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7561 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob%20Kane | Bob Kane | Bob Kane (October 24, 1915 – November 3, 1998) was an American cartoonist. He is best known for creating the superhero Batman with Bill Finger.
References
Writers from New York City
American cartoonists
American comics artists
American comics writers
American entertainers
DC Comics
Batman
1915 births
1998 deaths |
7563 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman | Batman | Batman is a fictional character created by Bob Kane and Bill Finger in the DC Comics and the protagonist of the DC Universe. Batman is the secret identity of the very rich businessman Bruce Wayne. Batman is one of the most famous and popular superheroes. Often considered to be DC's flagship character and company mascot, he first appeared in comic books and was later used in several radio series, movies, TV programs, books, and video games. There are also many toys and other merchandise dealing with Batman and other characters and items from the world he lives in. Batman lives in the fictional city of Gotham. Batman has a trusty sidekick Robin whose identity has been taken up by various heroes, usually his wards.
Comic book
Batman was first named "Bat-Man" by Kane. Batman made its first appearance in 1939 in Detective Comics No. 27. He was the second DC superhero to be created. The first was Superman. Batman's origin story is that as a young child, Bruce Wayne saw a robber named Joe Chill murder his mother and father after the family left a theatre. Bruce decided that he did not want that kind of violence to happen to anyone else and wanted to avenge his parents' death. He then dedicated his life to protect his city, Gotham City. Wayne learned many different ways to fight as he grew up. As an adult, Wayne used a costume to scare criminals so that there would be less crime in Gotham City. He called himself Batman.
Batman's tools
Batman uses many different tools to help fight crime, these may vary based on the different iterations of batman. Notable examples include his car which he calls "the Batmobile", a motorcycle called the "Bat-Cycle", and has a special belt full of tools called a "utility belt" and most notably bat-shaped boomerangs called "Bat-A-Rangs." He also has radio signals in his bat ears and can shoot them out to his enemy. He also has tasers built in his suit, shocking his foes. In the movie "Batman & Robin" he has ice skates. He also has a kryptonite ring and a kryptonite launcher. He even has a power suit and a Bat-Saber(His version of a lightsaber).
Friends
Batman is often helped from other people in Gotham. Batman and his some of his various allies are often referred to as the Bat Family. Some of these people also put on costumes and become superheroes when they help him. Some of the notable people who help him are his sidekick, Robin (Dick Grayson, Jason Todd, Tim Drake, and Damian Wayne), his butler Alfred Pennyworth, police commissioner James Gordon, Wayne Enterprises CEO and president Lucius Fox, and Gordon's daughter Barbara Gordon. Barbara Gordon became a superhero named Batgirl (and later used the name Oracle). Commissioner Gordon uses a Bat-Signal which shines a light into the sky with a shadow in the shape of a bat on when he needs Batman's assistance. Batman is often, but not always, shown being friends with Superman. He is often shown as a friend of wonder woman. Batman, superman, and wonder woman are often referred to as the "Trinity". Batman is a part of many superhero teams that fight against evil, most notably the Justice League or JL for short, and Justice League Dark or JLD.
Enemies
Some of the villains that Batman fights, called his Rogues Gallery are the Joker, Penguin, Ra's al Ghul, Scarecrow, Talia al Ghul, Poison Ivy, Catwoman, Mr. Freeze, Bane, Riddler, Two-Face, and Clayface. Because of the way Batman deals with criminals, he may occasionally be seen as an enemy police. Once his tactics were stolen and used against some of the members of the Justice League.
Television
In the 1960s, a live-action television series was made of Batman and it was called Batman. In Batman, Adam West was the actor who was Batman and Burt Ward was the actor who was Robin. There are also many of cartoons with Batman as a character. These include, but are not limited to Superfriends, Batman: The Animated Series, Batman Beyond, and Justice League. There are other cartoons and programs where Batman is a character but he is not the most important part of the story, such as "Birds of Prey". This was a live-action series that is about Batman's daughter, the Huntress. The newest show is Beware the Batman.
Movies
1966 Batman, based on the TV series, and starring Adam West.
1989–1997 The Batman Movies
1989 Batman by Michael Keaton
1992 Batman Returns by Michael Keaton
2022 The Flash by Michael Keaton
2022 Batgirl by Michael Keaton
1995 Batman Forever by Val Kilmer.
1997 Batman & Robin by George Clooney.
2005–2012 The Dark Knight Trilogy by Christian Bale
2005 Batman Begins
2008 The Dark Knight
2012 The Dark Knight Rises
2014–2019 The Lego Movies by Will Arnett
The Lego Movie
The Lego Batman Movie
The Lego Movie 2: The Second Part
2016–present DC Extended Universe Movies by Ben Affleck
2016 Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice
2016 Suicide Squad
2017 Justice League
2021 Zack Snyder's Justice League
2022 The Flash
2022 The Batman by Robert Pattinson
References
DC Comics adapted into movies
Fictional characters introduced in 1939
Fictional orphans
Justice League
DC Comics superheroes |
7564 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val%20Kilmer | Val Kilmer | Val Kilmer (born December 31, 1959 in Los Angeles, California) is an American actor, best known for his roles in Tombstone, The Doors, Heat and Batman Forever. He was married to Joanne Whalley from 1988 until they divorced in 1996. The couple had a daughter and son.
In January 2015, Kilmer was hospitalized for massive bleeding in his throat. In December 2017, Kilmer said he had a "two-year battle with throat cancer...and a procedure on his trachea has reduced his voice to a rasp and rendered him short of breath."
Filmography
References
Other websites
Kilmer's Official website
1959 births
Living people
Cancer survivors
Actors from Los Angeles
Actors who played Batman
Christian Scientists
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American stage actors |
7567 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva%20Gabor | Eva Gabor | Eva Gabor (February 11, 1919 – July 4, 1995) was a Hungarian-American actress. She was born in Budapest. She was best known for her role as Lisa Douglas on the television series, Green Acres. Her elder sisters, Zsa Zsa and Magda Gabor, were also actresses and socialites. She died of pneumonia on July 4, 1995 in Los Angeles, California.
Filmography
Other websites
Actors from Budapest
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Deaths from pneumonia
Hungarian movie actors
Hungarian television actors
Infectious disease deaths in California
1919 births
1995 deaths |
7568 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athlete | Athlete | Athlete(s) may refer to:
A person who is involved in Athletics (sport), which involves track and field events, long distance, cross-country and road running, and race walking
Sportsperson, a person who participates regularly in a sport
In college recruiting for American football, "athlete" refers specifically to an individual with strong all-around athletic ability that indicates the potential to succeed at multiple positions.
Athlete of the Year
Athlete (band), an English indie rock band
Athlete (EP), an EP by the band
Athlete (film), a 2010 sports documentary film
ATHLETE, All-Terrain Hex-Legged Extra-Terrestrial Explorer, a lunar rover under development by NASA
Athletes (moth), a Saturniinae moth genus
The Athlete, a 2009 film
Related pages
Athletics (disambiguation) |
7569 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snoopy | Snoopy | Snoopy is Charlie Brown's pet beagle in the comic strip Peanuts, by Charles M. Schulz. Born on the Daisy Hill Puppy Farm, Snoopy started out in the background. Eventually he stood on his hind legs and became a main character. Snoopy has many alter egos, and many siblings.
Snoopy's house looks small from the outside, but the inside is much bigger, like the Tardis from Doctor Who. He has many things in his house, including a TV set, Van Gogh painting, pool table, cedar closet, and many other things. It has been destroyed multiple times, including being burnt down, destroyed by a falling icicle, and being smashed by the violent cat who lives next door.
Snoopy's family
Spike, brother, who lives in a desert in Needles, California.
Olaf, brother, lives with Andy. He is fat, or "roly-poly" as he describes himself.
Andy, brother, lives with Olaf. He is very shaggy.
Marbles, brother, doesn't understand Snoopy's fantasies.
Belle, sisters, is cute and fashionable.
Rover is yet another one of Snoopy's brothers. He doesn't appear in the comic strip, only in the movies/TV shows.
Molly, sister. Like Rover, she appears only in certain movies/TV shows.
Missy is Snoopy's mother.
Snoopy's costumes
Snoopy has many alter egos. Most are "World Famous".
Joe Cool: He is a cool college student and likes girls.
World War I Flying Ace: He is a fighter pilot who flies a Sopwith Camel (actually Snoopy's dog house).
World Famous Author: He writes many stories. Most of his stories begin with "It was a dark and stormy night...", and most are also not very good.
World Famous Lawyer: He is a lawyer who loves to sue people and also loves eating doughnuts.
World Famous Beagle Scout: He is a scout troop leader. The scouts in his troop are Woodstock (Snoopy's best friend) and a few birds that Woodstock is friends with.
References
Other websites
The page about Snoopy at the Peanuts Wiki.
Fictional dogs |
7574 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Wilkes%20Booth | John Wilkes Booth | John Wilkes Booth (May 10, 1838 – April 26, 1865) was an American actor who shot and killed U.S. president Abraham Lincoln in Washington, D.C. on April 14, 1865. Lincoln died the next morning.
Booth was born in Bel Air, Harford County, Maryland to English immigrant parents. He was a very well-known stage actor who supported the Confederacy during the American Civil War. He was angry with Lincoln for supporting voting rights for former slaves. He also hoped to rally the remaining Confederate troops to keep fighting the war, which was coming to an end.
Booth was chased by United States soldiers and killed at a farm in Virginia twelve days after he shot Lincoln.
Booth's political activity
Booth became politically active in the 1850s. He joined the Know-Nothing Party, a political party that wanted fewer immigrants to come to the United States. Booth strongly supported slavery. In 1859, he joined a Virginia company that helped to capture John Brown after his raid on Harpers Ferry. Booth watched Brown's execution.
During the Civil War, Booth worked as a Confederate secret agent. He met frequently with the heads of the Secret Service, Jacob Thompson and Clement Clay, in Montreal.
Failed plots against President Lincoln
In the summer of 1864, Booth began making plans to kidnap President Lincoln. His plan said that Lincoln would be taken south to Richmond, where he would be held until he could be traded for Confederate prisoners of war. Booth recruited friends and people who supported the Confederacy for his mission. Eight of these people were later tried for killing Lincoln by a military court designed to prosecute enemies of the United States during wartime. All eight were found guilty; four were executed by hanging. Some people who refused to join Booth, such as actor Samuel Chester, became key government witnesses in the trial.
On March 4, 1865, Booth attended Lincoln's second inauguration as President. Booth appears in some photographs taken that day. On March 15, Booth and most of his fellow conspirators met at a restaurant three blocks from Ford's Theatre to plan the kidnapping. Soon after, Booth heard that on March 17, the President would be seeing a play called Still Waters Run Deep at the Campbell Hospital, on the outskirts of Washington, D.C. Booth decided that this was the perfect opportunity for a kidnapping. According to John Surratt, Booth developed a plan to intercept Lincoln's carriage on the way to the play. However, President Lincoln changed his plans and decided instead to speak to the 140th Indiana Regiment and present a captured flag.
Booth's next plan was to kidnap the President at a future performance at Ford's Theatre (where Booth had several friends). This plan failed when Booth’s co-conspirators dismissed it as unworkable.
The assassination of Lincoln
On April 4, the Union Army took over Richmond, the capital city of the Confederacy. Five days later, General Robert E. Lee surrendered Confederate forces to the Union Army. After these two events, Booth decided to kill Lincoln instead of kidnapping him. According to Booth's former friend, Louis Weichmann, Booth may have decided to kill the President on April 11. On that day, Booth listened while Lincoln gave a speech supporting voting rights for black Americans. Weichmann, who saw the President's speech with Booth, later said:
"I had never seen Mr. Lincoln up close and I knew he was a tall man, however nothing could have prepared me for the sight of him. A long shadow did he have. And his arms, when at his sides, touched near his knees. Very professionally he said that there would never be any suffrage based on differences in the way people look. Upon this, Booth turned to the two of us and said, “That means nigger citizenship. Now by God I’ll put him through!”
On April 14, 1865, Booth went to Ford’s Theater in Washington, D.C. to pick up his mail. There he found out that Lincoln and his wife would be seeing a play at the theater that evening. Booth knew the play well. He met with his co-conspirators, and they decided that around 10:15 that evening, they would kill President Lincoln, Vice-President Johnson, Secretary of State William Seward, and possibly General Ulysses S. Grant.
That afternoon, Booth made a hole in a wall at the theater so he could see the President and his guests in their balcony room. There were no guards protecting the balcony room. During the play, Booth quietly entered the room. He knew that at 10:15 pm, the audience would laugh at a line in the play. When the laughter began, Booth fired a pistol at point-blank range into the back of Lincoln's head. Booth escaped by jumping from the balcony onto the stage, where he shouted a triumphant line to the audience. He broke his leg during the jump, but escaped out the back door and onto his horse.
Lincoln was carried across the street to Petersen House, where he died the next morning. One co-conspirator did attack Secretary of State Seward with a knife the night of the 14th, but Seward survived the attack. The conspirator who planned to attack Vice President Johnson did not follow through with the plot.
Booth fled with an accomplice south through Maryland to Virginia. An army troop caught up with him on April 26. His accomplice surrendered, but Booth refused. He yelled “I will not be taken alive!” He was shot while being captured and later died from his wounds. The bullet struck Booth in the back of the head behind his left ear, passed though his neck, and out into the barn. A low scream of pain like that produced by a sudden throttling came from the assassin, and he pitched headlong to the floor. Corbett and the other soliders would note a sense of poetic, or cosmic, justice in that Lincoln and Booth were each shot around the same spot of the head. And the damage to Booth was no less severe than that to Lincoln: the bullet had pierced three vertebrae and partially severed his spinal cord, paralyzing him. Their conditions were different as well, as Mary Clemmer Ames summed it up, "The balls entered the skull of each at nearly the same spot, but the trilling difference made an immeasurable difference in the sufferings of the two. Mr. Lincoln was unconscious of all pain, while his assassin suffered as exquisite agony as if he had been broken on a wheel." A soldier poured water into his mouth, which he immediately spat out, unable to swallow. The bullet wound prevented him from swallowing any of the liquid. In a weak voice, Booth asked for water and Conger and Baker gave it to him. He asked them to roll him over and turn him facedown. Conger thought it a bad idea. Then at least turn me on my side, the assassin pleaded. They did, but Conger saw that the move did not relieve Booth’s suffering. Baker noticed it, too: "He seemed to suffer extreme pain whenever he was moved...and would several times repeat, ‘Kill me.’" At sunrise, Booth remained in agonising pain. His pulse weakening as his breathing became more laboured and irregular. In agony, unable to move his limbs, he asked a soldier to lift his hands before his face and whispered as he gazed at them, "Useless ... Useless." These were his last words. A few minutes later, Booth began gasping for air as his throat continued to swell, then there was a shiver and a gurgle and his body shuddered, before Booth died from asphyxia - he literally choked to death.
Corbett maintained that he didn't intend to kill Booth, but merely wanted to inflict a disabling wound, but either his aim slipped or Booth moved at the moment Corbett pulled the trigger.
References
Other websites
The Life and Plot of John Wilkes Booth
1838 births
1865 deaths
Abraham Lincoln
Actors from Maryland
American murderers
American stage actors
Assassins
People shot dead by law enforcement officers in the United States |
7577 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annapolis%2C%20Maryland | Annapolis, Maryland | Annapolis is the capital city of the U.S. state of Maryland. As of the census held in the year 2010, its population was 38,394. It is home to the United States Naval Academy, where the United States Naval Officers get their training. It is also home to Saint John's College, originally King William's School founded in 1696. Annapolis is the oldest seat of government still in service in America.
Annapolis became the temporary capital of the United States after the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1783. Congress was in session in the state house from November 26, 1783 to June 3, 1784, and it was in Annapolis on December 23, 1783 that General Washington resigned his commission as commander-in-chief of the Continental Army.
Annapolis is also known as the sailing capital of the U.S., situated on the Chesapeake Bay, the largest inland tidal estuary in the world. The Chesapeake is Maryland's canary in the coal mine, troubled for the last 50 years by ever increasing degradation as an indicator of its citizens concern for economic or material value over that of their land. The Chesapeake Bay can not sustain the higher life that once proliferated these waters, and 3 of the main harvests need to be re-stocked by man in order to maintain 1/10th (or less) of the numbers - Oysters and Rockfish, and more recently as reported in the Capital, Blue Crab stocks are at an all-time and ever-decreasing low, with scientists from University of Maryland researching how to raise crabs for re-introduction.
Chesapeake Bay Native plants and animals are often crowded out by invasive species which are more hardy to the now-polluted environment. Fragmites, the Chinese Mitten Crab, English Ivy, and the Mute Swan are examples of invasive species thriving in this man-altered environment.
Annapolis is the only capital city in America east of the Mississippi River without any rail transportation.
References
Former capitals of the United States
County seats in Maryland
State capitals in the United States
1640s establishments in the Thirteen Colonies |
7579 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keanu%20Reeves | Keanu Reeves | Keanu Charles Reeves (born September 2, 1964) is a Canadian actor. He is known for his roles in movies like the Bill and Ted series, The Matrix series, Speed, and John Wick. He also played John Constantine in the 2005 movie Constantine.
At age 9, he started his acting career by appearing onstage, and at age 14, he appeared in Canadian television series and commercials. He also appeared in short movies and stage work in early 1980s. Keanu acted his first significant role in River's Edge (1987), and the next year (1988), he appeared in some movies such as Dangerous Liaisons and Permanent Record. In 1989, he appeared in the successful comedy Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure, which was one of the Bill and Ted series. In 2008 he played the alien in The Day the Earth Stood Still.
In 2014, he began playing John Wick in three movies: John Wick, John Wick: Chapter 2 and John Wick: Chapter 3 – Parabellum.
Early life
Reeves was born in Beirut, Lebanon. He is the son of Patricia Bond (née Taylor), an English-born costume designer/performer, and Samuel Nowlin Reeves, Jr. His father, who is a Hawaiian-born American, has English, Native Hawaiian, Chinese, Irish, and Portuguese ancestry. Reeves has said: "My grandmother is Chinese and Hawaiian, so I was around Chinese art, furniture and cuisine when I was growing up". He is named after his uncle, and his first name is a Hawaiian word that means 'cool breeze over the mountains'.
Filmography
References
Other websites
1964 births
Living people
Actors from Toronto
Canadian movie actors
Canadian television actors
Native Hawaiians |
7582 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt%20Cobain | Kurt Cobain | Kurt Donald Cobain (February 20, 1967 - April 5, 1994) was an American musician. He was the lead singer and guitarist of the grunge band Nirvana, which also included bassist Krist Novoselic and drummer Dave Grohl. He was also a left-handed guitarist.
Early life
Cobain was born in the city of Aberdeen, Washington. His parents divorced when he was seven years old. During his sophomore year in high school, Cobain began living with his mother in Aberdeen. In late 1986 Cobain moved into an apartment. At this time he often travelled to Olympia to go to rock concerts.
Personal life
Cobain met Courtney Love in 1990. Love began pursuing Cobain in 1991. He married her in 1992 in Hawaii after she found out that she was pregnant with his child, Frances Bean Cobain.
In 2002, some of Cobain's private journal entries were published in a book called Journals.
Career
Cobain was very influential in creating what came to be known as grunge music. Grunge musicians pushed back against music they saw commercial and shallow. Grunge was a reaction against 1980s stadium rock and metal bands that were more concerned with appearance than sound.
Nirvana
Kurt Cobain started Nirvana with his friend Krist Novecselic in 1987. They often would practice on the second floor of Novescelic's Mom's hair salon. Nirvana's first album, Bleach, was released in 1989. They went through five different drummers and finally they decided to hire Dave Grohl from the band Scream in 1990. After the 1991 release of their hit album Nevermind, Nirvana became one of the most popular bands of the decade. Nirvana's best known song is "Smells Like Teen Spirit", which was often referred to by the media as an anthem for Generation X and grunge itself. Often Cobain expressed frustration with his fame, because he thought they where getting the wrong side of him. They went on to release one more album, In Utero. it wasn't as famous as Nevermind, but it was still very successful. Cobain said that this album was the one he was looking for, the sound he had in his head for their last two albums. he decided that he wanted to have a more mellow sound. The band broke up after Cobain committed suicide in 1994.
On February 20, 2014, Aberdeen had its first Kurt Cobain Day.
Health problems and death
Cobain was diagnosed with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and bipolar disorder. He started using drugs when he was a teenager. He often used heroin. Cobain also had chronic bronchitis. He used drugs to self-treat his undiagnosed stomach condition. Later in his career, he was admitted to special drug treatment hospitals several times. The last time he was admitted, he escaped to his home. Cobain committed suicide by shooting himself with a gun and taking an overdose of heroin in 1994. Although conductor David Woodard had built a Dreamachine for Cobain, reports that Cobain had been using the psychoactive device excessively in the days leading up to his suicide were contradicted by later findings. Cobain is a member of the '27 club' of popular musicians who have died at the age of 27, often from drug abuse.
References
Other websites
Kurt Cobain Memorial Project website
Kurt Cobain's original suicide letter
1967 births
1994 deaths
American rock guitarists
American rock singers
Drug-related suicides in the United States
Musicians from Washington
Musicians who committed suicide
Nirvana members
People from Aberdeen, Washington
People with bipolar disorder
Suicide in the 1990s
Suicides by firearm in the United States |
7583 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail%20Gorbachev | Mikhail Gorbachev | Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev (sometimes spelled Gorbachov) (born 2 March 1931) is a former Soviet politician.
He was the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1985-91), Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union (head of state) (1988-91) and the first (and last) president of the Soviet Union (1990-dissolved 1991). Gorbachev is known for forming a friendship with President of the United States Ronald Reagan. Both of them would help end the Cold War.
Early life
Gorbachev was born in Privolnoye, Stavropol Krai, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union. He grew up in a Kolkhoz collective farm, did well in school, and joined the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
Secretary General of the Soviet Union
His attempts at reform and partnership with Ronald Reagan led to the end of the Cold War. His main intent was to improve the economy of the USSR. To do this, he set in motion two major reforms:
Perestroika: restructuring of the economy
Glasnost: gave more freedom to the people, and allowed them to express their opinions more freely.
Indirectly, this may have helped cause the end of the power of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), and the break-up of the Soviet Union into smaller countries. However, it should be noted that the need to modernise the economy, and to conduct government less ruthlessly than Stalin, was agreed by the previous two leaders. They, Andropov and Chernenko, were elderly and died before real changes could be put in place.
In 1990, Gorbachev created the office of President of the Soviet Union. It was to be based on the systems in France and the United States. The office merged office of General Secretary and head of state. The President was to be elected by the Soviet People but its only holder was Gorbachev who wasn't elected. Gorbachev saw the office mainly as a position for himself to remain influential in Soviet politics. His main goal was to keep the Soviet Union together, controlled by Moscow.
After the August coup in 1991 Gorbachev resigned as leader of the Communist Party and held onto the Soviet presidency. When Union republics began to turn away from the Soviet system, Gorbachev's power was dramatically reduced. By late 1991 he had almost no influence outside of Moscow. When Russia, Ukraine and Belarus became independent, Gorbachev was basically a President of a country that only existed on paper. He resigned on December 25, 1991.
Personal life
Gorbachev studied law at Lomonosov Moscow State University where he also met his future wife Raisa Gorbachova. Raisa studied sociology. After retiring from politics in 1991, Gorbachev started The Gorbachev Foundation, which is currently headed by his daughter Irina. In 2004, he traveled to the United States to represent Russia at Ronald Reagan's funeral.
Awards
He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1990. He won a Grammy Award in 2004 with Bill Clinton and Sophia Loren for Best Spoken Word Album for Children for their recording of Sergei Prokofiev's Peter and the Wolf.
Related pages
List of Nobel Prize winners by country
"Tear down this wall!"
References
Other websites
Gorby80 Gorbachev 80th Birthday Gala Celebration at the Royal Albert Hall London
The Gorbachev Foundation
Green Cross International
Column and op-ed archives at Journalisted
Column and op-ed archives at Project Syndicate
Column and op-ed archives at The Guardian
1931 births
Living people
Grammy Award winners
Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Russian communists
Russian lawyers
Russian Nobel Prize winners
Russian politicians
Soviet politicians
Time People of the Year |
7586 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tron | Tron | Tron is a 1982 American science fiction movie released by Walt Disney Pictures. The movie stars Jeff Bridges as Kevin Flynn (and Clu), Bruce Boxleitner as Alan Bradley (and Tron) and Cindy Morgan as Lora (and Yori). David Warner plays the villain, Dillinger (and Sark, as well as the voice of the "Master Control Program"). It was directed by Steven Lisberger. One of the first movies to use computer animations extensively, Tron has a distinctive visual style.
The music for the movie was written by Wendy Carlos, and there were also two songs from the band Journey.
Even though it got mixed success soon after its debut, Tron has gained a cult following thanks to its computer-generated imagery (CGI) and hero story. Several video games have been based on it.
A twentieth anniversary DVD edition came out in 2002. In early 2005, Disney revealed plans for a sequel. The sequel was called Tron Legacy and was released in 2010. It tells the story of Flynn's son Sam.
References
Other websites
1982 science fiction movies
American science fiction movies
Cult movies
Disney movies
English-language movies |
7587 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garfield | Garfield | Garfield is a famous comic strip created by Jim Davis.
The comic has a cat called Garfield, a dog called Odie, and their owner Jon Arbuckle. The cat is named after Davis's grandfather, James Garfield Davis (who was probably named after former U.S. President James Garfield). It debuted on June 19, 1978 in 41 US newspapers. Garfield at Large was Garfield'''s first book, published in 1980. It was listed in the New York Times bestseller lists at #1. By 1983, Garfield was featured in 1400 newspapers, and was translated into seven different languages.Garfield got a website in 1996. In 2002, Garfield was declared "Most widely syndicated comic strip in the world" by the Guinness Book of World Records. Garfield's 1st cookbook was featured in 2003. In 2004, Garfield: The Movie was the first full-length feature movie based off of Garfield''. Garfield is a fun loving cat who loves lasagna but hates Monday’s and is enjoyed by many people around the world.
five Garfield movies have been made.
Main characters
Garfield - orange, fuzzy tabby cat
Jon Arbuckle - Garfield's owner
Odie - yellow, long-eared beagle
Dr. Liz Wilson - Garfield's veterinarian and a long-time love interest of Jon Arbuckle
Dates
June 19, 1978 (USA/UK)
August 12, 1978 (Australia)
July 14, 1979 (Worldwide)
December 21, 1980 (Brazil)
July 31, 1981 (Japan)
References
Other websites
Garfield and Friends official site
Comic strips |
7593 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Moore | Michael Moore | Michael Francis Moore (born April 23, 1954 in Davison, Michigan, USA) is an American writer and moviemaker. He is known for his strong liberal political views. He often expresses them using humor and satire. His work includes Roger & Me, Fahrenheit 9/11, Sicko, and Bowling for Columbine, and the satire show TV Nation. He has also written books including Dude, Where's My Country? and Will They Ever Trust Us Again?.
Youth
Until 1972, Moore went to Davison High School. When he was 18, he was elected to the Davison School Board. There he met Kathleen Glynn.
His job as a journalist
At the age of 22, Moore left school. He started an alternative magazine called The Flint Voice. He was the editor of the magazine for ten years. After that, Moore was hired as managing editor of the magazine Mother Jones in San Francisco. After five months, he left the editorial staff because of a dispute. After that he went back to Flint, Michigan.
Political activities
Moore has been a strong critic against Presidents Ronald Reagan, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush. He supported Ralph Nader in the 2000 presidential election, and Barack Obama over Hillary Clinton in the 2008 presidential election. In December 2015, Moore announced his support for Vermont Senator Bernie Sanders in the upcoming 2016 United States presidential election. Moore has stated that Sanders is a "candidate not to be messed with" and showed his support for Sanders' debate performances.
Movies by Moore
Roger & Me (1989)
Pets or Meat: The Return to Flint (1992) (TV movie)
Canadian Bacon (1995)
The Big One (1997)
And Justice for All (1998) (TV movie)
Bowling for Columbine (2002)
Fahrenheit 9/11 (2004)
Sicko (2007)
Captain Mike Across America (2007)
Slacker Uprising (2008)
Capitalism: A Love Story (2009)
Fahrenheit 11/9 (2018)
Books by Moore
Downsize This! Random Threats from an Unarmed American (1997)
Adventures in a TV Nation: The Stories Behind America's Most Outrageous TV Show (with Kathleen Glynn) (1998)
Dude, Where's My Country? (2003)
Stupid White Men... and Other Sorry Excuses for the State of the Nation (2004)
The Official Fahrenheit 9/11 Reader (2004)
Will They Ever Trust Us Again? Letters from the War Zone (2004)
Mike's Election Guide 2008 (2008)
Here Comes Trouble: Stories from My Life (2012) (a memoir)
References
Other websites
General
The Populist: Michael Moore Can Make You Cry / New Yorker (February 16, 2004)
America's Teacher by Naomi Klein, The Nation, September 23, 2009
Interviews
A 2007 NOW on PBS interview with Michael Moore
Michael Moore on His Life, His Films and His Activism – video interview by Democracy Now!
Michael Moore on 2010 Midterm Elections, the Tea Party, and the Future of the Democratic Party
In Depth interview with Moore, October 2, 2011
American Roman Catholics
American movie directors
American movie producers
American political commentators
American journalists
American historians
American activists
Writers from Michigan
People from Flint, Michigan
1954 births
Living people |
7594 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian%20Punch | Hawaiian Punch | Hawaiian Punch is the name of a brand of sweetened fruit punch drinks owned by Dr Pepper/Seven Up, Inc. (DPSU). It was created in 1934 by A.W. Leo, Tom Yates, and Ralph Harrison as an ice cream topping, and customers later discovered that it was an appealing drink when mixed with water.
In 1962, the character of Punchy was introduced in a commercial for Hawaiian Punch, eventually becoming the product's mascot. His long-time saying is "Hey, how about a nice Hawaiian Punch!"
It currently comes in the following flavors:
Fruit Juicy Red: the original flavor
Green Berry Rush: strawberry and kiwifruit
Mazin' Melon Mix: melon
Bodacious Berry: berry
Tropical Vibe: orange
Wild Purple Smash: grape and berry
The drink has its name because some of original recipe's main ingredients come from Hawaii.
The Fruit Punch
The Fruit Punch is the name of a brand of sweetened fruit punch drinks owned by Dr Pepper/Seven Up, Inc. (DPSU). It was created in 1928 by Los Angeles, California, and Red Buttons as an ice cream topping, and customers later discovered that it was an appealing drink when mixed with water.
In 1988, the character of Peep was introduced in a commercial for The Fruit Punch, eventually becoming the product's mascot. His long-time saying is "Hey! How about a nice Fruit Punch!"
Cast
Keith Scott - Peep
Frank Gorshin - Quack
Drinks |
7597 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whale | Whale | Whales are a widely distributed and varied group of cetacean ungulates that live in the ocean. Like other mammals, they breathe oxygen from the air, have a small amount of hair, and are warm blooded.
There are two basic kinds of whales, and about 100 species.
People use the word whale in different ways. Some use it for all Cetaceans including dolphins and porpoises. These people say that dolphins and porpoises were also whales, because they are also Cetaceans. Others separate out the dolphins and porpoises: common English-speaking people have never called them or thought of them as whales unless they are very large. Actually, there is no clear line between whales and dolphins.
Whales have been killed for meat and oil by whalers. However, many countries have laws saying not to kill whales anymore. Some countries, such as Iceland and Japan, do not have these laws. In other countries, such as the USA, only Eskimos and some American Indians may legally kill whales such as the blue whale and beluga whale.
Diet
Baleen whales eat plankton and krill. Plankton are clouds of very small fish floating in the water. The whales' mouths are very large. They open their mouths very wide and hold a big mouthful of sea water. Their throats stretch very wide to make the space inside their mouth even bigger. Then they close their mouth and squeeze out the seawater. The food does not escape because, instead of teeth, these whales have filters called baleen. Baleen is long, hard strips that act like a strainer. The water goes through the baleen. Animals and plants in the water are trapped and swallowed, while the water goes back out. This is very different from the way that toothed whales eat.
Toothed whales eat larger fish or meat and are like big dolphins. They have sharp teeth and usually have a big forehead. Inside the big forehead is a chamber to make and direct sounds. They make all kinds of sounds, including sounds so loud they can shock fish. They can use echolocation to locate things that they can not see. Some toothed whales, such as the sperm whale, are almost never called dolphins. Some of them are always called dolphins. Others are like dolphins in some ways and like whales in others.
Taxonomy
Cetaceans are divided into two suborders:
The largest suborder, Mysticeti (baleen whales) are characterized by baleen, a sieve-like structure in the upper jaw made of keratin, which it uses to filter plankton from the water.
Odontoceti (toothed whales) bear sharp teeth for hunting. Odontoceti also include dolphins and porpoises.
Both cetaceans and artiodactyl are now classified under the super-order Cetartiodactyla, which includes both whales and hippopotamuses. Whales are the hippopotamus's closest living relatives.
Evolution
All cetaceans, including whales, dolphins and porpoises, are descendants of land-living mammals of the Artiodactyl order (even-toed ungulates). Both are related to Indohyus (an extinct semi-aquatic deer-like ungulate) from which they split around 54 million years ago.
Primitive whales probably first took to the sea about 50 million years ago and became fully aquatic about 5-10 million years later. Pakicetus is an important transitional species.
Scientists from the University of Plymouth studied many animals that dive and hold their breath, from insects to whales, and they found that larger animals can hold their breath longer than smaller animals because they can store more oxygen for their size, and this difference was much bigger for warm-blooded animals than for cold-blooded animals. They said this may be why modern whales and extinct diving animals like plesiosaurs became so large.
Physiology
Because of where they live (and unlike many animals), whales are conscious breathers: they decide when to breathe. Whales breathe through blowholes. Baleen whales have two and toothed whales have one. These are on the top of the head: the animal breathes while most of their body is underwater. Breathing first shoots out extra water from the blowhole, making a jet into the air, followed by inhaling air into the lungs.
All mammals sleep, including whales, but they cannot stay in an unconscious state for too long, because they need to be conscious to breathe. It is thought that only one hemisphere (half) of their brains sleeps at a time, so that whales are never completely asleep, but still get the rest they need. Whales are thought to sleep around eight hours a day.
A baby whale is called a "calf". One calf is born every two or three years. Gestation takes up to a year. Nursing continues for more than a year in many species; there is a strong bond between mother and calf. Reproductive maturity occurs at seven to ten years. This mode of reproduction produces few offspring, but increases their chance of surviving. The effect of hunting is severe on these animals, who replace their numbers slowly.
Whale behavior
Socialization
Whales are known to teach, learn, cooperate, scheme, and even grieve.
Breaching
Breaching is what happens when a whale jumps into the air and then purposefully flops down on the water with a great splash. Sometimes it twirls in the air when it does this. Scientists are not sure whether breaching is done to play, to clean the whale's skin of things that are stuck to it, or to tell other whales something.
There are a number of other behaviors on the surface which are not well understood. 'Logging' is when a whale swims slowly at the surface of the ocean with very little movement. When a whale does this, it looks like a log in the water. Some scientists think this is a kind of rest or sleep for whales. 'Spyhopping' is when a whale sits straight up in the water with its head straight up and out of the water. It will sometimes turn around in circles as it spyhops. Some scientists think this might be because whales are trying to see what is happening above water. 'Lobtailing' is done when a whale faces downward in the water. It then slaps the water with a thunderous sound. Scientists think this might be done to warn other whales of danger, or as a method of feeding.
Related pages
Whaling
References
Other websites
ARKive - images and movies of whales, dolphins and porpoises
American Cetacean Society
Scottish Cetacean Research & Rescue – some interesting things in Taxonomy
Cetacea.org homepage
Walker's Mammals of the World Online - Cetaceans
Whales, dolphins, porpoises and cetaceans forum
Cetaceans |
7598 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marker | Marker | A marker is a writing device that allows a person to draw, write, or scribble. Ink comes out of the tip of the marker and onto the writing surface, commonly a piece of paper. Markers generally come in a variety of different colors. They are sometimes referred to as "magic markers", or magic pens.
The tip of the marker where ink comes out from is usually made of cloth. This allows the ink to go through easily. A lot of ink can come out from it at one time.
Marker types
Whiteboard markers are marker pens in which the ink can be rubbed out easily with tissues or dusters.
Permanent markers are markers which the ink cannot be rubbed off.
Art
Writing tools |
7599 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchor | Anchor | Anchors are used to stop boats from moving. Today, anchors are usually made of metal, and they are made to catch the ocean floor (the seabed).
There are two main types of anchors: temporary and permanent. A permanent anchor is called a mooring block and is not easily moved. A temporary anchor can be moved and is carried on the boat. When people talk about anchors, they are usually thinking about temporary anchors.
An anchor works by either weight (mass) or shape. Shape is more important to temporary anchors, and design is very important. Anchors must resist wind and tide, and also the up-and-down movement of waves.
History
The oldest anchors were just rocks, and many rock anchors have been found from a long time ago. Many modern moorings still use a large rock as the mooring block.
A simple anchor which uses two arms made of wood, and a rock weight, is an anchor which is still used today. The wood arms are sharp to enter the seabed, and the weight will hold normal movement.
Designs of temporary anchors
The English language uses several special words to describe parts of anchors. This is because England has a rich marine and naval history, and so the language gives a large number of words to boat and ship terminology.
A modern temporary anchor usually has a middle bar called the shank, attached to a flat surface (traditionally called fluke) which holds the seabed. The place where the shank meets the fluke is called the crown, and the shank is usually fitted with a ring or shackle to attach it to the rode (cable, chain, or rope joining the anchor to the boat). Some old anchors have attached to the shank a stock, which is a bar that places the anchor in a certain way when it falls on the seabed. Old anchors are often named "stocked" or "stockless" anchors depending on whether they have this, or not.
There are many designs.
Hook designs use small flukes with a heavy, narrow fluke-arms to go deeply into difficult seabeds.
Plow (also spelled "plough") bury themselves in the bottom as force is applied to them. They look and work like a farmer's plow. The first was the CQR, first made in 1933 in the United Kingdom. They do not hold as well as modern anchors.
Fluke or plate designs use large flukes to develop good holding. They hold well but are difficult to make set (go into the seabed).
Over the last 20 years, many new anchor designs have appeared. These anchors are usually designed for small vessels, and are usually not for large ships. See modern designs.
Fisherman
The Fisherman has a traditional design that has not changed much over time. It is less useful than a good modern design, and its holding power for its weight is among the worst of all anchor types.
Fluke
The most common type of fluke anchors is the Danforth. The Danforth style uses a stock at the crown (see above), to which two large flat flukes are attached. The stock can rotate, so the flukes can move toward the bottom. It can hold very well but has difficulty setting (entering the seabed) on its own. It is efficient for its weight.
Fluke anchors have difficulty penetrating kelp and weed seabeds, as well as very hard sand or clay seabeds. Once set, the anchor can come free and fail to reset on its own.
Grapnel
A traditional design, the grapnel style is simple to design and build. It is a simple hook that is good for rock or reefs. It is useless for most other seabeds.
Plow
The original CQR was invented in 1933 in the United Kingdom. Many copies of it now exist. Plows used to be popular with sailors and private boaters. They are good but not excellent in most seabeds. Another more recent design is the Delta which is better.
Plows use a special weight in the tip of the fluke (the toe) for them to work properly. This makes them heavy.
The genuine CQR and Delta brands are now owned by Lewmar.
Bruce / Claw
The genuine Bruce was invented in the 1970s and to try to solve some problems of the plow. Many copies are now made. This type of anchor is now called a "claw-type". Claw anchors can set quickly in some seabeds, but do not hold well for their weight, and can let go very suddenly.
Bruce Anchor Group no longer make the genuine Bruce. Most copies are lower quality than the genuine Bruce.
Modern designs
Modern anchors are designed to be better than the plow and claw types. Many are new, still under patent and owned by commercial companies or tied to certain brands.
The Bügel, first built by German steel company WASI, has a sharp fluke for weed, and features a roll-bar to turn the anchor to the correct angle on the seabed
The Bulwagga has three flukes instead of two. It has done well in tests by independent organizations.
The Spade has been well accepted since 1996. It performs well.
The Rocna has been made since 2004. Like the Bügel', it has a sharp toe and roll-bar for weed and grass. It sets quickly, and has a large fluke area. Its roll-bar is similar to the Bügel's, and ensures the correct setting angle with low weight on the tip. The Rocna got the highest averaged holding in SAIL magazine's testing in 2006 .
Performance of temporary anchors
Many modern designs are better than the older types. This chart shows tests done by West Marine (an American marine shop) in 2006 . The anchors were tested on three different sandy seabeds, at three different scopes (pull angles).
Six of the seven best anchors on this chart are "modern", but several modern anchors did very badly. This shows that 'newer' is not always better.
Designs of permanent anchors
Permanent anchors are used when a floating thing must be kept in place for a long time. They are used to anchor Lightships, navigation buoys, and moorings. The anchor must hold in all weather, even the worst storm.
Deadweight
A deadweight anchors is a heavy weight. It can be used when the bottom is too hard for other types of anchors. It can be made of a large rock or a concrete block.
Mushroom or Pyramid
Mushroom and pyramid anchors are good where the seabed is soft. This type of anchor needs time to dig into the seabed. It can be smaller and lighter than a deadweight anchor. The mushroom anchor is shaped like a mushroom, and the pyramid anchor is shaped like a pyramid with the apex pointing down.
Modern designs
The sand screw must be screwed into the seabed before it is used. It can be very light.
References
Edwards, Fred; Sailing as a Second Language: An illustrated dictionary, 1988 Highmark Publishing;
Hinz, Earl R.; The Complete Book of Anchoring and Mooring, Rev. 2d ed., 1986, 1994, 2001 Cornell Maritime Press;
Hiscock, Eric C.; Cruising Under Sail, second edition, 1965 Oxford University Press;
Pardey, Lin and Larry; The Capable Cruiser,; 1995 Pardey Books/Paradise Cay Publications;
Rousmaniere, John; The Annapolis Book of Seamanship, 1983, 1989 Simon and Schuster;
Smith, Everrett; Cruising World's Guide to Seamanship: Hold me tight,'' 1992 New York Times Sports/Leisure Magazines
Other websites
"Ultimate Holding Power" - Anchor Test from Yachting Monthly December 2006
"Holding Power" - 14 Anchors Tested from SAIL magazine October 2006
Lightship anchors
About the Manson Supreme Anchor — Article discussing problems with copies of genuine anchor types
A Process of Evolution — An essay on boat anchors by New Zealand boatbuilder, offshore cruiser, & consultant Peter Smith
— Article on anchoring from Coastguard Member's Handbook 2007
Ship building
Boats |
7601 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light%20pollution | Light pollution | Light pollution is a type of pollution. It is defined as “any adverse (or bad) effect as a result of man-made lights.” Usually, this means too much light. Several species, including plants and humans, are badly affected by light pollution. Most people have never heard of light pollution, and those who have usually don’t care, or do anything about it. Light pollution costs Americans billions of dollars every year.
Types of light pollution
There are five kinds of light pollution:
Light trespass
Over-illumination
Clutter
Glare
Sky glow
Sky glow usually has more of an effect on the environment than light trespass and glare, but all of them are a major problem to people today.
Sky glow is the kind of light pollution that prevents people from seeing stars and other deep-space objects. This causes birds to not be able to migrate to the right place because they can not follow the moon and stars. Sky glow also prevents astronomers from seeing dim objects.
Light trespass is when light being used by a person goes into the property of another. Although light trespass is not an environmental issue, it is still light pollution.
The third kind of light pollution, glare, has different kinds. The first, disability glare, is the loss of visibility because of too many lights. Discomfort glare is when the lights cause pain.
Effects
Effects on animals
Light pollution stops migrating birds from having any way of seeing the moon and stars that they need to use to navigate the direction of their migration, therefore not being able to migrate to the correct place. Also, sea turtles do not come to shore and nest as often, because they are afraid of the lights. It also affects animals eyes as a flash of camera weakens the eyesight of animals.
Effects on humans
Glare causes sleep problems in humans. For example, too much light in an apartment shining in from a nearby billboard will disturb their sleep. Science, too, is being affected by light pollution. Astronomers have no way of observing or making discoveries with too much light to block the night sky.
Light pollution also causes headaches when light directly falls into our eyes and affects the sensory nerves.
The solution
Group solution
There are now several groups that are trying to prevent light pollution. Light pollution first made news in 1964, when an observatory was specially placed just to avoid light pollution. However, it wasn’t brought to the attention of most people until June 6, 2002, when the Czech Republic passed the world’s first light pollution law. Since then, light pollution is slowly being recognized by the general public as a major problem.
Also government should pay attention for advertisements, which produce the greatest amount of light.
Individual solution
You can lower the amount of light pollution by having lights off when they are not needed. You can also shield yourself from this pollution by putting curtains on a window facing the street or any other disturbing light source.
We can also use automatic lights. If we come in range of it, it will turn on, otherwise it stays off. This way we can save electricity and reduce light pollution.
Light
Pollution |
7604 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo | Nintendo | is a Japanese-American company that makes video games and video game consoles. At first, it began by creating playing cards and other toys and games. Their main office is in Kyoto, Japan. They also have offices in other continents.
