. MA 181 starts at U.S. 20 in the city center, before heading north into Three Rivers and Bondsville. After that, MA 181 enters Belchertown. MA 67 starts nearby the Monson border on U.S. 20 and stays on the extreme east side of Palmer before it heads into Warren. MA 67 goes under I-90, but never intersects the highway.
Fire and water
Unlike many Massachusetts communities, The Town of Palmer does not have its own water department. Instead Palmer, Bondsville and Three Rivers each have their own water department and their own fire department. Each fire department has its own fire chief, as there is no town-wide chief. Thorndike does not have its own fire department or water department instead contracting out with Palmer. The Thorndike Fire Department was disbanded following World War II.
Notable people
Henry King, U.S. Congressman
Chuck Thompson, sportscaster
Taj Mahal, musician
Chad Stahelski, Director
See also
List of mill towns in Massachusetts
References
External links
Town website
Cities in Hampden County, Massachusetts
Springfield metropolitan area, Massachusetts
1727 establishments in Massachusetts
Cities in Massachusetts
Former census-designated places in Massachusetts | [
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259432 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilbraham%20%28CDP%29%2C%20Massachusetts | Wilbraham (CDP), Massachusetts | Wilbraham is a census-designated place (CDP) in the town of Wilbraham in Hampden County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 3,915 at the 2010 census, out of 14,868 in the town as a whole. It is part of the Springfield, Massachusetts Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Geography
The Wilbraham CDP occupies the central and north-central parts of the town, including the town center area around Main Street at Mountain Road and Springfield Street. The CDP is bordered on the north by U.S. Route 20; on the east by Mountain Road and Ridge Road, running close to the crest of the low Wilbraham Mountains; on the south by Monson Road, Hunting Lane, Ripley Street, and Springfield Street; and on the west by Stony Hill Road, Glen Drive, and Brainard Road. Wilbraham is east of downtown Springfield.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , of which are land and , or 1.11%, are water.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 3,544 people, 1,247 households, and 981 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 242.6/km (628.2/mi). There were 1,314 housing units at an average density of 90.0/km (232.9/mi). The racial makeup of the CDP was 97.12% White, 1.04% Black or African American, 0.08% Native American, 0.79% Asian, 0.08% Pacific Islander, 0.37% from other races, and 0.51% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.41% of the population.
There were 1,247 households, out of which 35.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 67.2% were married couples living together, 8.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21.3% were non-families. 18.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.66 and the average family size was 3.02.
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 24.8% under the age of 18, 4.1% from 18 to 24, 22.9% from 25 to 44, 26.2% from 45 to 64, and 22.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 44 years. For every 100 females, there were 86.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 80.2 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $66,814, and the median income for a family was $71,825. Males had a median income of $60,142 versus $34,712 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $30,686. About 0.9% of families and 2.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1.1% of those under age 18 and 6.4% of those age 65 or over.
References
Census-designated places in Hampden County, Massachusetts
Springfield metropolitan area, Massachusetts
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259433 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilbraham%2C%20Massachusetts | Wilbraham, Massachusetts | Wilbraham is a town in Hampden County, Massachusetts, United States. It is a suburb of the City of Springfield, and part of the Springfield Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 14,613 at the 2020 census.
Part of the town comprises the census-designated place of Wilbraham.
Boundaries and localities
Wilbraham was originally divided between North Wilbraham and Wilbraham. North Wilbraham was home to the industrial side of the town, along with the Boston & Albany Railroad Line, which is still in use today. Wilbraham is home to the Wilbraham & Monson Academy.
Wilbraham is made up of several neighborhoods, known as Wilbraham Center, North Wilbraham, East Wilbraham, Wilbraham Mountain, South Wilbraham, Boston Road Corridor and the Pines Section. In 1878, the south end of Wilbraham officially broke away from Wilbraham and formed the Town of Hampden. The term North Wilbraham is now rarely used by town residents and has been replaced by Wilbraham.
Origin of the name of Wilbraham
The name of Wilbraham comes from the villages of Little Wilbraham and Great Wilbraham located near Cambridge, England. The name originates from Wilburgham, a name indicating "Wilburga's homestead," Wilburga being the daughter of the seventh century King Penda of the Mercians who gave her the land. In the 10th century (975 A.D.) it was still known as Wilburgeham; however, in the Domesday Book it is known as Wiborgham. By the 1260s it was known as Great Wilbraham and right before that King's Wilbraham. During the Middle Ages the Knights Templar established a preceptory in 1226 in the villages. The manor house of Great Wilbraham was their temple and today it is still standing and is a house. Their regional headquarters was Denny Abbey in nearby Peterborough.
One statement within the Wilbraham Town History Book of 1963 states that a trustee of the Wilbraham & Monson Academy was attending Oxford University and found the following in a history book: That the two villages of Little Wilbraham and Great Wilbraham came into existence because Alfred the Great, an English King who upon hunting wild boar in a very good spot about 60 miles northeast of London, designated that spot as Wild Boar Haven. However, Haven was later changed to Ham and over the years the three separate words became combined and distorted until you had Wilbraham.
Another statement within the "Wilbraham Town History Book" of 1963 states that the name may have come from Sir Thomas Wilbraham, 3rd Baronet who was a bitter royalist and anti-Puritan however this has since been in doubt and the most likely explanation is that the name came from the villages in Cambridgeshire. Some of Wilbraham earliest settlers hailed from the Cambridgeshire region of England.
North Wilbraham
From its beginning, the Town of Wilbraham was divided between North Wilbraham and Wilbraham, which each had their own zip code. The zip code of North Wilbraham was 01067, which is no longer used. North Wilbraham was considered the industrialized area of town while Wilbraham was considered the agricultural area of town.
History
17th and 18th centuries
The area today known as the Town of Wilbraham first became of interest in 1636 when a young man named William Pynchon (founder of Springfield) purchased the area from the Nipmuc starting at the Connecticut River in Springfield and extending to the foot of the Wilbraham Mountain Range by 1674. Wilbraham was first settled in 1730 by Nathaniel Hitchcock along with what is now Hampden, Massachusetts, as the Fourth District of Springfield. It was also known as the Outward Commons, Mountains or Springfield Mountain. Hitchcock built a log hut along what is now Main St. Hunting and logging took place in the late 17th century.
The Native Americans did not maintain any villages prior to the colonials' arrival in the Outward Commons; however, they did hunt and fish along the Chicopee River as it was considered good fishing grounds. A soap stone quarry existed on Glendale Road and arrowheads can be found throughout Wilbraham. The poplar trees located along the Chicopee River made excellent canoes, and two have been found carved out along the Chicopee River over the years. The Nipmuc referred to this area as "Minnechaug" which means Berryland.
The major poem "Minneola" (1904) by Chauncey E. Peck tells, over several hundred pages, the stories of the Indians around Wilbraham. The last of which appears to have been an Indian woman named We-sha-u-gan who lived on Wigwam Hill in a wigwam for many years, "after the white man came" (History of Wilbraham, 1863).
Many town residents took part in both the French and Indian War and Revolutionary War, and at one time Wilbraham even had its own militia unit, which at one point was a field artillery battery and often supported the Hampshire Regiment. Wilbraham residents have also served in numerous wars since the French and Indian War.
Wilbraham's first church was the First Congregational Church, which was organized on June 24, 1741. This church would later merge into the Wilbraham United Church. The first minister of the town was Mr. Noah Merrick. The first three selectmen were Lieutenant Thomas Mirick, Deacon Nathaniel Warriner and Stephen Stebbins. Stebbins was the first person to settle in the southern part of the precinct in modern-day Hampden when he built a house on the north side of the Scantic River in 1741.
After many years of submitting petitions to the Massachusetts General Court the town was officially incorporated as the independent "Wilbraham" in 1763, when its population was about 400. Wilbraham was made a separate town because of the walking distance to Springfield, along with differing interests made the people of the fourth precinct petition several times for a new town to be incorporated.
On August 7, 1761, on Wilbraham Mountain, a young man named Timothy Merrick was bitten by a rattlesnake and died soon afterward. Folklore and legend have made its way over the years about this incident including a song titled "On Springfield Mountain". The incident probably took place within what is now the adjoining town of Hampden, but at the time was still part of South Wilbraham — though some have claimed it was as far south as Connecticut. This song was one of the earliest of the American ballads.
The Bay Path trail once ran through the north end of the town. It was this trail that Henry Knox used when he moved the cannons that he captured at Fort Ticonderoga in 1775. These cannons were brought to Boston (being pulled by oxen) and placed on Dorchester Heights and used against the British. Knox led the artillery train through the town.
The first President of the United States, General George Washington, traveled through the town twice and on one occasion slept at a home along the Bay Path in 1790 while on his way to and from Boston.
On April 29, 1799, a tragedy on Nine Mile Pond took the lives of six people, including three 16-year-old girls. The boat that they were traveling in overturned. One of the victims was not found for sixteen days and a ditch had to be dug in order to drain the pond to find her. This ditch located across the street on Boston Rd became the first town dump.
19th century
The Underground Railroad ran through the town and several houses along Main Street and on Wilbraham Mountain served as stations.
The Wilbraham town center is among the largest designated historical areas in the country, with fine examples of colonial and Victorian homes from as early as the 1730s along the historical areas of Main Street. The oldest Methodist meeting house in New England is located in the town's center, as is the campus of Wilbraham & Monson Academy, founded in 1804.
North Wilbraham was the industrialized area of the town and was home to the Collins Manufacturing Company and other businesses. The Collins Manufacturing Company was once the main employer of the town. The building, also known as the Collins Paper Mill (which still stands today), was built circa 1872. It made fine writing paper and, for a short time, made government currency paper. The mill officially closed down in 1940, but some sections continued operating into the 1950s. A fire in 1945 did severe damage to the building, which now stands vacant.
Wilbraham at one time was very famous for its peach orchards and some are still grown on the slope of the Wilbraham Mountain Range. Apples were also grown on the slopes.
20th century
Wilbraham Center was the farming area of town and was home to Bennett's Turkey Farm, Pheasant Farm and Rice's Fruit Farm which grew the peaches later celebrated during the Peach Festival. Wilbraham had several potato farms in the south end of town around the time of World War II. None of those farms remain in operation today. Wilbraham was once the home of a speakeasy called "Worlds End" on Burleigh Road. It was destroyed by a fire in the mid-1930s.
In the summer of 1928, author H. P. Lovecraft stayed with the teacher and antiquarian Miss Evanore O. Beebe (co-author of the town's first history in 1913) at her farmhouse on Monson Road in west Wilbraham, touring the locality with his friend and author Mrs Miniter who was a local. He later modeled the fictional town of Dunwich on the combination of towns in the area, in his story "The Dunwich Horror". He also used the area's folklore in the story. After his death Lovecraft's executor August Derleth later wrote the story "The Peabody Heritage", set in Wilbraham. She died in 1935.
The hurricane of 1938 did considerable damage to the town and destroyed the old covered bridge over the Chicopee River on Cottage Ave. A steel bridge rests there today.
During World War I, the town suffered the loss of George M. Kingdon who died fighting in France. He was Wilbraham's only casualty. When the Wilbraham Fire Department was incorporated in 1919 it was named the George M. Kingdon Fire Company in his honor.
The flood of 1955 washed out many of the roads in the town. The dam near the Chicopee River gave way washing out the railroad tracks and parts of Mountain Road and Boston Road.
21st century
On the afternoon of June 1, 2011, two tornadoes struck Wilbraham: an EF-1 and an EF-3. The EF-3, which originated in Westfield and traveled through West Springfield and Springfield, caused extensive damage to the Tinkham Road corridor of the town. Heavy structural damage to homes, power poles, and trees was experienced. That tornado then moved eastward to cause extensive damage to the towns of Monson, Brimfield and Sturbridge. The EF-1 formed after the EF-3 and primarily caused damage to power poles and trees along a section from Stony Hill Road east crossing Main Street, just south of St. Cecilia's Church to Crane Hill Road.
Commercial
The corporate headquarters of Friendly's Ice Cream was formerly located in Wilbraham. On the Massachusetts Turnpike, hedges along the side of the highway have a sign and have been trimmed to read "Welcome to Wilbraham, Home of Friendly Ice Cream". Friendly's Ice Cream was acquired in 2016 by Dean Foods. The Dean Foods bankruptcy settlement sold Friendly's Ice Cream to Amici Partners Group.
Bennett Turkey Farms was acquired by Rice's Fruit Farm in 2007. Rice's Fruit Farm which first opened in 1894 is a historic New England family run farm stand serving Breakfast, Coffee, Pies, Apples and Ice Cream.
Flo Design Sonics, a technology company, located at 380 Main St. was acquired by Millipore Sigma in 2019. Flo Design Wind Turbines is co-located here.
Town government
Wilbraham has a Board of Selectmen in which there are three members, each serving a three-year term. The town has an open town meeting rule and an annual town meeting is held every spring.
Education
Wilbraham has a regional School District, called the Hampden-Wilbraham Regional School District which is centered around Minnechaug Regional High School.
Wilbram and Monson Academy, a private middle and high school with an international student population is located in the historic downtown.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 22.4 square miles (58.1 km), of which 22.2 square miles (57.5 km) is land and 0.2 square mile (0.5 km) (0.89%) is water. Wilbraham is bordered by Springfield on the west, Ludlow on the north, Palmer on the northeast, Monson on the east, Hampden on the south, and East Longmeadow on the southwest.
Wilbraham is situated in such a way that its area lies within two broad physiographic provinces that cross Massachusetts from north to south. The Wilbraham Mountains which dominate the geography of the town are part of the Central Upland of Massachusetts, while the portion of town west of the mountains lies within the Connecticut Valley Lowland. Millions of years ago, the flat area of Wilbraham west of the mountains were once part of a shallow inland sea.
Wilbraham also has the Wilbraham Mountains range, which starts at the north end of town and extends into Hampden. The highest point in town is Mt. Chapin at 937 feet above sea level. Other high peaks are Mount Vision (formerly Rattlesnake Peak) and Wigwam Hill.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 13,473 people, 4,891 households, and 3,873 families residing in the town. The population density was 606.3 people per square mile (234.1/km). There were 5,048 housing units at an average density of 227.2 per square mile (87.7/km). The racial makeup of the town was 96.40% White, 1.19% Black or African American, 0.06% Native American, 1.26% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 0.25% from other races, and 0.77% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.40% of the population.
There were 4,891 households, out of which 37.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 68.7% were married couples living together, 8.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20.8% were non-families. 17.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.71 and the average family size was 3.09.
In the town, the population was spread out, with 26.9% under the age of 18, 4.3% from 18 to 24, 24.4%from 25 to 44, 27.6% from 45 to 64, and 16.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.3 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $65,014, and the median income for a family was $73,825. Males had a median income of $55,600 versus $36,922 for females. The per capita income for the town was $29,854. About 3.2% of families and 5.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.5% of those under age 18 and 9.0% of those age 65 or over.
Notable people
Lucy Morris Chaffee Alden, author, educator, hymn writer
Erin Crocker, auto racer
Bill Guerin, hockey player
Raymond Kennedy, novelist
Samuel Leech, author
Alexandra Lydon, actress
Kelly Overton, actress
Dean Rosenthal, composer
Ann Sarnoff, television executive
Mike Stefanik, auto racer
Mike Trombley, baseball player
References
External links
Town of Wilbraham website
Towns in Hampden County, Massachusetts
Springfield metropolitan area, Massachusetts
Towns in Massachusetts
Populated places on the Underground Railroad | [
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259434 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belchertown%20%28CDP%29%2C%20Massachusetts | Belchertown (CDP), Massachusetts | Belchertown is a census-designated place (CDP) comprising the central village in the town of Belchertown in Hampshire County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 2,899 at the 2010 census, out of a total town population of 14,649. It is part of the Springfield, Massachusetts Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Geography
The Belchertown CDP is located in the center of the town of Belchertown at (42.278451, -72.401804). It is bordered to the north by Bay Road and Massachusetts Route 9 (Federal Street and Sargent Street), to the east by Jabish Brook and Jabish Canal, to the west by Broad Brook and Old Springfield Road, to the south by State Street (U.S. Route 202), and to the west by Weston Brook, Lampson Brook, George Hannum Street, and Hamilton Street.
Route 9 leads east to Ware and northwest to Amherst, while US 202 leads north to Athol and southwest to Holyoke. Massachusetts Route 181 leaves US 202 in the center of town, leading south to Palmer. Massachusetts Route 21 leaves US 202 at the western edge of the CDP, leading southwest 10 miles to Ludlow. Springfield, the largest city in the region, is southwest of Belchertown.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , of which , or 0.04%, are water.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,626 people, 1,094 households, and 717 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 201.2/km2 (520.6/mi2). There were 1,111 housing units at an average density of 85.1/km2 (220.3/mi2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 94.14% White, 1.26% Black or African American, 0.23% Native American, 1.79% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 0.84% from other races, and 1.71% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.13% of the population.
