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7753 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Ogden%20Stiers | David Ogden Stiers | David Allen Ogden Stiers (October 31, 1942 – March 3, 2018) was an American actor, comedian, conductor, director, musician, singer and voice artist. He was most famous for his role as Charles Emerson Winchester III in M*A*S*H. He also provided the voices in several Disney animated movies. This included playing Cogsworth in Beauty and the Beast, John Radcliffe in Pocahontas, and Jumba Jookiba in the Lilo & Stitch franchise.
He also played the voice of Escher in the Myst V (End of Ages) video game.
Early life
Stiers was born in Peoria, Illinois on October 31, 1942. He attended Urbana High School at the same time as Roger Ebert. He went to Eugene, Oregon, where he graduated from North Eugene High School and attended the University of Oregon.
Personal life
Stiers was openly gay. He was a Democrat.
Death
On March 3, 2018, Stiers died at his home in Newport, Oregon of bladder cancer-related complications at the age of 75.
References
Other websites
The Stiers Place Website - David Ogden Stiers Fansite
1942 births
2018 deaths
Actors from Illinois
Actors from Oregon
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American television directors
Cancer deaths in the United States
Deaths from bladder cancer
Democrats (United States)
Disease-related deaths in Oregon
Gay men
LGBT actors
LGBT people from Illinois
People from Peoria, Illinois
Comedians from Oregon |
7754 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beauty%20and%20the%20Beast | Beauty and the Beast | Beauty and the Beast is a French folk story. It tells the story of a merchant who is lost in the woods. He finds the palace of a beast who wants to kill him, and makes a deal with the beast, to have his daughter in exchange. The daughter goes to live in the Beast's castle; the two fall in love; and the beast turns into a prince.
The story has been published and revised in many versions, most notably Madame Gabrielle-Suzanne Barbot de Villeneuve's 1740 retelling and its revision in 1756 by Madame Jeanne-Marie Leprince de Beaumont.
It was the inspiration for many other stories, as well as a 1980s TV series starring Linda Hamilton and Ron Pearlman. Several movies have been based on it, most famously Jean Cocteau's 1946 version and the 1991 animated version by Disney, which was nominated for the Best Picture Academy Award and inspired a long-running Broadway musical.
Other websites
Beauty and the Beast, audio version
Fairy tales |
7755 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne%20Rogers | Wayne Rogers | William Wayne McMillan Rogers III (April 7, 1933 – December 31, 2015) was an American television and movie actor. He played the role of "Trapper" John McIntrye on the TV series M*A*S*H. (The role was played by Elliott Gould in the 1970 movie version and Pernell Roberts on the 1979-1986 TV show, Trapper John MD). He left the show in 1975 and was replaced by Mike Farrell as BJ Hunnicutt. He graduated from Princeton University with a degree in history and served in the Navy before becoming an actor.
Since retiring from acting, Rogers works as an investor and appears on many financial news shows.
Rogers died from complications of pneumonia in Los Angeles, California on December 31, 2015 at the age of 82.
Sources
Other websites
1933 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from Birmingham, Alabama |
7756 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/McLean%20Stevenson | McLean Stevenson | McLean Stevenson (November 14, 1929 – February 15, 1996) was an American actor. He is best known for his role as Henry Blake on the TV show, M*A*S*H. He left the show in 1975 and his character was killed off.
Stevenson was born in Normal, Illinois.
His grandfather Adlai E. Stevenson was Vice-president of the United States to Grover Cleveland, and his second cousin, once removed Adlai Stevenson II was Governor of Illinois and unsuccessfully ran for President twice in the 1950s losing to Dwight D. Eisenhower both times.
Stevenson, while recovering from bladder cancer, died of a heart attack in Los Angeles, aged 68. Ironically, Roger Bowen, who played Henry Blake in the 1970 movie version of M*A*S*H, died the day after Stevenson did.
Other websites
1929 births
1996 deaths
Deaths from bladder cancer
Deaths from myocardial infarction
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American television presenters
Actors from Illinois
Golden Globe Award winning actors
People from Normal, Illinois |
7757 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich%20Georg%20Wilhelm%20von%20Struve | Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve | Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve (15 April 1793 – 23 November 1864 (Julian calendar: 11 November)) was a German-born Russian astronomer. He was born in Altona (now an area of Hamburg), Germany, but later lived in Russia. He was an expert on double stars and one of the first astronomers to measure stellar parallax (closely related to the work by Friedrich Bessel).
While director of Dorpat Observatory (1817–39) he wrote Stellarum Duplicum et Multiplicum (1837), which proved that double stars are not exceptional and that star systems are governed by the laws of gravity. Struve added a lot to the study of galactic structure and also engaged in notable geodetic operations such as the triangulation of Livonia and the measurement of an arc of the meridian. In 1839 he became director of the new Pulkovo Observatory and was one of the first three astronomers who almost simultaneously obtained an approximate stellar parallax. (One of the others being Bessel)
In 1822 he published the first of many double-star catalogues, the identifying numbers of which are still used today. Struve's stars, however, are now often named in his honor (for example, Struve 2398), whereas the original catalogue prefix was the Greek letter sigma. In 1833 he moved to Russia to set up the Pulkovo Observatory near St. Petersburg, of which he was director until his retirement in 1862, when his son took over in the post. In total, Friedrich Struve produced 272 astronomical works and 18 children; his great-grandson Otto, by contrast, produced 907 works but zero children.
His son, Otto Wilhelm von Struve (1819–1905) succeeded him as director (1862–89) of the Pulkovo Observatory.
References
Other websites
1793 births
1864 deaths
Russian astronomers |
7762 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario%20Party%20%28series%29 | Mario Party (series) | Mario Party is a series of video games made by Nintendo. The idea of each game is that Mario and his friends must travel across a game board and earn stars and coins. Each new game in the series contains new characters, playing boards, and mini-games. Every few turns, each character must participate in a mini-game. The winner generally gets 10 coins.
Titles in the series
Home console games
Handheld games
Playable characters
Mario
Luigi
Princess Peach
Yoshi
Wario
Donkey Kong
Princess Daisy
Waluigi
Toad
Boo
Koopa Kid
Toadette
Birdo
Dry Bones
Blooper
Hammer Bro
Shy Guy
Koopa
Kamek
Rosalina
Bowser Jr.
Spike
Diddy Kong
Bowser
Goomba
Monty Mole
Pom Pom
References
Mario Party games |
7764 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsinki | Helsinki | Helsinki () is the capital city of Finland. Helsinki is the largest city in Finland. 604,380 (31.12.2012) people live in Helsinki, and 1,360,000 live in the Helsinki metropolitan area.
Helsinki is in the south of Finland, on the coast of the Gulf of Finland. The city is in the Uusimaa region. When one looks from Helsinki, Tallinn is on the opposite side of the sea, but it is too far away to see. A poetic name for Helsinki is "the daughter of the Baltic Sea".
History
In 1550, Swedish king Gustav Vasa commanded people to build a new city and move there. His idea was to build a new place to trade, which would be more popular than Tallinn. The idea did not work well, and many people returned from Helsinki to their homes. Later Sweden built the fortress Suomenlinna in Helsinki. After Russia had taken Finland from Sweden in several wars, they started developing Helsinki. Helsinki became the capital of autonomous province of Finland. When Finland became independent in 1917, Helsinki stayed as the capital city.
Geography
Helsinki spreads around several bays and over several islands. Some famous islands include Seurasaari, Lauttasaari and Korkeasaari - which is also the country's biggest zoo - as well as the fortress island of Suomenlinna (Sveaborg).
The metropolitan area of Greater Helsinki also includes two of Finland's biggest cities, Espoo to the west of Helsinki, and Vantaa to the north. These two cities, along with Helsinki itself and the small town of Kauniainen (which is in fact surrounded by Espoo), make up the Capital Region (Pääkaupunkiseutu in Finnish or Huvudstadsregionen in Swedish). There are other towns nearby that are part of Greater Helsinki, including Järvenpää, Kerava, Tuusula, Nurmijärvi, Sipoo, Kirkkonummi, Mäntsälä and Vihti. They have become popular places for Helsinki commuters to live.
Transport
The public transportation network in Helsinki and its area consists of
many bus routes serving most of the region. They are operated by different companies under contract to HSL.
one metro line (with two branches) between Helsinki and its eastern suburbs. The line first opened in 1982 and was extended to Espoo in 2017.
eleven tram lines, located mostly in the city centre. A light rail line serving the northern suburbs has been planned and construction will begin in 2019.
several commuter trains between Helsinki and nearby cities. Some lines go as far as Lahti, Riihimäki and Karis.
Helsinki Airport is located in Vantaa about 20 kilometers north of Helsinki city center. The airport offers both domestic flights within Finland and international flights to Europe, Asia and North America.
Helsinki offers several boat services to Tallinn and Stockholm every day, along with ferries to places including the island of Suomenlinna.
Gallery
References
Other websites
City of Helsinki web site - English version
City portal of Helsinki - English version
Finland Travel Community
WorldFlicks in Helsinki: Photos and interesting places on Google Maps
Olympic cities
1550s establishments in Europe
16th-century establishments in Finland
1550 establishments |
7765 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehovah%27s%20Witnesses | Jehovah's Witnesses | Jehovah's Witnesses are a religious group with more than eight million members around the world. They believe God, who’s name is Jehovah (Ps. 83:18), will end crime, violence, sickness and death by destroying all wickedness in the world. They say that God's Kingdom (mentioned (thy Kingdom come) in the Lord's prayer) will restore God's original purpose for the Earth: bringing about peace for all humans who live by Bible standards.
Their beliefs are based solely upon the Bible. These beliefs were taught by Charles Taze Russell, a preacher who started a Bible study group in Pennsylvania in 1876. The goal of Russell and other Bible Students, as the group was then known, was to promote the teachings of Jesus Christ and to follow the practices of the first-century Christian congregation. Since Jesus is the Founder of Christianity, they view him as the founder of their organization.—Colossians 1:18-20. They later started publishing a religious magazine called The Watchtower.
Some of their beliefs, especially about who God is and what his plans are for humans and the earth, are different from what is taught in most Christian churches. Jehovah's Witnesses believe that only 144,000 people will go to heavenRev 7:1-17,Rev 14:1 and that all the other people who obey God will live forever on a paradise Earth. They do not believe that God is a Trinity. They believe Jesus died on a pole (also called '[torture] stake') rather than a cross. God rejects worship that uses images or symbols, including the cross "Idolatry" Ex 20:4-6. They teach that when people die, they remain in the grave until God resurrects them after God's Kingdom, or government, is ruling over earth.
Jehovah's Witnesses are best known for preaching their beliefs from door-to-door and in other public places, and offering their magazines, The Watchtower and Awake! They are also well known for refusing to join armies and refusing blood transfusions.
History
In 1870 a young clothing shop owner named Charles Taze Russell heard an Adventist preacher speak. The preacher said the Bible contained clues that showed God was about to set up a kingdom, or government, over earth. He said the kingdom, which is mentioned many times in the New Testament of the Bible, would be based in heaven, and it would completely change the way of life for everyone in the world. Russell studied that preacher's teachings and looked through the Bible, and ended up with some new beliefs.
Beginnings
Using various Bible verses and events from history, Russell decided that God would soon call a group of "saints" to heaven to be kings there. Other faithful Christians who had since died would also make up a total of 144,000 kings in heaven. Churches at the time taught that humans were still waiting for Jesus to return to earth in his Second Coming, but Russell believed that clues in the Bible showed Jesus returned in 1874. Russell believed part of God's plan was to start Armageddon, which he thought would be a complete breakdown of law and order on earth, when governments and people would fight among themselves. He believed that God would then end sickness and death and allow obedient Christians to live forever in perfect health.
Russell believed it was very important that all Christians, including those who were attending churches, should learn those "truths". He believed these "truths" had been carefully hidden in the Bible for thousands of years. He started a publishing group called the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania. He wrote several books, set up some Bible study classes for people to study his teachings, and started a magazine, Zion's Watch Tower and Herald of Christ's Presence, which taught that Christ was already present. He wrote that God would bring about all those events by 1914.
A new president
By the time Russell died in 1916, he had written 50,000 pages, with almost 20 million copies of his books printed and distributed around the world. Joseph Franklin Rutherford, one of his followers, took Russell's position as president of the Watch Tower Society.
Rutherford wrote many books as well. He made some changes to Russell's teachings and required all the study groups, or congregations, around the world to agree to the teachings and rules set by the Watch Tower Society in New York. He told all members to no longer celebrate all holidays, singing at religious meetings was strictly prohibited and preaching from door to door about God's Kingdom and to distribute Watch Tower Society publications so more people would hear the message was mandatory. Many members did not agree with Rutherford's harsh changes, and some started their own groups. In 1931 Rutherford called his group "Jehovah's Witnesses" to tell it apart from the other groups. By the time Rutherford died in 1942, the religion had a worldwide membership of 115,000.
Punishment and discrimination
Some of the new teachings resulted in suffering for many Jehovah's Witnesses. Thousands were sent to prison, beaten or killed in several countries during World War II because they refused to fight. In Germany, many were sent to concentration camps because they would not support the Nazi Party. Later, in the United States, many of their children were expelled from schools because they refused to salute the flag, because they thought that God would not approve. Some countries still have laws against members practicing the religion. By 1977 they had more than two million members around the world.
Armageddon expected in 1975
From 1966, the religion suggested that God could bring Armageddon in 1975, and that the Kingdom would be set up very soon after. Some Witnesses sold businesses and homes, gave up jobs, delayed medical operations and decided against starting a family because they expected Armageddon to arrive. Many members that assumed Armageddon would come in 1975 left at the time, but many other people joined and the group kept growing.
Beliefs
One God
Like many Christian religions, Jehovah's Witnesses believe there is an all-powerful, all-knowing God who created everything. They also have some beliefs that are different from most Christians. They believe God calls himself Jehovah (a translation of the Hebrew letters "YHWH") and they believe it is important to use that name. In which, 'God' is a title, as to, daughter, mother, father, son and etc. This is why it is important to address our father by his name. They believe Jesus is God's son, the first angel, and that he is also called Michael the Archangel. They say the holy spirit is God's power rather than a person. They do not believe in the Trinity. They believe the Bible is a book that God used humans to write and that it is completely true and the best guide for how people should live.
Adam and Eve
Jehovah's Witnesses believe that God made Adam and Eve, the first humans, and put them in a garden called Eden. They believe that when Adam and Eve sinned, they no longer had God's approval so they began to get sick and die. They were not perfect any more and could not have perfect children. Because of this, humans could not remain sinless. They believe that Jehovah later sent Jesus to die (on a pole (stake), not a cross, as most Christians believe, which is known as 'Christendom') to forgive mankind's sins.
Heaven
Jehovah's Witnesses believe that only 144,000 people, a number found in Revelation chapters 7 and 14, will go to heaven to be kings and priests with Jesus Christ. They say that God will start a worldwide war called Armageddon, and the people who do not obey God or worship him the way he expects will be killed. The people who he approves will survive and be given the opportunity to live forever. Then God will begin to turn Earth into a paradise without crime, sickness, pain, aging, wars or death. They say God will also resurrect (bring back to life) billions of people who died in the past so they can learn about God and have a chance to live in paradise as well.
Jehovah's Witnesses believe only their religion really obeys God's instructions and that God does not approve of any other religions (including Catholics, Protestants, Buddhists and Muslims) because they do not follow the Bible the right way. They believe that Satan the Devil is the real leader of all other religions and makes them think they worship God the right way. (AKA: Satan the Devil is the ruler of this wicked world, but only for a short time).(1 John 5:19) So they believe that only Jehovah's Witnesses will be saved at Armageddon, but they say God will make the final choice.
What they do
Door-to-door work
Jehovah's Witnesses are best known for their door-to-door preaching. They believe Jesus ordered them at Matthew 28:19 to "go make disciples of all the nations", warning people that the day of God's judgement, or Armageddon, will happen soon. Jehovah's Witnesses believe their preaching is a fulfillment of a prophecy at Matthew 24:14, "And this gospel of the kingdom will be preached in the whole world as a testimony to all nations, and then the end will come." All Witnesses are told to spend as much time as they can in public preaching work, usually offering The Watchtower and other Watch Tower Society publications. Since the Internet, Jehovah's Witnesses also preach online. They teach people their beliefs about Jehovah and his plans for the earth. Members are asked to give a monthly written report on how much time they have spent publicly preaching.
Meetings
The buildings where Jehovah's Witnesses meet to worship are called Kingdom Halls. Unlike many other churches, these halls do not have altars, statues, or symbols such as the Cross. Each congregation has three meetings each week:
The "Christian Life and Ministry" meeting midweek
A "Public Talk" and the "Watchtower study" (both on the same weekend day)
Members unable to attend in person can also listen to the meeting over the phone or by video streaming where available. They also attend one large regional convention and two circuit assemblies a year (some of them at hired sports arenas), where hundreds or thousands of members gather depending on the location.
Jehovah’s Witnesses hold meetings for worship twice each week. (Hebrews 10:24, 25) At these meetings, which are open to the public, they examine what the Bible says and how to apply its teachings in life. At some meetings, people in the audience, including children, are invited to answer questions and make comments. The religion has elders and ministerial servants who take the spiritual lead in their congregations, but they do not dress differently to other members and they are not paid. Most elders support themselves with jobs outside the religion.
Rules
Members of the religion are expected to live up to high moral standards. They are told they should always be honest.
Jehovah's Witnesses are not allowed to:
Have sex with people they are not married to (which they call fornication)
Have homosexual relationships
Smoke tobacco or take illegal drugs (they are allowed to drink alcohol if they do not get drunk)
Vote in elections or take any side in politics
Salute flags or sing national anthems
Join the military or fight in wars
Celebrate birthdays, Christmas, Easter, or other common religious holidays
Jehovah's Witnesses are told to marry only other baptized Jehovah's Witnesses. They believe God does not like married couples to divorce unless the husband or wife cheated. They can separate from a partner who hurt their family or refused to support them, but they would not be allowed to marry someone else.
They also refuse blood transfusions because the Bible says not to eat blood or consume it in any other way, and they believe that putting blood in their veins is equivalent to consuming it .
They are told not to make close friends with non-Witnesses because they could make their faith in God weaker, or possible sever their relationship with Him completely.
Membership
Jehovah's Witnesses are quite strict about who can be a member. Jehovah's Witnesses are only counted as members if they are baptized. Like other Christian groups, they believe baptism represents devotion to God and their promise to live by his teachings. Unlike some Christian groups, Witnesses are not baptized as babies. They believe baptism should be a choice made by someone who understands what it means.
If the elders think a baptized Witness has willingly disobeyed direction set forth in the Bible, they will investigate. That investigation is called a "judicial committee". If the elders decide the person is 'guilty' and does not regret what they did, he or she might be "disfellowshipped". This means the person is no longer a member of the group. When that happens, no other Jehovah's Witnesses are allowed to talk to or interact with that person (except in some situations such as living or working together) unless the disfellowshipped person repents and is allowed back in. When such a person is allowed back in, they have been 'reinstated'.
Some people, including former Witnesses, have criticized this punishment as harsh and unfair. The style of leadership of the group has also been described by some authors as autocratic and totalitarian, because members have to be completely submissive to the direction of Jehovah as found in the Bible to the greatest extent they possibly can.
References
Other websites
Official
Official Web Site in over 1000 languages worldwide
JW Broadcasting
Jehovah's Witnesses' brochures about the name Jehovah
Does God Have a Name?
Does God Have a Name? (video)
The Divine Name in the Hebrew Scriptures
1930s establishments in the United States |
7767 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wife | Wife | A wife is a married woman. "Married" means that the law says two people are legally "joined". During the marriage ceremony, the wife is called the bride.
In countries and times it has been different how many wives a man can have legally. In old times there were no limitations in some countries. In Christianity and Judaism a husband (a married man) can have one wife (monogamy). In Islam a husband can have up to four wives (polygamy).
There are some names for special kinds of wives. For example,
a queen is a wife of a king.
A man whose wife is deceased is called a widower.
Related pages
Marriage
Husband
Homemaker
Divorce
Family |
7769 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine%20Parr | Catherine Parr | Catherine Parr (alternatively Katherine or Kateryn) (c.1512 – 5 September 1548) was Queen of England and of Ireland (1543–47). She was the last of the six wives of King Henry VIII. She married him on 12 July 1543, and outlived him by one year. She was also the most-married English queen, with four husbands. She was also the first woman to be queen of both England and Ireland.
Catherine had a close relationship with Henry's three children. She personally helped teach school for Elizabeth and Edward, both of whom became English monarchs. She helped get the Third Succession Act in 1543 passed. This placed Mary I and Elizabeth I, back into the line of succession to the British throne.
Henry died on 28 January 1547. Six months after Henry's death, she married her fourth and final husband, Thomas Seymour, the Baron of Sudeley.
Catherine gave birth to her only child — a daughter, Mary Seymour. She was named after Catherine's stepdaughter Mary – on 30 August 1548. She died only six days later, on 5 September 1548, at Sudeley Castle in Gloucestershire, from what was probably childbed fever (sepsis). This was common at that time, because births did not happen in clean conditions.
Many years later, in 1782, the coffin of Queen Catherine was found in the ruins of the Sudeley Castle chapel.
References
Further reading
1512 births
1548 deaths
English Anglicans
English Roman Catholics
Former Roman Catholics
Kings and Queens consort of England
Royalty from London |
7774 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%20%28band%29 | Queen (band) | Queen are a British rock band formed in London in 1970. They are one of the most commercially successful bands in history, selling over 300 million records worldwide. The original lineup consisted of Freddie Mercury (lead vocals, piano), Brian May (lead guitar, vocals), Roger Taylor (drums, vocals), and John Deacon (bass guitar).
Freddie Mercury died of an AIDS-related bronchopneumonia on November 24, 1991 aged 45. In 1997 John Deacon retired to spend more time with his family. The other two former members toured with Paul Rodgers from 2005 to 2009. In December 2018 it was announced Queen & Lambert will bring its Rhapsody Tour to The Forum in 2019. Three of their biggest hits were "Bohemian Rhapsody”, "We Will Rock You", and "We Are the Champions".
Formation
With his friend Tim Staffell, Brian May started a band called 1984 in the mid 1960's. The band broke up after a little bit and then May decided to make another band and teamed up with two other college students named Tim Staffell and Roger Taylor. They called themselves "Smile" with Roger Taylor on drums and vocals, Tim Staffell on vocals and bass and Brian May on guitar and vocals. They did a few hits such as "April Lady". Tim Staffell became friends with another college student, Farrokh Bulsara (to be later known as Freddie Mercury) and Farrokh became a big fan of Smile and encouraged them a lot. Later on, Tim left Smile to join Humpy Bongs and Farrokh Bulsara subsequently joined the band on vocals and piano in 1970. Then Farrokh came up with the name Queen, so they changed it from "Smile" to "Queen". They then started auditions for a new bassist. They were going through several bassists during this time and none of them stuck, only lasting for about a few minutes. None of the auditioners managed to suit the place of the new bassist, but finally in 1971, they settled on John Deacon. Queen's first album was released in 1973 and it was called Queen with songs such as "Seven Seas of Rhye" and "Liar". Farrokh Bulsara changed his name to Freddie Mercury after the lyrics "Mother Mercury, look what they've done to me" in "My Fairy King". Brian May has a degree in Astrophysics.
Personnel
Current members
Brian May – lead guitar (1970–present)
Roger Taylor – drums, vocals (1970–present)
Deceased members
Freddie Mercury – vocals, piano (1970–1991)
Past members
John Deacon – bass guitar (1971–1997)
Guest members
Paul Rodgers – vocals (2004–2009)
Adam Lambert – vocals (2009–present)
Album Hits
Queen – Keep Yourself Alive – 1973
Queen II – Seven Seas of Rhye – 1974
Sheer Heart Attack – Killer Queen – 1974
A Night at The Opera – Bohemian Rhapsody, You're My Best Friend, I'm In Love With My Car – 1975
A Day at the Races – Somebody to Love, Good Old Fashioned Lover Boy – 1976
News of the World – We Are The Champions/ We Will Rock You (Double A side single) – 1977
Jazz – Bicycle Race/ Fat Bottomed Girls (Double A side single), Don't Stop Me Now – 1978
The Game – Another One Bites the Dust, Crazy Little Thing Called Love – 1980
Flash Gordon – Flash's Theme – 1980
Hot Space – Under Pressure – 1982
The Works – Radio Ga Ga, I Want To Break Free, Hammer To Fall – 1984
A Kind of Magic – One Vision, A Kind of Magic, Who Wants to Live Forever – 1986
The Miracle – I Want It All – 1989
Innuendo – The Show Must Go On, These Are the Days of Our Lives – 1991
Made in Heaven – Heaven For Everyone – 1995
The Cosmos Rocks – C-lebrity – 2008
Studio albums
Queen (1973)
Queen II (1974)
Sheer Heart Attack (1974)
A Night at the Opera (1975)
A Day at the Races (1976)
News of the World (1977)
Jazz (1978)
The Game (1980)
Flash Gordon (1980)
Hot Space (1982)
The Works (1984)
A Kind of Magic (1986)
The Miracle (1989)
Innuendo (1991)
Made in Heaven (1995)
References
1970 establishments in England
1970s British music groups
1980s British music groups
1990s British music groups
2000s British music groups
2010s British music groups
English rock bands
Musical groups established in 1970
Musical groups from London
one of the best bands in the 60s and 70s |
7775 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon%20%26%20Garfunkel | Simon & Garfunkel | Paul Simon and Art Garfunkel were an American folk and rock music duo. They were two childhood friends, who found fame in the 1960s. Their songs, including "Mrs. Robinson", "So Long, Frank Lloyd Wright", "The Sound of Silence", and "Bridge Over Troubled Water", all composed by Simon, are still popular to this day.
Their free concert in New York City's Central Park in 1981 was the biggest concert ever, with 500,000 people (about the same number as Woodstock).
Albums
Wednesday Morning, 3 A.M.
Sounds of Silence
Parsley, Sage, Rosemary and Thyme
Bookends
Bridge Over Troubled Water
Greatest Hits
The Concert in Central Park
Sources
Musical groups from New York City
American rock bands
Folk music groups |
7776 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar | Madagascar | Madagascar is a large island nation in the Indian Ocean. It is off of the east coast of Africa. Twenty-two million people live there; its capital is Antananarivo. It is the world's fourth largest island.
The official languages are Malagasy and French.
Geologists think that about two hundred million years ago, Madagascar was a part of a big supercontinent called Pangaea, that included what is now the continent of Africa, but it broke off. Madagascar would later break off of the Indian subcontinent.
Environment
Madagascar is home to many species that were not known about until around 1679 when Dutch explorers went there. They do not even exist elsewhere in Africa. They only exist in Madagascar. In fact, most of the mammals living in Madagascar do not live anywhere else in the world. However, many of the species in Madagascar are in danger because many of the forests have been cut down. A big reason that forests have been cut down is so that land can be used to grow crops such as coffee, which is one of the most important crops that is grown in Madagascar.
Economy
Agriculture is a big part of the economy in Madagascar, including the growing of coffee and vanilla. Madagascar sells more vanilla than any other country in the world. Madagascar also makes money from tourism.
Provinces
In 2004 Madagascar was divided into 22 regions. It used to be divided into 6 provinces.
｡^‿^｡
History
People have probably lived in Madagascar for at least 2000 years.
France took over the city of Antananarivo in 1895, and added Madagascar as a colony two years later. Madagascar became independent from France, which meant it became its own country, on 26 June, 1960. On March 17, 2009, President Marc Ravalomanana quit because of pressure from the military. Andry Raejolina became the next president.
Related pages
List of rivers of Madagascar
Madagascar at the Olympics
Madagascar national football team
References
Other websites
Photos of Madagascar
Gondwana
Least developed countries
1960 establishments in Africa |
7777 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board%20game | Board game | A board game is a game usually played with pieces on a board, or some area with marked spaces.
Most board games use pieces that may be moved, placed, or traded depending on the rules of the game. These pieces may be money, chips, pawns, or other objects. Board games may often involve some random chance with dice or cards. There are many board games with a long history in some cultures. Examples of these games are chess, checkers, backgammon, parqués, and go. There are also a great number of popular board games that have been created more recently, in the past hundred years. Among these games are Scrabble and Monopoly.
Chess, and most versions of checkers, are played on a 8x8 square board with 32 white squares and 32 black squares. International checkers is played on a 10x10 square board.
Older than chess, but not by much, is tafl (pronounced 'tabl'), later called "hneftafl". This is an old Norse board game with just two types of pieces. Its pieces, when found in Britain, have often been wrongly ascribed to chess. In chess, of course, the board is different, and there are six kinds of pieces.
References
Other websites
Information about thousands of different board games |
7782 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerosmith | Aerosmith | Aerosmith is an American rock band, formed in 1970 in Boston, Massachusetts. They have released many popular songs, including "Walk This Way" and "I Don't Want to Miss a Thing". They have their own Guitar Hero video game called Guitar Hero: Aerosmith. Their lead singer is Steven Tyler.
List of albums
Studio albums
1973 - Aerosmith
1974 - Get Your Wings
1975 - Toys in the Attic
1976 - Rocks
1977 - Draw the Line
1979 - Night in the Ruts
1982 - Rock in a Hard Place
1985 - Done with Mirrors
1987 - Permanent Vacation
1989 - Pump
1993 - Get a Grip
1997 - Nine Lives
2001 - Just Push Play
2012 - Music from Another Dimension!
Compilation and live albums
1980 - Aerosmith's Greatest Hits
1994 - Big Ones
1998 - A Little South of Sanity (Live)
References
Other websites
Aerosmith's official YouTube channel
1970 establishments in the United States
1970s establishments in Massachusetts
1970s American music groups
1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American rock bands
Musicians from Boston, Massachusetts
Musical groups established in 1970
Musical groups from Massachusetts |
7783 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton | Brighton | Brighton is a city on the south coast of England. It was called "Brighthelmstone". It is in the county of East Sussex. In 2000, it joined Hove to become the city of Brighton & Hove. Historically, Brighton forms the main part of the Brighton/Worthing/Littlehampton conurbation, with 474,485 inhabitants (2011 census). This is England's 12th largest conurbation, and the mostly densely populated area outside London.
History
From the 1730s, Brighton entered its second phase of development—one which brought a rapid improvement in its fortunes. The fad for bathing in seawater as a cure for illnesses was encouraged. From the 1760s it was a boarding point for boats travelling to France. Road transport to London was improved when the main road via Crawley was turnpiked in 1770. Spas and indoor baths were opened by physicians.
From 1780, development of Georgian terraced houses started. The fishing village developed to the fashionable resort of Brighton. Growth of the town was encouraged by the patronage of the Prince Regent (later King George IV) after his first visit in 1783. He spent much of his leisure time in the town, and had the Royal Pavilion built during the early part of his Regency.
The arrival of the London and Brighton Railway in 1841 brought Brighton within the reach of day-trippers from London. Some major attractions such as the West Pier and the Brighton Palace Pier were built for the growing number of tourists. The population grew from around 7,000 in 1801 to more than 120,000 by 1901.
In 1984, a Provisional Irish Republican Army bombing killed five people.
Modern-day Brighton is a centre for education, sports, and recreation. It has two universities: University of Sussex and the University of Brighton. It also has 54 other schools.
In 2003, the universities of Sussex and Brighton formed a medical school, known as Brighton and Sussex Medical School. Brighton has a thriving LGBT community and every year in the first weekend in August Pride festivities are held.
Notable people
Dora Bryan - English actress
Henry Thrale - English politician. Lived in West Street. His good friend, Samuel Johnson, often stayed at his home.
Laurence Olivier - lived in the city for many years
Martha Gunn - famous Brighton dipper and favourite of George IV
Nick Cave - Australian musician, been living in the city since the 1980s
Rudyard Kipling - classical books author
References |
7785 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/April%2020 | April 20 |
Events
Up to 1900
1303 - University of Rome La Sapienza is founded by Pope Boniface VIII.
1453 – Last naval battle in Byzantine history, as three Genoese galleys escorting a Byzantine transport fight their way through the huge Ottoman blockade fleet into the Golden Horn.
1534 – Jacques Cartier sets sail from France on an expedition that will take him to present-day Canada, including Labrador.
1653 – Oliver Cromwell dissolves the Rump parliament.
1657 – Freedom of religion is granted to Jews in New Amsterdam, present-day New York City.
1689 - James II of England/James VII of Scotland lays siege to Derry in present-day Northern Ireland.
1770 - Irekle II, King of Georgia, abandoned by his Russian ally Count Totleben, wins against Ottoman Empire forces at Aspindza.
1775 – American Revolutionary War: The Siege of Boston begins.
1792 – France declares war on Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor.
1810 – The Governor of Caracas (Venezuela), declares independence from Spain.
1828 – René Caillié becomes the first non-Muslim to enter Timbuktu.
1836 - United States Congress passes the act creating the Wisconsin territory.
1862 – Louis Pasteur and Claude Bernard complete the first pasteurization process.
1876 - The April Uprising begins in Bulgaria.
1887 – The first car race is held in France, on a course running from Paris to Versailles.
1889 – Nazi leader Adolf Hitler is born in Braunau am Inn, Austria.
1901 2000
1902 – Marie Curie and Pierre Curie refine Radium.
1912 – Baseball: The Tiger Stadium (Detroit) and Fenway Park (Boston) open.
1914 - 19 people die in the Ludlow massacre in Colorado during a coal miners strike.
1916 - In baseball, the Chicago Cubs play their first game at Weeghman Park, now called Wrigley Field, defeating the Cincinnati Reds 7-6.
1920 – The 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp begin.
1922 - The Soviet government creates the South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast within the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic.
1939 - Billie Holiday records the first civil rights song Strange Fruit.
1944 - Dutch freighter Voorbode explodes in the harbor of Bergen, Norway, killing 150 people.
1945 – World War II: US troops capture Leipzig, which is later handed to Soviet forces.
1945 – World War II: At the Führerbunker, Adolf Hitler makes his last outside appearance, handing Iron Cross medals to members of the Hitler Youth on his 56th birthday.
1946 - The League of Nations officially dissolves, giving most of its powers to the United Nations.
1947 – King Christian X of Denmark dies. King Frederick IX of Denmark succeeds him.
1951 - Dan Gavriliu performs the first surgical replacement of a human organ.
1964 – The British TV Channel BBC Two begins transmission, but a power cut occurs, due to a fire at Battersea Power Station in London.
1967 - A Globe Air plane crashes against a mountain near Nicosia, Cyprus, killing 126 people.
1968 - A South African Airways plane crashes shortly after take-off from Windhoek, Namibia, killing 129 people.
1968 - Pierre Trudeau becomes Prime Minister of Canada.
1968 – British politician Enoch Powell makes his controversial "Rivers of Blood" speech, in which he calls for tighter immigration controls.
1972 – Apollo 16 lands on the Moon.
1978 – Korean Air Flight 902 is shot down by the Soviets.
1986 – Vladimir Horowitz performs in Russia for the first time in 61 years.
1986 - Chicago Bulls basketball star Michael Jordan scores a playoff record 63 points in a single game, against the Boston Celtics.
1989 – Scientists announce that an Asteroid has narrowly missed hitting the Earth.
1992 - Surviving members of the band Queen hold a tribute concert to Freddie Mercury at Wembley Stadium.
1998 – The Red Army Faction announces an end to its operations.
1999 – Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold, two teenagers, go on a shooting spree at Columbine High School, near Littleton, Colorado.
From 2001
2005 – In Ecuador, President Lucio Gutiérrez is removed by Parliament and replaced by Alfredo Palacio.
2007 - Johnson Space Center shooting: A man with a handgun barricades himself in the Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas, and kills a male hostage before killing himself.
2008 – Danica Patrick wins the Indy Japan 300, becoming the first woman to win an Indy car race.
2010 – Deepwater Horizon oil spill: An explosion occurs on the Deepwater Horizon Oil rig, near Louisiana in the Gulf of Mexico, killing 11 people, and causing the worst Oil spill in US history.
2011 – Photojournalist Tim Hetherington and journalist Chris Hondros are killed in Libya during the 2011 Libyan civil war.
2012 - A Bhoja Air plane crashes near Islamabad, Pakistan, killing 127 people.
2013 - At least 160 people are killed after an earthquake of over magnitude 6 strikes Sichuan province in China.
2013 - Giorgio Napolitano is elected to a second term as President of Italy. It is the first time that an Italian President has been elected to a second term in office.
2017 - In Paris, shooting toward police officers killed one officer and the attacker.
Births
Up to 1900
570 – Muhammad the Prophet, founder of Islam (d. 632)
1492 - Pietro Aretino, Italian writer and poet (d. 1556)
1494 – Johannes Agricola, German religious reformer (d. 1566)
1586 – Saint Rose of Lima, Peruvian saint (d. 1617)
1633 – Emperor Go-Komyo, Emperor of Japan (d. 1654)
1723 - Cornelius Harnett, American merchant, farmer and statesman (d. 1781)
1745 - Philippe Pinel, French physician (d. 1826)
1748 – Georg Michael Telemann, German composer (d. 1839)
1808 – Emperor Napoleon III of France (d. 1873)
1809 - James David Forbes, Scottish physicist and glaciologist (d. 1868)
1818 - Albrecht von Stosch, German general and admiral (d. 1896)
1839 – King Carol I of Romania (d. 1914)
1842 - John Murphy Farley, Irish-American cardinal (d. 1918)
1850 - Daniel Chester French, American sculptor (d. 1931)
1851 – Torakusu Yamaha, Japanese entrepreneur (d. 1916)
1851 – Young Tom Morris, Scottish golfer (d. 1875)
1851 - Eduardo Acevedo Díaz, Uruguayan writer and politician (d. 1921)
1852 - John Murphy Farley, Archbishop of New York and cardinal (d. 1918)
1855 – Inukai Tsuyoshi, Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1932)
1859 - Vincenzo Cerulli, Italian astronomer (d. 1927)
1860 - Pieter Jelles Troelstra, Dutch-Frisian poet and politician (d. 1930)
1871 - Sydney Chapman, British economist (d. 1951)
1871 - Slavoljub Eduard Penkala, Croatian engineer and inventor (d. 1972)
1875 - Vladimir Vidric, Croatian poet (d. 1989)
1879 - Paul Poiret, French fashion designer (d. 1944)
1884 – Daniel Varujan, Armenian poet (d. 1915)
1884 – Princess Beatrice of Edinburgh and Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (d. 1966)
1889 – Adolf Hitler, Nazi leader (d. 1945)
1890 – Adolf Schaerf, President of Austria (d. 1965)
1890 – Maurice Duplessis, Premier of Quebec (d. 1959)
1893 – Joan Miró, Spanish painter (d. 1983)
1893 – Edna Parker, American supercentenarian, oldest person in the world at the time of her death (d. 2008)
1893 – Harold Lloyd, American actor (d. 1971)
1895 - Emile Christian, American jazz musician (d. 1973)
1896 - Wop May, Canadian pilot and captain (d. 1952)
1901 1950
1904 – Bruce Cabot, American actor (d. 1972)
1904 - George Stibitz, American scientist (d. 1995)
1908 - Lionel Hampton, American jazz musician, bandleader and actor (d. 2002)
1910 – Robert F. Wagner, Jr., Mayor of New York City (d. 1991)
1911 – Kukrit Pramoj, Prime Minister of Thailand (d. 1995)
1913 - Roger Rochard, French long-distance runner (d. 1993)
1914 - Betty Lou Gerson, American actress (d. 1999)
1918 – Kai Siegbahn, Swedish physicist (d. 2007)
1920 – John Paul Stevens, American jurist (d. 2019)
1923 - Mother Angelica, American nun and broadcaster (d. 2016)
1923 - Tito Puente, American jazz musician and producer (d. 2000)
1923 - Jorge Romo, Mexican footballer (d. 2014)
1924 – Leslie Phillips, British actor
1924 - Nina Foch, Dutch-American actress (d. 2008)
1925 - Elena Verdugo, American actress (d. 2017)
1927 – Karl Alexander Müller, Swiss physicist
1927 – Phil Hill, American racing driver (d. 2008)
1928 - Robert Byrne, American chess player (d. 2013)
1928 - Arvo Kruusement, Estonian movie director
1930 - Dwight Gustafson, American composer and conductor (d. 2014)
1935 - Mario Camus, Spanish screenwriter and movie director
1936 – Pat Roberts, United States Senator
1936 - Pauli Ellefsen, 6th Prime Minister of the Faroe Islands (d. 2012)
1937 – Jiri Dienstbier, Czech politician and journalist (d. 2011)
1937 – George Takei, American actor
1938 - Betty Cuthbert, Australian athlete (d. 2017)
1938 - Igor Sergeyev, Marshal of the Russian Federation (d. 2006)
1938 – Peter Snow, British broadcaster
1939 - Peter S. Beagle, American writer
1939 – Gro Harlem Brundtland, former Prime Minister of Norway
1939 - Wayson Choy, Canadian writer (d. 2019)
1940 - James Gammon, American actor (d. 2010)
1941 - Ryan O'Neal, American actor
1942 – Arto Paasilinna, Finnish writer (d. 2018)
1943 – Alan Beith, British politician, former MP for Berwick-upon-Tweed
1943 - John Eliot Gardiner, British conductor
1943 – Edie Sedgwick, American actress (d. 1971)
1945 - Michael Brandon, American actor
1945 - Gregory Olsen, American entrepreneur
1945 - Gerry Steinberg, English politician (d. 2015)
1945 - Thein Sein, President of Burma
1946 – Sabine Bergmann-Pohl, German politician
1947 - David Leland, British director, actor and screenwriter
1947 - Björn Skifs, Swedish singer-songwriter, actor and screenwriter
1949 – Massimo D'Alema, former Prime Minister of Italy
1949 – Aleksandr Maltsev, Russian ice hockey player
1949 – Jessica Lange, American actress
1949 – Toller Cranston, Canadian figure skater (d. 2015)
1949 - Paul Heiney, English journalist
1950 - N. Chandrababu Naidu, Indian politician, 13th Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh
1950 – Alexander Lebed, Russian general and politician (d. 2002)
1950 - Ibrahim Yusri, Egyptian actor (d. 2015)
1951 1975
1951 – Luther Vandross, American singer (d. 2005)
1952 - Eric Pickles, British politician
1953 – Sebastian Faulks, British writer
1956 – Kevin Judge, American Internet Security Expert
1958 - Viacheslav Fetisov, Russian ice hockey player
1959 – Clint Howard, American actor
1960 - Miguel Diaz-Canel, President of Cuba
1961 – Nicholas Lyndhurst, British actor
1961 - Paul Usher, British actor
1962 - Sigurdur Ingi Johannsson, former Prime Minister of Iceland
1963 - Rachel Whiteread, British artist and sculptor
1964 – Andy Serkis, British actor
1964 - Crispin Glover, American actor
1964 - Rosalynn Summers, American figure skater
1965 - Susan Cookson, British actress
1965 - April March, American singer-songwriter
1965 - Bernardo Fernando da Silva, Brazilian footballer
1966 – David Chalmers, Australian philosopher
1966 - David Filo, American businessman and co-founder of Google
1967 - Mike Portnoy, American musician
1967 – Raymond van Barneveld, Dutch darts player
1968 - Julia Morris, Australian actress and television presenter
1969 - Felix Baumgartner, Austrian skydiver
1970 - Shemar Moore, American actor
1972 – Carmen Electra, American actress, singer and model
1972 – Marko Kon, Serbian composer, singer and actor
1972 - Stephen Marley, Jamaican musician
From 1976
1976 – Aldo Bobadilla, Paraguayan footballer
1976 – Shay Given, Irish footballer
1976 - Joey Lawrence, American actor
1976 - Chris Mason, Canadian ice hockey player
1979 - Gregor Tait, Scottish swimmer
1979 – Ludovic Magnin, Swiss footballer
1980 - Vibeke Skofterud, Norwegian cross-country skier (d. 2018)
1980 – Jasmin Wagner, German singer
1980 – Lee Wilkie, Scottish footballer
1981 - Mike Blair, Scottish rugby union player and coach
1983 – Miranda Kerr, Australian supermodel
1983 - Danny Granger, American actor, producer and musician
1984 - Nelson Evora, Portuguese athlete
1984 - Edixon Perea, Colombian footballer
1985 – Brent Seabrook, Canadian ice hockey player
1985 - Curt Hawkins, American professional wrestler
1987 - John Patrick Amedori, American actor
1987 - Anna Rossinelli, Swiss singer
1991 - Thomas Curtis, American actor
1991 - Ondrej Krajak, Czech footballer
1992 - Ashton Moio, American actor, stuntman and martial artist
1997 - Alexander Zverev, German tennis player
1999 - Carly Rose Sonenclar, American actress
2000 – Funny Cide, American racehorse
Deaths
Up to 1900
689 - Caedwalla, King of Wessex
1176 - Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, English military leader (b. 1130)
1314 – Pope Clement V (b. 1264)
1517 - Bogdan III the One-Eyed, Romanian son of Stephen of Moldavia (b. 1470)
1521 – Zhengde Emperor of China (b. 1491)
1526 – Ibrahim Lodi, Sultan of Delhi
1534 - Elizabeth Barton, English nun and saint (b. 1506)
1558 - Johannes Bugenhagen, German priest and theologian (b. 1485)
1769 – Pontiac, Chief of the Ottawa (b. 1720)
1786 – John Goodricke, English astronomer (b. 1746)
1812 – George Clinton, US Vice President and Governor of New York (b. 1739)
1831 - John Abernethy, English surgeon (b. 1864)
1869 - Carl Loewe, German composer (b. 1796)
1873 - William Tite, English architect (b. 1798)
1874 - Alexander H. Bailey, American politician (b. 1817)
1887 – Muhammad Sharif Pasha, Egyptian statesman (b. 1826)
1899 – Joseph Wolf, German artist (b. 1820)
1901 2000
1902 - Joaquim de Sousa Andrade, Brazilian poet (b. 1833)
1912 – Bram Stoker, Irish writer (b. 1847)
1912 - Pedro Lira, Chilean painter (b. 1845)
1914 - Ivar Wickman, Swedish physician (b. 1872)
1918 – Karl Ferdinand Braun, German physicist (b. 1850)
1927 - Enrique Simonet, Spanish painter (b. 1866)
1929 - Prince Albert Wilhelm Heinrich of Prussia (b. 1862)
1932 - Giuseppe Peano, Italian mathematician (b. 1858)
1935 - John Cameron, Scottish footballer (b. 1872)
1937 - James Gillett, 22nd Governor of California (b. 1860)
1947 – King Christian X of Denmark (b. 1870)
1951 – Ivanoe Bonomi, Prime Minister of Italy (b. 1873)
1967 - Leo-Paul Desrosiers, French-Canadian journalist and novelist (b. 1896)
1982 - Archibald MacLeish, American poet and writer (b. 1892)
1990 - Horst Sindermann, German politician (b. 1915)
1991 – Don Siegel, American movie director (b. 1912)
1992 - Benny Hill, British comedian and actor (b. 1924)
1993 - Cantinflas, Mexican comedian and actor (b. 1911)
1994 - Jean Carmet, French actor (b. 1920)
1996 - Tran Van Tra, Vietnamese general and politician (b. 1918)
1996 – Christopher Robin Milne, son of the writer A. A. Milne (b. 1920)
1999 - Deaths in the Columbine High School massacre:
Cassie Bernall, victim of the Columbine High School massacre (b. 1981)
Rachel Joy Scott, victim of the Columbine High School massacre (b. 1981)
Eric Harris, perpetrator of the Columbine High School massacre (b. 1981)
Dylan Klebold, perpetrator of the Columbine High School massacre (b. 1981)
From 2001
2001 - Giuseppe Sinopoli, Italian conductor and composer (b. 1946)
2002 - Alan Dale, American singer (b. 1925)
2002 - Pierre Rapsat, Belgian singer-songwriter (b. 1948)
2003 - Ruth Hale, American playwright and actress (b. 1908)
2003 – Daijiro Kato, Japanese motorcycle racer (b. 1976)
2003 – Bernard Katz, German biophysicist (b. 1911)
2005 - Zygfryd Blaut, Polish footballer (b. 1943)
2010 – Dorothy Height, American Civil Rights activist (b. 1912)
2011 - Journalists killed in Libya:
Tim Hetherington, British photojournalist (b. 1970)
Chris Hondros, American photographer (b. 1970)
2013 - Deanna Durbin, Canadian-American actress and singer (b. 1921)
2014 - Rubin "Hurricane" Carter, American boxer (b. 1937)
2014 - Neville Wran, Australian politician, former Premier of New South Wales (b. 1926)
2014 - Benedikt Sarnov, Russian literary critic and writer (b. 1927)
2014 - Alistair MacLeod, Canadian author and academic (b. 1936)
2015 - Frederic Morton, Austrian-American writer (b. 1924)
2015 - Aharon Lichtenstein, French-born American-Israeli rabbi (b. 1933)
2015 - Richard Anthony, Egyptian-born French singer (b. 1938)
2015 - Bob St. Clair, American football player (b. 1931)
2015 - Ibrahim Yusri, Egyptian actor (b. 1950)
2015 - Peter Howell, English actor (b. 1929)
2016 - Victoria Wood, English comedienne, actress and writer (b. 1953)
2016 - Guy Hamilton, English film director (b. 1922)
2016 - Avril Henry, English academic (b. 1934)
2016 - Leonie Kramer, Australian academic (b. 1924)
2016 - Harry Perkowski, American baseball player (b. 1922)
2017 - Germaine Mason, Jamaican-born British high jumper (b. 1983)
2017 - Jay Dickey, American politician (b. 1939)
2017 - Roberto Ferreiro, Argentine footballer (b. 1935)
2017 - Cuba Gooding, Sr., American singer (b. 1944)
2017 - Lawrence Hogan, American politician (b. 1928)
2017 - Magdalena Abakanowicz, Polish sculptor (b. 1930)
2018 - Avicii, Swedish DJ, musician and music producer (b. 1989)
2018 - Roy Bentley, English footballer (b. 1924)
2018 - Pedro Erquicia, Spanish journalist and television producer (b. 1943)
2018 - Rajinder Sachar, Pakistan-Indian political activist and judge (b. 1923)
2018 - Al Swift, American broadcaster and politician (b. 1935)
2018 - Shane Yarran, Australian rules footballer (b. 1989)
2018 - Charles Zwick, American civil servant (b. 1926)
2019 - Joe Armstrong, British computer scientist (b. 1950)
2019 - Reggie Cobb, American football player (b. 1968)
2019 - Monir Shahroudy Farmanfarmaian, Iranian artist (b. 1922)
2019 - Karl Grob, Swiss footballer (b. 1946)
2019 - Braulio Lara, Dominican baseball player (b. 1988)
2019 - David V. Picker, American film executive and producer (b. 1931)
Observances
4/20 - Cannabis culture
UN Chinese language Day
Ridvan begins (Baha'i faith)
Days of the year |
7786 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent%20van%20Gogh | Vincent van Gogh | Vincent Willem van Gogh (30 March 1853 – 29 July 1890) was a Dutch post-impressionist painter. His work had a great influence on modern art because of its striking colours and emotional power. He suffered from delusions and fits of mental illness. When he was 37, he died by committing suicide.
When he was a young man, Van Gogh worked for a company of art dealers. He traveled between The Hague, London and Paris. After that, he taught in England. He then wanted to become a pastor and spread the Gospel, and from 1879 he worked as a missionary in a mining place in Belgium. He began drawing the people there, and in 1885, he painted his first important work, The Potato Eaters. He usually painted in dark colors at this time. In March 1886, he moved to Paris and found out about the French impressionists. Later, he moved to the south of France, and the colors in his art became brighter. His special style of art was developed and later fully grown during the time he stayed in Arles in 1888.
Early life
He was born Vincent Willem van Gogh on 30 March 1853 in Groot-Zundert, Netherlands. His father, Theodorus van Gogh, was a pastor. His mother, Anna Cornelia Carbentus, was an artist. Van Gogh was brought up in a religious and cultured family. He was very emotional and he did not have a great deal of self-confidence. He was also a replacement child. He was born a year after the death of his brother, also named Vincent. He even had the same birthday. Living at the church rectory Vincent walked past the grave of his dead brother every day. There has been speculation that van Gogh suffered later psychological trauma as a result, but this cannot be proved.
Career
Between 1860 and 1880, when he finally decided to become an artist, van Gogh had two sad romances. He also had worked unsuccessfully in a bookstore, as an art salesman, and a preacher. He remained in Belgium, where he had preached, to study art. The works of his early Dutch period are sad, sharp, and one of the most famous pictures from here is The Potato Eaters, painted in 1885. In that year, van Gogh went to Antwerp where he found the works of famous artists and bought a lot of Japanese prints.
In 1886 he went to Paris to join his brother Theo, who was the manager of Goupil's gallery. In Paris, van Gogh studied with Cormon. He also met Pissarro, Monet, and Gauguin. This helped the colors of his paintings lighten and be painted in short strokes from the paintbrush. His nervous temper made him a difficult companion and night-long discussions combined with painting all day made him very unhealthy. He decided to go south to Arles where he hoped his friends would join him and help found a school of art. Gauguin did join him, but it did not help. Near the end of 1888, Gauguin left Arles. Van Gogh followed him with an open razor, but was stopped by Gauguin. Instead, he cut his own ear lobe off. After that, van Gogh began to get fits of madness and was sent to the asylum in Saint-Remy for medical treatment. He painted over 1,000 portraits.
Death
In May of 1890, he regained his health and went to live in Auvers-sur-Oise. However, two months later on 27 July, he shot himself in the chest with a revolver. He died two days later, with Theo at his side. Theo reported his last words as "La tristesse durera toujours", which meant, "The sadness will last forever" in French.
Legacy
During his brief career he had only sold one painting. After his death, Van Gogh's finest works were all sold in less than three years. His mother threw away a lot of his paintings during his life and even after his death. But she lived long enough to see him become a world famous painter. He was not well known when he was alive, and most people did not appreciate his art. But he became very famous after his death. Today, many people consider him to be one of the greatest painters in the history and an important influence on modern art. Van Gogh did not begin painting until he was almost 30. Most of his famous works were done in his last two years. He made more than 2,000 artworks, with 900 paintings and 1,100 drawings and sketches. Today, many of his pieces portraits, landscapes and sunflowers are some of the most famous and costly works of art in the world.
Gallery
References
Other websites
Vincent van Gogh Gallery. The complete works and letters of Vincent van Gogh.
Van Gogh Letters – The complete letters of Van Gogh, translated into English and annotated. Published by the Van Gogh Museum.
Van Gogh's Letters, unabridged and annotated.
Van Gogh Museum , Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Van Gogh at the National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C., United States.