History
Nintendo was formed on September 23, 1889. They originally were a company that made playing cards. Then it went on to making toys, but in the 1960s, they started doing other things, such as owning hotels. They began making video games only in the 1970s. In 1980, they came out with a hand-held game device called Game and Watch. Nintendo's first video game console was the Color TV Game. Famicom, Nintendo's second console, was first only released in Japan, but it was later released in some other areas, such as North America and Europe. When they released it in there, its name was changed to "Nintendo Entertainment System", or NES for short. They also released some popular stand-alone video games, with names like the arcade game Donkey Kong, and NES games Super Mario Bros., Duck Hunt, and The Legend of Zelda. Later, the company made hand-helds such as the Game Boy, DS, and 3DS and home consoles such as Nintendo 64, GameCube, Wii, Wii U, and Switch.
List of Nintendo's video game consoles
Nintendo Entertainment System (1985, NES) - Known as the Famicom in Japan [or the "Family Computer"]
Game Boy (1989)
Super Nintendo Entertainment System (1990, SNES) - Known as the Super Famicom in Japan [or the "Super Family Computer"]
Virtual Boy (1995)
Nintendo 64 (1996, N64)
Game Boy Color (1998, GBC)
Game Boy Advance (2001, GBA)
Nintendo GameCube (2001, GCN)
Game Boy Advance SP (2002)
Nintendo DS (2004, NDS)
Game Boy Micro (2005)
Nintendo DS Lite (2006)
Wii (2006)
Nintendo DSi (2008)
Nintendo DSi XL (2009)
Nintendo 3DS (2011, N3DS)
Nintendo 3DS XL (2012)
Wii U (2012)
Nintendo 2DS (2013)
New Nintendo 3DS (2014)
New Nintendo 3DS XL (2014)
Nintendo Switch (2017)
New Nintendo 2DS XL (2017)
Nintendo Switch Lite (2019)
Nintendo Switch OLED model (2021)
Today
Today, Nintendo has many popular characters and series. Super Mario and The Legend of Zelda are examples of these.
Nintendo currently sells the 3DS, and the Nintendo Switch. In March 2011 of February 26 2012, Nintendo released their new handheld system in Japan, the United States, and Europe, the Nintendo 3DS. It is the first system to have 3D without special 3D glasses. On the date of July 28 2012, Nintendo released a bigger update called the 3DS XL, which has a new anti-glare screen, a top screen that is 90% bigger than the old 3DS and has a matte plastic finish instead of a glossy metal one. This means that scratches and fingerprints cannot be seen as easily, but it can be broken more easily and it is not as durable. The successor to the Wii U, the Nintendo Switch, released on March 3, 2017 in Japan, the United States, and Europe. The Nintendo Switch is unique in the sense that it can be played on both a TV and on the go. The Switch can be played on the TV by sliding the tablet into its dock and removing the two controllers on the side of the tablet to create a more traditional controller.
Related pages
Other video game companies:
Sony
Sega
Microsoft
References
Notes
Other websites
Nintendo's American Website (Note: needs Adobe Flash)
Nintendo's Japanese Website
Nintendo's European Website
1889 establishments
1880s establishments in Japan |
7605 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o%20Paulo | São Paulo | São Paulo (Portuguese for Saint Paul) is the capital of the state of São Paulo, Brazil. It is the biggest city in the Southern Hemisphere.
The city has an area of 1,523 km² and more than 11 million people live there. It is the 11th most populous city on Earth.
History
In January 25, 1554, two priests, Manuel da Nóbrega and José de Anchieta, built a school - Colégio de São Paulo de Piratininga - to convert natives to Catholic religion. Today, this building is the Padre Anchieta Museum.
The first people moved to the region in 1560, when São Paulo became a village.
Because São Paulo was a poor village and was far away from the colony centre, the bandeirantes (explorers) chose it to start expeditions to enslave natives, recapture runaway slaves, and to find precious metals and stones (gold, diamonds, etc.).
In 1711, São Paulo became a city. In the end of the 18th century, people started growing sugarcane in the rural area of the province, and São Paulo was the way to the port of Santos.
In the 19th century, after the construction of São Paulo's Law School, São Paulo became the capital of the province, politicians and philosophers went there, and the first newspapers and books were printed. At this time, many European immigrants, especially Italians, moved to São Paulo to work at the big coffee plantations.
At the end of the 19th century and the start of the 20th century, the city grew quickly. Some people who study Brazilian History says "the city was rebuilt".
In the 20th century, many factories were built, and more immigrants moved to work there.
Today, São Paulo is a centre of commerce, services and technology, and some people consider it the most important Latin American city.
Politics
The current mayor of São Paulo is Bruno Covas, and his party is "Partido da Social Democracia Brasileira".
Geography
São Paulo is crossed by the Tropic of Capricorn. It is in a plateau (a high flat area), 760 metres above the sea level.
Because of its altitude, its climate (subtropical) is not so warm as it is near the coast. São Paulo is 70 km far from the coast, 420 km far from Rio de Janeiro, and 1,020 km far from Brasília, the Brazilian capital city.
The metropolitan area formed by São Paulo and 39 surroundings cities is the biggest in the Latin America. More than 19 million people live in this metropolitan area, which is also called Greater São Paulo and is the fifth biggest of the world.
Subdivisons
The city is divided into 31 boroughs, and each borough is divided into neighbourhoods. The boroughs form nine regions (or "zones"), with similar geographic location and history, but most people and companies prefer to use another division, with only five regions.
Ethnic diversity
Descendants of many peoples live in São Paulo: Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, African, German, Lebanese, Japanese. There are also descendant of peoples from other South American countries, for example Argentina and Bolivia, and other places, for example Chinese people, Jews, and South Koreans.
Every day, people from other cities or states move to São Paulo. Many are people from the Northeast region of Brazil that try to find a job in the city.
Economics
São Paulo is the commercial and industrial center of Brazil. There are factories and shops of all sizes and kinds. For example, in São Paulo there are some of the more expensive shops of Brazil, but also there are commercial districts formed only by cheap shops, and people from many places (also from other cities) buy clothing, electronics and other products at these districts.
Sports
Football is the sport with the biggest number of fans in the city. The most important clubs from the city are Corinthians, Palmeiras, and São Paulo. They are all playing in the Brazilian Série A, the major football championship in Brazil. Except Palmeiras.
There are also other big and medium teams from São Paulo, for example Portuguesa and Juventus, and many small teams. However, Santos FC, that is a club from Santos, a city in the coast, is the fourth team in number of supporters.
São Paulo also hosts the Formula One Brazilian Grand Prix, in Autódromo José Carlos Pace (known as Autódromo de Interlagos).
Other major sports are basketball and volleyball. Some people also play handball, tennis, and other sports.
Transportation
Some people do not like São Paulo because of the big number of cars, trucks and motorcycles on streets and avenues. The public transport is also very important for the people who live there. There are many bus lanes in the city, and a big Metro (underground railway) and railway system.
São Paulo has three airports and is the second city in number of helicopters of the world (New York City is the first).
Born in São Paulo
Below is a list of famous people born in São Paulo.
Ayrton Senna
Rubens Barrichello
Leandro Barbosa
Gustavo Borges
Luciano Burti
Cafu
Hélio Castroneves
Mário de Andrade
Oswald de Andrade
Emerson Fittipaldi
Eder Jofre
Amyr Klink
Anita Malfatti
Felipe Massa
Fernando Meirelles
Nenê
José Carlos Pace
Rivelino
Robert Scheidt
Ricardo Semler
Fernando Meligeni
Johan Pineda
Other websites
São Paulo State Official Home Page (in English)
São Paulo City Official Home Page (in Portuguese)
São Paulo Tourism Site (in Portuguese)
VisitSP São Paulo travel guide (in English)
References
Capitals of Brazilian states
1550s establishments in South America
16th-century establishments in Brazil
1554 establishments |
7608 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim%20Burton | Tim Burton | Timothy Walter "Tim" Burton (born August 25, 1958) is an American director, producer, screenwriter, and artist.
Early life
Burton was born in Burbank, California on August 25, 1958. His father is of Dutch, English, French, German, and Scottish descent and His mother is of Croatian, German, Norwegian, and Swedish descent. He began as an animator for Walt Disney Pictures, but soon moved on making his own kinds of movies and projects.
Career
He has an individual style; the movies that he makes are creative and often based on events that would not happen in real life. For example, the main character in "Edward Scissorhands" is a young man who has scissors instead of hands. His movies attract an audience usually that fits his unique tastes.
Personal life
Burton has bipolar disorder. He lives in Belsize Park, London, next door to his former partner Helena Bonham Carter. Burton and Carter split in December 2014. The houses have a door connecting them. The couple have a son and daughter together.
Selected Filmography
Pee-Wee's Big Adventure
Beetlejuice
Batman
Batman Returns
Edward Scissorhands
Mars Attacks!
The Nightmare Before Christmas
Planet of the Apes
Big Fish
Sleepy Hollow
Charlie and the Chocolate Factory
Corpse Bride
Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street
Alice in Wonderland
Dark Shadows
Frankenweenie
Big Eyes
Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children
Dumbo
References
Other websites
1958 births
Living people
American movie directors
American movie producers
American television directors
American television producers
Movie directors from Los Angeles County, California
Movie producers from Los Angeles County, California
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
People from Burbank, California
People with bipolar disorder
Screenwriters from California
Writers from Los Angeles County, California |
7613 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD | DVD | A DVD (which means Digital Versatile Disc or a Digital Video Disc) is an optical disc capable of storing up to 4.7 GB of data, more than six times what a CD can hold. DVDs are often used to store movies at better quality than a VHS. DVDs can also have interactive menus and bonus features such as deleted scenes and commentaries. Like CDs, DVDs are read with a laser.
The disc can have one or two sides, and one or two layers of data per side; the number of sides and layers determines how much it can hold. A 12 cm diameter disc may have one of the following storage capacities:
DVD-5: single sided, single layer, 4.7 gigabytes (GB), or 4.38 gibibytes (GiB)
DVD-9: single sided, double layer, 8.5 GB (7.92 GiB)
DVD-10: double sided, single layer on both sides, 9.4 GB (8.75 GiB)
DVD-14: double sided, double layer on one side, single layer on other, 13.3 GB (12.3 GiB)
DVD-18: double sided, double layer on both sides, 17.1 GB (15.9 GiB)
There are also 8 cm DVDs with a storage capacity of 1.5 GB.
The capacity of a DVD-ROM can be visually determined by noting the number of data sides, and looking at the data side(s) of the disc. Double-layered sides are usually gold-colored, while single-layered sides are usually silver-colored, like a CD. One additional way to tell if a DVD contains one or two layers is to look at the center ring on the underside of the disc. If there are two barcodes, it is a dual layer disc. If there is one barcode, there is only one layer.
DVD data storing
Both CD and DVD discs have equal sizes (diameter, thickness etc.). However, the amount of information they can store is different. These discs are made of the same materials and have the same methods of production.
CDs and DVDs use the same way of keeping information. Both CDs and DVDs have pits and bumps on the data track (the data track represents a path which has certain information). The information is read by a laser.
A DVD disk has several layers, which are made of plastic. All layers have a thickness of 1.2 millimeters. An injection used on a polycarbonate plastic leads to the creation of microscopic bumps. Today's production uses this type of plastic to create different things because it can resist very high and low temperatures.
When layers are made, the bumps appear. Many bumps form one continuous spiral that can include information. After that a spray of a special reflective layer covers the bumps.
Aluminum is applied behind inner layers and semi-reflective gold covers the outer layers. This helps the laser to concentrate through the outer layers onto the inner ones. Then, after applying a protective liquid (lacquer) and pressing the layers, they are treated with infrared light.
Tracks on a DVD
Every track on a DVD disk circles from its center to the edge. The distance between the tracks on a DVD disk is 740 nanometers. Only a very precise mechanism can read the bumps on the disk, because they are very small (320×400×120 nanometers).
The aluminum side of the disk has pits, but the side which is read by the laser has bumps. Because the size of the bumps are very small, a DVD track is very long. A data track of a DVD layer is about 7.5 miles long. This is the length of an ordinary DVD disk. The track of a disc with two sides would be about 30 miles long.
Optical discs |
7614 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine | Submarine | A submarine (or Sub) is a vessel that goes underwater. Most large submarines are war vessels. Some small ones are used for scientific or business purposes. These are often called "submersibles" and cannot go far or stay long away from base. Some people buy their own to explore under the sea. A submarine is actually a boat, not a ship.
History
Early submarines were often powered by hand. This is because boat engines had not been invented yet. They were almost always made for war. Submarines would try to sink enemy ships by crude methods. These included drilling screws into their wooden hulls. Some tried to blow up a ship. This often destroyed the submarine, too. At the end of the 19th century, the Whitehead torpedo and electrical systems allowed much better submarines.
These better submarines were much used during the First and Second World Wars. Many of these better submarines were created by Germany, called U-boats. The submarines were powered by a diesel-electric system. A diesel motor would be used to turn a generator. The generator would charge a large battery while the submarine was on the surface. The power in the battery was then used by the submarine when it went underwater. These submarines were dangerous to enemies. They were hard to see while underwater but it was easy to attack them when they surfaced to recharge. Many modern boats still use this diesel-electric propulsion system.
The First Battle of the Atlantic was the first major battle that was mainly fought between submarines and their enemies. As in later wars, the main jobs of submarines were to enforce a blockade and to sink enemy warships. They usually attacked freighters at night, shooting with their deck guns and then hiding under the water. Sometimes they used their torpedoes, which they could fire while underwater, especially against larger ships and warships. During World War II The US Navy lost around 52 submarines due to combat and non-combat causes.
After World War II better sonar helped the enemies of submarines to find and destroy them. New subs were more streamlined and had no deck guns because water dragging against the guns made noise underwater and slowed the subs.
Modern submarines
Most large modern military submarines are powered by nuclear reactors. These submarines often have a system which can get air from the seawater. These two things allow them to stay underwater for long periods of time. Their most important uses are attacking ships or launching missiles. These include cruise missiles and nuclear missiles. There are two main kinds of subs. Attack submarines are small and fast. They attack other subs and surface ships with torpedos. Missile subs are larger and slower. They are built to shoot missiles at far-away targets on land.
Warships |
7615 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon | Lebanon | Lebanon is a country in the Middle East, located in Western Asia, on the Mediterranean Sea. It has a border with Israel to the south, and Syria to the east and north. Lebanon has been independent since 1943. Its capital city is Beirut.
Lebanon has two chains of mountains. It is often called the ruby of the Middle East. It has a coastline stretching all the way up. The area of Lebanon is 10,452 square kilometers.
The Cedar tree is the national symbol of Lebanon; because many of them grow in the Lebanon Mountains.
Population of Lebanon
Around 5.2 million people live in Lebanon.
Around 14 million Lebanese people live outside Lebanon.
The people of Lebanon
About 61% of Lebanese people are Muslim and 34% are Christian.
Lebanese people mostly speak Arabic; but French, English, and Armenian are also common languages.
Governorates and districts
Lebanon is divided into six governorates. These are divided into 25 districts. The districts are also divided into several municipalities. The governorates and their districts are listed below:
Beirut Governorate
The Beirut Governorate is not divided into districts and is limited to the city of Beirut
Nabatieh Governorate (Jabal Amel)
Bint Jbeil
Hasbaya
Marjeyoun
Nabatieh
Beqaa Governorate
Baalbek
Hermel
Rashaya
Western Beqaa (al-Beqaa al-Gharbi)
Zahle
North Governorate (al-Shamal)
Akkar
Batroun
Bsharri
Koura
Miniyeh-Danniyeh
Tripoli
Zgharta
Mount Lebanon Governorate (Jabal Lubnan)
Aley
Baabda
Byblos (Jbeil)
Chouf
Keserwan
Matn
South Governorate (al-Janoub)
Jezzine
Sidon (Saida)
Tyre (Sur)
Related pages
Lebanese Civil War
2020 Beirut explosion
List of rivers of Lebanon
Lebanon at the Olympics
Lebanon national football team
References
Members of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
1943 establishments
Beirut
Population |
7617 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan%20Alda | Alan Alda | Alan Alda (real name: Alfonso Joseph D'Abruzzo) (born January 28, 1936) is an American actor. His mother was of Irish ancestry; his father was of Italian ancestry.
He directed, wrote and starred in many movies. He is probably most famous for his role as "Hawkeye" Pierce, the central character on the comedy/drama TV series M*A*S*H, as well as writing and directing several episodes of the show, and later becoming one of its producers. Alan also hosted Scientific American Frontiers on PBS from 1993 to 2005.
His father, Robert Alda, was an actor, and his mother, Joan, was once crowned Miss New York. Alan has been married to Arlene Weiss since 1957 and they have three daughters and a son.
In 2015, Alda was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease. That same year, he starred in Steven Spielberg's Bridge of Spies. In 2019, he starred as lawyer Bert Spitz in Marriage Story.
References
Other websites
Bio on Scientific American Frontiers
Comprehensive bio
InnerVIEWS with Ernie Manouse: Alan Alda (TV Interview)
Archive of American Television interview
Military Service
Interview with Alda on NPR's Fresh Air (September 21, 2005)
Alan Alda's Charity Work
Performance Working in the Theatre seminar video at American Theatre Wing.org, April 1992
Never Have Your Dog Stuffed: And Other Things I've Learned (Chapter 1)
1936 births
Living people
Actors from New York City
American movie actors
American television actors
Emmy Award winning actors
Emmy Award winning directors
Golden Globe Award winning actors |
7618 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sally%20Kellerman | Sally Kellerman | Sally Clare Kellerman (June 2, 1937 – February 24, 2022) was an American movie actress. She was born in Long Beach, California. Her acting performances include the pilot for the original Star Trek television series, and the movies MASH (1970) and Back to School (1986). For her role in MASH, she was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress.
Kellerman, who had dementia, died on February 24, 2022 in Los Angeles, California from heart failure at the age of 84.
References
Other websites
1936 births
2022 deaths
Actors from Long Beach, California
American movie actors
American television actors
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Los Angeles
Deaths from heart failure |
7619 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagar%20the%20Horrible | Hagar the Horrible | Hägar the Horrible is the title of a comic strip and the name of the main character. The comic strip is about a Viking and his life of plundering and his family life. It was started in 1973 by Dik Browne. Since Dik's retirement (he stopped working) in 1988, his son Chris has continued the comic.
Comic strips
Comics characters |
7620 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad | Baghdad | Baghdad (, transliterated Baghdād) is the capital city and largest city in Iraq. It is the second-largest city in Southwest Asia after Tehran. It is the second-largest city in the Arab world after Cairo. It has 5,772,000 people (2003). Baghdad is on the Tigris River at 33°20′N 44°26′E. The city was once the center of Dar al-Islam, Muslim civilization.
Baghdad used to be one of the largest learning centers in the world, during the post classical era.
References
762 establishments
8th-century establishments in Iraq
760s establishments in Asia |
7621 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean%20Sea | Mediterranean Sea | The Mediterranean Sea is the body of water that separates Europe, Africa, and Asia.
The Mediterranean Sea is connected to the Atlantic Ocean by a narrow passage called the Strait of Gibraltar. The sea is almost completely surrounded by land, on the north by Europe, on the south by North Africa, and on the east by the Middle East. It covers around . Its name was invented in the early middle ages from Latin words for "in the middle of land".
To the east it connects to the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea, by the Dardanelles and the Bosporus. The Sea of Marmara, which is an inner sea like the Black Sea, is rarely considered as a part of the Mediterranean Sea. The much bigger Black Sea is generally not considered a part of the Mediterranean Sea. The Ancient Greeks called the Mediterranean simply ἡ θάλασσα (hē thálassa; "the Sea") or sometimes ἡ μεγάλη θάλασσα (hē megálē thálassa; "the Great Sea"), ἡ ἡμετέρα θάλασσα (hē hēmetérā thálassa; "Our Sea"), or ἡ θάλασσα ἡ καθ'ἡμᾶς (hē thálassa hē kath’hēmâs; "the sea around us").
The 163 km (101 mi) long man-made Suez Canal in the southeast connects the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea. The canal is between Egypt and the Sinai Peninsula, and was built by the French Compagnie Universelle du Canal Maritime de Suez from 1859 to 1869.
History
Some of the most ancient human civilizations were made around the Mediterranean Sea, so it has had a large influence on the history and ways of life of these cultures. It provided a way of trade, colonization and war, and was the basis of life (like fishing and catching other seafood) for many communities throughout the ages. The combination of similarly shared climate, geology and access to a common sea has led to lots of historical and cultural connections between the ancient and modern societies around the Mediterranean.
Above all, it was the superhighway of transport in ancient times. It allowed for trade and cultural exchange between peoples of the region – Phoenicians, Egyptians, Greeks, Hebrews, Minoans and Hittites on the eastern side of the mediterranean and the Carthaginians, Romans, Etruscans, Celtiberians, Gauls and Berbers on the western side.
The history of the Mediterranean is important in understanding the origin and development of Western civilization.
The ancient Punic Wars and the Battle of the Mediterranean during World War II gave the winners control over it so they could destroy the losers. Today the Mediterranean Sea still connects the economies of Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East as it did in ancient times. The European migrant crisis resulted in many refugees drowning in the Mediterranean Sea.
Oceanography
Almost 6 million years ago, continental drift closed the Strait of Gibraltar. With no water coming in from the Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean partly dried up. The remaining part became extremely salty. After half a million years the straits opened again, making the Mediterranean as it is now.
Being nearly landlocked affects the Mediterranean Sea's properties. Tides are limited by the narrow connection with the Atlantic Ocean. The water is saltier, partly because of evaporation. The Mediterranean has a deep blue color.
Evaporation greatly exceeds precipitation and surface runoff in the Mediterranean, a fact that is central to the water circulation within the basin. Evaporation is especially high in its eastern half, causing the water level to decrease and salinity to increase eastward. This pressure gradient pushes relatively cool, low-salinity water from the Atlantic across the basin; it warms and becomes saltier as it travels east, then sinks in the region of the Levant and circulates westward, to spill over the Strait of Gibraltar. Thus, seawater flow is eastward at the Strait's surface, and westward near the bottom. In the Atlantic, this chemically distinct deep "Mediterranean Intermediate Water" can persist thousands of kilometers away from its source.
Related pages
Mediterranean climate
References
Oceanography
Seas of the Atlantic Ocean
Bodies of water of Africa
Bodies of water of Asia
Bodies of water of Europe |
7622 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley%20Bassey | Shirley Bassey | Dame Shirley Veronica Bassey, DBE (born 8 January 1937) is a Welsh singer, born in Cardiff to an English mother and Nigerian father. She is best known for singing the theme songs for the James Bond films, Goldfinger, Diamonds are Forever, and Moonraker. She was "one of the most popular female vocalists in Britain during the last half of the 20th century".
Other websites
Songs of Shirley Bassey website
References
1937 births
Living people
Black British musicians
Musicians from Cardiff
Welsh pop singers |
7623 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain%20Beefheart | Captain Beefheart | Don Van Vliet (born Don Glen Vliet January 15, 1941– December 17, 2010) was an American singer. He is better known by his stage name Captain Beefheart. He was best known for his collaborations and (sometimes) rivalry, with long time friend, Frank Zappa. He is an inspiration to many "alternative" singers. He retired from music due to illness and spent his time painting. He was born in Glendale, California. His stage name came from a movie project Zappa was writing, but soon abandoned, "Captain Beefheart battles the Grunt People". His best known album was recorded in 1969. It was titled "Trout Mask Replica".
He and his group Magic Band also made albums in the early 1980s that received positive critical attention.
Van Vliet was also a well known painter of abstract primitive art. His work has been shown in gallery presentations in New York City and Europe.
He died on December 17, 2010 at the age of 69 from complications from multiple sclerosis, twenty-nine days before his 70th birthday.
References
Singers from Los Angeles
American rock musicians
People with multiple sclerosis
Deaths from multiple sclerosis
1941 births
2010 deaths
Multi-instrumentalists |
7625 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/December%2030 | December 30 |
Events
Up to 1900
1066 – In the Granada Massacre, a Muslim mob storms the royal palace, killing most of the city's Jewish population.
1460 – During The Wars of the Roses, the Battle of Wakefield takes place.
1661 - In Sweden, Drottningholm Castle is destroyed by fire.
1702 - Queen Anne's War: James Moore, Governor of the Province of Carolina, abandons the Siege of St. Augustine.
1813 - War of 1812: British soldiers burn Buffalo, New York.
1816 - The Treaty of St. Louis between the United States and the united Ottawa, Ojibwa and Pitawatomi Native American tribes is proclaimed.
1825 - The Treaty of St. Louis between the United States and Shawnee Nation is proclaimed.
1853 – Gadsden Purchase: The US buys land from Mexico for railroad building in the Southwestern United States.
1862 – The ship USS Monitor sinks off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina.
1880 – Tahiti becomes a French colony as part of French Oceania.
1896 – Filipino National hero Jose Rizal is executed by a firing squad.
1897 - The British colony of Natal takes over Zululand in present-day South Africa.
1901 2000
1901 - Antarctica exploration: Robert Falcon Scott, Ernest Shackleton and Edward Adrian Wilson reach a South latitude of 82 degrees, 11 minutes, which was the farthest south anyone had been up until then.
1903 – Around 600 people are killed in a fire at the Iroquois Theatre in Chicago.
1905 – Governor of Idaho Frank Steunenberg is assassinated by a bomb attack on his home in Caldwell, Idaho.
1906 - The All-India Muslim League is founded in Dhaka. It later plays an important role in the creation of the new state of Pakistan.
1915 - Armored ship Natal sinks in the Cromarty Firth off the coast of Scotland, killing 405 out of the 705 people on board.
1916 - The last coronation in Hungary is performed for King Charles VI and Zita.
1916 - Grigori Rasputin is killed.
1919 - Lincoln's Inn in London admits its first female bar student.
1922 – The USSR is founded.
1924 – Edwin Hubble announces the existence of other galaxies.
1927 – The Ginza Line, the first subway in East Asia, opens in Tokyo.
1936 - The United Auto Workers union stakes its first sitdown strike.
1940 – California opens first freeway.
1943 – Subhas Chandra Bose raises the flag of Indian independence at Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
1944 - King George II of Greece declares a regency, leaving the throne vacant.
1947 – King Michael of Romania is forced to abdicate the throne.
1948 - The Cole Porter Broadway musical Kiss Me, Kate opens at the New Century Theatre.
1953 – The first color TV sets go on sale.
1958 - The Guatemalan Air Force sinks several Mexican fishing boats alleged to have breached maritime borders, killing 3 people and sparking international tension.
1965 – Ferdinand Marcos becomes President of Philippines.
1972 – The US halts the heavy bombing of North Vietnam.
1975 - Didier Ratsiraka declares the Democratic Republic of Madagascar.
1977 – Ted Bundy escapes from jail.
1981 - In the 39th game of his third NHL season, Wayne Gretzky scores five goals to take his total for the season to 50, tying records held by Maurice Richard and Mike Bossy.
1993 – Israel and the Vatican establish diplomatic relations.
1996 - In Assam, Bodo separatists bomb a passenger train, killing 26 people.
1996 - Proposed budget cuts by Benjamin Netanyahu spark protests from 250,000 workers across Israel.
1997 - In Algeria, The Wilaya of Relizane massacre kills 400 people from four villages.
2000 – A series of bombs explode on Manila's Metro, killing 22 people.
From 2001
2004 – A nightclub fire in Buenos Aires kills 194 people.
2005 – Tropical Storm Zeta forms in the North Atlantic Ocean, tying for the latest-ever hurricane in one season.
2006 – Madrid's Barajas Airport is bombed.
2006 – Saddam Hussein is executed in Iraq.
2006 – A shipping disaster in the Java Sea kills over 400 people.
2008 – Herman Van Rompuy becomes Prime Minister of Belgium.
2011 – This day is skipped in Samoa and Tokelau, as the International Date Line is shifted, intended to improve trade relations with Australia and New Zealand.
2013 - A suicide bomb attack on a bus in Volgograd, southern Russia, kills 14 people, just a day after a train station in the same city was also targeted by a bomb attack.
2013 - Over 100 people are killed when government forces attack key buildings in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Births
Up to 1900
39 – Titus, Roman Emperor (d. 81)
1371 - Vasily I of Moscow (d. 1425)
1591 - Joseph Furttenbach, German architect, mathematician, engineer and diarist (d. 1667)
1642 - Vincenzo da Filicaja, Italian poet (d. 1707)
1673 – Ahmed III, Ottoman Sultan (d. 1736)
1722 - Charles Yorke, Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain (d. 1770)
1741 - Princess Elizabeth of Great Britain (d. 1759)
1760 - Charles Sapinaud de La Rairie, French general (d. 1829)
1786 - Bjarni Thorarensen, Icelandic poet (d. 1841)
1787 - Otto von Kotzebue, Baltic German naval officer and explorer (d. 1846)
1819 – Theodor Fontane, German writer (d. 1898)
1819 – John W. Geary, 1st Mayor of San Francisco (d. 1873)
1825 - Newton Booth, 11th Governor of California (d. 1902)
1838 – Emile Loubet, President of France (d. 1929)
1842 - Osman Hamdi Bey, Ottoman archaeologist, painter and museum founder (d. 1910)
1847 - John Peter Altgeld, Governor of Illinois (d. 1902)
1850 - John Milne, English seismologist and geologist (d. 1913)
1851 – Asa Griggs Candler, American businessman and politician (d. 1929)
1853 - André Messager, French pianist, composer and conductor (d. 1929)
1865 – Rudyard Kipling, British writer (d. 1936)
1867 - Henry S. Johnston, American politician, 7th Governor of Oklahoma (d. 1965)
1869 - Stephen Leacock, English-Canadian political scientist and author (d. 1944)
1869 - Ozutsu Man'emon, Japanese sumo wrestler (d. 1918)
1873 – Al Smith, American politician, Governor of New York and Presidential candidate (d. 1944)
1875 - Jean-Guy Gautier, French rugby player (d. 1938)
1878 - William Aberhart, 7th Premier of Alberta (d. 1943)
1879 - Sri Ramana Maharshi, Indian philosopher (d. 1950)
1879 - Mary Forbes, American actress (d. 1974)
1883 - Lester Patrick, Canadian ice hockey player and coach (d. 1960)
1884 – Hideki Tojo, Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1948)
1890 – Adolfo Ruiz Cortines, President of Mexico (d. 1973)
1897 - Alfredo Bracchi, Italian writer (d. 1976)
1897 - Stanislaw Saks, Polish mathematician (d. 1942)
1899 – Helge Ingstad, Norwegian explorer (d. 2001)
1901 1950
1904 - Dmitri Kabalevsky, Russian composer (d. 1987)
1905 - Daniil Kharms, Russian surrealist poet, writer and dramatist (d. 1942)
1906 - Carol Reed, English movie director (d. 1976)
1910 – Paul Bowles, American composer and writer (d. 1999)
1910 - Howard W. Jones, American physician (d. 2015)
1911 - Jeanette Nolan, American actress (d. 1998)
1913 - Lucio Agostini, Italian-Canadian conductor and composer (d. 1996)
1914 - Jo Van Fleet, American actress (d. 1996)
1917 - David Willcocks, English organist, composer and conductor (d. 2015)
1920 - Jack Lord, American actor (d. 1998)
1921 - Rashid Karami, Lebanese statesman (d. 1987)
1923 – Sara Lidman, Swedish writer (d. 2004)
1926 - Stan Tracey, British jazz musician and composer (d. 2013)
1927 - Robert Hossein, French actor and director
1928 – Bo Diddley, American rock and roll musician (d. 2008)
1930 - Tu Youyou, Chinese chemist and pharmacologist, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine winner
1931 - Frank Torre, American baseball player (d. 2014)
1931 – Skeeter Davis, American singer (d. 2004)
1932 – Paolo Villaggio, Italian actor, director and writer (d. 2017)
1934 – Del Shannon, American singer (d. 1990)
1934 - John H. Bahcall, American astrophysicist (d. 2005)
1934 - Russ Tamblyn, American actor
1934 - Joseph Bologna, American actor
1935 – Omar Bongo, President of Gabon (d. 2009)
1935 – Sandy Koufax, American baseball player
1935 - Jack Riley, American actor
1937 – Gordon Banks, English footballer
1937 - Paul Stookey, American singer
1938 - Mike Auldridge, American guitarist (d. 2012)
1940 - James Burrows, American actor, director, producer and screenwriter
1942 - Vladimir Bukovsky, Russian writer and dissident
1942 – Michael Nesmith, American musician and member of The Monkees
1942 – Janko Prunk, Slovenian historian
1945 – Davy Jones, English singer, actor and member of The Monkees (d. 2012)
1945 - Lloyd Kaufman, American movie director
1945 - Paola Cacchi, Italian athlete
1946 – Patti Smith, American singer and poet
1946 – Berti Vogts, German footballer
1946 - Marc Forné Molné, former Prime Minister of Andorra
1947 - Fatima Jibrell, Somali environmental activist
1947 - Jeff Lynne, English singer-songwriter, guitarist and producer
1947 - Teresa Parodi, Argentine singer and composer
1948 - Randy Schekman, American cell biologist and Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine winner
1949 - David Bedford, English long-distance athlete
1949 - Jim Flaherty, Canadian politician (d. 2014)
1950 - Bjarne Stroustrup, Danish computer scientist
1950 - Kazuhisa Kono, Japanese footballer
1951 1975
1953 - Meredith Vieira, American television journalist and game show host
1954 - Corrado Passera, Italian banker
1957 - Nick Skelton, British equestrian
1957 - Matt Lauer, American newscaster
1959 – Tracey Ullman, British actress and singer
1960 - Heather Wilson, American politician
1961 - Bill English, 39th Prime Minister of New Zealand
1961 – Ben Johnson, Jamaican-Canadian athlete
1961 - Seda Sayan, Turkish singer, actress and presenter
1962 - Alessandra Mussolini, Italian politician
1963 - Mike Pompeo, 70th United States Secretary of State
1964 - Sophie Ward, English actress
1965 – Essam Abd El Fatah, Egyptian football referee and pilot
1965 – Heidi Fleiss, American madam
1967 - Carl Ouellet, Canadian wrestler
1968 - Sabir Bhatia, Indian computer scientist
1968 – Meredith Monroe, American actress
1969 – Jay Kay, British musician (Jamiroquai)
1969 - David England, American snowboarder and stuntman
1969 - Kersti Kaljulaid, President of Estonia
1969 - Shane McConkey, American skier and basejumper
1971 - Chris Vance, English actor
1973 – Ato Boldon, Trinidadian athlete
1974 – Johanna Sallstrom, Swedish actress (d. 2007)
1975 – Scott Chipperfield, Australian footballer
1975 – Tiger Woods, American golfer
From 1976
1977 – Kazuyuki Toda, Japanese footballer
1977 - Kenyon Martin, American basketball player
1978 - Phillips Idowu, British long jumper
1978 - Tyrese, American singer and actor
1978 - Rob Scuderi, American ice hockey player
1979 - Flavio, Angolan footballer
1979 - Timothy Clufetos, American drummer
1980 - Cédric Carrasso, French footballer
1980 – Eliza Dushku, American actress
1981 – Ali Al-Habsi, Omani footballer
1981 - K.Will, South Korean singer-songwriter and actor
1982 - Kristin Kreuk, Canadian actress
1983 - Kevin Systrom, American businessman, co-founder of Instagram
1984 – LeBron James, American basketball player
1986 - Gianni Zuiverloon, Dutch footballer
1986 – Ellie Goulding, English singer-songwriter
1986 - Domenico Criscito, Italian footballer
1987 - Jake Cuenca, American-Filipino actor and footballer
1987 - Jeanette Ottesen, Danish swimmer
1988 – Leon Jackson, Scottish singer
1989 – Ryan Sheckler, American skateboarder
1990 - Joe Root, English cricketer
Deaths
Up to 1900
274 - Pope Felix I
1066 – Joseph ibn Naghrela, Jewish vizier (b. 1035)
1460 - Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York, claimant to the English throne (b. 1411)
1460 - Edmund, Earl of Rutland, second son of Richard of York (b. 1443)
1525 – Jakob Fugger, German banker (b. 1459)
1572 - Galeazzo Alessi, Italian architect (b. 1512)
1573 - Giovanni Battista Giraldi, Italian writer (b. 1504)
1591 – Pope Innocent IX (b. 1519)
1662 - Ferdinand Charles, Archduke of Austria (b. 1628)
1691 - Robert Boyle, Irish scientist (b. 1627)
1777 - Maximilian III Joseph, Elector of Bavaria (b. 1727)
1803 - Francis Lewis, American signer of the Declaration of Independence (b. 1713)
1867 - Sarah Booth, English actress (b. 1793)
1870 - Juan Prim, Spanish general and statesman (b. 1814)
1896 – Jose Rizal, Filipino national hero (b. 1861)
1901 2000
1905 – Frank Steunenberg, 4th Governor of Idaho (b. 1861)
1916 - Grigori Rasputin, Russian monk and mystic (b. 1869)
1928 - Jean Collas, French rugby player and tug of war competitor (b. 1874)
1938 - Aleksander Kakowski, Archbishop of Warsaw (b. 1862)
1941 – El Lissitzky, Russian architect and artist (b. 1890)
1944 – Romain Rolland, French writer (b. 1866)
1945 – Song Jin-woo, Korean politician, educator and journalist (b. 1889)
1947 – Alfred North Whitehead, English mathematician and philosopher (b. 1861)
1950 – Arthur Davidson, American businessman (b. 1881)
1954 - Archduke Eugen of Austria (b. 1863)
1964 - Hans Gerhard Creutzfeldt, German neurologist (b. 1885)
1966 - Pietro Ciriaci, Italian cardinal (b. 1885)
1967 – Vincent Massey, Governor-General of Canada (b. 1887)
1968 – Trygve Lie, Norwegian diplomat, UN Secretary-General (b. 1896)
1970 – Sonny Liston, American boxer (b. 1932)
1971 – Jo Cals, Prime Minister of the Netherlands (b. 1914)
1971 - Melba Rae, American actress (b. 1922)
1979 – Richard Rodgers, American composer (b. 1902)
1982 - Alberto Vargas, Peruvian painter (b. 1896)
1988 - Yuli Daniel, Russian poet (b. 1925)
1993 - Giuseppe Occhialini, Italian physicist (b. 1907)
1995 - Doris Grau, American actress (b. 1924)
1996 – Lew Ayres, American actor (b. 1908)
1996 - Jack Nance, American actor (b. 1943)
1998 - Johnny Moore, American singer (b. 1934)
1998 - George Webb, British actor (b. 1911)
1999 – Sarah Knauss, American supercentenarian, second-oldest woman on record (b. 1880)
From 2001
2002 – Mary Wesley, English novelist (b. 1912)
2004 – Artie Shaw, American jazz musician (b. 1910)
2006 – Saddam Hussein, Iraqi dictator (b. 1937)
2009 – Abdurrahman Wahid, President of Indonesia, from 1999 2001 (b. 1940)
2010 – Bobby Farrell, Aruban dancer, DJ and performer (b. 1949)
2010 – Ellis Clarke, 1st President of Trinidad and Tobago (b. 1917)
2011 – Ronald Searle, British cartoonist (b. 1920)
2012 - Rita Levi-Montalcini, Italian Nobel Prize-winning neurologist (b. 1909)
2012 - Carl Woese, American microbiologist and biophysicist (b. 1928)
2013 - Eero Mantyranta, Finnish skier (b. 1937)
2014 - Luise Rainer, German-born actress (b. 1910)
2014 - Antonio Brack Egg, Peruvian ecologist and politician (b. 1940)
2014 - Marian Jurczyk, Polish politician (b. 1935)
2014 - Walter Roque, Uruguayan-Venezuelan footballer (b. 1937)
2015 - Mangesh Padgaonkar, Indian poet (b. 1929)
2015 - Howard Pawley, Canadian politician, 18th Premier of Manitoba (b. 1934)
2015 - Doug Atkins, American football player (b. 1930)
2015 - Howard Davis, Jr., American boxer (b. 1956)
2016 - Tyrus Wong, Chinese-American artist (b. 1910)
2017 - Erica Garner, American civil rights activist (b. 1990)
2017 - Khalid Shameem Wynne, Pakistani military officer (b. 1953)
2017 - Cheryll Sotheran, New Zealand museum executive (b. 1945)
Observances
Rizal Day (Philippines)
Days of the year |
7628 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%20%28programming%20language%29 | C (programming language) | The C programming language is a computer programming language that was developed to do system programming for the operating system UNIX and is an imperative programming language. C was developed in the early 1970s by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie at Bell Labs. It is a procedural language, which means that people can write their programs as a series of step-by-step instructions. C is a compiled language.
Because the ideas behind C are kept close to the design of the computer, the compiler (program builder) can generate machine code/native code for the computer. Programs built in machine code are very fast. This makes C a good language for writing operating systems. Many operating systems, including Linux and UNIX, are programmed using this language. The language itself has very few keywords, and most things are done using libraries, which are collections of code for them to be reused.
C standards
There are three successive standards for the C programming language ANSI C, ISO C and Standard C which are published by the American National Standards Institute(ANSI) and the International Organization for Standardization(ISO).
C is available for many different types of computers. This is why C is called a "portable" language. A program that is written in C and that respects certain limitations can be compiled for many different platforms.
The syntax of C has also influenced many other programming languages, such as C++, C#, and Java, and many more programming languages we use nowadays.
Example code
Here is an example of a program written in C. When built and run it will show "Hello world!", followed by a new line on the computer screen.
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
printf("Hello world!\n");
return 0;
}
#include <stdio.h> gets the standard input/output tools ready for the program to use. This allows text to be displayed (output).
int main() is called the main function, and it is where the first code starts being run in a C program.
printf("Hello world!\n"); is what displays text, in this case "Hello world!" with a new line (\n) at the end.
return 0; tells the computer that the program finished and did not run into problems.h
Related pages
C dynamic memory allocation
C++
C Sharp (programming language)
Objective-C
Other websites
Introduction to C programming
Coding Programmer Page / C Library Reference and Examples (English)
C (programming language) -Citizendium
C programming language basic programs
Programming languages |
7630 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drake%20%26%20Josh | Drake & Josh | Drake & Josh was a Nickelodeon television series. It started in January 2004 and ended in September 2007. The stars of the series are Drake Bell and Josh Peck. The two appeared as best friends on The Amanda Show. In Drake & Josh, they play step-brothers of separate parents. The overall story of the show was to show how Drake & Josh, two people with completely different ways of life, come together through their parents' marriage, and trying to avoid getting pranked by their little sister Megan Parker (Miranda Cosgrove).
Other stars of the show include Nancy Sullivan, who also starred on The Amanda Show.
Characters
Main cast
Recurring Characters
Theme Song
The start of each episode uses a song called "I Found A Way". The song is written by Drake Bell and Michael Corcoran and performed by Bell. Bell can also be seen playing the song in a quick scene from an episode in the first season. The song can also be found on the series' official soundtrack, Drake & Josh: Songs from and inspired by the hit TV show, and on Drake Bell's albums, Telegraph and It's Only Time.
2000s American sitcoms
Nickelodeon television series
2004 American television series debuts
2007 American television series endings
English-language television programs |
7631 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Amanda%20Show | The Amanda Show | The Amanda Show is a sketch comedy television series starring Amanda Bynes, formerly of All That. It is a spin-off of All That. The series starred Amanda as almost every major recurring character, including herself, Penelope, Courtney, and Judge Trudy (a parody of Judge Judy.) The series aired on Saturday nights on the Nickelodeon television network in the United States. It still shows the show in reruns. Three of the show's stars (Drake Bell, Josh Peck, and Nancy Cartwright) Were on the very popular Drake and Josh.
Penelope Taynt
Penelope Taynt is a fictional character played by Amanda Bynes "Number One Fan, Please" on The Amanda Show. She never once met Amanda, but often came very close. She is known for saying "please" and "actual" often. She does not know the names of any cast member that is not Amanda. On the show, she had a website called "www.amandaplease.com." Eventually, it was made into the show's official site.
Comedy television series
Nickelodeon television series
1999 American television series debuts
Television spin-offs
English-language television programs |
7634 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983 | 1983 | 1983 (MCMLXXXIII) was .
Events
January – June
January 3 – Kilauea on the island of Hawaii begins erupting.
February 16 – The Ash Wednesday bushfires hit Victoria and South Australia.
February 28 – The TV Show, M*A*S*H ends with 125 million people watching the last show.
April 3 – In Mexico, the 2nd festival of the popular Juguemos a Cantar series begins, it ends five weeks later on May 1.
April 4 – The Space Shuttle Challenger is launched on its maiden voyage: STS-6.
April 11 – Spain's Seve Ballesteros won the 47th PGA Masters Tournament
April 13 – Minnesota's largest retailer Target Corporation expands into California, opening 11 stores.
April 18
The 1983 United States embassy bombing in Beirut kills 63 people.
Channel broadcasting is founded by the Disney Channel.
April 22 – A reactor shut-down due to failure of fuel rods occurs at Kursk Nuclear Power Plant, Russia.
April 25 – Cold War: Manchester, Maine, U.S., schoolgirl Samantha Smith is invited to visit the Soviet Union by its leader Yuri Andropov, after he read her letter in which she expressed fears about nuclear war.
May 6 – The fake Hitler Diaries are published by Stern magazine.
May 26 – An earthquake and tsunami hits Honshu, Japan, killing 104 people.
June 9 – In the UK, Margaret Thatcher's Conservative Party scores a landslide election victory over Michael Foot's Labour Party.
June 18 – Sally Ride becomes the first American woman in space.
July – December
July 1 – A North Korean Ilyushin II-62 jet crashes in Guinea-Bissau.
August 4 – Thomas Sankara takes control in Upper Volta, which he renames Burkina Faso exactly a year later.
August 21 – Filipino opposition leader Benigno Aquino is assassinated.
September 1 – Korean Airlines Flight 007 is shot down by the Soviet Union, after it passed over Sakhalin Island, as it had come off-course. All 269 people on board are killed.