There were 1,094 households, out of which 37.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.9% were married couples living together, 18.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.4% were non-families. 27.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.40 and the average family size was 2.91.
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 27.1% under the age of 18, 8.5% from 18 to 24, 33.3% from 25 to 44, 20.5% from 45 to 64, and 10.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 82.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 77.9 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $40,250, and the median income for a family was $44,286. Males had a median income of $31,377 versus $31,130 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $18,485. About 16.8% of families and 15.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18.0% of those under age 18 and 10.6% of those age 65 or over.
References
Census-designated places in Hampshire County, Massachusetts
Springfield metropolitan area, Massachusetts
Census-designated places in Massachusetts | [
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259435 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belchertown%2C%20Massachusetts | Belchertown, Massachusetts | Belchertown (previously known as Cold Spring and Belcher's Town) is a town in Hampshire County, Massachusetts, United States. It is part of the Springfield, Massachusetts Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 15,350 at the 2020 census. The town includes the census-designated place of Belchertown. Belchertown was formerly the home of the Belchertown State School. The land on which the school sat is, as of 2016, being redeveloped for mixed uses including residential, commercial and recreational. This includes the Lampson Brook Farm, used for community and sustainable agriculture, outdoor recreation, and wildlife preservation.
History
In 1716, the Equivalent Lands were sold by Connecticut Colony to residents who reside in present-day Connecticut and Massachusetts. Some of these lands were granted to Jonathan Belcher, the future Royal Governor of Massachusetts.
Belchertown was first settled in 1731 and was officially incorporated in 1761 as Cold Spring, later the name was changed to Belcher's Town, and then Belchertown.
In 1816, part of Belchertown was combined with part of the town of Greenwich, Massachusetts, to form Enfield, Massachusetts. In 1938, Enfield and Greenwich were two of the four towns that were disincorporated to make way for the Quabbin Reservoir, and the northwest part of Enfield was merged back into Belchertown.
The Belchertown State School for mentally disabled residents was located in the town for 70 years, from 1922 until its closing in 1994 amid revelations of poor conditions and inhumane treatment of its residents. The property has since been under consideration for redevelopment housing, business and agricultural use.
The University of Massachusetts in neighboring Amherst employs more Belchertown residents than any other enterprise or institution.
Belchertown's executive authority consists of a select board, which in 1964 expanded from three members to five: Belchertown Select Board, of which the name changed in 2019 from the Board of Selectmen.
Geography and transportation
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 55.4 square miles (143.4 km2), of which 52.7 square miles (136.6 km2) is land and 2.6 square miles (6.8 km2) (4.77%) is water. Belchertown lies along the western banks of the western branch of the Quabbin Reservoir, with the lands around that water being part of the Quabbin Reservation. The town is hilly north of the town center, the hills forming part of the former Swift River Valley, with most of the rest of the town being relatively slowly sloping plains, spotted with plenty of meadow lands. Along the Swift River, which forms the eastern border of the town, lies the Herman Covey – Swift River Wildlife Management Area. Several other brooks and ponds dot the town's landscape, with some marshy lands lying along the Broad Brook.
Belchertown lies partially along the Franklin County line to the northeast, and along the Hampden County line to the south. It is bordered by Pelham to the north, New Salem to the northeast, Ware to the east, Palmer to the southeast, Ludlow to the southwest, and Granby and Amherst to the west. The town does not share a land border with New Salem, but borders the town's territory on the Quabbin Reservoir. The town's center lies east-southeast of the county seat of Northampton, northeast of Springfield, west of Worcester and west of Boston. Most of the population is centered around the town center, with most of the town being rural-residential, especially around the smaller ponds near the villages of Dwight and North Station.
The nearest interstate to the town, Interstate 90, runs just south of the town, with exits in Ludlow and Palmer. The exit in Ludlow can be reached along Route 21, which terminates at U.S. Route 202 west of the town common. (Prior to the building of the Quabbin Reservoir, Route 21 extended north along North Enfield Road towards the town of Athol.) The Palmer exit can be accessed along Route 181, which links U.S. Route 20 in Palmer and Route 202 in Belchertown, where the latter turns northwards towards Pelham along the edge of the reservoir. The town is also crossed by Route 9, the major east–west route through central Massachusetts, which heads from Ware towards Amherst, passing just north of the town center. Interstate 91 runs can be reached on Route 9 about nine miles from the Belchertown/Pelham line.
The New England Central Railroad and an abandoned line which once linked to the Massachusetts Central Railroad in Palmer pass through the town. The NECR carries freight on the line, though north of Belchertown it was a part of the Amtrak Vermonter service between Vermont and the rest of the northeast until being rerouted through Holyoke and Greenfield in 2014. There is a private airstrip, Metropolitan Airport, in Palmer, but the nearest national air service can be reached at Bradley International Airport in Connecticut.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 12,968 people, 4,886 households, and 3,517 families residing in the town. The population density was 245.9 people per square mile (95.0/km2). There were 5,050 housing units at an average density of 95.8 per square mile (37.0/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 96.14% White, 0.81% Black or African American, 0.19% Native American, 0.96% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 0.55% from other races, and 1.30% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race was 1.57% of the population.
There were 4,886 households, out of which 38.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.2% were married couples living together, 9.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.0% were non-families. Of all households 20.3% were made up of individuals, and 7.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.65 and the average family size was 3.09.
In the town, the population was spread out, with 27.3% under the age of 18, 7.1% from 18 to 24, 33.3% from 25 to 44, 23.6% from 45 to 64, and 8.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.9 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $52,467, and the median income for a family was $60,830. Males had a median income of $39,656 versus $30,909 for females. The per capita income for the town was $21,938. About 5.1% of families and 5.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.1% of those under age 18 and 4.4% of that age 65 or over.
Education
Belchertown School District:
Swift River Elementary School (K-3)
Chestnut Hill Community School (4-6)
Jabish Middle School (7-8)
Belchertown High School (9-12)
Points of interest
Belchertown Fair
Belchertown Firefighters Museum
Belchertown Public School System
Belchertown Skate Park
Belchertown State School
Broad Brook Canal
Clapp Memorial Library (Built in memory of John Francis Clapp in 1887 by two of his brothers. Clapp wished he had more resources for reading as a child and wished future generations of Belchertown residents would be able to have what he did not.)
Jessica's Boundless Playground
Lake Metacomet
Metacomet and Monadnock Trail
Mini Fenway Park
Quabbin Reservoir
Robert Frost Hiking Trail
Shelton Brothers Importers
Skettersville Pond
Stone House Museum
Swift River
Town Common
Town Beach (Lake Arcadia)
Notable people
Albert Levi Burt (1843–1913), founder of the book publisher A. L. Burt
Newell Snow Booth (1903–1968), United Methodist missionary (born in Belchertown)
Elijah Coleman Bridgman (1801–1862), first American Protestant missionary appointed to China (born in Belchertown)
Addison G. Foster (1837–1917), US Senator (born in Belchertown)
Gregory Gillespie (1936–2000), painter (died in Belchertown)
Raymond Kennedy (1934–2008), novelist (spent childhood in Belchertown in the 1930s)
Porter Rockwell (1813/1815 – 1878), "the Destroying Angel of Mormondom" and bodyguard of Mormon leader Joseph Smith (born in Belchertown)
Mary F. Scranton, a Methodist Episcopal Church missionary to Korea who founded Ewha Womans University, one of the most prestigious women's schools in Asia.
Ruth Sienkiewicz-Mercer (1950–1998), disability rights activist (resident of infamous Belchertown State School in the 1960s and 1970s)
Clinton Edgar Woods (1863 – c. 1930), electrical and mechanical engineer, inventor, manufacturer of automobiles (born in Belchertown)
References
External links
Town of Belchertown, Massachusetts Official Website
Stone House Museum, Belchertown Historical Society and Newspaper Archives
Populated places established in 1731
Springfield metropolitan area, Massachusetts
Towns in Hampshire County, Massachusetts
Towns in Massachusetts | [
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259436 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granby%20%28CDP%29%2C%20Massachusetts | Granby (CDP), Massachusetts | Granby is a census-designated place (CDP) comprising the main village in the town of Granby in Hampshire County, Massachusetts, United States. The population of the CDP was 1,368 at the 2010 census, out of a total town population of 6,240. It is part of the Springfield, Massachusetts Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Geography
The Granby CDP is located in the west-central part of the town of Granby at (42.258128, -72.52186). It includes the village of Granby plus rural land to the west, north and east. U.S. Route 202 (State Street) forms much of the southern edge of the CDP, except around the village center, where the border extends to the south along Center Street and Taylor Street. Elsewhere, the CDP extends east to Greenmeadow Lane and Ingraham Brook; north to Batchelor Brook, Batchelor Street, and Easton Street; and west to Amherst Street and Cold Hill Road.
US 202 leads east to Belchertown and southwest to Holyoke. South Hadley is to the west, via West Street, and downtown Springfield is to the south.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the Granby CDP has a total area of , of which , or 0.11%, are water. The village is drained to the north by Batchelor Brook, a west-flowing tributary of the Connecticut River, and to the south by tributaries of Stony Brook, which also flows west to the Connecticut.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,344 people, 530 households, and 357 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 149.5/km2 (386.8/mi2). There were 541 housing units at an average density of 60.2/km2 (155.7/mi2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 96.43% White, 0.67% Black or African American, 0.15% Native American, 0.45% Asian, 0.07% Pacific Islander, 1.04% from other races, and 1.19% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.31% of the population.
There were 530 households, out of which 27.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.8% were married couples living together, 7.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.6% were non-families. 27.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.54 and the average family size was 3.12.
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 21.7% under the age of 18, 7.7% from 18 to 24, 27.8% from 25 to 44, 26.3% from 45 to 64, and 16.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 89.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.2 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $51,250, and the median income for a family was $59,960. Males had a median income of $40,611 versus $31,964 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $21,631. None of the families and 1.5% of the population were living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and 3.0% of those over 64.
References
Census-designated places in Hampshire County, Massachusetts
Springfield metropolitan area, Massachusetts
Census-designated places in Massachusetts
Granby, Massachusetts | [
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259437 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granby%2C%20Massachusetts | Granby, Massachusetts | Granby is a town in Hampshire County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 6,110 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Springfield, Massachusetts Metropolitan Statistical Area. The census-designated place of Granby corresponds to the main village of Granby in the center of the town.
History
Granby was once part of Hadley, as were other towns. Granby was first settled in 1727 and was officially incorporated in 1768. The town is named in honor of John Manners, Marquess of Granby, a hero of the Seven Years' War. Granby was originally part of the Hadley Equivalent Lands, and then part of South Hadley, before being incorporated on June 11, 1768. Old Hadley was first settled in 1659 by people from Hartford and Wethersfield, Connecticut. These settlers left Connecticut because of religious differences within their communities. John Pynchon was commissioned to buy wilderness land for their new community. Pynchon purchased the land from three Native American chiefs: Chickwallop, Umpanchala and Quontquont. Ownership was transferred to the settlers and confirmed by the General Court. These original boundaries include part of present-day Granby.
Granby is one of only three towns in Massachusetts whose local telephone service is not furnished by the former Bell System as Granby has always maintained its own service, Granby Telephone & Telegraph. The other two such towns are Richmond and Hancock, both in Berkshire County.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which are land and , or 0.92%, is water. Granby is bordered by South Hadley to the west, Amherst to the north, Belchertown to the east, and Ludlow and Chicopee to the south. Two highways pass through the town: U.S. Route 202 runs eastward though town from South Hadley to Belchertown on East State Street and West State Street, while Route 116 runs northeastward from South Hadley to Amherst along Amherst Road. Granby is north of Springfield, the largest city in western Massachusetts.
The Holyoke Range is in the northern part of Granby. Major peaks within the town are Long Mountain and Mount Norwottuck. Norwottuck is the highest point in town at above sea level. The Metacomet-Monadnock Trail runs along this mountain range as it passes through Granby. The Horse Caves are geological ledges along this trail.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 6,132 people, 2,247 households, and 1,662 families residing in the town. The population density was 220.1 people per square mile (85.0/km2). There were 2,295 housing units at an average density of 82.4 per square mile (31.8/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 96.77% White, 0.51% Black or African American, 0.13% Native American, 0.96% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.52% from other races, and 1.09% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.21% of the population.
There were 2,247 households, out of which 34.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.8% were married couples living together, 8.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.0% were non-families. Of all households, 20.1% were made up of individuals, and 7.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.71 and the average family size was 3.15.
In the town, the population was spread out, with 25.5% under the age of 18, 7.0% from 18 to 24, 30.6% from 25 to 44, 25.2% from 45 to 64, and 11.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.3 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $54,293, and the median income for a family was $57,632. Males had a median income of $40,833 versus $30,597 for females. The per capita income for the town was $23,209. About 1.0% of families and 2.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.8% of those under age 18 and 2.0% of those age 65 or over.
Education
Granby has one public elementary school serving K-6, the East Meadow School. Middle/High School students attend Granby Junior-Senior High School.
Points of interest
Granby Bow & Gun Club
Cindy’s Drive In
Notable people
Madeleine Blais, journalist, Pulitzer Prize winner, Zepp's Last Stand
Charles Burchard, Wisconsin legislator
William Montague Ferry (1796-1867) a Presbyterian minister, missionary, and community leader who founded several settlements in Ottawa County, Michigan.
Abbie E. C. Lathrop (1868–1918), mouse fancier-breeder and accidental early pioneer in genetic research
Zenas Ferry Moody (1832-1917) 7th Governor of the state of Oregon
Jesse Richards, artist, photographer and filmmaker (remodernist film) and former member of the Stuckism art group.
References
External links
Town of Granby official website
Granby Public Schools
Melissa's Guide to Granby, MA
Granby Bow & Gun Club
Springfield metropolitan area, Massachusetts
Towns in Hampshire County, Massachusetts
Towns in Massachusetts | [
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259438 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatfield%20%28CDP%29%2C%20Massachusetts | Hatfield (CDP), Massachusetts | Hatfield is a census-designated place (CDP) comprising the main village in the town of Hatfield in Hampshire County, Massachusetts, United States. The population of the CDP was 1,318 at the 2010 census, out of a total town population of 3,279. It is part of the Springfield, Massachusetts Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Geography
The Hatfield CDP is located in the southern part of the town of Hatfield at (42.369665, -72.605426). The CDP includes the village of Hatfield, on the west bank of the Connecticut River, as well as residential land to the west along Elm Street as far as Dwight Street and Little Neponset Road and to the north as far as Cow Bridge Brook.
Interstate 91 passes west of the center of Hatfield, with access from Exit 21 at Elm Street. The CDP is northeast of the center of Northampton and north of Springfield.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , of which are land and , or 3.53%, are water.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,298 people, 566 households, and 336 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 214.2/km2 (555.8/mi2). There were 585 housing units at an average density of 96.5/km2 (250.5/mi2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 98.07% White, 0.15% Black or African American, 0.77% Asian, 0.85% from other races, and 0.15% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.23% of the population.
There were 566 households, out of which 27.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.0% were married couples living together, 7.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.5% were non-families. 32.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.29 and the average family size was 2.96.
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 21.6% under the age of 18, 4.2% from 18 to 24, 28.0% from 25 to 44, 25.8% from 45 to 64, and 20.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 86.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.6 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $48,281, and the median income for a family was $63,833. Males had a median income of $39,167 versus $31,477 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $23,145. None of the families and 2.4% of the population were living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and 4.5% of those over 64.
References
Census-designated places in Hampshire County, Massachusetts
Springfield metropolitan area, Massachusetts
Census-designated places in Massachusetts | [
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259440 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ware%20%28CDP%29%2C%20Massachusetts | Ware (CDP), Massachusetts | Ware is a census-designated place (CDP) comprising the main village in the town of Ware in Hampshire County, Massachusetts, United States. The population of the CDP was 6,170 at the 2010 census, out of a total town population of 9,872. It is part of the Springfield, Massachusetts Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Geography
The Ware CDP is located in the southeast corner of the town of Ware at (42.259965, -72.245841). The CDP is bordered by the town of West Brookfield to the east, Warren to the southeast, Palmer to the south, and the rest of the town of Ware to the west and north.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , of which are land and , or 2.15%, are water. The Ware River flows through the center of the village, running southwest to join the Quaboag River in Palmer, forming the Chicopee River.
Massachusetts Route 9 runs through the center of Ware as Main Street, leading east to Worcester and northwest to Amherst. Massachusetts Route 32 joins Route 9 through the center of Ware but follows the Ware River valley, leading northeast to Barre and southwest to Palmer.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 6,174 people, 2,685 households, and 1,592 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 386.4/km (999.9/mi). There were 2,906 housing units at an average density of 181.8/km (470.6/mi). The racial makeup of the CDP was 95.59% White, 0.73% Black or African American, 0.24% Native American, 0.81% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 1.02% from other races, and 1.59% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.74% of the population.