Painted with Words: Vincent van Gogh's Letters to Emile Bernard, New York Times, 9 September 2007
Art Historians Claim Van Gogh's ear 'Cut Off by Gauguin' by Angelique Chrisafis, The Guardian, 4 May 2009
1853 births
1890 deaths
Artists who committed suicide
Dutch painters
Missionaries
People from North Brabant
Suicides by firearm
Suicides in France |
7787 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/April%202 | April 2 |
Events
Up to 1900
999 - Pope Sylvester II is elected.
1285 - Pope Martin IV is elected.
1453 - The Ottoman Empire's Sultan Mehmed II begins the Siege of Constantinople.
1513 – Florida is sighted by a European for the first time.
1744 – The first official golf tournament is held in Leith, near Edinburgh, Scotland.
1783 – The Duke of Portland replaces the Earl of Shelburne as Prime Minister of Great Britain.
1800 – Ludwig van Beethoven leads the premiere of his First Symphony.
1801 – British forces under Horatio Nelson defeat Denmark in the naval Battle of Copenhagen.
1814 - The French senate declares Napoleon Bonaparte removed from power.
1845 - Armand Hippolyte Louis Fizeau and Jean Bernard Leon Foucault take the first photograph of the Sun.
1851 – Mongkut (Rama IV) is crowned King of Siam.
1865 – American Civil War: Jefferson Davis and his cabinet flee Richmond, Virginia.
1865 - American Civil War: The Siege of Petersburg is broken, as Union troops capture the trenches around Petersburg, Virginia.
1885 - Cree warriors attack the village of Frog Lake in Canada's Northwest Territories, killing 9 people.
1900 - The United States Congress passes the Foraker Act, giving Puerto Rico limited self-rule.
1901 2000
1902 - The Electric Theater, the first full-time movie theater in the US, opens in Los Angeles, California.
1911 – Australia's first census is held.
1912 – The ill-fated RMS Titanic begins sea trials.
1917 – Woodrow Wilson asks US Congress for war with Germany.
1921 - The Autonomous Government of Khorasan, a military government covering present-day Iran, is created.
1930 - Haile Selassie becomes Emperor of Ethiopia.
1932 – Charles Lindbergh paid a $50,000 ransom for the return of his kidnapped son.
1943 – Off Bermuda, the British ship Melbourne Star is torpedoed by the German U-boat U 129. It explodes and sinks within two minutes, killing 114 people.
1945 – The Soviet Union and Brazil establish diplomatic relations.
1962 - In road use, the first official Panda crossing is opened outside Waterloo station in London.
1972 – Charlie Chaplin returns to the United States for the first time since being labeled as a Communist during the Red Scare of the 1950s.
1974 - The Westfalenstadion stadium in Dortmund is opened. It is currently the home of the Borussia Dortmund football team, and hosts international matches.
1975 - Vietnam War: Thousands of civilian refugees flee from the Quang Ngai Province in front of advancing North Vietnamese forces.
1975 – The CN Tower in Toronto is completed.
1978 – The television show Dallas is shown for the first time.
1982 – The Falklands War begins, as Argentine forces invade.
1984 – Rakesh Sharma becomes the first Indian in space on board the Soyuz T-11.
1989 - Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev arrives in Havana, Cuba, for talks with Fidel Castro in an attempt to mend strained relations.
1991 – The eruption of the Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines begins.
1991 - Rita Johnston becomes the first female Premier of a Canadian province, in British Columbia.
1992 – Mafia boss John Gotti is convicted of murder and racketeering.
1998 – Former French minister Maurice Papon is found guilty of war crimes over the deportation of more than 1,700 Jews during World War II.
From 2001
2004 – Spanish police prevent an attempt by Islamist terrorists to blow up a high speed train near Madrid.
2005 – Pope John Paul II dies at the age of 84 years, after more than 26 years as Pope.
2006 – 60 tornadoes break out in the United States. Tennessee is the worst affected with 29 people killed.
2007 – A magnitude 8.1 earthquake hits the Solomon Islands, with resulting tsunamis destroying villages, killing 52 people, and making 5,000 homeless.
2011 - India wins the Cricket World Cup for the second time.
2012 – President of Hungary Pal Schmitt resigns after losing his doctorate in a Plagiarism scandal.
2013 - Major flooding affects Buenos Aires and La Plata in Argentina, killing 62 people.
2015 - A trawler sinks in the Sea of Okhotsk, west of Russia's far-eastern Kamchatka Peninsula, killing at least 50 sailors on board.
2015 - Al-Shabaab militants attack a university in Garissa, Kenya, killing 147 people.
2019 - Abdelaziz Bouteflika resigns as President of Algeria with immediate effect, ending his almost-20-year Presidency, after several weeks of protests.
2019 - Lori Lightfoot is elected Mayor of Chicago, making her the first African American Lesbian woman chosen to govern a major city in the United States.
Births
Up to 1900
742 – Charlemagne (d. 814)
1527 – Abraham Ortelius, Flemish mapmaker (d. 1598)
1545 – Elisabeth of Valois, French princess and Queen of Spain (d. 1568)
1565 - Cornelis de Houtman, Dutch explorer (d. 1599)
1614 – Jahanara Begum Sahib, Imperial princess and daughter of Shah Jahan and Mumtaz Mahal (d. 1681)
1618 – Francesco Maria Grimaldi, Italian mathematician and physicist (d. 1663)
1647 - Maria Sibylla Merian, German botanist (d. 1717)
1653 – Prince George of Denmark (d. 1708)
1719 - Johann Wilhelm Ludwig Gleim, German poet (d. 1803)
1725 – Giacomo Casanova, Italian writer (d. 1798)
1745 - Richard Bassett, Governor of Delaware (d. 1815)
1788 - Francisco Balagtas, Filipino poet (d. 1862)
1788 - Wilhelmine Reichard, first female German balloonist (d. 1848)
1791 - David Henshaw, 14th United States Secretary of the Navy (d. 1852)
1792 - Francisco de Paula Santander, Colombian general and politician (d. 1840)
1798 – Hoffmann von Fallersleben, German poet (d. 1874)
1805 – Hans Christian Andersen, Danish writer and poet (d. 1875)
1814 - Erastus Brigham Bigelow, American inventor (d. 1879)
1826 - George II, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen (d. 1914)
1827 - William Holman Hunt, English painter (d. 1910)
1838 – Léon Gambetta, French statesman (d. 1882)
1840 – Émile Zola, French writer (d. 1902)
1841 - Clement Ader, French aviation pioneer (d. 1926)
1852 - Frederick B. Fancher, Governor of North Dakota (d. 1944)
1862 – Nicholas Murray Butler, American philosopher, diplomat and educator (d. 1947)
1863 - William Adamson, Scottish trade union leader and politician (d. 1936)
1867 - Eugen Sandow, German bodybuilder and circus performer (d. 1925)
1869 - Hughie Jennings, American baseball player (d. 1928)
1875 – Walter Chrysler, American automobile pioneer (d. 1940)
1891 – Max Ernst, German painter (d. 1976)
1891 - Jack Buchanan, Scottish actor, singer, director and producer (d. 1957)
1898 - Harindranath Chatoopadhyay, Indian poet, actor and politician (d. 1990)
1899 - Heinrich Rau, German politician (d. 1961)
1900 - Robert Arlt, Argentine writer (d. 1942)
1901 1950
1906 - Dan K. Moore, Governor of North Carolina (d. 1986)
1907 - Luke Appling, American baseball player (d. 1991)
1912 – Herbert Mills, American singer (d. 1989)
1914 – Alec Guinness, English actor (d. 2000)
1916 - Oleg Lundstrem, Russian jazz composer and conductor (d. 2005)
1917 - Dabbs Greer, American actor (d. 2007)
1919 - Delfo Cabrera, Argentine long-distance runner (d. 1981)
1920 – Jack Webb, American actor, director and producer (d. 1982)
1922 - John C. Whitehead, American banker and politician (d. 2015)
1923 - Gloria Henry, American actress
1923 - G. Spencer-Brown, English polymath (d. 2016)
1925 – George MacDonald Fraser, British writer (d. 2008)
1925 - Hans Rosenthal, German radio and television presenter (d. 1987)
1926 - Jack Brabham, Australian racing driver (d. 2014)
1927 – Carmen Basilio, American boxer (d. 2012)
1927 – Ferenc Puskas, Hungarian footballer (d. 2006)
1927 - Rembert Weakland, former Archbishop of Milwaukee
1927 - Howard H. Callaway, American politician (d. 2014)
1927 - Ken Sansom, American actor (d. 2012)
1927 - Billy Pierce, American baseball player (d. 2015)
1927 - Rita Gam, American actress (d. 2016)
1928 - Joseph Bernardin, American cardinal (d. 1996)
1928 - Cheikh Hamidou Kane, Senegalese writer
1928 – Serge Gainsbourg, French singer, songwriter, actor and director (d. 1991)
1929 - Hans Koschnick, German politician (d. 2016)
1932 – Edward Egan, American Roman Catholic cardinal and former Archbishop of New York City (d. 2015)
1933 - György Konrád, Hungarian writer (d. 2019)
1934 - Richard Portman, American sound engineer (d. 2017)
1934 - Carl Kasell, American radio journalist and quiz show judge (d. 2018)
1936 - Shaul Ladany, Israeli Olympic race walker
1936 - Cynthia Lynn, American actress (d. 2014)
1938 - John Larsson, Swedish 17th General of the Salvation Army
1938 - Booker Little, American trumpeter and composer (d. 1961)
1939 – Marvin Gaye, American singer (d. 1984)
1939 - Lise Thibault, Quebec politician
1940 – Penelope Keith, British actress
1940 - Donald Jackson, Canadian figure skater
1940 - Mike Hailwood, English motorcycle racer and racing driver (d. 1981)
1941 – Dr. Demento, American radio presenter
1942 – Leon Russell, American pianist and conductor (d. 2016)
1942 - Roshan Seth, Indian-English actor
1943 - Tom Polanic, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 2019)
1944 - Francisco Massiani, Venezuelan writer and painter (d. 2019)
1945 - Don Sutton, American baseball player
1945 - Linda Hunt, American actress
1946 - Sue Townsend, English novelist (d. 2014)
1946 - Kurt Winter, Canadian guitarist (d. 1997)
1947 - Emmylou Harris, American singer
1947 - Camille Paglia, American author
1947 - Tua Forsström, Finnish writer
1947 - Paquita la del Barrio, Mexican singer
1948 - Bob Lienhard, American basketball player (d. 2018)
1949 - Paul Gambaccini, American-British radio and television presenter
1951 1975
1952 – Leon Wilkeson, American musician (Lynyrd Skynyrd) (d. 2001)
1953 - Krzysztof Krauze, Polish movie director, cinematographer and actor (d. 2014)
1954 - Gregory Abbott, American singer-songwriter and producer
1954 - Donald Petrie, American director
1957 - Barbara Jordan, American tennis player
1959 - David Frankel, American director, screenwriter and producer
1959 - Badou Ezzaki, Moroccan footballer and coach
1959 – Juha Kankkunen, Finnish rally driver
1960 – Linford Christie, British athlete
1961 – Christopher Meloni, American actor
1961 – Keren Woodward, British singer (Bananarama)
1962 - Pierre Carles, French director and producer
1962 - Clark Gregg, American actor, director and screenwriter
1963 - Shane Barbi and Sia Barbi, American models, writers and animal rights activists
1963 - Mike Gascoyne, British engineer
1965 – Rodney King, American victim of police brutality (d. 2012)
1965 - David Gamkrelidze, Georgian politician
1966 – Teddy Sheringham, English footballer
1967 - Greg Camp, American musician
1967 - Renée Estevez, American actress
1969 - Ajay Devgan, Indian actor, director and producer
1971 - Todd Woodbridge, Australian tennis player
1971 – Edmundo, Brazilian footballer
1971 – Zeebra, Japanese rapper
1973 – Tine Wittler, German actress and writer
1975 – Adam Rodriguez, American actor
From 1976
1977 – Michael Fassbender, German-Irish actor
1977 - Annett Louisan, German singer
1977 - Aiden Turner, British actor
1977 - Nicki Pedersen, Danish speedway rider
1978 - Grisella Siciliani, Argentine actress and singer
1979 - Lindy Booth, Canadian actress
1979 – Jesse Carmichael, American musician (Maroon 5)
1980 – Carlos Salcido, Mexican footballer
1980 – Adam Fleming, Scottish journalist
1981 – Michael Clarke, Australian cricketer
1981 - Kapil Sharma, Indian comedian
1981 - Bethany Joy Lenz, American actress, singer and filmmaker
1982 – Marco Amelia, Italian footballer
1982 – David Ferrer, Spanish tennis player
1982 - Jack Evans, American professional wrestler
1983 - Felix Borja, Ecuadorean footballer
1983 - Arthur Boka, Ivory Coast footballer
1983 - Laura Carmine Puerto, Puerto Rican-Mexican actress
1983 – Paul Capdeville, Chilean tennis player
1984 - Meryl Cassie, South African-New Zealand actress
1985 - Gordon Aikman, Scottish ALS campaigner (d. 2017)
1985 - Thom Evans, Scottish rugby player
1985 – Stéphane Lambiel, Swiss figure skater
1986 – Ibrahim Afellay, Dutch footballer
1986 – Lee DeWyze, American singer
1986 - Drew Van Acker, American actor
1986 - R3hab, Dutch DJ and record producer
1987 - Molly Smitten-Downes, English singer
1987 - Dalma Maradona, Argentine actress
1988 - Francesca Catalano, American actress
1990 - Yevgeniya Kanayeva, Russian gymnast
1990 - Miralem Pjanic, footballer from Bosnia and Herzegovina
1993 - Aaron Kelly, American singer
1993 - Bruno Zuculini, Argentine footballer
Deaths
Up to 1900
1118 – Baldwin I of Jerusalem (b. 1058)
1305 - Joan I of Navarre (b. 1273)
1506 – Prince Arthur Tudor of England (b. 1486)
1507 - Francis of Paola, Italian friar and saint (b. 1416)
1640 - Maciej Kazimierz Sarbiewski, Polish writer and poet (b. 1595)
1657 – Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1608)
1709 - Giovanni Battista Gaulli, Italian painter (b. 1639)
1720 - Joseph Dudley, English Governor of Massachusetts (b. 1647)
1742 - James Douglas, Scottish physician and anatomist (b. 1675)
1791 - Henri Gabriel Riqueti, French statesman (b. 1749)
1803 – Sir James Montgomery, 1st Baronet, Scottish politician and judge (b. 1721)
1817 – Johann Heinrich Jung, German writer (b. 1740)
1827 – Ludwig Heinrich Bojanus, German physician and naturalist (b. 1776)
1872 – Samuel F. B. Morse, American inventor (b. 1791)
1894 - Achille Vianelli, Italian painter (b. 1803)
1901 2000
1914 – Paul Johann Ludwig von Heyse, German writer (b. 1830)
1922 – Hermann Rorschach, Swiss psychologist (b. 1884)
1928 – Theodore William Richards, American chemist (b. 1868)
1930 – Empress Zauditu of Ethiopia (b. 1876)
1933 - Ranjitsinhji, Indian cricketer (b. 1872)
1948 - Sabahattin Ali, Turkish novelist, writer, poet and journalist (b. 1907)
1951 – Simon Barere, Russian pianist (b. 1896)
1958 – Tudor Davies, Welsh operatic tenor (b. 1892)
1972 - Gil Hodges, American baseball player and manager (b. 1924)
1972 – Toshitsugu Takamatsu, Japanese martial arts grandmaster (b. 1887)
1974 – Georges Pompidou, President of France (b. 1911)
1987 – Buddy Rich, American jazz drummer and bandleader (b. 1917)
1992 – Juan Gomez Gonzalez, Spanish footballer (b. 1954)
1994 – Betty Furness, American actress (b. 1916)
1995 – Hannes Alfvén, Swedish physicist (b. 1908)
1998 – Rob Pilatus, American model, dancer and singer (b. 1965)
From 2001
2001 – Jennifer Syme, American actress (b. 1972)
2005 – Pope John Paul II (b. 1920)
2006 – Nina von Stauffenberg, widow of Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg (b. 1914)
2007 – Paul Reed, American actor (b. 1909)
2012 - Elizabeth Catlett, American-Mexican artist and sculptor (b. 1915)
2013 - Jesus Franco, Spanish movie director, writer, cinematographer and actor (b. 1930)
2013 - Jane Henson, American puppeteer and voice actress (b. 1934)
2013 - Milo O'Shea, Irish-American actor (b. 1926)
2013 - Maria Redaelli, Italian supercentenarian (b. 1899)
2014 - Urs Widmer, Swiss writer (b. 1938)
2014 - Carl Epting Mundy, Jr., American military officer (b. 1935)
2014 - Richard Brick, American movie producer (b. 1945)
2014 - Glyn Jones, South African actor, writer and director (b. 1931)
2014 - Lucy Hood, American television executive (b. 1958)
2014 - Consuelo Moure, Colombian actress (b. 1947)
2014 - Joseph Willaert, Belgian painter (b. 1936)
2015 - Luis Delgado Aparicio, Peruvian politician (b. 1940)
2015 - Manoel de Oliveira, Portuguese movie director and screenwriter (b. 1908)
2015 - Rudolph R. Perz, American advertising executive (b. 1925)
2015 - Olga Sawicka, Polish dancer and choreographer (b. 1932)
2015 - Robert H. Schuller, American televangelist (b. 1926)
2015 - Steve Stevaert, Belgian politician (b. 1954)
2015 - Doug Sax, American audio engineer (b. 1936)
2015 - Abdelhadi Tazi, Moroccan scholar and diplomat (b. 1921)
2016 - Gato Barbieri, Argentine musician and bandleader (b. 1932)
2016 - Gallieno Ferri, Italian comic book artist (b. 1929)
2016 - Boris Hybner, Czech actor and mime artist (b. 1941)
2016 - Amber Rayne, American pornographic actress (b. 1984)
2017 - Kenneth J. Donnelly, American politician (b. 1950)
2017 - Leonard Litwin, American real estate developer (b. 1914)
2018 - Susan Anspach, American actress (b. 1942)
2018 - Morris Halle, Latvian-American linguist (b. 1923)
2018 - Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, South African activist (b. 1936)
2019 - Jamshid Mashayekhi, Iranian actor (b. 1934)
2019 - J. Mahendran, Indian film director, screenwriter and actor (b. 1939)
2019 - Don Williamson, American businessman and politician (b. 1934)
Observances
International Children's Book Day - Birthday of Hans Christian Andersen
Thai Heritage Conservation Day
World Autism Awareness Day
Malvinas Day (Argentina)
April 02 |
7788 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/October%2014 | October 14 |
Events
Up to 1900
1066 – Norman Conquest: Battle of Hastings – In England on Senlac Hill, seven miles from Hastings, the Norman invasion forces of William the Conqueror defeat the English army and kill King Harold II of England.
1322 - Robert the Bruce of Scotland defeats King Edward II of England at Byland, forcing Edward to accept Scotland's independence.
1582 – Due to the implementation of the Gregorian calendar this day does not exist in this year in Italy, Poland, Portugal and Spain.
1586 - Mary, Queen of Scots goes on trial for conspiracy against Queen Elizabeth I of England.
1651 – Laws are passed in Massachusetts forbidding poor people from adopting excessive styles of dress.
1656 – Massachusetts enacts the first punitive legislation against Quakers. The marriage of church-and-state in Puritanism makes them regard the ritual-free Quakers as spiritually apostate and politically subversive.
1773 – The first recorded ministry of education, the Commission of National Education, is formed in Poland.
1773 – American Revolutionary War: Britain's East India Company tea ships' cargo is burned at Annapolis, Maryland.
1806 – Battle of Jena-Auerstädt.
1808 - The Republic of Ragusa is annexed by France.
1812 – A digest of Pennsylvania laws could not bring itself to print the word "buggery," instead printing it as "B_GG__Y."
1812 – Work on London's Regent's Canal starts.
1813 - Bavaria declares war on France.
1834 – In Philadelphia, Whigs and Democrats stage a gun, stone and brick battle for control of a Moyamensing Township election, resulting in one death, several injuries, and the burning down of a block of buildings.
1835 – John Templeton, John Moore, Stanley Cuthbart and Ellen Ritchie were charged in Wheeling, Virginia with illegally teaching blacks to read.
1840 – Maronite leader Bashir II surrenders to the British forces and goes into exile in Malta.
1843 - The British arrest Irish nationalist Daniel O'Connell for conspiracy to commit crimes.
1863 – American Civil War: Battle of Bristol Station – Confederate General Robert E. Lee forces fail to drive the Union Army out of Virginia.
1865 – Cheyennes and Arapahos signed a treaty with the U.S. at a camp on the Little Arkansas River in Kansas. However, none of the parties to the treaty abided by it.
1878 - The first football match under flood lights is played in Sheffield, England.
1881 – 189 fisherman are killed in a storm off Eyemouth, Scotland.
1882 - The University of the Punjab is founded in a part of India that is now part of Pakistan.
1888 - French inventor Louis Le Prince films the "Roundhay Garden Scene", the earliest-surviving motion picture in Roundhay, Leeds, England.
1901 1950
1910 - The English aviator Claude Graham-White lands his Farman biplane on the Executive Avenue near the White House in Washington, DC.
1912 – While campaigning in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, former US President Theodore Roosevelt is shot by saloonkeeper William Schrank. With a fresh flesh wound and the bullet still in him, Roosevelt still delivers his scheduled speech.
1913 - The Senghennydd Colliery disaster kills 439 people in South Wales. It is the UK's worst mining disaster.
1913 – The New Mexico Supreme Court upholds a sodomy conviction. Ex Parte DeVore, 136 P. 47.
1915 - World War I: The Kingdom of Bulgaria joins with the Central Powers.
1916 – Sophomore tackle and guard Paul Robeson is excluded from the Rutgers football team when Washington and Lee Universities refuse to play against a black person.
1920 - Part of Petsamo Province is ceded by the Soviet Union to Finland.
1925 - Anti-French uprising in French-occupied Damascus, Syria.
1926 – The children's book Winnie-the-Pooh, by A. A. Milne, is first published.
1927 – The California Court of Appeals, in upholding a sodomy conviction, rules that corroborative evidence could be circumstantial in nature.
1933 - Nazi Germany withdraws from the League of Nations.
1939 – World War II: The German U-boat U 47 sinks the battleship HMS Royal Oak in Scapa Flow, Orkney.
1940 - The Balham Underground Station Disaster occurs in London during the Luftwaffe raids on the city.
1942 - Canadian passenger ferry Caribou is torpedoed off Newfoundland by German U-boat U-69.
1943 - José P. Laurel becomes President of the Philippines.
1944 – World War II: Given the choice between a public treason trial and a certain death by firing squad or suicide with honor, German Field Marshal Erwin Rommel chooses the latter.
1947 – Chuck Yeager flies a Bell X-1 faster than the speed of sound, the first man to do so in level flight.
1949 – Eleven leaders of the U.S. Communist Party are convicted, after a nine-month trial, of conspiring to advocate the violent overthrow of the U.S. government. Ten defendants are sentenced to 5 years in prison each, and the eleventh to 3 years. The Supreme Court upheld the convictions on June 4, 1951.
1951 2000
1952 - Korean War: UN and South Korean forces launch Operation Showdown against Chinese strongholds in the Iron Triangle, resulting in the deadliest battle of 1952.
1953 – The Qibya massacre was carried out by Israeli troops in a West Bank village.
1955 - Jim Henson creates Kermit the Frog.
1955 - Vienna's Burgtheater theatre re-opens, after World War II.
1957 - Elizabeth II opens an annual session of Canada's parliament.
1958 – The Anshai Emath Reform Jewish Temple in Peoria, Illinois was damaged by a crude bomb.
1958 – The U.S. conducts an underground nuclear weapon test at the Nevada Test Site.
1958 – The District of Columbia Bar Association votes to accept black Americans as members.
1960 – U.S. presidential candidate John F. Kennedy first suggests the idea for the Peace Corps.
1962 – Cuban Missile Crisis begins: A U-2 flight over Cuba takes photos of Soviet nuclear weapons being installed.
1964 – Leonid Brezhnev becomes general secretary of the CPSU and leader of the Soviet Union, ousting Nikita Khrushchev.
1964 – American civil rights movement leader Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr becomes the youngest recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize.
1966 – The city of Montreal inaugurates its metro system (see Montreal Metro).
1967 – Vietnam War: Folk singer Joan Baez is arrested in a blockade of the military induction center in Oakland, California.
1968 – Vietnam War: 27 soldiers are arrested at the Presidio in San Francisco for their peaceful protest of stockade conditions and the Vietnam War. Charged with mutiny, their long prison sentences are later reduced to two years.
1968 – Vietnam War: The United States Department of Defense announces that the United States Army and United States Marines will be sending about 24,000 troops back to Vietnam for involuntary second tours.
1969 - Olof Palme becomes Prime Minister of Sweden.
1969 - The United Kingdom introduces the 50 pence coin.
1970 – The U.S. conducts an underground nuclear weapon test at the Nevada Test Site.
1971 – Two people are killed in a Memphis, Tennessee race riot.
1971 – The U.S. conducts an underground nuclear weapon test at the Nevada Test Site.
1973 - In the Thammasat Student Uprising over 100,000 people in Thailand protest against the Thanom Kittikachorn military government. 77 are killed and 857 are injured by soldiers.
1979 – The first Gay Rights March on Washington, D.C. demands "an end to all social, economic, judicial, and legal oppression of lesbian and gay people," drawing 200,000 people.
1981 – Citing official misconduct in the investigation and trial, Amnesty International charges the U.S. government with holding Richard Marshall of the American Indian Movement as a political prisoner.
1981 – Vice President Hosni Mubarak is elected President of Egypt one week after Anwar Sadat was assassinated.
1982 - Ronald Reagan declares War on Drugs.
1983 - Maurice Bishop, Prime Minister of Grenada, is overthrown and later executed in a military coup d'état.
1985 – U.S. Attorney General Edwin Meese says in U.S. News & World Report, "If a person is innocent of a crime, then he is not a suspect."
1987 – 18-month-old Jessica McClure ("Baby Jessica") falls down an abandoned well in Midland, Texas (her nationally televised rescue takes 58 hours).
1991 – Aung San Suu Kyi wins the Nobel Peace Prize.
1994 – Yitzhak Rabin, Shimon Peres and Yasser Arafat win the Nobel Peace Prize.
1998 – Eric Robert Rudolph is charged with 6 bombings including the 1996 Centennial Olympic Park bombing in Atlanta, Georgia.
1999 – The South Carolina Supreme Court rules that the video poker machines in the state must be unplugged by June 30, 2000.
From 2001
2001 – Delta Flight 458 from Atlanta to Newark, New Jersey, is diverted to Charlotte-Douglas International Airport, and passengers are taken off the flight while officials investigate a report of two "Middle Eastern men" making threats in a foreign tongue. It turned out to be two Orthodox Jews who were praying peacefully.
2003 – Gyude Bryant becomes interim President of Liberia.
2006 - The UN imposes sanctions against North Korea for its nuclear weapons test on October 9.
2010 - Mark Rutte becomes Prime Minister of the Netherlands.
2010 - The 2010 Commonwealth Games in Delhi end.
2012 - Felix Baumgartner becomes the first person to free-fall faster than the speed of sound, as he jumps from the stratosphere over Roswell, New Mexico.
2017 - A bomb attack in Somalia's capital Mogadishu kills over 350 people.
2017 - The first commercial flight lands on the South Atlantic island of Saint Helena, coming from Johannesburg (South Africa) via Windhoek (Namibia).
2019 - Esther Duflo becomes the youngest and second female winner of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, sharing it with Abhijit Banerjee and Michael Kremer.
2019 - In Spain, long jail sentences are given to several politicians from Catalonia for their part in planning the Catalan independence referendum, 2017.
2019 - 2019 Chilean protests: Major protests begin in Chile over fuel and transport prices and inequality.
Births
Up to 1900
1254 – King Przemysl II of Poland (d. 1296)
1404 – Marie of Anjou, Queen of France (d. 1463)
1465 - Konrad Peutinger, German jurist and humanist (d. 1547)
1493 - Shimazu Tadayoshi, Japanese daimyo (d. 1568)
1542 – Akbar the Great, Mughal Emperor (d. 1605)
1630 – Sophia of Hanover, heir to the British throne (d. 1714)
1633 – King James II of England/James VII of Scotland (d. 1701)
1634 – Emperor Bahadur Shah I of India (d. 1712)
1641 - Joachim Tielke, German instrument maker (d. 1719)
1644 – William Penn, founder of Pennsylvania (d. 1718)
1712 – George Grenville, Prime Minister of Great Britain (d. 1770)
1784 – King Ferdinand VII of Spain (d. 1833)
1790 - Thursday October Christian I, son of Fletcher Christian (d. 1831)
1801 – Joseph Plateau, Belgian physicist and photo pioneer (d. 1883)
1801 - Armand Trousseau, French economist (d. 1867)
1806 - Preston King, American politician (d. 1865)
1824 - Adolphe Joseph Thomas Monticelli, French painter (d. 1886)
1840 - Dmitry Pisarev, Russian author (d. 1868)
1844 - John See, English-Australian politician, 14th Premier of New South Wales (d. 1907)
1853 - Ciprian Porumbescu, Ukrainian-Romanian composer (d. 1883)
1856 - Louis Gustave Binger, French explorer (d. 1936)
1859 - Camille Chevillard, French composer and conductor (d. 1923)
1872 - Reginald Doherty, English tennis player (d. 1910)
1873 - Ray Ewry, American jumper (d. 1937)
1873 – Jules Rimet, French football administrator (d. 1954)
1879 - Miles Franklin, Australian writer (d. 1954)
1882 – Eamon de Valera, Irish statesman, President of Ireland (d. 1975)
1887 - Carlo Grano, Italian cardinal (d. 1976)
1888 – Katherine Mansfield, New Zealand writer (d. 1923)
1890 – Dwight D. Eisenhower, 34th President of the United States (d. 1969)
1890 - Louis Delluc, French director, screenwriter and author (d. 1924)
1892 – Andrey Yeryomenko, Marshal of the Soviet Union (d. 1970)
1893 - Lillian Gish, American actress (d. 1993)
1894 – Heinrich Lübke, second President of the Federal Republic of Germany (d. 1972)
1894 – E. E. Cummings, American writer and poet (d. 1962)
1900 - W. Edwards Deming, American statistician, educator and author (d. 1993)
1901 1950
1902 - Learco Guerra, Italian cyclist (d. 1963)
1904 - Christian Pineau, French politician (d. 1995)
1905 - Benny Yorston, Scottish footballer (d. 1977)
1906 – Hannah Arendt, German political theorist and writer (d. 1975)
1906 – Imam Hassan al-Banna, Egyptian religious figure (d. 1949)
1908 - Ruth Hale, American actress and playwright (d. 2003)
1909 - Dorothy Kingsley, American screenwriter and producer (d. 1996)
1909 - Bernd Rosemeyer, German racing driver (d. 1938)
1910 – John Wooden, American basketball player and coach (d. 2010)
1911 – Le Duc Tho, Vietnamese politician (d. 1990)
1914 – Raymond Davis, Jr., American physicist (d. 2006)
1915 - Loris Francesco Capovilla, Italian archbishop (d. 2016)
1916 - C. Everett Koop, American politician and spokesperson (d. 2013)
1918 - Thelma Coyne Long, Australian tennis player (d. 2015)
1923 - Joel Barnett, Baron Barnett, English politician (d. 2014)
1924 - Robert Webber, American actor (d. 1989)
1927 – Roger Moore, English actor (d. 2017)
1929 - Norbert Gastell, Argentine-German actor (d. 2015)
1930 - Robert Parker, American singer and saxophonist
1930 - Alan Williams, Welsh politician (d. 2014)
1930 – Mobutu Sese Seko, President of Zaire (d. 1997)
1931 - Nikhil Banerjee, Indian sitarist and composer (d. 1986)
1932 - Enrico Di Giuseppe, American tenor (d. 2005)
1932 - Anatoly Larkin, Russian-American physicist (d. 2005)
1936 - Hans Kraay Sr., Dutch footballer (d. 2017)
1936 - Jürg Schubiger, Swiss psychotherapist and writer (d. 2014)
1938 - Farah Pahlavi, Empress of Iran
1939 - Litokwa Tomeing, former President of the Marshall Islands
1939 - Ralph Lauren, American fashion designer
1940 – Cliff Richard, English singer
1940 - Christopher Timothy, Welsh actor, director and screenwriter
1941 - Jerry Glanville, American football player and coach
1945 - Colin Hodgkinson, English bass player
1945 - Lesley Joseph, English actress
1946 – Dan McCafferty, Scottish musician
1946 - Craig Venter, American biologist
1946 - François Bozizé, former President of the Central African Republic
1949 - Katy Manning, English-Australian actress
1949 - Dave Schultz, Canadian ice hockey player and referee
1950 - Joey Travolta, American actor, director and producer
1951 1975
1952 - Harry Anderson, American actor and screenwriter
1952 – Nikolai Andrianov, Russian gymnast (d. 2011)
1953 – Aldo Maldera, Italian footballer (d. 2012)
1953 - Shelley Ackermann, American astrologer, actress and singer
1953 - Greg Evigan, American actor
1954 - Carole Malone, English journalist
1954 - Mordechai Vanunu, Israeli nuclear technician
1955 - Arleen Sorkin, American actress, screenwriter, presenter and comedian
1956 - Beth Daniel, American golfer
1958 – Thomas Dolby, English musician
1960 – Steve Cram, English athlete
1962 - Jaan Ehlvest, Estonian chess player
1962 - Chris Thomas King, American blues musician and actor
1963 - Yim Jae-beom, South Korean singer
1963 - Lori Petty, American actress, director and screenwriter
1963 - Alessandro Safina, Italian tenor
1965 – Steve Coogan, English actor and comedian
1965 - Alexei Devotchenko, Russian actor and activist (d. 2014)
1967 - Pat Kelly, American baseball player, coach and manager
1967 - Sylvain Lefebvre, Canadian ice hockey player and coach
1968 – Matthew Le Tissier, English footballer
1971 – Jorge Costa, Portuguese footballer
1971 - Jyrki Katainen, former Prime Minister of Finland
1972 - Nyomi Banxxx, American radio personality and pornographic actress
1974 – Natalie Maines, American musician (Dixie Chicks)
1975 – Floyd Landis, American cyclist
1975 – Shaznay Lewis, English singer
From 1976
1977 - Bianca Beauchamp, American model
1978 – Paul Hunter, English snooker player (d. 2006)
1978 – Steven Thompson, Scottish footballer
1978 – Usher, American actor, singer and rapper
1979 - Stacy Keibler, American wrestler and actress
1979 - Rodrigo Tello, Chilean footballer
1980 – Ben Whishaw, English actor
1983 – Lin Dan, Chinese badminton player
1983 – Betty Heidler, German athlete
1984 – Kevin Thomson, Scottish footballer
1984 - Karen Bardsley, American-English footballer
1984 - Alex Scott, English footballer
1986 - Tom Craddock, English footballer
1986 - Skyler Shaye, American actress
1987 - Jay Pharaoh, American comedian and actor
1988 - Glenn Maxwell, Australian cricketer
1988 - Mario Titone, Italian footballer
1988 - Max Thieriot, American actor
1988 - Yusef Ali, Qatari footballer
1989 - Mia Wasikowska, Australian actress
1991 - Shona McGarty, English actress
1991 - Andrea Duro, Spanish actress
1992 - Ahmed Musa, Nigerian footballer
1992 - Savannah Outen, American singer-songwriter
1992 - Khagendra Thapa Magar, Nepalese world's smallest man
1999 - Daniel Roche, English actor
2001 - Rowan Blanchard, American actress
Deaths
Up to 1900
222 - Pope Callixtus I
1066 – Harold Godwinson, English king (b. 1022)
1092 - Nizam al-Mulk, Persian scholar and politician (b. 1018)
1217 – Isabel, Countess of Gloucester (b. 1173)
1318 - Edward Bruce, Irish king (b. 1280)
1552 - Oswald Myconius, Swiss religious reformer (b. 1488)
1565 - Thomas Chaloner, English poet and politician (b. 1521)
1610 – Amago Yoshihisa, Japanese samurai (b. 1540)
1619 - Samuel Daniel, English poet and historian (b. 1562)
1637 - Gabriella Chiabrera, Italian poet (b. 1552)
1669 - Antonio Cesti, Italian organist and composer (b. 1623)
1703 - Thomas Kingo, Danish bishop and poet (b. 1634)
1711 - Tewoflos, Emperor of Ethiopia (b. 1708)
1758 - James Francis Edward Keith, Scottish-Prussian field marshal (b. 1696)
1758 - Wilhelmine of Prussia, Margravine of Brandenburg-Bayreuth (b. 1709)
1792 – Sophie Charlotte Ackermann, German actress (b. 1714)
1831 - Jean-Louis Pons, French astronomer (b. 1761)
1880 - Victorio, Mexican tribal chief (b. 1825)
1901 2000
1911 - John Marshall Harlan, American lawyer and politician (b. 1833)
1923 - Marcellus Emants, Dutch-Swiss author, poet and playwright (b. 1848)
1929 - Henri Berger, German composer and bandleader (b. 1844)
1944 – Erwin Rommel, German military figure (b. 1891)
1950 - Antonio Maria da Silva, Prime Minister of Portugal (b. 1872)
1953 - Emile Sarrade, French rugby player and tug-of-war competitor (b. 1877)
1958 – Douglas Mawson, Australian Antarctic explorer (b. 1881)
1959 – Errol Flynn, Australian actor (b. 1909)
1961 - Paul Ramadier, 129th Prime Minister of France (b. 1888)
1961 - Harriet Shaw Weaver, English journalist and activist (b. 1876)
1965 - William Hogenson, American sprinter (b. 1884)
1969 - Haguroyama Masaji, Japanese sumo wrestler (b. 1914)
1977 – Bing Crosby, American singer and actor (b. 1903)
1984 – Martin Ryle, English radio astronomer (b. 1918)
1986 - Keenan Wynn, American actor (b. 1916)
1989 - Michael Carmine, American actor and singer (b. 1959)
1990 – Leonard Bernstein, American composer (b. 1918)
1992 - Willie Waddell, Scottish footballer (b. 1921)
1997 – Harold Robbins, American writer (b. 1916)
1998 - Frankie Yankovic, American polka musician (b. 1915)
1999 – Julius Nyerere, 1st President of Tanzania (b. 1922)
From 2001
2001 – David Lewis, American philosopher (b. 1941)
2002 - Norbert Schultze, German composer (b. 1911)
2003 – Moktar Ould Daddah, first President of Mauritania (b. 1924)
2004 - Juan Francisco Fresno, Chilean archbishop and cardinal (b. 1872)
2007 – Bob Denard, French mercenary (b. 1929)
2007 - Big Moe, American rapper (b. 1974)
2007 - Raymond Pellegrin, French actor (b. 1925)
2009 – Lou Albano, American professional wrestler (b. 1933)
2010 – Benoit Mandelbrot, French-American mathematician (b. 1924)
2010 – Simon MacCorkindale, English actor (b. 1952)
2010 – Hermann Scheer, German politician (b. 1944)
2012 - Arlen Specter, American politician (b. 1930)
2013 - Bruno Metsu, French footballer and coach (b. 1954)
2014 - Isaiah "Ikey" Owens, American keyboardist (b. 1975)
2014 - Elizabeth Peña, American actress (b. 1959)
2015 - Nurlan Balgimbayev, Prime Minister of Kazakhstan (b. 1948)
2015 - Mathieu Kérékou, President of Benin (b. 1933)
2015 - Jordi Miralles, Spanish politician (b. 1962)
2015 - Robert M. White, American meteorologist (b. 1923)
2016 - Jean Alexander, English actress (b. 1926)
2017 - Wolfgang Bötsch, German politician (b. 1938)
2017 - Richard Wilbur, American poet (b. 1921)
2018 - Robert Bushby, American aircraft designer (b. 1927)
2018 - Per Theodor Haugen, Norwegian actor (b. 1932)
2018 - Mel Ramos, American artist (b. 1935)
2018 - Valeriy Shmarov, Ukrainian politician (b. 1945)
2019 - Harold Bloom, American writer and literary critic (b. 1930)
2019 - Bohdan Butenko, Polish cartoonist (b. 1931)
2019 - Emmett Chappelle, American scientist (b. 1925)
2019 - Louis Frey Jr., American politician (b. 1934)
2019 - Anke Fuchs, German politician (b. 1937)
2019 - Rosemary Harris, English writer (b. 1923)
2019 - Baby Saroja, Indian actress (b. 1931)
2019 - Jeffrey Spalding, Canadian painter (b. 1951)
2019 - Sulli, South Korean singer, actress and model (b. 1994)
Observances
National Education Day (Poland)
Nyerere Day (Tanzania)
World Standards Day
Mother's Day (Belarus)
Days of the year |
7789 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/February%202 | February 2 |
Events
Up to 1900
962 – Official founding day of the Holy Roman Empire.
1032 - Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor becomes Duke of Burgundy.
1207 - Terra Mariana, consisting of present-day Estonia and Latvia, is created.
1411 - The Battle of Lincoln takes place, at which King Stephen of England is defeated and captured by the allies of Empress Matilda, presenting her with the unfulfilled opportunity to become the first reigning Queen of Medieval England.
1421 - The Zhu Di Emperor inaugurates the Forbidden City as the centre of China's government.
1461 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Mortimer's Cross in Herefordshire.
1536 – Pedro de Mendoza founds Buenos Aires.
1653 - New Amsterdam, future New York City, is incorporated.
1709 - Alexander Selkirk is rescued after being shipwrecked in the Juan Fernandez Islands in the Pacific Ocean off Chile.
1848 – The US gains large territories at the end of the Mexican-American War.
1848 - California Gold Rush: The first ship with Chinese immigrants arrives in San Francisco, California.
1868 - Pro-Imperial forces capture Osaka Castle from the Tokugawa shogunate and burn it to the ground.
1876 - The National League of Professional Baseball Clubs of Major League Baseball is founded.
1887 – In Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania, the first American celebration of Groundhog Day takes place.
1899 - The Australian Premiers' Conference is held in Melbourne, coming to the decision that the new national capital city, Canberra, between Sydney and Melbourne.
1901 2000
1901 - Funeral of Queen Victoria.
1913 – Grand Central Terminal in New York City is opened.
1914 - Charlie Chaplin's first movie appearance, Making a Living, is first shown.
1920 - The Tartu Peace Treaty is signed between Estonia and Russia.
1920 - France occupies Memel.
1922 – Ulysses by James Joyce is first published.
1925 - Serum run to Nome: Dog sleds reach Nome, Alaska with diphtheria serum, inspiring the Iditarod race.
1933 - Working as maids, the sisters Christine and Lea Papin murder their employer's wife and daughter in Le Mans, France.
1934 - The Export-Import Bank of the United States is incorporated.
1935 - Leonarde Keeler tests the first polygraph machine.
1943 – The Battle of Stalingrad ends as German forces surrender.
1946 – The Hungarian Republic is proclaimed.
1959 - Indira Gandhi is nominated as President of the Indian National Congress.
1966 - Pakistan suggests a six-point agenda with Kashmir after the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965.
1971 - The International Ramsar Convention for conservation of wetlands is signed in Ramsar, Mazandaran, Iran.
1971 – Idi Amin becomes President of Uganda.
1972 - The British Embassy in Dublin is destroyed in protest against Bloody Sunday.
1974 - The F-16 Fighting Falcon flies for the first time.
1976 – The Groundhog Day gale affects the Northeastern United States and eastern Canada.
1982 – Rifaat al-Assad initiates the massacre in Hama, Syria, a stronghold of the Muslim Brotherhood. Between 20,000 and 30,000 people are killed.
1987 - After the 1986 People Power Revolution, the Philippines get a new constitution.
1990 – South Africa: F. W. de Klerk announces the end of Apartheid and ends a ban on the African National Congress.
From 2001
2002 – Willem-Alexander, Prince of Orange marries Maxima Zorreguieta Cerruti.
2004 – Roger Federer becomes World number one in men's tennis, holding that position for a record 237 weeks.
2007 - Indonesia's worst flooding in 300 years begins.
2008 – Then-President of France Nicolas Sarkozy marries Carla Bruni.
2011 – Egypt protests: Opponents and supporters of President Hosni Mubarak clash violently in Cairo.
2014 - Award-winning actor Philip Seymour Hoffman is found dead. He was 46 years old.
Births
Up to 1850
1208 – King James of Aragon (d. 1276)
1455 – King John of Denmark (d. 1513)
1457 - Peter Martyr d'Anghiera, Italian-Spanish historian (d. 1526)
1494 – Bona Sforza, Italian princess, Queen of Poland and Grand Duchess of Lithuania (d. 1525)
1522 – Lodovico Ferrari, Italian mathematician (d. 1565)
1596 - Jacob van Campen, Dutch architect and artist (d. 1657)
1616 - Sébastien Bourdon, French painter (d. 1671)
1621 - Johannes Schefferus, Alsatian humanist (d. 1679)
1649 – Pope Benedict XIII (d. 1730)
1650 – Nell Gwyn, British actress and royal mistress (d. 1687)
1669 - Louis Marchand, French organist and harpsichordist (d. 1732)
1677 - Jean-Baptiste Moran, French composer (d. 1745)
1695 - William Borlase, English naturalist (d. 1772)
1700 - Johann Christoph Gottsched, German philosopher and author (d. 1766)
1754 - Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord, French diplomat and statesman (d. 1838)
1782 - Henri de Rigny, French admiral and statesman (d. 1835)
1803 - Albert Sidney Johnston, American Confederate general (d. 1862)
1812 - Yevhan Hretinka, Ukrainian writer (d. 1848)
1829 - Alfred Brehm, German zoologist (d. 1884)
1842 - Yulian Vasilyevich Sokhotski, Russian mathematician (d. 1927)
1849 - Pavol Orszagh Hviezdoslav, Slovakian poet, dramatist and translator (d. 1921)
1851 1900
1852 - José Guadalupe Posada, Mexican artist (d. 1913)
1860 - Curtis Guild, Jr., 43rd Governor of Massachusetts (d. 1915)
1861 - Solomon R. Guggenheim, American art collector and philanthropist (d. 1949)
1872 - Tome de Barros Queiroz, Prime Minister of Portugal (d. 1925)
1873 – Konstantin von Neurath, German diplomat and statesman (d. 1956)
1873 - Leo Fall, Austrian operetta composer (d. 1925)
1875 - Fritz Kreisler, Austrian violinist and composer (d. 1962)
1880 - Frederick Lane, Australian swimmer (d. 1969)
1882 – James Joyce, Irish writer (d. 1941)
1882 - Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark (d. 1944)
1885 - Aldo Palazzeschi, Italian writer (d. 1974)
1885 - Mikhail Frunze, Soviet general (d. 1925)
1887 - Pat Sullivan, Australian cartoonist, animator and movie producer (d. 1933)
1887 – Ernst Hanfstaengl, German pianist and politician (d. 1975)
1890 - Charles Correll, American actor (d. 1972)
1891 – Antonio Segni, Italian politician (d. 1972)
1892 - Tochigayama Moriya, Japanese sumo wrestler (d. 1969)
1892 - Cuno Hoffmeister, German astronomer (d. 1968)
1893 – Cornelius Lanczos, Hungarian mathematician (d. 1974)
1893 – Sukhbaatar Damdin, Mongolian national hero (d. 1924)
1895 - George Halas, American NFL co-founder (d. 1983)
1896 – Kazimierz Kuratowski, Polish mathematician (d. 1980)
1897 - Howard Deering Johnson, American businessman (d. 1972)
1901 1925
1901 - Jascha Heifetz, Russian violinist (d. 1987)
1905 – Ayn Rand, Russian-born writer and philosopher (d. 1982)
1909 - Frank Albertson, American actor (d. 1964)
1912 – Millvina Dean, last Titanic survivor (d. 2009)
1912 - Burton Lane, American composer and songwriter (d. 1997)
1915 - Abba Eban, Israeli politician (d. 2002)
1915 - Khushwant Singh, Indian journalist and author (d. 2014)
1917 - Do Muoi, 5th Prime Minister of Vietnam
1918 – Hella Haasse, Dutch writer (d. 2011)
1918 - Luis Nishizawa, Mexican painter (d. 2014)
1919 - Lisa Della Casa, Swiss operatic soprano (d. 2012)
1923 - Svetozar Gligoric, Serbian chess player (d. 2012)
1923 - Bonita Granville, American actress (d. 1988)
1923 - Red Schoendienst, American baseball player, coach and manager
1923 - Liz Smith, American gossip columnist (d. 2017)
1924 – Elfi von Dassanowsky, Austrian-born producer and musician (d. 2007)
1925 - Elaine Stritch, American actress (d. 2014)
1926 1950
1926 – Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, former President of France (d. 2020)
1926 - Ehsan Naraghi, Iranian sociologist and writer (d. 2012)
1926 - Miguel Obando y Bravo, Nicaraguan cardinal
1927 - Stan Getz, American jazz musician (d. 1991)
1928 – Ciriaco de Mita, Italian politician
1929 – George Band, British mountaineer (d. 2011)
1929 - Vera Chytilova, Czech movie director (d. 2014)
1929 - John Henry Holland, American scientist (d. 2015)
1931 – Walter Burkert, German philologist (d. 2015)
1931 – Les Dawson, British comedian (d. 1993)
1931 – Dries van Agt, former Prime Minister of the Netherlands
1932 - Robert Mandan, American actor
1933 – Than Shwe, Burmese military leader
1934 - Khalil Ullah Khan, Bangladeshi actor (d. 2014)
1935 - Pete Brown, American golfer (d. 2015)
1935 - Evgeni Velikhov, Russian physicist
1936 - Duane Jones, American actor (d. 1988)
1936 - Metin Oktay, Turkish footballer (d. 1991)
1937 - Eric Arturo Delvalle, President of Panama (d. 2015)
1938 - Norman Fowler, English journalist and politician
1939 - Dale Mortensen, American economist (d. 2014)
1940 – David Jason, English actor
1940 - Alan Caddy, English musician
1940 - Thomas M. Disch, American science fiction writer and poet (d. 2008)
1941 - Lee Redmond, former world record holder for the longest finger nails
1942 – Graham Nash, English-American musician
1942 - Jang Sung-taek, North Korean politician (d. 2013)
1944 - Geoffrey Hughes, English actor (d. 2012)
1945 - Robert Atzorn, German actor
1946 - Isaias Afewerki, President of Eritrea
1946 - Alpha Oumar Konaré, former President of Mali
1946 - Blake Clark, American actor
1947 – Farrah Fawcett, American actress (d. 2009)
1948 - Ina Garten, American cookery writer and television presenter
1948 - Al McKay, American guitarist and songwriter
1949 – Duncan Bannatyne, Scottish entrepreneur
1949 - Yasuko Namba, Japanese mountaineer (d. 1996)
1950 - Libby Purves, English journalist and author
1951 1975
1951 - Ken Bruce, Scottish radio presenter
1951 – Valdir Peres, Brazilian footballer
1952 - Park Geunhye, former President of South Korea
1952 - Dave Casper, American football player
1952 - Rick Dufay, American guitarist and songwriter (Aerosmith)
1952 - Carol Ann Susi, American actress (d. 2014)
1954 – Christie Brinkley, American model
1954 – Hansi Hinterseer, Austrian singer and actor
1954 - John Tudor, American baseball player
1955 - Leszek Engelking, Polish poet and author
1955 - Kim Zimmer, American actress
1958 - Fighton Simukonda, Zambian footballer (d. 2016)
1959 - Ildefonso Falcones, Spanish writer
1961 - Lauren Lane, American actress
1961 - Steve Penney, NHL player
1961 - Rinchinnyamyn Amarjargal, former Prime Minister of Mongolia
1962 - Philippe Claudel, French writer and movie director
1962 - Andy Fordham, English darts player
1963 - Kjell Dahlin, Swedish ice hockey player
1963 – Eva Cassidy, American singer (d. 1996)
1963 - Andrej Kiska, President of Slovakia
1963 - Stephen McGann, English actor
1966 - Michael Misick, former Premier of the Turks and Caicos Islands
1967 - Laurent Nkunda, Congolese rebel leader
1968 - Thomas Teige, German martial artist, actor and record holder
1969 - Valeri Karpin, Russian footballer
1970 - Jennifer Westfeldt, American actress and screenwriter
1972 – Dana International, Israeli singer
1972 - Melvin Mora, Venezuelan baseball player
From 1976
1976 - James Hickman, British swimmer
1977 – Shakira, Colombian singer
1977 – Libor Sionko, Czech footballer
1977 - Martin Andresen, Norwegian footballer
1978 – Barry Ferguson, Scottish footballer
1978 - Faye White, English footballer
1978 - Barbara Mori, Uruguayan-Mexican actress
1979 - Shamita Shetty, Indian actress
1979 - Fani Chalkia, Greek athlete
1979 – Christine Bleakley, Northern Irish television presenter
1980 - Teddy Hart, Canadian professional wrestler
1980 - Nina Zilli, Italian singer
1980 - Gavin Newlands, Scottish politician
1981 – Emre Aydin, Turkish singer
1981 - Salem al-Hazmi, Saudi terrorist (d. 2001)
1982 - Han Ga In, South Korean model and actress
1983 – Carolina Klüft, Swedish athlete
1984 - Edgaras Cesnauskas, Lithuanian footballer
1985 - Masoud Azizi, Afghan sprinter
1985 - Silvestre Varela, Portuguese footballer
1985 - Melody Gardot, American jazz singer-songwriter
1986 - Gemma Arterton, English actress
1987 - Anthony Fainga'a, Australian rugby player
1987 - Saia Fainga'a, Australian rugby player
1987 – Giuseppe Rossi, Italian footballer
1987 – Gerard Piqué, Spanish footballer
1987 - Jill Scott, English footballer
1988 - Zosia Mamet, American actress
1989 - Ivan Perisic, Croatian footballer
1990 – Dan Gosling, English footballer
1991 - Nathan Delfouneso, English footballer
1991 - Gregory Mertens, Belgian footballer (d. 2015)
1993 - Ravel Morrison, English footballer
Deaths
Up to 1900
619 - Laurence of Canterbury, English archbishop
1124 - Borivoj II, Duke of Bohemia (b. 1064)
1218 - Konstantin of Rostov, Prince of Novgorod (b. 1186)
1250 – King Eric XI of Sweden (b. 1216)
1294 - Louis II, Duke of Bavaria (b. 1229)
1307 - Oljeitu Temur Khagan, Emperor of the Mongol Empire (b. 1265)
1461 - Owen Tudor, Welsh founder of the Tudor dynasty in England
1512 - Hatuey, Caribbean tribal chief
1529 - Baldassare Castiglione, Italian writer (b. 1478)
1594 – Giovanni Pierluigi de Palestrina, Italian composer (b. 1525)
1660 - Govert Flinck, Dutch painter (b. 1615)
1675 - Ivan Belostenec, Croatian linguist and lexicographer (b. 1594)
1769 – Pope Clement XVI (b. 1693)
1802 - Welbore Ellis, 1st Baron Mendip, British statesman (b. 1713)
1804 - George Walton, American signer of the Declaration of Independence (b. 1749)
1836 - Laetitia Ramolino, mother of Napoleon (b. 1750)
1895 - Archduke Albert, Austrian general (b. 1817)
1901 2000
1904 – William C. Whitney, American financier (b. 1841)
1905 - Henri Germain, French banker and politician (b. 1824)
1907 – Dmitri Mendeleev, Russian chemist (b. 1834)
1909 - Carlo Acton, Italian composer and concert pianist (b. 1829)
1913 - Gustaf de Laval, Swedish engineer (b. 1845)
1925 - Jaap Eden, Dutch skater and cyclist (b. 1873)
1926 – Vladimir Sukhomlinov, Russian general (b. 1848)
1942 - Ado Birk, 3rd Prime Minister of Estonia (b. 1883)
1942 - Daniil Kharms, Russian playwright (b. 1905)
1945 - Alfred Delp, German Resistance activist (b. 1907)
1948 - Bevil Rudd, South African athlete (b. 1894)
1952 - Callistratus of Georgia, Georgian Patriarch (b. 1866)
1956 - Charles Grapewin, American actor (b. 1869)
1956 - Pyotr Konchalovsky, Russian painter (b. 1876)
1961 - Anna May Wong, American actress (b. 1905)
1969 – Boris Karloff, English actor (b. 1887)
1970 – Bertrand Russell, British mathematician and philosopher, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature (b. 1872)
1979 – Sid Vicious, English musician (b. 1957)
1980 – William Howard Stein, American chemist, Nobel Prize winner (b. 1911)
1986 - Gino Hernandez, American wrestler (b. 1957)
1987 – Alistair MacLean, Scottish novelist (b. 1922)
1987 – Carlos José Castilho, Brazilian footballer (b. 1927)
1989 - Ondrej Nepela, Slovakian figure skater (b. 1951)
1989 - Arnold Nordmeyer, New Zealand politician (b. 1901)
1990 - Joe Erskine, Welsh boxer (b. 1934)
1995 – Fred Perry, British tennis player (b. 1909)
1995 – Donald Pleasance, British actor (b. 1919)
1996 – Gene Kelly, American dancer, actor and director (b. 1912)
1997 - Erich Eliskases, Austrian chess player (b. 1913)
1997 - Sanford Meisner, American actor (b. 1904)
1998 - Haroun Tazieff, French volcanologist and geologist (b. 1914)
From 2001
2003 - Lou Harrison, American composer (b. 1917)
2004 - Bernard McEveety, American movie director (b. 1924)
2005 – Max Schmeling, German boxer (b. 1905)
2007 – Filippo Raciti, Italian police officer (b. 1967)
2008 – Joshua Lederberg, American biochemist (b. 1925)
2009 – Paul Birch, British footballer (b. 1960)
2014 - Gerd Albrecht, German conductor (b. 1935)
2014 - Philip Seymour Hoffman, American actor and director (b. 1967)
2014 - Eduardo Coutinho, Brazilian actor, screenwriter and director (b. 1933)
2014 - Bunny Rugs, Jamaican reggae musician (b. 1948)
2015 - Andriy Kuzmenko, Ukrainian singer (b. 1968)
2015 - Anand Shukla, Indian cricketer (b. 1940)
2015 - Stewart Stern, American screenwriter (b. 1922)
2016 - Bob Elliott, American comedian (b. 1923)
2016 - Luiz Felipe Lampreia, Brazilian sociologist and diplomat (b. 1941)
2017 - José Antonio Alonso, Spanish politician (b. 1960)
2017 - Shunichiro Okano, Japanese footballer (b. 1931)
2017 - Jeff Sauer, American ice hockey coach (b. 1943)
2017 - Gordon Aikman, Scottish ALS campaigner (b. 1985)
2017 - Alvin Baldus, American politician (b. 1926)
2017 - Bertram Kostant, American mathematician (b. 1928)
2017 - Max Lüscher, Swiss psychotherapist (b. 1923)
2017 - Miltos Papapostolou, Greek footballer (b. 1935)
2017 - Jeff Sauer, American ice hockey coach (b. 1943)
2018 - Dave Barrett, Canadian politician, 26th Premier of British Columbia (b. 1930)
2018 - Jon Huntsman Sr., American businessman (b. 1937)
2018 - Joseph Polchinski, American theoretical physicist (b. 1954)
2018 - Ole Thestrup, Danish actor (b. 1948)
Holidays
Groundhog Day - United States, said to determine whether winter weather will continue or whether it will get warmer
Candlemas - Western Christianity
Imbolc - Paganism
Inventor's Day - Thailand
World Wetlands Day
Constitution Day - Philippines
Anniversary of the Treaty of Tartu (Estonia)
02-02 |
7790 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow | Rainbow | A rainbow is an arc of colour in the sky that can be seen when the sun shines through falling rain. The pattern of colours, called a spectrum, starts with red on the outside and changes through orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet on the inside. Sometimes a second, larger, dimmer rainbow is seen.