September 19 – St. Kitts and Nevis becomes an independent nation.
September 27 – The GNU Project is announced publicly on net.unix wizards and net.usoftnewsgroups.
October 19 – Grenadan prime minister Maurice Bishop, and 40 other people are assassinated in a coup.
November 11 – Ronald Reagan addressed the Japanese Diet (national legislature).
November 25- The Great Man Called Suman Was Born.....In Kolkata, Westbengal, India.
December 10 – Military rule ends in Argentina.
December 31 – Brunei becomes independent.
Culture
Compact discs are introduced; vinyl records begin a dramatic decline in sales.
"Crack" cocaine is first developed.
Phish forms
Billie Jean King retires from tennis
Social Distortion release their first album Mommy's Little Monster, which is considered by many to be one of the best hardcore punk records ever made.
Births
January – June
January 2 – Kate Bosworth, American actress
January 16 – Emanuel Pogatetz, Austrian footballer
January 17 – Yelle, French singer and songwriter
January 21 – Maryse Ouellet, Canadian professional wrestler
February 3 – Gabriel Sargissian, Armenian chess Grandmaster
February 23 – Emily Blunt, English actress
February 25 – Eduardo da Silva, Brazilian-Croatian footballer
March 9 – Clint Dempsey, American footballer
April 1 – Franck Ribéry, French footballer
April 14 – James McFadden, Scottish footballer
April 18 - Miguel Cabrera, Venezuelan baseball player
April 23 – Taio Cruz, English singer
May 11 – Matt Leinart, American football player
May 11 – Holly Valance, Australian actress and singer
June 8 – Kim Clijsters, Belgian tennis player
June 19 – Mark Selby, English snooker player
June 30 – Cheryl Cole, English singer (Girls Aloud)
July – December
July 5 – Zheng Jie, Chinese tennis player
August 6 – Robin van Persie, Dutch footballer
August 14 – Mila Kunis, Russian-American actress
August 18 – Mika, Lebanese-English singer
August 18 – Kris Boyd, Scottish footballer
September 14 – Amy Winehouse, English singer
September 26 – Ricardo Quaresma, Portuguese footballer
October 14 – Lin Dan, Chinese badminton player
October 17 – Ivan Saenko, Russian footballer
November 11 – Philipp Lahm, German footballer
December 9 – Dariusz Dudka, Polish footballer
December 15 – Ronnie Radke, American singer
December 31 – Sayaka Ichii, Japanese singer (Morning Musume)
Deaths
January – June
January 28 – Frank Forde, Australian politician (b. 1890).
January 28 – Billy Fury, English singer (b. 1940).
February 4 – Karen Carpenter, American singer (b. 1950).
February 12 – Eubie Blake, American musician (b. 1887).
February 25 – Tennessee Williams, American writer (b. 1911).
March 3 – Hergé, Belgian creator of Tintin (b. 1907).
March 18 – Umberto II of Italy (b. 1904).
April 15 – Corrie ten Boom, Dutch resistance fighter (b. 1892).
April 30 – Muddy Waters, American musician (b. 1915).
May 22 – Idris I, Libyan king (b. 1890).
May 31 – Jack Dempsey, American heavyweight boxer (b. 1895).
July – December
July 1 – Buckminster Fuller, American architect (b. 1895).
July 29 – David Niven, English actor (b. 1910).
August 17 – Ira Gershwin, American lyricist (b. 1896).
August 21 – Benigno Aquino, Filipino politician (b. 1932).
September 1 – Larry McDonald, American politician (b. 1935).
September 25 – Leopold III of Belgium (b. 1901).
October 19 – Maurice Bishop, Grenadan politician (b. 1944).
December 13 – Leora Dana, American actress (b. 1923).
December 25 – Joan Miró, Spanish artist (b. 1893).
December 28 – Dennis Wilson, American musician (The Beach Boys) (b. 1944)
Movies released
National Lampoon's Vacation
Star Wars Episode VI: Return of the Jedi
Tootsie
Trading Places
WarGames
Superman III
Flashdance
Staying Alive
Octopussy
Mr. Mom, starring Michael Keaton and Teri Garr
48 Hrs.
Risky Business, starring Tom Cruise and Rebecca De Mornay
The Verdict
Jaws 3-D
Never Say Never Again
The Outsiders
Hit songs
"99 Luftballons" (99 Red Balloons) – Nena
"1999" – Prince
"2000 Miles" – The Pretenders
"Add It Up" – Violent Femmes
"Africa" – Toto
"All Night Long (All Night)" – Lionel Richie
"All Time High" – Rita Coolidge
"(There's) Always Something There to Remind Me" – Naked Eyes
"Another State Of Mind" – Social Distortion
"Australiana" – Austen Tayshus #1 (a)
"Baby, Come to Me" – Patti Austin with James Ingram
"Baby Jane" – Rod Stewart
"Bad Boys" – Wham!
"Bad Day" – Carmel
"Beat It" – Michael Jackson
"Billie Jean" – Michael Jackson
"Blind Vision" – Blancmange
"Blister in the Sun" – Violent Femmes
"Bloodstone" – Judas Priest
"Blue Monday" – New Order
"Blue World" – The Moody Blues
"Bop Girl – Pat Wilson #1 (a)
"Boxerbeat" – JoBoxers
"Breaking Us In Two" – Joe Jackson
"Buffalo Soldier" – Bob Marley and the Wailers
"Buried Treasure" – Kenny Rogers
"Burning Down the House" – Talking Heads
"Calling Your Name" – Marilyn
"Candy Girl" – New Edition
"Can't Get Used To Losing You" – The Beat
"Chance" – Big Country
"Change" – Tears for Fears
"China Girl" – David Bowie
"Chinese Cafe" – Joni Mitchell
"Church of the Poison Mind" – Culture Club
"Club Tropicana" – Wham!
"Come Back And Stay" – Paul Young
"Cruel Summer" – Bananarama
"Cry Me a River" – Mari Wilson
"Dark Is The Night" – Shakatak
"Dear Prudence" – Siouxsie and the Banshees
"Did You Have To Love Me Like You Do?" – The Coconuts
"Dirty Laundry" – Don Henley
"Don't Cry" – Asia
"Don't Let Him Steal Your Heart Away" – Phil Collins
"Don't Talk To Me About Love" – Altered Images
"Double Dutch" – Malcolm McLaren
"Down Under" – Men at Work
"Drop The Pilot" – Joan Armatrading
"Electric Avenue" – Eddy Grant
"Every Breath You Take" – The Police
"Everyday I Write The Book" – Elvis Costello and the Attractions
"Everything Counts" – Depeche Mode
"Family Man" – Hall & Oates
"Femme" – Dalida
"Fields of Fire (400 Miles)" – Big Country
"Flashdance... What a Feeling" – Irene Cara
"Garden Party" – Marillion
"Gimme All Your Lovin'" – ZZ Top
"Girls Just Wanna Have Fun" – Cyndi Lauper
"Give It Up" – KC and the Sunshine Band
"Gloria" – Laura Branigan
"Gold" – Spandau Ballet
"He Knows You Know" – Marillion
"Heartache Avenue" – The Maisonettes
"Hold Me Now" – Thompson Twins
"Hungry Like the Wolf" – Duran Duran
"I Cannot Believe It's True" – Phil Collins
"I Don't Care Anymore" – Phil Collins
"I Don't Remember(Live)" – Peter Gabriel
"I Guess That's Why They Call It The Blues" – Elton John
"I'll Tumble 4 Ya" – Culture Club
"I'm Still Standing" – Elton John
"In a Big Country" – Big Country
"In the Neighborhood" – Tom Waits
"I.O.U." – Freeez
"Is There Something I Should Know?" – Duran Duran
"Islands in the Stream" – Kenny Rogers and Dolly Parton
"It Don't Matter To Me" – Phil Collins
"It's Raining Men" – The Weather Girls
"Johnny B. Goode" – Peter Tosh
"Jump (For My Love)" – The Pointer Sisters
"Karma Chameleon" – Culture Club
"Keep Feeling (Fascination)" – The Human League
"Kiss The Bride" – Elton John
"Le restaurant italien" – Dalida
"Les p'tits mots" – Dalida
"Let's Dance" – David Bowie
"Let's Stay Together" – Tina Turner
"Little Red Corvette" – Prince
"Long Hot Summer" – The Style Council
"Love Blonde" – Kim Wilde
"Love is a Battlefield" – Pat Benatar
"Love Is A Stranger" – Eurythmics
"Love On Your Side" – Thompson Twins
"Love Town" – Booker Newberry III
"Mama" – Genesis
"Many Rivers To Cross" – UB40
"Marguerita Time" – Status Quo
"Market Square Heroes" – Marillion
"Modern Love" – David Bowie
"Moonlight Shadow" – Mike Oldfield
"Mourir sur scène" – Dalida
"Na Na Hey Hey Kiss Him Goodbye" – Bananarama
"New Frontier" – Donald Fagen
"New Song" – Howard Jones
"New Year's Day" – U2
"Nobody's Diary" – Yazoo
"Oblivious" – Aztec Camera
"One On One" – Hall & Oates
"Only For Love" – Limahl
"Only You" – The Flying Pickets
"Ooh To Be Ah" – Kajagoogoo
"Our Lips Are Sealed" – Fun Boy Three
"Owner of a Lonely Heart" – Yes
"Photograph" – Def Leppard
"Pills and Soap" – The Imposter
"Radio Free Europe" – R.E.M.
"Reckless" – Australian Crawl #1
"Red Red Wine" – UB40
Relax – Frankie Goes to Hollywood
"Right By Your Side" – Eurythmics
"Rio" – Duran Duran
"Rip It Up" – Orange Juice
"Rock And Roll Is King" – Electric Light Orchestra
"Rockit" – Herbie Hancock
"Rosanna" – Toto
"Save a Prayer" – Duran Duran
"Say, Say, Say" – Michael Jackson & Paul McCartney
"Screaming for Vengeance" – Judas Priest
"Send Me An Angel" – Real Life
"Sharp Dressed Man" – ZZ Top
"She Works Hard For The Money" – Donna Summer
"Shiny Shiny" – Haysi Fantazee
"Shipbuilding" – Robert Wyatt
"Sign Of The Times" – The Belle Stars
"Soul Inside" – Soft Cell
"Speak Like A Child" – The Style Council
"Steppin' Out" – Joe Jackson
"Sweet Dreams Are Made of This" – Eurythmics
"Synchronicity 2" – The Police
"Tell Her About It" – Billy Joel
"Talking In Your Sleep" – The Romantics
"Temptation" – Heaven 17
"Tender Is The Night" – Jackson Browne
"That's All" – Genesis
"The Big Apple" – Kajagoogoo
"The Celtic Soul Brothers" – Dexy's Midnight Runners
"The Chinese Way" – Level 42
"The Cutter" – Echo and the Bunnymen
"The First Picture Of You" – The Lotus Eaters
"The Love Cats" – The Cure
"The Safety Dance" – Men Without Hats
"The Shape You're In" – Eric Clapton
"The Story Of The Blues" – Wah!
"The Sun Goes Down(Living It Up)" – Level 42
"The Walk" – The Cure
"They Don't Know" – Tracey Ullman
"This Is The Day" – The The
"Thriller" – Michael Jackson
"Tonight I Celebrate My Love" – Peabo Bryson and Roberta Flack
"Too Shy" – Kajagoogoo
"Total Eclipse of the Heart" – Bonnie Tyler
"True" – Spandau Ballet
"True Love Ways" – Cliff Richard
"Tunnel Of Love" – Fun Boy Three
"Twisting By The Pool" – Dire Straits
"Under Attack" – ABBA
"Undercover of the Night" – The Rolling Stones
"Union Of The Snake" – Duran Duran
"Up Where We Belong" – Joe Cocker and Jennifer Warnes
"Uptown Girl" – Billy Joel
"Vintage'77(EP)" – The Heartbreakers
"Vision In Blue" – Ultravox
"A Volar"- Menudo
"Walk Out To Winter" – Aztec Camera
"Walkin' The Line" – Brass Construction
"Watching You Watching Me" – David Grant
"We Are Detective" – Thompson Twins
"We've Got Tonight" Kenny Rogers and Sheena Easton
"What Is Love?" – Howard Jones
"What Kinda Boy You're Lookin' For(Girl)" – Hot Chocolate
"Wherever I Lay My Hat(That's My Home)" – Paul Young
"White Lines (Don't Don't Do It)" – Grandmaster and Melle Mel
"Who's That Girl?" – Eurythmics
"Why Can't It Wait 'Til Morning?" – Phil Collins
"Wings of a Dove" – Madness
"Wrapped Around Your Finger" – The Police
"You Can't Hurry Love" – Phil Collins
New books
The Anubis Gates – Tim Powers
Changes – Danielle Steel
Christine – Stephen King
Cold Heaven – Anita Brian Moore
The Colour of Magic – Terry Pratchett
The Dark Green Tunnel – Allan W. Eckert
Hollywood Wives – Jackie Collins
Icebreaker – John Gardner
Ironweed – William Kennedy
The Last Warrior Queen – Mary Mackey
Life and Times of Michael K – J. M. Coetzee
The Little Drummer Girl – John le Carré
The Lonesome Gods – Louis L'Amour
The Loser – Thomas Bernhard
The Mists of Avalon – Marion Zimmer Bradley
Odyssey: A Daring Transatlantic Journey – Susan Oliver
On Wings of Eagles – Ken Follett
Pet Sematary – Stephen King
Phantoms – Dean R. Koontz
The Piano Teacher – Elfriede Jelinek
Poland – James A. Michener
Resistance and Persecution in Passau from 1933 to 1939 – Anna Rosmus
The Robots of Dawn – Isaac Asimov
Scandal – A. N. Wilson
Shame – Salman Rushdie
A Time for Judas – Morley Callaghan
White Gold Wielder: Book Three of the Second Chronicles of Thomas Covenant – Stephen R. Donaldson
Winter's Tale – Mark Helprin
Worstward Ho – Samuel Beckett
References |
7635 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sally%20Ride | Sally Ride | Sally Kristen Ride (May 26, 1951 – July 23, 2012) was an American astronaut and astrophysicist. She was the first American woman to reach outer space.
Ride was born on May 26, 1951. She was born in the neighborhood of Encino in Los Angeles, California. She earned a Ph.D. in physics from Stanford University. She joined NASA in 1978. She was an astronaut until 1987. In order to be an astronaut and go into space, Sally Ride had to train for a year. Training included adapting to gravity, water survival, radio communications, and navigation. She went on the Space Shuttle Challenger in June 1983. This trip was the first time an American woman was in space. She helped design the robot arm for the space shuttle. The robot arm lifts heavy objects in space. Ride was the first person to use the robot arm in space. The robot arm put a satellite in space that showed how the sun affected weather. Ride flew to space twice.
She worked on the commissions that investigated the Space Shuttle Challenger and Space Shuttle Columbia disasters. Ride became a professor in 1989. She was the professor of physics and director of the Oklahoma Space Institute at the University of California.
She was married to astronaut Steven Hawley from 1982 until they divorced in 1987. At the time of her death, Ride had been in a relationship with writer Tam O'Shaughnessy for 27 years.
On July 23, 2012, Ride died of pancreatic cancer at her home in La Jolla, a neighborhood of San Diego, California. She was 61.
References
American astronauts
American physicists
Cancer deaths in San Diego County
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
LGBT people from Los Angeles
LGBT scientists
Scientists from Los Angeles
1951 births
2012 deaths |
7636 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court | Court | For the court as the seat of a royal person see royal court.
For the court as a space inside a building, see courtyard.
A court, in law, is a part of the government in which people come together to decide how to apply the country's laws to a specific situation, especially when there is an argument over how to apply the law. Some disagreements a court may decide are whether a person is guilty of a crime, who is the legal owner of property, or who the children of two divorced parents should live with. A court is usually in a special building called a courthouse.
Most countries have multiple courts to deal with different issues. For example, civil courts deal with private disputes between people or organizations, while criminal courts deal with people who have been accused of crimes.
Appellate courts
An appellate court is one that can change a decision made by a lower court. This is called court hierarchy. The decision made by a low court can be appealed to a higher one, asking the higher court to change the decision. Higher courts usually have more experienced judges in charge. The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest court in that country.
Constitutional courts
Some countries have a constitutional court. These courts decide if a law is in agreement with the constitution of the country.
Punishments
Courts usually set the punishments for breaking the law. Common punishments include paying fines and spending time in prison. In some countries, courts have the power to sentence people to death (the death penalty). |
7637 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth | Birth | Birth (to be born) means when a baby animal comes out of its egg, or out of its mother after pregnancy. It is sometimes thought of as the beginning of life. It is also known as calving in livestock or whelping in meat-eating mammals.
Related medical words
Childbirth is the process at the end of a human pregnancy that results in a baby being born.
Natural childbirth is the technique of minimizing medical intervention, particularly anaesthetics, during childbirth.
Multiple birth is the birth of two (twins), three (triplets), four (quadruplets), etc., babies resulting from a single pregnancy.
Birth pangs are the pains felt by the mother during labor
Caesarean section or C-section is surgical birth through the wall of the abdomen.
Afterbirth is the birth of the placenta following the birth of the baby.
Birth canal is the term used for the vagina during birth
Birth control is the prevention of pregnancy.
Birth defect is a physical or mental abnormality present at the time of birth.
Complications may cause a miscarriage or spontaneous abortion to occur.
Infertility treatments are devices, medications, or behavior patterns to increase the probability of pregnancy.
Premature birth is the birth of an infant before the full term of pregnancy.
Stillbirth is the birth of a dead fetus or infant.
Changes in pelvis during human pregnancy
In adult females the pelvis is shaped differently from males. The differences are connected with allowing the baby to pass through the birth canal successfully. Also, during pregnancy, a hormone called relaxin softens the ligaments in the pelvis area. This produces a little bit of extra space for the baby's head to get through. The process is hard to describe in words, but fortunately there is an excellent video which explains what goes on.
Baby Centre expert advice: how pregnancy changes your pelvis.
Legal meanings
Birth certificate is a legal document describing details of a person's birth.
Birthday is a day to celebrate that the person has lived a certain number of years.
In some countries a person is considered of illegitimate birth if the child is born of parents not legally married to one another.
Spiritual meanings
Born again -a term used primarily in Protestantism, is associated with salvation, conversion, and spiritual rebirth. See Gospel of John chapter 3.
Rebirth is a belief that a person is born again after their death based on the karma of their previous births.
Virgin birth of Jesus is the Christian doctrine that asserts that Jesus Christ was born to a virgin, and thus that his conception was carried out without an earthly father.
Related pages
Death
Fertilisation
Home birth
Pregnancy
References
Pregnancy and childbirth |
7638 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution | Pollution | Pollution is when harmful substances are added to the environment and then change it in a bad way. There are five kinds of pollution of the environment: water pollution, air pollution, noise pollution, soil pollution and thermal pollution.
As pollution grows, ways to combat it have been in demand. Solar energy and wind energy give people clean opportunities to power their homes. But these may also have environmental issues depending on the situation. When people use these alternative forms of energy, they put less carbon dioxide into the environment.
Water pollution
Water pollution is the presence of harmful materials in water, such as sewage, dissolved metal, waste from farms, factories and crude oil spilled from oil tankers. The three main substances that pollute water are nitrates from fertilizers, sewage and detergents.
Activities such as bathing and washing clothes near lakes, ponds or rivers add nutrients like nitrate and phosphate into the water bodies.This leads to excessive growth of algae on the surface of water. It blocks the penetration of sunlight and air, thus reducing oxygen.
It causes harm to organisms living in water and can also harm people's health. In extreme cases, it may cause diseases like cancer.It also leads to loss of a large amount of aquatic life.
Epidemic diseases
Water pollution has been a problem from the time human population increased, and live in cities. Cities have been prone to cholera and typhoid fever and other infectious diseases since Roman times. Existing water systems put in place in the 19th century are overwhelmed by the rapid growth of population in cities.
Air pollution
Air can be polluted by many things. Examples include poisonous gases, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide and very small particulates. Smoke and harmful gases released by fires, industries, and thermal power plants cause air pollution. Using coal and wood as fuels for fire causes a lot of air pollution. Petroleum produces less pollution per ton, but it causes a lot of pollution since a lot of it is burned globally. Air pollution may cause health problems such as asthma or other breathing problems.
Air pollution causes global warming and acid rain. This makes it difficult for some living things to survive.
Noise pollution/Sound pollution
Noise pollution also known as sound pollution is harmful to the brain and hearing of all animals and humans. This includes the sound of vehicles, loud speakers, airplanes, jets, train horns etc. Noise pollution can cause ear problems or even permanent deafness, especially to older people. The schools which are beside the roads suffer from noise pollution. Students cannot concentrate in their studies. People in hospitals near main roads also suffer.
Thermal pollution
Thermal pollution is the harmful release of heated liquid into a body of water or heat released into the air as a waste product of a industry.
A common cause of thermal pollution is using water as a coolant by power stations and industrial manufacturers. This puts back warm water, and so raises the temperature and decreases how much oxygen is in the water. The heat released into the air will make the air warmer which increase global warming.
Related pages
Climate change
Ozone depletion
Overpopulation
Environmentalism
References
Further reading |
7639 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunity%20%28medical%29 | Immunity (medical) | Immunity is the ability of the body to defend itself from 'foreign bodies'. This means rejecting infections, clearing up dust which gets in the lungs, and killing cancer cells.
Immunity is of two types. Innate immunity protects the host against infection, but has no 'memory', and so gives no long-term immunity.
The second type is adaptive immunity, which does have a kind of 'memory'. It does give long-term protection against specific pathogens.
All animals, plants and fungi have some innate immunity. Vertebrates also have adaptive immunity.
People can be immunised from some diseases by having a vaccination
(injection of some dead or weakened virus, or bacteria that causes the disease). By doing so, the body learns how the virus/bacteria harms the body, and will react more quickly to fight the virus/bacteria when it comes in contact with the virus/bacteria again. When your body has defended itself against the virus/bacteria it will trap the certain virus/bacteria in a "net" so when the virus/bacteria comes back it will be easier to trap those viruses/bacteria as well.
History of immunology
Immunology is a science that examines the structure and function of the immune system. It originates from medicine and early studies on the causes of immunity to disease.
The earliest known mention of immunity was during the plague of Athens in 430 BC. Thucydides noted that people who had recovered from a previous bout of the disease could nurse the sick without contracting the illness a second time.
In the 18th century, Pierre-Louis de Maupertuis made experiments with scorpion venom and observed that certain dogs and mice were immune to this venom.
This and other observations of acquired immunity was later exploited by Louis Pasteur in his development of vaccination and his proposed germ theory of disease. Pasteur's theory was in direct opposition to contemporary theories of disease, such as the miasma theory.
It was not until Robert Koch's 1891 proofs, for which he was awarded a Nobel Prize in 1905, that microorganisms were confirmed as the cause of infectious disease. Viruses were confirmed as human pathogens in 1901, with the discovery of the yellow fever virus by Walter Reed.
Immunology made a great advance towards the end of the 19th century, through rapid developments, in the study of humoral immunity (antibodies) and cellular immunity (T cells and dendritic cells).
Particularly important was the work of Paul Ehrlich, who proposed the side-chain theory to explain the specificity of the antigen-antibody reaction; his contributions to the understanding of humoral immunity were recognized by the award of a Nobel Prize in 1908, which was jointly awarded to the founder of cellular immunology, Elie Mechnikov.
References
Immunology |
7641 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman%20numerals | Roman numerals | Roman numerals are a numeral system that was used by ancient Rome. Numbers in this system use letters from the Latin alphabet. Currently, it uses seven symbols:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Symbol
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! Value
| 1
| 5
| 10
| 50
| 100
| 500
| 1,000
|}
The Europeans still used Roman numerals even after the fall of the Roman Empire. From the 14th century, the Europeans replaced Roman numerals with Arabic numerals. However, people still use Roman numerals to this day.
One place they are sometimes seen is on clock faces (the front of a clock). For example, on the clock of Big Ben, the hours from 1 to 12 are written as:
The and can be read as "one less than 5" (4) and "one less than 10" (9). On many clocks that use Roman numerals, however, 4 is written as .
Subtraction rule
Instead of writing the same letter four times, a rule for subtraction is used. The letter is written once, then the next largest Roman numeral is written. When a lower number (such as ) appears before a higher one (such as ), the lower number is subtracted from the higher one. For example, 4 is not written as , but instead as , because is (5) minus (1). The same is done for 9 - it is not written as , but instead as , because is (10) minus (1).
Example
It is very easy to write a number as a Roman numeral. Simply subtract the largest possible Roman numeral as many times as possible from the number. This system will result in a valid Roman numeral, but will not take the subtraction rule into account.
Getting the number from the numeral is equally simple, by adding the values of the symbols.
In general, the values for 5, 50, and 500 are not subtracted. Here is the same number using the subtraction rule:
Special values
Zero
The number zero does not have its own Roman numeral. About 725, Bede or one of his colleagues used the letter N, the abbreviation (short form) of nihil (the Latin word for "nothing").
Fractions
The Romans also used fractions. The most common base for fractions was 1/12, which in Latin is called uncia (ounce).
Large numbers
A number of numeral systems are developed for large numbers that cannot be shown with , , , , , and .
Apostrophus
One of the systems is the apostrophus, in which D is written as IƆ (500) and M is written as CIƆ (1,000). In this system, an extra Ɔ means 500, and multiple extra Ɔs are used to mean 5,000, 50,000 etc.
{| class="wikitable centered" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Numeral
| style="width:3em;" | IƆ
| style="width:3em;" | CIƆ
| style="width:3em;" | CIƆƆ
| style="width:3em;" | IƆƆ
| style="width:3em;" | CCIƆƆ| style="width:3em;" | CCIƆƆƆ| style="width:3em;" | CCIƆƆƆƆ| style="width:3em;" | IƆƆƆ| style="width:3em;" | CCCIƆƆƆ| style="width:3em;" | CCCIƆƆƆƆ| style="width:3em;" | CCCIƆƆƆƆƆ| style="width:3em;" | CCCIƆƆƆƆƆƆ|-
! Value
| 500 || 1,000 || 1,500 || 5,000 || 10,000 || 10,500 || 15,000 || 50,000 || 100,000 || 100,500 || 105,000 || 150,000
|}
Vinculum
Another system is the vinculum, in which V, X, L, C, D and M are multiplied by 1,000 by adding an overline.
Usage
In the Baltics and Russia, the days of the week are often written as Roman numerals, with I being Monday.
When writing dates by hand, the month is sometimes written as a Roman numeral, especially for dates written in day-month-year sequence. For example: 26.XI.2014 or XI'.26.2014 = 26 November 2014.
Some games use Roman numerals to indicate the game position in a franchise. The most famous examples are Final Fantasy games (Final Fantasy VII, Final Fantasy VIII, Final Fantasy X, etc...).
When movies or books are published, the year of publication or year of copyright may be written as a Roman numeral.
When people write about Monarchs or Popes, Patriarchs, or other leading figures, they are sometimes counted with Roman numbers, e.g. Queen Elizabeth II (of England), Pope John Paul II, Pope Benedict XVI, Patriarch Alexius II (of the Russian-Orthodox church)
In France, the centuries are sometimes written with Roman numerals (example : "XXe siècle" meaning "20th century", XVIIIe siècle = "18th century", etc...)''.
In Poland, roman numerals are used to show the month in dates and as a short method of writing ordinals (i.e. instead of 6th).
Unicode has a code block called Number Forms, which also contains representations of Roman numerals, at the positions U+2160 to U+2188.
Related pages
Arabic numerals
Greek numerals
References
Other websites
Roman Numerals (Totally Epic Guide) - Know The Romans
Numerals, Roman
Numerals |
7647 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Map | Map | A map is an image of an area, usually of the Earth or part of the Earth. A map is different from an aerial photograph because it includes interpretation. Many maps are called "charts" such as star charts and nautical charts. Before the late 20th century almost all maps were on paper. Today, many maps are digital, and can be seen on smartphones and computers. However, paper maps are still used.
The word "map" can also be used to talk about a chart or drawing that shows relationships between ideas, people, events, or anything else you can think about. This is why web developers call a list of web pages on a web site a site map.
People who make maps are cartographers.
Many maps today are made using GIS computer systems. These are database systems that are organized by location instead of named records.
If a map is on a piece of paper or a computer screen, it has to be projected. This is because the Earth is round and paper and screens are flat. There are a lot of ways that use mathematics to make map projections. The only kind of map of the Earth that is not projected is one drawn on a sphere. This is called a globe.
Basic English 850 words
Cartography
Survival skills
Tools |
7648 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globe | Globe | A globe is a scale model with the shape of a sphere. Globes can be scale models of the Earth (terrestrial globes) or of other planets. Globes can also be models of the celestial sphere (celestial globes). The English word "globe" comes from the , meaning round mass or sphere.
Most globes are maps of the Earth. They have the advantage of avoiding the distortions of flat map projections. The most common types are political and physical. Political globes show countries. Physical globes show landscape like mountains and rivers. Some globes are star charts and some are maps of distant worlds.
Global as an adjective is used to mean the entire world rather than any special place on the Earth. It is also used in fields like computers to mean dealing with a whole larger system, rather than its individual little parts.
History
That the Earth is a sphere was established by Hellenistic astronomy in the 3rd century BC. The terrestrial globe appeared in that period. Now, there are no terrestrial globes from Classical Antiquity or the Middle Ages in existence. The first example of terrestrial globe known was the one the ancient Greek Crates of Mallus made in the middle of the 2nd century BC. The Greek geographer Strabo wrote about Crates's terrestrial globe during the early years of the Roman Empire.
A celestial globe from Classical Antiquity is in the Naples National Archaeological Museum, Italy. The globe is part of a sculpture – the globe is held up by a statue of Atlas, a Titan from Greek mythology. The ancient Romans made the globe and statue in the 2nd century AD. They may have copied the sculpture from Hellenistic art (art of the ancient Greek type) from the Hellenistic period (the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd centuries BC). The sculpture's name is the Farnese Atlas.
Early globes of the Earth that show all of the Old World were constructed in the Islamic Golden Age. One such example was made in the 9th century AD by Muslim geographers and cartographers working under the Abbasid caliph, al-Ma'mun. Another example was the globe introduced to Beijing by the Persian astronomer, Jamal ad-Din, in 1267.
Martin Behaim designed a globe in 1492, in Nuremberg, Bavaria (Germany). Georg Glockendon was the artist who created the actual map drawings following Behaim's specifications. This globe is the oldest terrestrial globe still in existence. A copy of the globe showing America was made by Martin Waldseemueller in 1507. Another early globe, the Hunt-Lenox Globe, ca. 1507, is thought to be the source of the phrase "Here be dragons". Another "remarkably modern-looking" globe of the Earth was made in Constantinople (Istanbul) by Taqi al-Din at his Constantinople Observatory during the 1570s.
Manufacture
Mass-produced globes are typically covered by a printed paper map. The most common type has long, thin gores (strips) of paper. These strips narrow to a point at the North Pole and the South Pole. Then a small disk is used to paper over the irregularities at the poles. The more gores there are, the less stretching and crumpling is needed to make the paper map fit the sphere.
From a geometric point of view, all points on a sphere are the same. One could select any point on the planet, and create a paper map that covers the globe with strips that come together at that point and the opposite point.
An globe that is representative of the Earth is usually mounted at a 23.5° angle on bearings. This mounting represents the axial tilt of the spinning planet, in relation to the Sun. This makes it easy to visualize how days and seasons change.
References
Cartography |
7654 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noah | Noah | Noah (meaning rest or comfort) is a man in the Abrahamic religions. He was the son of Lamech, and the father of sons, Shem, Ham, Canaan, and Japheth. Noah and his ark is in the Book of Genesis, which also describes Noah as the 'first man to plant a vineyard' (chapter 9). Several other parts of the Bible mention him, as does the Quran.
The Ark
As described in the Book of Genesis, Noah and his family kept believing in God in a time when most people were not, like his son Canaan and his wife Naamah. Knowing this was true, God told Noah he was going to flood the world, so he could drown out evil. He told Noah to build a boat called an ark. Noah was to put himself, his family (except his son and his wife because they refused to come aboard the ark), and two (a male and a female) of every kind of animal on it. People laughed at Noah, but they were killed by the flood with his son and his wife. Noah and family stayed on the ark until they reached land. To find land Noah sent out a dove, which returned with an olive branch. After the flood, God made a rainbow as a promise to say that he would never destroy the Earth by flood again. When they were able to walk on dry land, the animals were released and they were able to repopulate the earth.
References
Old Testament people |
7655 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1452 | 1452 |
Events
March – Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor becomes the last to be crowned in Rome.
Portuguese navigator Diogo de Teive discovers Corvo Island in the Azores.
18 June – Pope Nicholas V issues the bull Dum Diversas, legitimising the colonial slave trade.
October – English troops under John Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury, land in Guyenne, France, and retake most of the province without a fight.
A major eruption of the South Pacific volcano Kuwae in Vanuatu has a subsequent global cooling effect (the eruption released more sulfate than any other event in the past 700 years).
Battle of Bealach nam Broig, a Scottish clan battle.
Murder of William Douglas, 8th Earl of Douglas by James II of Scotland at Stirling Castle.
Revolt of Ghent: Forces of Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, clash multiple times with rebel militia from Ghent in the region around Ghent.
Births
February 6 – Joana, Crown Princess of Portugal (d. 1490)
March 10 – King Ferdinand II of Aragon (d. 1516)
April 15 – Leonardo da Vinci, Italian artist and inventor (d. 1519)
April 19 – King Frederick IV of Naples (d. 1504)
July 10 – King James III of Scotland (d. 1488)
July 27 – Ludovico Sforza, Duke of Milan (d. 1508)
September 21 – Girolamo Savonarola, Italian religious reformer and ruler of Florence (d. 1498)
October 2 – King Richard III of England (d. 1485)
December 10 – Johannes Stöffler, German mathematician (d. 1531)
Deaths
February 10
Svitrigaila, Grand Prince of Lithuania
Michał Bolesław Zygmuntowicz, Prince of Black Ruthenia
May 26 – John Stafford, Archbishop of Canterbury
December 12 – Guillaume Huin d'Estaing, Catholic cardinal
date unknown
Nicholas Close, English bishop
Gemistus Pletho, philosopher
William Douglas, 8th Earl of Douglas |
7659 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ned%27s%20Declassified%20School%20Survival%20Guide | Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide | Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide is a children's TV show on Nickelodeon.
From "A middle middle school full of bullies, insane teachers and gross school lunches" comes Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide, a show on Nickelodeon. The show stars Devon Werkheiser as Ned Bigby (that everyone hates), a 12-15-year-old student at James K. Polk Middle School. Every episode is a group of tips to surviving a school based activity. The show is part of Nick's Sunday lineup. It first aired on September 12, 2004.
The show is very successful, it has had a promising start. The show also stars Daniel Curtis Lee and Lindsey Shaw as Simon "Cookie" Cook and Jennifer "Moze/Mose" Mosley/Mozely.
It also comes on Family Channel.
Nickelodeon television series
English-language television programs
2004 television series debuts
2007 television series endings |
7661 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/VH1 | VH1 | VH1 (Video Hits One) is an American television network. It is a sister station to the groundbreaking MTV.
VH1 shows reality shows and reruns of sitcoms, whereas MTV's focus is on the current hits and also reality shows. VH1 also shows You're Cut Off! on Mondays for 3 weeks and Wednesdays for 5 weeks. It started airing on . Casting has been renewed for a 2nd season.
Related pages
You're Cut Off!
MTV
Notes
Other websites
VH1 Classic
VH1 Country
VH1 Divas Live
VH1 Europe
VH1 Save The Music Foundation
VH1 Soul
VH1 Latin America
VHUno US Latin Channel
American television networks
Companies based in New York City
Music media
Cable television |
7664 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet | Cabinet | A Cabinet is a group of important people in a government, who normally represent the head of government. It is also known as the Council of Ministers or the Executive Council. They are part of the executive branch of government. People in the cabinet are called ministers or secretaries, and they do different things, such as look after the environment.
In most countries with parliamentary systems, the cabinet decides the government's policy. In other countries, such as the United States, the cabinet has limited power, and is an advisor to the Head of Government. In some countries, cabinet members are given their jobs by those who are in the government.
Many years ago the cabinets were called Privy Councils. The cabinet of today came about during the time that George I and George II were Kings of England.
In some European countries, the term "cabinet" is used to mean the assistants of an important politician.
In the UK and some Commonwealth countries, the Shadow Cabinet are the leaders of the main opposition party in a parliament.
Related pages
Cabinet of the United States
Cabinet of the United Kingdom
Shadow cabinet
Government |
7665 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspaper | Newspaper | A newspaper is a publication printed on paper and issued regularly, usually once a day or once a week. It gives information and opinions about current events and news. Usually people like to read them to stay informed about their local city, state or country. Newspapers can be delivered to one's home, by subscription. One also can buy a newspaper at a store or at a newsstand. Recycling of paper is common. It may be converted to new paper, for example.
Newspapers usually have many topics. They usually include political events, crime, business, sports, and weather news. Newspapers use photographs to illustrate stories; and also often include comicss and other entertainment, such as crosswords and horoscopes. Many have opinion sections. These sections print the opinions of people who work for the newspaper. The opinions, which are usually on stories in the news, are called editorials. Opinion sections usually also print short letters from people who read the newspaper.
Related pages
Media studies
Other websites
Newspapers from List of Newspapers - Online Newspapers Directory
Printing
Reference works |
7670 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1833 | 1833 |
Events
January 3 – Britain invades the Falkland Islands in the South Atlantic.
March 2 – United States President Andrew Jackson signs the Force Act, which authorizes him to use troops to enforce federal law in South Carolina.
March 4 – Ayya Vaikundar incarnated from the sea of Thiruchendur as the avatar of Kali Yukam.
June 6 – U.S. President Jackson becomes the first President to ride a train.
May 11 – French-American farmhand Antoine le Blanc murders family of three.
September 29 – The infant Isabella II becomes Queen of Spain, under the regency of her mother, Maria Cristina of Bourbon-Two Sicilies. Her uncle Don Carlos, Conde de Molina challenges her claim, beginning the First Carlist War.
December 14 – The assassination of Kaspar Hauser, who dies three days later on December 17.
Charles Babbage described his analytical engine. (see also history of computing hardware)
The dawn of biochemistry: discovery of the first enzyme, diastase, by Anselme Payen.
The British Parliament passes the Slavery Abolition Act giving all slaves in the British Empire their freedom.
Heard Island and the McDonald Islands discovered. |
7673 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/July%204 | July 4 | Aphelion, the point during its orbit, when the Earth is furthest from the Sun, occurs around this date.
Events
Up to 1900
993 - Ulrich of Augsburg is canonized as a saint.
1054 – Chinese astronomers observe a supernova.
1187 - The Crusades: Battle of Hattin - Saladin defeats Guy of Lusignan, King of Jerusalem.
1534 – Christian III is elected King of Denmark and Norway.
1569 – The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth is created.
1610 - Battle of Klushino: Fought between forces of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Russia.
1744 - The Treaty of Lancaster, in which the Iroquois cede lands between the Allegheny Mountains and the Ohio River to British colonies, is signed in Lancaster, Pennsylvania.
1754 - French and Indian War: George Washington surrenders Fort Necessity to French captain Louis Coulon de Villiers.
1776 – Officials from 13 British colonies in North America sign their Declaration of Independence; this is later celebrated every year by the US's Independence Day.
1802 - At West Point, New York, the United States Military Academy opens.
1803 - The Louisiana Purchase is announced to the American people.
1805 - The Louisiana Territory is created out of part of the land bought by the United States from France in the Louisiana Purchase.
1817 - In Rome, New York, building work on the Erie Canal begins.
1819 - The Arkansas Territory is created.
1826 – US Presidents John Adams and Thomas Jefferson both die on the 50th Anniversary of the Declaration of Independence.
1827 – Slavery is abolished in New York State.
1831 – US President James Monroe dies, as the third man in this position to die on Independence Day.
1837 - Grand Junction Railway, the first long-distance railway, is opened between Birmingham and Liverpool, England.
1838 - Iowa Territory is organized.
1855 - In Brooklyn, New York, the first edition of Walt Whitman's book of poems, Leaves of Grass, is published.
1863 – American Civil War: The Siege of Vicksburg ends.
1865 - Alice's Adventures in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll is first published.
1872 – US President Calvin Coolidge is born.
1879 - Anglo-Zulu War: The Zululand capital of Ulundi is captured by British forces and burned to the ground.
1886 - The people of France offer the Statue of Liberty to the people of the United States.
1886 - The first scheduled Canadian transcontinental train arrives in Fort Moody, British Columbia.
1892 – Samoa experiences two occurrences of July 4, as the International Date Line is shifted to its west, meaning that Samoa has the experience of a 367-day year in 1892. This change is reversed when Samoa skips December 30, 2011.
1894 – The short-lived Republic of Hawaii is declared by Sanford Dole.
1898 - French passenger steamer La Bourgogne is hit by a British sailing boat in thick fog off Nova Scotia, Eastern Canada, killing 565 out of the 730 people on board, including all but one of the women on the steamer.
1901 2000
1903 - The Philippine-American War officially ends.
1911 - A massive heatwave strikes the Northeastern United States.
1918 - Mehmed VI becomes Sultan of the Ottoman Empire.
1934 – Leó Szilárd patents the chain reaction design for the Atomic Bomb.
1934 – Marie Curie dies.
1939 - Having been diagnosed with Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Lou Gehrig announces his retirement from baseball.
1941 - Nazi troops massacre Polish scientists and writers in Lviv, present-day Ukraine.
1943 - World War II: Battle of Kursk begins.
1945 - Austria is divided into four occupation zones by the Allies.
1946 – The Philippines attain full independence from the United States.
1950 – Radio Free Europe is first broadcast.
1953 - Imre Nagy is elected Prime Minister of Hungary.
1954 - One of the most notorious cases in US criminal history occurs when Marilyn Sheppard is murdered in the home she shared at Lake Erie with her husband Sam Sheppard. The case remains unsolved.
1954 – West Germany wins the 1954 FIFA World Cup. A lot of controversy surrounds the 3-2 win over the Hungary national football team, which becomes known in Germany as the "Miracle of Bern".
1954 – Following World War II, the United Kingdom ends food rationing.
1959 – In the United States, the 49-star flag is introduced.
1960 – In the United States, the 50-star flag is introduced.
1973 - Caribbean Community is founded.
1976 – Israeli commandos raid Entebbe Airport in Uganda, rescuing all but four of the passengers and crew of an Air France jetliner that was seized by Palestinian terrorists.
1982 - Four Iranian diplomats are abducted by Lebanese militia in London.
1987 – Nazi war criminal Klaus Barbie is convicted of crimes against humanity in France.
1997 - NASA's Pathfinder probe lands on Mars.
1998 - Japan launches the Nazomi probe to Mars.
From 2001
2001 - A Tupolev Tu-54 of the Vladivostok Avia airline crashes on landing at Irkutsk, Siberia, killing all 145 people on board.
2004 – The cornerstone of the Freedom Tower is laid on the site of the World Trade Center in New York City.
2004 – UEFA Euro 2004: The Greece national football team, as a rank outsider, wins the European Championships, defeating the host nation, the Portugal national football team, 1-0 in the final. It is also the first final to be a repeat of the first game of the tournament.
2005 – The Deep Impact collider hits the comet Tempel 1.
2007 - Sochi, on the Russian Black Sea coast, wins the right to host the 2014 Winter Olympics.
2009 – The crown of the Statue of Liberty is reopened after almost 8 years.
2011 - Otto von Habsburg, the last heir to the Austrian throne, dies in Bavaria aged 98.
2012 - The discovery of particles consistent with those of the Higgs boson at the Large Hadron Collider is announced at CERN.
2015 - The Chile national football team wins the 2015 Copa America. The host nation defeats the Argentina national football team on penalties.
2017 - Russia and the People's Republic of China urge North Korea to halt its missile and nuclear programs after it successfully tests its first intercontinental ballistic missile.