There were 2,685 households, out of which 28.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.5% were married couples living together, 14.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.7% were non-families. 34.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.30 and the average family size was 2.92.
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 24.9% under the age of 18, 9.2% from 18 to 24, 28.5% from 25 to 44, 20.1% from 45 to 64, and 17.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.8 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $31,138, and the median income for a family was $35,805. Males had a median income of $36,348 versus $25,411 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $17,906. About 11.5% of families and 13.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 20.0% of those under age 18 and 8.4% of those age 65 or over.
References
Census-designated places in Hampshire County, Massachusetts
Springfield metropolitan area, Massachusetts
Census-designated places in Massachusetts | [
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259441 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ware%2C%20Massachusetts | Ware, Massachusetts | Ware is a town in Hampshire County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 10,066 as of 2020. It is part of the Springfield, Massachusetts Metropolitan Statistical Area.
The census-designated place of Ware, comprising the main settlement of the town, is in the southeastern corner of the town. The area's students are served by Ware Junior Senior High School.
History
Ware was first settled on Equivalent Lands in 1717 and was officially incorporated in 1775. It is named after the English town of Ware in Hertfordshire.
In 1716, a tract of land which was slightly more than in size was granted to John Read. He named it "The Manour of Peace" and had it in mind to develop in the style of an English manor, anticipating that it would later become a very valuable country estate. He leased out the land and did not sell until after his death, when he bequeathed a gift of to serve as a ministry lot. As time passed, the town of Ware grew up around the old Congregational meeting house and later became a small center of local manufacturing and commerce.
In 1729, the first grist and saw mills were built on the banks of the Weir River by Jabez Olmstead. During the American Revolution, there were at least eight taverns and several inns in the area. Two of the most famous were Ebenezer Nye's tavern and John Downing's. After town meetings were held, they would often adjourn to the latter establishment. By the 1830s, it was not uncommon to see textile mills dotted along the various local rivers. At this point, the Ware community was making the transition from an agrarian economy to an industrially based society. The post Civil War era (1860s–1900s) brought a new prosperity to the now established textile mill town. "Ware factory village", as it was known, sprang up overnight and formed the basis for new growth and development.
For nearly 100 years, the Otis company had been the largest single Ware employer. Cotton had been the primary raw material, and by 1937 denims, awnings and tickings were the principal output. It had been very prosperous until World War I, when its employees numbered close to 2,500. By the 1920s, however, the company began to decline due to southern competition and lack of modern machinery.
By the mid thirties, the directors decided to liquidate, although no public announcement was made. Shortly thereafter, the company sold its interests to three "cotton men" – Lawrence W. Robert Jr., Edward J. Heitzeberg, and Paul A. Redmond – all with close connections to Alabama Mills, which owned factories in the South.
Instantly, the townspeople rallied to the cause. A public mass meeting was called that evening, and plans to raise the necessary cash in order to forestall what appeared to be the imminent ruin of the town were formulated. The citizens of Ware were able to purchase the mills with the backing of the Ware Trust Company. The mills became Ware Industries Inc., and Ware came to be known nationwide as "The Town That Can't Be Licked".
The town gained lands in the late 1930s as part of the construction of the Quabbin Reservoir. The reservoir dammed the Swift River in the former town of Enfield, flooding the valley. Four towns—Enfield, Greenwich, Prescott and Dana—were disincorporated in 1938 by this building of the reservoir. Much of Enfield and Greenwich became part of the town of Ware, extending the town's lands northward. Today, the town is home to most of the Windsor Dam and its spillway, and the Goodnough Dike, both of which lie within the Quabbin Reservation. Ware's portion of this land is some of the most accessible land in the reservation, with a large lookout tower atop Quabbin Hill. Ware also bears the morbid distinction of being host to the Quabbin Park Cemetery, where most of the graves in the former towns were relocated to, as well as most of the town monuments.
Historic districts
Ware Center Historic District
Church Street Historic District
Ware Millyard Historic District
Geography and transportation
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which are land and , or 14.01%, are water. Ware lies at the southern end of the Quabbin Reservoir and the Quabbin Reservation. The reservation lands within town include two islands, the former Little Quabbin Hill and Mount Lizzie, neither of which were covered by the waters of the reservoir. The Swift River forms the western boundary of the town, and the Ware River flows through the southeastern part of the town, meeting in Palmer to form the Chicopee River (along with the Quaboag River), which flows into the Connecticut River. The lands of Ware are hilly between the valleys of the Swift and Ware rivers, and much of the land not surrounding the central part of town is heavily forested, with marshes lining the Ware River in spots. Along the Swift River lies the Herman Covey–Swift River Wildlife Management Area.
Ware is the easternmost town in Hampshire County, and is bordered by Franklin County to the north, Worcester County to the east, and Hampden County to the south. The town is bordered by New Salem to the northwest, Petersham to the north, Hardwick to the northeast, New Braintree and West Brookfield to the east, a small portion of Warren to the southeast, Palmer to the south, and Belchertown to the west. (There is no land link between New Salem or Petersham and Ware due to the Quabbin Reservoir.) Downtown Ware lies east-southeast of the county seat of Northampton, northeast of Springfield, west of Worcester, and west of Boston.
Ware has no interstates or limited-access highways, the town center being north of Exit 8 (the Palmer exit) of Interstate 90. The town is linked to Route 9, the major east-west route through central Massachusetts, by Route 32, which runs concurrently with Route 9 from their merging point to just west of the West Brookfield town line, where Route 32 crosses through the eastern edge of Ware as it heads north. Route 9 heads west through town, passing along the edge of the Quabbin Reservation on its way towards Belchertown. The town has no public transit systems, but does have a commercial rail line, the Massachusetts Central Railroad, which follows the former Ware River Railroad line along the Ware River from Barre to where the line meets the Boston and Albany Railroad lines in Palmer. There is a private general aviation airstrip along Route 32 in the eastern part of town. The nearest national air service airports are Bradley International Airport in Connecticut and Worcester Regional Airport in Massachusetts.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 9,707 people, 4,027 households, and 2,597 families residing in the town. The population density was 282.1 people per square mile (108.9/km2). There were 4,336 housing units at an average density of 126.0/sq mi (48.7/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 96.49% White, 0.55% Black or African American, 0.23% Native American, 0.60% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 0.76% from other races, and 1.32% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.08% of the population.
There were 4,027 households, out of which 29.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.8% were married couples living together, 12.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.5% were non-families. 29.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.41 and the average family size was 2.96.
In the town, the population was spread out, with 24.7% under the age of 18, 8.1% from 18 to 24, 29.3% from 25 to 44, 22.8% from 45 to 64, and 15.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.6 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $36,875, and the median income for a family was $45,505. Males had a median income of $37,462 versus $25,733 for females. The per capita income for the town was $18,908. About 8.4% of families and 11.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.8% of those under age 18 and 6.9% of those age 65 or over.
Notable people
Braddish Billings, Ottawa farmer and sponsored the construction of Billings Bridge
Tracy Brown-May, member of the Nevada Assembly
Philip D. Cloutier, engineer, attorney, and politician who served as a member of the Delaware House of Representatives
Samuel Colt, inventor of the repeating pistol
Shamus Culhane, animator, director, studio head at Walt Disney Studios
Candy Cummings, major league baseball player, credited by some for inventing the curveball
David Ferguson, impresario, activist, and iconoclast
James H. Foster, politician, member of the Wisconsin State Assembly and the Wisconsin State Senate
Joe Giard, pitcher for 1927 New York Yankees
Philip F. Gura, professor, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Bertha Knight Landes, mayor of Seattle, Washington from 1926 to 1928 and first female mayor of a major American city
George Dana Boardman Pepper, ninth president of Colby College
Ruth Baker Pratt, first congresswoman to be elected from New York
Billy Jo Robidoux, major league baseball player
Roland D. Sawyer, clergyman, Christian socialist, state legislator, and author
Red Shea, was a Major League Baseball pitcher who played with the Philadelphia Athletics and the New York Giants.
Dana White, president of the Ultimate Fighting Championship
Karen S. Lynch, president and CEO of CVS Health, the world's seventh largest company
See also
List of mill towns in Massachusetts
References
External links
Official Town of Ware website
Towns in Hampshire County, Massachusetts
Springfield metropolitan area, Massachusetts | [
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259442 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayer%20%28CDP%29%2C%20Massachusetts | Ayer (CDP), Massachusetts | Ayer is a census-designated place (CDP) in the town of Ayer in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 2,868 at the 2010 census.
Geography
Ayer is located at (42.560033, -71.585321).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 3.4 km (1.3 mi2). 3.2 km (1.2 mi2) of it is land and 0.2 km (0.1 mi2) of it (4.62%) is water.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,960 people, 1,258 households, and 680 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 929.2/km (2,397.9/mi2). There were 1,369 housing units at an average density of 429.7/km (1,109.0/mi2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 88.31% White, 4.93% Black or African American, 0.24% Native American, 2.64% Asian, 0.14% Pacific Islander, 1.08% from other races, and 2.67% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.11% of the population.
There were 1,258 households, out of which 26.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 36.9% were married couples living together, 13.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 45.9% were non-families. 38.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.20 and the average family size was 2.96.
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 21.9% under the age of 18, 7.3% from 18 to 24, 35.0% from 25 to 44, 18.2% from 45 to 64, and 17.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.4 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $41,808, and the median income for a family was $55,375. Males had a median income of $39,879 versus $32,083 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $23,574. About 5.2% of families and 9.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.6% of those under age 18 and 17.8% of those age 65 or over.
References
Census-designated places in Middlesex County, Massachusetts
Census-designated places in Massachusetts | [
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259451 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20Town | New Town | A new town is a generic name for a planned community, or a planned expansion of a community.
New Town may also refer to:
Town planning
New town (Alberta), a former municipal status in Alberta, Canada, from 1956
New towns of Hong Kong, since the 1950s
New towns of Singapore, since 1952
New towns in the United Kingdom, designated under Acts of Parliament since 1946
New towns movement
Places
Australia
New Town, South Australia, a suburb of Kadina
New Town, Tasmania, a suburb of Hobart
Canada
New Town, former name of Montreal neighbourhood Golden Square Mile
China
Zhujiang New Town, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province
Czech Republic
New Town, Prague (Nové Město), a district of Prague
Finland
Uusikaupunki ("New Town" in Finnish; )
Ghana
New Town, Ghana, Western Region
India
Rajarhat, also called New Town, Kolkata
New Town, Kolkata
Japan
Tama New Town, Tama, Tokyo
Senboku New Town, Osaka
Malta
Paola, Malta, also known as Raħal Ġdid (new town in Maltese)
Pakistan
New Town, Karachi, also called Binori Town
Poland
Warsaw New Town, an old district of Warsaw
Slovakia
Nové Mesto, Bratislava (New Town in English), a borough in Bratislava
United Kingdom
New Town, Birmingham, an inner-city district of Birmingham
New Town, Luton, a district of Luton
New Town, Southampton, a district of the city of Southampton
New Town, Walsall, a district of Walsall
New Town, Enford, Wiltshire
New Town, Ramsbury, Wiltshire
New Town (Colchester electoral ward), an electoral ward in Colchester
New Town, Edinburgh, the centre of Edinburgh
United States
New Town, California, the former name of Nubieber, California
New Town, California, the former name of Newtown, El Dorado County, California
New Town (Jacksonville), a neighborhood in Jacksonville, Florida
New Town (Key West), a neighborhood within the City of Key West, Florida
New Town, Georgia
New Town, Louisiana, the former British name of New Iberia, Louisiana
New Town, North Dakota
New Town, South Carolina, the former name of Myrtle Beach
New Town, a historically African American neighborhood in Marshall, Texas
Newe Towne, the former name of Cambridge, Massachusetts
Zimbabwe
New Town, Kwekwe, a suburb of Kwekwe
Music
New Town (Jandek album)
New Town (Koop Arponen album)
See also
Newton (disambiguation)
Newtown (disambiguation)
Newtonville (disambiguation)
Garden city movement | [
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259466 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foxborough%2C%20Massachusetts | Foxborough, Massachusetts | Foxborough is a town in Norfolk County, Massachusetts, United States, about southwest of Boston, northeast of Providence, Rhode Island and about northwest of Cape Cod. Foxborough is part of the Greater Boston area. The population was 18,618 at the 2020 census.
"Foxborough" is the official spelling of the town name, although the alternative spelling "Foxboro" is also frequently used. This alternative spelling is used by the United States Postal Service as the correct form by which to address mail to recipients in the town, although both can be processed by their system. The sign on the post office reads "Foxboro".
Foxborough is best known as the site of Gillette Stadium, home of the New England Patriots of the National Football League (NFL) and the New England Revolution of Major League Soccer (MLS).
History
Settled in 1704 and incorporated in 1778, the town of Foxborough was named for Charles James Fox, a Whig member of Parliament and a staunch supporter of the Colonies in the years leading up to the American Revolution.
The town was once home to the world's largest straw hat factory. Founded by local businessman E.P. Carpenter, the Union Straw Works burned to the ground in the early 20th century. The town post office now stands on the site.
Foxborough was composed of small neighborhood communities until the early 1900s. These included Foxvale/Paineburgh, which remained semi-independent until the early twentieth century; Quaker Hill in South Foxborough; and Lakeview/Donkeyville in West Foxborough.
Schaefer Stadium (later known as Sullivan Stadium, then Foxboro Stadium) opened in 1971 as the home of the New England Patriots, after the football team spent its first eleven seasons playing at various stadiums in Boston. The family of Billy Sullivan owned both the Patriots and the stadium until they sold the team in 1988. The stadium, however, lapsed into bankruptcy and was then bought by paper magnate Robert Kraft. With Kraft in control of Foxboro Stadium, he prevented the Patriots from relocating to St. Louis in 1994 by refusing to let the team break their lease, then bought the Patriots outright. Kraft then founded the New England Revolution, one of the charter clubs of Major League Soccer, in 1996.
Gillette Stadium opened in 2002 as a replacement for Foxboro Stadium. The Patriot Place shopping plaza, built on land surrounding the stadium bought by Kraft, completed construction in 2009. The plaza includes a variety of restaurants, clothing stores, and other retailers.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which is land and (3.88%) is water.
Foxborough is located at (42.065248, -71.247856).
For the purposes of the United States Census Bureau, the built-up central area of Foxborough known as the Foxborough Census Designated Place (CDP) has a total area of 7.6 km2 (3.0 mi2). 7.5 km2 (2.9 mi2) is land and 0.1 km2 (0.1 mi2) (1.69%) is water.
Climate
Foxborough's climate is humid continental (Köppen: Dfa) with four distinct seasons, which is the predominant climate for Massachusetts and New England. Summers are typically warm to hot, rainy, and humid, while winters are cold, windy, and snowy. Spring and fall are usually mild, but conditions are widely varied, depending on wind direction and jet stream positioning. The warmest month is July, with an average high temperature of 83 °F and an average low temperature of 62 °F. The coldest month is January, with an average high temperature of 36 °F and an average low temperature of 18 °F. Periods exceeding 90 °F in summer and below 10 °F in winter are not uncommon but rarely extended, with about 14 days per year seeing the former extreme. Because of the town's relatively short distance from the Atlantic Ocean, temperatures tend to remain warmer than locations further inland. Like the rest of the northeastern seaboard, precipitation is distributed fairly evenly throughout the entire year, with the winter months receiving slightly more precipitation than the summer months. Powerful storm systems known as Nor'easters can produce heavy amounts of rain and snow at any time of the year, but these storms most often strike during the winter months, causing significant snowfall amounts and blizzard conditions. Thunderstorms occur somewhat frequently in the summer, occasionally bringing heavy downpours, damaging winds, and hail. Tornado activity is relatively low in the area, although there have been a fair share of tornado warnings issued over the years. Due to its location along the United States eastern seaboard, Foxborough is somewhat vulnerable to Atlantic hurricanes and tropical storms that threaten the region from late summer into early autumn.
Demographics
Entire town
As of the census of 2000, there were 16,246 people, 6,141 households, and 4,396 families residing in the town. The population density was 809.1 people per square mile (312.4/km2). There were 6,299 housing units at an average density of 313.7 per square mile (121.1/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 97.09% White, 0.82% Black or African American, 0.11% Native American, 1.22% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.20% from other races, and 0.54% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 1.06% of the population.
There were 6,141 households, out of which 35.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.9% were married couples living together, 8.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.4% were non-families. Of all households 23.4% were made up of individuals, and 8.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.63 and the average family size was 3.15.