A rainbow is created when white light is bent (refracted) while entering a droplet of water, split into separate colours, and reflected back. A rainbow is actually round like a circle. On the ground, the bottom part is hidden, but in the sky, like from a flying airplane, it can be seen as a circle around the point opposite the Sun.
Rainbows often appear after storms, and are popular symbols for peace in many cultures.
Cause
The rainbow effect can be seen when there are water drops in the air and the sun is giving light at the back of the observer at a low distance up or angle.
Rainbows always appear opposite the Sun: they form circles around the shadow of your head (which is the point opposite the Sun).
While sunlight is white, all white light is actually a blend of many different colours. Water and other materials bend the different colours at different angles, some more strongly than others. This is called dispersion. By splitting up white light into its separate colours, rainbows appear colourful even though the source of light hitting them is white.
The rainbow displays with the deepest effect in our minds take place when:
Half of the sky is still dark with draining clouds; and
The observer is at a place with clear sky above.
Another common place to see the rainbow effect is near waterfalls. Parts of rainbows can be seen some of the time:
at the edges of clouds lit from the back; or
as upright bands of spectrum in far away rain even if it does not fall on the earth.
An unnatural rainbow effect can also be made by spraying drops of water into the air on a sunny day.
The seven colours of the rainbow
The rainbow has no definite number of physical colours, but seven are traditionally listed. Below is a commonly used list of seven colors in the order seen in a rainbow. Computer screens cannot show them precisely but can make colors that look similar. (Each color shows the number codes used to tell a computer how to display the color.)
<ul>
<li style = "background-color: #ff0000;"> Red (Hex: #FF0000) (RGB: 255, 0, 0) </lihtml>
Orange (color wheel Orange) (Hex: #FF7F00) (RGB: 255, 127, 0) /html/background colour
Yellow (web color) (Hex: #FFFF00) (RGB: 255, 255, 0)
Green (X11) (Electric Green) (HTML/CSS “Lime”) (Color wheel green) (Hex: #00FF00) (RGB: 0, 255, 0)
Blue (web color) (Hex: #0000FF) (RGB: 0, 0, 255)
Indigo (Hex: #2E2B5F) (RGB: 46, 43, 95)
Violet (Electric Violet) (Hex: #8B00FF) (RGB: 139, 0, 255)
</ul>
Optics
Weather |
7792 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central%20Intelligence%20Agency | Central Intelligence Agency | The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is part of the US federal government and is located at the George Bush Center for Intelligence in Langley, Virginia. The agency was formed in 1947 after World War II. Many of the people who started the CIA had been in the Office of Strategic Services, the main American spy agency during the war. General John K. Singlaub was one of the people who created the CIA.
The United States has a history in intelligence services dating back to its origins. During the American Revolution, George Washington and other Founding Fathers of the United States such as Benjamin Franklin, Robert Morris, and Patrick Henry used espionage networks.
The Director of the Central Intelligence Agency has been Gina Haspel since April 26, 2018.
The CIA is made up of four groups, which do different things. Its goal is to protect the US people. Many people feel that the CIA does more bad than good. Others people that the CIA does good by finding out secret information about enemies of the United States. Others think those secrets should remain secret. American law makes it illegal for the CIA and other agencies to kill foreign leaders.
In 1992, Saddam Hussein tried to kill US President George H.W. Bush, who used to be director of the CIA, during a visit to Kuwait. The assassination plot failed. In revenge, President Bill Clinton ordered cruise missiles to be fired at the building of the Iraqi equivalent to the CIA. That occurred at night and so only the cleaners were killed, not those who had planned the assassination.
CIA has many clandestine, or secret, operations. Some CIA employees have been killed during their work. Their names are on a CIA memorial with a star for them, but some of the names are still secret. The number of stars is deliberately inaccurate.
The CIA also uses open sources to gather information. Analysts read foreign newspapers and watch foreign news broadcasts to learn information, which can be pieced together to make a conclusion.
The CIA used to report to the President. After the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks in the United States, a reorganization made the CIA and other intelligence agencies report to a Director of National Intelligence.
The CIA has been featured in many television and film productions, including the American television show "The Agency," the American television mini-series "The Company," the film "Spy Game" that stars Robert Redford and Brad Pitt, "Night Flight to Moscow" that stars Yul Brenner, "Scorpio" that stars Burt Lancaster, "Clear and Present Danger" that stars Harrison Ford; "Ice Station Zebra," and several James Bond films that featured the CIA agent Felix Leiter.
References
Other websites
Central Intelligence Agency website
United States intelligence agencies |
7794 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975 | 1975 | 1975 (MCMLXXV) was .
Events
January 28 – George Lucas creates the second draft of what would eventually become Star Wars. At this time, the title of the story was Adventures of the Starkiller, Episode One of The Star Wars.
March – Production begins on Star Wars
March 26 – The movie version of The Who's Tommy premiers in London
July – In order to create the necessary special effects for his movie, Star Wars, George Lucas forms Industrial Light and Magic.
July 5 – Arthur Ashe becomes the first black man to win Wimbledon singles tennis title.
September 5 – Lynette "Squeaky" Fromme attempts to shoot President Gerald Ford, but is stopped.
September 22 – US President Gerald Ford survives another assassination attempt, this time by Sara Jane Moore.
October 11 – Saturday Night Live airs for the first time.
November 10 – The SS Edmund Fitzgerald sinks.
November 11 – Australian Prime Minister Gough Whitlam sacked by Governor-General Sir John Kerr.
November 20 – Spanish fascist dictator Francisco Franco dies at the age of 82.
Jaws becomes the first movie to ever gross US$100 million in North America, setting the standard for future blockbusters.
The Vietnam War ends.
Births
January 8 – Tift Merritt, American singer and songwriter
January 17 – CoCo Lee, Chinese singer
February 4 – Natalie Imbruglia, Australian singer and actress
February 22 – Drew Barrymore, American actress
March 15 – Eva Longoria, American actress
March 27 – Fergie, American singer (Black Eyed Peas)
April 6 – Zach Braff, American actor, director, and screenwriter
April 14 – Anderson Silva, Brazilian martial artist
April 26 – Joey Jordison, American musician (Slipknot)
May 2 – David Beckham, English football player
May 2 – Dorothy M. Metcalf-Lindenburger, American astronaut
May 8 – Enrique Iglesias, Spanish singer
May 10 – Hélio Castroneves, Brazilian racecar driver
May 27 – Jamie Oliver, English celebrity chef
June 4 – Russell Brand, English comedian and actor
June 4 – Angelina Jolie, American actress
June 8 – Shilpa Shetty, Indian actress and model
June 30 – Ralf Schumacher, German racing driver
June 30 – Rami Shaaban, Swedish footballer
July 6 – 50 Cent, American rapper
July 9 – Shelton Benjamin, American wrestler
July 9 – Jack White, American actor and musician
July 11 – Lil' Kim, American rapper
July 17 – Terence Tao, Australian mathematician
August 7 – Charlize Theron, South African actress
August 22 – Rodrigo Santoro, Brazilian actor
September 17 – Constantine Maroulis, American singer
September 20 – Juan Pablo Montoya, Colombian NASCAR driver
September 22 – Ole Petter Andreassen, Norwegian musician
September 30 – Wopke Hoekstra, Dutch politician
October 5 – Kate Winslet, English actress
October 9 – Sean Lennon, American musician
October 10 – Rumiko Takahashi, Japanese manga artist
October 14 – Floyd Landis, American cyclist
November 22 – Aiko, Japanese singer
December 5 – Ronnie O'Sullivan, English snooker player
December 6 – Andrea Agnelli, Italian businessman
December 17 – Milla Jovovich, Ukrainian-American model and actress
December 27 – Heather O'Rourke, American actress (d. 1988)
December 30 – Scott Chipperfield, Australian footballer
December 30 – Tiger Woods, American golfer
Deaths
April 23 – Peter Ham, Welsh singer and songwriter (b. 1947)
April 23 – William Hartnell, English actor (b. 1908)
May 28 – Ezzard Charles, American boxer (b. 1921)
May 28 – Lung Chien, Chinese movie srceenwriter and director (b. 1916)
August 9 – Dmitri Shostakovich, Russian composer (b. 1906)
August 15 – Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, Bengali (b. 1922)
August 15 – Sheikh Fazilatunnesa Mujib, Bengali Mother of the Nation (b. 1930)
August 27 – Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia (b. 1892)
October 29 – Éamon de Valera, Irish politician (b. 1882)
November 3 - Tajuddin Ahmed, Bangladeshi politician (b. 1925)
November 3 - Syed Nazrul Islam, Bangladeshi politician (b. 1925)
November 20 – Francisco Franco, Spanish dictator (b. 1892)
November 21 – Gunnar Gunnarsson, Icelandic writer (b. 1889)
Movies released
Dog Day Afternoon
Jaws
Monty Python and the Holy Grail
One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest
''The Apple Dumpling Gang
Hit songs
"At 17"-Janis Ian
"Bad Time" – Grand Funk Railroad
"Ballroom Blitz" – Sweet
"Blitzkrieg Bop"- The Ramones
"Born To Run" – Bruce Springsteen
"Calypso" – John Denver
"Cut The Cake" – Average White Band
"Feelings" – Morris Albert
"Free Bird" – Lynyrd Skynyrd
"Get Down Tonight" – K.C. and the Sunshine Band
"Hey You" – Bachman Turner Overdrive
"Holy Roller" – Nazareth
"How Sweet It Is" – James Taylor
"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do" – ABBA
"The Late Show" – Jackson Browne
"Lyin' Eyes" – The Eagles
"No No Song" – Ringo Starr
"Rock and Roll All Night" – Kiss
"Roll On Down The Highway" – Bachman Turner Overdrive
"Saturday Night Special" – Lynyrd Skynyrd
"Shame, Shame, Shame" – Shirley and Company
"SOS" – ABBA
"Sweet Emotion" – Aerosmith
"Trampled Underfoot" – Led Zeppelin
"When Will I Be Loved" – Linda Ronstadt
"Who Loves You" – The Four Seasons
"Why Can't We Be Friends" – War
"You Are So Beautiful" – Joe Cocker |
7795 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/July%2016 | July 16 |
Events
Up to 1950
622 – Start of the Islamic calendar.
1212 - The Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa marks a turning point of the Spanish Reconquista over the Moors.
1377 – King Richard II of England is crowned.
1661 - The first banknotes in Europe are issued in Sweden.
1683 - Manchu Qing Dynasty naval forces under traitorous commander Shi Lang defeat the Kingdom of Tungning in the Battle of Penghu near the Pescadores Islands.
1769 - Father Junipero Serra founds California's first mission, which becomes the city of San Diego.
1790 – The District of Columbia is established as the capital of the US.
1809 - La Paz, Bolivia, declares independence from Spain.
1861 - American Civil War: Under orders from Abraham Lincoln, Union troops begin a 25-mile march into Virginia for what will become the First Battle of the Bull Run.
1862 - American Civil War: David Farragut is promoted to rear admiral.
1931 – Haile Selassie signs the first Ethiopian Constitution.
1935 – A 6.5 magnitude earthquake hits Taiwan, killing around 2,700 people.
1935 – The first parking meter is installed in Oklahoma City.
1945 – Soviet leader Joseph Stalin, US President Harry S. Truman and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill meet in Potsdam to discuss the future of a defeated Germany after World War II.
1945 – First atomic bomb test occurs at Alamagordo, New Mexico.
1950 – 1950 FIFA World Cup: Uruguay wins the FIFA World Cup for the second time, with a 2-1 win over the host nation Brazil in the final, with Alcides Ghiggia scoring the winning goal. In Brazil, the event is remembered as the "Maracanazo", and the country went into mourning after the defeat.
From 1951
1951 – The famous novel The Catcher in the Rye by J. D. Salinger is published.
1951 - King Leopold III of Belgium decides to abdicate the throne in favor of his then-20-year-old son, who becomes King Baudouin I of Belgium.
1965 – The Mont Blanc tunnel between France and Italy is opened.
1969 – Apollo 11 launched for the first moon landing.
1979 – Saddam Hussein becomes President of Iraq.
1981 – Mahathir bin Mohamad becomes Prime Minister of Malaysia, serving until October 31, 2003.
1983 - A Sikorsky S-61 helicopter crashes near the Isles of Scilly off the Southwest coast of England, killing 20 people.
1984 – San Ysidro massacre: 21 people are killed and 19 injured in a shooting in a fast food restaurant in San Diego, California. The perpetrator is then killed by police.
1990 – A 7.8 magnitude earthquake hits the Philippine island of Luzon, killing 1,621 people.
1990 - Then-West German Chancellor Helmut Kohl travels to the Soviet Union to meet with Mikhail Gorbachev and discuss German reunification.
1994 – Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 collides with the planet Jupiter.
1999 - John F. Kennedy Jr., piloting a piper Saratoga aircraft, dies when his plane crashes into the Atlantic Ocean near Martha's Vineyard off the US State of Massachusetts. His wife Carolyn Bessette-Kennedy and sister-in-law Lauren Bessette are also killed.
2004 - The Millennium Park architectural project in Chicago is opened by Mayor Richard M. Daley.
2007 – A 6.8 magnitude earthquake strikes near Niigata, Japan, killing 8 people and injuring more than 800.
2008 - 16 young children in Gansu province, China, are diagnosed with kidney stones after being fed tainted milk.
2013 - Around 27 children die and 25 are hospitalized after eating lunch served in their school canteen in Eastern India.
2017 - Tennis: Roger Federer wins a record-breaking 8th Wimbledon men's singles title, defeating Marin Cilic in straight sets.
2017 - Jodie Whittaker is revealed as the first woman to play the role of Doctor Who in the British science fiction television series of the same name.
2018 - US President Donald Trump and Russian President Vladimir Putin meet for talks in Helsinki, Finland.
2019 - Ursula von der Leyen is chosen to succeed Jean-Claude Juncker as President of the European Commission, becoming the first woman to chosen to hold this position.
Births
Up to 1900
1194 – Saint Clare of Assisi, Italian saint (d. 1355).
1486 – Andrea del Sarto, Italian painter (d. 1530).
1611 - Caecilia Renata of Austria (d. 1644).
1661 - Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville, Canadian captain, explorer and politician (d. 1706).
1715 - Charles, Prince of Soubise, French general and statesman (d. 1787).
1722 - Joseph Wilton, English sculptor (d. 1803)
1723 – Joshua Reynolds, English painter (d. 1792).
1731 – Samuel Huntington, American statesman (d. 1796).
1746 – Giuseppe Piazzi, Italian astronomer, mathematician and theologian (d. 1826).
1749 - Cyrus Griffin, American politician (d. 1810).
1769 - Edmund Fanning, American explorer and sea captain (d. 1841).
1796 – Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot, French painter (d. 1875).
1821 – Mary Baker Eddy, American religious leader (d. 1910).
1858 - Eugene Ysaye, Belgian composer and violinist (d. 1931)..
1862 - Ida B. Wells, American journalist and activist (d. 1931).
1872 – Roald Amundsen, Norwegian polar explorer (d. 1928).
1875 - Emil Voigt, American gymnast (d. 1961).
1877 - Vasil Kolarov, Prime Minister of Bulgaria (d. 1950).
1880 - Kathleen Norris, American author (d. 1966).
1883 - Charles Sheeler, American photographer and painter (d. 1965).
1884 – Anna Vyrubova, Russian writer (d. 1964).
1888 – Frits Zernike, Dutch physicist (d. 1966).
1888 – Shoeless Joe Jackson, American baseball player (d. 1951).
1889 - Larry Semon, American actor, director, producer and screenwriter (d. 1928).
1895 - Wilfrid Hamel, Canadian politician, 35th Mayor of Quebec City (d. 1968).
1896 – Trygve Lie, Norwegian diplomat, UN Secretary-General (d. 1968).
1901 1950
1902 - Heo Jong-suk, Korean writer and politician (d. 1991).
1903 - Mary Philbin, American actress (d. 1993).
1904 - Gaffredo Petrassi, Italian composer and conductor (d. 2003).
1906 - Vincent Sherman, American actor, director and screenwriter (d. 2006).
1907 - Orville Redenbacher, American farmer and businessman (d. 1995).
1907 – Barbara Stanwyck, American actress (d. 1990).
1911 – Ginger Rogers, American actress and dancer (d. 1995).
1918 - Müzeyyen Senar, Turkish singer (d. 2015).
1919 – Choi Kyu-ha, President of South Korea (d. 2006).
1919 - Hermine Braunsteiner, Austrian concentration camp overseer (d. 1999).
1924 – Bess Myerson, American beauty queen (d. 2014).
1925 - Frank Jobe, American surgeon (d. 2014).
1926 – Heinz Kwiatkowski, German footballer (d. 2008).
1926 – Alfred Pfaff, German footballer (d. 2008).
1926 – Irwin Rose, American biologist (d. 2015).
1928 - Anita Brookner, English writer (d. 2016).
1928 – Ticho Parly, Danish tenor (d. 1993).
1928 – Andrzej Zawada, Polish mountaineer (d. 2000).
1928 - Dave Treen, American politician, 50th Governor of Louisiana (d. 2009).
1930 - Guy Béart, French singer and songwriter (d. 2015).
1930 - Bert Rechichar, American football player (d. 2019).
1932 - Bill Byrge, American actor and comedian.
1933 - John Baddeley, British diplomat
1934 - George Hilton, Uruguayan-Italian actor (d. 2019).
1935 - Carl Epting Mundy, Jr., American general (d. 2014).
1936 – Yasuo Fukuda, former Prime Minister of Japan.
1936 - Venkataraman Subramanyan, Indian cricketer.
1937 - Richard Bryan, American politician, 25th Governor of Nevada.
1937 - John Daly, English director, producer and screenwriter (d. 2008).
1939 – Corin Redgrave, English actor and political activist (d. 2010).
1939 – Lido Vieri, Italian footballer.
1939 - Mariele Ventre, Italian singer and conductor (d. 1995).
1941 – Desmond Dekker, Jamaican singer (d. 2006).
1941 – Dag Solstad, Norwegian writer and dramatist.
1941 - Hans Wiegel, Dutch politician.
1941 - George Young, English politician.
1942 – Margaret Court, Australian tennis player.
1942 - Frank Field, English politician.
1943 - Patricia Churchland, Canadian philosopher.
1946 - Louise Fréchette, Canadian civil servant and diplomat.
1946 – Toshio Furukawa, Japanese voice actor.
1946 - Richard LeParmentier, American-English actor (d. 2013).
1947 - Alexis Herman, American politician.
1948 – Lars Lagerback, Swedish football coach.
1948 – Pinchas Zukerman, Israeli violinist.
1950 - Dennis Priestley, English darts player.
1951 1975
1951 - Lorraine Chase, English actress and model.
1952 - Stewart Copeland, American drummer.
1952 - Marc Esposito, French director and screenwriter.
1958 – Michael Flatley, American dancer.
1959 - James MacMillan, Scottish composer and conductor.
1959 – Zoran Joleski, Macedonian diplomat, Ambassador to the US.
1960 - Terry Pendleton, American baseball player.
1963 – Phoebe Cates, American actress.
1963 - Norman Cook, English musician (Fatboy Slim).
1964 – Nino Burjanadze, Georgian politician.
1964 - Miguel Indurain, Spanish cyclist.
1965 - Michel Desjoyeaux, French sailor.
1965 - Claude Lemieux, Canadian-American ice hockey player
1965 - Sherri Stoner, American actress and writer.
1966 - Jyrki Lumme, Finnish ice hockey player.
1966 - Mikhail Tatarinov, Russian ice hockey player.
1967 - Jonathan Adams, American actor
1967 – Will Ferrell, American comedian and actor.
1968 – Larry Sanger, American computer scientist, philosopher and co-founder of Wikipedia.
1969 - Jules De Martino, English musician and singer-songwriter.
1969 - Daryl Mitchell, American actor and singer.
1969 - Sahra Wagenknecht, German politician.
1970 – Apichatpong Weerasethakul, Thai movie director.
1971 - Corey Feldman, American actor and singer.
1973 - Shaun Pollock, South African cricketer.
1974 - Ryan McCombs, American singer-songwriter and activist.
1975 - Jamie Oliver, Welsh singer and keyboardist.
From 1976
1976 – Bobby Lashley, American wrestler.
1976 – Carlos Humberto Paredes, Paraguayan footballer.
1976 – Anna Smashnova, Israeli tennis player.
1980 - Adam Scott, Australian golfer.
1982 - André Greipel, German cyclist.
1982 - Steve Hooker, Australian pole vaulter.
1982 - Carli Lloyd, American soccer player.
1982 - Michael Umaña, Costa Rican footballer.
1983 – Duncan Keith, NHL ice hockey defenceman for the Chicago Blackhawks.
1985 - Dejan Jakovic, Croatian-Canadian soccer player
1987 – AnnaLynne McCord, American actress.
1987 - Mousa Dembélé, Belgian footballer.
1988 – Sergio Busquets, Spanish footballer.
1989 – Gareth Bale, Welsh footballer.
1990 - James Maslow, American actor, dancer and singer-songwriter.
1991 - Andros Townsend, English footballer.
1994 – Mark Indelicato, American singer and actor.
1996 - Lucas Hemmings, Australian singer, 5 Seconds of Summer.
Deaths
Up to 1950
1216 – Pope Innocent III (b. 1160/1161).
1324 – Emperor Go-Uda of Japan (b. 1267).
1342 - Charles I of Hungary (b. 1288).
1557 – Anne of Cleves, wife of Henry VIII of England (b. 1515).
1647 - Masaniello, Italian rebel (b. 1622).
1664 - Andreas Gryphius, German poet and playwright (b. 1616).
1747 - Giuseppe Crespi, Italian painter (b. 1655).
1764 – Tsar Ivan VI of Russia (b. 1740).
1882 – Mary Todd Lincoln, First Lady of the United States (b. 1818).
1896 - Edmond de Gontcourt, French critic and publisher (b. 1822).
1916 – Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov, Russian biologist, won the 1908 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1845).
1917 - Philipp Scharwenka, German composer and educator (b. 1847).
1943 – Helga Deen, German Holocaust victim (b. 1925).
1947 – Raoul Wallenberg, Swedish diplomat (disappeared on this date) (b. 1912).
1951 2010
1953 – Hilaire Belloc, British writer (b. 1870).
1976 – Carmelo Soria, Spanish diplomat (b. 1921).
1979 - Alfred Deller, English singer (b. 1912).
1982 – Charles Robberts Swart, South African politician (b. 1894).
1985 – Heinrich Böll, German writer (b. 1917).
1989 – Herbert von Karajan, Austrian conductor (b. 1908).
1994 - Julian Schwinger, American physicist (b. 1918).
1995 - Stephen Spender, British poet (b. 1909).
1996 - John Panozzo, American drummer (Styx) (b. 1948).
1999 – John F. Kennedy Jr., American publisher (b. 1960).
1999 – Carolyn Bessette-Kennedy, wife of John F. Kennedy Jr. (b. 1966).
2001 – Morris, Belgian cartoonist (b. 1923).
2003 – Celia Cruz, Cuban singer (b. 1924).
2003 – Carol Shields, Canadian writer (b. 1935).
2004 - George Busbee, American politician, 77th Governor of Georgia (b. 1927)
2005 - Camillo Felgen, Luxembourg singer-songwriter and radio host (b. 1920)
2010 - James Gammon, American actor (b. 1940).
From 2011
2012 - Stephen Covey, American author (b. 1932).
2012 - Jon Lord, English musician (Deep Purple) (b. 1941).
2012 - Kitty Wells, American singer (b. 1919).
2014 - Szymon Szurmiej, Polish actor and director (b. 1923).
2014 - Johnny Winter, American musician (b. 1944).
2014 - Heinz Zemanek, Austrian computer pioneer (b. 1920).
2014 - Karl Albrecht, German businessman (b. 1930).
2015 - Alcides Ghiggia, Uruguayan footballer (b. 1926).
2015 - Alan Kupperberg, American comic artist (b. 1953).
2015 - Muhammad Youssef Abdulazeez, Kuwaiti shooting suspect (b. 1991)
2015 - Jack Goody, British social anthropologist (b. 1919)
2016 - Robert Burren Morgan, American politician (b. 1925)
2016 - Nate Thurmond, American basketball player (b. 1941)
2016 - Kazimieras Uoka, Lithuanian politician (b. 1951)
2017 - Trevor Baxter, British actor (b. 1932)
2017 - George A. Romero, American-Canadian film director and producer (b. 1940)
2017 - Wilfried, Austrian singer-songwriter and actor (b. 1950)
2018 - Gabriel Caruana, Maltese artist (b. 1929)
2019 - Ernie Broglio, American baseball player (b. 1935)
2019 - Johnny Clegg, South African musician (b. 1953)
2019 - Raja Dhale, Indian writer and political activist (b. 1940)
2019 - Chung Doo-un, South Korean politician (b. 1957)
2019 - Howard Engel, Canadian writer (b. 1931)
2019 - John Paul Stevens, United States Supreme Court justice (b. 1920)
Observances
Engineer's Day (Honduras)
Holocaust Memorial Day (France)
Days of the year |
7796 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Dolby | Thomas Dolby | Thomas Dolby (born Thomas Morgan Robertson; 14 October 1958) is a British musican and computer designer. He is probably most famous for his 1982 hit, "She Blinded me with Science".
He married actress Kathleen Beller in 1988. The couple have three children together.
Discography
Singles
A Track did not chart in North America until 1983, after the success of "She Blinded Me With Science".
Albums
Studio albums
EPs
References
English musicians
Living people
1958 births
New wave musicians
Warner Bros. Records artists |
7798 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismic%20retrofit | Seismic retrofit | Seismic retrofitting is the modification of buildings that already exist to make them resistant to earthquakes. Seismic retrofitting techniques can be applied to other kinds of natural disasters such as tornadoes and strong winds from thunderstorms.
Seismic retrofit performance objectives
Main levels of retrofitted building structure performance objectives may vary, namely:
To protect human lives.
To protect a structure from total failure.
To preserve a structure's functionality after a strong earthquake.
To make a structure, practically, unaffected by any earthquake.
References
Earthquake engineering |
7802 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company%20%28disambiguation%29 | Company (disambiguation) | The word company has several meanings:
company, the people who own or manage a business
- in the military, a company is usually three groups called platoons along with the people who support them
- in the navy, a ship's company is everyone on a certain ship.
Basic English 850 words |
7803 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1890 | 1890 |
Births
March 3 – Norman Bethune
May 19 - Ho Chi Minh leader of Viet Nam
August 24 – Duke Kahanamoku, American athlete
October 14 – Dwight D. Eisenhower
December 5 – Fritz Lang, Austrian movie director
Deaths
April 11 – Joseph Merrick, English man who was known as the 'Elephant Man'
Events
January 15 – Premiere of Tchaikovsky's ballet The Sleeping Beauty
Unknown date
The Pennsylvania School for the Deaf is built in the city of Philadelphia. |
7805 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio%20de%20Janeiro | Rio de Janeiro | Rio de Janeiro is the second largest city in Brazil. It is the capital of the state of Rio de Janeiro. Until April 21, 1960 it was the capital city of Brazil. According to the 2000 Census, the city had 5,473,909 people, and an area of over 1,000 km2. In 2008 Eduardo Paes became Mayor. The city was started in 1565.
Copacabana Beach, Ipanema Beach, Sugar Loaf Mountain (in Portuguese, Pão de Açúcar), the statue of Christ the Redeemer (in Portuguese, Cristo Redentor), a harbor on Guanabara Bay, and Tom Jobim Airport are in Rio de Janeiro. It has much commerce and many industries, especially textiles, food, chemicals, and metallurgy. Most of these industries are in the northern and western suburbs of the city. Rio de Janeiro also has a small rural area, near the suburb of Campo Grande, where fruits and vegetables are grown.
Other cities near Rio de Janeiro, like Duque de Caxias, Nova Iguaçu, Queimados and São Gonçalo, that form the Metropolitan Region of Rio de Janeiro, also have a lot of industries and population.
The city is 420 kilometers (about 261 miles) away from São Paulo, the biggest city in South America. The cities of Rio and São Paulo are linked by the Presidente Dutra Highway (also known as Via Dutra). The region crossed by the Presidente Dutra Highway has been an important industrial zone since the 1950s.
In the city of Rio de Janeiro lies Tijuca National Park, created in 1961. This park contains some 33 km2, between the northern and the southern parts of the city. The district (in Portuguese, bairro) of Santa Tereza can be reached by taking an electric tram (in Portuguese, bonde) from central Rio de Janeiro (near Largo da Carioca subway station), crossing over the Arcos da Lapa, an aqueduct built during the colonial period to provide water to the city.
The city hosted the Summer Olympic Games in 2016.
Sister cities
Warsaw, Poland
References
Other websites
Virtual photo tour through Rio de Janeiro and neighbourhood with www.riodejaneirophotoguide.com
Prefeitura da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro's City Hall. Includes statistical information about the city, about Carnival, and municipal laws.
Rio de Janeiro at Wikivoyage
Capital of Brazil
Former national capitals
Capitals of Brazilian states
1565 establishments
16th-century establishments in Brazil
1560s establishments in South America |
7817 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew%20Jackson | Andrew Jackson | Andrew Jackson (March 15, 1767 – June 8, 1845) became a General in the War of 1812 and was considered to be a war hero. He became the seventh president of the United States of America. He was the first Democrat and is on the twenty dollar bill. His nickname was "Old Hickory". He forced many Native Americans to leave their homeland so white people could live there, and many died. This was called the Trail of Tears.
Early life
As a boy Andrew Jackson was a messenger for the Continental Army. The British caught him and mistreated him.
He was the first U.S. president who was not born into a rich family. He was not a rich man and did not have a college education. He moved to Tennessee and became a politician.
Marriage
In 1791, he fell in love with Rachel Donelson Robards. They went through a marriage ceremony. However, the marriage was not legal because she had not been granted a divorce from her first husband. Therefore, they married legally three years later. They had no children, but they adopted several. He became rich and owned a large plantation.
Politics
In the 1790s Jackson was a member of the United States House of Representatives, the United States Senate, and the Supreme Court of Tennessee. In the 1800s he commanded the Tennessee Militia and fought Indians. During the War of 1812 he became a general and won the Battle of New Orleans which made him very famous. In 1823 he returned to the Senate.
Andrew Jackson reorganized the Democratic Party and was its leader.
In 1828, he defeated John Quincy Adams in the Presidential Election of 1828, he became president on March 4, 1829, and four years later he was re-elected to a second term as president. In 1832 South Carolina declared secession from the United States. Jackson threatened war, and then compromised.
In January 1835, Jackson was almost assassinated when an unemployed painter wanted to shoot him but both his guns jammed. He is the first president to have had an attempted assassination.
During his presidency, he signed the Indian Removal Act which allowed the U.S. government to violently force the Native Americans to move from their land and go west. Many Native Americans were killed and the path they walked to get to the west was called the Trail of Tears.
Andrew Jackson was against the national bank of the United States because he felt that banks and their banknotes were for rich and powerful people and did not serve the interests of the common man. The national bank expired during Jackson's presidency. Jackson chose not to continue the bank.
On March 4, 1837, Andrew Jackson finished his second term. After that, vice-president Martin Van Buren was elected president and continued many of the things Jackson did. Jackson was a big influence on other Democrats during the 1800s.
Legacy
Jackson's legacy among historians is mixed. Some have liked him because he was against aristocrats, bankers, businessmen, the British Empire, cities, and paper money, and in favor of ordinary country people. Some have disliked him for the same reasons and because he was in favor of war and slavery, and against Indians.
References
Other websites
Jackson's White House biography
1767 births
1845 deaths
Deaths from tuberculosis
Deaths from heart failure
US Democratic Party politicians
Presidents of the United States
United States senators from Tennessee
United States representatives from Tennessee
Politicians from South Carolina
Military people from Tennessee
19th-century American politicians
18th-century American politicians |
7820 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pillow | Pillow | A pillow is a soft cushion that a person puts under their head when they are sleeping in a bed.
A pillow is made from two pieces of cloth that are sewn together and stuffed with a soft material, such as feathers, duck down, or synthetic batting (man made soft stuffing). Pillows are usually rectangular. Pillows are covered with a fabric sheet called a pillowcase. The pillowcase protects the pillow from getting dirty.
Home |
7821 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whaler | Whaler | A whaler is a person who hunts whales, or the boat they use.
They hunt whales for their oil, made from their fat, called blubber, and the meat. Today, there is a treaty which bans the hunt of some whale species. Most countries signed the treaty. A few countries still hunt whales for research purposes. Among those countries are Norway, Iceland and Japan.
Related pages
Whaling
Boats
Occupations |
7823 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crayon | Crayon | Crayons are writing tools made with colored wax, water, and citric acid or chalk. Young children often use them to draw. Some adult artists use them too. They melt at a low temperature so they can be used in crayon-drip art. One very well-known brand of crayons is Crayola, a company by Binney and Smith.
Other websites
Art
Writing tools |
7824 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-defence | Self-defence | Self-defence means fighting off something or another person to protect yourself and maybe others. Ways of self-defence include martial arts or using a weapon. Sometimes, self-defense can cause serious harm to the other person. In most nations, you cannot be prosecuted for this harm. In the United States, an act of self-defence can only count as self-defence if the victim is in a situation that can cause them serious injury or death. In international law all persons have the right to self-defence.
References
Other websites
No Nonsense Self Defense - Reliable information for dangerous situations Articles by Marc MacYoung
Survival skills |
7825 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/March%2022 | March 22 |
Events
Up to 1900
238 – Gordian I and his son Gordian II are proclaimed Roman emperors.
1508 - Ferdinand II of Aragon commissions Amerigo Vespucci chief navigator of the Spanish Empire.
1621 – The Pilgrims of Plymouth Colony sign a peace treaty with Massasoit of the Wampanoags.
1622 – Jamestown massacre: Algonquian Native Americans kill 347 English settlers around Jamestown, Virginia, a third of the colony's population.
1630 – Massachusetts Bay Colony outlaws the possession of cards, dice, and gaming tables.
1638 – Anne Hutchinson is expelled from Massachusetts Bay Colony for religious dissent.
1713 - The Tuscacora War comes to an end with the fall of Fort Neoheroka, effectively opening up the interior of North Carolina to European colonization.
1739 - Nadir Shah occupies Delhi and sacks the city, stealing the jewels of the Peacock Throne.
1765 – The British Parliament passes the Stamp Act, the first direct tax levied from England on the American colonies.
1784 - The Emerald Buddha is moved with great ceremony to its current location in Wat Phra Kaew, Thailand.
1809 – Charles XIII succeeds Gustav IV Adolf to the Swedish throne.
1829 - The three protecting powers (United Kingdom, France, Russia) create the borders of Greece.
1849 - The Austrians defeat the Piedmontese at the Battle of Novara.
1871 – In North Carolina, William Woods Holden becomes the first governor of a U.S. state to be removed from office by impeachment.
1872 - Illinois becomes the first US state to require Sexual Equality in employment.
1873 - A law is approved by the Spanish National Assembly in Puerto Rico to abolish slavery.
1884 - Ecuador introduces the Sucre as its national currency.
1888 – The Football League is formed.
1894 – The first playoff game for the Stanley Cup starts.
1895 – First display (a private screening) of movies by Auguste and Louis Lumière.
1901 2000
1906 - The first England v France rugby union game is played at Parc des Princes in Paris.
1912 - The Indian state of Bihar is formed out of the state of Bengal.
1916 - The last Emperor of China, Yuan Shikai, abdicates the throne and the Republic of China is restored.
1920 – Azeri and Turkish army soldiers with participation of Kurdish gangs attacked the Armenian inhabitants of Shushi (Nagorno Karabakh).
1923 - Foster Hewitt makes the first radio broadcast of an ice hockey game.
1933 - US President Franklin Delano Roosevelt signs into law a bill legalizing the sale of beer and wine.
1939 – World War II: Germany takes Memel from Lithuania.
1941 – Washington's Grand Coulee Dam begins to generate electricity.
1942 – World War II: In the Mediterranean Sea, Regia Marina defeats Royal Navy in the Second Battle of Sirte.
1943 - World War II: The entire population of Khatyn, Belarus, is burned alive by German occupation forces.
1944 - World War II: A bombing raid on Frankfurt, Hesse, Germany, kills 1,001 people.
1945 – The Arab League is founded when a charter is adopted in Cairo, Egypt.
1946 - The United Kingdom grants independence to Trans-Jordan.
1954 – Closed since 1939, the London gold market reopens.
1958 – Faisal becomes King of Saudi Arabia.
1960 – Arthur Leonard Schawlow and Charles Townes receive the first patent for a laser.
1963 – Please Please Me becomes the first Beatles album released in the UK.
1965 – Bob Dylan "goes electric," releasing his first album featuring electric instruments, Bringing It All Back Home.
1972 - The United States Congress sends the Equal Rights Amendment to the states for ratification (meaning confirmation).
1975 – A fire at the Brown's Ferry nuclear reactor in Decatur, Alabama, causes dangerous lowering of cooling water levels.
1975 – In Stockholm, Sweden, Teach-In wins the twentieth Eurovision Song Contest for the Netherlands singing "Ding-a-dong."
1978 – Karl Wallenda of the Flying Wallendas dies after falling off a tight-rope between two hotels in San Juan, Puerto Rico.
1980 - Iraq invades Iran
1982 - NASA's Space Shuttle Columbia is launched from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida, on its third mission, STS-3.
1984 – Teachers at the McMartin preschool in Manhattan Beach, California, are charged with Satanic ritual abuse of the children in the school. The charges are later dropped as completely unfounded.
1989 – Fawn Hall, Oliver North's former secretary, begins two days of testimony at North's Iran-Contra trial in Washington.
1992 - USAir Flight 405 crashes shortly after take-off from New York City's LaGuardia Airport, killing 27 people.
1993 – Intel ships the first Pentium chips (80586), featuring a 60 MHz clock speed, 100+ MIPS, and a 64-bit data path.
1995 – Cosmonaut Valeri Polyakov returns after setting a record for 438 days in space.
1997 – Tara Lipinski, age 14 years and 10 months, becomes the youngest champion of the women's world figure skating competition.
1997 - Comet Hale-Bopp has his closest approach to Earth.
From 2001
2003 - Protests take place worldwide against the Iraq War, which began two days earlier.
2005 – Pat Summitt, coach of the University of Tennessee Lady Vols (women's college basketball), becomes the all-time leader in victories for both men's and women's college basketball, getting her 880th win as coach of the team.
2006 - Basque separatist organization ETA announces a permanent ceasefire.
2009 – The Mount Redoubt volcano in Alaska erupts.
2012 - The Government of Mali is toppled in a military coup.
2013 - Over 37 people are killed after a fire destroys a camp containing Burmese refugees near Ban Mae, Thailand.
2013 - American Rock band My Chemical Romance break up.
2014 - Over 251 people are killed when a boat capsizes in Lake Albert in East Africa.
2014 - 2014 Oso mudslide: A massive mudslide in Oso, Washington kills 43 people.
2016 - 2016 Brussels bombings: Bomb attacks strike Brussels' International Airport and the Metro, killing at least 34 people.
2017 - 2017 Westminster attack: An attack by car and knife kills 4 people.
Births
Up to 1900
875 - William I, Duke of Aquitaine (d. 918)
924 - Dinh Bo Linh, first Emperor of Vietnam (d. 979)
1212 - Emperor Go-Horikawa of Japan (d. 1235)
1394 - Ulugh Beg, Timurid astronomer (d. 1449)
1459 – Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1519)
1503 - Antonio Francesco Grazzini, Italian writer (d. 1583)
1517 - Gioseffo Zarlino, Italian music theorist and composer (d. 1590)
1599 – Anthony van Dyck, Flemish painter (d. 1641)
1609 – John II Casimir of Poland (d. 1672)
1720 - Nicolas-Henri Jardin, French architect (d. 1799)
1728 - Anton Raphael Mengs, German painter (d. 1779)
1759 - Hedvig Elisabeth Charlotte of Holstein-Gottorp, Queen of Sweden and Norway (d. 1818)
1785 - Adam Sedgwick, English geologist (d. 1873)
1797 – Wilhelm I of Germany (d. 1888)
1808 - David Swinson Maynard, American frontiersman and physician (d. 1873)
1814 - Thomas Crawford, American sculptor (d. 1857)
1817 – Bahá'u'lláh, Persian prophet of the Bahá'í Faith (d. 1892)
1817 - Braxton Bragg, American Confederate general (d. 1876)
1818 - John Ainsworth Horrocks, English explorer of South Australia (d. 1846)
1837 - Virginia Oldoini, Countess of Castiglione, Italian aristocrat (d. 1899)
1842 - Mykola Lysenko, Ukrainian pianist, composer and conductor (d. 1912)
1852 - Otakar Sevcik, Czech violinist and violin teacher (d. 1934)
1857 – Paul Doumer, President of France (d. 1932)
1860 - Alfred Ploetz, German physician (d. 1940)
1868 – Robert Millikan, American physicist (d. 1953)
1869 – Emilio Aguinaldo, first President of the Philippines (d. 1964)
1878 - Marcel Théato, Luxembourgish-French runner (d. 1919)
1880 - Ernie Quigley, Canadian-American sports official (d. 1960)
1884 - Arthur Vandenberg, United States Senator for Michigan (d. 1961)
1885 - Aryeh Levin, Lithuanian rabbi (d. 1969)
1886 - August Rei, Estonian politician (d. 1963)
1887 – Chico Marx, American comedian and actor (d. 1961)
1890 - Ewald von Kleist-Schmenzin, German lawyer and politician (d. 1945)
1892 - Johannes Semper, Estonian writer, translator and politician (d. 1970)
1896 - He Long, Chinese military leader (d. 1969)
1896 - Joseph Schildkraut, Austrian-born American actor (d. 1964)
1897 - Ferruccio Novo, Italian football manager (d. 1974)
1899 - Ruth Page, American ballet dancer and choreographer (d. 1991)
1901 1950
1902 – Madeleine Milhaud, French actress (d. 2008)
1902 - Johannes Brinkman, Dutch architect (d. 1949)
1907 - Roger Blin, French actor and movie director (d. 1984)
1907 - James M. Gavin, American lieutenant general (d. 1990)
1907 - Lucia Santos, Portuguese nun (d. 2005)
1908 – Louis L'Amour, American writer (d. 1988)
1908 - Jack Crawford, Australian tennis player (d. 1991)
1909 - Nathan Rosen, American-Israeli physicist (d. 1995)
1912 – Karl Malden, American actor (d. 2009)
1912 - Agnes Martin, Canadian-American painter (d. 2004)
1913 – Sabiha Gökçen, Turkish combat pilot (d. 2001)
1913 - Tom McCall, 30th Governor of Oregon (d. 1983)
1913 - Lew Wasserman, American movie studio executive (d. 2002)
1915 - Georgiy Zhzhonov, Russian actor and writer (d. 2005)
1915 - John McConnell, American peace activist and environmentalist (d. 2012)
1917 - Paul Rogers, British stage actor (d. 2013)
1917 – Virginia Grey, American actress (d. 2004)
1917 - Irving Kaplansky, Canadian mathematician, professor, author and musician (d. 2006)
1918 – Cheddi Jagan, President of Guyana (d. 1997)
1919 - R. M. Hare, English philosopher (d. 2002)
1920 - Werner Klemperer, German actor and musician (d. 2000)
1920 - Ross Martin, American actor (d. 1981)
1921 - Nino Manfredi, Italian actor (d. 2004)
1922 - John J. Gilligan, 62nd Governor of Ohio (d. 2013)
1922 - Stewart Stern, American screenwriter (d. 2015)
1923 – Marcel Marceau, French mime artist (d. 2007)
1924 - Paul Fussell, American writer, historian, writer and professor (d. 2012)
1924 - Al Neuharth, American businessman, writer and columnist (d. 2013)
1926 - Franca Falcucci, Italian politician (d. 2014)
1926 - Avo Uvezian, Lebanese-American jazz pianist, songwriter and cigar manufacturer (d. 2017)
1929 - Sergio Cervato, Italian footballer (d. 2005)
1929 - Yayoi Kusama, Japanese artist
1930 - Lynden Pindling, Prime Minister of the Bahamas (d. 2000)
1930 – Pat Robertson, American televangelist
1930 – Stephen Sondheim, American composer and lyricist
1931 – Burton Richter, American physicist
1931 – William Shatner, Canadian actor
1931 - Leslie Thomas, Welsh author (d. 2014)
1932 – Larry Evans, American chess player (d. 2010)
1932 - Els Borst, Dutch politician (d. 2014)
1933 - Michel Hidalgo, French footballer and coach
1933 - Abulhassan Banisadr, former President of Iran
1934 - Bola Ajibola, Nigerian politician and jurist
1934 - Orrin Hatch, United States Senator for Utah
1936 – Roger Whittaker, British singer
1937 - Angelo Badalamenti, American composer
1937 - Armin Hary, German athlete
1940 - Fausto Bertinotti, Italian Communist politician
1941 – Bruno Ganz, Swiss actor
1941 - Cassam Uteem, 2nd President of Mauritius
1942 – Bernd Herzsprung, German actor
1943 - George Benson, American jazz and fusion guitarist and singer
1943 - Keith Relf, English singer-songwriter, guitarist and producer (d. 1976)
1945 - Paul Schockemöhle, German equestrian showjumper
1946 - Don Chaney, American basketball player and coach
1946 - Rudy Rucker, American mathematician and computer scientist
1946 - Harry Vanda, Dutch-Australian singer and musician
1947 - James Patterson, American writer
1948 – Bernard Dietz, German footballer
1948 – Andrew Lloyd Webber, English theatre composer
1948 - Wolf Blitzer, American journalist
1949 - Fanny Ardant, French actress
1949 – John Toshack, Welsh footballer and manager
1949 - Brian Hanrahan, English journalist and broadcaster (d. 2010)
1950 - Jocky Wilson, Scottish darts player (d. 2012)
1950 - Mary Tamm, English actress (d. 2012)
1951 1975
1952 - Des Browne, Scottish politician
1952 - David Jones, Welsh politician
1953 - Vladimir Trofimenko, Russian athlete
1955 – Lena Olin, Swedish actress
1955 - Pete Sessions, American politician
1955 – Valdis Zatlers, former President of Latvia
1956 - Maria Teresa, Cuban-born Grand Duchess of Luxembourg
1958 - Laurie David, American blogger, activist and producer
1958 - Pete Wylie, English singer-songwriter and guitarist
1959 - Matthew Modine, American actor, screenwriter, director and producer
1959 - Zhan Videnov, 45th Prime minister of Bulgaria
1963 – Giuseppe Galderisi, Italian footballer and manager
1965 - John Kordic, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 1992)
1965 – Emma Wray, British actress
1966 - Arron Banks, British businessman and political donor
1966 - Brian Shaw, American basketball player
1966 - Samantha Robson, British actress
1967 - Mario Cipollini, Italian cyclist
1968 - Kazuya Maekawa, Japanese footballer
1968 - Euronymous, Norwegian guitarist and producer (d. 1993)
1969 - Robert Halfon, English politician
1970 - Leontien van Moorsel, Dutch cyclist
1970 - Hwang Young-cho, South Korean marathon runner
1971 - Keegan Michael Key, American actor
1972 – Shawn Bradley, American basketball player
1972 – Elvis Stojko, Canadian figure skater
1972 - Cory Lidle, American baseball player (d. 2006)
1973 – Beverley Knight, British singer
1974 – Philippe Clement, Belgian footballer
1974 - Marcus Camby, American basketball player
1974 - Kidada Jones, American actress
1975 - Jiri Novak, Czech ice hockey player
1975 - Anne Dudek, American actress
From 1976
1976 – Reese Witherspoon, American actress
1976 - Teun de Nooijer, Dutch field hockey player
1976 - Victoria Atkins, English politician
1977 - John Otto, American musician
1978 - Björn Lind, Swedish cross-country skier
1981 - Mirel Radoi, Romanian footballer
1984 – Piotr Trochowski, German footballer
1985 – Mayola Biboko, Belgian footballer
1985 – Jakob Fuglsang, Danish cyclist
1988 – Tania Raymonde, American actress
1989 - Eva Pereira, Cape Verdean middle-distance runner
1989 - Ruben Popa, Romanian footballer
1990 - Lisa Mitchell, Australian singer-songwriter
1992 - Jessie Andrews, American pornographic actress
1994 - Kolohe Andino, American surfer
1997 - Harry Wilson, Welsh footballer
1998 - Paola Andino, American actress
1999 - Mick Schumacher, German racing driver
Deaths
Up to 1900
1081 - Boleslaw the Generous, King of Poland (b. 1042)
1322 - Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster (b. 1278)
1418 - Dietrich of Nieheim, German bishop and historian (b. 1345)
1421 - Thomas of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Clarence (b. 1388)
1471 - George Podebrady, King of Bohemia (b. 1420)
1544 - Johannes Magnus, last Roman Catholic Archbishop in Sweden (b. 1488)
1602 – Agostino Carracci, Italian composer (b. 1557)
1685 – Emperor Go-Sai of Japan (b. 1638)
1687 – Jean Baptiste Lully, Italian-French composer (b. 1632)
1772 - John Canton, English physicist (b. 1718)
1820 - Stephen Decatur, American naval officer (b. 1779)
1832 – Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, German writer (b. 1749)
1840 - Etienne Bobillier, French mathematician (b. 1798)
1844 - William Carroll, Governor of Tennessee (b. 1788)
1851 - Isaac Hill, Governor of New Hampshire (b. 1789)
1863 - Opothleyahola, principal Native American chief of the Creek Nation (b. 1796)
1896 - Thomas Hughes, English novelist (b. 1822)
1901 2000
1913 - Sung Chiao-jen, Chinese nationalist leader (b. 1882)
1914 - Theodor Borrer, Swiss aviation pioneer (b. 1894)
1917 - Yi-junyong, one of the Korean Joseon Dynasty's politicians (b. 1870)
1942 - Frederick Cuming, English cricketer (b. 1875)
1942 - William Donne, English cricketer (b. 1875)
1946 - Clemens August Graf von Galen, German Resistance activist (b. 1878)
1952 - Uncle Dave Macon, American musician (b. 1870)
1955 - Ivan Subasic, Croatian-Yugoslavian politician (b. 1892)
1958 – Mike Todd, American movie producer (b. 1909)
1960 - Jose Antonio Aguirre, Basque politician (b. 1904)
1977 - A.K. Gopalan, Indian Communist leader (b. 1904)
1978 – Karl Wallenda, German acrobat (b. 1905)
1987 – Odysseas Angelis, Greek military officer (b. 1912)
1993 – Steve Olin, American baseball player (b. 1965)
1994 – Walter Lantz, American cartoonist (b. 1900)
1994 - Dan Hartman, American singer, songwriter and record producer (b. 1950)
1996 - Robert F. Overmyer, American test pilot and astronaut (b. 1936)
1996 - Billy Williamson, American musician (b. 1925)
2000 - Carlo Parola, Italian footballer (b. 1921)
From 2001
2001 – Sabiha Gökçen, Turkish combat pilot (b. 1913)
2001 – William Hanna, American animator and studio founder (b. 1910)
2002 - Rudolf Baumgartner, Swiss conductor and violinist (b. 1917)
2004 – Ahmed Yassin, Palestinian co-founder of Hamas (b. 1936)
2006 - Lawrence Stephen, Nauruan politician (b. 1939)
2009 – Jade Goody, British television personality (b. 1981)
2010 – Valentina Tolkunova, Russian singer (b. 1946)
2010 – James W. Black, Scottish Nobel Prize-winning doctor and medical researcher (b. 1924)
2012 - Mohammed Merah, French Islamic Jihadist and spree killer (b. 1988), shot after siege
2013 - Bebo Valdés, Cuban pianist, bandleader and composer (b. 1918)
2014 - Mickey Duff, Polish-born British boxing trainer and promoter (b. 1929)
2014 - Patrice Wymore, American actress (b. 1926)
2014 - Yashwant Vithoba Chittal, Indian author (b. 1928)
2014 - Yngve A. A. Larsson, Swedish medicine professor and diabetologist (b. 1917)
2014 - Riina Gerretz, Estonian pianist (b. 1939)
2015 - Arkady Arkanov, Russian writer and satirist (b. 1933)
2015 - Norman Scribner, American choral conductor (b. 1936)
2016 - Rob Ford, Canadian politician, former Mayor of Toronto (b. 1969)
2016 - Rita Gam, American actress (b. 1927)
2016 - Richard Bradford, American actor (b. 1934)
2016 - Glen Dawson, American rock climber and mountaineer (b. 1912)
2016 - Phife Dawg, American rap musician (b. 1970)
2016 - Santiago J. Erevia, American soldier (b. 1945)
2017 - Dallas Green, American baseball player and manager (b. 1934)
2017 - Sib Hashian, American drummer (b. 1949)
2017 - Joanne Kyger, American poet (b. 1934)
2017 - Sven-Erik Magnusson, Swedish singer (b. 1942)
2017 - Ronnie Moran, English footballer and manager (b. 1934)
2017 - Khalid Masood, English terrorist (b. 1964)
2017 - Tomas Milian, Cuban-born Italian actor (b. 1933)
2017 - Lembit Ulfsak, Estonian actor (b. 1947)
2017 - Pete Hamilton, American racecar driver (b. 1942)
2017 - Marilyn McCord Adams, American philosopher and priest (b. 1943)
2017 - Piroska Oszoli, Hungarian painter (b. 1919)
2018 - Dick Gamble, Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1929)
2018 - René Houseman, Argentine footballer (b. 1953)
2018 - Wayne Huizenga, American businessman and entrepreneur (b. 1937)
2018 - Dariush Shayegan, Iranian philosopher and cultural theorist (b. 1935)
Observances
World Day for Water
Emancipation Day (Puerto Rico)
Earliest date on which Easter can fall, last in 1818, next in 2285 (April 25 is latest Easter date)
Day of the People's Party (Laos)
Days of the year |
7826 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/May%2024 | May 24 |
Events
Up to 1900
1218 - The Fifth Crusade leaves Acre, in present-day Israel, for Egypt.