Births
Up to 1900
1330 - Ashikaga Yoshiakira, Japanese shogun (d. 1367)
1477 - Johannes Aventinus, German historian (d. 1534)
1546 – Murad III, Ottoman Sultan (d. 1595)
1694 - Louis-Claude Daquin, French organist and composer (d. 1772)
1715 - Christian Fürchtegott Gellert, German poet and academic (d. 1769)
1719 - Michel-Jean Sedaine, French playwright (d. 1797)
1753 - Jean-Pierre Blanchard, French inventor and balloonist (d. 1809)
1768 - Adam Karl August von Eschenmeier, German philosopher and physicist (d. 1852)
1776 - Ethan Allen Brown, American politician, 7th Governor of Ohio (d. 1852)
1790 – George Everest, Welsh surveyor (d. 1866)
1795 - Karl Eichwald, Russian scientist (d. 1876)
1799 – King Oscar I of Sweden (d. 1859)
1804 – Nathaniel Hawthorne, American writer (d. 1864)
1807 – Giuseppe Garibaldi, Italian patriot (d. 1882)
1826 – Stephen Foster, American songwriter (d. 1864)
1845 - Thomas John Barnardo, Irish philanthropist and humanitarian (d. 1905)
1847 - James Anthony Bailey, American circus ringmaster (d. 1906)
1862 - Walter L. Fisher, American politician (d. 1935)
1867 – Stephen Mather, American entrepreneur and conservationist (d. 1930)
1868 - Henrietta Swan Leavitt, American astronomer (d. 1921)
1868 - Johannes van Dijk, Dutch rower (d. 1938)
1872 – Calvin Coolidge, 30th President of the United States (d. 1933)
1874 - John McPhee, Australian politician, 27th Premier of Tasmania (d. 1952)
1881 – Ulysses S. Grant III, American soldier (d. 1968)
1882 - Louis B. Mayer, Belarus-born American movie producer (d. 1957)
1883 – Rube Goldberg, American cartoonist (d. 1970)
1888 - Henry Armetta, Italian-American actor and singer (d. 1945)
1895 - Irving Caesar, American songwriter and composer (d. 1996)
1896 - Mao Dun, Chinese journalist, author and critic (d. 1981)
1897 - Alluri Sita Rama Raju, Indian activist (d. 1924)
1898 – Gulzarilal Nanda, Indian politician (d. 1998)
1898 – Gertrude Lawrence, English-born actress (d. 1952)
1898 - Gertrude Weaver, American supercentenarian (d. 2015)
1901 1950
1902 - Meyer Lansky, American Mafia boss (d. 1983)
1903 - Corrado Bafile, Italian cardinal (d. 2005)
1903 - Flor Peeters, Belgian organist, composer and educator (d. 1986)
1905 - Irving Johnson, American sailor and author (d. 1991)
1908 - Aurelio Peccei, Italian industrialist and co-founder of the Club of Rome (d. 1984)
1910 - Robert K. Merton, American sailor (d. 2003)
1910 – Gloria Stuart, American actress (d. 2010)
1911 – Mitch Miller, American entertainer and musician (d. 2010)
1911 - Franco Ferrara, Italian composer and conductor (d. 1985)
1911 - Said Akl, Lebanese poet, writer and playwright (d. 2014)
1916 – Iva Toguri D'Aquino, World War II figure, alleged Tokyo Rose (d. 2006)
1917 – Manolete, Spanish bullfighter (d. 1947)
1918 – Taufa'ahau Tupou IV, King of Tonga (d. 2006)
1918 – Pauline Phillips, American columnist (d. 2013)
1918 – Eppie Lederer, American writer and columnist (d. 2002)
1918 - Johnnie Parsons, American racing driver (d. 1984)
1920 - Norm Drucker, American basketball referee (d. 2015)
1921 – Gérard Debreu, French economist (d. 2004)
1921 - Tibor Varga, Hungarian violinist and conductor (d. 2003)
1923 - Rudolf Friedrich, Swiss politician (d. 2013)
1924 - Björn Beinteinsson, Icelandic Neopagan religious leader
1924 – Eva Marie Saint, American actress
1925 - Ciril Zlobec, Slovenian poet, writer and politician (d. 2018)
1926 – Alfredo Di Stéfano, Argentine-born footballer (d. 2014)
1927 – Neil Simon, American playwright (d. 2018)
1927 - Gina Lollobrigida, Italian actress
1928 – Giampiero Boniperti, Italian footballer
1930 - Frunzik Mkrtchyan, Soviet-Armenian actor (d. 1993)
1930 – George Steinbrenner, American businessman (d. 2010)
1931 - Stephen Boyd, Northern Irish-American actor (d. 1977)
1935 - Paul Scoon, 2nd Governor-General of Grenada (d. 2013)
1937 – Sonja Haraldsen, Queen of Norway
1937 – Thomas Nagel, American philosopher
1938 - Bill Withers, American singer-songwriter and producer (d. 2020)
1940 - Dave Rowberry, English pianist and songwriter (d. 2003)
1941 - Sam Farr, American politician
1941 - Sergio Oliva, Cuban-American bodybuilder (d. 2012)
1941 - Tomaz Salamun, Slovenian poet (d. 2014)
1942 - Stefan Meller, Polish politician (d. 2008)
1942 - Hal Lanier, American baseball player, coach and manager
1942 - Prince Michael of Kent, British nobleman
1943 – Alan "Blind Owl" Wilson, American musician (d. 1970)
1943 – Heide Simonis, German politician
1943 – Adam Hart-Davis, British historian
1945 - Andre Spitzer, Romanian-Israeli fencer and coach (d. 1972)
1946 - Ron Kovic, American activist
1948 - Jeremy Spencer, English guitarist (Fleetwood Mac)
1949 – Horst Seehofer, German politician, Interior Minister and former Minister-President of Bavaria
1951 1975
1951 - Vincent Marzello, American voice actor (d. 2020)
1951 – Kathleen Kennedy Townsend, 6th Lieutenant Governor of Maryland
1952 – Alvaro Uribe, former President of Colombia
1953 - Francis Maude, English politician
1954 - Morganna, American model and dancer
1954 - Jim Beattie, American baseball player and coach
1957 - Jenny Seagrove, English actress
1957 – Princess Chulabhorn of Thailand
1959 - Victoria Abril, Spanish singer and actress
1959 – Eirikur Hauksson, Icelandic singer
1960 – Roland Ratzenberger, Austrian racing driver (d. 1994)
1960 - Mark Steel, English comedian, columnist and author
1961 - Valentin Ivanov, Russian football referee
1962 - Neil Morrissey, English actor
1962 – Pam Shriver, American tennis player
1963 – Ute Lemper, German singer
1963 - Henri Leconte, French tennis player
1963 - William Ramallo, Bolivian footballer and coach
1963 - Michael Sweet, American singer-songwriter, guitarist and producer
1964 - Cle Kooiman, American soccer player and manager
1964 - Edi Rama, Prime Minister of Albania
1965 - Harvey Grant, American basketball player and coach
1965 – Giancarlo Marocchi, Italian footballer
1965 – Jo Whiley, English radio presenter
1966 - Anton Nossik, Israeli-Russian journalist and social media activist (d. 2017)
1968 - Ronni Ancona, Scottish actress
1970 - Doddie Weir, Scottish rugby player
1970 – Tony Vidmar, Australian footballer
1971 – Koko, famous sign language Gorilla (d. 2018)
1973 – Tony Popovic, Australian footballer
From 1976
1976 - Daijiro Kato, Japanese motorcycle racer (d. 2003)
1976 - Yevgeniya Medvedeva, Russian skier
1977 - Orri Pall Dyrason, Icelandic drummer (Sigur Ros)
1978 – Emile Mpenza, Belgian footballer
1978 – Becki Newton, American actress
1982 - Hannah Harper, English pornographic actress
1983 - Miguel Pinto, Chilean footballer
1984 - Jin Akanishi, Japanese singer-songwriter and actor
1985 - Wason Renteria, Colombian footballer
1986 – Takahisa Masuda, Japanese singer
1986 - Fanny Valette, French actress
1987 - Wude Ayalew, Ethiopian long-distance runner
1988 - Angelique Boyer, French-Mexican actress, model and singer
1989 - Yoon Doo-joon, South Korean singer, dancer and actor
1990 - Naoki Yamada, Japanese footballer
1992 - Basim, Danish singer-songwriter
1998 – Malia Obama, daughter of US President Barack Obama
1999 - Moa Kikuchi, Japanese singer and model
Deaths
Up to 1900
673 - Ecgberht of Kent
907 - Luitpold, Margrave of Bavaria
965 - Pope Benedict V
1541 - Pedro de Alvarado, Spanish explorer (b. 1495)
1546 - Hayreddin Barbarossa, Greek-Turkish admiral (b. 1478)
1641 - Pedro Teixeira, Portuguese explorer
1742 - Luigi Guido Grandi, Italian monk, mathematician and engineer (b. 1671)
1780 - Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine (b. 1712)
1787 - Charles, Prince of Soubise (b. 1715)
1808 - Fisher Ames, American politician (b. 1758)
1826 – John Adams, 2nd President of the United States (b. 1735)
1826 – Thomas Jefferson, 3rd President of the United States (b. 1743)
1831 – James Monroe, 5th President of the United States (b. 1758)
1848 – Francois-René de Chateaubriand, French writer (b. 1768)
1857 - William L. Marcy, 21st United States Secretary of State (b. 1786)
1881 – Johan Vilhelm Snellman, Finnish statesman (b. 1806)
1882 - Joseph Brackett, American composer (b. 1797)
1888 – Theodor Storm, German writer (b. 1817)
1891 – Hannibal Hamlin, Vice President of the United States and Governor of Maine (b. 1809)
1901 2000
1901 - Johannes Schmidt, American composer (b. 1843)
1902 - Swami Vivekananda, Indian spiritual leader (b. 1863)
1910 – Melvin Weston Fuller, Chief Justice of the United States (b. 1833)
1910 – Giovanni Schiaparelli, Italian astronomer (b. 1835)
1916 - Alan Seeger, American poet (b. 1888)
1921 – Antoni Grabowski, early proponent of Esperanto (b. 1857)
1922 - Lothar von Richthofen, German pilot (b. 1894)
1925 - George W. Atkinson, American politician, 10th Governor of West Virginia (b. 1865)
1926 - Pier Giorgio Frassati, Italian activist and saint (b. 1901)
1931 - Prince Emanuele Filiberto, Duke of Aosta, Italian nobleman (b. 1869)
1934 – Marie Curie, Polish-French chemist and physicist (b. 1867)
1934 - Hayim Nahman Bialik, Ukrainian-Israeli writer and poet (b. 1873)
1938 – Otto Bauer, Austrian politician (b. 1881)
1938 – Suzanne Lenglen, French tennis player (b. 1899)
1941 - Antoni Lomnicki, Polish mathematician (b. 1881)
1943 - Wladyslaw Sikorski, Polish military leader (b. 1881)
1963 - Bernard Freyberg, 1st Baron Freyberg, 7th Governor-General of New Zealand (b. 1889)
1963 - Pingali Venkayya, Indian activist (b. 1876)
1964 - Gaby Morlay, French actress and singer (b. 1893)
1969 - Henri Decoin, French director and screenwriter (b. 1890)
1975 – Georgette Heyer, British writer (b. 1902)
1976 – Yonatan Netanyahu, Israeli soldier (in raid on Entebbe Airport) (b. 1946)
1976 - Antoni Slonimski, Polish poet and playwright (b. 1895)
1986 - Flor Peeters, Belgian organist, composer and educator (b. 1903)
1991 - Victor Chang, Chinese-Australian surgeon (b. 1936)
1991 - Art Sansom, American cartoonist (b. 1920)
1992 - Astor Piazzolla, Argentine bandoneon player and composer (b. 1921)
1995 – Eva Gabor, Hungarian actress (b. 1919)
1995 - Bob Ross, American painter (b. 1942)
From 2001
2003 – Barry White, American singer (b. 1944)
2004 - Jean-Marie Auberson, Swiss violinist and conductor (b. 1921)
2008 – Jesse Helms, American politician (b. 1921)
2008 - Thomas M. Disch, American writer (b. 1940)
2009 – Allen Klein, American record label executive (b. 1931)
2010 – Muhammad Hussein Fadlallah, Lebanese spiritual leader (b. 1935)
2011 – Otto von Habsburg, Austrian nobleman, aristocrat and politician (b. 1912)
2012 - Eric Sykes, English actor, director and screenwriter (b. 1923)
2013 - Bernie Nolan, Irish singer and actress (b. 1960)
2014 - Giorgio Faletti, Italian writer, actor and comedian (b. 1950)
2014 - Alan Alan, English escapologist and magician (b. 1926)
2014 - C. J. Henderson, American author (b. 1939)
2014 - Archibald Wilson, Australian fighter pilot (b. 1921)
2015 - Nedelcho Beronov, Bulgarian politician (b. 1928)
2015 - Scot Breithaupt, American motorcycle racer (b. 1957)
2015 - Carlo de Gavardo, Chilean rally driver and motorcycle racer (b. 1969)
2015 - Alan Walton, British biochemist (b. 1936)
2016 - Romesh Chandra, Indian activist and journalist (b. 1919)
2016 - William Hawkins, Canadian songwriter and poet (b. 1940)
2016 - Abbas Kiarostami, Iranian filmmaker (b. 1940)
2016 - Abner J. Mikva, American politician and judge (b. 1926)
2017 - Bryan Avery, English architect (b. 1944)
2017 - Gene Conley, American baseball and basketball player (b. 1930)
2017 - Daniil Granin, Russian writer (b. 1919)
2017 - Carol Lee Scott, English actress and singer (b. 1942)
2017 - David Yewdall, American sound editor (b. 1950)
2018 - Carmen Campagne, Canadian singer (b. 1959)
2018 - Georges-Emmanuel Clancier, French poet, journalist and novelist (b. 1914)
2018 - Henri Dirickx, Belgian footballer (b. 1927)
2018 - Ernst W. Hamburger, German-born Brazilian physicist (b. 1933)
2018 - Robby Müller, Dutch cinematographer (b. 1940)
Holidays
Christian feast day:
Andrew of Crete
Bertha of Artois
Blessed Catherine Jarrige
Blessed Pier Giorgio Frassati
Elizabeth of Aragon (or of Portugal)
Oda of Canterbury
Ulrich of Augsburg
Independence Day (United States)
Filipino-American Friendship Day
Liberation Day (Rwanda)
July 04 |
7680 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public%20domain | Public domain | Public domain is a phrase that describes something that belongs to all people in general: the public. The public domain contains works (such as books, films, or paintings) that are not under copyright protection.
The opposite of "public domain" is copyrighted material, which is owned either by the creator of the work or their estate. The term public domain is only used to describe things that can be copyrighted, such as photographs, drawings, written articles, books or plays, or similar works of art. As a general rule, all intellectual property works, after enough time has gone by, will become part of public domain. Examples include the works of Leonardo da Vinci, William Shakespeare and Ludwig van Beethoven, and the books of Isaac Newton.
A work can enter the public domain in many ways.
The copyright expires, many years (usually 50 or 70 years) after its creator dies.
The work's creator may legally give up all claims to the material.
The creator forgets to renew the work's copyright (for works before 1963).
The work may have been created by agencies of certain governments, in which case it was in the public domain from the time of its creation.
The work is made by an animal.
The copyright notice is missing an owner, year or copyright symbol (for works before 1989).
In some cases, if a work enters the public domain after copyright expiration, anyone using the work may still be required to note who created the work. Even if some works are in the public domain due to not being copyrighted, there may be still non-copyright usage restrictions. For examples, even though the design of national currencies may be ineligible, or be unsuitable, for copyright, counterfeiting them for fraud is widely a very serious crime. Another example are logos and images that only have text or simple shapes. These logos aren't copyrighted in the United States, but they are often protected by trademarks.
Intellectual property law |
7681 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child | Child | A child (the plural is children) is someone who is not an adult or teenager yet, or an age who has not reached puberty, which usually happens in adolescence. Sometimes, teenagers (between puberty and legal adulthood) are also called children. A baby that is not yet born is often called a child, too. A person can be called his or her parent's child, no matter how old he or she is. Some synonyms for the word 'child' are kid, toddler, bairn, youngster, boy or girl, lad or lass, and youth.
In rich countries, children go to school. Small children may go to nursery school, preschool or kindergarten. Playing with small toys and using their imaginations are important for child development. But often in a developing country, children sometimes work in factories or in the fields with their parents or guardians.
When two people get married and one (or both) of them have children with someone else before this marriage, that child is called a step child by the child's non-birth parent. If both people had children, the children of each parent are step brothers or step sisters of each other. A child whose parents die is an orphan. Orphans with no parent may be raised by grandparents or other relatives. Otherwise they may go to live in an orphanage. They may be adopted by another adult or couple wanting a child. They will then be able to grow up in a new family.
Related pages
Adolescent
Brother
Parent
Sibling
Sister
Basic English 850 words |
7682 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickelodeon | Nickelodeon | Nickelodeon is a worldwide cable television network. Airing Sundays-Fridays from 7 a.m.-8 p.m. and Saturdays from 7 a.m.-9 p.m. It is made for children. The network was started in 1977 as Pinwheel. During the late mornings and afternoons, Nickelodeon shows Nick Jr.. This is a group of learning programs and series for younger children. They are shown while the older children are in school. At night, the network shows Nick @ Nite. Nick at Nite is a group of reruns of older series that parents watched when they were younger.
Programming
Programming seen on Nickelodeon includes animated series (such as SpongeBob SquarePants, The Loud House, The Casagrandes, It's Pony, Middlemost Post, and The Patrick Star Show), live-action, scripted series (such as Danger Force, Tyler Perry's Young Dylan and All That), and original made-for-TV movies, while the network's daytime schedule is dedicated to shows targeting preschoolers (such as Bubble Guppies, PAW Patrol, and Blue's Clues & You!).
Nicktoonsjgob9rg
Grundy
Nicktoons is the branding for Nickelodeon's original animated television series. Until 1991, the animated series that aired on Nickelodeon were largely imported from foreign countries, with some original animated specials that were also featured on the channel up to that point.
Though the Nicktoons branding has seldom been used by the network itself since the 2002 launch of the channel of the same name, original animated series continue to make up a substantial portion of Nickelodeon's lineup. Roughly 6 to 7 hours of these programs are seen on the weekday schedule, and around nine hours on weekends, including a dedicated weekend morning animation block.
Sister channels
Nick at Nite
Nick at Nite is a programming block for adults and older youth audiences. The block was founded in 1985. This block is similar to Adult Swim, the nighttime programming block for Cartoon Network.
Nick Jr.
Nick Jr. is a children's programming block for children aged 2-6. It was founded in 1988 as a programming block. A channel called Nick Jr. launched in 2009.
Nicktoons
Nicktoons is a programming block founded in 1991, the same day Doug, Rugrats and The Ren and Stimpy Show premiered. The programming block was repeated every Saturday and Sunday. A channel called Nicktoons launched in 2002.
TeenNick
TeenNick is a programming block teens ages of 13-19. It was founded in 2001. This block is for teenage audiences. The channel launched in 2009.
NickMusic
NickMusic is a channel that launched in 2002.
NickRewind
NickRewind is a channel that launched in 2011. It shows re-runs of old Nickelodeon shows.
NickRewind Jr.
NickRewind Jr. Upcoming is a channel that launched on 2022. NickRewind Jr. It shows re-runs of old Nick Jr. shows like Allegra's Window, Blue's Clues, Blue's Room, The Backyardigans, Eureeka's Castle, Gullah Gullah Island, Jack's Big Music Show, Little Bear, Little Bill, Oswald, Pinwheel, Today's Special, Wow! Wow! Wubbzy!, Whoopi's Littleburg The block is from Nick Jr. series.
Related pages
List of programs broadcast by Nickelodeon
List of movies by Nickelodeon
Nicktoons
Nick.com
The Club (Nickelodeon)
MTV
Nick Jr.
NickRewind Jr. (Untied States)
References
Other websites
Official site (United States)
Official site (United Kingdom)
American television networks
Viacom |
7683 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy%20Carter | Jimmy Carter | James Earl Carter Jr. (born October 1, 1924) is an American politician and philanthropist. He was the 39th president of the United States from 1977 to 1981. He is a member of the Democratic Party. Before becoming president, Carter was a Georgia state senator from 1963 to 1967 and the 76th governor of Georgia from 1971 to 1975.
Born and raised in Plains, Georgia, Carter graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1946 with a Bachelor of Science degree and joined the United States Navy. In 1953, Carter left the military and returned home to Georgia to take charge of the family's peanut-growing business. Carter was against racial segregation and support the growing civil rights movement. He became an activist in the Democratic Party. From 1963 to 1967, Carter was in the Georgia State Senate, and in 1970, he was elected as Governor of Georgia. He was governor until 1975.
At first, he was not seen as a serious presidential candidate as not many people knew him outside of Georgia. Carter eventually won the 1976 Democratic presidential nomination and was elected president, beating then-Republican President Gerald Ford.
On his second day in office, Carter pardoned all the Vietnam War draft evaders. During Carter's term as president, he created the Department of Energy and the Department of Education. He also created a national energy policy that included conservation, price control, and new technology. In foreign affairs, Carter helped create the Camp David Accords, the Panama Canal Treaties, the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT II), and the return of the Panama Canal Zone to Panama. However, the economy during his presidency was bad as it had stagflation, high inflation, high unemployment and slow economic growth. The end of his presidential term was remembered by the 1979–1981 Iran hostage crisis, the 1979 energy crisis, the Three Mile Island nuclear accident, and the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.
In 1980, Carter ran against Senator Ted Kennedy in the Democratic primaries and won re-nomination at the 1980 Democratic National Convention. Carter lost the presidential election to Republican nominee Ronald Reagan in a landslide. Polls of historians and political scientists usually see Carter as an average president; becoming more popular for his humanitarian work after leaving office.
In 1982, Carter created the Carter Center to focus on human rights across the world. He has traveled to support peace talks, look over elections, and support ending deadly diseases. In 2002, he won the Nobel Peace Prize. Carter is seen as an important person in the Habitat for Humanity charity. He has written over 30 books from memoirs to poetry. Carter is the longest-lived president, the longest-retired president, the first to live forty years after their inauguration, and the first to reach the age of 95.
Early life
Carter was born on October 1, 1924, at Lillian Carter Health and Rehabilitation in Plains, Georgia. Carter was the first U.S. president to be born in a hospital. He was the oldest son of Bessie Lillian () and James Earl Carter Sr. He is distantly related to President Richard Nixon and Bill Gates. The family moved several times when Carter was an infant. The Carters settled on a dirt road in nearby Archery.
Carter attended the Plains High School from 1937 to 1941. He also joined the Future Farmers of America and developed a lifelong interest in woodworking.
After high school, Carter went to Georgia Southwestern College, in Americus, Georgia. He took extra mathematics courses at Georgia Tech.
In 1943, Carter was accepted to the United States Naval Academy. While at the academy, Carter fell in love with Rosalynn Smith. The two married shortly after his graduation in 1946. He was a sprint football player for the Navy Midshipmen. Carter graduated 60th out of 820 midshipmen in the class of 1946 with a Bachelor of Science degree and became an ensign.
From 1946 to 1953, Carter and Rosalynn lived in Virginia, Hawaii, Connecticut, New York and California, during his time in the Atlantic and Pacific fleets. In 1948, he began officers' training for being in a submarine. He was promoted to lieutenant junior grade in 1949.
In 1952, Carter began his work with the US Navy's nuclear submarine program. He was sent to the Naval Reactors Branch of the Atomic Energy Commission in Washington, D.C. for three month. During this time, Rosalynn moved with their children to Schenectady, New York.
In March 1953, Carter began nuclear power school at Union College in Schenectady. Carter's father died and he was released from active duty to allow him to take over the family peanut business. Carter left active duty on October 9, 1953.
He was not active at the Navy Reserve until 1961, and left the service as a lieutenant. His awards included the American Campaign Medal, World War II Victory Medal, China Service Medal, and National Defense Service Medal.
Farming life
Carter's father, James died after having recently been elected to the Georgia House of Representatives. For a year, Jimmy, Rosalynn, and their three sons lived in public housing in Plains. Carter is the only U.S. president to have lived in public housing before he took office. Carter wanted to expand the family's peanut-growing business. His first-year harvest failed because of droughts, however Carter wanted to open many bank lines of credit to keep the farm going. He also took classes and read on agriculture while Rosalynn learned accounting to manage the business. Even though they struggled at first, the Carters grew the peanut business and became successful.
Georgia State Senator, 1963–1967
Carter, who was against racial segregation, was inspired to run for office over the racial tensions in the country. By 1961 he was a known member of the Plains community and the Baptist Church as well as chairman of the Sumter County school board. At the school board, Carter spoke against racial segregation in public schools.
In 1962, Carter announced his run for a seat in the Georgia State Senate. At first, the results showed Carter losing, but this was the result of fraudulent voting done by the Democratic Party chairman in Quitman County. Carter challenged the results; when fraud was confirmed, a new election was held, which he won.
Beginning in 1962, Americus was known where black protesters were hit and abused. Carter did not say anything about this at first. He did speak about some race issues such as giving speeches against literacy tests and against a change to the state constitution. When President John F. Kennedy was assassinated, Carter called it "the greatest blow that I had suffered since my father died".
Two years later, Carter was in charge of the Democratic Executive Committee, where he helped rewrite the state party's rules. He became chairman of the West Central Georgia Planning and Development Commission.
When Bo Callaway was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in November 1964, Carter wanted to run against him in the next election. The two had fought over which two-year college would be expanded to a four-year college. Carter wanted it to go to his alma mater, Georgia Southwestern College, but Callaway wanted the funding to go to downtown Columbus.
Carter was re-elected in 1964 to a second two-year term. For a time in the State Senate, he was in charge of its Education Committee and also was part of the Appropriations Committee toward the end of his second term. Before his term ended he worked on a bill expanding statewide education funding and getting Georgia Southwestern a four-year program. The last day of the term, he announced his run for the United States House of Representatives.
1966 and 1970 campaigns for governor
Carter ran for the United States House of Representatives for Georgia's 3rd district in 1966 against Bo Callaway. However, Callaway ended his campaign to run for Governor of Georgia. Callaway became a Republican in 1964. Carter later wanted to run for governor against Callaway. In the Democratic primary, he ran against the liberal former Governor Ellis Arnall and the conservative Lester Maddox.
Governor Maddox was not allowed to run for a second term as governor in 1970. Carter had to run against Carl Sanders in the 1970 Democratic primary. Carter was more conservative than before during this primary election.
That September, Carter was beating Sanders in the first round by 49% to 38%. Since no one won more than half the vote, they went into a second round. Carter won the Democratic nomination with 59% of the vote against Sanders's 40%. In the general election, Carter beat Republican candidate Hal Suit, winning 59% of the vote against Suit's 40%.
Governor of Georgia, 1971–1975
Carter became the 76th Governor of Georgia on January 12, 1971. In his inaugural speech, he said that "the time of racial discrimination is over. ... No poor, rural, weak, or black person should ever have to bear the additional burden of being [without] the opportunity for an education, a job or simple justice". Time ran a story on the progressive "New South" governors elected that year in a May 1971 cover. The cover of the magazine had Carter.
Lester Maddox, who Carter replaced as governor, became lieutenant governor. Richard Russell Jr., then President pro tempore of the United States Senate, died in office during Carter's second week in office. Carter picked David H. Gambrell, state Democratic Party chair, to replace Russell's in the United States Senate.
Carter wanted to grow the governor's power while making the state government easier to run. He supported a bill that could give him the power of executive restructuring and to force a vote on it. The plan was not popular in the state legislature. But after two weeks of talking about the plan, it was passed. He lowered the number of state agencies from 300 to 22.
In April 1971, while on television, Carter was asked if he supported the idea of governor and lieutenant governor running together. He said, "I've never really thought we needed a lieutenant governor in Georgia. The lieutenant governor is part of the executive branch of government and I've always felt—ever since I was in the state Senate—that the executive branches should be separate". In July 1971, while in Columbus, Georgia, Carter created a Georgia Human Rights Council that would help solve issues in the state of any possible violence.
In January 1972, Carter wanted to give state money for an Early Childhood Development Program and prison reform programs. In April 1972, Carter went to Latin and South America for a possible trade deal with Georgia. Carter said that he had met with Brazilian President Emílio Garrastazu Médici. Many said he was acting like President Kennedy.
The number of black state workers, judges, and board members grew when Carter was governor. He put paintings of Martin Luther King Jr. in the capitol building, while the Ku Klux Klan were at the ceremony protesting. While on television with Governor of Florida Reubin Askew in January 1973, Carter said he supported a constitutional amendment to ban busing and to make desegregation in schools faster. He supported an anti-busing plan with George Wallace at the 1971 National Governors Conference. Carter signed a new death penalty law after the United States Supreme Court rejected it. Carter later said he did not support the death penalty, saying, "I didn't see the injustice of it as I do now".
Carter wanted to give equal state aid to schools in the rich and poor areas of Georgia. He helped create centers for mentally handicapped children and education programs for convicts. He also wrote a program that made picking federal judges based on their experience over their political party possible.
In an unpopular move, Carter rejected a plan to build a dam on Georgia's Flint River. He said that the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers was not giving the right numbers on the project's cost and possible harm on the region. The veto became popular with environmentalists across the country.
Carter was not allowed to run for re-election because of term limits. Wanting to run for president, Carter was active in national politics and public appearances. He was a delegate to the 1972 Democratic National Convention, where Carter hoped he would be George McGovern's vice presidential pick. He supported Senator Henry "Scoop" Jackson, to not support George Wallace.
In May 1973, Carter told the Democratic Party to not make the Watergate scandal a political issue.
1976 presidential campaign
Democratic primary
On December 12, 1974, Carter announced his candidacy for President of the United States at National Press Club in Washington, D.C. He talked about inequality, optimism, and change.
When Carter first announced his presidential run for the Democratic Party presidential nomination, he was seen as having little chances against better-known politicians. However, by March 1976 Carter was doing better in polls against other candidates for the Democratic presidential nomination. He was also ahead of President Ford by a few percentage points. Carter wrote Why Not the Best? in June 1976 to help make his name known for the American public.
Carter won the Iowa caucuses and the New Hampshire primary. In the South, Carter ran as a moderate and in the North, Carter ran as a conservative Christian. He had visited 37 states, and gave over 200 speeches before any other candidate entered the race. Carter ended up winning 30 states, with a total of 6,235,609 (39.2%) of the popular vote. He was officially nominated as the Democratic nominee at the national convention. He picked U.S. Senator Walter Mondale from Minnesota as his vice president pick.
During his presidential campaign in April 1976, Carter said to an interviewer, "I have nothing against a community that is ... trying to maintain the ethnic purity of their neighborhoods". Carter said he understood why some neighborhoods were against desegregation. However, he also supported open-housing laws that make it illegal not to sell or rent a house or apartment to a person based on their race. His comments were unpopular with many Americans.
Carter's campaign supported congressional campaigns using public financing, creating a federal agency for consumer protection, creating a separate department for education, signing an agreement that would stop the Soviet Union from using nuclear weapons, lowering money given to the military, increasing taxes for the rich and lowering them for the middle class, supporting the Social Security Act, and having a budget that would give money to government resources.
1976 general election
Carter and President Gerald Ford were in three televised debates during the 1976 election. The debates were the first presidential debates since 1960.
Carter was interviewed by Robert Scheer of Playboy for the November 1976 issue, which hit the newsstands a couple of weeks before the election. While discussing his religion's view of pride, Carter said: "I've looked on a lot of women with lust. I've committed adultery in my heart many times". He also said in another interview that he did not mind if people said the word "fuck". This led to a media to criticize the idea if politicians should be separated from their political campaigns and their private intimate lives.
Carter began the race with a lead over Ford, who narrowed the gap during the campaign, but lost to Carter in by a small margin on November 2, 1976. Carter won the popular vote by 50.1 percent to 48.0 percent for Ford, and received 297 electoral votes to Ford's 240. Carter won fewer states than Ford, with Carter winning 23 states compared to Ford winning 27.
Presidency, 1977–81
Carter was inaugurated as president on January 20, 1977.
Domestic policies
Energy crisis
On April 18, 1977, Carter gave a televised speech saying that the U.S. energy crisis during the 1970s was like war. He supported energy conservation by all Americans and added solar water heating panels on the White House. He wore sweaters because he turned down the heat in the White House. On August 4, 1977, Carter created the Department of Energy. During the signing event, Carter said the current "crisis of energy shortages" made him create the Department of Energy. Carter said that the House of Representatives had created many energy saving ideas. A month later, on October 13, Carter stated he believed in the Senate's power to pass the energy reform bill. He said that "the most important domestic issue that we will face while I am in office" was the energy crisis.
On January 12, 1978, during a press conference, Carter said plans about his energy reform proposal were not being made and that Congress was not being respectful.
In April 1978, Carter said his biggest surprise since becoming president was the how hard it was for Congress to pass an energy reform bill.
On March 1, 1979, Carter wanted to create a gasoline rationing plan with Congress approving it. On April 5, he talked about how important energy conservation is. At the end of the month, Carter said it was important that the Congress pass his gas rationing plan. On July 15, 1979, Carter said the crisis was a "crisis of confidence" among the American people. Many did not like Carter's speech. People thought Carter for not doing enough to solve the crisis. Many believed he wanted Americans to do most of the work instead of the government.
EPA Love Canal Superfund
In 1978, Carter said the Love Canal accident in the city of Niagara Falls, New York was a federal emergency. During the 1940s, the canal was used as the site to dump chemical products from dyes, perfumes, and solvents for rubber and synthetic resins. More than 800 families were evacuated from the neighborhood, which was built on top of a toxic waste landfill. The Superfund law was created because of Love Canal. Carter said that many places like "Love Canals" existed across the country. He said that discovering hazardous dumpsites was "one of the [saddest] discoveries of our modern era".
In 1979, the Environmental Protection Agency said that people living near the Love Canal accident were at risk for leukemia.
Economy
Carter had many problems with the economy when he became president. He tried to continue the recovery from the severe 1973–75 recession. His economy also had high inflation, with very high interest rates, oil shortages, and slow economic growth. In his first two years, Carter created millions of new jobs.
The 1979 energy crisis ended job growth, however, and both inflation and interest rates rose. Economic growth, job creation, and consumer confidence quickly went down. There was also not a lot of gasoline because of the oil crisis.
Carter signed the Airline Deregulation Act into law on October 24, 1978. The main purpose was to remove government control over fees, routes and airline market from commercial aviation. The Civil Aeronautics Board's powers of regulation were removed. The act did not remove the FAA's powers over airline safety.
In 1979, Carter deregulated the American beer industry by making it legal to sell malt, hops, and yeast to American home brewers for the first time since the beginning of Prohibition in the United States. This led to an increase in home brewing over the 1980s and 1990s that by the 2000s.
Healthcare
During his presidential campaign, Carter wanted to fix healthcare in the country.
Carter's plans on healthcare included an April 1977 mandatory health care cost proposal, and a June 1979 plan that gave private health insurance coverage. Carter saw the June 1979 plan as a growing part of Medicare and Medicaid. The April 1977 mandatory health care cost plan was passed in the Senate, and later was not approved in the House.
During 1978, Carter also had meetings with Kennedy for a healthcare law that did not pass the U.S. House. Carter later blamed Kennedy for his healthcare plans not being approved in Congress.
Education
Carter worked with Congress to create an education department. In February 1978, Carter said that education is very important and should not be in control over many departments. On February 8, 1979, Carter released a plan to create an education department. On October 17, 1979, Carter signed a law that created the United States Department of Education.
Carter grew the Head Start program by adding 43,000 children and families. In a November 1980 speech, Carter said he would allow the Head Start to migrant children and wanted to increase building schools near the Mexico–United States border in Texas.
Foreign policies
Peace treaties
In September 1977, Carter and General Omar Torrijos signed the Panama Canal Treaty. The treaties would give Panama control of the Panama Canal after 1999. This would remove United States control of the canal. The second treaty said that Panama would have full control of the canal. The treaty was not popular with conservatives.
In September 1978, Carter created many political agreements between Egyptian President Anwar Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin at Camp David. The two agreements were signed at the White House. The second of these frameworks helped create the 1979 Egypt–Israel Peace Treaty.
Africa
Carter spoke to African officials at the United Nations about his support of democratic elections and power in African countries. Carter later said his plans for wanting "to work with South Africa in dealing with the threats to peace in Namibia and in Zimbabwe" and to end racial issues like apartheid.
Carter visited Nigeria from March 31 to April 3, 1978, trying to fix relations with the country. He was the first U.S. president to visit Nigeria. Carter wanted to create peace in Rhodesia.
On May 16, 1979, the Senate voted in favor of President Carter ending economic sanctions against Rhodesia.
Iran hostage crisis
In November 1977, Carter said he wanted to have a good partnership between the United States and Iran.
In November 1979, a group of Iranian students took over the United States Embassy in Tehran. The students were in support of the Iranian Revolution. 52 Americans were held hostage for the next 444 days until they were freed on January 20, 1981. They were freed on the day Ronald Reagan replaced Carter as president. During the crisis, Carter never left the White House for more than 100 days. In December 1979, Carter said he wanted to solve the issue without using the military or violence. On April 7, 1980, Carter passed Executive Order 12205, adding economic sanctions against Iran and announced more action to make sure the hostages were released safely. On April 24, 1980, Carter pushed for Operation Eagle Claw to try to free the hostages. The mission failed as military helicopters crashed killing eight American military people.
Soviet Union
On February 8, 1977, Carter said he had wanted the Soviet Union to work with the United States to stop nuclear testing. During a June 13 meeting, Carter said that the United States would begin to talk to the Soviet Union about demilitarization of the Indian Ocean. On December 30, Carter said that the United States and the Soviet Union have made great progress on talking about important issues. These talks helped create the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty II by Carter and Leonid Brezhnev on June 18, 1979.
Nur Muhammad Taraki and other Communists took power in Afghanistan on April 27, 1978. Following an uprising in April 1979, Taraki was removed by Khalq rival Hafizullah Amin in September. By December, Amin's government had lost control of much of the country. This caused the Soviet Union to invade Afghanistan. Carter was surprised by the invasion. The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan was seen as a threat and Carter saw the Soviet Union as dangerous. Carter announced sanctions on the Soviet Union. He created an embargo on grain to the Soviet Union. Carter also supported not taking part of the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow. British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher supported Carter's actions towards the Soviet Union. In early 1980, Carter created a program to arm the mujahideen. The Soviets were unable to fight off them off and left Afghanistan in 1989.
South Korea
In March 1977, Carter supported removing American troops from South Korea. He wanted South Korea to have their own military forces to protect themselves from North Korea. Carter's move to remove the troops was unpopular with military officials. In May, Carter said he believed South Korea would be able to defend themselves without as many American troops. From June 30 to July 1, 1979, Carter had meetings with President of South Korea Park Chung-hee at the Blue House.
1980 presidential election
Democratic primary challenge
Carter said that the liberal part of the Democratic Party did not support his policies the most. He said they were caused by Senator Ted Kennedy's plan to replace him as president. Kennedy announced his plans to run for president in November 1979. Kennedy did not run a good campaign and Carter won most of the primaries. Carter won the Democratic re-nomination, however, Kennedy gave Carter weak support from the Liberal Democrats in the general election. Carter and Vice President Walter Mondale were nominated at the Democratic National Convention in New York City.
General election
Carter's campaign for re-election in 1980 was not easy as he ran against Republican Ronald Reagan. His campaign manager and former appointments secretary, Timothy Kraft, left the campaign five weeks before the election because of possible cocaine use. On October 28, Carter and Reagan had the only presidential debate of the election. Reagan was losing to Carter at first, but after the debates, Reagan became popular.
Carter lost his re-election to Reagan in a landslide victory. Reagan won 489 of the electoral votes and Carter won 49. After the election, Carter said that he was hurt by the outcome of the election.
Post-presidency
Shortly after losing his re-election bid, Carter told the White House press corps that he wanted his retirement to be similar than that of Harry S. Truman and not use his public life to make himself rich. In October 1986, his presidential library was opened in Atlanta, Georgia.
Carter built homes in the aftermath of Hurricane Sandy, and partnered with former presidents to work with One America Appeal to help the victims of Hurricane Harvey and Hurricane Irma in the Gulf Coast and Texas communities.
Carter went to the opening ceremonies of his presidential library and those of Presidents Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush. He gave eulogies at the funerals of Coretta Scott King Gerald Ford, Theodore Hesburgh, and John Lewis. He has gone to the state funeral of every former president since he left office: Nixon in 1994, Reagan in 2004, Ford in 2006 and Bush Sr. in 2018. When going to the inauguration of Donald Trump in 2017, he became the oldest former president to go to one.
In 1982, Carter founded the Carter Center, a non-governmental and non-profit organization with the purpose of spreading human rights and end human suffering. He wanted to help improve the quality of life for people in more than 80 countries.
Diplomacy
In 1994, President Bill Clinton wanted Carter's help in a North Korea peace mission. Carter talked with Kim Il-sung about a possible peace deal. Carter went to North Korea to help release of Aijalon Gomes in August 2010. In 2017, Carter said that he had talked to the Trump administration about having him talk to North Korea about peace.
In October 1984, Carter was named an honorary citizen of Peru. Carter supported the country's elections in 2001, and supported the Peruvian government after meeting President of Peru Alan García in April 2009, where he was honored with a medal.
In his February 1986 talks with Tomás Borge, Carter helped support the release of journalist Luis Mora and labor leader Jose Altamirano, while in Nicaragua for three days.
Carter went to Cuba in May 2002 and talked to Fidel Castro. He went to Cuba again for three days in March 2011.
Carter went to the Middle East in September 1981 meeting with Prime Minister of Israel Menachem Begin. In March 1983, he went to Egypt to talk about the Palestine Liberation Organization. In December 2008, he met with Syrian President Bashar al-Assad.
Carter went to Syria in April 2008, visiting the grave of Yasser Arafat in Ramallah and he said he was not working with the Bush administration about meeting with Hamas leaders.
In July 2007, Carter worked Nelson Mandela in Johannesburg, South Africa to create The Elders. This group was meant focus on peace talks. Carter wanted to travel to Zimbabwe to support human rights in November 2008, but was stopped by President Robert Mugabe's government.
Carter went to Egypt and Tunisia in 1995 and 1996 to talk about violence in the Great Lakes region of Africa. He had an important role in talking about the Nairobi Agreement in 1999 between Sudan and Uganda.
Presidential politics
During the presidency of George W. Bush, Carter was against the Iraq War. He believed Bush wanted to remove Saddam Hussein by using lies. In May 2007, Carter stated the Bush administration "has been the worst in history" in terms of its impact in foreign affairs, Carter did not support Bush administration's handling of Hurricane Katrina.
Though he supported President Barack Obama in the early part of his presidency, Carter criticized his use of drone strikes against suspected terrorists, Obama's choice to keep Guantanamo Bay detention camp open, and use of surveillance programs.
In July 2016, Carter announced his support of former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton's presidential nomination during the 2016 Democratic National Convention. Carter said that the 2016 election would "define the US for a generation". He originally supported Vermont U.S. Senator Bernie Sanders and voted for him during the primaries in 2016.
During the Donald Trump presidency, Carter supported immigration reform through Congress, and did not support Trump for role during the national anthem protests.
In September 2019, Carter said he would support an "age-limit" for presidential candidates.
In August 2020, he supported former Vice President Joe Biden for president during a video played at the 2020 Democratic National Convention.
Personal life
Carter and Rosalynn Smith were married on July 7, 1946 in the Plains Methodist Church, the church of Rosalynn's family. They have three sons, one daughter, eight grandsons, three granddaughters, and two great-grandsons.
Carter and his wife Rosalynn are well known for their work as volunteers with Habitat for Humanity.
Carter's hobbies include painting, fly-fishing, woodworking, cycling, tennis, and skiing. He also has an interest in poetry.
Carter was also a personal friend of Elvis Presley. Carter and his wife, Rosalynn, met him on June 30, 1973, before Presley was to perform onstage in Atlanta. The day after Presley's death, Carter issued a statement and explained how he had "changed the face of American popular culture".
In 2000, Carter ended his membership with the Southern Baptist Convention, saying the group's ideas did not support with his Christian beliefs.
Carter became the oldest to ever attend a presidential inauguration in 2017, at age 92, and the first to live to the 40th anniversary of their own. Two years later, on March 22, 2019, he became the nation's longest-lived president. On October 1, 2019, Carter became the first U.S. president to live to the age of 95.
Health
On August 3, 2015, Carter had surgery to remove "a small mass" on his liver. On August 12, however, Carter announced he had been diagnosed with cancer that had metastasized. On August 20, he said that melanoma had been found in his brain and liver. On December 6, 2015, Carter said that his medical scans no longer showed any cancer.
On May 13, 2019, Carter broke his hip at his Plains home and had surgery in Americus, Georgia. On October 6, 2019, Carter got 14 stitches above his left eyebrow after injuring it during another fall at home. On October 21, 2019, Carter was hospitalized after having a minor pelvic fracture after falling again at home. On November 11, 2019, Carter was hospitalized at the Emory University Hospital in Atlanta to relieve pressure on his brain. The surgery was successful, and Carter was released from the hospital on November 27.
In February 2021, it was announced that Carter and his wife both received their doses of the COVID-19 vaccine.
Legacy
Carter's presidency was at first seen as unpopular in historical rankings of American presidents. Although his presidency was unpopular, his peace and humanitarian works since he left office have made Carter one of the most popular former presidents in American history.
His presidential approval numbers was just 31 percent before the 1980 election, but 64 percent approved of his presidency in a 2009 poll. The Independent wrote, "Carter is widely [seen as] a better man than he was a president".
Honors
Carter has had many awards since his presidency. In 1998, the U.S. Navy named the third and last Seawolf-class submarine honoring former President Carter and his service as a submariner officer. That year he also received the United Nations Human Rights Prize, given in honor of human rights achievements, and the Hoover Medal. He won the 2002 Nobel Peace Prize.
Carter has been nominated nine times for the Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album for audio recordings of his books, and has won three times in 2007, 2016 and 2019.
The Souther Field Airport in Americus, Georgia was renamed Jimmy Carter Regional Airport in 2009.
More readings
References
Other websites
Jimmy Carter National Historic Site
Jimmy Carter Presidential Library & Museum
White House biography
The Carter Center
American Nobel Prize winners
Governors of Georgia (U.S. state)
American progressives
Cancer survivors
Presidents of the United States
Time People of the Year
1976 United States presidential candidates
1980 United States presidential candidates
US Democratic Party politicians
1924 births
Living people
20th-century American politicians |
7684 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannes | Cannes | Cannes () is a commune and the prefecture of Alpes-Maritimes.
It is most famous for the Cannes Film Festival, which takes place every summer. Many famous people come to the movie festival from around the world to promote their movies and to see other peoples' movies too.
Photos, videos, paintings of Cannes and Cannes film festival
Life in Cannes has always been glamorous
a tiny fishing village once existed were Cannes States today
(french/english and more)
cannes population is 70,400 |
7685 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore%20Roosevelt | Theodore Roosevelt | Theodore "Teddy" Roosevelt, Jr. (October 27, 1858 – January 6, 1919) was the 26th president of the United States from 1901 to 1909. He was born in New York City.