In the town, the population was spread out, with 26.5% under the age of 18, 5.0% from 18 to 24, 32.1% from 25 to 44, 24.5% from 45 to 64, and 11.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.2 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $64,323, and the median income for a family was $78,811. Based on data from the 2007–2011 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates, these figures have risen to $92,370 as the median income for a household in the town and $108,209 as the median income for a family. Males had a median income of $51,901 versus $35,748 for females. The per capita income for the town was $32,294, but this figure has risen to $42,236. About 2.3% of families and 3.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.0% of those under age 18 and 6.2% of those age 65 or over.
Foxborough CDP
The built-up central business district is designated by the United States Census Bureau as the Foxborough Census Designated Place for record keeping purposes (this is common among many larger population New England towns).
As of the census of 2000, there were 5,509 people, 2,486 households, and 1,372 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 730.9/km2 (1,895.7/mi2). There were 2,576 housing units at an average density of 341.8/km2 (886.4/mi2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 96.57% White, 1.42% Black or African American, 0.13% Native American, 1.07% Asian, 0.29% from other races, and 0.53% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 1.60% of the population.
There were 2,486 households, out of which 25.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.9% were married couples living together, 9.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 44.8% were non-families. Of all households 37.8% were made up of individuals, and 13.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.18 and the average family size was 2.95.
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 21.7% under the age of 18, 5.3% from 18 to 24, 35.0% from 25 to 44, 21.6% from 45 to 64, and 16.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.6 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $50,431, and the median income for a family was $58,924. Males had a median income of $42,030 versus $35,370 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $31,245. About 4.1% of families and 5.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.4% of those under age 18 and 8.7% of those age 65 or over.
Government
Foxborough is run by a five-member board of selectmen and elected town officials like the town moderator and town clerk. Day-to-day operations involving items under the Board of Selectmen's purview is handled by an appointed Town Manager.
Board of Selectmen (term ends)
Mark Elfman, Chairman (2022)
Ed O'Leary, Vice-Chairman (2022)
Stephanie McGowan, Clerk (2023)
Leah Gibson (2022)
Chris Mitchell (2021)
Other town officials
William G. Keegan Jr. (Town Manager)
Michael Johns (Assistant Town Manager)
Robert E. Cutler Jr. (Town Clerk)
Peter Solbo (Highway Supervisor)
Christopher Gallagher (Department of Public Works)
Paige Duncan (Town Planner)
Mark Dupell (Building Commissioner)
Pauline Zajdel (Health Agent)
Jane Sears Pierce (Conservation Manager)
Bob Boette (Conservation Commission Chairman)
Robert B. Worthley (Water and Sewer Superintendent)
George G. Samia (Finance Director)
Michael P. Kelleher (Fire Chief)
Michael A. Grace (Police Chief)
Ally Rodriguez (Veteran's Agent)
Mark Ferencik (Historical Commission Chairman)
Deborah Giardino (Recreation Director)
Hannelore Simonds (Chief Assessor)
Manuel Leite (Library Director)
Amy Berdos (Superintendent of Schools)
The Town Hall is located at 40 South Street, Foxborough, MA 02035.
Education
Public schools
Foxborough has a public school system. The Foxborough Public Schools (FPS) district currently has an enrollment of over 3,000 children in grades from preschool to grade 12.
Foxborough public schools:
Charles G. Taylor Elementary School (K–4)
Vincent M. Igo Elementary School (Pre-K–4)
Mabelle M. Burrell Elementary School (K–4)
John J. Ahern Middle School (5–8)
Foxborough High School (9–12)
Foxborough High School offers a wide variety of sports including golf, track and field, football, soccer, cross country, volleyball, swim, basketball, wrestling, hockey, indoor track, cheerleading, lacrosse, baseball, tennis, and softball.
The mascot of the high school is the Warriors, whose colors are blue and gold.
The football team has won the Hockomock League title and won the Division 2 Super Bowl various times, most recently in 2007 with a 21–10 victory over Burlington. The Super Bowl win was coach Jack Martinelli's 200th win. During the 1987 and 1988 seasons, the Warriors won back-to-back Division 3 Super Bowls and went undefeated in 1988. This team featured five players who went on to play Division 1 college football (Chris Cady, Eric Matckie, Tom Nalen, Dan Sullivan, and Rob Turenne).
The cheerleading team has also earned recognition, making it to nationals for the first time in 2004 and again in 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2008.
The golf team has produced many all-scholastic players and state champions, as has the wrestling team. The boys' indoor track team were the Hockomock Champions in the 2006/2007 season. The field hockey team have been the Hockomock Champions several times in recent years.
Foxborough High School is also known for its music program, which includes a string orchestra, symphony orchestra, chorus, marching band, concert band, symphonic winds, winds ensemble and jazz band/choir. Many of these groups regularly place in competitions, but the Jazz Ensemble has been recognized in several Essentially Ellington competitions. The top 15 jazz bands in the country send in recordings of themselves for judging. Foxborough has placed in the top 15 for several years.
Private schools
Foxborough Regional Charter School (FRCS) is a public, college preparatory school for grades K-12.
The Sage School is a private school for gifted learners in pre-kindergarten through 8th grade.
Points of interest
Foxboro Grange Hall – a National Historic Register place, added in 1983
Gillette Stadium – home of the New England Patriots and the New England Revolution
Patriot Place – an outdoor shopping and entertainment complex next to Gillette Stadium
F. Gilbert Hills State Forest – Encompassing in Foxborough and Wrentham, the state forest is used for hiking, biking, cross country skiing, horseback riding, and observing nature. Contained on state forest land are some unique stone structures that some believe were made and used by the native Algonquin tribes prior to the town's founding.
Memorial Hall – a stone building and monument in the center of town, formerly housing the library, now dedicated to those who served in the armed forces, containing a permanent collection of historical artifacts relating to town history
Notable people
Sam Berns, inspiring teenager who was born with progeria
Seth Boyden, born in Foxborough, later became one of Newark, New Jersey's foremost citizen-inventors, responsible for inventing patent leather, malleable iron and other processes as well as one of the first to develop daguerreotype
Frank Boyden, headmaster of Deerfield Academy
Jeremy Collins, winner of Survivor: Cambodia
Anna Conway, painter based in New York City
Rob Gronkowski, former tight end for the New England Patriots, partner of model Camille Kostek
Calvin R. Johnson, member of the Wisconsin State Assembly
JoJo, born Joanna Levesque, an R&B singer-songwriter and actress
Camille Kostek, model who was on the cover of the Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue, partner of football player Rob Gronkowski
Tim Lefebvre, bassist who plays with Tedeschi Trucks Band and played bass on David Bowie's final album Blackstar
Tom Nalen, former professional football player for the Denver Broncos
Nothing,Nowhere, born Joe Mulherin, rapper and singer
Sidney Lawton Smith, designer, etcher, engraver, illustrator, and bookplate artist
Chris Sullivan, musician, actor, cast member of The Electric Company
Nguyen Van Thieu, president of South Vietnam 1967–1975
Madame Nguyen Van Thieu, the last serving First Lady of South Vietnam, 1967–1975
Seth Williams, Marine Corps officer, Quartermaster General of the United States Marine Corps 1937–1944
References
External links
Town of Foxborough
Foxborough Historical Society
1704 establishments in Massachusetts
Populated places established in 1704
Towns in Massachusetts
Towns in Norfolk County, Massachusetts | [
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259467 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medfield%20%28CDP%29%2C%20Massachusetts | Medfield (CDP), Massachusetts | Medfield is a census-designated place (CDP) in the town of Medfield in Norfolk County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 6,483 at the 2010 census.
Geography
Medfield is located at (42.187951, -71.304164).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 13.1 km2 (5.1 mi2). 13.0 km2 (5.0 mi2) of it is land and 0.1 km2 (0.04 mi2) of it (0.79%) is water.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 6,670 people, 2,394 households, and 1,776 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 512.0/km2 (1,325.3/mi2). There were 2,432 housing units at an average density of 186.7/km2 (483.2/mi2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 96.21% White, 0.52% Black or African American, 0.07% Native American, 2.22% Asian, 0.24% from other races, and 0.73% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.85% of the population.
There were 2,394 households, out of which 43.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 64.2% were married couples living together, 8.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.8% were non-families. 22.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.77 and the average family size was 3.30.
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 30.7% under the age of 18, 4.0% from 18 to 24, 29.0% from 25 to 44, 24.1% from 45 to 64, and 12.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.2 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $83,358, and the median income for a family was $96,945. Males had a median income of $62,210 versus $46,406 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $36,647. About 1.5% of families and 2.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.3% of those under age 18 and 2.3% of those age 65 or over.
References
Census-designated places in Norfolk County, Massachusetts
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259468 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medfield%2C%20Massachusetts | Medfield, Massachusetts | Medfield is a town in Norfolk County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 12,799 according to the 2020 United States Census. It is a community about southwest of Boston, Massachusetts, which is a 40-minute drive to Boston's financial district. Attractions include the Hinkley Pond and the Peak House.
History
The territory that Medfield now occupies was, at the time of colonization, Neponset land. As part of the English settlement of the area, it was sold by the Neponset leader Chickatabot to William Pynchon in the late 1620s. In 1633, Chickatabot died in a smallpox epidemic that decimated nearby Neponset, Narragansett and Pequot communities. Because Chickatabot and Pynchon's deal left no written deed, the Massachusetts General Court ordered "those Indians who were present when Chickatabot sold lands to Mr. Pynchon, or who know where they were, to set out the bounds thereof". Fifty years later, Chickatabot's grandson Josias Wampatuck brought a land claim against Medfield and the other towns created within the borders of the Chickatabot purchase, for which he received payment. Of those lands, Dedham was the first town formed.
The majority of present-day Medfield had been granted to Dedham in 1636, but the lands on the western bank of the Charles River had been meted out by the General Court to individuals. Edward Alleyn, for example, had been granted 300 acres in 1642. Dedham asked the General Court for some of those lands and, on October 23, 1649, the Court granted the request so long as they established a separate village there within one year. Medfield (New Dedham) was first settled in 1649, principally by people who relocated from the former town. The first 13 house lots were laid out on June 19, 1650.
Dedham sent Eleazer Lusher, Joshua Fisher, Henry Phillips, John Dwight, and Daniel Fisher to map out an area three miles by four miles and the colony sent representatives to set the boundaries on the opposite side of the river. The land that Dedham contributed to the new village became Medfield, and the land the colony contributed eventually broke away to become Medway in 1713. Millis would later break away from Medway.
The separations were not without difficulty, however. When Medfield left there were disagreements about the responsibility for public debts and about land use. There were some residents who did not move to the new village who wanted rights to the meadows while others thought that the land should be given freely to those who would settle them. A compromise was reached where those moving to the new village would pay £100 to those who remained in lieu of rights to the meadows. It was later reduced to £60, if paid over three years, or £50 if paid in one year.
Tax records show that those who chose to move to the new village came from the middle class of Dedham residents. Among the first 20 men to make the move were Ralph Wheelock, Thomas Mason, Thomas Wright, John Samuel Morse and his son Daniel, John Frary, Sr., Joseph Clark, Sr., John Ellis, Thomas Ellis, Henry Smith, Robert Hinsdale, Timothy Dwight, James Allen, Henry Glover, Isaac Genere, and Samuel Bullen. By 1664, several of their sons would join them, as would Joshua Fisher and his son John, and several other Dedhamites. Those who moved there often moved with family members, and many would move on from their to other inland communities. It is also possible that those who left Dedham for Medfield were those most disaffected by the political or social climate within the town.
Town Meeting voted to release Medfield on January 11, 1651 and the General Court agreed the following May. Medfield became the 43rd town in Massachusetts.
The Rev. Ralph Wheelock is credited with the founding of Medfield. He was the first schoolmaster of the town's school established in 1655, and now has an elementary school named after him.
Half the town (32 houses, two mills, many barns and other buildings) was destroyed by Native Americans during King Philip's War in 1675. One house, known as the Peak House, was burnt in the war but was rebuilt shortly thereafter near downtown Medfield.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 14.6 square miles (37.8 km), of which 14.5 square miles (37.6 km) is land and 0.1 square mile (0.2 km) (0.62%) is water. The Charles River borders almost one-third of Medfield. Medfield is surrounded by the towns Dover, Norfolk, Walpole, Millis, and Sherborn. The Charles River marks the Millis border.
Demographics
Population and housing
12,024 people, 5,284 households, and 5,462 families
Population density = 845.8 people/sq. mi (326.6 people/km)
5,048 housing units
Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.90% of the population.
Of the 5,284 households, 50.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 73.8% were married couples living together, 6.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 18.3% were non-families. 15.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older
Average household size = 3.02
Average family size = 3.41
Age distribution
33.6% under the age of 18
3.5% from 18 to 24
28.4% from 25 to 44
25.2% from 45 to 64
9.3% who were 65 or older
The median age was 38 years.
For every 100 females, there were 96.6 males, and for every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.4 males.
Income data
Per capita income = $62,076
Median household income = $133,931
Median family income = $144,263
About 0.8% of families and 1.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1.1% of those under age 18 and 1.6% of those age 65 or over.
Education
Medfield Public Schools consistently ranks among the top ten school systems in Massachusetts by the Massachusetts Comprehensive Assessment System (MCAS). As recently as 2017, Medfield was ranked by the U.S. News & World Report as the number 5 ranked school system in Massachusetts. As of 2013, Medfield High School Seniors scored an average of 591 on the SAT Critical Reading Section, 618 on the SAT Math Section, and 598 on the SAT Writing Section.
In 2005, Medfield High School and T.A. Blake Middle School switched buildings as a result of a massive construction project updating the current Medfield High School (formally Amos Clark Kingsbury High School).
Public schools:
Memorial School, 59 Adams Street (grades K-1)
Wheelock School, 17 Elm Street (grades 2–3)
Dale Street School, 45 Adams Street (grades 4–5)
Thomas A. Blake Middle School, 24 Pound Street (grades 6–8)
Medfield High School, 88R South Street (grades 9–12)
Private schools:
Montrose School, an independent school for girls, inspired by the teachings of the Catholic Church, 29 North Street (grades 6-12)
Libraries
Medfield's Free Public Library began in 1873. The public library is located on Main Street. In the late 18th century some of the residents of Medfield and surrounding towns formed a subscription library, called the Medfield Social Library.
Events
On the third Saturday of September, Medfield Employers & Merchants Organization hosts Medfield Day in Medfield Center, which is an annual celebration of the town.
On the first Friday of December, Medfield Employers & Merchants Organization hosts the annual tree lighting in Baxter Park in Medfield Center.
On the Saturday following the first Friday of December, Medfield Employers & Merchants Organization organizes the annual Winter parade which takes place on the streets near Medfield Center.
On the first Sunday of December, Medfield Foundation hosts the angel run, which is an annual 5k fundraising road race, held to raise money to support people in need in the town.
Medfield State Hospital
Medfield State Hospital, located at 45 Hospital Road, opened in 1896 and originally operated on of pasture. At its peak in 1952, it housed 1,500 patients. By 2001, it was down to about and employed 450 people (including four psychologists) to care for a maximum of 147 patients. The cost to the Commonwealth of Massachusetts was $21.5 million. On April 3, 2003, the doors were closed. Although the buildings are not open to the public (they have been boarded up), the grounds may be visited during daylight hours.
The film The Box was filmed at the hospital in December 2007.
The film Shutter Island started prepping February 2008 and started filming at Medfield State Hospital in March 2008.
The film The New Mutants starting filming at Medfield State Hospital Summer of 2017.
Points of interest
Rocky Woods is a reservation in the northeast part of town. The property has of nature trails for hiking or biking, a few ponds for fishing, and open space for picnics and barbecues, and includes Cedar Hill ().
Noon Hill is a hill in Medfield at with a trail to its peak. There are a total of of trails around the hill and offer views of the hills of Walpole, Norfolk, and Gillette Stadium.
Peak House. Burnt during the Native-American attack on the town during King Philip's War in 1676, the Peak House was re-built in 1680. It was turned over to the Medfield Historical Society in 1924 and restored to its original Colonial look. It is open every Sunday from 2 PM- 5 PM from June to September and by appointment at other times. It is on the National Register of Historic Places and the steep roof has the highest pitch on record in Massachusetts for a 17th-century house.
Medfield Historical Society on Pleasant Street. The Society museum contains historic artifacts and documents. The Society also owns the Peak House.
The Dwight-Derby House: Constructed in 1697. It was long thought that the house was built in 1651, but irrefutable scientific evidence has established that this house was not built until 1697. Still, it is one of only several dozen documented 17th-century houses still standing. Numerous additions have been made to the home over the years as the property changed owners.
Hinkley Pond, named after Vietnam fatality Stephen Hinkley, a native of Medfield, located on Green Street, is a site for public swimming and has a playground and sand area. Swimming lessons are taught on site.