1276 - Magnus Ladulas is crowned King of Sweden in Uppsala Cathedral.
1487 - 10-year-old Lambert Simnel is crowned in Christ Church Cathedral in Dublin, Ireland, with the name Edward VI, in a bid to threaten the reign of King Henry VII of England.
1595 - The Nomenclator of Leiden University Library in the Netherlands appears, the first printed catalog of an institutional library.
1607 - 100 English settlers leave for Jamestown, Virginia.
1621 – The Protestant Union is formally dissolved.
1626 – Peter Minuit buys Manhattan.
1667 - The French Royal Army crosses the border into the then-Spanish Netherlands, starting the War of Devolution opposing France to the Spanish Empire and the Triple Alliance.
1689 – The English Parliament passes the Act of Toleration, protecting Protestants, with Roman Catholics intentionally excluded.
1738 – John Wesley is converted, establishing the Methodist Movement.
1798 – The Irish Rebellion of 1798 against British rule begins.
1813 - Simon Bolivar enters Mérida, Venezuela.
1819 – Queen Victoria is born at Kensington Palace in London. At the time of her birth, she is not expected to become Queen.
1822 – The Battle of Pichincha in Ecuador: Antonio José de Sucre secures the independence of the Presidency of Quito.
1830 – Mary had a Little Lamb by Sarah Josepha Hale is published.
1832 - The first Kingdom of Greece is declared at the London Conference.
1844 – Samuel Morse sends the message What hath God wrought to inaugurate the first telegraph line.
1846 – Mexican-American War: Zachary Taylor captures Monterrey.
1856 - John Brown and his men kill five slavery supporters at Pottawatomie Creek, Kansas.
1861 – American Civil War: Union troops occupy Alexandria, Virginia.
1883 – The Brooklyn Bridge in New York City is opened.
1895 - Henry Irving becomes the first person from the theatre to be knighted.
1900 – Second Boer War: The United Kingdom annexes the Orange Free State.
1901 2000
1901 – The Caerphilly pit disaster in South Wales kills 78 miners.
1913 - Princess Victoria Louise of Prussia marries Prince Ernest Augustus of Hanover.
1915 – World War I: Italy declares war on Austria-Hungary.
1921 - In the US, the trial of Sacco and Vanzetti begins.
1930 – Amy Johnson lands in Darwin, Northern Territory, becoming the first Woman to fly solo from England to Australia.
1935 – In Cincinnati, Ohio the first night game in Major League Baseball is held.
1940 – Igor Sikorsky performs the first successful single-rotor helicopter flight.
1941 – World War II: In the Battle of the Atlantic, the German battleship Bismarck sinks the Royal Navy's HMS Hood, killing all but three of the sailors on board.
1944 - Iceland, then-still under the Danish crown, holds a referendum on its future status, with 97% of voters choosing to become a republic, which is declared on June 17.
1950 – The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan is proclaimed.
1956 – The first Eurovision Song Contest is held in Lugano, Switzerland. It is won by Switzerland's Lys Assia.
1958 - United Press International is formed.
1960 - The Cordon Caulle volcano in Chile erupts, two days after the strongest-ever measured earthquake struck the area.
1962 – The rocket Mercury Atlas 7 is launched by NASA.
1963 - United States Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy meets with author James Baldwin in an unsuccessful attempt at improving race relations.
1964 - After the Peru national football team had a goal against the Argentina national football team disallowed, in Lima, a mass panic breaks out, killing 328 people.
1967 – Egypt imposes a blockade and siege of Israel's Red Sea coast.
1968 - Front de la Libération de Québec separatists bomb the US Consulate in Quebec City.
1970 - Drilling of the Kola Superdeep Borehole begins in the northwest of the Soviet Union, now northwest Russia, near the border with Finland.
1976 - The London to Washington, DC Concorde service begins.
1981 – President of Ecuador Jaime Roldos Aguilera is killed in an aircraft accident, along with his wife and Presidential Committee.
1992 – The last Thai dictator, General Suchinda Kraprayoon, resigns following pro-Democracy protests.
1992 - Thomas Klestil is elected to replace Kurt Waldheim as President of Austria.
1993 – Eritrea becomes independent from Ethiopia.
1994 - Four men are convicted of the 1993 World Trade Center bombing, and sentenced to 240 years each in prison.
1999 - The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia in The Hague, Netherlands, indicts Slobodan Milosevic and four others for war crimes and crimes against humanity in Kosovo.
2000 – Israeli troops withdraw from southern Lebanon, following a 22-year occupation.
From 2001
2001 – 15-year-old Sherpa Temba Tsheri reaches the top of Mount Everest.
2001 – The Versailles wedding hall disaster in Jerusalem kills 23 people.
2002 – Russia and the United States sign the Moscow Treaty.
2003 – Sertab Erener, representing Turkey, wins the 48th Eurovision Song Contest in Riga, Latvia. In the same competition, the United Kingdom, represented by Jemini, finishes with 0 points for the first time.
2004 – North Korea bans mobile phones.
2008 – Dima Bilan, representing Russia, wins the 53rd Eurovision Song Contest in Belgrade, Serbia.
2014 - Three people are shot dead at a Jewish Centre in Brussels, Belgium.
2014 - For the first time, the UEFA Champions League final is contested by two teams from the same city. In Lisbon, Real Madrid defeat Atlético Madrid 4-1 in extra time.
2015 - Andrzej Duda is elected President of Poland.
2017 - Taiwan's highest court rules in favour of same-sex marriage.
2019 - Taiwan's same-sex marriage law enters into effect, making it the first legalisation of same-sex marriage in Asia.
2019 - Theresa May announces her intention to resign as Conservative Party leader and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, with her successor to be chosen before the end of July.
Births
Up to 1900
15 BC – Germanicus, Roman general (d. 19 AD)
1084 – King David I of Scotland (d. 1153)
1494 – Pontormo, Italian painter (d. 1557)
1522 – John Jewel, Bishop of Salisbury (d. 1571)
1544 - William Gilbert, English astronomer and philosopher (d. 1603)
1671 – Gian Gastone de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (d. 1737)
1686 – Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit, Dutch scientist (d. 1736)
1743 – Jean-Paul Marat, French revolutionary (d. 1793)
1751 – Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia (d. 1819)
1759 – Wilhelm Friedrich Ernst Bach, German composer (d. 1845)
1803 - Alexander von Nordmann, Finnish biologist (d. 1866)
1810 – Charles Clark, 24th Governor of Mississippi (d. 1877)
1810 – Abraham Geiger, German rabbi and scholar (d. 1874)
1816 – Emanuel Leutze, German painter (d. 1868)
1819 – Queen Victoria of Great Britain and Ireland (d. 1901)
1821 – Juan Bautista Topete, Spanish admiral and politician, Prime Minister of Spain (d. 1885)
1830 – Alexei Savrasov, Russian painter (d. 1897)
1836 – Joseph Rowntree, British social reformer (d. 1925)
1851 - Ramón González Valencia, 29th President of Colombia (d. 1928)
1852 – Robert Bontine Cunninghame Graham, Scottish politician, writer, journalist and adventurer (d. 1936)
1854 - John Riley Banister, American lawyer and cowboy (d. 1918)
1855 - Arthur Wing Panero, English actor, director and playwright (d. 1934)
1856 - Andrew Watson, Guyanese-Scottish footballer (d. 1921)
1861 - Gerald Strickland, 4th Prime Minister of Malta and British colonial Governor in Australia (d. 1940)
1870 – Jan Christiaan Smuts, Prime minister of South Africa (d. 1950)
1874 - Princess Marie of Hesse and by Rhine (d. 1878)
1875 - Robert Garrett, American athlete (d. 1961)
1876 - Maurilio Fossati, Archbishop of Turin (d. 1965)
1878 – Lillian Moller Gilbreth, American psychologist and industrial engineer (d. 1972)
1879 - H. B. Reese, American candy maker (d. 1956)
1886 – Paul Paray, French conductor and composer (d. 1979)
1895 - Marcel Janco, Romanian-Israeli artist, writer and architect (d. 1984)
1899 – Kazi Nazrul Islam, Bangladeshi poet (d. 1976)
1899 – Suzanne Lenglen, French tennis player (d. 1938)
1899 - Henri Michaux, French poet (d. 1984)
1900 – Eduardo De Filippo, Italian actor, director and screenwriter (d. 1984)
1901 1950
1901 – José Nasazzi, Uruguayan footballer (d. 1968)
1902 - Sylvia Daoust, Canadian sculptor (d. 2004)
1903 - Milo Burcham, American pilot (d. 1944)
1903 - Wladyslaw Orlicz, Polish mathematician (d. 1990)
1905 – Michail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov, Russian writer (d. 1984)
1910 - Jimmy Demaret, American golfer (d. 1983)
1911 - Ne Win, Burmese officer and politician (d. 2002)
1914 – Lilli Palmer, German actress (d. 1986)
1914 - George Tabori, Hungarian-German writer, screenwriter and dramatist (d. 2007)
1914 - Giuseppe Valdengo, Italian baritone (d. 2007)
1916 - Roden Cutler, Australian diplomat (d. 2002)
1921 - Maria Michi, Italian actress (d. 1980)
1924 - Mike Bongiorno, Italian-American television presenter (d. 2009)
1924 - Aleksander Arulaid, Estonian chess player and engineer (d. 1995)
1925 – Mai Zetterling, Swedish entertainer (d. 1994)
1925 - Carmine Infantino, American illustrator (d. 2013)
1925 - Carlo Annovazzi, Italian footballer (d. 1980)
1926 – Stanley Baxter, Scottish actor
1928 - Adrian Frutiger, Swiss typeface designer (d. 2015)
1928 - Jacobo Zabludovsky, Mexican lawyer and journalist (d. 2015)
1928 - Kurt Weber, Polish cinematographer (d. 2015)
1930 - Matthew Meselson, American geneticist and molecular biologist
1931 - Michael Lonsdale, French actor
1932 – Arnold Wesker, British dramatist (d. 2016)
1933 - Aharon Lichtenstein, French-Israeli rabbi (d. 2015)
1934 – Jane Byrne, 50th Mayor of Chicago (d. 2014)
1936 - Harold Budd, American composer and poet
1937 - Dick Balharry, Scottish conservationist (d. 2015)
1937 – Roger Peterson, American pilot (d. 1959)
1938 - Prince Buster, Jamaican singer-songwriter and producer (d. 2016)
1940 – Joseph Brodsky, Russian poet (d. 1996)
1941 – Bob Dylan, American musician
1942 – Ichiro Ozawa, Japanese politician
1942 - Hannu Mikkola, Finnish rally driver
1942 - Fraser Stoddart, Scottish-American chemist
1944 - Susana Baca, Peruvian singer
1944 – Patti LaBelle, American singer
1945 – Priscilla Presley, American actress and wife of Elvis Presley
1945 - Terry Callier, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2012)
1945 - Driss Jetou, former Prime Minister of Morocco
1946 - Tansu Ciller, former Prime Minister of Turkey
1946 - Irena Szewinska, Polish athlete
1946 - Thomas Nordahl, Swedish footballer
1947 - Waddy Wachtel, American composer, musician, bandleader and producer
1947 - Martin Winterkorn, German businessman
1948 - Richard Dembo, French director and screenwriter
1949 – Jim Broadbent, British actor
1949 - Hubert Birkenmeier, German-American soccer player and coach
1951 1975
1953 – Alfred Molina, British actor
1955 – Rosanne Cash, American musician
1955 - Philippe Lafontaine, Belgian singer-songwriter
1956 - Michael Jackson, Archbishop of Dublin
1956 - Larry Blackmon, American singer-songwriter, musician, producer and actor
1956 - Dominic Grieve, English politician
1957 – Walter Moers, German comic artist and writer
1959 – Pelle Lindbergh, Swedish ice hockey player (d. 1985)
1960 – Guy Fletcher, British musician (Dire Straits)
1960 – Kristin Scott Thomas, British actress
1961 - Alain Lemieux, Canadian ice hockey player
1962 - Massimo Mauro, Italian footballer
1962 - Héctor Camacho, Puerto Rican boxer (d. 2012)
1964 – Liz McColgan, Scottish athlete
1964 – Adrian Moorhouse, English swimmer
1964 – Pat Verbeek, Canadian ice hockey player
1965 - Jens Becker, German musician
1965 - John C. Reilly, American actor, singer, producer and screenwriter
1965 - Shinichiro Watanabe, Japanese director, producer and screenwriter
1966 – Eric Cantona, French footballer and actor
1966 - Ella Guru, American painter and musician
1967 – Heavy D, American rapper (d. 2011)
1967 - Dana Ashbrook, American actor
1967 - Andrey Borodin, Russian economist and businessman
1967 - Eric Close, American actor
1969 – Richard Lochhead, Scottish politician
1969 - Jacob Rees-Mogg, English politician
1972 - Greg Berlanti, American director, producer and screenwriter
1972 - Jim McIntyre, Scottish footballer and coach
1973 – Ruslana, Ukrainian singer
1973 - Jill Johnson, Swedish singer
1973 – Dermot O'Leary, British television presenter
1973 – Vladimir Smicer, Czech footballer
1973 - Shirish Kunder, Indian director, producer and screenwriter
1974 - Magnus Manske, German biochemist and computer programmer
1974 - Masahide Kobayashi, Japanese baseball player
1975 - Marc Gagnon, Canadian speed skater
1975 - Giannis Goumas, Greek footballer
From 1976
1976 – Alessandro Cortini, Italian musician
1976 – Catherine Cox, Australian netball player
1978 - Johan Holmqvist, Swedish ice hockey player
1978 - Jo Joyner, English actress
1978 – Brian Ching, American soccer player
1982 – DaMarcus Beasley, American soccer player
1982 - Roberto Colautti, Argentine-Israeli footballer
1985 - Björgvin Páll Gústavsson, Icelandic handball player
1986 – Jordan Metcalfe, English actor
1987 - Déborah François, Belgian actress
1987 - Fabio Fognini, Italian tennis player
1988 - Artem Anisimov, Russian ice hockey player
1989 – Mohammed Fellah, Norwegian footballer
1989 – Adel Taarabt, Moroccan footballer
1990 - Yuya Matsushita, Japanese singer and actor
1991 – Erika Umeda, Japanese singer
1992 - Rachel Victoria, Canadian actress
1994 - Cayden Boyd, American actor
1994 - Daiya Seto, Japanese swimmer
1995 – Prince Joseph Wenzel of Liechtenstein
2007 - Maru the cat, famous cat and internet celebrity
Deaths
Up to 1900
641 - Constantine III, Eastern Roman Emperor (b. 612)
1153 – David I of Scotland (b. 1084)
1201 - Theobald III, Count of Champagne (b. 1179)
1351 – Abu al-Hasan 'Ali, Sultan of Morocco (b. 1297)
1377 - Algirdas, Grand Duke of Lithuania (b. 1296)
1408 – Taejo of Joseon, ruler of Korea (b. 1335)
1543 – Nicolaus Copernicus, Polish astronomer (b. 1473)
1612 – Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury, English politician (b. 1563)
1734 – Georg Ernst Stahl, German physician and chemist (b. 1660)
1806 - John Campbell, 5th Duke of Argyll, Scottish field marshal (b. 1723)
1848 - Annette von Droste-Huelshoff, German writer and composer (b. 1797)
1861 - Elmer G. Ellsworth, American colonel (b. 1837)
1876 - Georgi Benkovski, Bulgarian revolutionary (b. 1843)
1879 - William Lloyd Garrison, American abolitionist and publisher (b. 1805)
1881 - Samuel Palmer, English painter (b. 1805)
1901 2000
1901 - Charlotte Mary Yonge, English novelist (b. 1823)
1908 – Old Tom Morris, Scottish golfer (b. 1821)
1909 - Georg von Neumayer, German geophysicist and polar scientist (b. 1826)
1919 - Amado Nervo, Mexican poet (b. 1870)
1948 - Jacques Feyder, Belgian director and screenwriter (b. 1885)
1949 - Alkesey Shchusev, Russian architect (b. 1873)
1950 - Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell, British field marshal (b. 1883)
1959 – John Foster Dulles, United States Secretary of State (b. 1888)
1960 - Avraham Arnon, Israeli educator (b. 1887)
1972 - Ismail Yasin, Egyptian actor (b. 1915)
1972 - Asta Nielsen, Danish actress (b. 1881)
1974 – Duke Ellington, American jazz musician (b. 1899)
1979 - Ernest Bullock, English organist, composer and educator (b. 1890)
1981 – Jaime Roldos Aguilera, President of Ecuador (b. 1940)
1984 - Vince McMahon, Sr., American wrestling promoter and businessman (b. 1914)
1991 - Gene Clark, American singer-songwriter and musician (b. 1944)
1992 - Hitoshi Ogawa, Japanese racing driver (b. 1965)
1993 - Juan Jesus Posadas, Mexican cardinal (b. 1926)
1995 – Harold Wilson, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1916)
From 2001
2003 – Rachel Kempson, British actress (b. 1910)
2004 – Edward Wagenknecht, American literary critic (b. 1900)
2005 – Vivian Liberto, first wife of Johnny Cash (b. 1934)
2005 - Eddie Albert, American actor (b. 1906)
2008 – Rob Knox, British actor (b. 1989)
2008 - Jimmy McGriff, American jazz musician and bandleader (b. 1936)
2010 – Paul Gray, American musician (Slipknot) (b. 1972)
2010 – Anneliese Rothenberger, German opera singer (b. 1926)
2013 - Pyotr Todorovsky, Ukrainian-Russian movie director, screenwriter and cinematographer (b. 1925)
2013 - Antonio Puchades, Spanish footballer (b. 1925)
2013 - Ed Shaughnessy, American drummer (b. 1929)
2014 - John Vasconcellos, American politician (b. 1932)
2015 - Marcus Belgrave, American jazz trumpeter (b. 1936)
2015 - Tanith Lee, British writer (b. 1947)
2015 - Bharat Raj Upreti, Nepalese judge (b. 1950)
2016 - Burt Kwouk, Chinese-English actor (b. 1930)
2016 - Lewis Fiander, Australian actor (b. 1938)
2016 - Buck Kartalian, American actor (b. 1922)
2016 - Mell Lazarus, American cartoonist (b. 1927)
2016 - Berend Jan Udink, Dutch politician (b. 1926)
2017 - Ezekiel Anisi, Papua New Guinean politician (b. 1988)
2017 - Juliana Koo, Chinese-American diplomat (b. 1905)
2017 - Jared Martin, American actor (b. 1941)
2017 - Pierre Seron, Belgian comic book artist (b. 1942)
2017 - Denis Johnson, American writer (b. 1949)
2017 - Tom Gilbey, British fashion designer (b. 1938)
2017 - William Duborgh Jensen, Norwegian fashion designer (b. 1935)
2017 - Noel Kinsey, Welsh footballer (b. 1925)
2017 - Sonny West, American actor and stunt performer (b. 1937)
2018 - Cliff Jackson, English footballer (b. 1941)
2018 - Roblimo, American journalist and author (b. 1952)
2018 - TotalBiscuit, British gaming critic and commentator (b. 1984)
2018 - Gudrun Burwitz, German Nazi militant (b. 1929)
2018 - Jerry Maren, American actor (b. 1920)
2019 - Murray Gell-Mann, American physicist (b. 1929)
Observances
Battle of Pichincha Day (Ecuador)
Bermuda Day
Commonwealth Day (Belize)
Independence Day (Eritrea)
Aldersgate Day (Methodism)
National Patriots Day (Quebec)
Days of the year |
7827 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1153 | 1153 |
Deaths
May 24 – King David I of Scotland (born 1084)
July 8 – Pope Eugenius III
August 17 – Eustace IV of Boulogne, son of Stephen of England
August 21 – Bernard of Clairvaux, French churchman (born 1090)
Ranulph de Gernon, 2nd Earl of Chester
Gilbert Fitz Richard de Clare, Earl of Hertford (born 1115)
Anna Comnena, Byzantine princess and historian (born 1083)
Bernard de Tremelay, fourth Grand Master of the Knights Templar, at the siege of Ascalon |
7828 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/January%209 | January 9 |
Events
Up to 1900
475 - Byzantine Emperor Zeno is forced to leave his capital city, Constantinople, and his general, Basiliscus, takes control of the Empire.
681 - Twelfth Council of Toledo: King Erwig of the Visigoths begins a council in which he introduces different measures against Jews in Spain.
1127 - Invading Jurchen soldiers from the Jin Dynasty besiege and sack Bianjing (Kaifeng), capital city of the Song Dynasty in China, abducting Emperor Qinzong of Song and others, ending the Northern Song Dynasty.
1150 - China: Prince Hailing of Jin and other court officials murder Emperor Xizong of Jin. Hailing succeeds him as Emperor.
1317 - King Philip V of France is crowned.
1349 – The Jewish population of Basel, Switzerland, believed by the residents to be the cause of the ongoing bubonic plague, were rounded up and burned to death.
1431 – Judges' investigations for the trial of Joan of Arc begin in Rouen, France, the seat of the English occupation government.
1693 - An earthquake in Sicily kills around 60,000 people.
1768 - In London, Philip Astley stages the first modern circus.
1788 – Connecticut becomes the fifth state to be admitted to the United States.
1793 – Jean-Pierre Blanchard becomes the first person to fly in a balloon in the United States.
1806 - A state funeral is held for Admiral Horatio Nelson at St. Paul's Cathedral in London.
1816 - Humphrey Davy tests his safety lamp for miners at Hebburn Colliery in present-day Tyne and Wear in the Northeast of England.
1822 - Pedro I of Brazil, then a Portuguese prince, decides to stay in Brazil against the orders of King Joao IV of Portugal
1839 - The French Academy of the Sciences announces the Daguerreotype photography process.
1857 - An earthquake estimated at magnitude 7.9 strikes Fort Tejon in California.
1861 – Mississippi becomes the second state to secede from the Union before the outbreak of the American Civil War.
1861 - American Civil War: The "Star of the West" incident occurs in Charleston, South Carolina - sometimes considered by historians to be the "First Shots" of the war.
1863 - American Civil War: The Battle of Fort Hindman begins in Arkansas.
1878 - Umberto I of Italy becomes King.
1880 - The Great Gale of 1880 brings high winds and heavy snow to parts of Oregon and Washington.
1882 – Oscar Wilde gives his first lecture on "The English Renaissance of Art" in New York City.
1894 - The New England Telephone and Telegraph Company installs the first battery-operated telephone switchboard in Lexington, Massachusetts.
1900 - The Rome-based football club S.S. Lazio is founded.
1901 2000
1903 - Hallam Tennyson, 2nd Marquess of Tennyson becomes the second Governor-General of Australia.
1905 – According to the Julian Calendar which was used at the time, Russian workers stage a march on the Winter Palace that ends in the massacre by Tsarist troops known as Bloody Sunday, setting off the Russian Revolution of 1905.
1909 - Ernest Shackleton, leading the Nimrod Expedition, is forced to turn back 180 kilometers (112 miles) from the South Pole, having travelled further south than anyone before him.
1913 - Afonso Augusto da Costa becomes Prime Minister of Portugal.
1914 - Bernardino Machado becomes Prime Minister of Portugal.
1914 - The Phi Beta Sigma fraternity is founded.
1916 - World War I: The Battle of Gallipoli ends in Ottoman Empire victory, after the evacuation of the last Allied forces.
1917 – World War I: the Battle of Rafa occurs near the Egyptian border with Palestine.
1918 - Battle of Bear Valley: Last battle of the American Indian Wars.
1921 - Greco-Turkish War: The First Battle of Inonu, the first battle of the war, begins near Eskisehir, Anatolia.
1923 - Juan de la Cierva makes the first autogyro flight.
1927 - A fire at Laurier Palace movie theatre in Montreal kills 78 children.
1938 - Paul of Greece marries Frederica of Hanover in Athens.
1941 - World War II: First flight of an Avro Lancaster aircraft.
1941 - World War II: The Greek Triton (Y-5) sinks the Italian submarine Neghelli in Otranto.
1942 - Off Menorca, the passenger ship Lamoriciere sinks, killing 301 people.
1945 – The United States invades Luzon in the Philippines.
1951 – The United Nations headquarters opens in New York City.
1954 - The temperature of -65.9 degrees Celsius, the coldest to be measured in Greenland, is recorded by a British expedition.
1957 - Anthony Eden resigns as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom following the Suez Crisis.
1959 - The Vega de Tera reservoir dam breaks in Zamora Province in Spain, killing over 140 people.
1960 - Construction of the Aswan Dam in Egypt begins.
1964 – Several Panamanian youths try to raise the Panamanian flag on the U.S.-controlled Panama Canal Zone. This causes fighting between U.S. military and Panamanian civilians.
1968 – The only known snowfall occurs in Mexico City, additional snow falls on January 10 and 11.
1972 - The ship previously known as the HMS Queen Elizabeth burns in Hong Kong harbor, praobably as an act of arson, and sinks.
1991 – The Soviets storm Vilnius to stop Lithuanian independence.
1992 - The National Assembly of the Serb People in Bosnia and Herzegovina declares the creation of Republika Srpska, a new state within Yugoslavia.
1996 - First Chechen War: Chechen separatists launch a raid against the helicopter airfield and a civilian hospital in the city of Kizlyar in neighbouring Dagestan. It turns into a massive hostage crisis.
From 2001
2004 - An inflatable boat carrying illegal Albanian emigrants stalls near the Karaburun Peninsula while on the way to Brindisi, Italy. Exposure to the poor weather conditions kills 28 people.
2005 – Elections are held to replace Yasser Arafat as head of the Palestine Liberation Organization. Mahmoud Abbas is elected.
2005 - The Sudan People's Liberation Movement and the Government of Sudan sign the Comprehensive Peace Agreement to end the Second Sudanese Civil War.
2006 – The Phantom of the Opera surpasses the record set by Cats for the title of longest running show on Broadway.
2006 – The population of Iceland officially reaches 300,000.
2007 - The first IPhone is revealed by then-Apple Inc. CEO Steve Jobs.
2011 – South Sudan holds a referendum on independence from Sudan. A majority vote in favour of creating a new country, as South Sudan becomes independent six months later.
2011 – Iran Air Flight 227 crashes near Orumiyel, northern Iran, killing 77 people.
2015 - Aftermath of Charlie Hebdo shooting: The two attackers on the French satirical magazine Charlie Hebdo two days earlier are killed following a siege north of Paris, while a gunmen holds several people hostage, killing four, at a Jewish supermarket in Paris, before being killed by police.
2015 - Football: The 2015 AFC Asian Cup in Australia begins with the hosts defeating Kuwait 4-1 in the opening game. It is the first Asian Cup held outside Asia.
2017 - Martin McGuinness resigns as Deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland after a scandal over a renewable heat initiative involving First Minister Arlene Foster had made relations in the power-sharing government difficult.
2018 - Australia's law allowing same-sex marriage enters into force.
2018 - North Korea agrees to send a team to the 2018 Winter Paralympics in Pyeongchang, South Korea after talks between politicians from the two countries.
2018 - Mudslides in southern California kill at least 20 people.
Births
Up to 1900
1475 – Crinitus, Italian humanist (d. 1507)
1554 – Pope Gregory XV (d. 1623)
1589 - Ivan Gundulic, Croatian poet (d. 1638)
1590 - Simon Vouet, French painter (d. 1649)
1624 – Empress Meisho of Japan (d. 1697)
1674 - Reinhard Keiser, German opera composer (d. 1739)
1715 - Robert-François Damiens, attempted assassin of Louis XV of France (d. 1757)
1745 - Caleb Strong, 6th and 10th Governor of Massachusetts (d. 1819)
1753 - Luisa Todi, Portuguese singer (d. 1833)
1757 - John Adair, Governor of Kentucky (d. 1810)
1773 - Cassandra Austen, English painter (d. 1845)
1778 - Hammamizade Ismail Dede Efendi, composer of Turkish classical music (d. 1846)
1797 - Ferdinand von Wrangel, Baltic German naval officer and explorer (d. 1870)
1806 - Augustus Bradford, Governor of Maryland (d. 1881)
1818 - Antoine Samuel Adam-Salomon, French sculptor and photographer (d. 1881)
1819 - James Francis, Premier of Victoria (d. 1884)
1829 - Thomas William Robertson, English playwright (d. 1871)
1829 - Adolf Schlagintweit, German botanist and explorer (d. 1879)
1832 - Felix-Gabriel Marchand, 11th Premier of Quebec (d. 1900)
1835 – Iwasaki Yaturo, Japanese founder of Mitsubishi (d. 1885)
1848 - Princess Frederica of Hanover (d. 1926)
1849 - John Hartley, English tennis player (d. 1935)
1854 – Lady Randolph Churchill, mother of Winston Churchill (d. 1921)
1859 - Carrie Chapman Catt, American activist (d. 1947)
1864 - Vladimir Steklov, Russian mathematician (d. 1926)
1870 – Joseph B. Strauss, American civil engineer (d. 1938)
1872 - Ivar Lykke, Prime Minister of Norway (d. 1949)
1873 - Hayim Nahman Bialik, Ukrainian-Jewish writer and journalist (d. 1934)
1875 - Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney, American socialite (d. 1942)
1881 – Lascelles Abercrombie, British poet and critic (d. 1938)
1881 - Giovanni Papini, Italian writer (d. 1956)
1881 - Josef Ospelt, 1st Prime Minister of Liechtenstein (d. 1962)
1885 - Charles Bacon, American athlete (d. 1968)
1890 - Karel Capek, Czech writer (d. 1938)
1890 – Kurt Tucholsky, German journalist and writer (d. 1935)
1897 - Dwight H. Green, Governor of Illinois (d. 1958)
1897 - Vladimir Paley, Russian poet (d. 1918)
1898 – Gracie Fields, English performer (d. 1979)
1900 – Maria of Romania, Queen Consort of Yugoslavia (d. 1961)
1900 - Richard Haliburton, American adventurer (d. 1939)
1901 1950
1901 – Ishman Bracey, American blues singer and guitarist (d. 1970)
1901 - Chic Young, American cartoonist (d. 1973)
1902 - Saint Josemaria Escriva, Spanish Catholic priest and founder of Opus Dei (d. 1975)
1908 – Simone de Beauvoir, French writer (d. 1986)
1909 – Anthony Mamo, 1st President of Malta (d. 2008)
1911 - Gypsy Rose Lee, American entertainer (d. 1970)
1912 - Ralph Tubbs, British architect (d. 1996)
1913 – Richard Nixon, 37th President of the United States (d. 1994)
1914 - Kenny Clarke, American jazz musician (d. 1985)
1915 - Anita Louise, American actress (d. 1970)
1916 - Fernando Lamas, Argentine actor and movie producer (d. 1982)
1916 - Peter Twinn, French mathematician and entomologist (d. 2004)
1917 - Yngve A. A. Larsson, Swedish medicine professor and diabetologist (d. 2014)
1920 - Hakim Said, Pakistani scholar and politician (d. 1998)
1920 – Clive Dunn, British actor, comedian, and singer (d. 2012)
1921 - Patricia Highsmith, American writer (d. 1995)
1922 – Har Gobind Khorana, Indian biochemist (d. 2011)
1922 – Ahmed Sékou Touré, President of Guinea (d. 1984)
1924 – Sergei Parajanov, Armenian movie director (d. 1990)
1925 - Lee Van Cleef, American actor (d. 1989)
1927 - Rodolfo Walsh, Argentine writer (d. 1977)
1928 - Domenico Modugno, Italian actor, singer and guitarist (d. 1994)
1928 - Judith Krantz, American writer
1929 – Heiner Müller, German dramatist (d. 1995)
1929 - Brian Friel, Irish dramatist and short story writer (d. 2015)
1929 – Dorothea Puente, American serial killer (d. 2011)
1931 - Algis Budrys, Lithuanian-born American science fiction writer (d. 2008)
1932 - Robert P. Casey, Governor of Pennsylvania (d. 2000)
1934 - Mahendra Kapoor, Indian singer (d. 2008)
1935 – Bob Denver, American actor (d. 2005)
1935 - Brian Harradine, Australian politician (d. 2014)
1939 – Susannah York, British actress (d. 2011)
1940 - Ruth Dreifuss, Swiss politician
1941 – Joan Baez, American singer and activist
1941 - Robert D. Putnam, American political scientist
1941 - Gilles Vaillancourt, Canadian politician
1942 - Lee Kun-hee, South Korean businessman
1942 - Keith Wright, Australian politician (d. 2015)
1943 - Freddie Starr, English comedian
1943 - Scott Walker, American singer and musician
1944 – Jimmy Page, British musician and producer (Led Zeppelin)
1944 - Massimiliano Fuksas, Italian architect, poet and painter
1945 – Levon Ter-Petrossian, first President of Armenia
1946 - Mogens Lykketoft, Danish politician
1948 - Bill Cowsill, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2006)
1948 – Cassie Gaines, American singer (Lynyrd Skynyrd) (d. 1977)
1948 - Jan Tomaszewski, Polish footballer and politician
1950 – Rio Reiser, German musician (d. 1996)
1950 - Alec Jeffreys, British geneticist
1951 1975
1951 – Crystal Gayle, American singer
1951 - Michel Barnier, French politician
1952 - Marek Belka, former Prime Minister of Poland
1952 - Michael Capuano, American politician
1953 - Javad Alizadeh, Iranian cartoonist
1953 – Morris Gleitzman, English writer
1953 - Bill Graves, former Governor of Kansas
1954 - Philippa Gregory, English author
1954 - Lance Hoppen, American singer-songwriter and musician (Orleans)
1955 – J. K. Simmons, American actor
1956 – Imelda Staunton, British actress
1957 - Yury Bandazhevsky, Belarusian scientist
1958 - Stephen Neale, British philosopher
1958 – Mehmet Ali Agca, attempted assassin of Pope John Paul II
1959 – Rigoberta Menchu, Guatemalan political activist, Nobel Peace Prize winner
1961 – Al Jean, American television writer
1962 - Matt Bevin, American politician, 42nd Governor of Kentucky
1963 - Michael Everson, American linguist
1964 - Stephen Sackur, British journalist
1965 – Iain Dowie, British footballer and manager
1965 – Haddaway, Trinidadian singer
1965 – Joely Richardson, British actress
1965 - Muggsy Bogues, American basketball player
1965 - Farah Khan, Indian director, actress and choreographer
1966 - Stephen Metcalfe, English politician
1967 – Dave Matthews, Australian singer and musician
1967 – Claudio Caniggia, Argentine footballer
1967 - Gary Teichmann, South African rugby player
1968 - Joey Lauren Adams, American actress
1968 - Catalina Saavedra, Chilean actress
1970 - Lara Fabian, Swiss singer
1971 - Angie Martinez, American rapper, actress and television host
1972 - Sarah Beeny, British television personality
1973 - Angela Bettis, American actress, movie producer and director
1974 - Farhan Akhtar, Indian actor, singer, director and producer
From 1976
1976 - Radek Bonk, Czech ice hockey player
1977 - Viktors Dobrecovs, Latvian footballer
1978 – Gennaro Gattuso, Italian footballer
1978 – AJ McLean, American singer (Backstreet Boys)
1979 - Athanassios Prittas, Greek footballer
1979 - Tomiko Van, Japanese singer
1980 – Sergio Garcia, Spanish golfer
1981 – Euzebiusz Smolarek, Polish footballer
1982 – Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge
1982 - Grétar Steinsson, Icelandic footballer
1985 - Juanfran, Spanish footballer
1986 - Amanda Mynhardt, South African netballer
1987 – Paolo Nutini, Scottish singer-songwriter
1987 - Bradley Davies, Welsh rugby player
1987 - Rhys Priestland, Welsh rugby player
1987 - Anna Tatangelo, Italian singer
1987 - Lucas Leiva, Brazilian footballer
1988 - Marc Crosas, Spanish footballer
1989 - Michael Beasley, American basketball player
1989 - Nina Dobrev, Bulgarian-Canadian actress
1990 - Nam Ji-hyun, South Korean singer and actress
1992 - Terrence Jones, American basketball player
1993 - Ashley Argota, American actress
1993 - Katarina Johnson-Thompson, English athlete
1993 - Aminata Savadogo, Latvian singer and songwriter
1995 - Nicola Peltz, American actress
Unknown year - Fang Bo, Chinese ping-pong player
Deaths
Up to 1900
1150 - Emperor Xizong of Jin (b. 1119)
1282 - Abu 'Ulthman Sa'id ibn Hakam al Qurashi, ruler of Menorca (b. 1204)
1283 - Wen Tianxiang, Chinese politician (b. 1236)
1499 - John Cicero, Elector of Brandenburg (b. 1455)
1514 – Anne, Queen of France (b. 1477)
1562 - Amago Haruhisa, Japanese warlord (b. 1514)
1799 – Maria Gaetana Agnesi, Italian scientist (b. 1718)
1805 - Noble Wimberly Jones, American Continental Congressman (b. 1723)
1848 – Caroline Herschel, German-born astronomer (b. 1750)
1858 – Anson Jones, last President of Texas (b. 1798)
1873 – Napoleon III of France (b. 1808)
1876 – Samuel Gridley Howe, American abolitionist (b. 1801)
1878 – Victor Emmanuel II of Italy (b. 1820)
1901 2000
1908 – Wilhelm Busch, German painter (b. 1832)
1911 - Edwin Arthur Jones, American composer (b. 1853)
1911 - Edvard Rusjan, Slovenian flight pioneer (b. 1886)
1918 - Charles-Emile Reynaud, French scientist and educator (b. 1844)
1923 – Katherine Mansfield, New Zealand writer (b. 1888)
1924 - Ponnambalam Arunachalam, Ceylonese politician (b. 1853)
1927 - Houston Stewart Chamberlain, English-German author (b. 1855)
1936 - John Gilbert, American actor (b. 1899)
1939 - Johann Strauss III, Austrian conductor (b. 1886)
1940 - J. C. W. Beckham, American politician, Governor of Kentucky (b. 1869)
1941 - Dimitrios Golemis, Greek runner (b. 1874)
1944 – Antanas Smetona, President of Lithuania (b. 1874)
1945 - Jüri Uluots, Estonian journalist and politician (b. 1890)
1961 – Emily Greene Balch, American writer, Nobel Peace Prize winner (b. 1867)
1964 - Halide Edip Adivar, Turkish novelist, nationalist and activist (b. 1884)
1975 - Pierre Fresnay, French actor (b. 1897)
1975 - Piotr Novikov, Russian mathematician (b. 1901)
1979 – Pier Luigi Nervi, Italian architect (b. 1891)
1993 - Paul Hasluck, Governor-General of Australia (b. 1905)
1993 - Mario Genta, Italian footballer (b. 1912)
1995 – Souphanouvong, President of Laos (b. 1909)
1997 – Edward Osobka-Morawski, Prime Minister of Poland (b. 1909)
1998 – Kenichi Fukui, Japanese chemist (b. 1916)
1998 - Michael Tippett, English composer (b. 1905)
2000 - Nigel Tranter, Scottish historian and author (b. 1909)
From 2001
2004 - Norberto Bobbio, Italian philosopher (b. 1909)
2005 – Antonín Klimek, Czech historian (b. 1927)
2007 - Jean-Pierre Vernant, French philosopher and historian (b. 1914)
2009 – Dave Dee, British musician (b. 1943)
2009 – René Herms, German athlete (b. 1982)
2010 – Armand Razafindratandra, Malagasy cardinal (b. 1924)
2011 – Peter Yates, British movie director (b. 1929)
2012 – Malam Bacai Sanha, President of Guinea-Bissau (b. 1947)
2012 - Mae Laborde, American actress (b. 1909)
2013 - Rex Trailer, American television host, actor and singer (b. 1928)
2013 - James M. Buchanan, American economist (b. 1919)
2014 - Dale T. Mortensen, American economist (b. 1939)
2014 - Amiri Baraka, American poet (b. 1934)
2014 - Josep Maria Castellet, Catalan writer (b. 1926)
2014 - Lorella De Luca, Italian actress (b. 1940)
2014 - Cliff Carpenter, American actor (b. 1915)
2015 - Jozef Oleksy, Prime Minister of Poland (b. 1946)
2015 - Angelo Anquilletti, Italian footballer (b. 1943)
2015 - Samuel Goldwyn, Jr., American movie producer (b. 1926)
2015 - Frans Molenaar, Dutch fashion designer (b. 1940)
2015 - Robert V. Keeley, American diplomat (b. 1929)
2015 - Roy Tarpley, American basketball player (b. 1964)
2015 - Popsy Dixon, American musician (b. 1942)
2015 - Chuck Locke, American baseball player (b. 1932)
2015 - Michel Jeury, French author (b. 1934)
2015 - Perpetrators of the Charlie Hebdo shooting and related attacks:
Chérif Kouachi, French Islamic Jihadist (b. 1982)
Saïd Kouachi, French Islamic Jihadist (b. 1980)
Amedy Coulibaly, French Islamic Jihadist (b. 1982)
2016 - Maria Teresa de Filippis, Italian racing driver (b. 1926)
2016 - Lawrence H. Cohn, American surgeon (b. 1937)
2016 - Hamada Emam, Egyptian footballer (b. 1947)
2016 - Peter Gavin Hall, Australian mathematician (b. 1951)
2016 - Ed Stewart, English broadcaster (b. 1941)
2016 - Merab Chigoev, South Ossetian politician (b. 1950)
2016 - Umberto Raho, Italian actor (b. 1922)
2016 - Angus Scrimm, American actor (b. 1926)
2016 - Zelimkhan Yaqub, Azerbaijani poet (b. 1950)
2016 - John Harvard, Canadian politician (b. 1938)
2017 - Zygmunt Bauman, Polish-British sociologist (b. 1925)
2017 - Michael Chamberlain, New Zealand-Australian pastor (b. 1944)
2017 - Ulf Dinkelspiel, Swedish politician (b. 1939)
2017 - Ali Shariatmadari, Iranian politician and academic (b. 1923)
2017 - Ugo Crescenzi, Italian politician (b. 1930)
2017 - Bob McCullough, Australian sports administrator
2017 - Warren Allen Smith, American activist and writer (b. 1921)
2017 - Claude Steiner, French-born American psychologist and writer (b. 1935)
2017 - Russell Trood, Australian politician and academic (b. 1948)
2018 - Bob Bailey, American baseball player (b. 1942)
2018 - Tommy Lawrence, Scottish footballer (b. 1940)
2018 - Robert Minlos, Russian mathematician (b. 1931)
2018 - Odvar Nordli, Prime minister of Norway (b. 1927)
2018 - Mario Perniola, Italian philosopher (b. 1941)
2018 - Ted Phillips, English footballer (b. 1933)
2018 - Milton J. Rosenberg, American psychology professor and radio host (b. 1925)
Observances
Martyrs' Day (Panama)
January 09 |
7829 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1913 | 1913 | 1913 (MCMXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar, and a common year starting on a Tuesday in the 13-day slower Julian calendar. It was the 913th year of the 2nd Millennium, 13th year of the 20th Century and the 4th year of the 1910s decade.
Events
First and Second Balkan Wars
Mexican Revolution
March 4 - Woodrow Wilson becomes the 28th President of the United States, succeeding William Howard Taft.
March 12 - Building work begins on the new capital city of Canberra in Australia.
May 29 - Rite of Spring performance in Paris.
July 10 - A temperature of is recorded in Death Valley, California.
October 14 - The Senghenydd colliery disaster in Wales kills 439 people, in the United Kingdom's deadliest mining tragedy.
November 7 to November 11 - The Great Lakes Storm of 1913 kills over 250 people. Nineteen ships are lost.
December 12 - The Mona Lisa is recovered in Florence.
George Herriman's comic strip Krazy Kat is launched in American newspapers
Births
January 9 – Richard Nixon, American politician, 37th President of the United States (d. 1994)
February 4 – Rosa Parks, American civil rights activist (d. 2005)
July 14 – Gerald Ford, American politician, 38th President of the United States (d. 2006)
September 23 – Carl-Henning Pedersen, Danish artist (d. 2007)
November 7 – Albert Camus, French writer (d. 1960)
Begum Mahmooda Salim Khan Pakistani social activist and early political leader (d. 2007)
Deaths
March 10 – Harriet Tubman, American anti-slavery activist (b. 1820)
March 31 – J.P. Morgan, American businessperson (banking) (b. 1837)
April 15 – Gabdulla Tukay, Tatar poet (b. 1886)
September 30 – Rudolf Diesel, German engineer, invented the Diesel engine (b. 1858)
Nobel Prizes
Physiology or Medicine - Charles Robert Richet (French physiologist)
Physics - Heike Kamerlingh Onnes (Netherlands)
Chemistry - Alfred Werner (Switzerland)
Literature - Rabindranath Tagore (India, then-British India)
Peace - Henri La Fontaine (Belgium)
References |
7830 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/May%203 | May 3 |
Events
Up to 1900
1481 - The largest of three earthquakes strikes the Greek island of Rhodes, killing an estimated 30,000 people.
1491 - Kongo monarch Nkuwu Nzinga is baptized by Portuguese missionaries.
1494 – Christopher Columbus arrives in Jamaica, naming the island Santiago.
1715 - A total solar eclipse is visible across Northern Europe and Northern Asia, with totality across southern England being predicted by Edmond Halley to within four minutes of accuracy.
1791 – Poland's first constitution is introduced. May 3 is still celebrated as Constitution Day in Poland, as well as in neighboring Lithuania.
1802 - Washington, DC is incorporated as a city.
1808 – Rebels in Madrid, who rose up on the previous day, against French rule, are executed.
1808 - Finnish War: Sweden loses the fortress of Sveaborg to Russia.
1815 - Neapolitan War: Joachim Murat, King of Naples, is defeated by the Austrians at the Battle of Tolentino, the decisive engagement of the war.
1830 - The Canterbury-Whitstable Railway in Southern England is opened. It is the first steam-hauled passenger railway to issue season tickets and include a tunnel.
1837 - The University of Athens, Greece, is founded.
1849 – The May uprising begins in Dresden.
1855 - The adventurer William Walker departs from San Francisco with around 60 men in an attempt to conquer Nicaragua.
1860 - King Charles XV of Sweden-Norway is crowned.
1867 - Hudson's Bay Company gives up all claims to Vancouver Island.
1887 – Canada's worst mining disaster occurs in Nanaimo, on Vancouver Island. 150 people are killed, and 7 survive.
1901 2000
1901 - The Great Fire of 1901 begins in Jacksonville, Florida.
1909 – Germany introduces driver's licences.
1913 - Raja Harishchandra, the first full-length Indian feature movie, is released, marking the start of the Indian movie industry.
1915 - The poem In Flanders Fields is written by John McCrae.
1916 – In Ireland, the leaders of the Easter Uprising are executed.
1920 - A Bolshevik coup fails in Georgia.
1934 – The French navy introduces Surcouf, which was the largest submarine at the time.
1936 – Joe DiMaggio makes his Major League Baseball debut, for the New York Yankees.
1937 - Margaret Mitchell's novel Gone With the Wind wins the Pulitzer Prize for fiction.
1939 - The All India Forward Bloc is founded by Subhas Chandra Bose.
1945 - World War II: Sinking of the prison ships Cap Arcona, Thielbeck and Deutschland by the Royal Air Force in Lubeck Bay.
1947 – Japan's new post-war constitution goes into effect.
1951 – George VI of the United Kingdom opens the Festival of Britain. London's Royal Festival Hall opens on the same day.
1952 - Lieutenant Colonels Joseph O. Fletcher and William P. Benedict of the US land a plane at the North Pole.
1952 - The Kentucky Derby horse race is shown on television throughout the US for the first time.
1956 - The first World Championships in judo take place in Tokyo.
1960 – In Amsterdam, the Netherlands the Anne Frank House is opened to the public.
1960 - Off-Broadway musical comedy The Fantasticks opens in New York City's Greenwich Village.
1973 – The Sears Tower in Chicago is completed.
1978 - The first Spam email is sent by a Digital Equipment Corporation marketing representative to every ARPANET address on the west coast of the United States.
1979 – Margaret Thatcher is elected Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, becoming the first female British Prime Minister.
1986 – A bomb explodes on an airliner at Colombo's airport in Sri Lanka, killing 21 people, and injuring 41.
1999 - The southwestern portion of Oklahoma City is devastated by a Force-5 tornado, killing 45 people and injuring 665.
From 2001
2001 – For the first time, the United States loses its seat on the United Nations Human Rights Commission.
2002 - A military MiG-21 aircraft crashes into the Bank of Rajasthan, in Northwest India, killing 8 people.
2003 – New Hampshire's Old Man of the Mountain rock feature collapses.
2006 - While landing in Sochi, Southern Russia, an Airbus A320-200 of Armenian airline Armavia crashes into the Black Sea, killing all 113 people on board.
2007 – The Scottish National Party, under Alex Salmond, narrowly wins in the election to the Scottish Parliament.
2007 – Madeleine McCann gets abducted from an apartment in Praia da Luz, Portugal.
2008 – Cyclone Nargis devastates Burma, killing thousands of people, and causing widespread flooding in the Irrawaddy River Delta.
2014 - The Black Forest National Park is officially opened.
2018 - Dust storms in Rajasthan an Uttar Pradesh, India, kill at least 100 people.
2019 - The number of deaths in the South Kivu Ebola outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo is estimated at 1,000, making it the second-deadliest outbreak of the disease.
2019 - Cyclone Fani hits the state of Odisha on the east coast of India.