Early life
Theodore Roosevelt was born on October 27, 1858, in New York City. He was curious as a child, so he took up studying animals. He also took up boxing. He went to college at Harvard. He married twice, first to Alice Hathaway Lee and later to Edith Kermit Carow. He had six children: Alice, Theodore Jr., Kermit, Ethel, Archie and Quentin.
In politics
After spending time in North Dakota, Roosevelt was elected into the New York State Legislature, and served, as a Civil Service Commissioner and New York City police commissioner (a non-police officer who is in charge of making the police department run smoothly). In 1897, he was appointed Assistant Secretary of the Navy, but gave up on that to fight in the Spanish American War.
Roosevelt became Governor of New York, then Vice-President. After William McKinley was shot and killed, he became President of the United States.
Soldier
Roosevelt joined the US Army in the Spanish-American War. He was a Lieutenant Colonel in the 1st U. S. Volunteer Cavalry. These horsemen were called the "Roughriders".
For his actions during the war, Roosevelt was recommended for the Medal of Honor.
In 2001, Theodore Roosevelt became the first President to receive the Medal of Honor.
Medal of Honor
Roosevelt's Medal of Honor recognized his conduct in frontline fighting in Cuba in 1898.
The words of Roosevelt's citation explain:
Lieutenant Colonel Theodore Roosevelt distinguished himself by acts of bravery on 1 July 1898, near Santiago de Cuba, Republic of Cuba, while leading a daring charge up San Juan Hill. Lieutenant Colonel Roosevelt, in total disregard for his personal safety, and accompanied by only four or five men, led a desperate and gallant charge up San Juan Hill, encouraging his troops to continue the assault through withering enemy fire over open countryside. Facing the enemy's heavy fire, he displayed extraordinary bravery throughout the charge, and was the first to reach the enemy trenches, where he quickly killed one of the enemy with his pistol, allowing his men to continue the assault. His leadership and valor turned the tide in the Battle for San Juan Hill. Lieutenant Colonel Roosevelt's extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty are in keeping with the highest traditions of military service and reflect great credit upon himself, his unit, and the United States Army.
Presidency
As President, Roosevelt worked to make the U.S. a world power, one of the most powerful countries in the world. Before, it had been the richest country in the world, but not a significant military power. Roosevelt's foreign policy was described by an African proverb as "speak softly and carry a big stick", meaning you do not have to make war, but should give that impression if you are to be respected. He increased the size of the United States' navy and sent all of the ships across the world to demonstrate to other countries that the United States was strong and could fight if needs be.
He continued the Monroe Doctrine and used the country's military might to influence Latin American politics. He had the Panama Canal built (which allowed ships to travel in less time by taking a shortcut). In doing so, he created the independent country of Panama, which before was part of Colombia, by invading it. He also took a part for the United States, which is where the canal was built. It was not turned over to Panama until 1999. As president, he was interested in what happened in other countries. In 1905, he helped to end the war between the Russian and Japanese empires. Everybody thought Russia would defeat Japan, but the result was the opposite. Roosevelt met both parties and convinced them to sign a peace treaty. He won a Nobel Peace Prize for this work in 1906. He was the first president of any country to win the prize.
At home, Roosevelt fought for all Americans having a "Square Deal", meaning an equal chance for all Americans to become successful. As part of his Square Deal, he regulated big businesses called trusts, and forced several of them to split up in several smaller companies. This should support competition, which he thought was important. Roosevelt supported labor laws for the working class, required meat and drugs to be inspected, and protected the environment. He created several nature reserves. These ideas would influence later presidents to expand the government's role in the economy and to help ordinary workers. Many in the Republican party opposed him because of this, however.
After being president
Roosevelt did not run for President in 1908, as he had the office for nearly eight years. He wanted his Solicitor General, William Howard Taft to run for President instead. Taft was chosen, and Roosevelt went to Africa to hunt big game. However, when he came back, he thought Taft was not doing a good job and taking too little actions against so-called trusts. Taft was also more conservative and he did not continue all of Roosevelt's progressive policies. He decided to challenge Taft for the Republican nomination in 1912. He failed, but many Republicans preferred Roosevelt, and instead he launched his own party, the Progressive party. While running for President and holding a speech, he was shot, but lived and even finished his speech. Because the Republican voters split between Roosevelt and Taft, they both lost to Woodrow Wilson. Roosevelt also thought Wilson was not doing a good job, either, and wanted the U.S. to enter World War I after it broke out. He prepared to run again, for the third time, in 1920. Nobody had served more than eight years at the time. Roosevelt died, however, on January 6, 1919 of a pulmonary embolism and a heart attack in his sleep. Because he was so strong, a newspaper commented that "death had to take Roosevelt asleep", because if he had been awake there would have been a fight between him and death.
Other Information
Besides being president, Roosevelt was an author and historian. He wrote 35 books about politics, ships, and hunting. He is thought to be one of America's presidents who read the most. He owned a large ranch in North Dakota. He also hunted large animals throughout the world and was active with the Boy Scouts of America.
Legacy
Roosevelt is one of four Presidents to be carved in stone on Mount Rushmore. Historians consider him one of the best U.S. presidents.
Namesake
Theodore Roosevelt is the namesake of many American schools. He has a national park in North Dakota named after him, a type of elk (big deer), as well as river in Brazil. The popular stuffed animal doll, the Teddy bear, was named after Roosevelt.
Two US Navy ships are named after him:
USS Theodore Roosevelt (SSBN-600), a submarine that was in commission from 1961 to 1982
USS Theodore Roosevelt (CVN-71), an aircraft carrier that has been in the Atlantic Fleet since 1986
References
Notes
Other websites
Theodore Roosevelt's White House biography
1858 births
1919 deaths
American environmentalists
American military personnel of the Spanish-American War
American Nobel Prize winners
American progressives
Deaths from pulmonary embolism
Cardiovascular disease deaths in the United States
Civil servants
Colonels
Governors of New York
Politicians from New York
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
US Republican Party politicians
20th-century American politicians
19th-century American politicians
Roosevelt family |
7687 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composer | Composer | A composer is someone who writes (composes) music. Some composers work by writing music down on paper; this is called 'written notation'. Classical music writers work this way. Writers for TV and movie music also usually write this way, so that an orchestra or other players can read the music and play it.
Some musicians are very good at improvisation. This means that they think up (invent) the music as they play it. Some church organists are good at improvising. During a service they may need to play some organ music to fill in the gaps while people are collecting money or taking communion. Jazz musicians are usually excellent at improvising. Improvisation is not written down, so each time it is different.
Popular and rock or soul music writers are often not able to read and write music down. Many pop and rock composers compose their songs on a guitar or piano. Cole Porter and Irving Berlin usually composed at the piano.
Many songs are written by two or more people. It is common for two people to work together to write songs. Sometimes, one person writes the music and one writes the words (the lyrics). Some songs such as folk songs were composed many years ago and no one knows who wrote them.
Related pages
Composition (music) |
7688 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannes%20Film%20Festival | Cannes Film Festival | The Cannes Film Festival is an event held every year in Cannes, France. The festival previews films from around the world.
Only those who are invited can attend the festival. The top film wins the Palme d'Or. The second most prestigious trophy is the Grand Prix. A jury selects which film earns the prizes. The jury is led by an internationally recognized personality of cinema. Being appointed to this position is the recognition of an outstanding career.
Past winners of the Palme d'Or
1939 - 1960
1939 Union Pacific (United States)
1946 Hets (Sweden)
1946 The Lost Weekend (United States)
1946 De røde enge (Denmark)
1946 Neecha Nagar (India)
1946 Brief Encounter (United Kingdom)
1946 María Candelaria (Mexico)
1946 Великий перелом (Soviet Union)
1946 La symphonie pastorale (France)
1946 Die Letzte Chance (Switzerland)
1946 Muži bez křídel (Czechoslovakia)
1946 Roma, città aperta (Italy)
1949 The Third Man (United Kingdom)
1951 Fröken Julie (Sweden)
1951 Miracolo a Milano (Italy)
1952 The Tragedy of Othello: The Moor of Venice (United States)
1952 Due soldi di speranza (Italy)
1953 Le Salaire de la peur (France)
1954 Jigokumon (Japan)
1955 Marty (United States)
1956 Le monde du silence (France)
1957 Friendly Persuasion (United States)
1958 Летят журавли (Soviet Union)
1959 Orfeu Negro (France)
1960 La Dolce Vita (Italy)
1961 - 1980
1961 Une aussi longue absence (France)
1961 Viridian (Spain)
1962 O Pagador de Promessas (Brazil)
1963 Il Gattopardo (Italy)
1964 Les Parapluies de Cherbourg (France)
1965 The Knack (United Kingdom)
1966 Un homme et une femme (France)
1966 Signore & signori (Italy)
1967 Blowup (Italy)
1969 If.... (United Kingdom)
1970 M*A*S*H (United States)
1971 The Go-Between (United Kingdom)
1972 La classe operaia va in paradiso (Italy)
1972 Il Caso Mattei (Italy)
1973 The Hireling (United Kingdom)
1973 Scarecrow (United States)
1974 The Conversation (United States)
1975 Chronicle of the Years of Fire (Algeria)
1976 Taxi Driver (United States)
1977 Father and Master (Italy)
1978 L'Albero degli zoccoli (Italy)
1979 Apocalypse Now (United States)
1979 Die Blechtrommel (West Germany)
1980 All That Jazz (United States)
1980 Kagemusha (Japan)
1981 - 2000
1981 Czlowiek z zelaza (Poland)
1982 Missing (United States)
1982 Yol (Turkey)
1983 Narayama bushiko (Japan)
1984 Paris, Texas (West Germany)
1985 Otac Na službenom putu (Yugoslavia)
1986 The Mission (United Kingdom)
1987 Sous le soleil de Satan (France)
1988 Pelle erobreren (Denmark)
1989 Sex, Lies, and Videotape (United States)
1990 Wild at Heart (United States)
1991 Barton Fink (United States)
1992 Den goda viljan (Denmark)
1993 霸王别姬 (China)
1993 The Piano (New Zealand)
1994 Pulp Fiction United States
1995 Underground (Federal Republic of Yugoslavia)
1996 Secrets & Lies (United Kingdom)
1997 Ta'm e guilass (Iran)
1997 Unagi (Japan)
1998 Mia aioniotita kai mia mera (Greece)
1999 Rosetta (Belgium)
2000 Dancer in the Dark (Denmark)
2001 - 2020
2001 La stanza Del figlio (Italy)
2002 The Pianist (France)
2003 Elephant (United States)
2004 Fahrenheit 9/11 (United States)
2005 L'enfant (Belgium)
2006 The Wind that Shakes the Barley (United Kingdom)
2007 4 luni, 3 săptămâni şi 2 zile (Romania)
2008 Entre les murs (France)
2009 Das weiße Band, Eine deutsche Kindergeschichte (Austria)
2010 Lung Bunmi Raluek Chat / ลุงบุญมีระลึกชาติ (Thailand)
2011 The Tree of Life (United States)
2012 Amour (Austria)
2013 Blue Is the Warmest Colour (Tunisia)
2014 Winter Sleep (Turkey)
2015 Dheepan (France)
2016 I, Daniel Blake (United Kingdom)
Other awards
Feature Movies
Grand Prix
Prix de la mise en scène
Prix du Jury
Prix du scénario
Prix d'interprétation féminine du Festival de Cannes
Prix d'interprétation masculine du Festival de Cannes
Prix un certain regard
Short Movies
Palme d'Or du Festival de Cannes - court métrage
Prix du Jury - court métrage
Other
Camera d'Or - Created in 1978 to honor the best first movie in any category
Other websites
Home page
Cannes Film Festival at the Internet Movie Database
Film Festival
Entertainment in France
Festivals in Europe
Lists of movies
Movie festivals
1939 establishments
1930s establishments in France |
7689 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20VIII | Henry VIII | Henry VIII (28 June 1491 – 28 January 1547) was the King of England from 1509 until his death in 1547. He is perhaps one of England's most famous monarchs because he split England from the Roman Catholic Church and the Pope, and because he married six times.
Henry VIII increased the power of the monarchy and government over the country. Many people he did not like were executed under his orders, including two of his own wives. He was easily led by whoever his favourite advisor was: Thomas Wolsey, Thomas More, Thomas Cromwell, Thomas Cranmer and Richard Rich. More and Cromwell were also executed. He passed laws to merge Wales into England and was the first English monarch to be King of Ireland.
His government was able to raise more money because they stopped paying money to the Roman Catholic Church and because they closed down the monasteries. But he also spent far more money on his own enjoyment and on wars with France and Scotland. These wars did not achieve much. He made the Royal Navy much bigger and made other improvements to the armed forces.
Early in his reign he was seen as a handsome young man who had studied a lot and enjoyed sports, music and writing. Later in his reign he became weak, ill and hugely obese. He also became unpredictable, bad-tempered and unable to admit to making mistakes. He died at the age of 55 in 1547. The next king was his son Edward VI.
Early life
Henry was born at Greenwich Palace on 28 June 1491, and was the son of Henry VII of England and Elizabeth of York. He was one of their seven children. Four of them survived infancy – Arthur, Prince of Wales; Margaret; Henry; and Mary .
He had his own servants and minstrels, including a fool named John Goose. He even had a whipping boy who was punished for Henry when he did something wrong. Prince Henry enjoyed music and jousting was very good at both of them. At the age of 10, he could play many instruments, including the fife, harp, viola and drums. Henry was a scholar, linguist, musician and athlete at his early age. He could speak fluent Latin, French and Spanish. He had the best tutors and he also had to learn jousting, archery, hunting and other military arts. Henry was very religious.
Henry's older brother Arthur was the heir to the throne. This means he would have become the king when Henry VII died. Arthur married a Spanish princess, Catherine of Aragon (her name in Spanish was Catalina de Aragon). Prince Arthur died a few months later. He was 15 years old, and Henry was 10 years old. After his brother died, Henry was the heir to the throne.
While his father was alive he was watched closely, because the King feared for the safety of his only remaining male heir. Henry could go out only through a private door, and then he was watched by specially appointed people. No one could speak to Henry. He spent most of his time in his room, which could only be entered through his father’s bedroom. Henry never spoke in public, unless it was to answer a question from his father. He kept his enthusiastic personality under control on public occasions because he feared his father's temper. He was given little training for his future role as King by his father and relied heavily on his counselors in the early years of his reign. In 1509, Henry VII died of tuberculosis as well and his son became King Henry VIII. He was 17 years old.
Reign
Early years
Three months after becoming king, Henry married Catherine of Aragon. They tried to have children, as Henry wanted a son who could be the next king. In 1511, she gave birth to a son who they named Henry, but he died seven weeks later. She later gave birth to a girl, the future Queen Mary I. All her other children were stillborn (died before birth). He did have one son (Henry Fitzroy) through a woman he was not married to. This son could not become king.
Early on, Henry had two of his father's advisors executed. They were not popular and Henry claimed they had been stealing from the money they had been looking after. Henry would often execute anyone he did not like during the rest of his reign. From 1514, Thomas Wolsey became an important advisor to Henry. Wolsey helped Henry change the government to give the king more power. Wolsey later became a cardinal, making him an important figure in the church.
At first, Henry wanted to be friends with the King of France. But soon, he instead joined with Spain, the Pope and the Holy Roman Empire to weaken France. He dreamed of gaining more lands in France. The results were mixed: England won some battles against France in 1513. The alliance weakened France`s power over the Pope. Scotland invaded England in 1514 but lost badly at the Battle of the Flodden. But Henry spent a lot of money and did not gain much land.
In 1520, an event named; 'The Field of the Cloth of Gold', took place in Calais (at the time, the city was part of England rather than France). It was held to celebrate peace between France and England because they had been at war for a long time. Loads of money was spent on it. People enjoyed music, dancing, food, wine and culture for two-and-a-half weeks. Henry famously wrestled King Francis I of France and lost. Despite this, England and France were soon fighting again. After they signed a treaty in 1525, there was less fighting.
Split with Rome
The most important event that happened in England when Henry was the king was the country's change in religion. At first, there was no sign that Henry would do this. Eight years into Henry's reign, the Protestant Reformation began in Germany. Until then, all of Western Europe had been part of the Roman Catholic Church. When the Reformation began, some countries broke away from the Roman Catholic Church to form Protestant churches. At first, Henry was against this. The Reformation did not spread to England straight away. But by the 1530s, there were many powerful people in England who liked the idea of the Reformation.
Henry became desperate to have a son. By 1527, Henry was wanting to divorce Catherine and marry Anne Boleyn. The Roman Catholic Church said he could not divorce without asking the Pope. Henry asked the Pope, but the Pope would not do this. The Pope said it went against the teachings of the church. Henry blamed Wolsey for failing to change the Pope's mind. He sacked Wolsey and ordered him to be put on trial, though Wolsey died before the trial could happen. After that, Thomas More became his main advisor. But More opposed the divorce, so he was replaced a few years later by Thomas Cromwell. Henry also chose a man called Thomas Cranmer to be the Archbishop of Canterbury. Henry knew that Cranmer would do what he wanted, and Cranmer agreed that Henry could have a divorce from Catherine. The Pope did not know this, so he let Cranmer become the archbishop.
A powerful ruler might have forced the Pope to change his mind, but the most powerful rulers would have opposed the divorce. Catherine's nephew was Charles V, Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, and Catherine came from Spain, the largest Catholic country. In 1534, attempts to reach an agreement over the divorce failed.
Henry asked Parliament to pass the Act of Supremacy, which meant that the king, not the pope, was the head of the church in England. This created the new Church of England. The Pope was so angry that he excommunicated Henry, meaning Henry was thrown out of the church. Henry then forced all priests and bishops to accept him as the new leader. Anyone who refused was punished. Among those killed were Thomas More and his old teacher John Fisher.
Henry was not a true Protestant. He wanted the Church of England to be similar to the Roman Catholic Church but under his control. Some Protestants were even executed, including Anne Askew. However, Henry was easily led by people like Thomas Crownell, Thomas Cranmer and Anne Bolyen, who secretly wanted the country to become Protestant. It was not until the reigns of Edward VI and Elizabeth I that the Church of England became fully Protestant.
Henry and Cromwell thought that monasteries, in which Roman Catholic monks and nuns lived, had more money and land than the monks and nuns needed. Henry forced the monks and nuns to move out of the monasteries. Then Henry gave their money and land to men who supported him. Most of the men who received money and land from the closed monasteries were Protestants. This event was called the dissolution of the monasteries.
Later marriages
After his divorce from Catherine of Aragon, Henry VIII married Anne Boleyn, who was younger than Catherine and still able to have children. Henry soon became unhappy with the marriage. He and Anne did not get on well as they had before they married. Anne had many enemies in the government, including Henry's most loyal minister, Thomas Cromwell. Henry was also unhappy that Anne, just like Catherine, only had a daughter and no sons. Henry started looking for another wife.
In January 1536, Henry fell off a horse while jousting and was badly injured. He took a long time to wake up and his leg was wounded. The wound never properly healed, and he had painful ulcers on his leg for the rest of the his life. This meant it was hard for him to do exercise, so after this he started to become obese. The head injury may have also caused him to become more bad-tempered.
Later that year, Cromwell helped Henry to find a way to get rid of Anne, by finding people who said that she had been the lover of several other men. Anne was put on trial and found guilty, and she was executed by having her head chopped off by a French swordsman.
Henry's third wife was Jane Seymour. She soon gave birth to a son called Edward. Although this made Henry very happy, a few days later Jane died. Henry had loved her very much and he never got over his sadness at her death. He lost interest in everything, and became bigger in size. He became angry with Thomas Cromwell when Cromwell suggested that he should get married again after Jane's death.
After a while, Henry changed his mind. As he still only had one son, he realised that it might be a good idea to marry again, and he agreed to marry Anne of Cleves, a German princess. When Anne arrived, Henry did not think she was as pretty as she looked in the pictures he had seen, and he was not satisfied with her. Anne was also unhappy and agreed to be divorced from Henry after only a few months. Cromwell had helped arrange the marriage. Henry was angry with Cromwell and had him executed.
In the meantime, Henry had noticed a young lady at court, called Catherine Howard, and thought that she might make a good wife. Catherine Howard was a cousin of Henry's second wife, Anne Boleyn. Henry and Catherine got married in 1540, but Catherine was much younger than Henry and she soon got tired of him and started to flirt with other men. After they had been married for just over a year, Henry found out that Catherine had been having an affair with someone else. She was found guilty of treason and was executed, just like Anne Boleyn had been a few years before.
Henry's sixth and last wife was called Catherine Parr. She was a woman in her thirties who had already been married twice. Her first two husbands had been much older than she was, and both had died. Henry thought that she would be more sensible and faithful than his other wives, and he turned out to be right. Catherine Parr stayed married to Henry for over three years until he died, but they did not have any children.
After divorcing Catherine of Aragon, Henry began to suffer many different ailments, he never again regained health. He died on 28 January 1547 at the age of 55 and was buried in Windsor Castle. Henry was the father of two queens and one king. They were Mary I of England, Elizabeth I of England, and Edward VI of England. None of them had any children of their own.
In 1536, the Act of Union was passed under Henry's rule which had a long-lasting effect on Wales as a nation. The Act of Union meant that Welsh people were forced to speak English and things such as road signs were translated into English. The royal family, who were based in London, were now officially in charge of Wales. However, the Act also meant that Welsh citizens were given the same legal rights as the English so there was an upside to this new law.
Personality
Henry often liked to be captured in his portraits with either food or pets. He had many pets. Henry was often seen with his dog. He owned a white pug and was very aware of how much his dog represented him as a wealthy man.
Henry VIII spent a lot of time at a magnificent building named Hampton Court Palace that belonged to his friend, Cardinal Thomas Wolsey. After falling out with Wolsey, Henry took the palace for himself. He made the palace far larger, building things such as tennis courts and jousting yards.
Ancestry
References
General references
Ives, E. W. "Henry VIII (1491–1547)", in The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2004), online at OUP, a good starting point
Pollard, A. F. Henry VIII (1905) 470 pp; the first modern biography, accurate and still valuable online edition
Rex, Richard. Henry VIII and the English Reformation. (1993). 205 pp.
Ridley, Jasper. Henry VIII. (1985). 473 pp. popular biography
Starkey, David. "Henry." (2009). Very detailed biographical account of Henry's early life
Other websites
VIII on Citizendium
1491 births
1547 deaths
1500s in Europe
1510s in Europe
1520s in Europe
1530s in Europe
1540s in Europe
16th century in England
English Anglicans
English royalty
Former Roman Catholics
House of Tudor
People excommunicated by the Catholic Church
People from Kent |
7690 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestra | Orchestra | An orchestra is a group of musicians playing instruments together. They make music. A large orchestra is sometimes called a "symphony orchestra" and a small orchestra is called a "chamber orchestra". A symphony orchestra may have about 100 players, while a chamber orchestra may have 30 or 40 players. The number of players will depend on what music they are playing and the size of the place where they are playing. The word "orchestra" originally meant the semi-circular space in front of a stage in a Greek theatre which is where the singers and instruments used to play. Gradually the word came to mean the musicians themselves.
The conductor
The orchestra is directed by a conductor. He/she helps the players to play together, to get the right balance so that everything can be heard clearly, and to encourage the orchestra to play with the same kind of feeling. Some small chamber orchestras may play without a conductor. This was usual until the 19th century when the orchestras got very big and needed a conductor who made decisions and stood in front so that all the players could see him.
The instruments
The instruments of the orchestra are divided into districts: the strings, woodwind, brass and percussion. Each section (group of instruments) will have a player who is the "Boss". The principals will make decisions about seating arrangements, and about technical ways of playing the music: for example the principal of the string sections will make sure all the players move their bows up and down in the same direction. The violins are divided into first and second violins. The first violins usually have the tune while the seconds, most of the time, are part of the accompaniment. The principal of the first violin is the leader (or concertmaster) of the orchestra. In a professional orchestra they will be the most highly paid member of the orchestra.
The string family
The strings are the biggest section, although there are only five kinds of instruments: violin, viola, cello, double bass, and harp. This is because they are playing most of the time and usually form the basis of the music. If they are not playing the tune they will probably be accompanying. The first and second violins play different notes: the firsts usually have the tune. The strings sit at the front of the stage in a fan-shape in front of the conductor. The first violins are on the conductor's left, then come the second violins, then the violas and then the cellos. The double basses are behind the cellos. Some conductors prefer to have the second violins on their right and the cellos between the first violins and violas (see image of the Dohnanyi Orchestra).
The woodwind family
The woodwind sit in one or two rows (depending on the size of the orchestra) behind the strings. There are five main woodwind instruments: flute, oboe, clarinet, saxophone, and bassoon. Each of these instruments also come in different versions:
The flute has a small version called the piccolo which plays an octave higher. It is the highest instrument in the orchestra. Occasionally there is an alto flute which is longer and plays a fifth (half an octave) lower than the flute. Most woodwind instruments need a reed, but the flute does not have a reed.
The bassoon has a larger version: the contrabassoon or double bassoon which sounds an octave lower. It is one of the lowest instruments in the orchestra.
The clarinet has a larger version as well; the bass clarinet. It reaches the same depth as a bassoon. Usually only one is found in a modern orchestra. There is also an alto clarinet but because it plays the same part an alto saxophone plays, it is typically regarded as an unnecessary instrument.
A formal orchestra will always consist of two of the four main instruments. The variations of the instruments are used where the piece asks for it. Usually, the newer pieces written after 1850 will have more instruments.
Sometimes a player will double on these extra instruments, for example: one of the flute players may also play the piccolo in the same piece. It depends on the piece of music. Obviously a player cannot play the flute and piccolo at the same time. If the two instruments do play at the same time an extra player will be needed for the piccolo.
The brass family
The brass section has four sections: trumpet, trombone, French horn, and tuba. Some of these come in several sizes. The article on transposing instruments explains more about it. The trumpet may have several slightly different sizes. The lowest kind is a bass trumpet. The trombone may be an alto, tenor, bass or contrabass trombone. The French horn, like the other brass instruments, has changed over the years. Modern horns have at least three valves and are usually in F. They often sit in a different place to the other brass. The tuba comes in different sizes and the player or conductor must decide which to use for the piece they are playing. There are large ones called contrabass tubas. A small tuba is commonly also seen and is called a euphonium or a baritone horn.
The percussion family
The percussion section has the largest variety of instruments. The timpani (or "kettle drums") can be tuned to particular notes. They are the most common percussion instrument. Composers such as Haydn and Mozart nearly always used them, even with their small orchestras. This is the most commonly used percussion instruments and is used in almost all pieces.
The rest of the percussion section can include tuned percussion instruments like the xylophone. Non-tuned percussion can be other kinds of drum like bass drum, snare drum, and a variety of others: simple to name the most common ones. The principal percussion player will have to decide which player will play which instrument(s). The percussionists have to work well together as a team so all parts can be covered.
The history of the orchestra
It is difficult to say when the orchestra was invented because instruments have played together for many centuries. If we say that an orchestra is a group of string instruments with several players playing the same part, and that there may be wind instruments (i.e. woodwind and brass) or percussion playing as well, then the 17th century is the time that orchestras started. In Paris in 1626 King Louis XIII had an orchestra of 24 violins (called "24 Violons du Roi"). Later in the century the English king Charles II wanted to be like the French king and so he, too, had a string orchestra. Gradually the other instruments were added. At this time there was usually someone playing the harpsichord (the continuo part). It was often the composer himself, who would have conducted from the keyboard at important moments like the beginning and end of the piece.
Clarinets came into the orchestra at the end of the 18th century, and trombones at the beginning of the 19th century. Orchestras were still quite small, though. The saxophone was invented in the middle of the 19th century, but although they started to use it in orchestras, it soon became an instrument that was used in wind bands and later jazz bands. The opera composer Richard Wagner made the orchestra much bigger because he kept asking for extra instruments. He asked for a bass clarinet in his opera Lohengrin, and for his cycle of four operas called The Ring of the Nibelung he asked for an exact number of players: 16 first violins, 16 second violins, 12 violas, 12 cellos, 8 double basses, 3 flutes and piccolo, 3 oboes and cor anglais, 3 clarinets and bass clarinet, 3 bassoons, 3 trumpets and bass trumpet, 3 tenor trombones and a double bass trombone, 8 horns with 4 of them playing a specially designed tuba, a bass tuba, percussion, and 6 harps.
Not all pieces written after that need quite such a large orchestra, but concert halls had become bigger and composers had got used to a bigger variety of sounds. Later composers sometimes added all sorts of unusual instruments: wind machine, sandpaper block, bottles, typewriter, anvils, iron chains, cuckoo, Swannee whistle etc. None of these are normal orchestral instruments. Sometimes a piano is used in the percussion section, e.g. Igor Stravinsky used one in Petrouchka. Sometimes voices are also used.
The orchestra today
Today orchestras can usually be heard in concert halls. They also play in opera houses for opera and ballet, or in a large stadium for huge open-air concerts. Orchestras may record in studios for making CDs or recording music for movies. Many of them can be heard easily and cheaply every summer in London at the BBC Proms.
Some of the greatest orchestras today include: the New York Philharmonic Orchestra, the Boston Symphony Orchestra, the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, the Cleveland Orchestra, the Los Angeles Philharmonic Orchestra, the London Symphony Orchestra, the London Philharmonic Orchestra, the BBC Symphony Orchestra, the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra, the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra, the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra, the Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra, the Singapore Symphony Orchestra, the St Petersburg Philharmonic Orchestra, the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra, and the NHK Symphony Orchestra (Tokyo). Opera houses usually have their own orchestra, e.g. the orchestras of the Metropolitan Opera House, La Scala, or the Royal Opera House.
In many countries there are opportunities for school-age children who play instruments well to play in youth orchestras in their areas. In Britain some of the very best are selected to play in the National Youth Orchestra of Great Britain. Other world-famous youth orchestras include the Orquesta Sinfónica Simón Bolívar, Gustav Mahler Youth Orchestra, the European Union Youth Orchestra and the West-Eastern Divan Orchestra.
References
The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 1980; ed. Stanley Sadie;
Orchestration by Walter Piston, London 1965.
Related pages
Orchestration |
7692 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosexuality | Homosexuality | Homosexuality is a sexual orientation. A homosexual person is romantically or sexually attracted to people of their own gender. Men who are romantically or sexually attracted to other men are called gay. Women who are romantically or sexually attracted to other women can be called gay as well, but are usually called lesbians. People who are romantically or sexually attracted to men and women are called bisexual.
Together homosexual, bisexual, and transgender people make up the LGBT community, which stands for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender. It is difficult to say how many people are homosexual. Homosexuality is known to exist in all cultures and countries.
Other titles for homosexuality
Definition
One may say that homosexuality is the term used for people that feel romantically or sexually attracted to their own sex, but other definitions also exist. When one views homosexuality as the term for people that feel romantically or sexually attracted to their own sex, more people are gay than when one might view homosexuality as only a term for people who do have sexual relationships with their own sex. Usually, the term is used to view all the people who are romantically or sexually attracted to their own sex, as well as those with such attractions who have not had a sexual relationship with their own sex yet. Nonetheless, the most visible form of homosexuality is the actual relationship. Most 'evidence' of homosexuality in ancient cultures comes from drawings of the men in an intimate relationship or sex, because it's the most obvious.
The word homosexual comes from the Ancient Greek word homo, meaning "same", and the Latin word for "gender". People in the LGBT community usually say "gay" instead of "homosexual." Some people also use the term homophile (from Greek ("homos", meaning the same) and ("philein"; meaning to love). This term emphasizes romantic interest in the same sex, rather than sexual attraction.
Other names
There are many different words to describe homosexual people. Some of these are used to insult homosexual people. However, the LGBT community sometimes uses these words to describe themselves because the word "homosexual" can sound too clinical. This is done to make the words less hurtful. Some words to describe homosexual men are gay and queer. Words to describe homosexual women are lesbian and dyke. Lesbian is used most often. Dyke is used less often and is sometimes used to describe lesbians who are more masculine (act or dress more like men). However, "queer" and "dyke" are sometimes used against gay people as insults, so they can sometimes be offensive.
Homosexual pride
When homosexual people keep their sexual orientation a secret, they are said to be "in the closet". "Out" or "out of the closet" is a slang term that means a homosexual person is open about their sexual orientation. This means they do not hide the fact that they are homosexual. Some gay and lesbian people stay in the closet because of fear of what would happen or because they live in a place that is not safe for homosexual people.
Sometimes people who are 'out' also say they are 'proud'. "Out" means they are not hiding their sexual orientation. "Proud" means that they are pleased about it. "Proud" or "Pride" has a special meaning in the LGBT community. It means they are celebrating and being happy that they are homosexual. It is not 'pride' meaning that they have done something to be proud of, but 'pride' meaning the opposite of shame. Many cities have "Pride Parades". These used to be protest marches. Today, they are usually celebrations of the LGBT community. They usually occur in June, in memory of the 'Stonewall Riots' that happened in New York City in 1969. These riots happened because police harassed and arrested people for being homosexual. 'Stonewall' or the 'Stonewall Riots' are sometimes called the start of the LGBT rights movement.
Causes
The causes of homosexuality and bisexuality are controversial (people do not agree on them). The causes of homosexuality are not all understood, but genetics and the effects of the prenatal environment and hormones (when a baby is growing in its mother) are thought to be causes. There is not much evidence that the social environment is a cause of homosexuality. Scientists also show that homosexuality happens not only in humans. Some animals (like penguins, chimpanzees, and dolphins) often show homosexuality, and some (rams) even for lifelong periods as is the case with humans.
Doctors used to treat gay people as if they had mental illnesses. However, homosexuality is no longer called a disease by doctors in many countries. There are some religious and non-religious groups who still try to 'cure' homosexuality. This is sometimes called 'conversion therapy'. In therapies like this one, homosexual individuals have tried to become heterosexual and have even claimed they were changed, but most people do not believe it is possible.
Conversion therapy or reparative therapy aims to change people's sexual orientation from homosexual to heterosexual. It is condemned by medical and psychiatry groups such as the American Psychological Association, American Psychiatric Association, Royal College of Psychiatrists, National Association of Social Workers, Royal College of Nursing, and the American Academy of Pediatrics. These scientific and educated groups are concerned that such therapy is a violation of the ethical principles of health care, and violates human rights.
Many people believe that it is unfortunate to discuss causes of homosexuality and bisexuality without discussing causes of heterosexuality, too. Although it is easy to understand why heterosexuality exists (heterosexual sex produces babies), that does not explain how the brain develops to produce heterosexual people. Heterosexuality, homosexuality, and bisexuality all have causes, and some people believe that to discuss only the causes of homosexuality and bisexuality suggests that there is something wrong with people who have those orientations.
Relationships
Gay people can fall in love and have lifelong relationships. In most countries, they cannot legally marry their partners. However, they still have relationships in the same way as heterosexual people.
Some homosexual people have wedding ceremonies even though governments do not recognize or accept them. They may call their partner a spouse, wife, or husband despite the law.
But to them, the important part about marriage is not just the name. Married people get many benefits from being married. Depending on the country, these benefits can include paying less taxes, getting their spouse's insurance, inheriting property, social security benefits, having or adopting children together, emigrating to a spouse's country, being able to make choices for a sick spouse, or even being allowed to visit a sick spouse who is in a hospital.
Today there are numerous countries that allow homosexual people to marry, including: Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Denmark, England, Finland, France, Iceland, Ireland, Luxembourg, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Republic of Ireland, Scotland, Spain, South Africa, Sweden, Uruguay, the United States and Wales. The Netherlands was first in 2001. It is also legal in six Native American tribes.
Instead of marriage, some countries or states offer homosexuals civil unions or domestic partnerships. This gives them some of the protections and benefits of marriage, but not all. Civil unions and domestic partnerships are sometimes seen by the LGBT community as being 'second class' (not as good as 'first class'). They do offer some benefits for gay and lesbian couples, but they also suggest that these couples are not as important or valid as heterosexual couples. Some people even say this is like the "separate but equal" rules that were used to segregate people by race in the United States. They believe that separate is never equal and homosexuals should not accept being second class citizens.
Religion
Many religions teach that homosexual sex is a sin. Such religions traditionally include Islam, Christianity and Judaism. Usually, it is only the act of sexual intercourse that is considered sinful and not natural. Not all believe the attraction, is sinful, just the actions in response to the desire.
However, some denominations (different parts) of these religions and some eastern religions now accept homosexuality. There are several other religions that are accepting of homosexuality, particularly new religions. There are also some religions which are indifferent to homosexuality, such as Zoroastrianism and Jainism.
Problems homosexuals face
In many countries, homosexual people are discriminated against. A homosexual person can be fired from a job because they are gay, even if they are a good worker. Homosexual people can be denied renting a home or being able to eat in a restaurant because of their sexual orientation.
In some countries, homosexual people can experience violence. For example, Islamic law is used in some places to kill homosexuals or place them in jail. Some groups believe over 4,000 homosexual people have been killed in Iran since 1979 because of their sexual orientation. In 2005, after fourteen months of prison and torture, two teenage boys were hanged in Iran for homosexuality.
In modern times, homosexuality has become more accepted in Western countries. Most western countries have laws that protect homosexuals from violence and discrimination.
In the United Kingdom, homosexuality used to be a crime. Oscar Wilde, the famous Irish writer was imprisoned for it, and as a result, it destroyed his reputation and career as a wit and playwright. Alan Turing, the man who helped the Allies in World War II by breaking the Enigma Code used by the Germans, was convicted of this crime and according to some speculations he ultimately killed himself over the effects of the attempt to cure his homosexuality.
Today in the United Kingdom, homosexual people are safer. Homosexual sex between adults is not a crime. Gay and lesbian couples can marry. Gay people can be in the military.
In most of the world, homosexual people still do not have the same rights and freedoms that heterosexuals have.
Homosexual behaviour in animals
Homosexual behaviour has also been seen in animals. Homosexual, transgender and bisexual behaviour includes sex, courtship, affection, pair bonding, and parenting. Homosexual behaviour is widespread among animals. Bruce Bagemihl did research in 1999. It shows that homosexual behaviour has been observed in close to 1500 species, from primates to gut worms, and is well documented for 500 of them. The sexual behaviour of animals takes many different forms, even within the same species. The motivations for these behaviours are only partly known, mainly because the respecive species has not been fully studied yet. According to Bagemihl, "the animal kingdom [does] it with much greater sexual diversity—including homosexual, bisexual and nonreproductive sex—than the scientific community and society at large have previously been willing to accept."
Related pages
Heterosexuality
Bisexuality
Pansexuality
Asexuality
Antisexuality
References
Other websites
There are national and international groups or organizations for the LGBT community. These organizations are often political. They fight for the rights and safety of homosexuals.
Some of the more important political organizations are:
The International Lesbian and Gay Association
The Human Rights Campaign
GLAAD, The Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation
Stonewall UK
The International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission
Egale Canada
LGBT variations |
7693 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight%20D.%20Eisenhower | Dwight D. Eisenhower | Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower( (October 14, 1890 – March 28, 1969) was the 34th president of the United States, from 1953 to 1961. He was known across the world for his help leading the Allied invasions in World War II.
Early life
Dwight David Eisenhower was born on October 14, 1890, at 609 S. Lamar Avenue in Denison, Texas. He was the third of seven sons. His mother originally named him David Dwight, but she switched two names after his birth so that there wouldn't be two Davids in the family.
In 1892, the family moved to Abilene, Kansas, which Eisenhower considered his hometown. Dwight became very interested in exploring the outdoors. He learned about hunting and fishing, cooking, and card playing from a man named Bob Davis who camped on the Smoky Hill River.
Eisenhower went to Abilene High School. He graduated with the class of 1909. He and brother Edgar both wanted to go to college, but they did not have enough money. They decided to take different years at college while the other worked to earn money to pay the tuitions.
Edgar took the first turn at school, and Dwight was working a job as a night supervisor at the Belle Springs Creamery. When Edgar asked for a second year, Dwight accepted and worked for a second year. At that time, a friend named "Swede" Hazlett was applying to the Naval Academy. He wanted Dwight to apply to the school, since there was no tuition. Eisenhower asked for consideration for either Annapolis or West Point with his U.S. Senator, Joseph L. Bristow. Though Eisenhower was one of the winners of the entrance-exam competition, he was too old for the Naval Academy. He then accepted an appointment to West Point in 1911.
At West point, Eisenhower liked the traditions and the sports. In sports, Eisenhower later said that "not making the baseball team at West Point was one of the greatest disappointments of my life, maybe my greatest". He joined the varsity football team and was a starter as running back and linebacker in 1912. He tackled the legendary Jim Thorpe of the Carlisle Indians. Eisenhower got a torn knee while being tackled in the next game, which was the last he played; he re-injured his knee on horseback and in the boxing ring, so he turned to fencing and gymnastics.
Eisenhower later served as junior varsity football coach and cheerleader. He graduated in the middle of the class of 1915. That class became known as "the class the stars fell on", because 59 members became general officers.
Military Career
Eisenhower was born into a family which did not have much money. He joined the United States Military Academy at West Point as a cadet in 1911, and as an officer served in many different places including the Panama Canal Zone, Washington, D.C. and the Philippines. During World War II, he was a general. He directed the invasion of Morocco and Algeria during the North African Campaign. He became a 5-star general and was the Supreme Allied Commander for Operation Overlord (an attack on Germany which was one of the most important battles of the war).
After World War II ended, he was considered a war hero. In the 1952 U.S. presidential election, the American public begged Eisenhower to run for President. Eisenhower (whose political views were unknown at the time) joined the Republican Party. He chose Richard Nixon as his vice-presidential candidate and won the election by beating Adlai Stevenson II.
Presidency, 1953–61
He served two terms from 1953–1961. Eisenhower was the first President of the United States to be president of all 50 states.
During the beginning of his first term, he oversaw a ceasefire (which stopped the fighting) during the Korean War. He created NASA (the United States space program) which began a space race against the Soviet Union. Eisenhower believed that the United States should not try to fight wars overseas, but instead that United States should make more nuclear weapons so it could have an advantage in the Cold War. The United States was able to keep the Soviet Union in check without spending a lot of money. For this reason, the U.S. government had balanced budgets during his presidency and did not have to borrow money.
He intimidated the Soviet Union by making them believe that the United States would respond to any act of aggression with the use of nuclear weapons. That policy is called brinkmanship, new look, and massive retaliation. He also authorized planes to spy on the Soviet Union, but when a U.S. spy plane accidentally crashed into the Soviet Union near the end of Eisenhower's term, it hurt relations between the United States and the Soviet Union.
McCarthyism (when Senator Joseph McCarthy was accusing hundreds of people of being communist spies without evidence) was also an issue during his presidency. Eisenhower disliked Joseph McCarthy and tried to bring him down behind the scenes, but Eisenhower did not like to make enemies, so he did not talk about McCarthy much.
Domestically (in the country), the economy was doing very well and the nation was prosperous. Eisenhower supervised the creation of the interstate highway system and created the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. Eisenhower was a moderate conservative (near the center of the political spectrum). He wanted to continue some New Deal programs such as Social Security, but at the same time, he wanted the government to be limited. At first, many criticized him for not doing enough to give civil rights to African Americans, but later during his presidency, he signed two civil rights acts and sent federal troops to Little Rock, Arkansas to make sure schools were desegregated.
Legacy
When Eisenhower's presidency ended he was not very popular with scholars. Over time his reputation slowly improved and historians now generally consider him to be a good president.
In September 2020, a presidential memorial was dedicated in Washington, D.C. honoring Eisenhower.
References
Other websites
White House biography on Eisenhower
WW2DB: Dwight Eisenhower
1890 births
1969 deaths
American military personnel of World War I
American military personnel of World War II
Deaths from congestive heart failure
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Washington, D.C.
Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
Military-industrial complex
Military people from Texas
Order of Merit
Politicians from Texas
Recipients of the Nishan-e-Pakistan
Recipients of the Order of the Aztec Eagle
Recipients of the Order pro merito Melitensi
Time People of the Year
US Republican Party politicians
20th-century American politicians
Kansas Republicans
People from Denison, Texas |
7696 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factor | Factor | A factor can be:
a number in mathematics;
a chemical in science.
a character in the game Dungeons & Dragons. |
7697 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ball | Ball | Ball could mean:
Ball (dance), a formal dance occasion
Something in the shape of a sphere
A round object which is used in sports and games. Examples are:
Baseball (ball)
Cricket ball
Slang term for testicles
Basic English 850 words |
7698 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrocement | Ferrocement | Ferrocement is both a method and a material used in building or sculpting with cement, sand, water and wire or mesh material. It is often called the thin shell. Thin shell ferrocement offers strength and economy and can be used in many ways including: building homes, creating sculptures, or building boats and ships.
Related pages
Reinforced concrete
Other websites
FerroBoats.com
Ferrocement.com (multi-lingual)
Ferrocement Educational Network
Water Storage book by Art Ludwig, includes Ferrocement Tanks & Excel Water Tank Calculator
Water Tank Design Water Tank Design information
Construction |
7706 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera%20lens | Camera lens | A camera lens is the part of a camera that directs light to the film or, in a digital camera, to a computer chip that can sense the light. Many cheap lenses are plastic but better ones are made from glass. The lens makes an image by focusing the light.
The majority of cameras only have one lens that users cannot change or take out. This is called a fixed lens design. More expensive cameras usually have lenses that come off, so anyone can take out one lens and put in another. A lens may be simple, or may actually be made of several lenses.
Photographers can use different lenses (objectives) to make different kinds of pictures. For example, a telephoto lens can take a picture of something far away. A wide-angle lens is the opposite. A zoom lens is more versatile; it can do both. There are many kinds of lenses.
The study of lenses and how they work is called optics.