Lowell Mason Museum and Music Center. Birthplace of Lowell Mason and a rare example of First Period American architecture and construction. Portions of the house date to 1651 according to a dendrochronology survey. A community effort saved the home from demolition and relocated it to Green Street in April 2011. The Lowell Mason Foundation maintains the house, which will house the Lowell Mason Museum, community space, and a music center.
Kingsbury Pond, named after Amos Clark Kingsbury (a Medfield native and graduate of Medfield's High School Class of 1916) who served in the United States Marines, American Expeditionary Force, and fought in almost every major battle in France during World War I. Kingsbury Pond is located on Route 27, across the street from St. Edward's Catholic Church. It is a site for public fishing and ice skating. Fishermen have caught very small Largemouth Bass in this pond.
Metacomet Park, named after King Philip (who was also known as Metacomet or Metacom), the chief of the Wampanoag Indians and their leader in the King Philip War. Metacomet Park is an athletic complex and activities area located at 145 Pleasant Street. It offers four tennis courts, a little league baseball diamond, a multi-use field (used for lacrosse, field hockey, and soccer), and a small playground.
Charles River Reservation maintained by the Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation is home to the Bill Martin Flying Field maintained by two clubs, the Millis Model Aircraft Club and the Charles River Radio Controllers.
Notable people
Hannah Adams (1755–1831), Medfield native and Christian author; the first female professional writer in America.
Uzo Aduba, actress, best known as "Crazy Eyes" on Netflix's Orange Is the New Black, grew up in Medfield, and was a member of the Medfield High School Theater Society.
Matthew Aucoin, award-winning pianist, conductor/composer with the Metropolitan Opera, Lincoln Center Theater and Chicago Symphony orchestras, opera composer and lyricist.
Jerry Bergonzi, world-renowned tenor saxophonist and jazz educator; currently holds a full-time professorship at New England Conservatory and is the author of the Inside Improvisation musical book series.
Donald E. Booth, American Diplomat and current US Ambassador to Ethiopia.
Blake Boston, the face behind the popular internet meme Scumbag Steve.
George Inness (1825–1894), artist, some of whose paintings are of Medfield in the nineteenth century. A street in town, near the vantage of one of his paintings, bears his last name.
Charles Martin Loeffler (1861–1935), a German-born American composer. A street in town off South St. on the development of Southern Acres bears his last name.
Lowell Mason (1792–1872), a composer of hymns and pioneer of music education in American public schools. A street in town bears his name. His birthplace houses the Lowell Mason Museum and a music center.
Jason Nash, American actor and popular YouTube personality, best known for his popular Vine channel and his minor acting roles in Drake & Josh and House.
John Preston (1945–1994), author of gay erotica and editor of gay non-fiction anthologies.
Sports figures
Raymond Berry, Pro Football Hall of Fame receiver for the Baltimore Colts, and former head coach of the New England Patriots.
Steve Berthiaume, former ESPN anchor and current play-by-play broadcast announcer for the Arizona Diamondbacks.
Drew Bledsoe, retired NFL quarterback, former quarterback of the New England Patriots. He resided in Medfield while he was the quarterback of the Patriots. He bought the entire Medfield football team cleats before he moved out of Medfield.
Pete Carroll, coach of the Seattle Seahawks, and former coach of the University of Southern California and the New England Patriots, also lived in Medfield. He donated money to keep the high school weight room open all season long during the summer for the football players. Carroll also help start the Middle School football program by getting a $30,000 grant from the NFL.
Ron Erhardt, former head coach of the New England Patriots lived in Medfield. Ron coached from 1979–1981.
Rich Gotham, president of the Boston Celtics.
John Hannah, former New England Patriots guard and Hall of Famer.
Ted Johnson, former linebacker of the New England Patriots lived in Medfield. Ted played for the Patriots from 1995–2004.
Matt Klentak, general manager for the Philadelphia Phillies.
Rick Lyle, former defensive end for the New England Patriots, lived in Medfield. Rick played for the Patriots from 2002–2003.
Eric Mangini, former assistant coach for the New England Patriots, lived in Medfield. Eric also coached the New York Jets and Cleveland Browns.
Peter McNeeley, boxer. In 1995, Peter McNeeley fought former heavyweight champion Mike Tyson after Tyson's release from prison. The fight lasted a mere 83 seconds.
Tom McNeeley, boxer, who had been KO'd by Floyd Patterson in the 4th round of their fight years before his son Peter's fight with Mike Tyson.
Randy Moss, former receiver for the New England Patriots, lived in Medfield.
Darrelle Revis, former cornerback for the New England Patriots.
Curt Schilling, former World Series pitcher for the Boston Red Sox. His family formerly lived on Woodridge Road in a estate formerly occupied by another athlete, Drew Bledsoe. Schilling bought the home in 2003 for $4,500,001. After losing his game company, Schilling sold his home and moved to another home in the town. In 2008, a baseball field and a softball field behind Blake Middle School were dedicated to him and his wife, Shonda Schilling.
References
Works cited
External links
Town of Medfield
Towns in Norfolk County, Massachusetts
Towns in Massachusetts
1650 establishments in Massachusetts
Populated places established in 1649 | [
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259469 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharon%20%28CDP%29%2C%20Massachusetts | Sharon (CDP), Massachusetts | Sharon is a census-designated place (CDP) in the town of Sharon in Norfolk County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 5,658 at the 2010 census.
Geography
Sharon is located at (42.115301, -71.18324).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 7.8 km (3.0 mi). 7.7 km (3.0 mi) of it is land and 0.1 km (0.04 mi) of it (0.99%) is water.
Demographics
At the 2000 census there were 5,941 people, 2,052 households, and 1,678 families in the CDP. The population density was 767.2/km (1,987.3/mi). There were 2,084 housing units at an average density of 269.1/km (697.1/mi). The racial makeup of the CDP was 92.41% White, 2.46% Black or African American, 0.24% Native American, 3.10% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.49% from other races, and 1.30% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.13%.
Of the 2,052 households 44.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 70.8% were married couples living together, 8.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 18.2% were non-families. 15.6% of households were one person and 7.3% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.89 and the average family size was 3.25.
The age distribution was 30.8% under the age of 18, 3.8% from 18 to 24, 27.3% from 25 to 44, 26.6% from 45 to 64, and 11.5% 65 or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.6 males.
The median household income was $74,648 and the median family income was $84,747. Males had a median income of $66,289 versus $45,800 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $34,453. About 2.5% of families and 2.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.0% of those under age 18 and 4.7% of those age 65 or over.
References
Census-designated places in Norfolk County, Massachusetts
Sharon, Massachusetts
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259470 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharon%2C%20Massachusetts | Sharon, Massachusetts | Sharon is a New England town in Norfolk County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 18,575 at the 2020 census. Sharon is part of Greater Boston, about southwest of downtown Boston, and is connected to both Boston and Providence by the Providence/Stoughton Line.
History
The first settled as part of the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1637, was deemed the 2nd precinct of Stoughton in 1740. It was established as the district of Stoughtonham on June 21, 1765, incorporated as the Town of Stoughtonham on August 23, 1775, and was named Sharon on February 25, 1783, after Israel's Sharon plain, due to its high level of forestation. Several towns in New England were given this name. Part of Stoughtonham went to the new town of Foxborough on June 10, 1776. During the American Revolution, the townspeople of Sharon made cannonballs and cannons for the Continental Army at a local foundry.
In front of the Sharon Public Library stands a statue of Deborah Sampson, Sharon's town heroine. Sampson disguised herself as a man to fight in the Revolutionary War. After the war, she married Benjamin Gannett, a farmer and lived in Sharon until the end of her life. Sampson began a campaign in 1790 to secure a pension from her time in the Revolutionary War, which earned the support of well known public figures, including Paul Revere. In 1804, Revere visited Sampson (then Sampson Gannett) at her farm in Sharon and wrote to the congressman of her district, William Eustis, that he found her "much more deserving than hundreds to whom Congress have been generous." Sampson was placed on the United States pension list a year later, and awarded an annual payment. She is buried in the local Rock Ridge Cemetery. A street in Sharon is named Deborah Sampson Street in her honor. In 1983, the Massachusetts General Court designated Sampson as the official State Heroine of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.
The Unitarian and Congregational churches in the center of Sharon both have church bells manufactured by Paul Revere.
The recipient of letters from across the United States in Stanley Milgram's small-world experiment lived in Sharon.
Sharon is the former home of the Kendall Whaling Museum, founded by Henry P. Kendall in 1955. In 2001, the museum was merged with the New Bedford Whaling Museum, and its collection is now part of that museum, though the archives of the museum are still held in Sharon.
In Sharon there are six historical properties or districts that are registered with the state. Of the six, five are listed
on the National Register and three are certified local historic districts:
In 1970, Sharon's First Historic District becomes an LHD. This is the area on North Main Street from Post
Office Square to School Street and includes the Library and the Unitarian and Congregational Churches. It
becomes a National Register District in 1975. In 1974 Cobb's Tavern becomes a National Historic Landmark. Located at 41 Bay Road, it becomes
Sharon's Second Historic District in 1991. In 1980, Stoneholm, located at 188 Ames Street, becomes a National Historic Landmark. In 1984, the Stoughtonham Furnace Site (partially in Foxborough) becomes a National Historic Landmark. In 1997, Borderland State Park (partially in Easton) becomes a National Register District. In 2004, Sharon's Third Historic District was approved by Town Meeting and accepted by the Commonwealth.
This includes the Charles R. Wilber School, the Pleasant Street School, and the Kate Morrell Park.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 24.2 square miles (62.6 km), of which, 23.3 square miles (60.4 km) is land and 0.9 square miles (2.2 km) (3.56%) is water. This includes Lake Massapoag, which is one of the town's most prominent features and a popular recreational site for swimming and boating. It was largely responsible for the town's early development as a summer resort location. Sharon is drained by the Canoe River to the south, and Massapoag Brook to the north.
Climate
Sharon is located in a continental climate, like most of New England and most of the Northeastern and Midwestern United States. It is cooler than coastal New England locations because it is inland. The town has warm to hot summers and cold winters. It is often humid in the summer. Sharon receives about 50 inches of precipitation every year on average. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Sharon has a humid continental climate, abbreviated "Dfb" on climate maps.
Adjacent towns
Sharon is located in eastern Massachusetts, bordered by the following towns:
Canton to the northeast
Norwood to the north
Walpole to the northwest
Foxborough to the west
Stoughton to the east
Easton to the southeast
Mansfield a small portion to the southeast
Nature trails
Sharon has a large number of scenic trails due to the high percentage of conservation land within the town's borders. Trails found in Sharon include the Massapoag Trail, the Warner Trail, the Bay Circuit Trail (known as the Beaver Brook Trail in Sharon), and the King Philip's Rock Trail. There are a number of trails at Borderland State Park and at Moose Hill Wildlife Sanctuary.
Demographics
As of the census of 2010, there were 17,612 people, 6,219 households and 5,039 families residing in the town. The population density was 747.0 people per square mile (288.3/km). There were 6,026 housing units at an average density of 258.6 per square mile (99.8/km).
As of 2010, the racial makeup of the town was 82.3% White, 4.2% African American, 0.1% Native American, 10.9% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.6% from other races and 1.8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.1% of the population. According to the American Community Survey administered in 2014, the racial makeup of the town was 76.0% White, 4.2% African American, 0.1% Native American, 16.6% Asian, 0.0% Pacific Islander, 0.4% from other races and 2.7% from two or more races, with Hispanic or Latino of any race at 2.5% of the population.
22.5% of the population speaks a language other than English at home, and 19.2% of the population was born outside of the United States. Sharon has the state's highest proportion of Russian immigrants, estimated at 14.4% in 2010.
Of the 6,219 households, 42.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 70.7% were married couples living together, 7.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 2.6% had a male householder with no wife present, and 19.0% were non-families. 16.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.82 people and the average family size was 3.17 people.
The population was spread out, with 27.3% under the age of 18, 5.3% from 18 to 24, 20.0% from 25 to 44, 34.7% from 45 to 64 and 12.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43.3 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.6 males.
As of 2014, the median income for a household in the town was $127,413 and the median income for a family was $144,167. Males had a median income of $100,951 versus $72,917 for females. The per capita income for the town was $56,465. About 1.1% of families and 2.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.0% of those under age 18 and 3.9% of those age 65 or over.
According to the 2014 American Community Survey, 97.6% of adults in Sharon are high school graduates, and 72.8% have a bachelor's degree or higher. Of those 25 and older, 11.3% have completed some college but do not have a degree, 4.7% have an associate degree, 34.7% have a bachelor's degree, and 37.7% have a graduate or professional degree.
Sharon is home to 7 synagogues, 9 churches, and one of the largest mosques in New England, the Islamic Center of New England.
Government and politics
Sharon currently has an Open Town Meeting form of government, with three Selectmen. In 2008, a commission was elected to prepare a charter document specifying the executive, legislative, and administrative structure of town government. It considered whether the town should retain its current government form or change to a representative form. There was a debate, whether the town has outgrown Open Town Meeting, where decisions are made only by those attending (who must be present to vote) or whether direct-vote government works well because residents who choose to attend are particularly interested in and informed on the issues. In November 2009, the charter commission recommended a "hybrid" legislative branch consisting of a Legislative Committee (Representative Town Meeting of 17 members) and an Open Town Meeting (which could be called to review the Legislative Committee's decisions if 3% of voters signed a "review petition"). At a town election on May 18, 2010, the charter proposal was rejected by a vote of 1123 yes, 2305 no.
As of February 2016, there are 12,383 registered voters in Sharon. 4,050 (32.7%) are enrolled as Democrats, 968 (7.8%) are enrolled as Republicans, 7,330 (59.2%) do not belong to a party, and 12 belong to other parties.
Sharon has continued to trend Democratic. In the 2012 presidential election, Barack Obama carried Sharon with 63% of the vote, while Mitt Romney received 35%. The same year, Democrat Elizabeth Warren won Sharon with 57% of the vote, defeating incumbent Republican senator Scott Brown, who received 43% of the vote in the town. In the 2016 presidential election, Hillary Clinton won 68.6% of the vote, and Donald Trump won 23.2%. In the 2020 presidential election, Joe Biden won 75.1% and Donald Trump won 22.3%.
Sharon is in Massachusetts' 4th congressional district, and is currently represented in the U.S. House of Representatives by Jake Auchincloss and in the U.S. Senate by Elizabeth Warren and Ed Markey.
Education
The Sharon Public Schools system has five schools. Grades K-5 attend one of the three elementary schools: Cottage Street School, East Elementary School, or Heights Elementary School. Grades 6-8 attend Sharon Middle School, and grades 9-12 attend Sharon High School. The middle school and high school sports teams are known as the Eagles. The school system is noted for its outstanding academic performance and learning curriculum. Sharon Public Schools GPA is on a 6.33 scale. Sharon Middle School (SMS) and Sharon High School (SHS) both have athletic fields including baseball, football, soccer fields, tennis courts, as well as a track. In 2011, Sharon High School was awarded the National Blue Ribbon Schools award by the U.S. Department of Education. It was one of two schools in Massachusetts to receive the award. In the 2013-2014 school year, the AP participation rate at Sharon High School was 87%, and the participant passing rate was 99%.
The Charles R. Wilber School served as Sharon's high school until 1957, after which it became an intermediate school. In 2009 a new wing was added to the building, and it was converted to residential use.
In 2020, construction of a new high school building commenced and is scheduled for completion around the 2022-2023 school year. The old building, which is now well over sixty years old, will be demolished. The new building is being funded through taxpayers and a grant from the Massachusetts State.
Transportation
Commuter rail service from Boston's South Station is provided by the MBTA with a stop in Sharon on its Providence/Stoughton Line. There are no public bus or subway lines in Sharon.
Exit 8 of Interstate 95 is on the Sharon/Foxborough border, with access to both the northbound and southbound directions of the highway. Exit 10 of Interstate 95 is on the Sharon/Walpole line, with access to the northbound direction of the highway and from the southbound direction. Exit 9 of Interstate 95 is also in Sharon, located on Route 1. This exit allows North or Southbound access to I95.
In addition, Massachusetts Route 27 runs through the center of the town and leads to Route 1.