Births
Up to 1800
612 – Constantine III, Byzantine Emperor (d. 641)
1415 – Cecily Neville, mother of Edward IV and Richard III of England (d. 1495)
1428 - Pedro Gonzalez de Mendoza, Spanish cardinal and statesman (d. 1495)
1446 - Margaret of York (d. 1503)
1455 – King John I of Portugal (d. 1495)
1460 - Raffaele Riario, Italian cardinal and patron of the arts (d. 1521)
1469 – Niccolò Machiavelli, Italian philosopher (d. 1527)
1678 - Amaro Pargo, Spanish pirate (d. 1747)
1695 – Henri Pitot, Italian-born French engineer (d. 1771)
1713 - Alexis Clairaut, French mathematician (d. 1765)
1729 - Florian Leopold Gassmann, German-Bohemian composer (d. 1774)
1761 – August von Kotzebue, German dramatist (d. 1819)
1764 - Princess Elisabeth of France (d. 1794)
1768 - Charles Tennant, Scottish chemist (d. 1838)
1768 - Agustín Eyzaguirre, acting President of Chile (d. 1838)
1773 - Giuseppe Acerbi, Italian naturalist (d. 1846)
1784 - Henry Hubbard, Governor of New Hampshire (d. 1857)
1801 1900
1814 - Adams George Archibald, Canadian lawyer and politician (d. 1892)
1826 – King Charles XV of Sweden (d. 1872)
1841 - Richard D'Oyly Carte, English talent agent, impresario and composer (d. 1901)
1849 – Bertha Benz, German automobile pioneer (d. 1944)
1849 – Bernhard von Buelow, Chancellor of Germany (d. 1929)
1860 – John Scott Haldane, British physiologist (d. 1936)
1860 – Vito Volterra, Italian mathematician and physicist (d. 1940)
1861 - Emmett Dalton, American outlaw (d. 1937)
1870 – Princess Helena Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein (d. 1948)
1872 – Simun av Skardi, Faroese poet and politician (d. 1942)
1873 - Pavlo Skoropadskyi, German-Ukrainian general and politician (d. 1945)
1874 – François Coty, French perfume manufacturer (d. 1934)
1877 – Karl Abraham, German psychoanalyst (d. 1925)
1879 - Fergus McMaster, Australian businessman and soldier, co-founder of Qantas (d. 1950)
1879 - Clyde L. Herring, American politician, 26th Governor of Iowa (d. 1945)
1884 - Willie Reid, Scottish footballer (d. 1966)
1886 – Marcel Dupré, French organist and composer (d. 1971)
1891 – Tadeusz Peiper, Polish poet (d. 1969)
1892 – George Paget Thomson, English physicist (d. 1975)
1893 – Konstantine Gamsakhurdia, Georgian writer (d. 1975)
1895 - Cornelius Van Til, Dutch theologian and philosopher (d. 1987)
1895 - Gabriel Chevallier, French journalist and writer (d. 1969)
1895 - Bettina Encke von Arnim, German painter (d. 1971)
1896 – Dodie Smith, English novelist and playwright (d. 1990)
1898 – Golda Meir, Prime Minister of Israel (d. 1978)
1901 1950
1901 - Gino Cervi, Italian actor (d. 1974)
1901 - Ebbe Schwartz, Danish football official, President of UEFA (d. 1964)
1902 – Alfred Kastler, French physicist (d. 1984)
1903 – Bing Crosby, American singer and actor (d. 1977)
1905 – Werner Fenchel, German mathematician (d. 1988)
1906 – Mary Astor, American actress (d. 1987)
1909 - John A. Notte, Jr., American politician, Governor of Rhode Island (d. 1983)
1910 – Norman Corwin, American radio presenter (d. 2011)
1914 - Georges-Emmanuel Clancier, French poet
1917 – Kiro Gligorov, former President of the Republic of Macedonia (d. 2012)
1919 – Pete Seeger, American musician (d. 2014)
1920 - John Lewis, American jazz pianist, composer and arranger (d. 2001)
1921 – Sugar Ray Robinson, American boxer (d. 1989)
1922 – Len Shackleton, English footballer (d. 2000)
1923 - George Hadjinikos, Greek pianist, conductor, teacher and writer
1924 - Ken Tyrrell, English racing driver (d. 2001)
1926 - Ann B. Davis, American actress (d. 2014)
1927 - Clelio Darida, Italian politician, Mayor of Rome (d. 2017)
1928 - Jacques-Louis Lions, French mathematician (d. 2001)
1928 - Carel Visser, Dutch artist (d. 2015)
1930 - Juan Gelman, Argentine writer and poet (d. 2014)
1931 - Aldo Rossi, Italian architect and designer (d. 1997)
1933 – James Brown, American singer (d. 2006)
1933 – Steven Weinberg, American physicist
1934 – Henry Cooper, British boxer (d. 2011)
1934 - Frankie Valli, American singer
1934 - Georges Moustaki, French singer-songwriter (d. 2013)
1937 – Hans Cieslarczyk, German footballer
1938 - Lindsay Kemp, English actor, dancer and choreographer (d. 2018)
1941 - Nona Gaprindashvili, Georgian chess player
1941 - Edward Malloy, American educator
1942 – Butch Otter, American politician, 32nd Governor of Idaho
1943 - Jim Risch, American lawyer and politician, 31st Governor of Idaho
1945 - Jeffrey C. Hall, American geneticist, 2017 joint-Nobel laureate
1946 – Rabah Saadane, Algerian footballer and coach
1947 - Doug Henning, Canadian magician (d. 2000)
1948 - Peter Oosterhius, English golfer
1949 – Ken Hom, Chinese-American chef
1951 1975
1951 – Jan Bielecki, Polish politician
1951 – Tatyana Tolstaya, Russian writer
1951 - Christopher Cross, American singer-songwriter, musician and producer
1951 - Ashok Gehlot, Indian politician, 21st Chief Minister of Rajasthan
1952 – Chuck Baldwin, American politician, pastor and radio host
1952 - Allan Wells, Scottish runner
1956 – Marc Bellemare, French-Canadian lawyer and politician
1958 – Sandi Toksvig, Danish writer and broadcaster
1959 – Ben Elton, English comedian and writer
1959 - David Ball, English keyboardist and producer (Soft Cell)
1960 - Kathy Smallwood-Cook, English athlete
1961 – Steve McClaren, English football manager
1963 - Mona Siddiqui, Pakistani-born British academic and journalist
1964 - Ron Hextall, Canadian ice hockey player
1964 - Sterling Campbell, American drummer and songwriter
1965 – Rob Brydon, Welsh comedian, actor and presenter
1965 - Ignatius Aphrem I, Syrian patriarch
1965 - Mikhail Prokhorov, Russian multibillionaire and politician
1966 - Darren Morgan, Welsh snooker player
1970 - Bobby Cannavale, American actor
1970 - Suzi Perry, English model, columnist and motor racing presenter
1971 - Douglas Carswell, English politician, first UKIP MP
1972 - Stephen Barclay, English politician
1973 - Rea Garvey, Irish-German singer
1974 – Jukka Hentunen, Finnish ice hockey player
1975 - Christina Hendricks, American actress
From 1976
1976 – Beto, Portuguese footballer
1976 - Alexander Gerst, German geophysicist, volcanologist and astronaut
1977 - Mashima Hiro, Japanese manga artist
1977 - Ben Olsen, American soccer player
1977 - Maryam Mirzakhani, Iranian mathematician (d. 2017)
1978 - Dulé Hill, American actor and tap dancer
1978 – Autumn Phillips, Canadian-born member of the extended British Royal Family
1978 - Paul Banks, English-born musician
1978 - Lawrence Tynes, Scottish American football player
1979 – Simone Hauswald, German biathlete
1979 - Genevieve Nnaji, Nigerian actress and singer
1980 – Jaycee Lee Dugard, American kidnap victim
1981 – Farrah Franklin, American actress and singer
1981 - U-Nee, South Korean singer, dancer and actress (d. 2007)
1981 - Benoit Cheyrou, French footballer
1983 – Márton Fülöp, Hungarian footballer (d. 2014)
1983 – Laava, Brazilian singer
1983 – Joseph Addai, American Football player
1983 - Myriam Fares, Lebanese singer and entertainer
1984 - Cheryl Burke, American dancer
1985 - Ezequiel Lavezzi, Argentine footballer
1985 - Meagan Tandy, American model and actress
1987 - Lina Grincikaite, Lithuanian sprinter
1987 - Joey Montana, Panamanian singer
1989 – Selah Sue, Belgian singer
1990 - Miranda Chartrand, Canadian-English singer
1990 - Brooks Koepka, American golfer
1996 - Alex Iwobi, Nigerian footballer
1996 - Noah Munck, American actor and musician
1996 - Domantas Sabonis, Lithuanian basketball player
Deaths
Up to 1900
1152 - Matilda of Boulogne (b. 1105)
1160 - Peter Lombard, Italian scholar and bishop (b. 1100)
1270 – Bela IV of Hungary (b. 1206)
1294 - John I, Duke of Brabant (b. 1252)
1481 – Mehmed II, Ottoman Sultan (b. 1432)
1598 - Anna Guarini, Italian singer (b. 1563)
1616 – William Shakespeare, English writer and playwright (b. 1564), April 23 in Julian calendar
1704 - Heinrich Ignaz Franz Biber, Bohemian composer (b. 1644)
1724 - John Leverett the Younger, American lawyer, politician and educator (b. 1662)
1752 - Samuel Ogle, English-American politician (b. 1692)
1758 – Pope Benedict XIV (b. 1675)
1764 - Francesco Algarotti, Italian philosopher (b. 1712)
1779 - John Winthrop, American mathematician, physicist and astronomer (b. 1714)
1839 - Ferdinando Paer, Italian composer (b. 1771)
1856 - Adolphe Adam, French composer and critic (b. 1803)
1886 - Alexander Karadordevic, Prince of Serbia (b. 1806)
1901 2000
1910 - John Lourie Beveridge, 17th Governor of Illinois (b. 1824)
1916 – Tom Clarke, Irish nationalist (b. 1858)
1916 – Thomas MacDonagh, Irish nationalist (b. 1878)
1916 – Patrick Pearse, Irish nationalist and poet (b. 1879)
1932 - Charles Fort, American author (b. 1874)
1938 - Percy Funivall, English cyclist (b. 1867)
1939 - Madeleine Desroseaux, French poet and novelist (b. 1873)
1942 – Thorvald Stauning, Prime Minister of Denmark (b. 1873)
1943 - Harry Miller, American engineer (b. 1875)
1948 - Ernst Tandefelt, Finnish nobleman (b. 1876)
1961 - Maurice Merleau-Ponty, French philosopher (b. 1908)
1969 – Zakir Hussain, 3rd President of India (b. 1897)
1970 - Cemil Gürgen Erlertürk, Turkish footballer (b. 1918)
1972 - Emil Breitkreuz, American middle-distance runner (b. 1883)
1972 – Bruce Cabot, American actor (b. 1904)
1976 - Ernie Nevers, American football player (b. 1903)
1987 – Dalida, French singer (b. 1933)
1988 – Lev Semenovich Pontryagin, Russian mathematician (b. 1908)
1989 - Christine Jorgensen, American trans woman (b. 1926)
1991 – Jerzy Kosinski, Polish writer (b. 1933)
1996 – Jack Weston, American actor (b. 1924)
1997 – Narciso Yepes, Spanish guitarist (b. 1927)
From 2001
2002 – Barbara Castle, British politician (b. 1910)
2006 – Karel Appel, Dutch painter (b. 1925)
2006 – Earl Woods, father of Tiger Woods (b. 1932)
2007 – Wally Schirra, American astronaut (b. 1923)
2008 – Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo, Prime Minister of Spain (b. 1926)
2010 – Florencio Campomanes, Filipino chess player and official (b. 1927)
2010 – Guenter Wendt, German-American NASA engineer (b. 1923)
2011 – Jackie Cooper, American actor (b. 1922)
2011 - Robert Brout, Belgian physicist (b. 1928)
2012 – Jorge Illueca, former President of Panama (b. 1918)
2012 – Lloyd Brevett, Jamaican musician (b. 1931)
2013 - Cedric Brooks, Jamaican-American saxophonist (b. 1943)
2014 - Gary Becker, American economist (b. 1930)
2014 - Jim Oberstar, American politician (b. 1934)
2015 - Abdul Wahid Aresar, Pakistani politician (b. 1949)
2015 - Danny Jones, Welsh rugby league player (b. 1986)
2015 - Revaz Chkheidze, Georgian film director (b. 1926)
2015 - Abdul Basit Usman, Filipino fugitive (b. 1974)
2015 - Harry Martin, American judge (b. 1920)
2015 - John Elders, English rugby union player (b. 1930)
2016 - Ian Deans, Scottish-Canadian politician (b. 1937)
2016 - Abel Fernandez, American actor (b. 1930)
2016 - Marianne Gaba, American model and actress (b. 1939)
2016 - Kaname Harada, Japanese World War II flying ace and anti-war activist (b. 1916)
2016 - Karol Machata, Slovakian actor (b. 1928)
2016 - Nicolas Noxon, American filmmaker (b. 1936)
2016 - Janusz Tazbir, Polish historian (b. 1927)
2017 - Mishaal bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, Saudi prince and politician (b. 1926)
2017 - Lukas Ammann, Swiss actor (b. 1912)
2017 - Daliah Lavi, Israeli actress, singer and politician (b. 1942)
2017 - Abbas Abdullahi Sheikh Siraji, Somali politician (b. 1985)
2017 - Yumeji Tsukioka, Japanese actress (b. 1921)
2018 - Doina Cornea, Romanian activist (b. 1929)
2018 - Afonso Dhlakama, Mozambican politician (b. 1953)
2019 - Frits Soetekouw, Dutch footballer (b. 1938)
2019 - Goro Shimura, Japanese mathematician (b. 1930)
Observances
Constitution Day in Poland and Lithuania
Constitution Memorial Day in Japan
World Press Freedom Day
May 03 |
7831 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1469 | 1469 |
Events
March 20 – The Battle of Nibley Green in England is the last battle fought between the private armies of feudal lords.
July 26 – War of the Roses – Battle of Edgecote Moor: the House of Lancaster defeats the House of York.
October 17 – Prince Ferdinand of Aragon weds Princess Isabella of Castile. This event would lead to a unified Spain in 1516.
Sigismund of Austria sells upper-Elsass (Alsace) to the Charles the Bold in exchange for help in a war against the Swiss.
Uzun Hassa wins in Persia and defeats Abu Said.
Lorenzo de' Medici takes power in Florence.
Moctezuma I, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan, dies and is succeeded by Axayacatl.
James III of Scotland acquires Orkney and Shetland Islands from Denmark.
Births
April 15 – Nanak Dev
May 3 – Niccolò Machiavelli
Deaths
December 2 – Piero di Cosimo de' Medici, ruler of Florence (b. 1416)
Moctezuma I, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan |
7835 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodgeball | Dodgeball | Dodgeball is a sport played by throwing soft balls, or hard rubber balls, at people in a square court. The goal is to be the last one to be hit with the ball. Players may only throw balls at people who are not on their own team. If a player is hit by the ball,he or she should go to the outside of the court to the other team. From the outside, players throw the ball at players still on the inside.
Dodgeball is often played in elementary schools in physical education classes. Many school children play this game. In recent years, many adults who played it as children have formed adult leagues and clubs. Also, some schools have banned it (this means that made it against the rules to play it), because players can get hurt when playing the game. Tournaments are sometimes held in schools.
Dodgeball, because of its recent popularity, inspired a film Dodgeball: A True Underdog Story (2004) starring Ben Stiller and Vince Vaughn, and a game show, Extreme Dodgeball.
Team sports |
7836 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local%20area%20network | Local area network | A local area network (LAN) is a computer network in a small area like a home, office, or school. Many computers can be connected to share information and Internet connections. Most LANs use Ethernet to connect together.
Topology
LAN topologies tell you how ROM devices are organised. Five common LAN topologies exist: bus, ring, star, tree, and mesh. These topologies are logical architectures. This means that they tell you the directions that signals go between devices, but that the actual cables that connect the devices might not be connected the same way. For example, logical bus and ring topologies are commonly organized physically as a star.
A bus ROM means that the signal is put onto the medium and every device on the bus receives the signal. If more than one device tries to send a signal at the same time, they can interfere with each other. A long copper wire with other wires tapped into it is an example of a bus topology.
A ring ROM means that each device talks to two other devices in the network and the devices all talk in a circle. If a computer sends data out one of its interfaces, it could get an answer back on the other one. Some rings send traffic in only one direction, other ring networks send traffic in both directions. Token Ring and FDDI are examples of ring topologies.
A star ROM means that one device (the middle of the star) connects to several other devices. The only way devices on the points of the star can talk to each other is through the device in the middle. A ROM is an example of a star topology. Computers on the ROM need to go through the switch to talk to each other.
A tree (or hybrid) topology is named because when you draw a picture of how the devices in this topology are connected, it starts off narrow with few devices at the bottom, then branches out at the top. Large networks are an example of a tree topology. There are switches and servers near the bottom of the tree, then all the user's computers "branch out" at the top of the tree.
A mesh network topology means that every device can talk to every other device, and they will not interfere with each other. You can also have a partial mesh, where some devices do not talk to all of the others. There are not many simple examples of a mesh network. A wireless data network where all of the devices use ROM READING or different frequencies to avoid interfering with each other would be one example.
Computer networking |
7843 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/February%2018 | February 18 |
Events
Up to 1900
1229 - Sixth Crusade: Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor signs a ten-year truce with al-Kamil, regaining Jerusalem, Nazareth and Bethlehem, with neither military engagement nor support from the Pope.
1268 – The Livonian Brothers of the Sword are defeated by Dovmont of Pskov in the Battle of Rakvere.
1332 - Amda Seyon I of Ethiopia begins his campaigns in the southern Muslim provinces.
1478 – George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence is executed in the Tower of London after being convicted of treason against his older brother, King Edward IV of England.
1637 - Eighty Years' War: Off Cornwall, a Spanish fleet intercepts a very important Anglo-Dutch merchant convoy of 44 vessels escorted by 6 warships, destroying or capturing 20 of them.
1745 - Surakarta, Central Java, is founded.
1766 - A mutiny by captive Malagasy begins at sea on the slave ship Meermin, leading to the ship's destruction on Cape Agulhas in present-day South Africa and recapture of the instigators.
1791 - United States Congress passes a law making Vermont a state from March 4.
1814 - Napoleonic Wars: Battle of Montereau.
1861 – Victor Emmanuel II of Savoy assumes the title of King of Italy.
1861 – In Montgomery, Alabama, Jefferson Davis is inaugurated as provisional President of the Confederate States of America.
1865 - American Civil War: Union forces under General William Tecumseh Sherman set the South Carolina State House on fire during the burning of Columbia, South Carolina.
1873 – Bulgarian revolutionary Vasil Levski is executed by hanging in Sofia by the Ottoman authorities.
1885 - The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, by Mark Twain, is published.
1900 – Second Boer War: British forces suffer their worst single-day loss of life of the war on the first day of the Battle of Paardeberg.
1901 2000
1906 - Edouard de Laveleye forms the Belgian Olympic Committee.
1910 – The future-World Governing body for the sport of Skiing is founded in Kristiania, present-day Oslo, in Norway.
1911 - The first airmail flight takes place in what is then British India.
1913 - Pedro Lascurain becomes President of Mexico for 45 minutes. This is the shortest time that a President has ever served in office.
1930 – From photographs taken in January, Clyde Tombaugh discovers the dwarf planet Pluto.
1932 – The Empire of Japan declares Manzhougou (Manchuria) independent of the Republic of China.
1942 - World War II: The Imperial Japanese Army begins the systematic extermination of people in the Chinese community in Singapore that it sees as hostile to its regime.
1943 – Members of the White Rose Resistance Movement are arrested by the Nazis.
1946 - Sailors of the Royal Indian Navy mutiny in Bombay. This action later spreads throughout India.
1947 - First Indochina War: The French gain complete control of Hanoi after forcing the Viet Minh to withdraw to the mountains.
1952 – Greece and Turkey join NATO.
1954 – The first Church of Scientology is established in Los Angeles, California.
1957 – Kenyan rebel leader Dedan Kimathi is executed by the British colonial government.
1960 – The Winter Olympics in Squaw Valley, California, begin.
1963 – The eruption of the Agung volcano on Bali kills around 1,500 people.
1965 – The Gambia becomes independent from the United Kingdom.
1969 - Hawthorne Nevada Airlines Flight 708 crashes into Mount Whitney, California, killing all on board.
1977 – The Space Shuttle Enterprise makes its first flight, on a Boeing 747.
1978 – The first Ironman triathlon takes place on the island of Oahu, Hawaii. It is won by Gordon Haller.
1979 – Snow falls in the Sahara desert of southern Algeria for the only time in recorded history.
1983 – 13 people die in the Wah Mee massacre in Seattle. It is believed to be the worst robbery-motivated killing in US history.
1985 - NBA player Larry Bird barely misses a quadruple-double in a game against the Utah Jazz. He sits out the entire fourth quarter.
1988 – Anthony Kennedy becomes a member of the Supreme Court of the United States.
1991 - The IRA detonates bombs at London's Paddington and Victoria Stations.
2000 - Stjepan Mesic becomes President of Croatia.
From 2001
2001 - Inter-ethnic violence begins in Sampit, Indonesia, between Dayaks and Madurese.
2001 – Dale Earnhardt dies in a crash on the last lap of the last turn on the Daytona 500.
2001 – FBI agent Robert Hanssen is arrested for spying for the Soviet Union.
2003 – Nearly 200 people die in the Daegu subway fire in South Korea.
2004 – Up to 295 people, including around 200 rescue workers, are killed in Iran, when a freight train carrying sulfur, petrol and fertiliser catches fire and explodes.
2005 – A ban on Fox Hunting in the United Kingdom enters effect.
2007 – Terrorist bombings occur on the Samjhauta Express in Panipat, Haryana, India, killing 68 people.
2010 – A coup takes place in Niamey, Niger. President Mamadou Tandja is replaced by a ruling junta, the Supreme Council for the Restoration of Democracy.
2014 - At least 76 people are killed and hundreds are injured in clashes between riot police and demonstrators in Kyiv, Ukraine, during the Euromaidan protests.
Births
Up to 1800
1372 - Iban Hajar al-Asqalani, Egyptian jurist and scholar (d. 1448)
1374 – Saint Jadwiga of Poland, Queen of Poland (d. 1399)
1404 – Leon Battista Alberti, Italian painter and philosopher (d. 1472)
1486 - Chaitanya Mahaprabha, Indian saint (d. 1534)
1516 – Queen Mary I of England (d. 1558)
1530 - Uesugi Kenshin, Japanese daimyo (d. 1578)
1543 - Charles III, Duke of Burgundy (d. 1608)
1609 - Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon, English statesman and historian (d. 1674)
1632 - Giovanni Battista Vitali, Italian composer and violinist (d. 1692)
1635 - Johan Goransson Gyllenstierna, Swedish statesman (d. 1680)
1642 - Marie Champnesle, French actress (d. 1698)
1677 - Jacques Cassini, French astronomer (d. 1756)
1732 – Johann Christian Kittel, German organist, composer and teacher (d. 1809)
1745 – Alessandro Volta, Italian physicist (d. 1827)
1801 1900
1814 - Samuel Fenton Cary, American lawyer and politician (d. 1900)
1817 – Lewis A. Armistead, American Confederate General (d. 1863)
1818 – Pedro Figueredo, Cuban poet, musician and revolutionary (d. 1870)
1832 - Octave Chanute, French-American civil engineer and aviation pioneer (d. 1910)
1836 - Sri Ramakrishna, Indian Bengali Guru (d. 1886)
1838 – Ernst Mach, Austrian physicist (d. 1916)
1846 – Wilson Barrett, English playwright (d. 1904)
1848 – Louis Comfort Tiffany, American glass artist (d. 1933)
1849 – Alexander Kielland, Norwegian writer (d. 1906)
1850 - George Henschel, German-British baritone, conductor and composer (d. 1934)
1854 - Herbert Gladstone, British politician (d. 1930)
1855 - Jean Jules Jusserand, French author and diplomat (d. 1932)
1857 - Max Klinger, German sculptor and painter (d. 1920)
1858 – Princess Louise Marie of Belgium (d. 1924)
1860 – Anders Zorn, Swedish painter (d. 1920)
1875 - Wilhelm Külz, German politician (d. 1948)
1878 - Harriet Bosse, Swedish-Norwegian actress (d. 1961)
1883 - Nikos Kazantzakis, Greek writer (d. 1957)
1885 - Henri Laurens, French sculptor and illustrator (d. 1954)
1890 - Edward Arnold, American actor (d. 1956)
1890 - Adolphe Menjou, American actor (d. 1963)
1892 – Wendell Wilkie, American politician (d. 1944)
1896 - André Breton, French writer (d. 1966)
1897 – Charles Kuentz, German-born French World War I veteran (d. 2005)
1898 – Enzo Ferrari, Italian founder of Ferrari (d. 1988)
1898 – Luis Muñoz Marin, 1st Governor of Puerto Rico (d. 1980)
1899 - Arthur Bryant, British historian (d. 1985)
1901 1950
1901 - Reginald Sheffield, British actor (d. 1957)
1902 - Walter Herbert, German-born conductor and impresario (d. 1975)
1903 – Nikolai Podgorny, Soviet politician (d. 1983)
1906 – Hans Asperger, Austrian physician, after whom Asperger syndrome is named (d. 1980)
1912 - Heinz Kühn, German politician (d. 1992)
1914 - Pee Wee King, American singer-songwriter (d. 2000)
1915 - Phyllis Calvert, English actress (d. 2002)
1916 - Jean Drapeau, 37th Mayor of Montreal (d. 1999)
1919 - Amir Abbas Hoveyda, Prime Minister of Iran (d. 1979)
1919 – Jack Palance, American actor (d. 2006)
1920 – Bill Cullen, American game show host (d. 1990)
1920 – Eddie Slovik, American soldier (d. 1945)
1922 - Helen Gurley Brown, American publisher (d. 2012)
1922 - Joe Tipton, American baseball player (d. 1994)
1922 - Eric Gairy, 1st Prime Minister of Grenada (d. 1997)
1925 - Marcel Barbeau, Canadian painter and sculptor (d. 2016)
1925 - George Kennedy, American actor (d. 2016)
1927 - Richard A. Snelling, two-time Governor of Vermont (d. 1991)
1927 - John Warner, American politician (d. 2021)
1929 - Len Deighton, English author
1929 - Ertem Egilmez, Turkish movie director, producer and screenwriter (d. 1989)
1931 – Toni Morrison, American writer, Nobel Prize winner
1931 - Bob St. Clair, American football player (d. 2015)
1932 – Milos Forman, Czech movie director
1933 – Yoko Ono, Japanese singer and performance artist
1933 – Bobby Robson, English footballer and manager (d. 2009)
1933 - Mary Ure, Scottish actress (d. 1975)
1934 - Paco Rabanne, Spanish fashion designer
1936 - Ab McDonald, Canadian ice hockey player
1938 – Sadanoyama Shinmatsu, Japanese sumo wrestler
1938 – Istvan Szabo, Hungarian movie director
1939 - Marek Janowski, Polish-born conductor
1940 - Prue Leith, South African-English chef and author
1943 - Graeme Garden, Scottish writer, actor and comedian
1944 - Pat Bowlen, American owner of the Denver Broncos football team
1945 - Judy Rankin, American golfer
1946 – Michael Buerk, British newsreader
1946 – Jean-Claude Dreyfus, French actor
1947 – Princess Christina of the Netherlands
1947 - Dennis DeYoung, American musician
1947 - Carlos Lopes, Portuguese athlete
1948 – Sinead Cusack, Irish actress
1949 – Gary Ridgway, American serial killer
1950 - Cristina Ferrare, American model, actress, author and host
1950 - Cybill Shepherd, American actress
1950 – John Hughes, American movie director (d. 2009)
1951 1975
1951 - Komal, last Queen of Nepal
1951 - Isabel Preysler, Filipino-Spanish journalist
1952 - Randy Crawford, American singer
1954 – John Travolta, American actor
1956 – Rüdiger Abramczik, German footballer and manager
1956 - Bidzina Ivanishvili, Georgian politician and businessman
1957
Marita Koch, German athlete
Bruce Rauner, American politician, 42nd Governor of Illinois
Christiane Torloni, Brazilian actress
Vanna White, American actress/game show model (Wheel of Fortune)
1958 - Lucie Visser, Dutch actress and model
1958 - Gar Samuelson, American drummer (d. 1999)
1959 – Hallgrimur Helgason, Icelandic artist and writer
1960 - Greta Scacchi, Australian actress
1960 - Tony Anselmo, American animator
1961 - Hironobu Kageyama, Japanese singer
1961 - Alison Owen, British movie producer
1963 – Anders Frisk, Swedish football referee
1964 – Matt Dillon, American actor
1964 - Paul Hanley, British musician
1965 – Dr. Dre, American record producer and rapper
1967 – Roberto Baggio, Italian footballer
1967 – Colin Jackson, Welsh athlete
1968 - Molly Ringwald, American actress
1969 - Alexander Mogilny, Russian ice hockey player
1969 - Jason Sutter, American drummer
1970 - Susan Egan, American actress
1970 - Raine Maida, Canadian singer-songwriter
1971 - Merritt Gant, American guitarist
1971 - Constnatin Popa, Romanian-Israeli basketball player
1971 - Thomas Bjorn, Danish golfer
1972 - Fabian Picardo, 7th Chief Minister of Gibraltar
1973 – Claude Makélélé, French footballer
1973 - Shawn Estes, American baseball player
1974 – Yevgeny Kafelnikov, Russian tennis player
1975 – Keith Gillespie, Irish footballer
1975 – Gary Neville, English footballer
1975 - Thora Arnorsdottir, Icelandic television presenter and former Presidential candidate
From 1976
1977 – Chrissie Wellington, English tri-athlete
1978 – Josip Simunic, Croatian footballer
1980 - Nikolai Antropov, Kazakhstani ice hockey player
1981 - Andrei Kirilenko, Russian basketball player
1981 - Ivan Sproule, Irish footballer
1982 - Courtney Act, Australian drag queen, singer and entertainer
1982 - Kaspars Cipruss, Latvian basketball player
1983 - Roberta Vinci, Italian tennis player
1983 – Jermaine Jenas, English footballer
1984 - Laurent Vidal, French triathlete (d. 2015)
1985 – Anton Ferdinand, English footballer
1985 - Jos van der Emden, Dutch cyclist
1985 - Song Jae-rim, South Korean actor and model
1985 – Lee Boyd Malvo, Jamaican-American spree killer
1986 - Vika Jigulina, Romanian singer
1986 - Marc Torrejon, Spanish footballer
1988 - Changmin, South Korean singer-songwriter, dancer and actor
1988 – Maiara Walsh, Brazilian-American actress
1990 - Park Shin-hye, South Korean actress, dancer, model and singer
1990 - Kang So-ra, South Korean actress
1991 - Malese Jow, American actress and singer-songwriter
1991 – Henry Surtees, English racing driver (d. 2009)
1992 - Logan Miller, American actor
1995 - Samantha Crawford, American tennis player
Deaths
Up to 1900
814 - Anglibert, Frankish monk and diplomat (b. 760)
901 - Thabit ibn Qurra, Iraqi physician, astronomer and mathematician (b. 826)
999 – Pope Gregory V (b. 972)
1139 - Prince Yaropolk II of Kiev (b. 1082)
1294 – Kublai Khan, Mongol ruler (b. 1215)
1379 - Albert II of Mecklenburg (b. 1318)
1405 – Tamerlane, Mongol ruler (b. 1336)
1455 – Fra Angelico, Italian artist (b. 1395)
1478 – George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence (b. 1449)
1535 - Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa, German magician, astrologer and theologian (b. 1486)
1546 – Martin Luther, German religious reformer (b. 1483)
1564 – Michelangelo, Italian artist and sculptor (b. 1475)
1712 - Louis, duc de Bourgogne, heir to the French throne (b. 1682)
1743 - Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici, last of the Medicis (b. 1667)
1772 - Johann Hartwig Ernst, Count of Bernstorff, Danish statesman (b. 1712)
1780 – Kristijonas Donelaitis, Lithuanian poet (b. 1714)
1834 - William Wirt, United States Attorney General (b. 1772)
1851 – Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi, German mathematician (b. 1804)
1873 – Vasil Levski, Bulgarian revolutionary (b. 1837)
1890 – Gyula Andrassy, Hungarian politician and statesman (b. 1823)
1891 - Henry Hastings Sibley, American politician (b. 1811)
1893 - Serranus Clinton Hastings, American politician (b. 1814)
1895 - Archduke Albrecht, Duke of Teschen (b. 1817)
1899 – Sophus Lie, Norwegian mathematician (b. 1842)
1900 - Clinton L. Merriam, American politician (b. 1824)
1901 2000
1902 – Charles Lewis Tiffany, founder of Tiffany and Co. (b. 1812)
1906 - John Batterson Stetson, American businessman (b. 1830)
1910 - Lucy Stanton, American abolitionist (b. 1831)
1911 - Billy Murdoch, Australian cricketer (b. 1854)
1915 - Harry Ward Leonard, American engineer and inventor (b. 1861)
1931 - Frank C. Emerson, Governor of Wyoming (b. 1882)
1932 - Frederick Augustus III of Saxony (b. 1865)
1933 - James J. Corbett, American boxer (b. 1866)
1937 - Lamartine Griffin Hardman, American politician, Governor of Georgia (b. 1856)
1937 - Grigory Ordzhonikidze, Soviet politician (b. 1886)
1945 - Ivan Chernyakhovsky, Russian general (b. 1906)
1949 - Nicolas Alcala-Zamora, Spanish politician (b. 1877)
1956 - Gustave Charpentier, French composer (b. 1860)
1957 – Dedan Kimathi, Kenyan rebel leader (b. 1920)
1957 - Henry Norris Russell, American astronomer (b. 1877)
1964 - Joseph-Armand Bombardier, Canadian inventor and industrialist (b. 1907)
1966 - Robert Rossen, American screenwriter, movie director and producer (b. 1908)
1967 – Dragisa Cvetkovic, Prime Minister of Yugoslavia (b. 1893)
1967 – J. Robert Oppenheimer, American physicist (b. 1904)
1969 - Dragisa Cvetkovic, 17th Prime Minister of Yugoslavia (b. 1893)
1973 - Frank Costello, Italian-American mob boss (b. 1891)
1977 - Andy Devine, American actor (b. 1905)
1978 - Maggie McNamara, American actress (b. 1928)
1981 – John Knudsen Northrop, American aircraft manufacturer (b. 1895)
1982 - Ngaio Marsh, New Zealand author (b. 1895)
1993 - Jacqueline Hill, British actress (b. 1929)
1995 - Bob Stinson, American guitarist (b. 1959)
From 2001
2001 – Dale Earnhardt, American racing driver (b. 1951)
2001 – Balthus, Polish-French painter (b. 1908)
2003 – Isser Harel, Israeli Mossad leader (b. 1912)
2004 – Jean Rouch, French movie maker and ethnologist (b. 1917)
2008 – Alain Robbe-Grillet, French writer and movie maker (b. 1922)
2009 – Kamila Skolimowska, Polish hammer thrower (b. 1982)
2009 – At-Tayyib Salih, Sudanese writer (b. 1929)
2010 – John Babcock, Canadian World War I veteran (b. 1900)
2010 – Ariel Ramirez, Argentine composer (b. 1921)
2012 – Roald Aas, Norwegian speed skater and cyclist (b. 1928)
2012 – George Brizan, Grenadian politician (b. 1942)
2013 – Jerry Buss, American businessman and owner of the Los Angeles Lakers basketball team (b. 1933)
2013 – Elspet Gray, Scottish actress (b. 1928)
2013 – Otfried Preussler, German writer (b. 1923)
2014 – Nelson Frazier, Jr., American professional wrestler (b. 1971)
2014 – Nikhil Baran Sengupta, Indian art director, producer, designer and actor (b. 1943)
2014 – Malcolm Tierney, British actor (b. 1938)
2014 – Al Greene, American baseball player (b. 1954)
2014 – Kristof Goddaert, Belgian cyclist (b. 1986)
2015 – Cass Ballenger, American politician (b. 1926)
2015 – Claude Criquielion, Belgian cyclist (b. 1957)
2015 – Mark Fischer, American lawyer (b. 1950)
2015 – Jerome Kersey, American basketball player (b. 1962)
2016 – Abdul Rashid Khan, Indian musician (b. 1907)
2016 – Pantelis Pantelidis, Greek singer-songwriter (b. 1983)
2016 – John Reinhardt, American diplomat (b. 1920)
2017 – Omar Abdel-Rahman, Egyptian terrorist (b. 1938)
2017 – Ivan Koloff, Canadian professional wrestler (b. 1942)
2017 – Lawrence F. Snowden, American military officer (b. 1921)
2017 – Pasquale Squitieri, Italian movie director and screenwriter (b. 1938)
2017 – Clive Stubblefield, American drummer (b. 1942)
2017 – Michael Ogio, Governor-General of Papua New Guinea (b. 1942)
2017 – Norma McCorvey, American activist (b. 1947)
2017 – Dan Vickerman, Australian rugby player (b. 1979)
2017 – Richard Schickel, American writer, filmmaker and critic (b. 1933)
2020 – Sreten Stefanović, Serbian Olympic gymnast (b. 1916)
2020 – José Bonaparte, Argentine paleontologist (b. 1928)
Observances
Independence Day (the Gambia)
International Asperger's Day
Days of the year |
7845 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharaoh | Pharaoh | Pharaohs were kings of ancient Egypt. The word comes from the Coptic language word Per-aa, which means "Great House". Pharaohs were believed to be descended from the gods.
The Valley of the Nile had been lived in by early humans for at least 700,000 years. The area has a long history of human civilization, but Egypt as a state begins in about 5660 BC. At this time, the separate kingdoms of Upper and Lower Egypt were united.
People studying Egyptian history have divided the pharaohs into 31 groupings, called dynasties. These dynasties were usually, but not always, based on a related family group. During the long period of the pharaoh's rule over Egypt, there were times when they did not control the whole country. This means that some dynasties only controlled part of the country, and another dynasty ruled another part at the same time. Also there are not complete records, so there are gaps in the lists of pharaohs, and it can be very difficult to list the rulers in chronological order. The origins of the first pharaohs survive only as legends.
Before the union of Upper and Lower Egypt, kings wore crowns of different design, to show which part of Egypt they ruled. The red crown was worn in Lower Egypt. The white crown was worn in Upper Egypt. Later, kings of the whole of ancient Egypt wore a combination of the two crowns, called a Pschent.
When a pharaoh died, their personal treasure was buried with them; not the treasure of the entire kingdom. The pharaohs were buried in large tombs, the largest and most famous were the Pyramids. Many later pharaohs were buried in the Valley of the Kings. Paintings and writings discovered in these tombs have provided much of our knowledge of the pharaohs. New discoveries, such as that in 2014 of a new dynasty ruled by a previously unknown pharaoh, Senebkay, are changing what we know about ancient Egypt. They were mostly men, but there were women such as Cleopatra and Nefertiti. Pharaohs were considered to be half-man and half-god.
The first pharaoh was Narmer, though he did not use the term. The Egyptians believed their pharaoh was the god Horus. Pharaohs had several wives but only one wife was queen.
Related pages
List of pharaohs
Abydos King List
Karnak king list
Palermo Stone
Turin King List
References |
7851 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilligan%27s%20Island | Gilligan's Island | Gilligan's Island is a 1964 American television series. The series is about seven people (two crew members and five tourists) who take a 3-hour sightseeing tour from a marina in Hawaii. This occurs on the boat, S.S. Minnow. An unexpected storm sends the boat to an uncharted island. Now, the passengers of the boat have to live on the island and try to find a way home. Most of the episodes involved the characters trying to survive a problem or trying to contact help.
Castaways
Gilligan (Bob Denver) - Dimwitted sailor; title character; wears trademark hat.
Jonas "The Skipper" Grumby (Alan Hale, Jr.) - The skipper of the boat; calls Gilligan his "little buddy"
Thurston Howell III (Jim Backus) - Eccentric millionaire
"Lovey" Howell (Natalie Shaffer) - Thurston's wife
Ginger Grant (Tina Louise) - A sexy movie actress
Roy "The Professor" Hinkly (Russell Johnson) - High school teacher/inventor
Mary Anne Summers (Dawn Wells) - Kansas farm girl
American sitcoms
1964 television series debuts
1967 television series endings
CBS network shows
English-language television programs |
7854 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaper | Diaper | A diaper (or nappy) is a piece of clothing. It is worn by those who cannot control their urine or feces.
Diapers can be made of cloth (usually cotton) that can be washed and used again. They can also be disposable (put in the garbage after they are used up). Disposable diapers are usually made of plastic or man-made (artificial) fibers and contain chemicals that are very absorbent.
Diapers that can be washed must be folded in intricate ways (like origami) before being put on. With the disposable you must constantly buy new ones.
Viewed as unpleasant by some, diapers are mostly used by children from birth until the child has learned to use a toilet. They are also used by older people. There are adult diapers for people with medical problems.
In the United Kingdom, Australia and several other countries, a diaper is called a nappy.
Sometimes adults who do not have medical problems also wear diapers. This can be for different reasons. Sometimes it is because they have a profession where they cannot always get to a bathroom, like astronauts. Some adults wear diapers for fun. This is usually a form of sexual pleasure, or for emotional reasons. These people are often called "diaper-lovers" or "adult-babies." The scientific term for liking to wear diapers is "Diaper Fetishists."
Clothing |
7859 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mork%20%26%20Mindy | Mork & Mindy | Mork and Mindy is an American television sitcom which ran from 1978-1982. It stars Robin Williams and Pam Dawber as the title characters. The series was made by Garry Marshall. Comedian Jonathan Winters has a recurring role in the series. Mork and Mindy is a spin-off from Marshall's other popular TV series, Happy Days. The plot of the series is that alien named Mork from a planet called Ork who travels to Earth and becomes friends with a woman named Mindy in Boulder, Colorado.
Other websites
1978 television series debuts
1982 disestablishments in the United States
1982 television series endings
1970s American television series
1980s American television series
American science fiction television series
American sitcoms
Television series set in Colorado
Boulder, Colorado
Television spin-offs
1978 establishments in the United States
ABC network shows
English-language television programs |
7862 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/April%2023 | April 23 |
Events
Up to 1900
215 BC – A temple is built on the Capitoline Hill dedicated to Venus Erycina to commemorate the Roman defeat at Lake Trasimene.
711 - Dagobert III is crowned King of the Franks.
1014 – Battle of Clontarf: Brian Boru defeats Viking invaders, but is killed in battle.
1016 - Edmund Ironside becomes the Saxon king of England.
1343 - Estonia: Saint George's Nigh Uprising.
1348 – The founding of the Order of the Garter by King Edward III of England is announced on St George's Day.
1521 – Battle of Villalar: King Charles I of Spain defeats the Comuneros.
1533 – The Church of England annuls the marriage between Catherine of Aragon and Henry VIII of England.
1597 – Shakespeare's The Merry Wives of Windsor is first performed, with Queen Elizabeth I of England in attendance.
1660 – Treaty of Oliwa is established between Sweden and Poland.
1661 – King Charles II of England, Scotland and Ireland is crowned in Westminster Abbey.
1685 - King James II of England (James VII of Scotland) is crowned.
1827 – William Rowan Hamilton presents his Theory of systems of rays.
1867 – William Lincoln patents the zoetrope, a machine which shows animated pictures by mounting a strip of drawings in a wheel.
1889 - Swedish Social Democratic Party is established.
1901 2000
1914 - The first baseball game at Wrigley Field, Chicago, takes place.
1920 – The national council in Turkey denounces the government of Sultan Mehmed VI and announces a temporary constitution.
1923 – Inauguration ceremonies take place of Gdynia as a temporary military port and fishers' shelter.
1927 - Football: Cardiff City F.C. defeats Arsenal in the FA Cup final. With Cardiff City being in Wales, it is the only time a team based outside England has won this trophy.
1929 - Turkey becomes the first country to celebrate Children's Day as a national holiday.
1932 – The 153-year old De Adriaan Windmill in Haarlem, the Netherlands burns down.
1935 – Polish Constitution of 1935 is adopted.
1940 – Rhythm Night Club fire at a dance hall in Natchez, Mississippi kills 198 people.
1941 - World War II: The Greek government and King George II of Greece evacuate Athens before the invading Wehrmacht.
1942 – World War II: Baedeker Blitz – German bombers hit Exeter, Bath and York in retaliation for the British raid on Lübeck.
1948 – 1948 Arab-Israeli War: Haifa, the major port of Israel, is captured from Palestinian forces.
1954 – Hank Aaron hits his first major league home run.
1956 – Elvis Presley makes his first appearance in Las Vegas, Nevada.
1967 – A group of young radicals are expelled from the Nicaraguan Socialist Party (PSN). This group goes on to found the Socialist Workers Party (POS).
1968 – The United Kingdom produces its first decimalised coins, a 5p and a 10p coin.
1968 – Vietnam War: Student protesters at Columbia University in New York City take over administration buildings and shut down the university.
1971 - Bangladesh Liberation War: Pakistan Army and the Razakars massacre around 3,000 Hindu emigrants in the Jathibhanga area of East Pakistan, present-day Bangladesh.
1974 – A Pan American World Airways Boeing 707 crashes in Bali, Indonesia, killing 107.
1979 – Fighting in London between the Anti-Nazi League and the Metropolitan Police's Special Patrol Group results in the death of protestor Blair Peach.
1981 – Stefano Bontade, Mafia boss in Sicily, is murdered in Palermo, the opening shot in a mob war orchestrated by Salvatore Riina.
1984 - The discovery of HIV is announced.
1985 – Coca-Cola changes its 99 year old formula to the sweeter new Coke. (It is doomed to failure and the company is later forced to reintroduce the original).
1990 – Namibia becomes the 160th member of the United Nations and the 50th member of the Commonwealth of Nations.
1990 - In a referendum in Karl Marx Stadt in then-East Germany, 76% of voters support changing their city's name back to Chemnitz.
1993 – Eritreans vote overwhelmingly for independence from Ethiopia in a United Nations-monitored referendum.
1994 – Physicists discover the top quark subatomic particle.
1995 – Association of Autonomous Astronauts founded.
1997 – Omaria massacre in Algeria; 42 villagers killed.
From 2001
2003 – Beijing closes all schools for two weeks due to the SARS virus.
2005 - The first YouTube video, called Me at the Zoo, is uploaded by the site's co-founder Jawed Karim.
2006 - Hungary's Socialist Party wins the most votes in the country's parliamentary election, and can continue to govern with the Alliance of Free Democrats. This is the first re-election of a Hungarian government since the end of the Cold War.
2009 - Gamma-ray burst GRB090423 is detected, coming from the most distant known astronomical object of any kind at the time.
2013 - France legalizes same-sex marriage.
2017 - French presidential election, 2017: Emmanuel Macron and Marine Le Pen advance to the second round, as the candidates of the main parties fail to get enough votes.
2018 - A new prince, Louis, is born to Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge and Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, with Princess Charlotte becoming the first British princess not to be overtaken by a younger brother in the line of succession to the throne.
2018 - Serzh Sargsyan resigns as Prime minister of Armenia after only six days in office, following major protests in the capital, Yerevan. He had previously served ten years as President.
2018 - A white van collided with numerous pedestrians killing ten people and injuring sixteen others at Yonge Street in Toronto. The suspect is arrested by police.
2018 - Donald Trump receives his first state visit since becoming President of the United States, by Emmanuel Macron of France.
Births
Up to 1800
1141 - King Malcolm IV of Scotland (d. 1165)
1170 – Isabelle of Hainaut, Queen of France (d. 1190)
1185 – King Afonso II of Portugal (d. 1223)
1464 - Joan of France, Duchess of Berry (d. 1505)
1484 - Julius Caesar Scaliger, Italian philosopher (d. 1558)
1516 – Georg Fabricius, German poet, historian and archaeologist (d. 1571)
1522 - Catherine of Ricci, Italian saint (d. 1590)
1564 – William Shakespeare, English playwright (d. 1616)
1628 - Johann van Waveren Hudde, Dutch mathematician (d. 1704)
1676 – King Frederick I of Sweden (d. 1751)
1728 - Samuel Wallis, British naval officer and explorer (d. 1795)
1758 – Philip Gidley King, third Governor of New South Wales (d. 1808)
1775 – J. M. W. Turner, English painter (d. 1851)
1791 – James Buchanan, 15th President of the United States (d. 1868)
1792 - John Thomas Romney Robinson, Irish astronomer and physicist (d. 1882)
1794 - Wei Yuan, Chinese scholar (d. 1857)
1801 1900
1804 - Marie Taglioni, Swedish ballerina (d. 1884)
1805 – Johann Karl Friedrich Rosenkranz, German philosopher (d. 1879)
1812 – Frederick Whitaker, Prime Minister of New Zealand (d. 1891)
1813 – Stephen A. Douglas, American politician (d. 1861)
1813 - Frédéric Ozanam, French literary scholar, lawyer and journalist (d. 1853)
1819 - Edward Stafford, Prime Minister of New Zealand (d. 1901)
1823 – Abd-ul-Mejid I, Ottoman Sultan (d. 1861)
1828 - Albert of Saxony (d. 1902)
1844 – Sanford Dole, American politician (d. 1926)
1845 - Pier Andrea Saccardo, Italian botanist (d. 1920)
1853 - Winthrop M. Crane, 40th Governor of Massachusetts (d. 1920)
1855 - Marco Fidel Suarez, President of Colombia (d. 1927)
1857 - Ruggero Leoncavallo, Italian composer (d. 1919)
1858 – Max Planck, German scientist (d. 1947)
1858 - Ethel Smyth, English composer, conductor, writer and Women's Rights activist (d. 1944)
1867 – Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger, Danish doctor, won the 1926 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1928)
1879 - Tom Berry, 14th Governor of South Dakota (d. 1951)
1880 - Mikhail Fokine, Russian choreographer and dancer (d. 1942)
1882 - Albert Coates, English composer and conductor (d. 1953)
1883 - Clara Pontoppidan, Danish actress (d. 1975)
1888 - Georges Vanier, 19th Governor General of Canada (d. 1967)
1889 - Karel Doorman, Dutch admiral (d. 1942)
1891 – Sergei Prokofiev, Russian composer (d. 1953)
1893 - Frank Borzage, American actor and director (d. 1952)
1894 - Cow Cow Davenport, American singer and pianist (d. 1955)
1895 - Ngaio Marsh, New Zealand writer (d. 1982)
1896 - Dmitry Dmitrievich Maksutov, Russian inventor (d. 1964)
1897 – Lester Pearson, Prime Minister of Canada (d. 1972)
1897 - Lucius D. Clay, American general (d. 1978)
1899 - Minoru Shirota, Japanese physician and inventor of Yakult (d. 1982)
1899 – Bertil Ohlin, Swedish economist (d. 1979))
1901 1950
1901 - E.B. Ford, British ecological geneticist (d. 1988)
1902 – Halldór Laxness, Icelandic Nobel Prize-winning writer (d. 1998)
1907 - Lee Miller, American photographer (d. 1977)
1908 - Myron Waldman, American animator and director (d. 2006)
1910 – Simone Simon, French actress (d. 2005)
1911 – Ronald Neame, British movie producer (d. 2010)
1915 - Arnold Alexander Hall, British aeronautical engineer (d. 2000)
1917 - Dorian Leigh, American model (d. 2008)
1918 - Maurice Druon, French writer (d. 2009)
1919 - Oleg Penkovsky, Soviet double-agent (d. 1963)
1921 - Judy Agnew, wife of Spiro Agnew (d. 2012)
1922 - Marjorie Cameron, American writer, painter, actress and occultist (d. 1995)
1923 - Dolph Briscoe, Governor of Texas (d. 2010)
1924 - Bobby Rosengarden, American drummer and bandleader (d. 2007)
1924 - Margit Sandemo, Norwegian writer (d. 2018)
1926 - J. P. Donleavy, Irish-American writer (d. 2017)
1928 – Shirley Temple, American actress and political activist (d. 2014)
1929 - George Steiner, French-American literary critic, writer and philosopher
1936 – Roy Orbison, American singer (d. 1988)
1939 – Lee Majors, American actor
1939 - Stefano Bontade, Italian Mafia boss (d. 1981)
1940 - Michael Kadosh, Israeli footballer (d. 2014)
1941 – Paavo Lipponen, former Prime Minister of Finland
1941 - Jacqueline Boyer, French singer and actress
1941 - Arie den Hartog, Dutch road bicycle racer (d. 2018)
1942 - Sandra Dee, American actress (d. 2005)
1943 - Tony Esposito, Canadian ice hockey player
1943 - Frans Koppelaar, Dutch artist
1947 - Glenn Cornick, British musician (d. 2014)
1947 - Bernadette Devlin, Irish politician
1947 - Christer Pettersson, Swedish murder suspect (d. 2004)
1951 1975
1952 - Narada Michael Walden, American singer-songwriter, drummer and producer
1953 - James Russo, American actor
1954 – Michael Moore, American movie maker
1955 - Judy Davis, Australian actress
1955 - Tony Miles, English chess player
1955 - Mike Smith, English television and radio presenter (d. 2014)
1957 - Jan Hooks, American actress (d. 2014)
1957 - Neville Brody, English graphic designer, typographer and art director
1958 - Hilmar Orn Hilmarsson, Icelandic composer
1958 - Magnus Andersson, Swedish footballer
1960 – Valerie Bertinelli, American actress
1960 - Steve Clark, English guitarist (Def Leppard) (d. 1991)
1960 - Claude Julien, Canadian ice hockey player and coach
1961 - Dirk Bach, German actor and television presenter (d. 2012)
1961 - George Lopez, American comedian, actor and talk show host
1962 - John Hannah, Scottish actor
1962 – Hillel Slovak, American musician (Red Hot Chili Peppers) (d. 1988)
1962 – Elaine Smith, British actress
1963 - Paul Belmondo, French actor and racing driver
1963 - Magnus Ver Magnusson, Icelandic powerlifter, four-times winner of World's Strongest Man title
1963 - Robby Naish, American windsurfer
1964 - Gianandrea Noseda, Italian conductor
1966 - Lembit Oll, Estonian chess player (d. 1999)
1967 - Melina Kanakaredes, American actress
1968 – Princess Aisha bint al Hussein of Jordan
1968 – Princess Zein bint al Hussein of Jordan
1968 – Timothy McVeigh, American terrorist (d. 2001)
1969 - Yelena Shushunova, Russian gymnast
1972 - Patricia Manterola, Mexican singer, actress and fashion designer
1973 - Patrick Poulin, Canadian ice hockey player
1975 – Jón Thór Birgisson (Jónsi), Icelandic singer
From 1976
1976 - Brendan Cole, New Zealand dancer
1977 - Lee Young-Pyo, South Korean footballer
1977 - John Cena, American wrestler, rapper and actor
1979 – Barry Fratelli, Scottish musician (The Fratellis)
1979 – Lauri Ylönen, Finnish singer (The Rasmus)
1979 - Samppa Lajunen, Finnish skier
1979 - Barry Hawkins, English snooker player
1979 - Jaime King, American model and actress
1979 - Yana Gupta, Czech model, actress and author
1980 - Taio Cruz, English singer
1981 - Lady Gabriella Windsor, member of the extended British Royal Family
1982 - Andy Webster, Scottish footballer
1983 – Daniela Hantuchova, Slovakian tennis player
1983 - Jay Cutler, American football player
1983 - Aaron Hill, American actor
1984 - Alexandra Kosteniuk, Russian chess player
1984 - Ross Ford, Scottish rugby player
1984 - Fumihisa Yumoto, Japanese ski jumper
1985 - Tony Martin, German cyclist
1986 - Aleksei Rebko, Russian footballer
1987 - Emily Fox, American cup stacker and basketball player
1987 - Laura Mvula, English singer
1987 - Boaz Ma'uda, Israeli singer
1988 - Alistair Brownlee, English triathlete
1988 - Molly Burnett, American actress and singer
1988 - Steph Houghton, English footballer
1988 – Victor Anichebe, Nigerian footballer
1989 - Nicole Vaidisova, Czech tennis player
1990 – Dev Patel, British actor
1993 - Rina Chikano, Japanese singer (AKB48)
1994 - Patrick Olsen, Danish footballer
1995 - Gigi Hadid, American model
1997 - Alex Ferris, Canadian actor
2018 - Prince Louis of Cambridge
Deaths
Up to 1900
303 – Saint George, Christian martyr and patron Saint (date of birth unknown)
711 - King Childebert III of the Franks (b. 670)
725 - Wihtred, King of Kent
871 – Ethelred of Wessex, Saxon king
1014 - Brian Boru, High King of Ireland
1016 – Ethelred the Unready, Saxon king (b. 968)
1124 – Alexander I of Scotland (b. 1078)
1217 - Inge II of Norway (b. 1185)
1307 - Joan of Acre, daughter of Edward I of England (b. 1272)
1605 – Tsar Boris Godunov of Russia (b. c. 1550)
1616 - Garcilaso de la Vega, Peruvian historian and writer (b. 1539)
1616 – Miguel de Cervantes, Spanish writer (b. 1547)
1616 – William Shakespeare, English playwright (b. 1564)
1625 - Maurice, Prince of Orange (b. 1567)
1670 - Loreto Vittori, Italian singer (b. 1604)
1794 - Guillaume-Chretien de Lamoignon de Malesherbes, French statesman (b. 1721)
1827 – Georgios Karaiskakis, hero of the Greek War of Independence (b. 1780)
1850 – William Wordsworth, English poet (b. 1770)
1895 - Carl Ludwig, German physician (b. 1815)
1901 2000
1905 - Gédéon Ouimet, 2nd Premier of Quebec (b. 1823)
1915 - Rupert Brooke, English poet (b. 1887)
1951 – Charles G. Dawes, Vice President of the United States (b. 1865)
1965 - George Adamski, Polish-American writer, teacher and ufologist (b. 1891)
1969 - Krzysztof Komeda, Polish jazz pianist and composer (b. 1931)
1975 – William Hartnell, English actor (b. 1908)
1981 - Josep Pla, Catalan journalist and writer (b. 1897)
1981 - Stefano Bontade, Italian Mafia boss (b. 1939)
1983 – Buster Crabbe, American singer and actor (b. 1908)
1984 - Red Garland, American jazz pianist (b. 1923)
1986 – Harold Arlen, American composer (b. 1905)
1986 - Otto Preminger, Austrian director (b. 1906)
1990 - Paulette Goddard, American actress (b. 1910)
1992 - Tanka Prasad Acharya, 27th Prime Minister of Nepal (b. 1912)
1992 – Satyajit Ray, Indian movie maker (b. 1921)
1993 – César Chávez, Mexican-American activist (b. 1927)
1995 - Douglas Lloyd Campbell, Canadian politician, 13th Premier of Manitoba (b. 1895)
1996 - P. L. Travers, Australian writer (b. 1899)
1996 - Mario Luigi Ciappi, Italian cardinal (b. 1909)
1997 - Hamani Diori, 1st President of Niger (b. 1916)
1998 – James Earl Ray, convicted assassin of Martin Luther King, Jr. (b. 1928)
1998 – Konstantinos Karamanlis, Greek politician (b. 1907)
From 2001
2003 - Fernand Fonssagrives, French photographer (b. 1910)
2005 – Joh Bjelke-Petersen, Australian politician, Premier of Queensland (b. 1911)
2007 – Boris Yeltsin, former President of Russia (b. 1931)
2007 - David Halberstam, American journalist and writer (b. 1934)
2011 – John Sullivan, British television writer (b. 1946)
2011 - Norio Ogha, Japanese businessman (b. 1930)
2012 - Tommy Marth, American musician (b. 1978)
2013 - Robert W. Edgar, American politician (b. 1943)
2014 - Mark Shand, British travel writer and conservationist, brother of Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall (b. 1951)
2014 - Michael Glawogger, Austrian movie director, screenwriter and cinematographer (b. 1959)
2014 - Connie Marrero, Cuban baseball player, oldest living Major League Baseball player (b. 1911)
2014 - Yozo Aoki, Japanese footballer (b. 1929)
2015 - Sixto Valencia Burgos, Mexican comic artist (b. 1934)
2015 - Sawyer Sweeten, American actor (b. 1995)
2015 - Aziz Asli, Iranian footballer (b. 1938)
2015 - Richard Corliss, American movie critic (b. 1944)
2015 - Francis Tsai, American comic book, movie and video game concept artist (b. 1967)
2015 - Pierre Claude Nolin, Canadian politician (b. 1950)
2016 - Banharn Silpa-archa, Prime Minister of Thailand (b. 1932)
2016 - Inge King, German-Australian sculptor (b. 1915)
2016 - Ron Brace, American football player (b. 1986)
2016 - Miguel Picazo, Spanish movie director (b. 1927)
2016 - Madeleine Sherwood, Canadian actress (b. 1922)
2017 - Isiaka Adeleke, Nigerian politician (b. 1955)
2017 - Jerry Adriani, Brazilian singer and actor (b. 1947)
2017 - Chris Bearde, Australian comedy writer and producer (b. 1936)
2017 - Kathleen Crowley, Australian actress (b. 1929)
2017 - Imre Földi, Hungarian weightlifter (b. 1938)
2017 - Ken Sears, American basketball player (b. 1933)
2017 - Leo Baxendale, British comics artist (b. 1930)
2017 - Chriet Titulaer, Dutch astronomer, television presenter and writer (b. 1943)
2017 - Michael Williams, Baron Williams of Baglan, British peer and diplomat (b. 1949)
2018 - Haddon Donald, New Zealand army lieutenant colonel and politician (b. 1917)
2018 - Bob Dorough, American jazz pianist, composer and singer-songwriter (b. 1923)
2018 - Béla Magyari, Hungarian air force colonel (b. 1949)
2018 - Jerrold Meinwald, American chemist (b. 1927)
2018 - Leland B. Yeager, American economist (b. 1924)
2019 - Henry W. Bloch, American businessman (b. 1922)
2019 - Matthew Buckland, South African businessman (b. 1974)
2019 - George Haigh, English footballer (b. 1915)
2019 - Jean, Grand Duke of Luxembourg (b. 1921)
2019 - Mark Medoff, American playwright and screenwriter (b. 1940)
2019 - Juan José Muñante, Peruvian footballer (b. 1948)
2019 - Terry Rawlings, British film editor (b. 1933)
2019 - Peter Skipper, English footballer (b. 1958)
2019 - David Winters, English choreographer (b. 1939)
Observances
Saint George's Day - Patron Saint of many places, including England and Catalonia
UN English language Day
World Book Day
National Sovereignty and Children's Day (Turkey)
National Beer Day (Germany)
Latest possible date for Good Friday, in relation to Easter
References
Days of the year |
7863 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954 | 1954 | 1954 (MCMLIV) was .