Lenses for large sheet film cameras are especially difficult to design. Cameras and their lenses have been made since the 19th century. Some from before World War II, are still usable today. Computers now let engineers make better lenses, though, because they can calculate the way that light goes through the lens and find the best design for each task.
Camera lenses |
7707 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boy | Boy | A boy is a young male human, either a child or teenager. Little boys still have the body of a child. It is not until they reach puberty (adolescence) that their bodies start to mature and they become a man.
The word “boy” was used a long time ago in Anglo-Saxon English. The opposite of a boy is a girl.
Culture
The way boys are brought up will be vary a lot between different cultures. Boys are supposed to be tougher than girls. It is their job to do work which is physically hard, including fighting in the army when they are grown up. However, people’s attitudes are changing and nowadays many girls like to do the same things as boys. In Western cultures boys traditionally wear trousers (pants) while girls wear dresses or skirts. However, many girls also wear trousers these days, like boys, especially when dressed informally. Boys often have shorter hair than girls, although this can vary a lot according to quickly changing fashions.
Traditionally boys like rough games (such as soccer or rugby) and enjoy playing with mechanical things such as toy cars and trains. People today have long discussions about whether this is because they are born like that, or because that is the way society expects them to behave.
The traditional colour for a boy is blue. For girls it is pink. When a baby is born in a hospital it usually gets a blue or pink tag on its wrist or ankle, according to whether it is a boy or a girl.
Names
Some names are boys’ names, others are girls’ names. There are some names which can be for boys and girls (although they may be spelt differently, e.g. “Lesley” for a boy and “Leslie” for a girl).
In some countries such as Britain an “old boy” means a grown up who used to be a pupil at a particular school (e.g. “He is an old boy of Cransbury High School”). The expression can also be used in a very informal, friendly way, e.g. “Nice to see you, old boy!”.
Gallery
Related pages
Man
Boyfriend
Basic English 850 words
Humans
Childhood |
7708 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company%20clerk | Company clerk | Responsible for performing clerical and administrative duties in an office setting. Assists executive assistants and secretaries by sorting mail, filing, answering phones, greeting clients, scheduling meetings, and restocking supplies.
Occupations |
7709 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20McCartney | Paul McCartney | Sir James Paul McCartney (born 18 June 1942) is an English singer, songwriter and composer. He is internationally known as a singer and bassist of the Beatles. With singer and guitarist John Lennon, he contributed music and lyrics to a lot of the band's songs.
Early Life
Paul was born at Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery (Past is Walton Hospital) in Walton, Liverpool, England, He was son of Jim and Mary McCartney, He had one brother is Michael McCartney and stepsister is called Ruth.
The Beatles (1962–1970)
McCartney began writing songs before he was sixteen, and has written well over two hundred. His most famous song is "Yesterday", recorded by the Beatles in 1965. Since then around 2000 artists have recorded the song. Other songs written by McCartney for The Beatles include "Can't Buy Me Love", "Hey Jude", "Penny Lane", "Eleanor Rigby" and "Let It Be".
Often, Beatles songs would have "Lennon/McCartney" written on the record, and it would look like that they had written it together. In fact, most Lennon/McCartney songs were written by only one of them, or with one adding only small parts to the other's work. Each counted on the other to help make their songs better, so they agreed to share the credit equally.
Solo music
Since the Beatles had stopped working together in 1971, McCartney started a new band called Wings with his wife Linda. Wings also had many hit records, including "Band On The Run" and "Mull Of Kintyre". McCartney wrote "Live and Let Die", which became the theme song to a James Bond film with the same title. Wings disbanded in 1981.
Later McCartney recorded a single called "Ebony and Ivory" with Stevie Wonder, then "The Girl is Mine" and "Say, Say, Say" with Michael Jackson. A song with Jackson called "The Man" was released on McCartney's fifth solo album Pipes of Peace. He and Jackson became friends, but this ended after Jackson outbid McCartney for ownership of the publishing company which owned most of the Beatles's music.
McCartney had other hit songs, and also wrote and starred in the movie, Give My Regards to Broad Street, with Linda. The theme song from the movie, "No More Lonely Nights", was also a hit, but the movie did poorly, and McCartney's popularity suffered. He had to work hard to prove his talent was still strong. He co-wrote new songs with Elvis Costello, and began touring more often than he had in years.
Along with popular music, McCartney also began composing classical music, including an oratorio about Liverpool. McCartney was knighted for his contributions to music and to British culture, and for his charity work. He bought John Lennon's former school, Quarry Bank, which he then turned into a performing arts school.
In 1990, the minor planet 4148 was named "McCartney" in his honour. In 2010, he was honoured by President Barack Obama with the Gershwin Prize for his contributions to popular music. He returned to the White House later that year as a recipient of the Kennedy Center Honors. In 2012, he became the last Beatle to receive a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.
Personal life
McCartney married Linda Eastman, a photographer, in 1969. She had a daughter, Heather, whom he adopted. McCartney and Linda had three more children together, named Mary, Stella and James. Stella became a popular fashion designer after she grew up.
Linda died in 1998 of breast cancer (McCartney's mother also died from the same disease in 1956). He married model Heather Mills in 2002; the couple's child Beatrice was born in 2003. McCartney and Mills separated in 2006, and, after a long battle over a settlement, McCartney and Mills divorced in March 2008.
McCartney married New Yorker Nancy Shevell, 51, in a civil ceremony at Old Marylebone Town Hall, London, on 9 October 2011. The couple had been dating since November 2007.
Paul is dead
There was an urban legend that said that McCartney died in a car crash in 1966 and was replaced by a look-alike.
Discography
Solo
McCartney (1970)
Ram (1971)
McCartney II (1980)
Tug of War (1982)
Pipes of Peace (1983)
Press to Play (1986)
Снова в СССР (1988)
Flowers in the Dirt (1989)
Off the Ground (1993)
Flaming Pie (1997)
Run Devil Run (1999)
Driving Rain (2001)
Chaos and Creation in the Backyard (2005)
Memory Almost Full (2007)
Kisses on the Bottom (2012)
New (2013)
Egypt Station (2018)
McCartney III (2020)
References
Paul McCartney
1942 births
Living people
British bass guitarists
English guitarists
English pianists
English singer-songwriters
English composers
Grammy Award winners
Kennedy Center honorees
Musicians from Liverpool
The Beatles members
Knights Bachelor
Companions of Honour
Members of the Order of the British Empire |
7710 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaner%20people | Afrikaner people | Afrikaners are white South Africans who speak Afrikaans as mother tongue and follow the Afrikaans culture. Most of them have Dutch, German, French Huguenot, ancestors. Also known as Boere, Voortrekkers and Burgers, although under slightly different contexts. In South Africa there are about 3 million white people with Afrikaans as mother tongue, that can be assumed to be Afrikaners if they chose to follow the Afrikaans culture.
South African people |
7711 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Lennon | John Lennon | John Winston Ono Lennon (born John Winston Lennon; 9 October 1940 – 8 December 1980) was an English singer and songwriter. He became famous as a singer and guitarist of the English rock band The Beatles. After the Beatles stopped making records in 1970, he lived in the United States with his wife Yoko Ono. He continued his music career up until his death in 1980.
Early life and career
Lennon was born on 9 October 1940 at Liverpool Women's Hospital in Liverpool. He was son of Alfred Lennon and Julia Lennon.
He started the Beatles in his hometown of Liverpool, with Paul McCartney and George Harrison. After Ringo Starr joined the band, they started to be very successful. People were excited by their music, and their live performances always pleased audiences. Manager Brian Epstein and record producer George Martin helped the Beatles become the most popular act in entertainment.
Lennon played the guitar, and later learned to play the piano. Most of the songs the Beatles recorded were written by Lennon and McCartney. Their songs were always credited as by "Lennon/McCartney" on Beatles records, but in fact they usually wrote their songs on their own. The two men often helped to make each other's songs better, so they liked to share writing credit. Famous songs written by Lennon for the Beatles are "A Hard Day's Night", "Help!", "Strawberry Fields Forever", "A Day In The Life" and many others.
The Beatles grew apart as the members got older. Lennon divorced his first wife, Cynthia Powell, and married Yoko Ono, while McCartney married Linda Eastman. Each wife had different ideas, and encouraged their husbands to depend less on each other. Later, some fans blamed Yoko and Linda for breaking the Beatles up.
Lennon loved his wife so much that he added her surname Ono to his own name, since she became Yoko Ono Lennon when she married him. He had never liked his middle name Winston (given him by his mother after Winston Churchill) and wanted to change it, but was told he could not under British law. He could add a new name though, so he did that. He never used the name Winston again, unless he had to for legal reasons (such as when he travelled to America). Otherwise he gave his "full name" as John Ono Lennon.
Later life and career
Lennon recorded several albums and singles after the Beatles disbanded. The best-known one was Imagine. He made many records with Yoko Ono. On some records they called themselves the Plastic Ono Band. Lennon and Ono worked with different musician friends, including Ringo Starr, Jim Keltner, Klaus Voormann, Harry Nilsson, Eric Clapton and Elton John. Lennon's solo music was different from his Beatles songs. He spoke more directly about his own feelings, and sometimes used harsh language or loud sounds. This upset a few fans, who wished for more Beatles music from him.
Lennon and Ono moved to the United States in 1971, and settled in New York City. Ono had a daughter, Kyoko Chan Cox, from an earlier husband, Anthony Cox, a filmmaker, who took her and disappeared. It was easier to look for Kyoko, and get the law's help to look, if they stayed in America. Ono and Lennon were also hurt emotionally by the way Ono was treated by many people in England. Some insulted Ono, and asked Lennon why he was with her. On the other hand, most of the people they met in America accepted them together.
Lennon and Ono were also campaigners for peace in the world. They used Lennon's famous name to talk to the media (television, radio and newspapers) about their beliefs. Lennon and Ono were sometimes in trouble with people like politicians, who did not like the things they said. President Richard Nixon's administration even tried to deport Lennon, because of his political views.
The two things Lennon and Ono wanted most were to live permanently in the United States, and to have a child together. Their lives were stressful in the early 1970s for several reasons. There were the problems with immigrating to the United States, and with the search for Kyoko. The public were also sometimes negative toward Ono, her music, and her ideas. The couple had several miscarriages, caused partly by the stress.
Lennon also had business problems, because leaving the Beatles was not as simple as quitting an ordinary job. The Beatles had signed many contracts. They promised to do things in a certain way, meet deadlines, and work together, to be paid as musicians and songwriters. Many business deals had to be finished or changed, and new deals had to be made, to continue their music careers apart. This took time, and meant making many hard decisions. The four former Beatles could not always agree on what to do with the things they owned together. It took years to work out what to still own in common, what to divide up, and what to let go. The choices they had to make sometimes hurt their friendship.
Lennon and Ono separated for over a year, from late 1973 until early 1975, because of the stress in their lives, and their relationship. Each of them dated another person (Lennon pairing off with May Pang, his and Ono's personal assistant, and Ono with guitarist David Spinozza), and they were nearly divorced. They spoke nearly every day by telephone, however, and tried to work things out. They decided that they wanted to be together more than anyone else could want them apart, and they reunited.
When Richard Nixon faced the Watergate crisis in 1974, it became more important than pushing Lennon out of the country. The deportation case against him was dropped. Lennon won the right to stay in America in 1975. Lennon and Ono also finally had a son, Sean Lennon, that October. Father and son shared the same birthday.
Lennon and Ono stopped making music for five years, to be able to spend more time together, and give Sean as much attention as he needed. They lived on Lennon's income from the music he already made. Ono became Lennon's business manager, and invested his money in real estate and organic farming. Her office was downstairs in the Dakota, the apartment building where they lived, so they were never far apart. Lennon became a full-time father to Sean, and he was proud to call himself a "househusband". They also visited Ono's family in Japan several times, and made other trips.
In 1980 Lennon and Ono began to write new music, as Sean got old enough to begin school. They recorded a new album titled Double Fantasy that year. A single from the album, "(Just Like) Starting Over", was a hit, and people welcomed Lennon back. Even people who had not liked Ono earlier now respected her, and more of them began to like her music. Lennon and Ono planned to start fresh, do a world tour, and record more albums.
Death and legacy
On 8 December 1980, Lennon was shot dead as he was going into his home, by a man named Mark David Chapman who was mentally ill. Even though he was ill, Chapman was still prosecuted for murder, because he killed Lennon. Chapman pled guilty to the murder the next year, and is still in prison today. He admitted later he was jealous of Lennon's fame and success, while his own life disappointed him. Chapman thought that killing Lennon would give his own life more meaning. He is always refused for parole, and is infamous (hated by many people).
Fans all over the world mourned Lennon's death. It made them feel that a special part of their lives was gone. Many met in New York's Central Park, near where Lennon and Ono lived, to say their goodbyes. Some played recordings of Lennon's music. Politicians and celebrities everywhere were sorry Lennon had died, even if they disliked him, because his music meant so much to so many people. Radio stations in the Soviet Union, where rock music was rarely allowed to be played, gave an hour over to Beatles recordings.
There was no funeral for Lennon, but Yoko Ono asked people everywhere to observe ten minutes of silence and prayer for him on Sunday, December 14, 1980, at 2:00 PM. At two o'clock, the music playing in Central Park stopped, and people all over the world fell silent for ten minutes. Other tributes came later, including songs by George Harrison ("All Those Years Ago"), Paul McCartney ("Here Today"), Elton John ("Empty Garden (Hey Hey Johnny)") and Queen ("Life Is Real (Song for Lennon)").
Lennon's music (with and after his Beatles years) is still played everywhere, and people are still touched by it. A series of radio programs were devoted to playing demoes of his songs. Young musicians play Lennon's records, and learn his music. Yoko Ono released an album of acoustic versions of many Lennon songs, to help musicians understand them better.
There is now a garden in Central Park in Lennon's memory called "Strawberry Fields" after one of Lennon's most popular songs, which in turn was named after a Salvation Army orphanage near his childhood home. On October 9, 1990, on what would have been Lennon's fiftieth birthday, "Imagine" was simulcast on radio and television stations all over the world, uniting people everywhere to remember Lennon and his music.
Awards
With The Beatles
BRIT Awards:
1977: Outstanding contribution to the recording industry during the past 25 years.
1977: Best British pop group of the past 25 years.
1977: Best British pop album of the past 25 years (for Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band).
1983: Outstanding contribution to music.
Solo career
1982 Grammy Award - 1981 Album of the Year (for Double Fantasy)
1982 BRIT Awards - Outstanding contribution to music.
In 2002, a 100 Greatest Britons BBC poll voted Lennon into eighth place.
In 2004, Rolling Stone magazine ranked Lennon number 38 on its list of "The Immortals: The Fifty Greatest Artists of All Time".
In 2008, Rolling Stone magazine ranked Lennon number five on its list of "100 Greatest Singers of All Time".
Discography
Unfinished Music No.1: Two Virgins (with Yoko Ono) (1968)
Unfinished Music No.2: Life with the Lions (with Yoko Ono) (1969)
Wedding Album (with Yoko Ono) (1969)
Live Peace In Toronto (with Plastic Ono Band) (1969)
John Lennon/Plastic Ono Band (1970)
Imagine (1971)
Some Time in New York City (with Yoko Ono) (1972)
Mind Games (1973)
Walls and Bridges (1974)
Rock 'n' Roll (1975)
Double Fantasy (with Yoko Ono) (1980)
Milk and Honey (with Yoko Ono) (1984)
Live In New York City (Recorded live in 1972) (1986)
Singles
Monuments and sculptures
1981 Los Angeles, USA, City Hall–East, by Brett-Livingstone Strong.
2001 John Lennon Park, Havana, Cuba, by José Villa Soberón
2002 John Lennon Airport, Liverpool, England
2005 A Coruña, Spain, by Jose Luis Ribas
2006 Almería, Spain, by Carmen Mudarra
2007 Imagine Peace Tower, Reykjavík, Iceland by Ono.
2007 Lima, Peru
Liverpool, Cavern Pub
"Imagine Monument", Strawberry Fields, Central Park, New York City
Plaça De John Lennon, on Travessera de Grácia in Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
References
1940 births
1980 deaths
English guitarists
English pianists
English murder victims
English rock singers
English singer-songwriters
Murdered musicians
Murders by firearm in the United States
Musicians from Liverpool
Nonviolence advocates
The Beatles members
Members of the Order of the British Empire
People murdered in New York
Former Roman Catholics |
7714 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invention | Invention | An invention is a new thing that someone has made. The computer was an invention when it was first made. We say when it was "invented". New things that are made or created are called inventions. Cars and plastics are inventions that everyone knows. Inventions are made by inventors. Many inventions are patented.
Ideas are also called inventions. Writers can invent characters, and then invent a story about them.
Inventing
Over time, humans have invented objects which make life easier for themselves. Because of this, a quote "necessity is the mother of invention", was written. The quote means that a lack of something should inspire someone to create something to fill that empty space. However, not all people believe that this is true. They think that too much of something can lead to an invention.
Many inventions are just a variation of something that already exists.
Other websites
List of PCT (Patent Cooperation Treaty) Important Inventions (on the WIPO web site)
Basic English 850 words |
7715 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocide | Genocide | Genocide is the crime of killing many people who are all part of one ethnic or religious group, or some sort of similar group, and trying to destroy that group. Genocide is done usually by a group, such as a government, or military group, not by one person or a small number of people. Usually, the motivation for genocide is based on political reason.
The word genocide was made up by Raphael Lemkin, a Polish Jew, in 1944, from the words "genos" (Greek for family, tribe or race) and "-cide" (from the Latin "occidere", to kill). It was first used to the Nazi Holocaust, when many groups, including Jews and others, were killed.
Ustashe of Croatia are another example of genocidial horror. About a million of Serbs were killed in WWII in Ustashe concentration camps. Another example of genocide was when about a million of the Tutsi group of people of Rwanda were killed along with Hutus who were against the genocide in 1994.
In 1933 Lemkin made a speech to the Legal Council of the League of Nations conference on international criminal law in Madrid, for which he prepared an essay on the Crime of Barbarity as a crime against international law. The purpose of the crime, which later evolved into the idea of genocide, was based mostly on the experience of Assyrians massacred in Iraq on 11 August 1933. The event in Iraq reminded him of earlier similar events of the Armenian Genocide during World War I.
Today, any genocide is prohibited by the Genocide Convention and actor or inciter of genocide is judged by the International Criminal Court.
Examples
Today most people see the following events as genocide. Note that the events listed are just examples.
Herero and Namaqua Genocide
Armenian Genocide
Holocaust
Nanking Massacre
Cambodian Genocide
Rwandan Genocide
Darfur conflict
Srebrenica massacre
References
Ethnicity |
7716 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoko%20Ono | Yoko Ono | is a Japanese musician and artist. She is the widow of John Lennon. Before she married Lennon she was married to Toshi Ichiyanagi from 1956 to 1963 and Anthony Cox from 1963 to 1969. She has two children, Kyoko Chan Cox (with Cox) and Sean Lennon (with Lennon).
Early life
Both of her parents came from wealthy families. Her father, who was a descendant of a former Emperor of Japan, had been a concert pianist, but gave up music to become a banker. Ono was tutored privately, then sent to exclusive private schools, studying classical music and art, and also learning English. She visited the United States before World War II with her family. Her father was on a business trip to the U.S. when the war began, and was with many other Japanese in the country. He was not able to communicate with his family for many years. Ono's mother took her, her brother and sister away from Tokyo, and they stayed in a rural area.
After the war ended, the family was reunited, and moved to New York for her father's job. Ono enrolled in Sarah Lawrence College, but quit during her third year. She became interested in art and music, and began writing poetry. Many of her poems were instructions, for creating pieces of art. She later published some of these in a book, titled Grapefruit. Her parents were not happy that Ono chose to make her own way, rather than following her family's wishes for her life. When she married Toshi Ichiyanagi, a young pianist, her parents her.
The marriage did not work out, and Ono rented a loft apartment of her own. She became friends with local artists in New York, including Andy Warhol and a group called Fluxus. She hosted small parties and "happenings" for her artist friends, and began to do artwork of her own. This brought her some notoriety in time, but not fame. She remarried, to Tony (Anthony) Cox, and they had a daughter, named Kyoko.
Marriage to Lennon
Ono went to London with Cox and Kyoko during 1966, to promote her career as an artist. John Lennon, who was a member of The Beatles, went to one of her art shows. He enjoyed the (fantasy-like) quality of her work. Ono and Lennon became friends, and later lovers, as each lost interest in their spouses. Lennon wanted them to be together as much as possible. He broke a rule the Beatles had never to bring a wife or girlfriend to their recording sessions. He brought her along anytime he could. They were married in March 1969, after they were both divorced.
Many Beatles fans blamed Ono for "breaking up" the band through her influence on Lennon. He seemed to many people to have "gone crazy" since meeting her. Some suggest that Ono simply encouraged Lennon to do things he'd already wanted to do, but let himself be talked out of doing in the past – including quitting the Beatles. Ono and Lennon started a new, part-time group they called the Plastic Ono Band. They also tried to have a baby together. Ono miscarried several times, until their son Sean Lennon was born in 1975, on Lennon's 35th birthday. Ono was also able to with her family, during the 1970s.
Ono was Lennon's "muse", inspiring his music and his creative side, for the rest of his life. The two worked together on both his post-Beatles records, and Ono's wish to also have a music career. She was more interested in "experimental" music than in classical or popular music. Ono's songs and unique style sounded strange to most listeners. It was offensive to many people, who thought Lennon should have either stayed with the Beatles, or made more music in their style. Ono changed her style, and began to write and record more pop songs, but her music never became popular. Years later, some younger musicians (such as The B-52's) admitted they had liked Ono's music. They were inspired by it, as Lennon had been.
Since 1980s
After Lennon's murderer in 1980, Ono recorded several solo albums. The first was titled Season of Glass. Her later records were praised by some music critics.
When Sean Lennon grew up, he also became a musician. He helped Ono to compile (collect and put in order) her old recordings, and make some new ones. She also revived some of her earlier artwork, and gave the money made from sales and exhibits to charities. Ono recently (2006) appeared at the opening of Love, a Cirque du Soleil show featuring Beatles music, to help promote it.
References
1933 births
Feminists
Grammy Award winners
Living people
Japanese artists
Musicians from Tokyo
HuffPost writers and columnists
John Lennon |
7717 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coast | Coast | The coast is where land meets the sea.
The coast also means the land next to the sea, which can also be called the shore, or sea-shore. However, coast is not used to describe where rivers or lakes meet the land - it is only used to describe the sea meeting the land.
If a house is near to the coast we say it is "on the coast". When we talk about a long part of the coast we call it "the coast-line".
Sometimes, 'coast' can be part of a place name or the description of a large area. For instance, the East Coast of the United States describes the all of the Eastern side of the United States that is next to the Atlantic Ocean.
In some countries like England or Australia the people sometimes use the word sea-side for the coast.
Coasts often have many living things living there and provide habitat for many animals and plants.
An example of a coast in Great Britain is the Holderness Coast near Bridlington. This is one of Europe's fast eroding coasts.
Related pages
Shore
Landforms |
7718 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Harrison | George Harrison | George Harrison, MBE (25 February 1943 – 29 November 2001) was an English musician. He is best known as the lead guitarist of the Beatles. After the group broke up in 1970, he had a solo career. He made many albums and worked with other musicians including Eric Clapton, Bob Dylan, Phil Spector, Roy Orbison, Tom Petty, and Ravi Shankar. He was also interested in Eastern mysticism and charitable causes.
Early life
Harrison was born in 12 Arnold Grove in Wavertree, Liverpool, He was youngest of four children of Harold Hargreaves (or Hargrove) Harrison and Louise Harrison, He had one sister and two brothers.
Solo music
George's best-known album was All Things Must Pass, which he made just after the Beatles broke up. Harrison owned a mansion in England called Friar Park, where he lived from 1970 until he died. He built his own recording studio inside the mansion, which for a time was better than Abbey Road Studios, where the Beatles had made their records. Having a private studio meant Harrison could work on songs and recordings anytime he wanted.
Ravi Shankar came to Harrison during 1971 with news about a war in Bangladesh, where thousands of people had died and millions more were refugees and starving. Shankar asked for Harrison's help to give a benefit show to buy food for them. Harrison called on many of his musician friends, who put together a charity concert with famous people to help the refugees. The Concert for Bangla Desh, a live recording, became a best-selling album, raised money for the refugees, and brought worldwide attention to the problems in their country. It also inspired later benefits, including Live Aid in the 1980s.
Harrison found a new musical partner in the 1980s, when Jeff Lynne of Electric Light Orchestra began to write and record songs with him. The two men worked well together and became close friends. Harrison and Lynne formed another band, the Traveling Wilburys, with fellow musicians Bob Dylan, Tom Petty, and Roy Orbison. The Traveling Wilburys recorded two albums, which became hits.
Personal life
In 1966, Harrison married a model, Pattie Boyd, but they were divorced in 1971, and had no children. Boyd left Harrison to be with his friend, guitarist Eric Clapton, but all three remained friends. Harrison married again in 1978, to American-born Olivia Trinidad Arias, who had worked for his record company. Arias became the mother of Harrison's son Dhani, whose name is comprised of the names of two notes in the Indian music scale. Dhani grew up to be a musician like his father, fronting the band thenewno2. He went to Brown University in the United States.
In the late 1970s Harrison formed a movie production company, Handmade Films, which produced movies including Monty Python's Life of Brian and Terry Gilliam's Time Bandits.
The grounds of Harrison's home, Friar Park, had been more or less open to the public, until the murder of his former bandmate John Lennon late in 1980. Harrison was very hurt and shocked by Lennon's death, and was afraid someone might try to harm him or his family. Afterwards, the gates were locked, and no-entry notices were posted. In December, 1999, an intruder broke into his home, stabbing him with a knife. Harrison and his wife Olivia stopped the intruder and called the police. Harrison recovered. The man who attacked him is schizophrenic and was acquitted of attempted murder by reason of insanity in November 2000 at Oxford Crown Court. He was sent to a mental hospital and released in 2002.
Death
In the 1990s, decades of smoking cigarettes caused Harrison to develop throat cancer. He later developed lung cancer, which caused his death in 2001. His family issued a last statement from him: "Everything else can wait, but the search for God cannot wait, and love one another." Even music was not as important to Harrison as his wanting people to learn to get along with each other, and to make the world a better place.
A year after Harrison's death, Jeff Lynne, Dhani Harrison, the two remaining Beatles (Paul McCartney and Ringo Starr), and other musicians held the Concert for George, which remembered Harrison's music, his life, and his gifts to humanity. All the profits from the concert were given to charity.
Best-known songs
In the Beatles
"I Need You" (appeared in the movie Help!)
"If I Needed Someone"
"Taxman"
"Within You, Without You" (a raga from Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band)
"While My Guitar Gently Weeps"
"Something"
"Here Comes the Sun"
"I Me Mine" (featured in the movie Let It Be)
Solo
"What is Life"
"My Sweet Lord"
"Give Me Love (Give Me Peace On Earth)"
"Ding Dong: Ding Dong" (a New Year's Eve perennial)
"Crackerbox Palace" (named for Lord Buckley's former home in California)
"Blow Away"
"All Those Years Ago" (a tribute to John Lennon; the recording featured Ringo Starr, Paul McCartney and Linda McCartney)
"Got My Mind Set on You"
Notes
1943 births
2001 deaths
Cancer deaths in Los Angeles
Deaths from throat cancer
Deaths from lung cancer
English guitarists
Musicians from Liverpool
The Beatles members
Former Roman Catholics |
7719 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Note%20%28disambiguation%29 | Note (disambiguation) | Note has several meanings.
Note, a short letter or piece of writing
Note (music), a pitch
Banknote, a piece of paper money
Footnote, a note on the bottom of a page
Samsung Galaxy Note, a line of phones by Samsung. |
7720 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravi%20Shankar | Ravi Shankar | Ravi Shankar (7 April 1920 – 11 December 2012) was one of India's most famous musicians. Shankar was one of the first to bring aspects of traditional Indian music into Europe and United States|American culture in the 1960s. He was a major influence on George Harrison, who was a member of The Beatles. Shankar is famous for playing the sitar, an Indian stringed instrument. He performed until his death. In 2005 he played at The Proms. His daughters Norah Jones and Anoushka Shankar are also well-known musicians.
References
Indian musicians
1920 births
2012 deaths |
7721 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentence | Sentence | A sentence is a set of words that are put together to mean something. A sentence is the basic unit of language which expresses a complete thought. It does this by following the grammatical basic rules of syntax. For example:"Ali is walking".
A complete sentence has at least a subject and a main verb to state (declare) a complete thought. Short example: She walks. A subject is the noun that is doing the main verb. The main verb is the verb that the subject is doing. In English and many other languages, the first word of a written sentence has a capital letter. At the end of the sentence there is a punctuation mark depending on whether it is a statement, a question, a command, a request or an exclamation.
Phrases and clauses
A phrase or clause is part of a sentence.p773–777
This is an example of a sentence:
The dog is happy.
In this sentence, 'The dog' is the subject, and 'is' is the verb.
This is an example of a phrase:
The happy dog
There is no verb, so we do not know anything about what the happy dog is doing. Therefore, it is not a sentence.
A clause is a sentence within a sentence. Example:
They milked the cows, and then they made cheese and butter. This sentence has two co-ordinate (~equal) clauses, linked by 'and'.p220 and indranil das
Types of sentence
A simple sentence has only one clause, and one independent variable. The cat is sleeping.
A compound sentence has two or more clauses. These clauses are joined together with conjunctions, punctuation, or both. The dog is happy, but the cat is sad.
A complex sentence has one clause with a relative clause. The dog, which is eating the bone, is happy.
A complex-compound sentence (or compound-complex sentence) has many clauses, at least one of which is a relative clause: The dog, which is eating the bone, is happy, but the cat is sad.
Sentences have different purposes:
A declarative sentence, or declaration, is the most common type of sentence. It tells something. It ends with a full stop . (The dog is happy.)
An interrogative sentence, or question, asks something. It ends with a question mark ? (Are you happy?)
An exclamatory sentence, or exclamation, says something out of the ordinary. It ends with an exclamation mark ! (That dog is the happiest dog I have ever seen!)
An imperative sentence, or command, tells someone to do something. (Give the dog a bone.)
Basic English sentences
Here are some sentences written in Basic English:
The sky is blue.
Today is Monday.
Tomorrow is Tuesday.
The baby is smiling.
Sheila is reading a book.
This is the road to take.
Read a book about the history of America.
There are beautiful flowers growing in the garden.
The cushions are new and I feel the comfort they give me.
They are playing in the grounds.
Related pages
Phrase
Punctuation
Word
References
TYpes of sentences worksheet |
7722 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Joyce | James Joyce | James Augustine Aloysius Joyce () (2 February 1882 – 13 January 1941) was an Irish writer and poet of the modernist movement. He was from Dublin, Ireland. He wore an eyepatch, because of eye damage. He could not see well.
His books are written in a special style. At first he wrote in a way which describes very accurately how life is, in the short story collection called Dubliners. In his next book, called A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, he started a new style. It is called stream of consciousness, which is writing all the thoughts that a character has. His work influenced many other writers in the 20th century.
Some books that Joyce wrote are:
Dubliners (1914)
A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (1916)
Ulysses (1922)
Finnegans Wake (1939).
Early life
James Joyce was the oldest of ten children. He went to a boarding school called Conglowes Wood College and later to Belvedere College. (College here refers to secondary school not to university as it can in the U.S.) Conglowes was run by Jesuit priests.
When he was very young, his family was rich. Later his father lost most of their money so he had to change schools and go to Belvedere College, which was cheaper.
Family life
Joyce met Nora Barnacle in 1904 and they began to have a long relationship until his death in 1941. The couple moved out of Dublin to Zürich in 1904, then to Trieste, Paris then back to Zürich. They married in 1931. They had a son and a daughter. Their daughter had a mental illness later in her life. Because he was smart, his parents wanted him to go to college. He studied modern languages at University College Dublin.
Joyce became a very famous writer after he published Ulysses. He also began to have a lot of problems with his eyes and his family. But he completed his last book, Finnegans Wake by 1939. He died in Zurich.
References
Irish novelists
Irish poets
Writers from Dublin
1882 births
1941 deaths |
7725 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/May%201 | May 1 | It is the last day of the first third of the year. The end of this day marks the end of the first third of a leap year. It also falls on the same day of the week as New Year's Day of the following year and additionally, New Year's Eve of the following year in years immediately before a common year. The end of the first third of the year for southern hemisphere DST countries occurs at 11:00 p.m.
Events
Up to 1900
305 – Diocletian and Maximian retire as Roman Emperors.
524 - King Sigismund of Burgundy is executed at Orleans after an eight-year reign and is succeeded by his brother Godomar.
880 - The Nea Ekklesia is inaugurated in Constantinople, setting the model for all later cross-in-square Orthodox churches.
1328 - The Scottish Wars of Independence end: The Treaty of Edinburgh-Northampton leads the Kingdom of England to agree to recognize the Kingdom of Scotland as an independent state.
1351 – Zürich becomes part of Switzerland.
1460 - Italian seafarer Antonio de Noli, sailing for Portugal, discovers the Cape Verde island of Maio, which he names after the date of his discovery.
1464 - Edward IV of England marries Elizabeth Woodville.
1707 – Act of Union joins Scotland and England.
1759 – Josiah Wedgwood founds the Wedgwood pottery company.
1776 – The Illuminati are founded in Ingolstadt, Bavaria, by Adam Weishaupt.
1778 - American Revolution: The Battle of Crooked Billet begins in Hatboro, Pennsylvania.
1785 – Kamehameha I, king of Hawai'i defeats Kalanikupule, creating the Kingdom of Hawai'i.
1786 – The Opera, the Marriage of Figaro by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, is performed for the first time in Vienna, Austria.
1794 - War of the Pyrenees: The Battle of Boulou ends, in which French forces defeat the Spanish and regain almost the land they had lost to Spain in 1793.
1834 – British colonies abolish Slavery.
1840 – The Penny Black postage stamp, is introduced in the UK.
1844 – The Hong Kong police force is founded.
1851 – Queen Victoria announces the beginning of the Great Exhibition in London.
1852 - The Philippines Peso is introduced into circulation.
1856 - The province of Isabela is created in the Philippines.
1863 – The Stainless Banner is adopted as the flag of the Confederate States of America.
1863 – American Civil War: The Battle of Chancellorsville begins.
1865 – Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay sign the Treaty of the Triple Alliance.
1875 - Alexandra Palace in London re-opens after being burned down in a fire in 1873.
1884 - Moses Fleetwood Walker becomes the first African American to play a professional baseball game in the US.
1893 - The World's Columbian Exposition opens in Chicago.
1898 - Spanish-American War: Battle of Manila Bay - The United States Navy destroys the Spanish Pacific fleet in the first battle of the war.
1900 – The Scofield Mine disaster in Utah kills 200 men.
1901 2000
1901 - Start of the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York.
1915 – The RMS Lusitania leaves New York City on what would become its final journey across the Atlantic Ocean. It is torpedoed and sunk off Ireland on May 7.
1925 - The All-China Federation of Trade Unions is officially founded.
1927 - The first cooked meals on a scheduled flight are introduced on an Imperial Airways flight from London to Paris.
1929 – A magnitude 7.2 earthquake strikes present-day Iran and Turkmenistan, killing 5,800 people.
1930 – The dwarf planet Pluto is officially given its name.
1931 – New York City's Empire State Building is opened.
1933 - The Humanist Manifesto I is published.
1940 - World War II: The 1940 Summer Olympics are cancelled because of the war.
1941 - World War II: German forces launch a major attack on Tobruk, Libya.
1941 - Orson Welles's movie Citizen Kane is released in cinemas.
1945 – World War II: The Nazi leadership announces the death of Adolf Hitler the previous day.
1945 - World War II: Yugoslav partisans liberate the city of Trieste.
1947 - Porta della Ginestra massacre against people in May Day celebrations in Sicily by bandit and separatist leader Salvatore Giuliano, killing 11 people and wounding 33.
1948 – The North Korean state under Kim Il-Sung is founded.
1950 – Guam becomes a US Commonwealth (a state that depends on the US).
1956 – The Polio vaccine developed by Jonas Salk is made available to the public.
1956 - Minamata disease is first discovered in Japan.
1957 - 34 people are killed when a Vickers Viking airliner crashes in Hampshire, southern England.
1960 – U-2 pilot Francis Gary Powers is shot down over the Soviet Union, making an international incident.
1960 - Formation of the western Indian states of Gujarat and Maharashtra.
1961 - Then-Prime Minister of Cuba Fidel Castro announces that Cuba is a Communist country, and a one-party state, without elections.
1977 – 36 people are killed in Taksim Square, Istanbul, during Labour Day demonstrations.
1978 – Japan's Naomi Uemura, travelling by Dog Sled, reaches the North Pole on his own.
1979 – Greenland gains autonomy (self government) from Denmark, with Jonathan Motzfeldt as Prime Minister.
1982 – Opening of the 1982 World's Fair in Knoxville, Tennessee.
1989 - Disney-MGM Studios opens at Walt Disney World in Orlando, Florida.
1993 - President of Sri Lanka Ranasinghe Premadasa is killed by a suicide bomber in Colombo.
1993 - Prime Minister of France Pierre Bérégovoy commits suicide.
1994 – Formula 1 driver Ayrton Senna is killed in a crash at the San Marino Grand Prix.
1995 – Croatian forces launch Operation Flash during the Croatian War of Independence.
1997 – Tony Blair's Labour Party defeats John Major's Conservative Party in the United Kingdom General Election. Tony Blair therefore becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.
1999 – The remains of George Mallory are found on Mount Everest, almost 75 years after his disappearance.
1999 – The show SpongeBob SquarePants airs for the first time.
From 2001
2003 – A magnitude 6.4 earthquake strikes Eastern Turkey, killing 177 people.
2004 – Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Slovenia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Cyprus and Malta join the EU. This is the biggest enlargement in the EU's history.
2008 - Hangzhou Wen Daqiao Bridge is opened between Cixi and Jiaxing, People's Republic of China.
2009 – Sweden allows Same-sex marriage.
2011 – Osama bin Laden, leader of al-Qaeda, is captured and killed by US forces in Pakistan.
2018 - Scotland introduces a new minimum price for alcohol.
2019 - Naruhito becomes Emperor of Japan, succeeding his father Akihito; Japan's Reiwa period starts.