Notable people
Mildred Allen, physicist
Tully Banta-Cain, NFL player
Leonard Bernstein, composer (summer resident)
John Brebbia, MLB player
Etan Cohen, screenwriter
Joseph A. Cushman, micropaleontologist, foraminiferologist
Arthur Vining Davis, industrialist and philanthropist
Jake Fishman, American-Israeli baseball player
Tommy Harper, baseball player
Amasa Hewins, portrait, genre and landscape painter
Roland James, football defensive back
Sam Jones, Boston Celtics basketball player
Myron Kaufmann, novelist
Bill Keating, congressman
Henry Way Kendall, physicist, Nobel laureate
Aryeh Klapper, rabbi
Ty Law, football cornerback
Jack Levin, criminologist
Evan Marshall, literary agent, novelist
John McLaughlin, artist
Sarah Palfrey Cooke, US tennis champion
Bruce Pearl, basketball coach
Ted Philips, Massachusetts politician
Frank Salemme, Italian/Irish mobster and former boss of Patriarca crime family
Deborah Sampson, Revolutionary era heroine
Stephen Schneider, actor
Pete Seibert, ski resort founder
Scott A. Shikora, surgeon
Andre Tippett (born 1959), NFL football linebacker (Hall of Fame)
Charles Q. Tirrell, congressman
Terrence Wheatley, football cornerback
Nick Zinner, guitarist
In popular culture
In Jhumpa Lahiri's Unaccustomed Earth, Hema's family in the story "Once in a Lifetime" lives in Sharon.
Daytime footage for Shutter Island was taken in Borderland State Park, a property shared with the neighboring town of Easton.
The 1973 film The Friends of Eddie Coyle, starring Robert Mitchum, includes a scene filmed in Sharon.
In the media
Sharon has repeatedly been included on CNN Money's annual list of best places to live in the United States. In 2011, Sharon was named by CNN Money as the eleventh best place to live in the United States. In 2013, it was number one on the list. In 2015, it ranked third on the list.
See also
Sharon Historic District
References
External links
Town of Sharon
Sharon Public Library
Sharon Historical Society
1650 establishments in Massachusetts
Populated places established in 1650
Towns in Massachusetts
Towns in Norfolk County, Massachusetts | [
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259471 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walpole%20%28CDP%29%2C%20Massachusetts | Walpole (CDP), Massachusetts | Walpole is a small census-designated place (CDP) located within the much larger town (21 square miles in size) of Walpole in Norfolk County, Massachusetts, United States. Walpole Town as it is called by the US Census Bureau, also includes a much larger population (24,070 in 2010). The population of the Census Designated Place was 5,918 at the 2010 census.
Geography
Walpole is located at (42.140417, -71.246421).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 7.5 km (2.9 mi). 7.4 km (2.9 mi) of it is land and 0.2 km (0.1 mi) of it (2.06%) is water.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 5,867 people, 2,478 households, and 1,615 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 792.0/km (2,054.7/mi). There were 2,537 housing units at an average density of 342.5/km (888.5/mi). The racial makeup of the CDP was 96.71% White, 0.78% Black or African American, 0.07% Native American, 1.53% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.15% from other races, and 0.73% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.94% of the population.
There were 2,478 households, out of which 26.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.1% were married couples living together, 9.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.8% were non-families. 31.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.37 and the average family size was 3.00.
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 22.7% under the age of 18, 4.6% from 18 to 24, 29.4% from 25 to 44, 24.4% from 45 to 64, and 18.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 87.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.1 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $59,744, and the median income for a family was $74,535. Males had a median income of $53,110 versus $35,833 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $29,669. About 1.8% of families and 3.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1.5% of those under age 18 and 6.9% of those age 65 or over.
References
Census-designated places in Norfolk County, Massachusetts
Census-designated places in Massachusetts | [
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259472 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walpole%2C%20Massachusetts | Walpole, Massachusetts | Walpole is a town in Norfolk County, Massachusetts, United States. Walpole Town, as the Census refers to it, is located about south of downtown Boston and north of Providence, Rhode Island. The population of Walpole was 26,383 at the 2020 census. Walpole was first settled in 1659 and was considered a part of Dedham until officially incorporated in 1724. The town was named after Sir Robert Walpole, de facto first Prime Minister of Great Britain. It also encompasses the entirely distinct entity of Walpole (CDP), with its much smaller area of 2.9 square miles.
History
It started out as a territory that was claimed by the Neponset Native American tribe. The Neponset tribe officially claimed the area that is now Walpole, and some of its surrounding territory, in 1635. The town of Dedham was not included in this claim, so they began to negotiate with the Neponset tribe to gain land. In 1636, a deal was made between the town of Dedham and the Neponsets to grant Dedham lands that now comprise the towns of Walpole, Norwood, Westwood, Medfield, Norfolk and Dover as well as Dedham. The land given to Dedham in this deal currently includes parts of 16 different towns.
After the territory was bought from Dedham, the saw mill industry began to rise in the area. The first saw mill in Walpole was built near what is now School Meadow Brook and the Neponset River. It was located in the area that is now the Walpole Town Forest. The mill was built and later owned by Joshua Fisher and Major Eleazer Lusher, two wealthy men of Dedham.
On May 13, 1717, Dedham's Town Meeting voted to allow those in outlying areas to stop paying for the central village's minister and to move the school around town seasonally. When residents of the sawmill village asked to establish their own church, however, the Town voted not to allow it on March 7, 1721. Two months later, on May 15, 1721, the same residents presented a petition asking to be set off as their own town. Town Meeting once again rejected their request.
Soon residents of the other outlying areas began joining forces with them. Finally, with the urging of the Great and General Court, the new town of Walpole was created in May 1724. The town was named after Sir Robert Walpole.
After its incorporation, Walpole had a role in the events leading up to the American Revolutionary War. The citizens agreed that the taxes imposed by the British government were unfair. They sent a representative, Joshua Clapp, to the state meetings at Faneuil Hall in Boston. These meetings were to discuss how Massachusetts was going to keep its residents safe and peaceful during the events of the American Revolutionary War. In 1775, Walpole sent 157 men to the Battle of Lexington and Concord. These men were led by Captain Seth Bullard. In December 1777, a British fleet of ships came into Narragansett Bay and anchored in Newport Harbor in Rhode Island. Walpole sent two groups of minutemen, consisting of 65 men in total, to help with the situation. These men were led by Joshua Clapp, and Oliver Clapp. They stayed in Rhode Island to defend the port for three weeks.
Walpole began to grow after the Revolutionary War. By 1860, the town had 1,935 residents. Starting around this time, several mills began to be built, largely on the Neponset River in order to harness the power of falls. Over the years, these mills grew and mainly manufactured products such as cotton, lumber, and paper in its many mills. The most notable of these was the Bird Company, which comprised a large complex on the river in East Walpole. After the company ceased operations at the site in 1980, most of the buildings were razed over the years; a housing development now occupies a large portion of the old mill site and only a few remnants of the area's former use are still evident. The Neponset River was also used for transport between the close towns of Sharon, Foxborough and Medfield. It was also used as a water supply and for water power. The Norfolk County railroad also connected the town. It was also part of a railroad network that connected Walpole to Boston and New York City. Many churches were formed in Walpole at this time, including Trinitarian, Unitarian and Methodist ones: Union Congregational Church est. 1877, etc.
Walpole's first public library was founded in 1872. It was founded by Walpole resident Miss Mary R. Bird. The first library in Walpole was actually founded in 1816 by a group known as "The Ladies' Literary, Moral Society." It was not public, and was built to provide books to Walpole that may, in the words of the society, "afford useful information to the mind and improvement to the heart."
The town grew considerably throughout the 1900s, with an increase of over 3,000 by the 1920s. At a town meeting in 1922, local resident Maude R. Greeves said:
In 1929, Harriet Nevins donated $50,000 for the erection of a public building as a memorial for her parents George Blackburn and Nancy H. Blackburn. Her father, a merchant from Bradford, England, had once lived and done business in Walpole. Blackburn Memorial Building (more commonly known as "Blackburn Hall") was designed by the architectural firm of Putnam & Cox Company of Boston, built by the F.J. Tetreault Company of Walpole, and dedicated in 1932. The red brick building, which features a neo-classical façade with whitewashed pillars, is still owned by the Town of Walpole and is used for a variety of activities throughout the year including children's theater production. To the Families of Boston and Eastern Massachusetts, Harriet Nevins also left $2500 to fund the construction of a fountain for horses and dogs. The fountain is now dry yet still stands on School Street in Walpole opposite the Town Hall.
Demographics
At the census of 2010, there were 24,070 people, 8,060 households, and 5,972 families residing in the town. The population density was 429.0/km (1077.3/sq mi). There were 8,229 housing units at an average density of 400.7 per square mile (154.7/km). The racial makeup of the town was 95.41% White, 1.59% Black or African American, 0.11% Native American, 1.13% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 1.12% from other races, and 0.64% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.02% of the population. The Census of 2010 shows very little variance in these figures. Only the Asian population has seen somewhat of a change.
There were 8730 households, out of which 35.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 63.2% were married couples living together, 8.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.9% were non-families. 22.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.72 and the average family size was 3.23.
In the town, the population was spread out, with 25.8% under the age of 18, 5.2% from 18 to 24, 30.6% from 25 to 44, 23.9% from 45 to 64, and 14.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.5 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $74,757, and the median income for a family was $84,458. Males had a median income of $54,243 versus $39,516 for females. The per capita income for the town was $32,117. About 1.5% of families and 2.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1.8% of those under age 18 and 4.7% of those age 65 or over.
Weather and climate
Under the Köppen climate classification, Walpole has a humid continental climate (Dfa), which is the predominant climate for Massachusetts and New England. Walpole's inland location causes it to experience cooler winter temperatures than many coastal locations in New England. Summers are typically hot and humid, while winters are cold, windy, and often snowy.
Walpole's warmest month is July, with an average high temperature of and an average low of . The coldest month is January, with an average high temperature of and an average low of .
Much like the rest of the Northeastern seaboard, Walpole receives ample amounts of precipitation year-round. On average, summer months receive slightly less precipitation than winter months. Walpole averages of rainfall a year. Walpole, like other Massachusetts towns, is very vulnerable to Nor'easter weather systems. The town is sometimes vulnerable to Atlantic hurricanes and tropical storms, which infrequently threaten the New England region during the early autumn months.
Education
Walpole's school system, the Walpole Public Schools, is run by a school committee made up of seven members. The committee appoints a superintendent, who then appoints individual principals in each of Walpole's public schools. The current school superintendent is Bridget Gough. Walpole has seven public schools, which include four elementary schools, two middle schools, and one high school.
The four elementary schools in Walpole include Old Post Road School, Elm Street School, Boyden School, and Fisher School. Old Post Road school is located in East Walpole. It has about 500 students attending and serves students in from kindergarten through grade five. Currently, there are three modular classrooms for the fourth grade to accommodate the growing student population. Fisher School was the first to be established, on North Street, in 1790. It was a one-room schoolhouse until 1914, when a modern building was built on Main Street. In 2007, the school was attended by about 470 students. Boyden Elementary School was founded in 1854 by Jeremiah Boyden. It was first named South Primary School until 1902, when the town decided to name it after Boyden. It was closed between 1981 and 1988 and was used as a school for troubled boys. It reopened in 1990 and in 2010 had about 460 students and 30 teachers. Elm Street school is Walpole's newest school, which was opened in 1999, and renovated in 2004. It has about 520 students.
Middle schools in Walpole include Johnson Middle School and Bird Middle School.
The Blessed Sacrament is a private Catholic School in Walpole.
Shishu Bharati School of Languages and Culture of India, a private, non-profit institution, has a branch in Walpole.
The town is also home to the Norfolk County Agricultural High School and the Longview Farm School.
Law and government
Walpole, like most New England towns, has a Select Board.
In exchange for tax revenue, the town provides its residents with public schooling, recreation, police and fire protection, and other general municipal services. For separate quarterly payments, the town provides water and sewer services.
State prison
It is only partially accurate to say that Walpole is the location of Massachusetts Correctional Institution – Cedar Junction, a maximum security prison for males that was originally named "MCI — Walpole" until town residents successfully lobbied in the mid-1980s for the change. In reality, only part of the facility actually lies in Walpole. The southwest part of it lies in the neighboring town of Norfolk, but as Norfolk already has a prison (MCI Norfolk), Cedar Junction was originally known as MCI Walpole.
Recreation
Walpole has many parks and athletic fields, which are mostly active during the spring and summer months due to the cold winter climate of Walpole and the surrounding area. Francis William Bird Park is located in Walpole. It is an landscaped park, owned and maintained by The Trustees of Reservations. Over three miles (5 km) of walking and biking paths wind through the park, traversing streams across old granite bridges and passing through rolling, grassy meadows punctuated with mature shade trees, tree groves, and ponds.
Facilities at the park include bike racks, benches, trash receptacles, public restroom (open seasonally), a "tot lot" with children's play equipment, four tennis courts, a basketball backboard, and an outdoor stage.
Bird Park was created and endowed in 1925 by local industrialist Charles Sumner Bird, Sr. and his wife Anna in memory of their eldest son, Francis William Bird who had died seven years earlier in the influenza epidemic of 1918. Landscape architect and town planner John Nolen designed the park. A social reformer, Nolen believed that parks were critical to the health of urban residents and should be designed to provide a place of respite and relaxation in nature. In his original design plan, Nolen wrote that this park should be
"...a sequestered breathing place in the heart of East Walpole...a combination of broad, sun-swept meadow lands, speckled with shadowed glades, higher tree-screened knolls for the lover of shade, the whole set to the music of a babbling stream."
For most of its history, the park was owned and maintained by the Francis William Park Trust. By the later decades of the 20th century, parts of the park suffered badly from vandalism and neglect. The Trustees of Reservations gained possession of this property in 2002. Today the park is in excellent condition and several young ornamental trees such as Cherry and Japanese Maple have been added to the landscape, as have flower beds.
Sports
Walpole High School Athletics
The Walpole High School football team has made USA Today's Top 25 list twice, in 1986 (#24), and 1989 (#15). They also won the 2008 Eastern Massachusetts Division 2 Super Bowl, defeating football powerhouse Mansfield by the score of 41–21. * The football team has won 20 League Titles, 7 Eastern Massachusetts Super Bowl Titles, and captured 2 Massachusetts State Championships. Notable football alumni include: Quarterback Todd Collins, Center Dan Donovan, Guard Steve Fortin, and Guard Chris Cunnane.
The Walpole High School boys lacrosse team won the 2009 Division 2 State Championship.
In 2004, the Walpole boys and girls high school basketball teams captured the Massachusetts State Titles on the same day in the Fleet Center in Boston.
The boys cross country team won up to Massachusetts State Division III Sectional Championships in 1932, 1934, 1957, 1958, 1966, 1971, 1985, 1986,1992, 1993, 2014 and 2018.
The boys hockey team made the Massachusetts High School Super 8 for the first time in school history in 2017. Then won the Division 1 state championship in 2020 being named Co-State Champions with Belmont High School.
Timberwolves and Porkers
All Walpole High School teams are nicknamed Timberwolves except for the girls field hockey team which is nicknamed Porkers.
In 2006, the girls field hockey team won their 10th State Championship in a 1–0 win over Notre Dame Academy of Worcester. This win set the record for number of overall Championship titles for Massachusetts field hockey.
Youth sports
Walpole Little League has won the state championship twice: 1991, and 2007. They went to the Little League World Series in 2007 with a record of 19–1. They defeated Shelton, CT 14–4 in five inning mercy rule to advance to the LLWS. In round robin play, Walpole was eliminated with a 1–2 record, after losing to Oregon and Georgia, 1-0 and 8-1 respectively, and finished 21–3.
There are many youth sports leagues in Walpole providing youth athletes with a number of options throughout the year. Many of which are run through the Walpole Recreation Department and their affiliates.
The Walpole Express is a junior, youth, and girls hockey organization based in Walpole, Massachusetts.
Controversy
From the 60s until the 2000s, Walpole high school teams were called the Rebels. For many years, up until 1994, the song "Dixie" was commonly sung at football games, and even incorporated into the cheerleaders' cheers. During the height of the Confederate identity, the football coach, Coach Lee, was known as General Lee, and, in 1971, the face of the school yearbook was decorated with the confederate flag. Since 1994, the school has condemned the Confederate identity.
In June 2020, following the murder of George Floyd in Minnesota, which brought light to the national problem of racism and police brutality, Walpole residents started a petition to change the athletic team name due to its connection to the Confederacy and racist roots. Other Walpole residents started a petition to keep the name. The 2 petitions got over 5,000 signatures each, from current students, alumni, parents, residents, and residents of surrounding towns. The petitions were made to the Walpole Public Schools. In August 2020, the school committee unanimously voted to drop the name Rebels. The students voted on the new name, Timberwolves.
Media
Walpole Community Television, established in 1984, airs programming of local interest to all Walpole cable subscribers.
Transportation
Commuter rail service from Boston's South Station is provided by the MBTA with the Walpole and Plimptonville stops on its Franklin Line.
The 34E bus route also runs through Walpole, terminating in the center of town.
Walpole is bordered by: Dover to the North, Westwood, Canton and Norwood to the Northeast, Sharon to the East, Foxboro to the South, Norfolk and Medfield to the West.