Events
October 18 – Texas Instruments announces the worldwide first transistor radio.
Births
January 6 - Anthony Minghella, British movie director (d. 2008)
January 9 - Lance Hoppen, American singer-songwriter and musician (Orleans)
January 23 - Richard Finch, American bass guitarist (KC & the Sunshine Band)
January 29 – Oprah Winfrey, American talk show host
February 7 - Dieter Bohlen, German music mogul
February 15 - Matt Groening, American creator of The Simpsons and Futurama
February 16 - Iain Banks, Scottish writer
February 18 - John Travolta, American actor
February 20 - Patty Hearst, American heiress
February 21 - Ivo van Damme, Belgian athlete (d. 1976)
March 1 – Ron Howard, American actor, director
March 1 - Catherine Bach, American actress
March 25 - Miran Anes, Albanian politician and judge (d. 2012)
April 1 - Jeff Porcaro, American drummer (Toto) (d. 1992)
April 11 - Abdullah Atalar, Turkish academic
April 19 - Trevor Francis, English footballer
April 23 – Michael Moore, documentary movie maker
April 23 – Tony Atlas, American professional wrestler
April 28 - Mary Jo Randle, British actress
May 8 - Clive Wood, British actor
May 13 - Johnny Logan, Irish singer
May 17 - David Zippel, American lyricist
May 20 - David Paterson, former Governor of New York
May 21 - Janice Karman, American voice actress
June 20 - Michael Anthony, American bass guitarist (Van Halen)
June 25 - David Paich, American keyboardist (Toto)
June 30 - Serzh Sargsyan, President of Armenia
July 17 - Angela Merkel, Chancellor of Germany
July 28 - Hugo Chávez, President of Venezuela (d. 2013)
July 28 - Gerd Faltings, German mathematician
August 12 - Francois Hollande, President of France
August 15 - Stieg Larsson, Swedish writer (d. 2004)
August 16 - George Galloway, British politician
August 25 – Elvis Costello, British singer
September 21 - Shinzo Abe, Prime Minister of Japan
September 30 - Mitch Lewis, Canadian multi-instrumentalist
October 9 – Scott Bakula, actor
October 10 - David Lee Roth, American singer (Van Halen)
November 1 - László Kerekes, drijor and Hungarian composer
November 14 - Condoleezza Rice, former United States Secretary of State
December 15 - Zivko Jovanović, Serbian politician and judge
December 20 - László Levin, politician Hungarian (d. 2009)
December 25 - Annie Lennox, Scottish singer (Eurythmics)
December 28 - Denzel Washington, American actor
December 29 – Albrecht Böttcher, German mathematician
December 30 - Pnina Rosenblum, Israeli business woman and politician
December 31 - Alex Salmond, First Minister of Scotland
December 31 - Hermann Tilke, German racing circuit designer
Deaths
May 19 – Charles Ives, American composer
June 7 – Alan Turing, mathematician
June 9 - Alain LeRoy Locke, American writer
July 13 – Frida Kahlo, Mexican painter
August 6 – Emilie Dionne, one of the Dionne Quintuplets
November 3 – Henri Matisse, painter
November 29 – Enrico Fermi, physicist
Movies released
Devil Girl from Mars
On the Waterfront
Rear Window
The Seven Samurai
20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 movie)
Godzilla
Hit songs
Sh-Boom – Crew Cuts
New books
The Acrobats – Mordecai Richler
Benton's Row – Frank Yerby
The Bridge on the River Kwai (Le pont de la rivière Kwai) – Pierre Boulle
The Caves of Steel – Isaac Asimov
The Egyptian – Mika Waltari
Explorers on the Moon- Hergé
Histoire d'O (Story of O) – Pauline Réage
The Horse and His Boy – C. S. Lewis
I Am Legend – Richard Matheson
Ideas and Opinions – Albert Einstein
Katherine – Anya Seton
Live and Let Die – Ian Fleming
Lord of the Flies – William G. Golding
The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring – J. R. R. Tolkien
The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers – J. R. R. Tolkien
Love Is Eternal – Irving Stone
Lucky Jim – Kingsley Amis
Mandarins – Simone de Beauvoir
Mary Anne – Daphne du Maurier
Nectar in a Sieve – Kamala Markandaya
Never Victorious, Never Defeated – Taylor Caldwell
No Time for Sergeants – Mac Hyman
Not as a Stranger – Morton Thompson
The Royal Box – Frances Parkinson Keyes
Sayonara – James A. Michener
Sweet Thursday – John Steinbeck
Under Milk Wood (Poetry) – Dylan Thomas
Under the Net – Iris Murdoch
The View from Pompey's Head – Hamilton Basso
Related pages
1954 in association football |
7864 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20Samoa | American Samoa | American Samoa (; , ; also or ) is a territory of the United States. It is part of the Samoan Islands in the southern Pacific Ocean.
In 1899, Germany and the U.S. divided the Samoan group of islands. The U.S. got the smaller group of islands on the east side. These islands had a good harbor near the capital city, Pago Pago. The western islands were run by Germany and then by New Zealand and are now the independent country Samoa.
Officially, American Samoa is an "unorganized" territory. This means that the U.S. Congress has not passed an Organic Act. But the people who live in American Samoa rule themselves. Their constitution became effective on July 1, 1967.
The capital of American Samoa is Pago Pago, but the seat of government is Fagatogo.
Citizenship
People who are born in American Samoa are called U.S. nationals, not U.S. citizens. This means they have some of the same rights as citizens but not all of them. Unlike people who are not Americans at all, American Samoans can go to any other part of the United States they want and live there for as long as they want. But they are not allowed to vote, to be on juries in court, to run for office, or to hold any job that the employee has to be a citizen to hold. For contrast, someone born in Puerto Rico or Guam is a citizen, so if they move to a state, they are allowed to vote in that state and in all federal elections.
Some American Samoans like that they are not American citizens and others do not. Some American Samoans say that being nationals and not citizens makes it easier for them to keep the fa'a Samoa, the Samoan way of life. In 2019, three American Samoans living in Utah sued the U.S. government to say they are citizens. The judge agreed with them. The judge said that the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution says that anyone born in any part of the United States is a citizen, and that should mean American Samoans too. But the next day, he said they should not register to vote until after an appeal judge has seen the case.
In 2016, the United States Supreme Court decided they did not want to look at a case about whether American Samoans are citizens.
References
Notes
Other websites
Government of American Samoa
NOAA's National Weather Service - American Samoa
1967 establishments in Oceania
1967 establishments in the United States |
7865 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disgust | Disgust | Disgust is an emotion. People feel it when they see, touch, hear, or taste something that they think is nasty or repulsive. It is also caused by scorn. For example, when one finds something dirty or not fit to eat. Levels of disgust vary based on cultural, religious, and personal backgrounds/experiences. Disgust can be deliberate as someone can do something on purpose to create this emotion.
Emotions |
7866 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/February%207 | February 7 |
Events
Up to 1900
457 – Leo I becomes emperor of the Byzantine Empire.
1074 - Pandulf IV of Benevento is killed battling the invading Normans at the Battle of Montesarchio.
1301 – Edward of Caernarvon (later King Edward II of England) becomes the first Prince of Wales.
1497 - The Bonfire of the Vanities occurs, in which supporters of Girolamo Savonarola burns thousands of objects like cosmetics, art and books in Florence, Italy.
1783 - Spanish and French forces end the Siege of Gibraltar.
1785 - William Herschel discovers the Antennae Galaxies.
1795 - The 11th Amendment to the United States Constitution is accepted.
1807 - Napoleonic Wars: The Battle of Eylau in Poland begins.
1812 - The strongest in a series of earthquakes strikes New Madrid, Missouri.
1819 - Thomas Stamford Raffles leaves Singapore shortly after taking it over, leaving the governing duties to William Farquhar.
1855 - The Treaty of Shimoda is signed, determining which of the Kuril islands are Japanese and which are Russian.
1863 - The ship HMS Orpheus sinks off Auckland, New Zealand, killing 189 people.
1897 - The first full-scale battle of the Greco-Turkish War occurs.
1898 - Émile Zola is brought to trial for libel for publishing J'Accuse, in which he questioned the guilt of Alfred Dreyfus in the Dreyfus Affair.
1900 – The British Labour Party is formed.
1901 2000
1904 - A fire in Baltimore, Maryland, destroys 1,500 buildings.
1922 - Antonio Maria da Silva becomes Prime Minister of Portugal for a second time.
1935 - The Monopoly board game is invented.
1940 - The second full-length animated Walt Disney movie, Pinocchio, is shown for the first time.
1943 - World War II: Japanese forces complete the evacuation of the Imperial Japanese Army from Guadalcanal.
1948 - Neil Harvey becomes the youngest Australian to score a century in a test cricket match.
1951 - Korean War: Sancheong-Hamyang massacre.
1962 - The United States bans all Cuban imports and exports.
1971 – Women gain the right to vote in Switzerland.
1974 – Grenada becomes independent from the United Kingdom.
1976 - Daniel Sittler sets an National Hockey League record by scoring 10 points in a single game.
1979 – For the first time since its discovery, the dwarf planet Pluto orbits the Sun closer than Neptune.
1984 – US astronauts Bruce McCandless II and Robert L. Stewart perform the first untethered spacewalk.
1986 - The rule of the Duvalier family in Haiti comes to an end when Jean-Claude Duvalier ("Baby Doc") leaves the country.
1990 – Collapse of the Soviet Union: The Central Committee of the Soviet Communist Party agrees to give up its monopoly of power.
1991 – Jean-Bertrand Aristide becomes President of Haiti.
1992 – The Maastricht Treaty is signed to officially form the European Union.
1995 - Ramzi Yousef, who planned the 1993 World Trade Center bombing, is arrested in Islamabad, Pakistan.
1998 – The 1998 Winter Olympics open in Nagano, Japan.
1999 - Abdullah II of Jordan becomes King, after the death of his father, King Hussein of Jordan.
1999 - A border conflict begins between Ethiopia and Eritrea.
1999 - NASA's Stardust probe is launched from Cape Canaveral, Florida to study comets.
From 2001
2005 - Ellen MacArthur becomes the fastest round-the-world sailor, though this record has since been beaten.
2009 – Bushfires in the Australian state of Victoria kill 173 people.
2012 - After a political crisis in the Maldives, President Mohamed Nasheed resigns, and is replaced my Mohammed Waheed Hassan.
2014 - The 2014 Winter Olympics begin in Sochi, southern Russia.
2015 - More than 30 people are killed in separate bomb attacks in Baghdad.
2016 - North Korea announces that it has launched a rocket.
2016 - The Denver Broncos win the 50th Super Bowl, defeating the Carolina Panthers 24-10.
Births
Up to 1900
572 - Prince Shotoku of Japan (d. 622)
1102 – Princess Matilda, Princess of England and wife of Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1169)
1478 – Sir Thomas More, English statesman, humanist, and writer (d. 1535)
1606 - Nicolas Mignard, French painter (d. 1668)
1693 – Empress Anna of Russia (d. 1740)
1741 - Henri Fuseli, Swiss painter (d. 1825)
1758 - Benedikt Schack, Czech composer and tenor (d. 1826)
1804 - John Deere, American manufacturer (d. 1886)
1812 – Charles Dickens, English novelist (d. 1870)
1816 - Jean Frédéric Frenet, French astronomer, mathematician and meteorologist (d. 1900)
1817 – Frederick Douglass, American abolitionist (d. 1895)
1824 - William Huggins, British astronomer and physicist (d. 1910)
1825 - Karl Möbius, German zoologist (d. 1908)
1837 - James Murray, Scottish lexicographer and philologist (d. 1915)
1842 - Alexandre Ribot, Prime Minister of France (d. 1923)
1862 - Horace F. Graham, Governor of Vermont (d. 1941)
1867 – Laura Ingalls Wilder, American writer (d. 1957)
1870 – Alfred Adler, Austrian psychologist (d. 1937)
1873 - Thomas Andrews, Irish shipbuilder (d. 1912)
1877 – G.H. Hardy, British mathematician (d. 1947)
1878 - Ossip Gabrilowitsch, Russian-American pianist and conductor (d. 1936)
1885 – Sinclair Lewis, American writer, Nobel Prize winner (d. 1951)
1887 - Eubie Blake, American musician and composer (d. 1983)
1889 - Harry Nyquist, contributor to Information Theory (d. 1976)
1893 - Joseph Algernon Pearce, Canadian astrophysicist and astronomer (d. 1988)
1895 – Anita Stewart, American movie actress (d. 1961)
1898 – Dock Boggs, American musician (d. 1971)
1901 1950
1901 - Arnold Nordmeyer, New Zealand politician (d. 1989)
1905 – Paul Nizan, French writer (d. 1940)
1905 - Rene de Cossel, French mathematician (d. 1974)
1905 – Ulf von Euler, Swedish physiologist (d. 1983)
1906 – Henry Pu-yi, Emperor of China (d. 1967)
1906 - Oleg Antonov, Soviet aircraft designer (d. 1984)
1908 – Buster Crabbe, American swimmer and actor (d. 1983)
1909 – Helder Camara, Brazilian archbishop (d. 1999)
1909 - Silvio Zavala, Mexican historian (d. 2014)
1912 - Roberta McCain, mother of John McCain (d. 2020)
1912 - Roy Sullivan, American survivor of seven lightning strikes (d. 1983)
1914 – Ramón Mercader, Spanish assassin of Leon Trotsky (d. 1978)
1915 - Teoctist, Patriarch of the Romanian Orthodox Church (d. 2007)
1915 – Eddie Bracken, American actor (d. 2002)
1920 – An Wang, Chinese-born computer pioneer (d. 1990)
1922 – Hattie Jacques, English actress (d. 1980)
1923 - Dora Bryan, English actress (d. 2014)
1926 – Konstantin Feoktistov, Soviet cosmonaut (d. 2009)
1926 - Mark Taimanov, Russian pianist and chess player (d. 2016)
1927 – Juliette Gréco, French singer and actress
1927 – Vladimir Kuts, Russian runner
1927 - Patsy Swayze, American dancer and choreographer (d. 2013)
1928 - Lincoln D. Faurer, American general (d. 2014)
1929 - Alejandro Jodorowsky, Chilean actor, director and screenwriter
1932 – Gay Talese, American writer
1932 – Alfred Worden, American astronaut
1933 - K. N. Choksy, Sri Lankan lawyer and politician (d. 2015)
1934 – Earl King, American musician (d. 2003)
1934 – Eddie Fenech Adami, former President of Malta
1934 - King Curtis, American jazz saxophonist (d. 1971)
1934 - Murtaza Rakhimov, former leader of Bashkortostan in Russia
1938 - S. Ramachandran Pillai, Indian Communist leader
1938 - Cayetano Ré, Paraguayan footballer and coach (d. 2013)
1939 - Ray Taliaferro, American radio talk show host
1939 - Francisco Mendès, Prime Minister of Guinea-Bissau
1940 - Toshihide Maskawa, Japanese physicist
1940 - Tony Tan, former President of Singapore
1941 - Little Tony, Italian-Sammarinese singer (d. 2013)
1943 – Gareth Hunt, English actor
1945 – Gerald Davies, Welsh rugby player
1945 - Jörg Schneider, Swiss actor (d. 2015)
1946 – Pete Postlethwaite, English actor (d. 2011)
1946 - Héctor Babenco, Argentine-Brazilian screenwriter, producer and actor (d. 2016)
1947 - Wayne Allwine, American voice actor (d. 2009)
1947 - Flemming Jorgensen, Danish musician and actor (d. 2011)
1948 - Josef Ackermann, Swiss banker, former CEO of Deutsche Bank
1948 - Jimmy Greenspoon, American singer (d. 2015)
1949 – Paulo César Carpegiani, Brazilian footballer and coach
1949 - Regina Derieva, Russian poet and writer (d. 2013)
1950 – Mauro Bellugi, Italian footballer
1951 1975
1952 - John Hickenlooper, Governor of Colorado
1952 - Vasco Rossi, Italian singer
1953 – Dan Quisenberry, American baseball player (d. 1998)
1954 – Dieter Bohlen, German composer and media personality
1955 – Mario Coutinho, Brazilian physician
1955 – Miguel Ferrer, American actor (d. 2017)
1955 – Rolf Benirschke, American football player
1956 - Mark St. John, American musician (Kiss)
1958 – Giuseppe Baresi, Italian footballer
1959 – Mick McCarthy, English-Irish football manager
1960 – James Spader, American actor
1960 - Gabriel Humberto Calderon, Argentine footballer
1962 – Garth Brooks, American singer
1962 - David Bryan, American keyboardist and songwriter (Bon Jovi)
1962 – Eddie Izzard, British actor and comedian
1963 - Heidemarie Stefanyshyn-Piper, American astronaut
1964 – Ray Mears, British television presenter and outdoor survival expert
1965 - Petr Vasa, Czech poet, singer-songwriter, actor and artist
1965 – Jason Gedrick, American actor
1965 - Chris Rock, American comedian and actor
1966 – Kristin Otto, German swimmer
1966 - Monika Weber, German fencer
1967 - Richie Burnett, Welsh darts player
1968 – Peter Bondra, Ukrainian-born hockey player
1968 – Sully Erna, American singer (Godsmack)
1968 - Katja Kaan, Danish pornographic actress
1969 - Adriano Silva Francisco, Brazilian footballer
1969 - Yves Racine, Canadian ice hockey player
1970 - Stanley Roberts, American basketball player
1971 - Anita Tsoy, Russian singer-songwriter
1972 - Robyn Lively, American actress
1972 - Essence Atkins, American actress
1972 - Amon Tobin, Brazilian musician, composer and producer
1974 - Danny Goffey, English musician
1974 – Steve Nash, Canadian basketball player
1975 – Wes Borland, American guitarist (Limp Bizkit)
1975 – Rafik Saïfi, Algerian footballer
From 1976
1977 – Tsuneyasu Miyamoto, Japanese footballer
1977 - Dimitris Papanikolaou, Greek basketball player
1978 – Ashton Kutcher, American actor
1978 – Daniel Van Buyten, Belgian footballer
1979 – Tawakel Karman, Yemeni activist, co-winner of the 2011 Nobel Peace Prize
1979 - Cerina Vincent, American actress
1979 - Daniel Bierofka, German footballer
1980 - Sasa Papac, Bosnia and Herzegovina footballer
1981 - Lee Ok-Sung, South Korean boxer
1985 – Tina Majorino, American actress
1986 - Stephen Colletti, American actor
1986 - Pippa Wilson, English sailor
1986 - Giorgi Tsintzade, Georgian basketball player
1987 - Joe Cardle, British footballer
1987 - Kerli, Estonian singer
1988 - Lee Don-Ku, South Korean ice hockey player
1988 - Lee Joon, South Korean singer, dancer and actor
1988 - Ai Kapo, Japanese singer and actress
1988 - Matthew Stafford, American football player
1989 - Louisa Lytton, English actress
1990 - Anna Abreu, Finnish singer
1991 - Zhou Yimiao, Chinese tennis player
1992 - Maimi Yajima, Japanese singer and actress
1993 – David Dorfman, American actor
1993 - Chris Mears, English diver
1996 - Mai Hagiwara, Japanese singer
1996 - Aaron Ekblad, Canadian ice hockey player
1999 - Bea Miller, American singer
Deaths
Up to 1900
531 - Emperor Keitai of Japan (b. 450)
590 - Pope Pelagius II (b. 1520)
812 - Li Ning, Chinese prince (b. 793)
999 - Boleslaus II of Bohemia
1045 - Emperor Go-Suzaku of Japan (b. 1009)
1074 - Pandulf IV of Benevento
1317 - Robert, Count of Clermont, French founder of the Bourbon Royal Family (b. 1526)
1560 - Bartolomeo Bandinelli, Italian sculptor (b. 1493)
1603 - Hermann Wilken, German humanist and mathematician (b. 1522)
1609 - Ferdinando I de'Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (b. 1549)
1626 - William V, Duke of Bavaria (b. 1548)
1652 - Gregorio Allegri, Italian composer (b. 1852)
1693 - Paul Pellisson, French writer (b. 1624)
1736 - Stephen Gray, English astronomer (b. 1666)
1779 – William Boyce, English composer (b. 1711)
1799 – Qianlong, Emperor of China (b. 1711)
1801 - Daniel Chodowiecki, Polish painter (b. 1726)
1823 - Ann Radcliffe, British writer (b. 1764)
1837 – Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden (b. 1778)
1839 – Karl August Nicander, Swedish poet (b. 1799)
1862 - Francisco de Paula Martinez de la Rosa, Spanish statesman and dramatist (b. 1787)
1864 - Vuk Stefanovic Karadzic, Serbian philologist and linguist (b. 1787)
1873 - Sheridan Le Fanu, Irish author (b. 1814)
1878 – Pope Pius IX (b. 1792)
1883 - Edmund J. Davis, American general and 15th Governor of Texas (b. 1827)
1897 - Galileo Ferraris, Italian physicist (b. 1847)
1901 2000
1920 - Aleksandr Vasilevich Kolchak, Russian military commander (b. 1876)
1931 - Tommaso Tittoni, Prime Minister of Italy (b. 1855)
1932 - Augusto B. Leguia, President of Peru (b. 1863)
1935 - Lewis Grassic Gibbon, Scottish writer (b. 1901)
1937 – Elihu Root, American politician (b. 1845)
1938 - Harvey Samuel Firestone, American businessman (b. 1868)
1939 - Boris Grigoriev, Russian painter (b. 1886)
1942 - Ivan Bilibin, Russian illustrator (b. 1876)
1944 - Lina Cavalieri, Italian soprano (b. 1874)
1959 - Nap Lajoie, American baseball player (b. 1874)
1959 - Guitar Slim, American guitarist (b. 1926)
1959 – Daniel Francois Malan, South African politician, father of Apartheid (b. 1874)
1960 - Igor Kurchatov, Russian physicist (b. 1903)
1964 – Sophoklis Venizelos, Greek Prime Minister (b. 1894)
1967 - William Preston Lane, Jr., Governor of Maryland (b. 1892)
1971 - Douglass Cadwallader, American golfer (b. 1884)
1972 - Walter Lang, American movie director (b. 1896)
1979 – Josef Mengele, Nazi doctor (b. 1911)
1980 - Secondo Campini, Italian jet aircraft pioneer (b. 1904)
1985 - Matt Monro, English singer (b. 1930)
1986 - Cheikh Anta Diop, Senegalese historian, anthropologist and physicist (b. 1923)
1987 – Claudio Villa, Italian singer (b. 1926)
1990 - Jimmy Van Heusen, American songwriter (b. 1913)
1993 - Nic Broca, Belgian comic artist (b. 1932)
1994 - Witold Lutoslawski, Polish composer (b. 1913)
1994 - Stephen Milligan, English journalist and politician (b. 1948)
1994 - Arnold Smith, Canadian diplomat (b. 1915)
1996 - Boris Tchaikovsky, Russian composer (b. 1925)
1999 – King Hussein of Jordan (b. 1935)
2000 – Big Pun, American rapper (b. 1971)
2000 - Doug Henning, Canadian magician (b. 1947)
From 2001
2001 – Anne Morrow Lindbergh, American writer and pilot (b. 1906)
2001 - Dale Evans, American actress and singer (b. 1912)
2005 - Atli Dam, 5th Prime Minister of the Faroe Islands (b. 1932)
2005 - Bob Turner, Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1934)
2006 - Princess Duhru Shehvar of the Ottoman Empire (b. 1914)
2008 - Tamara Desni, German-born British actress (b. 1913)
2010 – Franco Ballerini, Italian road racing cyclist (b. 1964)
2010 – André Kolingba, Prime Minister of the Central African Republic (b. 1936)
2013 - Krsto Papic, Croatian director and screenwriter (b. 1933)
2014 - Doug Mohns, Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1933)
2014 - Georgina Henry, British journalist (b. 1960)
2014 - Nico Nicolaiewsky, Brazilian actor, musician and comedian (b. 1957)
2014 - Mohamed Guessous, Moroccan sociologist and politician (b. 1937)
2015 - Dean Smith, American basketball coach (b. 1931)
2015 - Joe B. Mauldin, American musician (b. 1940)
2015 - John C. Whitehead, American financier and civil servant (b. 1922)
2015 - Billy Casper, American golfer (b. 1931)
2015 - René Lavand, Argentine magician and illusionist (b. 1928)
2015 - Donald H. Clausen, American politician (b. 1923)
2015 - Marshall Rosenberg, American psychologist (b. 1934)
2016 - Roger Willemsen, German author, essayist and television presenter (b. 1955)
2017 - Svend Asmussen, Danish jazz violinist (b. 1916)
2017 - Sotsha Dlamini, 5th Prime Minister of Swaziland (b. 1940)
2017 - Smail Hamdani, 11th Prime Minister of Algeria (b. 1930)
2017 - Richard Hatch, American actor, writer and producer (b. 1945)
2017 - Hans Rosling, Swedish physician, statistician and public speaker (b. 1948)
2017 - Tzvetan Todorov, Bulgarian-French philosopher (b. 1939)
2017 - Richard B. Wright, Canadian novelist (b. 1937)
2017 - Valeriu Bularca, Romanian wrestler (b. 1931)
2017 - Loukianos Kilaidonis, Greek singer-songwriter (b. 1943)
2017 - John Salt, British Anglican bishop (b. 1941)
2018 - Mickey Jones, American drummer and actor (b. 1941)
2018 - Pat Torpey, American drummer (b. 1953)
Observances
Independence Day in Grenada
February 07 |
7867 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1723 | 1723 |
Births
June 5 – Adam Smith, Scottish economist (baptized that day, exact date of birth unknown) (died 1790)
July 16 – Sir Joshua Reynolds, English painter (died 1792)
Years |
7868 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oven | Oven | Ovens are closed, heated containers which are used for heating, baking, and drying. It is used the most often in cooking and pottery. They provide even, dry heat to all surfaces of food inside them. An indoor oven can have an electric heating element, or be fired by natural gas or coal. Outdoor ovens are often made of brick or clay and are buried in hot coals. An oven which is used for making pottery is called a kiln. An oven used for heating or industrial processes is called a furnace. They are hot inside, and often things come out of them hot.
History
The people in the settlements of the Indus Valley Civilization were the first to have an oven inside of their mud-brick houses by 3200 B.C.
People who study the history of food give credit to the Greeks for making the baking of bread into an art. A type of oven called Front-loaded bread ovens were created in ancient Greece.
References
Basic English 850 words
Cooking appliances |
7869 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pot | Pot | Pot is also a different (slang) word for marijuana (Cannabis).
A cooking pot is a vessel to cook in. It is often larger than a pan, and will be taller than it is wide.
Pots are used for boiling liquids, like soups or stew.
Cookware and bakeware |
7870 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid | Liquid | A liquid is a form of matter. It is settled between solid and gas. Liquid has an almost-fixed volume, but no set shape.
Every small force makes a liquid change its shape by flowing. Because of that, gravity makes liquids always take the shape of the container. The molecules that make up the liquid can freely move among themselves.
Fluids that flow slowly have a high viscosity. Some fluids like tar have such a high viscosity that they may seem solid.
It is difficult to compress a liquid. If a liquid is cooled down until it is colder than a certain temperature, it will become a solid. This temperature is called the melting point or freezing point and is different for every different type of liquid. If a liquid is heated up it becomes a gas. The temperature this happens at is called the boiling point.
Examples of liquid are water, oils and blood.
In a liquid, the liquid on the top presses down on the liquid underneath, so at the bottom the pressure, p, is bigger than at the top. The equation for working this out is:
p = ρgz
where z is the depth of the point below the surface and g is how strong gravity is pulling on the liquid. ρ is a number that tells us how heavy a set amount of the liquid is. We call this the density and it is different for all liquids.
References
Other websites
Basic English 850 words
States of matter |
7872 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/January%2024 | January 24 |
Events
Up to 1900
41 – Roman Emperor Gaius Caesar (Caligula), known for his eccentricity and cruel despotism, was assassinated by his disgruntled Praetorian Guards.
1438 – Pope Eugenius IV was suspended by the Council of Basel.
1458 – Matthias I Corvinus becomes king of Hungary.
1521 - Ferdinand Magellan reaches the Puka-Puka Islands in the Tuamotu Archipelago, Polynesia, South Pacific Ocean.
1624 – Alfonso Mendez, appointed by Pope Gregory XV as Prelate of Ethiopia, arrives at Massawa from Goa.
1679 – King Charles II of England disbands Parliament.
1742 – Charles VII Albert becomes Holy Roman Emperor.
1758 - Seven Years' War: The leading burghers of Konigsberg (now Kaliningrad) submit to Elizabeth of Russia, forming Russian Prussia (until 1763).
1772 - France takes control of the Crozet Islands in the Indian Ocean.
1817 - Crossing of the Andes: Many soldiers of Juan Gregorio de las Heras are captured in the Action Pichenta.
1835 - Slaves in Salvador da Bahia, Brazil, stage a revolt which is instrumental in ending slavery there 50 years later.
1848 – California gold rush: James W. Marshall finds gold at Sutter's Mill near Sacramento.
1857 - The University of Calcutta is founded.
1862 - Bucharest becomes the capital city of Romania.
1888 – Jacob L. Wortman patents the typewriter ribbon.
1901 2000
1908 – Robert Baden-Powell begins the Boy Scout movement.
1916 – In Brushaber v. Union Pacific Railroad, the Supreme Court of the United States declares the federal income tax constitutional.
1918 – A decree of the Council of People's Commissars, introducing the Gregorian calendar in Russia from February 1, issued
1922 – Christian K. Nelson patents the Eskimo Pie.
1924 – St. Petersburg, Russia is renamed Leningrad.
1927 – Young director Alfred Hitchcock releases his first movie, The Pleasure Garden, in England.
1936 – Albert Sarraut becomes Prime Minister of France.
1939 - Chillan, in Chile, is hit by a deadly earthquake.
1942 - World War II: The Allies bomb Bangkok, leading to Thailand declaring war on the United Kingdom and United States.
1943 – World War II: Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill conclude a conference in Casablanca.
1945 – Auschwitz concentration camp in Poland is liberated by Soviet troops.
1946 - The United Nations General Assembly passes its first resolution to establish the United Nations Atomic Energy Commission.
1947 - Dimitrios Maximos becomes Prime Minister of Greece.
1952 – Vincent Massey sworn in as first Canada-born Governor-General of Canada.
1960 - Algerian War: Some units of European volunteers in Algiers stage an insurrection known as "barricades week", during which they seize government buildings and clash with local police.
1961 - A bomber carrying two hydrogen bombs breaks up in mid-air over North Carolina.
1962 – Brian Epstein signs to manage The Beatles.
1962 - 28 people manage to escape from East Berlin to West Berlin through a tunnel.
1966 – An Air India Boeing 707 jet crashes on Mont Blanc, on the border between France and Italy, killing 117
1972 – Shoichi Yokoi, a Japanese soldier, is discovered on Guam, where he was hiding in a cave since 1944.
1976 - An earthquake kills 3,850 people in Turkey.
1977 - Massacre of Atochi in Madrid.
1978 - Soviet satellite Cosmos 954, with nuclear weapons on board, burns up in Earth's atmosphere, scattering radioactive debris over Canada's Northwest Territories.
1982 – Super Bowl XVI: San Francisco 49ers defeat the Cincinnati Bengals, 26-21 in the first Super Bowl played north of the Mason–Dixon line
1984 – The first Apple Macintosh goes on sale.
1986 – Voyager 2 passes within 50,679 miles of Uranus.
1987 – In Lebanon, gunmen kidnap Alann Steen, Jesse Turner, Robert Polhill and Mitheleshwar Singh.
1989 – Serial killer Ted Bundy is executed in Florida's electric chair.
1990 - Japan launches Hiten, its first lunar probe.
1993 - Turkish journalist and writer Ugur Mumcu is killed by a car bomb in Ankara.
1995 – The prosecution delivers its opening statement in the O. J. Simpson murder trial.
1996 – Polish Premier Jozef Oleksy resigns amid charges he spied for Moscow.
From 2001
2001 – The last two of the Texas 7 are taken into custody in Colorado Springs, Colorado.
2002 – Enron congressional hearings begin.
2002 – Terrorist suspect John Walker Lindh's hearing begins.
2002 – The United States Department of Justice indicts Robert Nicholas Angleton for conspiring to murder his wife, Doris Angleton, along with his brother Roger.
2003 – The United States Department of Homeland Security officially begins operation.
2009 - The storm Klaus makes landfall in Bordeaux, France, on the way to causing large destruction and 26 deaths.
2011 - A bombing at Domodedovo Airport in Moscow kills 35 people.
2015 - An attack by Russian-backed rebels in Mariupol, Eastern Ukraine, kills at least 20 people.
2018 - Scientists in the People's Republic of China report in the journal "Cell" that the first monkey clones have been created.
Births
Up to 1900
76 – Hadrian, Roman Emperor (d. 138)
1444 – Galeazzo Maria Sforza, Duke of Milan (d. 1476)
1540 - Edmund Campion, English priest and martyr (d. 1581)
1679 – Christian Wolff, German philosopher (d. 1754)
1705 - Farinelli, Italian singer (d. 1782)
1712 – Frederick II of Prussia (d. 1786)
1724 - Frances Brooke, English writer (d. 1789)
1732 - Pierre-Augustin Caron de Beaumarchais, French playwright (d. 1799)
1742 - Anne, Duchess of Cumberland and Strathearn (d. 1808)
1746 – King Gustav III of Sweden (d. 1792)
1749 – Charles James Fox, British politician (d. 1806)
1752 - Muzio Clementi, Italian composer (d. 1832)
1776 – E. T. A. Hoffmann, German writer (d. 1822)
1778 - Ferdinand, Duke of Berry, French Prince (d. 1820)
1779 - Tsarina Elizabeth Alexeievna of Russia (d. 1826)
1792 - Friedrich Wilhelm, Count Brandenburg, Prussian statesman (d. 1850)
1816 - Coles Bashford, Governor of Wisconsin (d. 1878)
1828 – Ferdinand Cohn, German botanist and microbiologist (d. 1898)
1848 - Vasily Surikov, Russian painter (d. 1916)
1850 – Hermann Ebbinghaus, German psychologist (d. 1909)
1862 – Edith Wharton, American writer (d. 1937)
1864 – Marguerite Durand, French Women's rights activist (d. 1936)
1866 - Jaan Poskal, Estonian lawyer, diplomat and politician (d. 1920)
1872 – Konstantin Bogaevsky, Russian painter (d. 1943)
1872 - Ethel Turner, Australian writer (d. 1958)
1872 - Morris William Travers, English chemist (d. 1961)
1886 - Henry King, American movie director (d. 1982)
1888 – Ernst Heinkel, German aircraft designer (d. 1958)
1888 - Vicki Baum, Austrian writer (d. 1960)
1891 - Walter Model, German field marshal (d. 1945)
1895 – Eugen Roth, German writer (d. 1976)
1900 - Theodosius Dobzhansky, Ukrainian-born American geneticist and biologist (d. 1975)
1901 1950
1901 – A. M. Cassandre, Ukrainian-born French artist (d. 1968)
1901 - Mikhail Romm, Soviet-Russian film director (d. 1971)
1907 - Maurice Couve de Murville, Prime Minister of France (d. 1999)
1910 – Doris Haddock (Granny D), American political activist (d. 2010)
1913 - Norman Dello Joio, American composer (d. 2008)
1915 - Robert Motherwell, American painter (d. 1991)
1916 - Arnoldo Foa, Italian actor and director (d. 2014)
1916 – Rafael Caldera, President of Venezuela (d. 2009)
1916 - Gene Mako, Hungarian-American tennis player (d. 2013)
1917 – Ernest Borgnine, American actor (d. 2012)
1918 – Oral Roberts, American evangelist (d. 2009)
1920 - Jerry Maren, American actor
1922 - Daniel Boulanger, French actor and screenwriter (d. 2014)
1925 - Gus Mortson, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 2015)
1925 - Maria Tallchief, American ballerina (d. 2013)
1926 – Georges Lautner, French movie director and screenwriter (d. 2013)
1928 – Desmond Morris, British zoologist, publicist and artist
1928 - Michel Serrault, French actor (d. 2007)
1931 - Lars Hörmander, Swedish mathematician (d. 2012)
1935 - Bamber Gascoigne, British actor and broadcaster
1940 – Joachim Gauck, German pastor, activist, publicist and former President of Germany
1941 – Neil Diamond, American singer and songwriter
1941 – Dan Shechtman, Israeli scientist and winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry
1941 - Aaron Neville, American musician
1942 - Gary Hart, American wrestler and manager (d. 2008)
1943 - Subhash Ghai, Indian director, screenwriter and politician
1943 – Peter Struck, German politician (d. 2012)
1943 – Sharon Tate, American actress (d. 1969)
1944 – Klaus Nomi, German singer (d. 1983)
1945 - John Garamendi, American politician
1947 - Masashi Ozaki, Japanese golfer
1947 – Michio Kaku, American theoretical physicist
1947 - Giorgio Chinaglia, Italian footballer (d. 2012)
1948 – Michael Des Barres, British actor and singer
1949 – John Belushi, American actor (d. 1982)
1950 - Gennifer Flowers, American actress
1951 1975
1951 - Mike Thompson, American politician
1952 - Raymond Domenech, French football coach
1953 - Moon Jae-in, South Korean lawyer and President of South Korea
1953 - Matthew Wilder, American singer-songwriter
1955 - Jim Montgomery, American swimmer
1957 - Mark Eaton, American basketball player
1957 – Adrian Edmondson, English comedian
1958 – Jools Holland, English pianist, bandleader and television presenter
1959 – Vic Reeves, English comedian
1959 - Michel Preud'Homme, Belgian footballer
1961 – Guido Buchwald, German footballer
1961 – Natassja Kinski, German-born actress
1965 - Andreu Buenafuerte, Spanish humorist
1966 - Shaun Donovan, American politician
1966 - Julie Dreyfus, French actress
1968 - Mary Lou Retton, American gymnast
1971 - Cory Bailey, American baseball player
From 1976
1976 - Shae-Lynn Bourne, Canadian ice dancer
1976 - Cindy Pieters, Belgian cyclist
1977 – Kensuke Kita, Japanese guitarist
1977 - Michelle Hunziker, Swiss television presenter, singer and model
1978 - Kristen Schaal, American actress
1979 – Tatyana Ali, American actress and singer
1979 - Nik Wallenda, American acrobat and daredevil
1979 - Leandro Desabato, Argentine footballer
1980 - Rebecca Romero, English track cyclist and rower
1980 - Nicole Marie Lenz, American actress
1981 – Michael Wolf, German ice hockey player
1981 - Travis Hanson, American baseball player
1982 - Claudia Heill, Austrian judoka (d. 2011)
1983 – Shaun Maloney, Scottish footballer
1983 – Scott Speed, American racing driver
1983 - Diane Birch, American singer-songwriter and pianist
1983 - Davide Blondini, Italian footballer
1984 - Scott Kazmir, American baseball player
1984 - Wietold Kieltyka, Polish drummer (d. 2007)
1986 – Mischa Barton, English-born actress
1986 - Michael Kightly, English footballer
1987 - Wayne Hennessey, Welsh footballer
1987 – Luis Suarez, Uruguayan footballer
1988 - DaJuan Summers, American basketball player
1988 – Jade Ewen, English singer
1989 – Ki Sung-Yueng, South Korean footballer
1989 - Samba Diakité, Malian footballer
1989 - Calvin Goldspink, English actor and singer
1989 - Gong Lijiao, Chinese shot putter
1990 - Mao Abe, Japanese singer-songwriter
1992 - Becky Downie, British gymnast
1993 - Tanja Frank, Austrian sailor
1995 - Callan McAuliffe, Australian actor
1997 - Dylan Riley Snyder, American actor, singer and dancer
2012 - Princess Athena of Denmark
Deaths
Up to 1900
41 – Caligula, Roman Emperor (b. 12)
772 – Pope Stephen III (b. 721)
817 - Pope Stephen IV (b. 770)
863 - Charles of Provence (b. 845)
1002 – Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 980)
1125 – King David IV of Georgia (b. 1073)
1349 - Luchino Visconti, Regent of Milan (b. 1287)
1366 – Alfonso IV of Aragon (b. 1299)
1595 – Ferdinand II of Austria (b. 1529)
1813 - Theodore Sedgwick, American politician (b. 1746)
1861 - Robert P. Letcher, American politician, Governor of Kentucky (b. 1788)
1877 – Johann Christian Poggendorff, German physicist (b. 1796)
1879 - Heinrich Geissler, inventor (b. 1815)
1882 - Levi Boone, Mayor of Chicago (b. 1808)
1895 – Lord Randolph Churchill, British politician (b. 1849)
1901 2000
1911 - David Graham Phillips, American journalist and novelist (b. 1867)
1918 - George Arthur Crump, American architect (b. 1871)
1919 - Ismail Qemali, 1st Prime Minister of Albania (b. 1844)
1920 – Amedeo Modigliani, Italian painter and sculptor (b. 1884)
1924 – Marie-Adelaide, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg (b. 1894)
1924 - Anna Bayerova, Czech physician (b. 1853)
1930 - Rebecca Latimer Felton, American politician (b. 1835)
1937 - Andrew J. Montague, Governor of Virginia (b. 1862)
1939 - Maximilian Bircher-Benner, Swiss physician (b. 1867)
1948 - Maria Mandl, Austrian concentration camp overseer and convicted Nazi war criminal (b. 1912)
1955 - Henry Potter, American golfer (b. 1881)
1955 - Ira Hayes, American marine (b. 1923)
1960 - Edwin Fischer, Swiss pianist and conductor (b. 1886)
1961 - Alfred Carlton Gilbert, American pole vaulter and inventor (b. 1884)
1962 - Ahmet Hamdi Tanpinar, Turkish writer (b. 1901)
1965 – Winston Churchill, British statesman, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1874)
1969 - King Saud of Saudi Arabia (b. 1902)
1971 - Bill W., American activist, co-founder of Alcoholics Anonymous (b. 1895)
1980 – Lil Dagover, Dutch-German actress (b. 1887)
1982 - Alfredo Ovando Candia, 56th President of Bolivia (b. 1918)
1986 - Gordon MacRae, American actor and singer (b. 1921)
1986 – L. Ron Hubbard, American writer and founder of Scientology (b. 1911)
1988 - Werner Fenchel, German mathematician (b. 1905)
1989 – Ted Bundy, American serial killer (b. 1946)
1992 - Ken Darby, American composer and conductor (b. 1909)
1993 – Thurgood Marshall, United States Supreme Court Justice (b. 1908)
1993 – Ugur Mumcu, Turkish journalist and writer (b. 1942)
From 2001
2003 – Gianni Agnelli, Italian businessman and auto executive (b. 1921)
2004 – Leonidas da Silva, Brazilian footballer (b. 1913)
2006 - Chris Penn, American actor (b. 1965)
2007 – Emiliano Mercado del Toro, Puerto Rican supercentenarian (b. 1891)
2009 – Kay Yow, American basketball coach (b. 1942)
2011 – Bhimsen Joshi, Indian musician (b. 1922)
2011 – Bernd Eichinger, German movie director and producer (b. 1949)
2012 – Theodoros Angelopoulos, Greek movie director and screenwriter (b. 1935)
2012 – James Farentino, American actor (b. 1938)
2012 - J. Joseph Garrahy, Governor of Rhode Island (b. 1930)
2014 - Shulamit Aloni, Israeli politician (b. 1928)
2015 - Otto Carius, German World War II tank commander (b. 1922)
2015 - Johan Ferner, Norwegian sailor (b. 1927)
2015 - Toller Cranston, Canadian figure skater (b. 1949)
2015 - Link Byfield, Canadian conservative columnist, politician and publisher (b. 1951)
2015 - Joe Franklin, American television and radio host (b. 1926)
2015 - Julio Canessa, Chilean diplomat and general (b. 1925)
2015 - Frances Lennon, British artist (b. 1912)
2016 - Jimmy Bain, Scottish musician (b. 1947)
2016 - Fredrik Barth, Norwegian social anthropologist (b. 1928)
2016 - Forouzan, Iranian actress (b. 1937)
2016 - Marvin Minsky, American scientist (b. 1927)
2016 - Henry Worsley, English adventurer (b. 1960)
2017 - Fred André, Dutch footballer (b. 1941)
2017 - Chuck Canfield, American businessman and politician (b. 1932)
2017 - Carlos Verdejo, Chilean footballer (b. 1934)
2017 - Chuck Weyant, American racing driver (b. 1923)
2017 - Butch Trucks, American drummer (b. 1947)
2017 - Robert Folsom, American politician (b. 1927)
2017 - Gil Ray, American drummer (b. 1956)
2018 - Marcos Carvajal, Venezuelan baseball player (b. 1984)
2018 - Gonzalo Facio Segreda, Costa Rican politician (b. 1918)
2018 - Renaud Gagneux, French composer (b. 1947)
2018 - Jack Ketchum, American novelist and screenwriter (b. 1946)
2018 - Mark E. Smith, English singer-songwriter (b. 1957)
Observances
Feast Day of Our Lady of Peace (Roman Catholicism)
Unification Day (Romania)
Days of the year |
7873 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/October%2012 | October 12 |
Events
Up to 1900
539 BC The army of Cyrus the Great of Persia takes Babylon.
1216 King John of England loses his own crown jewels in The Wash.
1492 In his first voyage, Christopher Columbus lands in the present-day Bahamas, in the belief that he'd reached East Asia.
1654 An explosion devastates the city of Delft, Netherlands, killing over 100 people.
1692 The Salem Witch Trials are ended by a letter from Massachusetts Governor William Phips.
1748 War of Jenkins' Ear: Battle of Havana between British and Spanish naval forces.
1773 The United States' first insane asylum opens in Virginia.
1792 First US celebration of Columbus Day, in New York City.
1799 Jeanne Genevieve Labrosse becomes the first woman to jump from a balloon with a parachute.
1810 The tradition of the Munich Oktoberfest begins.
1822 Pedro I of Brazil is proclaimed Emperor.
1823 Charles Macintosh, of Scotland, sells the first raincoat.
1892 The Pledge of Allegiance is first recited by students in many public schools.
1899 First fighting of the Second Boer War.
1901 2000
1901 The 'Executive Mansion' is renamed the White House by US President Theodore Roosevelt.
1902 The Austria national football team plays its first game, defeating the Hungary national football team 5-0.
1915 World War I: British nurse Edith Cavell is executed by a German firing squad.
1917 World War I: The first Battle of Passchendaele takes place.
1918 A massive forest fire kills 453 people in Minnesota.
1928 An iron lung respirator is first used at the Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
1931 The Christ the Redeemer statue on Sugar Loaf Mountain over Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, is officially inaugurated.
1942 World War II: Japanese ships retreat after defeat to the US in the Battle of Esperance on Guadalcanal.
1944 World War II: Athens, Greece, is liberated from occupying German forces.
1962 A storm hits the Pacific Northwest of the United States, killing 46 people.
1964 The Soviet Union launches Voskhod 1 into Earth orbit as the first spacecraft with a multi-person crew.
1968 Equatorial Guinea becomes independent from Spain.
1968 The 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City begin.
1970 Vietnam War: Richard Nixon announces the withdrawal of 40,000 US troops before Christmas.
1979 The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy by Douglas Adams is first published.
1983 Prime Minister of Japan Tanaka Kakuei is found guilty of bribery and sent to four years in jail.
1984 The Provisional IRA carries out the Brighton Hotel Bombing in an attempt to kill Margaret Thatcher, who escapes unhurt, though 5 people are killed and 31 injured.