Births
Up to 1850
1218 – Rudolph I of Germany, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1291)
1218 - John I, Count of Hainaut (d. 1257)
1238 – King Magnus VI of Norway (d. 1280)
1582 - Marco da Gagliano, Italian poet (d. 1641)
1591 - Johann Adam Schall von Bell, German missionary and astronomer (d. 1666)
1653 - Prince George of Denmark, consort of Anne of Great Britain (d. 1708)
1672 – Joseph Addison, English writer and essayist (d. 1719)
1751 - Judith Sargent Murray, American poet, playwright, essayist and women's rights activist (d. 1820)
1764 - Benjamin Henry Latrobe, English-American architect (d. 1820)
1769 – Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington (d. 1852)
1814 - Prince Karl of Auersperg, Austro-Hungarian politician (d. 1890)
1821 - Henry Ayers, 8th Premier of South Australia (d. 1897)
1825 - Johann Jakob Balmer, Swiss mathematician and physicist (d. 1898)
1827 - Jules Breton, French painter (d. 1906)
1829 – José de Alencar, Brazilian novelist (d. 1877)
1830 - Guido Gezelle, Flemish poet (d. 1899)
1831 - Emily Stowe, Canadian physician and suffragist (d. 1903)
1837 - Walter Hauser, Swiss politician (d. 1902)
1850 – Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn (d. 1942)
1851 1900
1852 – Santiago Ramón y Cajal, Spanish doctor, won the 1906 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1934)
1852 – Calamity Jane, American Wild West performer (d. 1903)
1855 - Cecilia Beaux, American painter (d. 1942)
1857 – Theo van Gogh, Dutch art dealer (d. 1891)
1859 - Jacqueline Comerre-Paton, French artist (d. 1935)
1862 – Marcel Prevost, French writer and dramatist (d. 1941)
1864 – Anna Jarvis, founder of Mother's Day (d. 1948)
1868 - Prince Frederick Charles of Hesse (d. 1940)
1871 - Seakle Greijdanus, Dutch theologian (d. 1948)
1872 – Sidónio Pais, Portuguese military leader and politician (d. 1918)
1872 - Hugo Alfvén, Swedish composer and conductor (d. 1960)
1874 - Romaine Brooks, American painter and sculptor (d. 1970)
1881 - Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, French philosopher (d. 1955)
1881 - John Svanberg, Swedish long-distance runner (d. 1957)
1884 - Francis Curzon, 5th Earl of Howe, British naval officer and racing driver (d. 1964)
1885 - Ralph Stockpole, American sculptor and painter (d. 1973)
1887 - Vincenzo Cardarelli, Italian journalist and writer (d. 1959)
1888 - John Francis O'Hara, American cardinal (d. 1962)
1896 - J. Lawton Collins, American general (d. 1987)
1896 - Herbert Backe, German Nazi politician (d. 1947)
1898 - Eugene R. Black, Sr., 3rd President of the World Bank (d. 1992)
1899 – Jón Leifs, Icelandic composer (d. 1968)
1900 - Ignazio Silone, Italian author and politician (d. 1978)
1901 1950
1905 - Henry Koster, German-American director, producer and screenwriter (d. 1988)
1907 – Kate Smith, American singer (d. 1986)
1908 – Giovannino Guareschi, Italian journalist (d. 1968)
1909 – Yiannis Ritsos, Greek poet (d. 1990)
1913 - Balraj Sahni, Indian actor (d. 1973)
1913 – Walter Susskind, Czech conductor (d. 1980)
1914 - Louis Nye, American comedian and actor (d. 2005)
1915 - Archie Williams, American sprinter (d. 1993)
1915 – Hanns Martin Schleyer, German business executive (d. 1977)
1916 – Glenn Ford, Canadian-American actor (d. 2006)
1916 - Rong Yiren, Chinese politician (d. 2005)
1917 – Danielle Darrieux, French singer and actress (d. 2017)
1917 - Wendy Toye, English actress (d. 2010)
1918 - Jack Paar, American author and television and radio host (d. 2004)
1919 - Dan O'Herlihy, Irish actor (d. 2005)
1919 - Mohammed Karim Lamrani, former Prime Minister of Morocco (d. 2018)
1919 - Manna Dey, Indian playback singer (d. 2013)
1923 - Frank Brian, American basketball player (d. 2017)
1923 - Billy Steel, Scottish footballer (d. 1982)
1924 – Terry Southern, American screenwriter (d. 1995)
1924 – Art Fleming, American game show host (d. 1995)
1924 - Evelyn Boyd Granville, American mathematician and educator
1924 – Grégoire Kayibanda, 1st President of Rwanda (d. 1976)
1925 - Scott Carpenter, American astronaut, pilot and aquanaut (d. 2013)
1925 - Chuck Bednarik, American football player (d. 2015)
1925 - Gabriele Amorth, Italian priest and exorcist (d. 2016)
1926 - Doug Cowie, Scottish footballer
1926 - Peter Lax, Hungarian-American mathematician
1927 - Mustafa Nurul Islam, Bangladeshi academic (d. 2018)
1927 - Laura Betti, Italian actress (d. 2004)
1927 - Walter Zeman, Austrian footballer (d. 1991)
1928 – Desmond Titterington, Northern Irish racing driver (d. 1972)
1929 – Ralf Dahrendorf, German-born sociologist and politician (d. 2009)
1930 – Little Walter, American singer (d. 1968)
1930 - Richard Riordan, former Mayor of Los Angeles
1930 - Ollie Matson, American football player (d. 2011)
1932 - Sandy Woodward, British admiral (d. 2013)
1934 - Cuauhtémoc Cardenas, Mexican politician
1936 - Hasse Wallman, Swedish entrepreneur, composer, director, author and producer (d. 2014)
1937 - Una Stubbs, English actress and dancer
1937 - Bo Nilsson, Swedish composer and songwriter
1939 – Judy Collins, American singer
1939 - Rosy Armen, French singer
1940 - Fakhruddin Ahmed, Bangladeshi economist and politician
1941 - Asil Nadir, Turkish-Cypriot businessman
1943 - Joe Walsh, Irish politician (d. 2014)
1944 - Costa Cordalis, Greek-German singer
1945 – Rita Coolidge, American singer
1946 – Joanna Lumley, English actress
1946 - John Woo, Chinese movie director
1950 - Danny McGrain, Scottish footballer
1951 1975
1951 - Antony Worrall Thompson, English chef and broadcaster
1954 - Ray Parker Jr., American singer, musician and actor
1956 - Catherine Frot, French actress
1957 - Uberto Pasolini, Italian movie producer, director and investment banker
1959 – Yasmina Reza, French actress, writer and playwright
1960 - Bart Chilton, American civil servant (d. 2019)
1961 - Clint Malarchuk, Canadian ice hockey player
1961 - Timna Brauer, Austrian-Israeli singer
1962 – Maia Morgenstern, Romanian actress
1962 - Ted Sundquist, American football player, coach and manager
1964 – Lady Sarah Chatto, member of the extended British royal family
1964 - Yvonne van Gennip, Dutch speed skater
1966 – Olaf Thon, German footballer
1967 – Tim McGraw, American singer
1968 – Oliver Bierhoff, German footballer
1968 – D'arcy Wretzky, American musician
1968 - Johnny Colt, American bass guitarist
1969 – Wes Anderson, American director and writer
1969 - Mary Lou McDonald, Irish politician, leader of Sinn Féin
1973 – Oliver Neuville, German footballer
1974 - Lornah Kiplagat, Kenyan-Dutch runner
1975 – Marc-Vivien Foé, Cameroon footballer (d. 2003)
1975 – Alexey Smertin, Russian footballer
1975 - Nina Hossain, English journalist
From 1976
1976 - Violante Placido, Italian actress and singer
1979 – Mauro Bergamasco, Italian rugby player
1979 - Lars Berger, Norwegian biathlete
1979 - Pauli Rantasalmi, Finnish musician
1980 – Zaz, French singer
1980 - Jay Reatard, American rock musician (d. 2010)
1981 – Aliaksandr Hleb, Belarussian footballer
1981 - Derek Asamoah, Ghanaian footballer
1981 - Manny Acosta, Panamanian baseball player
1982 – Darijo Srna, Croatian footballer
1982 – Tommy Robredo, Spanish tennis player
1982 - Mark Warren, Irish footballer (d. 2016)
1983 - Alain Bernard, French rower
1984 – Alexander Farnerud, Swedish footballer
1984 - Farah Fath, American actress
1986 – Christian Benítez, Ecuadorean footballer (d. 2013)
1987 - Leonardo Bonucci, Italian footballer
1987 - Shahar Pe'er, Israeli tennis player
1988 – Anushka Sharma, Indian actress and model
1990 – Caitlin Stasey, Australian actress
1991 - Levina, German singer
1992 - Sammy Ameobi, English footballer
1997 – Ariel Gade, American actress
Deaths
Up to 1950
408 – Arcadius, Roman emperor
524 - King Sigismund of Burgundy
1118 - Edith of Scotland, first wife of Henry I of England (born 1080)
1277 - Stephen Uros I of Serbia (born 1223)
1308 – Albert I of Habsburg (murdered) (born 1255)
1555 – Pope Marcellus II (born 1501)
1572 – Pope Pius V (born 1504)
1731 – Johann Ludwig Bach, German composer (born 1677)
1738 – Charles Howard, 3rd Earl of Carlisle, English statesman
1772 – Gottfried Achenwall, German statistician (born 1719)
1813 – Jean-Baptiste Bessières, French marshal (killed in combat) (born 1768)
1873 – David Livingstone, Scottish missionary and explorer (born 1813)
1881 - Romolo Gessi, Italian soldier and explorer (born 1831)
1893 - Alexander Kaufmann, German poet (born 1817)
1899 – Ludwig Büchner, German philosopher and physician (born 1824)
1904 – Antonín Dvořák, Czech composer (born 1841)
1920 - Princess Margaret of Connaught (born 1882)
1928 - Ebenezer Howard, English town planner, founder of the Garden City movement (born 1850)
1931 - Thomas Cooper Gotch, British painter (born 1854)
1935 - Henri Pélissier, French cyclist (born 1889)
1937 – Snitz Edwards, American actor (born 1868)
1943 - Johan Oscar Smith, Norwegian religious leader (born 1871)
1945 – Joseph Goebbels, Nazi Minister of Propaganda (suicide) (born 1897)
1945 – Magda Goebbels, wife of Joseph Goebbels (suicide) (born 1901)
1951 2000
1963 – Lope K. Santos, Filipino writer (born 1879)
1965 – Spike Jones, American band leader, musician, and comedian (born 1911)
1968 - Jack Adams, Canadian-American ice hockey player, coach and manager (born 1895)
1970 – Yi, Eun, Crown Prince Korea (born 1897)
1973 – Asger Jorn, Danish painter (born 1914)
1976 – Alexandros Panagoulis, Greek politician and poet (born 1939)
1978 – Aram Khachaturian, Armenian composer (born 1903)
1982 – William Primrose, Scottish violist (born 1903)
1989 – Douglass Watson, American actor (born 1921)
1990 – Sergio Franchi, Italian director (born 1926)
1991 – Richard Thorpe, American movie director (born 1896)
1993 – Pierre Bérégovoy, Prime Minister of France (suicide) (born 1925)
1993 – Ranasinghe Premadasa, Prime Minister of Sri Lanka (born 1924)
1993 - Warren P. Knowles, Governor of Wisconsin (born 1908)
1994 – Ayrton Senna, Brazilian race car driver (born 1960)
1996 - Luana Patten, American actress (born 1938)
1997 - Fernand Dumont, Canadian sociologist (born 1927)
1998 – Eldridge Cleaver, American activist (born 1935)
2000 – Steve Reeves, American actor (born 1926)
From 2001
2008 – Anthony Mamo, first President of Malta (born 1909)
2008 – Philipp von Boeselager, German resistance activist (born 1917)
2009 – Karst Tates, Dutch attempted assassin (born 1971)
2010 – Helen Wagner, American actress (born 1918)
2011 – Henry Cooper, British heavyweight boxer (born 1934)
2011 – Osama bin Laden, Saudi-Arabian terrorist leader (al-Qaeda) (born 1957)
2013 - Chris Kelly, American rapper (Kris Kross) (born 1978)
2014 - Assi Dayan, Israeli movie director and actor (born 1945)
2014 - Juan Formell, Cuban musician and composer (born 1942)
2014 - Juan de Dios Castillo, Mexican footballer and coach (born 1951)
2014 - Richard Percival Lister, English author, poet and artist (born 1914)
2014 - Manfred von Richthofen, German sports official (born 1934)
2014 - Georg Stollenwerk, German footballer (born 1930)
2014 - Mel Clark, American baseball player (born 1926)
2015 - David Day, Australian broadcaster (born 1951)
2015 - Pete Brown, American golfer (born 1935)
2015 - Geoff Duke, British motorcycle racer (born 1923)
2015 - Stephen Milburn Anderson, American movie director and writer (born 1947)
2015 - Grace Lee Whitney, American actress (born 1930)
2015 - Vafa Guluzade, Azerbaijani diplomat (born 1940)
2015 - Beth Whittall, Canadian swimmer (born 1936)
2015 - Harry Geisinger, American politician (born 1933)
2015 - Dave Goldberg, American executive (born 1967)
2016 - Jean-Marie Girault, French politician (born 1926)
2016 - Solomon W. Golomb, American mathematician, engineer and educator (born 1922)
2016 - Madeleine LeBeau, French actress (born 1923)
2017 - Erkki Kurenniemi, Finnish musician and designer (born 1941)
2017 - Mike Lowry, American politician, Governor of Washington (born 1939)
2017 - Sam Mele, American baseball player (born 1922)
2017 - Mohamed Talbi, Tunisian historian and professor (born 1921)
2017 - Bruce Hampton, American musician (born 1947)
2017 - Yisrael Friedman, Israeli rabbi and educator (born 1923)
2017 - Karel Schoeman, South African novelist and translator (born 1939)
2018 - Elmar Altvater, German political scientist (born 1938)
2018 - Chuck Missler, American evangelist and author (born 1934)
2018 - Universo 2000, Mexican professional wrestler (born 1963)
2018 - Peter Temple-Morris, British politician (born 1938)
2018 - Arthur Barnard, American sprinter (born 1929)
2018 - Max Berrú, Ecuadorean-Chilean singer and musician (born 1942)
2019 - Dinko Dermendzhiev, Bulgarian footballer (born 1941)
2019 - Alessandra Panaro, Italian actress (born 1939)
2019 - Arvi Parbo, Estonian-Australian businessman and philanthropist (born 1926)
2019 - B. Subhashan Reddy, Indian judge (born 1943)
Holidays
Saints of the Day: Saint Joseph the Worker; Saint Jeremiah, prophet
May Day
International Workers' Day
Beltane in Neo-Pagan Tradition
Lei Day (Hawaii)
Constitution Day (Latvia and Marshall Islands)
Loyalty Day
May 01 |
7726 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andes | Andes | The Andes are a mountain range along the western coast of South America.
They stretch over 7,000 km / 4,400 miles from the south of Argentina and Chile to the north of Colombia. They are also found in Peru, Bolivia and Ecuador.
The Amazon river system has its sources in the eastern flanks of the Andes.
The Andes are the longest exposed mountain range of the world, and the second-highest after the Himalayas. The Andes mountain range is the highest mountain range outside Asia.
Aconcagua, the highest peak, rises to 6,962 m (22,841 ft) above sea level. The top of Mount Chimborazo in the Ecuadorean Andes is the point on the Earth's surface most distant from its center. Mount Chimborazo is an inactive volcano in Ecuador, which last erupted over a thousand years ago.
Geography
The Andes has three sections:
The southern Andes in Argentina and Chile;
The central Andes, having the Chilean and Peruvian mountain system and parts of Bolivia;
The northern part in Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador.
The northern part has two parallel ranges. They are the Cordillera Occidental (western) and the Cordillera Oriental (eastern). The term cordillera comes from the Spanish word meaning 'rope'.
In Colombia, north to the border with Ecuador, the Andes split in three parallel ranges, western, central and eastern.
In the north the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (Snowy Mountain Range of Saint Martha) is an isolated mountain range apart from the Andes chain that runs through Colombia. Reaching an altitude of 5,700 metres above sea level just 42 km from the Caribbean coast, the Sierra Nevada is the world's highest coastal range.
The western range of the eastern Cordillia Oriental is the only one which reaches Colombia .
The Andes range is about wide throughout its length, except in Bolivia where it is wide. The islands of the Dutch Caribbean Aruba, Bonaire, and Curaçao, which lie in the Caribbean Sea off the coast of Venezuela, represent the submerged tops of the northern edge of the Andes range.
Geology
The Andes are a Mesozoic–Tertiary orogenic belt of mountains along the Pacific Ring of Fire.
The Andes are the result of plate tectonics processes, caused by the subduction of oceanic crust beneath the South American continental plate. South America, like North America, has been moving west since the Cretaceous period.
The formation of the modern Andes began with the events of the Triassic and Jurassic when Pangea begun to break up and several rifts developed. It was during the Cretaceous period that the Andes began to take their present form, by the uplifting, faulting and folding of sedimentary and metamorphic rock of the ancient cratons to the east. The rise of the Andes has not been constant and different regions have had different degrees of tectonic stress, uplift, and weathering.
Climate
The climate in the Andes differs depending on which area, the altitude, and how close it is to the sea. The southern section is rainy and cool. The central Andes are dry. The northern Andes are normally rainy and warm, with an average temperature of in Colombia. The climate is known to change very much in rather short distances. Rainforests exist just miles away from the snow covered peak Cotopaxi. The mountains have a large effect on the temperatures of nearby areas. The snow line depends on the location. It is at between 4,500 and 4,800 m (14,800–15,800 ft) in the tropical Ecuadorian, Colombian, Venezuelan, and northern Peruvian Andes, going up to 4,800–5,200 m (15,800–17,060 ft) in the drier mountains of southern Peru south to northern Chile south to about 30°S, then going down to on Aconcagua at 32°S, at 40°S, at 50°S, and only in Tierra del Fuego at 55°S; from 50°S, many of the bigger glaciers go down to sea level.
The Andes of Chile and Argentina can be put in two climatic and glaciological zones; the Dry Andes and the Wet Andes.
Plants
Rainforests used to hold much of the northern Andes but are now reduced, especially in the Chocó and inter-Andean valleys of Colombia. Farming, deforestation, illegal crops, and population growth has done this.
A direct opposite of the humid Andean slopes are the mostly dry Andean slopes in most of western Peru, Chile and Argentina. That area, and many Interandean Valles, normally have deciduous woodland, shrub and xeric vegetation, up to the mostly lifeless Atacama Desert.
About 30,000 species of vascular plants live in the Andes. About half of those are endemic to the region: it is a hotspot. The small tree Cinchona pubescens is a source of quinine used to treat malaria. It is found widely in the Andes as far south as Bolivia. Other important crops that came from the Andes are tobacco and potatoes.
The high-altitude Polylepis forests and woodlands are found in the Andes of Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia and Chile. These trees are called Queñua, Yagual and other names. They grow at altitudes of above sea level. It is still unclear if the patchy distribution of these forests and woodlands is natural, or the result of clearing which began during the Incan time. Regardless, in modern times the clearance has had a faster pace, and the trees are now highly endangered. Some think as little as 10% of the original woodland is still here.
Wildlife
The Andes has a lot of wildlife. With almost 1,000 species, of which about 2/3 are endemic to the region, the Andes is the most important region in the world for amphibians.
Animal diversity in the Andes is high, with almost 600 species of mammals (13% endemic), more than 1,700 species of birds (1/3 endemic), more than 600 species of reptiles (45% endemic), and almost 400 species of fish (1/3 endemic).
The Vicuña and Guanaco can be found living in the Altiplano, while the closely related domesticated Llama and Alpaca are commonly kept by locals as pack animals and for their meat and wool. The nocturnal chinchillas, two threatened members of the rodent order, live in the Andes' alpine regions. The Andean Condor, the largest bird of its kind in the Western Hemisphere, lives throughout much of the Andes but mostly in very low numbers. Other animals found in the mostly open habitats of the high Andes are the huemul, cougar, and foxes in the genus Pseudalopex. And for birds, some species of tinamous (they are members of the genus Nothoprocta), are the Andean Goose, Giant Coot, flamingos (mainly associated with hypersaline lakes), Lesser Rhea, Andean Flicker, Diademed Sandpiper-plover, miners, sierra-finches and diuca-finches.
References
Related pages
List of mountains in the Andes
Mountains of South America |
7727 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/February%2021 | February 21 |
Events
Up to 1900
362 – Athanasius returns to Alexandria.
1245 - Bishop Thomas, the first-known Bishop of Finland, is granted resignation after confessing to torture and forgery.
1431 – The trial of Joan of Arc begins.
1437 - King James I of Scotland is murdered.
1440 – The Prussian Confederation is formed.
1543 – Battle of Wayna Daga – Combined army of Ethiopian and Portuguese troops defeat Muslim army led by Ahmed Gragn.
1613 – Mikhail I is elected unanimously as Tsar by a national assembly, beginning the Romanov dynasty of Imperial Russia .
1743 – The premiere in London of George Frideric Handel's oratorio, Samson
1804 – The first self-propelling steam locomotive makes its outing at the Pen-y-Darren ironworks in Wales.
1808 - Without a previous declaration of war, Russian troops enter then-Swedish territory in Eastern Finland, starting the Finnish War, which later results in Russia taking control of Finland.
1842 – John J. Greenough patents the sewing machine.
1848 – Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels publish The Communist Manifesto.
1858 - Corinth, Greece, is destroyed by an earthquake. The city is rebuilt 6 kilometers away.
1862 - American Civil War: The Battle of Valverde is fought near Fort Craig in the New Mexico territory.
1874 – The Oakland Daily Tribune publishes its first newspaper.
1875 – Jeanne Calment was born. She then went on to live for 122 years 164 days, the longest confirmed lifespan for any human being in history.
1878 – The first telephone book is issued in New Haven, Connecticut.
1885 – The newly completed Washington Monument is dedicated.
1893 – Thomas Edison receives two U.S. patents for a "Cut Out for Incandescent Electric Lamps" and for a "Stop Device".
1901 1950
1902 - Harvey Cushing carries out the first brain surgery.
1907 - British passenger ship Berlin sinks in a storm in the harbor of Hoek van Holland, Netherlands, killing 128 people.
1913 - Ioannina is incorporated into the Greek state after the Balkan Wars.
1916 – World War I: In France the Battle of Verdun begins.
1918 - The last-surviving Carolina Parakeet dies in Cincinnati Zoo, making the species extinct.
1919 - German socialist Kurt Eisner is assassinated.
1921 - The Republic of Georgia's first Constitution is adopted.
1921 - Persian Prime Minister Fathollah Akbar Sepahdar is removed from power in a coup.
1925 – The New Yorker publishes its first issue.
1937 – Initial flight of the first successful flying car, Waldo Waterman's Arrowbile; League of Nations banned foreign national "volunteers" in the Spanish Civil War.
1945 - World War II: Japanese Kamikaze planes sink the escort carrier USS Bismarck Sea and damage the USS Saratoga.
1947 – In New York City Edwin Land demonstrates the first "instant camera", the Polaroid Land Camera, to a meeting of the Optical Society of America.
1948 – NASCAR is incorporated.
1951 2000
1952 – Language Martyrs' Day, marking language-revolution in the then East Pakistan through Bengali Language Movement (currently, the independent state of People's Republic of Bangladesh)
1952 – Churchill government in the UK abolishes Identity Cards to "set the people free".
1953 – Francis Crick and James D. Watson discover the structure of the DNA molecule.
1958 - The peace symbol, commissioned by the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament in protest against the Atomic Weapons Research Establishment, is designed and completed by Gerald Holtom.
1960 – Cuban leader Fidel Castro nationalizes all businesses in Cuba.
1960 - The first Olympic biathlon is held, during the 1960 Winter Olympics in Squaw Valley, California. Over 20 kilometers, Sweden's Klas Lestander becomes the first Olympic champion in this event.
1965 – Malcolm X is assassinated at the Audubon Ballroom in New York City by members of the Nation of Islam.
1970 – Swissair Flight 330: A mid-air bomb explosion and subsequent crash kills 38 passengers and nine crew members near Zürich, Switzerland.
1971 – The Convention on Psychotropic Substances is signed at Vienna.
1972 – President Richard Nixon visits the People's Republic of China to normalize Sino-American relations.
1972 – The Soviet unmanned spaceship Luna 20 lands on the Moon.
1973 – Over the Sinai Desert, Israeli fighter aircraft shoot down a Libyan Airlines jet killing 108.
1974 – The long-running Japanese comic strip Sazae-san publishes its final installment in the Asahi Shimbun.
1974 – The last Israeli soldiers leave the west bank of the Suez Canal in carrying out a truce with Egypt.
1975 – Watergate scandal: Former United States Attorney General John N. Mitchell and former White House aides H. R. Haldeman and John Ehrlichman are sentenced to prison.
1976 - The first Winter Paralympics are held in Ornskoldsvik, Sweden.
1988 – Jimmy Swaggart, on his own televangelism program being tapped in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, confesses that he is guilty of an unspecified sin and will be temporarily leaving the pulpit.
1995 – Serkadji prison mutiny in Algeria; 4 guards and 96 prisoners killed in a day and a half.
1995 – Steve Fossett lands in Leader, Saskatchewan, Canada becoming the first person to make a solo flight across the Pacific Ocean in a balloon.
1995 - Jeanne Calment reaches the age of 120 years, the first person known to have reached this age.
2000 – David Letterman returns to The Late Show over a month after having an emergency quintuple heart bypass surgery.
From 2001
2003 – Over 100 concert goers die in a fire during a performance of the rock band Great White.
2004 – The first European political party organization, the European Greens, is established in Rome.
2005 - A series of avalanches kill over 100 people in Kashmir.
2006 – The United Kingdom's biggest-ever cash robbery is carried out at a depot in Kent, England.
2007 - Then-Prime Minister of Italy Romano Prodi attempts to resign, but his resignation is rejected by President of Italy Giorgio Napolitano.
2012 - EU finance ministers reach an agreement on a 30 billion-Euro bailout for Greece.
2013 - A bombing in Damascus, Syria, kills at least 53 people.
2013 - Two bomb blasts in Hyderabad, India, kill 17 people.
Births
Up to 1900
1397 - Isabella of Portugal, Duchess of Burgundy (d. 1471)
1484 - Elector Joachim I of Brandenburg (d. 1535)
1556 - Sethus Calvisius, German composer, chronicler and astronomer (d. 1615)
1591 - Gerard Desargues, French mathematician and architect (d. 1661)
1594 - John Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Weimar (d. 1626)
1705 - Edward Hawke, 1st Baron Hawke, English admiral (d. 1781)
1723 - Louis-Pierre Anquetil, French historian (d. 1808)
1728 - Tsar Peter III of Russia (d. 1762)
1779 - Friedrich Carl von Savigny, German jurist and historian (d. 1861)
1783 - Princess Catherine of Wuerttemberg, Queen Consort of Westphalia (d. 1835)
1791 - John Mercer, English dye and fabric chemist (d. 1866)
1791 – Carl Czerny, Austrian composer (d. 1857)
1794 – Antonio López de Santa Anna, President of Mexico (d. 1876)
1801 - John Henry Newman, English theologian and cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church (d. 1890)
1815 - Jean-Louis-Ernest Meissonier, French painter (d. 1891)
1817 - José Zorilla y Moral, Spanish dramatist (d. 1893)
1821 - Rachel Félix, French actress (d. 1858)
1835 - Mikhail Mikeshin, Russian artist (d. 1896)
1836 - Leo Delibes, French composer (d. 1891)
1844 - Charles-Marie Widor, French organist and composer (d. 1937)
1856 - Hendrik Petrus Berlage, Dutch architect (d. 1934)
1859 - Mikhail Rodzianko, Russian statesman (d. 1924)
1860 - Goscombe John, Welsh sculptor (d. 1952)
1865 - John Haden Badley, English school founder (d. 1967)
1867 - Otto Hermann Kahn, German millionaire (d. 1934)
1875 – Jeanne Calment, French supercentenarian, officially the longest-lived human on record (d. 1997)
1876 - Pyotr Konchalovsky, Russian painter (d. 1956)
1876 - Joseph Meister, first person to be inoculated against Rabies (d. 1940)
1878 - Mirra Alfassa, Indian spiritual leader (d. 1973)
1880 – Waldemar Bonsels, German writer (d. 1952)
1880 - Otto Christman, Canadian soccer player (d. 1963)
1881 - Kenneth J. Alford, British composer (d. 1945)
1882 - William Jeremiah Tuttle, American freestyle swimmer and water polo player (d. 1930)
1885 - Sacha Guitry, French actor (d. 1957)
1887 - Korechika Anami, Japanese general (d. 1945)
1888 - Clemence Dane, British novelist and playwright (d. 1965)
1893 – Andrés Segovia, Spanish guitarist (d. 1987)
1895 – Henrik Dam, Danish chemist, won the 1943 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1976)
1899 - Bernard Griffin, Archbishop of Westminster (d. 1956)
1900 - Madeleine Renaud, French theatre actress (d. 1994)
1901 1950
1903 - Anaïs Nin, French writer (d. 1977)
1903 - Raymond Queneau, French writer (d. 1976)
1907 – W. H. Auden, British poet (d. 1973)
1909 – Hans Erni, Swiss painter and sculptor (d. 2015)
1910 – Douglas Bader, British fighter pilot (d. 1982)
1913 - Roger Laurent, Belgian racing driver (d. 1997)
1914 – Ilmari Juutilainen, Finnish fighter pilot (d. 1999)
1914 - Park Su-geun, South Korean painter (d. 1965)
1915 - Godfrey Brown, British athlete (d. 1995)
1915 - Ann Sheridan, American actress (d. 1967)
1917 - Lucille Bremer, American actress (d. 1996)
1917 - Tadd Dameron, American pianist and composer (d. 1965)
1917 - Otto Kittel, German World War II flying ace (d. 1945)
1919 - Kehat Shorr, Israeli shooting coach (d. 1972)
1921 - John Rawls, American philosopher (d. 2002)
1921 - Zdenek Miler, Czech animator (d. 2011)
1921 - Antonio Maria Javierre Ortas, Spanish cardinal (d. 2007)
1924 – Robert Mugabe, former President of Zimbabwe (d. 2019)
1924 - Silvano Piovanelli, Italian cardinal (d. 2016)
1925 - Tom Gehrels, Dutch-American astronomer (d. 2011)
1925 - Jack Ramsay, American basketball coach (d. 2014)
1925 – Sam Peckinpah, American movie director (d. 1984)
1927 – Erma Bombeck, American writer and humorist (d. 1996)
1927 – Hubert de Givenchy, French fashion designer (d. 2018)
1927 - Pierre Mercure, Canadian musician and composer (d. 1966)
1929 - Chespirito, Mexican actor, director and screenwriter (d. 2014)
1933 – Nina Simone, American singer and musician (d. 2003)
1934 – Rue McClanahan, American actress (d. 2010)
1935 - Mark McManus, Scottish actor (d. 1994)
1935 - Jean Pelletier, 37th Mayor of Quebec City
1936 – Barbara Jordan, American politician (d. 1996)
1937 – King Harald V of Norway
1937 - Ron Clarke, Australian athlete and politician (d. 2015)
1937 - Jilly Cooper, English novelist
1937 - Gary Lockwood, American actor
1938 - Bobby Charles, American singer-songwriter (d. 2010)
1938 – Lester Bird, Antiguan politician, former Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda
1940 - John Lewis, American politician and civil rights activist (d. 2020)
1942 – Margarethe von Trotta, German movie director
1942 - Magnus Linklater, Scottish newspaper editor
1943 - David Geffen, American record producer
1944 - Kitty Winn, American actress
1945 - Paul Newton, British musician (Uriah Heep)
1945 – Walter Momper, German politician, former Mayor of Berlin
1946 - Tyne Daly, American actress
1946 - Anthony Daniels, British actor
1946 – Alan Rickman, British actor (d. 2016)
1947 - Victor Sokolov, Russian journalist (d. 2006)
1947 – Olympia Snowe, American politician, former United States Senator for Maine
1947 - Marcel Paquet, Belgian philosopher (d. 2014)
1948 - Bill Slayback, American baseball player (d. 2015)
1949 - Larry Drake, American actor (d. 2016)
1949 - Ronnie Hellström, Swedish footballer
1949 - Jerry Harrison, American musician
1950 - Hakan Nesser, Swedish writer
1951 1975
1951 - Vince Welnick, American musician
1952 - Jean-Jacques Burnel, British musician
1952 - Vitaly Churkin, Russian diplomat (d. 2017)
1952 - Igor Levitin, Russian political figure
1953 - William Petersen, American actor
1953 - Christine Ebersole, American singer
1954 - Ivo Van Damme, Belgian athlete (d. 1976)
1954 - Rudolf Simek, Austrian philologist
1955 – Kelsey Grammer, American actor
1956 - Ha Jin, Chinese-American writer
1957 - Nikolay Rastorguyev, Russian singer
1958 - Mary Chapin Carpenter, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
1958 - Jack Coleman, American actor
1958 - Alan Trammell, American baseball player and manager
1960 - Steve Wynn, American singer-songwriter
1960 - Plamen Oresharski, 52nd Prime Minister of Bulgaria
1961 - Christopher Atkins, American actor
1962 - Vanessa Feltz, British television presenter
1962 - Chuck Palahniuk, American writer
1962 - David Foster Wallace, American writer (d. 2008)
1963 - William Baldwin, American actor
1964 - Huw Higginson, British actor
1964 - Mark Kelly, American astronaut
1964 - Scott Kelly, American astronaut
1964 - Jane Tomlinson, British cancer campaigner (d. 2007)
1965 - Steve Lee, Sound effects wrangler and film historian
1967 - Leroy Burrell, American athlete
1969 - James Dean Bradfield, Welsh musician (Manic Street Preachers)
1969 - Tony Meola, American footballer
1969 - Chen Wei, Chinese dissident
1970 - Michael Slater, Australian cricketer
1973 - Heri Joensen, Faroese musician
1973 - Brian Rolston, American ice hockey player
1974 - Ivan Campo, Spanish footballer
1974 - Roberto Heras, Spanish cyclist
From 1976
1976 – Michael McIntyre, British comedian
1977 - Steve Francis, American basketball player
1979 – Pascal Chimbonda, French footballer
1979 - Shane Gibson, American guitarist (d. 2014)
1979 – Jennifer Love Hewitt, American actress
1979 - Jordan Peele, American actor, director and screenwriter
1980 – Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck, King of Bhutan
1980 - Tiziano Ferro, Italian singer-songwriter and producer
1981 - Jun Kaname, Japanese actor
1982 - Andre Barrett, American basketball player
1983 - Lusine Gevorkyan, Russian-Armenian singer
1984 - Andreas Seppi, Italian tennis player
1984 – David Odonkor, German footballer
1985 – Georgios Samaras, Greek footballer
1986 - Prince Amedeo of Belgium, Archduke of Austria-Este
1986 – Charlotte Church, Welsh singer and TV presenter
1987 – Ellen Page, Canadian actress
1987 - Ashley Greene, American model and actress
1987 - Carlos Carmona, Chilean footballer
1987 - Eniola Aluko, English footballer
1987 - Tuppence Middleton, English actress
1988 - Matthias de Zordo, Spanish footballer
1989 - Josh Walker, English footballer
1989 – Corbin Bleu, American actor
1989 - Kristin Herrera, American actress
1989 - Scout Taylor-Compton, American actress
1990 - Mattias Tedenby, Swedish ice hockey player
1990 - David Addy, Ghanaian footballer
1991 - Riyad Mahrez, Algerian footballer
1992 – Phil Jones, British footballer
1996 - Sophie Turner, English actress
2001 - Isabella Acres, American actress
Deaths
Up to 1900
4 - Gaius Caesar, heir to Augustus Caesar
1437 – King James I of Scotland (b. 1394)
1513 – Pope Julius II (b. 1443)
1543 – Ahmed Gragn, Sultan of Adal
1554 - Hieronymus Bock, German botanist (b. 1498)
1572 - Cho Shik, Korean poet and scholar (b. 1501)
1677 - Baruch Spinoza, Dutch philosopher (b. 1632)
1715 - Charles Calvert, 3rd Baron Baltimore, Governor of the province of Maryland (b. 1637)
1730 - Pope Benedict XIII (b. 1649)
1788 - Johann Georg Palitzsch, German astronomer (b. 1723)
1821 - Georg Friedrich von Martens, German diplomat (b. 1756)
1824 – Eugène de Beauharnais, son of Napoleon Bonaparte's wife, Josephine (b. 1781)
1846 - Emperor Ninko of Japan (b. 1800)
1861 - Lars Levi Laestadius, Swedish missionary (b. 1800)
1862 - Justinus Kerner, German poet (b. 1786)
1894 - Gustave Caillebotte, French painter (b. 1848)
1900 - Charles Piazzi Smyth, Scottish astronomer (b. 1819)
1901 2000
1901 - George Francis Fitzgerald, Irish mathematician (b. 1851)
1919 – Kurt Eisner, Bavarian socialist (b. 1867)
1926 – Heike Kamerlingh Onnes, Dutch physicist (b. 1853)
1934 - Augusto Nicolas Calderon Sandino, Nicaraguan revolutionary (b. 1895)
1938 – George Ellery Hale, American astronomer (b. 1868)
1941 – Frederick Banting, Canadian doctor, won the 1923 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, (b. 1891)
1944 – Ferenc Szisz, Hungarian-born French race car driver (b. 1873)
1945 – Eric Liddell, Scottish runner (b. 1902)
1958 - Duncan Edwards, English footballer (b. 1936)
1965 – Malcolm X, American civil rights activist (b. 1925)
1967 – Charles Beaumont, American writer (b. 1929)
1968 – Howard Walter Florey, Australian pharmacologist (b. 1898)
1972 - Zhang Guohua, Chinese general and politician (b. 1914)
1972 - Bronislava Nijinska, Polish-Russian ballet dancer (b. 1891)
1974 – Tim Horton, Canadian hockey player (b. 1930)
1980 - Mario Lanzi, Italian athlete (b. 1914)
1982 - Gershom Scholem, German-born Israeli Jewish philosopher (b. 1897)
1984 – Michail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov, Russian novelist (b. 1905)
1986 - Shigechiyo Izumi, Japanese centenarian, previously thought to have been the oldest man ever (b. probably in 1890)
1987 - Noel Odell, British mountaineer (b. 1890)
1989 - Alex Thepot, French footballer (b. 1906)
1991 – Dame Margot Fonteyn, British ballet dancer (b. 1919)
1994 - Johannes Steinhoff, German pilot and commander (b. 1913)
1995 – Calder Willingham, writer (b. 1922)
1996 – Morton Gould, American composer (b. 1913)
1997 – Josef Posipal, German footballer (b. 1927)
1999 - Walter Lini, 1st Prime Minister of Vanuatu (b. 1939)
1999 – Ilmari Juutilainen, Finnish fighter pilot (b. 1914)
1999 – Gertrude B. Elion, American scientist (b. 1918)
From 2001
2002 – John Thaw, British actor (b. 1942)
2003 - Eddie Thomson, Scottish footballer (b. 1947)
2004 – John Charles, Welsh footballer (b. 1931)
2005 - Ara Berberian, American opera singer (b. 1930)
2008 - Sunny Lowry, first British woman to swim across the English Channel (b. 1911)
2008 - Sufi Abu Taleb, Egyptian politician (b. 1925)
2008 – Emmanuel Sanon, Haitian footballer (b. 1951)
2013 - Bruce Millan, British politician (b. 1927)
2013 - Bob Godfrey, British animator (b. 1921)
2014 - Sakis Boulas, Greek singer-songwriter and actor (b. 1954)
2014 - Georgette Rejewski, Dutch actress (b. 1910)
2014 - Francesco Di Giacomo, Italian singer (b. 1947)
2014 - Stanley Brotman, American federal judge (b. 1924)
2014 - Matthew Robinson, Australian Paralympic snowboarder (b. 1985)
2015 - Clark Terry, American jazz trumpeter (b. 1920)
2015 - Sadeq Tabatabaei, Iranian politician (b. 1943)
2016 - Eric Brown, Scottish test pilot (b. 1919)
2017 - Kenneth Arrow, American economist (b. 1921)
2017 - Douglas Coe, American religious leader (b. 1928)
2017 - Desmond Connell, Irish cardinal (b. 1926)
2017 - Cosmo Haskard, Irish-born British Governor of the Falkland Islands (b. 1916)
2017 - Bengt Gustavsson, Swedish footballer (b. 1928)
2017 - Jeanne Martin Cissé, Guinean teacher and politician (b. 1926)
2017 - Brunella Bovo, Italian actress (b. 1932)
2017 - Ion Croitoru, Canadian professional wrestler (b. 1963)
2017 - Edwin Kessler, American atmospheric scientist (b. 1928)
2018 - Billy Graham, American evangelist (b. 1918)
2018 - Emma Chambers, English actress (b. 1964)
2019 - Peter Tork, American keyboardist (The Monkees) (b. 1942)
Observances
International Mother Language Day
Language Movement Day (Bangladesh)
Biikebrennen in Northern Schleswig-Holstein (Germany) and Southern Jutland (Denmark)
Days of the year |
7728 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meal | Meal | A meal is a serving of food eaten by human beings. Meals usually include several different types of food, such as grains, vegetables, fruit, and in some cases, meat. Meals have different names by time they are taken or by the type of food that is eaten.
Types
In North America and in Europe, people usually eat three meals a day. The morning meal is called breakfast. It usually includes foods made from grain (cereal, porridge, or bread), fruit (apple, banana, or an orange), and milk products (milk, yogurt, or cottage cheese). Many people drink coffee or tea with their breakfast.
Around noon, people eat their lunch. People who are working at jobs are given a break to eat their lunch. The lunch meal includes foods such as a sandwich, soup, vegetables, fruit, and milk. In some countries, such as Italy, people serve an alcoholic drink with lunch. In England, some people have a glass of beer with their lunch.
In the evening, people eat their supper or dinner. Dinners are different in different countries. Usually dinners include a "main course" such as roast beef, a grain (such as rice or pasta), a vegetable (such as carrots or cauliflower) and a dessert (called a "sweet" or "pudding" in England).
In some cases, a starter or appetizer is served before the dinner. Appetizers are a small serving of food such as olives, cheese, or bread. In many countries, people serve an alcoholic drink with dinner, such as wine or beer.
Examples
Fish and chips - United Kingdom |
7729 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig | Leipzig | Leipzig (Upper Saxon: Leibzsch or Leibz'sch) is the biggest city in the state of Saxony (eastern Germany). When Germany was divided into East and West Germany, Leipzig was one of the three biggest industrial cities in the East Germany.
Leipzig occupies and is still an industrial city. 510,651 people are living in Leipzig as of 29 February 2008.
History
Its Latin name is Lipsia and the German name "Leipzig" came from this name. Leipzig has a long history. Its name was first recorded as Leipzig Castle (Leipziger Burg) in 1015, and the official founding of the city occurred later in 1165. It was an economic center of Medieval Germany, famous with its market (Leipziger Messe).
In 1409, Leipzig University was started. Theology was its major faculty. In 1519, Martin Luther had a discussion in Leipzig against Johann Eck. Reformation came to Leipzig in 1539 and the city people became Lutheran.
It is famous for St. Thomas Church, where Johann Sebastian Bach worked as music director (Kantor) from 1723 until his death in 1750.
In 1813 near Leipzig, the Battle of Leipzig was fought between the French army led by Napoleon Bonaparte and the allied armies of Austria, Prussia and Russia.
In 1839, the railway between Dresden and Leipzig was opened. It was the first long distance railroad in Germany.
As a result of industrialization, the number of people living in Leipzig grew during the 19th century. Before World War II, there were about 750,000 people in Leipzig.
After the war, Leipzig belonged to the part of Germany occupied by the Soviet Union, and later to East Germany.
In 1989, the Monday Demonstrations took place in Leipzig. Every monday after a Christian mess in the Nikolaikirche the Leipzig people demonstrate for freedom to travel and democracy. These demonstrations became bigger and bigger and reached their peak on 23 October when 320,000 people came. The demonstrations are one of the things that lead to the end of communist dictatorship in East Germany.
Today, Leipzig is still known as a city of fairs, media and university, but is less important than it was before World War II.
Economy
Before World War II, Leipzig was a famous center of commerce (Leipzig exhibition) and industry. Now, there are big companies in Leipzig like Porsche, BMW, Siemens and DHL, as well as the Leipzig Airport.
Population
With almost 511,000 people, Leipzig city proper is the 12th biggest city in Germany and the 2nd biggest in what was East Germany (DDR), smaller than East Berlin and bigger than Dresden. Leipzig urban has 567,000 people. The total population of Leipzig metropolitan area is 1,389,000.
Geography
Leipzig, Chemnitz, Dresden, Halle, and Zwickau form an area called the Saxon Triangle, which has about 3,500,000 people.
Miscellaneous
Leipzig has a university where famous people studied (e.g. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Edvard Grieg, Erich Kästner, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, Angela Merkel, Friedrich Nietzsche, Robert Schumann and Richard Wagner.) The Leipzig Hauptbahnhof (Central Station) is the biggest terminal station in Europe. It sees about 150,000 passengers each day. It is 293 meters wide.
Sister cities
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, since 2004
Birmingham, UK, since 1992
Bologna, Italy, since 1962, renewed in 1997
Brno, Czech Republic, since 1973, renewed in 1999
Frankfurt am Main, Germany, since 1990
Hanover, Germany, since 1987
Houston, United States, since 1993
Kyiv, Ukraine, since 1961, renewed in 1992
Lyon, France, since 1981</
Nanjing, China, since 1988
Plovdiv, Bulgaria, since 1975, renewed in 2007
Thessaloniki, Greece, since 1984
Travnik, Bosnia and Herzegovina, since 2003
Herzliya, Israel, since 2010
References
Other websites |
7731 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1351 | 1351 |
Events
May 1 – Zürich became a part of Switzerland. |
7732 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/January%2030 | January 30 |
Events
Up to 1900
1018 - The Peace of Bautzen is signed between Poland and Germany.
1607 - Massive flooding hits the coasts of the Bristol Channel and Severn Estuary in England, killing around 2,000 people.
1648 – The Treaty of Münster is signed, ending the Eighty Years' War between the Netherlands and Spain.
1649 – King Charles I of England is beheaded.
1661 – Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England is formally executed – after having been dead for two years.
1667 - The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth cedes Kiev, Smolensk and western Ukraine to the Tsardom of Russia.
1790 – The first boat specialized as a lifeboat is tested on the River Tyne.
1806 - The original Lower Trenton Bridge, spanning the Delaware River between Morrisville, Pennsylvania and Trenton, New Jersey, is opened.
1820 – Edward Bransfield lands on the Antarctic mainland.
1826 - The Menai Suspension Bridge, connecting the island of Anglesey and mainland Wales, is opened.
1835 – A mentally ill man named Richard Lawrence attempts to assassinate President Andrew Jackson in the United States Capitol—the first assassination attempt against a President. Both of Lawrence's pistols misfire, and Jackson proceeds to beat his would-be assassin with his cane.
1841 - A fire destroys two-thirds of the city of Mayaguez, Puerto Rico.
1847 – Yerba Buena, California is renamed San Francisco.
1862 – The first American ironclad warship, the USS Monitor is launched.
1869 - The University of Idaho is started.
1889 – Archduke Crown Prince Rudolf of Austria, heir to the Austro-Hungarian crown, is found dead with his mistress Baroness Mary Vetsera in Mayerling. How they died remains a mystery.
1900 – United Kingdom forces fighting Boers in South Africa ask for reinforcements.
1901 2000
1902 - The United Kingdom and Japan sign the Anglo-Japanese Alliance.
1911 – The destroyer USS Terry makes the first airplane rescue at sea saving the life of James McCurdy 10 miles from Havana, Cuba.
1911 – The Canadian Naval Service becomes the Royal Canadian Navy.
1913 – House of Lords rejects Irish Home Rule Bill.
1925 – Government of Turkey throws Patriarch Constantine VI out of Istanbul.
1933 – Adolf Hitler is sworn in as Chancellor of Germany.
1933 – The first of 2,956 episodes of The Lone Ranger radio series airs on station WXYZ in Detroit, Michigan.
1942 - World War II: Japanese forces invade the island of Ambon in what is now Indonesia.
1944 – World War II: United States troops invade Majuro, Marshall Islands.
1945 – The Wilhelm Gustloff sinks in the Baltic Sea in the deadliest maritime disaster in known history, killing roughly 9,000.
1948 – Indian pacifist and leader Mahatma Gandhi is assassinated in Delhi by Nathuram Godse, a Hindu extremist.
1948 – 1948 Winter Olympics open in St. Moritz, Switzerland. Because of World War II a few years previously, German and Japanese athletes are not allowed to take part.
1956 - Martin Luther King, Jr.'s home is bombed in retaliation for the Montgomery Bus Boycott.
1959 - The ship MS Hans Hedtoft strikes an iceberg on her first voyage and sinks, killing 95 people on board.
1962 – Two of the high-wire Flying Wallendas are killed when their famous seven-person pyramid collapses during a performance in Detroit, Michigan.
1964 – Ranger 6 is launched by NASA. Its mission is to carry television cameras and to crash-land on the moon.
1964 - Nguyen Khanh takes power in South Vietnam, removing Duong Van Minh's military junta from power.
1965 - The funeral of Winston Churchill takes place in London. Over a million people line the streets to say farewell.
1968 – Vietnam War: The Tết Offensive begins when NLF forces launch series of a surprise attacks in South Vietnam.
1969 – The Beatles' last public performance, on the roof of Apple Records in London. The impromptu concert is broken up by the police.
1972 – Bloody Sunday: United Kingdom British Paratroopers murder fourteen Roman Catholic civil rights /anti internment marchers in Northern Ireland- Bloody Sunday (1972)
1972 – Pakistan withdraws from the Commonwealth of Nations.
1975 – First faroese stamp issued
1983 – Super Bowl XVII: The Washington Redskins defeat the Miami Dolphins, 27-17, thus winning their first NFL championship since 1942.
1989 – The American embassy in Kabul, Afghanistan closes.
1994 – Péter Lékó becomes the youngest grand master in chess.
1994 – The Dallas Cowboys win their fourth Super Bowl title, 30-13 over the Buffalo Bills in Super Bowl XXVIII.
1995 – Workers from the National Institutes of Health announce the success of clinical trials testing the first preventive treatment for sickle-cell disease.
1996 – Suspected leader of the Irish National Liberation Army Gino Gallagher is killed while in line for his unemployment benefit.
2000 – Off the coast of Côte d'Ivoire, Kenya Airways Flight 431 crashes into the Atlantic Ocean, killing 169.
2000 – In Super Bowl XXXIV, the St. Louis Rams defeat the Tennessee Titans, 23-16.
From 2001
2002 – Slobodan Milošević accuses the United Nations war crimes tribunal of an "evil and hostile attack" against him.
2003 – Belgium legally recognizes same-sex marriage.
2005 – Amid violence and threats to boycott the results, Iraq holds an election for its National Assembly, the country's first free election since 1953.
2007 - Microsoft Windows Vista is released.
2015 - 55 people are killed in a bomb attack in Shikarpur, Southern Pakistan.
2016 - 39 people drown as a boat carrying refugees sinks in the Mediterranean Sea.
2016 - Tennis: Angelique Kerber becomes the first German woman since Steffi Graf to win a Grand Slam singles title, defeating Serena Williams in three sets to win the Australian Open.