Notable people
Andrew Bacevich, professor of international relations at Boston University, former director of its Center for International Relations (from 1998 to 2005), and author of several books
Todd Collins, professional American football quarterback
Mary Duffy, Former executive at Eaton Vance Companies
Gene Lavanchy, TV news anchor for FOX channel 25 in Boston
Mary Lavin, Award-winning short story writer. Born in Walpole, moved to Ireland at the age of 10
Mike Milbury, former Boston Bruins ice hockey defenseman and head coach
Joe Morgan, professional baseball manager for a variety of teams including the Boston Red Sox
George Arthur Plimpton, 1855–1936, American publisher and philanthropist
Butch Songin, quarterback for the Boston College Eagles, the Hamilton Tiger-Cats of the Canadian Rugby Union, and for the American Football League's Boston Patriots and New York Titans. He also was an All-American defenseman for the BC Eagles ice hockey team.
Roger Turner, Olympic Figure Skater
Chris Wagner, ice hockey player for the Boston Bruins, previously played for the Anaheim Ducks, New York Islanders and Colorado Avalanche
Joseph N. Welch, special counsel to the United States Army during the Army-McCarthy Hearings; later played Judge Weaver in "Anatomy of a Murder" with Jimmy Stewart and Lee Remick
Gallery
See also
MCI-Cedar Junction
2007 Little League World Series
References
Works cited
External links
Town of Walpole
MCI - Cedar Junction
Walpole Public School District site
Data at citytowninfo.com
Walpole Historical Society
Walpole Community Television
Populated places established in 1659
Towns in Norfolk County, Massachusetts
Towns in Massachusetts
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259473 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgewater%20%28CDP%29%2C%20Massachusetts | Bridgewater (CDP), Massachusetts | Bridgewater was a census-designated place (CDP) in the town of Bridgewater in Plymouth County, Massachusetts, United States. The CDP ceased to exist when Bridgewater was given de facto city status in 2010. The population was 7,841 at the 2010 census.
Geography
Bridgewater is located at (41.9901, -70.973241).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 5.7 km2 (2.2 mi2), of which 5.7 km2 (2.2 mi2) is land and 0.1 km2 (0.04 mi2) (0.90%) is water.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 25,185 people, 2,505 households, and 1,265 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 1,169.5/km2 (3,029.2/mi2). There were 2,574 housing units at an average density of 451.7/km2 (1,170.0/mi2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 80.46% White, 1.97% Black or African American, 0.12% Native American, 1.85% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 14.12% from other races, and 1.43% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.26% of the population.
There were 2,505 households, out of which 23.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 35.4% were married couples living together, 11.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 49.5% were non-families. 37.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.16 and the average family size was 2.90.
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 16.4% under the age of 18, 28.0% from 18 to 24, 29.0% from 25 to 44, 15.3% from 45 to 64, and 11.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 28 years. For every 100 females, there were 87.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.1 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $46,237, and the median income for a family was $55,511. Males had a median income of $41,834 versus $27,096 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $20,301. About 3.2% of families and 7.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.7% of those under age 18 and 11.1% of those age 65 or over.
References
Populated places in Plymouth County, Massachusetts
Former census-designated places in Massachusetts
Populated places disestablished in 2010 | [
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259474 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgewater%2C%20Massachusetts | Bridgewater, Massachusetts | Bridgewater is a city located in Plymouth County, in the state of Massachusetts, United States. As of the 2020 U.S. Census, the city's population was 28,633. Bridgewater is located approximately south of Boston and approximately 35 miles east of Providence, Rhode Island.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which is land and (2.62%) is water. Bridgewater is 99th out of the 351 communities in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, and eighth out of the twenty-seven municipalities in Plymouth County in terms of land area. The town is bordered by West Bridgewater to the northwest, East Bridgewater to the northeast, Halifax to the east, Middleborough to the south, and Raynham to the west. Bridgewater is approximately five miles south of Brockton, 10 miles northeast of Taunton, and 25 miles south of Boston, of which it is a suburb.
Neighborhoods in Bridgewater include Stanley, Scotland Park, Pratt Town, Paper Mill Village, and South Bridgewater.
Bridgewater lies along the Taunton River, which has several other rivers and brooks which branch off the main waterway. There are also several ponds, the largest of which is Lake Nippenicket along the western edge of the town. There is a state forest, a town forest, several conservation areas and a large portion of the Hockomock Swamp Wildlife Management Area, in the western part of town. Parts of this swamp give rise to the so-called Bridgewater Triangle, a small area of concentrated reports of strange Fortean phenomena, colonial "dark days", Bigfoot and mysterious black panthers, UFO sightings, and other weird encounters, a phrase coined by Loren Coleman, author of Mysterious America, often compared to the Bermuda Triangle.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 25,185 people, 7,526 households, and 5,584 families residing in the town. The population density was 916.2 people per square mile (353.7/km). There were 7,652 housing units at an average density of 278.4 per square mile (107.5/km). The racial makeup of the town was 87.28% White, 17.47% People of Color.
There were 7,526 households, out of which 38.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.5% were married couples living together, 9.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.8% were non-families. 19.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.81 and the average family size was 3.27.
In the town, the population was spread out, with 22.9% under the age of 18, 14.7% from 18 to 24, 32.9% from 25 to 44, 20.9% from 45 to 64, and 8.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 110.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 111.9 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $65,318, and the median income for a family was $73,953. Males had a median income of $48,438 versus $32,383 for females. The per capita income for the town was $23,105. About 1.9% of families and 3.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.6% of those under age 18 and 6.1% of those age 65 or over.
Statistically, Bridgewater is the 71st largest municipality in the Commonwealth by population, and 110th by population density. In the county, Bridgewater ranks third in population and seventh in density.
Early demographics
Populations from 1765 through 1840, and 1855 are from a non-government source. From 1820 forward, the population excludes North, West and East Bridgewater.
Brief History
This area was established as a part of Duxbury in 1645 by purchase from the Native Americans by 54 proprietors - most who did not settle there. Bridgewater was established as a Township on 3 June 1656 from Duxbury in Plymouth Colony. The town was placed in Plymouth County when counties were formed in 1685. For a brief time, the town was part of the Dominion of New England from 1686 to 1689. The township expanded by annexation between 1662 and 1798, and the town proper was bounded in 1846. The town is still in Plymouth County, though was in limbo, until the "Colony" was merged with Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1691 that became the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.
Economy
In the late 1960s, the economy of Bridgewater was dependent upon the Old Colony Correctional Center and other Massachusetts Correctional Institutions of the MCD in Bridgewater, Bridgewater State Hospital and the Bridgewater Teacher's College (now the Bridgewater State University). Donald Cabana, who served as a prison guard at the Bridgewater prison and later became the superintendent of the Mississippi State Penitentiary, said that "the community promoted the fact that it was home to the United States's first "normal school" (teachers' college), while the prison was "often mentioned in less glowing terms".
Also, for most of the 1800s and beginning of the 1900s, Bridgewater's economy was largely dependent on the factories located within the town. Bridgewater is renowned and known for its iron works factories. One of which is appropriately named Bridgewater Iron Works, and is a registered historical site in Massachusetts. The majority of the Iron Works factory was torn down in 1994 and turned into a park, which is named Ironworks Park. Still, to this day, Bridgewater has numerous iron works companies still in business, namely Ashmont Iron Works, and Superior Nail & Iron. The town also had multiple paper mills, saw mills, and a boot & shoe factory. The old boot & shoe factory still stands today off Broad St. adjacent to the MBTA Commuter Train rail tracks and the Burger King. Although the factory no longer manufactures shoes, it still houses numerous businesses and storage units to this day.<ref name="Cabana21">Cabana, Donald. Death at Midnight: The Confession of an Executioner. University Press of New England, 1998. 21. Retrieved from Google News on August 16, 2010. , .</ref>
Government
Local government
Bridgewater was formerly governed on the local level by the open town meeting form of government, led by a Board of Selectmen until January 2011. Bridgewater is now led by seven Precinct Councilors, 1 per precinct, and two "at-large councilors", with an appointed Town Manager, Assessor, Tax Collector, for a total of nine Councilors. Bridgewater is one of fourteen Massachusetts municipalities that have applied for, and been granted, city forms of government but wish to retain "The town of" in their official names. This is from the majority 'Yes' vote on Question #1 at the April 24, 2010 annual town election, to change from a five-person, elected Board of Selectmen to a nine-person, elected Town Council, and thus abolishing the Annual Town Meeting, which was held in 2010 after generations. Town facilities are located at the center of town, with the Police Department headquarters being just west of the Square along Mass. Route 104. There are two fire departments in town, one next to the college and the other in the eastern part of town, directly behind the Town Hall. There is one U.S. Post Office branch, located just north of the town center along Mass. Route 18.
The Bridgewater Public Library is just north of the town center, and is a part of the SAILS Library Network.
State representation
On the Commonwealth level, Bridgewater is represented in the Massachusetts House of Representatives of the General Court of Massachusetts as a portion of the Eighth Plymouth District, which includes Raynham and a small portion of Easton. In the Massachusetts Senate, the Town is a part of the First Plymouth and Bristol District, which also includes Berkley, Carver, Dighton, Marion, Middleborough, Raynham, Taunton and Wareham. The Town is also patrolled by the Fourth (Middleborough) Barracks of Troop 'D' of the Massachusetts State Police.
The Massachusetts Department of Correction operates several correctional facilities in the Bridgewater Correctional Complex in Bridgewater. The prisons in the complex include Bridgewater State Hospital, Massachusetts Alcohol and Substance Abuse Center, Massachusetts Treatment Center, and Old Colony Correctional Center.
Federal representation
On the national level, Bridgewater is a part of Massachusetts's 8th congressional district, which has been represented in the United States House of Representatives since 2001 by Stephen Lynch, a Democrat. The Commonwealth's senior member of the United States Senate, elected in 2012, is Elizabeth Warren. Warren defeated incumbent Republican Senator Scott Brown who had won a special election in 2010 to win the seat after the death of Ted Kennedy. Ed Markey became the commonwealth's junior Senator after he won a special election to the U.S. Senate to succeed John Kerry after his confirmation as United States Secretary of State. The Town also has a Massachusetts National Guard armory along Mass. Route 18.
Education
Bridgewater shares its school district with neighboring Raynham, with both towns operating their own elementary and middle schools, and sending their students to a common high school. Bridgewater has one elementary school, George H. Mitchell Elementary School (south and west of the town center - formerly known as Bridgewater Elementary), which serves students from kindergarten through grade three. All the fourth, fifth, and sixth graders attend M.G. Williams Intermediate School, while seventh and eighth graders attend Bridgewater Middle School. The Bridgewater-Raynham Regional High School is located in Bridgewater, west of the town center. B-R's athletics teams are nicknamed the "Trojans", and their colors are red and white. The athletic teams of the Bridgewater Middle School use the "Spartans" nickname.
In 2015, during February vacation, the roof of the Mitchell Elementary school collapsed due to heavy snow. The students at the elementary school were moved to Bridgewater Middle School, and the students at the middle school were split between the Williams Intermediate School and Bridgewater-Raynham Regional High School.
Bridgewater was formerly home to two private schools which served students from preschool (Joyful Learning) and kindergarten through sixth grade (Southbrook Academy) until their closings after the 2012–2013 school year. There are also private schools in nearby Taunton and Brockton.
Bridgewater was formerly the site of the well-known, influential Bridgewater Academy, a private high school formerly located on the "Town Common" (park). It was attended by many leading young men of the area in the early and mid 19th Century, including a well-known Massachusetts-born merchant/philanthropist Enoch Pratt (1808-1896), in the late 1830s, who endowed the Public Library in his hometown of North Middleborough and also set up the world-famous Enoch Pratt Free Library, one of the first free public library systems in America.
The town is also home to Bridgewater State University, a public liberal arts university that was founded as a "normal school" (now teachers' school) in 1840. It is the largest of the state's nine state universities outside of the University of Massachusetts system itself. As of 2015, approximately 10,000 undergraduate students and 1,800 postgraduate students are enrolled at the college.
Transportation
Bridgewater is the site of the intersection of Interstate 495 and Mass. Route 24, with only a one-mile stretch of the interstate highway running through the southwestern corner of the Town. Just north of this intersection along Mass. Route 24 are two large service areas, both of which have restaurants and a gas station. They are the only two such full service areas along Mass. Route 24, or, for that matter, anywhere along the highways of Southeastern Massachusetts (aside from a stop along U.S. Route 6 in Barnstable; that stop, however, is considered to be off the highway). At the center of town, Mass. Route 18, Mass. Route 28 and Mass. Route 104 meet at the Town Common. Mass. Routes 18 and 28, both north–south routes, are coextensive from this point south to the road's intersection with U.S. Route 44 in Middleborough. Mass. Route 104 passes from east to west, with ramp access to Mass. Route 24 in the west. A short portion of Mass. Route 106 passes along the town line in the northeast of town; Mass. Route 104 's eastern terminus is at that route, just along the East Bridgewater line.
The Middleborough-Lakeville line of the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA) commuter rail passes through the Town, with a stop at the southern end of Bridgewater State University's campus. The stop is just south of the university's main parking lots at the Southern Campus. There is a small air strip in nearby Taunton, and the nearest national air service can be found at T. F. Green Airport outside Providence and at Logan International Airport in Boston.
Notable people
Nathaniel Ames, (1708–1764), born in Bridgewater, publisher of first annual almanac
George Leonard Andrews, (1828–1899), born in Bridgewater, noted United States Army officer, engineer, and educator
Drew Bledsoe, NFL quarterback for New England Patriots, resided in Bridgewater during his time with team
Love Brewster, passenger on Mayflower and a founder of Bridgewater
Mickey Cochrane (1903-1962), Baseball Hall of Fame catcher, born in Bridgewater
Marc Colombo, former NFL player for Dallas Cowboys, Chicago Bears and Miami Dolphins, resided on Highview Terrace
Bruce Gray, sculptor and artist
Steven Laffoley (1965– ), author of creative-nonfiction and fiction books, including the award-winning Shadowboxing: the Rise and Fall of George Dixon (2012)
Joe Lauzon, professional MMA fighter, currently in UFC lightweight division
Enoch Pratt (1808–1896), merchant, businessman, philanthropist in Baltimore, Maryland (see above)
Louise Dickinson Rich (1903–1991), author of books for children and adults, wrote of her childhood in Bridgewater in Innocence Under the Elms.
Media
The Enterprise
The Bridgewater Independent, published every Wednesday
Comment'', Bridgewater State University student newspaper
WBIM-FM 91.5, Bridgewater State University radio station
See also
References
External links
Town of Bridgewater official website
Cities in Plymouth County, Massachusetts
Populated places established in 1650
Cities in Massachusetts
1650 establishments in Massachusetts | [
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259475 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duxbury%20%28CDP%29%2C%20Massachusetts | Duxbury (CDP), Massachusetts | Duxbury is a census-designated place (CDP) in the town of Duxbury in Plymouth County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 1,802 at the 2010 census.
Geography
Duxbury is located at (42.042891, -70.672928).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 6.8 km2 (2.6 mi2), of which 5.6 km2 (2.2 mi2) is land and 1.2 km2 (0.4 mi2) (17.18%) is water.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,426 people, 499 households, and 415 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 253.7/km2 (656.1/mi2). There were 567 housing units at an average density of 100.9/km2 (260.9/mi2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 98.18% White, 0.07% Black or African American, 0.14% Native American, 0.84% Asian, 0.35% from other races, and 0.42% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.70% of the population.
There were 499 households, out of which 40.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 78.4% were married couples living together, 4.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 16.8% were non-families. 14.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.86 and the average family size was 3.19.
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 29.4% under the age of 18, 3.9% from 18 to 24, 20.9% from 25 to 44, 33.1% from 45 to 64, and 12.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.4 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $105,683, and the median income for a family was $125,346. Males had a median income of $85,783 versus $45,417 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $44,589. About 1.6% of families and 2.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.7% of those under age 18 and 5.3% of those age 65 or over.
References
Census-designated places in Plymouth County, Massachusetts
Census-designated places in Massachusetts | [
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259476 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duxbury%2C%20Massachusetts | Duxbury, Massachusetts | Duxbury (alternative older spelling: "Duxborough") is a historic seaside town in Plymouth County, Massachusetts, United States. A suburb located on the South Shore approximately to the southeast of Boston, the population was 16,090 at the 2020 census.
Geographic and demographic information on the specific parts of the town of Duxbury is available in the articles Duxbury (CDP), Green Harbor, and South Duxbury.
History
The area now known as Duxbury was inhabited by people as early as 12,000 to 9,000 B.C. By the time European settlers arrived here, the region was inhabited by the Wampanoags, who called this place Mattakeesett, meaning "place of many fish."
In 1620, English settlers known as the Pilgrims established their colony in nearby Plymouth. Per the terms of their contract with financial backers in London, they were required to live together in a tight community for seven years. At the end of that term in 1627, land along the coast was allotted to settlers for farming. Thus, the coastline from Plymouth to Marshfield, including Duxbury (probably named after Myles Standish's ancestral home of Duxbury Hall in Chorley), was parceled out, and many settlers began moving away from Plymouth.