1986 Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh visit the People's Republic of China.
1987 General Junhao Zhang fails the Juliet battalion in a skirmish versus the Han Chinese resulting in 50 casualties and the loss of a warehouse containing tonnes of gold.
1988 Birchandra Manu massacre in Tripura, India.
1991 Askar Akayev is confirmed as President of Kyrgyzstan.
1992 A magnitude 5.8 earthquake in Cairo, Egypt kills 510 people.
1994 NASA loses radio contact with the Magellan spacecraft as it passes through the atmosphere of the planet Venus, probably because of the extreme gravity there.
1997 Sidi Daous massacre occurs in Algeria, as 43 people are killed at a fake roadblock.
1999 In Pakistan, Pervez Musharraf takes control in a military coup. Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif is placed under house arrest.
1999 Abkhazia declares independence from Georgia.
1999 The UN officially designates this as the day that the world population reached six billion.
2000 The USS Cole is badly damaged in Aden, Yemen, by two suicide bombers.
From 2001
2002 A terrorist bombing on the Indonesian island of Bali kills 202 people.
2003 Germany wins the FIFA Women's World Cup, defeating Sweden 2-1.
2005 The second Chinese space flight occurs as Shenzhou 6 is launched, with Fei Junlong and Nie Haisheng on board.
2007 Al Gore and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change win the Nobel Peace Prize.
2009 Elinor Ostrom becomes the first woman to win the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, sharing it with Oliver E. Williamson.
2012 The European Union wins the Nobel Peace Prize.
2013 Cyclone Phailin hits the east coast of India.
2013 51 people are killed after a truck plunges off a cliff in Peru.
2014 Southeastern India is hit by Cyclone Hudhud, while Japan is hit by a typhoon on the same day.
2019 Typhoon Hagibis hits Japan, becoming the most powerful storm to hit the country in over 60 years.
Births
Up to 1900
1006 Emperor Go-Ichijo of Japan (d. 1036).
1350 Dmitry Donskoy, Prince of Moscow (d. 1389).
1490 Bernardo Pisano, Italian composer (d. 1548).
1537 Lady Jane Grey, Queen of England for nine days (d. 1554).
1537 King Edward VI of England (d. 1553).
1558 Archduke Maximilian II of Austria (d. 1618).
1576 Thomas Dudley, English-born American colonial magistrate (d. 1653).
1664 Praskovia Saltykova, Tsarina of Russia (d. 1723).
1687 Sylvius Leopold Weiss, German composer (d. 1750)
1710 Jonathan Trumbull, 16th Governor of Connecticut (d. 1785).
1775 Ludovico Micara, Italian cardinal (d. 1847).
1792 Christian Gmelin, German chemist (d. 1860).
1798 Pedro I, Emperor of Brazil and (as Pedro IV) King of Portugal (d. 1834).
1801 Friedrich Frey-Herosé, Swiss statesman (d. 1873).
1812 Ascanio Sobrero, Italian chemist and inventor (d. 1888).
1815 William G. Hardee, American Confederate general (d. 1873).
1827 George Lawson, Canadian botanist (d. 1895).
1834 Infanta Amelia Philippina of Spain (d. 1905).
1840 Helena Modjeska, Polish actress (d. 1909).
1844 George Washington Cable, American writer (d. 1925).
1853 Edward F. Dunne, Governor of Illinois (d. 1937).
1855 Arthur Nikisch, Hungarian conductor (d. 1922).
1860 Elmer Ambrose Sperry, American inventor (d. 1930).
1860 John G. Sargent, 53rd United States Attorney General (d. 1939).
1865 Arthur Harden, English chemist (d. 1940).
1866 Ramsay MacDonald, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1937).
1868 August Horch, German engineer and automobile pioneer, founder of Audi (d. 1951).
1868 Mariano Trias, 1st Vice President of the Philippines (d. 1914).
1872 Ralph Vaughan Williams, English composer (d. 1958)
1875 Aleister Crowley, English occultist and writer (d. 1947).
1877 Howard Mason Gore, American politician, 17th Governor of West Virginia (d. 1947).
1880 Louis Hemon, French novelist (d. 1913).
1882 Akiba Rubinstein, Polish chess player (d. 1961).
1891 Edith Stein, Roman Catholic nun (d. 1942).
1891 Fumimaro Konoe, Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1945).
1894 Elisabeth of Romania (d. 1956).
1896 Eugenio Montale, Italian poet (d. 1981).
1901 1950
1904 Ding Ling, Chinese writer (d. 1986).
1905 Barney Battles Jr., Scottish footballer (d. 1979).
1906 Joe Cronin, American baseball player and executive (d. 1984).
1910 Robert Fitzgerald, American poet and translator (d. 1985).
1917 Roque Maspoli, Uruguayan footballer (d. 2004).
1920 Christopher Soames, Baron Soames, British politician (d. 1987).
1921 Art Clokey, American animator (d. 2010).
1921 Jaroslav Drobny, Czech tennis and ice hockey player (d. 2001).
1921 Logie Bruce Lockhart, Scottish rugby player and journalist.
1921 Kenneth Griffith, Welsh actor (d. 2006).
1923 Wendell Eugene, American jazz trombonist (d. 2017).
1923 Jean Nidetch, American businesswoman (d. 2015).
1924 Doris Grau, American actress (d. 1995).
1925 Essie Mae Washington-Williams, American educator (d. 2013).
1926 Allan Brown, Scottish footballer (d. 2011).
1928 Rangel Valchanov, Bulgarian actor, director and screenwriter (d. 2013).
1929 Magnus Magnusson, Icelandic-British television presenter (d. 2007).
1931 Ole-Johan Dahl, Norwegian computer scientist (d. 2002).
1932 Dick Gregory, American comedian and activist (d. 2017).
1932 Ned Jarrett, American racing driver.
1932 John Moffat, Danish-Canadian physicist.
1934 Richard Meier, American architect.
1934 Albert Shiryaev, Russian mathematician.
1934 Thomas L. Judge, Governor of Montana (d. 2006).
1935 Don Howe, English footballer (d. 2015).
1935 Shivraj Patil, Indian politician.
1935 Luciano Pavarotti, Italian opera singer (d. 2007).
1937 Alberto Goldman, Brazilian politician (d. 2019).
1938 Bob Miller, American NHL broadcaster.
1939 Carolee Schneemann, American artist (d. 2019).
1942 Melvin Franklin, American singer (The Temptations) (d. 1995).
1942 Daliah Lavi, Israeli actress and singer (d. 2017).
1943 Jakob Kuhn, Swiss footballer and coach.
1944 Angela Rippon, British television journalist.
1945 Dusty Rhodes, American professional wrestler (d. 2015).
1946 Rosanna Marani, Italian journalist and television host.
1947 George Lam, Hong Kong actor and singer.
1948 Rick Parfitt, British musician (Status Quo) (d. 2016).
1948 John Engler, former Governor of Missouri.
1949 Carlos the Jackal, Venezuelan terrorist.
1950 Dave Freudenthal, 31st Governor of Wyoming.
1951 1975
1951 Ed Royce, American politician.
1952 Danielle Proulx, Canadian actress.
1952 Roger Heath-Brown, English mathematician.
1953 Les Dennis, English comedian and actor.
1953 David Threlfall, English actor.
1955 Ashley Adams, Australian target shooter (d. 2015).
1955 Einar Jan Aas, Norwegian footballer.
1955 Brian Flynn, Welsh footballer and coach.
1955 Ante Gotovina, Croatian general.
1955 Aggie MacKenzie, Scottish television presenter.
1956 Allan Evans, Scottish footballer.
1956 David Vanian, British singer (The Damned).
1958 Bryn Merrick, British musician (The Damned) (d. 2015).
1958 Hara Patnaik, Indian actor, director and writer (d. 2015).
1959 Anna Escobedo Cabral, 42nd Treasurer of the United States.
1960 Alexei Kudrin, Russian politician.
1962 Branko Crvenkovski, former President of the Republic of Macedonia.
1962 Chris Botti, American jazz trumpeter.
1963 Satoshi Kon, Japanese movie director and screenwriter (d. 2010).
1963 Alan McDonald, Northern Irish footballer (d. 2012).
1963 Dave Legeno, British actor and mixed martial artist (d. 2014).
1963 Donna Williams, Australian author (d. 2017).
1964 Sally Rogers, British actress
1965 Anja Niedringhaus, German photojournalist (d. 2014).
1966 Rhona Martin, Scottish curler.
1966 Brian Kennedy, Northern Irish musician and actor.
1966 Jonathan Crombie, Canadian actor (d. 2015).
1966 Wim Jonk, Dutch footballer.
1966 Roberto Nestor Sensini, Argentine footballer.
1968 Hugh Jackman, Australian actor.
1968 Adam Rich, American actor.
1969 Martie Maguire, American musician (Dixie Chicks).
1969 Zejko Milinovic, Slovenian footballer.
1970 Kirk Cameron, American actor.
1970 Origa, Russian-Japanese singer (d. 2015).
1973 Martin Corry, English rugby player.
1974 Lascelles Brown, Jamaican-Canadian bobsledder.
1974 Marie Wilson, American actress.
1974 Stephen Lee, English snooker player.
1975 Marion Jones, American athlete.
From 1976
1977 Jessica Barker, Canadian actress.
1977 Bode Miller, American skier.
1979 Paula Barila Bolopa, Equatoguinean footballer and swimmer.
1980 Nadzeya Ostapchuk, Belarussian shot putter.
1980 Ledley King, English footballer.
1981 Shola Ameobi, English footballer.
1983 Katie Piper, English model and television host.
1985 Greig Laidlaw, Scottish rugby player.
1986 Tyler Blackburn, American actor and singer.
1987 Besian Idrizaj, Austrian footballer (d. 2010).
1988 Sam Whitelock, New Zealand rugby player.
1989 Aggro Santos, Brazilian-English rapper
1990 Melody, Spanish singer.
1991 Michael Carter-Williams, American basketball player
1992 Josh Hutcherson, American actor.
1992 Taylor Horn, American singer, songwriter and actress.
1995 Jordan Howe, Welsh paralympic athlete.
1997 Prince Boris of Bulgaria.
2001 Raymond Ochoa, American actor.
2004 Darci Lynne, American ventriloquist and singer.
Deaths
Up to 1900
322 BC Demosthenes, Greek statesman (b. 384 BC).
632 Edwin of Northumbria (b. 586).
638 Pope Honorius I
642 Pope John IV
1095 Leopold II of Austria (b. 1050).
1320 Michael IX Palaiologus, Emperor of the Byzantine Empire (b. 1277).
1492 Piero della Francesca, Italian painter (b. 1415).
1576 Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1527).
1600 Luis Molina, Spanish Jesuit (b. 1535).
1730 Frederick IV of Denmark (b. 1671).
1845 Elizabeth Fry, British social reformer and philanthropist (b. 1780).
1850 Pedro de Sousa Holstein, 1st Duke of Palmela, Prime Minister of Portugal (b. 1781).
1870 Robert E. Lee, American Confederate General (b. 1807).
1875 Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux, French sculptor and painter (b. 1827).
1891 Hobart B. Bigelow, Governor of Connecticut (b. 1834).
1896 Christian Emil Krag-Juel-Vind-Frijs, Danish nobleman and politician (b. 1817).
1901 2000
1915 Edith Cavell, English nurse (b. 1865).
1920 Yu Gwan-sun, Korean independence leader (b. 1904).
1921 Philander C. Knox, United States Secretary of State (b. 1853).
1924 Anatole France, French writer (b. 1844).
1933 John Lister, English politician (b. 1847).
1937 Al Brady, American gangster, killed by FBI
1943 Willi Graf, German Resistance activist (b. 1918).
1946 Joseph Stilwell, American general (b. 1883).
1948 Alfred Kerr, German writer (b. 1867).
1956 Lorenzo Perosi, Italian composer (b. 1872).
1957 Arie de Jong, Dutch linguist (b. 1865).
1960 Inejiro Asanuma, Japanese politician (b. 1898).
1965 Paul Hermann Müller, Swiss chemist (b. 1899).
1967 Ram Manohar Lohia, Indian activist and politician (b. 1910).
1969 Sonja Henie, Norwegian figure skater (b. 1912).
1970 Mustafa Zaidi, Pakistani poet (b. 1930).
1971 Dean Acheson, American politician (b. 1893).
1971 Gene Vincent, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1935).
1973 Peter Aufschnaiter, Austrian mountaineer (b. 1899).
1980 Alberto Demicheli, Uruguayan politician (b. 1896).
1985 Johnny Olson, American television announcer (b. 1910).
1987 Alf Landon, American politician (b. 1887).
1993 Leon Ames, American actor (b. 1902).
1996 René Lacoste, French tennis player (b. 1904).
1997 John Denver, American singer (b. 1943).
1998 Matthew Shepard, American murder victim (b. 1976).
1999 Wilt Chamberlain, American basketball player (b. 1936).
From 2001
2002 Ray Conniff, American bandleader and musician (b. 1916).
2002 Audrey Mestre, French diver (b. 1974).
2003 Jim Cairns, Australian politician (b. 1914).
2003 Willie Shoemaker, American jockey (b. 1931).
2006 Gillo Pontecorvo, Italian movie director (b. 1919).
2007 Kisho Kurokawa, Japanese architect (b. 1934).
2009 Frank Vandenbroucke, Belgian cyclist (b. 1974).
2010 Manuel Alexandre, Spanish actor (b. 1917).
2011 Dennis Ritchie, American computer scientist (b. 1941).
2012 Sukhdev Singh Kang, 14th Governor of Kerala (b. 1931).
2013 Oscar Hijuelos, American writer (b. 1951).
2014 Roberto Telch, Argentine footballer (b. 1943).
2014 Ali Mazrui, Kenyan professor and writer (b. 1931).
2015 Abdallah Kigoda, Tanzanian politician (b. 1953).
2015 Joan Leslie, American actress and dancer (b. 1925).
2017 Muntaka Connmassie, Nigerian jurist (b. 1946).
2018 Pik Botha, South African politician (b. 1932).
2019 Mel Aull, Canadian football player (b. 1928).
2019 Carlo Croccolo, Italian actor (b. 1927).
2019 Sara Danius, Swedish writer and professor (b. 1962).
2019 Reg Watson, Australian television producer (b. 1926).
2019 Yoshihiza Yoshikawa, Japanese sports shooter (b. 1936).
Observances
Many observances relating to Christopher Columbus reaching the Caribbean, celebrated around the Americas and Spain.
Independence Day (Equatorial Guinea).
Days of the year |
7874 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1806 | 1806 | 1806 (MDCCCVII) was .
Events
August 6 – The last Holy Roman Emperor quits, ending the Holy Roman Empire |
7875 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/July%2013 | July 13 |
Events
Up to 1900
1174 - William the Lion of Scotland is captured at Alnwick, Northumberland, by forces loyal to Henry II of England.
1249 - Alexander III of Scotland is crowned King.
1260 - The Livonian Order suffers its greatest defeat in the 13th century in the Battle of Durbe against the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
1501 - Basel joins the Swiss Confederation.
1558 – Battle of Gravelines: In France, Spanish forces led by Count Lamoral of Egmont defeat the French forces of Marshal Paul des Thermes at Gravelines.
1573 - Eighty Years' War: The Siege of Haarlem ends after seven months.
1643 – English Civil War: Battle of Roundway Down – In England, Lord Henry Wilmot, Earl of Rochester, commanding the Royalist forces, wins a crushing victory over the Parliamentarian Sir William Waller.
1772 - James Cook starts his second voyage from Plymouth, England.
1787 – The United States Congress enacts the Northwest Ordinance establishing governing rules for the Northwest Territory. It also establishes procedures for the admission of new states and limits the expansion of slavery.
1793 – Jean-Paul Marat, one of the leaders of the French Revolution, is murdered by Charlotte Corday.
1794 – Battle of the Vosges between French forces and those of Prussia and Austria.
1814 - The Carabinieri, the national gendarmerie of Italy, is founded.
1822 – Greek War of Independence: Greeks defeat Ottoman forces at Thermopylae.
1832 - Henry Rowe Schoolcraft finds Lake Itasca, the source of the Mississippi River.
1837 – Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom moves into the first Buckingham Palace in London and is the first British monarch to live there.
1863 – New York Draft Riots: In New York City, opponents of conscription begin three days of rioting which will be later regarded as the worst in United States history.
1854 – In the Battle of Guaymas, Mexico, General Jose Maria Yanez stops the French invasion led by Count Gaston de Raousset Boulbon.
1878 – Treaty of Berlin: The European powers redraw the map of the Balkans. Serbia and Montenegro become completely independent of the Ottoman Empire.
1900 – Boxer Rebellion: In China, Tientsin is retaken by European Allies from the rebelling Boxers.
1901 2000
1908 – Women compete in modern Olympics for the first time.
1909 – Gold discovered near Cochrane, Ontario.
1919 – The British airship R-34 lands in Norfolk, England, completing the first airship return journey across the Atlantic in 182 hours of flight.
1923 - Originally reading "Hollywoodland", the Hollywood Sign is unveiled in the hills above Hollywood, Los Angeles, California.
1930 – The first FIFA World Cup begins in Uruguay. The first goal is scored by France's Lucien Laurent against Mexico.
1936 – A heat wave strikes the Midwestern United States. The all-time highest temperatures for the states of Wisconsin, Michigan, and Indiana are all recorded on this date.
1941 – World War II: Montenegrins start the first popular uprising in Europe against the Axis Powers on 13 July.
1942 – World War II: German U-Boats sink three more merchant ships in the Gulf of St. Lawrence.
1962 - Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Harold Macmillan dismisses seven members of his cabinet.
1972 – The United States Democratic Party nominates George McGovern for President at its convention in Miami Beach, Florida but, because of an impassioned platform dispute, McGovern does not give his acceptance speech until the early morning hours of the 14th.
1973 – Alexander Butterfield reveals the existence of the Nixon tapes to the special Senate committee investigating the Watergate break in.
1977 – The New York City Blackout of 1977 lasts for 25 hours and results in looting and other disorder.
1977 - Somalia declares war on Ethiopia.
1978 – Ford Motor Company President Lee Iacocca is fired by chairman Henry Ford II, ending a long dispute between the men.
1982 – Montreal hosts the first baseball All-Star Game outside the United States.
1985 – The Live Aid benefit concert takes place in London and Philadelphia, as well as other venues such as Sydney and Moscow.
1990 - An earthquake centred in Afghanistan causes an avalanche that kills 43 people on Pik Lenina.
1996 – A Garuda Indonesia Airways DC-10 crashes on take-off from Fukuoka Airport, Japan, killing 3 passengers.
2000 - A landslide hits the slum quarter of Mumbai, killing 250 people.
2000 - A mudslide in Shaanxi province, China, kills 120 people.
From 2001
2001 - Beijing is given the right to host the 2008 Summer Olympics.
2002 – A lighting strike sets off the Sour Biscuit Fire in Oregon and northern California, which had burned 499,570 acres (2,020 km²) when finally contained on September 5.
2004 – The Flag of Montenegro is adopted.
2005 – Space Shuttle Discovery launches in the Return to Flight program.
2011 - Bombings during evening rush hour in Mumbai kill 26 people.
2014 - 2014 FIFA World Cup: The Germany national football team wins the FIFA World Cup, defeating the Argentina national football team 1-0 late in extra time through Mario Götze, at the Maracana in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
2016 - Theresa May becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, succeeding David Cameron.
2018 - A terrorist attack in Mastung, Pakistan, kills 149 people.
2019 - Tennis: Simona Halep wins the Wimbledon women's singles title, defeating Serena Williams in straight sets (6-2, 6-2).
Births
Up to 1900
100 BC – Julius Caesar (or July 12), statesman and military leader (died 44 BC)
AD 40 – Gnaeus Julius Agricola, Roman Governor of Britain (died 93)
1527 – John Dee, English scientist (died 1609)
1579 - Arthur Dee, English physician (died 1651)
1590 – Pope Clement X (died 1676)
1607 - Wenceslaus Hollar, Czech-English painter and illustrator (died 1677)
1608 – Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor (died 1657)
1760 - István Pauli, Hungarian-Slovene priest and writer (died 1829)
1770 - Alexander Balashov, Russian general (died 1837)
1773 - Wilhelm Heinrich Wackenroder, German jurist and writer (died 1798)
1776 - Caroline of Baden (died 1841)
1783 - Augustus, Grand Duke of Oldenburg (died 1853)
1787 - Pellegrino Rossi, Italian politician, economist and jurist (died 1848)
1791 - Allan Cunningham, British botanist and explorer (died 1839)
1793 - John Clare, English poet (died 1864)
1798 - Alexandra Feodorovna, German-born consort of Nicholas I of Russia (died 1860)
1808 - Patrice de Mac-Mahon, Duke of Magenta, French general and statesman (died 1893)
1808 - Antonio Arenas, President of Peru (died 1891)
1811 – George Gilbert Scott, English architect (died 1878)
1813 – Theophil Hansen, Danish architect (died 1891)
1816 – Gustav Freytag, writer (died 1895)
1821 – Nathan Bedford Forrest, American Confederate general and Ku Klux Klan leader (died 1877)
1826 - Stanislao Cannizzaro, Italian chemist (died 1910)
1831 - Arthur Boettcher, Baltic German pathologist and anatomist (died 1889)
1841 – Otto Wagner, Austrian architect (died 1918)
1859 - Sidney Webb, 1st Baron Passfield, British economist (died 1947)
1861 - Infanta Marie Anne of Portugal, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg (died 1942)
1862 - Petar Gudev, Prime Minister of Bulgaria (died 1932)
1863 - Margaret Murray, English archaeologist, anthropologist and historian (died 1963)
1864 – John Jacob Astor IV, American entrepreneur (died 1912)
1866 - La Goulue, French dancer (died 1929)
1876 - William Michaels, American heavyweight boxer (died 1934)
1877 - Erik Scavenius, Prime Minister of Denmark (died 1962)
1889 - Louise Mountbatten, consort of King Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden (died 1965)
1889 - Hjalmar Andersson, Swedish runner (died 1971)
1891 - Fréhel, French chanson singer and actress (died 1951)
1894 – Isaak Babel, Ukrainian writer (died 1940)
1895 - Sidney Blackmer, American actor (died 1973)
1896 - Mordecai Ardon, Israeli painter (died 1992)
1898 - Julius Schreck, German SS commander (died 1936)
1900 – George Lewis, American jazz musician (died 1969)
1900 - Teresa of the Andes, Chilean nun and saint (died 1920)
1901 1950
1907 - George Weller, American author, playwright and journalist (died 2002)
1908 - Dorothy Round, English tennis player (died 1982)
1909 - Souphanouvong, Laotian politician (died 1995)
1913 – Dave Garroway, American television host (died 1982)
1913 – Maersk Mc-Kinney Moller, Danish shipping magnate (died 2012)
1915 - Kaoru Ishikawa, Japanese university professor (died 1989)
1918 – Alberto Ascari, Italian race car driver (died 1955)
1919 – William F. Quinn, 1st State Governor of Hawaii (died 2006)
1921 – Ernest Gold, Austrian-American movie score composer (died 1999)
1921 - Tullio Ilomets, Estonian chemist and science historian (died 2018)
1922 – Anker Jorgensen, former Prime Minister of Denmark (died 2016)
1923 - Alexandre Astruc, French film director and critic (died 2016)
1924 – Carlo Bergonzi, Italian tenor (died 2014)
1924 - Michel Constantin, French actor (died 2003)
1927 – Simone Veil, French politician (died 2017)
1928 – Bob Crane, American actor, (died 1978)
1928 – Mace Neufeld, movie producer
1928 - Sven Davidson, Swedish tennis player (died 2008)
1929 - Sofia Muratova, Soviet gymnast (died 2006)
1929 – Alan Civil, English French horn player (died 1989)
1930 - Viktor Tsybulenko, Ukrainian javelin thrower (died 2013)
1931 - Ernie Colón, American comic artist (died 2019)
1931 - Frank Ramsey, American basketball player and coach (died 2018)
1932 - Hubert Reeves, Canadian astrophysicist
1933 - Patsy Byrne, English actress (died 2014)
1933 – David Storey, English writer (died 2017)
1934 – Wole Soyinka, Nigerian writer and Nobel Prize winner
1934 – Aleksei Yeliseyev, Soviet cosmonaut
1935 – Jack Kemp, American football player and Vice Presidential candidate (died 2009)
1935 – Kurt Westergaard, Danish cartoonist
1936 – Albert Ayler, American jazz musician (died 1970)
1938 - Michael Verhoeven, German movie director
1938 - David Mitton, English model-maker (died 2008)
1940 – Patrick Stewart, English actor
1940 - Paul Prudhomme, American chef (died 2015)
1941 – Robert Forster, American actor
1941 – Jacques Perrin, French actor, director and producer
1941 – Luis Alberto Lacalle, former President of Uruguay
1942 – Harrison Ford, American actor
1942 – Roger McGuinn, American musician
1943 – Fabrizio Poletti, Italian footballer
1944 – Ernő Rubik, Hungarian inventor, sculptor, and architect
1946 – Cheech Marin, American actor and comedian
1948 - Catherine Breillat, French director and screenwriter
1948 - Daphne Maxwell Reid, American actress
1950 – Ma Ying-jeou, politician in the Republic of China
1950 - Jurelang Zedkaia, President of the Marshall Islands (died 2015)
1950 - George Nelson, American astronaut
1951 1975
1951 - Didi Conn, American actress
1951 - Rob Bishop, American politician
1953 - Mila Mulroney, wife of former Prime Minister of Canada Brian Mulroney
1954 – Sezen Aksu, Turkish singer and songwriter
1956 - Michael Spinks, American boxer
1956 - Günther Jauch, German television presenter
1957 - Phil Margera, American television personality
1957 – Cameron Crowe, American movie director and writer
1960 - Ian Hislop, British journalist, writer and editor
1961 - Stelios Manolas, Greek footballer and manager
1962 - Tom Kenny, American comedian and actor
1962 – Rhonda Vincent, American bluegrass singer
1963 – Neal Foulds, English snooker player
1963 - Kenny Johnson, American actor, producer and model
1965 - Akina Nakamori, Japanese singer and actress
1966 - Natalia Luis-Bassa, Venezuelan-British conductor
1967 - Benny Benassi, Italian singer and DJ
1967 - Akira Hokuto, Japanese professional wrestler
1969 - Barney Greenway, English singer-songwriter
1969 - Kakhi Kakhiashvili, Georgian-Greek weightlifter
1969 - Kim Jeong, American comedian and actor
1969 - Oles Buzina, Ukrainian journalist and writer (d. 2015)
1970 – Barry Pinches, English snooker player
1972 - Rodrigo Gularte, Brazilian drug trafficker (d. 2015)
1973 - Ariel Zarate, Argentine footballer
1973 - Roberto Martinez, Spanish footballer and football manager
1974 – Jarno Trulli, Italian Formula 1 racer
1974 - Deborah Cox, Canadian singer-songwriter and actress
1975 - Danni Boatwright, American model and sportscaster
From 1976
1976 – Sheldon Souray, Canadian ice hockey player
1977 – Ashley Scott, American actress
1979 – Craig Bellamy, Welsh footballer
1979 – Jonathan Goulet, Canadian mixed martial artist
1979 – Fernando Salazar, Mexican footballer
1980 – Kousuke Atari, Japanese singer
1981 – Fran Kranz, American actor
1981 – Mirco Lorenzetto, Italian racing cyclist
1981 – Ineta Radevica, Latvian athlete
1983 – Liu Xiang, Chinese athlete
1983 – Carmen Villalobos, Colombian actress
1984 – Ida Maria, Norwegian singer
1985 – Charlotte Dujardin, British equestrian
1985 – Guillermo Ochoa, Mexican footballer
1987 – Tulisa Contostavlos, English singer (N-Dubz)
1987 – Ajmal Kasab, Pakistani Islamist terrorist (died 2012)
1988 – He Pingping, world's smallest man (died 2010)
1988 – Colton Haynes, American actor, model and singer
1988 – Steven R. McQueen, American actor
1989 – Sayumi Michishige, Japanese singer (Morning Musume)
1989 – Juan Fernando Caicedo, Colombian footballer
1990 – Matt Weinberg, American actor
1990 – Eduardo Salvio, Argentine footballer
1990 – Jonathan Mensah, Ghanaian footballer
1991 – Tyler Skaggs, American baseball player (d. 2019)
1992 – Dylan Patton, American actor
1994 – Ridge Canipe, American actor
1995 – Dante Exum, Australian basketball player
1997 – Leo Howard, American actor, model and martial artist
Deaths
Up to 1900
574 - Pope John III
678 - Aisha, wife of the prophet Muhammad (b. 612)
716 - Rui Zong, Chinese Tang Dynasty Emperor (b. 662)
939 - Pope Leo VII
1024 – Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 973)
1189 - Matilda of England, Duchess of Saxony (b. 1156)
1299 – King Eric II of Norway (b. 1268)
1399 - Peter Parler, German architect (b. 1330)
1402 – Zhu Yunwen, Emperor of China (b. 1377)
1621 - Albert VII, Archduke of Austria (b. 1559)
1629 - Caspar Bartholin the Elder, Swedish physician and theologian (b. 1585)
1645 – Tsar Michael of Russia (b. 1596)
1705 - Titus Oates, English conspirator (b. 1649)
1761 – Tokugawa Ieshige, Japanese shogun (b. 1712)
1793 – Jean-Paul Marat, French revolutionary (b. 1743)
1807 – Henry Benedict Stuart, cardinal and pretender to the British throne (b. 1725)
1882 - Johnny Ringo, American outlaw (b. 1850)
1890 - John C. Fremont, American general and politician (b. 1813)
1896 - August Kekulé, German chemist and academic (b. 1829)
1901 2000
1921 - Gabriel Lippmann, French physicist and inventor (b. 1845)
1934 - Mary E. Byrd, American educator and astronomer (b. 1849)
1936 - José Calvo Sotelo, Spanish politician (b. 1893) (murdered)
1941 - Ilmar Raud, Estonian chess player (b. 1913)
1945 - Alla Nazimova, Russian-American actress, scriptwriter and producer (b. 1879)
1946 – Alfred Stieglitz, American photographer (b. 1864)
1949 - Walt Kuhn, American painter and cartoonist (b. 1877)
1951 – Arnold Schoenberg, Austrian composer (b. 1874)
1954 – Frida Kahlo, Mexican painter (b. 1907)
1955 – Ruth Ellis, British murderer (b. 1926)
1967 – Tom Simpson, British cyclist (b. 1937)
1973 - Willy Fritsch, German actor (b. 1901)
1974 - Marthe Vinot, French actress (b. 1894)
1974 – Patrick Blackett, Baron Blackett, English physicist (b. 1897)
1976 - Frederick Hawksworth, British engineer (b. 1884)
1976 – Joachim Peiper, SS officer (b. 1915)
1980 – Seretse Khama, first President of Botswana (b. 1921)
1992 – Albert Pierrepoint, British executioner (b. 1905)
1995 – Godtfred Kirk Christiansen, Danish businessman, Lego group (b. 1920)
1998 - Konstantinos Kallios, 168th Prime Minister of Greece (b. 1901)
From 2001
2002 – Yousuf Karsh, Turkish-born photographer (b. 1908)
2003 – Compay Segundo, Cuban musician (b. 1907)
2004 – Carlos Kleiber, Austrian conductor (b. 1930)
2006 – Red Buttons, American actor (b. 1919)
2008 - Bronislaw Geremek, Polish historian and writer (b. 1932)
2010 – George Steinbrenner, American baseball team owner (b. 1930)
2012 - Jerzy Kulej, Polish boxer and politician (b. 1940)
2012 - Richard D. Zanuck, American movie producer (b. 1934)
2013 - Cory Monteith, Canadian actor and singer (b. 1982)
2014 - Lorin Maazel, French-American conductor and composer (b. 1930)
2014 - Jan Nolten, Dutch road bicycle racer (b. 1930)
2014 - Nadine Gordimer, South African writer and Nobel Prize winner (b. 1923)
2014 - Gert Voss, German actor (b. 1941)
2015 - Philipp Missfelder, German politician (b. 1979)
2015 - Joan Sebastian, Mexican actor, singer and composer (b. 1951)
2015 - Arturo Paoli, Italian priest and missionary (b. 1912)
2016 - El Lebrijano, Spanish flamenco singer (b. 1941)
2016 - Héctor Babenco, Argentine-Brazilian movie director, producer and screenwriter (b. 1946)
2016 - Hollis L. Harris, American airline executive (b. 1931)
2016 - Carolyn See, American author and critic (b. 1934)
2016 - Bernardo Provenzano, Italian crime boss (b. 1933)
2017 - Liu Xiaobo, Chinese human rights activist and Nobel Peace Prize winner (b. 1955)
2017 - Américo Amorim, Portuguese businessman (b. 1934)
2017 - Vince Farrar, English rugby league player (b. 1947)
2017 - Fresh Kid Ice, American rapper (2 Live Crew) (b. 1964)
2017 - Héctor Lechuga, Mexican comedian, actor and radio presenter (b. 1927)
2017 - Joaquim Molins i Amat, Catalan politician (b. 1945)
2017 - Abdul-Rahman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, Saudi prince (b. 1931)
2017 - Charles Bachman, American computer scientist (b. 1924)
2017 - Marie-Josephine Gaudette, American-Italian nun and supercentenarian (b. 1902)
2017 - Gertrude Poe, American journalist (b. 1915)
2017 - Carl E. Reichardt, American banking executive (b. 1931)
2018 - Stan Dragoti, American movie director (b. 1932)
2018 - Ray Frenette, Canadian politician (b. 1935)
2018 - Frank Giroud, French comics writer (b. 1956)
2018 - Claudio Pieri, Italian football referee (b. 1940)
2018 - Claude Seignolle, French author (b. 1917)
2018 - Thorvald Stoltenberg, Norwegian politician (b. 1931)
2019 - Richard Carter, Australian actor (b. 1953)
2019 - Augusto Fantozzi, Italian lawyer and politician (b. 1940)
2019 - Sadashiv Vasantrao Gorakshkar, Indian writer and curator (b. 1933)
2019 - Rod Richards, Welsh politician (b. 1947)
2019 - Paolo Sardi, Italian cardinal (b. 1934)
Holidays and observances
Kiribati – Independence Day, 2nd day (not a holiday)
Mongolia – Naadam Holiday, 3rd day
Montenegro – Statehood Day
Bahá'í Faith – Feast of Kálimát (Words) – First day of the seventh month of the Bahá'í Calendar
Bon Festival – Buddhist festival to honor the dead (East Japan)
Other websites
BBC: On This Day
Days of the year |
7876 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1836 | 1836 |
Events
The Year without a Summer
Pepsian discovered.
Charles Dickens writes and publishes his first book, The Pickwick Papers.
First railway opens in Australia, a carriage on rails, pushed by convicts at Port Arthur, Tasmania
Deaths
March 6 – Davy Crockett, American folk hero, frontiersman, soldier and politician (b. 1786) |
7877 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/White | White | White is a color. White light can be made by putting all the other colors of light on the spectrum together. These other colors are red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet.
Meaning of white
White is linked with light, goodness, innocence, purity, cleanliness and virginity. It is sometimes thought to be the color of perfection. The opposite of black, white usually has a positive connotation. White can stand for a successful beginning. In heraldry, white depicts faith and purity.
In advertising, white is linked with coolness and cleanliness because it is the color of snow. You can use white to show simplicity in high-tech products. White is an appropriate color for charitable organizations; angels are usually imagined wearing white clothes. White is associated with hospitals, doctors, and cleanliness, so you can use white to show safety when promoting medical products. White is often linked with low weight, low-fat food, and dairy products.
Tones of white color comparison chart
White (Hex: FFFFFF) (RGB: 255, 255, 255)
Baby Powder (Hex: FEFEFA) (RGB: 254, 254, 250)
Snow (Hex: FFFAFA) (RGB: 255, 250, 250)
Ivory (Hex: FFFFF0) (RGB: 255, 255, 240)
White Smoke (Hex: F5F5F5) (RGB 245, 245, 245)
Ghost White (Hex: F8F8FF) (RGB 245, 245, 245)
Gainsboro (Hex: DCDCDC) (RGB: 220, 220, 220)
Related pages
List of colors
Basic English 850 words |
7879 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/French%20Guiana | French Guiana | French Guiana () is an overseas department and region of France, on the north Atlantic coast of South America. By land area, it is the second largest region of France and the largest overseas department of France and of the European Union.
Its prefecture and largest city is Cayenne.
Name
Guiana comes from an Amerindian language (Arawak) that means "land of many waters". The addition of the word "French" in most languages other than French comes from colonial times when there were five in the region; they were, from west to east:
Spanish Guiana (now Guayana Region in Venezuela)
British Guiana (now Guyana)
Dutch Guiana, (now Suriname)
French Guiana (now Guyane)
Portuguese Guiana (now Amapá in Brazil).
French Guiana and the two larger countries to the north and west, Guyana and Suriname, are still often collectively referred to as the Guianas and form the Guiana Shield.
Geography
French Guiana borders two countries: Surinam to the west, and Brazil to the east and south. To the north is the Atlantic Ocean. There are two main geographical regions: a coastal strip where the majority of the people live, and a dense rainforest which gradually rises to the modest peaks of the Tumuc-Humac mountains along the Brazilian frontier.
The highest point in the department is Bellevue de l'Inini () in the Maripasoula commune; it is () high. Other mountains are Mont Machalou (), Pic Coudreau () and Mont St Marcel ().
Several small islands are found off the coast, the three Îles du Salut which include Devil's Island, and the isolated Îles du Connétable further along the coast towards Brazil.
The Petit-Saut Dam in the north of the department forms an artificial lake and provides hydroelectricity. There are many rivers in French Guiana.
It is the French department with more forests, 98% of the department is covered with an equatorial forest.
, the Amazon rainforest in the most southern part of the department, is protected as the Guiana Amazonian Park, one of the ten national parks of France. The territory of the park covers some in the communes of Camopi, Maripasoula, Papaïchton, Saint-Élie and Saül.
Climate
The climate in Cayenne, at an altitude of above sea level, is of the subtype Af (Tropical Rainforest Climate also known as Equatorial Climate) in the Köppen climate classification.
The average temperature for the year in Cayenne is . The warmest month, on average, is September with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of .
The average amount of precipitation for the year in Cayenne is . The month with the most precipitation on average is May with of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is September with an average of . There is an average of 201.0 days of precipitation, with the most precipitation occurring in May with 27.0 days and the least precipitation occurring in September with 5.0 days.
Administration
The department of French Guiana is managed by the Collectivité territorial de la Guyane in Cayenne.
Administrative divisions
There are 2 arrondissements (districts) and 22 communes (municipalities) in French Guiana. The cantons of the department were eliminated on 31 December 2015 by the Law 2011-884 of 27 July 2011.
The 22 communes in the department are:
Demographics
The inhabitants of French Guiana are known, in French, as Guyanais (women: Guyanaises).
French Guiana has a population, in 2014, of 252,338, for a population density of inhabitants/km2. The city with more people living in it is the capital, Cayenne (55,817 inhabitants). The subprefecture of Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni has 44,169 inhabitants.
Evolution of the population in French Guiana
Economy
The main traditional industries are fishing, gold mining and timber. The Guiana Space Centre of the European Space Agency has played a significant role in the local economy since it was established in Kourou in 1964.
Devils Island Prison
Three Islands off the coast were used by the French Government from 1852 to 1953 as Prison Islands.
They were:
Royale Island
Saint-Joseph Island used for solitary confinement in silence and darkness for escape attempts
Devils Island for political prisoners [Dreyfus was kept here]
Convicts who were sentenced to more than 8 years and survived and served their terms could not return to France but were required to stay on as involunatary settlers for the rest of their lives.
Famous Inmates:
Alfred Dreyfus
Henri Charrière [b.16 November 1906-d.19 July 1973] aka Papillion (Butterfly). A Burgler and safe cracker he was convicted 26 October 1931 of the Murder of a pimp named Roland Le Petit [ He admitted being a criminal but denied the murder charge]. He was sentenced to life in prison and ten years of hard labour. He married Georgette Fourel, mayor of the 1st arrondissement of Paris, on December 22, 1931. [They divorced on 8 July 1970 by decision of the Paris High Court]. After a brief imprisonment at the transit prison of Beaulieu in Caen, France, he was transported in 1933 to the prison of St-Laurent-du-Maroni on the Maroni River, in the penal settlement of mainland French Guiana. He claimed to have engaged several escapes from 1933 to 1941 when he finally succeded in escaping. In 1942 he was arrested and sent to a brutal penal settlement in El Dorado, Bolivar State, Venezuela. After a year of imprisonment, Charrière was released with identity papers on 3 July 1944. Five years later he was given Venezuelan citizenship; he became a businessman and married again. His 1969 autobiography became a best selling book and later made into a movie with Steve McQueen and Dustin Hoffman. French records of his life from 1933-1944 present a different account: He left the citadel of Saint-Martin-de-Ré on 29 September 1933 aboard the Martinière and landed on 14 October with the status of "transported" to Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni. There is little time left in the transportation camp as he is assigned as a nursing assistant to the André-Bouron Colonial Hospital, where he sees many inmates returning from the run and tell him their escape stories from which he will draw inspiration. This place prevents him from the work of logging sites or agricultural concessions that annihilate convicts in a few months. He escaped for the first time on September 5, 1934, but failed in Colombia, a country that returned escaped convicts to France. Judging by the Special Maritime Court, he spent two years in the cells of the St. Joseph's Island Seclusion. Several times transferred, he ended up as a nurse-chief in an Indochinese camp on the Guyanese mainland, the Cascades forest camp from which he escaped on the night of March 18-19, 1944, along with four other companions.]
Gallery
References
Related pages
Arrondissements of the French Guiana department
Other websites
Collectivité territorial de Guyane website
Prefecture website
Guyane-Amazonie Tourism |
7880 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigger | Nigger | Nigger is a racist insult against black people. Like the word "nigga", it can be used in pop culture slang. However, it is mainly used by those who believe that white people are better than everybody else.
The word came from a slang pronunciation of "negro", which is the word for the color black and for black people in Spanish and Portuguese. Before 1865, most black persons in the United States were slaves. During this time, the word "nigger" usually meant a slave. Writers such as Joseph Conrad, Mark Twain, and Charles Dickens used it.
Today, the word is an offensive racial slur in English, and is often thought as hate speech. "Nigger" has become so taboo in the United States that most people do not use the word; instead, they call it the "N-word".
Pop culture
In the 1980s and 1990s, many hip hop artists used the word “nigger.” One hip hop group called themselves NWA, which stood for “Niggaz Wit Attitudes”. Their 1988 single “Straight Outta Compton” used the word, which made the group and its songs controversial. NWA also used the word “nigga” in a song called “Fuck tha Police,” which talked about violent behavior by the police and being suspicious of, or discriminating against people because of their skin color. Other rappers also used the word. For example, XXXTentacion used it in most of his tracks, including “Bad Vibes Forever” (released in 2019).
References
Pejoratives
English profanity
Slurs |
7886 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biography | Biography | A biography is the story of a person's life. The word comes from the Greek words bios (which means life) and graphein (which means write). When the biography is written by the person it is about, it is called an autobiography.
A written biography is a part of literature. Biographies can also be made as movies (often called biopics) or told as stories.
The oldest written biographies that historians have were written to record rulers' lives. Some were written in Assyria, ancient Babylonia, ancient Egypt and ancient Mesopotamia. Biographies were an early form of history. Another early form of biography was called hagiography, meaning writing about holy people.
In ancient China, a biography was one of the basic forms of a history book. In India, biographies of Buddha and his reincarnated lives were written. In ancient Greece, people wrote biographies of people that were not rulers too. Xenophon wrote a biography of Socrates and gave this book the name Memorabilia (Memories). During the Roman Empire, Plutarch wrote Parallel Lives about ancient Greek and Roman politicians, and Suetonius wrote biographies of the Roman emperors. The Gospels were also biographies of Jesus Christ.
In West Africa, griots tell histories which often include biographies.
Many written biographies today are released by publishers as products for sale.
Related pages
Autobiography
References
Genres
Literary terms |
7887 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/January%203 | January 3 |
Events
Up to 1900
1496 – Leonardo da Vinci unsuccessfully tests a flying machine.
1521 – Pope Leo X excommunicates Martin Luther.
1749 – The first issue of the Danish newspaper Berlingske Tidende is published.
1777 – American general George Washington defeats a British-Hessian Army under Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis in the Battle of Princeton.
1795 – Catherine II of Russia and Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor complete a treaty agreeing to the Third Partition of Poland.
1815 – Austria, the United Kingdom and France form a secret defensive alliance against Prussia and Russia.
1823 – Stephen A. Austin receives a grant of land in Texas from the Mexican government.
1848 – Joseph Jenkins Roberts is sworn in as the first President of Liberia.
1851 – French physicist Jean Bernard Léon Foucault experiments with the Foucault pendulum to prove that the Earth rotates.
1861 – Delaware votes to remain in the United States, and not to secede.
1868 – Meiji Restoration in Japan.
1870 – Building work on the Brooklyn Bridge in New York City begins.
1888 – The refracting telescope at the Lick Observatory near San Jose, California, measuring in diameter, is used for the first time. It was the world's largest telescope at the time.
1901 2000
1908 – The Kaziranga National Park is created in Assam, northeastern India.
1911 – A magnitude 7.7 earthquake destroys Almaty in present-day Kazakhstan.
1918 – Finland officially gains independence from the Russian Empire.
1919 – Paris Peace Conference: Emir Faisal of Iraq and Chaim Weizmann agree to develop a Jewish homeland in Palestine and an Arab nation in the Middle East.
1925 – Benito Mussolini declares that he is taking dictatorial powers in Italy.
1932 – Martial law is declared in Honduras to stop a revolt by banana workers who had been fired by the United Fruit Company.
1934 – A mine explosion at Ossegg, Bohemia, kills 142 people.
1938 – Franklin D. Roosevelt establishes the March of Dimes.
1945 – Admiral Chester W. Nimitz is placed in command of all US naval forces in preparation for planned attacks against Iwo Jima and Okinawa.
1956 – Fire damages the top part of the Eiffel Tower.
1957 – The Hamilton Watch Company introduces the first electric watch.
1958 – The West Indies Federation is formed.
1959 – Alaska becomes the 49th state of the United States. William Egan becomes the first State Governor of Alaska.
1959 – Separatists in the Maldives declare the creation of the United Suvadive Republic.
1961 – Aero Flight 311 crashes near Kavelax, Finland, killing all 25 people on board.
1961 – The United States ends diplomatic relations with Cuba.
1962 – Pope John XXIII excommunicates Fidel Castro.
1976 – The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights comes into effect.
1977 – Apple Computer is incorporated.
1980 – Francisco de Sa Carneiro becomes Prime Minister of Portugal.
1987 – Aretha Franklin is inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
1990 – Panama's leader Manuel Noriega surrenders to United States forces.
1992 – The United States and Russia officially establish diplomatic relations.
1993 – In Moscow, George H. W. Bush and Boris Yeltsin sign the second Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty.
1994 – More than 7 million people from the former apartheid homelands receive South African citizenship.
1994 – A Tupolev Tu-154 of Baikal Air crashes near Irkutsk, Siberia, killing all 148 people on board.
1999 – The Mars Polar Lander is launched to Mars.
2000 – The last original weekday Peanuts comic strip is published.
From 2001
2004 – Flash Airlines Flight 604, a Boeing 737, crashes into the Red Sea off Egypt, killing 148 people.
2007 – Kenya closes the border with Somalia and deports Somali refugees.
2009 – The first part of the decentralized payment system Bitcoin, called the Genesis Block, is established by the creator of the system, Satoshi Nakamoto.
2011 – Jerry Brown replaces Arnold Schwarzenegger as Governor of California.
2015 – Boko Haram militants enter Baga in Northern Nigeria and kill up to 2,000 people in the coming days.
2018 – Computer analysts report two major security vulnerabilities named "Meltdown" and "Spectre", affecting the microprocessors of all the computers in the world.