Births
Up to 1900
58 BC – Livia Drusilla, wife of Roman Emperor Augustus (d. 29)
133 – Marcus Severus Didius Julianus, Roman Emperor (d. 193)
1563 - Franciscus Gomarus, Dutch theologian (d. 1641)
1628 - George Villiers, 2nd Duke of Buckingham, English diplomat (d. 1687)
1661 - Charles Rollin, French historian (d. 1741)
1697 - Johann Joachim Quantz, German flautist (d. 1773)
1720 - Charles De Geer, Swedish industrialist and entomologist (d. 1778)
1736 - James Watt, Scottish engineer (d. 1819)
1754 - John Lansing, Jr., American statesman (d. 1829)
1775 - Walter Savage Landor, English writer and poet (d. 1864)
1781 – Adelbert von Chamisso, German writer (d. 1838)
1816 – Nathaniel Prentice Banks, American politician, Governor of Massachusetts (d. 1894)
1822 - Franz Ritter von Hauer, Austrian geologist (d. 1899)
1841 - Félix Faure, French politician (d. 1899)
1841 - Sam Lloyd, American game inventor and puzzle specialist (d. 1911)
1845 - Jose Domingo de Obaldia, 2nd President of Panama (d. 1910)
1846 - F. H. Bradley, British philosopher (d. 1924)
1852 - Ion Luca Caragiale, Romanian playwright and poet (d. 1912)
1862 - Walter Damrosch, German conductor and composer (d. 1950)
1875 - Walter Middelberg, Dutch rower (d. 1944)
1878 – Anton Hansen Tammsaare, Estonian writer (d. 1940)
1882 – Franklin D. Roosevelt, 32nd President of the United States (d. 1945)
1884 - Pedro Pablo Ramirez, President of Argentina (d. 1962)
1888 - Beatrice Brigden, Canadian activist (d. 1977)
1889 – Jaishankar Prasad, Indian poet and dramatist (d. 1937)
1890 - Bruno Kastner, German actor (d. 1932)
1894 – Tsar Boris III of Bulgaria (d. 1943)
1895 – Wilhelm Gustloff, German leader of the Swiss Nazi Party (d. 1936)
1899 – Max Theiler, South African virologist (d. 1972)
1900 - Isaac Dunayevsky, Soviet composer (d. 1955)
1901 1950
1901 – Rudolf Caracciola, German racing driver (d. 1959)
1910 - Chidambaram Subramaniam, Indian politician (d. 2000)
1911 – Roy Eldridge, American jazz musician (d. 1989)
1912 – Werner Hartmann, German physicist (d. 1988)
1913 - Percy Thrower, English gardener and television host (d. 1988)
1913 - Amrita Sher-Gil, Indian painter (d. 1941)
1915 – John Profumo, British politician (d. 2006)
1917 - Paul Frère, Belgian racing driver, journalist and author (d. 2008)
1920 - Michael Anderson, British director
1920 - Delbert Mann, American director (d. 2007)
1924 – Lloyd Alexander, American writer (d. 2007)
1925 - Douglas Engelbart, American inventor (d. 2013)
1927 – Olof Palme, Prime Minister of Sweden (d. 1986)
1928 – Hal Prince, American stage producer and director
1929 - Lucille Teasdale-Corti, Canadian physician, surgeon and aid worker (d. 1996)
1929 - Isamu Akasaki, Japanese scientist, joint-winner of the 2014 Nobel Prize in Physics
1930 – Gene Hackman, American actor
1930 - Janis Krumins, Latvian basketball player (d. 1994)
1930 - Egon Klepsch, German politician (d. 2010)
1931 - Shirley Hazzard, Australian-American writer (d. 2016)
1932 - Knock Yokoyama, Japanese comedian and politician
1934 - Tammy Grimes, American actress and singer (d. 2016)
1934 - Giovanni Battista Re, Italian cardinal
1935 - Richard Brautigan, American writer (d. 1984)
1935 - Jean Tiberi, former Mayor of Paris
1936 - Horst Jankowski, German pianist (d. 1998)
1937 – Vanessa Redgrave, British actress
1937 – Boris Spassky, Russian chess player
1937 - Ed Hansen, American movie director and editor (d. 2005)
1938 – Islam Karimov, President of Uzbekistan (d. 2016)
1940 - Mitch Murray, English songwriter and producer
1941 - Gregory Benford, American science fiction writer
1941 – Dick Cheney, 46th Vice President of the United States
1945 - Meir Dagan, Israeli general (d. 2016)
1945 - Michael Dorris, American author (d. 1997)
1946 - John Bird, Baron Bird, English social entrepreneur
1947 - Steve Marriott, English musician (d. 1991)
1947 - Malgorzata Braunek, Polish actress (d. 2014)
1948 - Sergio Cofferati, Italian politician
1949 – Peter Agre, American biologist
1949 - Jaak Salumets, Estonian basketball player and coach
1951 1975
1951 – Phil Collins, British singer and musician
1955 – John Baldacci, American politician, 73rd Governor of Maine
1955 - Curtis Strange, American golfer
1956 - Keiichi Tsuchiya, Japanese racing driver
1956 - Darko Rundek, Croatian musician, actor and theatre director
1956 - Jeremy Gittins, English actor
1957 - Payne Stewart, American golfer (d. 1999)
1959 – Irina Pudova, Yakut ballerina
1960 - Eddie Jones, Australian rugby union player and coach
1961 - Liu Gang, Chinese physicist and computer scientist
1961 – Dexter Scott King, son of Martin Luther King, Jr. and Coretta Scott King
1962 – King Abdullah II of Jordan
1963 - Tina Malone, English actress
1964 - Otis Smith, American basketball player
1965 - Julie McCullough, American model and actress
1967 - Jay Gordon, American musician
1967 - Sergey Tchepikov, Russian biathlete
1968 – King Felipe VI of Spain
1968 - Trevor Dunn, American musician
1969 - Alexey Dreev, Russian chess player
1971 - Darren Boyd, British actor
1972 - Jennifer Hale, Canadian-American actress and comedienne
1974 – Christian Bale, British actor
1974 – Olivia Colman, British actress
1974 – Jemima Khan, British socialite
1975 - Yumi Yoshimura, Japanese singer
1975 – Juninho Pernambucano, Brazilian footballer
From 1976
1976 – Cristian Brocchi, Italian footballer
1978 - Romesh Ranganathan, English comedian
1979 - Davide Simoncelli, Italian cross-country skier
1979 - Trevor Gillies, Canadian ice hockey player
1980 – Wilmer Valderrama, American actor and producer
1981 – Dimitar Berbatov, Bulgarian footballer
1981 – Peter Crouch, English footballer
1981 - Mathias Lauda, Austrian racing driver
1982 - DeSagana Diop, Senegalese basketball player
1983 - Ben Maher, English equestrian
1984 – Kid Cudi, American Hip hop performer
1987 – Arda Turan, Turkish footballer
1987 - Phil Lester, English YouTuber, vlogger and radio personality
1987 – Rebecca Quin, Irish professional wrestler better known as Becky Lynch
1990 – Jake Thomas, American actor
1990 - Yoon Bo-ra, South Korean singer
1993 - Katy Marchant, English track cyclist
1995 - Misaki Iwasa, Japanese singer (AKB48)
1995 - Viktoria Komova, Russian gymnast
1995 - Danielle Campbell, American actress
1995 - Jack Laugher, English diver
2000 - Benee, New Zealand singer
2005 – Prince Hashem bin Al Abdullah II of Jordan
Deaths
Up to 1900
680 - Bathild, Frankish Queen (b. 626)
1030 - William V, Duke of Aquitaine (b. 969)
1181 – Emperor Takakura of Japan (b. 1161)
1314 - Nicholas III of Saint Omer
1384 – Louis II of Flanders (b. 1330)
1649 – King Charles I of England, Ireland and Scotland (b. 1600)
1730 – Tsar Peter II of Russia (b. 1715)
1836 – Betsy Ross, American seamstress (b. 1752)
1867 – Emperor Komei of Japan (b. 1831)
1869 - William Carleton, Irish novelist (b. 1794)
1889 – Crown Prince Rudolf of Austria (b. 1858)
1889 – Baroness Marie Vetsera, mistress of Austrian Crown Prince Rudolf (b. 1871)
1901 2000
1913 - James Henderson Berry, Governor of Arkansas (b. 1841)
1926 - Barbara La Marr, American actress (b. 1896)
1927 - Simeon Eben Baldwin, American politician, 65th Governor of Connecticut (b. 1840)
1928 – Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger, Danish doctor, won the 1926 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1867)
1929 - La Goulue, French dancer (b. 1866)
1934 - Frank Nelson Doubleday, American publisher (b. 1862)
1948 – Mahatma Gandhi, Indian spiritual leader and advocate of non-violence (assassinated) (b. 1869)
1948 – Orville Wright, American aviation pioneer (b. 1871)
1951 – Ferdinand Porsche, Austrian automobile engineer (b. 1875)
1958 - Jean Crotti, Swiss artist (b. 1878)
1958 – Ernst Heinkel, German engineer (b. 1888)
1963 - Francis Poulenc, French composer (b. 1899)
1969 – Dominique Pire, Belgian monk (b. 1910)
1980 - Professor Longhair, American musician (b. 1918)
1982 – Stanley Holloway, British actor (b. 1890)
1982 – Lightnin' Hopkins, American musician (b. 1912)
1984 - Luke Kelly, Irish singer (The Dubliners) (b. 1940)
1986 - Ivan Papanin, Russian explorer (b. 1894)
1989 - Alfonso, Duke of Anjou and Cadiz, Spanish royal and claimant to the French throne (b. 1936)
1991 – John Bardeen, American physicist (b. 1908)
1995 – Gerald Durrell, British naturalist (b. 1925)
1999 – Huntz Hall, American actor (b. 1919)
From 2001
2006 – Coretta Scott King, American civil rights activist (b. 1927)
2007 – Sidney Sheldon, American writer and screenwriter (b. 1917)
2008 – Jeremy Beadle, British television presenter (b. 1948)
2009 – Ingemar Johansson, Swedish boxer (b. 1932)
2009 – Sune Jonsson, Swedish writer, movie maker and photographer (b. 1930)
2009 - H. Guy Hunt, 49th Governor of Alabama (b. 1933)
2011 – John Barry, British movie score composer (b. 1933)
2013 - Patty Andrews, American singer (b. 1918)
2014 - Jack Stoddard, Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1926)
2014 - The Mighty Hannibal, American singer, songwriter and record producer (b. 1939)
2014 - Arthur Rankin, Jr., American animator, director, producer and writer (b. 1924)
2015 - Gerrit Voorting, Dutch road bicycle racer (b. 1923)
2015 - Zhelyu Zhelev, 2nd President of Bulgaria (b. 1935)
2015 - Geraldine McEwan, English actress (b. 1932)
2015 - Carl Djerassi, Austrian-American chemist, novelist and playwright (b. 1923)
2016 - Frank Finlay, British actor (b. 1926)
2016 - T. N. Gopakumar, Indian journalist (b. 1957)
2016 - Georgia Davis Powers, American civil rights activist and politician (b. 1923)
2016 - Francisco Flores Pérez, President of El Salvador (b. 1959)
2016 - Mohammad Salimi, Iranian general (b. 1937)
2017 - Marta Becket, American dancer, painter and choreographer (b. 1924)
2017 - David Burhani, Tanzanian footballer (b. 1990)
2017 - Carmen Contreras-Bozak, American World War II veteran (b. 1919)
2017 - Mario R. Ramil, Filipino-born American justice (b. 1946)
2018 - Rolf Schafstall, German footballer (b. 1937)
2018 - Mark Salling, American actor and singer (b. 1982)
2018 - Clyde Scott, American football player and hurdler (b. 1924)
2018 - Kevin Towers, American baseball executive (b. 1961)
2018 - Terry Van Ginderen, Belgian television and music producer (b. 1931)
2018 - Azeglio Vicini, Italian footballer (b. 1933)
2018 - Louis Zorich, American actor (b. 1924)
2019 - Stewart Adams, British chemist, inventor of ibuprofen (b. 1923)
2019 - Per Jorsett, Norwegian sports reporter (b. 1920)
2019 - Dick Miller, American actor (b. 1928)
Observances
Observances related to the assassination of Mahatma Gandhi
Martyrs' Day (India)
School Day of non-violence and Peace (Spain)
Days of the year |
7733 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evil | Evil | Evil means something which is morally bad or wicked. It is the opposite of good. People may say that an action which hurts people or breaks certain rules such as the Ten Commandments is evil. A person or a group that does evil things may also be called evil.
Logical problem of evil
A version of the problem of evil, perhaps by Epicurus, goes as follows:
If a perfectly good god exists, then evil does not.
There is evil in the world.
Therefore, a perfectly good god does not exist.
Another argument goes:
God exists.
God is omnipotent, omniscient, and perfectly good.
A perfectly good being would want to prevent all evils.
An omniscient being knows every way in which evils can come into existence.
An omnipotent being, who knows every way in which an evil can come into existence, has the power to prevent that evil from coming into existence.
A being who knows every way in which an evil can come into existence, who is able to prevent that evil from coming into existence, and who wants to do so, would prevent the existence of that evil.
If there exists an omnipotent, omniscient, and perfectly good being, then no evil exists.
Evil exists (logical contradiction).
Arguments such as these are about the logical problem of evil. They attempt to show that the assumed propositions lead to a logical contradiction and so cannot all be correct.
Theology
A common response is that God can exist with and allow evil in order to achieve a greater good. Some philosophers accept that arguments such as "God allows evil in order to achieve the greater good of free will" are logically possible and thus solve the logical problem of evil. Since the aim is only to defeat the assertion that God and evil are logically incompatible, even a highly implausible instance of God's coexistence with evil is sufficient for the purpose.
In theology, there is a question: If there is a God, why does God let evil happen? Some think that evil proves that there is not a God. Others think that God lets evil happen so that people can choose not to do evil.
Philosophies of science have approached the problem from the angle of empiricism. For logical positivism the issue with God is the lack of any independent method of verification. In their view, this makes the proposition "God exists", not true or false, but meaningless. A similar position points to the lack of any way the proposition might be falsified.
View
The study of good and evil in philosophy is called ethics. Ethics tries to explain why some actions are good and other actions are evil. It attempts to give all kinds of answers for how to tell evil from good. Christians believe that at the Second Coming of Christ, God will put an end to evil and the works of the Devil- see the end of the Book of Revelation. In movies or TV series evil people are often called villains. Political actions are sometimes viewed as evil such as authoritarianism, ableism or censorship. People disagree on why people do evil things. Religious people may think that it is the result of listening to an evil being such as the devil or sin. Others think it happens because of mental issues like anger, mental illness or revenge. Certain types of behavior are also sometimes seen as evil such as killing or lying to be punished. Sex crimes such as rape, hebophilia or pedophilia are also often seen as evil.
References
Ethics
Logic
Philosophy
Theology |
7735 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872 | 1872 | 1872 was a leap year in the 19th century.
Events
Levi Strauss invents jeans.
American department store Montgomery Ward opens for business.
Huntington's disease is defined for the first time.
University of Toledo founded in Toledo, Ohio
Births
January 6 – Alexander Scriabin, Russian composer (d. 1915)
May 18 – Bertrand Russell, English philosopher and logician (d. 1970)
July 4 – Calvin Coolidge, 30th President of the United States (d. 1933)
June 6 – Alexandra Fyodorovna, Empress of Russia, wife of Nicholas II (d. 1918)
July 16 – Roald Amundsen, Norwegian polar explorer (d. 1928)
August 21 – Aubrey Beardsley, English artist (d. 1898)
October 12 – Ralph Vaughan Williams, English composer (d. 1958)
October 15 – Edith Bolling Wilson, American First Lady, wife of Woodrow Wilson (d. 1961)
November 30 – John McCrae, Canadian poet and soldier in World War I
December 28 – Pio Baroja, Spanish writer (d. 1956)
Deaths
January 21 – Franz Grillparzer, Austrian writer and poet (b. 1791)
April 27 – Ion Heliade Rădulescu, Romanian writer and politician (b. 1802)
June 4 – Johan Rudolf Thorbecke, Dutch politician (b. 1798)
November 29 – Horace Greeley, American newspaper editor and politician (b. 1811)
December 23 - George Catlin, American painter (b. 1796)
Date unknown
Karolina Bock, Swedish dancer, actress and singer (b. 1792)
Petros Duryan, Armenian poet (b. 1851) |
7736 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozna%C5%84 | Poznań | Poznań (German name: Posen) is the biggest city and capital of Greater Poland Voivodeship in Poland, one of the oldest and the biggest cities in Poland. Its population is about 560,000 and its area is 262 square kilometers.
Poznań was one of the 4 Polish cities where the UEFA European Football Championship matches were played in 2012. Poland co-hosted the championship together with Ukraine. |
7737 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartoonist | Cartoonist | A cartoonist is a person who draws cartoons. Cartoons can be pictures on a printed page (also called comics or comic strips) or moving pictures on film (also called animation). Both kinds of cartoons can be found on the internet. Examples of some famous cartoonists are:
Walt Disney (Mickey Mouse, Donald Duck)
Terry Gilliam (Monty Python)
Tex Avery (Looney Tunes, Droopy)
Chuck Jones (Looney Tunes, How the Grinch Stole Christmas, Tom and Jerry)
Don Martin (MAD Magazine)
Bil Keane (Family Circus)
Jim Davis (Garfield, U.S. Acres)
Matt Groening (Life in Hell, The Simpsons, Futurama)
Robert Crumb (Fritz the Cat, Keep on Truckin')
Al Capp (Lil' Abner)
Hanna-Barbera (The Flintstones, Tom and Jerry, Scooby Doo)
Max and Dave Fleschier (Koko The Clown, Betty Boop, Popeye)
Gary Larson (Far Side)
Mike Judge (Beavis and Butthead, King of the Hill)
Chester Gould (Dick Tracy)
Jay Ward (Rocky and Bullwinkle, George of the Jungle)
Don Bluth (American Tail, The Land Before Time)
Bill Watterson (Calvin and Hobbes)
Ub Iwerks (Mickey Mouse)
Garry Trudeau (Doonsbury)
Aaron McGruder (The Boondocks)
Stan Lee (Marvel Comics)
Charles Schulz (Peanuts)
Sergio Aragonés (MAD Magazine, Groo the Wanderer)
Dave Berg (MAD Magazine)
John Kricfalusi (The Ren and Stimpy Show, Ripping Friends)
Mort Walker (Beetle Bailey)
Scott Adams (Dilbert)
Carl Barks (Scrooge McDuck)
Peyo (The Smurfs)
Bob Clampett (Looney Tunes, Beany and Cecil)
Bob Kane (Batman, Coragous Cat and Minute Mouse, Cool McCool)
Todd McFarlane (Spawn)
Seth McFarlane (Family Guy, American Dad)
Charles Addams (The Addams Family, The New Yorker)
Friz Freling (Looney Tunes)
Other websites
Don Markstein's Toonopedia |
7738 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim%20Henson | Jim Henson | James Maury "Jim" Henson (September 24, 1936 – May 16, 1990) was an American artist, animator, puppeteer, and television. He was best known for his work with the Muppets, which he helped to create.
Henson's best known puppet is Kermit the Frog. As a puppeteer, Henson performed in various television programs, such as Sesame Street and The Muppet Show, movies such as The Muppet Movie and The Great Muppet Caper. He also made puppets for projects like Fraggle Rock, The Dark Crystal, and Labyrinth.
Legacy
The Jim Henson Company and the Jim Henson Foundation continued after his death, making new series and specials. Jim Henson's Creature Shop, founded by Henson, also continues to build creatures for a large number of other movies and series (e.g. the science-fiction production Farscape, the movie adaptation of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, and the movie MirrorMask) and is said to be one of the most advanced and well respected creators of movie creatures.
His son Brian and daughter Lisa are the co-chairs and co-CEOs of the company. His daughter Cheryl is the president of the foundation. Steve Whitmire, a veteran member of the Muppet puppeteering crew, plays the roles of Kermit the Frog and Ernie, the most famous characters formerly played by Jim Henson.
One of Henson's last projects is a show attraction in Walt Disney World and Disneyland. It is called Muppet*Vision 3D. It opened in 1991, shortly after his death.
Tributes
Henson is honored both as himself and as Kermit the Frog on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Only two other people have received this honor: Mel Blanc as both himself and Bugs Bunny; and Walt Disney as both himself and Mickey Mouse.
The theater at his alma mater, Northwestern High School, in Hyattsville, MD, is named in his honor.
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II: The Secret of the Ooze and The Muppet Christmas Carol are both dedicated to him.
Stephen Lynch made a song titled "Jim Henson's Dead". He talks about many of the characters from The Muppet Show and Sesame Street.
Henson is shown in The American Adventure in Epcot at the Walt Disney World Resort.
Philip Roth often quotes Jim Henson in his Sabbath's Theater as the "great regret" for Mickey Sabbath.
The Jim Henson Museum, in his hometown of Leland, Mississippi, has an assortment of original Muppet characters, official certificates from the Mississippi Legislature honoring Henson and his characters, and a statue of Kermit in the middle of the stream behind the museum.
The 1990 television special The Muppets Celebrate Jim Henson let the Muppets themselves pay tribute to Henson. The special had interviews with Steven Spielberg and others.
Celtic singer, musician, and songwriter Heather Alexander wrote a song titled "Storyteller" in 1990. It is about his "Storyteller" series as well as his role as a modern storyteller.
Tom Smith's Henson tribute song, "A Boy and His Frog", won the Pegasus Award for Best Filk Song in 1991.
Henson was shown in Boyz II Men's 1991 video, "It's So Hard to Say Goodbye to Yesterday".
Episode 2880 of Sesame Street (which aired on November 15, 1991) was dedicated in his memory, with a memorial card following the closing credits.
University of Maryland, College Park has a life-size statue of Henson and Kermit the Frog.
Kermit the Frog was named Grand Marshall of the 1996 Tournament of Roses Parade in Pasadena, California.
On the evening of October 25, 2000, Comedy Central had a banner sign that said: Jim Henson [1936–1990].
In 2003, Jim Henson was honored at the yearly Norsk Høstfest in Minot, North Dakota.
A 3D tribute to Henson called Over Time was shown as part of the 2005 Electronic Theater at SIGGRAPH.
On September 28, 2005, the U.S. Postal Service issued a sheet of commemorative stamps honoring Henson and the Muppets.
The Center for Puppetry Arts in Atlanta, Georgia, has more than 700 puppets made by Henson and his studio. Many of these are displayed in the museum exhibit Jim Henson: Puppeteer. In September 2008, the Center opened Jim Henson: Wonders From His Workshop, highlighting creations from Fraggle Rock, Labyrinth, and other later works.
On September 24, 2011, Henson's hometown of Leland renamed one of their bridges "The Rainbow Connection" to honor Henson and his work.
On his 75th birthday the Google doodle was six Muppets.
Filmography
{| class=wikitable
!Program!!Character(s)
|-
|Sam and Friends ||Sam, Harry the Hipster, Kermit, Omar, Professor Madcliffe, Pierre the French Rat, Yorick, others
|-
|Sesame Street||Ernie, Kermit, Guy Smiley, Anything Muppets, an apple from "Bilingual Fruit Song", As I Was Going to St. Ives boy, Baby Monster, Bad Bart, Barry Rhymie, Beautiful Day Monster, Beginning, Ben, Betty Lou, Big Jeffy, Billy Monster, Bip Bippadotta, Captain Vegetable, Charlie, Dan, Father, Fenwick, Flakey, The Geefle, The Genie, George Washington, Grandmother Happy, Granny Fanny Nesselrode, Grover, Harold Happy, Harvey Monster, Henry, Herman the Hoppity-Hop, Herry Monster, Hippie, J Friend Singer, The King, King Gerry the Generous, King Peter the Persnickety, Lance, Lavender "Fat Cat" performer, Librarian, Little Bird, Little Chrissy, Lost & Found Clerk, Marvin, Maurice, Maurice, Maurice Monster, Mr. Essex, Mr. Johnson, Mr. Nose, Old King Cole's Band Fat Blue fiddler & Pumpkin bass player, Pat Playjacks, Pokey, Salvador Dada, Sam, Sammy the Snake, Scudge (1969), Showered Rosell, Sinister Sam, Sneaky, Spaceship Surprise Captain, Stan, Thomas Twiddlebug, Three Little Pigs, Tony, Warren Wolf, Witch, Yellow Submarine Fat Blue train engineer, Yip Yip Martians, Zizzy Zoomer
|-
|The Muppet Valetine Show||Wally, Kermit, Rowlf, Ernie
|-
|The Muppet Show: Sex & Violence|| George Washington, Hudson, Nigel, The Swedish Chef, Waldorf, Dr. Teeth, Kermit
|-
|The Muppet Show||Kermit, Rowlf, Dr. Teeth, Waldorf, The Swedish Chef, The Newsman, Link Hogthrob, Mahna Mahna, Nigel, Balloon-Head Conductor, Beaver, Black Rooster, Blue Frackle, Brown Bear, a Bun-Bun Brother, Butch, Dancers, Doglion, Droop, The Eel, Flower-Eating Monster, a Fazoobs, Frog, Fuzz Brother, a Gills Brother, Green Heap, Green Frackle, Hillbilly Singer, Jim, Kermit the Protozoa, Lenny the Lizard, Lefty, Mary Louise, Mean Mama, Miss Kitty, a Muppaphone, The Newspig, Penguins, Pigs, Prairie Dogs, Robot Kermit, Rover Joe, The Scientist, Silver Beak, Slim Wilson, Timmy Monster, Wally, Wally Whoopie, Whatnots, Zeke
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|Emmet Otter's Jug Band Christmas|| Kermit, Harrison Fox, Harvey Beaver, Howard Snake
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|Christmas Eve on Sesame Street|| Kermit, Ernie
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|The Muppet Movie||Kermit, Rowlf, Dr. Teeth, Waldorf, The Swedish Chef
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|The Great Muppet Caper||Kermit, Rowlf, Dr. Teeth, Waldorf, The Swedish Chef, The Newsman
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|The Muppets Take Manhattan||Kermit, Rowlf, Dr. Teeth, Waldorf, The Swedish Chef, The Newsman, Ernie, Baby Kermit, Baby Rowlf, Penguins
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|Follow That Bird||Kermit, Ernie
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|The Christmas Toy|| Jack-in-the-Box, Kermit
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|A Muppet Family Christmas|| Kermit, Rowlf, Dr. Teeth, Waldorf, The Swedish Chef, The Newsman, Guy Smiley, & a penguin
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|The Jim Henson Hour||Kermit, Dr. Teeth, Link Hogthrob, The Swedish Chef, Timecaster, Teddy Bear, Garbage Bags, Timrek the Gorf, Screaming No-Nos
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|Sesame Street... 20 Years & Still Counting||Ernie, Kermit
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|The Muppets at Walt Disney World||Kermit, Rowlf, Dr. Teeth, Waldorf, The Swedish Chef, Link Hogthrob
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|Sing Yourself Silly!||Ernie, Kermit, lead singer of one Banana
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Muppets
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Comedians from Mississippi |
7745 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game%20Boy%20Advance%20Video | Game Boy Advance Video | Game Boy Advance Video is a format of cartridges for the Game Boy Advance. They work the same as normal cartridge but play television shows instead of games. They generally contain 45 minutes of TV, for example, a show from Nickelodeon or Cartoon Network. They were first made in early 2004, but gradually stopped being made shortly before there were no more Game Boy Advance games made in 2008, with the final game for it being Samurai Deeper KYO.
References
Other websites
Nintendo customer service for GBA video
GBA-Video.com
Game Boy |
7747 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterfly | Butterfly | A butterfly is a usually day-flying insect of the order Lepidoptera. They are grouped together in the suborder Rhopalocera. Butterflies are closely related to moths, from which they evolved. The earliest discovered fossil moth dates to 200 million years ago.
The life of butterflies is closely connected to flowering plants, which their larvae (caterpillars) feed on, and their adults feed and lay their eggs on. They have a long-lasting history of co-evolution with flowering plants. Many of the details of plant anatomy are related to their pollinators, and vice versa. The other notable features of butterflies are their extraordinary range of colours and patterns, and their wings. These are discussed below.
Angiosperms (flowering plants) evolved in the Lower Cretaceous, but did not become common until the Upper Cretaceous. Butterflies were the last major group of insects to appear on the planet. They evolved from moths in the latest Cretaceous or the earliest Cainozoic. The earliest known butterfly fossils date to the mid Eocene epoch, between 40–50 million years ago.
Like moths, butterflies have four wings covered with tiny scales. When a butterfly is not flying, its wings are usually folded over its back. The wings are patterned and are often brightly coloured. There are many different kinds of butterflies. The males and females of each kind are often slightly different from each other. Butterfly watching is a popular hobby. Some people also keep collections of dead butterflies that they have caught.
Like all insects with complete metamorphosis, a butterfly's life goes through four distinct stages. It begins as an egg, which hatches into a larva (a caterpillar). After some time, the larva turns into a chrysalis. While it is in the chrysalis stage, it changes to become an adult butterfly. To complete the cycle, adults mate and the females lay the eggs.
Butterflies are any of the species belonging to the superfamilies Papilionoidea and Hedyloidea. Butterflies, along with the moths and the skippers, make up the insect order Lepidoptera. Butterflies are nearly worldwide in their distribution.
Predators and defences
Predators
The main predators of butterflies are birds, just as the main predators of the crepuscular moths are bats. Also monkeys and tree-dwelling reptiles are predators, and some insects and spiders. All reptiles and monkeys have good colour vision, so that butterfly coloration works just as well on them as it does on birds.
Defences
The extraordinary colours and patterns on the wings and body can only be understood in terms of their function. Some of the most obvious functions of colour are:
Camouflage: enabling the insect to remain hidden from view
Signalling to other animals
Warning colouration: signalling to other animals not to attack. Caterpillars may have stored poisons from their food plants.
Mimicry: taking advantage of another species' warning coloration
Sexual selection: finding a mate
Other kinds of signalling
Diversion
Startle defence: unexpected flashes of colour or eyespots
The details vary from group to group, and from species to species. The caterpillars also have colours with similar functions. The poisonous substances which make some butterflies noxious to eat are got from the plants eaten by their caterpillars.
Body
Like most insects, butterflies have three main body parts. These parts are the head, the thorax, and the abdomen. The body is protected by the exoskeleton. The body is made up of sections, known as segments. In between the segments there are flexible areas that allow the butterfly to move. All three parts of the body are covered in very small scales. The scales give the butterfly its colour.
Wings and flight
Butterflies have a very characteristic flying style. They usually do not fly in straight lines. Their style is well described by the children's version of their name: 'flutter-by'. Some species are capable of strong, long flights (see monarch butterfly migration) and others never leave the woods they were born in. They can survive bird pecks on the wings quite well. Late in the season damage to their wings can often be seen, though they continue flying quite well.
Head
The head is the first part of the body. It has the eyes, mouth parts, and antennae.
The eyes of a butterfly are large. The eye is made up of smaller eyes or optical units. Eyes that are made up of optical units are called compound eyes. Butterflies do not see as many colours as humans, but they can see ultraviolet light.
The mouth of an adult butterfly does not have jaws. It has a kind of mouth that is made to suck liquids. This mouth is called a proboscis. The proboscis is made up of two hollow tubes. The tubes are locked together in the middle. When the butterfly is not using its proboscis, it is coiled up in the head. It can uncoil the proboscis when it wants to feed.
The antennae of a butterfly are used for smell and balance. The antenna in most butterflies is clubbed at the end. In some butterflies (like the Skippers), there is a hook at the end of the antenna, instead of a club.
Thorax
The thorax is the second part of the body. It is made up of three segments. The legs and wings are connected to the thorax.
The legs of a butterfly are made for walking, holding onto things, and tasting. There are three pairs of legs. There are four main parts of the leg. They are the trochanter, the femur, the tibia, and the foot. At the end of each foot, there is a pair of claws. Butterflies in the family Nymphalidae have very short front legs. They keep there front legs close to their bodies. This makes it look like they only have two pairs of legs. In some species, there is a movable body part on the tibia that is used to clean the antennae.
A butterfly has two pairs of wings. Each wing has hollow tubes called veins. The colors and patterns of butterflies are made by tiny scales. The scales overlap each other. They are connected to the wing. If a butterfly is handled, the tiny scales may rub off.
Abdomen
The abdomen is the third part of the body. It is made up of ten segments. The abdomen is much softer than the head and the thorax. At the end of the abdomen are the reproductive organs. In the male, there is a pair of claspers. They are used to hold on to the female during mating. In the female, there is a tube made to lay eggs.
Life cycle
Butterflies go through complete metamorphosis. This means that there are four parts in a butterfly's life. The first part is the egg. The second part is the caterpillar (sometimes called the larva). The third part is the chrysalis (sometimes called the pupa). The fourth part is the adult (sometimes called the imago).
Egg
A female butterfly will lay her eggs on or near the food plant of the caterpillar (the food plant is the plant that the caterpillar feeds on). The female will choose a place to lay her eggs using smell, taste, touch, and sight. Most species will lay just one egg on the food plant. Others will lay groups of five to over 100 eggs on the food plant. Most species will lay their eggs on the leaves of the food plant. Others will lay them on the flowers, stems, bark, or fruit of the food plant.
The eggs come in many different shapes and colours. They may be round or oval, and flattened. In some species, the egg shell is ribbed. The most common colours in butterfly eggs are yellow and green. The eggs will turn dark just before hatching. Also, some butterflies take a day to come out of eggs, while others could take months.
Caterpillar
Butterfly caterpillars can vary in size, colour, and shape. They may have spines, bristles, or soft body extensions. All caterpillars have 13 body segments. The first three segments make up the thorax. The thorax has three pairs of legs. These legs are called true legs. The other 10 segments make up the abdomen. The abdomen has five pairs of soft legs called prolegs. The prolegs have tiny hooks at the end of each of the foot. They are used to hold on to things. The hooks are called crochets.
A caterpillar's skin does not grow. As the caterpillar grows inside its skin, the skin becomes too tight. In order for the caterpillar to grow bigger, it sheds its too-tight skin. After the old skin is shed, there is a new, larger skin. This is known as moulting. A caterpillar will moult four to five times before turning into a pupa. Each part between moults is called an instar.
All caterpillars can make silk. The silk is made from the salivary glands. Silk starts out as a liquid in the salivary glands. The caterpillar draws out the silk into a small thread. The silk hardens as soon as it is exposed to the air. Caterpillars use silk to make nests or cocoons.
Most caterpillars feed on leaves of plants or trees. Most species of caterpillars will feed only on a small number of certain kinds of plants. If the caterpillar's food plant is not found, it will starve to death.
Some species of caterpillars (in the family Lycaenidae) are tended by ants. The caterpillars have special glands that make a sweet liquid called honeydew. The ants like the honeydew. In return for the honeydew, the ants protect the caterpillars from predators. The caterpillars also have special body parts that make sounds. The caterpillar will make sounds with the body parts and "call" the ants when the caterpillar is being attacked by predators. The ants hear the sounds and come to protect the caterpillar.
Caterpillars in the subfamily Miletinae eat insects in the order Hemiptera. This includes aphids, mealybugs, leafhoppers and treehoppers.p356
Caterpillars in the family Papilionidae have a special organ. This organ is called an osmeterium. It is a bad-smelling gland that is shaped like a snake's tongue. It is kept behind the inside of the head. When a predator tries to eat the caterpillar, the caterpillar will release the osmeterium. This scares the predators away.p161
Pupa
The pupa (plural, pupae) is formed after the last moult. The caterpillar will find a special place to pupate (pupate means to turn into a pupa). The digestive tract is emptied. The caterpillar sheds its skin. The pupa is now exposed. The caterpillar's tissues are broken down and rebuilt into the butterfly's tissues.
The pupa cannot move. It is attached to an object by tiny hooks on the end of the abdomen. These hooks make up what is called the cremaster. There are many tiny holes on the pupa. They allow respiratory gases to move in and out of the pupa.
Many pupae are easy for predators to attack. Some caterpillars (in the family Hesperiidae and the subfamilies Parnassiinae and Satyrinae) make shelters out of silk and leaves to protect themselves when they become pupae. These shelters are called cocoons. Most butterfly pupae do not have cocoons to protect themselves. Instead, the pupae have brown or green colours to camouflage themselves among leaves and branches. Pupae that do not have cocoons are called chrysalids or chrysalises.
Survival
Some butterflies may be in trouble because of habitat loss. Because of the destruction of forests and grasslands, some types of butterflies have nowhere to feed and lay eggs. To help, some people plant a butterfly garden with flowers having lots of nectar for butterflies to feed on. Some people also keep plants that butterflies lay eggs on, and enjoy watching the caterpillars hatch out and feed on the plant. Chemical sprays that are used to keep pests away from garden plants, also kill butterflies.
Some colourful butterflies
Monarch butterfly gallery
Related pages
Differences between butterflies and moths
Defence against predation
Animal colour
Moth
Lepidoptera
References
Further reading
Boggs C; Watt W. & Ehrlich P. 2003. Butterflies: evolution and ecology: taking flight. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, USA.
Pyle R.M. 1992. Handbook for butterfly watchers. Houghton Mifflin. |
7749 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazism | Nazism | Nazism (or National Socialism; ) is a set of political beliefs associated with the Nazi Party of Germany. It started in the 1920s, but the Nazi Party gained power in 1933 and started carrying out their ideas in Germany, which they called the Third Reich. They stayed in power in Germany until 1945, when they lost World War II.
National Socialism is an extreme right-wing, fascist, ideology that is heavily inspired from the works of Oswald Spengler. The Nazis believed that only the Aryan (German) race was capable of building nations and other races, notably the Jewish race, were agents of the corruptive forces of capitalism and Marxism, both of which the Nazis opposed. They considered the Aryan race the 'Master race', which meant that they thought that the Aryans were the most biologically evolved of humans and therefore deserved to have power over all other humans. They adapted Charles Darwin's theory of evolution and applied it to humans.
The leader of the Nazis Adolf Hitler wanted to a create a country where all Aryans were treated equally. They spent heavily on poorer people and began several huge government programs to help Germany deal with the unemployment and economic crisis caused by the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and the Great Depression which followed it. Some Nazis, such as Ernst Röhm, wanted the reforms to go further and called for a revolution, completely eliminating economic classes in Germany and for the government to take control of major businesses. Many of these Nazis were murdered on Hitler's orders during the Night of the Long Knives because they were a threat to his leadership of the Nazi Party.
The Nazis blamed the Jewish people for Germany's defeat in World War I. This is known as the Stab in the Back Myth. The Nazis also blamed the Jewish people for rapid inflation and practically every other economic woe facing Germany at the time as a result of their defeat in World War I. For this reason, the Nazis not only viewed the Jewish people as inferior to them, but as oppressors of the Aryan people who were creating inequality. The Nazis' tactic of lazily albeit effectively blaming the Jewish people for all of Germany's problems is a propaganda tactic known as scapegoating and was used to justify the great atrocities committed by the Nazis against the Jewish people.
To implement the racist ideas, the Nuremberg Race Laws (created in 1935) banned non-Aryans and political opponents of the Nazis from the civil-service. They also forbid any sexual contact between 'Aryan' and 'non-Aryan' persons.
The Nazis sent millions of Jews, Roma, and other people to concentration camps and death camps, where they were killed. These killings are now called the Holocaust.
The word Nazi is short for Nationalsozialist (supporter of the Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei) in the German language. This means "National Socialist German Workers' Party".
Nazi rise to power (1919-1934)
Adolf Hitler, the leader of Nazi Germany, wrote a book called Mein Kampf ("My Struggle"). The book said that all of Germany's problems happened because Jews were making plans to hurt the country. He also said that Jewish and communist politicians planned the Armistice of 1918 that ended World War I, and allowed Germany to agree to pay huge amounts of money and goods (reparations).
In November 1923, the Nazis tried to overthrow the democratic German government that had been set up after WWI. Nazi thinking emphasises conflict and violence, and believes that these are the best way to sort out political problems. The Nazis had therefore set up their own private army, called the Sturmabteilung (SA) which were sometimes known as the 'Nazi stormtroopers' or simply the 'brownshirts'. Many political parties had their own private armies at this time in Germany to guard their events and meetings from the private armies of other political parties. The attempt to take power is referred to as the Munich Putsch or Beer Hall Putsch and was crushed after less than 24 hours.
After the Putsch, Hitler was imprisoned for six months and the Nazi Party briefly banned. It was allowed to exist again in if it promised to only be democratic. The Nazis agreed, but made it clear that if they took power in Germany, they would turn Germany into a dictatorship. The Nazis believed in something called the Führer Principle, which means that they believe that all groups should be organised like armies, with absolute loyalty shown to the leader of the group. They wanted to apply this principle to Germany. They disagreed with democracy, because they believed that it divided groups which made them weaker.
The Nazis performed very badly in elections until the early 1930s, where they became exceptionally popular. This can be partly explained by a massive increase in poverty in Germany caused by the Wall Street Crash of 1929, and Nazi promises to rebuild German strength and pride. However, this is not the only reason for the Nazis coming to power, because it still took more than three years for Adolf Hitler to become Chancellor of Germany after the Crash.
On the night of the 27 February 1933 and 28 February 1933, someone set the Reichstag building on fire. This was the building where the German Parliament held their meetings. The Nazis blamed the communists. Opponents of the Nazis said that the Nazis themselves had done it to come to power. On the very same day, an emergency law called Reichstagsbrandverordnung was passed. The government claimed it was to protect the state from people trying to hurt the country. With this law, most of the civil rights of the Weimar Republic did not count any longer. The Nazis used this against the other political parties. Members of the communist and social-democratic parties were put into prison or killed.
The Nazis became the biggest party in the parliament. By 1934, they managed to make all other parties illegal. Democracy was replaced with a dictatorship. Adolf Hitler became leader (Führer) of Germany, and had the power to make any laws he wanted.
Life in Nazi Germany (1934-45)
The Nazis changed Germany to fit their ideas of what a country should be like. They created a totalitarian state, which is a country where the government tries to have total control over ordinary people's lives.
In schools, several subjects were changed to fit a Nazi interpretation. History was taught to emphasise German military victories and blames Jewish people and Marxists for defeat in WWI. Children were also taught racial hygiene lessons, where pseudo-scientific racist principles taught to them. In 1936, all German children had to be members of the Hitler Youth which was a Nazi version of the Scouting movement, and was designed to prepare them to be soldiers in wars against other races.
People who opposed the Nazis were seen as traitors. The Nazis created a very effective police state, led by Heinrich Himmler and his deputy Reinhard Heydrich. They were in charge of an organisation called the Schutzstaffel (SS) that took control of all of the police forces in Germany. The SS also set up a new secret police organisation called the Gestapo which hunted down people who wanted to protest against the Nazi government. Enemies of the Nazis were regularly tortured, put in concentration camps or executed.
Attacking other countries
As the German leader (Führer) of Nazi Germany, Hitler began moving Nazi armies into neighboring countries. When Germany attacked Poland, World War II started. Western countries like France, Belgium, and the Netherlands were occupied and to be treated by Germany as colonies. However, in Eastern countries, such as Poland and the Soviet Union, the Nazis planned to kill or enslave the Slavic peoples, so that German settlers could take their land.
The Nazis made alliances with other European countries, such as Finland and Italy. Every other European country that allied with Germany did it because they did not want to be taken over by Germany. Through these alliances and invasions, the Nazis managed to control much of Europe.
The Holocaust
In the Holocaust, millions of Jews, as well as Roma people (also called "Gypsies"), people with disabilities, homosexuals, political opponents, and many other people were sent to concentration camps and death camps in Poland and Germany. The Nazis killed millions of these people at the concentration camps with poison gas. The Nazis also killed millions of people in these groups by forcing them to do slave labor without giving them much food or clothing. In total, 17 million people died, 6 million of them being Jews.
Victory of the Allies
In 1945, the Soviet Union took over Berlin after beating the German army in Russia. The Soviet Red Army met the American and British armies, who had fought right across Germany after invading Nazi Europe from Normandy in France on June 6,1944. The Nazis lost because the Allies had many more soldiers and more money than them.
During the invasion of Berlin, Hitler may have shot himself in a bunker with his new wife, Eva Braun. Other Nazis also killed themselves, including Joseph Goebbels just one day after Hitler named him as his successor. The Nazis surrendered after the Red Army captured Berlin.
Nuremberg Trials
After the war, the Allied governments, namely the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union, held trials of the Nazi leaders. These trials were held in Nuremberg, Germany. For this reason, these trials were called "the Nuremberg Trials." The Allied leaders accused the Nazi leaders of war crimes and crimes against humanity, including murdering millions of people (in the Holocaust), of starting wars, of conspiracy, and belonging to illegal organizations like the SS (called, "Schutzstaffel", in German). Most Nazi leaders were found guilty by the court, and they were sent to jail or sentenced to death and executed.
Nazis after the war
There has not been a Nazi state since 1945, but there are still people who believe in those ideas. These people are often called neo-Nazis. Here are some examples of modern Nazi ideas:
Germanic peoples are superior to all other races of people.
Many neo-nazis change "germanic" to "all white people".
They speak against Jews and sometimes other races. For example:
They say that the Holocaust did not happen, and that it was made up by the Jews.
They say that Hitler was right to blame Jewish people for Germany's problems after World War I;
They tell people to hate Jewish people and other groups of people.
They believe that Jews have too much power in the world.
After the war, laws were made in Germany and other countries, especially countries in Europe, that make it illegal to say the Holocaust never happened. Sometimes they also ban questioning the number of people affected by it, which is saying that not so many people were killed as most people think who wrote this? There has been some controversy over whether this affects people's free speech. Certain countries, such as Germany, Austria, and France, also banned the use of Nazi symbols. It is also banned to make a Nazi pledge position on a popular media source to stop Nazis from using them.
Related pages
Adolf Hitler
Mein Kampf
Nazi eugenics
The Holocaust
Nazi concentration camps and death camps
Holocaust victims
References
Other websites. |
7751 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pork | Pork | Pork is meat that comes from pigs. It is the most commonly consumed meat in the world Evidence of pig husbandry dates back to 5000 BC.
A simple meal to make which contains pork is afelia. Sausages, bacon and ham are the most common uses of pork in the United Kingdom, the United States, and other parts of the Western world. Pork is forbidden by the food taboos of kosher and halal.
References |
7752 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike%20Farrell | Mike Farrell | Mike Farrell (born February 6, 1939) is an American actor, writer and producer. He played BJ Hunnicutt on the television series M*A*S*H. He played Michael "Mike" Hawks in the television movie Battered in 1978. He played Chicago real estate developer Lee Miglin in the limited crime series The Assassination of Gianni Versace: American Crime Story.
Farrell was born in St. Paul, Minnesota. He was raised in Hollywood, California. He was part of the United States Marine Corps. Farrell was married to Judy Hayden from 1963 until they divorced in 1983. Then, he married Shelley Fabares in 1984. He has two children with Hayden.
Farrell is also an activist for various causes, including animal rights and world peace. He was Vice President of the Screen Actors Guild.
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