At first, those who settled in Duxbury came to work their new farms just in the warmer months and returned to Plymouth during the winter. It was not long, however, before they began to build homes on their land, and soon requested permission from the colony to be set off as a separate community with their own church. Duxbury, which originally included land that is now Pembroke, was incorporated in 1637.
Some of the most influential men in the colony received grants in Duxbury and became its first leaders. Captain Myles Standish, the military leader of the colony, lived in "the Nook," an area now known as Standish Shore. Elder William Brewster was for many years the religious leader of the colony, in which he led services to the colony until it received its own minister in 1637. John Alden was another important settler. His house, now a museum on Alden Street, was the site of many important meetings of the colony's leaders.
The graves of some of Duxbury's first settlers can be found in the Old Burying Ground on Chestnut Street, next to the site of original meetinghouse.
Theory has it that the town was named by Myles Standish after the family estate of his childhood in Lancashire. The ancient Standish family in northern England owned much land and large estates, including the two main family headquarters of Standish Hall and Duxbury Manor, in Lancashire, since before the Middle Ages. Myles Standish's will delineates his inheritance rights to very particular lands near and around Standish and mostly Duxbury Manor, stating his descent from both lines of the Standish family; and so it has been suggested that he named the new town in Massachusetts after the estate where he grew up.
Duxbury was primarily a farming community throughout the 17th and 18th centuries. Its quiet history in the 18th century was interrupted only by the Revolutionary War.
Revolutionary War era
In the years leading the American Revolutionary War, opposition to the British was quite fierce in Duxbury, with crowds meeting regularly at Captain's Hill to burn effigies of British officials in protest of the Stamp Act. In 1775 General Thomas Gage had to dispatch a company of regulars to the town in response to pleas from the loyalists at Marshfield, Massachusetts.
When the Minuteman alarm sounded on April 19, 1775, with news of the battles at Concord and Lexington, many volunteers mustered to the regiment of Colonel Theophilus Cotton from Plymouth, Kingston and Duxbury, headed for Marshfield to engage the British. The colonial officers held a council of war at the home of Lt. Col. Briggs Alden in Duxbury.
Shipbuilding era
The most remarkable period in Duxbury's history, the shipbuilding era, began immediately after the American Revolution. Following the Treaty of Paris, the newborn nation was granted fishing rights on the Grand Banks. Several families took advantage of the new opportunity and began to build large fishing schooners. Soon, the schooners built in the 1790s gave way to larger brigs and eventually three-masted ships. As several merchant families began to amass large fleets, shipyards and other ancillary industries flourished and Duxbury prospered. By the 1840s, Duxbury boasted about 20 shipyards and produced an average of ten large sailing vessels per year.
The largest industry in Duxbury was owned by Ezra Weston, who came to be known as "King Caesar" due to his success and influence. Weston began building small vessels in 1764 and soon became famous for his successful merchant fleet. His son, Ezra Weston II, who inherited his father's kingly sobriquet, would bring the industry to its height. Lloyd's of London recognized Weston as the owner of the largest fleet in America, and this judgment was confirmed by Daniel Webster in a speech in 1841. His empire, a fore-runner of vertical integration, dominated the town. The King Caesar House is now a museum owned by the Duxbury Rural and Historical Society.
The shipbuilding era in Duxbury ended as quickly as it began. By the 1850s, sailing vessels were made obsolete by other modes of transportation such as steamships and railroads. While other Massachusetts towns grew, Duxbury went into a long economic decline.
There was, however, a silver lining. By the 1870s, Duxbury's rural character and unspoiled bay began to attract summer visitors. Duxbury soon gained a reputation as an idyllic summer resort. With the 1871 completion of the Duxbury & Cohasset Railroad, large numbers of city-folk from Boston could pay $1.50 for a round-trip ticket and enjoy Duxbury's refreshing environment. Boarding houses sprang up everywhere. The Miles Standish Hotel on the Nook soon became enormously popular. The Myles Standish monument, completed in 1898, was a result of this tourist influx.
This pattern continued in Duxbury well into the 20th century. It was not until the construction of Route 3 that transportation to Boston became expedient and the town's population rose further with the arrival of thousands of year-round residents.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 37.6 square miles (97.4 km2), of which, 23.8 square miles (61.5 km2) is land and 13.9 square miles (35.9 km2) (36.87%) is water. Duxbury is bordered by Cape Cod Bay to the east, Duxbury Bay, Kingston Bay and Plymouth to the southeast, Kingston to the southwest, Pembroke to the west and northwest, and Marshfield to the north. The town's border with Plymouth is due to the town's having the only land access to Saquish Neck, a thin, hook-shaped strip of land along Duxbury Bay at the tip of which is Saquish Head in Plymouth.
Duxbury is the sixth largest cranberry producer in Massachusetts. It has come to be known in recent years also for its oyster beds, as well as other shellfish.
The town has many ponds and bogs throughout. The Back River lies along the western edge of Saquish Neck, and has many tributaries from the local rivers, brooks and marshes. There are several sanctuaries, a conservation area and other forests within the town, especially in the western half.
Demographics
As of the census of 2010, there were 15,059 people, 5,344 households, and 4,162 families residing in the town. The population density was 632.7 people per square mile (244.9/km2). There were 5,875 housing units at an average density of 246.7 per square mile (86.9/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 98.0% White, 0.60% Black or African American, 0.30% Native American, 1.40% Asian, 0.10% Pacific Islander, 0.50% from other races, and 0.80% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.20% of the population.
In March 2021, the High School's Football Coach David Maimaron was fired, despite an exceptionally strong football record, when it was exposed that the football team was using anti-Semitic language (including terms like "Auschwitz") as "audibles" during game time. As audibles must be known and agreed to by players and coaches, it was assumed that there was staff approval of seriously racially inappropriate language, and the Coach was fired and the team was disciplined.
There were 5,344 households, of which 38.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 68.1% were married couples living together, 7.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.1% were non-families. 19.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.79 and the average family size was 3.23.
In the town, the population was spread out, with 22.6% under the age of 15; 7.6% from 15 to 19; 5.3% from 20 to 29; 7.0% from 30 to 39; 17.5% from 40 to 49; 23.7% from 50 to 64 and 16.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 44.8 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.5 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $117,124; and the median income for a family was $136,245. Males had a median income of $77,228 versus $41,730 for females. The per capita income for the town was $50,242. About 1.2% of families and 2.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.1% of those under age 18 and 3.1% of those age 65 or over.
Government
On the national level, Duxbury is a part of Massachusetts's 9th congressional district, and is currently represented by Bill Keating. The state's senior (Class II) member of the United States Senate, elected in 2012, is Elizabeth Warren. The junior (Class I) senator is Ed Markey.
On the state level, Duxbury is represented in the Massachusetts House of Representatives as a part of the Sixth and the Twelfth Plymouth districts; the Sixth includes the towns of Hanson, Pembroke, and precincts 2-6 of Duxbury. The Twelfth includes all or parts of the towns of Halifax, Kingston, Middleborough, Plymouth, Plympton, and precinct 1 of Duxbury. The town is represented in the Massachusetts Senate as a part of the Plymouth and Norfolk district, which includes the towns of Cohasset, Duxbury, Hingham, Hull, Marshfield, Norwell, Scituate and Weymouth. The town is patrolled by the First (Norwell) Barracks of Troop D of the Massachusetts State Police.
Duxbury is governed by the open town meeting form of government, and is led by a town manager and a board of selectmen. The town operates its own police and fire departments, with the police station and central fire station located in the southeast and additional fire station in the northwest parts of town. There are two post offices in town; one is at Hall's Corner (near Goose Point) and the other is at Snug Harbor, along Duxbury Bay just south of Powder Point.
The Duxbury Free Library is located in the heart of town, next to the John Alden House, and is a member of the Old Colony Library Network. The town also has a highway department, located behind the Town Hall, and a harbormaster, whose office is located next to the Duxbury Yacht Club near Snug Harbor. Duxbury is located within ten miles (16 km) of the Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station, and as such has a well-organized emergency management agency. The nearest hospitals are Jordan Hospital in Plymouth, South Shore Hospital in Weymouth, and Brockton Hospital.
Education
Public schools
Over $26 million of Duxbury's annual budget is devoted to the town's nationally recognized public school system. According to Newsweek magazine's 2005, 2006, and 2007 rankings of the Nation's Top 1200 Public High Schools (the top 5% of public school systems), Duxbury was ranked at 246, 185, and 142 respectively. By 2013, it had fallen off of the Newsweek national rankings and locally, Boston Magazine's yearly town/school rankings, dropped it out of a top 40 spot.
Duxbury operates its own school system for the town's approximately 3,400 students, serving preschool through 12th grade. Chandler School is located near Tree of Knowledge Corner in the west of townm and serves students from pre-kindergarten through second grade. The Alden Elementary School, near the John Alden House, serves grades 3–5.
Duxbury Middle/High School is located on Alden Street and serves grades 6–12. Duxbury High School was rebuilt into a combined building along with Duxbury Middle School, called the 21st Learning experience. Duxbury's athletic teams are known as the Dragons, and their colors are green and white. Their chief rival is Marshfield High School, team mascot the Rams, and they play against them in the Thanksgiving Day Tournament. It is a local event whose rivalry goes back 30 years.
The parents of a former Duxbury Middle School student filed a $1 million lawsuit in March 2021 against the Duxbury Public Schools and a former gym teacher and hockey coach, accusing him of repeatedly raping their son in his eighth grade gym class. The school district received a request for information from the United States Center for SafeSport.
Private schools
There are two private schools located in Duxbury. Bay Farm Montessori Academy is a private, independent school located in the southern corner of town and serves Toddlers through grade 8. Good Shepherd Christian Academy is a private, Christian school which serves students from kindergarten through eighth grade. The nearest private high school is Sacred Heart in Kingston. The town has no vocational schools.
Transportation
Bus
For buses in Duxbury, the local Greater Attleboro Taunton Regional Transit Authority (GATRA) bus passes through the town on the SAIL line (Seaside Area Inter-town Link) and it stops at Halls Corner shopping district (South Duxbury), Island Creek, Millbrook Motors (Cox Corner), and the Duxbury Free Library (Millbrook). Another Bus Line that goes through Duxbury is the P&B Line (Plymouth & Brockton) which stops at Millbrook Motors (Cox Corner). The last bus line that goes through Duxbury is the Greyhound Bus Line which runs national service and into Canada, which stops at Millbrook Motors (Cox Corner).
Road
Route 3, a two-lane freeway also known as the Pilgrims Highway, passes through the town, with exits 20 and 22 granting access to the town from it. Routes 3A, 14, 53 and 139 also pass through the town. Routes 14 and 139 both end in the town, and Route 53 ends less than 1/2 mile south of the town line, at its intersection with Route 3A in Kingston.
Other
There is no rail or air service in town.
Duxbury Yacht Club
The Duxbury Yacht Club near Snug Harbor was founded in 1875 and incorporated in 1895. As part of the club's 120th anniversary celebrations, David A. Mittell wrote 'The Duxbury Yacht Club story'
Notable people
Ichabod Alden, (1739–1778), officer in the American Revolution
John Alden, a Mayflower immigrant and one of the founders of Duxbury
John Alden, Jr (1626-1702) son of the Mayflower John Alden; grew up in Duxbury, became a sea captain. Convicted of witchcraft in Salem Witch Trials; survived by breaking out of prison and hiding in Duxbury and wrote historically valuable account of the trials.
Love Brewster, a founder of the town of Duxbury
Elder William Brewster (c. 1567 - April 10, 1644), the Pilgrim leader and spiritual elder of the Plymouth Colony and a passenger on the Mayflower. He was also one of the founders of Duxbury.
Bill Curley, former NBA center for San Antonio Spurs basketball team
Captain Amasa Delano, Captain of the 19th century merchant ship Bachelors Delight
Edmund Freeman, Deputy Governor of Plymouth Colony under Governor William Bradford and Governor Edward Winslow
Juliana Hatfield (b. 1967), indie rock singer
George Partridge, representative to Continental Congress and the First United States Congress
Joe Perry, lead guitarist from the rock band Aerosmith
George Soule, a Mayflower Pilgrim, signer of the Mayflower Compact and one of the founders of Duxbury
Captain/Deputy Governor Myles Standish (1584–1656), Mayflower settler and founder of Duxbury
Ezra Weston II, ran large shipbuilding firm in 19th century
Points of interest
Alexander Standish House, built in 1666
Art Complex Museum: the Carl A. Weyerhaeuser collection
Captain Daniel Bradford House
Capt. Gamaliel Bradford House
Duxbury Beach
Duxbury Free Library
First Parish Church, Unitarian Universalist: Founded in 1632 by the Pilgrims, it was the second religious body of the Plymouth Colony.
Capt. Gershom Bradford House: This early 19th-century house remains virtually untouched from when it was built and furnished by the seafaring captain. It remained in the family for four generations until donated to the Duxbury Rural and Historical Society.
John Alden House, built in 1653, home to Pilgrim John Alden
King Caesar House
Myles Standish Burial Ground, cemetery and Pilgrim burial site
Myles Standish Monument State Reservation
North Hill Marsh Pond: The Massachusetts Audubon Society's sanctuary on Mayflower Street includes a forest, bike trails, and a pond.
Old Shipbuilder's Historic District
Pillsbury Summer House
Mill Pond, Island Creek Pond, Island Creek
Camp Wing: Located in Duxbury's northeast tip, it is a summer camp with many year-round events.
Wright Memorial Library, home of the Duxbury Student Union and the Drew Archival Library of the Duxbury Rural and Historical Society
Nathaniel Winsor Jr. House, headquarters of the Duxbury Rural and Historical Society
Powder Point Bridge: A wooden bridge built from Powder Point to Gurnet in 1892. The bridge was in the Guinness World Records as the longest and oldest wooden bridge in the world until it sustained some damage from a fire in 1985. The fire proved that the bridge in its whole was unstable and in 1986 it was rebuilt in its original style and is still standing today. The bridge was also shown in the 2013 The Way, Wack Back. The bridge features prominently in the Film The Equalizer 2.
Tree of Knowledge Corner: A tri-point intersection between Elm Street, Summer Street, and South Street, where mail carriers used to drop off their mail inboxes nailed to a tree. The tree is no longer standing as it was hit by lightning but in its place is an engraved stone.
Media
Newspapers
The Duxbury Clipper
The Duxbury Reporter (online only as Wicked Local Duxbury, published by GateHouse Media of Perinton, New York)
Television
Duxbury Community Television (Comcast; Channel 14-Verizon; Channel 38)
Duxbury Government (Comcast; Channel 15-Verizon; Channel 39)
Dragon TV (Comcast; Channel 14-Verizon; Channel 38)
Radio
WDSU, internet radio
See also
Alden Island
Dead Boots
John and Priscilla Alden Family Sites
Keene Pond
Lower Chandler Pond
Pine Lake (Duxbury, Massachusetts)
Pine Street Pond
Round Pond (Duxbury, Massachusetts)
South Shore Railroad
Upper Chandler Pond
References
External links
Duxbury Rural & Historical Society
Duxbury Business Association
Duxbury Public Schools
Populated coastal places in Massachusetts
Towns in Plymouth County, Massachusetts
Towns in Massachusetts
1624 establishments in the Thirteen Colonies | [
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259477 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanson%20%28CDP%29%2C%20Massachusetts | Hanson (CDP), Massachusetts | Hanson is a census-designated place (CDP) in the town of Hanson in Plymouth County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 2,118 at the 2010 census.
Geography
Hanson is located at (42.067413, -70.850524).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 5.5 km (2.1 mi2), of which 4.8 km (1.9 mi2) is land and 0.6 km (0.2 mi2) (11.79%) is water.
Demographics
At the 2000 census, there were 2,044 people, 652 households and 560 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 422.0/km (1,092.8/mi2). There were 661 housing units at an average density of 136.5/km (353.4/mi2). The racial makeup was 97.99% White, 0.44% Black or African American, 0.29% Asian, 0.24% from other races, and 1.03% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.68% of the population.
There were 652 households, of which 40.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 73.2% were married couples living together, 9.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 14.1% were non-families. 11.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 3.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.13 and the average family size was 3.40.
27.4% of the population were under the age of 18, 7.7% from 18 to 24, 31.1% from 25 to 44, 27.2% from 45 to 64, and 6.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.8 males.
The median household income was $64,896 and the median family incomewas $71,250. Males had a median income of $47,760 and females $28,098. The per capita income was $23,433. About 1.1% of families and 1.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including none of those under age 18 and 4.4% of those age 65 or over.
References
Census-designated places in Plymouth County, Massachusetts
Census-designated places in Massachusetts | [
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