Births
Up to 1900
106 BC – Cicero, Roman lawyer and political philosopher (d. 43 BC)
1196 – Emperor Tsuchimikado of Japan (d. 1231)
1698 – Pietro Metastasio, Italian poet (d. 1782)
1722 – Fredrik Hasselqvist, Swedish traveller and naturalist (d. 1752)
1733 – Richard Arkwright, English inventor (d. 1792)
1777 – Elisa Bonaparte, sister of Napoleon (d. 1820)
1789 – Carl Gustav Carus, German polymath (d. 1869)
1793 – Lucretia Mott, American women's rights activist (d. 1880)
1794 – Joseph Lebeau, 2nd Prime Minister of Belgium (d. 1865)
1802 – Félix Dupanloup, French bishop (d. 1878)
1806 – Henriette Sontag, German soprano (d. 1854)
1810 – Antoine Thomson d'Abbadie, French geographer, ethnologist, linguist and astronomer (d. 1897)
1812 – Elisha M. Pease, Governor of Texas (d. 1883)
1817 – Thomas E. Bramlette, Governor of Kentucky (d. 1875)
1819 – Charles Piazzi Smyth, Italian-Scottish astronomer (d. 1900)
1819 – Thomas H. Watts, Governor of Alabama (d. 1892)
1829 – Konrad Duden, German teacher, philologist and lexicographer (d. 1911)
1831 – Savitribai Phule, Indian social activist and educator (d. 1897)
1840 – Father Damien, Belgian missionary and doctor in Hawaii (d. 1889)
1861 – Ernest Renshaw, British tennis player (d. 1899)
1861 – William Renshaw, British tennis player (d. 1904)
1862 – Matthew Nathan, British Governor of Queensland (d. 1939)
1865 – Henry Lytton, British actor and opera singer (d. 1936)
1874 – Henry Newton, American golfer (d. 1946)
1875 – Alexandros Diomidis, 145th Prime Minister of Greece (d. 1950)
1876 – Wilhelm Pieck, German politician (d. 1960)
1879 – Grace Coolidge, First Lady of the United States (d. 1957)
1883 – Clement Attlee, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1967)
1884 – Raoul von Koczalski, Polish pianist and composer (d. 1948)
1886 – Grigory Neujmin, Georgian-Russian astronomer (d. 1946)
1887 – Helen Parkhurst, American educator, writer and lecturer (d. 1973)
1888 – George B. Seitz, American movie director and author (d. 1944)
1892 – J. R. R. Tolkien, English writer (d. 1973)
1894 – ZaSu Pitts, American actress (d. 1963)
1895 – Borys Lyatoshynsky, Ukrainian composer (d. 1973)
1897 – Marion Davies, American actress (d. 1961)
1897 – Pola Negri, Polish-American actress (d. 1987)
1898 – Carolyn Haywood, American children's writer (d. 1990)
1901 1950
1901 – Ngo Dinh Diem, Vietnamese politician (d. 1963)
1905 – Anna May Wong, Chinese-American actress (d. 1961)
1906 – William Wilson Morgan, American astronomer (d. 1994)
1907 – Ray Milland, Welsh actor and director (d. 1986)
1909 – Victor Borge, Danish comedian and pianist (d. 2000)
1910 – John Sturges, American director and producer (d. 1992)
1912 – Federico Borrell Garcia, Spanish Republican soldier (d. 1936)
1915 – Mady Rahl, German actress (d. 2009)
1916 – Bernard Greenhouse, American cellist (d. 2011)
1916 – Betty Furness, American actress (d. 1994)
1916 – Maxene Andrews, American singer (The Andrews Sisters) (d. 1995)
1919 – Dorothy Morrison, American actress
1919 – Herbie Nichols, American pianist and composer (d. 1963)
1920 – Siegfried Buback, Attorney General of Germany (d. 1977)
1920 – Renato Carosone, Italian pianist (d. 2001)
1921 – Chetan Anand, Indian movie director and screenwriter (d. 1997)
1921 – Jean-Louis Koszul, French mathematician (d. 2018)
1922 – Bill Travers, British actor and director (d. 1994)
1923 – Abd El Aziz Muhammad Hegazi, Prime Minister of Egypt (d. 2014)
1926 – George Martin, English music producer (d. 2016)
1926 – W. Michael Blumenthal, 64th United States Secretary of the Treasury and former Director of the Jewish museum in Berlin
1927 – Nazmiye Demirel, First Lady of Turkey (d. 2013)
1927 – Janaki Ballabh Patnaik, Indian politician (d. 2015)
1929 – Sergio Leone, Italian movie director (d. 1989)
1930 – Robert Loggia, American actor (d. 2015)
1932 – Coo Coo Marlin, American racing driver (d. 2005)
1932 – Eeles Landström, Finnish athlete
1932 – Dabney Coleman, American actor
1934 – Carla Anderson Hills, American politician
1937 – Glen A. Larson, American director, producer and screenwriter (d. 2014)
1938 – Ove Andersson, Swedish rally driver (d. 2008)
1939 – Arik Einstein, Israeli singer (d. 2013)
1939 – Bobby Hull, Canadian ice hockey player
1942 – Laszlo Solyom, former President of Hungary
1942 – John Thaw, British actor (d. 2002)
1943 – Jarl Alfredius, Swedish journalist (d. 2009)
1944 – Van Dyke Parks, American singer-songwriter, producer and actor
1944 – David Atherton, English conductor
1945 – Stephen Stills, American musician
1945 – David Starkey, English historian
1946 – John Paul Jones, English musician (Led Zeppelin)
1947 – Fran Cotton, English rugby player
1948 – Manfred Kokot, German athlete
1949 – Sylvia Likens, American torture victim (d. 1965)
1950 – Victoria Principal, American actress
1951 1975
1952 – Gianfranco Fini, Italian politician
1952 – Esperanza Aguirre, Spanish politician
1953 – Mohammed Waheed Hassan, former President of the Maldives
1953 – Peter Taylor, English footballer
1955 – Palmolive, Spanish-English drummer
1956 – Mel Gibson, Australian-American actor and director
1956 – Guy Ryder, British labour activist
1958 – Shim Hyung-rae, South Korean movie maker
1960 – Daniela Schadt, German journalist
1962 – Gavin Hastings, Scottish rugby player
1963 – Stewart Hosie, Scottish politician
1963 – Till Lindemann, German singer (Rammstein)
1967 – Magnus Gustafsson, Swedish tennis player
1968 – Kent Carlsson, Swedish tennis player
1969 – Michael Schumacher, German racing driver
1969 – Gerda Weissensteiner, Italian bobsledder and luger
1971 – Sarah Alexander, British actress
1971 – Cory Cross, American ice hockey player
1972 – Janek Kiisman, Estonian footballer
1975 – Danica McKellar, British actress
1975 – Thomas Bangalter, French DJ and producer (Daft Punk)
From 1976
1976 – Angelos Basinas, Greek footballer
1977 – Lee Bowyer, English footballer
1977 – Michelle Stephenson, English singer (Spice Girls)
1978 – Liya Kebede, Ethiopian model
1978 – Mike York, American ice hockey player
1979 – Dina Tersago, Belgian model and television host
1981 – Eli Manning, American football player
1982 – Park Ji-yoon, South Korean singer, actress and model
1982 – Lasse Nilsson, Swedish footballer
1984 – Billy Mehmet, Irish footballer
1984 – Maximilian Mechler, German ski jumper
1985 – Linas Kleiza, Lithuanian basketball player
1986 – Dana Hussain, Iraqi athlete
1986 – Jessica O'Rourke, American soccer player
1986 – Lloyd, American singer
1988 – Ikechi Anya, Scottish footballer
1988 – Matt Frattin, Canadian ice hockey player
1989 – Ayaka Umeda, Japanese singer (AKB48)
1989 – Kohei Uchimura, Japanese gymnast
1989 – Alex D. Linz, American actor
1991 – Darius Morris, American basketball player
1992 – Doug McDermott, American basketball player
1993 – Kevin Ware, American basketball player
1995 – Kim Seol-hyun, South Korean actress and singer
2003 – Greta Thunberg, Swedish climate change activist
Deaths
Up to 1900
235 – St. Anterus, Pope
323 – Jin Yuandi, Chinese Emperor (b. 276)
492 – Pope Felix III
502 – Genevieve of Paris, Patron Saint of Paris
1322 – King Philip V of France (b. 1293)
1437 – Catherine of Valois, wife of King Henry V of England (b. 1401)
1543 – Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo, first European to visit California (b. 1499)
1571 – Joachim II Hector, Elector of Brandenburg (b. 1505)
1641 – Jeremiah Horrocks, English astronomer (b. ca. 1619)
1670 – George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle (b. 1608)
1701 – Prince Louis I of Monaco (b. 1642)
1705 – Luca Giordano, Italian painter (b. 1634)
1785 – Baldassare Galuppi, Italian composer (b. 1706)
1795 – Josiah Wedgwood, English pottery maker (b. 1730)
1863 – John Branch, Governor of North Carolina (b. 1782)
1875 – Pierre Larousse, French editor and encyclopedist (b. 1817)
1881 – Anna McNeill Whistler, mother of James Whistler (b. 1804)
1895 – James Merritt Ives, American lithographer and businessman (b. 1804)
1901 2000
1903 – Alois Hitler, father of Adolf Hitler (b. 1837)
1904 – Larin Paraske, Finnish runic singer (b. 1834)
1915 – James Elroy Flecker, English poet, author and playwright (b. 1884)
1916 – Grenville M. Dodge, American general (b. 1831)
1923 – Jaroslav Hasek, Czech novelist (b. 1883)
1927 – Carl Runge, German mathematician (b. 1856)
1933 – Wilhelm Cuno, Chancellor of Germany (b. 1876)
1933 – Jack Pickford, Canadian actor (b. 1896)
1943 – Walter James, 5th Premier of Western Australia (b. 1863)
1945 – Edgar Cayce, American psychic (b. 1877)
1946 – William Joyce, Irish Nazi propagandist (executed) (b. 1906)
1950 – Emil Jannings, Swiss actor (b. 1884)
1956 – Alexander Gretchaninov, Russian composer (b. 1864)
1959 – Edwin Muir, Scottish poet, author and translator (b. 1887)
1967 – Jack Ruby, killer of Lee Harvey Oswald (b. 1911)
1974 – Gino Cervi, Italian actor (b. 1901)
1979 – Conrad Hilton, American hotelier (b. 1887)
1980 – Joy Adamson, Czech conservationist and writer (b. 1910)
1980 – Lucien Buysse, Belgian cyclist (b. 1892)
1981 – Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone, the last grandchild of Queen Victoria (b. 1883)
1982 – Fritz Laband, German footballer (b. 1925)
1988 – Rose Auslander, German poet (b. 1901)
1988 – Gaston Eyskens, Prime Minister of Belgium (b. 1905)
1989 – Sergei Lvovich Sobolev, Russian mathematician (b. 1909)
1992 – Dame Judith Anderson, Australian actress (b. 1897)
From 2001
2001 – José Greco, flamenco dancer (b. 1918)
2002 – Freddy Heineken, Dutch CEO of Heineken (b. 1923)
2003 – Sid Gillman, American football coach (b. 1911)
2004 – Des Corcoran, 37th Premier of South Australia (b. 1928)
2004 – Leon Wagner, American MLB All-Star (b. 1934)
2005 – Jyotindra Nath Dixit, Indian national security advisor and former foreign secretary (b. 1936)
2005 – Will Eisner, American comic book artist and pioneering graphic novelist (b. 1917)
2005 – Koo Chen-fu, Chinese negotiator with the PRC (b. 1917)
2006 – Bill Skate, Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea (b. 1954)
2008 – Yo Sam-Choi, South Korean boxer (b. 1972)
2008 – Werner Dollinger, German politician and economist (b. 1918)
2009 – Pat Hingle, American actor (b. 1924)
2010 – Mary Daly, American theologian and scholar (b. 1928)
2012 – Josef Skvorecky, Czech writer (b. 1924)
2013 – Sergiu Nicolaescu, Romanian movie director, actor and politician (b. 1930)
2013 – Burry Stander, South African cyclist (b. 1987)
2014 – Leon de Wolff, Dutch journalist (b. 1948)
2014 – George Goodman, American economics professor (b. 1930)
2014 – Phil Everly, American singer and musician (Everly Brothers) (b. 1939)
2014 – Alicia Rhett, American actress (b. 1915)
2014 – Saul Zaentz, American movie producer (b. 1921)
2015 – Edward Brooke, American politician, United States Senator from Massachusetts (b. 1919)
2015 – Derek Minter, British motorcycle racer (b. 1932)
2015 – Bernice Madigan, American supercentenarian (b. 1899)
2015 – Olga Knyazeva, Russian fencer (b. 1954)
2016 – Peter Naur, Danish computer scientist (b. 1928)
2016 – Bill Plager, Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1945)
2016 – C. B. Forgotston, American political blogger (b. 1945)
2016 – Igor Sergun, Russian military officer (b. 1957)
2016 – Paul Bley, Canadian jazz pianist (b. 1932)
2016 – Stephen W. Bosworth, American diplomat (b. 1939)
2016 – Amby Fogarty, Irish footballer (b. 1933)
2016 – Demmus Hentze, Faroese politician (b. 1923)
2016 – Peter Powell, English kite maker (b. 1932)
2016 – Georg Nees, German academic and artist (b. 1926)
2016 – Tommy Sale, English rugby league player (b. 1918)
2017 – Charles J. Colgan, American politician (b. 1925)
2017 – Rolf Noskwith, German-British businessman (b. 1919)
2017 – Igor Volk, Ukrainian-Russian cosmonaut (b. 1937)
2017 – Rodney Bennett, British television director (b. 1935)
2017 – Martin Brandtner, American Marine Corps general (b. 1938)
2017 – Mike Buchanan, Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1932)
2018 – Fred Bass, American bookseller (b. 1928)
Observances
Statehood Day (Alaska)
Perihelion, on or around this date, when Earth is at its closest point to the Sun during its orbit.
01-03 |
7888 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph%20Nader | Ralph Nader | Ralph Nader (born February 27, 1934) is an American attorney, politician and political activist. He is best known for working for the rights of consumers, for his third party runs for President of the United States, and for helping George Bush get elected in the 2000 presidential election. He ran for president in 1996, 2000 and 2004, but failed to win. In the 2008 election, Nader placed third overall, with 660,094 votes, or about .38%. Nader was born in Winsted, Connecticut. His parents, Nathra and Rose Nader, were Lebanese immigrants. He is a fluent and native speaker of the Arabic language.
Other websites
The Nader Page (not campaign-related)
Nader/Camejo 2004
Nader's Glitter Opposing view by Thomas Sowell.
References
1934 births
Living people
Politicians from Connecticut
American political activists |
7889 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie%20Farr | Jamie Farr | Jamie Farr (born July 1, 1934) is an American actor of Lebanese descent. He is best known for his role as Corp./later Sgt. Maxwell Q. Klinger on the 1970s TV show, M*A*S*H. His real name is Jameel Joseph Farha and he was born in Toledo, Ohio.
Farr also appeared in movies like The Blackboard Jungle (1955) and The Cannonball Run (1980), was a regular "celebrity judge" on The Gong Show and has a golf tournament named after him.
References
1934 births
Living people
Actors from Toledo, Ohio
American movie actors
American television actors |
7890 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free%20software | Free software | Free software is software (computer program) that anyone may run, share and change, at any time, for any reason. In this case, "free" means "freedom-respecting" (we say "free as in freedom"). The opposite of free software is proprietary software.
In 1984, Richard Stallman started the free software movement when he began the GNU project. Examples of free software are Linux (the kernel), Blender, OpenBSD, Inkscape and others. Wikipedia also uses free software.
Free software and open source
Free software is very similar, but different from open source software.
People who use the name “free software” think that computers should be more ethical and should try to help people who use computers. They think every human should have four basic rights for their programs. These are the rights to:
Use programs on their computer how they want.
Learn how the programs on their computer work.
Change programs they have on their computer to make them better.
Give programs they have on their computer to other people.
Free software movement also says that all software should be free (as in freedom). It is because even a very small program that is proprietary can be very dangerous (it can for example spy on the user).
People who use the name “open source” more like the free software rules too, but they aren't so strict and don't say that everything should be open source. They say the rules are good because they help companies make business.
How free software works
An author who wants to make his computer program free must allow other people to use it for anything (which doesn't break the law), study it, change it and share it without limits. The author does this by using a free license.
The author must not prohibit even selling his program by others or using his program for dangerous things or using it by people he doesn't like. This is not because the author supports bad things, but because he thinks that limiting user's rights is dangerous for them.
Free software and freeware
The word “free” in “free software” means freedom, not price. People are allowed to sell Free software, but the person who buys the software can change it, give it away or sell it too.
The words “free software” are sometimes used in English to just mean software that can be downloaded without paying money, which is confusing. Sometimes this software lets people make their own copies for other people, however it may not let people do all the things that they can do with real Free software, such as change it or sell it. In this case “free” means “free of charge”. To make the difference more clear, software that does not cost money should be called freeware; it is almost always proprietary software.
References
Related pages
GNU
Free and open-source software
Free Software Foundation
Open source
Other websites
Free Software Foundation
The definition of free software
Richard Stallman's talk about free software at TEDx |
7895 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1804 | 1804 |
Births
July 4 – Nathaniel Hawthorne, American writer (The Scarlet Letter, The House of the Seven Gables, etc.)
Deaths
February 12 – Immanuel Kant
July 12 – Alexander Hamilton |
7903 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1812 | 1812 | 1812 was a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar.
Events
March 5 – Prussia and France sign the Treaty of Paris
March 26 – The 1812 Caracas earthquake destroys Caracas in Venezuela.
April 30 – Louisiana is admitted as the 18th U.S. state.
June 18 – The War of 1812 between the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom begins.
December 30 – Convention of Tauroggen is signed.
The capital of Finland is moved from Turku to Helsinki.
February 12 – Charles Dickens |
7905 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zookeeper | Zookeeper | A zookeeper is a worker in a zoo, responsible for the feeding and daily care of the animals. As part of this, they clean the exhibits and report signs of bad health. They may also be involved in scientific research, and in public education, conducting tours or simply answering questions put by members of the public.
Qualifications and pay of zookeepers both vary widely. A junior keeper in a small zoo may have no qualifications other than an affinity for the job, while a senior keeper in a large zoo would most probably have both a relevant college degree and extensive experience.
Generally, a liking for animals and outside work and willingness to undertake moderate and sometimes dirty physical work are required. Many animals are themselves heavy and strong-smelling, as is the food some of them eat. Handling such is part of the job at times.
Other websites
Career information (USA)
Occupations
Zoos |
7906 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cage | Cage | A cage is a box which is made to keep something inside of, without it being able to get out (such as an animal). Cages are usually made of many metal bars.
A cage which has birds in it is called a "birdcage".
Related pages
A jail cell is like a cage for humans.
Containers
Traps |
7907 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toddler | Toddler | A toddler is a very young child who is learning how to use their hands, stand and walk, and also how to communicate with others.
Most children are toilet trained while they are toddlers.
Even when toddlers can walk, they are often transported in a stroller, buggy, or pushchair when the walk is a long distance or when they're tired. Toddlerhood typically begins after age one and is over by the time the child is 4, but this can differ depending on the child.
Other websites
Toddler Weight/Height Calculator
Children |
7923 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald%20McDonald | Ronald McDonald | Ronald McDonald is an American clown character who is a mascot of the McDonald's fast-food restaurant.
He wears yellow and red stipes and has wacky hair. He lives in McDonaldland, with lots of others including Grimace, the Hamburglar, Birdie the Early Bird, Mayor McCheese, and the Fry Kids.
The clown Michael Polakovs (known in America as Coco the Clown) designed his clothes and make-up. He appeared in the first eight of Ronald's television commercials. The actor Jeff Giuliano played Ronald McDonald for many years on television. Later he became a vegetarian, and was sorry he had spent so much time promoting hamburgers.
Actors
McDonald's has many actors employed to portray Ronald McDonald in restaurants and events. It is assumed, however, that the company uses only one actor at a time to play the character in television commercials.
This is a list of these main actors:
Willard Scott (Washington, D.C. 1963–1965)
Bev Bergeron (Southern California, 1966–1968)
George Voorhis (Southern California, 1968–1988)
Ray Rayner (1968–1969)
Bob Brandon (1970–1975)
King Moody (1969–1985)
Squire Fridell (1985–1991)
Jack Doepke (1990–1999)
David Hussey (2000–2014)
Brad Lennon (2014–present)
An actor by the name of Joe Maggard stated in an interview of The Guardian in 2014 that he portrayed the Ronald McDonald character from 1995 to 2007. However, It was stated in a 2003 article by The Baltimore Sun that Maggard was only a stand-in actor for one commercial shoot in the mid 90s and stated that "he is definitely not Ronald McDonald", as Jack Doepke and David Hussey were the real current portrayers as Ronald throughout the time period Joe claimed he did. In 1998, he was charged of carrying a weapon in the New Hanover County, N.C., McDonalds and the next year he was convicted in making harassing telephone calls posing as Ronald. The judge ordered him to take anger management classes.
References
Clowns
Mascots
McDonald's |
7927 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob%20Marley | Bob Marley | Robert Nesta "Bob" Marley (February 6, 1945 - May 11, 1981) was an important Jamaican singer-songwriter and musician in the 1970s and 1980s. He made the style of reggae music very popular all over the world. His music told stories of his home and the Rastafarian religion that he followed. Some songs were about religion and some songs were about politics like Get Up Stand Up.
Bob Marley was born on February 6, 1945 in Nine Mile, Saint Ann Parish, Jamaica to a black teenager, Cedella Booker, and a white man named Norvall Marley. When he was young, his friends gave him the nickname, "Tuff Gong". He started his music career in the 1960s with his group the Wailing Wailers (or simply the Wailers), that he formed with two friends, Peter Tosh and Bunny Wailer. In 1962, Bob Marley and the Wailing Wailers recorded their first two songs called "Judge Not" and "One Cup of Coffee".
Bob married Rita Anderson in 1966 and she joined the group as a back-up singer. They had five children together. One is Ziggy Marley, who is also a well-known reggae performer.
In 1974, the Wailers broke up because three of the band members wanted to pursue solo careers. Marley continued calling his band Bob Marley and the Wailers and joined together with new members to continue playing music. In 1975, Bob Marley had his first international hit called "No Woman No Cry". In Jamaica, he is considered a folk hero. Some other hits of his include "Three Little Birds", "Africa Unite", "Buffalo Soldier", and "One Love". His most popular studio album was called Legend, which includes his greatest hits.
Bob Marley died on 11 May 1981, at Cedars of Lebanon Hospital in Miami, Florida, of melanoma., He was one of the followers of Rastafarianism
Discography
Studio albums
The Wailing Wailers (1965)
Soul Rebels (1970)
Soul Revolution (1971)
The Best of The Wailers (1971)
Catch a Fire (1973)
Burnin' (1973)
Natty Dread (1974)
Rastaman Vibration (1976)
Exodus (1977)
Kaya (1978)
Survival (1979)
Uprising (1980)
Confrontation (1983)
Live albums
Live! (1975)
Babylon by Bus (1978)
References
Cancer deaths in Florida
Deaths from melanoma
American guitarists
Jamaican singers
Rastafari
Reggae musicians
Jamaican businesspeople
Singers from Delaware
Businesspeople from Wilmington, Delaware
Musicians from Wilmington, Delaware
1945 births
1981 deaths
Former Roman Catholics |
7928 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo%20DiCaprio | Leonardo DiCaprio | Leonardo Wilhelm DiCaprio (; ; born November 11, 1974) is an American actor, movie director, movie producer and writer. He starred in every popular movies, including What's Eating Gilbert Grape, Romeo + Juliet, Titanic, The Man in the Iron Mask, The Beach, Catch Me if You Can, Gangs of New York, The Aviator, The Revenant and Once Upon a Time in Hollywood. His first movie was Critters 3.
In 2016, DiCaprio won his first Academy Award for Best Actor for his portrayal of Hugh Glass in The Revenant.
Personal life
DiCaprio was born in Los Angeles. His father, George, is of Italian and German descent, and his mother, Irmelin, is of German and Russian descent.
Filmography
Awards and nominations
Academy Award
Nominated: Best Supporting Actor, What's Eating Gilbert Grape (1994)
Nominated: Best Actor, The Aviator (2004)
Nominated: Best Actor, Blood Diamond (2006)
Nominated: Best Actor, The Wolf of Wall Street (2014)
Nominated: Best Actor, The Revenant (2016) (Pending)
BAFTA Award
Nominated: Best Actor, The Aviator (2005)
Nominated: Best Actor, The Departed (2007)
Nominated: Best Actor, The Wolf of Wall Street (2014)
Nominated: Best Actor, The Revenant (2016) (Pending)
Golden Globe Award
Nominated: Best Supporting Actor - Motion Picture, What's Eating Gilbert Grape (1994)
Nominated: Best Actor - Motion Picture Drama, Titanic (1998)
Nominated: Best Actor - Motion Picture Drama, Catch Me If You Can (2003)
Won: Best Actor - Motion Picture Drama, The Aviator (2005)
Nominated: Best Actor - Motion Picture Drama, The Departed (2007)
Nominated: Best Actor - Motion Picture Drama, Blood Diamond (2007)
Nominated: Best Performance by an Actor in a Motion Picture - Drama, Revolutionary Road (2008)
Nominated: Best Performance by an Actor in a Motion Picture - Drama, J. Edgar (2011)
Nominated: Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role in a Motion Picture, Django Unchained (2012)
Won: Best Actor in a Motion Picture Musical or Comedy, The Wolf of Wall Street (2014)
Won: Best Actor in a Motion Picture Drama, The Revenant (2016)
OSCAR AWARD;
Best male actor, The Revenant (2016)
|-
! colspan="3" style="background-color: #DAA520;" | National Board of Review Award
|-
|-
! colspan="3" style="background-color: #DAA520;" | Golden Globe Award
|-
References
Other websites
Leonardo DiCaprio Official Website
Leonardo DiCaprio Official Eco-site
Leonardo DiCaprio Official MySpace
Official DiCaprio Environmental Eleventh Hour film site
leonardo dicaprio biography
1974 births
Living people
Actors from Los Angeles
American movie actors
American movie directors
American movie producers
American television actors
American voice actors
Movie producers from California
Movie directors from California
Satellite Award winners
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Best Actor Academy Award winners
Golden Globe Award winning actors |
7929 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Candy | John Candy | John Candy (October 31, 1950 – March 4, 1994) was a Canadian actor. He is known for his comic roles in many movies and television series.
Filmography
Class of '44 (1973)
It Seemed Like a Good Idea at the Time (1975)
Tunnel Vision (1976)
The Clown Murders (1976)
Find the Lady (1976)
The Silent Partner (1978)
Lost and Found (1979)
1941 (1979)
Double Negative (1980)
The Blues Brothers (1980)
Stripes (1981)
Heavy Metal (1981) (voice)
It Came From Hollywood (1982) (documentary)
National Lampoon's Vacation (1983)
Going Berserk (1983)
Splash (1984)
The Last Polka (1984)
Brewster's Millions (1985)
Sesame Street presents Follow That Bird (1985)
Summer Rental (1985)
Volunteers (1985)
Tears Are Not Enough (1985) (documentary)
Armed and Dangerous (1986)
Little Shop of Horrors (1986)
Spaceballs (1987)
Planes, Trains and Automobiles (1987)
She's Having a Baby (1988) (Cameo)
The Great Outdoors (1988)
Hot to Trot (1988) (voice only)
Who's Harry Crumb? (1989) (also executive producer)
Speed Zone! (1989)
Uncle Buck (1989)
Masters of Menace (1990) (Cameo)
Home Alone (1990)
The Rescuers Down Under (1990) (voice)
Nothing But Trouble (1991)
Career Opportunities (1991)
Only the Lonely (1991)
Delirious (1991)
JFK (1991)
Once Upon A Crime (1992)
Boris and Natasha: The Movie (1992)
Rookie of the Year (uncredited) (1993)
Cool Runnings (1993)
Hostage For A Day (1994)
Wagons East! (1994)
Canadian Bacon (1995)
The Magic 7 (archive footage) (2008)
Other websites
JohnCandy.com - The home of everything John Candy
All Movie Guide entry for John Candy
Find-A-Grave profile for John Candy
1950 births
1994 deaths
Actors from Toronto
Canadian movie actors
Canadian television actors
Canadian voice actors
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Mexico
Comedians from Ontario
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Emmy Award winners |
7933 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erwin%20Rommel | Erwin Rommel | Desert fox can also refer to the Fennec fox
Field Marshal Erwin Johannes Eugen Rommel, The "Desert Fox" (15 November 1891 – 14 October 1944), was an officer of the German Army in World War I and World War II.
In WWII, he commanded the German Army in North Africa in a long struggle against the British 8th Army. He was finally defeated at El Alamein. Later in the war, he commanded the German forces defending the French coast against the Allied Normandy invasion.
Rommel was well liked by the German public and respected by the Allies. He was thought to be chivalrous and humane, when other German leaders were not. His famous Afrikakorps was not accused of any war crimes. Soldiers captured by his army were treated well and orders to kill captured Jewish soldiers and civilians were ignored.
Rommel knew of the plan by senior officers to assassinate Hitler in 1944. When it failed, all concerned were tortured and executed. Hitler offered him the choice of suicide or court-martial, and he committed suicide. His death was announced as the death of a hero in battle.
Early life and career
Rommel was born in Heidenheim, Germany, 45 kilometers (28 mi) from Ulm, in the Kingdom of Württemberg which was then part of the German Empire, on November 15, 1891. He was baptised on 17 November 1891. His father, Erwin Rommel (18601913) was a math teacher, and later a secondary school headmaster at Aalen. His mother was Helene von Lutz, the daughter of a local government official. Rommel was the second of four children; Karl, Gerhard, and Helene. Rommel wrote that his "early years passed very happily."
At the age of 14, Rommel and a friend built a full-scale glider that was able to fly short distances. Young Erwin thought about being an engineer, and he showed a talent with technical work; however, because of his father, young Rommel joined the local 124th Württemberg Infantry Regiment as an officer cadet in 1910 and, shortly after, was sent to the Officer Cadet School in Danzig. He graduated on 15 November 1911, and was a lieutenant in January 1912.
While at Cadet School, early in 1911, Erwin Rommel had met his future wife, 17-year-old Lucia Maria Mollin (also called Lucie) (b. 6 June 1894 in Danzig; d. 26 September 1971 in Stuttgart). They married on November 27, 1916, in Danzig, and on December 24, 1928 had a son, Manfred, who would later become the mayor of Stuttgart. Manfred died in 2013. After having met Lucie, some historians think that Rommel also had an affair with a woman called Walburga Stemmer in 1913, and they had a daughter named Gertrud.
World War I
In World War I, Rommel fought in France, as well as in Romania and Italy, first as a member of the 6th Württemberg Infantry Regiment, and then in the Württemberg Mountain Battalion of the Alpenkorps. While serving with that unit, he gained a reputation for making quick tactical decisions and taking advantage of enemy confusion. He was wounded three times and awarded the Iron Cross; First and Second Class.
Rommel also received Prussia's highest medal, the Pour le Mérite after fighting in the mountains of west Slovenia, in Battles of the Isonzo–Soca front. The award came as a result of the Battle of Longarone, and the capture of Mount Matajur, Slovenia, and its defenders, numbering 150 Italian officers, 9,000 men, and 81 pieces of artillery. His battalion used gas during the battles of the Isonzo and also played a key role in the victory of the Central Powers over the Italian army at the Battle of Caporetto. While fighting at Isonzo, Rommel was taken prisoner by the Italians. He escaped, and because he spoke Italian, he was back to the German lines within two weeks. Later, when the German and Italian armies were allied during the Second World War, Rommel realised that their lack of success in battle was due to poor leadership and equipment, which when fixed, easily made them equal to German forces.
World War II
Poland 1939
Rommel was a commander of the Führerbegleithauptquartier (Führer escort headquarters) during the Poland campaign, often moving up close to the front in the Führersonderzug train, seeing much of Hitler. After the Polish defeat, Rommel returned to Berlin to organize the Führer's victory parade, taking part himself as a member of Hitler's entourage. During the Polish campaign, Rommel was asked to help one of his wife's relatives, a Polish priest who had been arrested. When Rommel asked the Gestapo for information, the Gestapo found no information about the man's existence.
France 1940
Rommel asked Hitler for command of a panzer division. On 6 February 1940, three months before the invasion of France, Rommel was given command of the 7th Panzer Division, for "Fall Gelb" ("Case Yellow"), the invasion of France and the Low Countries. Some other officers did not agree with his promotion. Rommel's initial request for command had been rejected by the Chief of Army Personnel, who cited his lack of previous experience with armoured units and his extensive prior experience in an Alpine unit made him a more suitable candidate to assume command of a mountain division that had recent need to fill its commanding-officer post. Rommel had, however, emphasized the use of mobile infantry and recognized the great usefulness of armoured forces in the Poland campaign. He set about learning and developing the techniques of armoured warfare with great enthusiasm. The decision to place him in command of an armoured division was borne out to be an excellent one. In May, 1940 his 7th Panzer Division became known as the "Ghost Division" because its rapid advances and fast-paced attacks often placed them so far forward that they were frequently out of communication with the rest of the German army.
North Africa 1941–1943
Rommel's reward for his success was to be promoted and appointed commander of the 5th Light Division (later reorganised and redesignated 21.Panzer-Division) and of the 15.Panzer-Division which, as the Deutsches Afrikakorps,() were sent to Libya in early 1941 in Operation Sonnenblume to aid the Italian troops which had suffered a heavy defeat from British Commonwealth forces in Operation Compass. It was in Africa where Rommel achieved his greatest fame as a commander.
Attitude
Rommel was well known not only by the German people but also by his enemies. Stories of his chivalry and tactical ability earned him the respect of many opponents, including Claude Auchinleck, Winston Churchill, George S. Patton, Hugh Dowding, and Bernard Montgomery (who named a dog after him). Rommel was also respectful of his enemies. Hitler considered Rommel among his favorite generals.
The Afrika Korps was never accused of any war crimes, and Rommel himself referred to the fighting in North Africa as Krieg ohne Hass — war without hate. Numerous examples exist of this such as his refusal to carry out an order from Hitler to execute Jewish prisoners. During Rommel's time in France, Hitler ordered him to deport the Jews in France; Rommel did not. Several times he wrote letters protesting the treatment of the Jews. When British Major Geoffrey Keyes was killed during a failed commando raid to kill or capture Rommel behind German lines, Rommel ordered him buried with full military honours. Also, during the construction of the Atlantic Wall, Rommel directed that French workers were not to be used as slaves but were to be paid for their labour.
Death
Rommel was not one of the group who planned the attempt on Hitler's life. Actually, he was not in favour of assassinating Hitler. Rommel believed an assassination attempt could spark civil war in Germany and Austria, and Hitler would have become a martyr for a lasting cause. Instead, Rommel insisted that Hitler be arrested and brought to trial for his crimes. Later, though, Rommel made up his mind to support the plot.
After the failed bomb attack of 20 July 1944, many conspirators were arrested. Rommel was perturbed at this development. It did not take long for his involvement to come to light.
Under Gestapo torture, one of that group revealed the names of several higher army officers who were consulted beforehand. Rommel was one of those.
Even more damningly, Carl Goerdeler, the main civilian leader of the Resistance, wrote on several letters and other documents that Rommel was a potential supporter and an acceptable military leader to be placed in a position of responsibility should their coup succeed. Nazi party officials in France reported that Rommel extensively and scornfully criticised Nazi incompetence and crimes. That sealed his fate.
The release of the movie The Desert Fox: The Story of Rommel (1951) helped his reputation as one of the most widely known and well-regarded leaders in the German Army.
References
Other websites
Field Marshal Erwin Rommel death mask
1891 births
1944 deaths
German generals of World War II
German Lutherans
German military personnel of World War I
People from Baden-Württemberg
Suicides by poison
Suicides in Germany
Victims of Nazism |
7941 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermentation | Fermentation | Fermentation is when a cell uses sugar for energy without using oxygen at the same time.
'Fermentation' also describes growing microorganisms on a growth medium. This is done to get a chemical product. French microbiologist Louis Pasteur studied fermentation and its microbial causes. The science of fermentation is known as zymology.
Yeast is an organism that ferments. When yeast ferments sugar, the yeast uses sugar and produces alcohol. The process uses the coenzyme NAD: In metabolism, NAD helps redox reactions, carrying electrons from one reaction to another. Fermentation is a less efficient form of respiration than oxidative respiration (respiration using oxygen).
The ethyl alcohol produced by yeast is used to make beverages or biofuel. Yeast can be also used to grow bakery products like bread and cakes faster. In some cases yeast might be used to speed up the process of creation of wine.
Other cells make vinegar or lactic acid when they ferment sugar. In a different way, the fermentation process can continue and turn the alcohol into vinegar i.e. acetic acid.
Types of fermentation
When yeast ferments, it breaks down the glucose (C6H12O6) into ethanol (CH3CH2OH) and carbon dioxide (CO2).
Ethanol fermentation always produces ethanol and carbon dioxide. It is important in bread-making, brewing, and wine-making.
Lactic acid fermentation produces lactic acid. It happens in muscles of animals when they need lots of energy fast. The pain of a cramped muscle is caused by the build-up of lactic acid. The pain eases as the product is taken away by the blood supply.
Other websites
Fermentation (biochemistry) -Citizendium
Fermentation |
7947 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flower | Flower | A flower is the reproductive part of flowering plants. Flowers are also called the bloom or blossom of a plant. Flowers have petals. Inside the part of the flower that has petals are the parts which produce pollen and seeds.
In all plants, a flower is usually its most colourful part. We say the plant 'flowers', 'is flowering' or 'is in flower' when this colourful part begins to grow bigger and open out. There are many different kinds of flowers in different areas in the world. Even in the coldest places, for example the Arctic, flowers can grow during a few months.
Flowers may grow separately on the plant, or they may grow together in an inflorescence.
Structure of flowers
To investigate the structure of a flower, it must be dissected, and its structure summarised by a floral diagram or a floral formula. Then its family can be identified with the aid of a flora, which is a book designed to help you identify plants.
Four basic parts
Flowers have four basic parts, from the outside in they are:
The perianth, the vegetative parts
The calyx: the outermost whorl consisting of units called sepals. These are often green and enclose the rest of the flower in the bud. They may be absent, or they may be petal-like in some species
The corolla: the petals, usually thin, soft and often colored to attract animals that help pollination
The reproductive parts
The androecium, the male part, is the stamens
The gynoecium, the female parts
Although this arrangement is typical, plant species show a wide variation in floral structure. The modifications produced in the evolution of flowering plants are used by botanists to find relationships among plant species.
Flowers are an important evolutionary advance made by flowering plants. Some flowers are dependent upon the wind to move pollen between flowers of the same species. Their pollen grains are light-weight. Many others rely on insects or birds to move pollen. Their pollen grains are heavier. The role of flowers is to produce seeds, which are inside fruit. Fruits and seeds are a means of dispersal. Plants do not move, but wind, animals and birds spread the plants across the landscape.
Since the ovules are protected by carpels, it takes something special for fertilisation to happen. Angiosperms have pollen grains made of just three cells. One cell is drills down through the integuments, and makes a passage for the two sperm cells to flow down. The megagametophyte is a tiny haploid female plant which includes the egg. It has just seven cells. Of these, one is the egg cell; it fuses with a sperm cell, forming the zygote. Another cell joins with the other sperm, and forms a nutrient-rich endosperm. The other cells take auxiliary roles. This process of "double fertilisation" is unique and common to all angiosperms.
Evolution of flowers
Flowers are modified leaves. They are only present in flowering plants (angiosperms), which are relatively late to appear in the fossil record.
Early fossils of flowers and flowering plants are known from 130 million years ago, in the Lower Cretaceous. However, flowers had a much longer history, the extent of which is not yet fully known. There were flowers from the early Jurassic, 50 million years earlier than was previously thought.
The flowering plants were thought to have evolved from within the gymnosperms. However, the known gymnosperms are a clade which is distinct from the angiosperms. Apparently, the two clades diverged (split) some 300 million years ago. That is about the boundary of the Carboniferous period with the Permian period.
Uses of flowers
As decoration
Flowers have long been admired and used by humans. Most people think that flowers are beautiful. Many people also love flowers for their fragrances (scents). People enjoy seeing flowers growing in gardens. People also enjoy growing flowers in their backyards, outside their homes. People often wear flowers on their clothes or give flowers as a gift during special occasions, holidays, or rituals, such as the birth of a new baby (or a Christening), at weddings (marriages), at funerals (when a person dies). People often buy flowers from businesses called florists.
As a name
Some parents name their girl children after a flower. Some common flower names are: Rose, Lily, Daisy, Holly, Hyacinth, Jasmine, Blossom.
As food
People eat some types of flowers. Flower vegetables include broccoli, cauliflower and artichoke. The most expensive spice, saffron, comes from the crocus flower. Other flower spices are cloves and capers. Hops flowers are used to flavor beer. Dandelion can be made into wine.
Honey is flower nectar that has been collected and processed by bees. Honey is often named by the type of flower that the bees are using (for example, clover honey). Some people put flowers from nasturtiums, chrysanthemums, or carnations in their food. Flowers can also be made into tea. Dried flowers, such as chrysanthemum, rose, and jasmine, can be used to make tea.
Special meanings
Flowers were used to signal meanings in the time when social meetings between men and women was difficult. Lilies made people think of life. Red roses made people think of love, beauty, and passion. In Britain, Australia and Canada, poppies are worn on special holidays as a mark of respect for those who served and died in wars. Daisies made people think of children and innocence.
Common flowers
Daffodil
Dahlia
Daisy
Edelweiss
Hibiscus
Jasmine
Lily
Water lily
Lotus
Marigold
Morning glory
Pansy
Petunia
Tulip
Rose
Sunflower
Lavender
Related pages
Inflorescence
References
Other websites
Flower Citizendium
Flowers names in Hindi and English
Basic English 850 words |
7949 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1939 | 1939 | World War II started in this year.
Events
May 15 – Nazi Germany opens Ravensbruück concentration camp, the largest Nazi concentration camp for women
September 1 – The Second World War begins when Nazi Germany invades Poland
September 17 – The Soviet Union invades Poland
October 6 – Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union divide and take over Poland
November 30 – The Winter War begins
Births
February 6 – Mike Farrell
February 14 – John Conn (Scottish-Australian writer)
March 13 - Neil Sedaka, American singer-songwriter and musician (The Tokens)
April 2 – Marvin Gaye
July 1 - Karen Black (d. 2013)
July 30 - Peter Bogdanovich
August 3 – Wes Craven
August 19 - Ginger Baker, English drummer (Cream) (d. 2019)
September 5 – George Lazenby
September 18 – Frankie Avalon
October 27 – John Cleese
November 13 – Will Ryan (American actor)
Deaths
September - Khan Sahib Abdul Majid Khan Tarin, OBE, British Indian judge and legislator (b. 1877)
November 12 -Norman Bethune
Movies released
Gone with the Wind
The Wizard of Oz
Goodbye, Mr. Chips (Best Picture Academy Award)
The Private Lives of Elizabeth and Essex
New books
Finnegans Wake by James Joyce
Hit songs
"Somewhere Over The Rainbow" – by E.Y. Harburg and Harold Arlen, from the movieThe Wizard of Oz; won the Academy Award for the best song.
nv:1901 – 1950 |
7950 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square%20kilometre | Square kilometre | A square kilometer (sometimes written km²) is based on the SI unit of measurement of area, the square meter. It is the area inside a square that has each side equal to 1 kilometer (1000 meters). This way of talking about area is often used to say how much land there is, on a farm or in a city, for example.
One square kilometer is just less than 0.39 square miles.
Units of area |
7952 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judge | Judge | A judge is a person who is in control of a court of law.
The way to become a judge depends on each country. In some countries, judges must work with the law (often as a lawyer) for a number of years before they can "sit as a judge" in a courthouse. Judges are supposed to conduct the trial in an open courtroom and impartially.
Juries are used in many English speaking countries, but not for all cases. The modern jury trial first developed in mid-12th century England during the reign of Henry II. Today, the details differ between one country and another.
If there is a jury, the judge has the job of making sure the person taken to court is treated in a fair way. Some courts will have more than one judge. For important decisions about the laws of a country, countries may have a supreme court or high court with many (nine or more) judges in it. In the United States, judges on a supreme court are called justices and are led by a Chief Justice.
In many countries, judges wear special clothes while being in court. Often this is a black robe or cloak. Supreme or High Court judges often wear a red cloak. Judges in some countries also wear a special long wig. They also used to put a piece of black material on their head when they sentenced a person to die.
References
Basic English 850 words
Law occupations |
7953 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guilt%20%28law%29 | Guilt (law) | In criminal law, a person is guilty if a court has decided they have done something illegal. If a person has broken a law by stealing, for example, they are guilty of a crime.
A person is guilty if a court says they are. The court has blamed them for doing something wrong. A guilty person is punished. The punishment is called the sentence.
Law |
7954 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Length | Length | Length is a measurement. A ruler can measure length. The length of something is the distance between two ends of the thing. Short means a small length. Long means much length. Short and long are opposites. For two dimensional things, length is usually the longer side.
Measuring
A line has one size measurement. This one measurement is the length.
A circle has diameter, the length across, and circumference, the length around.
A rectangle has two measurements that show its size. These two measurements are the length and the width of the rectangle.
The length and width of a square are the same.
A box has three measurements that show its size. These three measurements are the length, the width and the depth or height of the box.
Distance Examples
The distance from the front of the bus to the back of the bus is 30 meters. The bus is 30 meters in length.
A piece of wood is 10 meters X 10 cm X 15 cm. The piece of wood is 10 meters in length, 10 cm in breadth and 15 cm in height.
Length of Time
Length also describes time.
Time Example
John sits down at one o'clock, or 1h. John waits until three o'clock, or 3h. John stands up at three o'clock, or 3h. John was sitting for 2 hours. The length of time John was sitting was two hours.
Physical quantity
de:Längenmaß |
7956 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weight | Weight | The weight of an object (or the weight of an amount of matter) is the measure of the intensity of the force imposed on this object by the local gravitational field. Weight should not be confused with the related but quite different concept of mass. For small objects on Earth, the weight force is directed towards the center of the planet. For larger objects, such as the Moon orbiting around the Earth, the force is directed towards the center of mass of the combined system.
In common language, the weight of something is typically understood to be the value measured at or near the Earth's surface. Unfortunately the common terms used to describe the weight of an object are units of mass such as kilograms or pounds. For almost all of human history, weight has been measured on the surface of the Earth. Here, the weight is proportional to the mass. Objects which have the same mass have the same weight. An object with the twice the mass of another will also have twice the weight. As a consequence it is common practice to use the two words, mass and weight, as if they mean the same thing and to use kilograms and pounds as the units for both mass and weight. Using the same terms to describe and measure the two different properties has led to confusion between these two properties, mass and weight. Mass and weight are not the same thing.
Units of weight
The unit of weight in the International System of Units is the newton, which is represented by the symbol 'N'.
Other units have been in use in the past but have been abandoned, such as the dyne (the unit of force in the old CGS system) or the kilogram-force, which is the force exerted on a
kilogram of matter by a 'standard' Earth: a body with a mass of 1 kg has a weight of about 9.81 N at sea level.
Measuring weight
The weight of an object, or of an amount of matter, is typically measured with an instrument such as a spring scale. The scale includes a spring which provides a force to oppose the gravitational force on the object which is being weighed. The gravitational force pulls down, the spring pushes or pulls upwards. Typically, the scale has a readout which gives not the weight (which is a force) but rather the mass of the object. Spring scales are made with the assumption that they are being used on the surface of the Earth. If a spring scale was taken to the Moon it would give a misleading reading.
A balance style weighing scale is a device that compares the weights of two object in the same gravitational field: it determines whether one object is heavier or lighter than the other.
Weight is variable
Weight is not an intrinsic property of matter because the local gravitational field that generates the force called weight is variable in space and time:
Since the Earth's attraction decreases as the square of the distance to its center, the weight of an object is slightly smaller at high altitude (e.g., at the top of a mountain) than at sea level, or at the equator than at the poles (because the Earth is slightly bulging).
An arbitrary object on Earth is also attracted by all other celestial bodies, such as the Moon, for instance. Hence, its weight will be less with the Moon overhead than with the Moon on the other side of the Earth.
Weight is not defined exclusively to Earth: An astronaut weighs 6 times less on the surface of the Moon than on the surface of the Earth.
Weightlessness is an apparent condition experienced by astronauts or satellites in orbit around a planet. In reality their weight (gravitational pull) is the force that keeps them in orbit. Objects in orbit travel with very high speed. For satellites orbiting 300 - 500 kilometres above the Earth this speed is about 27,000 kph. Without the gravitational pull of the Earth they would fly off in a straight line. The gravitational pull keeps them falling towards the planet. The combination of high sideways velocity and constant pull toward the centre of the Earth bends their path so they stay in orbit.
Related pages
Difference between Weight and Mass
Center of mass
Gravity
Density
Measurement
Basic English 850 words
vi:Tương tác hấp dẫn#Trọng lực |
7957 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth | Truth | The truth is what is true. It may be everything that is true (reality) or just a part of it (a fact). It may also be a statement that is true: a truth. Things or statements that are not true are untrue or false. True things exist (or have existed); false things do not (or never have).
Aristotle said: "To say of what is that it is not, or of what is not that it is, is false, while to say of what is that it is, and of what is not that it is not, is true." However, a statement may be about how things once were; this would be a true statement if it is clear that it is not a statement about how things are now. Most often, the tense of the verb will indicate this, but there may be other ways in which the statement is qualified: for example, by saying when the statement was true.
Truth is a noun, and the corresponding adjective is true. The word true also functions as a noun, a verb and an adverb. The English word truth is from Old English tríewþ, tréowþ, trýwþ, Middle English trewþe.
Most of the discussion on truth is about one of two things:
How to find out whether a statement (a proposition or claim) is true
How to find the truth when presented with a particular question or problem
Many philosophers have given opinions on these issues.
Examples
It is a truth (true) that a dog is an animal. It is untrue (or false) that a dog is a plant.
It is a truth that dodos were found on Mauritius (although not throughout the past). It is not true that dodos exist.
It has never been true that unicorns exist, so it has always been true that unicorns do not exist.
Other words
Something untrue is false. A half truth is something true mixed with something false, or something partly true with key information omitted.
If the things one says are true, then they are speaking the truth, or speaking truly. Saying something that is untrue can be called a lie, if the person who is saying it knows it is untrue. A person who says something untrue is often called a "liar".
True and false in logic and philosophy
What is truth? Pontius Pilate (John, 18.38)
True is also one of the two basic values of logic. The other such value is usually called false. In symbols, true is written as , T or 1.
Aristotle was the first to put logic into a formal framework. His version is called propositional logic (see also syllogism and deductive reasoning). Other forms of logic use types of mathematics (mathematical logic) or symbols. Boolean algebra is about things being true and false.
The relationship between verbal claims and external reality is handled by epistemology and the philosophy of science.
Philosophers argue over what makes up truth and how to define and identify truth.
Related pages
Truth value
Veritas (mythology)
References
Other websites
Closer to Truth
Basic English 850 words
Logic |
7961 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe | Zimbabwe | The Republic of Zimbabwe is a country in the southern part of the continent of Africa. Its capital city is Harare.
Geography
Zimbabwe is surrounded by other countries, and so it has no coast on the sea. This type of country is called landlocked. The countries that surround Zimbabwe are Zambia, Botswana, South Africa and Mozambique.
Zimbabwe is home to the famous waterfall, Victoria Falls, which are a feature of the river Zambezi and also the Great Zimbabwe, the ancient architectural monument from which the country was named after.
Vegetation (Fauna and Flora)
The country is mostly savanna. In the east it is moist and mountainous with tropical evergreen and hardwood forests. Trees include teak and mahogany, knobthorn, msasa and baobab. Among the many flowers and shrubs are hibiscus, spider lily, leonotus, cassia, tree wisteria and dombeya.
There are around 350 species of mammals in Zimbabwe. There are also many snakes and lizards, over 500 bird species, and 131 fish species.
History
The area that is now Zimbabwe was added to the British Empire around 1890. Zimbabwe is also known by its old name of Rhodesia. In 1965, it became an independent country when Prime Minister Ian Smith announced the Unilateral Declaration of Independence(U.D.I). The government was mostly controlled by the white population, similar to South Africa at the time. African citizens were given full equality in 1980, and the country's name was officially changed to Zimbabwe. Robert Mugabe led the country as the Prime Minister and President for 37 years. Though Mugabe was elected fairly at first, he became a dictator, and had put in place a number of cruel and disastrous laws. On November 21, 2017, Mugabe resigned as President of Zimbabwe.
Language
The country Zimbabwe has a mixture of languages; Shona, Ndebele, Venda, Manyika, Nyanja, Chagani, and a unique-unified Zimbabwean English.
Economy
Zimbabwe uses the currencies of several other countries. The government uses the United States dollar. The economy is currently in a bad situation. Foreign currency reserves are at very low levels, and the Zimbabwean Dollar has become very devalued. Just recently, three zeroes were taken off the Zimbabwean dollar (for example, $1,000,000 (one million dollars) would become $1000 (one thousand dollars)). Many observers link this to Mugabe's controversial Land Reform programme.
Agriculture: Most people in Zimbabwe work in the field of agriculture: cattle, poultry, pigs, vegetables, millet, sorghum, maize, rice, cassava, tea, coffee, groundnuts, cotton, wheat, sugar cane, timber.
Mining: Copper, silver, tin, coal, nickel, cobalt, gold, iron ore, asbestos, chrome.
Manufacturing: Iron, steel, food processing, textiles, brewing, wood, furniture, tobacco.
Other: Tourism centring on the Victoria Falls and the game parks
2017 coup d'état
On November 15, 2017, President Robert Mugabe was placed under house arrest as Zimbabwe's military took control in a coup. On November 21, 2017, Mugabe resigned the Presidency.
Provinces
Zimbabwe is divided into 8 provinces and 2 cities that are the same as a province.
Cities
The largest cities are:
Sports
Football is the most popular sport in Zimbabwe. Rugby union and cricket are also popular. Zimbabwe has won eight Olympic medals.
Zimbabwe has also done well in the Commonwealth Games and All-Africa Games. Kirsty Coventry won 11 gold medals in swimming.
Zimbabwe has also been at Wimbledon and the Davis Cup in tennis. Zimbabwe has also done well in golf. Other sports played in Zimbabwe are basketball, volleyball, netball, and water polo, as well as squash, motorsport, martial arts, chess, cycling, polocrosse, kayaking and horse racing. Most of these sports don't have international representatives but instead stay at a junior or national level.
Related pages
List of rivers of Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe at the Olympics
Zimbabwe national football team
References
1980 establishments
1980s establishments in Africa |
7963 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monaco | Monaco | Monaco, officially the Principality of Monaco (French: Principauté de Monaco), is the second smallest country in the world after the Vatican City; approximately 39,000 persons live there. It is near south-eastern France, on the Mediterranean Sea in Western Europe. French is the most common language spoken in Monaco. The Sovereign Prince of Monaco, who is the head of state, is Prince Albert II, whose family has ruled since 1297. The government and the prince share power. Tourism is the main industry. People in Monaco pay no income tax. Monaco is a city-state, because all its territory is urban and built-up.
Monte Carlo, famous for its casino, is in the north-east of the country. Monaco is famous for two car races: the Monte Carlo Rally and the Monaco Grand Prix.
A sovereign and independent state, the Principality of Monaco has borders on its land-ward side with several communes of the French Department of the Alpes-Maritimes; from west to east these are Cap d’Ail, La Turbie, Beausoleil and Roquebrune Cap Martin. Seawards, Monaco faces the Mediterranean.
The population of the Principality consists of 39,102 inhabitants (2019), 5,070 of whom are Monégasques, 12,047 French and 5,000 Italian (according to the last official census in 1990).
Its surface area is 2.02 square kilometres, of which approximately 0.4 were recovered from the sea since 1980.
It lies in a narrow coastal strip which sometimes rises straight upwards with its highest point at 163 metres. Its width varies between 1,050 metres and only 350 metres. Its coastline is 4,100 metre long.
The Principality has only one commune, Monaco, whose limits are the same as those of the state.
Monaco is made of four districts: Monaco-Ville (historic seat of the Principality, on the monolith where the Prince’s Palace stands), Monte-Carlo (the district surrounding its Casino), La Condamine (around Port Hercules), and Fontvielle (the new industrial area built on ground reclaimed from the sea, which constitutes 0.22 square kilometres).
References
Italian-speaking countries
French-speaking countries
Current monarchies |
7978 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graal | Graal | Graal can be:
Holy Grail or "Graal" in older forms
A style of glassblowing
Graal-Müritz, a seaside health resort
GRenoble Anneau Accelerateur Laser |
7982 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermarkets%20in%20the%20United%20Kingdom | Supermarkets in the United Kingdom | The main supermarket chains in the United Kingdom are:
United Kingdom-related lists |
7983 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jettingen | Jettingen | Jettingen is a village in the south-west of Baden-Württemberg, Germany.
There are 7,657 people living in Jettingen.
Municipalities in Baden-Württemberg
Villages in Baden-Württemberg |
7990 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken%20Jennings | Ken Jennings | Kenneth Wayne Jennings III (born May 23, 1974) is the second-highest money earning contestant on the American television game show Jeopardy!. He won a total of 74 times, earning $2,522,700. His winning streak lasted from June 2, 2004 through November 30, 2004. He lost after that time to a player named Nancy Zerg, who lost within a day to Katie Fitzgerald. He was brought back to appear in the final three games of the show's Ultimate Tournament of Champions. In the tournament, he lost to Brad Rutter, who became the highest money winner on Jeopardy!.
According to the introduction given at the start of the show, Jennings is a "Software Engineer from Salt Lake City, Utah" His highest one day total was a record $75,000, which was later broken by Roger Craig in 2010. Jennings is a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, or Mormon.
In February 2005, Ken started appearing in Cingular commercials as himself.
In October 2008, Jennings appeared on an episode of Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader?. He won $500,000, making him the highest winner in game show history once again.
In February 2011, Jennings, along with Rutter, competed in the "IBM Challenge" against an artificial intelligence computer named Watson. Jennings placed second, losing to Watson. He won half of a $300,000 prize; with the other half going to charity.
In the spring of 2014, Jennings and Rutter competed in the Jeopardy! Battle of the Decades tournament. They faced off in the finals alongside Roger Craig. Rutter won the tournament with the $1,000,000 top prize, reclaiming the game show record from Jennings.
In January 2020, Jennings beat Rutter and James Holzhauer in Jeopardy! The Greatest of All Time, claiming the $1,000,000 first place prize.
During Season 37 of Jeopardy!, Jennings became a consulting producer and records video clues. In January 2021, he became a guest host after the death of longtime host Alex Trebek. And during the show's 38th Season, Jennings and Mayim Bialik are co-hosting the show after Mike Richards resigned.
References
1974 births
Television game shows
Living people
Jeopardy!
American bloggers |
7997 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublimation | Sublimation | Sublimation is how a solid becomes a gas without becoming a liquid first. It happens when the particles of a solid absorb enough energy to completely overcome the force of attraction between them. Most substances can sublimate only at low pressure. Many can sublimate in space.
Sometimes snow sublimates. This is usually on sunny winter days when the air is very dry. Snow may look like it disappears on a cold sunny day, but this is not sublimation because it forms a thin layer of liquid water first.
At normal atmospheric pressure on the surface of the Earth, only some compounds like dry ice (solid carbon dioxide) can go through this process. CO2 changes from dry ice, a solid to a gas without being a liquid. Also diamond, graphite, iodine, ammonium chloride and aluminium chloride sublime rather than melt at atmospheric pressure.
Chemistry
Physics |
8002 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm%20McDowell | Malcolm McDowell | Malcolm McDowell (born 13 June 1943) is an English actor. He has been in many movies, including: A Clockwork Orange, O Lucky Man! and Caligula.
McDowell lives in Ojai, California.
Other websites
1943 births
Living people
Actors from Yorkshire
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
English voice actors
Naturalized citizens of the United States
People from West Yorkshire |
8003 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAD%20Magazine | MAD Magazine | MAD Magazine is a humor and satire magazine that started in 1952 as a 10 cent comic book parody of other comics. For its 25th issue it converted to a 25 cent magazine. It remains popular in the United States.
Each issue features the grinning red-headed mascot, Alfred E. Neuman on the cover, and comic-like articles making fun of recent movies, television series, music, trends, etc. as well as regular monthly features (Spy Vs. Spy, Monore, etc.)
American magazines |
8011 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traverse%20City%2C%20Michigan | Traverse City, Michigan | Traverse City is a town in the northern Lower Peninsula of Michigan, United States. Traverse City is famous for its cherries. It has a beautiful beach, world-class hotels, but the zoo has been closed because not many people visited it.
Cities in Michigan
County seats in Michigan |
Subsets and Splits
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